⺰  ᢥߥߗᜰᮡߥߩ߆
㧙ⴕ᡽⹏ଔߩታലᕈߩะ਄ߩߚ߼ߦ‫ޟ‬Ყセ㧙ᡷༀ‫ߩ࡞ࠢࠗࠨޠ‬ᵴ↪ࠍ㧙ጊ ↰ ᴦ ᓼ*㧔ᣧⒷ↰ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮౏౒⚻༡⎇ⓥ⑼ᢎ᝼

㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ ࠊ߇࿖ߩⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߢߪ㧘࿖㧘࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕ߣ߽ NPM㧔࠾ࡘ࡯࡮ࡄࡉ࡝࠶ࠢ࡮ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻㧕ߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ
᳃㑆⚻༡ᚻᴺ߿Ꮢ႐ේℂࠍᵴ↪ߒߚᚻᴺߩዉ౉߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢ߽ਛᔃߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߇㧘ᜰᮡߦၮߠߊᬺ❣⹏ଔߥߤࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ᚻᴺߩⴕ᡽▤ℂ߳ߩᵴ↪㧘ߔߥࠊߜ᡽╷⹏ଔ߿੐ോ੐ᬺ⹏ଔࠍᆎ߼ߣߔ
ࠆⴕ᡽⹏ଔߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ⴕ᡽⹏ଔߩዉ౉ߦߟ޿ߡߪ࿖ࠃࠅ߽వⴕߒߚ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ᣧ޿ߣߎࠈ߆ࠄ⿠▚ߔࠇ߫ߘߩᱧผߪᣢߦ 10 ᐕࠍ⚻ㆊߒߡ޿ࠆߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘ᄙߊߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߢߪⴕ᡽⹏ଔߩ
ዉ౉ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ߘߩታ❣߇༗વߐࠇࠆߎߣߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ዉ౉ߦ઻߁ౕ૕⊛ߥᚑᨐ߿ലᨐߥߤ߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇࠆߎߣߪ޽߹ࠅᄙߊߥ޿‫߆ࠈߎߤࠇߘޕ‬૑᳃ߩ஥߆ࠄߪ㧘ㆊ೾ߥ⡯ຬෘㆄ໧㗴߿ᣥᘒଐὼߣߒߚ߅ᓎᚲ૕
⾰ࠍߪߓ߼ⴕ᡽⹏ଔ߇⋡⺰ࠎߛߪߕߩᄌൻ߇޽߹ࠅ㗼࿷ൻߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߣߔࠆุቯ⊛ߥ⷗ᣇߩᣇ߇ᒝ޿ࠃ߁
ߦ⷗ฃߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߥታᘒߦኻߒ㧘޿ߊߟ߆ߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߥߤߢⴕ᡽⹏ଔߩ߅ᚻવ޿ࠍߒߡ߈ߡ᳇߇ߟ޿ߚߎߣߦ㧘⃻႐ߢታ㓙ߩ⹏ଔ੐ോࠍⴕ߁⥄ᴦ૕⡯ຬߩ㑐ᔃ߇ᜰᮡߩㆬቯ߿⋡ᮡ୯ߩ⸳ቯߥߤ࠹ࠢ࠾ࠞ࡞ߥ㕙ߦ㓸߹ࠅ߇ߜߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧘ߘߒߡ⹏ଔߦᜰᮡࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣߩᗧ๧߿⸳ቯߐࠇߚᜰᮡߩ․ᕈߦߟ޿ߡᗧ⼂ߐࠇࠆߎߣߥ
ߊᜰᮡ߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ⴕࠆ޿ߡࠇࠊⴕ⥸੹ޕ‬᡽⹏ଔߩ․ᓽߪ㧘ᜰᮡߦၮߠߊ⹏ଔߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩലᨐ⊛ߥᵴ↪ߩߚ߼ߦߪᜰᮡߩᗧ⟵߿․ᕈߦߟ޿ߡℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣ߇ਇนᰳߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄߢߎߘޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ㧘ⴕ᡽⹏ଔߦ߅ߌࠆᜰᮡߦ⌕⋡ߒ㧘ߘߩᗧ⟵߿໧㗴ὐߥߤߦߟ޿ߡᢛℂࠍⴕ޿㧘ߘߩ߁߃ߢᜰᮡߩᵴ↪ߩ޽ࠅᣇߦߟ޿ߡ㧘NPM ⊒␽࿖ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ੐଀ࠍෳ⠨ߦតࠆߎߣߣߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬㧞㧚ⴕ᡽⹏ଔߦ߅ߌࠆᜰᮡߩᗧ⟵ߣ໧㗴ὐ ੐ോ੐ᬺ⹏ଔߥߤߩⴕ᡽⹏ଔߦ߅ߌࠆᜰᮡߩㆬቯ߿૞ᚑߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⥄ᴦ૕⡯ຬ߆ࠄߩᖠߺ߿⧰ഭ⹤ࠍ⡊ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᔅߕߒ߽⹏ଔߦᜰᮡߪઃ߈‛ߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫౒౏ޕ‬੐ᬺ╬ߩ⹏ଔߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫↪⾌ޟ‬ଢ⋉ಽᨆ‫ࠍ࡞࠺ࡕ࡮ࠢ࠶ࠫࡠ߿ޠ‬૞ᚑߔࠆ‫⹏࡯࡝ࠝ࠮ޟ‬ଔ‫ߤߥޠ‬㧘ᜰᮡߦၮߠ߆ߥ޿⹏ଔ߽
޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ㧘޽ࠄ߆ߓ߼ቯ߼ࠄࠇߚᛩ౉㧔input㧕㧘↥಴㧔output㧕㧘ᚑᨐ㧔outcome㧕ߥߤߩᜰᮡߦ
ၮߠ޿ߡⴕࠊࠇࠆߩ߇㧘੐ോ੐ᬺ⹏ଔࠍᆎ߼ᄙߊߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߢⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆⴕ᡽⹏ଔߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ࠊޕ‬࿖⥄ᴦ૕ߦ߅ߌࠆⴕ᡽⹏ଔߩዉ౉ߪ⌕ታߦㅴࠎߢ߅ࠅ㧘2006 ᐕ 1 ᦬ 1 ᣣ⃻࿷ߦ߅ߌࠆ✚ോ⋭ߩ‫ޟ‬࿾ᣇ౏౒࿅૕ߦ
1960 ᐕ↢߹ࠇ‫ޕ‬ᣧⒷ↰ᄢቇ᡽ᴦ⚻ᷣቇㇱතᬺᓟ㧘ਛᄩ⋭ᐡ౉⋭‫ޕ‬࿷⡯ਛߦ࡚ࠫ࡯ࠫ࠲࠙ࡦᄢቇᄢቇ㒮౏౒᡽╷ቇ⺖⒟ୃੌ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ᳃㑆ࠪࡦࠢ࠲ࡦࠢൕോࠍ⚻ߡ㧘਻Ꮊᄢቇᴺቇㇱഥᢎ᝼㧘2003 ᐕࠃࠅ⃻⡯‫ޕ‬ኾ᡹㧦ⴕ᡽ቇ㧘౏౒᡽╷ቇ‫ޕ‬ᚲዻቇળ㧦ᣣᧄⴕ᡽ቇળ㧘ᣣᧄ౏౒᡽╷ቇળߥߤ‫ޕ‬ਥߥ⪺ᦠ㧦‫ޟ‬᡽╷⹏ଔߩᛛᴺ‫ޠ‬㧔ᣣᧄ⹏⺰␠㧘2000 ᐕ㧕㧘‫ޟ‬ᑪ⸳࿖ௌߩ᡽ᴦ⚻ᷣቇ‫ޠ‬㧔ᣣᧄ⹏⺰␠㧘2000 ᐕ㧕ߥߤ‫ޕ‬*㧙㧙ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕

߅ߌࠆⴕ᡽⹏ଔߩข⚵⁁ᴫ‫ޠ‬1)ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ㇺ㆏ᐭ⋵㧘᡽઎ᜰቯㇺᏒߢߪታ⾰ోߡ߇ᣢߦዉ౉ࠍⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ਛᩭᏒ㧘․଀Ꮢߢ߽߅ࠃߘ 9 ഀ߇ዉ౉ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘ߎࠇࠍᏒ඙↸᧛࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߺࠆߣ㧘⹜ⴕᲑ㓏߽฽߼ߡ߽߅ࠃߘ 3 ഀߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠍ↸᧛ߢߺࠇ߫ 2 ഀᒙߦㆊ߉ߥ޿‫ߪߢ࡞ࡌ࡟ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ㇺ㆏ᐭ⋵╬ߦᲧߴࠇ߫ㆃࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪุ߼ߥ޿߽ߩߩ㧘ዉ౉ߩᬌ⸛Ბ㓏ߦ޽ࠆߣߎࠈ߇ో૕ߩ߅ࠃߘඨᢙߦ߽਄ࠆߎߣ㧘߹ߚߎࠇ߹ߢᦨᄢߩ ᩺ߢ޽ࠅ༛✕ߩ⺖㗴ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚᏒ↸᧛ว૬߳ߩኻᔕ߇ዋߥߊߣ߽ᤨᦼ⊛ߦߪ৻Ბ⪭ߒߚߎߣ߽޽ࠅ㧘Ꮢ↸᧛Ბ㓏ߢ߽ⴕ᡽⹏ଔߩዉ౉߇ߎࠇ߆ࠄᧄᩰൻߒߡߊࠆߎߣߪ㑆㆑޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈ߇ߎ߁ߒߚ৻ᣇߢ㧘ᜰᮡߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔߦኻߔࠆ⇼໧߿ਇା߽ᄢ߈޿ߎߣ߽੐ታߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ߩߡߴߔޟ‬ⴕ᡽ᵴേ߇ᜰᮡൻߢ߈ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޠ‬㧘‫߽ߘ߽ߘޟ‬ㆡಾߥᜰᮡߣߪ૗ߥߩ߆‫ޠ‬㧘‫ⶄޟ‬㔀ߥ⁁ᴫኻᔕࠍ᳞߼ࠄ
ࠇࠆⴕ᡽ߦኻߒ㧘ᜰᮡߦࠃࠆ↹৻⊛ߥ⹏ଔߪਇㆡಾߢߪߥ޿߆‫ߤߥޠ‬㧘ߘߩߚ߼ߦⴕ᡽⹏ଔߩዉ౉ߦㅨᎼ
ߒߡ޿ࠆ⥄ᴦ૕߿㧘⇼໧ࠍᜬߜߥ߇ࠄ⹏ଔ૞ᬺߦᒰߚߞߡ޿ࠆ⡯ຬߪ᳿ߒߡዋߥߊߥ޿‫ޕ‬ ᜰᮡߪ㧘ⴕ᡽ߩᵴേ߿ᚑᨐࠍᠲ૞ൻ㧔operationalize㧕ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᦌᤒߥⷐ⚛ࠍ฽߻ⴕ᡽਄ߩ᭎
ᔨࠍౕ૕⊛ߥᒻߢឭ␜ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ⴕޕ‬᡽ߩᗧ࿑߿⚿ᨐߪᠲ૞ൻߐࠇᜰᮡߣߥࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅᢙ୯ߦࠃࠆ
⴫⃻߇น⢻ߦߥࠅ㧘૑᳃ߦኻߒࠃࠅ᣿␜⊛ߥᒻߢ␜ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߪⴕ᡽߆ࠄ૑᳃߳ߩࡔ࠶࠮࡯ࠫߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠍㅢߓߡⴕ᡽ߣ૑᳃ߩ㑆ߩኻ⹤ࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆ౒ㅢ⸒⺆ߢ޽ࠅ⚌Ꮺߢ߽޽ࠆ‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ⴕ᡽⹏ଔߦኻߔࠆ㑐ᔃߩ㜞߹ࠅߣߪⵣ⣻ߦ㧘ᜰᮡߦኻߒߡߪනߦ࠹ࠢ࠾ࠞ࡞ߥ㕙߫߆ࠅߦ㑐ᔃ߇㓸߹ࠅ㧘ߘߩᧄ⾰⊛ߥᗧ⟵߿໧㗴ὐߥߤߦߟ޿ߡߪ޽߹ࠅᗧ⼂ߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ߥ޿‫ᧄߢߎߘޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ㧘߹ߕᦨೋߦⴕ᡽⹏ଔߦ
߅ߌࠆᜰᮡߩᗧ⟵ߣ໧㗴ὐߦߟ޿ߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬㧔㧝㧕ᜰᮡߩᗧ⟵‫ޟ‬ᢙሼࠍ⸥㍳ߒߡ߅߆ߥ޿ߣ㧘ߪߚߒߡ⃻࿷㧘⥄ಽ߇ൎߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆⽶ߌߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣߐ߃㔍ߒ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ߎࠇߪ⃿ᛛߦ߽࠻࡜ࡦࡊߦ߽ᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߘߒߡ᡽ᐭߩ↢↥ᕈߩ႐วߢ߽ห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޠ‬Hatry,
1978, p28
 ⹏ଔߩᮭᆭ㧘ࡂ࠻࡝࡯ߩ⸒⪲ߪᐔᤃߥ⴫⃻ߥ߇ࠄᜰᮡߩᧄ⾰ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޟߒ߆ߒޕ‬ൎߜ⽶ߌ‫ޠ‬ߣߪ޿߁߽ߩߩ㧘ൎߜ⽶ߌࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧߇޽ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ߩߡߺࠄ߆⋡ߩ⺕ޕ‬ൎߜ⽶ߌߥߩ߆㧘߹ߚൎߟߎߣ߇ߥߗ㊀ⷐߥߩ߆㧘ߘߒߡൎߜ⽶ߌߩၮḰߪ૗ߥߩ߆‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߩᗧ⟵ߦߟ޿ߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦ
ߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬Ԙ ᖱႎ౏㐿ߣࡑ࡯ࠤ࠹ࠖࡦࠣ
ⴕ᡽ᵴേߪ㧘੍▚߿ੱຬߥߤߩ⾗Ḯࠍᛩ౉ߒߡⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ↥಴ࠍⴕ޿㧘ߘߩᵴ↪ࠍㅢߓߡ૑᳃↢ᵴߦౕ૕⊛ߥᚑᨐ߇߽ߚࠄߐࠇࠆ৻ㅪߩᵹࠇߢᒻᚑߐࠇࠆ‫৻ࠄࠇߎޕ‬ㅪߩㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߌࠆᛩ౉㧘↥಴㧘ᚑᨐߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇᜰᮡൻ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡൻߣ޿߁ߣ⋡ᣂߒߊ⡞ߎ߃ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘ߎߩ߁ߜᛩ౉
ᜰᮡߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘੍▚㗵㧘ੱຬᢙߥߤ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߩⴕ᡽ߢ߽㊀ⷞߐࠇߡ߈ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠍ▚੍ࠄߊ޿ޕ‬ᛩ౉ߒߚ߆ࠍ⴫ߔ੍▚㗵ߥߤߪߎࠇ߹ߢ߽ߘߩᣉ╷߿੐ᬺߦኻߔࠆ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩᆫ൓ࠍ⴫ߔࡃࡠࡔ࡯࠲࡯ߣ
ߒߡᯏ⢻ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ߆ߩߚߞ૶ࠄߊ޿ޟ‬ᛩ౉ᜰᮡߪ㧘૑᳃ߢߪߥߊⴕ᡽㧘ߔߥࠊߜଏ⛎⠪஥ߩⷞὐߦၮߠߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬૗߇ߢ߈ߚߩ߆‫↥ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬಴ᜰᮡߦߟ޿ߡ߽ห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ㧘‫ߘޟ‬ࠇߢߤ߁ᄌࠊߞߚߩ߆‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬ᚑᨐᜰᮡߪⴕ᡽ᵴേߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ૑᳃ߦ߽ߚࠄߐࠇࠆᕲᕺߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߪ૑᳃ߩⷞὐߦၮߠߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1)✚ോ⋭ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ http://www.soumu.go.jp/s-news/2006/pdf/060407_5.pdf㧘2006 ᐕ 4 ᦬ 7 ᣣ⊒⴫‫ޕ‬㧙㧙ߥߗᜰᮡߥߩ߆

ᜰᮡ߇૞ᚑߐࠇ౏㐿ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ⴕ᡽߇૗ࠍ㊀ⷞߒߡⴕ᡽ㆇ༡ࠍⴕߞߡ޿ߎ߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ߆㧘૑᳃ߦኻߒⴕ᡽ߩᗧ࿑ߣᣇ㊎߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᜰᮡߣ޿߁ᒻߢⴕ᡽ߩ଻᦭ߔࠆⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩᛩ౉㧘↥಴㧘ᚑᨐߦ㑐ߔࠆฦ⒳ᖱႎߩ౏㐿߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߪᖱႎ౏㐿ߩᚻᲑߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᜰᮡߩ౏㐿ߪනߥࠆᖱႎߩ㐿␜ߦߣߤ߹ࠄߥ޿‫⥄ޕ‬ᴦ૕ߪᜰᮡߩ౏㐿ࠍㅢߓߡ㧘㊀ὐᣉ╷߿ߘߩ⋡ᮡߥߤߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ઁ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆⓍᭂ⊛ߥᏅ೎ൻࠍࠕࡇ࡯࡞ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ੱࠄ߆ࠇߎޕ‬ญᷫዋ␠ળ
ߦ߅޿ߡ࿾ᣇಽᮭ߇ㅴ߻ߥ߆㧘ᜰᮡߩ౏㐿ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߪ㧘⥄ᴦ૕߇૑᳃ߦฃേ⊛ߦㆬᛯߐࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߩᣇ߆ࠄⓍᭂ⊛ߦ૑᳃߆ࠄㆬᛯߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦⴕേߔࠆߎߣ㧘ߔߥࠊߜࡑ࡯ࠤ࠹ࠖࡦࠣߣߒߡߩᯏ⢻߽᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߚᖱႎ౏㐿ߣ޿߁㕙ߢ߽ᜰᮡߪ㧘නߦ૑᳃ߩ‫ޟ‬⍮ࠆᮭ೑‫ࠍޠ‬ḩߚߔߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘߽߁৻㕙ߩ㊀ⷐߥ
ᗧ⟵ࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ⴕߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬᡽߇ଏ⛎ߔࠆⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᏒ႐ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎߪⴕ᡽
߇⁛භߒ㧘㔛ⷐ⠪ߚࠆ૑᳃ߪ߶ߣࠎߤ౉ᚻߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ꮢ႐ߣߪ޿޿ߥ߇ࠄ㧘৻ᣇ⊛ߥᖱႎ஍࿷㧘࿶ୟ⊛ߥᖱႎᩰᏅ߇ሽ࿷ߒ㧘ߎࠇߢߪᏒ႐ᯏ⢻ߩ․ᓽߢ޽ࠆ౏ᐔߥᏒ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆኻ╬ߩ੤ᷤߪᚑ┙ߒ߃ࠆߪߕߪߥ޿‫ⴕߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬᡽ߪ଻᦭ߔࠆᖱႎࠍ⁛භߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘૑᳃ߦኻߒ᦭೑ߥ┙႐ࠍ⏕଻ߒ⛯ߌߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ㧘ᜰᮡ߇ㆬቯߐࠇߘߩ୯߇㐿␜ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ߘࠇ߹ߢⴕ᡽߇⁛භߒߡ޿ߚᖱႎ߇㔛ⷐ⠪㧘ߔߥࠊߜ૑᳃ߦ߽౏㐿ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ᛩ౉ᜰᮡߣߒߡੱઙ⾌ߥߤ㑐ㅪߔࠆ⚻⾌߇౏㐿ߐࠇࠆߎߣߢ㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩࠦࠬ࠻᭴ㅧ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆ‫↥ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨߦࠄߐޕ‬಴㊂ߥߤ↥಴ᜰᮡ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆߎߣߢ㧘↢↥ᕈߥߤଏ⛎᭴ㅧ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ଏ⛎஥ߩᖱႎࠍᓧࠆߎߣߢ㧘૑᳃ߪⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᏒ႐ߦ㧘ኻ╬ߣߪ⸒߃ߥ޿߹ߢ߽ࠃࠅኻ╬ߦㄭ޿┙႐ߢෳടߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ࠃߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ࠅ౏ᐔߦㄭ޿ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᏒ႐ࠍഃ಴ߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ࠃࠅㆡᱜߥଔᩰᒻᚑ߿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩຠ⾰ᡷༀ߇ᦼᓙߢ߈
ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ࠊ߇࿖⥄ᴦ૕ߢߪ NPM ߩᓇ㗀߆ࠄ㧘Ꮢ႐ේℂߩⴕ᡽ㆇ༡߳ߩᵴ↪߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘Ꮢ႐ේℂߩᵴ↪ࠍᮡ᭙ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ߘߩ৻ᣇߢߪᏒ႐ᯏ⢻ߩᵴ↪ߦਇนᰳߥߪߕߩᖱႎ஍࿷ߩ⸃ᶖ㧘ߔߥࠊߜᖱႎ౏㐿ߦᶖᭂ⊛ߥ⥄ᴦ૕ߪዋߥߊߥ޿‫⁁ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᴫߦ㑐ߒߡߪ޽߹ࠅ⹺⼂ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘߈ࠊ߼ߡᄢ߈ߥ⍦⋫ߣ⸒ࠊߑࠆࠍ߃ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᖱႎ౏㐿ߪ㧘ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆ৻ㇱ૑᳃ߩਇᐔ㧘ਇḩߦኻߔࠆනߥࠆ‫ࠟޟ‬ࠬᛮ߈‫ߊߥߪߢޠ‬㧘Ꮢ႐߇ߘߩᯏ⢻ࠍ⊒ើߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪਇนᰳߥ೨ឭ᧦ઙߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߩ౏㐿ߦߪߎ߁ߒ
ߚ⍦⋫ࠍ⸃ᶖߔࠆᗧ๧߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ԙ ⺑᣿⽿છߣ૑᳃ෳട ᜰᮡߩ౏㐿ߦߪᖱႎ౏㐿ߩᗧ๧ߦട߃㧘⼏ળ߿૑᳃ߦኻߒ㧘ⴕ᡽߇⥄ࠄߩ⽿ോࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ⺑᣿⽿છ㧔ࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࡝࠹ࠖ㧕ࠍᨐߚߔߚ߼ߩᯏ⢻߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ฦ⥄ᴦ૕ߦߪߘࠇߙࠇ߇⋡ᜰߔ࿾ၞ௝㧘␠ળ௝߇޽
ࠆ‫᧪ᧂߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬௝ߩታ⃻ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ᡽╷߇૞ࠄࠇၫⴕߐࠇࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ࿾ၞ௝߿዁᧪௝ߦߟ޿
ߡߪ㧘ၮᧄ᭴ᗐ߿ၮᧄ⸘↹ߥߤߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߪߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߪ޿߃㧘޽ߊ߹ߢ‫߈ߴࠆ޽ޟ‬ᆫ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬ℂᔨ‫޽ߢޠ‬ࠅ㧘ߘࠇ⥄૕ߪౕ૕ᕈߦਲߒ޿‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬቟ోߢ૑ߺࠃ޿ⴝ૞ࠅ‫߇߁޿ߣޠ‬㧘ರᖡ‽⟋߇ዋߥ޿ⴝߥߩ߆㧘りㄭߥ૕ᗵᴦ቟߇⦟޿ⴝߥߩ߆㧘੤ㅢ੐᡿ߩዋߥ޿ⴝߥߩ߆ߪ㧘᣿ࠄ߆ߦߪߥࠄߥ޿‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ㧘ᜰᮡࠍㆬቯ
ߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ߘࠇ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᘒࠍᜰߔߩ߆㧘ߘߩᗧ࿑߇૑᳃ߦኻߒ᣿␜⊛ߥᒻߢ␜ߐࠇࠆ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߩ✚ว⸘↹㧘ߣࠅࠊߌၮᧄ᭴ᗐߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߩࠃ߁ߦනߦ᛽⽎⊛㧘᭎᜝⊛ߥℂᔨࠍ⟜೉ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⋡ᜰߔ዁᧪௝ߦߟ޿ߡౕ૕⊛ߥᜰᮡࠍ⸳ቯߒ㧘⋡ᮡ୯ࠍ౏⴫ߔࠆ଀߇Ⴧ߃ߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇߥߤߪߘߩ৻଀ߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈߢᜰᮡ㧘ߣࠅࠊߌᚑᨐᜰᮡߩㆬቯߦ㓙ߒߡߪ㧘ਥᮭ⠪㧘ฃ⋉⠪㧘ߘߒߡ⚊⒢⠪ߢ޽ࠆ૑᳃ߩㆬᅢ
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ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕

ࠍ෻ᤋߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿‫⟲ޕ‬㚍⋵ᄥ↰Ꮢߥߤߢⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘૑᳃ࠍኻ⽎ߦⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦኻ
ߔࠆ⃻⁁ߩḩ⿷ᐲߣ㧘ߘࠇߦኻߔࠆข⚵ߺߩ㊀ⷐᐲߩ⺞ᩏࠍⴕ޿㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐࠍᜰᮡߩㆬቯߦ෻ᤋߐߖࠆߎ
ߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬૑᳃ߦߪਥᮭ⠪㧘ฃ⋉⠪㧘⚊⒢⠪ߣߒߡߩ┙႐એᄖߦ߽㧘․ቯಽ㊁ߩ೑ኂ㑐ଥ⠪ߣߒߡߩ஥㕙߽޽ࠆ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ᜰᮡߩㆬቯㆊ⒟ߦ૑᳃ࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦ㑐ਈߐߖࠆߎߣߢ㧘ᚻ⛯߈⊛ߥㅘ᣿ᕈ㧘᳃ਥᕈࠍ⏕଻ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ᜰᮡߩᱜ⛔ᕈ㧔legitimacy㧕ࠍ⏕଻ߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎߚ߹ޕ‬૞ᬺࠍㅢߓߡ㧘ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆ૑᳃ߩᗧ⼂߿ᗧ⷗㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ߿ḩ⿷ᐲ㧘㔛ⷐߩᛠីࠍⴕ߁ߛߌߢߥߊ㧘ⴕ᡽ߩᗧ࿑ࠍ૑᳃ߦኻߒߡ⺑᣿㧘ኻ⹤ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢ㧘⋧੕ℂ⸃ߩᒻᚑߣᷓൻࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄᄥ↰Ꮢߩࠃ߁ߦ૑᳃ߩㆬᅢࠍ⺞ᩏߒ㧘ߎࠇࠍⴕ᡽ㆇ༡ߦ෻ᤋߐߖࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߪ㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚑᨐߣߪ૑᳃ߦߣߞߡߩᚑᨐߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᜰᮡߩㆬቯ߇૑᳃ߩㆬᅢࠍ෻ᤋߔࠆߎߣߥߊනߦଏ⛎⠪஥ߩ⺰ℂ߿ㇺวߢⴕࠊࠇߚ႐ว㧘ᚑᨐᜰᮡߣߒߡߩᱜ⛔ᕈߪ߈ࠊ߼ߡෂ߁޿߽ߩߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬Ԛ ⋙ⷞ࡮⛔೙㧘▤ℂ㧘ࠗࡦ࠮ࡦ࠹ࠖࡉ ᜰᮡ߇ᢙ୯ߣߒߡ౏㐿ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ⴕ᡽ᵴേߩ‫ޟ‬ᛩ౉̆↥಴̆ᚑᨐ‫ޠ‬ฦᲑ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆⴕ᡽ᵴേߩ
ᖱႎ߇᣿␜⊛ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆ‫⾗ߥ߁ࠃߩߤޕ‬Ḯ㧔੍▚㧘ੱຬߥߤ㧕ࠍᛩ౉ߒ㧘ߤࠇߛߌߩⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ଏ⛎
ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘૑᳃ߦኻߒౕ૕⊛ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᚑᨐ߇߽ߚࠄߐࠇߚߩ߆㧘ߐࠄߦߎࠇࠄߩᜰᮡࠍⶄว⊛ߦ↪޿ࠆߎߣߢ㧘⚻ᷣᕈ㧔economy㧕㧘ല₸ᕈ㧔efficiency㧕㧘᦭ലᕈ㧔effectiveness㧕ߩᖱႎ߽␜ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇࠄߩᜰᮡࠍ⋙ⷞ㧔ࡕ࠾࠲࡝ࡦࠣ㧕ߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘૑᳃߿⼏ળ㧘ⴕ᡽ౝᄖߩ⋙ᩏᯏ㑐㧘NGO㧛NPO ╬ߦ
ࠃࠆⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆ౏ᑼ㧘㕖౏ᑼߩ⛔೙㧔ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ㧕߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߪⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆ⋙ⷞ㧘⛔೙ߩߚ߼ߩ᦭ലߥᚻᲑߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߽ߜࠈࠎᜰᮡߪᄖㇱ⋙ⷞߩߚ߼ߩᚻᲑߣߒߡߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘ⴕ᡽ౝㇱߦ߅ߌࠆౝㇱ⋙ⷞ㧘ౝㇱ▤ℂߩᚻ
Ბߣߒߡ߽ᯏ⢻ߔࠆ‫ⴕޕ‬᡽ౝㇱߩ▤ℂ⠪㧘▤ℂㇱ㐷ߪ㧘ᛩ౉ᜰᮡ㧘↥಴ᜰᮡࠍ⋙ⷞߔࠆߎߣߢᣉ╷߿੐ᬺߩㅴⴕ▤ℂࠍⴕߞߚࠅ㧘⚵❱ో૕ߦ߅ߌࠆ⚻ᷣᕈ߿ല₸ᕈߩ⁁ᴫࠍᛠីߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫↹⸘ޕ‬ㇱ㐷ߢߪ⸘↹╷ቯߦᔅⷐߥᖱႎ෼㓸ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫▤ߚߒ߁ߎߚ߹ޕ‬ℂ⠪㧘▤ℂㇱ㐷ࡌ࡯ࠬߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘⋥ធߦ੐ᬺࠍᚲ▤ߔࠆේ⺖߿ᜂᒰߔࠆ୘ੱࡌ࡯ࠬߢ߽㧘੐ᬺߩㅴ᝞⁁ᴫ㧘ᶉ⾌߿ή㚝ߩ⊒↢㧘⢻₸ߩૐਅࠍᛠីߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ฦේ⺖㧘ߘߒߡ୘ੱ࡟ࡌ࡞ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ᜰᮡߪߐࠄߥࠆᗧ๧ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡࠍ⸥㍳ߒ㧘ߎࠇࠍᬺോߩ⋡⊛߿ᬺ❣ߣ㑐ㅪઃߌࠆߎߣߪ⥄Ꮖ໪⊒ߢ޽ࠅ㧘୘ੱߣ⚵❱ߩℂᔨߩ౒᦭ൻߢ߽޽ࠆ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬ᜰᮡߪ⛔
೙߿▤ℂߩߚ߼ߩᚻᲑߣߒߡߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘ࠗࡦ࠮ࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߣߒߡ߽ᯏ⢻ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡ୯ࠍࡕ࠾࠲࡯ߔࠆߎ
ߣߢࠦࠬ࠻߿↢↥ᕈߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂ࠍ㜞߼㧘ᬺോߩㅴⴕ⁁ᴫ߿ᬺ❣ࠍ⏕⹺ߒ㧘⚵❱⋡ᮡ߿୘ੱ⋡ᮡߩታ⃻ߦะߌߡⴕേߔࠆ‫ࠥࡦ࠮ޕ‬㧔Senge,1990㧕ߪ㧘⥄ࠄࠍᄌ㕟ߔࠆߎߣߢⅣႺߩᄌൻߦኻᔕߔࠆ⢻ജࠍ᦭ߔࠆ⚵❱ࠍ‫ޟ‬ቇ⠌ߔࠆ⚵❱㧔learning organization㧕‫ߣޠ‬ฬઃߌߚ߇㧘ᜰᮡߩߎ߁ߒߚᯏ⢻ߪቇ⠌ߔࠆ⚵❱ߩ᭴ᚑᛛⴚߩ߁ߜ㧘⚵❱߇ቇ߱ߚ߼ߦߪ߹ߕ୘ੱቇ⠌߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁‫⥄ޟ‬Ꮖ໪⊒㧔self mastery㧕‫ޠ‬㧘୘ੱߣ⚵❱ߩℂᔨߦ౒ㅢᕈࠍ߽ߚߖࠆ‫ޟ‬ℂᔨߩ౒᦭㧔shared vision㧕‫ޠ‬㧘ੱ‫߇ޘ‬੕޿ߦቇ߮޽߁‫ࡓ࡯࠴ޟ‬ቇ⠌㧔team learning㧕‫౒߽ߣޠ‬ㅢߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ԛ Ყセ ᜰᮡߩ߈ࠊ߼ߡ․ᓽ⊛ߥ․ᕈߣߒߡ㧘ᜰᮡ୯ࠍᲧセߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘⥄ࠄߩㆊ෰ߩᬺ❣߿ઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߩᬺ❣ߣߩ㑆ߢᲧセ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠕ࡟ࡉߩࠬ࡝ࠡࠗ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬᡽ᮭߦࠃߞߡ 2000 ᐕᐲࠃࠅᆎ߼
ࠄࠇߚ‫ޠ࡯ࡘ࡝ࡃ࠻ࠬࡌޟ‬
㧔Best Value㧕ߪ㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߒ㧘ᦨ߽ലᨐ⊛߆ߟ⚻ᷣ⊛㧘ല₸⊛ߥᚻᲑࠍ↪޿㧙㧙ߥߗᜰᮡߥߩ߆

ߡ㧘ࠦࠬ࠻߿ຠ⾰ߦ㑐ߔࠆၮḰࠍḩ⿷ߔࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩឭଏࠍ⟵ോઃߌࠆ೙ᐲߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߘߩਛߢቯ⟵ߐࠇࠆㄭઍ⊛ߥ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߪ㧘‫ߩߣ࠻ࠬࡌޟ‬Ყセ‫ߦޠ‬⠴߃߁ࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩଏ⛎ߦദ߼ࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ
⾰ߣࠦࠬ࠻ߩ෺ᣇߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߥ⊛⛯⛮ޟ‬ᡷༀ‫⥄߁ⴕࠍޠ‬ᴦ૕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ყセߦߪ㧘⥄ࠄߩᬺ❣ࠍㆊ෰ߣ⃻࿷ߩᤨ♽೉㧔time-series㧕ߢᲧセߔࠆ႐วߣ㧘ઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩ㑆ߢᮮᢿ㕙㧔cross-section㧕ߦࠃࠅᲧセࠍⴕ߁႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ࠕ࡟ࡉޕ‬᡽ᮭߩ⸒߁ߣߎࠈߩ⛮⛯⊛ߥᡷༀߪᤨ♽೉Ყセߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻ߣߩᲧセߪᮮᢿ㕙Ყセߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬Ყセߦߪߘߩߚ߼ߩၮḰ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ᤨ♽೉Ყセߢߪ⥄Ꮖߩㆊ෰ߩᜰᮡ୯߇ၮḰߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ㆊ෰ߩ୯ߣᲧセߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘⃻⁁ࠍᛠីߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘୯ࠍ⛮⛯⊛ߦⷰኤߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ໧㗴ߩ⊒↢ࠍᣧ޿Ბ㓏ߢ⹺⍮ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆ‫ߎޕ‬ࠇߦኻߒᮮᢿ㕙Ყセߩ႐ว㧘⥄Ꮖߩㆊ෰ߩ୯ߢߪߥߊઁ⠪ߩ⃻࿷୯߇ၮḰߣߥࠅ㧘ో૕ߩਛߢߩ⋧ኻ⊛ߥ૏⟎ߠߌ߇␜ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬᳃㑆ડᬺߩ႐วߪᦨ߽ఝࠇߚડᬺ߿⚵❱㧔ࡌࠬ࠻࡮ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬ㧕ࠍၮḰߣߔࠆߎߣ߇᥉ㅢߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎ
ߩᚻᴺࠍࡌࡦ࠴ࡑ࡯ࠠࡦࠣ㧔benchmarking㧕ߣࠃࠎߢ޿ࠆ߇㧘ⴕ᡽ߩ႐วߩၮḰߪߘࠇ߶ߤ෩ᩰߢߪߥ
ߊ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻࡮ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬߩઁߦ߽ઁ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩᲧセ㧘ᐔဋ୯ߣߩᲧセ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆ‫࡮࠻ࠬࡌޕ‬ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬߣߩᲧセߦࠃࠆࡔ࡝࠶࠻ߪ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻ߣߩᏅࠍ↢ߓࠆේ࿃ࠍᛠីߒ㧘ᡷༀߩߚ߼ߩᚻដ߆ࠅࠍ
ᓧࠆߎߣߦ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ㧘ઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ࠍၮḰߣߔࠆ႐ว㧘ᄖㇱᜰᮡߩ㘃ૃᐲߥߤวℂ⊛ߥᚻᴺߦၮߠ
޿ߡၮḰߣߔࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߩㆬቯ߇ⴕࠊࠇߥ޿㒢ࠅ㧘ᕭᗧ⊛ߦᬺ❣ߩૐ޿⥄ᴦ૕߇ၮḰߣߐࠇߚࠅ㧘ᐔဋ୯ࠍၮḰߣߔࠆ႐วߦߪ㧘ߚߣ߃⥄Ꮖߩᬺ❣߇ૐਅߒߡ߽ᐔဋ୯߇ߐࠄߦૐਅߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ⋧ኻ⊛ߥᡷༀߣ⷗஖ߐࠇߡߒ߹߁໧㗴߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ყセߩᗧ⟵ߪ㧘ⴕ᡽߇⥄ࠄߩⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⁁ᘒߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᤨ♽೉Ყセߢᡷༀ⁁ᴫࠍᛠីߒߚࠅ㧘ᮮᢿ㕙Ყセߢ⋧ኻ⊛૏⟎ઃߌࠍ⍮ࠅ㧘ᡷༀߩᚻដ߆ࠅࠍ⷗ߟߌ಴ߔߎߣߛߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬Ყセߩᗧ๧ߔࠆᦝߥࠆ
ᗧ⟵ߪ㧘૑᳃ߦኻߒㆬ೎ߩၮḰࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘┹੎ේℂߩᵴ↪ߦࠃࠆᬺ❣ߩᡷༀߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬૑᳃ߪᤨ♽೉Ყセߦࠃࠅ⥄ᴦ૕ߩᬺ❣ᡷༀߩታ❣߿⢻ജࠍ⍮ࠅ㧘ᮮᢿ㕙Ყセߦࠃࠅߘߩ᳓Ḱࠍ⍮ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿾ᣇಽᮭߦࠃ
ߞߡⴕ᡽ߩਥ૕ߪ࿖߆ࠄ⥄ᴦ૕ߦ⒖ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬૑᳃ߦߣߞߡߩⴕ᡽ߪりㄭߦߘߒߡዊⷙᮨߦߥࠆ‫ࡉࠖ࠹ޕ‬࡯㧔Tiebout, 1956㧕ߦࠃࠆ‫ࠆࠃߦ⿷ޟ‬ᛩ␿‫ޠ‬઒⺑߇␜ߔߣ߅ࠅ㧘ዊߐߥ⚵❱ߪ૑᳃ߦࠃࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߩㆬ೎ࠍ
ㅢߓߡ⥄ᴦ૕㑆ߩ┹੎ࠍଦㅴߒ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᡷༀ߿ࠦࠬ࠻೥ᷫ߇ᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ყセࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃࠅⴕ᡽ࠨ
࡯ࡆࠬߦ┹੎⋧ᚻࠍഃ಴ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ㧘Ꮢ႐ဳߩ࿶ജࠍㅢߓߡ⥄ᴦ૕㑆ߩ┹੎ࠍଦㅴߒᡷༀࠍଦߔ‫ޕ‬Ყセߩⷰὐߪ⚗ࠇ߽ߥߊ㧘ⴕ᡽ߦᏒ႐ේℂࠍᔕ↪ߔࠆ NPM ߦၮߠߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧞㧕ᜰᮡߩ㒢⇇Ԙ ᣇᴺ⺰⊛໧㗴 ߎࠇ߹ߢߪᜰᮡߩᯏ⢻߿ᗧ⟵ߦߟ޿ߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ߈ߚ߇㧘৻ᣇߢᜰᮡߦߪ㒢⇇߿໧㗴߇޽ࠆߎߣ߽੐
ታߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣇᴺ⺰⊛ߦ޿߃߫㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦߪᚑᨐㆬቯߦวᗧࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇࿎㔍ߥಽ㊁߿㧘ᜰᮡ૞ᚑߦ
ᛛⴚ⊛࿎㔍ᕈࠍ઻߁ಽ㊁߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫┙౏߫߃ߣߚޕ‬ਛቇᩞᢎ⢒ߩᚑᨐߣ⸒ߞߡ߽㧘ቇജ⹜㛎ߦ߅ߌࠆᐔဋ
ὐ߇㜞޿ߎߣࠍ␜ߔߩ߆㧘ቇജߩ㜞޿↢ᓤߩഀว߇Ⴧ߃ࠆߎߣߥߩ߆㧘⧯ߒߊߪ⪭ߜߎ߷ࠇߩ↢ᓤ߇ዋߥ޿ߎߣࠍ␜ߔߩ߆㧘߹ߚߪᰳᏨ₸߇ૐ޿ߎߣࠍ␜ߔߩ߆㧘วᗧࠍᒻᚑߔࠆߎߣߪኈᤃߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬૑᳃߿ῳఱ㧘↢ᓤߦࠃߞߡ⠨߃߇⇣ߥࠆ႐ว߽޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ଏ⛎ߐࠇࠆᢎ⢒ߩ⾰߿ౝኈࠍᜰᮡൻߔࠆߎߣ߽◲නߥߎߣߢߪߥ޿‫ⷞߩ⚵⇟ࡆ࡟࠹ޕ‬⡬₸ߪ㧘⇟⚵ߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔࠍ⴫ߔ৻ߟߩᜰᮡߢߪ޽ߞߡ߽㧘ᔅߕߒ߽ߘࠇ
߇⇟⚵ߩ⾰ߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔࠍ⴫ߔࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᜰᮡൻߦߪߘߩߚ߼ߩ࠺࡯࠲෼㓸߇ᔅⷐߛ߇㧘࠺࡯࠲ߩ౉ᚻน⢻ᕈ߿ߘࠇߦ઻߁⾌↪߿ᤨ㑆ߥߤߩ೙⚂߽ήⷞߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕

หߓߊᣇᴺ⺰⊛໧㗴ὐߣߒߡߪ㧘ᚑᨐߦᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߔⷐ࿃ߪⴕ᡽ᵴേߛߌߢߪߥ޿ߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળ੐⽎ߩ႐ว㧘ⶄᢙߩⷐ࿃㧘ߔߥࠊߜⶄᢙߩ⺑᣿ᄌᢙ߇⛊ߺวߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬ᨐߚߒߡᚲቯߩᚑᨐ߇ᓧ
ࠄࠇߚ႐วߢ߽㧘ߎࠇߪⴕ᡽ᵴേߩ⚿ᨐߥߩ߆㧘߹ߚߪઁߩⷐ࿃ࠁ߃ߥߩ߆㧘․ቯߔࠆߎߣߪ᳿ߒߡኈᤃ
ߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ㅒߦⴕ᡽ᵴേ߇ᚑᨐߦࡊ࡜ࠬߩᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߒ߃ߚ႐วߢ߽㧘ߘߩઁߩⷐ࿃߇ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߦ૞↪ߒߚߚ߼ߦᚑᨐ߇⋧Ვߐࠇ㧘ⴕ᡽ᵴേߩᚑᨐ߇㗼࿷ൻߒߥ޿႐วߦߪ್ᢿߪࠃࠅ࿎㔍ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߘߒߡߐࠄߦᧄ⾰⊛ߥ໧㗴ὐߣߒߡߪ㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦߪᢎ⢒߿቟ో㧘ஜᐽ㧘ක≮ߥߤߩࠃ߁ߦᚑᨐ߇
ᜰᮡ୯ߩᄌൻߣߒߡ㗼࿷ൻߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪᐕන૏એ਄ߩ㐳ᦼࠍⷐߔࠆ߽ߩ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠗࠛ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬࠭㧛HIV ኻ╷ߪࠊ߇࿖ߩ዁᧪ߩߚ߼ߦ߈ࠊ߼ߡ㊀ⷐߥᣉ╷ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߘߩᚑᨐߪ⍴ᦼ⊛ߦ⴫ࠇߡߊ
ࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ޿‫⹏ߩࠬࡆ࡯ࠨߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ଔࠍⴕ߁႐วߦ⍴ᦼ⊛ߥᚑᨐᜰᮡߩേะߩߺߦ྽ࠊࠇࠆߣ㧘ᚑᨐ߇㗼࿷ൻߒߡ޿ߥ޿߆ࠄ㑐ㅪ੍▚߇ᄢ᏷ߦ೥ᷫߐࠇ㧘ߘࠇ߇ߚ߼ߦ⁁ᴫ߇ᦝߦᖡൻߔࠆߣ޿߁߈ࠊ߼ߡ
ᘷᘦߔߴ߈੐ᘒߦ⚿߮ߟ޿ߡߒ߹߁ߎߣ߽޽ࠆ 2)‫ޕ‬ԙ ା㗬ᕈߣᅷᒰᕈߩࠫ࡟ࡦࡑ ᜰᮡߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ା㗬ᕈ㧔reliability㧕ߣᅷᒰᕈ㧔validity㧕߇㜞޿ߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿‫ޕ‬ା㗬ᕈߣߪ㧘➅ࠅ㄰ߒߡ⸘᷹ࠍⴕߞߚ႐วߦหߓ⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᅷᒰᕈ㧔෩ኒߦߪߎߩ႐ว㧘᭎ᔨᅷᒰᕈ
ࠍᜰߔ㧕ߣߪ㧘⸘᷹ࠍᗧ࿑ߒߡ޿ࠆ᭎ᔨࠍᜰᮡ߇ታ㓙ߦ⸘᷹ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬వߦ߽ㅀߴߚࠃ߁
ߦ㧘૑᳃ᧄ૏ߩⴕ᡽ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄߪ㧘ᛩ౉ᜰᮡࠃࠅߪ↥಴ᜰᮡ㧘↥಴ᜰᮡࠃࠅߪᚑᨐᜰᮡ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦⴕ᡽ߩ⃻႐ߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻㧔↥಴㧕߆ࠄࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ㧔ᚑᨐ㧕߳ߩᗧ⼂ߪ㜞߹ߞߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ໧㗴ߣߒߡ㧘ᚑᨐᜰᮡߪᅷᒰᕈߦ߅޿ߡ↥಴ᜰᮡࠍ਄࿁ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ା㗬ᕈߦ߅޿ߡߪ↥಴ᜰᮡࠃࠅ
ഠߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߚߣ߃߫㆏〝ᑪ⸳੐ᬺߩ႐วߢ⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁‫ߩߎޕ‬੐ᬺߩᚑᨐᜰᮡߣߒߡ‫ޟ‬㓞↸߳ߩㅢⴕᚲⷐᤨ㑆‫ޠ‬㧘↥಴ᜰᮡߣߒߡߪ‫ޟ‬㆏〝ᣉᎿᑧ㐳ࠠࡠᢙ‫ޕࠆ޽߇ޠ‬ᣂ⸳㆏〝ߦࠃࠅᷦṛ߇✭๺ߐࠇ㓞↸߳ߩᓔ᧪ߦដ߆ࠆ
ᚲⷐᤨ㑆߇⍴ߊߥࠅ⋡⊛࿾ߦᣧߊ೔⌕ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠇ߫⺕ߢ߽ḩ⿷ߔࠆ‫߽ߡߞߣߦ⺕ߪࠇߎޕ‬㆏〝ᑪ⸳੐ᬺߩᚑᨐߣ⸒ߞߡࠃ޿‫ޕ‬ߒߚ߇ߞߡᚑᨐᜰᮡߩᅷᒰᕈߦߟ޿ߡߪ໧㗴ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈ߇ᚲⷐᤨ㑆ߩ⸘᷹ߪ㧘ᤨ㑆Ꮺ㧔ㅢൕᤨ㑆Ꮺ߆ߘࠇએᄖ߆㧕߿ᦐᣣ㧔ᐔᣣ߆ભᣣ߆㧕㧘ᄤ୥㧔ᅢᄤ߆㔎ᄤ߆㧕ߥߤߦࠃߞߡ⇣ߥߞߡߊࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚑᨐᜰᮡߩା㗬ᕈߦߪ໧㗴߇ᄙ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㅒߦ↥಴ᜰᮡߣߒߡߩ‫ޟ‬㆏〝ᣉᎿᑧ㐳ࠠࡠᢙ‫ߩޠ‬႐ว㧘ା㗬ᕈߦ߅޿ߡߪ໧㗴ߥ޿‫✚ޕ‬ᑧ㐳 10 ࠠࡠࡔ࡯࠻࡞ߩ㆏〝ߪ⸘᷹ᣇᴺߦ⺋ࠅ߇ߥߌࠇ߫㧘૗ᐲ᷹ߞߡ߽޿ߟ᷹ߞߡ߽⺕߇᷹ߞߡ߽ 10 ࠠࡠࡔ࡯࠻࡞ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᅷᒰᕈߦߪ໧㗴߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬หߓ
10 ࠠࡠߩᣂ⸳㆏〝ߢ޽ߞߡ߽㧘ᘟᕈ⊛ߥᷦṛߦᖠ߹ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ࿾ၞߦߢ߈ߚ㆏〝ߣ‫ߩࡑࠢࠅࠃࡑ࡞ࠢޟ‬ᣇ߇ᄙ޿‫ޠ‬࿾ၞߦߢ߈ߚ㆏〝ߣߢߪ૑᳃ߩ੨ฃߔࠆᕲᕺߦߪ㔕ᵆߩᏅ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚ໧㗴ߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘↥಴ᜰᮡࠃࠅ߽ᚑᨐᜰᮡࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿ߎߣߪ⇼߁૛࿾߇ߥ
޿߇㧘ࠁ߃ߦᚑᨐᜰᮡߦߪା㗬ᕈߦ໧㗴߇޽ࠆߎߣߦ⇐ᗧߒ㧘ᜰᮡ૞ᚑߦ߅ߌࠆ࠺࡯࠲෼㓸ߥߤߩ␠ળ⺞
ᩏᚻᴺߦ߽චಽ⇐ᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ԛ ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩⷙᩰൻ㧘↹৻ൻ ല₸ᕈᜰᮡࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆ႐วࠍ⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬ല₸ᕈᜰᮡߪᛩ౉ߣ↥಴ߩᲧ㧔߹ߚߪߘߩㅒ㧕ߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߎߢᜰᮡ૞ᚑߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߔࠆߣ㧘ឭଏߐࠇࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ⷙᩰൻߐࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ㧘৻ߟߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢ޽ߞߡ

2)ߚߣ߃߫⺒ᄁᣂ⡞㧘ᐔᚑ 16 ᐕ 6 ᦬ 22 ᣣᄕೀ 1 㕙⸥੐ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬㧙㧙ߥߗᜰᮡߥߩ߆

߽૑᳃ߩ࠾࡯࠭ߩ㆑޿ߦኻᔕߒߚᄙ᭽ߥ߈߼⚦߆޿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࡔ࠾ࡘ࡯߇ឭଏߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐วߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㕙ୟߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᛩ౉ߣ↥಴ߩ⸘▚ߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ⇣ߥߞߚࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᲤߦಽ㘃ߒߚ߁߃ߢᜰᮡࠍ૞ᚑ㧘⸘▚ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫⚿ߩߘߚ߹ޕ‬ᨐ߽ᄙߊߩᜰᮡ߇ᨋ┙ߔࠆߎߣߣߥࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒන৻ߩⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ
ߒ߆↥಴ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿႐วߪ߈ࠊ߼ߡ◲නߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᛩ౉㧘↥಴ࠍࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᲤߦಽ㘃ߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥߊ㧘ᜰᮡ߽৻ߟߢߔߺ㧘⸘▚߽߈ࠊ߼ߡන⚐ߢ޽ࠆ‫᦭ޕ‬ലᕈᜰᮡߩ႐ว߽ห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬ḩ⿷ᐲᜰᮡߢ߽㧘
ᄙ⒳ᄙ᭽ߥⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ឭଏߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐วߦߪߘࠇߙࠇߦḩ⿷ᐲᜰᮡ߇૞ᚑߐࠇ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ೑↪⠪Ფߦḩ⿷ᐲ߇⺞ߴࠄࠇ㧘ᄙߊߩᜰᮡ߇ਗ┙ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ㧘න৻ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ႐วߪ৻ߟߩᜰ
ᮡࠍ૞ࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠍࡕ࠾࠲࡯ߔࠇ߫੐⿷ࠅࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᜰᮡ૞ᚑߣ޿߁ᛛⴚ⊛ߥ㕙߆ࠄߔࠇ߫㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ⷙᩰൻ㧘↹৻ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߶߁߇ㇺว߇ࠃ޿‫⹏ޕ‬ଔߦ઻߁ᤨ㑆߿⾌↪㧘ᚻ㑆߇ዋߥߊߡߔ߻‫ޕ‬ታߪ⃻࿷ߩⴕ᡽ࠍขࠅᏎߊⅣႺࠍ᭎ⷰߔࠇ߫㧘ߎ߁ߒߚὐએᄖߦ߽ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ↹৻ൻ߳ߩ⺃ᒁ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣߦ᳇߇ߟߊ‫⽷ޕ‬᡽੐ᖱߩᖡൻߦ઻޿㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߪࠦࠬ࠻߿ੱຬߩ೥ᷫߥߤ⾗Ḯߩᦨᄢ㒢ല₸⊛ߥᵴ↪ࠍ᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ⴕޕ‬᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩⷙᩰൻ㧘↹৻ൻߪߘߩߚ߼ߩ᦭ജߥᚻᲑߢ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬NPM ⊛ᚻᲑߢ޽ࠆⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩᄖㇱᆔ⸤ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬↹৻ൻߐࠇߚන⚐ߥࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߶ߤᄖㇱᆔ⸤ߪኈᤃߢ޽ࠆ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ߩ߹߹ߢߪᄖㇱᆔ⸤߇࿎㔍ߥᬺോߢ߽ࠨ࡯
ࡆࠬౝኈࠍ↹৻ൻߔࠆߎߣߢน⢻ߦߥࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫⺑ޕ‬᣿⽿છߩ㕙ߢ߽ห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ⷙޕ‬ᩰൻ㧘↹৻ൻߐࠇߚࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߪቯ㊂ൻ߇ኈᤃߢ޽ࠅ㧘૑᳃ߦኻߒߡ߽ᢙ୯ߦၮߠ޿ߚࠃࠅวℂ⊛㧘ቴⷰ⊛ߥ⺑᣿߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ߈߼⚦߆ߥᄙ᭽ߥࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ႐ว㧘ቯ㊂ൻߐࠇߚᜰᮡߢߪߘߩᔅⷐᕈ╬ߦߟ޿ߡ⺑᣿߇࿎㔍ߥࠨ࡯ࡆ߽ࠬ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘૑᳃ߦኻߒߡቯᕈ⊛ߥᒻᑼߢߩ⺑᣿߽᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒቯᕈ⊛ߥᖱႎߪಣℂ߿ℂ⸃ߦᤨ㑆߇ដ߆ࠆߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘ߘߩ⺑᣿߆ࠄਥⷰᕈࠍቢోߦߪឃ㒰ߢ߈ߥ޿㒢⇇߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߥⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ↹৻ൻߩᵹࠇߩਛߢ㧘⹏ଔ஍㊀ߩ㘑ầߪߐࠄߦߘߩ௑ะࠍഥ㐳ߒ߆ߨߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߩ૞ᚑߦߎߛࠊࠅߔ߉ࠆߣ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩⷙᩰൻ㧘↹৻ൻࠍ᜗߈߆ߨߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬නߦᜰᮡ૞ᚑߣ޿߁
ᛛⴚ⊛ߥ໧㗴߇㧘૑᳃࠾࡯࠭ߦኻᔕߒߚࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩಾᝥߡ㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ↹৻ൻߣ޿߁ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ
ᧄ⾰ߩ໧㗴ߦߟߥ߇ࠅ߆ߨߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߩᗧ๧ߪ㧘ࡕ࠾࠲࡝ࡦࠣࠍㅢߓߚⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩᡷༀߦ޽
ࠅ㧘ߘߩ⋡⊛ߪ૑᳃ᧄ૏ߩⴕ᡽ߩታ⃻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚻᲑߦㆊ߉ߥ޿ᜰᮡߩ૞ᚑࠍ⥄Ꮖ⋡⊛ൻߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘⹏ଔ߇ᧄ᧪⋡ᜰߒߚߪߕߩℂᔨߣߪㅒⴕߔࠆ⚿ᨐࠍ᜗ߊߎߣߦߥࠅ߆ߨߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧔㧟㧕߹ߣ߼
ߚ߆߇ᜰᮡ㧘ߐࠇߤᜰᮡߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߪනߦⴕ᡽ㆊ⒟ߩᖱႎࠍᢙ୯ൻߒߡนⷞൻߔࠆߚ߼ߩ࠷࡯࡞ߢߪ
ߥߊ㧘ⴕ᡽ߣ૑᳃ߩ⚌Ꮺߣߒߡ૑᳃ᧄᗧߩⴕ᡽ࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ᦭ജߥᚻᲑߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ‫৻ߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᣇߢ㧘ᜰᮡൻߩផㅴ߇ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ↹৻ൻࠍഥ㐳㧘ଦㅴߔࠆ߅ߘࠇ߽޽ࠆ‫ⴕޕ‬᡽ㆇ༡ߩᡷༀߩߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ᜰᮡߩᗧ⟵߿໧㗴ὐࠍචಽߦ⹺⼂ߒߚ߁߃ߢᵴ↪ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫߇ࠊ߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬࿖⥄ᴦ૕ߦ߅ߌࠆⴕ᡽⹏
ଔࠍߺࠆߣ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚὐએᄖߦ߽㧘ࠃࠅၮᧄ⊛ߥ໧㗴߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩ⥄ᴦ૕߇ᜰᮡࠍᵴ↪ߒߚⴕ᡽⹏ଔࠍዉ౉ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ⥄૕ߪⓍᭂ⊛ߦ⹏ଔߔߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ߘߩ৻ᣇߢ㧘⥄ᴦ૕߇ᄌࠊߞߚߣߩ⹏ଔߪߏߊ৻ㇱߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߦ㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬⢛᥊ߦߪ㧘೙ᐲߩㆇ↪
߿⚵❱ᢥൻ㧘⡯ຬߩᗧ⼂ᡷ㕟ߥߤᄙߊߩ໧㗴߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇㧘ⴕ᡽⹏ଔߦ߅޿ߡߺࠇ߫㧘ᜰᮡ߇૞ᚑߐࠇ
ߡ޿ߡ߽⋡ᮡ୯߿Ყセߩኻ⽎߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߎߣ㧘߹ߚ⋡ᮡ୯߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐วߢ߽ߘߩ᳓Ḱߦ໧㗴߇ߺࠄࠇࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߩ౏⴫ߦࠃߞߡ㧘⥄ᴦ૕߇૗ࠍ㊀ⷞߒߡⴕ᡽ㆇ༡ࠍⴕ
߁߆ߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᘒࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡⴕ᡽ㆇ༡ࠍⴕ߁߆ߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߥ޿‫⹏ޕ‬ଔࠍ㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕

ⴕ߁ߚ߼ߦߪ᣿⏕ߥၮḰ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘࠇ߇⋡ᮡ୯ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߘߩ᳓Ḱࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆᚻដ߆ࠅ߇Ყセߩኻ⽎ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩ⥄ᴦ૕߇ⴕ᡽⹏ଔߩ઀⚵ߺࠍዉ౉ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁߇㧘⋡ᮡ୯߇⸳ቯ
ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿㒢ࠅߎࠇߪනߦࡕ࠾࠲࡝ࡦࠣߢ޽ࠅ㧘‫⹏ޟ‬ଔ‫ޟߥ⊛ᤨ৻޿ߗ޿ߖޕ޿ߥߪߢޠ‬෻⋭‫ߥ߉ߔߦޠ‬޿‫⋡ߚ߹ޕ‬ᮡ୯߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߡ߽㧘૑᳃߇⚊ᓧߢ߈ࠆ᳓Ḱߦ⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿㒢ࠅߪ㧘‫⥄ޟ‬Ꮖḩ⿷‫ߔߦޠ‬߉ߥ޿‫ߪߢࠇߎޕ‬Ფᐕᤨᦼ߇ߊࠆߚ߮ߦหߓߎߣࠍ⼏⺰ߒߚࠅ㧘ౝベߩ⥄↹⥄⾥ߩ➅ࠅ㄰ߒߦߥࠅ߆ߨߥ
޿‫ޕ‬૑᳃߇⚊ᓧߢ߈ࠆ⋡ᮡ୯ࠍ⸳ቯߒ㧘ߘࠇ߇㆐ᚑߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߘߩේ࿃ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ㧘ߘࠇ߹ߢߩㆊ⒟ߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ໧㗴ὐࠍಽᨆߒ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐࠍᰴߩㆊ⒟ߦᵴ↪ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚ➅ࠅ㄰ߒࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ⴕ᡽ㆇ༡ߩ⥄ᓞ⊛ߥᡷༀ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠊ߇࿖ⴕ᡽ߩᰳὐߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ㧘ㆊ෰߆ࠄߩᢎ⸠ߦቇ߫ߥ޿ߎߣ㧘ߘߒߡหߓㆊߜࠍ➅ࠅ㄰ߔߎߣ߇ᓥ᧪߆ࠄᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߘߩ⢛᥊ߦߪࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߒߡߩ⹏ଔߩਇ࿷
ߣ㧘ሽ࿷ߒߚߣߒߡ߽ߘߩᯏ⢻ਇో߇޽ࠆߎߣߪ㑆㆑޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧟㧚ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆᬺ❣⹏ଔߩᵴ↪
㧔㧝㧕೙ᐲߩᴪ㕟ߣ᭎ⷐ ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߪ NPM ဳⴕ㕟⊒␽ߩ࿾ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩవ଀ߪ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᒻߢࠊ߇࿖ߩⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ෳ
⠨ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ߪ⊛⋡ߩ┨ᧄޕ‬㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⥄ᴦ૕ߦ߅ߌࠆⴕ᡽⹏ଔ㧘ߣࠅࠊߌߘߩਛᔃߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆᬺ❣
⹏ଔߦߟ޿ߡ㧘․ߦᜰᮡߩᵴ↪ߣ޿߁㕙߆ࠄ᭎ⷰߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ࠊ߇࿖⥄ᴦ૕ߦ߅ߌࠆⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߩ޽ࠅᣇߦ
ߟ޿ߡߩෳ⠨ߣߔࠆߎߣߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
1997 ᐕߦ⺀↢ߒߚࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߪ㧘౏౒ㇱ㐷೚ᣂߩߚ߼ߩ᡽╷ߣߒߡ㧘࿾ᣇಽᮭߩផㅴߣ૑᳃ߦኻߒ⽿છߩߣࠇࠆ⥄┙ߒߚ⥄ᴦ૕ߩഃ⸳ࠍឝߍ㧔Labour Party, 1997㧕㧘ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼⼏ળ㧘࠙ࠚ࡯࡞࠭࿖᳃⼏ળߩഃ⸳㧘ᄢࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᏒߩഃ⸳ߣ౏ㆬߦࠃࠆᏒ㐳ߣ⼏ຬߩㆬ಴㧘ߘߒߡࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼࿾ᣇߦ߅ߌࠆ౏ㆬߩ࿾
ᣇ⼏ળߩ೨ឭߣߒߡߩ࿾ၞ㐿⊒౏␠㧔Regional Development Agencies㧕ߩ⸳┙㧘㚂㐳ߩ⋥ធ౏ㆬ೙ߩዉ
౉ߥߤⓍᭂ⊛ߥᣉ╷ࠍⴕߞߡ߈ߚ‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߩㅴ߼ࠆ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦᡷ㕟ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚᗧ᰼⊛ߥขࠅ⚵ߺߩ৻ᣇߢᄢ߈ߥ⍦⋫ߣࠫ࡟ࡦࡑࠍᛴ߃ߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬ᄙߊߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߪᬺ❣᳓Ḱࠍᒁ߈਄ߍࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ㧘ዋᢙߢߪ޽ࠆ߇ᢎ⢒߿⑔␩ߣ޿ߞߚਥⷐߥⴕ᡽ࠨ
࡯ࡆࠬߦ߅޿ߡᄢ߈ߊᄬᢌߒߡ޿ࠆ⥄ᴦ૕߽޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᄬᢌߪ㧘࿾ၞ૑᳃ߣߘߩኅᣖ㧘ߘߒߡࠦࡒ
ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦኻߒ㧘߈ࠊ߼ߡᄢ߈ߥ៊ᄬࠍ෸߷ߔߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬㕖ല₸߿ᄬᢌߪ᳿ߒߡ⸵ߐࠇࠆߴ߈߽ߩߢߪ
ߥߊ㧘૗ߣߒߡ߽ขࠅ⚵߹ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޠ‬㧔DETR,1998, para.1.8㧕
 1998 ᐕߦ౏⴫ߐࠇߚ⊕ᦠߩ৻▵ߪ㧘࿾ᣇಽᮭផㅴߩᔅⷐᕈࠍ໒߃ࠆ৻ᣇߢ㧘ߘߩฃߌ⋁ߣߥࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߩᷓೞߥ⃻⁁ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ߚ‫⁁ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᴫߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾ᣇಽᮭߩផㅴߪ㧘૑᳃ߩ⑔೑ߦኻߒߡߪ㧘ᧄ᧪ߩ⋡⺰⷗ߣߪⵣ⣻ߦ⁁ᴫߩᦝߥࠆᖡൻࠍ᜗߈߆ߨߥ޿‫ߦ⁁⃻ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ኻߒ㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ㚂⋧ߪ⥄ᴦ૕ߦะߌߚࡔ
࠶࠮࡯ࠫߩਛߢᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ᡽ᮭߩၮᧄᣇ㊎ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ߩߎޟ‬࿖ࠍㄭઍൻߒ㧘ߎߩ᡽ᐭ߇ㆬ߫ࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ᡽╷ࠍ⊝ߣᚻࠍ៤߃ߡታⴕߔࠆߎߣߦ߅޿ߡ㧘޽ߥߚᣇ⥄ᴦ૕߇ᔅⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ੱ‫ߚߥ޽ߪ࠭࡯࠾ߩޘ‬ᣇߦኻߒ㧘߽߁৻ᐲᄌ
ൻߔࠆߎߣࠍᦸࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߽ޕ‬㧘޽ߥߚᣇ߇ߎߩ⺖㗴ࠍฃ⻌ߔࠆߥࠄ㧘᡽ᐭߪ޽ߥߚᣇߩᦼᓙߦᴪ߃ࠆߎ
ߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ᓎഀߩะ਄ߣᣂߒ޿ᮭ㒢ࠍᦼᓙߒߡ߽ࠃ޿‫ߚߥ޽ޕ‬ᣇߩ⽸₂ߪ⹺⼂ߐࠇ㧘࿾૏ߪะ਄
ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߛࠈ߁‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘޽ߥߚᣇ߇ㄭઍൻߩߚ߼ߩ⺖㗴ߦਸ਼ࠅ᳇ߢߥ޿߆㧘දജߢ߈ߥ޿ߥࠄ߫㧘᡽ᐭߪ޽ߥߚᣇߦઍࠊࠆ೎ߩࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠍតߔߎߣߦߥࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬‫ޠ‬㧔Blair, 1998, p22㧕ߟ߹ࠅࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߩㅴ߼ࠆ࿾ᣇಽᮭߩߚ߼ߩᣉ╷ߪ᳿ߒߡήᏅ೎⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ߘࠇߦ⋧ᔕߒ޿⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߒߡߪ㧘Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦᮭ㒢ߩᆔ⼑ࠍⴕ޿㧘⥄↱߿ⵙ㊂ࠍ⹺߼ࠆ৻ᣇߢ㧘⋧ᔕߒߊߥ޿⥄ᴦ૕ߦߟ޿ߡ
㧙㧙ߥߗᜰᮡߥߩ߆

ߪ⃻࿷଻᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆᓎഀ߿ᮭ㒢ࠍ߽೸ᅓߔࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߁ࠆߣ޿߁㧘߈ࠊ߼ߡ୘೎ㆬ೎⊛ߥ⦡ᓀߩᒝ޿߽
ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠅߚ޽ߩߎޕ‬㧘หߓߊ࿾ᣇಽᮭ⺰⼏༗ߒ޿ࠊ߇࿖ߣߪᄢ޿ߦ⁁ᴫࠍ⇣ߦߒߡ޿ࠆὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߩ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦᡷ㕟ߦߟ޿ߡߩၮᧄᣇ㊎ߪ㧘1998 ᐕߦ౏⴫ߐࠇߚ⊕ᦠ‫⃻ޟ‬ઍߩ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕㧙૑᳃ߣᚻࠍ៤߃ߡ‫ޠ‬
㧔Modern Local Government: In Touch with the People, DETR, 1998㧕ߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߡ
޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਥ㗴ࠍᄢ೎ߔࠆߥࠄ߫㧘࿾ၞߩਥዉᕈ㧔community leadership㧕㧘᳃ਥ⊛೚ᣂ㧔democratic
renewal㧕㧘ᬺ❣ᡷༀ㧔improving performance㧕ߢ޽ࠆ㧔Stewart, 2003, p1-2㧕
‫ߜ߁ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᬺ❣ᡷༀߩߚ߼ߩਥⷐߥᚻᲑߣߒߡ᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇㧘ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯㧔Best Value㧕೙ᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫࡝ࡃ࠻ࠬࡌޕ‬ࡘ࡯೙ᐲߪ㧘࿖ߦࠃࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߩᬺ❣⹏ଔߦၮߠߊᬺ❣▤ℂ೙ᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠊ߇࿖ߩ࿾ᣇಽᮭߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘߹ߕᏒ↸᧛ว૬߇ⴕ᡽⽷᡽ၮ⋚ߩᒝൻ߿ⴕ᡽⢻ജ㧘ല₸ᕈߩะ਄ߥߤಽ
ᮭߩฃߌ⋁ߣߒߡߩၮ⋚ᒝൻߩߚ߼ߩᣉ╷ߣߒߡផㅴߐࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ౕ૕⊛ߦ⥄ᴦ૕ߩⴕ߁᡽╷߿ᣉ╷㧘੐ോ੐ᬺߥߤߩല₸ᕈ߿᦭ലᕈߥߤࠍ⸘ࠆᚻᲑߣߒߡߩⴕ᡽⹏ଔߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘⥄ᴦ૕⁛⥄ߩ⥄Ꮖὐᬌ⹏ଔߣߒߡߩ઀⚵ߺߣߒߡዉ౉ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈ߇߶ߣࠎߤߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ࠊ߼ߚߩߎޕ‬࿖ߩ࿾ᣇಽᮭߪ㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߩⴕ᡽⹏ଔ೙ᐲ㧘ߘߒߡ⥄ᴦ૕ߩᬺ❣ᅤ૗ߦ߆߆ࠊࠄߕㅴ߼ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߪ⃻⴫ޕ‬ਅຠߛ߇㧘૑
᳃ߩⴊ⒢ࠍᓎᚲౝㇱߢጊಽߌߒߡߒ߹߁ࠃ߁ߥ⥄ᴦ૕߽㧘Ᏹߦ૑᳃ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄⴕ᡽ㆇ༡ࠍㅴ߼ࠆ⥄ᴦ૕߽ήᏅ೎ߦᛒ߁ߩ߇ࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾ᣇಽᮭߩㅴ߼ᣇߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᧄ┨ߢߪ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߩᬺ❣⹏ଔ೙ᐲߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᜰᮡߩᵴ↪ߦᵈ⋡ߒߡ᭎ⷐࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧞㧕ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯㧙⥄ᴦ૕ᬺ❣⹏ଔߩ઀⚵ߺ ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯㧔Best Value㧕ߪ㧘࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߒߡ㧘ᦨ߽ലᨐ⊛߆ߟ⚻ᷣ⊛㧘ല₸⊛ߥᚻᲑࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘ࠦࠬ࠻߿ຠ⾰ߦ㑐ߔࠆ᣿⏕ߥၮḰࠍḩ⿷ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣࠍ⟵ോઃߌࠆ೙ᐲߢ
޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬೙ᐲߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ㧘࿖᳃ߪߔߴߡ߇ߤߎߦ૑ࠎߢ޿ࠃ߁߇Ᏹߦࡌࠬ࠻ߩⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍฃߌࠆᮭ
೑ࠍ᦭ߔࠆߣ޿߁⠨߃߇޽ࠅ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯೙ᐲߦ߅ߌࠆᚑഞߔࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߪ㧘૑᳃ࠍ╙৻ߦ⠨߃ࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬឭଏߦ߅޿ߡᏱߦᡷༀߩߚ߼ߩദജࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔DETR㧘1999a,para1.1㧕‫ޕ‬ ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯೙ᐲߢߪ㧘ฦ⥄ᴦ૕ߪᦨೋߦ‫ޟ‬࿾ၞᚢ⇛‫ޠ‬
㧔community strategy㧕ࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆߎߣ߇᳞
߼ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞᚢ⇛ߪ㧘࿾ၞో૕ߩ⋡ᜰߔᐢ▸ߥ⋡ᮡߣℂᔨߦߟ޿ߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ฦ⥄ᴦ૕ߪ⥄ࠄߩᗐቯߔࠆℂᔨࠍឬ߈಴ߔߎߣߦߥࠆ‫⹏࡯ࡘ࡝ࡃ࠻ࠬࡌࠆࠇࠊⴕ߃߹〯ࠍࠇߎޕ‬ଔ㧔Best Value
Review㧕ߪ㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⃻⁁ߦߟ޿ߡ⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁೙ᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫⥄ޕ‬ᴦ૕ߪోߡߩⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦߟ޿ߡ
5 ᐕ㑆ߢ⹏ଔߔࠆߎߣ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇ㧘⹏ଔߪࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯ᜰᮡ㧔Best Value Performance indicators㧕ߣ⥄ᴦ૕ᬺ❣ᜰᮡ㧔Local Performance Indicators㧕ߩ 2 ⒳㘃ߩᬺ❣ᜰᮡ㧔Performance Indicators㧕ߦၮߠ޿ߡⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ߁ߜࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯ᜰᮡߪ㧘ᢎ⢒㧘␠ળ⊛ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㧘૑ቛ㧘੤ㅢ㧘ᑄ᫈‛㧘࿾ၞ቟ో㧘૑ቛ⛎ઃ㧛࿾ᣇ⒢㧘⸘↹ߥߤฦ⥄ᴦ૕ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬಽ㊁ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘᡽ᐭ߇࿖᡽਄ߩ㑐ᔃࠍ᦭ߔࠆ߽ߩߦߟ޿ߡ⸳ቯߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߩౝኈߪ㧘ᚢ⇛⋡ᮡ㧘ࠦࠬ࠻߅ࠃ߮ല₸ᕈ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩᚑᨐ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩຠ⾰㧘ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬߩኈᤃᕈߣ
౏ᐔᕈߩฦⷰὐߦߟ޿ߡࡃ࡜ࡦࠬߦ㈩ᘦߒߡㆬቯߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎߩਛߦߪ㧘೑↪⠪ḩ⿷ᐲᜰᮡ㧔User Satisfaction Best Value Indicators㧕߇฽߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘߩߚ߼૑᳃ߦኻߒḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬࿖ኅ⊛㑐ᔃߦၮߠ޿ߡㆬቯߐࠇࠆࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯ᜰᮡߦኻߒ㧘⥄ᴦ૕ᬺ❣ᜰᮡߪ࿾ၞߩ࠾࡯࠭ߦኻߔࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߩኻᔕࠍ⸘ࠆߚ߼ߩ㊀ⷐߥᜰᮡߣߒߡ㧘ฦ⥄ᴦ૕ߦࠃߞߡ࿾ၞߩఝవ⺖㗴߿࿾
ၞ․ᕈࠍ෻ᤋߒߡㆬቯߔࠆߎߣ߇⹺߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕

ߎࠇࠄߩᜰᮡߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩḩߚߔߴ߈ᦨૐ㒢ߩ᳓Ḱ߇‫ޟ‬ᬺ❣ၮḰ‫ޠ‬㧔PerformanceStandard㧕ߣߒߡ⸳ቯߐࠇ㧘ߎߩၮḰࠍḩߚߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿⥄ᴦ૕ߪ㧘⹥ᒰߔࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦ㑐ߒ‫ޟ‬ᄬᢌ⥄ᴦ૕‫࡯ࡘ࡝ࡃ࠻ࠬࡌߚ߹ޕࠆߥߦߣߎࠆࠇߐߥߺߣޠ‬ᜰᮡߪ᡽ᐭߦࠃߞߡㆬቯߐࠇ㧘ߔߴߡߩ⥄ᴦ૕߇౏㐿ࠍ᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ߎࠇߦࠃߞߡฦⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ో⥄ᴦ૕㑆ߩᲧセ㧘ᐨ೉ઃߌ߇
น⢻ߦߥࠆ‫৻ߦߣ߽ࠍࠇߎޕ‬ㇱߩᜰᮡߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ਅ૏ߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߪ਄૏ 25㧑ߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߩ᳓Ḱߦ 5 ᐕએౝߦ೔㆐ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦផᅑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬૑᳃߆ࠄߺࠇ߫㧘޿ࠊ߫⥄ᴦ૕ߩㅢା★ߢ޽ࠅᚑ❣⴫ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬ߞߡో૕ߢߩఝഠ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠅ㧘߹ߚ⥄ᴦ૕ߩ஥߆ࠄߺߡ߽ᬺോ⷗⋥ߒߩ਄ߢߩෳ⠨ߦ߽ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧟㧕ࡆ࡯ࠦࡦ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ ࡆ࡯ࠦࡦ㧔beacon㧕ߣߪἮบ߿ᮡ⼂ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫࡞ࠪࡦ࠙ࠞ࡮ࡦࠦ࡯ࡆߜࠊߥߔޕ‬㧔Beacon Council㧕
ߣߪ㧘ᜰ㊎߿ᚻᧄߣߥࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1999 ᐕᐲߦᆎ߹ߞߚࡆ࡯ࠦࡦ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞೙ᐲߪ㧘ฦࠨ࡯
ࡆࠬಽ㊁ߦߟ޿ߡఝࠇߚᬺ❣ࠍ޽ߍߚ⥄ᴦ૕ࠍࡆ࡯ࠦࡦ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ߣߒߡ⹺ቯߒ㧘ߘߎߢߩข⚵ߺࠍࡌࠬ࠻࡮ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬ㧔best practice㧕ߣߒߡઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߦ᥉෸ߐߖࠆ઀⚵ߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠪࡦ࠙ࠞ࡮ࡦࠦ࡯ࡆޕ‬࡞ߦ⹺ቯߐࠇߚ⥄ᴦ૕ߦߪ⾨㊄߅ࠃ߮ઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߣදജߒߡ࿾ၞߩᬺ❣ࠍะ਄ߔࠆߚ߼ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ⾗㊄߇ᡰ⛎ߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ߘߩઁߦߪᮭ㒢ߩ⒖⼑߿ㅊട⊛ߥⷙ೙✭๺ភ⟎ߩታᣉߩኻ⽎ߣߥࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿
߇㧘࡟࠲࡯ࡋ࠶࠼߿ትવ⾗ᢱߥߤߦࡆ࡯ࠦࡦ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ߦ⹺ቯߐࠇߚߎߣࠍ␜ߔࡠࠧࡑ࡯ࠢߩ૶↪߇⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆ‫߇ࠆ޽ߢߩ߽ߥ⊛࡞ࡏࡦࠪޕ‬㧘ߎࠇߪฬ⹷޽ࠆࠬ࠹࡯࠲ࠬߣߒߡ⹏ଔߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߎߩ೙ᐲߩ⋡⊛ߣߒߡߪ㧘ఝࠇߚ⥄ᴦ૕ߩఝࠇߚข⚵ߺࠍࡌࠬ࠻࡮ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬߣߒߡ⹺ቯߒ㧘ߘߩታ〣଀߆ࠄቇ߱ߎߣߢߔߴߡߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߩᬺ❣ᡷༀߦߟߥߍࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ߦ࡞ࠪࡦ࠙ࠞ࡮ࡦࠦ࡯ࡆ߼ߚߩߎޕ‬⹺ቯߐࠇߚ⥄ᴦ૕ߪ㧘⥄ࠄߩታ〣ࠍઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߦ᥉෸ߐߖࠆߚ߼ߩᵴേࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇ㧘ߎࠇߦኻߒߡߪ࿖ߦࠃࠆᡰេ߽ⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧠㧕൮᜝⊛ᬺ❣⹏ଔࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯೙ᐲߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘⹏ଔᜰᮡ߇ᄙߔ߉ࠆߚ߼⹏ଔߩታᣉߦᤨ㑆߇ដ߆ࠆߎߣ߿㧘ታᣉ⸘↹ߩⷙᩰ߇⹦⚦ߔ߉ࠆߚ߼Ḱ஻߿૞ᚑߦᤨ㑆߇ដ߆ࠆߎߣ㧘ߘߩߚ߼೙ᐲ⥄૕߇ᬺ❣ᡷༀߩ઀⚵ߺߣߒߡᵴ
↪ߐࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘࡞࡯࠹ࠖࡦᬺോߣൻߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ㧘ߐࠄߦߪࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯೙ᐲ߇୘‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨߩޘ‬ߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ߇ਛᔃߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᮮᢿ⊛ߥ੐㗄ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⹏ଔ߇௖߆ߦ⇐߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߥߤߣ޿ߞߚ໧㗴ὐ߇ᶋ਄ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ ߎ߁ߒߚ⁁ᴫߦኻߒ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ᡽ᐭߪ 2001 ᐕ 12 ᦬ߦ‫ޟ‬ᒝജߥ࿾ᣇߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ̆⾰ߩ㜞޿౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ‫ޠ‬
㧔Strong Local Leadership - Quality Public Services, DTLR, 2001㧕ߣ㗴ߔࠆ⊕ᦠࠍ౏㐿ߒ㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߩᬺ❣⹏ଔ೙ᐲߩ⷗⋥ߒ╷ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ‫ߩᦠ⊕ޕ‬ਛߢ᡽ᐭߪ߹ߕ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᬺ❣⹏ଔߩ઀⚵ߺߦ
ߪ㊀ⶄ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣࠍ⹺߼㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߩⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆᬺ❣⹏ଔߩ઀⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠃࠅᢛว⊛ߢ⛔วൻߐࠇߚ߽ߩߦߔࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ‫ߢ߃߁ߩߘޕ‬᡽ᐭߪ㧘⾰ߩ㜞޿ⴕ᡽ߩ㎛ߪᒝജߥࠦ࡯ࡐ࡟࡯࠻࡮
ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߢ޽ࠆߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߩࠃ߁ߥࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍၮḰߣߒߚ⋙ኤ߿⹏ଔߛߌߢߪ⚵❱ߩో⥸⊛ߥᬺ❣ࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿ߣߒߡ㧘ోߡߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⃻࿷ߩ⋙ᩏ߿⋙ኤ㧘⹏ଔߦ㧘⚵❱ߩ⢻ജߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔࠍട߃ߚ൮᜝⊛ߥᬺ❣⹏ଔዉ౉ߩᗧᕁࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ㧔para3.16㧕
‫ߡߒߘޕ‬᡽ᐭߪߐࠄߦ㧘ᣂߒ޿઀⚵ߺߪࡃ࡜ࡦࠬ࠻࡮ࠬࠦࠕࠞ࡯࠼ᣇᑼ㧔Balanced Scorecard㧕ߣߒ㧘ߎࠇߦၮߠ޿ߡ⥄ᴦ
૕ࠍ 4 Ბ㓏ߦಽ㘃ߔࠆߎߣߣߒߚ‫ ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬2002 ᐕᐲࠃࠅዉ౉ߐࠇߚᬺ❣⹏ଔߩ઀⚵ߺ߇‫ޟ‬൮᜝⊛ᬺ❣
⹏ଔ‫ޠ‬㧔Comprehensive Performance Analysis㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙ߥߗᜰᮡߥߩ߆

൮᜝⊛ᬺ❣⹏ଔߩ⚿ᨐߪ㧘࿾ᣇಽᮭࠍㅴ߼ࠆ㓙ߩၮḰߣߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬㜞⹏ଔߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߒߡߪ᏷
ᐢ޿⥄↱߿ⵙ㊂ࠍ⹺߼㧘࿖߆ࠄᮭ㒢ߩ⒖⼑ࠍㅴ߼ࠆ৻ᣇߢ㧘ૐ⹏ଔߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߒߡߪ㓸ਛ⊛ߥ⋙ኤߩኻ⽎ߣߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ᬺ❣ߩᡷༀߦะߌ᡽ᐭ߇Ⓧᭂ⊛ߥ㑐ਈࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ㧔࿑⴫ෳᾖ㧕‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᬺ❣ߩ⪺ߒ޿ᖡൻߦࠃߞߡ⹏ଔ߇ਅ૏ߩಽ㘃ߦૐਅߒߚ⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߒߡߪ㧘ઃਈߐࠇߚ⥄↱߿ⵙ㊂ߩ᠗ᑄ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬․ߦోߡߩ‫ޟ‬ഠᖡ‫⥄ޠ‬ᴦ૕ߣ‫ޟ‬ᒙ૕‫⥄ޠ‬ᴦ૕ߩ߁ߜ․ߦ⚵❱⹏ଔߦ߅޿ߡᦨૐὐߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߒߡߪ㧘᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆ㑐ਈ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑⴫ ൮᜝⊛ᬺ❣⹏ଔߩ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߔࠆᛒ޿ߩ㆑޿
ഠᖡ㧔poor㧕㧛ᒙ૕㧔weak㧕᥉ㅢ㧔fair㧕ఝ⦟㧔good㧕ථ⿧㧔excellent㧕ⶄ㔀ߥ⾗ᧄ೙ᐲߩᡷ㕟㧘ⵙ㊂⊛ߥࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆᢱ㊄⸳ቯߩ⥄↱ൻ㧘᡽ᐭᛚ⻌೙ߩ✭๺
⵬ഥ㊄ߩ૶ㅜ೙㒢ߩ᠗ᑄ㧔ቇᩞߦኻߔࠆ⵬ഥ㊄ࠍ㒰ߊ㧕

2005 ᐕᐲᧃ߹ߢߦ⵬ഥ㊄ߩ૶ㅜ೙㒢ߦߟ޿ߡ
᡽ᐭ⵬ഥ㊄ో૕ߩ 1 ഀએਅߦ೥ᷫ
2003 ᐕᐲਛߦᦨૐ 60㧑ߩ⾗ᧄ⵬ഥ㊄ߩዋߥߊߣ߽ 60㧑ࠍන৻⾗ᧄ⾗㊄߆ࠄ੤ઃ㧔2005 ᐕᐲᧃ߹ߢߦ 2/3 ߦᒁ਄ߍ㧕㓸ਛ⊛ߥ⋙ኤታᣉ

シᐲ㓸ਛ⋙ኤ࡮⋙ᩏߩታᣉ⾗ᧄ⵬ഥ㊄ߩ૶ㅜ೙㒢ߩ᠗ᑄ㧔ቇᩞߦኻߔࠆ⵬ഥ㊄ࠍ㒰ߊ㧕
ᦨૐ 25㧑ߩ⋙ኤシᷫߣシᐲ⋙ኤߩታᣉ

ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯ታᣉ⸘↹ߣ࿾ၞᚢ⇛ࠍ਄࿁ࠆ⸘↹╷ቯ⟵ോߩ఺㒰╷ቯ⟵ോߩ޽ࠆ⸘↹ߩ 75㧑೥ᷫ㧙ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞⒢ߩ⒢₸਄᣹ᮭ೙㒢߆ࠄߩ఺㒰․ቯߩ⟏㊄෼౉ߩ૶ㅜߦߟ޿ߡⵙ㊂ߩ᜛ᄢ㧙⋙ኤߩ 3 ᐕ㑆఺㒰․ቯߩ⟏㊄෼౉ߩ૶ㅜߦߟ޿ߡቢో⥄↱ൻ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦᴺ⨲᩺ߦᣂߒ޿໡ᬺᮭࠍ⋓ࠅㄟ߻ථ⿧⥄ᴦ૕ߦଏਈߔࠆㅊട
⊛ߥភ⟎ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ
‫࡯ࠜࡈ࡮ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࡌࡁࠗޟ‬࡜ࡓ‫ޠ‬㧔Innovation Forum㧕߳ߩෳട㧙಴ᚲ㧦Office of the Deputy Prime Minister㧔2002㧕Government Action Following The Comprehensive Performance

Assessmentߐࠄߦ᡽ᐭ߇ߎ߁ߒߚข⚵ߺߢߪᡷༀߩ⷗ㄟߺ߇ߥ޿ߣ್ᢿߒߚ႐วߦߪ㧘᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆᴺ⊛ߥ੺౉ភ⟎߇⻠ߓࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߪ౉੺ޕ‬࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦᴺߦၮߠ޿ߡⴕࠊࠇ㧘ౣᑪ⸘↹ࠍᦨᓟ߹ߢቢ⚿ߔࠆࠃ߁ᜰ␜ࠍ
ⴕߞߚࠅ㧘ᥳቯ⊛ߥ▤ℂ⠪ߩછ๮㧘ᯏ⢻ߩ৻ㇱᄖㇱᆔ⸤ߥߤࠍ᳞߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬൮᜝⊛ᬺ❣⹏ଔߦၮߠߊ⥄ᴦ૕ߩᬺ❣ᡷༀߩၮᧄᣇ㊎ߪ㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩදജ⊛߆ߟᑪ⸳⊛ߥ㑐ଥߩ߽ߣߦㅴ߼ࠆߎߣߦ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎ߁ߒߚភ⟎ߢߪᡷༀࠍ࿑ࠆߦਇㆡಾߢ޽ࠆߣ್ᢿߐࠇߚ႐ว㧘ߔߥࠊߜ‫⥄ޟ‬ᴦ૕߇੐ᘒߩ✕ᕆᕈࠍℂ⸃ߖߕ㧘ౣᑪ⸘↹ࠍ╷ቯߔࠆᗧᕁ߹ߚߪၫⴕߔࠆ⢻ജ߇ߥߊ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬૑᳃ߦෂኂ߇෸߱ߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆‫ߥޠ‬႐วߦߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ㄦㅦᕈ߇⢄ᔃ‫ޠ‬
㧔ODPM, 2002a, para31㧕ߣߒߡ㧘᡽ᐭ㧔ౝോᄢ⤿㧕߇୘ੱ߹ߚߪ࿅૕ࠍᜰฬߒ㧘⥄
ᴦ૕ߩ․ቯߩᯏ⢻ࠍၫⴕߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕

㧔㧡㧕ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᬺ❣⹏ଔߩ․ᓽ
 ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯⹏ଔ㧘ߘߒߡ൮᜝⊛ᬺ❣⹏ଔߣ߽ᬺ❣ᜰᮡߦၮߠ޿ߡ⹏ଔ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᜰᮡߦၮߠ
ߊ⹏ଔ೙ᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡ޿߅ߦࠬ࡝߽ࠡࠗߘ߽ߘޕ‬ᬺ❣ᜰᮡߪ㧘ฦ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕ߩ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍᜰᮡൻߔࠆߎ
ߣߢ㧘‫ࠆ߃⷗ߦ⋡ޟ‬ᒻߢ㧘ߒ߆߽ࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔߊ૑᳃ߦ౏⴫ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧔⥄ᴦ૕࿖㓙ൻදળ㧘2001㧘p5㧕ߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ㧘଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭᤨઍߩ 1993 ᐕߦዉ౉ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫߫ࠊ޿ޕ‬ᖱႎ౏㐿߿⺑᣿⽿છࠍᨐߚߔߚ߼
ߩ઀⚵ߺߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ వߦ߽ㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦᬺ❣ߩᜰᮡൻߦߪᄢ೎ߒߡ 4 ߟߩᗧ⟵߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬1 ߟߪ⥄ᴦ૕ߩⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ
ߩᬺ❣ࠍᜰᮡൻߒߡ౏㐿㧘ߔߥࠊߜଏ⛎஥ߩⴕ᡽߇଻᦭ߔࠆᖱႎߩ㐿␜࡮౏㐿߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆߎߣߢ㧘ⴕ᡽ߣ㔛ⷐ஥ߩ૑᳃ߩ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆᖱႎᩰᏅߩ❗ዊ߇ㅴ߻ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡߞࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᏒ႐ߦ߅޿ߡ
૑᳃ߪࠃࠅኻ╬ߦㄭ޿┙႐ߢㆬᛯ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ㧔ߚߣ߃߫૑᳃ߩ஥ߢᜰᮡൻߐࠇߚⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ
ᬺ❣ߦኻߒਇḩ߇޽ࠆ႐วߦߪ㧘ߘߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍㆬᛯߒߥ޿ߢઁߩㆬᛯ⢇ࠍㆬ߱ߎߣߢല↪ߩ᜛ᄢࠍ࿑ࠆ
ߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆ㧕‫ޕ‬2 ߟ⋡ߪ⺑᣿⽿છߣ૑᳃ෳടߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߩ౏㐿ߦࠃࠅ㧘⼏ળ߿ਥᮭ⠪ߚࠆ૑᳃ߦኻ
ߒ㧘ߘߩ⽿ോ߇ᦌᤒߢߪߥ޿ౕ૕⊛ߥᜰᮡߣߒߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇࠆ‫ⴕߡߞࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬᡽ߣ૑᳃߇౒ㅢߩ⸒⺆ߣߒߡߩᜰᮡࠍ⿷߇߆ࠅߦද௛߇น⢻ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬3 ߟ⋡ߪ㧘ᬺ❣߇ᜰᮡߦࠃߞߡ␜ߐࠇࠆߎߣߢ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩଏ⛎஥ߣߒߡߩⴕ᡽ࠨࠗ࠼ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ⴕ᡽ᵴേߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡߩ↥಴߿ߘߩౕ૕⊛ߥᚑᨐߦߟ޿ߡ⋙ⷞ߿ᾖว㧘ὐᬌࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬૑᳃߿⼏ળߩ஥߆ࠄߪ⋙ⷞ߿⛔೙㧔ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ㧕ߩⷰὐߢ޽ࠅ㧘ⴕ᡽ߩ஥߆ࠄߪ↢↥▤ℂߩⷰὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߡߒߘޕ‬4 ߟ⋡ߪ㧘ᜰᮡࠍᲧセߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ㆊ෰߆ࠄߩᬺ❣᳓Ḱߩᄌൻ߿ઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆᬺ❣ߩᲧセ㧔comparison㧕߇น⢻ߦߥࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߎࠇࠄߩਛߢࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯એ㒠ߩ⹏ଔ೙ᐲߦ߅޿ߡ․ᓽ⊛ߥὐߪ㧘ᬺ❣ᜰᮡࠍᲧセ㧔comparative㧕ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߦ޽ࠆ‫࡯ࡘ࡝ࡃ࠻ࠬࡌޕ‬೙ᐲߩℂᔨࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ⊕ᦠߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ㄭઍ⊛ߥ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߪ㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⾰ߣࠦࠬ࠻ߩਔ㕙ߦ߅޿ߡ⛮⛯⊛ߥᡷༀ㧔improvement㧕ࠍⴕ߁⥄ᴦ૕ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻ߣߩᲧセ㧔comparison㧕ߦ⠴߃߁ࠆⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩଏ⛎ߦദ߼ࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߢ޽ࠆ㧔DETR, 1998, para7.1㧕‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬Ყセ‫ߪߦޠ‬㧘⥄ࠄߩᬺ❣ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ㆊ෰ߩᬺ❣ߣ⃻࿷ߩᬺ❣ࠍᤨ♽೉ߢᲧセߔࠆ႐วߣ㧘ઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩ㑆ߢᮮᢿ㕙⊛ߦᲧセࠍⴕ߁႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬ᡷༀ‫ߜ߁ߩߎߪޠ‬೨⠪ߩⷰὐߢ޽
ࠅ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻ߣߩᲧセߪᓟ⠪ߩⷰὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬൮᜝⊛ᬺ❣⹏ଔ㧔CPA㧕߽ห᭽ߦᲧセߣᡷༀߩߚ߼ߩ೙ᐲߢ޽
ࠅ㧘ࡆ࡯ࠦࡦ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞೙ᐲߪࡌࠬ࠻࡮ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬߦቇ߱ߎߣߦࠃࠆᡷༀߩߚ߼ߩ೙ᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᬺ❣⹏ଔࠍ⽾ᔀߒߡ޿ࠆᲧセߩⷰὐߩਛߢ߽ߐࠄߦ․ᓽ⊛ߥߩ߇㧘ઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩᮮᢿ㕙⊛ߥᲧセߢ޽ࠆ‫࡯ࡘ࡝ࡃ࠻ࠬࡌޕ‬೙ᐲߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘࿖߇ᜰᮡߩ⸳ቯࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢ㧘ⶄᢙ⥄ᴦ૕㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆᬺ❣Ყセ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬൮᜝⊛ᬺ❣⹏ଔߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘⹏ଔߪࠬࠦࠕൻߐࠇ㧘ߎࠇߦၮߠ޿ߡಽ㘃㧘ఝഠᲧセ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫⚿ߩߘߡߒߘޕ‬ᨐߦᔕߓߡ⺰ഞⴕ⾨߇᳿ቯߐࠇࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᮮᢿ㕙⊛ߥᬺ❣Ყセ㧘ߔߥࠊߜᲧセᬺ❣⹏ଔߩ․㐳ߣߒߡ㧘ઁߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩ㑆ߢᬺ❣ߩᲧセࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃࠅ┹੎⋧ᚻࠍഃ಴ߔࠆߎߣߦߥ
ࠅ㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦᏒ႐㘃ૃߩ࿶ജࠍ⊒↢ߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡᡷༀࠍଦߔߎߣ߇޽ࠆ㧔Urban Institute,2001, p2㧕‫ޕ‬Ყセߩⷰὐߪ㧘⚗ࠇ߽ߥߊⴕ᡽ߦᏒ႐ේℂࠍᔕ↪ߔࠆ NPM ߦၮߠߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ 3)‫ޕ‬ ߎ߁ߒߚⷰὐߪ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕೙ᐲߦ߽⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߡߟ߆ޕ‬1960㧘70 ᐕઍߩ⥄ᴦ૕೙ᐲᡷ㕟ߢߪᄢ߈ߥ⚵❱߇ᔒะߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߢߪ 69㧑㧘࠙ࠚ࡯࡞࠭ߢߪ 73㧑㧘ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߢߪ 80㧑߽⥄ᴦ૕ᢙߪᷫዋߒߚ㧔Boyne, 1996b㧕
‫ߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᓟ 80 ᐕઍએ㒠ߦߥࠆߣ㧘ዊߐߥ⚵❱߇ᔒะߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ
ߥࠅ㧘1986 ᐕߦᄢࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᏒߣ 6 ᄢㇺᏒ࿤ࠞ࠙ࡦ࠹ࠖ߇ᑄᱛߐࠇߚ߶߆㧘ߘߩઁߩ࿾ᣇߢ߽ 90 ᐕઍඨ߫3) ฦ⥄ᴦ૕ߩᜰᮡ୯ߪ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯೙ᐲ߿൮᜝⊛ᬺ❣⹏ଔ೙ᐲࠍᚲ▤ߔࠆ೽㚂⋧ᐭߩࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ
http://www.bvpi.gov.uk/pages/Index.asp ࠃࠅᬌ⚝ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙ߥߗᜰᮡߥߩ߆

એ㒠߆ࠄ㧘ᄢⷙᮨߥࠞ࠙ࡦ࠹ࠖ㧔county㧕ߩዊⷙᮨߥ࡙࠾࠲࡝࡯㧔unitary㧕߳ߩౣ✬߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ Ყセߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߪ㧘ᄢ߈ߥ⚵❱ߪᦸ߹ߒ޿߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘໑৻න⁛ߩ⚵❱ߢߪᮮᢿ⊛ߥᲧセߪⴕࠊࠇ߃
ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ዊߐߥ⚵❱ߪ㧘Ꮢ႐ᔒะߩᡷ㕟ߦᴪ߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪᓥ೨߆ࠄᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘࠹ࠖࡉ࡯
㧔Tiebout㧕ߪ㧘ዊߐߥ⚵❱ߪ⥄ᴦ૕㑆ߩ┹੎ࠍଦㅴߒ㧘ߎࠇࠍㅢߓߡࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᡷༀ߿ࠦࠬ࠻೥ᷫ߇ᦼᓙ
ߢ߈ࠆߣߒߚ‫ࡦࡀࠞࠬ࠾ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧔Niskanen㧕ߪ㧘⥄ᴦ૕㑆ߩ┹੎ߦࠃߞߡⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߪ૑᳃ߩㆬᅢ
ߦᔕ╵⊛ߦߥࠅ㧘ଏ⛎ࠦࠬ࠻߽ᭂዊൻ߇࿑ࠄࠇࠆߣߒߡ㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߩⷙᮨࠍዊⷙᮨߦߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬଏ⛎⠪ߩ⁛භ⊛ߥᡰ㈩ജࠍኽߓㄟ߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣᜰ៰ߒߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⚵❱ߩዊⷙᮨൻߦࠃࠅ㧘⚦ಽൻߒߚ⚵❱߇੕޿ߦ┹੎ߔࠆߎߣߢᬺ❣ߩะ਄ߪᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆߣߒߡ߽㧘ߘࠇ߇ᔅߕߒ߽૑᳃ߩㆬᅢ߳ߩ
ᔕ╵ᕈࠍะ਄ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ૞↪ߔࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ޿‫ߩ❱⚵ߢߎߘޕ‬ዊⷙᮨൻߪ㧘ᮭ㒢ߩᆔ⼑ࠍ઻ࠊߥߌࠇ߫ߥ
ࠄߥ޿ߎߣߦߥࠆ㧔Boyne, 1998a㧕‫ޕ‬ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ૑᳃ߪᬺ❣ᜰᮡࠍㅢߓߡㆬᛯߦᔅⷐߥᖱႎࠍ౉ᚻߒ㧘ઁ⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩ㑆ߢᬺ❣ߩᲧセࠍⴕ޿㧘ߘߒߡ૑᳃ߦࠃߞߡఝࠇߚᬺ❣ࠍ␜ߔ⥄ᴦ૕߇ㆬᛯߐࠇࠆߎߣߢ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ⥄ᴦ૕ߦ߅޿ߡߪᱦ౉߇Ⴧട
ߒ㧘ߐࠄߦ㜞ᬺ❣⥄ᴦ૕ߣߒߡߩ⹏್ࠍᚻߦ౉ࠇࠆ৻ᣇߢ㧘┹੎ߦᢌࠇߚ⥄ᴦ૕ߢߪᱦ౉߇ᷫዋߒ㧘ૐᬺ❣⥄ᴦ૕ߣߒߡߘߩ┙႐߽ૐਅߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᬺ❣Ყセߦࠃࠅ┹੎ේℂࠍᵴ↪ߒߡᡷༀࠍㅴ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᬺ❣ߩఝࠇߚ⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߒߡߪ㧘ࠃࠅ૑᳃ߦᔕ╵⊛ߥࠄߒ߼ࠆࠃ߁ᮭ㒢ᆔ⼑ࠍㅴ߼ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᮨ▸ߣߥࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ࠍࡆ࡯ࠦࡦ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ߣߒߡ⹺ቯߒ㧘ߘߎߢߩታ〣੐଀ߩ᥉෸ࠍㅢߓߡో૕ߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ࠕ࠶ࡊࠍ࿑ࠆ‫߇ࠊޕ‬࿖ߢ߽࿾ᣇಽᮭߦࠃࠅ㧘࿖߆ࠄ⥄ᴦ૕߳ߣ޿
߁ᒻߢⴕ᡽⚵❱ߩዊⷙᮨൻ߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫⥄ࠆߌ߅ߦࠬ࡝ࠡࠗޕ‬ᴦ૕ߩᬺ❣⹏ଔ೙ᐲߪ㧘࿖ߩ㑐ਈߦߟ޿ߡ⼏⺰ߩ૛࿾ߪ޽ࠆߦߖࠃ㧘නߦ⹏ଔߩᨒࠍ⿥߃㧘࿾ᣇಽᮭߩㅴ߼ᣇߦኻߒߡ߽߈ࠊ߼ߡ␜ໂ⊛ߢ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧠㧚߹ߣ߼㧙‫ޟ‬Ყセ㧙ᡷༀ‫ߦ┙⏕ߩ࡞ࠢࠗࠨޠ‬ะߌߡࠊ߇࿖ߢ߽࿖㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߣ߽ⴕ᡽ߦᜰᮡࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆ଀ߪჇടߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⧷ߒ߆ߒޕ‬࿖ߩࠃ߁ߦᲧセߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ౏౒ㇱ㐷߇ᜰᮡࠍ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆ੐଀ߪዋߥ޿‫ޕ‬ߘࠇߤߎࠈ߆Ყセߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᜰᮡࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦኻߒߡߪ㧘ࠕ࡟࡞ࠡ࡯ߣ޿߁߆ᒝ޿ᛶ᛫㧘ህᖡᗵߐ߃ᗵߓࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬௑ะ߇㗼࿷ൻߒߚߩ߇㧘੹⥸ߩ‫ోޟ‬࿖⊛ߥቇജ⺞ᩏ‫⺞ߩޠ‬ᩏ⚿ᨐߩ౏⴫ߦኻߔࠆᛒ޿ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ሶߤ߽ߚߜߩቇജૐਅ߇ᷓೞߥ␠ળ໧㗴ൻ㧘␠ળ⊛ߥ㑐ᔃ੐㗄ߣߥࠆਛߢ㧘ቇജ⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐࠍߤߩන૏ߢ౏⴫ߔߴ߈߆ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘᭽‫ⴕ߇⼏⺰ߥޘ‬ࠊࠇߚ߇㧘⚿ዪߪ‫ޟ‬ቇᩞ㑆ߩᐨ೉ൻ߿ㆊᐲߥ┹੎╬ߦߟߥ߇ࠄߥ޿ࠃ߁‫ߩߣޠ‬㈩ᘦ߆ࠄ㧘ቇᩞߏߣߩ౏⴫
ߪ߅ࠈ߆㧘Ꮢ↸᧛න૏ߢߩ౏⴫߽⷗ㅍࠄࠇ㧘ㇺ㆏ᐭ⋵න૏ߢߩ౏⴫ߦߣߤ߹ߞߚ㧔ో࿖⊛ߥቇജ⺞ᩏߩታ
ᣉᣇᴺ╬ߦ㑐ߔࠆኾ㐷ኅᬌ⸛ળ⼏‫ోޟ‬࿖⊛ߥቇജ⺞ᩏߩౕ૕⊛ߥታᣉᣇᴺ╬ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޠ‬
2006 ᐕ 4 ᦬ 25 ᣣ㧕‫ޕ‬Ყセߩⷰὐߪߎߎߢߪ‫ޟ‬ᐨ೉ൻ‫ߡߒߣޠ‬㧘ุቯ⊛ߦขࠅᛒࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߜߥߺߦࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ႐ว㧘ో࿖ቇജ࠹ࠬ࠻㧔SATs ߅ࠃ߮ GCSE㧕ߩ⚿ᨐߪ㧘ోߡߩቇᩞߦߟ޿ߡ⑼⋡ߏߣߩᐔဋὐ߇ቇᩞ೎ߦ౏⴫ߐࠇࠆ 4)‫ࡒࠦࠬࡑߦߣ߽ࠍࠇߎߦࠄߐޕ‬ฦ␠ߦࠃࠅ㨬ήᢿᰳᏨߩᄙ޿ቇᩞࡢ࡯
ࠬ࠻ 20㨭߿㨬਄૏ᚑ❣ᩞࡌࠬ࠻ 20㨭ߥߤߩ࡜ࡦࠠࡦࠣ߇࡝࡯ࠣ⴫㧔league table㧕ߣߒߡ⊒⴫ߐࠇ 5)㧘ߎࠇࠄߪ଻⼔⠪߇ቇᩞㆬᛯࠍⴕ߁ߦ㓙ߒߡ㊀ⷞߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁㧔ศ↰㧘2005㧘p105㧕㨫
4)
5)⚿ᨐߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ http://www.dfes.gov.uk/performancetables /߆ࠄ㑛ⷩߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬BBC ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ㧘http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/default.stm㧘࠲ࠗࡓ࠭⚕ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ㧘
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/section/0,,591,00.html ߥߤࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ No.34㧔2006.9㧕

ࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆߎ߁ߒߚᜰᮡࠍᲧセߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦኻߔࠆᛶ᛫ࠍ⠨߃ࠆ႐ว㧘ήⷞߢ߈ߥ޿৻
ߟߩ੐଀߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ߐ߆⼾ޟ‬ᜰᮡ‫ߡߒߣޠ‬⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޟ‬ᣂ࿖᳃↢ᵴᜰᮡ‫ߩޠ‬ᄬᢌߢ޽ࠆ‫⚻ߡߟ߆ޕ‬ᷣડ↹ᐡ
߇ 1992 ᐕࠃࠅ౏⴫ߒߡ޿ߚߎߩᜰᮡߪ㧘ᚲᓧߥߤ㊄㌛㕙ߛߌߢߪ᷹ࠇߥ޿↢ᵴ㕙ߩ⼾߆ߐࠍ⴫ߔᜰᮡߣ
ߒߡ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ‫⥄ޕ‬ᴦ૕ߩ᥵ࠄߒ߿ߔߐࠍ⴫ߔㇺ㆏ᐭ⋵࡜ࡦࠠࡦࠣߣߒߡࡔ࠺ࠖࠕ⊛ߦ߽㑐ᔃ߇㜞ߊ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐߪᣂ⡞╬ߢ߽߆ߥࠅᄢ߈ߊႎ㆏ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘1998 ᐕࠍᦨᓟߦ౏⴫߇ਛᱛߐࠇߚ‫ߘޕ‬
ߩℂ↱ߦߟ޿ߡᒰᤨߩ႓ደᄥ৻⚻ᷣડ↹ᐡ㐳ቭߪ㧘ᱧผ⊛૶๮ࠍ⚳߃ߚ߆ࠄߣߩ⺑᣿ࠍⴕߞߚ߇㧘ਛᄩ⋭ᐡ߇৻ᣤ౏⴫ࠍᆎ߼ߚᜰᮡߩ౏⴫ࠍࠊߕ߆ 7 ᐕߣ޿߁⍴ᦼ㑆ߩ߁ߜߦਛᱛߔࠆߎߣߪ߈ࠊ߼ߡ⇣଀ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ⢛᥊ߦߪߎߩᜰᮡߦኻߔࠆ⻉‫ߩޘ‬ᛕ್߇޽ࠆߎߣߪ㑆㆑޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᛕ್ߩౝኈߪᒰᤨߩᣂ⡞⸥੐╬ࠍᬌ⚝ߒߡ߽ࠄ߃ࠇ߫ࠃ޿߇ 6)㧘ߘߩਛᔃߪ㧘ߎߩᜰᮡ߇↢ᵴߩ⼾߆ߐࠍ᷹ࠆߣ޿޿ߥ߇ࠄ㧘ታᘒࠍ෻ᤋߒߡ
޿ߥ޿ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᜰᮡߩᅷᒰᕈ㧔᭎ᔨᅷᒰᕈ㧕ߦኻߔࠆ⇼໧ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᅷᒰᕈߦ⇼໧ߩᄙ޿ᜰᮡ
ߦࠃߞߡ㧘࿖߇⥄ᴦ૕ࠍ࡜ࡦࠠࡦࠣߔࠆߎߣߩᤚ㕖߇໧ࠊࠇࠆߩߪᒰὼߢ޽ࠅ㧘ਛᱛߣ޿߁⚿ᨐߪᒰὼߩ
Ꮻ⚿ߣ⸒߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠃ߁‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘໧㗴ߩᚲ࿷ߪᜰᮡߦ޽ࠅ㧘࡜ࡦࠠࡦࠣߦࠃࠆ㗅૏ઃߌߢߪߥ޿ߦ߽
߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘ߘߩᓟⴕ᡽߇Ყセߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᜰᮡࠍ↪޿ࠆ଀ߪ޽߹ࠅߺࠄࠇߥߊߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ߘ߁ߒߚߥ߆ౣ߮㧘ࠊ߇࿖ⴕ᡽ㇱ㐷ߢ߽Ყセߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᜰᮡࠍᵴ↪ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ⹜ߺ߇⃻ࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ߚޕ‬ߣ߃߫✚ോ⋭߇‫ోޟ‬࿖ߩ࿾ᣇ౏౒࿅૕⋧੕㑆ߢᲧセ߿ಽᨆ߇น⢻‫ࠫ࡯ࡍࡓ࡯ࡎߡߒߣޠ‬਄ߢ౏⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ
‫ޟ‬࿾ᣇ౏౒࿅૕⛎ਈᖱႎ╬౏⴫ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ‫ޠ‬
㧔http://www.soumu.go.jp/c-gyousei/j-k_system/㧕ߪߘߩ৻ߟߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿾ᣇ౏ോຬߩ⛎ਈታᘒߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢ߽࡜ࠬࡄࠗ࡟ࠬᜰᢙߣߒߡ౏⴫ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ߇㧘▚ቯ߇⻉ᚻᒰࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ᧄ୊ߩߺߦࠃࠆߎߣ㧘․ߦ໧㗴߇ᄙ޿ߣߐࠇࠆ⃻ᬺ⡯㧘ᛛ⢻⡯ߦߟ޿ߡ▚ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߥ
޿ߎߣ㧘࿖ኅ౏ോຬߣߩᲧセߪߢ߈ߡ߽࿾ၞߩ᳃㑆⛎ਈߣߩᲧセߪߢ߈ߥ޿ߎߣߥߤߩ໧㗴ὐ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇ
ߡ߅ࠅ 7)㧘ߐࠄߦᜰᢙߢ޽ࠅ㊄㗵ߢߪߥ޿ߚ߼ߘߩታᘒࠍࠃࠅᱜ⏕ߦᛠីߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ࠇߎޕ‬ߦኻߒ㧘ᧄࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦࠃࠅഀ㜞ߣߩᛕ್߇ᒝ޿࿾ᣇ౏ോຬߩ⛎ਈታᘒߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠃࠅᱜ⏕ߦ⍮ࠆߎߣ߇น
⢻ߦߥߞߚ‫ߩߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬႐วߢ߽ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߪ޿޿ߥ߇ࠄ㧘ฦ⥄ᴦ૕ߩኻ⽎ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ߳ߩ࡝ࡦࠢ߇⟜೉ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߺߢ㧘㊄㗵ߩ৻ⷩᲧセߪߢ߈ߥ޿‫ߩ⴫౏ޕ‬᭽ᑼߦߟ޿ߡ⛔৻ߐࠇߡߪ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘⛎ਈ㗵ࠍᜰᮡߣߒߡᲧセߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘ᐕ㦂߿ቇᱧ㧘⡯⒳ߥߤࠍ৻ቯߩၮḰߦวࠊߖߚࡕ࠺࡞੐଀ࠍቯ߼ࠆᔅ
ⷐ߇޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘⡯ຬߩᐔဋᐕ㦂╬ߩ⋧㆑ߦࠃࠅᮮᢿ⊛ߥ৻ⷩᲧセࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߪ
ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘޿ࠊ߫࠲ࡉ࡯ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚᜰᮡࠍᮮᢿ⊛ߥᲧセߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪዋ
ߥߊߣ߽೨ㅴߣߒߡ⹏ଔߒߡ߽ࠃ޿‫ޕ‬ࠊ߇࿖ߢ߽ⴕ᡽ߦᜰᮡࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆᵹࠇߪቯ⌕ߒߡ߈ߚߣ޿߃ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬ᖱႎ౏㐿߿⺑᣿⽿છ㧘ࡑ࡯ࠤ࠹ࠖࡦ
ࠣߥߤ㧘ᜰᮡߦߪ⻉‫ߩޘ‬ᯏ⢻߇޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩᵴ↪߇ቯ⌕ߔࠆߎߣ⥄૕ߪᄢ޿ߦ⹏ଔߒߡߒ߆ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒߎࠇ߆ࠄߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ㧘ᜰᮡᯏ⢻ߩᦝߥࠆᵴ↪ߩߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅޿ߡⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᜰᮡࠍ↪޿ߚᲧセߩ᭎ᔨࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦⴕ᡽ㆇ༡ߦዉ౉ߔࠆߎߣߢߪߥ߆ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬Ყセࠍㅢߓߚᡷༀ㧘‫ޟ‬Ყセ㧙
ᡷༀ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢ┙⏕ߩ࡞ࠢࠗࠨޠ‬ᜰᮡߦၮߠߊᲧセߪᐨ೉ൻߦߟߥ߇ࠆߣ޿߁ ᔨ߽޽ࠆ߇㧘వߦ⚫੺ߒߚࡂ࠻࡝࡯ߩ⸒⪲ߦ޽ࠆߣ߅ࠅ㧘ᜰᮡߦࠃࠆᲧセ߇ߥߌࠇ߫㧘‫⃻ߡߒߚߪޟ‬࿷㧘⥄ಽ߇ൎߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆⽶ߌߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣߐ߃㔍ߒ޿‫ޠ‬
㧔Hatry, 1978, p28㧕‫ⴕޕ‬᡽ߩ஥߽૑᳃ߩ஥߽⁛ࠅࠃ߇ࠅߢ⥄ಽߩᧄᒰߩ
ᆫ߽⷗߃ߡ޿ߥ޿‫₺ߩ⵻ޟ‬᭽‫ߔ߁ߔ߁ߦߣߎߥߒ߆߅ޟߣޠ‬᳇ઃ߈ߥ߇ࠄ߽ᜉᚻߔࠆߒ߆ߥ޿₺࿖ߩ૑᳃‫ޠ‬ߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁‫ޕ‬⒢㊄ߥߤห╬ߩ౏⊛⽶ᜂࠍ⽶޿ߥ߇ࠄ㧘࿾ၞߦࠃߞߡฃ⋉ߔࠆⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦᩰᏅ߇↢ߓࠆߎߣ㧘ߔߥࠊߜዬ૑ߔࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߩⴕ᡽⢻ജ߇ૐ޿߇ߚ߼ߦ㧘ߘߩ૑᳃߇⽶ᜂߦ⷗วߞߚⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ
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ߚߣ߃߫ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣᣂ⡞㧘1998 ᐕ 5 ᦬ 4 ᣣᦺೀ⸥੐ߥߤࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬⚻ᷣ⽷᡽⻁໧ળ⼏㧔2005 ᐕ 2 ᦬ 28 ᣣ㧕᦭⼂⠪⼏ຬឭ಴⾗ᢱߥߤ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙ߥߗᜰᮡߥߩ߆

ࠍฃߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߎߣߪ㧘᳿ߒߡ⋴ㆊߔࠆߎߣ߇⸵ߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬૑᳃ߪߤߎߦ૑ࠎߢ޿ࠃ
߁߇Ᏹߦᦨ㜞ߩⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍฃߌࠆᮭ೑ࠍ᦭ߔࠆߣߩ⠨߃ߪ㧘࿖߇⇣ߥࠇߤ㧘߹ߚᤨ߇㆑߃ߤ߽౒ㅢߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜰᮡߦࠃࠆᲧセ߇ߚߣ߃ᐨ೉ൻߢ޽ߞߚߣߒߡ߽㧘ߘࠇ߇ᐨ೉ൻࠍ࿕ቯߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ߘߩ⸃ᶖࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘㕖㔍ߐࠇࠆߴ߈߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬‫ޣ‬ෳ⠨ᢥ₂‫ޤ‬⥄ᴦ૕࿖㓙ൻදળ㧔2000㧕‫⧷ޟ‬࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬Clair Report‫ޢ‬No.206㧘⥄ᴦ૕࿖㓙ൻදળ⥄ᴦ૕࿖㓙ൻදળ㧔2001㧕‫⧷ޟ‬࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆⴕ᡽⹏ଔ೙ᐲ‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬Clair Report ‫ޢ‬No.217㧘⥄ᴦ૕࿖㓙ൻදળ⥄ᴦ૕࿖㓙ൻදળ㧔2003㧕‫⧷ޡ‬࿖ߩ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ‫⥄ޢ‬ᴦ૕࿖㓙ൻදળ⥄ᴦ૕࿖㓙ൻදળࡠࡦ࠼ࡦ੐ോᚲ㧔2003㧕‫ޡ‬Ფ᦬ߩേ߈‫ޢ‬2003 ᐕ 6 ᦬㧔http://www. jlgc.org.uk/ࠃࠅ㑛ⷩ㧕ฎᎹବ৻࡮ർᄢ〝ାㇹ㧔2001㧕‫౒౏ޡ‬ㇱ㐷⹏ଔߩℂ⺰ߣታ㓙‫ޢ‬ᣣᧄട㒰಴ศ↰ᄙ⟤ሶ㧔2005㧕‫ࠬ࡝ࠡࠗޟ‬ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩᄌㆫ㧙࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞ࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓࠍਛᔃߦ‫ޢࠬࡦ࡟ࠔࡈ࡟ޡޠ‬658
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