The Green Strategy of Civil
Engineering
Problems and preliminary solutions
Yongsheng Li CCES

International Forum JSCE November 2014

Contents• Great impact on Civil Engineering• Preliminary solutions for green strategy of civilengineering• Green building materials• Green construction technique (Building
Information Modeling)• Disaster prevention(Earthquake resilientstructures)

Great impact on civil engineering(2)建筑用粗钢
全球粗钢大国2011产量
我国
日本
美国
俄罗斯韩国

6.955亿吨(45.5％)
1.076亿吨
0.862亿吨
0.687亿吨
0.685亿吨

Great impact on civil engineering(3)我国水泥产量2001-2011

世界水泥产量2010
印度7.7%

美国2.2%

25土耳其2.1%

中国 63%

20

中国水泥产量 (亿吨)其它24.9%20.63亿吨

156.61亿吨
1050
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

• The output of cement of China is 2.18 billion
tons, more than half of the world output.

Great impact on civil engineering(4)2012年生产水泥约消耗2.45亿吨
煤炭，占总能耗的6.5%

2012年生产水泥约消耗17亿吨石灰石
2012年水泥生产约排放18亿吨
CO2,175万吨SO2，2400万吨粉尘Great impact on civil engineering(5)某海上建筑， 建于2000年，摄于2006年

Great impact on civil engineering(6)Goals：
Discharge of carbon dioxide per unit of GDP reduces 17%
Rate of non fossil fuel occupy the total primary energy source
reaches 11.4%
Consumption of energy of unit total output value decreases
16%
Total amount of discharge of major pollutants reduces 8-10%
Obvious increase of resource utilization rate
《Essentials of development of national economy and society, ChineseGovernment, 2011》

CCES Forum of 《Green Strategy of Civil Engineering 》Oct. 2013

CCES Forum of 《Green Strategy of Civil Engineering 》Oct. 2013

CCES Forum of 《Green Strategy of Civil Engineering 》Oct. 2013

Preliminary Solutions• Design conceptions• Innovation of materials• New construction method• Disaster prevention

Improvement of behavior of concrete
Corrosion

Working
Durability流动性、粘聚性、坍落度损失：
粉煤灰、硅灰、Stability
矿渣粉水化热、收缩变形、抗裂性能：
粉煤灰、矿渣粉

化学侵蚀、碱-集料等：
粉煤灰、矿渣粉、硅灰抗渗性、抗冻性、抗氯离子渗透：
硅粉、矿渣粉

Applications of Mineral Admixtures
1950~60s: Save cement

1980s: Environment Protec.
Control tempera. of concrete

Application
1990s: High strength ofconcrete

21 century: Green concrete

Case history: Gangue Concrete煤矸石污染煤矸石集料

普通砼

普通集料

煤矸石砼煤矸石集料

Case history: Coal Ash Concrete
粉煤灰污
染粉煤灰 FA普通砼

水泥 C粉煤灰砼C¥FA• Improvement for concrete performance in its working
behavior, volume stability, permeability, etc.

Case history: Waste Rubber Concrete废弃车轮胎污染橡胶微粒 R普通砼

集料 S、G橡胶微粒砼

Improvement for concrete in its resistant forbrittleness, increase in energy absorbanceR¥S¥G

Case history: Self Conpection Concrete
普噪通
声混
污凝
染土
问施
题工
突能出耗
高

Penetrate to dense reinforcement relied on gravity, avoiding
vibration and reducing the energy consumption andconstruction noise.

Regenerated aggregates andtheir preparation
废弃混凝土块再生
骨料的制备
工艺流程初破碎设备二次破碎10~40mm

筛分

10mm以下

二次破碎

5mm以下

筛分风力分级吸尘设备

5~25mm
再生粗骨料

0.15mm以下
微粉

0.15~5mm
再生细骨料• Regenerated aggregates come from construction waste, suchas wasted concrete, wasted cement, useless bricks and tiles.

Earthquake Resilient Structures
Rocking Self-centering
Self centering Replaceable
Structure Structure
Structure

MoreRocking Structure Reinforcement of Building G3, Tokyo Institute of Technology byProfessor Wada, etc in 2009, by adoption of new techniquewhich is in combination of rocking structure and damper.
Computational results show that, after the reinforcement, themean value of seismic response of the structure has been reduced.
摇摆墙钢阻尼器摇摆墙加固示意图摇摆墙加固照片
2011年3月9日拍摄Shaking Table Test of Self Centering Frame Structure

Self centering frame

Beam and column

Footing

试验框架尺寸：平面 1.5 m x 3.0 m
层高：1.5 m 楼层附加质量：4.8 t

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR SELF-CENTERING RC FRAME

Shear Wall: Replaceable Coupling Beam

Coupling beam fracture, Wenchuan
普通连梁在地震中容易破坏且震后难以修复，提出了在连梁中部设置可更换段的设计，使破坏集中在这一段，震后可以
方便地更换。

ChileNon-yield segment

FuseNon-yield segment

Shear Wall: Replaceable Footing Part汶川地震剪力墙脚破坏智利地震剪力墙脚破坏针对剪力墙脚易破坏的特点，提出了在剪力墙脚部设置可更换拉压支座的设计，地震时耗能，地震后可以更换。
可更换的拉压支座

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF RC WALLS WITH REPLACEABLE
COUPLING BEAMS
700

Base shear(kN)

600
500
400
300
200
Conventional shear wall100

New replaceable coupling beams

0020

40

60

80

100

120

Top drift(mm)The two shear walls have similar initialstiffness, but the conventional shear wall has ahigher design bearing capacity than new shear
wall

Bending deformation, longitudinal
reinforcement yield produces plastic
hinges in conventional coupling beam

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF RC WALLS WITH REPLACEABLE
COUPLING BEAMS

Embedded steel keeps elastic

The deformation of newcoupling beams is concentrated
in the “fuse”, and the “fuse”
produces shear deformation
The web shear yields anddissipates earthquake energy

CYCLIC TESTS OF RC WALLS WITH REPLACEABLE COUPLING BEAM

Test Specimen : Shear Wall

8根预应力筋施加竖向荷载Common shear wall

New shear wall withreplaceable coupling beamCYCLIC TESTS OF RC WALLS WITH REPLACEABLE COUPLING BEAM

Test Results

Horizontal load of 220
kN, plastic hinge
generated at the end ofcoupling beams, which
was ductile failure,
having large energy
dissipation capacity.

At top displacement of80 mm, coupling beams
occurred serious
damage with concrete
spalling, which wasdifficult to repair afterearthquakes.

Tests show: coupling beam cracks, reinforcement yields,
failure hard to be repaired.

CYCLIC TESTS OF RC WALLS WITH REPLACEABLE COUPLING BEAM

Test Results

At top displacement of
1 mm and 2mm, someminor cracks occurredat the concrete of nonyield segment, but theminor cracks did not
develop in follwing loadstep.

At top displacement of60 mm, “fuse” web
occurred seriousdamage, which wasrepairable afterearthquakes.

Tests show：Deformation occurred mainly in the parts of replaceableparts in the new coupling beam, which could be repaired after quake.

Design Methodologies of Replaceable Coupling Beams
选择传统连梁尺寸

选择需要采用可更换连梁的连梁

非屈服段配筋计算“保险丝段”截面设计带可更换连梁结构体系非线性分析Replaceable Coupling Beam Design Flow ChartReplaceable footing parts in shear wall: designapplication

The three kinds ofstiffness models of thereplaceable bearings fordifferent stories.
对可更换支座采用3种
不同的恢复力模型。

Replace all the foot parts inexternal walls of 1 to 20 floors
to composite bearing
对第1层到20层的核心筒外筒剪力墙脚部采用可更换拉压支座。

Replaceable coupling beams in shear wall:
design application

Benchmark Model

The 11th storey to30th storey ofcoupling beams
were replaced,accounting for 28%of the total
coupling beams
将第11层到30层
的连梁更换

ABAQUS FEM
ModelConclusion(1)• The Civil engineering of China is facing a
tremendous challenge, and have to answer
the questions of sustainable development,
environmental protection, energy saving, etc.
• Even though preliminary, the establishedgreen strategy and the progress in technology
are delighted. Results have been achieved
recently in innovation of materials,

Conclusions(2)modernization of construction execution andmanagement, and completely new technology
of disaster prevention.
• It is obvious that the green strategy of civilengineering is a long term task andcommitment. Many jobs need to be done,such as the consensus of sustainable
development together with the society, theset up of the relevant standards and control

Conclusions(3)index, life cycle and integrated managementof projects including the periods ofconstruction and operation, etc.