IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

IEA Technology Roadmaps:
Energy Efficient Building Envelopes
and Energy Storage

Cecilia Tam
International Energy Agency
28 March 2014
IEEJ, Tokyo© OECD/IEA 2014

IEA Flagship Publication, Energy
Technology Perspectives

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

6°C Scenario emissions 58 Gt ------------>

2°C Scenario emissions 16 Gt ------------>

Source: Energy Technology Perspectives 2012

6°C Scenario – business-as-usual; no adoption of newenergy and climate policies
2°C Scenario - energy-related CO2-emissions halved by2050 through CO2-price and strong policies

ETP 2014 – Release May 2014

© OECD/IEA 2014

Technology roadmaps provideanswers

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved Engage cross-section of stakeholders
 Identify a baseline
 Establish a vision Identify technical, regulatory,policy, financial, public acceptancebarriers Develop implementation action items

for stakeholders© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Importance of Buildings Sector
 Largest end-use sector
 1/3 carbon emissions
 50% of electricity

 Major portion of GDP
 Stock opportunities:

Other sectors
4%Transport
30%

4%
11%

Coal

22%

Oil
Natural gas

Buildings
35%Industry
31%

28%

Electricity

5%

Commercial heat

30%Renewables

 75% - 90% of OECD building
stock still in service by 2050
 Large population growth indeveloping world will drive newfloor area that needs to beefficient© OECD/IEA 2014

Transition to Sustainable Buildings:

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Strategies and Opportunities to 2050
 The overall ETP strategy forbuildings Global and regional analysis,energy savings andemissions reduction forecasts
 Technical opportunities andrecommendations: envelope;heating and cooling;
appliances, lighting andcooking
 Policies to transformbuildings© OECD/IEA 2014

Making buildings more energy
efficient

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved Construction

transformationstrategy

 Provides technical,

economic andstrategic framework Assessment of highpriority areas for 12
regions of the world

 Policy criteria andevaluation© OECD/IEA 2014

Transformation to Low-Energy
Buildings

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved© OECD/IEA 2014

Envelope Savings Potential

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Insulation Opportunity
 Very stringent U-values for electric resistance heaters inSweden, and Canada’s coldest climate zone
 IEA recommending goal for average wall and roof U-values ≤0.15 W/m2K cold climate, ≤ 0.35 W/m2K hot climate based on LCC© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Windows Opportunity© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Reflective Roof Opportunity

Source: LBNL, Heat Island Group© OECD/IEA 2014

Assessment of Advanced
Envelope Components

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved© OECD/IEA 2014

Integrated Approach withLife-Cycle Cost

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

R&D Areas Highly insulated windows (U value ≤ 0.6 W/m2K forZEB) and dynamic solar control - integrated solution
increase daylight and passive heating harvesting Lower air sealing approaches with validation testing Lower cost high performance “thin” insulation
 More durable and lower cost reflective surfaces

Source: Sage Electrochromics (St Gobain)

Source: Aspen Aerogel

Source: ORNL © OECD/IEA 2014

Criteria for Policy Assessments,IEA Perspective

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Policies© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Tracking Progress – Next Steps Much more data is needed(e.g. new technology adoption rates, market share ofzero-energy buildings, etc)

 More specific performance criteria needed

even for most advanced regions(e.g. EU specifications for renovation in publicbuildings)

 IEA is considering a new building’s partnership(for policy assessment, to improve data and modeling,
and to enable deployment)© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right ReservedDOWNLOAD THE ROADMAP AND
ANNEXES AT:
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,45205,en.html

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONCONTACT:buildingsinfo@iea.org
Contact : report@tky.ieej.or.jp© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Role of storage in the energy system

 Improving energy system
resource use efficiency

 Integration of higher levelsof variable renewables andend-use sector electrification

 Supports greater productionof energy where it isconsumed

 Increasing energy access Improving grid stability,flexibility, reliability andresilience© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Storage can help to better integrate
our electricity and heat systems© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Electricity and thermal storage canprovide a wide range of applications© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Current grid-connected electricity storage
dominated by Pumped Storage Hydropower
Installed capacity in MW
Lithium-ion 100
Lead acid 70
Sodiumsulphur 304

PSH 140 000

Other 976

Nickel-cadmium 27
Flywheel 25
Redox-flow 10

CAES 440© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

A wide range of storage technologies
exists at different stages of maturity© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Storage technologies current status
TechnologyLocation

OutputEfficiency(%)

Pumpedstoragehydropower

Supplyelectricity 50-85

Undergroundthermalenergystorage

Supplythermal50-90

Initialinvestment
cost (USD/kW)

Primary
application

Example projects

500 - 4 600

long-term
storage

Goldisthal Project (Germany),
Okinawa Yanbaru Seawater PSH
Facility (Japan), Pedreira PSH
Station (Brazil)

3 400 - 4 500

long-term
storage

Drake Landing Solar Community(Canada), Akershus University
Hospital and Nydalen Industrial
Park (Norway)

long-term
storage,arbitrage
mediumtemperatureapplications
hightemperatureapplications
distributed/
off-grid
storage,short-term
storage

McIntosh (Alabama, USA),
Huntorf (Germany)

Compressed
Supplyairenergy
storage
Pit storage
Supplyelectricity 27-75

500 - 1 500

thermal

50-90

100 - 300

Molten salts

Supplythermal40-93

400-700

Batteries

Supply,demandelectricity 75-95

300 - 3 500

Marstal district heating system(Denmark)Gemasolar CSP Plant (Spain)
NaS batteries (Presidio, USAand Rokkasho FutamataProject, Japan), Vanadium
redox flow (Sumimtomo Office,Japan), Lead-acid (Notrees
Wind Storage, USA), Li-ion(AES Laurel Mountain, USA andCommunity Energy Storage,Canada), Lithium Polymer© OECD/IEA 2014(Autolib, France)IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Storage technologies current status
Technology

Location

OutputEfficiency(%)

InitialPrimary
investment
application
cost (USD/kW)

Example projects

Chemical –Supply,hydrogen storage demand

electrical

22-50

500-750

long-termstorage

Utsira Hydrogen
Project (Norway),
ComplementarySystems H2Herten(Germany)

Flywheels

T&Delectricity

90-95

130 - 500

PJM Project (USA)electricity

90-95

130 - 515

short-term
storageshort-term
storage

Supercapacitors

T&D

Superconducting
magnetic energy
storage

T&D

electricity

90-95

130 - 515

short-term
storage

D-SMES (UnitedStates)

Solid media
storage

Demandthermal

50-90

500 - 3000

mediumtemperature

Ice storage

Demandthermal75-90

6 000 - 15 000

lowtemperature

Hot water
storage

Demandthermal

50-90

-----

mediumtemperature

Residential electric
thermal storage(USA)
Denki University(Tokyo, Japan) , China
Pavilion project(China)Peak demand
reduction in France,TCES (United States)

Cold-waterstorage

Demandthermal

50-90

300-600

lowtemperature

Hybrid electricvehicles (R&D phase)

Shanghai Pudong
International Airport(China)© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Share of variable renewables inelectricity generation (%)

Storage can help to integrate higher
levels of variable renewables
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%15%10%
5%0%

2010

2030
China

2050

2010

2030
India

20502010

2030

20502010

European Union

2030

2050

United States© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

2DS vision for storage in theelectricity systems
1802011

160

GW

140

2DS120

Breakthrough

10080

EV

6040200ChinaIndia

European Union

United States© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Sharp Declines in Costs Needed
Levelised cost of electricity (USD / MWh)

1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
PSH

HydrogenCurrent cost range

CAES

SodiumSulphide
2DS cost target

Lead Acid

Vanadium
Redox

Lithium-ion

Breakthrough cost target© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Actions spanning across technologies and applications© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Policy and regulatory frameworks© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

Roadmap Key Findings

 Storage can support energy system
decarbonisation
 Some technologies already competitive, others






(particularly electricity storage) still too
expensive
Additional R&D still needed to reduce costs
Optimal role for storage varies widely acrossregions
Power markets are ill-equipped to compensate
storage for suite of services they can provide
Thermal energy storage systems could makebetter use of wasted heat

© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right ReservedKey actions over the next 10 years

 Retrofit existing storage facilities
 Develop markets and regulatory environmentsthat enable accelerated deployment i.e benefitsstacking
Support targeted demonstration projects andR&D
Establish a comprehensive set of international
standards
Establish international and national data cooperation
Complete regional assessments to quantify thevalue of storage in specific regions and energymarkets© OECD/IEA 2014

IEEJ : March 2014 All Right Reserved

DOWNLOAD THE ROADMAP AND
ANNEXES AT:
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,36573,en.html

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONCONTACT:TechnologyRoadmapsContact@iea.org
Contact : report@tky.ieej.or.jp© OECD/IEA 2014