Schedule•

Analyzing discourse

7-6 Guest talk #2:•••

Grammar in Daily Conversation (Tomoko Endo)

7-13: Last class•

Quiz 3 & Language and Culture•

Quiz 3 covers pragmatics, speech accommodation,
politeness and conversation analysis.

8-3 Final project due

Natural conversation•

No clear rule about who says what•

However, we have expectations about what
happens next. e.g. a question is followed by ananswer; an assessment is followed by anagreement or disagreement•

Occasional overlap and silence are normal•

Even fillers (such as uh, um, えーと, あのー)
may play important roles in interaction

Listen tonatural conversations

Key concepts
Key concepts ofConversation Analysis••

Turn taking•

Adjacency pair•

Preferred and dispreferred response•

Pre-sequence and Insertion sequence

Transition Relevance Place(TRP)

When does a turn end?
••

In natural conversation, there is no strict rule
about who speaks next.
People monitor what others say and calculate
when they can (or should) take a turn.
•Signs for TRPs, where others can take a turn•Syntactic•

Semantic•Prosodic: Intonation, decreasing volume, etc.

•Non-linguistic: Gesture, gazing etc.

These signs aren’t perfect; also, the speaker can keep
going on even when a TRP is there. This createsoccasional silence or overlap in conversation.

Turn taking

Turn taking•

H: あの、酒あるんですか？ (Do you have alcohol?)•

S: 元気かい？ (Are you fine?)•

S: 酒ない (No)•

H: はい (Yes)•

H: ないんですか？ (You don’t?)•

H: 今どこですか？ (Where are you?)•

S: うーん (Uh..)•

S: うん、あの、おうちから、うん、あの、アパー
トからかけてんだけど (I’m calling you from home,from my apartment)(ザトラウスキー 1993)

ザトラウスキー (1993) 日本語の談話の構造分析:勧誘のストラテジーの考察. 東京: くろしお出版.

Overlap•(ザトラウスキー 1993)

Overlap

Because the rules of turn taking are not strict, sometimes
people fail to expect that the speaker goes on•

Overlap caused by expected TRPs•

A: え捕まったんですか？ (So did you caught by police?)•

A: お疲れさま // です。//•

B: うん (Yes)

•

B:

•

A: [バイクで？ (Motorbike?)•

A: この前はどうもお世話になりま // した。//•

B:•// お疲れ // さまです。

B: [ねず、ねずみ、朝7時半、8時ぐらいや (Speedspeeding, it was around seven thirty, eight in morning)

串田 (1997) 会話のトピックはいかに作られていくか. 谷(編) 『コミュニケーションの自然誌』. 東京: 新曜社.

(串田 1997)

林 (2013) 談話分析のアプローチ：理論と実践. 東京: 研究社.

// いえいえ //(林 2013 p.105)

Pause•Sometimes pause doesn’t belong to anyone; they havejust run out of topics.

•

Sometimes pause belongs to someone, and it ismeaningful.

Pause
•

A: Is there something bothering you or not?

•(1.0)•

A: Yes or no•

A: これでいいよね？ (We are just fine with this, right?)•(1.5)•(2 sec.)•

A: Eh?

•A: 他のにする？ (You try something else?)•

B: No.

Adjacency pairs
Adjacency pairs•

We expect that each type of utterance isfollowed by a certain type of utterance. e.g. aquestion is followed by an answer.

•A minimal unit of such a sequence, which
consists of just two turns, is called adjacencypair.

Request → Accept

Adjacency pairs
First part

Second part

Question

AnswerRequestAccept/Refuse

Offer

Accept/Refuse

Invitation

Accept/Refuse

Gratitude

Accept/Refuse

Assessment

Agree/Disagree

Accusation

Accept/Refuse

Greeting

Greeting•

A: 醤油取って (pass me soy sauce.)•B: うんPreferred and dispreferredresponses

Assessment → Agree•

A: 楽しかったよね、[あれ (That was fun)•

B:[ねー。

•Often there are two types of the second part foran adjacency pair: preferred response anddispreferred response.

Preferred and dispreferred
responses
First partPreferred

Dispreferred

Question

Expected Answer

No or unexpected
answerRequestAcceptRefuseOffer

AcceptRefuseInvitation

AcceptRefuseGratitude

AcceptRefuseAssessment

Agree

DisagreeAccusation

RefuseAcceptGreeting

Greeting

No greeting?

Preferred and dispreferred
responses•Preferred and dispreferredresponses•

Preferred response can be quick.

•A: Why don’t you come up and see mesome // time•

B:// I would like toDispreferred responses

A dispreferred response is typically marked by:•

Delays: (1) pause (2) preface (3) displacement•Prefaces: (1) Markers such as uh and well (2)agreement before disagreement (3) the use ofapology/appreciation etc.

•Accounts: explanations for why the dispreferred act
is done•etc.

Levinson (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Levinson (1983: 334)•

A: Uh if you’d care to come and visit a little while
this morning I’ll give you a cup of coffee•

B: Hehh well that’s awfully sweet of you, I don’t
think I can make it this morning. .hh uhm I’mrunning an ad in the paper and-and uh I have tostay near the phone.

Drew (1979) cited in
What kind of strategies did B use? Atkinson andLevinson(1983) p.333

Atkinson and Drew (1979) Order in Court. London: McMillan.

Dispreferred responses•

A: She says you might want that dress I bought,I don’t know whether you do•

B: Oh thanks (well), let me see I really have lotsof dresses

Levinson (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Pre-sequence andInsertion sequence

Levinson (1983) p.335

Pre-sequence

Pre-sequence•

A: 明日ひま？ (Are you free tomorrow?)

[Q1]

[A1]

•

B: うん (yes.)[A1]

A: Can I have hot chocolate with whippedcream?
[Request]•

A: じゃあどっか行かない？ (Then let’s go out•

A: Do you have hot chocolate?

[Q1]

•

B: mmhmm••

B: Sure ((leaves to get))Levinson (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

[Accept]
Levinson (1983)•somewhere)[Request]

B: いいよ (sure)[Accept]

Insertion sequence•

A: May I have a bottle of Mich?
••

•

[Q1]

B: Are you twenty one?

[A2]
[A1]

Levinson (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

A: U :hm (.) what’s the price now eh with VAT doyou know eh[Q1]•

A: Er I’ll just work that out for you =•B: = thanks•(10.0)•A: Three pounds nineteen a tube sir

Levinson (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

A: 何枚で（し[たっけ）]。(How many?)•B:•

B: 耐水ですか？ (Water-proof ones?)

Q2•

A: はい。(Yes.)

A2•

B: 耐水は６枚です。(I need six water-proof ones.) A1•

A: ６枚で[すね。(Six, right?)•

B:B… I ordered some paint from you uh a couple of weeks
ago some vermilion

Q1[あっ[はい。(Yes.)

Levinson (1983) p.304

Insertion sequence
•

•

[Q2]

A: No.

B: No.

Insertion sequence((HOLD))((ACCEPT))[A1]
Levinson (1983)

A Yuh
B And I wanted to order some more the name’s Boyd((R1))

A Yes // how many tubes would you like sir((Q1))BB

AnU :hm (.) what’s the price now eh with VAT do you knoweh((Q2))

A Er I’ll just work that out for you =((HOLD))

B((ACCEPT))= Thanks

A Three pounds nineteen a tube sir.

((A2))

B Three nineteen is it =((Q3))

A((A3))= Yeah

E::h (1.0) yes u :hm ((dental click)) ((in parentheticalB tone)) e :h jus-justa think, that’s what three nineteen.
That’s for the large tube isn’t it((Q4))

A Well yeah it’s the thirty seven c.c.s((A4))

Er, hh I’ll tell you what I’ll just eh eh ring you back I have((accountB to work out how many I’ll need.
for no A1))
Sorry I did- wasn’t sure of the price you seeA Okay
Levinson (1983)

Give us feedback