JSCE100th Anniversaryy Celebration
International Forum , November 20, 2014

A Century of Japanese Civil Engineeringand Future Disaster Mitigation

I.
Centenary of the Founding ofJapan Society of Civil Engineers

Masahiko Isobe,Isobe Dr.
Dr Eng.
Engnd102 JSCE President
Vice President
Kochi University of Technology
12

The Dawn of Modern Japanese Civil Engineering

I-1.

・ Main projects: flood control , erosion control, harbors, and railroads
・ Year1872 (Meiji 5): The 1st railroad Shinabshi‐Yokohama in operation.

Japanese Civil Engineering during the Meiji
Period (1868‐1912）
The Dawn of Modern Japanese Civil Engineering• Foreign Civil Engineers who were hired by theJapanese Govt
Govt. and the Japanese young engineers
who returned from their studies overseas

Steam Locomotive Railway at Yokohama Seaside byAndo Ｈｉｒｏｓｈｉｇｅ©The Railway Museum

3Shinbashi Railway Steam Locomotive at
Shinbashi Sta. in Tokyo by Ando Ｈｉｒｏｓｈｉｇｅ©The Railway MuseumOsakayma Tunnel in 1880 (Meiji 13)

The Lake Biwa Canal in 1890 (Meiji 23)

・ Advancement of technologies for the construction of bridge and tunnels

Sakuro Tanabe・ Osakayama Tunnel (opened in Meiji ): 1st full‐fledged mountain tunnel,
built with the Western technologies and traditional Japanese techniques

・Proposed the construction ofthe Lake Biwa Canal in his
graduation thesis

・ Tokaido Main Line completed in 1889
1889, which linked Shinbashi
Shinbashi, Tokyo andKobe.

Old Osakayama Tunnel on
Tokaido Main LineNNanzenji
ji Suirokaku
S i k k Waterway
W t5©Hoichi Nishiyama

Shijyo‐dori Street, one of the 3 major urban
development projects in Kyoto

Otaru Port‐ North Breakwater in 1908 (Meiji 41)

The Lake Biwa Canal・ Completed in 1890: a 11.3 km long‐canal linking Kyoto and Otsu
・ Multipurpose development project to respond to diverse needs:
irrigation, water supply, sewage systems, and hydropower generation
Otsu Canal No. 1 in 1886
Constructed by only human power

Otsu Lock Gate onthe Canal No. 1, 1897

Graduated from the Imperial
College of Engineering (theformer Tokyo Institute of Eng.) in1883

Isami Hiroi・ Graduated from Sapporo
Agricultural College (Hokkaido UnivUniv.))
・ The 1st Manager of Otaru Port &Harbor Office・ Constructed the 1,289meter‐longNorth Breakwater with shape‐shapedesigned concrete blocks

8

“100 Year‐Long Durability Test”
・ Dr. Hiroi made concrete test pieces for 100 years of durability・ “100 Year‐Long Durability Test” has been continued.

I-2.
Founding JSCE and Civil Engineering in theTaisho Period (1912‐1926）• Development of Japanese Civil Engineering• Recovery and Reconstruction after the Great
Kanto Earthquake of 1923

Otaru Port in the Meiji Era

9Founding of JSCE in 1914 (Taisho 3)

10

Akira Aoyama and Panama Canal in 1914 (Taisho 3)

・ 1914: JSCE was founded,founded stemming fromthe Society of Engineering
・ 2014: JSCE’s
JSCE s 100th Anniversary

The Comprehensive Nature of Civil Engineering“There are several situations and opportunities
in the civil engineering field that requires person
who are equipped to command the commanders,that is, to be the leaders of the leaders.”

Necessity for Advancement in All Directions“WeWe must seek to advance in all directions whileremaining centered on civil eng.”

Baron Koi Furuichi
theh 1stt JSCE President
dThe comprehensive nature of civil eng. has stayed the same as it was・Pursue the enhancement of wellbeing of humanity, taking root insociety local communities and the environments which projects aresociety,implemented.
11Drafting Force Div. Eng.
Office of Atlantic
Akira, after graduating fromcollege, went to Panama andengaged in the constructionof the canal for 7 yrs.
Akira designedAkid id Gatun
G tLock Gate12

The Great Kanto Earthquake in 1932 (Taisho 12)

Ohkozu Diversion Project in 1931 (Showa 6)

・ M 7.9
79・ Approx. 100,000 casualties
in Tokyo and Yokohama
・ 46 % of downtown Tokyo and
28% of downtown Yokohama
were burned down.
BlessedBld are th
those whoh hhave ththe kknowledge
l d off naturalt l reason,
Work for humanity and for country.

Kandabashi Bridge

13

Asakusa Ryounkaku,
called as “Asakusa 12‐loor Building”

Hitotsubashi Bridge

Post‐Great Kanto Earthquake Reconstruction:

Japan’s 1st Subway between Asakusa and Ueno

Various Types of Bridges over Sumida River

Launched in1925 (Taisho 14), and then came into operationin 1928 (Showa 2)

14

Department Store‐Subway partnershipon the construction of subway stations

Eitai Bridge
1926

Komagata Bridge
1926

Kototoi Bridge
1928

Entrance of Ueno Sta.
Kuramae Bridge
1927

Kiyosu Bridge
1928

Ginza Line running between Ueno &Ginza
15

協会50周年記念事業 鉄道施設50選 ©Japan Railway Civil
Engineering Association

by Hisui Sugiura, a Mitsukosi department
store staff, and the headmaster of Tama
Imperial Art School
16JSCE’s report on the damages caused byGreat Kanto Earthquake
・ The Earthquake Investigation Commission chaired by Dr. Isami Hiroi,
with 70 members
・ Published the findings and damage assessments in series:
Vol 1 in 1926 , Vol.,Vol.
Vol 2 and Vol.
Vol 3 in Jan & Dec 1927 respectively

I-3.
Civil Engineering in the Early Showa Period(1926‐1945）
・The basis for the development of Japanese
Ci il EEngineering
Civilii TTechnology
h l・ Released detailed data and analyses
gained high credibility and reputation throughout society, andreferred to as a model of its kind.

1718

The Beliefs and Principles of Practice for Civil Engineers:

The Establishment of Design and Construction
St d d andStandards
d SSpecifications
ifi ti

Sense of Honor
Honor, Integrity
Integrity, Modesty
Modesty, 1937 (Showa 12)
Akira Aoyama the 23rd President formulated “thethe code ofstethics,” the 1 of its kind among eng. associations in Japan.
<The Beliefs>
Civil engineers shall
1. Contribute to the peace and prosperityof the nation and the welfare of humanity
2. Endeavour towards the developmentof technology, and contribute by means oftheir wisdom and skills, to society
3 Have a sense of honor
3.
honor, integrity,integrity
modesty, and cultivate and nurture virtues

Guidelines for Concrete, published in 1931 (Showa 6)

1920

Responses to Frequent Large‐Scale Natural Disasters
and Technological Progress
I 4.
I-4
gg duringg the Postwar andCivil Engineering
Accelerated Economic Growth Period （1945‐1973）
・Recovery and Reconstruction of Society andEff ti R
Effective
Response tto N
Naturalt l Di
Disasterst・Large‐ScaleLarge Scale Infrastructure Projects to Support
Steady Economic Growth and Their
Environmental Impacts

Nankai Earthquake & Tsunami in 1946
©Wakayama Pref.

21

Tokyo Olympics in 1964
・ JSCE’s 50th anniversary:ythe halfway point of its journey to its current 100th anniversary
・ Major infrastructure projects were carried out in the preparations
for the Tokyo Olympics , e.g. Tokaido Shinkansen,
Metropolitan Expressway network , and Tokyo Monorail network
・ Then, Sanyo Sinkansen and Tomei Expressway were completed .

Typhoon Kathleen in 1947

Fukui Earthquake in 1948
©Fukui City History Museum

Typhoon No. 13 (Isewan Typhoon) in 1953

22Emergence of Environmental Problems

These majorj infrastructure pprojects
jsupportpp
the development of industry and the life of the people

Photochemical smog in Tokyo
Tokyo, 1971

Sumida River in 1972
Tokyo Monorail , Sept. 17
Olympic road , Aug. 2

Tokaido Shinkansen, Oct 1.
photos@ Kyodo NewsThe 23

Ref. The Year 1982 White Pater on Environment , Ministry of the Environment24

JSCE’s Committees established from 1955 to 1973
JSCE’s responses to academic needs to cope with changes in society

YearCommittee

I 5.
I-5

1955

Coastal Eng. Committee
Special Task Committee of Earthquake Resistance

1962
1962

Tunnel Eng.
Eng Committee
Public Health Eng Committee

Civil Engineering in the SteadySteady‐Growth
Growth andPost‐Growth （1973‐1991）

1963

Committee on Rockk Mechanics
h1966

Committee on Infrastructure Planning andManagementgg in the Ocean
Committee on Civil Engineering
Committee of Civil Engineering of Nuclear PowerFacilities

1969
1970

・ The Completions of Major Projects
・ The Most Advanced Civil Eng. Technology andProjects
・ Addressing World‐Scale Environmental Issues
・ Low‐Frequent yet Large‐Scale Natural Disasters
25

Seikan Tunnel, completed in 1988 (Showa 63)
・ The highest level railway

26

New Tokyo International Airport (Narita)
in 1978 (Showa 53)
・ Japan’s new international gateway
・ The beginning of fierce competition in the international
aviation routes

ttechnology
h l
was achieved
hi d ini thethconstruction of submarine tunnel
in those daysdays.
Yoshioka submarine
TunnelMain tunnel breakthrough ceremony

Seikan Rail Linking Ceremony

28

Shin‐Takase River Pumped Storage Station,
1981 (Showa 56)

Construction and Expansion of Main Airports

・ The 2nd tallest dam in Japan, next to Kurobe Dam:a 176‐meter
176
rock‐fill
k fill dam
d・ 1,280 MW installed capacity

Kansai Int’l Airport
completed in 1994

Haneda D‐Runway in 2010
Chubu Centrair Int’l Airport in 2005
29

Honshu‐Shikoku Bridges
・ The Seto Bridges link Honshu & Shikoku Islands by rail・ The completion of Setouchi Shimanami Kaido in 1999 (Heisei 11),added 3 routes linking Honshu and Shikoku

Nanboku Bisan Seto Bridge, 1988

Kurushi ma Kaikyo Bridge , 1999

©Centrair Japan Int’l Airport Co., Ltd.

©Kanto Regional Development Bureau, MLIT
30

Great East Japan
Earthquake, 2011

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, 1998

©Imabari District Sightseeing Association© Kuji City, Tohoku Regional
Development Bureau, MLIT

32

Tsunami Disasters caused by the Great East JapanEarthquakeII
The Future of Civil Engineering

Tsunami sweeps over the dikes in Miyako city
（Iwate Construction Association, Earthquake
Memorial Museum, MLIT）

・ The contribution of civil engineering to ensuringsafety, the healthy environment
safetyenvironment, societal dynamism
and the standard of living

Tsunami runs up to the downtown
Sendai (Sendai city)“Construct the Foundation for a

Road‐Clearing,Road
Clearing
Rikuzen Takata city

Sustainable Society”©Tohoku Regional
Development Bureau,
BureauMLIT

34

Ratio of Solar Energy and the World’s Energy
Cons mption
Consumption

II-1. Construct the Foundation for a Sustainable Society

CreatingCi SustainableSi bl Systems:
S• Energy• MineralMil resources• Hydrological cycle• Ecology• Industry• Safe,Safe comfortable living environment

The amount of primary energy （2005）= 9,980 x 1006 OOil production
p oduct o / yry= 13.2 x 109 kW (132 billion kW)= 4.18 x 102 EJ/yr

Solar Energy
Solara constant
co sta t x tthe
e unitu t areaa ea at tthee= Soearth that solar energy= 1,366 W/m2 x 1.27x1014 m2= 174 PW ((1012 kW)) ((174 trilion kW))= 5.49 x 106 EJ/yr→ Address constructing the Foundation of safety, healthy
environment,it societal
i t l dynamism
di andd theth standard
t d d off living
li i
54km

Civil Engineering must acquire a comprehensive approach inorder to achieve the goal for society, by “breaking throughdisciplinary boundaries.”

Solar Constant：,
W/m2
S = 1,366
Amountofprimaryenergy
0.72
Amountofsolarenergyreachingthesurfaceoftheearth 10,000

That is…

creating
ti a bbeautiful,
tif l hhealthy,lth safe,
f andd vigorousisocietyi t
35→ equal to a circle of 54km radiusBut,
1) Down to 1/10 due to latitudes,
the lengths of day & night, clear orcloudy2) approx. 1/10 due to generating
efficienct→recycling by
use of dunes &Energy Statistics Yearbook 2005, UN
planet s＋surplus energy

Realization of a Resilient Society

II-2.
Safety of Society
Natural Disaster Mitigation Systems

Field research on the tsunami traces
Conducted by the Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami damage survey group: JSCE
Coastal Eng. Committee & the Japan Geoscience Union
3738

Maintenance of Sound, Healthy Infrastructures andImprovement of Performance under Duress・ Improvement of ICT and other technologies
・ Establishment and Improvement of Comprehensive
Disaster Mitigation Systems“Green Storm Surge Barrier”
along the Iwanuma coast
Tree‐Planting ceremony

Sennen Kibo no Oka (Hill of Millennial Hopes):
8m above sea level“DaiichiDaiichi No.
No 2 captures detailed images of thelandslides occurred in Izu‐Oshima Island :Resolution at 3 mp
p , June 27,, 2014 ©JAXARadio Control Helicopter for checking situations
Resilient dikes on Natori Coast, South Sendai Bay Coast

to determine business continuity capability39

Restructure domestic business operation systemsIIII-33.
JSCE’ s International Contribution
Japan’ss International Contribution
Japan

Above: The 2nd Bosphorus Bridge/Highway
Right: The underwater tube Marmaray line opening
41

Ref; JICE website(Above）http://www.jica.go.jp/60th/europe/tur_01.html(Right）http://www.jica.go.jp/press/2013/20131030_01.html

42

II-4.
Educating Engineers
ASCE‐JSCE Cooperative RelationshipA speaker shows leadership at theWorld Road Association, aka PIARC

The two societies agree to cooperatewith each other in ASCE’s Global
Engineering Conference in Panama
and JSCE’s 100th Anniversary
Celebration; Akira Aoyama links thetwo societies, who worked on
Panama Canal Construction project
100 yrs ago.

Responses to Meet Changing Natural and SocialEnvironments

44

The creed of civil engineers, set forth in 1938:“CivilCivil engineers must contribute to prompting the prosperity of thenation and adding to the welfare of mankind.”That is,is “CivilCivil engineers must ensure safety and prosperity of thepeople”
Diversity Committee, JSCE
2013 Summer School for Female JuniorHigh and High School Students.
・The civil engineering profession, life andtrivia game

JSCE 100th Anniversary Commemorative Publication , “Doboku Jyoshi :45
women in civil engineering,” Sept 10, 2014.

Civil engineers need to acquire:・an understandingg of both local & gglobal realities,, civil engineering
gg expertisepandcomprehensive knowledge
multidisciplinary perspectives, natural sciences, humanities & social sciences
JSCE Student Chapters in colleges: students motivate themselves to plan andorganize activities
e g Civil engineering hands‐one.g.
hands on experiences for Student Chapter and junior‐highjunior highschool students (in cooperation with Taisei Technology Center)

Ref: JSCE 100th Anniversary Celebration website:
http://jsce100.com/node/167
46“100‐Year Vision on Civil Engineering and Society”
w// a wide
id range off perspectives
tithatth t cover safety,
f t thethenvironment, societal dynamism, and the standards of living< Constructing
C t ti th
the ffoundationd ti off a sustainablet i bl society>i t
Civil Engineers must…
・Lucidly explain their thoughts to the public, and gain their understanding
and support, and make contributions to society as the leaders of the leaders.

Th k you very much.
ThankhIn order to achieve them,・Jump
Jover didisciplinary
i libbarriers,
iandd collaborate
ll b
with
i h adjacent
dj
didisciplines
i li
ffor
the continuous progress of civil engineering.

Transcending the boundaries of civil engineeringto construct the foundation for a sustainable societyy

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