初代星・初代銀河研究会2019 @ 名古屋

Cosmological 21-cm signal dependingon the typical mass IMF of the first stars
Toshiyuki TANAKA (Nagoya univ.)
Collaborator: Kenji HASEGAWAIMF of the first stars❖

Recent theoretical works improved our understanding,but, do not reach consensus among these studies yet.
Susa+2014

Hirano+ 2015

21-cm signal and the first stars❖

Differential brightness temperature<latexit sha1_base64="o8/iaJjQrK9S8tzypqegjHCZY6o=">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</latexit>❖

Tb ⇡ 9fHI (1 + )(1 + z)

1/2

Spin temperature



TS

1
1
1
T
+
x
T
+
x
T
↵ ↵
c gas
CMB
1
TS =
1 + x↵ + xc
<latexit sha1_base64="k0m4BS57pXrb4MpCkiFz0OzbiRg=">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</latexit>

TCMB (z)TS[mK]T↵ ⇠ Tgas<latexit sha1_base64="hwsr0GuE0+9BG40zIa4cspFjSFQ=">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</latexit>

first star
RadiationL⌫ (Mstar )<latexit sha1_base64="Ndc2Mt7IPr2Y9wguBVZsQYr5yIA=">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</latexit>

21-cm signal has info.
on the stellar mass

21-cm global signal❖

21-cm global signal depends on the typical stellar massof the first stars.
|Tb, global| [mK]TT+ 2018

100⇢˙ ? = 5 ⇥ 10 3 [M /yr/Mpc3 ]<latexit sha1_base64="zeLadX+zm+sle1ACxFtsjhizXeM=">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</latexit>⇢˙ ? = 5 ⇥ 10 4 [M /yr/Mpc3 ]<latexit sha1_base64="nBLfMFMJyvL2KtLCQOekTdPad3k=">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</latexit>⇢˙ ? [M /yr/Mpc3 ]<latexit sha1_base64="9dFRb8hMddSU3/GP02lDJSJfgl4=">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</latexit>10⇢˙ ? = 5 ⇥ 10 5 [M /yr/Mpc3 ]<latexit sha1_base64="YCh9twDCjWkO2TADh4E8v8IRHHo=">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</latexit>

40

100
Mstar [Msun]

500
z = 20<latexit sha1_base64="yPGT38G+JCwS97gkFkonHCFjSmE=">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</latexit>

Typical stellar mass of the first stars

The global signal do not have enough info. to extract the IMF…

Research Question
How does the IMF of the first stars
affect cosmological 21-cm signal?

IMF<latexit sha1_base64="7oR791jpXt+fHnHEnBDZ42j5r5M=">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</latexit>

dnstardMstarwant to extract

3D signal map

？

Mstar
<latexit sha1_base64="dgZDvt6crikF3P+IBWwyPhd28Og=">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</latexit>

How affect?

Mesinger+ 2011 (simulation)

How to answer the RQ?
<latexit sha1_base64="YF1ZpO3X1t8BZ+m38n1FU5RJOm4=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="O+URaDwViRB0xPjkW9CmZgfhttI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="6ZrwGoRy2F4ea43AhoPmWclM4nE=">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</latexit>

Tb (x, z,z) IMF)
Mesinger+ 2011❖

Tb (fHI , Tgas , ...)L⌫ (Mstar ) ⇥fesc (Mstar , Mhalo , z)<latexit sha1_base64="Ndc2Mt7IPr2Y9wguBVZsQYr5yIA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="1ZE7zbHKjc/uujHFX5QYbs3P1XI=">AAADJ3ichVK/axRBFH5ZfySeP3ImjWBzeERikGPuLJRUCWnSCPnh3UVuwzG7eXc3ZHZ2mZk7SJYDSRPIP5AiVQSLYCH2djZ2VoopLLSTs4tgY+HbvYtBg8lbZufNN/N98z3eeJEUxjJ2OORcuHjp8vDIlczVa9dvjGZvjlVM2NY+lv1QhnrF4walUFi2wkpciTTywJNY9dbnkv1qB7URoXpiNyJcDXhTiYbwuSWonq24HjaFirkUTTXVzbhWBGhyjbobcNvSQYzG704+/rM0luvu/dwJ0OIyJGDzXsZFtXasU8/mWYGlkTudFAdJHgaxEGY/gwtrEIIPbQgAQYGlXAIHQ18NisAgImwVYsI0ZSLdR+hChrhtOoV0ghO6Tv8mrWoDVNE60TQp26dbJA1NzBxMsA/sgB2xd+wl+8Z+/VcrTjUSLxs0e30uRvXRnVvLP89lBTRbaJ2wzvRsoQGPUq+CvEcpklTh9/mdzd2j5emlifgue8565H+fHbK3VIHq/PBfLOLS3hl+PPKSqjydwu1alSniviJu75w6jivQtNugkWpsvU40qNnFf1t7OqmUCsUHhdJiKT8z+6zf9hG4DXdgknr7EGZgHhagTHe+ga/Qg+/OgfPe+eh86h91hgZPZRz+CufLbySqyqM=</latexit>

kitayama+ 2004

Do semi-numerical simulations, focusing on the stellar
mass dependence of the escape fraction

Escape fraction❖

Problem: Computationally difficult to resolve minihalos in cosmological simulation⇥fesc (Mstar , Mhalo , z) TT+ 2018<latexit sha1_base64="1ZE7zbHKjc/uujHFX5QYbs3P1XI=">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</latexit>

simulation grids❖ (IMF,fesc,grid
HMF( , z)) from<latexit sha1_base64="VyY7GZ6vCAoZJHNzuDxq8urzjz4=">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</latexit>

N-body simulation
Ishiyama+ 2016

~Mpc
~Gpc

fesc,grid (IMF, , z)<latexit sha1_base64="VyY7GZ6vCAoZJHNzuDxq8urzjz4=">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</latexit>

Sub-grid model of escape fraction※ Hereafter we assume single mass IMF for simplicity (All the stars have same mass)Escape fraction❖

Behavior of the sub-grid model
fesc,grid (Mstar , , z = 20)<latexit sha1_base64="CtqvkbuOHJmMuPIWRefntNdH7g4=">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</latexit>

fesc,grid (Mstar , ⇠ 0, z)<latexit sha1_base64="9ZDxI34/0phD3N4dFCHCi+WpyaE=">AAADI3ichVK/axRBFH5Zf8XzR05tBJvFIyGG43h3FopVxMZGSC5eLnIbjtm9uc2Q2dllZu4gWQ7ERvAfsLBSSCEWIZ29jWAnWqSIrUrKBGwsfLt3UTSYvGV23nwz3zff442fSGEs4vaYc+LkqdNnxs8Wzp2/cHGieOnyool7OuCNIJaxXvKZ4VIo3rDCSr6UaM4iX/Kmv3ov22/2uTYiVg/tWsKXIxYq0RUBswS1i3XP56FQKZMiVDODQrftRcyu6CjlJiiHWnQG0w9+Y8YyPSi7XodLy1zPiMjFsrt+o+Bx1TnQaBdLWME83MNJdZSUYBRzcXEHPOhADAH0IAIOCizlEhgY+lpQBYSEsGVICdOUiXyfwwAKxO3RKU4nGKGr9A9p1RqhitaZpsnZAd0iaWhiujCJn/E17uF7fIPf8ed/tdJcI/OyRrM/5PKkPfHs6sKPY1kRzRZW/rCO9GyhC7dzr4K8JzmSVREM+f3153sLd+qT6RS+wl3y/xK38R1VoPr7wcY8r784wo9PXnKVRzP8aauJiribxN09po6DCjTtdmnkGk+2Mg1qdvXf1h5OFmuV6s1Kbb5Wmr37eNj2cbgG12GaensLZuE+zEGD7nwLX+ArfHM2nA/OR+fT8KgzNnoqV+CvcHZ+Ae+Lx/0=</latexit>

500M<latexit sha1_base64="ykO7s0lkMlFiTCePdnvIbhKhCiw=">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</latexit>

40M<latexit sha1_base64="HbEMl+JHNg3Q9PeyzLxg1fSI5e0=">AAAC/3ichVK/SxxBFP7cGGNOoxfTBNKIhxIsjndnQEllSGMT8EfOM9zKsbs3dw7uzi67cwe6HKiNYB1IkUohhCAksUxaLfIPpLDIHxAsDaRJkbd7JyGR6Ftm58333vfme7yxA1dGmui0x7jRe7PvVv/tzMDgnaHh7N2R5chvho4oOb7rhyu2FQlXKlHSUrtiJQiF5dmuKNvrT5N4uSXCSPrqud4IxKpnNZSsS8fSDFWzedMWDaliy5UNNdnOPCLTs/Ra6MXP2lXTr/k6YwpVu4hXsznKU2qjl51C18mha/N+9htM1ODDQRMeBBQ0+y4sRPxVUAAhYGwVMWMhezKNC7SRYW6TswRnWIyu87/Bp0oXVXxOakYp2+FbXF4hM0cxTl/pHZ3TFzqk7/Trv7XitEaiZYN3u8MVQXV47/7Sz2tZHu8aa39YV2rWqGMm1SpZe5AiSRdOh9/afHW+9HhxPJ6gAzpj/ft0SsfcgWr9cN4siMXXV+ixWUta5cWk2K2USTH3A3PPrunjooOQo3VeaY2do6QGD7vw72gvO8vFfGEqX1wo5mafbHXG3o8HGMNDnu00ZjGHeZT4zpf4jGOcGNvGW+O98bGTavR0n8o9/GXGp98W7LnE</latexit>

Mstar [M ]<latexit sha1_base64="w6WNe3NWcnciNK02NInEvgrFm20=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="vz75+cQMfXD3ehOaZ3vMhI59xOE=">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</latexit>

Semi-numerical simulation of cosmological 21-cm signal❖

Base code: 21cmFAST❖

Assumptions

Mesinger+ 2011❖

Single mass for the first stars❖

Photon source is only the first stars❖

No X-ray and UV heating❖

No stellar mass dependence on Lya couplingBy-eye comparison⇢˙ ? = 2 ⇥ 10 4 [M yr 1 Mpc 3 ]Tb [mK]40M

z=20<latexit sha1_base64="KMk2wQ36aEDz33yfCPM4+wUDTvQ=">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</latexit>

500M<latexit sha1_base64="ykO7s0lkMlFiTCePdnvIbhKhCiw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="KmH9SOl8EphgulSwqD/H2r0h1Bw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="KmH9SOl8EphgulSwqD/H2r0h1Bw=">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</latexit>

Tb [mK]

200Mpc<latexit sha1_base64="HbEMl+JHNg3Q9PeyzLxg1fSI5e0=">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</latexit>

Preliminary

dTb average = -17.5 [mK]

0

0

-15

-15

-30

Preliminary

dTb average = -15.5 [mK]-30

One point statistics

log(number of pixels)z = 20

Pre

lim
ina
ry
dTb [mK]

Summary❖

Background: Poor understanding of relation between IMFof the first stars and 21-cm 3D signal.

❖

RQ: How does the IMF of the first stars affect cosmological
21-cm signal?

❖

Preliminary answer:
Less massive IMF produce stronger signal.

❖

We might be able to extract information on IMF from nearfuture 21-cm observations.

❖

But, still several problems remain (foreground removal,
astrophysical uncertainties, etc.)