Collocational Analysis of Life Science English (5)–– Lists of common collocates of act, action, activate,activation, active, activity ––Hiroshi OHTAKE1, Nobuyuki FUJITA2, Shuji KANEKO3,
Brian MORREN4, Takeshi KAWAMOTO5Introduction
This is the fifth in a series of reports that focus on how certain English words are
typically used in the life sciences and whose purpose is to help Japanese researchers
who use English in their work to gain insight into the common collocates for each word.
Traditionally, language learners have been advised to refer to grammar books anddictionaries in order to improve their language skills, but this has not always helped toraise their level of proficiency. The former bias toward grammar has led to the belief
that natural sentences can be created solely on the basis of syntax and arbitrary
vocabulary selections. As a result, learners have tended to focus their attention on
acquiring as many independent words as possible without regard for their typical
patterns and collocations. This traditional perspective, however, has been discredited bymore recent research in the field of second language learning which has shown, on thebasis of empirical evidence, that words do not function in isolation but are co-selectedwith other words to produce meaning (Howarth, 1998; Hunston & Francis, 1998;
Partington, 1998; Sinclair, 1991; Stubbs, 2001). There is therefore a need to provide
nonnative writers with detailed information on the key lexical items and common
collocational patterns that are typical of their field of research and that they require
when writing their academic research papers (Ohtake & Morren, 2001, 2003).
In this respect, the use of corpora and concordance techniques may provide moreaccessible information on collocations and the selection restrictions that govern them.
Nonnative writers may thereby come to avoid collocational mismatches by being
1

Department of Foreign Languages, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation
3
Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
4
Center for Languages, Arts, and Sciences, Fukui Prefectural University
5
Department of Dental and Medical Biochemistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences21

exposed to multiple examples of words that tend to co-occur. Through such exposure to
regularly recurring patterns, they may become more sensitive to the ways in which
words combine with other words to produce particular meanings. Certainly, statisticalanalyses showing the frequency and collocational patterns of any given word used inlife-science papers would be very useful for Japanese researchers when writing
academic reports. In particular, they may realize the importance of referring to corpus
evidence for guidance and no longer rely simply on dictionaries and reference
grammars. They can thereby expand their search for appropriate forms of expression by
examining and interpreting the immense amount of useful data that corpora provide.
Data Collection and Corpus Analysis
In 1993, we embarked on a project – the Life Science Dictionary Project (LSD
Project) – in which English abstracts appearing in international medical research
journals were collected through the publicly available on-line MEDLINE database. The
initial aim of the collection was to compile a genre-specific English corpus (LSD
Corpus) and then to create an electronic bilingual dictionary (English-Japanese andJapanese-English) with a particular emphasis on frequently appearing general andtechnical terms in life-science fields. The LSD Corpus now contains approximately
303,000 abstracts published in distinguished life-science related journals around theworld and consists of over 60 million running words. This corpus can be regarded as avalid source of authentic English materials because the articles and abstracts publishedin such eminent journals as Nature and Science are known to have undergone a rigorous
review prior to publication with regard to both content and language.
The collected data have been recorded in a versatile relational database andsubjected to statistical analysis. This has led to the compilation of an electronic
English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionary, WebLSD, which is available to the
public on the Internet (http://lsd.pharm.kyoto-u.ac.jp/). The up-dated version of theelectronic dictionary currently contains 72,995 English terms with Japanese translations
and definitions, 83,060 Japanese to English translations, 26,000 sample sentences for
5,100 English words, and retrievable concordances for any given word on demand.
Some of the most frequently used words in the LSD Corpus have been selected forinclusion in this paper. The particular words taken up here are act, action, activate,2

activation, active, activity. For each word, we have provided a list of common
collocations that includes information about the frequency, a Japanese translation, and asample sentence when it is considered useful and relevant. The collocational patterns
introduced here are noteworthy in that most of them cannot be classified simply as an
idiomatic expression or set phrase, so that they provide language learners withinformation not usually found in marketed dictionaries. On the surface, the list may justlook like a miscellaneous assortment of arbitrary word patterns, but a closer look will
reveal that it is a very useful collection of information concerning the lexical items(verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions) with which a given word commonly collocatesand, in the case of a noun, which article is commonly used or which of the two forms,
plural or singular, appears more often. This kind of information is particularly importantfor Japanese learners of English because they are often confused about how to properly
use articles, singular/plural forms, or how to find common collocates or naturalexpressions.
Owing to the nature of the computer analysis, related items sharing the same form
are classified as one word, so that no distinction is made between the verb form and thenoun form of a given word. In addition, homographs are not differentiated and aretreated as one word. However, in some cases, the collocates shown in the tables should
provide some information concerning the part of speech of a given item, which may
help in the identification of any homographs that appear. Furthermore, some of the data
shown in the tables may look redundant, but we believe that such redundancy will not
be a hindrance in the exploration of the meaning of a particular lexical item. Instead, it
may help language learners to deepen their understanding. For example, in the case ofarticles and prepositions, which habitually present great problems for nonnative writers
in terms of their interpretation and use, grammatical explanations are often inadequate
in helping them to avoid erroneous decisions in the selection of a correct article orappropriate preposition in their writing. We have therefore intentionally included
instances of articles and prepositions with each entry word. By examining the various
samples of articles and prepositions appearing in the tables, language learners may
come to recognize their proper uses and confirm their understanding.

3

How to Read the List
The format is explained by using the following sample list:
Englishimplication*
implication
implications

Japanese
意味
意味
意味

Frq.

PubM̲ID

Sample

2,854
152
2,702

Note 複数形で使われることが圧倒的に多い。訳語は便宜上「意味」を使用…
1 the implications
意味414
2 an implication
意味
8
3 implications for〜のための
1,599 11499504This approach should have significant
意味
future <implications for> dental
research.
59 10725728This neonatal immune bias has
4 implications for the 〜の開発
important <implications for thedevelopment ofのための意
development of> vaccine …
味
：
：
：
：
：
：
17 have @2〜のための
918 10199733The findings <have potential
implications for
意味を持つ
implications for> islet transplantation
as well as …

1st Column: (Note) The information given here is based on the analysis of the
LSD Corpus and collocational patterns of the entry word, and is expected tohelp learners of English to gain insight into a given word. This is meant
primarily for Japanese learners and is therefore written in Japanese in order tomake it more accessible for them.
1st Column: (1, 2, 3 ...) A number is given to each entry in sequence.
2nd Column: (English) In the uppermost line(s) above Note, a head word and its
related form(s) of word(s) are given. The asterisk mark (*) stands for a lemma,
or a head word. The at-mark sign (@) followed by a number stands for the
maximum number of words that can be inserted.
3rd Column: (Japanese) The Japanese equivalent or translation is given.
4th Column: (Frq.) Frq. stands for the frequency of each entry.
5th Column: (PubM_ID) PubM_ID stands for the ID number of theaccompanying sample sentence, by means of which the original abstract can be
identified on the PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed).
6th Column: (Sample) This column shows a sample sentence for the entry
collocation. In some cases, no samples are shown when a similar entry contains
a sample sentence from which readers can easily infer a sentence or expression
containing the entry collocation.

4

It is hoped that the following statistical analysis of the LSD corpus will assist
Japanese researchers in gaining further information concerning common collocations
for frequently used words in the life sciences. Furthermore, crude as the information
listed in the tables may appear at first glance, we trust that this paper will be wellreceived by Japanese researchers because of its special distinction in providing
information on word frequencies relating to words appearing immediately before orafter a given lexical item. In this paper, we present the statistical data as they are, hopingthat such first-hand information will help to facilitate the acquisition of common
expressions relating to each word.
From the initial stages of data collection, we have aimed at making the best use of
corpus analysis to help Japanese researchers in writing academic papers in English. So
far, we have succeeded in producing the previously mentioned electronic dictionary as
well as gathering useful sample sentences and concordances. Because of space
limitations, we are unable to include in this particular paper each and every word wehave analyzed. We are, however, planning to publish further reports in the same format
as part of an ongoing series.
In the meantime, we hope that the lists of collocations introduced here in this paper
will help bring about better technical English writing among Japanese researchers, andultimately pave the way to the publication of an innovative and practical book on
common collocational patterns in English after all the lists have been unified andcompleted. Finally, in providing a Japanese translation for each English word or
expression, we have made every possible effort to ensure accuracy. However, we cannot
be certain that the translations are completely free from error because of the specialized
character and complexity of the various life science disciplines. There may therefore besome minor discrepancies that evaded our scrutiny and in such cases we sincerely ask
for our readers’ indulgence, and would be grateful if they would inform us of any
shortcomings that they may find.

5Collocations for act
EnglishJapaneseact*
作用する／働く
act
作用する／働く
acts
作用する／働く
acting
作用する／働く
acted
作用した／働いた
Note 自動詞として使われる。act asの用例が多い。
1 act as〜として作用する
2 act as a〜として作用する

Frq.

PubM̲ID

1/5

Sample

9,968
3,941
3,120
2,542
365
1,592
625

3 act as an〜として作用する

141

4 act in〜において作用する

396

5 act in concert

協調して作用する

81

6 act in concert to40

7 act in concert with

〜するために協調して作用する〜と協調して作用する

29

8 act to〜するように作用する

205

9 act on〜において作用する

191

10 act by〜によって作用する

165

11 act by *ing

120

12 act through〜することによって作用する〜を経て作用する

108

13 act at〜において作用する

103

14 act synergistically

相乗的に作用する

95

15 act directly

直接的に作用する

71

16 act independently

独立に作用する

60

11036064
10021456 Our previous studies suggest that surfactant protein A (SP-A) can <act as a>ligand in the attachment of M. tuberculosis to AMs.
9701817 One of the ToxRS-regulated genes is the ompU gene, which encodes a porin that
may also <act as an> adhesin.
10196143 We show that these mutants <act in> a dominant negative manner by blocking
endogenous STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation or STAT3 DNA binding.
10359597 Thus, R-Ras and Ras may <act in concert> to regulate integrin affinity via theactivation of distinct downstream effectors.
10645926 Growth factors and metalloproteinases (MMPs) <act in concert to> promote
neointima formation.
10460151 Alternatively or in addition, M(C) may <act in concert with> an additional metal
ion to coordinate and activate the 3'-OH of G.
11402208 In catalyzing the removal of a 5' phosphate from second messenger substrates,
5PTases can <act to> terminate signal transduction events.
9520449 Therefore, the inflammatory cytokines probably <act on> T cells in vivo via anintermediary factor.
11784719 6m-hIGFBP-3 only can <act by> IGF-independent mechanisms since it is unable
to form complexes with the IGFs that inhibit their action.
10756196 These drugs <act by increasing> levels of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA
cleavage.
11063620 Their potency is similar to that of dexamethasone although they do not <actthrough> the glucocorticoid receptor.
10369761 The synapsis of DNA sites is a prerequisite for the reactions of many proteins that<act at> specific DNA sequences.
10388819 We show that both mechanisms of xol-1 repression are essential and <actsynergistically> to keep xol-1 levels low in XX animals.
12547727 Further, regulatory T cells may <act directly> on the innate immune system toreduce or prevent disease.
11067843 Like AD2, the newly discovered AD1 can <act independently> as an activation
domain in both yeast and human cells.

Collocations for act
English17 act together

Japanese
共に作用する18 act via〜を経て作用する

50

19 act cooperatively

協調的に作用する

28

20 to act
21 to act as

作用する〜〜として作用する〜

697
393

22 to act in〜において作用する

60

23 appears to act

作用するように思われる

65

24 shown to act

作用することが示される

62

25 appear to act

作用するように思われる

50

26 thought to act

作用するように考えられる作用することがされ提唱される作用するかもしれない46

27 proposed to act
28 may act
29 may act as

Frq.
52

37
506

30 can act
31 can act as〜として作用するかもし
れない
作用しうる
〜として作用しうる

254
384
234

32 that act
33 that act as

作用する〜〜として作用する〜

266
77

34 which act

そして、それは作用する

95

35 not act
36 does not act

作用しない
作用しない

106
60

2/5

PubM̲ID
Sample12388759 Furthermore, if SNX1 and SNX2 belong to such complexes, it is not known whether
they <act together> or separately.
12526812 Thus, SLPI/elastase <act via> PEPI/EPIs to operate a switch at the interface
between innate immunity and wound healing.
10428861 Our data suggest that in the absence of heme, Hap1 exists as a dimer, and the two
subunits <act cooperatively> in DNA binding.
11145644 Glycosphingolipid-enriched domains (GEDs) are believed <to act as> platforms
for transduction of B cell Ag receptor (BCR)-induced signals from the cell surface.
11238631 This mechanism may explain at least in part the reported ability of NO <to act in>both a pro- and anti-inflammatory manner.
11820811 Furthermore, Shh <appears to act> as a permissive, rather than an inductive,
signal for slow MyHC expression in myoblasts.
11433302 FRPs, Cerberus and WIF have all been <shown to act> by binding andsequestering Wnt.
10930360 The two polymorphisms <appear to act> without a multiplicative interaction.
10488330 Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an antidepressant that is <thought to act> by blocking
presynaptic reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
11927540 The Disabled-2 (Dab2) gene has been <proposed to act> as a tumor suppressor.
9512554 DSE1 cruciform <may act> as a target site for activator (BAMC cells) andrepressor (TE671) proteins.
11390646 These studies suggest that IRF-3a <may act as> a modulator of IRF-3.
11042171 This suggests RGS18 <can act> on G(q)-mediated signaling pathways in vivo.
10963676 Transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatases, such as CD45, <can act as> both
positive and negative regulators of cellular signaling.
10341246 Mechanisms that direct neuronal migration may include molecules <that act as>
chemoattractants.
12654246 This targeting step is regulated by three G proteins, SRP54, SRalpha, and SRbeta,<which act> in concert.
10339465 We show here that SLC is a potent chemokine for mature DC but <does not act>
on immature DC.

Collocations for act
37 acts asEnglishJapanese〜として作用する

Frq.
1,284

38 acts as a〜として作用する

97839 acts as a negative

負の〜として作用する

49

40 acts as a negative
regulator
41 acts as a dominant

負の調節因子として作用する
優位な〜として作用する

37

42 acts as a dominantnegative

ドミナントネガティブな〜として作用する

39

43 acts as a transcriptional 転写の〜として作用する

37

44 acts as a potent

強力な〜として作用する

35

45 acts as an〜として作用する

221

46 that acts as〜として作用する〜

96

47 acts in〜において作用する

293

48 acts to〜するために作用する

260

49 acts on〜において作用する

153

50 acts by〜によって作用する

123

51 acts by *ing

92

52 acts through〜することによって作用する〜を経て作用する

107

53 acts at〜において作用する

101

54 acts via〜を経て作用する

46

46

3/5

PubM̲ID
Sample11260715 We conclude that Tsg <acts as> a cofactor in chordin's antagonism of BMP
signalling.
12048186 The combination of Bfa1 and Bub2 <acts as a> two-component GTPaseactivating protein for Tem1.
11877467 Myostatin is a TGF-beta family member that <acts as a negative> regulator of
muscle growth.
11847343 Thus, BIN2 <acts as a negative regulator> to control steroid signaling inplants.
12524540 We have further shown that 53BP2, which corresponds to a C-terminal fragment of
ASPP2, <acts as a dominant> negative inhibitor of p53.
10958668 One of these (alpha1(312)) acts as a constitutively active kinase, while the other(alpha1DN) <acts as a dominant negative> inhibitor of endogenous AMPK.
11722747 We present evidence that IdeR not only <acts as a transcriptional> repressor
but also functions as an activator of bfrA.
10097187 Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid; AsA) <acts as a potent> antioxidant and cellular
reductant in plants and animals.
10447896 MecA therefore <acts as an> adapter protein recruiting a regulatory protein forproteolysis.
12200427 Complexin, also known as synaphin, is a neuronal cytosolic protein <that actsas> a positive regulator of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
10393176 ORS cells produce fibroblast growth factor-5 (FGF-5), which <acts in> aparacrine fashion to terminate precursor cell division during anagen.
11992003 One class of these membrane proteins apparently <acts to> allow HCMV toescape detection by the immune system.
11538237 To determine whether SHAM <acts on> the embryo or the endosperm, weinvestigated separately effects of SHAM on growth potential of isolated embryos aswell as on endosperm strength.
12386162 AT <acts by> inhibiting the tryptophan-activated trp RNA-binding attenuation
protein (TRAP).
10786797 A third pathway, the autonomous pathway, probably <acts by modulating> theother two pathways.
9827801 Functional experiments suggest the two receptors have different ligands: DPP<acts through> TKV, and SCW acts through SAX.
10702234 Clamping intracellular Ca(2+) at high or low values abolished sensitivity to externalCa(2+), suggesting that Ca(2+) <acts at> an internal site.
11517281 Thus, Noc <acts via> multiple mechanisms to reduce excitation in CA3.

Collocations for act
English55 acts downstream ofJapanese〜の下流で作用する

Frq.

56 acts upstream of〜の上流で作用する

56

57 acts directly

直接に作用する

56

58 acts directly on〜に直接に作用する33

59 that acts

作用する〜

258

60 that acts as
61 which acts

〜として作用する〜
そして、それは作用する

96
133

62 it acts

それは、作用する

118

63 acting as〜として作用する〜

358

64 acting as a〜として作用する〜

198

65 by acting as

95

66 acting on〜として作用することによって〜において作用する

199

67 acting through〜を経て作用する

150

68 acting in〜において作用する

122

69 acting at〜において作用する

101

70 acting via〜を経て作用する

71

71 cis-acting

シス作動性の687

72 cis-acting elements

シス作動性の

175

73 cis-acting element

シス作動性のエレメント

86

90

4/5

PubM̲ID
Sample9735361 These results suggest that Bix1 <acts downstream of> both VegT and Xbra toinduce formation of mesoderm and endoderm.
10715329 Genetic epistasis analysis indicated that RAN1 <acts upstream of> mutations in
the ethylene receptor gene family.
12586066 EGF signaling <acts directly> on the epidermis and is independent of BMP
signaling.
12208756 These findings therefore demonstrate that PTK787 both <acts directly on> MMcells and inhibits paracrine IL-6-mediated MM cell growth in the bone marrow
milieu.
9973614 Branch migration by RuvAB is mediated by RuvB, a hexameric ring protein <thatacts> as an ATP-driven molecular pump.
9888840 SAH 51-641 (1) is a potent hypoglycemic agent, <which acts> by inhibiting
hepatic gluconeogenesis.
10334301 Leptin, the ob gene product, is produced by adipocytes, and <it acts> to decrease
caloric intake and increase energy expenditure.
11986332 It is not known, however, whether integrins, <acting as> mechanoreceptors,
regulate cell survival via the PI3K/Akt pathway.
9794753 RNA polymerase (RNAP) moves along DNA while carrying out transcription,<acting as a> molecular motor.
10982330 Retroviruses are believed to induce tumors <by acting as> insertional mutagens
that activate expression of cellular protooncogenes.
12598606 Changes in pH can affect neuronal excitability by <acting on> ligand-gatedchannels, including those gated by glutamate.
12493763 Eukaryotic genes are under the control of regulatory complexes <acting through>chromatin structure to control gene expression.
10913112 Factor XIII zymogen activation is a complex series of events that involve fibrinogen<acting in> several different roles.
12442323 Thus, somatostatin <acting at> SSTR2 receptors on NOS neurons might modulate
descending relaxation.
11157090 Taken together, these results indicate a role for nerve growth factor <acting via>
the TrkA receptor on ChAT and VAChT proteins in contextual memory
consolidation.
10748133 The results show that E10 contains a complex array of both enhancer and inhibitor<cis-acting> elements that modulate usage of a weak 5' splice site.
9680219 Regulation of nrd expression in Escherichia coli by <cis-acting elements> wasfound to be more complex than previously reported.

Collocations for act
English74 cis-acting sequences

Japanese
シス作動性の配列

75 cis-acting regulatory

シス作動性の調節〜

46

76 the cis-acting

シス作動性の〜

105

77 a cis-acting

シス作動性の〜

103

78 trans-acting

トランス作動性の270

79 trans-acting factors

トランス作動性の因子

113

80 by acting

作用することによって

204

81 by acting as〜として作用することによって〜において作用することによって〜として作用した相乗的に作用した

95

82 by acting on
83 acted as
84 acted synergistically

Frq.
62

41
142
45

5/5

PubM̲ID
Sample9621007 A minimal vector containing only these two elements could be successfully
delivered by helper HFV, confirming that all essential <cis-acting sequences>were present.
9636087 Thus, it is unlikely that Pax proteins regulate Wnt-1 by direct interactions with this<cis-acting regulatory> region.
9621062 This is the first report of a functional mapping of <the cis-acting> elements of avirus of the HTLV/BLV group.
11511538 Here we show that the direction of replication at mat1 is controlled by <a cisacting> polar terminator of replication (RTS1).
12399373 To help identify <trans-acting> modifiers, a screen was performed to find yeast
mutants with altered CTG.CAG repeat mutation frequencies.
11073994 In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three <trans-acting factors> (Upf1p to Upf3p) are
required for NMD.
12196601 Such memories could be used to control vocal output <by acting> as fixed models
of song to which ongoing vocalizations are matched.
10366694 Progesterone can exert cellular effects <by acting on> membrane receptors or byacting on intracellular receptors.
10711678 Unwounded endothelium <acted as> a negative control.
10811736 ATP and tamoxifen <acted synergistically> to shrink PE cells.

Englishaction*actionactions
Note action of が多い。
1 the action

作用
作用
作用

Japanese

Frq.
8,714
6,675
2,039

作用

1,542

2 action of

〜の作用

3,431

3 action of the

〜の作用

295

4 action of these5 action of insulin

これらの〜の作用
インシュリンの作用84
40

6 the action of

〜の作用

947

7 by the action of〜の作用によって〜

109

8 through the action of〜の作用によって〜88

9 to the action of〜の作用へ〜（に）59

10 for the action of〜の作用にとって〜

51

11 to the action of〜の作用へ〜

59

12 for the action of
13 action in〜の作用にとって〜〜における作用51397

14 action on〜における作用382

15 action at〜における作用100

16 action for〜に対する作用94

17 of action

作用の〜

18 of action of〜の作用の〜

1,521
496

Collocations for action
PubM̲ID

1/3

Sample11279220 Thus, <the action> of Rho on a transcript does not depend on the availability of afree 5' terminus.
10050009 These effects strongly suggest a presynaptic, excitatory <action of> adenosine on
type I cells of the carotid body.
10733496 Thus, VEGF is a synergistic enhancer for the BMP-4-dependent differentiation
processes, and it seems to be achieved by the ordered <action of the> 2 factors.
11334436 A major <action of insulin> is to regulate the transcription rate of specific genes.
11389831 Embryos have evolved various strategies to confine <the action of> secreted
signals.
11831906 Compound 5e was converted to beta-glucuronic acid conjugate 6e <by the actionof> pig liver esterase (PLE).
10373350 Levels of free iron are strictly limited in human serum, largely <through the actionof> the iron-binding protein transferrin.
12514211 Neurotransmitter-induced mobilization of Ca(2+) is generally ascribed <to theaction of> inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3)) in neurons.
12473657 Results of DNA cleavage and ligation assays support a two-drug model <for theaction of> etoposide against human topoisomerase IIalpha.
10473613 The sensitivity <to the action of> clostridial toxin indicates the docking-fusion
complex is a part of the exocytotic mechanism of the proton pump.
10642598 Type 2 diabetes is characterized by abnormalities of insulin <action in> muscle,
adipose tissue, and liver and by altered beta-cell function.
11085520 However, the mechanism of bisphosphonate <action on> bone is not fully
understood.
11931739 Finally, epistasis analysis indicates that Dliprin-alpha is required for Dlar's <actionat> the synapse.
11069257 Inhibition of 1,6-beta-d-glucan synthesis may be an additional mechanism of<action for> pneumocandins.
10903761 Because it is unclear how CQ mediates these immunomodulatory effects, we set out
to elucidate its mechanism <of action>.
12055272 In this study we have examined the effect and mechanism <of action of> curcuminon the pathogenesis of CNS demyelination in EAE.

English
19 of action forJapanese〜に対する作用の〜

Frq.

20 of action in〜における作用の〜

45

21 mechanism of action

作用の機構

605

72

22 mechanism of action of 〜の作用の機構

270

23 mechanism of action is 作用の機構は、〜である
24 mechanism of action for 〜に対する作用の機構
25 the mechanism of
作用の機構
action26 its mechanism of action それの作用の機構

68
28
261
68

27 their mechanism ofaction28 mechanisms of action

それらの作用の機構

36

作用の機構

149

29 mode of action

作用の様式

176

30 mode of action of〜の作用の様式69

31 the mode of action

作用の様式

56

32 site of action

作用の部位

131

33 sites of action

作用の部位

56

34 duration of action

作用の持続時間55

35 action by〜による作用70

36 action by -ing

〜することによる作用26

37 action as〜としての作用44

2/3
Collocations for action
PubM̲ID
Sample10973319 These findings suggest a mechanism <of action for> metformin and identify novel
therapeutic targets in insulin-resistant states.
11157977 The molecular composition of the intact complex and its site <of action in> the cellare still not well understood.
11023483 Thus, the antimicrobial <mechanism of action> affects macrophage inflammatory
mediator production after stimulation with pneumococci.
12524421 To elucidate the <mechanism of action of> SB-247464, a series of cell-based andbiochemical assays were performed.
11125002 Although nitrous oxide (N(2)O) has been used to facilitate surgery for >150 years,
its molecular <mechanism of action is> not yet defined.
11788714 These results provide a possible <mechanism of action for> the BMP signaling
pathway on the regulation of Dlx3.
11585752 However, little is known about <the mechanism of action> of these drugs inprostate cancer.
12642584 For rational design of effective Pgp1 inhibitors, a clear understanding of <itsmechanism of action> and functional regulation is essential.
11425316 These results provide critical insight needed to design more potent inhibitors of
Abeta toxicity and to elucidate <their mechanism of action>.
11790216 Their <mechanisms of action> are different, however, and as a result they appear
to have distinct metabolic effects.
10588632 They also suggest a potential additional antiinflammatory <mode of action> of thesecompounds through reduction of cell survival.
9799511 Both calcium and membrane binding affect the structure and the <mode of actionof> L-1.
10744626 In this study we have assessed <the mode of action> of uric acid (UA), a purine
metabolite and ONOO(-) scavenger, in the treatment of EAE.
12411529 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists reduce symptoms of IBS clinically, but their <site ofaction> is unclear and the potential for other therapeutic targets is unexplored.

9869608 These studies indicate that the mechanisms and <sites of action> of OFQ are
region specific.
12574628 In cell and animal assays for erythropoiesis, SEP displayed potent biological activity
and had significantly prolonged <duration of action> in vivo.
11553760 The <action by> Cel12A mimics some of the changes in wall rheology found after
auxin-induced growth.
10642801 We have investigated the mechanism of lin-4 RNA <action by examining> the fateof lin-14 mRNA in vivo during the time that lin-4 RNA is expressed.
9553089 This altered conformation may account for VDR's <action as> a repressing rather
than activating factor at this locus.

English38 its action

Japanese
その作用

Frq.
153

39 inhibitory action

抑制性の作用151

40 direct action

直接作用

80

41 biological action

生物学的作用56

42 protective action

保護作用

34

43 combined action

組み合わせの作用65

44 concerted action

協調作用

43

45 insulin action
46 insulin action in

208
32

47 actions of
48 the actions of

インシュリン作用〜におけるインシュリン
作用
〜の作用
〜の作用

49 of the actions of〜の作用の〜

34

50 actions on〜における作用154

51 actions in〜における作用107

52 action potential

活動電位

708

53 action potential
duration
54 the action potential
55 of action potential
56 action potentials

活動電位持続時間93

活動電位
活動電位の〜
活動電位

126
71
579

57 action potentials in〜における活動電位

66

58 of action potentials

活動電位の〜

140

1,085
400

3/3
Collocations for action
PubM̲ID
Sample11196645 ADP mediates platelet aggregation through <its action> on two G-protein-coupled
receptor subtypes.
11390449 The <inhibitory action> was dose dependent and was evident at concentrations
higher than those necessary to inhibit PG synthesis.
9763462 These kinetics are similar to GABAB-activated current and consistent with a<direct action> of G-protein on the channels.
12138204 Furthermore, the <biological action> of R-Ras3 in PC12 cells was dependent on the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).
9819372 This <protective action> is mediated by induction of hsp72, the major inducible
heat shock protein in intestinal epithelial cells.
9765474 The <combined action> of IkappaBM and Bcl-2 allowed for vector persistence inlivers of C57BL/6 x C3H mice.
11257223 The Drosophila compound eye is specified by the <concerted action> of sevennuclear factors that include Eyeless/Pax6.

12006586 Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are important signaling molecules thatmediate <insulin action in> insulin-sensitive cells.
10084994 As enteric pathogens, Salmonella spp. are resistant to the <actions of> bile.
11102505 To this end, we used the tachykinin receptor antagonist Spantide I to eliminate <theactions of> CabTRP Ia.
9651211 VIP6-28 was an effective antagonist <of the actions of> exogenous VIP on cAMPand VIP-PHI mRNA in neuron-enriched cultures.
12042305 The mechanism of this effect has been attributed to its allosteric modulatory<actions on> glutamate- and gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated ion channels.
10448190 Two distinct CRF receptor subtypes, CRFR1 and CRFR2, are thought to mediate
CRF <actions in> the CNS.
11566782 This simulation study investigated the effects of dynamic gap junctions on both theshape and conduction velocity of a propagating <action potential>.
12676813 Peak Ca(2+) current (ICa) was slightly increased, and <action potential duration>
was prolonged in TG versus WT.
11259781 PACAP did not affect the duration of <the action potential>.
9787016 Bath application of DA (0.05-30 microM) produced a reversible decrease in thenumber of <action potentials> evoked by a given current step.
9570783 In support of this hypothesis, we found that activation of either PKA or PKC
significantly increased the amplitude of back-propagating <action potentials in>distal dendrites.
10225974 The excitatory action consisted of depolarization of the membrane potential,
decreased membrane conductance, and increased discharge <of action potentials>.

EnglishJapanese
活性化する
活性化される
活性化する
活性化すること活性化する

Frq.
30,686
18,892
5,011
3,611
3,172

〜によって活性化される

2,617

2 activated by the〜によって活性化される

286

3 activated by a〜によって活性化される

113

4 activated byphosphorylation
5 is activated by

リン酸化によって活性化される〜は、〜によって活性化される

32

6 are activated by〜は、〜によって活性化される〜は、〜によって活性化されるうる〜によって活性化される〜

activate*
activated
activate
activating
activates
Note activated by が多い。
1 activated by

7 can be activated by
8 to be activated by
9 was activated by
10 were activated by〜は、〜によって活性化された〜は、〜によって活性化さ
れた

572
310
131
68
128
100

11 not activated by〜によって活性化されない

78

12 pathways activated by〜によって活性化される経路

51

13 when activated by〜によって活性化された時

44

14 activated in〜において活性化される

809

Collocations for activate
PubM̲ID

1/7

Sample11910351 The results show that EGFR is <activated by> bile acids and functions to
induce COX-2 expression by an MAPK cascade.
11260478 The transcription of class III/IV flagellar genes is <activated by the> response
regulator factor, FlbD.
11086289 The region of climbing fibers <activated by a> localized peripheral stimulus is12019172 p53 tumor suppressor is <activated by phosphorylation> and acetylation on
DNA damage.
10788505 Human growth hormone gene (hGH-N) expression <is activated by> an LCR
marked by a series of DNase I-hypersensitive sites (HSI-III and HSV) in
pituitary chromatin.
12082106 The p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades <are activatedby> Ras via Raf-independent effector function.
11008984 Apoptosis is a cellular suicide program that <can be activated by> cell injury or
stress.
10393876 Protein kinase C is known <to be activated by> a variety of inflammatory
mediators, including bradykinin, whereas extracellular acidification ischaracteristically produced by anoxia and inflammation.
11741977 Consequently, AP-1 luciferase reporter gene <was activated by> acidic pH.
9606186 In contrast, Ca2+ influx was maximal when m3 mAChRs <were activated by>moderate doses (1-10 microM) of carbachol, but substantially reduced at higher
agonist concentrations.
10801851 These data suggest that Lck is <not activated by> ultraviolet light irradiation,
nor is it required for JNK activation in T cells by any of the stress stimuli wetested.
11895790 We investigated the molecular <pathways activated by> VEGF on such
leukemias, by performing a gene expression analysis of VEGF-treated anduntreated HL-60 leukemic cells.
9973388 <When activated by> Ag, B10.D2 T cells express functional IL-12 receptors
and maintain IL-12 responsiveness.
10811605 In Chlamydomonas, Crd1 expression is <activated in> copper- or oxygendeficient cells, and Crd1 function is required for adaptation to these conditions.

English
15 activated in response to

Japanese〜に応答して活性化される

16 activated in the〜において活性化される

17 activated in vitro

試験管内で活性化される

18 is activated in〜は、〜において活性化される
19 are activated in〜は、〜において活性化される
20 was activated in〜は、〜において活性化された
21 constitutively activated in 〜において構成的に活性化される
22 activated during〜の間に活性化される

23 is activated during
24 activated with

〜は、〜の間に活性化される〜によって活性化される

25 activated at〜において活性化される

26 activated to〜するように活性化される

27 activated after〜の後に活性化される

28 activated upon
29 not activated〜するやいなや活性化される
活性化されない

30 constitutively activated

構成的に活性化される

2/7
Collocations for activate
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample13611847223 Thus, the phosphorylation of serine 59 is the result of two distinct signaling
pathways, differentially <activated in response to> the physiological state of
the T cell.
114
11585811 To test this hypothesis, FGFR1 signaling was <activated in the> growth plate incells that normally express FGFR3.
479670966 CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients were <activated in vitro> by coincubation
with infected dendritic cells and tested for recognition of HLA-A-matchedmelanoma targets.
194
12110596 These results suggest a molecular mechanism by which CPE- containing mRNA
<is activated in> early development.
84
12374812 Here we show that major UPR components <are activated in> B cells
stimulated to secrete antibody.
6111157752 Surprisingly, PAK1 <was activated in> the absence of the transmembrane
adaptor LAT while Rac1 was not.
41
11803465 Stat3 is <constitutively activated in> many primary tumors and tumor celllines, suggesting that signaling by this molecule may be important for celltransformation.
188
10798649 These data indicate that EGFR was <activated during> corneal epithelial woundhealing in vivo.
4410611160 Transcription of the lactase gene <is activated during> enterocyte
differentiation.
123
10570280 These results suggest that LP T cells are differentiated effector cells that
respond at high levels when <activated with> relatively low levels of Ag- andB7-mediated costimulation in vivo.
1179585407 Mitosis in human cells is initiated by the protein kinase Cdc2-cyclin B1, whichis <activated at> the end of G2 by dephosphorylation of two inhibitory residues,
Thr14 and Tyr15.
1109770487 Cell cycle progression is monitored by highly coordinated checkpoint
machinery, which is <activated to> induce cell cycle arrest until defects likeDNA damage are corrected.
6412384514 Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is rapidly <activated after> ionizing
radiation, but its specific role in cellular responses to DNA damage is notknown.
51
11751924 Furthermore, c-Src was constitutively associated with PZR and was <activatedupon> treatment of cells with ConA.
155
11704825 However, Western blot analysis revealed that caspases-1, -3, -6, -8, and -9
are <not activated> during beta(2)m-induced apoptosis in these cells.
276
10671555 The known ability of <constitutively activated> PI 3-K to induce anchorageindependent cell proliferation suggests a mechanism by which the mutant E5proteins transform cells.

EnglishJapanese
31 a constitutively activated 構成的に活性化された〜
32 of constitutively activated 構成的に活性化された〜の〜

3/7
Collocations for activate
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample589671493 Moreover, reduction of DAB function attenuates signaling by <a constitutively
activated> SEV.
39
10601018 In addition, expression <of constitutively activated> MEK1 or its downstream
target Erk2 MAP kinase was sufficient to stimulate TGF-alpha shedding.

33 rapidly activated
34 strongly activated

急速に活性化される
強く活性化される

78
70

35 directly activated

直接活性化される

60

36 specifically activated

特別に活性化される

52

37 fully activated

完全に活性化される

48

38 selectively activated

選択的に活性化される

45

39 transcriptionally activated 転写レベルで活性化される

45

40 activated transcription

活性化された転写229

41 activated transcription
factor42 activated form of

活性化された転写因子40〜の活性化型

142

43 an activated form of〜の活性化型56

44 the activated form of〜の活性化型

46

45 activated macrophages

150

46 activated platelets

活性化されたマクロファー
ジ
活性化された血小板121

47 activated state

活性化状態

78

48 activated neutrophils

活性化された白血球

59

49 activated microglia

活性化された小膠細胞

5810433995 Phosphoinositide 3-kinase was also <rapidly activated> by NGF.
9482803 Area MT/V5 was also <strongly activated> by moving eyes and to a lesser
extent by other moving stimuli.
9642257 The cardiac G protein-gated K+ channel, IKACh, is <directly activated> by Gprotein beta gamma subunits (Gbeta gamma).
10931297 The secretion of these enzymes is <specifically activated> in the presence ofeukaryotic proteins such as alpha2-macroglobulin.
12485993 However, CyaA is <fully activated> by CaM without the domain corresponding
to the helical domain of EF.
11935030 Immunoglobulin (Ig) loci are <selectively activated> for transcription andrearrangement during B lymphocyte development.
10490826 Two new genes, EB-1 and EB-2, as well as Caldesmon were <transcriptionallyactivated> in each of seven t(1;19) cell lines.
10736222 The same mutants are defective in <activated transcription> and in forming an
isomerised sigma-DNA complex on the early opened DNA.
9880553 This region also contains a binding site for the stress-<activated transcription
factor> HSF-1.
12070052 The <activated form of> prothrombin plays pivotal roles in the regulation of
crucial coagulation, fibrinolytic, and cellular processes.
12399305 Conversely, increasing the number of polar cells by expressing <an activatedform of> the Notch receptor increases the number of border cells.
9851689 Monoclonal antibodies specific for <the activated form of> human MMP-9 wereraised by using a peptide corresponding to the N-terminus of the activatedenzyme as immunogen.
11500460 The generation of nitric oxide (NO) by <activated macrophages> is believed tocontrol mycobacterial infection in the murine system.
9817767 P-selectin is an adhesion receptor for leukocytes expressed on <activatedplatelets> and endothelial cells.
9649378 To further investigate transitions after the initial <activated state>, we
examined the temperature dependence of inactivation.
11714830 <Activated neutrophils> contribute to the development and severity of acutelung injury (ALI).
10882783 Infiltrating leukocytes and <activated microglia> may release cytotoxic
mediators contributing to secondary brain injury.

English
50 activated lymphocytes

Japanese
活性化されたリンパ球

51 the activated
52 an activated

活性化された〜
活性化された〜

53 ligand-activated

リガンドで活性化された〜

54 ligand-activatedtranscription
55 hyperpolarizationactivated
56 light-activated

リガンドで活性化された転写
過分極で活性化された〜

57 pathways activated by

光で活性化された〜

58 of activated〜によって活性化される経路活性化された〜の〜

59 factor of activated

活性化された〜の因子

60 expression of activated

活性化された〜の発現

61 presence of activated

活性化された〜の存在

62 levels of activated

活性化された〜のレベル

63 of the activated

活性化された〜の〜

64 to the activated

活性化された〜へ〜

65 by activated

活性化された〜によって66 in activated

活性化された〜において〜活性化された〜で〜

67 with activated

4/7
Collocations for activate
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample519834228 These results provide direct evidence that a population of <activatedlymphocytes> with the memory phenotype lacking the costimulatory molecule
CD28 are especially prone to undergo apoptosis.
491
9553046 Expression of CF2 itself is negatively regulated by <the activated> Egfr.
32011454764 Hh signaling blocks proteolysis and produces <an activated> Ci-155
transcriptional activator.
97
11714715 Finally, PGC-1 and TIF2 synergistically enhance <ligand-activated> RXRalphatranscriptional activity.
37
9558089 TCDD is believed to exert its effects primarily through the <ligand-activatedtranscription> factor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).
83
10448214 This spatial normalization of temporal integration requires a dendritic<hyperpolarization-activated> current (lh).
6910542152 Phototropism of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in response to a blue lightsource is initiated by nonphototropic hypocotyl 1 (NPH1), a <light-activated>
serine-threonine protein kinase.
5011160325 These data demonstrate that signaling <pathways activated by> IL-4 requiredifferent tyrosine kinases.
1,051
12023371 A similar degree of lymphoid hyperplasia and percentage <of activated> B cells
were observed in rotavirus-infected TCR knockout mice.
133
12239209 Nuclear <factor of activated> T-cells (NFAT) and calcineurin are essential
regulators of immune cell and mesenchymal cell differentiation.
77
11703924 <Expression of activated> Rac induces phosphorylation and decreased
association of merlin with the cytoskeleton.
4210415410 In animals with retinal degeneration, the <presence of activated> microglial
cells in the outer retina during the early stages of injury suggests that they may
be involved in the ensuing photoreceptor cell death.
4210225979 Furthermore, epithelial <levels of activated> Stat1 correlated with levels of
expression for epithelial ICAM-1, IRF-1, and Stat1, and in turn, ICAM-1 levels
correlated with T-cell accumulation in tissue.
91
11313478 In addition, use <of the activated> mutant revealed a number of otherimportant functions of this kinase that were not revealed by studying the wildtype kinase.
45
10413468 Factor IXa binding <to the activated> platelet surface is required for efficient
catalysis of factor X activation.
324
10438909 NKLAM is also selectively expressed <by activated> macrophages and CTL.

266
150

11181801 The increase in DNA synthesis was first detected 12 h after the initial increase<in activated> c-MET levels.
9927031 Nonneoplastic prostate tissue showed little or no staining <with activated>
MAP kinase antiserum.

5/7
Collocations for activate
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample14911016919 Furthermore, Smurf2 exhibited higher binding affinity <to activated> Smad2
upon TGF-beta stimulation.
143
10770806 In a manner similar to leukocytes, platelets interact with selectins expressed<on activated> endothelium.
9411239466 The alpha-helical orientation of L53 is required not for JAK2 activation but <foractivated> JAK2 to induce phosphorylation of the erythropoietin receptor.

English68 to activatedJapanese
活性化された〜へ〜

69 on activated
70 for activated

活性化された〜において〜活性化された〜にとって〜

71 from activated

活性化された〜から〜

82

72 phosphorylated andactivated
73 when activated

リン酸化されそして活性化
される
活性化された時〜

48
94

74 activated when〜の時、活性化される

58

75 activated following〜に引き続いて、活性化される

51

76 activate the〜を活性化する

932

77 activates the〜を活性化する
78 activates the transcription 転写を活性化する

656
46

79 activate transcription

転写を活性化する

404

80 activate transcription of〜の転写を活性化する

75

81 activate transcription in〜における転写を活性化する〜からの転写を活性化する

57

219

84 activates the expression

転写を活性化するために〜発現を活性化する

85 activate expression of〜の発現を活性化する

49

86 activate gene遺伝子〜を活性化する55

82 activate transcription
from83 to activate transcription

54

38

11801678 In this study, we report that 15-d-PGJ(2) induced a significant increase in both
IL-8 mRNA and protein <from activated> human T lymphocytes.
11313465 Fission yeast Cds1 is <phosphorylated and activated> when DNA replication isinterrupted by nucleotide starvation or DNA damage.
11934894 But even <when activated>, beta1 integrins did not contribute to melanoma cellarrest during flow.
12486233 In the one-hybrid system, the reporter gene is <activated when> a Z-DNAspecific binding domain is fused with an activation domain and expressed invivo.
12626568 NF-kappaB is <activated following> B cell Ag receptor engagement and isassociated with antiapoptosis; thus, it would seem a likely candidate to mediatetranscriptional activation for inducible Fas resistance.
10460151 Alternatively or in addition, M(C) may act in concert with an additional metal
ion to coordinate and <activate the> 3'-OH of G.
9774677 Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF-1) <activates the transcription> ofheat shock genes in eukaryotes.
12048256 RU486 exhibits a differential ability to <activate transcription> within these twocell types.
12535071 Our studies show that HilD and HilC <activate transcription of> invF from a
promoter that is far upstream of its HilA-dependent promoter.
11937630 This octamer element can be bound by either Oct-1 or Oct-2 but requires theexpression of Oct-2 to <activate transcription in> B cells.
11803461 Tumor-derived p53 mutants <activate transcription from> promoters of various
growth-related genes.
11158580 Following receptor-induced activation, Smads move into the nucleus <toactivate transcription> of a select set of target genes.
10500199 Here, we show that the E2A-Pbx1 fusion protein <activates the expression> of
a novel WNT gene, WNT-16.
10871347 Repeats of this region are sufficient to <activate expression of> a heterologous
promoter in CD43-positive cell lines.
11301320 Promoter-bound steroid receptors <activate gene> expression by recruiting
members of the p160 family of coactivators.

EnglishJapanese87 activate gene expression 遺伝子発現を活性化する

6/7
Collocations for activate
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample3511238865 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) ICP0 can effectively <activate gene expression>from otherwise silent promoters contained on persisting viral genomes.

88 activates a

活性化する

190

89 can activate〜を活性化できる410

90 bind and activate

結合しそして活性化する38

91 not activate

活性化しない254

92 did not activate

活性化しなかった123

93 does not activate

活性化しない86

94 that activate〜を活性化する〜

251

95 that activates〜を活性化する〜

219

96 , which activates139

98 directly activate

そしてそれは、〜を活性化
する〜を活性化するかもしれな
い
直接に活性化する

99 to activate
100 ability to activate

活性化する〜活性化する能力

2,099
205

101 able to activate

活性化できる104

102 sufficient to activate

活性化するのに十分な

104

103 failed to activate

活性化できなかった

94

97 may activate

90
5211934902 Tyrosine-phosphorylated nuclear TFII-I <activates a> stably integrated c-fos
reporter gene.
9657685 None of these mutants <can activate> the carbonyl of oxaloacetate bypolarization.
10849431 Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has been shown to <bind and activate>transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1).
9490825 Inosine, the metabolite of Ado, did <not activate> any of eleven C fibres tested
in six rats.
11073967 Unlike Bcr-Abl, expression of DeltaTrkA <did not activate> Stat5 in thesecells.
12097408 Unlike ICAM-1, ICAM-2 <does not activate> RhoA or alter actin cytoskeletalorganization.
10692474 Genome damaging events, such as gamma-irradiation exposure, result in the
induction of pathways <that activate> DNA repair mechanisms, halt cell cycle
progression, and/or trigger apoptosis.
10444598 Thus, the RecA nucleoprotein filament is a protein scaffold <that activates>
dsDNA for strand exchange with ssDNA either within the filament or external toit.
11489441 Such evidence suggests that LH neurons <may activate> A7 neurons to
produce antinociception.
11118002 Insulin secretion increased from 3 days of steroid exposure in vitro, suggestingthat DHEAS did not <directly activate> the secretory processes.
9578554 Thus, the GalR1 receptor appears <to activate> only the Gi pathway.
11970953 In contrast, platelets from mice that lack G(alpha)(q) show no decrease in the<ability to activate> Rap1 in response to epinephrine but show a partial
reduction in ADP-stimulated Rap1 activation.
10531384 Furthermore, all calmodulin isoforms were <able to activate> bovine
calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase.
11114887 The C-terminal domain of FtsK is <sufficient to activate> the exchange of thesecond pair of strands by XerD, allowing both intra- and intermolecular
recombination reactions to go to completion.
10455158 ANF treatment caused MEK phosphorylation and activation but <failed toactivate> any of the Raf isoforms.

English104 shown to activate

Japanese活性化すると示される

105 known to activate

活性化すると知られる

106 required to activate
107 unable to activate

活性化することを要求される活性化できない108 phosphorylates andactivates
109 binds and activates
110 activating the

リン酸化し、そして活性化する
結合し、そして活性化する（〜を）活性化すること

111 activating mutations

7/7
Collocations for activate
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample8810555144 Here, the toxin is <shown to activate> the plasma membrane potassiumchannel of S. cerevisiae, TOK1.
71
12615923 Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a bacterial toxin <known to activate>
Rho GTPases and induce host cell cytoskeleton rearrangements.
6810545251 A rise in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) is <required toactivate> sperm of all organisms studied.
61
12183457 Therefore the 2,7-DAM monoadducts were <unable to activate> the p53
pathway.
36
10571182 Moreover, recombinant ZAK1 <phosphorylates and activates> GSK3 in vitro.

28
291

10591649 In vitro PA28 <binds and activates> proteasomes.
12034707 The neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) supports neuronal survival by<activating the> transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB).

活性化する変異8911074003 <Activating mutations> in the Hedgehog pathway are also implicated in basal
cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, a tumor of the cerebellum in humans.

112 activating mutations in〜における活性化変異39

113 by activating〜を活性化することによって〜〜を活性化することの〜

440

10702394 GISTs express the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase, and many cases have<activating mutations in> the KIT juxtamembrane region.
10436165 Thus, growth factors appear to prevent VSMC death <by activating> signaltransduction pathways linked to apoptotic regulatory genes.
10899156 Despite sequence variation, all AP-2 isotypes are capable <of activating>transcription, which indicates a functional conservation.
11123695 This level of ppGpp had no effect on growth rate, implying a causal role for
ppGpp <in activating> actII-ORF4 transcription.
11059774 In addition, sodium butyrate (given as a single i.p. dose) is effective <foractivating> lytic viral infection in some EBV tumor types in SCID mice.
9811836 We find that, although certain cysteine substitutions diminish interaction with
Gal80, those substitutions have little effect on <the activating> function in vivo
and interaction with TATA box-binding protein (TBP) in vitro.

114 of activating
115 in activating

203

117 the activating〜を活性化することにおいて〜〜を活性化することにとって〜
活性化する〜

170

118 an activating

活性化する〜

109

116 for activating

177
81

10925300 These observations indicate that E-selectin can transduce <an activating>stimulus via the MAPK cascade into the endothelial cell during leukocyte
adhesion.

EnglishJapanese

activation*
活性化
activations
活性化
Note activation of の用例が多いが、後続の前置詞は多様である。
1 the activation
活性化
2 an activation
活性化
3 activation of〜の活性化

Collocations for activation
Frq.
PubM̲ID
42,92099
4,560
180
17,8714 the activation of〜の活性化

5 activation of NF-kappaB

NF-kappaBの活性化

468

6 the activation of NF-kappaB

NF-kappaBの活性化

120

7 activation of caspase

カスパーゼの活性化

333

8 activation of protein kinase

プロテインキナーゼの活性化

209

9 activation of PKC

プロテインキナーゼＣの活性化
Ｔ細胞の活性化
転写の活性化155

10 activation of T cells
11 activation of transcription
12 activation of ERK

3,421

116
148

13 activation of MAPK

細胞外シグナル制御キナーゼの活性化
MAPキナーゼの活性化

139

14 activation of @2 by〜による〜の活性化

1,135

15 activation of @1 in〜における〜の活性化

355

105

1/11

Sample11278468 <Activation of> vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2(VEGFR-2) plays a critical role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
11313966 <The activation of> JNK by PDTC, in the presence or absence ofexogenous H(2)O(2), was dependent on its chelating ability tometal ions, most likely copper ions.
10463612 In this study, the <activation of NF-kappaB> was examined as amechanism through which Trx overexpression might promoteanchorage-independent growth.
11606413 In this study, we report that indomethacin inhibited IR-induced<activation of NF-kappaB> and sensitized HeLa cells to IRinduced cytotoxicity at similar concentrations.
10514424 Therefore, these results indicate that beta-TrCP plays a criticalrole in <the activation of NF-kappaB> by assembling the ubiquitin
ligase complex for both phosphorylated IkappaBalpha andIkappaBbeta.
10707086 Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria triggers <activation of
caspase> proteases and death of a cell by apoptosis.
10514440 Direct <activation of protein kinase> C also rapidly increased
RGS2 mRNA levels.
11160311 <Activation of T cells> usually requires two signals.
16061184 This modification is dynamic, as it increases during <activation oftranscription> and is rapidly removed upon gene repression.
15899894 AngII also stimulated the <activation of ERK> and protein kinase
C, contributing to cardiac hypertrophy.
15930390 <Activation of MAPK> was particularly evident in the nucleus anddendrites of granule cells.
10419452 Expression of chick Rap1GAP in PC-12 cells inhibited <activationof Rap1 by> forskolin.
11085506 Together, these data are consistent with the model that ATM
directly phosphorylates Chk2 in vivo and that this event
contributes to the <activation of Chk2 in> irradiated cells.

English
16 activation of @1 in @2 cells

2/11
Collocations for activation
Japanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample〜細胞における〜の活性化
6210497240 Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-induced <activation of JunB in
M1 cells> was also mediated via the -65/-52 IL-6RE.

17 activation by〜による活性化

2,078

18 activation in〜における活性化

1,785

19 activation with〜による活性化233

20 activation at〜における活性化167

21 activation to〜にいたる〜の活性化／〜す
る活性化

153

22 activation during〜の間の活性化

145

23 activation through〜を経た活性化134

24 activation on〜における活性化132

25 activation via〜を経た活性化98

26 activation for〜のための活性化

80

27 of activation
28 of the activation

活性化の〜
活性化の〜

831
244

29 of activation of〜の活性化の〜

223

30 of the activation of〜の活性化の〜

7710428028 LIM kinase activity is not essential for SRF <activation by> serum,
but signals depend on alterations in actin dynamics.
12067995 Studies of Wnt <activation in> gastric cancer have yielded
conflicting results.
10497186 Platelets undergo shape change upon <activation with> agonists.
10470075 These results indicate a role for Nef in lymphocyte recruitment and<activation at> sites of virus replication.
11923440 High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging was used todefine brain <activation to> painful heat stimulation applied to thehand of nine normal subjects within the periaqueductal gray region.
10666409 MAPKAPK2 <activation during> ischemia in hearts pretreated withanisomycin was blocked by genistein.
11110698 Lyn plays an additional role in inhibiting platelet <activation
through> an uncharacterized inhibitory pathway.
9547251 With TMS, the threshold for muscle <activation on> the amputatedside was lower than that of the intact side, but with transcranialelectrical stimulation there was no difference in motor threshold
between the two sides.
10224276 These data reveal a novel mechanism by which antigen-presenting
cells can regulate T cell <activation via> tryptophan catabolism.
11971707 The open coordination position allows rapid O(2) <activation for>the oxidation of both substrates.
9882738 Most mutations greatly accelerated the rate <of activation>.
11961130 These results are discussed in terms of their support for a possible
role <of the activation> of the JNK/Jun pathway in thepathophysiological effects of METH.
9630713 Effects <of activation of> protein kinase C (PKC) on N-methyl-Daspartate) NMDA receptor function were analyzed by quantitative
autoradiography using [3H]MK-801 in rat brain slices.
11106579 Thus, prevention <of the activation of> calpain I reduces thedevelopment of acute and chronic inflammation.

3/11
Collocations for activation
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample7011027329 The present study provides new insight into the <mechanism ofactivation> by showing that each of the CREB domains contributes
to transcription initiation by stimulating sequential steps in thetranscription reaction.
51

English31 mechanism of activation

Japanese
活性化のメカニズム

32 voltage dependence ofactivation
33 for activation

活性化の電圧依存性活性化にとって〜

710

34 for the activation

活性化にとって〜270

35 for activation of〜の活性化にとって〜

472

36 for the activation of
37 required for activation〜の活性化にとって〜#活性化に必要な（である）以
下同様

235
175

38 required for activation of〜の活性化に必要な

132

39 required for the activation of
40 for activation by〜の活性化に必要な〜による活性化にとって〜

65
56

41 to activation

活性化に対する〜

530

42 to the activation

活性化に対する〜

307

43 to activation of〜の活性化に対する〜

384

44 to the activation of
45 leads to activation of〜の活性化に対する〜〜の活性化に至る

274
95

46 due to activation of〜の活性化ゆえに

42

11466291 P(invF-1) contains a HilA binding site, termed a HilA box, that isnecessary and sufficient <for activation> by HilA.
11724824 This suggests that FGF and FR recognition of specific HS sulfation
patterns is critical <for the activation> of FGF signaling, and thatsynthesis of these patterns is regulated during embryonicdevelopment.
11283225 Our findings demonstrate that the cytoskeleton does not seem toregulate calcium influx and that functional InsP3 receptors are notrequired <for activation of> I(CRAC).
10438457 T cell receptor (TCR) cross-linking is in part <required for
activation> of NF-kappaB, which is dependent on thephosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha.
9730885 Transphosphorylation by Src family kinases is <required for theactivation of> Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk).
9874773 A different but overlapping Mediator subunit dependence was found<for activation by> Gcn4.
11118492 The cardiac isoform of NCX1 is more sensitive <to activation> byprotein kinase A (PKA) than the renal isoform which may be
explained by preferential phosphorylation.
9573248 IL-12 also modestly contributes <to the activation> of cytotoxic T
lymphocytes.
9525930 We propose that PKA is an important contributor <to theactivation> of ERK1 by NGF and is required for maximal inductionof gene expression by NGF.
9576960 We show that NMDA receptor stimulation <leads to activation of>p21(ras) (Ras) through generation of nitric oxide (NO) via neuronal
NO synthase.
10713700 The results demonstrate that the HGF-induced transcription of thec-met gene by HGF is, at least in part, <due to activation of> theAP-1 pathway.

4/11
Collocations for activation
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample5010085291 Furthermore, the membrane-associated caspase-3 differed from
cytosolic caspase-3 in its responsiveness <to activation by>exogenous cytochrome c.
45
11970967 Infection of primary murine T cells with a retrovirus encoding
SOCS-3 blocks their IL-2 production <in response to activation>.

English47 to activation by

Japanese〜による活性化に対する48 in response to activation

活性化に応じて49 by activation
50 by the activation
51 by activation of

活性化によって〜
活性化によって〜〜の活性化によって〜

449
153
412

52 by the activation of〜の活性化によって〜

136

53 mediated by activation of〜の活性化によって仲介された

57

54 in activation
55 in the activation

活性化における〜
活性化における〜

410
650

56 in activation of〜の活性化における〜

282

57 in the activation of
58 results in activation of〜の活性化における〜〜の活性化に帰結する

477
61

59 results in the activation of〜の活性化に帰結する

57

60 in the activation loop

活性化ループにおける〜

56

61 role in the activation

活性化における役割

64

12535784 COX-2 expression during acute ischemia is caused <by activationof> post-synaptic glutamate receptors, which occurs during
spreading depression and ischemic depolarization.
11859133 Macrophage activation is accompanied <by the activation of> avariety of proteases.
11239436 During this period, synaptic transmission was primarily <mediatedby activation of> NMDA receptors, suggesting that most synapses
were functionally silent.
11264351 Several mechanisms are involved <in the activation> of Cdk2.
9521747 Although the two half-molecule domains of CaM each have two
EF-hands and bind two calcium ions cooperatively, they havedistinct roles <in activation of> some targets.
10788500 This mitogenic effect is dependent upon activation of a proteintyrosine kinase cascade that <results in activation of> mitogenactivated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
11278572 Fas-mediated apoptosis <results in the activation of> caspases,
which subsequently cleave cellular substrates that are essential fornormal cell viability.
9566911 Many protein kinases are regulated by phosphorylation <in theactivation loop>, which is required for enzymatic activity.
10385619 These data suggest that changes in SR protein phosphorylation
have a <role in the activation> of pre-mRNA splicing during early
development.

5/11
Collocations for activation
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample54
11311165 We further show that separate elements are <involved in theactivation> and maintenance of expression in the various precursor
populations, reflecting the diversity of the signals that control
myogenesis.
24110514426 Cells respond to environmental stress <with activation> of c-Jun
N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38.
1319893997 Biological signal transduction starts <with the activation of> a
receptor protein.
181
106
68
11073888 Increased resistance to myocardial ischemia in chronically hypoxic
immature rabbit hearts is <associated with activation of> ATPsensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels.
218
9649628 <Upon activation> of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, hnRNP C
and nucleolin acquired APP mRNA binding activity, concurrent
with APP mRNA stabilization.
63
11056171 Increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4 is observed <uponactivation of> these genes, but this increase is not dependent ontranscription per se.
187
10940295 Receptor-associated protein had no effect on apoJ levels or <on
activation> by either dibutyryl cAMP or lipopolysaccharide.

English62 involved in the activation

Japanese
活性化に関わっている

63 with activation

活性化と（で）〜64 with the activation

活性化と（で）〜65 with activation of
66 with the activation of
67 associated with activation of〜の活性化と（で）〜〜の活性化と（で）〜〜の活性化に関係した

68 upon activation

活性化するやいなや

69 upon activation of〜の活性化するやいなや

70 on activation

活性化対する〜

71 on the activation

活性化に対する〜

143

72 on activation of〜の活性化に対する〜

85

73 on the activation of〜の活性化に対する〜

113

74 dependent on activation of〜の活性化に依存した

44

75 after activation

活性化の後に〜

176

76 via activation of〜の活性化を経て

151

11032023 In the present studies, we have examined the effect of Sp1 <on theactivation> of the human DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol), a
TATA-less promoter.
11055977 Activation of NF-kappaB is believed to be dependent <onactivation of> the Rho family of GTPases.
10618376 IFNgamma's functions depend <on the activation of> STAT1,
which stimulates transcription of IFNgamma-inducible genes
through the GAS element.
11094078 The apoptotic response is <dependent on activation of> caspase3.
10510367 To elucidate the basis of this effect, we surveyed cytokine RNA
made by naive B cells <after activation> with anti-Ig and antiCD40.
11994296 This finding raises the possibility that a number of the beneficial
effects of the thiazolidinediones could be mediated <via activationof> AMPK.

6/11
Collocations for activation
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample8512411317 Here we report that a dramatic down-regulation of CD43 mRNAlevels occurs <during activation> of the leukocytic cell line K562.

English77 during activation

Japanese
活性化の間に〜

78 from activation

活性化から〜

60

79 through activation

活性化を経て256

80 through the activation

活性化を経て122

81 through the activation of
82 that the activation of〜の活性化を経て〜の活性化が〜であること

113
173

83 that activation of〜の活性化が〜であること

763

84 suggest that activation of〜の活性化が〜であることを
示唆する

112

85 indicate that activation of〜の活性化が〜であることを示す

78

86 show that activation of〜の活性化が〜であることを示す

64

87 demonstrate that activation of 〜の活性化が〜であると実証する
88 requires activation
活性化を必要とする
89 involves activation
活性化に関与する

56
70
68

90 inhibited the activation of〜の活性化を抑制した

55

91 requires the activation of〜の活性化を必要とする

50

92 phosphorylation and activation 〜のリン酸化と活性化
of142

11044391 Unlike these mutants, however, the defects in Gurken accumulationand karyosome formation do not result <from activation> of ameiotic checkpoint.
12556381 These data suggest that both HGF and an EF augment the rate of
CEC migration <through activation> of p42/44 MAPK.
10456945 We demonstrate that the induction of apoptosis by L. pneumophila
in macrophages is mediated <through the activation of> caspase 3.
11431480 The results show <that the activation of> caspase-8, but not
caspase-9, is necessary for Fas-induced apoptosis.
10586054 Furthermore, we find <that activation of> the src-family tyrosine
kinase, p56lck is an upstream mediator of lineage commitment.
10661493 These data <suggest that activation of> M1 muscarinic receptors
during an ischemic event may contribute to the development ofsubsequent pathology.
9864180 These findings <indicate that activation of> the HIV-1 LTR in
Jurkat T cells can be induced by H2O2 released by neutrophils,
particularly when PKC is concomitantly activated.
11907212 In the work presented, we <show that activation of> the cellularkinase Akt alone can inhibit apoptosis in ts13 cells grown at thenonpermissive temperature.
10779358 The latter observations <demonstrate that activation of> ARF6
down regulates Rho signaling.
11517280 Here we describe a third, independent pathway that <involves
activation> of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and
2.
11447088 Gadolinium <inhibited the activation of> HSF and decreased
HSP72 mRNA level.
10786674 We now show that IL-6-induced AR-mediated gene activation<requires the activation of> STAT3 by IL-6 in LNCaP prostatecancer cells.
11739517 PGN also induced <phosphorylation and activation of> Elk-1, amember of the Ets family of transcription factors.

English

7/11
Collocations for activation
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample938
10191326 The relationship between specific gustatory nerve activity andcentral patterns of taste-evoked neuronal <activation is> poorly
understood.
840
12034739 Furthermore, TGF-beta-induced Smad2 <activation was>
unaffected by inhibition of hVPS34 activity with wortmannin or
inhibitory anti-hVPS34 antibodies.
109
10652090 Escape from these vacuoles is mediated in part by a bacterial
phospholipase C (PC-PLC), whose <activation requires> cleavageof an N-terminal peptide.
6710201991 In animals, T cells often die rapidly after activation, unless<activation occurs> in the presence of inflammatory factors.
544
9822634 Furthermore, a deletion mutant missing most of the <activation
domain> is unable to inhibit CTD phosphatase activity.

93 activation isJapanese
活性化は、〜である

94 activation was

活性化は、〜であった

95 activation requires

活性化は、〜を必要とする

96 activation occurs

活性化が起こる

97 activation domain

活性化ドメイン

98 activation domain of〜の活性化ドメイン

126

99 transcriptional activation
domain
100 the activation domain
101 activation loop
102 the activation loop

転写活性化ドメイン

127

活性化ドメイン活性化ループ活性化ループ

98257
149

103 activation energy

活性化エネルギー

131

104 activation function

活性化機能

131

105 activation markers

活性化マーカー101

106 activation state

活性化状態

98

107 activation mechanism

活性化メカニズム

87

108 activation pathway
109 activation motif

活性化経路
活性化モチーフ

73
72

11160742 We show that dispersion of PML bodies by Z requires a portion of
the transcriptional <activation domain of> Z but not the DNAbinding function.
10758484 All three OBP proteins contain <transcriptional activation
domains> in their C-terminal region.
9744865 Analysis of Kss1 mutants indicated that <the activation loop> of
Kss1 controls binding to Ste12.
10611284 The <activation energy> for the 5, 6-shift is 2.5 kcal/mol lower
than that for the 5,4-shift.
10986290 Here, we examine the contributions of ERalpha <activation
functions> to the D351Y phenotype.
11930312 Plasma levels of immune <activation markers> were elevatedduring the period of reduced plasma HIV RNA.
10358009 The <activation state> of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs) invivo is an important determinant of hemodynamic status, cardiac
performance, and metabolic rate.
9765268 This is the first evidence linking a structural domain of an integrin,in this case the I domain, with a particular <activation
mechanism>.

8/11
Collocations for activation
EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample110 activation that
〜である活性化
11610928995 Antibody-induced signal transduction by GPI-linked NS1 suggests
a mechanism of cellular <activation that> may contribute to thepathogenesis of human dengue disease.
111 activation, which
活性化、そしてそれが〜
114
10521445 These findings demonstrate for the first time that freshly fractured
silica induces AP-1 <activation, which> may be mediated throughp38 MAPK and ERK pathways.
112 activation-induced
活性化が誘導した〜
265
10693762 We propose that CaMKII controls a distinct process of<activation-induced> cellular differentiation.
113 transcriptional activation
転写活性化
1,677
12529394 To dissect the precise role of nuclear factor 1 (NF1) in chromatin
remodeling and <transcriptional activation>, we used linkerscanning mutants of transcription factor binding sites on the
MMTV promoter.
114 the transcriptional activation 転写活性化
173
115 transcriptional activation of〜の転写活性化
468
116 the transcriptional activation of 〜の転写活性化
9211782467 The tumor suppressor p53 recruits the cellular coactivator
CBP/p300 to mediate <the transcriptional activation of> target
genes.
117 transcriptional activation by〜による転写活性化
197
12393887 <Transcriptional activation by> TFII-I was severely reduced byoverexpression of HDAC3.
118 transcriptional activation in〜における転写活性化
8710679065 The results implicate a p38 MAPK pathway in BCR-mediated
CREB phosphorylation and junB <transcriptional activation in> B
cell lymphomas.
119 transcriptional activation
転写活性化ドメイン
12710758484 All three OBP proteins contain <transcriptional activation
domaindomains> in their C-terminal region.
120 -mediated transcriptional〜に仲介された転写活性化
10411463377 Suppression of Fas expression by Stat3 and c-Jun is uncoupledactivationfrom Stat3-<mediated transcriptional activation>.
121 -induced transcriptional〜に誘導された転写活性化
4812419798 The cell-permeable calmodulin antagonist CGS9343B prevented
activation
estrogen-<induced transcriptional activation> by ER, without
altering basal transcription.
122 -dependent transcriptional〜依存性の転写活性化
8911694501 Expression of wild type or substrate-trapping mutant PTP1B
activation
inhibited interferon-<dependent transcriptional activation>.

123 in transcriptional activation

転写活性化における

92

124 for transcriptional activation

転写活性化にとって91

11972789 The right promoter proximal arm also plays a role <intranscriptional activation> that is distinct from its role in AphB
binding.
9499399 Here, we demonstrate that the HAT activity of Gcn5p is critical<for transcriptional activation> of target genes in vivo.

English
125 of transcriptional activation
126 cell activation
127 T cell activation
128 T cell activation in
129 of T cell activation
130 in T cell activation
131 for T cell activation
132 B cell activation
133 endothelial cell activation
134 NF-kappaB activation
135 NF-kappaB activation in
136 NF-kappaB activation by
137 -induced NF-kappaB
activation
138 of NF-kappaB activation
139 receptor activation
140 NMDA receptor activation
141 of receptor activation

9/11
Collocations for activation
Japanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample転写活性化の〜
64
10022878 The functional importance of tetramer formation is shown by thedecreased levels <of transcriptional activation> associated with
mutations in these residues.
細胞活性化
1,234
T細胞活性化859
11733513 VHX expression was not induced by <T cell activation>, but
decreased somewhat at later time points.
〜におけるT細胞活性化
629605117 Investigating very early <T cell activation in> mouse and humanmodels of bacterial infection, we measured CD69 expression as anindicator of early cellular activation.
T細胞活性化の〜
10612515820 Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an
essential negative regulator <of T cell activation>.
T細胞活性化における83
9765301 These results support differential functions for PKCeta and
PKCtheta <in T cell activation>.
T細胞活性化にとって〜
57
10662784 Calcium influx is critical <for T cell activation>.
B細胞活性化8411714772 <B cell activation> by the NK cell is contact-dependent and rapid,suggesting an autocrine B cell-regulated process.
内皮細胞活性化
4411330533 Passive transfer of IgG2b, but not IgG1 mAbs was associated with<endothelial cell activation> and plate.
NF-kappaBの活性化
919〜におけるNF-kappaBの活性10611832459 These results help define the specific role of <NF-kappaB化
activation in> acute pancreatitis.
〜によるNF-kappaBの活性化
799751060 These subunits, IKK-alpha and IKK-beta, are protein kinases
whose function is needed for <NF-kappaB activation by> proinflammatory stimuli.
〜に誘導されたNF-kappaBの
158
活性化
NF-kappaBの活性化の〜
9710438474 Kinetic experiments determined that heat-induced inhibition <of
NF-kappaB activation> in response to IR decayed within 5 h after
heating.
受容体活性化852
10601326 These results demonstrate that PRL <receptor activation>
promotes the acute activation of PKC delta in luteinized rat
granulosa cells.
NMDA受容体活性化
10210393881 Downstream of <NMDA receptor activation>, spinal nitric oxide(NO.), protein kinase C, and other mediators have been implicatedin maintaining such hyperalgesia.
受容体活性化の〜
61
9786899 The exodomain alone binds hormone with high affinity, whereas theendodomain is the site <of receptor activation>.

10/11
Collocations for activation
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample613
10786694 The inability of these mutant receptors to induce differentiation
correlates with mitogen-activated protein <kinase activation>.

English142 kinase activation

Japanese
リン酸化酵素活性化

143 MAP kinase activation

MAPキナーゼ活性化

15610871205 In turn, TGF-beta1 contributes to maintaining late p38 <MAP
kinase activation>, which perpetuates fibronectin accumulation.

144 protein kinase activation

タンパク質リン酸化酵素活性化

10710786694 The inability of these mutant receptors to induce differentiation
correlates with mitogen-activated <protein kinase activation>.

145 ERK activation477

146 caspase activation

細胞外シグナル制御キナーゼ
活性化
カスパーゼ活性化

410

11296227 In cells derived from both the raf-1(-/-) and raf-1(FF/FF) mice,<ERK activation> is normal.
11099484 Our results suggest that HIV activates the p53 pathway, leading tocytochrome c and AIF release with ensuing <caspase activation>.

147 gene activation

遺伝子活性化368

11118216 <Gene activation> in the pituitary is paralleled by acetylation of a
32 kb chromatin domain 5' to the cluster centered at HSI,II.

148 MAPK activation

MAPキナーゼ活性化

357

149 transcription activation

転写活性化

252

150 platelet activation

血小板活性化215

151 channel activation

チャネル活性化204

152 promoter activation

プロモータ活性化

181

153 trans-activation

トランス活性化

159

154 G-protein activation

Gタンパク質活性化

123

155 PKC activation

プロテインキナーゼＣ活性化

155

156 macrophage activation

マクロファージ活性化

111

157 integrin activation

インテグリン活性化

10910601276 Inhibition of the <MAPK activation> by PD98059, however, did notaffect IGF-I-stimulated IGFBP-5 expression.
11278661 <Transcription activation> by steroid hormone receptors, such as
the androgen receptor, is mediated through interaction withcofactors.
11110698 Lyn plays an additional role in inhibiting <platelet activation>
through an uncharacterized inhibitory pathway.
10623810 Neither phosphatase inhibitors nor nonhydrolyzable nucleotide
analogues modified CRAC <channel activation>.
10580007 However, methylation does not affect enhancer-mediated<promoter activation> over a distance of 150 bp.
11314030 Deletion analysis of c-Crk II also revealed the presence of a Cterminal segment important for <trans-activation> of FAK.
10534074 This region of the FMLP receptor has recently been shown to playa role in ligand binding and <G-protein activation>.
11027216 With SERTs, <PKC activation> results in activity-dependenttransporter phosphorylation and sequestration.
11859133 <Macrophage activation> is accompanied by the activation of avariety of proteases.
11304543 Previous evidence suggests that interactions between integrin
cytoplasmic domains regulate <integrin activation>.

158 -induced activation〜に誘導された活性化690

11/11
Collocations for activation
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample573
12710364425 These indications of deregulated signalling in the absence oftyrosine 118 were substantiated by <sustained activation> of
STAT3.
563
292
11157491 However, the <constitutive activation> of ras and FGFR3 does notoccur in the same myeloma cells.
13710559223 The data suggest a role for the native protein in <cellular
activation> by these ligands.
10811120746 IGF-I elicited IGF-I receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting in
the <specific activation> of G(i2).
10410515800 Recent reports have demonstrated <immune activation> in dengue
hemorrhagic fever (DHF) by cytokine and soluble receptor
detection in blood.
9511340081 All three Nck SH3 domains are required for <maximal activation>.

English159 -mediated activation
160 sustained activation

Japanese〜に仲介された活性化
持続性の活性化

161 -dependent activation
162 constitutive activation〜依存性活性化
構成的活性化

163 cellular activation

細胞活性化

164 specific activation

特異的活性化

165 immune activation

免疫活性化

166 maximal activation

最大活性化

167 synergistic activation

相乗的活性化87

168 selective activation

選択的活性化87

169 direct activation

直接的活性化87

170 -independent activation
171 full activation〜非依存生活性化
完全な活性化84
84

172 transient activation

一過性の活性化84

173 subsequent activation of〜の引き続いた活性化88

174 rapid activation of〜の急速な活性化78

175 upon activation of〜の活性化するやいなや

63

11948188 Interestingly, co-transfection of either PITX2A or PITX2C with
PITX2B results in a <synergistic activation> of the PLOD1 andDlx2 promoters.
11102505 <Selective activation> of each projection neuron elicits different
rhythms from the STG.
10514440 <Direct activation> of protein kinase C also rapidly increased
RGS2 mRNA levels.
11085506 Furthermore, phosphorylation of T68 was required for <fullactivation> of Chk2 after IR.
11856735 Irradiation stimulated a <transient activation> of NOS withmaximal activity at 5 min of post-irradiation.
12459015 Inhibition of antigen presentation, and the <subsequent activationof> T-cells, should, in theory, modulate the immune response.
11391526 Liver regeneration following 70% partial hepatectomy leads to<rapid activation of> genes in the remnant liver.
11877449 GLM-R is specifically expressed on CD14-positive cells and is upregulated more than 50-fold <upon activation of> those cells.

Collocations for active
EnglishJapanese
active*
活性のある
active
活性のある
actives
活性のあるもの
Note 直前に副詞を伴う用例が多い。
1 active in〜において活性のある
2 active as〜としての活性のある
3 as active as〜と同じぐらいの活性のある
4 active against〜に対する活性5 active at〜における活性のある
6 active on〜において活性のある

7 active during〜の間に活性のある

8 active than〜よりも活性のある

9 constitutively active

構成的に活性のある

10 biologically active

生物学的に活性のある

11 highly active

高度に活性のある

12 more active

もっと活性のある

13 catalytically active

触媒的に活性のある

14 transcriptionally active 転写的に活性のある15 most active

もっとも活性のある16 less active

より活性の無い

17 enzymatically active

酵素的に活性のある

18 functionally active

機能的に活性のある

19 fully active

十分に活性のある

20 of active

活性のある〜の〜

Frq. PubM̲ID
16,81016,80010

1/4

Sample774 10385623 The CTD phosphatase was found to be <active in> ternary elongation complexes.
138 12004064 To be <active as> isomerases, DsbC and DsbG must be kept reduced.
50 11344567 Fc fragments of IgG were <as active as> IgG1, whereas Fab fragments were inactive.
136 11865402 Quinolones were <active against> the bacterial enteropathogens in the 3 sites.
125 11279010 This enzyme is not a lysosomal alpha-mannosidase because it is not <active at>acidic pH and it is localized in the Golgi apparatus.
84 12230583 Synthetic replicates of each novel bradykinin were found to be <active on> mammalianarterial and small intestinal smooth muscle preparations.
78 11222656 We hypothesized that orexin neurons should be relatively <active during> wakefulness
and inactive during sleep.
195 10329122 In C6/36 cells, the actin 5C and hr5-ie1 promoters were significantly more <active
than> the hsp70 promoter.
1,147 12239304 Mutation of the ZV repressor sequence greatly increased the induction of thepromoter but did not make it <constitutively active>.
351 10051576 This approach provides a way to modulate the potency and specificity of <biologically
active> compounds.
309 9880569 Bacterially expressed P69 was inactive whereas the same protein expressed in insect
cells was <highly active>.
279 11606654 OFF RGCs become spontaneously <more active> compared with ON cells, resulting
in a decrease in synchronous activity between these cell types.
272 12379105 The transporter (GluT1.HA.H6) is expressed at the surface of both cell-types and is<catalytically active>.
238 10485466 However, this vector-induced p53 is <transcriptionally active> and, therefore, p53
function is not inactivated by viral proteins.
176 11431361 Hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) is responsible for the production of both secreted andcell-associated forms of hyaluronan and is the <most active> of the three isoforms ofthis enzyme in adults.
166 11970949 The hybrids were defective in transcriptional activator assembly and <less active>
transcriptionally.
144 11526108 As a result, none of the alternative transcripts encode an <enzymatically active>
protein.
141 10713699 Furthermore, RNA levels for NF-kappa B-activated genes were analysed in order todetermine if NF-kappa B is <functionally active> in human breast cancer.
136 11756449 The heme in the E375D mutant is only partially covalently bound, but exposure to
H(2)O(2) results in complete covalent binding and a <fully active> protein.
942 10442635 These structures are associated with sites <of active> matrix degradation.

Collocations for active
English21 expression of active

Japanese
活性のある〜の発現

22 levels of active

活性のある〜のレベル

23 presence of active

活性のある〜の存在

24 the number of active

活性のある〜数

25 with active

活性のある〜と〜（を持つ）

26 patients with active

活性のある〜を持つ患者

27 associated with active

活性のある〜と関連する

28 in active

活性のある〜において

29 to active

活性のある〜へ

30 for active

活性のある〜にとって31 as active
32 as active as
33 by active

活性のある〜として〜と同じぐらいの活性のある
活性のある〜にとって34 during active

活性のある〜の間

35 is active〜は、活性がある

36 are active〜は、活性がある

37 was active〜は、活性があった

38 be active〜は、活性がある

39 were active〜は、活性があった

40 redox-active

酸化還元活性のある

41 its active

それの活性

2/4

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample45 12464682 <Expression of active> C1beta3Gal-T in Hi-5 insect cells requires coexpression of
Cosmc.
42 10720419 In an effort to establish a causal role of TGF-beta(1) in this process, transgenic micewith elevated <levels of active> myocardial TGF-beta(1) were generated.
41 9566886 These results suggest that in the <presence of active> NER, TFIIH is preferentiallymobilized from the basal transcription machinery for use in NER.
34 12588976 Genes encoding rRNA are multicopy and thus could be regulated by changing <thenumber of active> genes or by changing the transcription rate per gene.
318 12508143 Absolute numbers of mDCs and pDCs were lower in HIV-1-infected subjects than incontrol subjects, most significantly in those <with active> HIV-1 replication.
127 12032325 However, lack of skin induration to intradermal injection of PPD or PPD anergy isobserved in a subset of <patients with active> tuberculosis (TB).
27 10988099 In conclusion, eosinophilic bronchitis is <associated with active> airway inflammation
with increased release of vasoactive and bronchoconstrictor mediators.
161 10079101 CXCR3, an IP-10/Mig receptor, was expressed on lymphocytic cells in virtually every
perivascular inflammatory infiltrate <in active> MS lesions.
125 9651171 Reduction of the carbonyl groups linking the first three residues of the tetrapeptide
leads <to active> inhibitors which are chemically unstable.
116 11095598 Single-dose oral azithromycin was a more effective treatment <for active> trachoma
than tetracycline ointment as applied by caregivers.
100 12618436 Homodimer formation may be necessary for ADAR to act <as active> deaminases.
51 12166940 Amides were <as active as> esters but were more toxic in tissue culture.
80 11854324 One notable difference from GN induced <by active> immunization was a T cell
infiltration in the renal interstitium, which affected some tubules.
71 10869419 <During active> exploration, hippocampal neurons exhibit nested rhythmic activity attheta ( approximately 8 Hz) and gamma ( approximately 40 Hz) frequencies.
310 12023281 TGF-beta is up-regulated during liver regeneration, although it is not known whether
it <is active> or latent.
175 11226310 Interestingly, all strain-specific R-M genes <are active>, whereas most shared genes
are inactive.
141 12393668 The Flt-1 transgene <was active> in the endothelium of tumor xenografts, whereas
the VWF promoter was not.
99 12029058 To our knowledge, Amt proteins are the first hyperthermophilic membrane transport
proteins shown to <be active> in a mesophilic bacterium.
97 9860866 The refolded proteases <were active> and exhibited nearly identical enzymatic
activities.
169 9482863 Control experiments show that these oxidation reactions do not involve the <redoxactive> tyrosines, D and Z.
142 10446876 We evaluated all formulations of vitamin D, including <its active> metabolites andanalogs.

Collocations for active
English42 active site

活性部位

Japanese

43 the active site

活性部位

44 an active site

活性部位

45 of active site

活性部位の〜46 enzyme active site
47 active sites

酵素の活性部位
活性部位

48 the active sites

活性部位

49 active form

活性型

50 the active form

活性型

51 an active form

活性型

52 active forms

活性型

53 highly active
antiretroviral therapy
54 active enzyme

高活性抗レトロウイルス療法
活性酵素

55 active conformation
活性のある高次構造
56 the active conformation 活性のある高次構造
57 active center

活性中心

58 the active center活性中心

59 active mutant

活性のある変異体

60 active role

能動的な役割

3/4

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample4,326 12519775 Within this domain, we have identified by sequence homology the critical <activesite> cysteine predicted to be chemically modified as a formylglycine in vivo.
2,497 9564029 Assembly of the dimer juxtaposes <the active site> clefts of the monomers,
suggesting a functionally important interaction between the catalytic centers.
215 11563923 This suggests that hydrophobic interactions with <an active site> on the channel areprobably not the main determinants of activity.
90 12060740 A formamide molecule was modeled into the system to mimic the function <of activesite> residue Asn-105.
94 10581550 In this structure a malate-like molecule is trapped in the <enzyme active site>.
417 11148032 The <active sites> of Mg(II)-dependent nucleases feature a cluster of conserved
charged residues which includes both acidic (Asp and Glu) and basic (Lys) side chains.
135 10926511 Overall, we find that expansion segments within the large subunit rRNA have been
incorporated at positions distinct from <the active sites> for protein synthesis andtranslocation.
403 10931345 Transfection of HeLa cells with a vector that produces a constitutively <active form>of RhoA (RhoA-V14) prevented the disruption of actin filaments and cell rounding by
YopE.
107 10944122 These studies suggest that <the active form> of preprotein translocase is monomeric
SecYEG.
45 11850846 <An active form> of PI3K promotes E2F transcriptional activity in lymphoblastoid celllines.
103 10067990 In addition, the <active forms> of these enzymes were present in the membranes,
whereas there was no detectable level of the active forms in normal retinas.
160 10491418 Therapeutic intervention with <highly active antiretroviral therapy> (HAART) canlead to suppression of HIV-1 plasma viremia to undetectable levels for 3 or more
145 9786849 Replacement of Ser-107 with alanine yielded an <active enzyme> with kinetic
characteristics similar to those of wild-type APS kinase.
126 11118446 The <active conformation> of these enzymes has not yet been described.
45 9705286 Agonists stabilize <the active conformation>, whereas antagonists stabilize theinactive conformation.
100 12408829 Each elementary step of transcription involves translocation of the 3' terminus of RNA
in the RNA polymerase <active center>, followed by the entry of a nucleoside
triphosphate.
67 12426102 Furthermore, this study indicates that <the active center> of the Hermes
transposase differs from the proposed DSE motif.
97 11997521 The constitutively <active mutant> of SHP-2 induces hyper-tyrosyl phosphorylationof FRS-2 alpha but fails to stimulate or potentiate either FGF-2-induced Erk
activation or Elk-1 transactivation.
88 11784052 However, little is known about the assembly of embryonic nicotinic receptor subunits
into functional receptors or whether they play an <active role> in corticaldevelopment.

Collocations for active
English61 an active role

Japanese
能動的な役割62 active caspase

活性のあるカスパーゼ

63 active state

活性状態

64 active zone

活性領域

65 active metabolite

活性のある代謝産物

66 active transport

能動輸送

4/4

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample73 12538690 <An active role> of T regulatory cells (Treg) and tolerogenic dendritic cells (Tol-DC)
is believed important for the induction and maintenance of transplantation tolerance.
82 11756504 <Active caspase>- 3 was subsequently increased, and 85% of the hippocampal CA1
neurons showed apoptotic DNA damage 3 d after ischemia.
78 10651639 The cooperative stimulation at low concentration indicated the presence of a timedependent assembly step that preceded the <active state>.
75 12441054 Docked vesicles were depleted 60%-80% regardless of their distance from the <activezone>.
66 10733585 Acetaldehyde, the major <active metabolite> of alcohol, is known to stimulatealphaI(I) collagen production in HSC.
65 11781333 Thus, secretory vesicle polarization is achieved through <active transport> by amyosin-V, and the motor mechanism is consistent with the lever arm model.

Collocations for activity

1/7

EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sampleactivity*
活性68,567
activities
活性6,694
Note 不可算名詞としての用例が多いが、複数形の用例も少なくない。
1 the activity
活性4,222
2 an activity
活性176
3 activity of〜の活性
10,197 9694794 Growth inhibitory <activity of> RB is attenuated by phosphorylation.
4 activities of〜の活性1,955 12037665 In parallel, recombinant maspin did not directly regulate the proteolytic <activities
of> either caspase-3 or caspase-8 in vitro.
5 the activity of〜の活性3,094 9482897 Translation termination factor eRF3 enhances <the activity of> release factor eRF1
(Sup45p).
6 the activities of〜の活性
524 10807786 Interleukin (IL)-12 plays a critical role in modulating <the activities of> naturalkiller (NK) cells and T lymphocytes.
7 activity in〜における活性5,895 11595805 When a detailed time-course analysis of BAMT <activity in> upper and lower petal
lobes during a 48-hr period was performed, high BAMT activity was found at night
as well as in continuous darkness, indicating that the BAMT activity is not an
oscillation-determining factor.
8 activities in〜における活性459 9657524 These results indicate that TR1 has broad biological <activities in> fibroblast
growth and in osteoclast differentiation and its functions.
9 activity in @4 cells〜細胞における活性877 11854406 We have developed an assay that directly measures Rad3 kinase <activity in cells>
expressing physiological levels of the protein.
10 activity of @4 in〜の〜における活性1,096 11901234 Unexpectedly, this toxin was also shown to inhibit voltage-gated calcium channel<activity in mammalian cells>.
11 the activity of @4 in〜の〜における活性361 9671810 These results provide direct biochemical evidence for the catalytic <activity of thehairpin ribozyme in> a cellular environment, and indicate that self-processing
ribozyme transcripts may be well suited for cellular RNA-inactivation experiments.
12 of activity in〜における〜の活性

13 activity by
14 activity against〜によって〜活性を〜した／〜倍（パーセント）〜
活性を〜した〜に対する活性15 activity as〜としての活性16 activities as
17 activity at〜としての活性〜における（温度、時間など）活性

104 12388600 In this study, we used calcium imaging to evaluate patterns <of activity in>individual, embryonic, GnRH-1 neurons as well as population dynamics of GnRH-1
neurons in mouse nasal explants maintained for 1 versus 3 weeks.
1,203 12576334 Our results indicate that inhibition of BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase <activity by>imatinib mesylate does not eliminate malignant primitive progenitors in CML
patients.
571 10727935 The rproRIP1 had no detectable enzymatic <activity against> ribosomes from anyof the species assayed.
562 10562313 Treatment with MIF overcame p53 activity in three different biological assays, andsuppressed its <activity as> a transcriptional activator.
51
471 10960102 GghA purified from T. neapolitana is a 52.5-kDa family 1 glycosyl hydrolase with
optimal <activity at> pH 6.5 and 95 degrees C.

Collocations for activity
English18 activity on

Japanese〜に対する活性19 activities on
20 activity of @3 on
21 activity for

23 activity during〜に対する活性〜の〜に対する活性〜にとっての活性／〜の活性〜にとっての活性／〜の活性〜の間の活性24 activity toward〜に対する活性25 activity from〜からの活性26 of activity

活性の〜

27 of activity in〜における活性の〜

28 of activity of〜の活性の〜

29 in activity

活性（における）の〜

30 for activity

活性にとって〜

31 activity that

〜である活性32 activity which〜である活性33 activity was

活性が〜であった

22 activities for

2/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample444 9927729 These results provide in vitro evidence for a second function of XPG protein in
DNA repair and a mechanistic basis for its stimulatory <activity on> HsNTH
protein.
51
137
434 11700989 This nonelectrophoretic technique is a rapid assay of DNA glycosylase <activity
for> both purified proteins and crude extracts.
56
338 11882899 Several reports have shown short-term changes in single hippocampal unit <activity
during> memory and plasticity experiments, but there has been no experimental
demonstration of long-term persistent changes in neuronal activity in any region
except primary cortical areas.
228 11243793 Characterization of the H71A and H71Q mutants of EcoRV now demonstrates thatthese distal Mn(2+) sites significantly modulate <activity toward> both cognate andnon-cognate DNA substrates.
206 10102266 Biochemical purification of the <activity from> calf brain extracts led to theidentification of an amino-terminal fragment of Slit2 as the main active component
and to the discovery of a distinct activity that potentiates its effects.
842 12069614 None of the other subunits were modified more than 5% and could not account forthe observed loss <of activity>.
104 10539739 The asymmetric pattern <of activity in> the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex andsuperior temporal gyrus may contribute to the taste perception of a liquid meal
perceived as pleasant.
58 9557720 It is also one of the first in vivo demonstrations <of activity of> a retrovirus
encoding an integrase chimera.
381 10809761 Top1N726S and Top1N726D mutant proteins were resistant to camptothecin,although the Ser mutant was distinguished by a lack of detectable changes <inactivity>.
331 11418565 Chemical modification of the wild-type enzyme by 2,3-butanedione and substrate
protection by CoA indicated that at least one reactive arginine is in the active site
and is important <for activity>.
677 11799122 It has been proposed that EnvZ phosphatase is the <activity that> is regulated byosmolarity.
350 11382407 H(2)O(2) also caused a time-dependent increase in HSF-1 DNA binding <activity
which> was similar in all cell lines.
3,238 10588869 The promoter <activity was> robust and consistent in independent transgenic lines.

Collocations for activity
English34 activity was observed

Japanese
活性が観察された

35 activity was detected

活性が検出された

36 activity was inhibited

活性が抑制された

37 activity was measured

活性が測定された

38 activity is

活性が〜である39 activity is required for

活性が〜に必要とされる

40 activity is regulated

活性が調節される

41 activity is essential for

活性が〜に不可欠である

42 activities were

活性が〜であった43 activities are

活性が〜である44 activity has been

活性が〜ずっとである

45 kinase activity
46 kinase activity of

キナーゼ活性47 kinase activity in〜におけるキナーゼ活性

48 kinase activity by
49 tyrosine kinase activity

チロシンキナーゼ活性50 protein kinase activity

プロテインキナーゼ活性51 MAP kinase activity

MAPキナーゼ活性

52 kinase activities

キナーゼ活性

3/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample177 10542232 No agonistic <activity was observed> in breast cells, whereas all antiestrogens,particularly tamoxifen, exhibited agonistic effects in uterine cell lines.
131 11607079 GUS <activity was detected> only in the phloem cells but not in any other cell
types of vegetative tissues.
119 12417583 The enzyme <activity was inhibited> by the antibiotics, diumycin and moenomycin,
but not by a number of other antibiotics or trehalose analogs.
106 11375951 PKC-delta <activity was measured> in situ using a PKC-delta-specific substrate.
2,541

9708818 Lack of angiogenic <activity is> not due to an antiangiogenic factor(s) in themedium of these cells.
151 10648598 These data suggest that TAF(II)250 acetyltransferase <activity is required for> cell
cycle progression and regulates the expression of essential proliferative control
genes.
111 11425317 This study was designed to test the hypothesis that MnSOD-BP <activity isregulated> by phosphorylation.
63 9891046 Therefore, tight control of PKR <activity is essential for> regulated cell growth.

342 11581206 Enzymatic assays revealed that the distribution patterns of PP-1 and -2A<activities were> similar to those of PP-1cs and -2Acs proteins.
232 11948188 PITX2 isoform <activities are> both promoter- and cell-specific, and our data
reveal new mechanisms for PITX2-regulated gene expression.
129 11102492 In the motor cortex, oscillatory <activity has been> reported at a variety of
frequencies between approximately 4 and approximately 60 Hz.
2,839
264 10967116 The IR activators stimulated tyrosine <kinase activity of> partially purified native
IR and recombinant IR tyrosine kinase domain.
219 10497214 Also, the PITSLRE protein <kinase activity in> A375 anti-Fas-treated cells
preceded maximal levels of apoptosis.
50 11731435 Inhibition of p38 <kinase activity by> the specific inhibitor SB203580 did not affectthe induction of apoptosis by MX2870-1.
241 11673478 <Tyrosine kinase activity> is known to be important in neuronal growth coneguidance.
214 10222008 An improved quantitative assay for measuring <protein kinase activity> is crucial
to the detailed study of this important category of signaling proteins and their role
in regulating cell behavior.
93 9622158 <MAP kinase activity> was measured by in-gel kinase assays and Western blot
analysis.
159

Collocations for activity
English53 promoter activity
54 promoter activity inJapanese
プロモータ活性〜におけるプロモータ活性

55 promoter activity in @4 cell 〜細胞におけるプロモータ活性
56 promoter activity by〜によるプロモータ活性4/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample1,857
333 10497275 In contrast, replacement of the LBP1-like site increased activity only in fibroblasts,suggesting that this site is responsible in part for repression of <promoter activityin> fibroblasts.
128 9545340 The <promoter activity in the corneal cells> was repressed when Sp1 was
coexpressed.
99 10964912 Furthermore, expression of dominant negative Smad3 or Smad4 in cells decreased
or abolished the stimulation of beta(5) <promoter activity by> TGF-beta.

57 promoter activity of〜のプロモータ活性

659593301 Deletion of these sites eliminated approximately 75% and 45% of the induced<promoter activity of> the phoA and pstS promoters respectively.

58 ATPase activity
59 ATPase activity of
60 the ATPase activity of

ATP酵素活性〜のATP酵素アーゼ活性〜のATP酵素アーゼ活性970
210
145 11514555 We measured <the ATPase activity of> these isoforms expressed in Sf9 cells.

61 ATPase activity in〜におけるATP酵素アー
ゼ活性62 11722737 Mutation of the N-terminal Walker A box (K214Q) caused a drastically decreased<ATPase activity in> vitro, but did not interfere with MecA binding.

62 enzyme activity
63 enzyme activity in
64 enzyme activities
65 phosphatase activity
66 telomerase activity

酵素活性〜における酵素活性
酵素活性
ホスファターゼ活性テロメラーゼ活性

909
69
132
493
399

67 binding activity
68 binding activity of
69 binding activity in
70 DNA binding activity
71 DNA binding activity of

結合活性〜の結合活性〜における結合活性
DNA結合活性〜のDNA結合活性72 RNA binding activity
73 binding activities
74 binding activities of

RNA結合活性結合活性〜の結合活性75 transcriptional activity
76 transcriptional activity of

転写活性〜の転写活性9546436 Variation in <telomerase activity> is correlated with cellular senescence andtumour progression.

1,797
334 11532945 Furthermore, FKBP25 can alter the DNA-<binding activity of> YY1.
124
777
165 12091392 Moreover, <DNA binding activity of> Bis IX was prevented by actinomycin D,
suggesting that actinomycin D and Bis IX have similar mechanisms of interaction
with DNA.
98
172
53 10551840 Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the <binding activities of> thetranscription factor Egr-1, but not Sp1, were markedly elevated in response tothese lipoproteins.
1,348
450

Collocations for activity
EnglishJapanese77 the transcriptional activity o〜の転写活性5/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample292 9660950 <The transcriptional activity of> NF-kappa B is stimulated upon phosphorylationof its p65 subunit on serine 276 by protein kinase A (PKA).

78 transcriptional activity in 〜における転写活性79 transcriptional activities
転写活性80 transcriptional activities of 〜の転写活性

96
100
51

81 catalytic activity
82 catalytic activity of
83 the catalytic activity of

触媒活性〜の触媒活性〜の触媒活性84 enzymatic activity
85 enzymatic activity of

酵素活性〜の酵素活性86 enzymatic activity in
87 enzymatic activities
88 biological activity
89 biological activity of
90 the biological activity of〜における酵素活性
酵素活性
生物学的活性〜の生物学的な活性〜の生物学的な活性

91 biological activities
92 biological activities of

生物学的活性〜の生物学的活性

93 specific activity
94 specific activity of

比活性
〜の比活性

999
283
202 10801853 However, inactivation of <the catalytic activity of> factor XIIa did not affect the
inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.
815
151 12454020 Cltx exerts a dual effect on MMP-2: it inhibits the <enzymatic activity of> MMP-2
and causes a reduction in the surface expression of MMP-2.
50
145
511
166
105 11929540 To study <the biological activity of> the ShdA protein, we examined its expression
and binding activity.
239
84 9927187 These <biological activities of> NDF and its stimulation of cell proliferation areblocked by a specific inhibitor of COX-2.
478
160 11872720 The <specific activity of> this enzyme increased with increasing oxygen tension.

95 specific activities
96 specific activities of

比活性
〜の比活性

97 inhibitory activity
98 inhibitory activity of
99 channel activity

抑制活性〜の抑制活性チャネル活性100 channel activity in〜におけるチャネル活性

101 physical activity

身体活動性

102 neuronal activity

ニューロンの活性

9547335 Moreover, the <transcriptional activities of> these cytokine genes were severely
reduced in FcepsilonRI-stimulated btk mutant mast cells.

110
45 12234469 The <specific activities of> BCAT in homogenates of selected rat tissues obtainedby this method are comparable to those obtained previously by the radiochemical
procedure.
496
140
521 10727240 The <inhibitory activity of> IRI was prevented by pretreatment with aryl sulfatase,suggesting the presence of a critical sulfo ester in IRI.
73 9851975 These relationships led us to investigate the possibility of defective ion <channel
activity in> AT cells.
491 11509056 <Physical activity> appears to decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer, especiallyamong those who are overweight.
358 12458206 These data demonstrate that the Na,K-ATPase alpha2 isoform could be importantin the modulation of <neuronal activity> in the neonate.

Collocations for activity
English103 reduced @2 activity
104 reduced @2 activity of
105 reduced @2 activity in
106 decreased @2 activity
107 decreased @2 activity of
108 decreased @2 activity inJapanese〜活性を低下させた／低下した〜活性〜の〜活性を低下させた／低下した〜の〜活性〜における〜活性を低下させた／〜における低下
した〜活性〜活性を低下させた／低下した〜活性〜の〜活性を低下させた／低下した〜の〜活性

112 stimulated @2 activity〜における〜活性を低下させた／〜における低下
した〜活性〜活性を増強した／増強
された〜活性〜の〜活性を増強した／
増強された〜の〜活性〜活性を上昇させた／上昇した〜活性刺激された〜活性113 stimulated @2 activity of

刺激された〜の〜活性

114 stimulated @2 activity in

刺激された〜における〜活性誘導された〜活性誘導された〜の〜活性

109 enhanced @2 activity
110 enhanced @2 activity of
111 elevated @2 activity

115 induced @2 activity
116 induced @2 activity of
117 induced @2 activity in

誘導された〜における〜
活性118 mediated @2 activity

仲介された〜活性

119 showed @2 activity〜活性を示した

Frq. PubM̲ID
714

6/7

Sample105 10806201 This increase may be an attempt to compensate for <reduced activity of> thepathway with age.
86 10523626 Mutants in this region have <reduced activity in> transcription, but none areinactive.
405
649662337 The <decreased activity of> the c-fos promoter in tumorigenic 1170I cells
appeared to involve suppression through a CRE site and reduced activation by
JNK-dependent pathways.

49
410
91
142

9915795 GATA-6 strongly <enhanced activity of> the human TTF-1 gene promoter invitro.
506 11486011 Together, these findings indicate that the inositol auxotrophy of snf1Delta strainsarises in part from <elevated Acc1 activity> and that a reduction in this activity
restores INO1 expression in these strains.
77 11371635 Despite its obvious importance for carcinogenesis, the role of Gln-61 in the GAP<stimulated GTPase activity of> Ras has remained a mystery.
76 10864938 AC8 KO mice demonstrate a compromise in calcium-<stimulated AC activity in>
the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem.
486
59 11579107 In contrast to Dictyostelium MIHCK, however, Ca(2+)-calmodulin also inhibits
Rac-<induced activity of> Acanthamoeba MIHCK.
58 11283230 In conclusion, somatostatin can inhibit glucose-<induced electrical activity in>
MIN-6 cells by the combined activation of K-ATP and GIRK channels.
203 12114525 Of these receptors, CAR substantially inhibited ER-<mediated transcriptional
activity> of the vitellogenin B1 promoter as well as a synthetic estrogen responsive
element (ERE)-containing promoter.
345

Collocations for activity
English120 showed @2 activity in
121 inhibited @2 activity
122 inhibited @2 activity of
123 inhibited @2 activity inJapanese〜における〜活性を示し
た〜活性を抑制した〜の〜活性を抑制した

124 demonstrated @2 activity〜における〜活性を抑制
した〜活性を実証した

125 associated @2 activity〜と関係した〜活性

126 associated with @2 activity 〜活性と関連がある
127 required for @2 activity〜活性を必要とする
128 required for @2 activity of 〜の〜活性を必要とする

7/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample66 11278322 None of these PCs <showed activity in> the processing of the lefty polypeptide to
the 28-kDa lefty form.
344
91 12482958 Recombinant Pdcd4 specifically <inhibited the helicase activity of> eIF4A andeIF4F.
52 10330182 In contrast, Sp100 fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain <inhibited CAT activity
in> transfected mammalian cells.
163 11500513 Cell adhesion assays also <demonstrated enhanced functional activity> of
constructs containing FIII8.
285 11695910 The human endonuclease III (hNTH1) is an important DNA glycosylase with<associated abasic lyase activity>.
130
438
67 9774673 Studies of loss-of-function mutations in ct and dri demonstrate that both genes are<required for the activity of> the AT2 site.

Note
1. As the number (5) in the title “Collocational Analysis of Life Science English (5)”indicates, this paper is the fifth report of the series. In order to avoid redundancy, theintroductory part of the current article is a much more concise version of the one
appearing in the first report in this series. To obtain more detailed information on
pedagogical aspects and practical applications, it is recommended that readers referto the first report (Kawamoto et al., 2004).
2. In the first report (Kawamoto et al., 2004), the list includes possibility, probability,
implication, involvement, absence, presence, evidence.
3. In the second report (Kawamoto et al., 2005), the list includes carry, confer,
contribute, detect, elucidate, give, know, obtain, raise, understand.
4. In the third report (Ohtake et al., 2006), the list includes addition, analysis,
hypothesis, identification, level, production, risk.
5. In the fourth report (Ohtake et al., 2007), the list includes affinity, aim, difference,
growth, importance, knowledge, observation, understanding.

References
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Analysis of Life Science English (1) – Lists of common collocates of possibility,
probability, implication, involvement, absence, presence, evidence –. Studia
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Kawamoto, T., Fujita, N., Kaneko, S., Morren, B., Ohtake, H. 2005. Collocational
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confer, contribute, detect, elucidate, give, know, obtain, raise, understand –.
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analysis, hypothesis, identification, level, production, risk –. Studia Humana etNaturalia, 40, pp. 23-59.
Ohtake, H., Fujita, N., Kaneko, S., Morren, B., Kawamoto, T. 2007. Collocational
Analysis of Life Science English (4) – Lists of common collocates of affinity, aim,
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