METEOR OBSERVATIONSOF INTERSTELLAR PARTICLES
Mária Hajduková

Astronomical Institute
Slovak Academy of Sciences
Bratislava, Slovakia

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

1. INTERSTELLAR PARTICLES

2. HYPERBOLIC ORBITSMaria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

SPACE-BORN
DUST MEASUREMENTS
EARTH-BASEDMETEOR OBSERVATIONS

Discovery of interstellar dustin the Earth’s atmosphere2020 open questions:

1996• How much of the dust population originates locally in theSolar System and how much comes from beyond?
• Do we observe interstellar meteoroids from the Earth?
• What fraction of observed hyperbolic meteors is caused byinterstellar meteoroids?

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

SUN’S ENVIRONMENT

10 pc~ 26 km s−1
Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

© Redfield, 2012, ScienceOUTSIDE THE HELIOSPHERE

ISD

Heliosphere

300 AU~ 26 km s−1
Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

© NASA/JPL-Caltech

OUTSIDE THE HELIOSPHERE

ISD

Heliosphere

300 AU~ 26 km s−1

Mann, I. et al, Small Bodies in Planetary Systems, Springer, 2009
Czechowski, A. and Mann, I., The Astrophysical Journal, 660,1541, 2007
Sterken, V. et al., The Astrophysical Journal, 812, 141, 2015

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

© NASA/JPL-Caltech

INSIDE THE HELIOSPHERE• Solar gravity• Solar radiation pressure
β = FSRP /FgravISD• Lorentz force from thesolar magnetic field
Q/m100 AU

Sterken, V. et al., Space ScienceReviews, 215,43, 2019
Sterken, V. et al., Astronomy &Astrophysics, 538, A102, 2012

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

© ESO/L. Calçada

THE EARTH’S VICINITY
dust with β > 1.4 cannot be detected from 1 AU

β = FSRP /Fgrav

ISD

5AU

Strub et al., Astronomy &Astrophysics, 621, id.A54 2019
Sterken, V. et al., Astronomy &Astrophysics, 538, A102, 2012

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

METEOR OBSERVATIONS-> hyperbolic orbits .

-> velocity larger than Sun’s escape velocity vH 2 ≈ v02(2 - 1/a)

1/a < 0 -> unbound orbit
1/a > 0 -> bound orbit

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

All-sky Meteor Orbit System AMOS
Toth, J. et al., Planetary and Space Science, 118, 102, 2015
Toth, J. et al, European Planetary Science Congress, Berlin, 2018

0.2 < 1/a < 0.1

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

EDMOND database
Kornoš et al., Proceedings of the InternationalMeteor Conference, Poznan, Poland, IMO, 2013

0.0 < 1/a < 0.1

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

EDMOND database
Kornoš et al., Proceedings of the International
Meteor Conference, Poznan, Poland, IMO, 2013

-0.1 < 1/a < 0.0

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

EDMOND database
Kornoš et al., Proceedings of the International
Meteor Conference, Poznan, Poland, IMO, 2013

-0.2 < 1/a < -0.1

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

EDMOND database
Kornoš et al., Proceedings of the International
Meteor Conference, Poznan, Poland, IMO, 2013

-0.5 < 1/a < -0.2

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

EDMOND database
Kornoš et al., Proceedings of the International
Meteor Conference, Poznan, Poland, IMO, 2013

1/a < -0.5

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

EDMOND database
Kornoš et al., Proceedings of the International
Meteor Conference, Poznan, Poland, IMO, 2013

1/a < -0.5

Perseids
LyridsLeonidsOrionidsEta Aquarids

Hajdukova, M., Earth Moon Planets, 102, 67, 2008
Hajdukova, M. et al., Proceedings of the Meteoroids 2013, Poznan, 289, 2013
Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

EDMOND database
Kornoš et al., Proceedings of the International
Meteor Conference, Poznan, Poland, IMO, 2013

• How many observed hyperbolic meteors are interstellar?

Hyperbolic meteors

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

Interstellar particles• How many observed hyperbolic meteors are interstellar?
Wiegert, P., et al.,Icarus, 242, 112, 2014
hyperbolic orbits
produced in Solar
SystemHyperbolic meteors

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

Interstellar particles

INFLUENCE OF ERRORS-> FALSE POSITIVES• How many observed hyperbolic meteors are interstellar?
Wiegert, P., et al.,Icarus, 242, 112, 2014

measurement
errors in velocity

erroneous
uncertainties inradiant determination determination of vH

Musci, R., et al., The Astrophysical Journal,745, 161, 2012

hyperbolic orbits
produced in SolarSystemMoorhead, A., et al., Planetary and SpaceScience, 143, 209, 2017

effects of theinstruments used
for observation

Vida, D., et al., Monthly Notices of theRoyal Astronomical Society, 479, 4, 4307,
2018
Interstellar particles

software,models,methods used

Hyperbolic meteors

irregularities inatmosphericdeceleration

Hajduková, M., Kornos, L., Planetary andSpace Science, 190, 104965, 2020
Froncisz, M., et al., Planetary and Space
Science, 190 104980, 2020

errors in timing

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

Chen, H., Tambaux, N., Vaubaillon, J.,
Astronomy & Astrophysics, 642, L11, 2020

INFLUENCE OF ERRORS->(r, v )-> FALSE POSITIVES

Error in the speedv → vinf → vG → vH → vism->

Error in the radiant position

semimajor axis, aradiantɛA = angular elongationof the apparent radiantfrom the apex

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

INFLUENCE OF ERRORS

wide range vG
11 - 72 km/s->
narrow range vH
36 - 42 km/s
Kresák, L. and Kresáková, M., Bulletin of theAstronomical Institute of Czecho-slovakia, 27,106, 1976
Hajduková , M., Sterken, V., Wiegert, P.,
Meteoroids: Sources of Meteors on Earth andBeyond, Cambridge, Cambridge UniversityPress, 235, 2019
Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

Hyperbolic orbits

INFLUENCE OF ERRORS

wide range vG
11 - 72 km/s->

Hyperbolic orbits

narrow range vH
36 - 42 km/s
Kresák, L. and Kresáková, M., Bulletin of the
Astronomical Institute of Czecho-slovakia, 27,106, 1976
Hajduková , M., Sterken, V., Wiegert, P.,
Meteoroids: Sources of Meteors on Earth andBeyond, Cambridge, Cambridge UniversityPress, 235, 2019
Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

Photographic catalogues of the IAU MDC
Lindblad, B. A., et al., EM&P, 93, 249, 2005.

Photo, IAU MDC(11.5 % hyp)Radar, Harvard(1.2 % hyp)Video, CAMS
(12.5 % hyp)Video, Ondřejov
(3.2 % hyp)Video, EDMOND(5.4 % hyp)Video, SonotaCo(11.9 % hyp)Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

Hajdukova, M., et al., Planetary and Space Science, 192, id. 105060, 2020

INFLUENCE OF ERRORS
WHY?

should be observed
but is not !

-> FALSE POSITIVESHyperbolic orbits in the database due to errors 98,9%Upper limit of possible interstellar meteoroids
Close planetary encounters

EDMONDe>1

Nall = 83 369
Ne>1 = 4 712
after an error analysis:
Nism/Nall = 0.9 x 10-3

Hyperbolic orbits in the database due to errors 99,5%
Upper limit of possible interstellar meteoroids
Close planetary encounters

SONOTACO
e>1

Nall = 14 763
Ne>1 = 484
after an error analysis:
Nism/Nall = 1.3 x 10-3

Hajdukova, M., Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 63, 3, 481, 2011
Hajdukova, M., et al., Proceedings of the Meteoroids 2013 Conference, 289, 2014
Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

INFLUENCE OF ERRORS
MODELCreation of 14 000 clones of a perseid-like orbit by simulating
an error in the speed and radiant:Vinf±1 km/sradiant ±1°
Nominal orbit:
q = 0.945 au
a = 19 aue = 0.95
Q = 37 au
i = 113°-> 1/3 of clones
createdhyperbolic orbits-> any small errors in velocity and/or radiantposition can change the type of orbit

Hajduková, M., Kornoš, L., Planetary and Space Science, 190, 104965, 2020
Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

AND MANY OTHERS …

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

FLUX OF ISP

compared with the flux of interplanetary particles

AMOR

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

Hajduková, M. and Hajduk, A., CAOSP, 36, 15, 2006

FLUX OF ISP

compared with the size distribution of interstellar
grains from the observed interstellar extinctionq ∼ 0.7

q ∼ 1.2

Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

Musci, R., Weryk, R. J., Brown, P., Campbell-Brown M.,
Wiegert, P., Astrophysical Journal, 745, 161, 2012

FLUX OF ISP© ETH Zürich/D-PHYS, V. Sterken, M. Hajdukova, S. Hartmann, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2020.105060Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

FLUX OF ISPCONCLUSIONS:• Interstellar dust – the LIC is the only confirmed source of interstellar particles to date
• Interstellar meteors reported – doubted by the constraints of the measurement accuracy• Interstellar fireballs – not yet been observed• Interstellar meteorites – not yet been found• Interstellar comets/asteroids – detected: 1I/’Oumuamua (2017), 2I/Borisov (2019)© ETH Zürich/D-PHYS, V. Sterken, M. Hajdukova, S. Hartmann, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2020.105060
Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by by the Slovak Research and Development Agency, contract No. APVV-16-0148.

REFERENCES
Chen, H., Tambaux, N., Vaubaillon, J., Astronomy & Astrophysics, 642, L11, 2020
Czechowski, A. and Mann, I., The Astrophysical Journal, 660,1541, 2007
Froncisz, M., Brown, P., Weryk, R., Planetary and Space Science, 190 104980, 2020
Hajduková , M., Astronomy & Astrophysics, 288, 330, 1994
Hajduková, M. and Hajduk, A., Contributions of the Astronomical Observatory Skalnaté Pleso, 36, 15, 2006
Hajduková, M., Earth Moon Planets, 102, 67, 2008
Hajduková, M., Kornoš, L., Tóth, J., Proceedings of the Meteoroids 2013, Poznan, 289, 2013
Hajduková , M., Sterken, V., Wiegert, P., Meteoroids: Sources of Meteors on Earth and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, 235, 2019
Hajduková, M., Sterken, V., Wiegert, P., Kornoš, L., Planetary and Space Science, 192, id. 105060, 2020
Hajduková, M., Kornoš, L., Planetary and Space Science, 190, 104965, 2020Kresák, L. and Kresáková, M., Bulletin of the Astronomical Institute of Czechoslovakia, 27, 106, 1976
Mann, I., Nakamura, A.M., Mukai, T., Small Bodies in Planetary Systems, Springer, 2009
Moorhead, A., Brown, P., Campbell-Brown, M., Heynen, D., Cook, W., Planetary and Space Science, 143, 209, 2017
Musci, R., Weryk, R., Brown, P., Campbell-Brown, M., Wiegert, P., The Astrophysical Journal, 745, 161, 2012
Sterken, V., Altobelli, N., Kempf, S., Schwehm, G., Srama, R., Grün, E., Astronomy & Astrophysics, 538, A102, 2012
Sterken, V., Strub, P., Jrueger, H., von Steiger, R., Frisch, P., The Astrophysical Journal, 812, 141, 2015
Sterken, V., Westphal, A., Altobelli, N., Malaspina, D., Postberg, F., Space Science Reviews, 215,43, 2019
Strub, P., Sterken, V., Soja, R., Grün, E., Srama, R., Astronomy & Astrophysics, 621, id.A54, 2019
Vida, D., Brown, P., Campbell-Brown, M., Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 479, 4, 4307, 2018
Wiegert, P., Icarus, 242, 112, 2014

Thank you for your attention
Maria Hajdukova, Slovak academy of sciences, The 2nd DIMS Workshop, December 5, 2020