9th Asia pacific eco-business forum in Kawasaki
2013.1.31;Eco city session

Leading toward
Innovative Eco-City from Kawasaki-from Eco-town to Eco Leading CityProf. FUJITA, Tsuyoshi fujita77@nies.go.jp
Director of Eco-City System Research Program,
National Institute for Environmental Science, Japan
Alliance Professor of Nagoya University
Associate researcher OHNISHI, Satoshi/TOGAWA Takuya

Integrative EcoLow carbon
Growth Cities/regions

Co-benefit
smart city

Eco-industrial
development

Green Economy Innovation.
Spiral up to Eco-City

KawasakiEco-town

CircularTechnologies

Green
product
chain

Conversion

Publicinvolvement
Collection
separation

SocialSystem &Regulation

Inter-city/International knowledge sharing
Shenyang

PenangBandungContents
１．Eco-town projects in Kawasaki andJapan・eco-town projects from 1997
・innovative circularization system from
ecotown

2.Toward Eco-city innovation from
Kawasaki・Eco-city innovation model・Innovation from Kawasaki ①（from circularization to production chain）
・Innovation from Kawasaki ②（from smart building to smart city）
3

Target and Accomplishment of Japanese Eco-towns
Material Flow of Traditional
Industrial Parks

Symbiotic Material Flow in Ecotowns or Eco-Industrial Parks

Conventional material flow: No-circulation

Circular material flow of Eco-towns

Virgin materials: largely depends on import
Wastes: Disposal based on provisions of the
Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law
Recycle materials: Not used
Local material circulation: no use of recycle
materials

Virgin materials: part of virgin materials aresubstituted by recycle materials
Wastes: Disposal based on provisions of the
Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law
Recycle materials: Use of recycle materials
mainly provided from outside the city
Local material circulation: to some extent

Eco-town area as demonstration project forSound material cycle society
METI & MOE approved Eco-Town
Plans for 26 areas as of the end ofJanuary 2006, and they provided
financial support to 62 facilities
located within the appropriate areas.

Distribution ofJapanese
Eco-towns

Forming the basis of capacity that totally
2.18 mil t of wastes were treated

Edited by Prof. Fujita, T.，Publishedby METI,,2006
5

Eco-town Areas as demonstration projects of circulartechnologies; Berkel and Fujita et. al (2009)
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Environment
approved Eco-Town Plans for 26 areas as of the end of January 2006, and they
provided financial support to 62 facilities located within the appropriate areas.

Distribution of Total Investment
60 projects ininvestment
24 Eco-Towns(60 projects in 24 Eco-Towns)
165 billion JPY or 1.6 bil. US$

Distribution of Total Investment
Subsidy projects in 24 Eco-Towns
60 billion JPY or 600mil. US$investment subsidy(60 projects in 24 Eco-Towns)

others (20)9%others (20)10%

Hyogo (1)2%

Hyogo (1)3%

Toyama (4)2%Chiba (9)27%

Akita (4)3%

Toyama (4)2%Chiba (9)31%

Akita (4)4%Naoshima (2)3%Naoshima (2)2%Sapporo (3)6%Sapporo (3)4%Tokyo (1)2%Tokyo (1)4%

Kitakyushu (7)6%Kitakyushu (7)5%Kawasaki (5)16%Bingo (2)7%Omuta (2)6%Bingo (2)12%

Kawasaki (5)21%

Omuta (2)13%

6Evaluation of 90 Circular Facilities in 26 Eco-towns
Reduction of Virgin Materials; 900,000.ton /yr
CO2 Emission Reduction 480,000 t-CO2/yr
Circular use ration of by-product 92% Intra-eco-town circulation ratio 61%
Supply areas unknown(Unit: 1,000 tons)

Procurement areas unknown(70) 5%

Recycling residue disposed of(6) 0%(40) 3%(310) 24%
Resources circulated outside the prefecture
CRs procured from outside theprefecture
CRs procured from outside the Eco Town Plan
region but within the prefecture

CRs procured(1,300) 100%

(130)
10%
CRs procured fromwithin the same Eco
Town Plan regions(830) 64%(110)9%Resources circulated outside the Eco Town Plan regions but within the prefecture

FPs/RMs
produced(780) 60%(70) 5%

CRs utilized(1,200) 92%
CRs used as energy,
or reduced in volume(470) 36%
Recycling residue disposed of (60) 5%

Resources circulated within the
Eco Town Plan regions(580) 45%

Eco Town Plan regions
Outside the Eco Town Plan regions
but within the prefecture

7
Outside the prefectureAccomplishment from eco-town(1)Social system to promote thecircularization of wastes andrecycle(2)Agglomeration effects of material
industries and circularizationindustries
8

Alternative technologies for circular economies;
resource circulation
Cleaner
Production

Hard
Substitutive
Processing
Environ.
Technologies

Resource
Excavation

Processing

AssemblyEnd- of Pipe
Treatment
Technologies

RecycleTechnologies

Consumption
Waste

Soft
SocialTechnologies
Green
Procurement

Landfill

Reuse
RecycleRegulation/
Subsidy

Green
Purchase

Waste
Regulation

Recycle Facilities in 26 Eco-towns and Legislation System
for Waste Management and 3R Promotion
0

20

40

～'96 0 12 subsidied'97 0 13
'98 1

120

140

160

180

Package Recycling Law ('95)
revision of Waste Management Law ('97)

24
12revision of Waste Management Law ('00)

29

'02

25

'05

100

Electric Appliance Recycling Law ('98)

19

'04

not subsidied

19

'01
'03

80

Eco-town program('97―)

'99 3
'00

60

Food Waste Recycling Law
and Construction Material Recycling Law ('01)

35
49

35

Automobile Recycling Law ('02)

60

42revision of Waste
Management Law(’03/04)

72

49

84

'06

59

'07

60

97

'08

60

104

package waste

91

electric waste

food waste

debrisautomobile waste

others••

waste collection and product supply scale andtransportation distance
Wastes with high added-value are with relatively long transport distances
Plastics, paper, oil, electronic wastes
Products with demand in large volumes and locally are with shorter transport distances
RDF, feedstock for steel and cement production, construction materials, feedings, fertilizer
presentage of waste
collected within
prefecture
average transportdistance

100.0

Average transport distance(km/t-waste)
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0

Average transport distance(km/t-waste)
0.0

0.0

shredder dust

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0
paper/pulp

used oiloilwaste paper

glass/cullet

waste plastics

plastic resinelectronic waste

wood chips/charcoal

metal scraps

wooden products

assorted ind waste

metal

sludgeothersglass

fertilizer

automobile

Plastic and incineration ashes
paper
wood
Other organic food waste
Construction assorted MSW
Metal
debris
feces
Oil
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
Glass andothersWaste collected within prefecture

fusil ashconstruction material
feeding
feedstock for cement …
feedstock for steel…
RDF
0%

0%

Chen, Fujita et.al.,50%
100%
J. of Ind. Ecology,
product delivered within prefecture
Vol.16(1), 2012

Accomplishment from eco-town(1)Social system to promote thecircularization of wastes andrecycle(2)Agglomeration effects of material
industries and circularizationindustries
12Modeling results: Cost and scale• Example model outputs:– Results of the standard scenario in 2025

Total costs (billion JPY/yr)• Over 1/3 cheaper than new pre-treatment facilities
built in each municipality
23.4
23.2

Without capacity constraint
With capacity constraint

23
22.8

22.6
22.4
22.2
22
6

7

8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15
Numbers of hosting cities

cost ofincineration39%

construction cost
4%

16

17

18

transportati
on costs
30%
operation
costs
27%
13

19

20

Design methodology for cities and regions withappropriate circularization system
地域の循環社会基盤（資源再生・処理施設、循環型動脈産業施設）の立地・集積と廃棄物の発生分布など地域特性を活かす地域循環圏の整備による重層的な「循環の環（わ）」(3)動脈産業(1)里地里山里海
地域循環圏
農山漁村を中心とした循環圏で、農村水産業に由来するバイオマス
資源の地産地消的な利活用を推進する。

里地里山里海地域循環圏

地域循環圏
循環資源
の流れ

里地里山（農山村）
林業、農業、畜産業、観光業

再資源化製品や再生エネル
ギーの流れ○バイオマス系の循環資源の地域内循環
循環型産業
集積拠点

循環型産業（広域）地域循環圏

小都市

循環型産業
集積拠点
中都市

（2）都市・都市近郊
地域循環圏○循環産業や動脈産業の集積拠点などと連携しながら適正規模で資源循環○都市系の循環資源（廃棄物）を都市内で循環利用

人口集積の多い都市エリアでは多種多様な循
環資源を排出します。
都市近郊の農村地域の連携も含め、循環型産
循環型産業
業集積地（エコタウン
集積拠点等）や動脈産業の集積○エコタウンなどの静脈産エリアとも連携をはかり 業の集積基盤を活用し多様な循環資源を利活用ながら、効率的な資源循環を
循環型産業
集積拠点
構築する。

都市・近郊地域
循環圏

里地里山里海地
域循環圏

大都市
漁村
漁業・水産業
里海

動脈産業地域循環圏
動脈産業集積地○動脈産業の基盤を活用し多様な循環資源を利活用

セメント、鉄鋼、非鉄
精錬製紙等の基幹産業の基盤やインフラをこれまで以上に活用しながら、循環資源を大量に抱えもつ大都市エリアとの物流システ
ム等を高度化せ、より効率的な循環システムの構築やエネル
ギーの利活用システ
ムを高度化。

(4)循環型産業（広域）地域循環圏
小型の廃家電リサイク
ルなどを、動脈産業地域循環圏との連動をはかりながら、レアメタ
ルの回収などで優位性の持つシステムを形成。

14

Social system to sustain the circularization in Eco-towns
Establishment of social system and business model along supply chain
from mining to waste for low carbon and sound material cycle society
Electricity
MiningRed standfor social
systemTransportationMaterial

Co-processing,
Heat/energy recovery
resource circularizationin the region

Process

Cleaner
production
Design for Env.
Green purchasing

Consumption

Waste

Green/regional
consumption
Regional credit

Logistic for circularization/Monitoring system
Green supply chain management in integrated urban and regional area

15

Contents
１．Eco-town projects in Kawasaki andJapan・eco-town projects from 1997
・innovative circularization system from
ecotown

2.Toward Eco-city innovation from
Kawasaki・Eco-city innovation model・Innovation from Kawasaki ①（from circularization to production chain）
・Innovation from Kawasaki ②（from smart building to smart city）
16

Industrial Symbiosis and Urban Industries to empower
cities by circularization(Kawasaki and Kitakyushu are pioneers in 1997→26 cities)

17

17

Accumulation Effect by IS; 2.accumulation effect in
Kawasaki Eco-town
Accumulation of material (arterial) industries and recycling (vein) industries withgeographical proximity enables Eco Town district to establish material and energy
circularization. This collaboration has made a variety of wastes and by-productexchange in this district and industrial waste exchange from other region be possible.

18

Kawasaki Synergy Network（current situation）
Bio/life
science

Power generation & material industry

Treatment or
recycling facility

City

19

Industrial Symbiosis in Kalundborg, DENMARK
カルンボー市（デンマーク）の産業共生
コペンハーゲンから約100km、人口：市街地16500人、市域：48000人
火力発電所を中心とする、異業種間の廃熱、副産物利用ネットワークを先駆的に形成

火力発電所

資料提供：カルンボー産業共生センター

Industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg
Bio/life
science

Power generation & material industry

Treatment or
recycling facility

City

21

Comparison between Kawasaki and Kalundborg
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Urban symbiosiskt

Water/waste/byproductkt

Industrial symbiosis
Treated water

30
25

Slag

20

Sludge15

Gypsum10

Waste paper

5

Waste plastic

0

Metal

Biomass
GyprosSulphurFly ash

Ｔ
Ｊ

Ｔ
Ｊ

5000

Heat & energy

4000

5,000
4,000

3000

Heat

2000

3,000

Hot
water

2,000

Heating

1000

1,000

0

0

Kalundborg Kawasaki

Kalundborg Kawasaki

22

Kawasaki Synergy Network（Future scenario）
TJ

幸区

Waste heat networking among industries
with proximity to power generation

357

Refinery1Powergeneration

409

川崎市
川崎区

Waste
heat

132

海

道
線

ChemicalJR
東160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,00060,00040,00020,0000

エネルギー消費量
15（原油換算/TJ）

Energydemand

都

高

速

横

羽

Waste
heat

線

首
Waste
heat

排熱発生量
Waste
heat
JR（原油換算/TJ）
南
武線
potential

浮島I C
川崎浮島JCT

東Chemical

22,700

鶴見区

Waste
線
鶴見 heatJR

12,800170
9,900

Biomass
LNG
PowerPower generation
generation

線
湾岸

高速
首都

Steel work

LNG
Power
generation

Paper

Incineration
Waste
heat

357

30,300357

川崎港

エネルギー供給源～1.5km
エネルギー供給源～3km
23Image of low carbon and energy model district bycollaboration between industry and city
近隣地区Ａ
（住宅・業務系）

Source: 環境都市機能検討会（NIES他 ）広域への熱供給

業務、商業交流区域
6.7ha

環境、ライフサイエンス
研究開発区域
6.7ha

交流・
物販施設 物販施設
連携環境
研究機能
(案)

研究・業務施設

電力供給

ホテル

ホテル

緑地
（地下:雨水貯留施設）
中水・雑用水利用

舗装

河川研究・業務施設

街区のモデル化と政策シナリオ

業務、研究開発区域
6.7ha

屋上緑化

太陽光発電
保水性・熱供給

研究・業務施設

近隣地区B
(住宅系)

高反射
性塗料

壁面緑化

熱導管（温水）
ビル群高さ

流通区域

再生樹脂

廃プラ

食品加工
工場

流通区域

熱導管（温冷水）・地域熱供給・廃雑紙
スマート
資源循環拠点

都市ガス
熱導管（蒸気・高温水・温水）

下水処理場

鉄鋼
セメント

メタン
発酵施設

食品
廃棄物

河川水利用
ヒートポンプ

焼却ごみ

ごみ焼却
工場

熱集約
センター機能

下水処理水

24
下水利用
ヒートポンプ

熱供給・制御センター
24
機能（将来案）

Energy symbiosis network planning in Kawasaki City
■ 熱需要と熱源のマッチングには、個別対応・ネットワーク化・需要操作等による多様な組合せが考えられる。
自治体の特性に合せてマッチングのタイプを整理し、分析シナリオを構築してポテンシャル推計を行っていく。

Ａ.熱源単体＋地区・街区の組合せ
成行き供給・蓄熱槽設置により個々の熱源と需要を、小さな単位で対応づけて需給に導く

Ｂ.熱源ネットワーク＋需要地側
ネットワークでの組合せ

Ｃ.需要操作（熱源側へ市街地誘導）による、コンパクト型での組合せ

臨海部の豊かな熱源群と需要側のＤＨＣ、ＣＧＳ保有ビルを連結し強固な熱需給ネットワークを形成

熱源に近く利便性に優れ、併せて災害危険度の低い立地を選択して市街地をコンパクト化誘導していく
市街地集約

市街地集約

市街地集約

昨年度の低炭素ポテンシャル推計手法（ステージ2）に代入

自治体または区全体の低炭素化（目標値）に対する貢献率が推計される(株)アバン・アソシエーツ計画本部

谷口知史副部長 作成

25

Kawasaki Synergy Network（Future scenario）

Ｍｔ－ＣＯ２

When industries with geographical proximity to power generation
utilize waste heat, we could estimate 400,000t-CO2 emission
reduction by alter the fossil fuel to waste heat.
500
400

46 facilities
5%

300
200
100

10
facilities
X%

0
Actualperformance(Kawasaki
Steem-Net Co.)46 facilities
3%

46 facilities
X%
Waste heat
supply／deman＝ Kawasaki
Steem-Net Co.)

Waste heat
supply／demand ＝３％

Waste heat
supply／demand＝５％26

Strategic Business Models for Environmental Innovation
From Smart Buildings to Low-Carbon, Circulatory Cities
Area effects and network effects that interact with individual technologies to produce synergy
can be achieved by moving up from energy management at the individual building level toefficient management of supply and demand at the area level and management of land use
and facility locations at the city level.
Demonstration with building
clusters

Network development within
the city

Network development by thecitySocial institutional
systems in red

Energy-efficient buildings
Smart meters
ーExternal air supply
through BEMS
Co-generation
Carbon credits

Local hybrid heat and power
supply system
Supply-demand coupling’
energy management
Zoning for low-carbon facilities

Low-carbon energy
monitoring network
Capping and trading
Guiding industrial
location close tocities (compact
cities)27

Accumulation Effect by IS for the future; 3.low-carbon
district as a hub in Eco-towns
Integrative low carbon planningsystems to compile eco-towns,
urban sectors【たとえば、事業評価として】地域の物質循環や廃棄物発生，環境負荷の分布を測定して，モデル事業の効果を定量的に把握することのできる統合的な評価システム（地理情報システムの活用）【たとえば、モデル事業として】地域での廃棄物を地域で循環する「地域循環」の社会実験モデル事業． （案）一般廃棄物、産業廃棄物、農業系廃棄物を合わせて循環性状によりで組み合わせて収集・地域再資源化

Carbon Free Industrial Symbiosis
District【たとえば、制度として】
産業政策，環境政策と加えて，都市開発や道循環基盤、産業基盤を活用して、都市路・下水道・インフラなどの都市政策，港湾政策 の資源効率向上、低炭素化を進めるの統合組織と都市スケールでの循環支援政策

総合的な低炭素・資源循環の拠点地
28

Contents
１．Eco-town projects in Kawasaki andJapan・eco-town projects from 1997
・innovative circularization system from
ecotown

2.Toward Eco-city innovation from
Kawasaki・Eco-city innovation model・Innovation from Kawasaki ①（from circularization to production chain）
・Innovation from Kawasaki ②（from smart building to smart city）
29

Integrative EcoLow carbon
Growth Cities/regions

Co-benefit
smart city

Eco-industrial
development

Green Economy Innovation.
Spiral up to Eco-City

KawasakiEco-town

CircularTechnologies

Green
product
chain

Conversion

Publicinvolvement
Collection
separation

SocialSystem &Regulation

International knowledge sharing
Shenyang

PenangBandungRelated Publication
Xudong Chen, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Satoshi Ohnishi, Minoru Fujii, Yong Geng；The Impact of Scale, Recycling Boundary, and Typeof Waste on Symbiosis and Recycling: An Empirical Study of Japanese Eco-Towns, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol.16(1),pp.129–141, February, 2012
Minoru Fujii, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Xudong Chen, Satoshi Ohnishi, Naohisa Yamaguchi；Smart Recycling of Organic Solid Wastes in
an Environmentally Sustainable Society, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol.63, pp.1-8, June, 2012
Xudong Chen, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yong Geng, Kebin Liu, Minoru Fujii, Junyi Wang, Bing Xue；Effects of Environmental Education
on Waste Separation Performance: Experimental Study in Shenyang University, China, Journal of Cleaner Productions,submitted March 28th, 2012
Yujiro Hirano, Tsuyoshi Fujita；Evaluation of the impact of the urban heat island on residential and commercial energy
consumption in Tokyo, Journal of Energy, Vol.37(1), pp.371-383,01,2012
Satoshi Ohnishi, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Xudong Chen, Minoru Fujii；Econometric Analysis of the Performance of Recycling Projects
in Japanese Eco-Towns, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.33(1), pp.217-225, September, 2012
Xudong Chen, Fengming Xi, Yong Geng, Tsuyoshi Fujita ; The Potential Environmental Gains from Recycling Waste Plastics:
Simulation of Transferring Recycling and Recovery Technologies to Shenyang, China, Journal of Waste Management,
Vol.31(1) pp.168-179, January 2011
Yong Geng, Tsuyoshi Fujita ,Xudong Chen; Evaluation of Innovative Municipal Solid Waste Management through Urban
Symbiosis: A Case Study of Kawasaki, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.18, pp.993-1000, 07,2010
Shizuka Hashimoto, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yong Geng, Emiri Nagasawa；Realizing CO2 Emission Reduction through Industrial
Symbiosis: A Cement Production Case Study for Kawasaki, Journal of Conservation and Recycling, Vol.54(10), pp.704-710,
08,2010
Rene Van Berkel, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Shizuka Hashimoto, Minoru Fujii；Quantitative Assessment of Urban and Industrial
Symbiosis in Kawasaki, Japan, Environmental Science & Technology , Vol.43, No.5, 2009 ,pp.1271-1281,0129.2009
Rene van Berkel, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Shizuka Hashimoto, Yong Geng；Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan : Analysis of the
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006；Journal of Environmental Management, vol.90,pp.1544-1556,2009

Questions? fujita77@nies.go.jp

Environmental Technologies:
Spreading throughout Asia from Local Demonstrations
Designate model districts generating social value from low carbon and circularization, and create
pioneer social frameworks that use technology clusters and enhance their effectiveness. Convert
national land management systems and develop policy packages for the rest of Asia through theselection of priority areas at the municipal level and through the construction of networks.

Feedback on environmental innovation
Demonstration inmodel district

Network expansion
in the city

Conversion to national
systemExpansion into Asia

SensorTRNSYSGAMS
Controller

Actuator

Neighborhood
exampleBusiness

Technologicaldevelopment
Cost
reduction

Government

Framework
designSubsidies,
regulation

Production
to orderEfficientproduction

Flexible administrationof special zones, etc. Support through local
laws, etc.

Plannedproduction

Elevationinternation
standards

Makeover of national framework

都市・地域の環境イノベーション戦略

市場で取引される環境価値はごく一部にすぎない。
低炭素化や資源循環は長期的、広域的な価値を持つが、この内部化の仕組み。

「環境市場メカニズム」；環境事業支援、環境規制、
環境プレミアム価格等外部費用を内部化する「環境市場化」
「環境基盤形成サポート」環境問題の深刻化による将来の必要性が高く、整備に時間がかかる環境イ
ンフラ（ハードとソフト）＊ハードな環境基盤；資源循環輸送インフラ、高効率コンパクト都市、高効率素材製造業 等
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