The 12th Conference of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities

Online Event

JADH
2023

Possibilities for Data-Driven Humanities

9.20 Wed. 22 Fri.

2023.

Organized by
Organizing Committee,
Japanese Association for Digital Humanities
Hosted by
National Institute of Japanese Literature
Co-organized byInternational Institute for Digital Humanities

International Symposium
sion

is
Adm

!
free

Supported by

Exploring Possibilities for Data-Driven Researchin East Asian Studies
Online Event

2023.9.21 Thu.

Hosted by
National Institute of Japanese Literature

IPSJ SIG Computers and the Humanities

Japan Art Documentation Society

Japan Association for English Corpus Studies

Japan Society for Digital Archives

Japan Society for Information and Media Studies
The Mathematical Linguistic Society of Japan

Japan Society of Information and Knowledge

Proceedings of JADH
conference, vol. 2023
Edited by the JADH Program Committee and Local Organizing Committee
Copyright © 2023 by the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities
Published by the JADH Program Committee and Local Organizing Committee
20 Sep 2023
5-26-4-11F, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
https://www.jadh.org/
Online edition: ISSN 2432-3144 Print edition: ISSN 2432-3187

Program Committee
Co-chairs
Natsuko Yoshiga (Osaka University, Japan)
Kiyonori Nagasaki (International Institute for Digital Humanities, Japan)
Paul Arthur (Edith Cowan University, Australia)
Marcus Bingenheimer (Temple University, USA)James Cummings (Newcastle University, UK)
J. Stephen Downie (University of Illinois, USA)
Maciej Eder (Pedagogical University of Krakow,
́ Poland)Øyvind Eide (University of Cologne, Germany)
Makoto Goto (National Museum of Japanese History, Japan)
Shoichiro Hara (Kyoto University, Japan)
Yuta Hashimoto (National Museum of Japanese History, Japan)
Bor Hodošček (Osaka University, Japan)
JenJou Hung (Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts, Taiwan)
Jieh Hsiang (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)
Akihiro Kawase (Doshisha University, Japan)
Nobuhiko Kikuchi (National Institute of Japanese Literature, Japan)
Asanobu Kitamoto (ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities / National Institute of Informatics, Japan)
Naoki Kokaze (Chiba University, Japan)
Chao-Lin Liu (National Chengchi University, Taiwan)
Yoko Mabuchi (Wayo Women's University, Japan)
Charles Muller (Musashino University, Japan)
Hajime Murai (Future University Hakodate, Japan)
Chifumi Nishioka (National Institute of Informatics, Japan)
Ikki Ohmukai (University of Tokyo, Japan)
Geoffrey Rockwell (University of Alberta, Canada)
Martina Scholger (University of Graz, Austria)
Masahiro Shimoda (Musashino University, Japan)
Raymond Siemens (University of Victoria, Canada)
Tomoji Tabata (Osaka University, Japan)
Ruck Thawonmas (Ritsumeikan University, Japan)
Toru Tomabechi (International Institute for Digital Humanities, Japan)
Kathryn Tomasek (Wheaton College, USA)
Ayaka Uesaka (Osaka Seikei University, Japan)
Raffaele Viglianti (University of Maryland, USA)
Christian Wittern (Kyoto University, Japan)
Taizo Yamada (University of Tokyo, Japan)
Hilofumi Yamamoto (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

Local Organizers
Keisuke Unno (National Institute of Japanese Literature, Japan) - Chair
Kazuaki Yamamoto (National Institute of Japanese Literature, Japan)
Shunsuke Kigoshi (National Institute of Japanese Literature, Japan)
Kuninori Matsuda (National Institute of Japanese Literature, Japan)
Nobuhiko Kikuchi (National Institute of Japanese Literature, Japan)
Noriko Matsubara (National Institute of Japanese Literature, Japan)
Taekjin Lee (National Institute of Japanese Literature, Japan)

Pre-event

Workshop:「DHデータ基盤としてのデータセット〜利⽤と提供から考える」（第回⼈間⽂化研究機構DH研究会）
DHを推進するためには基盤的なデータセットの存在が⽋かせません。⼈間⽂化研究機構各機関のコーパス（国語研）、古典籍データ（国⽂研）、歴史地名辞書（機構本部）だけでなく、国内外の研究機関からもさまざ
まな基盤的なデータセットが公開されています。⼀⽅で、これらのデータセットの多くは、研究者または研究機
関が中⼼となって構築されるケースが多く、これらを利⽤する⽴場の意⾒や他の研究者・研究機関が作るデータセットとの連携が⼗分には意識されてきませんでした。
本企画では、これらの基盤的なデータセットの利⽤者と作成者との対話を通じて、データ構築の在り⽅や
データセットの維持・提供および連携にかかる研究機関の役割などについて模索し、DHのより⾼度な基盤形成につなげる議論を⾏います。
⽇程年⽉⽇（⽔）10:00〜:

⾔語/Language

⽇本語

開催形態

Zoom

参加費

無料

プログラム
時間
10:00-10:05

:-:

:-:

11:35-13:00

話題

趣旨説明

データセットの利⽤事例の紹介と要望（分×件）（休憩 分）

話題提供者

関野 樹（⼈間⽂化研究機構DH推進室∕国際⽇本⽂化研究センター）

⾃⾝の研究やツール・データ構築での利⽤、利⽤者から⾒たデータセットの特⾊、他の研究資源やデータとの連携、提供者側への要望・質問など＜登壇者＞
・画像データ 鈴⽊親彦（群⾺県⽴⼥⼦⼤学）
・⾔語資源データ 中俣尚⼰（⼤阪⼤学）
・時空間データ 北本朝展（国⽴情報学研究所）・テキストデータ ⽯⽥友梨（岡⼭⼤学）＜司会＞
関野樹、宮川創（⼈間⽂化研究機構
DH推進室∕国⽴国語研究所）＜登壇者＞
ディスカッション（応答〜分＋
・利⽤側
ディスカッション分〜分）
北本朝展、⽯⽥友梨
・提供側
・画像データ 海野圭介（国⽂学研究資料館）

・⾔語資源データ 中川奈津⼦（国⽴国語研究所）
・テキストデータ ⾦甫榮（渋沢栄⼀記念財団）
・提供機関 ⼤井将⽣（⼈間⽂化研究機構DH推進室∕⼈間⽂化研究機構本部）

主催：⼤学共同利⽤機関法⼈員会

⼈間⽂化研究機構

⼈間⽂化研究創発センターDH推進室、JADH2023実⾏委Pre-event

Workshop: 「研究者とライブラリアンとの対話：データ駆動型⼈⽂学の推進に向けたラウンドテーブル」/ "Dialogue
between DH scholars and Librarians: A Roundtable on Promoting Data-Driven
Humanities" (held in Japanese)

データ駆動型⼈⽂学、そしてその前提としてのDH（Digital Humanities）の浸透を⽬指すうえで、図書館等の⽂化機関と研究者との間の連携は⽋かせない。その⼀⽅で、図書館と研究者との間にはDHに対する認識や温度差が⼤きい。加えて、⽇本の事情として図書館にサブジェクトライブラリアン等の研究者的な職位がほとんど設置されていないケースも多いことから、DH研究者と図書館との連携が活発化していない現状にある。本ラウ
ンドテーブルでは、データ駆動型⼈⽂学およびDHの推進をテーマに、研究者と図書館員等の⽂化機関職員との間で対話を⾏うことで、これからの⽇本におけるデータ駆動型⼈⽂学の研究推進に向けた継続的な議論のための礎としたい。
In striving to promote data-driven humanities and, underlying that, the spread of Digital Humanities (DH), thecollaboration between cultural institutions such as libraries and DH scholars is indispensable. On the other hand, there is asignificant difference in the perception and response to DH between libraries and scholars. Moreover, given the circumstancein Japan, where research-oriented positions such as subject librarians are hardly established in university libraries, there isa current state where the collaboration between DH scholars and libraries is not being activated. In this roundtable, with thepromotion of data-driven humanities and DH as the theme, we aim to establish the foundation for continuous discussions
for advancing data-driven humanities in Japan in the future, by engaging in dialogue between DH scholars and cultural
institution staff such as librarians.
⽇程年⽉⽇（⽔）14:00〜:

⾔語/Language

⽇本語

開催形態

Zoom

参加費

無料

プログラム
時間
:-:
:-:
14:25-14:40
:-:
14:55-15:00

話題司会・ファシリテータ

話題提供者

⽊越 俊介（国⽂学研究資料館教授）

趣旨説明・データ駆動型⼈⽂学研究に関する共有すべき前提

菊池 信彦（国⽂学研究資料館特任准教授）

ライブラリアンからのリプライ

渡邊 由紀⼦（九州⼤学附属図書館∕
ライブラリーサイエンス専攻准教授）

永井 正勝（⼈間⽂化研究機構 ⼈間⽂
DH研究者からライブラリアンへの期 化研究創発センター 特任教授 国⽴⺠族待と問題提起学博物館∕前 東京⼤学附属図書館アジア
研究図書館U-PARL副部⾨⻑）
堀野 和⼦（国⽂学研究資料館管理
DHとライブラリアンとの関係に関す
部 学術情報課 調査・管理係⻑ 兼 データ
る英国の状況
標準化推進係⻑）∕菊池 信彦
休憩15:00-16:30

参加者を交えたフリーディスカッション

主催: ⼤学共同利⽤機関法⼈⼈間⽂化研究機構

国⽂学研究資料館

古典籍データ駆動研究センター

Plenary and Keynote

JADH2023 Plenary and Keynote Session & NIJL International
Symposium"Exploring Possibilities for Data-Driven Research in East
Asian Studies"
Date & Time

September 21, 2023 (THU) 13:30-15:00 (JST)Admission

Free of Charge

Venue

Hosted byTranslatione

Registration

Online (Zoom)

National Institute of Japanese Literature
Japanese ⇔ English

This keynote session is open to everyone and can beattended for free.
Note that registration for the Keynote Session &International Symposium is separate from the main conference.
Even if you are planning to attend the JADH2023, you will stillneed to separately register for this international symposium.

Program

13:30-13:35: Opening Greetings
Dr. Yasuaki Watanabe (Director of the National Institute of Japanese
Literature)

13:35-13:38: Explanation of Purpose
Dr. Keisuke Unno (NIJL)

13:38-13:58: Presentation 1
Problem-solving in Humanities through Data-Driven Approaches
Dr. Keizo Oyama (NIJL)

13:58-14:18: Presentation 2
Recent Development in Digital Humanities in Taiwan
Dr. Chao-Lin Liu (National Chengchi University, Taiwan)

14:18-14:38: Presentation 3
Teaching Data-Driven Humanities at Seoul National University andthe University of Hong Kong
Dr. Javier Cha (the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR,
China)

14:38-14:58: Q&A Session and Discussion- All participants

Photo by Felicia Buitenwerf on Unsplash

14:58-15:00: Closing Remarks
Dr. Keisuke Unno (NIJL)

Hosted by National Institute of Japanese Literature

Long papers
Characterization by Dialogues in Hardy’s novels: A Preliminary Quantitative Study of Three Works
Cao, Fanghui ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Developing an Automatic Classification Mechanism for Chinese Buddhist Texts Using Deep Learning Methods
Huang, Shu-Ling; Wang, Yu-Chun; Hung, Jen-Jou .......................................................................................................... 13
Can we conduct language documentation online? The development and application of Digital Platform for collecting Online
language data (DOLD)
Lui, Pun Ho; Lai, Yik Po .................................................................................................................................................... 15

Short papers
Exploring the hidden Treasures of Geopark Heritage Resources through Data-driven Research
Aliakbari, Farzaneh; Tamborrino, Rosa ............................................................................................................................. 19
Towards ‘Linked Open SVOD Data’: a data-driven study of the digital anime market
Delanaux, Remy; Roth, Martin ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Interactive Music Analysis Tool (I-MaT)
Eck, Sebastian Oliver ........................................................................................................................................................... 20
Translations with cultural differences: A comparison study of original texts, and English translation texts of the Chinese novel
using topic modelling
Fang, Wan-Zhen; Huang, Ling-Yi ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Applying text mining techniques to analyze the online news discourse on renting for elderly people
Hsiao, Yi-chen; Shao, Hsuan-lei ........................................................................................................................................ 24
A Quantitative Analysis of the Relationship between Physical Expression and Humor Creation in Rakugo
Kawase, Akihiro; Kinami, Chieri; Adachi, Junji .............................................................................................................. 27
Where did you come from, where did you go? Approaching cross-cultural heritage data for ancient evidence
Landau, Victoria Gioia Désirée ........................................................................................................................................... 28
Reconstructing and Interpreting the Historical Events of the White Terror Period with the Use of Generative Artificial
Intelligence
Lin, Nung-yao; Hung, I-mei; Lín, Shu-Hui ....................................................................................................................... 29
Using Results of Machine Learning as an Evidence for the Stylometric Analysis of Classical Chinese Poems
Liu, Chao-Lin; Mazanec, Thomas J. .................................................................................................................................. 30
Database of Writing Systems and Orthographies for Okinawan Language: Toward Preservation of Okinawan Linguistic
Cultural Heritage
Miyagawa, So; Carlino, Salvatore ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Interactive Storytelling with 3D Visualization for Illuminating the Impact of War in Ukraine
Morozov, Mykola; Kitamoto, Asanobu ............................................................................................................................... 35
Digital Data Integration using Semantic Web and OPENAI
Moysaki, Georgia; Minadakis, Nikos ................................................................................................................................. 38
Data Modeling and Visualization toward the Construction of 3D Platform for the Humanities
Ogawa, Jun; Ohmukai, Ikki; Nagasaki, Kiyonori; Kitamoto, Asanobu ........................................................................... 39
Affective Queer Narratives on Japanese Online Fora
Ohman, Emily ....................................................................................................................................................................... 42

Interactive presentations
Prototyping a Book Reading System with Overlaying Information Extracted by Large Language Models
Aubert-Béduchaud, Julien, Maxime; Kitamoto, Asanobu .................................................................................................. 45
A TEI-based Approach to Data Driven Analysis of Japanese Translationese
Camilleri, Gabriele .............................................................................................................................................................. 47

Near-synonym noun-noun patterns in the Hachidaishu Dataset
Chen, Xudong; Hodošček, Bor; Yamamoto, Hilofumi ....................................................................................................... 49
Analysis of the Appearance Pattern Tendency of “Crying Scene” and Verification for Reproducibility of Categorization
Fukumoto, Takaki; Murai, Hajime ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Extracting “Darkness” in Contemporary Japanese Dark Fantasy
Kanazashi, Tomoya; Murai, Hajime ................................................................................................................................... 54
DH Research Information Portal: A practice for “publicizing” DH methodology
Kikuchi, Nobuhiko ................................................................................................................................................................ 55
Constructing fundamental behavior dataset for analysis and generation of story plots
Murai, Hajime; Ohta, Shoki; Ohba, Arisa; Fukumoto, Takaki; Aoyama, Mitsuki; Okuyama, Ryogo; Kanazashi,
Tomoya; Saito, Yuni; Sato, Eiichi; Tomita, Masaki; Hodosawa, Tomowa ...................................................................... 57
Extracting the Relationship Between the Emotions Evoked in the Story and Acoustic Features of the Music
Okuyama, Ryogo; Murai, Hajime ....................................................................................................................................... 60
Online Reaction towards ChatGPT Ban from Education
Takagi, Miu Nicole; Ohman, Emily .................................................................................................................................... 62
Development of a dataset for comparison between predicate verb phrases in the Kokinshu and their contemporary translations
Yamamoto, Hilofumi; Hodoscek, Bor; Chen, Xudong ....................................................................................................... 64

PanelsDigital Resources in Buddhist Studies in Taiwan – a Progress Report
Hsiang, Jieh; Hung, Jen-Jou; Hung, I-Mei; Ting, Pei-Feng; Lo, Hao-Cheng ............................................................... 69
Possibilities of Digital Social Science and Data-Driven Studies
Shao, Hsuan-Lei; Huang, Sieh-Chien; Chao, Shiau-Fang; Yeh, Yu-Chun; Wu, Chia-Chia; Chang, Gia-Ming ............. 71
From Documents to DocuSky—Practice and Application
Tu, Hsieh-Chang; Hu, Chi-Jui; Kuo, Chih-Wen; Huang, Chia-Hung ............................................................................. 76

Long papers

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Characterization by Dialogues in Hardy’s
novels: A Preliminary Quantitative Studyof Three Works
Cao, Fanghui

u327503a@ecs.osaka-u.ac.jp
Osaka University, Japan
1 Introduction
Page (1973: 51) argues, "The dialogue in a novel is[...] multifunctional: it can serve to further plot, to develop
character, to describe setting or atmosphere, to present a
moral argument or a discussion on cabbages or kings, orto perform any combination of these purposes. " However,
the most important and the most productive one is thepresentation and development of character.
Unlike the theater, the novel can't provide a observable
personality of any character by the actor’s performance(physique, costume, movements, facial and vocal qualities,etc), so these individual characteristics must be conveyed
in words; and since dialogue is more dynamic comparedwith description or comment, it is often chosen to perform
much of this task of characterization by novelists. Besides,
when dealing with complex plots or extensive characterlists, the reader's memory needs artificial aids over a long
period of reading experience, and that’s the reason why thecharacterization by dialogues plays such an important rolein novels.
Extracting the dialogue portion of a literary work
can be a challenging task, particularly for novels withlengthy character lists and complex character relationships.
Additionally, technical limitations have resulted in few
previous studies examining the quantitative analysis ofliterary works' dialogue components.
Therefore, the goal of this study is to discuss how Hardy
performed the characterization by the dialogues in his
novels using quantitative analysis. This study focuses on the
direct speech, which accounts for a significant proportion in
the dialogues of Hardy’s novels. The current paper considers
whether there is a notable pattern could be recognized in the
speech of his three representative novels, The Return of the
Native (1878), Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891), Jude the
Obscure (1895), using the quantitative analysis approachthat has been proposed in Cao (2023).
2 Methods
To prepare for the dialogue dataset, I collected the
dialogues of each character in the three novels as follows.
First of all, I selected the three books of Hardy in plain
text from the Project Gutenberg, an online library of free
eBooks. Secondly, I meticulously analyzed each utterance

12

in the novels through close reading and marked them up
according to TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) guidelines. This
resulted in three structured XML files, where I assigned
attributes for the speaker and listener as "#who" and"#toWhom" within the <said> tags. Then, I parsed theseXML files with lxml.etree in Python to extract the dialogue
parts from the entire novel and represented the interaction
network among the characters visually with networkx. After
that, referring to the network, I analyzed the frequency
patterns of the words used in the idiolects of the main
characters with CasualConc to clarify the linguistic featuresand personality traits of them, as well as the relationships
within the speakers. The table beneath shows the dataset
collected in this study (Table 1).
Table 1. Basic data information of the three novels* Tokens of Quotation Parts here means the tokens ofcontents enclosed by double quotations in the TXT files,
which is the total of the tokens of contents enclosed by <q>tags and <said> tags in the XML files.
* Tokens of Direct Speech here means the tokens ofcontents enclosed by <said> tags in the XML files.
3 Results
After parsing the XML files, we have got threeinteraction networks of the novels (Figure 1, 2, 3). Thus,
we can intuitively recognize the character relationships inthe long-complicated stories. The characters in the centreof networks with larger nodes are the most important onesin the novel, while the characters that are pushed to theperiphery are the ones with less importance.

Figure 1. Visualization of the character interaction
network in The Return of the Native (Characters must
interact at least ten times to be included)
Figure 2. Visualization of the character interaction
network in Tess of the d'Urbervilles (Characters must
interact at least ten times to be included)
Figure 3. Visualization of the character interaction
network in Jude the Obscure (Characters must interact atleast ten times to be included)

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Note that although most of the side characters havebeen removed from our network model successfully, there
are still some collective nouns representing a group of
supporting characters without specified names remained (neighbour(s), lad(s), mummer(s), etc.). Hence, an additional
condition, only those whose utterance is over 500 words
are the research subjects, is added. Thus, we get a final
character-list as presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Character lists of the three novels
As so far, we have got the final dataset ready and areallowed to go a step further by comparing the word usageof different characters. To examine the correspondence
relationship between characters and words used in theirutterances, this study utilizes correspondence analysis (CA).
CA facilitates the visualization of analysis results throughscatter plots, enabling an intuitive interpretation of therelationships between various categories present in rows andcolumns.
This study initially focuses on characters' usage ofmodal auxiliary verbs (*vm0). Figures 4 and 5 show thecorresponding relationship between characters and modal
auxiliary verbs. It was revealed that Hardy's rustics (rightside) tend to use the abbreviation forms of modal verbs("wo," "ll," "ca," "sha," "d") more frequently than his
middle-class characters (left side), particularly those with
better educational backgrounds on whom the dialectal
influence is weakened by the influence of standard English.
This finding aligns with Page's observations that "Hardy's
dialogue [...] exhibits a wide variation of quality between
the stilted and at times preposterous language of his middleclass characters, and the entirely different diction andrhythms of his rustics. " (Page, 1973: 67).

Figure 5. Correspondence analysis on modal auxiliary
verbs in dialogues (By characters)

Bibliography
Cao, F. (2023). 『 Tess of the d’Urbervilles の会話部によるキャラクタライゼーション』 Tess of thed’Urbervilles no kaiwabu ni yoru kyarakutaraizeishon(Characterization by means of dialogues in Tess of thed’Urbervilles). Unpublished M.A. dissertation. Graduate
School of Language and Culture, Osaka University.
Hardy, T. (1994). Jude the Obscure. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/153/pg153-images.html(accessed 13 March 2023).
Hardy, T. (1994). Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure
Woman. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/110/pg110images.html (accessed 26 May 2022).
Hardy, T. (2006). The Return of the Native. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/122/pg122-images.html(accessed 13 March 2023).
Page, N. (1973). Speech in the English novel. London:
Longman.

Developing an Automatic Classification
Mechanism for Chinese Buddhist Texts
Using Deep Learning Methods
Huang, Shu-Ling
Figure 4. Correspondence analysis on modal auxiliary
verbs in dialogues (By modal verbs)

d107104@dila.edu.tw
Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts, Taiwan

13

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Wang, Yu-Chun

ycwang@dila.edu.tw
Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts, Taiwan

Hung, Jen-Jou

jenjou.hung@dila.edu.tw
Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts, Taiwan
1. Introduction:
The Catalog of Buddhist Scriptures, known as Jing
Lu(經錄), has played a crucial role in documenting andpreserving the outlines of Buddhist texts in ancient China.
With the advent of the Chinese Electronic Buddhist
Tripitaka Collections (CBETA), a comprehensive database
comprising over 2.3 billion words, the catalog has
become an indispensable tool for research purposes. It not
only facilitates access to the entire Buddhist canon but
also establishes a standardized framework that enables
comparative studies and research dialogues. However, thecatalog faces certain challenges that need to be addressed.
Firstly, there are contradictions within the traditionalframework caused by the differences in genre-based or
topic-based classifications. This inconsistency hinders theaccurate categorization of texts and creates difficulties forresearchers. Additionally, the continuous addition of new
texts to the collection necessitates temporary categorization
solutions to accommodate these additions. These challenges
highlight the need for a more flexible and adaptableclassification mechanism to ensure the effectiveness andrelevance of the catalog in the face of evolving Buddhist
literature. However, the traditional manual classification of
Buddhist texts is time-consuming, laborious, and often lacks
consensus. Thus this paper proposes the development of
an automatic classification mechanism using deep learning
methods.
2. Objective:
The primary objective of this study is to employ two
deep learning methods to reclassify Buddhist texts inthe last four relatively new categories of CBETA. These
categories do not conform to the traditional thematicclassification system and need to be integrated into theexisting 19 categories. Moreover, the study aims to assess
the suitability of the current text classification, address
any ambiguities that may exist between categories, anddiscuss the reasons behind misclassifications. By conducting
automatic classification on all texts in the first 19 categories,
the research results will provide crucial reference data formanual revisions of the CBETA catalog.
3. Methodology:
In this study, three machine learning models are utilized:
Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM)
and BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations

14

from Transformers) serve as the primary models, while
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used as a baseline forcomparison. BiLSTM is chosen for its ability to generatecontextual word embedding and handle variable-length
inputs, making it advantageous in text classification tasks.
BERT, known for comprehending contextual nuances anddependencies, outperforms BiLSTM models in capturing
semantic and syntactic relationships. As for SVM, its
proven effectiveness and interpretability make it an ideal
choice as a baseline model for comparison with the two
deep learning models mentioned above. As expected,
experimental results demonstrate BERT's superiority,achieving a test accuracy rate of 0.824, outperforming SVM
and BiLSTM by 2.8 and 0.5 percentage points, respectively.
4. Findings:
The error analysis provides valuable insights into theclassification process, revealing the following key findings:(1) Higher effectiveness was observed in specificcategories, including the Pure Land School Section (淨⼟宗部), Zen School Section (禪宗部), and Esoteric Section(密教部). Conversely, the Ratnakūṭa Section (寶積部) andNirvāṇa Section (涅槃部) displayed lower effectiveness.
(2) The Suttanipāta Section (經集部) exhibited
particular susceptibility to confusion due to unclear thematicboundaries and mixed categorization, emphasizing the needfor adjustments to enhance classification accuracy.
(3) Certain categories tended to cluster together, suchas the Nirvāṇa Section (涅槃部) and The Lotus Sutra
Section (法華部); the Madhyamaka Section (中觀部) and
Abhidharma-saṃnipāta Section (論集部); the Abhidharma
Section (毘曇部) and Abhidharma-saṃnipāta Section (論集部); as well as the Zen School Section (禪宗部), Historical
Biography Section (史傳部), and Cyclopaedia Section(事彙部). This clustering may be attributed to potential
similarities in topics, a focus on human characters, orshared grammatical structures and linguistic styles. Further
investigation is invaluable to explore these aspects in greater
depth.
(4) The quantity of texts in different CBETA categories
does not significantly impact the automatic classification
performance.
(5) A recommended approach for reorganizing the final
four new categories in CBETA is to combine the predictions
from the three methods, considering the top-1 to top-3
results, which can then serve as a reference for humanevaluation. For instance, considering the newly added booktitled " Biography of Master Tsongkhapa" (宗喀巴⼤師
傳 CBETA 2023.Q1, B11, no. 74). Properly categorizing
this book falls under the No.18 Historical Biography
Section. However, due to Tsongkhapa's association withesoteric teachings, BERT erroneously assigns it to theNo.10 Esoteric Section, while BiLSTM correctly assigns

JADH Annual Conference 2023
it to the No.18. This exemplifies the value of utilizing
multiple predictions from different models to ensure
precise categorization. If we consider the top three answers
together, the accuracy rate can be increased to 90.3%.
(6) It is worth highlighting the potential considerationof cross-tagging for books that belong to multiple
categories. This approach allows for a more comprehensive
representation of the content and facilitates efficient
retrieval and exploration of texts with overlapping themes
or diverse subject matter. By exploring cross-tagging, the
CBETA catalog can better accommodate complex texts andcater to the diverse needs of researchers and scholars.
5. Contributions:This paper makes several significant contributions to
the field. Firstly, it demonstrates the effectiveness of the
deep learning method in classifying Buddhist Scriptures,
surpassing traditional manual classification approaches.
Secondly, it proposes the integration of the newer CBETA
categories into the existing 19 categories, enhancing theorganization and accessibility of the catalog. Thirdly, by
analyzing the causes of misclassification based on thecontents of Buddhist Scriptures, it explores the underlying
connections between categories and provides guidance
for future adjustments. Lastly, the findings of this study
have been adopted by the Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text
Association as a point of reference for manual classification.
6. Conclusion:
The utilization of deep learning methods, particularly
BERT, in the automatic classification of Chinese Buddhist
texts offers significant improvements in efficiency andaccuracy. The research findings contribute to the refinement
and enhancement of the CBETA catalog, bridging the
gap between traditional practices and modern needs. The
proposed automatic classification mechanism serves as avaluable tool for researchers, enabling them to navigate
and explore the vast collection of Buddhist texts. Future
research can further explore and expand upon the findings toadvance the field of Chinese Buddhist studies and the digital
humanities.
Key Words: CBETA, BERT, Dazhongjing, The Catalog
of Buddhist Scriptures, text classification.

Bibliography
Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., and Toutanova, K.
(2018). Bert: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers
for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1810.
04805. https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805.
Li, F. H. and He, M. (2003). Research on the Chinese
Tripitaka. Beijing Religious and Cultural Publishing
Company.

Liu, G., and Guo, J. (2019). Bidirectional LSTM withattention mechanism and convolutional layer for textclassification. Neuro computing 2019, 337: 325-338.
Lu, C. (1980). Newly Compiled Catalog of the Chinese
Buddhist Canon. Shandong Qilu Book Company.
Naseem, U., Razzak, I., Khan, S. K., and Prasad, M.
(2021). A comprehensive survey on word representation
models: From classical to state-of-the-art word
representation language models. Transactions on Asian and
Low-Resource Language Information Processing, 20(5):1-35.
Nguyen, B. and Ji, S. X. (2022). Fine-Tuning Pretrained
Language Models With Label Attention for Biomedical
Text Classification. arXiv: 2108.11809 [cs.CL]. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2108.11809.
Shi Huimin (2002). Introduction to the CBETAElectronic Buddhist Canon Integrated Catalog (CBETA
Edition Catalog). Information Management for Buddhist
Libraries, 32: 18-25.

Can we conduct language
documentation online? The development
and application of Digital Platform forcollecting Online language data (DOLD)
Lui, Pun Holuiph001@gmail.com
The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
S.A.R. (China)Lai, Yik Po

laiyikpo@gmail.com
The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
S.A.R. (China)
This study aims to explore a method to conduct
remote language documentation. In the light of potential
pandemic, the time and financial costs of field work, aremote approach to language documentation is required. To
this end, this paper will introduce a web-based application
for conducting language experiments and surveys online –Digital Platform for Collecting Online Language
Data (DOLD), which was newly developed by the Centre
for Research on Linguistics and Language Studies, The
Education University of Hong Kong, with the help of the
JavaScript framework jsPsych (de Leeuw 2015). With
DOLD, researchers can conveniently collect data fromspeakers of different languages around the world.

15

JADH Annual Conference 2023
DOLD is an online platform in which the researcher
can design their experiment(s), collecting linguistic data.
Each experiment consists of task(s). Each task consists ofstimulus and responses. Not only the actual responses arerecorded, the response time is also filed.
Compatible with various types of stimulus materials(text, image, audio, video, and HTML content) and
response data (text, audio, screen button, and keyboard,
with reaction time), with a simple and flexible structure forresearchers to design their own data-collection task package,
DOLD can meet the research needs of different linguistic
subfields, especially phonetics, clinical linguistics, language
acquisition, psycholinguistics, dialectology, typology andlanguage documentation.
An application of DOLD is collecting word list which
is a common practice in in-person field work. First,
researchers can upload photo and video stimuli onto the“media” section. Then, the researchers can create tasks
that collect word list from languages. The task shows thestimuli (i.e., photo and video) and collect audio responses.
Researchers can allow the participants to play back theirrecordings. If the participants are not satisfied with therecordings, they can re-record the audio, hence producing
a more accurate pronunciation. By contrast, the playback
function can be disallowed, aiming for the most natural
recording (i.e., the first one) because the subsequent trials
may be affected by participants’ awareness of producing“correct” expressions. It is optimal to design serval tasks
that aim at eliciting different tokens. E.g., One task for noun
while another for verbs.
After creating the relevant tasks, researchers can create
a new experiment by combining different tasks. The tasks
can be freely added, removed and arranged. To distributethe experiment, send the generated link to the participants.
The link can be dedicated to a specific participant, or can
be available to public. After the experiment, isn addition to
the audio response, the response time from the participants
is recorded. This may help assess whether the words arecommonly used, that is, the duration of thinking to name thestimuli.
After a task package is set up in DOLD, no or minimal
manual intervention from the researcher is required during
the process of data collection. Participants can go throughthe process by themselves, at any time without making an
appointment. Setting up an experiment or survey in DOLD
and letting DOLD run it with participants without muchmanual intervention can be not only a convenient approach,but also a beneficial practice, which helps standardize theexperiment or survey process. Sharing an experiment set up
in DOLD with other researchers also allows easy and exact
replication.
In terms of efficiency, DOLD reduces financial and time
costs, compared to traditional field work. Traditional fieldwork requires a researcher going to the locales, which are

16

sometimes rural areas, in order to collect language data.
The money costs include the commuting cost (i.e., flight orcar), accommodation, necessity and equipment. The time
costs include the commuting time and the time of forging
relationship with the target community. With DOLD,
besides the cost of equipment, other costs are minimized
to zero. On top of that, researcher’s risks and difficulties ofgoing to different places are minimized.
In terms of application, DOLD can help collect linguistic
data for cross-linguistically typological work (i.e., work on
grammar). The traditional practices of conducting crosslinguistic work are by reading related grammar, and by
consulting with the field workers of a given language(s).
These methods may be biased by the field workers’ personal
experience and intuition. To avoid the potential risk of
inaccurate analysis, DOLD enables researchers to collect
first-hand data by asking different language speakers towork on the same experiment. Same experiment is expected
to yield a less biased work. Moreover, the source of data ismore persuasive than personal communication.
Compared to other online experiment platforms that canbe used for language documentation, DOLD is dedicatedto language research, and is more transparent to use. One
example is jsPsych, an open-source JavaScript library fordeveloping web-based behavioral experiments (de Leeuw,2015). While jsPsych helps researchers develop highly
customized designs for the experiments, its utilization
requires a working knowledge of JavaScript coding.
Furthermore, jsPsych solely deals with the frontend aspectsof an online experiment; additional knowledge is needed to
manage backend components like server hosting and data
storage. By contrast, DOLD does not require any knowledgeof JavaScript coding, server hosting or data storage.
Another online tool for language documentation is theGorilla Experiment Builder. It is a paid option that provides
a graphical user interface for designing experiments, aswell as backend infrastructure for data collection andstorage. Designed to cater to a wide range of intricate
behavioral experiments, Gorilla offers extensive featuresand details that go beyond the typical requirements oflanguage experiments and surveys. It, as a result, appears
heavy and complex to linguistic researchers, despite notrequiring technical IT knowledge. On the contrary, DOLD
is a free platform dedicated to linguistic and language
researches. Aiming to provide a toolkit that focuses on therequirements of online language experiments and surveys,
DOLD emphasizes simplicity and accessibility while
offering necessary functionality.

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Bibliography
de Leeuw, J. R. (2015). jsPsych: A JavaScript library forcreating behavioral experiments in a web browser. Behavior
Research Methods, 47(1), 1-12.

17

Short papers

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Exploring the hidden Treasures ofGeopark Heritage Resources throughData-driven Research
Aliakbari, Farzaneh
Farzaneh.aliakbari@polito.it
Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Tamborrino, Rosarosa.tamborrino@polito.it
Politecnico di Torino, Italy

The establishment of UNESCO Global Geoparks(UGGps) in 2015 was crucial to fulfilling the Sustainable
Development Goals (Voudouris et al., 2022). According
to UNESCO definition 1, a Geopark is a single and unified
geographical area with a geological heritage that aremanaged with a holistic concept of protection, educationand sustainable development. Cultural heritage encompasses
a broad range of tangible and intangible cultural elements,
while Cultural Natural Heritage (CNH) represents theinteraction between human communities and their naturalenvironment, highlighting the relationship, beliefs, andpractices associated with specific landscapes (Barrientos etal., 2021; Tamborrino et al., 2022). However, there is a needto broaden studies on geopark areas even if there are studies
on protected heritage landscapes, the approach to composite
geopark areas is not yet so clear where Cultural Natural
Heritage (CNH) can constitute a lever for sustainable
development. Therefore, the exploration of a range of dataand information related to CNH characterization is needed
to build a new approach. The current study identifies a
non-European case study namely Qeshm Island UGGp,
and employs data driven approaches to investigate thehistory and CNH values. Qeshm Island is the Persian
Gulf's and the Middle East's biggest island that is situatedin the Strait of Hormuz in Iran (Sumanapala and Wolf,
2020; Nateghi and Bayat, 2021). Within this framework,
the current study focuses on how to use digital tools
to build experiences. Hence, the research gathers andanalyzes the data about the CNH assets including geological
data, historical records, cultural practices and traditions
through surveys, and mapping processes using Geographic
Information System (GIS). Finally, some insights regarding
the application of digital tools to use the collected data forbetter understanding of the history and improving the visitor
experiences are highlighted. The observations found in
this study show that digital tools leverage collected data
to provide a deeper understanding of history and enhance

visitor experiences through interactive and immersive
approaches.

Notes
1.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, https://en.unesco.org/global-geoparks,
2021

Towards ‘Linked Open SVOD Data’: adata-driven study of the digital anime
marketDelanaux, Remydelanaux.remy@gmail.com
Ritsumeikan University

Roth, Martin

roth1003@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp
Ritsumeikan University; Stuttgart Media University
While consuming digital video on the Internet waslimited to free video sharing websites (such as YouTube or
Dailymotion) in the 2000s, two separate branches converged
into creating web-based video on-demand (VOD): native
media creators wanting to profit off their creations, as wellas traditional media companies from television and cinema
wanting a new broadcasting channel for their productions
and licenses. VOD on the Internet is an extension of
pay-per-view (PPV) television and existing on-demand
services shifting consumption from a fixed scheduling to
an on-demand catalog, following what had already been
happening with digital music (Lobato, 2018). In 2007,
Netflix and Hulu merged subscription-based video on
demand (SVOD) with digital platforms. For a monthly fee,
unlimited access to a given media catalog is granted, insteadof purchasing every desired title individually.
The proliferation of subscription-based models is notwithout issues for consumers, including the recent trend ofnewer platforms monopolizing content which could induce
a necessity for an accumulation of subscriptions to access amajority of media content, in turn causing potential financial
problems. Indeed, while some of these platforms' catalogs
overlap, it also happens that some titles are not available
anywhere; more specifically, they may not be available ina specific territory, or not available at that specific point intime (Lobato, 2018; Lotz et al., 2022). License territoriality
and temporality are growing concerns in a world where

19

JADH Annual Conference 2023
digital media is heavily globalized, yet equal and stable
access is not guaranteed. The lack of archiving solutions(whether in terms of the media itself, or the fact that it wasavailable) creates concrete instances of inaccessibility that
could lead to so-called "lost media" and to a "digital darkage", which represents a significant research issue (Kelly,2022) and emphasizes the need for open solutions.
In this paper, we introduce our metadata-based approachto studying the spatiotemporal distribution of content acrossdifferent SVOD platforms, organized in four steps: dataacquisition, data cleaning, modeling, and analysis.
We argue that providing centralized, reliable,
standardized resources for publishing data related to
SVOD catalogs would be beneficial to both consumers
and researchers. Any data model describing SVOD dataneeds to capture the spatiotemporal availability of media
contents as much as is technically possible. We propose an
abstract, simple data model and associated dataset to publish
such data, using the Semantic Web and Linked Open Dataframeworks and tools. Such a standardized, open model canbe easily achieved and could reuse both existing models
and existing data resources to be interlinked with. SVOD
catalog data, despite being rarely studied, is relevant tostudy problems from fields ranging from Media Studies
to Cultural Studies, as well as Platform Studies to observe
the role of new media giants. This could also provide agood framework for working with transparent open data inMedia Studies, thus perpetuating the hope for Open Science
academic research and filling a notable gap in this field(Taurino, 2022).
In our study, we build and model datasets of SVOD
catalogs for three major, global platforms (Netflix, Amazon
Prime Video, and Disney+), allowing us to filter contents by
their country of origin, as well as easily storing these catalog
dumps in a simple format to see how these catalogs evolvein time and space. Using standards from the Semantic
Web easily allow us to reuse existing vocabularies (orontologies), compute statistics relevant to our problems ofinterest, and cross-query our computed data with existing
media databases (e.g., the Media Arts Database fromthe Japanese government). To ensure interoperability
with other databases, we reuse existing both general
vocabularies (such as the W3C’s OWL-Time ontology) as
well as specialized vocabularies (such as the Dublin Core
vocabulary or MovieLabs’s ontologies for media creationand distribution).
As an example case study, this paper looks at the
distribution of Japanese animated content (the corecomponent of what is commonly called anime) in Japanand France. Anime content is discursively related to Japan(Suan, 2021), well-described in digital data resources(Pfeffer and Roth, 2020), globally conceived and distributed
predominantly via digital channels such as VOD (Steinberg,

202012) and a very active media sector in those two countries(Petit et al., 2022). We analyze the availability of anime
media on the major global SVOD platforms in France
and Japan, and use our collected data to show how thesecontents are distributed in the two countries: availability
over time, exclusivity vs. overlap, old vs. new, franchises vs.
original creations, etc.
We argue that our approach offers a complementaryperspective on contemporary media ecosystems, and thus on
our globalizing media culture as a whole.

Bibliography
Kelly, J. (2022). “This Title Is No Longer Available”:
Preserving Television in the Streaming Age. Television &New Media, 23(1), 3–21.
Lobato, R. (2018). Rethinking International TV Flows
Research in the Age of Netflix. T elevision & New Media,
19(3), 241–256.
Lotz, A. D., Eklund, O. and Soroka, S. (2022). Netflix,
library analysis, and globalization: rethinking mass media
flows, Journal of Communication, 72(4), 511–521.
Petit, A., Steinberg, M., Crawford, C., Ristola,J., Altheman, E., Ciarma, S. and Berndt, V. (2022).
Anime Streaming Platform Wars: A Platform Lab Report.
Concordia University Research Group.
Pfeffer, M. and Roth, M. (2020). Japanese Visual
Media Graph: Providing researchers with data fromenthusiast communities. International Conference on Dublin
Core and Metadata Applications, 136–141.
Steinberg, M. (2012). Anime’s Media Mix: Franchising
Toys and Characters in Japan (NED-New edition).
University of Minnesota Press.
Suan, S. (2021). Anime’s Identity: Performativity andForm beyond Japan. University of Minnesota Press.
Taurino, G. (2022). Open-Data, Open-Source, OpenKnowledge: Towards Open-Access Research in Media
Studies, The Palgrave Handbook of Digital and Public
Humanities. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 49–68.

Interactive Music Analysis Tool (I-MaT)
Eck, Sebastian Oliver

sebastian.eck@outlook.com
University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar, Germany
The Interactive Music Analysis Tool, I-MaT, (Universityof Music Franz Liszt Weimar, 2021a) is a modular
program designed for producing visualizations, statisticalanalyses as well as tokenizations of textual music data. Its

JADH Annual Conference 2023
functionalities are built on various commonly used python
libraries, such as music21 (Cuthbert, 2023a) and MidiTok(Fradet et al., 2021). I-MaT was developed as a sub-project
within the fellowship project Computer-Assisted Music
Analysis in Digital University Teaching (Pfleiderer, 2022;
University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar, 2021c).
The fellowship project (2021) was located at the Institutefor Musicology Weimar-Jena at the Franz Liszt Universityof Music Weimar, Germany.

Project Overview
The aim of the fellowship project “Computer-Assisted
Music Analysis […]” was to design, test, teach with andevaluate a comprehensive set of teaching modules formusic analysis that make use of various computer-assisted,primarily quantitative analysis tools. The teaching modules
were intended to complement conventional musicologicaland analysis courses and mainly focus on:••••“the computer-based annotation and visualization of
sheet music texts and audio files,
the statistical analysis of music corpora,the search for musical patterns (rhythms, melodies,
harmony connections, etc.),
and the comparison of interpretation” (Poliakov andNadar, 2021a)

Within the project Computer-Assisted Music Analysis in
Digital University Teaching, three computerized approaches
to music score analysis were utilized, namely music21,
CAMAT, and I-MaT (University of Music Franz Liszt
Weimar, 2021d).
Music21 is a Python library created at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge for symbolic
music representation and processing (Cuthbert, 2023b).
CAMAT, on the other hand, is a Computer-Assisted
Music Analysis Toolkit developed within the courseof the fellowship project (Poliakov and Nadar, 2021b;
Pfleiderer et al., 2023). CAMAT uses its own uniquedata structure to overcome certain design problems foundwithin the music21 framework (Poliakov and Nadar,2021a). Tutorials for musicological university level courses
were prepared and their usability evaluated; the tutorials
include music examples and code that can be executed
as Jupyter Notebooks (University of Music Franz Liszt
Weimar, 2021b).

Objectives
As experienced during the fellowship project’s didactic
test phase, working with Jupyter Notebooks and analyzing
music with packages such as music21 or CAMAT proved
challenging in particular for musicology students with noneor only very limited knowledge of computer commands orprogramming languages.
As an initial response, I-MaT emerged as a pragmatic
solution, aiding students in quickly obtaining meaningful
analysis results. Motivated by the success and the evident
impact it had on the learning process, the development andrefinement of I-MaT continued independently following theconclusion of the aforementioned fellowship project at theend of 2021.
Since then, this research endeavor has been guided by
two primary objectives:
The first objective was to design an easily accessible
tool with a well-structured interface, further lowering thebarrier for musicology students to engage with methods
from digital musicology.
The second objective was to further refine andmodularize I-MaT’s program code, to create a modular
and flexible tool that could effortlessly be extended byeither adding new functionalities offered by alreadyintegrated modules (such as music21 and MidiTok), or
by incorporating new python packages related to digitalmusicology or other relevant fields, e.g., computational
linguistics.

I-MaT: Features and Accessibility

The Interactive Music Analysis Tool (I-MaT)
Addressing the steep learning curve often encounteredwith Python-based music analysis tools like music21 or
CAMAT, the Interactive Music Analysis Tool (I-MaT) was
designed specifically with user accessibility in mind. I-MaT
utilizes a new and innovative approach to access, work withand implement various python libraries, such as, but notlimited to, music21 or MidiTok for textual music analysis,21

JADH Annual Conference 2023
within one unified, user friendly text-based command-lineinterface (CLI).
I-MaT allows users to quickly obtain results bynavigating through simple dynamic menu structures andselecting methods and tools from predefined options (seeFigure 1). The tool uses an accessible and easily extendable
text-based CLI, with the underlying music21 and MidiTokcommands remaining invisible to the user. While requiring
minimal familiarity with command-line environments,
the preference for a CLI over a GUI offers a compromise
between user-friendliness and easy code extendibility.
This compromise was necessary to keep the barrier toentry as low as possible, and to encourage a broad usage anduser-based participation in the tool's ongoing development
via GitHub (Eck, 2023b). To further increase accessibility,
I-MaT was distributed via Pypi.org (Eck, 2023c), allowing
for an easy installation via integrated package-management
systems such as the commonly used python pip installer. IMaT’s source code is complemented by an extensive online
documentation that offers guidance to both users as well as
contributors (Eck, 2023a).
While virtually encompassing all the functionalitiesof the integrated python packages for music information
retrieval/tokenization, i.e., music21/MidiTok, I-MaTs
functionalities are currently limited to a representative, yetwell-tested set of statistical analysis, export, visualization,transformation and musical data tokenization tools.
With all those benefits at hand, I-MaT is a very flexible
and powerful tool that could cater to the needs of a diverse
range of users, from novice music analysts to advanced
researchers.

Education and Training
In addition to its analytical capabilities, I-MaT serves as
an effective didactic tool, further bridging the gap between
musicology and the broader field of computer-assisted
analysis and Music Information Retrieval (MIR).
I-MaT’s various functionalities could provide valuable
support for music and musicology courses at both highschool and university levels. Its user-friendly interface
and simple installation make it an ideal tool for students
to quickly obtain results and explore various analytical
approaches using computational methods, allowing them togain a deeper understanding of the musical works they are
studying.
Furthermore, I-MaT’s modular design opens possibilities
for launching educational projects centered aroundmusicological programming, with the added advantage of
seamlessly integrating their outcomes and functions into IMaT through collaborative platforms like GitHub.
By using I-MaT, students can develop valuable
analytical skills that are useful not only in musicology but

22also in other areas of the humanities where data-driven
methods are becoming increasingly important.
The Interactive Music Analysis Tool, I-MaT, should
be seen as a contribution to Computational Musicology or
Digital Musicology within the Digital Humanities.

Bibliography
Cuthbert, M. S. A. (2023a). music21. A Toolkit for
Computer-Aided Musicology. http://web.mit.edu/music21/(accessed 19 July 2023).
Cuthbert, M. S. A. (2023b). music21. GitHub
Repository. https://github.com/cuthbertLab/music21(accessed 19 July 2023).
Eck, S. O. (2023a). Interactive Music Analysis Tool (IMaT). Dokumentation. https://i-mat.readthedocs.io/en/latest/(accessed 19 July 2023).
Eck, S. O. (2023b). Interactive Music Analysis Tool (IMaT). GitHub Repository. https://github.com/sebastian-eck/
I-MaT (accessed 19 July 2023).
Eck, S. O. (2023c). Interactive Music Analysis Tool (IMaT). Pypi.org Distribution. https://pypi.org/project/imat/(accessed 19 July 2023).
Fradet, N., Briot, J.-P., Chhel, F., Seghrouchni, A. E.
F. and Gutowski, N. (2021). MidiTok. A Python Package
for MIDI File Tokenization. https://archives.ismir.net/
ismir2021/latebreaking/000005.pdf (accessed 19 July 2023).
Pfleiderer, M. (2022). Computergestützte Musikanalyse.
Fellowship für Innovation in der digitalen Hochschullehre.
Abschlussbericht. https://stifterverband.org/file/10986/
download?token=tl9S2EL_.
Pfleiderer, M., Poliakov, E. and Nadar, C. R. (2023).
Analyze! Development and Integration of SoftwareBased Tools for Musicology Music Theory, Proceedings
Innovation in Music 2022 Conference.
Poliakov, E. and Nadar, C. R. (2021a).
CAMAT. Computer Assisted Music Analysis Toolkit.
https://analyse.hfm-weimar.de/lib/exe/fetch.php?
media=en:dmrn-16-proceedings_camat.pdf (accessed 19
July 2023).
Poliakov, E. and Nadar, C. R. (2021b). CAMAT.
GitHub Repository. https://github.com/Christon-Ragavan/
CAMAT (accessed 19 July 2023).
University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar(2021a). Fellowship Project Computer-Assisted
Music Analysis. Interactive Music Analysis Tool
(I-MaT). https://analyse.hfm-weimar.de/doku.php?
id=en:interaktive_musikanalyse (accessed 19 July 2023).
University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar (2021b).
Fellowship Project Computer-Assisted Music Analysis.
Modules and Tutorials. https://analyse.hfm-weimar.de/
doku.php?id=en:tutorials.

JADH Annual Conference 2023
University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar (2021c).
Fellowship Project Computer-Assisted Music Analysis.
Project-Wiki. https://analyse.hfm-weimar.de/doku.php?
id=en:start (accessed 19 July 2023).
University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar (2021d).
Fellowship Project Computer-Assisted Music Analysis.
Sheet Music Analysis. https://analyse.hfm-weimar.de/
doku.php?id=en:noten (accessed 19 July 2023).

Translations with cultural differences: A
comparison study of original texts, andEnglish translation texts of the Chinese
novel using topic modelling
Fang, Wan-Zhenclairewzfang@gmail.com
Nanfang College of Sun Yat-Sen University

Huang, Ling-Yi

lingyi0713@gmail.com
Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Introduction
Fortress Besieged written by Qian Zhongshu in the
1940’s is a novel which describes the situation of Chinese
intellectuals during the vicious Chinese Civil War. In 1961,
a Chinese literature historian Hsia Chih-tsing highly praised
the novel’s comic exuberance and acclaimed it as “the mostdelightful and carefully wrought novel in modern Chinese
literature; it is perhaps also its greatest novel” (Hsia, 1961).
With the English translation finished by Jeanne Kelly andNathan Mao at the end of the 20th century, the author
and his only novel have been enshrined as a classic inmodern Chinese literature. Meanwhile, these studies on
copious used metaphors or allusions manifest the longterm challenges in Comparative Literature (CL), which
is characterized by dealing with the crossing borders inlanguage. Both questions of “What is it?” and “How is it?”remain unclear and anxious in this discipline (Dominguez
and Wang, 2016). Taking cultural differences into account,can we achieve Bermann’s sense of “connection, relation,and dialogue” by translation in meeting the author’s richknowledge and rhetorical strategy?
Perspectives of Comparative Literature
Emily Apter invokes Derrida’s notion ofuntranslatability and Reinhard’s theory of “traumatic
proximity” to abolish the divides of inside/outside, guest/
host, owner/tenant in monolinguism (Apter, 2006). Apter

clarifies what can’t be ignored is “systems theory formed
part of a general post-war trend of "grand theory in thehuman sciences"” (Apter,2009). Benefiting from theapproach of Apter indicates the paper combines Latent
Dirichlet Allocation with translated literary works toovercome the multiplicity of spaces in CL by manifestingsome fundamental principles. Confronting the problemsof language untranslatability, cultural differentiae, andthe subjectivity of translator, we employed Lefevere’s
theory and Venuti’s theory of foreignization to explain thetransformation of cultural concepts. As E. A. Nida said,“The role of language within a culture and the influenceof the culture on the meanings of words and idioms are
so pervasive that cannot be disregarded” (Nida, 2001).
Especially, Qian Zhongshu, the modern China’s foremost“scholar novelist”, entails an enormous challenge to thetranslators. To sum up, in line with Lefevere and Venuti’s
perspectives, we propose to employ topic models to reveal
the differences and the varieties of the transmission.
Research method
Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) is a popular topic
modelling technique to extract topics from a given corpus.
LDA is a generative probabilistic model of a corpus. The
basic idea is that texts are represented as random mixtures
over latent topics, where each topic is characterized by a
distribution over words (Blei, Ng, and Jordan, 2003). In
this study we built topic modelling of Chinese original texts
and English translation texts respectively and we comparedthese two results according to (1) the labels of selecteddifferent numbers of the topics and (2) the labels of the best
numbers of the topics.
Research results
We found that for Chinese original texts, the best
numbers of the topics are two while for English translation
texts, the best numbers of the topics are five (please see thelink: https://englishahq.neocities.org/FB1). We matched thelabels of English and Chinese novels. We also compared
the coherence scores diagrams and found out that topics ofEnglish translations texts tend to be more dispersed than
the topics of the Chinese texts. We found out that: (1) there
are no matching topics between Chinese texts and English
texts when the numbers of the topics are two and (2) there
are no matching topics between Chinese texts and English
texts when the numbers of the topics are five. Furthermore,
we found out that the topics generated from the machine
revealed that Chinese texts focus both on the descriptionsof male and female protagonists while English texts focus
more on the male protagonists. Lastly, for Chinese texts,
the numbers of the topics tend to be more convergent when
they are smaller while for English texts, the numbers of the
topics tend to be more convergent when they are bigger.
This could imply that the writing structures and the choicesof the words were much more consistent and clearer in
Chinese texts than those of the English texts.

23

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Conclusions
We interpreted the research results mentioned abovefrom two perspectives: First, we addressed Lefevere’s
theory of culture and translation to explain that English
texts focus more on the male protagonists while Chinese
texts focus both on the leading lady and man; second, weapplied Venuti’s theory of foreignization to illustrate thetranslators’ adaptive choice-makings in English texts, which
is more inconsistent and obscure than Chinese texts. In an
introduction to English version, Nathan K. Mao, who is oneof the translators, regards this novel as the worsening of themale protagonist’s fortunes. Despite Fortress Besieged is
known for the success of the courtship and marriage theme,
Mao believes that the remarkable achievement of it is theshape of the main character, Fang Hung-chien. In otherwords, he thinks that Qian Zhongshu suggested the idea ofbesiegement by Fang and conveyed the condition of modern
people. As Lefevere said that one of the professionals who
controls the logic of culture is translator. The English texts
topics focus more on the hero than on the heroine, whichis the embodiment of the translator’s ideology. Second,as scholars indicated that English translation texts are
inclined to Chinese style. The translators chose wordfor-word translation and disregarded the differences inculture and languages. They seized neither the subtlety in
Chinese texts nor the conformity of English context, which
led to the inconsistent and obscure of the English texts.
Hopefully this study can contribute to appraising the valueof translated version and exploring cultural differences bydigital technology in the future.

Bibliography
Apter, Emily. (2006). The Translation Zone: A
New Comparative Literature. Princeton: Princeton UP.
pp.243-251.
Blei, David M., Andrew Y. Ng, and Michael I. Jordan(2003). Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine
Learning Research, 3: 993-1022.
Dominguez, César and Ning, Wang (2016).
Comparative literature and translation: A cross-culturaland Interdisciplinary perspective. In Gambier, Yves andDoorslaer, Luc van. (eds), Border Crossings: Translations
Studies and Other Disciplines. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:
John Benjamins. pp.288-289.
Hisa, C. T. (1961). A History of Modern Chinese
Fiction. New Haven, Conn: Yale UP. p.441.
Lefevere, André. (1992). Translation, Rewriting andthe Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge.
pp.13-16.

24

Nida, Eugene A. (2001). Language, Culture, andTranslating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language
Education Press. Preface.
Venuti, L. (2008). The Translator’s Invisibility: A
History of Translation. London: Routledge. p.24.

Applying text mining techniques toanalyze the online news discourse on
renting for elderly people
Hsiao, Yi-chenyichen4682@gmail.com
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

Shao, Hsuan-lei

hlshao@gapps.ntnu.edu.tw
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

Abstract
The global trend of population aging and the rapid
increase in the elderly population have made age
discrimination in housing a significant issue in many
countries. Taiwan is about to enter an ultra-aging society
in 2025, facing not only a dramatic increase in long-termcare needs and rising medical expenses but also a growing
number of elderly individuals without self-owned housing
who need to find suitable living arrangements. Therefore,
the housing problem for the elderly is a major and crucial
challenge for the Taiwanese government.
According to a report by Taiwan's TVBS news, lessthan 10% of landlords in the rental market are willingto provide opportunities for vulnerable tenants, and thenumber of landlords willing to accept elderly individuals
living alone is even fewer (Chen Wen-Yue and Zhang
Zhen-An, 2023). Elderly individuals face obstacles inrenting housing, including poor living conditions and evenhomelessness. However, the current situation of the elderly
rental housing problem is also reflected on social media.
In the digital age, YouTube, as a video-sharing platform,
differs from traditional one-way television broadcastingby providing interactive features and a high level of media
richness. This study focuses on the public opinion on
YouTube as its core, with research directions primarily
concentrated on two dimensions of analysis: the content ofnews videos and platform comments. A total of 25 news
videos were collected, spanning from March 2016 to April

JADH Annual Conference 2023
2022, along with 1,189 comments, to explore the trends inpublic opinion regarding the issue of aging on social media
platforms.
In terms of research methodology, we employed Python
programming language for web scraping and utilized
techniques such as sentiment analysis and word frequency
analysis to uncover the underlying meaning in the text. The
study found that on the YouTube platform, news reports
depicted the elderly in a predominantly pitiful image.
The majority of public opinion expressed positive andcompassionate emotions, accounting for 42% of the overallsentiment. Negative emotions accounted for 25%, while
neutral emotions constituted 31%. Through the text mining
analysis conducted in this study, a more comprehensive
description of the phenomenon surrounding the aging issue
can be provided, promoting a deeper understanding of
the public sentiment towards this topic among the general
population.
Keywords: elderly housing rental, text mining, public
opinion, image construction, framework theory.

Research Background
According to the latest statistical indicators from
Taiwan's Ministry of the Interior, the aging index in Taiwan
reached 147.06 in March of the 112th year (2023), which
represents the ratio of the population aged 65 and above tothe population aged 14 and below. The higher the index, themore severe the aging situation. The National Development
Council estimates that Taiwan will enter a super-agedsociety by 2025. However, in an era of soaring housing
prices, the issue of housing for the elderly has also cometo the forefront. Despite government interventions such as
promoting public housing and rental management, the core
problem in the rental housing market cannot be directly
resolved, and age discrimination in housing rentals forthe elderly still persists. The Mama Foundation, which
has been dedicated to promoting comprehensive reforms
in Taiwan's rental housing market, recently collaborated
with the Ministry of the Interior to propose measures fortransparency in the rental black market. Through exchanges
and discussions on relevant policies and systems, they aim
to promote comprehensive management of rental properties,
protect tenants' rights, and stabilize the housing situationfor vulnerable tenants through the integration of resourcesby social welfare organizations. However, the successful
implementation of these policies also relies on the rise of
public awareness. Therefore, this study focuses on public
opinion on the YouTube video platform and analyzes thetrends in online discourse using text mining techniques.
The research aims to describe the phenomenon of elderly
housing rentals, capture the thoughts of the general public,
and enhance the comprehensive understanding of thegovernment, relevant social welfare organizations, and the
public regarding this issue.
The research questions are as follows:
What are the positive and negative sentiments expressedin public opinion in online news articles about the issue ofelderly housing rentals? What is the frequency distributionof these sentiments?
What is the relationship between public opinion andmedia text on the issue of elderly housing rentals on theYouTube video platform? What is the distribution of word
frequencies in these texts?

Research Method
This study utilizes text mining techniques, such as
sentiment analysis and frequency analysis, to analyze thecorpus.

Data Collection
First, considering the rich medium of audio and video
provided by the YouTube platform, this study selects
YouTube as the target platform. Before collecting the
corpus, we conducted searches using keywords such as"elderly housing rentals" and "senior citizen rentals." We
noticed a significant level of discussion in news reports
related to this issue. Therefore, for this study, we focus on
the comments left by YouTube viewers as the core of ourresearch.
Through keyword searches, we found 25 news videos
on the YouTube platform. The news reports cover the period
from March 2016 to April 2022, resulting in a total of 1,189
comments. We used the Python programming language
to write a web crawler. First, by importing the Selenium
package, we simulated the scrolling behavior of users to
capture the comments on the YouTube platform.
To further categorize and classify the news report
videos, we analyzed the 25 selected videos on elderly
housing rentals and assigned them categories based on theirformat and distinctive features.

Chinese Word Segmentation andSentiment Analysis
In this study, we employ big data for sentiment analysis
to avoid the errors caused by subjective human evaluations.
We use Jieba, a Chinese word segmentation tool, to segmenteach comment into individual words. The segmented
words are then cross-referenced with the NTUSD (National
Taiwan University Sentiment Dictionary), which contains

25

JADH Annual Conference 2023
positive, negative, and neutral terms, for sentiment analysis.
We calculate the sentiment scores and determine the
distribution of positive and negative sentiments for each
video, allowing for further analysis of the frequency
distribution of emotional terms.
Furthermore, the selected 25 videos primarily consist of
online news reports from mainstream news channels suchas CTV (China Television) and CTS (Chinese Television
System). The purpose is to understand the image of theelderly constructed by mainstream media. Additionally,
this study explores the correlation between the number oflikes and the sentiment of comments, aiming to understandwhether the audience holds a positive attitude towards thenews reports and the resulting emotional sentiments.

Research content
This study divides into two main categories: thedirection of public opinion and the framework of media text
coverage.

The trend of public opinion
This study used to write crawlers, grabbed message
content from 25 news videos, read positive and negative
texts from the captured corpus, and obtained an emotionalscore through sentiment analysis, adding one to the positive
vocabulary and subtracting one from the negative, andthe results showed that there were 16 positive message
sentiments greater than negative ones, 8 negative emotions
greater than positive emotions, and one positive andnegative report. From the perspective of positive emotions,the frequency of words such as gratitude, gratitude,
and sadness is high, and the commenters mostly sharethe situation they have encountered as the largest case,accounting for 42% of the whole, however, in the negative
emotions, it is from the perspective of abuse and criticism,words such as poor and obscene appear more frequently,
negative emotions account for 25% of the whole, however,neutral emotions are 31%.

Media text reporting framework
Through random sampling and classification of news
films according to the characteristics of the report, wefound that the image of the elderly constructed by thereport is mostly weak, and the news reporting framework
is presented with social issues, in which the landlord isshaped as a negative image, such as "refusing to rent forfear of trouble" or "bad landlord renting out a poor elegant
house", trying to construct the plight and misery image

26of the elderly and strengthen the negative image of thelandlord, but rarely reports from the perspective of thelandlord. In addition, ninety percent of the news reporting
forms are presented using soft thematic reports, withemotional appeals as the communication strategy, and only
one proportion of news reports are hard instant reports.

Expected contribution
In this study, we analyze online public opinion fromthe perspective of YouTube message content, and we alsoclassify the characteristics of news reports and videos
to compare the core public opinion with the content
characteristics of the film, so as to understand the public
opinion, sentiment and word frequency distribution of
the elderly issue. In addition, this study discusses thecharacteristics and framework of the reporting text,
compares the correlation between the two, reflects the
public opinion trend and emotional distribution of theissue, and the public emotional attitude generated under
the reporting text, which can also show that the media
constructs social reality, and this study can remind the
media producers to abide by the principle of objective
and neutral reporting in the construction of the issue, andto avoid aggravating the expansion of social problems
with multiple reporting views. Finally, in Taiwan's elderly
rental housing issue, with the efforts of various social
welfare institutions and the government, there are policies
implemented, this study provides a description of the public
opinion phenomenon of elderly rental housing as a reference
for relevant group.

Bibliography
Chen Wen-Yue and Zhang Zhen-An.
(2023).Elders living alone can't rent a house! 90%
of landlords are reluctant to rent to the elderly.
TVBS news, https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E7%8D%A8%E5%B1%85%E9%95%B7%E8%BC%A9%E7%A7%9F%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%B0%E6%88%BF-9%E6%88%90%E6%88%BF%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%8D%E9%A1%98%E7%A7%9F%E7%B5%A6%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%B7%E8%80%85-145344905.html
Florian Primig, Hanna Dorottya Szabó andPilar Lacasa. (2023). Remixing war : An analysisof the reimagination of the Russian-Ukraine war on
TikTok. Frontiers in Political Science .DOI 10.3389/
fpos.2023.1085149
Eun-Ju Lee, Yoon Jae Jang & Myojung
Chung . (2020) . When and How User Comments
Affect News .Readers’ Personal Opinion:

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Perceived Public Opinion and Perceived News
Position as Mediators. Digital Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1837638.

A Quantitative Analysis of theRelationship between PhysicalExpression and Humor Creation in
RakugoKawase, Akihiro

kawase@dh.doshisha.ac.jp
Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha
University, Japan

Kinami, Chieri

kinami.chieri@dh.doshisha.ac.jp
Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha
University, Japan

Adachi, Junjiadachi.junji@dh.doshisha.ac.jp
Graduate School of Culture and Information Science,
Doshisha University, Japan

Introduction
In large audience settings, speakers employ a wide rangeof physical expressions — including arm, leg, and body
movements, as well as vocal intonations — to effectively
communicate their messages. This is particularly true inthe art of Rakugo, a traditional Japanese storytelling form
wherein a single performer embodies multiple characters,skillfully utilizing physical expressions to narrate their tales
in an engaging manner.
Nomura and Maruno (2006) conducted an analysis ofvariance on the performance devices of Rakugo performers
to determine the loudness, speed, pitch, tickle emphasis,and facial expressions, reporting that humor may be createdby the tendency to use each factor. However, how humor
is created when performers play different characters has
not been clarified. According to Wu (2005), people show
an increased frequency of eye movement and little change
in posture or body orientation during jokes. Sweetser andStec (2016) found that comedians tend to indicate speakeralternation by shifting their gaze and head direction fromside to side when acting out characters. Furthermore, Logi
and Zappavigna (2021) found rich physical expression to
be associated with the creation of humor with respect tomonomania in stand-up comedy. However, how physicalexpression leads to the creation of humor in situations
such as Rakugo, in which one person plays multiple roles,
remains to be clarified.
This study aims to elucidate the connection between
physical expressions and humor generation in a single
performer embodying multiple roles, and to identify thedistinctions in physical expressions that humor creation
hinges on, drawing on Rakugo performer’s techniques froma quantitative perspective.

Analysis procedure
In this study, we manually extracted 90 seconds eachof Rakugo performers acting out their characters from
14 videos included in the “Classical Rakugo Masterpiece
Collection,” a historical video document. We annotated thevideos using ELAN6.2 (Fig. 1) to extract the parts in which
the physical expressions used by Logi and Zappavigna(2021) (e.g. Table 1) occur in the videos.
The number of occurrences and duration of eachphysical expression were measured based on whether or
not the audience laughed. A residual analysis of chi-square
test was conducted for the number of occurrences at asignificance level of α=0.05. A two-sample Wilcoxon test
was conducted for the duration of occurrence. In addition, alogistic regression analysis was conducted to determine howeach physical expression was related to laughter.

Fig.1: Example of the annotation work screen using
ELAN6.2
Table 1: 20 physical expressions across 4 categories
Physical expression

Observed elements

27

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Head orientation

The direction of the performer’shead in relation to the audience:right; left; top; down; front.

Body orientation

Direction in which theperformer’s body is facing:right; left; up; down; front.

GestureLabels are assigned to symbolicgestures that do not directly
express the content of speech

Voice quality

Tense; lax; rough; smooth;
high; low; loud; soft; breathy.
However, vibrato, plain, nasal,
and non-nasal identified by Logi
and Zappavigna (2021) did notoccur in this study.

Results and discussion
The results of the residual analysis of the chi-square test
revealed an association between the occurrence of laughterand physical expression. A two-sample Wilcoxon test was
conducted on the total occurrence time of each physicalexpression, revealing no differences between the occurrencetime and the absence of laughter for any of the physicalexpressions.
Table 2 depicts the results of a logistic regression
analysis after selecting the explanatory variables with thelowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The results
confirm the tendency of Rakugo performers to create humor
when their heads turn to the right. However, humor wasless likely to be created when Rakugo performers usedhigher or softer voices, or when they turned their bodies
to the right for longer periods of time. These physicalexpressions were related to the fact that Rakugo performers
often tilt their heads to the right when they play the roleof a boke (funny man). In addition, when a male character
played a female character or intentionally used a whisper
without emphasizing his words, humor was less likely to begenerated due to the change in voice quality.
Table 2: Results of logistic regression analysis (after
variable selection)
Number of occurrences

Duration time

PhysicalEstimate
expression

P-value

PhysicalEstimate
expression

P-valueHead(right)

0.479

0.049

Body
(right)-19.399

0.048

Body
(right)-1.1770.080

Body(down)-11.383

0.057

Body
(left)

1.203

0.071

Body
(front)-11.551

0.050

28

Voice
(high)-0.133

0.019

Voice
(soft)-0.1340.018

Gesture

1.888

0.067

Bibliography
Logi, L., and Zappavigna, M. (2021). Impersonatedpersonae–paralanguage, dialogism and affiliation instand-up comedy. HUMOR. https://doi.org/10. 1515/
humor-2020-0023.
Nomura, R., and Maruno, S. (2006). The Influenceof Narrative Strategies Used by Rakugo Performers
on Entertaining Effects. Japanese Journal of Laughterand Humor Research, 13, 13-23 (In Japanese). https://doi.org/10.18991/warai.13.0_13
Sweetser, E., and Stec, K. (2016). Maintaining multiple
view- points with gaze. In B. Dancygier, W. Lu and A.
Verhagen (eds.), Viewpoint and the Fabric of Meaning.
Mouton de Gruyter, De Gruyter Mouton, 237–258.
Wu, Y. C. (2005). Frame-shifts in action: Whatspontaneous humor reveals about language comprehension.
Cognitive Science, 17(2), 1–27, 2005.

Where did you come from, where did you
go? Approaching cross-cultural heritage
data for ancient evidence
Landau, Victoria Gioia Désirée

victoria.landau@unibas.ch
Digital Humanities Lab, University of Basel, Switzerland
Cultural heritage studies and projects have embraced
aspects of digitization and computer-assisted approaches
since decades, paving the way for «digital cultural heritage»
and allowing for digital media, tools and infrastructures tosupport the preservation, documentation and disseminationof cultural (and natural) sites, objects and more intangible
processes.
When connecting challenges faced by cultural
heritage professionals in generating heritage data
and translating it into a digital format for long-term
use, with the disciplinary problems of those working
with evidence from antiquity specifically, difficultiesof the two both converge and diverge — issues ofprovenance, conservation and community meet concerns ofperiodization, contextualization and scholarship.

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Two case studies illustrate these issues across millennia,
evidence from Graeco-Roman Egypt and from GrecoBactria. Alexander III of Macedonia (commonly known as
Alexander the Great) defined the Eurasian continent in the
4th century BCE, venturing east, defeating the vast Persian
Empire and conquering a territory roughly spanning fromtoday’s Greece to Pakistan. This immense expansion had
longstanding consequences for the world he left behind after
his death in 323 BCE.
In the south of his empire, the new Ptolemaic Kingdom
would begin a period today broadly termed «GraecoRoman Egypt», consolidating power by creating new deities
combining Greek and Egyptian elements, and instating adynastic cult deifying its rulers. Further, Greek became
the administrative language and official lingua franca,
causing the majority of the written evidence of late- andpost-Pharaonic Egypt to be transmitted to modern times inAncient Greek.
In the east, initially under the rule of the new Seleucid
Kingdom, the region of Bactria seceded to become theGreco-Bactrian Kingdom. It experienced influences by theneighboring Maurya Empire, which over time promoted
Buddhism in the region, and Bactria would subsequently
expand into the «Indo-Greek Kingdom» following the fallof the Mauryas. This area of overlapping cultures, religions
and territories gave rise to «Greco-Buddhist art», more
specifically termed «Gandhara art», named after the valley
and region where most of its development occurred.
While reconstructing the histories of ancient artefacts
can prove difficult for archaeologists and ancient historians,
following the path of ancient objects in more recent history
has proven no easier. Egyptian objects, especially papyri(the main writing material of the time), from the GraecoRoman period and earlier are spread across countlessinstitutions, where they are often housed after having beenpurchased, e.g., during the «papyrus boom» at the turnof the 19th to the 20th century, or after being bequeathedfollowing the passing of private owners. These private
collectors with connections to institutions have mostoften been researchers themselves, such as Prof. em. Karl
Kalbfleisch to the University of Giessen in 1953 or Prof.
em. Hachishi Suzuki to Tokai University (Tokyo) in 2010.
Likewise, objects from Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan
and Afghanistan) have made their way to collections far
from their source, such as the Tokyo National Museum, theAncient Orient Museum (Tokyo), the Metropolitan Museumof Art (New York), the Musée national des arts asiatiques
Guimet (Paris) and the British Museum (London), andcontinue to be available on the antiquities market, sold at
auction to private collectors.
Seeing the spread of these artefacts worldwide, thehistorical data extractable from surviving ancient evidence
includes cross-cultural exchanges and syntheses in antiquity,
as well as cross-cultural ownership and interpretation inmodernity. This presents researchers with the doubletask of tracing the transfer of culture/cultural practice inantiquity, and also following the paths of objects/culturalartefacts in recent history. Due to disciplinary borders
and traditions, these two aspects of research work are notalways undertaken by the same professionals. Adopting
a concept like «provenance», expanded from art history
to broader historical, archaeological and archival fields ofresearch, is an example for a successful integration intorather than an overhaul of established approaches andexpertise, facilitating transdisciplinary implementation.
Different institutions, platforms and projects utilize
very different approaches to this type of cross-culturalevidence in their care, and thus multiple questions arise
about the proper handling of these artefacts and their data.
Seeing as physical collections regularly face the dilemmaof assigning objects to a predefined area in their inventory
and exhibition spaces, can the digital sphere remedy thesituation by e.g., placing these objects in multiple contexts
at once? How should we go about constructing (meta)data
for these cross-cultural artefacts, which may not neatly fit
into pre-determined categories? How should collections,projects and platforms proceed to «label» their objects, withorigins both ancient and modern? How can accessibility beguaranteed for researchers and the public alike, satisfying
the needs of both? And how can we map and visualize
the history of these objects compellingly, acknowledging
failings of the past and the potential for the future (e.g.,«digital repatriation»)?
This talk addresses some aspects common tothese questions and discusses existing and emerging
methodologies proposed to holistically meet the
expectations that go hand in hand with analog and digital
custodianship of (ancient) cultural heritage. These solutions
can include establishing connecting points between
individual collections, the development of umbrella
resources designed to accommodate the content of different
systems, and developing joint standards across fields — allto facilitate open, safe and long-term interactions between
objects, data, institutions, projects, scholars and the public.

Reconstructing and Interpreting theHistorical Events of the White Terror
Period with the Use of Generative
Artificial Intelligence
Lin, Nung-yao

nungyao@gmail.com
National Taiwan University, Taiwan

29

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Hung, I-mei

yimay0519@gmail.com
National Taiwan University, Taiwan

Lín, Shu-Huisiokhui@ntnu.edu.tw
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
In Taiwan's White Terror period, human rights
were greatly violated, and various sectors of society
have been working hard to achieve transitional justice,commemorate victims, and rebuild social trust. To facilitate
the transmission of these historical events and data tomore people, many databases and platforms have been
established, including the "National Human Rights
Museum" 's "Historical Sites of Injustice Archive", the"White Terror Literature", "Human Rights Archives
System" the "Archival Information System," and the"Taiwan Transitional Justice Database" built by the"Transitional Justice Commission." In this preliminary
project, data sorting is through DocuSky’s personalized
service, focusing on the victims of the White Terror period,
sorting out the related anthologies, and the memory of
official files, private documents, and traces of the space
field, reconstructing the social context of the white terror
period, and a map of victims' life stories embeddedwith a microscopic perspective. With interpretation andrecollection methods, it reproduces the social atmosphere of
Taiwan during the period of Taiwan's White Terror, and thelife stories of the victims and other related individuals.
In recent years, with the development of generative
artificial intelligence (AI) technology, natural language
processing (NLP) technology such as ChatGPT has beenable to generate grammatically and semantically correctsentences and texts, as well as generate images and music.
This study uses generative AI technology to reinterpret
Taiwan's White Terror period through text, images, andmusic, based on the historical events that have alreadybeen sorted and stored in databases. The main purpose
is to target children, who have fewer transitional justiceresources, and provide them with a new interpretation andunderstanding of these events, which may seem distantand unfamiliar to them, through a visual-auditory-textual
sensory approach. In this project, we take victims of WhiteTerror, such as Mr. Cai Kunlin, as a case study. Using thememories of these parties, historical records, and literary
and artistic depictions, we create a written narrative of theevents of their suffering. With this narrative as the corecontent, we introduce AI audio-visual generation technology
to reconstruct the historical context of the White Terror.
This paper aims to use various historical sources
collected and organized by experts to reconstruct the30

historical background and texts of the White Terror period.
At the same time, this paper also applies AI technology totransform the sources into texts and graphics suitable forchildren's reading, in order to increase children's interestand understanding of history. The method of this paper issimilar to creating a Doraemon’s time machine, leadingchildren to experience the historical scene of the WhiteTerror firsthand. It helps them to establish their own value
judgments and social responsibilities, thereby promoting
the practice of transitional justice. This not only contributes
to the understanding and memory of historical events by
various sectors of society, but also helps to build a more justand humane society.

Using Results of Machine Learning as an
Evidence for the Stylometric Analysis ofClassical Chinese Poems
Liu, Chao-Lin

chaolin@g.nccu.edu.tw
National Chengchi University, Taiwan

Mazanec, Thomas J.

mazanec@ucsb.edu
University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Background
When it comes to the stylometric analysis of literarytexts, linguistics features are common and basic choices(Liu et al., 2018; Mikros, 2009). Given a collection ofclassical Chinese poems, we may calculate the frequenciesof the bigrams in the poems, and show the observed
statistics in Table 1. This table provides the 10 mostfrequent bigrams in poems of five Chinese dynasties in thecollection. These five dynasties include Tang, Song, Yuan,
Ming, and Qing. 1 It is easy to perceive the impression thatthe most frequent bigrams in the dynasties are similar toeach other. If we are further informed that these rankings are
based a sufficiently large collection, i.e., that the collection
contains more than 796 thousand poems and that there areat least 45 thousand poems for any of these five dynasties;
then, one may be willingly to infer that the classical Chinese
poems of different dynasties may share some common
characteristics and that this is an interesting phenomenon
that is worthy of further investigation.
Applying machine learning-based approaches offers analternative perspective for researchers to find the common
characteristics among literary collections. Consider thetechniques of classification (Alpaydin, 2020). In a typicalJADH Annual Conference 2023
two-category, say A and B, classification task, we provide
sufficient training samples of categories A and B to alearning program, which aims to find ways to tell A and
B apart based on the training samples. Then, we prepare
another collection of objects of both categories A and B thatare not seen by the learning program before, and we ask
the leaning algorithm, which already learned, to determine
the categories of the objects of the new collection. If thelearned learning algorithm can achieve a high accuracy,
then we may infer that the algorithm has learned ways todifferentiate A and B based on some characteristics of A andB, which we probably might not be able to observe directly.
Such a process indirectly shows that objects of category A
have something in common, so do objects of category B.
A Classification Task of Classical Chinees Poems
We obtained 29558, 50974, 83442, 165717 poems of theTang, the Northern Song, the Southern Song, and the Ming
dynasties from Sou-Yun (n.d.) for the current experiments.
2 Table 2 shows the numbers of poems of pentametricquatrains, regulated pentametric octaves, heptametricquatrains, and regulated heptametric octaves in these fourcollections. 3 We used a BERT model that was pre-trainedwith the texts of ancient Chinese (Wang and Ren, 2022) toconvert the poems into dense vectors. The experience inthe recent development of deep learning indicates that these
BERT vectors are capable of capturing the unobservablesemantic characteristics of texts, and using such BERT
vectors led to excellent performances in tasks that requires
the understanding of natural language texts.
We split these BERT vectors of these four types ofpoems in each of the dynasties into two subparts: 70% fortraining and 30% for testing within each subpart.
This time, we were doing six four-category classification
experiments. We mixed the PQ, RPO, HQ, and RHO poemsof two dynasties with labels PQ, RPO, HQ, and RHO,
respectively. We had six experiments because there were six
possible combinations when we had four dynasties in total.
Results of Empirical Evaluation
As we outlined above, we used the training part totrain a classifier, and we chose to use the technique oflogistic regression first. 4 Table 3 shows the results of theclassification results. The results indicate that the classifier
can differentiate these four types of poems, even though
we have mixed these four types of poem from different
dynasties together.
Tables 3 shows the confusion matrix for the experimentin which we mixed the poems of the Tang and the Northern
Song dynasty. The F 1 measure for the PQ, RPO, HQ,
and RHO were 0.85, 0.97, 0.96, and 0.97, respectively.
Hence, the macro F 1 is their average, i.e. 0.94. The overall
accuracy was 0.96. Table 4 summaries the performancemeasures of the six experiments.

Therefore, we may infer that the classifiers may havefound some special characteristics about the four types ofpoems, and those characteristics remain rather stable fromdynasty to dynasty. For otherwise, the classifiers shouldhave performed poorly in the experiments.
Discussions
Stylometric analysis that bases on word-level featuresof the texts typically also relies on statistical analysisof the adopted features. An advantage of this statistical
approach is that people might inspect and read the texts
for verification, perhaps with the assistance of softwaretools. Some researchers have challenged such a procedure.
Brennan and Greenstadt (2009) even attacked a neuralnetwork based model that used linguistic features as its
basis like (Matthews and Merriam, 1993). Our approach
does not directly rely on linguistic features of the texts. Ourcurrent work was motivated by Underwood’s recent work
(Underwood, 2019), in which he had to work very hard tofind features for his classifiers.
We actually built our classifiers with different
classification techniques, including decision trees, random
forest, gradient boosting, and support vector machines.
Not all of these classifiers performed as well as the logistic
regression models. Therefore, we did not have to worry verymuch about the possibility that the BERT vectors might
encode the lengths of the poems, for otherwise the othertypes of classification techniques could have detected suchhints as well.
That not all of the classifiers performed very well has
an important logical implication: when a classifier performs
very well for the tasks, there might be a special way toconsider that the characteristics of a type of literary text
remain stable.
Acknowledgments and Brief Responses to Reviewers’
Comments
We are obliged to the reviewers who provided importantcomments for this abstract. There is no denial that there area lot of details that we can add to the abstract to make it acomplete technical report. Given the 1000 word limitation
for the main text (not counting this response section), we
have attempted to outline the background, the poems, themachine learning procedures, the experimental results,
and a brief discussion. We understand that the sketchy
contours of our work cannot satisfy the needs of full-fledged
reviews, yet we hope that we can discuss these issues withthe reviewers and participants during the conference.
This exploration started when Liu visited the Universityof California, Santa Barbara as a visiting scholar and
Mazanec was Liu’s host at the time of this writing. It was
Mazanec’s idea to follow Underwood’s examples (2019)
to examine whether there existed hidden common featuresin the classical Chinese poems that were authored by poets
who lived across a number of dynasties. Liu conducted theexperiments and wrote this extended abstract.

31

JADH Annual Conference 2023
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Tang 何處 不知 萬⾥ 千⾥ 不可 今⽇ ⽩雲 不⾒ 春⾵ 不得
Song 不知 春⾵ 平⽣ ⼈間 萬⾥ 千⾥ 不可 不⾒ 何處 歸來
Yuan 萬⾥ 春⾵ ⽩雲 今⽇ 不⾒ 何處 ⻘⼭ ⼈間 ⾵吹 千⾥
Ming 萬⾥ 何處 千⾥ ⽩雲 春⾵ ⻘⼭ 不⾒ 不知 明⽉ 不可
Qing 何處 萬⾥ 不知 ⼗年 千⾥ 不⾒ 春⾵ 不可 ⾵吹 東⾵Table 1. Ten most frequent bigrams in the poems of fivedifferent dynasties.
regulated
regulatedpentametricheptametricpentametricheptametrictotal
quatrains
quatrainsoctaves (octaves (
( PQ)
( HQ)
RPO)
RHO)
Tang

2338

12484

7267

7469

29558

Northern
3176
Song

13710

16187

17901

50974

Southern
6013
Song

19518

33172

24739

83442

Ming

42795

43312

67307

165717

12303

Table 2. The quantities of the four types of poems in thefour dynasties.
Tang & NorthernSong

predicted categories
PQ

RPO

HQ

RHO

2720

270

182

4

RPO

155

13454

55

46

HQ

348

161

15289

389

RHO

5

251

208

17437

true
PQ
categories

Table 3. The confusion matrix for the experiment inwhich we mixed the poems of the Tang and the Northern
Song dynasties. How to read the table: The classifierclassified 2720 PQ poems as PQ poems, and mis-classified
270, 182, and 4 PQ poems as ROP, HQ, and RHO poems,
respectively.
F1

accuracy

PQ

RPO

HQ

RHO

macro

Tang &
Northern0.85
Song

0.97

0.96

0.97

0.94

0.96

Tang &Southern0.85
Song

0.96

0.96

0.97

0.94

0.96

32

Tang &
0.90
Ming

0.98

0.97

0.99

0.96

0.97

Northern
Song &
0.88
Southern
Song

0.98

0.97

0.98

0.95

0.97

Northern
Song & 0.92
Ming

0.98

0.97

0.99

0.97

0.98

Southern
Song & 0.93
Ming

0.98

0.98

0.99

0.97

0.98

Table 4. The performances of the six experiments inwhich poems of two dynasties were mixed at a time.

Bibliography
Alpaydin, H. (2020) Introduction to Machine Learning,
fourth edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Brennan, M. and Greenstadt, R. (2009) Practical attacks
against authorship recognition techniques, Proceedings of
the Twenty-First Conference on Innovative Applications ofArtificial Intelligence, 60–65.
Liu, C.-L., Mazanec, T. J., and Tharsen J. R. (2018)
Exploring Chinese poetry with digital assistance: Examples
from linguistic, literary, and historical viewpoints, Journalof Chinese Literature and Culture, 5(2):276‒321, The Duke
University Press, USA.
Matthews, R. A. J. and Merriam, T. V. N. (1993) Neuralcomputation in stylometry I: An application to the worksof Shakespeare and Fletcher, Literary and Linguistic
Computing, 8(4):203–209.
Mikros, G. K. (2009) Content words in authorship
attribution: an evaluation of stylometric features in a literary
corpus, Studies in Quantitative Linguistics, 5, 61–75.
Sou-Yun ( 搜韻): https://sou-yun.cn/
Underwood, T. (2019) Distant Horizons: Digital
Evidence and Literary Change, Chapter 2, The Universityof Chicago Press, Chicago, USA and London, UK.
Wang, P. and Ren, Z. (2022) The uncertainty-based
retrieval framework for ancient Chinese CWS and POS,
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language
Technologies for Historical and Ancient Languages, 164‒168.
https://huggingface.co/Jihuai/bert-ancient-chinese

Notes
1.

Tang : 唐, Song: 北宋 and 南宋, Yuan: 元, Ming: 明,and Qing: 清JADH Annual Conference 2023
2.
3.

4.

We separated the Song dynasty into the Northern Songand the Southern Song dynasties, and did not consider
the Yuan dynasty here.
pentametric quatrains: 五⾔絕句, regulated
pentametric octaves: 五⾔律詩, heptametricquatrains:七⾔絕句, and regulated heptametricoctaves:七⾔律詩
The logistic regression function was implemented by
the scikit learn <https://scikit-learn.org/>.

Database of Writing Systems andOrthographies for Okinawan Language:
Toward Preservation of Okinawan
Linguistic Cultural Heritage
Miyagawa, So

so-miyagawa@ninjal.ac.jp
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics(NINJAL), Japan

Carlino, Salvatore

nanajuu@gmail.com
Daito Bunka University, Japan

Introduction
The Okinawan language, a Northern Ryukyuan dialect
belonging to the Japonic language family, traces its roots to
Okinawa Island in southern Japan. The estimated numberof speakers in 2011 was 95,000; however, this figure is
declining. The language has a rich literary history, appearing
in various forms, such as Ryukyuan poetry, inscriptions atreligious sites, royal tombs, and Bettelheim's 1855 Bible
translations. However, its use was banned in educational
institutions and public spaces after the annexation of the
Ryukyu archipelago into the Empire of Japan in 1879. This
suppression continued after the Second World War and thereturn of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan in 1972.
Despite its challenging history, the Okinawan language
is experiencing a revitalization, with advocates pushingfor the inclusion of Okinawan language education. Various
writing systems reflecting modern pronunciation haveemerged, including Hiragana syllabary-only, Katakana
syllabary-only, Chinese characters combined with Hiragana
syllabary, and the Roman alphabet. The Database of

Okinawan Writing Systems (DOWS) project aims toutilize various materials, from classical spellings torecent textbooks and phrasebooks, to compile all existing
Okinawan language writing systems.

A Database of Okinawan Writing
Systems
The classical writings of Okinawa, which include Omoro
Soshi, a compilation of Ryukyuan poems, Kumi Udui, atype of traditional theater play, and religious songs, offer
valuable insights into the culture, customs, and beliefs of the
Ryukyu Kingdom, which ruled Okinawa between the 15 th
to the 19 th centuries. These works are characterized by their
poetic language, vivid imagery, and figurative meanings andare regarded as important cultural treasures of Okinawa.
These pieces of classical literature and Bettelheim's
translations of the Bible used traditional kana syllabaryspellings. This traditional orthography no longer reflects thepronunciation of contemporary Okinawan.
We collected and analyzed eleven Modern Okinawan
textbooks and dictionaries. Our analysis of the various
orthographies revealed that these sources differ in theirapproach to writing consonant cluster onsets, which do notexist in Modern Standard Japanese, and in their renditionsof syllables. We registered our findings on DOWS. Table
1 presents the textbooks and dictionaries we used together
with examples of characters that represent variation.
/wa/

/ʔwa/

/ja/

/ʔja/

NINJAL(1963) ’ワ

ウヮ

’ヤ

イャ

Nishioka
et al.
ワ(2006)ッワ

ヤ

ッヤ

Uchima&Nohara ワ(2006)

ッワ

ヤ

ッヤ

わ

うゎ

や

いゃ

'わ

や

'や

'わ / うゎや'や / いゃNakamatsu(1999) ワ

Fija(2015)

Ogawa
et al.
(2015): わShuri
Dialect
Ogawa
et al.
わ(2015):

ワ

ヤ

ヤ

33

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Conclusion

TsukenDialect
Hanazono
et al.
ワ(2020)'ワヤ'ヤ

Miyara(2021) わ

っわ

や

っや

Carlino(2022) わ

Shimakutuba
Seishohō
Kentō ワ
Iinkai(2022)

'わ

ッワ/

ˀワ

や
ヤ

'や

ッヤ/

ˀヤ

Table 1: Eleven different orthographies for Okinawan
DOWS is a sub-database of NINJAL Digital Archive(NINDA), built on Omeka S, a cutting-edge web publishingplatform for digital cultural heritage projects. The DOWS
project leverages the capabilities of linked open data (LOD)
and the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Omeka
S allows for the seamless integration of data and resources,
providing a robust and user-friendly content management
system. The use of LOD principles and RDF ensuresthat the Okinawan language data is widely accessible tointerested parties around the world. By outputting RDF
according to LOD principles, the DOWS project enhances
the discoverability, reusability, and interoperability of the
Okinawan language data.

Fig.1: Visualization of the DOWS database on NINDA(Omeka S)
This comprehensive database has enabled researchers
to normalize and modernize spellings to make them typableand consistent with contemporary usage. The normalized
spellings and major spelling variants will be added to an
online database of an ongoing digital lexicography projectcalled the Open Multilingual Online Lexicon of Okinawan(OMOLO).

34

In conclusion, the Okinawan language, facing thechallenge of a dwindling number of speakers and a complex
history of suppression, is now witnessing a resurgence ininterest and efforts to preserve its rich linguistic and cultural
heritage. By leveraging the power of digital humanities
and modern technology, the DOWS project not only serves
as an accessible vital resource for Okinawan language
education and revitalization but also offers inspiration andguidance for the preservation of other endangered languages
in today’s increasingly digital and interconnected world.

Bibliography
Carlino, Salvatore, 2022, “‘Nichiryū Shogo Online
Jisho’ No Shōkai [JPN Introduction to ‘Japano-Ryukyuan
Online Dictionary’],” Nihongo No Kenkyū [JPN: Studies ofJapanese Language], 18(3), 52–59
Fija, Byron, 2015, Kimochi ga Tsutawaru! Okinawago
Real Phrase Book: Pirin Paran Uchināguchi [JPN: A Book
of Real Phrases in Okinawan to Convey Your Feelings: Pirin
Paran Uchinaaguchi], Tokyo: Kenkyūsha.
Hanazono, Satoru, Satoshi Nishioka, Jō Nakahara, andTomomasa Kuniyoshi, 2020, Shokyū Okinawago [JPN:Introductory Okinawan], Tokyo: Kenkyūsha.
Miyara, Shinshō, 2021, Uchināguchi Katsuyō Jiten[JPN: Okinawan Practical Dictionary], Tachikawa:
NINJAL.
Nakamatsu, Takeo, 1999, Okinawaken no Kotoba [JPN:
Languages in Okinawa Prefecture], Naha: Okinawa Gengo
Bunka Kenkyūjo [JPN: Institute of Okinawan Language andCulture].
NINJAL, 1963, Okinawago Jiten [JPN: Okinawan
Dictionary], Tokyo: Zaimusho Insatsukyoku.
Nishioka, Satoshi, Jō Nakahara, Noriko Ikari, andYumi Nakajima, 2006, Okinawago no Nyūmon: Tanoshii
Uchināguchi [JPN: Introduction to Okinawan: Enjoyable
Uchinaaguchi], 2nd ed., Tokyo: Hakusuisha.
Ogawa, Shinji, Hiromi Shigeno, Yūto Niinaga, Satomi
Matayoshi, Nana Tōyama, Thomas Pellard, et al., 2015,
Ryūkyū no Kotoba no Kakikata: Ryūkyū Shogo Tōitsuteki
Hyōkihō [JPN: Writing Ryukyuan Languages: A Unified
Orthography of Ryukyuan Languages], Tokyo: Kuroshio
Shuppan.
Shimakutuba Seishohō Kentō Iinkai, 2022, Okinawaken
ni Okeru “Shimakutuba” no Hyōki ni tsuite [JPN: On
Orthography of “Shimakutuba” in Okinawa], Naha:
Okinawaken Bunka Kankō Sports-bu [JPN: Department ofCulture, Tourism, and Sports, Okinawa Prefecture].
Uchima, Chokujin, and Mitsuyoshi Nohara, 2006,
Okinawago Jiten: Naha Hōgen wo Chūshin ni [JPN:JADH Annual Conference 2023
Okinawan Dictionary: Centering on Naha Dialect], Tokyo:
Kenkyūsha.

Interactive Storytelling with 3D
Visualization for Illuminating the Impactof War in Ukraine
Morozov, Mykola

mykola.morozov@tum.deTechnical University of Munich, Germany; National
Institute of Informatics

Kitamoto, Asanobu

kitamoto@nii.ac.jp
ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities; National
Institute of Informatics

Introduction
Armed conflicts have long been a part of human history,
leaving a trail of destruction and devastation in their wake.
The war in Ukraine, which began in 2014, and the full-scaleinvasion, which started in 2022, have been no exception.
The conflict has resulted in widespread destruction of
infrastructure and homes. Such devastation can have a
profound impact on individuals and communities, andeducating people about these events is an invaluable step inensuring the calamity does not repeat.
In modern times, information in different forms keeps
being distributed through channels such as news articles,
social media, and educational resources. While thesemethods provide valuable insights, they may not always
capture the full extent of the impact of events like war.
To better understand and illuminate the aforementioned
consequences, interactive storytelling and visualization
technology can be utilized. By creating an immersive
experience, users can gain a deeper understanding of the
impact of war on local areas and regions. Furthermore,this approach ties in with the broader field of cultural
heritage visualization and reconstruction, which seeks topreserve and reconstruct cultural heritage sites that havebeen destroyed or damaged.

Methodology
The use of interactive storytelling to share stories ofdisasters and their consequences has been explored inprevious studies. It has proven itself to be effective at
engaging and immersing users in a shown story, creatinga strong emotional impact and improving memorization.
(Traum et al., 2015) explored the effectiveness of interactive
storytelling in teaching people about the impact of the
Holocaust on survivors through an interactive conversation,
increasing users' empathy and understanding of the tragedy.
Similarly, (Vincent et al., 2015) found that 3D visualizations
were an effective way to communicate the impact ofdisasters on destroyed cultural heritage sites and they could
be achieved through crowd-sourcing or generating data.
Building on these techniques in the domain of storytellingwith 3D visualization (Thöny et al., 2018), we propose an
app that generates 3D infrastructure views with contextual
information.
The app has an architecture that is extensible, versatile,
scalable, and performant to broaden its applicability.
(Fanini et al., 2019) demonstrates a modular cloud-basedarchitecture of web services, enabling archaeologists toreconstruct 3D cultural heritage sites from geospatial
databases and to visualize them interactively. The app was
designed as a distributed system, built on PlanetoidGen(Levus et al., 2022). It improves upon the processing"worker" software agent server architecture (Doran etal., 2010) by using a distributed message queue, andimplements Morsel-driven query execution (Leis et al.,2014). The app has a full software stack, consisting of the
document database MongoDB for storing 3D models andsatellite images and the relational database PostgreSQL forstoring geographic locations of buildings, running on the
Kubernetes distributed system infrastructure. We also used
OpenStreetMap Overpass as the map data source. Finally,
we designed the front-end app using Unity for visualizationand the back-end API for Unity to communicate with the
database via gRPC and REST protocols.

Results
System features
The primary goal of the app is to allow teachers andstudents to study the procedural 3D views and publicly
available images of landscapes damaged by the war in
Ukraine using a before-and-after overlap slider. The app
has two modes: a standalone client that generates new
3D models dynamically as a user explores areas on themap, and a web widget client focusing on a specific set

35

JADH Annual Conference 2023
of landscape segments with predefined viewpoints anddescriptions.

A view of the Novotoshkivske village in the application
These visualizations are accompanied by article sections
providing context and outlining the specific events related
to the depicted area (see Figure 1). People can explore
these areas from multiple perspectives with features such as
zooming, panning, and rotating the view.
Additional emphasis and visibility options exist (seeFigure 2) to display and highlight roads, buildings, andsatellite images. The app allows deeper integration withthe surrounding article telling the story, allowing people
to interact with it by navigating to a specific location byclicking a link in the text.

Different highlighting and visibility options forvisualization of a large city in Eastern Ukraine,
MariupolEvaluation
We measured the effectiveness and impact of
information delivery of the app in comparison to otherpopular formats through a questionnaire of 25 participants.
Although the number of participants is not large enoughto reduce sampling bias, we tried to keep the diversity ofparticipants by having Ukrainian, Russian, German andJapanese people, and having people with all genders andeducation levels between 14 and 33 years old.

36

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Storytelling 25%

3.72

3.99

4.08

Conclusion

Questionnaire results showing the favorite news format
based on participant feedback
Figure 3 shows the results of the questionnaire about
their favorite news format among plain text, annotatedimages, labeled 2D maps, and the proposed interactive
storytelling implementation. The app performed as
expected, being chosen more often than maps and less than
images (25% vs 13% vs 27% preference). The figure shows
only the global data for the purpose of brevity, but trends
were similar across different nationalities. In addition, Table
1 shows that the rating of the proposed system is on par withother forms of media. The result does not mean, however,that the app can replace all the benefits of traditional news
formats; instead, we suggest that the app can be considered
as an optional addition.
We also performed a test run in Lviv Physics andMathematics Lyceum to obtain extended participant
responses. We observed that the engagement and memoryof students has improved after letting them control the appthemselves. It suggests a correlation between interactivity
and mental user involvement, with higher interactivity
leading to an increase in enjoyment, engagement, and watch
time. On the contrary, requiring the end user to perform
manual analysis and complex understanding makes theexperience less enjoyable.
Table 1. Feedback from the questionnaire about thenews coverage app through interactive storytelling. The
rating was given in the range [1-5] from worst to best
MethodPreference, Interest in%
topic

OverallratingPreferredrating

Text

35%

3.54

3.34

3.40

Images

27%

3.44

3.89

4.04

2D Maps

13%

3.53

3.21

3.31

We developed an app for 3D visualization andinteractive storytelling for the education of humanitarian
aspects of the war. The modular design of the system allows
the scientific community to adapt easily to other geospatial
processing or visualization research. The evaluation showsthat the app is effective in terms of emotional impact
and engagement. The described features offer a more
personalized and involved experience than traditional
text articles, annotated images, and labeled 2D maps. Byutilizing the proposed approaches, we hope to increaseawareness of people on the subject of war in Ukraine andthe impact of conflict on infrastructure and residents.

Bibliography
Doran, J. and Parberry, I. (2010). Controlled
Procedural Terrain Generation Using Software Agents.
IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI inGames, 2(2): 111–19 doi:10.1109/TCIAIG.2010.2049020.
Fanini, B., Pescarin, S. and Palombini, A. (2019). A
cloud-based architecture for processing and disseminationof 3D landscapes online. Digital Applications in
Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 14. Elsevier: e00100.
Leis, V., Boncz, P., Kemper, A. and Neumann, T.
(2014). Morsel-Driven Parallelism: A NUMA-Aware
Query Evaluation Framework for the Many-Core Age.
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGMOD International
Conference on Management of Data. (SIGMOD ’14). New
York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery,
pp. 743–54 doi:10.1145/2588555.2610507. https://doi.org/10.1145/2588555.2610507.
Levus, Y., Westermann, R., Morozov, M.,
Moravskyi, R. and Pustelnyk, P. (2022). Using
software agents in a distributed computing system forprocedural planetoid terrain generation. 2022 IEEE
17th International Conference on Computer Sciences
and Information Technologies (CSIT) doi:10.1109/
csit56902.2022.10000868.
Thöny, M., Schnürer, R., Sieber, R., Hurni, L.
and Pajarola, R. (2018). Storytelling in Interactive 3D
Geographic Visualization Systems. ISPRS International
Journal of Geo-Information, 7: 123 doi:10.3390/
ijgi7030123.
Traum, D., Jones, A., Hays, K., Maio, H., Alexander,O., Artstein, R., Debevec, P., et al. (2015). New
Dimensions in Testimony: Digitally preserving a Holocaust
survivor’s interactive storytelling. Interactive Storytelling:

37

JADH Annual Conference 2023
8th International Conference on Interactive Digital
Storytelling, ICIDS 2015, Copenhagen, Denmark,November 30-December 4, 2015, Proceedings 8. Springer,
pp. 269–81.
Vincent, M. L., Gutierrez, M. F., Coughenour, C.,
Manuel, V., Bendicho, L.-M., Remondino, F. and Fritsch,
D. (2015). Crowd-sourcing the 3D digital reconstructions oflost cultural heritage. 2015 Digital Heritage, vol. 1. IEEE,
pp. 171–72.

Digital Data Integration using Semantic
Web and OPENAI
Moysaki, Georgia
georgia@advancesvs.com
Advance Services, Greece

Minadakis, Nikos

minadakis@advancesvs.com
Advance Services, Greece
Abstract: This document is a short description of
the possibilities that are generated by Advance Services
enterprise in the field of Digital Humanities and Culture,referring to written heritage sector. It includes a technicalanalysis of potential milestones of research e-infrastructures
projects, whilst mentioned the implementation and results of
PHAROS-Art Research Platform and Yashiro and Berenson
Letters Platform.
Keywords: cutting-edge technologies, semantic web,OPENAI, Advance Services, integration, data, cultural
heritage, complex querying answering
Digital Humanities Databases are scattered among
various distributed heterogeneous infrastructures, keeping
data and metadata with different formats prohibiting the
integration of data on the same topic, period, person,
artwork, and other entities of interest. This situation puts avariety of barriers in the conduction of scientific research.
Scholars and researchers need days or even weeks inorder to search, check and extract information from therelevant institutions for each case. The above mentioned
phenomenon therefore generated the necessity of integration
data solution. Efficient integration is necessary in every
scientific domain. However, especially when the talkcomes to humanities the integration becomes extremely
meaningful, since data that has been gathered by different
institutions, scientists in different places and on a timespanof hundred, if not thousands of years, must be collected andanalyzed as a whole to allow complex scientific question
answering.

38

To this end, we have designed and implemented acomplete and comprehensive approach of methodology inorder to harvest, normalize, clean, map, transform, ingest,
integrate, reconcile, query and display humanities metadataand data using semantic models and repositories. This
workflow is facilitated by an open source bigdata workflow
execution and monitoring system ( Apache NiFi:https://nifi.apache.org/) that allows the asynchronous, parallel, andefficient data management and manipulation.
On details, harvesting gathers periodic datasets in csv (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma- separated_values),
tsv ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab- separated_values),
or xml ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML) format
using RESTful APIs ( https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/
restful- api/) or OAI-PMH ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Open_Archives _Initiative_Protocol_for_Metadata_Harvesting) clients, storing these data to a distributed filesystem. These data are cleaned and normalized,
semantically and syntactically by Open Refine ( Openrefine website:https://openrefine.org/) and Custom
Scripts ( https://www.sentinel-hub.com/develop/customscripts/) to be mapped to a semantic data model basedon CIDOC-CRM ( CIDOC CRM website: https://www.cidoc- crm.org/) and its family of models to betransformed in RDF ( https://www.w3.org/RDF/) bya custom-made transformation engine algorithm. The
RDF files are being imported in semantic databases(e.g. blaze graph) and reconciled to external sources toenrich their content. For example, personal informationand data is being enriched using ULAN (Union List of
Artist Name (ULAN) :https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabu laries/ulan/ Documentation: https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabu laries/ulan/ULANUsers-Manual.pdf) and places information is being
enriched by GeoNames ( GeoName website:https://www.geonames.org/). Indexing takes place using SOLR
( Solr website:https://solr.apache.org/) or Elastic search( Elastic Search website:https://www.elastic.co/) in order
to increase the querying efficiency. On top of the semantic
repositories, Rest APIs are built that are consumed by
the GUI ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user
interface) which is using systems like Arches ( Arches
website: https://www.archesproject.org/graphs/) or CKAN
( CKANwebsite:https://ckan.org/) for the visualization ofdata.
A novel structured search mechanism that enables
gradually to build complex querying and answeringis also supported. This process has been replicatedon various international projects by Advance Deep
Tech Services ( AdvanceServiceswebsite:https://www.advancesvs.com/), such as PHAROS ΑrtResearchplatform ( PHAROS:TheInternationalConsortiumofPhotoArchives) and Yashiro & Berenson Letter
Database ( http://itatti.harvard.edu/berenson- library/JADH Annual Conference 2023
collections/photograph-archives). PHAROS is aninternational consortium that has as a main objective to
integrate PHOTO archival information coming from 9
research institutions namely Villa I Tatti-The Harvard
University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies ( https://www.biblhertz.it/en/photographic- collection/), Bibliotheca
Hertziana Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte (https://www.biblhertz.it/en/photographic- collection/),Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte –Bildarchiv Foto Marburg ( https://www.uni- marburg.de/de/fotomarburg), Frick Art Reference Library ( https://www.frick.org/library/photoarchive), Paul Mellon
Centre for Studies in British Art ( https://www.paulmellon-centre.ac.uk/), Getty Research Institute ( https://www.getty.edu/research/), National Gallery of Art (https://www.nga.gov/), Federico Zeri Foundation ( https://fondazionezeri.unibo.it/en/photo- archive/zericollection), Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz ( https://www.khi.fi.it/en/photothek/index.php). Nowadays, thePHAROS project includes data for more than 1,600,000
artworks, 2,700,000 photographs, 110,000 artists and 7,000
photographers, giving free access in a broad spectrumof fields and contributing to efficient research efforts.
Yashiro & Berenson Letter Database is a project dedicatedto influential art historians in the West and in Japan,
respectively. Yashiro Letters Database is result of aninternational collaboration between two institutions closely
linked with Berenson and Yashiro: Villa I Tatti - The
Harvard University Center ( https://itatti.harvard.edu/)
for Italian Renaissance Studies, Florence (founded by
Berenson) and Tokyo National Research Institution
for Cultural Heritage ( https://www.tobunken.go.jp/
index_e.html). Through this project, it was achieved
the digital exhibition of the letters, the annotation of
persons and places with letter content, the support ofmultilingualism (English & Japanese), the link of letter
content to people and places as well as other resources (i.e.
WikiData entities) and the exploration of letters with Facets.
Apart from the classical keyword search, faceting,filtering, semantic search and advanced search, the novel
structured search allows queries such us: “Give me
negatives of photographs of artworks created by students of
Leonardo Da Vinci and teachers of EL Greco that are kept
in Louvre and Frick Museums and created by the techniqueof oil on wood”. Such queries that connect data comingfrom different databases and archives would otherwise
require days of research from the art researchers. However,
nowadays, they can be answered in a few seconds.
Moreover, we are also recommending the usage ofOpen AI ( Open AI website:https://openai.com/) andspecifically the libraries OpenAI and Pinecone ( https://
docs.pinecone.io/docs/openai) to overcome the learning
curve issue of how to use the interface of structured searchwith the formulation of questions in natural language (either

written or oral). We have implemented transformation
scripts from RDF to CSV format, compatible with OpenAI
input format, and we are importing these CSV files
to Pinecone. Finally, to enable running the querying
functionality of OpenAI we construct the necessaryconfiguration files in Pinecone and OpenAI. This innovative
step combines and completes the research e-infrastructure
in a meaningful way, expanding the research capabilities,
whilst achieving a greater level of efficiency. Considering
this and until now, we have surpassed the R&D phase ofthis last recommendation and are now using it on production
projects.

Bibliography
Minadakis N., (2023), Digital Data Integration using
Semantic Web and OPENAI
No one. Everything is included in the text linking with
URL.

Data Modeling and Visualization toward
the Construction of 3D Platform for the
Humanities
Ogawa, Jun

htjk6513khbk@gmail.com
ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities, Japan

Ohmukai, Ikki

i2k@l.u-tokyo.ac.jp
The University of Tokyo

Nagasaki, Kiyonori

nagasaki@dhii.jp
International Institute for Digital Humanities

Kitamoto, Asanobu

kitamoto@nii.ac.jp
ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities, Japan

Introduction
In the digital humanities, there has been much recent
discussion regarding the application of 3D technologies. For
example, 3D Scholarly Editions explores the annotation and

39

JADH Annual Conference 2023
display of scholarly information around 3D objects in an
analogy with text editions (Schreibman and Papadopoulos,2019), while HBIM, which is a BIM for historical or
heritage studies (Diara, 2022), and Extended Matrix havebeen proposed to accurately reconstruct and document 3Darchitecture using reliable archaeological data (Demetrescu,
2018). Additionally, SCOTCH Ontology was designed to
document 3D reconstruction processes using a Linked Data
approach (Vitale, 2017).
Building upon these cases, our study proposes anextended data model that properly represents the 3D
scholarly information required for the humanities.
Our model achieves full Linked Open Data (LOD)
representation of various types of data relevant to 3D
objects, including sources, interpretations, annotations,etc. The main theoretical contribution of our model is theintroduction of an interpretation-centric approach to 3D
scholarly representation. While some previous studies havehighlighted the importance of scholarly interpretations inconstructing 3D data, they have not represented them asdata entities independent from 3D objects. We then consider
each interpretation as an independent data item to achieve amore comprehensive representation of it.
In addition to proposing the data model, we also develop
a visualization system for the scholarly representationof our data. Given the limited number of 3D scholarly
representations based on Linked Data and the lack ofprecision in structuring information seen in prior examples,
our system serves as an important pioneering example ofsuch practice.

The topmost layer, the Interpretation Layer, is themost important in the whole process of 3D scholarly
representation as it holds the interpretative data used asparameters for constructing 3D models, including theirshape, texture, material, date, archaeological features, etc.
Thus, the fundamental concept of our model is that the 3D
data should be constructed according to the interpretation,
which is formed by referring to the sources. In this sense,
the Interpretation Layer is really the axis of our data as
it bridges the 3D Data and the related sources. Sinceinterpretative parameters for 3D modeling can significantly
differ according to the interpretation, they would be better
separated from the 3D object data itself. Also, as thisprocess would be mainly conducted by researchers, it would
be preferable if the pro- and con- relationships between
their interpretation can also be represented as data. Thus, wedefine the class :Interpretation shown in Fig. 2 to effectively
implement such data organization.

Interpretation-Centric Model for 3D
Scholarly LOD

Fig. 2: Model for the Interpretation Layer
The Source Layer contains information on the sources
used to form the interpretation. This layer aggregates thedata related to a specific source, such as its title, author,
source type, and web-linking information around an
instance of the :SourceInfomation class, as shown in Fig. 3.
Collecting related sources would be carried out by source
holders (individuals, museums, libraries, etc.) or researchers
in the same way as ordinary archiving.

Our model comprises three distinct layers, as depicted
in Fig. 1. Although each layer is separate, they are stronglyinterdependent and interconnected. By separating theselayers, we gain the advantage of being able to collect,organize, and create data for each process independently.

Fig. 1: Overall structure of the interpretation-centric
model

40

Fig. 3: Model for the Source Layer

JADH Annual Conference 2023
We have defined the 3D Data Layer as the final
layer in our model, which includes a 3D model alongwith its spatial context and various types of annotations
as illustrated in Fig. 4. This layer comprises three key
concepts: :Object, :Space, and :ObjectGrp. The :Object
represents individual parts of a 3D space, such as columns
or walls, while the :ObjectGrp includes all objects in thesame model file. The :Space represents any semanticallydefined space made up of multiple objects, such as ‘temple’or ‘corridor.’ Annotations can be added in different forms,
including HTML pages, images, or TEI-encoded text
data. The integration of TEI into the model is especiallycritical to represent text in a 3D context. Annotations aretheoretically different from the interpretation because they
do not necessarily function as evidence for 3D modelingprocess.

Fig. 4: Model for the 3D Data Layer

Pilot Platform for 3D Scholarly
Representation
We are currently developing a pilot platform forsearching, visualizing, and exploring 3D information using
the data generated by the model described above. Since wehave RDF data as the basis for the system, users can searchfor 3D models together with all the related information,
which is described as Linked Open Data, with SPARQL
queries and render them automatically to the 3D viewer
shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5: The main view of the visualization platform
The 3D scene offers two interfaces, 1 and 2, allowing
users to interactively visualize and filter 3D objects basedon their date and archaeological categories, as describedin the Interpretation Layer. The right-hand menu contains
information panels for the Space (3) and Object (4) definedin the 3D Data Layer, each with multiple contents. The
Object panel includes four content tabs: Interpretation (5),Annotation (6), Transcription (7), and Image (8).
Each content tab provides more detailed information
about the object. In the Interpretation tab, users can view all
the properties of the model described in the Interpretation
Layer, as well as the sources in the Source Layer on which
the interpretation is based. In the Transcription tab, textual
information is displayed in both the panel and the 3D scene.
As these transcriptions are automatically generated fromTEI/XML data, all decisions made in the TEI encoding
process can be reflected in 3D visualization.

Conclusion
The salient aspect of our research is the use of Linked
Data to represent multi-layered information associatedwith 3D objects, particularly the incorporation of theInterpretation Layer. This approach enables us to efficiently
consolidate, analyze, and visualize all related data,
encompassing sources, interpretative data, annotations, and3D text data, with a sound academic foundation, ensuring
the quality of the discussion in a 3D context. In this regard,
our research contributes to a global movement to establish
a benchmark for the nascent field of 3D Humanities(Hendren, 2020).

Bibliography
Demetrescu, E. (2018) ‘Virtual Reconstruction asa Scientific Tool: The Extended Matrix and SourceBased Modelling Approach’, in Münster S., Friedrichs,
K., Niebling, F. and Seidel-Grzesińska, A. (eds.) Digital

41

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Research and Education in Architectural Heritage, Cham:
Springer, pp. 102-116.
Diara, F. (2022) ‘HBIM Open Source: A Review’,
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf, 11(9), 472. doi: 10.3390/
ijgi11090472.
Hendren, M. (2020) ‘3D Humanities: Digital
Visualizations Promote New Research and Discourse’,
National Endowment for the Humanities, 8 May. Available
at: https://www.neh.gov/blog/3d-humanities-digitalvisualizations-promote-new-research-and-discourse(Accessed: 19 July 2023).
Schreibman, S. and Papadopoulos, C. (2019) ‘Textuality
in 3D: three-dimensional (re)constructions as digitalscholarly editions’, International Journal of Digital
Humanities, 1, pp. 221-233.
Vitale, V. (2017) ‘Rethinking 3D digital visualization:from photorealistic visual aid to multivocal environment
to study and communicate cultural heritage’, Ph.D. thesis,
King’s College London, London.

Affective Queer Narratives on JapaneseOnline Fora
Ohman, Emily

ohman@waseda.jp
Waseda University SILS, Japan
There is no doubt that Japanese society has become
more accepting of sexual minorities and more supportiveof their rights in the past few decades (Yamamura, 2023).
Despite the increased acceptance only about 20% of sexual
minorities in Japan are out to their friends and colleagues(Dehars & Iskandar, 2021) and only 1-8% are out to family
out of fear of negative repercussions (Tamagawa, 2018).
The fear of ostracism by family and friends after “comingout” and issues with self-acceptance as well as internalized
LGBTphobia have been linked to higher suicide rates andminority stress both globally and in Japan (Saha et al., 2019;
Komorida, 2021).
In this exploratory pilot study, we examine the attitudes
present in online discussions related to sexual minorities.
Specifically, we focus on the affective phrases used inconnection with sexual minorities and compare this to acontrol group of assumed cis-gender heterosexual posts ofan otherwise similar nature. We are using a dataset collectedfrom online fora, mainly Hatsugen Komachi. We haveto date recovered over 10,000 messages, both posts andcomments, using search terms such as “LGBT” and “ 同性愛” (same sex love). Nearly all of them were in the “ 恋愛” (love/relationships) category and thus we collected a42

random, assumed-cis-heterosexual, control sample from thesame category.
We use a hybrid, iterative, approach where emotion
lexicons are automatically adjusted for new domains withthe help of affective word embeddings alongside large
language models (Tohoku-NLP BERT) for contextual
clues (Ohman & Rossi, 2023). We use emotion intensity
rather than binary valence measures or emotion-association.
Teodorescu and Mohammad (2023) showed that with theright bin size, lexicon-based methods produce results thatare not only more human-interpretable, but also moreaccurate and real-world congruent than machine-learningbased models. Hence, we start with a lexicon, but enhance
the lexicon by automatically adding words to the lexicon byusing cosine similarity measures with specific proportional
thresholds. We combine multiple Japanese emotion lexicons
including JIWC and SNOW D-18 in the first step, but also
use the WRIME (Kajiwara et al., 2021) data together with
BERT to separate the writers’ and readers’ emotions in the
results (see Ramos et al., 2022).
The nature of the data, i.e., a communal help forum
where people ask their peers for advice, means negative
emotions are likely to dominate. Writers tend to intend to
express more emotions ( anticipation is the only exception),and readers seem to interpret the texts as containing
relatively more sadness and anger, whereas disgust andother emotions are more evenly distributed between thereaders and writers. The differences, however, for the mostpart are not statistically significant.

Fig. 1. Emotion scores for the sexual minority data.
It seems like there is little relational and relative
difference between the two sets of reader and writerinterpretations of the texts (fig. 1 & 2), but some in theintensity and the prevalence of affective content (fig. 3).

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Bibliography

Fig. 2. Emotion scores for the control group (note thatthe x-axis goes to 3.0).
We also used simple emotion-word matching normalized
by wordcount. Here the values are instances of emotionassociated expressions per 10,000 words where the intensity
scores of values between 0 and 1 have been added together
and the sum divided by the word count and then multipliedby 10,000 to generate comparable scores for both datasets.
Figure 3 shows this normalized emotion word distribution
in the data. Both the WRIME-based approach with BERT
(fig. 1 & 2) and the enhanced lexicon-based approach (fig.
3) suggests the same thing: emotions are more overtly
expressed in the control group. Log likelihoods indicate thatthe differences in the prevalence of affective language arestatistically significant using this approach where emotion
word distribution is the focus, however, unlike Saha et al.
(2019) who found anxiety to be of high relative importance,
we found the opposite and anxiety follows the same patternas all other emotion-associations.
Fig. 3. Normalized emotion word distribution in the twodatasets.
Overall, there are some minor differences between thetwo datasets that could possibly be linked to the theory ofminority stress. The differences in affective expressivenesssuggest that those writing about LGBTQ+ topics arechoosing their words more carefully and avoiding overt
expressions of emotion. The use of LGBTQ+ keywords
to collect our data might also have shifted the valence ofour data towards positive. We plan on collecting more datafrom a variety of sources using less explicit keywords tosee if these findings can be made more robust, and to map
affect over time to examine if there has been a change of
attitudes in the past two decades that is reflected in the useof affective language in LGBT+ contexts.

Dehars, R.A.P., and Iskandar, K. 2021."Company Policy
VS Domestic: LGBT Discourse in Japan." STRUKTURAL
2020: Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar on
Translation Studies, Applied Linguistics, Literature andCultural Studies, STRUKTURAL 2020, 30 December 2020,
Semarang, Indonesia. European Alliance for Innovation,(2021).
Kajiwara, T. et al. 2021. WRIME: A New Dataset
for Emotional Intensity Estimation with Subjective
and Objective Annotations. In Proceedings of the 2021
Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL 2021),
pp.2095-2104, 2021.
Komorida, T. 2021. An Online Survey on the Mental
Health of Lesbian and Bisexual Women in Japan. The
Senshu social well-being review, 8, pp.65-78.
Ohman, E. & Rossi R. 2022. Computational Explorationof the Origin of Mood in Literary Texts. In Proceedings ofthe 2 nd NLP4DH workshop. ACL Anthology.
Saha, K. et al. 2019. The language of LGBTQ+ minority
stress experiences on social media. Proceedings of the ACM
on human-computer interaction, 3(CSCW), pp.1-22.
Tamagawa, M. 2018. Coming Out to Parents in Japan:
A Sociocultural Analysis of Lived Experiences. Sexuality &Culture 22, 497–520 (2018).
Yamamura, S. 2023. "Impact of Covid‐19 pandemic on
the transnationalization of LGBT* activism in Japan andbeyond." Global Networks 23.1 (2023): 120-131.

43

Interactive presentations

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Prototyping a Book Reading System with
Overlaying Information Extracted byLarge Language Models
Aubert-Béduchaud, Julien, Maxime

julienaubeb@gmail.com
Nantes Université, Nantes, France; National Institute ofInformatics (NII), Tokyo, Japan

Kitamoto, Asanobu

kitamoto@nii.ac.jp
ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities, Tokyo,
Japan; National Institute of Informatics (NII), Tokyo, Japan

Introduction
Recent advances in the field of natural language
processing, particularly the trend towards Large Language
Models(LLM) (Zhao et al., 2023), enable new possibilities
to enhance the readers’ experience. These technologies
facilitate the extraction of meaningful informationfrom documents, thereby improving the overall reading
experience.
The objective of our system is to enhance the reading
experience of e-books by swiftly identifying relevant
information and presenting alternative methods for the user
to engage with the content. Our system draws inspirationfrom hyper-reading (Sosnoski, 1999), which comprises
techniques occasionally employed when interacting withdigital textual content. The aim is for readers to quickly
locate relevant information by employing these techniques,enabling them to engage with the content selectively.
With the internet serving as an essential platform
for accessing information, reading on digital screens isincreasingly popular in the education field. However,studies suggest that reading on digital screens may not be aseffective as reading physical texts (Baron, 2013) (Mangen etal., 2013) This is partly due to the fact that people perceive
digital reading as a means of seeking information, rather
than engaging in the process of reading a full text (Baron,
2017). Implementing hyper-reading strategies could,
therefore, be beneficial to e-books readers.
Our contribution is HaLLMet, an easily-customizable
web application for a book reading system that enhances
seamless reading experience withLLMs. The prototype
accepts a standard format of e-books as input, and supports
on-the-fly generation of information by LLM. It can also be

used for the evaluation of tasks tailored to modern reading
habits.

Methods
DatasetWe are targeting books from the Gutenberg Project, a
digital library of books, articles and essays in the publicdomain. Offering over 70,000 documents, the projectprovides access to a substantial number of important
literature works in different formats, i.e. plain text, HTMLpage, EPUB publication or PDF document. Our prototype
works with EPUB, because it is a standard e-book format
supported by multiple software libraries for manipulating its
data and metadata.

Large Language Model
Our prototype uses OpenAI’s GPT-3.5 Turbo for rapid
prototyping at a relatively low cost. To mitigate the inherent
variability of generative pre-trained models, the model'stemperature is set to zero, constraining output variation.
A single LLM allows multiple tasks with an instructiontuning strategy, enabling the model to target a specificinstruction. Our instruction-tuning strategy is inspired bycontext-faithful prompting strategies (Zhou et al., 2023) andconsists of an instruction, generic examples if the output
requires a specific output format and the context where thetask should occur (figure 1).

Instruction-tuning strategy templateThree different kind of tasks were designed using thisstrategy.
••

Sentence (or excerpt) extraction task: extracting batchesof meaningful excerpts from the book pages.
Sentence analysis task: generating analyses of excerpts
from the surrounding context to solve the problem oflacking proper context in sentence extraction.

45

JADH Annual Conference 2023•

Title generation task: generating a title of the situation
based on the extracted content.

Web application
Our prototype uses a three-layer API structure and takesin account the needs of our project (figure 2).

allows possibility of scaling the application when it is madeavailable to the public. Our architecture also facilitates theintegration of other models, allowing to replace GPT-3.5
Turbo with open source models.

Results
Our book-reading prototype displays the e-book content
from EPUB and highlights important excerpts as shown in
Figure 3. These highlights can then be further explored on apanel located on the right of the screen, allowing to navigate
through book pages or highlighted excerpts. Extracted
highlight are also explained by the generated title andexplanation of the content to further enhance fragmentationof the information, one of the concepts of hyper-reading(Sosnoski, 1999).
This interface, showing the panel on the right, is inspiredby gloss annotation. However, some users suggest that thecurrent interface is cluttered, so we continue improving thisinterface based on feedback from users.
The source code of HaLLMet, including information
about a demo, is available at https://github.com/jjbes/
HaLLMet.

Interface of the web application
Software architecture of our prototype
The interface uses web components, facilitating themanagement of components dependencies and allows
a streamlined development flow. By adopting thisparadigm, the system should ensure a cohesive and efficientenvironment for the design and implementation of new tasks
on the user interface.
Logic and model instructions are located in the API
component, whose goal is to handle all gateway operations
between the user interface and the model. User interactions
over the user interface request some instruction generation
through the API, which will then request the model to get an
output.
This structure makes it possible to modify individual
layers if the project has to evolve during development and46

We also evaluated abstractive and extractive
summarization of GPT-3.5 Turbo combined with our
prompting strategies. We used BookSum (Kryściński etal., 2022), a dataset offering chapter summaries of literaryworks for Project Gutenberg books collected from various
web services. Although the original dataset contains 12630
chapters, we selected only 200 randomly selected chapters
due to the limitation of time and OpenAI’s API requests.
Figure 4 shows the result of F1 scores of common ROUGE(Lin, 2004) metrics in unigrams (R-1), bigrams (R-2)
and longest common subsequence (R-L). Our model ishighlighted in blue, and scores in bold indicate better
instruction strategy.

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Comparison of our model strategies (in blue) and otherdedicated extractive models and heuristics
For extracted sentences task, the scores indicate thisapproach provide an amount of information similar to
dedicated summarization models, indicating that theextracted excerpts are relevant for document explanation.
For sentence analysis task, contextualizing the excerpts
through sentence analysis task seems to be less informative
than extracted sentences. This is probably due to the natureof this task, closer to abstractive summarization.
For extracted sentences coupled with sentence analysis
task, all F1 scores were lower than single tasks. This
result suggests that information generated by the system isredundant. We need to find a better trade-off between thequantity and quality of information.

Conclusion
We developed HaLLMet, an easily-customizable web
application designed to enhance e-book with LLMs by
providing functionalities inspired by hyper-reading. While
we focused the development of this application on hyperreading strategies, the highly versatile approach could
lead to other systems using HaLLMet architecture as aframework. Our system could be enhanced or modified
depending on what the user needs and could be used as
foundation for future works.

Bibliography
Zhao, W.X., Zhou, K., Li, J., Tang, T., Wang, X., Hou,Y., Min, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, J., Dong, Z., Du, Y., Yang,
C., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., Jiang, J., Ren, R., Li, Y., Tang, X.,
Liu, Z., Liu, P., Nie, J.-Y., Wen, J.-R. (2023) A Survey ofLarge Language Models.

Sosnoski, J. (1999) Hyper-readers and their Reading
Engines. University Press of Colorado, pp. 161–177.
Baron, N.S. (2013) Redefining Reading: The Impact ofDigital Communication Media. PMLA 128, 193–200.
Mangen, A., Walgermo, B., Brønnick, K. (2013)
Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen:
Effects on reading comprehension. International Journal of
Educational Research 58, 61–68.
Baron, N. S. (2017). Reading in a digital age. Phi Delta
Kappan, 99(2), 15–20.
Kryściński, W., Rajani, N., Agarwal, D., Xiong, C.,
Radev, D. (2022) BookSum: A Collection of Datasets forLong-form Narrative Summarization.
Lin, C. Y. (2004) ROUGE: A Package for Automatic
Evaluation of Summaries. Text Summarization Branches
Out. Barcelona, Spain. Association for Computational
Linguistics, pages 74–81

A TEI-based Approach to Data Driven
Analysis of Japanese Translationese
Camilleri, Gabriele

u038475b@ecs.osaka-u.ac.jp
Osaka University, Japan
Translationese, the set of linguistic features observed
more frequently in translated texts than in original
texts in the same language, has long been an objectof study in corpus linguistics. While initial studies
focused on identifying potential candidates for translation
universals (among others, Baker, 1993; Mauranen andKujamäki, 2004; Mauranen, 2008), such as simplification
or explicitation, later research has also explored theinfluence the source language or the target language
may exert on translation choices (Chesterman, 2004).
Research on Japanese translationese has suggested a higher
frequency of overt personal pronouns and loanwords,
abstract nouns as agents of transitive verbs, and longer
paragraph length (Fukuchi Meldrum, 2009) as its chief
characteristics. Japanese translations are also noted for amore "conservative" use of "role language" characteristics- stylistic variations used to convey a certain attribute of acharacter (Kinsui, 2003), as female characters' translated
speech exhibits more frequently expressions associated withthe female language stereotype (Nakamura, 2013). While
the availability of large-scale Japanese parallel corpora has
increased in recent years, a majority of the data is in theJapanese-English language pair (Lison and Tiedemann,
2016; Rikters et al., 2020; Morishita et al., 2022), or belongs
to domains that are not particularly suitable for analyzing

47

JADH Annual Conference 2023
the use of role language characteristics, such as scientificpapers (Nakazawa et al., 2016).
This poster presents the initial stages of the design andimplementation of an Italian-Japanese parallel corpus,
consisting of the full texts of modern and contemporary
Italian novels and their Japanese translations, for the
purpose of studying translationese and role language
characteristics in the underrepresented domain of literarytranslation, as well as in a resource-poor language pair. The
methods and issues of alignment, encoding, and analysis
applied to the corpus will be discussed, along with the
ethical and legal concerns regarding the possibility ofsharing and distributing the corpus.
Using data retrieved from the NDL (National Diet
Library) Search website regarding Japanese translations ofItalian novels published from 1900 to 2020 (classified as“973 Italian Literature – Fiction, Romance, Novel” under
the Nippon Decimal Classification), we have selected aprominent work, Trionfo della morte (Triumph of death) by
Gabriele D’Annunzio, which has been translated numerous
times into Japanese. Eight translations from various time
periods (1913; 1921; 1927; 1928; 1939; 1958; 1961; 2010)
are chosen as the primary corpus for examination.
The original and its translations obtained from thissample are standardized and automatically aligned at thesentence level. To this end, the performance of two state-ofthe-art alignment tools, Bleualign (Sennrich and Volk, 2010)
and Vecalign (Thompson and Koehn, 2019), is evaluatedon the first chapter of the novel. The alignments producedby each algorithm are compared with a reference test set ofmanually obtained alignments for the same sample. In thisspecific instance, Vecalign vastly outperforms Bleualign interms of strict precision, recall, and F1-score, with Bleualignclosely approximating the reference set at the beginning andend of the sample but losing precision in the middle section.
However, as Bleualign's output depends on the quality of themachine translation provided, further study is required.
Algorithm

P

R

F1

Bleualign

0.40

0.38

0.39

Vecalign

0.930

0.94

0.94

Table 1: Precision (P), recall (R), and F1 for eachalignment test.
The aligned texts are then converted into XML format
and encoded in TEI. Using a customized Python script,
the following elements, in addition to metadata andsource information, are automatically annotated with
their respective TEI tags: paragraphs (<p>), sentences(
), and dialogue and thought spans (<said>). Eachspeech or thought span will be then manually annotatedfor its speaker(s) and its addressee(s). A list of the major

48

characters present in the novel will also be provided forall documents, and for each character, four of their main
attributes (gender, age, occupation, and socio-economic
status) that have been shown to be relevant to the analysisof role language (Kinsui, 2014) will also be provided. To
demonstrate the potential effectiveness of this encoding
framework, quantitative pilot studies will be attempted to
explore character and attribute-specific language patterns indifferent translations.

Figure 1: An example of the encoding in the 1913
translation.

Bibliography
Baker, M. (1993). “Corpus Linguistics and Translation
Studies: Implications and Applications.” In Baker, M. et al(eds.), Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair.
John Benjamins, pp. 233–250.
Chesterman, A. (2004). “Beyond the particular”.
In Mauranen, A., and Kujamäki P. (eds.), Translation
universals: Do they exist?. John Benjamins, pp. 33-50.
D'Annunzio, G. (1913). Trionfo della morte [Triumphof death]. Translated by G. Ishikawa. Tokyo: Dainippon
Tosho.
D'Annunzio, G. (1921). Trionfo della morte [Triumphof death]. Translated by O. Mikami. Tokyo: Tokasha.
D'Annunzio, G. (1927). Trionfo della morte [Triumphof death]. Translated by T. Yaguchi. Tokyo: Shiobunkaku.
D'Annunzio, G. (1928). Trionfo della morte [Triumphof death]. Translated by C. Ikuta. Tokyo: Shinchosha.
D'Annunzio, G. (1939). Trionfo della morte [Triumphof death]. Translated by G. Harada. Tokyo: Kaizosha.
D'Annunzio, G. (1958). Trionfo della morte [Triumphof death]. Translated by J. Iwasaki. Tokyo: Kawade Shobo
Shinsha.
D'Annunzio, G. (1961-1963). Trionfo della morte[Triumph of death]. Translated by S. Nogami. Tokyo:
Iwanami Shoten.
D'Annunzio, G. (2010). Trionfo della morte [Triumphof death]. Translated by I. Waki. Kyoto: Shuraisha.

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Fukuchi Meldrum, Y. (2009). “Translationese inJapanese Literary Translation.” Traduction, Terminologie,
Redaction, 22 (1): 93-118.
Kinsui, S. (2003). Vācharu Nihongo: Yakuwarigo no
Nazo [Virtual Japanese: The Mystery of Role Language].
Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Kinsui, S. (2014). Yakuwarigo no Shōjiten [A Glossaryof Role Language]. Tokyo: Kenkyusha.
Lison, P., and Tiedemann, J. (2016).
“Opensubtitles2016: Extracting large parallel corpora
from movie and tv subtitles”. Proceedings of the TenthInternational Conference on Language Resources and
Evaluation (LREC 2016), pp. 923-929.
Sennrich R., and Volk, M. (2010). “MT-based Sentence
Alignment for OCR-generated Parallel Texts”. Proceedingsof AMTA 2010.
Mauranen, A., and Kujamäki, P. (2004). Translation
universals: Do they exist?. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mauranen, A. (2008). “Universals tendencies intranslation”. In Anderman, G., and Rogers, M. (eds.),
Incorporating Corpora: the linguist and the translator.
Multilingual Matters, pp. 32–48.
Morishita, M., Chousa, K., Suzuki, J., and Nagata,M. (2022). “JParaCrawl v3. 0: A Large-scale EnglishJapanese Parallel Corpus”. arXiv:2202.12607.
Nakamura, M. (2013). Honyaku ga Tsukuru Nihongo:
Hiroin wa “Onna Kotoba” o Hanashi-tsuzukeru [JapaneseCreated through Translation: The Heroine Keeps on Using“Female Language”]. Tokyo: Hakutakusha.
Nakazawa, T., Yaguchi, M., Uchimoto, K., Utiyama,
M., Sumita, E., Kurohashi, S., and Isahara, H.
(2016). “ASPEC: Asian scientific paper excerpt corpus”.
Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on
Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC20116), pp.
2204–2208.
Rikters, M., Ri, R., Li, T., and Nakazawa, T. (2020).
“Document-aligned Japanese-English conversation parallel
corpus”. arXiv:2012.06143.
Thompson, B., and Koehn, P. (2019). “Vecalign:
Improved Sentence Alignment in Linear Time and Space”.
Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods
in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International
Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing(EMNLP-IJCNLP), pp. 1342–1348.

Near-synonym noun-noun patterns in
the Hachidaishu Dataset
Chen, Xudong

xchen@shs.ens.titech.ac.jp
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Hodošček, Borhodoscek.bor.hmt@osaka-u.ac.jp
Osaka University, Japan

Yamamoto, Hilofumi

yamagen@ila.titech.ac.jp
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Overall objectives
This study is part of an ongoing project that aims to
explore how to describe the extra-linguistic characteristicsof lexemes in classical literary languages within thesociolectometry framework (Geeraerts et al., 1999;
Speelman et al., 2003), whose aim is to measure thedistances between lects. When a lexical variable contributes
to distinguishing lects, we can infer the characteristics ofeach variant based on their biased usage choices in different
lects.
As a starting point, the current study focuses on thediachronic lexical variation in the poetic vocabulary in
the Hachidaishu. We will demonstrate using the lexical
resources provided in the Hachidaishu Dataset (Hodošček
and Yamamoto, 2022) to find conceptually related nounnoun (poly)lexical patterns (henceforth NN pattern) as
triggers to search for potential lexical variables, such as
simplex/compound variants that verbalize the same entity.

Motivations
Excluding thematic factors
Previous research on historical Japanese language
variation has focused on comparing frequent or salient
lexemes among different lects to infer lectal characteristics.
However, the research cannot control thematic bias in thecorpora. The lexical sociolectometry framework based on
lexical variables can avoid thematic bias (Speelman et al.,
2003: 325).

Sampling the lexical variables
Lexical studies in the Japanese linguistics tradition (cf.,Kabashima, 1980), like the sociolectometry framework,requires aggregation perspectives. Therefore, we need to
conduct analysis on a set of lexical variables. However,subjectivity exists in creating the set to study (De Pascale,2019: 18).

49

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Parallel corpora can offer objective methods for
obtaining lexical variables (Tanaka and Yamamoto, 2014).
However, when dealing with non-parallel corpora, it
becomes difficult to determine which lexemes can be
categorized as the same variables. The sociolectometry
framework provides a solution to this unaddressedissue in Japanese lexical studies. Researchers collect(near) synonymy as lexical variables in three ways: a)manual, b) based on lexical resources, and c) based on
distributional models. Lexical resource-based selection canbe a convenient starting point. However, the Hachidaishu
Dataset does not directly support the extraction of nearsynonymy. We need to find an alternative way to utilize thelexical resource.

Including polylexical units
We include polylexical units, although lexicalsociolectometry generally excludes polylexical units (DePascale, 2019: 186–187). We have the following reasons.
Firstly, Komatsu (2003) suggests that when analyzingclassical poetic Japanese, we need to pay attention to thechain of kana characters since Japanese poetry was writtenwith the kana strings and without any kanji characters.
Secondly, including polylexical units helps in integrating
certain assumptions in lexical semantics for the future
works. For example, Geeraerts et al. (1994) demonstrate that1) peripheral members in a category are often referred to byalternative terms, such as their hypernyms (pp. 172–173); 2)
entrenched concepts tend to be named with simplex forms
rather than compounds (p. 175). However, we may observe
exceptional situations in poetic Japanese.

Materials and methods
The Hachidaishu Dataset and old WLSP
annotation
The Dataset includes potential compounds with theirdecompositions and categorical identifiers based on theold version of Word List by Semantic Principles (WLSP;
Nakano et al., 1994; figure 1). We extract NN patterns using
the WLSP annotations.

Figure 1: Format of WLSP in the Hachidaishu Dataset

50

Extraction rules
NN patterns follows the following rules:
1. Noun.1 + noun.2 (compounds), e.g., sakura+hana, acompound consisting of sakura (cherry blossom) andhana (flower), or
2. Noun.1 + genitive case + noun.2, e.g., sakura+no+hana,consisting of sakura, no (genitive case particle) andhana.
3. The longest common substring between WLSP
metacodes of noun.1 and noun.2 should be greaterthan eight (to ensure two components are in the same
semantic category).
4. Pattern frequency should be greater than five.

Manual selection
In each NN pattern, one of the components should
ideally be conceptually interchangeable with the entire
pattern. In such patterns, the main component implies
the other component or the entire pattern. The rule-based
process can only guarantee that two components belong
to similar categories. Therefore, we conduct manualverification.

Basic statistics
For each extracted NN pattern, we count the frequencyof the main component and the pattern itself to examine
how poets choose between using compounds (NN pattern)or simplex forms (main components) to verbalize the same
entities.

Results
We obtained a set of 93 NN patterns, among which
44 patterns, along with their main components, can beconsidered as potential lexical variables. This suggests the
WLSP-based search is open to improvement.
We examined the variation in lexical choices between
NN patterns and their main components. Currently,
CHERRY is the only oncept that demonstrates a transition
from a compound to a simplex form (from さくらばな toさくら) (figure 2). This indicated that CHERRY is a special
concept in poetic Japanese. Although it is a frequently
used object and a dominant member in the flora family,
poets used compound forms rather than simplex form toverbalize it in the first seven periods. In the Kokinshu, theJADH Annual Conference 2023
first anthology of the Hachidaishu, poets also used thehypernym hana to verbalize CHERRY.
ORANGE (たちばな/はなたちばな) and PAMPASGRASS (すすき/はなすすき) are also dominant concepts
in Japanese poetry but are predominantly named using
compound forms. However, unlike CHERRY, these twoconcepts did not demonstrate shifts in lexical choices overtime.

Figure 2: Exceptional lexical variables and diachronicchange of variant choices

Discussion
The rule-based search only resulted limited parts oflexical choice in the vocabulary. More exceptional variables
like CHERRY may remain invisible.
The NN pattern is not the only instance of nearsynonymy lexical variables (usually, NN patterns arehyponyms of their main components but not always). In
many cases, we cannot discern the specific object when it isindicated by its hypernym. We may try domain adaptationof pre-trained language models and using the current results
as training data to broaden the scope of investigation. Basedon the expanded list of lexical variables, we will examine
which variables can differentiate the time periods of theHachidaishu and conduct statistical modeling of the lexical
choices.
In the preliminary descriptive analysis, we highlighted
exceptional cases in poetic Japanese that may deviate fromthe rules regarding simplex/compound form choices (cf.,
Geeraerts et al., 1994). These results suggest the importanceof incorporating these polylexical aspects into further
statistical modeling.

Conclusion
This study focused on rule-based searching for(poly)lexical variables from the Hachidaishu Dataset
as a preliminary step in analyzing lexical variables. We
demonstrated how lexical resources like WLSP could help
the semi-automatic selection, which shows that the workof WLSP for historical Japanese (Asahara et al., 2022) willbe essential for future studies. As a result, although therule-based search is open to improvement, the preliminary
analysis showed that using near-synonymous NN patterns
to integrate polylexical units into lexical variables can besignificant for the poetic vocabulary.

Bibliography
Asahara, M., Ikegami, N., Suzuki, T., Ichimura, T.,
Kondo, A., Kato, S. and Yamazaki, M. (2022). CHJWLSP: Annotation of `Word List by Semantic Principles’
Labels for the Corpus of Historical Japanese. Proceedingsof the Second Workshop on Language Technologies for
Historical and Ancient Languages. Marseille, France:
European Language Resources Association, pp. 31–37.
De Pascale, S. (2019). Token-based vector space models
as semantic control in lexical sociolectometry Leuven: KU
Leuven PhD dissertation.
Geeraerts, D., Grondelaers, S. and Bakema, P. (1994).
The Structure of Lexical Variation: Meaning, Naming, andContext. (Ed.) Dirven, R. & Langacker, R. W. The Structureof Lexical Variation: Meaning, Naming, and Context.
(Cognitive Linguistics Research 5). Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter doi:10.1515/9783110873061.
Geeraerts, D., Grondelaers, S. and Speelman, D.
(1999). Convergentie En Divergentie in De Nederlandse
Woordenschat. Een Onderzoek Naar Kleding- En
Voetbaltermen. Amsterdam: Meertens Instituut.
Hodošček, B. and Yamamoto, H. (2022). Development
of datasets of the Hachidaishū and tools for theunderstanding of the characteristics and historical evolutionof classical Japanese poetic vocabulary. Digital Humanities
2022 Conference Abstracts. Tokyo: The University ofTokyo, pp. 647–48.
Kabashima, T. (1980). Goi/Vocabulary (Ed.) The
Society For Japanese Linguistics Kokugogaku daijiten/
Dictionary of Japanese linguistics. Tokyo: Tokyodo.
Komatsu, H. (2003). Kanabun No Koubun Genri/Principle of Constructions in Kana. Additional Version.
Tokyo: Kasama shobo.
Nakano, H., Hayashi, O., Ishi, H., Yamazaki, M.,
Ishii, M., Kato, Y., Miyazaki, T. and Kirioka, A. (1994).
Bunrui Goi Hyo Furoppi Ban/Word List by Semantic
Principles, Floppy Disk Version. Vol. 5. (Kokuritsu Kokugo
Kenkyujo Gengo Shori Deta Shu/National Language
Research Institute Language Data). Tokyo: Dainippon
shoten.
Speelman, D., Grondelaers, S. and Geeraerts, D.
(2003). Profile-based linguistic uniformity as a genericmethod for comparing language varieties. Computers
and the Humanities, 37(3): 317–37 doi:10.1023/
a:1025019216574.

51

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Tanaka M. and Yamamoto H. (2014). Konjaku
monogatari shu to Uji shuui monogatari doubun setsuwa
ni okeru go no taiou – go no buntai teki kachi no kijutsu/
Word Correspondences between Tales Sharing the Same
Origin Contained within the Konjaku Monogatarishii and
Uji Shui Monogatari: A Description of the Stylistic Featuresof Words. Studies in the Japanese Language, 10(1): 16–31.

Analysis of the Appearance Pattern
Tendency of “Crying Scene” andVerification for Reproducibility ofCategorization
Fukumoto, Takaki

g2122057@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Murai, Hajime

h_murai@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Introduction
In recent years, narrative research has been conductedin various genres such as romance and battle (Murai,
2021; Saito, 2021; Shiratori, 2021) based on the idea of
narrative function proposed by Propp (Propp, 1968). Amongthese, narrative research has been conducted by classifying
narrative works that encourage users to cry, as “crying
narratives” (Fukumoto, 2022; Fukumoto, 2022).
Since there is almost no data on "crying narratives,"
it is difficult to classify them mechanically. Therefore, itis necessary to perform the classification manually. This
study aims to extract quantitative characteristics of "crying
stories" using statistical methods by converting the stories
into a sequence of digital symbols. In previous studies, acategory for classifying "tear-prompting approaches" thatare believed to bring users to tears was created. Moreover,
the relationship between "crying scenes" and narrative
functions were investigated and the objectivity of scene
classification as "crying scenes" was examined using asurvey. However, previous studies did not investigate theappearance pattern of "crying scenes" in terms of where
they appear more frequently—in the beginning, middle
or end of the story. The various types of "crying scenes"
have characteristics in terms of what appears in them and52

how they are used. The author's strategy for effective useof “crying scenes” has some form of pattern. For example,
in works comprising several “crying scenes”, the scene
having more potential for “crying” may be more likely to
be placed at the climax. In addition, the classification of"crying scenes" using the "tear-prompting approaches"
was conducted by a single analyst, therefore, it lacked
objectivity. It is necessary to verify the objectivity of the"tear-prompting approaches.”

Extracting the appearance pattern of"crying scene"
This study investigated the pattern of occurrenceof "crying scenes.” The target narratives were fivecontemporary Japanese entertainment works. The selection
criteria were as follows: the works are within the top 30"crying" narrative works ranked by unspecified votes ona website; (HANABISHI, 2015) they include more than
five "crying scenes"; and original works of selected works
are comic or novels. The 196 "crying scenes" obtained
from the five works, were classified using “tear-prompting
approaches.” The classification using "tear-prompting
approaches" is a multi-label classification in which each"crying scene" is labeled according to the following ten
categories: "Hardship," "Praiseworthiness," "Relief,""Dream Positive," "Dream Negative," "Bond Positive,""Bond Negative," "Effort Positive," "Effort Negative," and "Farewell" by one analyst alone. For example, if a characteris persecuted for some reason that brings tears to the eyes of
the audience, it is classified as "Hardship."The narrative works were divided into small stories byscenes in which the purpose of the protagonist changed.
The appearance position of each “crying scene” in the small
story was expressed as a ratio that the order of the target
scene was divided by the total number of scenes within thesmall story. Figure 1 shows an appearance position example
where small story composed of 5 scenes. The frequency ofoccurrence was analyzed using 0.2 as the range of ranks
for the position ratio. Number of each “tear-prompting
approaches” appearances in small stories are shown intable1.
Consequently, few "crying scenes" appeared in therange of 0.0 to 0.2, and in most categories, the range of
0.8 to 1.0 was most frequent. The next range in frequency
was 0.6 to 0.8. However, the most frequent range only
for the “Hardship” category was from 0.4 to 0.6. It isbelieved that several works including "crying scenes" usethe pattern where the persecution, misfortune, and regret ofthe characters was described in the middle of the story, andthereafter, the results of the "Hardship" were described in
the end of the story to induce tears.

JADH Annual Conference 2023
In this test, "Praiseworthiness" was excluded because it
appeared only when it overlapped with other categories.
The results of the agreement validation revealed that the
Kappa coefficient was 0.55 for the responses to the firstcandidate only, and 0.81 for the responses including thesecond candidate.
This result suggests that the objectivity of the majority
three categories of "Bond Positive," "Bond Negative," and"Hardship" in the "tear-prompting approaches," including
the second candidate, is statistically significant.

Conclusion and future works
Figure 1. An example calculation appearance position ofeach “tear-prompting approaches”
Table 1. Number of each “tear-prompting approaches”
appearances in small stories
0.2~0.4

0.4~0.6

0.6~0.8

0.8~1.0

Hardship 1

0~0.2

5

14

7

12

Praiseworthiness
0

1

5

5

5

Relief

0

2

0

5

15

Dream
Positive

0

0

2

4

9

Dream
0
Negative

0

3

2

3

Bond
Positive

0

2

1

13s

29

Bond
2
Negative

6

2

11

17

EffortPositive

0

0

1

3

8

Effort0
Negative

1

1

2

3

Farewell

0

1

3

11

1

Verification for reproducibility of
categorization
Of the 196 “crying scenes,” verification forreproducibility of categorization was performed for the top
three categories—"Bond Positive," "Bond Negative," and"Hardship." The sum of these three categories was 50%
or more of the total data. Nine non-multi-labeled scenes
were selected from the three works. These scenes werecategorized in each of the three categories "Bond Positive,""Bond Negative," or "Hardship."Narrative theory researchers were asked to identify the
first and second candidates of categories for each scenefrom the nine categories excluding “Praiseworthiness.”

In this study, the appearance pattern of "crying scenes"
was investigated, and a consistency examination of theclassification categories was performed. The results suggestthat most "crying" narrative works depict characters'
misfortunes and regret from the middle to the end of thestory, and that the end of the story depicts various “crying
scenes” as a result of the misfortunes and regret. In the
category agreement survey, three categories, in whichmore than 50% of the 196 "crying scenes" were classified,were investigated using the Kappa coefficient. The Kappa
coefficient for the three categories, including the second
candidate, was 0.81. It suggests that the objectivity of
the categories "Bond Positive," "Bond Negative," and"Hardship" is statistically significant.
Two issues to be addressed in the future are the limited
amount of data and the unclear causal relationship between"crying scenes" and other scenes. We aim to increase thereliability of the analysis results by increasing the numberof target "crying" narrative works. In addition, we willcontinue to investigate the causal relationship between"crying scenes" and other scenes to further clarify the"crying" narrative works.

Bibliography
Fukumoto, T., Ishikawa, K., and Murai, H., et al.
(2022). Questionnaire survey on emotions evoked by"crying scenes" in stories, Computer and Humanities
symposium, 2022: 227-234 (In Japanese).
Fukumoto, T., Shiratori, T. and Murai, H., et al.
(2022). Classification and Pattern Extraction of Stories
Evaluated as "Crying" Based on Narrative Structure
Analysis, JASI2022, 1H5-OS-17b-02 (In Japanese).
HANABISHI Inc. (2015). Ranking of popular
inspirational anime that make you cry! Which masterpieces
do people recommend?, https://ranking.net/rankings/besttouched-animes (accessed 13 May 2023) (In Japanese).
Murai, H., Toyosawa, S. and Shiratori, T. et al.
(2021). Dataset Construction for Cross-genre Plot Structure

53

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Extraction, Proceedings of JADH Annual Conference 2021,
pp. 93-96.
Propp, V. (1968). Morphology of the Folk Tale. U of
Texas P, USA.
Saito, T., Yoshida, T. and Murai, H. et al. (2021).
Basic Plot Structure in the Adventure and Battle Genres.
Proceedings of JADH Annual Conference 2021, pp. 97-100.
Shiratori, T. and Murai, H. (2021). Historical
Changes in the Typology and Characteristics of Endings inContemporary Japanese Romance Novels. Computer andHumanities symposium, 2021: 38-43 (In Japanese).

Extracting “Darkness” in Contemporary
Japanese Dark Fantasy
Kanazashi, Tomoya

PurposeIn this study, modern Japanese entertainment works
judged as dark fantasies by several experts in narrative
research were used as target data for the analysis of dark
fantasy. Scenes consisting of elements that the analyst
considered “darkness” were analyzed.
To define “darkness,” we established a policy for
extracting and classifying narrative elements that are judged
by analyst as dark or cruel in works subjected to dark
fantasy.
Subsequently, the selected narrative works werestructured and analyzed. Based on the results, the elements
constituting “darkness” were categorized. This study aims
to quantitatively analyze the structure of dark fantasy works
and extract elements of “darkness” from the plots, which
would enable us to control “darkness” in the stories.

g2123014@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Methods

Murai, Hajime

The study employs four criteria for selecting the works.
First, as a clear definition of dark fantasy is lacking, theworks had to be judged as dark fantasy by several experts.
Second, each works should have an original comic book.
This would help in increasing the validity of the narrative
structure analysis by providing clear scene segmentation.
Third, the work must be a dark fantasy that appears within
the top-sales ranking (TORICO, 2005). This aimed tocollect high-quality data. In addition, by analyzing thecomplete works, it is possible to analyze each section fromthe beginning to the end of the story. Fourth, the work
must be contemporary Japanese. There is a worldwide
demand for contemporary Japanese entertainment content,
and many of them are among Japan’s top-ranking works.
Consequently, four works were selected. Works title andauthors name are shown in Table 1.
During the narrative structure analysis, the works
were divided into chapters, and randomly selected forthe analysis. The scenes in the selected chapters werecategorized based on cross-genre narrative function
categories (Murai, 2021) to enable comparisons withother genres. When a scene was considered to include
some elements of darkness, an explanation of the darkness
element was added to the dataset. Approximately 2000
scenes were analyzed for the four works.
Scenes including elements of darkness were manuallycategorized into groups based on similarity. Thus, thedarkness category table includes 13 groups: "regret,”"despair,” "murder,” "suicide,” "death,” "oppression,”"mental or physical disorder,” "bullying/torture/
discrimination," "running wildly,” "abuse/slander,"h_murai@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Introduction
Recently, there has been increasing research on thequantitative analysis and automatic generation of narrative
structures from media, such as novels and comic books.
However, several genres in previous studies have not been
subjected to quantitative analyses or automatic generation,and dark fantasy is one of them. The term “dark fantasy”
is unclear and the judgment of whether a story is a dark
fantasy or not differs depending on the audience or thecreator. Generally, works with numerous cruelty scenes
or extreme depictions are considered dark fantasies.
Considering the effects of such depictions, there are various
policies such as age restrictions and warnings regarding thepresence of cruel expressions. However, there are no clear
criteria for judging the “darkness” of the story’s content or
setting, although the “darkness” is considered to have thesame effect as the descriptions. Conversely, many audiences
prefer works including “darkness,” and many “dark fantasy”
works are ranked top-selling entertainment in Japan today.

54

JADH Annual Conference 2023
"betrayal/deception," "poverty,” and "trouble.” Theseelements were extracted using a darkness category table.
Table 1 Works title and authors

Results and discussion
The results exhibited that people preferred dark fantasy
works containing 20–30% of the total scenes in thedarkness category. Regarding the frequency of the darkness
category, “murder,” “mental or physical disorder,” and“oppression” tended to appear more frequently. The cooccurrence relationship between the functional categories
of narrative structures and darkness elements was extracted.
Figure 1 shows the co-occurrence relationship of darkness
categories calculated by the Jaccard coefficient. The
network analysis is computed using PageRank algorithm.
The combinations of “murder,” “mental or physicaldisorder,” and “oppression,” “trouble,” and “abuse/slander”
also tended to be high. The result of an analysis using thegraph structure showed that “oppression” had the highest
centrality. In addition, 3-gram statistics revealed that the plot
pattern of dark fantasy works resembles that of the battle
genre (Murai, 2021). This suggests that the condition fordark fantasy works in modern Japanese entertainment is thepresence of numerous darkness elements in a pattern similar
to that of the battle genre.

Figure 1 the co-occurrence relationship of darkness
categories

Conclusion
This study attempts to clarify the narrative structureof dark fantasy genre through quantitative analysis ofworks judged as dark fantasy, and categorizes elements of"darkness" in the stories.
First, the darkness categories were present in 20–30% of
all scenes, with "murder,” "mental or physical disorder," and"oppression" as the main elements of dark fantasy stories.
Second, it was observed “oppression” is central to dark
fantasies.
Finally, a condition for dark fantasy works is that they
contain numerous darkness elements in a pattern similar tothat of the battle genre.

Future works
Future directions of this study are as follows: increasing
the number of target dark fantasy works, revising thedarkness category table, and comparing the resultsof narrative structure analysis with those of ordinary
fantasy works. Regarding the objectivity of the darkness
categorization, the future tasks include the reconsider ofthe darkness definition table and consistency validation bymultiple analysts.

Bibliography
Murai, H., and Toyosawa, S., and Shiratori, T., et al.,(2021). "Dataset Construction for Cross-genre Plot Structure
Extraction", Proceedings of JADH Annual Conference
2021, pp. 93-96, 2021.
Murai, H., and Toyosawa, S., and Shiratori, T., et al.,(2021). “Extraction of factors that characterize the structuresof plot within each story genre”, Information Processing
Society of Japan, Computer and Humanities symposium
2021, pp. 16-23, 2021 (In Japanese).
TORICO Co.,Ltd., (2005), Manga-Volume.com: thetop-sales ranking, https://www.mangazenkan.com/r/rekidai/
total/ (accessed19 October 2022) (In Japanese).

DH Research Information Portal:
A practice for “publicizing” DH
methodology
Kikuchi, Nobuhikokikuchi.nobuhiko@nijl.ac.jp

55

JADH Annual Conference 2023
National Institute of Japanese Literature, JapanThe National Institute of Japanese Literature (NIJL) has
been digitizing Japanese pre-modern texts both domesticallyand internationally, creating an integrated database called
the Union Catalogue Database of Japanese Texts (formerly
the Database of Pre-Modern Japanese Works). Building
upon these efforts, NIJL is now advancing toward thenext phase of research, aiming to establish "data-driven
humanities." My presentation outlines a portal site designed
to “publicize” Digital Humanities (DH) research methods, acomponent of the "development of humanities data analysis
technology" research area within the overall plan. I also
discuss the ongoing efforts to promote this portal site.
The COVID-19 pandemic has propelled the world
and the educational environment to transition online.
However, even before the pandemic, the development ofDH training and online learning environments have been
already underway, with notable progress made in othercountries through platforms like Programming Historian.
Focusing on East Asian studies, Vierthaler highlights DH
training in Europe and the United States, summarizing DH
training within Japanese studies. His article introduces theaggregation and provision of online learning materials on
the Digital Humanities Japan wiki site, as carried out by
Curtis et al (Vierthaler, 2020.).
In Japan, DH training has been provided, except
for university education, through Kiyonori Nagasaki 's
TEI workshops, JADH workshops, and other initiatives.
However, as Vierthaler's lack of discussion regarding inside
Japan's situation paradoxically suggests, DH training andeducational resource sharing in Japan have yet to overcome
the language barrier. In other words, the challenge lies
in organizing, consolidating, and providing online DH
educational resources in Japan, while promoting informationexchange between Japan and foreign countries.
By the way, in recent years, DH training programs in
Europe and the U.S. have offered not only general content
common to all fields of humanities, such as literature andhistory, but also more specialized content for each field of
the humanities. Although it is challenging to demonstratesuch changes statistically or diachronically, it can beassumed that once basic DH knowledge is disseminated,
more specialized methods tailored to each humanities
field will be required, considering both the history of thehumanities itself and educational effectiveness. In otherwords, future DH training trends will necessitate organizing
educational materials by field, or, alternatively, arranging
material information from the learner's perspective.
To summarize the challenges identified earlier, we must
(1) organize online DH educational resources in Japan,
considering the future expansion of DH education andlearning, (2) classify these resources according to each56

humanities field, and (3) promote information exchange
between Japan and foreign countries. I have run the "EastAsian DH Portal" at Kansai University since 2020 to"import" overseas DH educational resources to Japan, forexample, by translating TEI guidelines and some lessonsof the Programming Historian and integrating them within
East Asian studies(菊池 et. al., 2020.). With the transitionof this year, 2023, I have revamped the East Asia DH
Portal as the DH Research Information Portal (https://dhportal.ac.jp/). The DH Research Information Portal has
slightly modified the categories from its predecessor inorder to address issues (1) and (2). The East Asia DH Portal
had been offering translations and providing information
about DH tools and resources related to East Asian studies
in addition to the translations of Programming Historianand TEI guidelines. Although the DH Research Information
Portal has inherited the Programming Historian and TEI
Guidelines categories from the East Asia DH Portal, it has
been reorganized into six categories: General Educational& Learning Resources for DH, DH Resources for LiteratureStudies, DH Resources for Historical & Archival Studies,and resources provided by the National Institutes for the
Humanities, as well as its affiliated institutions, under
the category of Resources Created by the Institutes andAffiliated Entities. For instance, my colleagues and I
have developed a new self-leaning resource for TEI/XML
data analysis of Japanese poetry materials utilizing datafrom the Hirose-bon Man'yoshu (菊池 et al., 2023.), andI categorized it as DH Resources for Literature Studies.
For another example, the portal site introduces a document
explaining methods employing the API of a database,“NIHU bridge” by the National Institute for the Humanities
in the Resources Created by the Institutes and AffiliatedEntities. We will continue the consolidation and provision of
information related to DH training in Japan and educational
resources using Japanese materials.

JADH Annual Conference 2023
request. Addressing the use of generative AI is not only amethodological concern but also a significant challenge that
could impact the very raison d'être of the portal site itself.
I recognize the need to address these issues to democratize
and publicize DH methodology.

Bibliography
Vierthaler, P. (2020). Digital humanities and East Asianstudies in 2020. History Compass, 18(11): e12628 doi:
10.1111/hic3.12628. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/
abs/10.1111/hic3.12628 (accessed 10 July 2023).
菊池信彦, 永崎研宣, 乾善彦, 海野圭介, ⼩川歩
美 and 吉賀夏⼦ (2023). 和歌のXML/TEIデータ分
析のための⾃主学習環境の構築. 研究報告⼈⽂科学とコンピュータ（CH）, 2023-CH-131(8): 1–3 http://
id.nii.ac.jp/1001/00224073/ (accessed 10 July 2023).
菊池信彦, 宮川創, ⼆ノ宮聡 (2020). 「東アジアDHポータル」の構築と課題：デジタルヒューマニ
ティーズの研究ノウハウのオープンな知識基盤を⽬指して. じんもんこん論⽂集, 2020: 229–34 https://
cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050855522098879616 (accessed 10 July2023).

Constructing fundamental behavior
dataset for analysis and generation ofstory plots
Murai, Hajime
Nevertheless, significant challenges remain in
publicizing DH methodology in Japan. The first issue
concerns community building to promote informationexchange between Japan and foreign countries. It is difficult
for a single individual to continuously consolidate anddisseminate information. Meanwhile, the current limited
penetration of DH research methods means that there arefew human resources available to undertake this task.
Therefore, persistent efforts to expand the community of
individuals who gather at the portal site are consideredessential, and in doing so, it would be possible to cover awide range of other DH methods, such as GIS, text analysis,
crowdsourcing, etc., which are the primary methods of DH.
The second issue revolves around understanding the impactof generative AI, such as ChatGPT, and its implications forthe future. There is a risk that humanities researchers may
lose the incentive to acquire expertise in different fields, as
generative AI could provide them with various codes uponh_murai@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Ohta, Shoki

g2122013@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Ohba, Arisa

g2122015@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Fukumoto, Takaki

g2122057@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Aoyama, Mitsuki
57

JADH Annual Conference 2023
g2122001@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Okuyama, Ryogo

g2123012@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Kanazashi, Tomoya

g2123014@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Saito, Yuni

g2123024@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Sato, Eiichi

g2123028@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Tomita, Masaki

g2123041@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Hodosawa, Tomowa

g2123055@fun.ac.jp
Future University Hakodate, Japan

Introduction
It has been clarified that it is possible to extract thecommon plot structure of the specific genre stories when alot of the specific genre stories are collected (e.g. Barthes
1968, Propp 1968, and Campbell 1949). Based on those
old humanistic researches, also it has been clarified thatquantitative and objective extraction of those common plot
structure can be executed by computational methods ofrecent years based on the cross-genre plot data set (Murai
2021). In those previous researches, the plot structures
were described as the sequences of symbolized scenes
or functions. By utilizing quantitative methods for thosesymbolized sequences, the differences of plot structures
between genres and sub-genres have been also extracted(Murai 2022).
However, the details of the inner contents andexpressions of those scenes have not been clarified yet.
Therefore, it is necessary to extract characteristics of moredetails of expressions regarding to each plot functions andgenres.

58

Because of fundamental model such as ChatGPT, theautomatic generation of simple plots become possible inthese days. If the detail characteristics of scenes can beapplied in order to generate more specific long stories
automatically, the result of automatic story generation would
be improved. Moreover, characteristics of scene expression
would be applicable for assistance of human creator.
In this research, at first common symbol sets fordescribing behaviors of characters’ actions and describing
pragmatic functions of utterances were developed. And
then the behaviors of story characters were focused andfrequently appearing behaviors and those patterns wereextracted. Common symbols between different story genres
enable to compare characteristics of each story genre. Thosesymbol set will be utilized for extracting common patters forgeneral stories. Moreover, extracted common patterns would
become foundation for automatic story generation systems.

Target contents and methods
In order to compare different story genres, several
popular genres in modern Japan entertainment culture wereselected based on comic and game sales rankings. Selected
genres were “Adventure”, “Battle”, “Love”, “Detective”,
and “Horror”. In order to extract typical plot structures
for each genre, works of combined genres (such as “lovecomedy”) were eliminated and popular short stories were
picked up based on sales rankings. If there were not enoughpopular short stories, popular long stories were divided
into short stories based on the changes in the purpose of theprotagonist of the story (Nakamura 2020).
After that, selected stories were divided into plot
elements (scenes) and categories were inductively
constructed manually (Murai 2022). The category table forthe function of plot elements includes 29 large category
and 191 small categories. For example, some scene iscategorized as “disturbance” function as large category, it
may be categorized also “betrayal” function or “combat”
function as small category. As a result, 3185 scenes in 273
stories of 5 genres were extracted (Table 1).
Table 1 Analyzed stories and scenes

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Based on those scenes, characters’ actions werecategorized by utilizing the category table for actions ofcharacters. The category table for actions of characters
includes 1048 action types and about 10000 Japanese
concrete vocabulary. As a result, 338 types of 4909
behaviors about actions of characters were manuallycategorized. In addition to those action data set, the roles
and attributes of the agent and the recipient of each action
were also categorized based on the table for character
attributes that includes 41 large categories and 151 small
categories (Table 2).
Extracted actions were aggregated in 5 genres, large andsmall category of functions of scenes, roles and attributesof characters and also sequential patterns of actions wereextracted by n-gram.
As a whole, the most frequently appeared 5 actions
were “know”, “attack”, “hope”, “meet”, and “teach”.
However, the result varied by genres. For instances, themost frequently appeared 5 actions in love genre were“courting”, “love”, “know”, “help”, and “dating”. Those
results are also dependent on the functions of scenes. For
instances, in the scenes, that were categorized as “intention”
function, the top 5 actions of characters changed to “wish”,“request”, “decision”, “suggestion”, and “know”. Moreover,
the roles and relationships between the agent and therecipient of each action affect on appeared actions. In thecase that the agent is the protagonist and the recipient is
the acquaintance of the protagonist, the top 5 frequently
appeared actions become to “meet”, “courting”, “criticize”,“help”, and “association”. On the other hand, in the casethat the agent is the protagonist and the recipient is therival of the protagonist, the top 5 become to “disturbance”,“protect”, “rebuke”, “ridicule”, and “assistance”. Thosedifferences signify the characteristics and influences ofindividual contexts. The frequently appearing sequences ofactions also are affected on those contexts.
In addition to that, 1500 scenes were randomly
extracted and utterances of characters within those extracted
1500 scenes were categorized based on the category
table for pragmatic functions. The category table forpragmatic functions includes 19 categories: "introduction","explanation", "thinking", "intention", "desire", "request","suggestion", "question", "response", "acknowledgment","rejection", "future", "evaluation", "reproach", "blame","gratitude", "emotions", "solicitude", and "joke". As an
example, the ferquently appeared scenes and pragmaticfunctions at the detective genre are showed in table 3. As forthe actions of characters, those categorized utterances werestored with various attributes such as roles of the speakers
and listeners. Aggregated results showed that the functionsof utterances changed greatly depending on the context, asin the case of actions of characters.
Table 2 Frequently appeared bahaviors of characters

Table 3 Frequently appeared scenes and pragmaticfunctions at detective genre

Conclusions and future works
In order to clarify the details of story scenes, theactions and utterances of characters were categorized byutilizing various attribute tables and fundamental data
set was developed. It is clarified that those actions varied
depending on the various contextual information. If thosecharacteristics can be reflected on automatically generated
stories in appropriate way, the resultant texts would become
more convincing and understandable.

Bibliography
Barthes, R., (1968). Elements of Semiology. Hill andWang, New York, USA.
Campbell, J., (1949). The Hero with a Thousand Faces.
Pantheon Books, USA.
Murai, H.,(2014). "Plot Analysis for Describing Punch
Line Functions in Shinichi Hoshi's Microfiction", 2014
Workshop on Computational Models of Narrative, (Eds.
Mark A. Finlayson, Jan Christoph Meister, and Emile G.
Bruneau), OpenAccess Series in Informatics, 41:121-129.
Murai, H., and Toyosawa, S., and Shiratori, T., etal. and (2021). "Dataset Construction for Cross-genre
Plot Structure Extraction", Proceedings of JADH Annual
Conference 2021, pp. 93-96, 2021.

59

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Murai, H., and Toyosawa, S., and Shiratori, T., etal. (2022). "Extraction of Typical Story Plot Patterns from
Genres within Japanese Popular Entertainment Works",
ICCC2022, 2022.
Nakamura S. and Murai, H., (2020). “Proposal of amethod for analyzing story structure of role-playing games
focusing on quests structure”, Computer and Humanities
symposium, 2020: 149-156 (In Japanese).
Propp, V.,(1968). Morphology of the Folk Tale. U of
Texas P, USA.

Extracting the Relationship Between
the Emotions Evoked in the Story and
Acoustic Features of the Music
Okuyama, Ryogo

g2123012@fun.ac.jp
Future Univercity Hakodate, Japan

Murai, Hajime

h_murai@fun.ac.jp
Future Univercity Hakodate, Japan

Introduction
We empathize with, or forecast, the development ofa story while reading it. In particular, the music used ineach scene of the movie would have the effect of arousing
emotions that the author is trying to evoke through thecontent of each scene.
This study assumes that emotions aroused by music
are related to those evoked by the content of the scene in
the story. The purpose of this research was to extract therelationship between the emotions evoked when watchinga story and listening to music to presume the emotions
stimulated by music.
Sentiment analysis for stories has also been done so far(Tomas, 2021) (Andrew, 2016).
By clarifying the relationship between story and music,
it is considered possible to support creators. Moreover,it will be useful for automatic background music (BGM)
selection technology based on video composition, effectselection, and emotion level.

60

Material and Method
The target stories were selected based on four standards.
First, stories were selected from movies because thisresearch required both music data and the emotions evokedin the story. Second, the theme of the stories was daily life.
This study assumes that it can be applied to daily life in
the future. Third, human emotions (joy, anger, pathos, andhumor) appear well balanced in the story since various
emotions are obtained from a single story. Fourth, the story
was of high quality because this guarantees analysis quality.
In this study, the movies were selected based on box
office data and the Japan Academy Prize for the past 10
years from 2010 to 2019, before the COVID-19 epidemic.
In this research, "Confessions" and "Umimachi diary,"
which satisfy the selection criteria mentioned above wereanalyzed.
The acoustic features of the music and emotionalfeatures of the selected story were analyzed. In the story,
emotion tags were added to the scenes. We analyzed eightbasic emotions proposed by Plutchik (Robert, 1980)—joy,trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, and expectation
as emotion tag.
In addition, four acoustic features were analyzed (BPM,
spectral centroid, chroma vector, and zero-crossing rate)(Okuyama, 2022). The BPM indicates the number of beats
per minute and changes according to the genre. The spectral
centroid indicates the center of gravity of the spectrum andchanges according to the impression of sound brightness.
The chroma vector indicates how much of a particularfrequency is included in each scale and varies with theintensity of the notes in the scale. The zero-crossing rate
indicates the frequency at which the wave changes frompositive to negative, or vice versa, from the center whendrawing the waveform of a song. The zero-crossing ratechanges depending on how loud the song is.
Multiple regression analysis was used to extract therelationships between the four acoustic features and eightbasic emotions using a combined dataset.

ResultOne hundred twenty-seven scenes (ninety-two scenes
from "Confessions" and thirty-five scenes from "Umimachi
Diary") were analyzed. Based on these data, multiple
regression analysis was performed for emotion tags andacoustic features. Results of multiple regression analysis
are shown in Table 1 to Table 8. Emotion tags were thetarget variables, and acoustic features were the explanatory
variables. As a result, the acoustic feature of the centroid
was at a 5% significance level for surprise and fear. The
acoustic feature of the chroma vector had a 5% significanceJADH Annual Conference 2023
level for the emotion of disgust. The acoustic features of the
BPM unit were marginally significant for the anticipation
emotion. The acoustic features of the centroid were
marginally significant for sadness. The acoustic feature of
the zero-crossing rate was marginally significant for trust.
However, the effect of anger could not get a statisticallysignificant result.
Table 1. Multiple regression about “Joy”

Table 2. Multiple regression about “Sadness”

Table 3. Multiple regression about “Trust”

Table 4. Multiple regression about “Fear”

Table 5. Multiple regression about “Surprise”

Table 6. Multiple regression about “Disgust”

Table 7. Multiple regression about “Anger”

Table 8. Multiple regression about “Expectation”

Discussion
From the results, it is considered that the emotion of joy
can be estimated using the BPM. In addition, it is thoughtthat the emotions of fear and surprise can be estimated by
the centroid, and the emotions of disgust can be estimatedby the chroma vector.
Expectation sentiment was not statistically significant in
the BPM unit, but the p-value was less than 10%. Therefore,
the BPM unit can be used as a reference value to estimate
the emotions of expectations. Similarly, it is possible touse the centroid for the emotion of sadness and the zerocrossing rate for the emotion of trust as reference values foremotion estimation.

61

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Anger was not associated with any acoustic features.
There are two possible reasons for this. First, data on anger
are lacking. Approximately 20 data points were obtainedfor other emotions, but only six data points were obtained
for anger. Therefore, it is conceivable that no significant
results would be obtained. Second, there was no relationshipbetween anger and the four acoustic features used in thisstudy. Therefore, it is possible that the emotion of anger
is related to the features used in this study or that there is
no relationship between the emotion of anger and acoustic
features.

Ohman, Emily

ohman@waseda.jp
Waseda University, Japan

Introduction

The amount of data was small because only two stories
were analyzed. We plan to increase the number of target
stories for the analysis to improve the quality of the results.
Some emotions showed a 5% significance level for the
analyzed acoustic features. However, some emotions had amarginally significant relationship with acoustic features,
and anger had no relationship with any of the four acoustic
features. Therefore, it would be useful to investigate therelationship between emotions and other acoustic features.

ChatGPT was released on November 30th, 2022. Onlya few days later, it disrupted the evaluation of educationand how students interact with their assignments. Without
any reliable tools available to evaluate which submissions
were created with ChatGPT, New York City (NYC) publicschools banned the use of the AI tool by not only students
but teachers as well.
In this study, topic modeling will be used to explore
online reactions to the NYC ban. Reactions have mostly
been skeptical of the effectiveness of preventing plagiarism
and instead called for a review of the education system.
Meanwhile, when ChatGPT was banned on the questionand-answer website for programmers, StackOverflow,
reactions seemed more agreeable with the ban, emphasizing
its generation of incorrect answers.

Bibliography

Data and Method

Andrew, J. R., and Lewis, M., and Dilan, K., et al.,(2016). “The emotional arcs of stories are dominated by six
basic shapes”, EPJ Data Sci, 5(1).
Okuyama, R., and Kanazashi, T., and Shirakawa, R.,
et al., (2022). “Construction of an automatically generated
game system to assist in the creation of game scenarios,
sound effects, and background images”, The JapaneseSociety for Artificial Intelligence, 2022 (In Japanese).
Robert, P., (1980). “A general psychoevolutionary
theory of emotion”, Theories of Emotion, pp.3-33, Elsevier,
Netherland.
Thomas, S., and Katrin, D., and Christian, W.,(2021). “Emotion Classification in German Plays withTransformer-based Language Models Pretrained on
Historical and Contemporary Language”, Association for
Computational Linguistics, pp. 67-79.

Three recent Reddit threads, Reddit (2023c), Reddit(2023b), and Reddit (2023a) were selected for datacollection due to them having the most upvotes abouttheirrespective topics, with 28.9k for NYC bans, 6.6k for
one StackOverflow thread, and 1.5k votes for another
StackOverflow thread, at the point of data collection.
A total of 3958 comments were collected from Reddit
with regards to ChatGPT’s ban from two different places;
New York City public schools and StackOverflow. 2663
comments belong to the thread on bans by NYC publicschools, while 856 belong to the StackOverflow thread with
6.6k upvotes, and 439 belong to the StackOverflow threadwith 1.5k upvotes.
Data were first preprocessed. Each word was thentokenized by Gensim’s simple_preprocess, and a word
cloud was generated for each thread and for the combinationof StackOverflow threads to identify keywords thatshould be included in the list of stop words brought fromNLTK.Additional stop words include, "will," "ChatGPT,"
and in the case of StackOverflow threads, "StackOverflow."
Following preprocessing, topic modeling was conductedusing LDA through Gensim. To evaluate the number of
topics that should be created by the model, coherence scoresagainst the number of topics were calculated for each Reddit
thread, as shown in Figure 1. Topic numbers that formed thehighest peak, but still remained less than 100, were selected

Future works

Online Reaction towards ChatGPT Ban
from Education
Takagi, Miu Nicole

miu.n.takagi@toki.waseda.jp
Waseda University, Japan

62

JADH Annual Conference 2023
for each thread; 38 topics for NYC thread, 80 for the larger
StackOverflow thread, 38 for the smaller StackOverflow
thread, and 23 for the combined dataset for StackOverflow.

Following the evaluation, bigrams, trigrams, and cooccurrence networks were visualized for each thread
utilizing nlplot, an analysis and visualization module fornatural language processing created by (takapy0210, 2022).

Results
New York City Ban
There seemed to be skepticism against the effectivenessof the ban of ChatGPT from public schools in New York
City. Top keywords in the thread were related to students’critical thinking and problem-solving skills, how students
can bypass the school firewall, and the education system.
Similar topics could also be observed in 2b. In the trigram,specific methods, such as the utilization of virtual private
networks and proxy servers - [bypass, school, firewall],[virtual, private, network], [private, network, vpn] - can beobserved. Additionally, concern for cheating with ChatGPT
could also be observed, though it was lower ranked than the
aforementioned topics.
In the co-occurrence network, 3, central keywords were"tool", "thinking", "like", "people", "way", "work", "ai","school", and "Wikipedia". Outside the central cluster,
words related to education, internet access, and firewall
were observed.

StackOverflow Ban
With regards to the StackOverflow-ban thread, in 4a, top
keywords were regarding the Turing test, training set or dataof ChatGPT, and wrong answers provided by the chatbot.
For the trigram, however, topics were more varied, thoughcommon topics were ["incorrect", "lot", cases"], ["gets","stuff", "wrong"], and ["scary", "confidently", "incorrect"].
In the co-occurrence network, central keywords were "like","people", "ai", "answers", and "correct", similar to the NYC
ban thread.
In the cooccurrence network, 5, results were similar tothe other thread for central key terms. However, no major
thematic clusters were observed outside the central area.

63

JADH Annual Conference 2023
seems to be viewed as beneficial. As an online environment
where users can receive help on problems,the use of AI,
when there is a risk of inaccuracy, was deemed detrimental
to the user’s educational experience.

Bibliography

Conclusion and Discussion
Reactions against the bans in NYC and StackOverflow
can be observed to be somewhat different. While NYC
focused more on education, StackOverflow’s discussion
was more regarding the training dataset of ChatGPT.
This difference can be explained by the threads’ topics
and audiences being different, though both belonged totechnology-related threads.
Attitudes toward the ban were also seemingly different.
Redditors commenting on the NYC thread were skeptical,
raising examples of how students could circumvent theban. There seemed to be suggestions to take the situation
as an opportunity to develop students’ critical thinking
skills to allow them to not have to rely on AI such as
ChatGPT. Supporting this, Rudolph et al. (2023) suggested
that AI such as ChatGPT should be incorporated into an
environment where students are invested in their own
learning.
StackOverflow’s discussion was more technical. Support
was shown for the ban due to the AI not being the mostaccurate in providing quality code. Redditors on thisthread seemed to generally be more supportive of the ban,concerned with the accuracy of text generated by the AI,
as found in the results section. As noted by Chatterjee andDethlefs (2023), the lack of accuracy for certain topics
is due to the model being trained on open-domain data
available on the internet, which is known to not always
provide the most accurate or correct information. In thissense, in areas such as forums, where the most accurate
answer is desired, it may be better to ban the use of such AI
as the receiver of the answer may not always be aware that
AI was used to generate the answer.
In the past, education systems reacted negatively
towards the use of Wikipedia, and further back, the use of
calculators. Today, they are now actively used in classrooms
as educational tools.As AI becomes more mainstream andreadily available, instead of reacting in extremities throughbans,Redditors seem to instead want them to be educational
opportunities to develop digital literacy. Yet, the banning of
AI in question-and-answer forums, such as StackOverflow,

64

Chatterjee, J. and Dethlefs, N. (2022). This newconversational AI model can be your friend, philosopher,and guide ... and even your worst enemy. Patterns,
4(1):100676, 2023. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S2666389922003233 (accessed 28 January 2023).
Reddit. (2023a). ChatGPT AI Generated
Answers Banned On Stack Overflow, https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/zd71vl/
chatgpt_ai_generated_answers_banned_on_stack/ (accessed
28 January 2023).
Reddit. (2023b). StackOverflow to ban ChatGPT
generated answers with possibly immediate suspensionsof up to 30 days to users without prior notice or warning,
URL https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/
zhpkk1/stackoverflow_to_ban_chatgpt_generated_answers/(accessed 28 January 2023).
Reddit. (2023c). NYC Bans Students andTeachers from Using ChatGPT | The machine learning
chatbot is inaccessible on school networks anddevices, due to concerns about negative impacts
on student learning, a spokesperson said., https://www.reddit.com/r/technology/comments/103gran/nyc_bans_students_and_teachers_from_using_chatgpt/(accessed 28 January 2023).
Rudolph, J., Tan, S. and Tan. S. (2023). ChatGPT:
Bullshit spewer or the end of traditional assessments
in higher education? Journal of Applied Learning andTeaching, 6(1)takapy0210. (2022). nlplot: Analysis and visualization
module for Natural Language Processing, https://github.com/takapy0210/nlplot (accessed 28 January 2023).

Development of a dataset forcomparison between predicate verb
phrases in the Kokinshu and theircontemporary translations
Yamamoto, Hilofumi

yamamoto.h.al@m.titech.ac.jp
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Hodoscek, Borhodoscek.bor.hmt@osaka-u.ac.jp
Osaka University, Japan

Chen, Xudongchen.x.aj@m.titech.ac.jp
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
1 Introduction
To compare the chain structure of predicate verb phrases
in the Kokinshu (ca. 905) with contemporary Japanesetranslations, we developed a parallel dataset comprising ten
modern translations. We then examined the differences inverb phrases between the original classical Japanese poems
and their contemporary Japanese translations.
As predicates serve as both condensed and essential
components of texts, we hypothesize that predicates in theoriginal poems (OP) may contain diverse meanings due tothe 31-syllable restriction of the OP format. We attempted
to classify all elements in the contemporary translations(CT) into syntactic, contextual, and other elements. For
simplicity, we only analyzed poems with verbs in plain
form. (Suzuki 1965)
2 Methods
We used alignment techniques to subtract verbs
in the OP from their aligned predicates in the CT, andsubsequently classify the remaining elements of thepredicates of CT into syntactically and/or contextually
added elements. For the Kokinshu, we used vocabulary datafor 1,000 poems from the Kokinshu collection, excluding
those not in the 5/7/5/7/7 form, such as nagauta andsedoka, from the Zenodo Hachidaishu vocabulary dataset(Yamamoto and Hodošček 2021). The poem texts (OP) in
this dataset are from the Nijuichidaishu database compiledby the National Institute of Japanese Literature, available
from the Center for Open Data in the Humanities/CODH.
On the other hand, the 10 contemporary translations(CT) corresponding to each Kokinshu poem weremanually typed using the contemporary translations fromcommercially available annotated books, tokenized into
smaller units, and saved in a format corresponding to the
OP dataset. Annotations were taken from sources such as
the Shin-Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei Bon Nijuichidaishu(New Japanese Classical Literature Compendium) (Kojima
and Arai 1989, Katagiri 1990, Komachiya 1990, Kubota and
Hirata 1994, Kawamura et al. 1989, Katano and Matsuno
1993), Shincho Nihon Koten Shusei, and Shin-Kokinshu(Kubota 1979), among others.
We will examine the following points concerning verbs:
1) whether the same verb is used in OP and CT; 2) whether
syntactical elements are added to CT in order to maintaina meaning equivalent to that of OP; and 3) whether there

are any other elements added to CT based on the context.
Using the alignment techniques, we will subtract the verbof OP from the predicate of CT, then classify the remaining
elements of the predicate of CT into syntactically and/or
contextually added elements.
According to the distinctions of classical Japanese (CJ)
verbs shown in Table 1 (Yamamoto 2005), the plain form
of CJ verbs will be translated into the four ways: i.e., thefirst pattern is that a verb of CJ (Voj) will be simply replacedwith the historically equivalent or literally equivalent
form of the verb of modern Japanese (MJ; Vmj) such as
nagaru→ nagareru; the second pattern is that Vojwill be
replaced with Vmjand -teiruadded to it such as nagaru→
nagareteiru; the third pattern is that Vojwill be replacedwith Vmjand -taattached to it such as nagaru→ nagareta;
and the fourth pattern is that Vojwill be simply replacedwith Vmj, or after being replaced, auxiliary verb, -u/-daro,
which indicates conjecture is attached to it such as nagaru→
nagareru(daro).
The problematic cases are the second and third patterns.
Takahashi (1983) states that verbs of MJ also can express
the same fact in both past and non-past. We should pay
special attention to these types of verbs and must judge theirtense and aspect based on their contexts. The plain form of
CJ verbs, therefore, cannot be simply replaced with that of
MJ verbs (Kato 1986: 62).

3 Results
We identified four categories of patterns: 1) an obsolete
verb is simply superseded with the verb currently used in
MJ; 2) When compound verb elements are added to theoriginal verb in order to strictly convey the nuances of theancient Japanese verb; 3) a single verb is replaced with averb phrase due to nuances between Classical Japanese(CJ) and MJ; and 4) a single verb is replaced with a verb
phrase because the predicate contains a pun. Due to space
limitations, Table 2 shows examples of ten different moderntranslations of phrases ending in ‘nagareru’ only.
Examples of the first category include obsolete verbs
such as tagitsu (seethe) in KKS 830 and utsurou in KKS
232, which are replaced with MJ equivalents. Tagitsu isreplaced with sakamaku(roll, boil, or rage), hageshiku
nagareru (flow rapidly), or nagareochiru(flow down). The
second type is patterns using compound verbs to express
meanings precisely, such as teru(shine) and sou (go along

65

JADH Annual Conference 2023
with). In many cases, teru(shine) is used with haeru(shine,glow) or kagayaku(shine, glitter). On the other hand,sou(go along with) basically means ‘add’. Some CT include
nagareru(flow), such as in nagarekuwawaru(flow and add)
and nagarekomu(flow into), which are derived from theircontext.
In the third category verbs like tanomuin KKS 555
and KKS 773 are modified by using -surusuch as in‘tanomi ni suru” or a causative form such as -saseru.
The expression, “tanomi ni suru” (expect) or “tanomi ni
omowaseru” (expect) are used in CT, since tanomu in
MJ generally means ‘ask for something’, but the sense of
tanomu(expect/wish) as used in CJ is not used in MJ.
The fourth and most complex category involves verbs
containing puns such as kakuin KKS 761 . Here, it isdifficult to find common elements between the translations.
In this instance, kakucannot only mean ‘write’ but can alsomean kazu-kaku(count numbers), mo-gaku(suffer), or hagaku(the action of a bird, i.e., it plumes itself; hameans‘wing’ or ‘feather’).
4 Discussion
The most important point to be mentioned in thisanalysis is that there are not many elements newly added
to CT, despite the various patterns of the predicates of CT.
Although this is the most unexpected result, at the sametime, it suggests that the translators strictly employed aword for word method in their work. In fact, the variationin predicates can be mainly attributed to syntacticaldistinctions between CJ and CT. In order to further explain
this point, we discuss three relevant issues: unmatchedverbs, suffix selection, and newly added elements.
Replacing an OP verb in with another verb is the mostapparent method for adding previously unwritten elements
to the CT. Due to space limitations, only the example nagaru(flow) as in Figure 1 is shown by the automatic aggregationof the elements added to the modern translation.
First, when the verb of OP is obsolete, a contextuallysimilar verb is used: e.g., tagitsu (seethe) is replaced withsakamaku (roll, boil, or rage), or hageshiku nagareru (flowrapidly); utsurou (transfer) is replaced with iroaseru(fade) or
otoroeru(decline; become weak).
Second, to elaborate or clarify meaning, a verb of OP isreplaced by a compound verb in CT that incorporates theOP verb as a part of the compound verb. Compound verbs
add more information to the OP, such as OP teru (shine) →CT terikagayaku(shine, glitter). In case of omou(think), themeaning of spontaneity can be emphasized by changing theform of the verb, such as omou → omowareru, “omoi gasuru ,” “omoi o haseru .”Lastly, when the OP verb comprises a pun, its translation
becomes complex, as seen with kaku (write) in KKS 761 .
A CT sentence with a pun is longer than one without, as
it includes two or more meanings implied by the pun. All66

predicate patterns are considered modifications of the OP
verb, made through translators’ interpretations based oncontext. This modification is crucial for the appearanceof non- literal elements of OP in the CT predicates.
However, in addition to mismatched elements, certain
aspects remained unclarified, such as the use of suffixes,
elements newly added to the modern language, and elements
corresponding to the auxiliary verb, ramu.

5 Conclusion
The purpose of this paper is to develop a dataset
comprising elements in predicate verb phrases of classicalJapanese poems and their modern translations, and to verify
the differences between the verb phrases in OP and CT.
We sought to classify all elements in CT into syntactic,
contextual, and other elements. To simplify the analysis, we
focused only on poems that contained verbs in plain form.
We found that most elements in CT predicates are based on
the literal elements present in the OP. Predicate verb phrases
in classical Japanese poetry exhibit various patterns beyond
the plain form, necessitating the development of methods toaddress other complex forms within the current dataset.

Bibliography
Katagiri, Yoichi (1990) Gosenwakashu ̄, Shin Nihon
koten bungaku taikei, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. Katano,
Tatsuro and Yoichi Matsuno (1993) Senzaiwakashu ̄, Shin
Nihon koten bungaku taikei, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Kato, Yasuhide (1986) “Bunmatsu ni shiy ̄o sareru d ̄oshi
no imi y ̄oh ̄o no shid ̄o (Teaching methods of meanings anduses of verbs used as a predicate)”, Nihongogaku, Vol. 5,
No. 4, pp. 55–63.
Kawamura, Teruo, Yoshio Kashiwagi, and Shigenori
Kudo (1989) Kiny ̄owakashu ̄. Shikawakashu ̄, Shin Nihon
koten bungaku taikei, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Kojima, Noriyuki and Eiz ̄o Arai (1989) Kokinwakashu
̄, Vol. 5 of Shin-Nihon bungaku taikei (A new collection ofJapanese literature), Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Komachiya, Teruhiko (1990) Shuiwakashu, Shin Nihon
koten bungaku taikei, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. Kubota, Jun
and Yoshinobu Hirata (1994) Goshu ̄iwakashu ̄, Shin Nihon
koten bungaku taikei, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Kubota, Jun (1979) Shinkokinwakashu ̄, Shincho Nihon
Koten Shu ̄sei, Tokyo: Shinchosha.
Nakamura, Yasuo, Yoshihiko Tachikawa, and Mayuko
Sugita (1999) Kokubungaku kenkyu ̄ shiryokan detabesu
koten korekushon “Niju ̄ichidaishu ̄” Sh ̄ohobanbon CDROM (Database Collection by National
Institute of Japanese Literature “Niju ̄ichidaishu ̄” the Sh̄oho edition CD-ROM): Iwanami Shoten. Suzuki, Shigeyuki(1965) “Gendai nihongo no d ̄oshi no tensu —iikiri no
jutsugo ni tsukawareta baai— (Tense of verbs of Modern
Japanese: the case of verbs at the end of the predicate.”, inKotoba no kenkyu ̄ 2 (Study of language), Vol. 2 of Reportof the National Language Research Institute, Tokyo: Shuei
shuppan, pp. 1–38.
Takahashi, Taro (1983) “Suru tomo shita tomo ieru toki
(The cases that can be expressed by both‘suru’ and ‘shita”’,
in Kindaichi Haruhiko Hakushi koki kinen ronbunshu ̄, Vol.
2, Tokyo: Sanseido, pp. 405–34.
Yamamoto, Hilofumi and Bor Hodoˇsˇcek (2021)“Hachidaishu vocabulary dataset”, https://doi.org/10.5281/
zenodo.4744170.
Yamamoto, Hirofumi Hilo (2005) “A Mathematical
Analysis of the Connotations of Classical Japanese Poetic
Vocabulary”, Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National
University.

67Panels

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Digital Resources in Buddhist Studies in
Taiwan – a Progress Report
Hsiang, Jieh

jieh.hsiang@gmail.com
National Taiwan University, Taiwan

Hung, Jen-Jou

jenjou.hung@dila.edu.tw
Dharma Dram Institute of Liberal Arts

Hung, I-Mei

yimay0519@gmail.com
National Taiwan University, Taiwan

Ting, Pei-Fengjerryting@ntu.edu.tw
National Taiwan University, Taiwan

Lo, Hao-Cheng

austenpsy@gmail.com
National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Digital Resources of Buddhist Studies in Taiwan – a
Progress Report
Moderator: Jieh Hsiang
Abstract
This panel comprises three presentations, centeredaround some of the current research activities in Taiwan
concerning digital resources of Buddhist Studies. In thefirst talk we present NTU Digital Library of Buddhist
Studies (DLBS). While there are a number of online
databases of Sutra texts (such as CBETA and SAT), DLBS
focuses on bibliographic records of books and journal
articles and is among the most accessed online resourcesof Buddhist Studies. In this talk, we should focus on recent
developments such as a 5-language authority database and a
database of authors. Also discussed will be our work linking
journal citations of Scripture verses with their original texts
in CBETA.
Since the release of the new DLBS website in 2006,
it has attracted more than 10,000 daily users and morethan 40,000,000 of total user sessions from 239 countries.
In the second talk, we describe a study of user behavior
analysis. We present the methods we designed and use
them to analyze the user log of 6 months from June 2022 toNovember 2022. We shall present the methodologies andsome of the discoveries. A study of the entire user log will

reveal many interesting findings of user behavior in DLBS
such as the change in research trends over time, differencesof sutra usages and research focus among regions, etc.
The third talk showcases our recent work on a context
analysis system that incorporates biographic data into
Buddhist Temple Gazetteers (BTG). DILA has recently
transcribed the complete set of BTG and made it available tothe public. However, the sheer volume has made it difficult
to use collectively. By using DocuSky to build the context
analysis system, we can discover and explore the multiple
contexts implicitly embedded in the gazetteers and therelationships among temples and prosopography.
Jieh Hsiang
Department of Computer Science,
Research Center for Digital Humanities
National Taiwan University
Pei-Feng Ting
The DLBS Project, NTU Library
National Taiwan University
The Digital Library of Buddhist Studies (DLBS, https://
buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw) at National Taiwan University(NTU) aims to provide readers worldwide with a richcollection of literature and materials regarding Buddhist
Studies. DLBS was founded in 1995 by Venerable Shih
Heng-Ching, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at NTU.
It is currently (since 2005) under the supervision of Jieh
Hsiang, Distinguished Professor of Computer Science andDirector of the Research Center for Digital Humanities of
NTU. While many Buddhism-related databases emphasize
full-text transcription and tagging of Buddhist Scriptures,
DLBS focuses on research material such as journal papers
and books on Buddhism. Thus, DLBS is an ideal companion
for scholars who use the Sutra databases for research. DLBS
currently has more than 470,000 bibliographic records ofbooks and journal articles, among which more than 117,00
have downloadable full-text files. Through linking withother online databases, it also provides Buddhist Scripturesin different languages (images and transcribed full-texts)
as well as language teaching tools in Tibetan, Sanskrit, andPali. The journal articles are collected from 9,595 journals,
and we track journal databases and websites regularly tokeep our bibliographic records updated.
Although a significant portion of materials in DLBS
are in Chinese, Japanese, and English, it also contains
bib records in 44 other languages. In addition to keyword
search and post-classification of search results, DLBS
also features a five-language (Chinese, English, Japanese,
German, French) thesaurus of Buddhist terms and an Author
Authority file that contains more than 110,000 authors.
The DLBS website has interfaces in Chinese, English,
and Japanese. Since its inauguration in 2006, it has attracted
more than 40,000,000 visits/sessions from 239 countries andhas more than 10,000 visitors daily. It is among the mostvisited websites on Buddhist Studies.

69

JADH Annual Conference 2023
A feature recently added is a cross-citation mechanism
between journal articles in DLBS and the sutra database
CBETA. We identify the quotation of verses and thescripture that they appeared and link the citations back to
CBETA. CBETA can also query DLBS via API.
In this talk, we shall give an overview of the mainfeatures of DLBS: its contents and functions. We shall also
describe the interaction features between DLBS and CBETA
and future work.
Hao-Cheng Lo
Department of Psychology
National Taiwan University
Jieh Hsiang
Department of Computer Science
Research Center for Digital Humanities
National Taiwan University
Understanding user behavior patterns becomes crucial
as digital libraries and institutions expand their online
presence. The NTU Digital Library of Buddhist Studies(DLBS), accessed by more than 10,000 users daily, has
meticulously kept its user records since its inaugurationin 2006. This talk describes a study that employs datadriven psycho-informatic methods, machine learning, andstatistical techniques, including natural language processing
and survival analysis. Our multifaceted approach provides
valuable insights into how users interact with the openaccess Buddhist book texts, which can enhance the design
and functionality of the online library and ultimately
improve user experience, contributing to the growing bodyof knowledge in digital humanities.
As a preliminary attempt made to DLBS, we analyze
an extensive dataset comprising eight million browsing
logs spanning over a 6 month (June to Nov 2022) period,
detailing users' interactions with the bibliographic in
DLBS, namely bibliographic information (book identifier,book title, media type, book language, page language,
and availability of the full text), IP address information(geolocation), user behavior (visit counts, visit span, and lastvisit). Our methodological approach integrates descriptive
visualizations, text analysis (topic modeling and semantic
embedding), latent analysis (NMF and t-SNE), and survival
analysis. Visualization techniques, including plots, maps,
networks, and word clouds, are employed to facilitate
data interpretation. Prior to this analysis, we conducteddata processing and cleaning to filter meaningful data.
Additionally, to further enable detailed exploration, we
have developed an interactive application for filtering
the dataset and visualizing outcomes and implementing a
recommendation system based on our findings.
Regarding user engagement, we analyze bibliographic
information and geolocation data to identify patterns andtrends through descriptive visualizations, highlighting areasthat may benefit from further improvement or optimization.
In examining content popularity, we uncover the most70

frequently accessed books and subjects within the library,offering valuable information for digital library curators tofocus their efforts on the most appealing content to users.
We investigate the influence of factors such as
geographic location, language, and media type preferenceson user engagement, which allows us to provide targeted
insights into the needs and preferences of different user
segments. This understanding can aid digital library
designers and administrators in tailoring their offerings
to better serve their user base. Through applying NMF
and t-SNE techniques, we uncover latent relationships
between users and books on user interactions, identifyinguser clusters that share similar preferences and behaviors
and book clusters that group books commonly accessed by
the same user segments.
By performing topic modeling (LDA) on book titles,
we reveal prevalent themes and subjects in online Buddhist
literature, allowing for a deeper understanding of userinterests. We also create word clouds to visually represent
the most common keywords and themes within the library's
content, providing an easily understandable representationof user preferences.
Our survival analysis uncovers user retention patterns
by Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards
models, highlighting factors that contribute to users
continuing to engage with the digital library over time. We
examine the factors influencing user retention patterns, suchas media type, language, and topic. Additionally, we explore
whether user retention varies across geographic locations.
Our study offers a threefold contribution to the field ofdigital humanities. First, our comprehensive methodologicalapproach, which integrates data-driven techniques,demonstrates the versatility and potential of digital tools in
advancing humanities research, particularly in the realm ofuser engagement and retention. Notably, while our researchuses the DLBS as a case study, we stress that the analytic
techniques employed are not exclusive to this library. Given
the universality of these techniques, they can certainly beapplied to user studies of any bibliographic database with awell-maintained user record, especially one with a focusedresearch domain (so that the keywords are not too diverse).
Second, we have developed an interactive application andrecommendation system that improves user experience andsatisfaction and highlights the role of digital humanities
in enhancing the accessibility and functionality of online
libraries. Lastly, through the construction and in-depth
analysis of a rich dataset, we provide a strong foundation for
future studies in the field while revealing patterns, trends,
and factors influencing user engagement and retention.
Our research aligns with diverse practices andinterdisciplinary aspects of digital humanities, showcasing
the applicability and relevance of data-driven researchwithin this domain. By addressing these critical aspects, ourstudy significantly contributes to the growth and evolution

JADH Annual Conference 2023
of data-driven research in the digital humanities, paving theway for further innovations and collaborations in the field.
Jen-Jou Hung
Department of Buddhist Studies
Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts
I-Mei Hung
Research Center for Digital Humanities
National Taiwan University
In Buddhism, Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha are known
as the Three Jewels, which can be seen as the three mostimportant elements of Buddhism. As a result, traditional
Buddhist literature has always placed a high value on
the teachings of Buddha and the activities of the Sangha,
resulting in many important works being created. However,the propagation of the Dharma and the translation of
scriptures have all taken place in Buddhist temples, yetrecords centered on these temples have not received muchattention, and there are few related works. It was not until
the Ming and Qing dynasties that the trend of compiling
historical records for Buddhist temples began to emerge
in various regions of China. These records, known as"Buddhist Temple Gazetteers'' ( 佛寺志, fo-si-zhi) bymodern scholars, cover the history of temples, geographic
landscapes, the teachings and actions of masters, temple
properties, ancient architecture, important documents, andartistic and cultural creations, forming a unique category of
Buddhist literature. Recently, these Gazetteers have been
compiled into two book collections, including the 中國佛寺史志彙刊 ( Zhongguo Fosi Shizhi Huikan) and the 中国
佛寺志丛刊 ( Zhongguo fosizhi congkan). The publicationof these two series has rekindled academic interest in
the contents of Buddhist Temple Gazetteers, which havebecome a key resource for studying the history of Buddhist
temples during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Since 2008, the Digital Archives Team of Dharma
Drum Institute of Liberal Arts (DILA) has been working
on the full digitization of two collections. They have madethe digitization of Buddhist Temple Gazetteers publicly
available on the internet for free use. The content of this
digital resource is arranged according to the original
book's order without being categorized by specific topics.
Therefore, when using the digital text of the Buddhist
Temple Gazetteers, readers often encounter difficulties inapplying and analyzing the information systematically due
to the problems of complexity and inconsistency in the
structure of the content. Therefore, we propose to improve
this problem by establishing a "thematic context analysis
system." This study will use biographical data to constructthis system. There are two reasons for this: first, after
consulting with experts and Buddhist scholars, we foundthat the biographical data contained in the Buddhist Temple
Gazetteers has significant value for Buddhist studies.
Second, based on our preliminary statistics, biographicaldata in the Gazetteers accounts for approximately 17% of
the overall content, making it the second-largest category
after artistic and cultural data.
In terms of technology for constructing the system,
we chose the DocuSky platform developed by the Digital
Humanities Research Center at National Taiwan University
as a template to create a highly exploratory thematic context
analysis system. By linking cross datasets (biographical dataof individuals and Buddhist temple records), the systemallows the biographical data of individuals to not only
contain the information of the individual subjects but alsopreserves the meaningful connections between individuals
and the associated temple records. This also enables readers
to conduct in-depth exploration and research of Buddhist
figures through the time, space, and content structure of
Temple Gazetteers. By utilizing the functions provided by
the system, such as post-classification, data reference, andvisualization, readers can engage in interactive analysis
of multiple contexts. This approach offers a new research
perspective and methodology for the study of Buddhist
figures. In this presentation, we will explain in detail thedevelopment and subsequent application of the "Buddhist
Temple Gazetteers Biographical Data Context Analysis
System".
The DocuSky platform which this system choseas the development template, adopts a set of structural
language used to explore the application boundary ofdigital humanities. The template feature focuses on
describing the document structure and the application
method of the collective characteristics of the documents
and incorporates agile experimental tests, etc. For practicalconsiderations, we believe that this process and model
based on deconstructing a comprehensive full-text databaseto establish the context analysis system can serve as areference for similar DH projects.

Possibilities of Digital Social Science andData-Driven Studies
Shao, Hsuan-Lei

hlshao2@gmail.com
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

Huang, Sieh-Chien

schhuang@ntu.edu.tw
National Taiwan University, Taiwan

Chao, Shiau-Fangsfchao@ntu.edu.tw
National Taiwan University, Taiwan

71

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Yeh, Yu-Chuneagleuu6@gmail.com
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

Wu, Chia-Chia

igu19940613@gmail.com
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

Chang, Gia-Mingrogergo9929@gmail.com
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

Abstract
The digital revolution has brought about a wealth ofpossibilities for social scientists and humanities scholars
to explore and analyze data in innovative ways. With theadvent of new technologies and digital tools, there has been
an increased interest in data-driven studies, which have thepotential to transform our understanding of society, masscommunication, politics, and human behavior.
This panel is organized by the"Center of China Studies,
NTNU (main project: The Knowledge Database/ Graphof China-studies, https://ntnu2021.herokuapp.com/) and"Center of Digital Legal Studies, NTU". We will bring
together three papers from the member of the centers, fromfields of digital social science, digital gerontology, anddigital politics--all of them are based on digital humanities
to explore the possibilities of infromation science and datadriven studies for advancing digital humanities research.
Althogh there papers are from different topics and fields,
the panel will address questions such as: What are thekey opportunities and challenges of using data-driven
approaches in digital humanities(and other fileds) research?
How can digital social science methods be used to analyze
large-scale data sets to gain insights into social and cultural
phenomena? What are the ethical considerations involved inusing data-driven approaches in humanities research?
Through their presentations and discussions, thepanel will highlight the importance of collaborationand interdisciplinary approaches for advancing digital
humanities research in the era of big data.One area where
digital social science and data-driven studies have madea particularly significant impact is in the field of digital
humanities. Digital humanities is an interdisciplinary fieldthat combines traditional humanities disciplines with digitaltechnologies, and it has become increasingly popular inrecent years as scholars have recognized the potentialof digital tools and techniques for advancing humanities
research. Digital humanities can encompass a wide range of72

topics and methods, from data visualization and text mining
to digital archiving and online publishing.
The panel on "Possibilities of Digital Social Science andData-Driven Studies" will explore the ways in which digitaltechnologies are transforming social science research, andthe ways in which data-driven studies are contributing toour understanding of the social world. We will also examine
the potential of digital humanities as a means of advancing
humanities research, and the ways in which digital tools andtechniques can be used to support interdisciplinary researchand collaboration.
Topics that may be addressed in this panel could include:
1. The use of digital technologies in social science
research, including data mining, text analysis, and NLP
skills.
2. The challenges and opportunities of working withlarge datasets, including issues related to data collecting,data quality, and data management.
3. The role of digital humanities in advancing
humanities research, including the use of sociology, masscommunication and Politics.
Overall, this panel will provide an opportunity forscholars to share their research and ideas on the possibilities
of digital social science and data-driven studies, and theways in which they are transforming the social sciences andhumanities.
Keywords: digital social science, information
technology, text mining, digital gerontology, Data-Driven
Studies

Panel Papers
The panel is including three papers:

Aging Society and Digital Gerontology:
Applying Machine Learning to Analyzing
Taiwanese Public Attitudes of Elderly
Healthcare Spending
Wu, Chia-Chia(1). Chao, Shiau-Fang (2), Sieh-Chuen(2)1
Organization(s):1: National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan;
2: National Taiwan University, Taiwan

A. Research Background:An aging society is a global trend. According to the
National Development Council, Taiwan became an aging
society in 1993. Since the implementation of the National

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Health Insurance in March 1995, medical expenses haveincreased significantly. According to the data publishedby the National Health Insurance Administration under
the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2018, the elderly
aged 65 and above accounted for 32.9% of the total healthinsurance expenditures, and their hospitalization days
and total medical expenses accounted for 45.8% and48.1%, respectively. The "Achievements and Challengesof the National Health Insurance System" research reportcommissioned by the Taiwan Economic Association in2015 pointed out that the hospitalization rate, emergency
department utilization rate, and medication use rate of theelderly aged 65 and above were higher than those of otherage groups, and their medical expenses were also muchhigher than those of other age groups.
There are also dissenting voices in society regarding the"medical expenditure situation of the elderly population."
Researchers observed that in late 2019, during the
COVID-19 epidemic, the Taiwanese public forum “PTT”
frequently discussed whether "the elderly occupy too much
medical resources." This study aims to conduct sentiment
analysis of the PTT gossip forum corpus from 2019 to 2022
during the epidemic period using machine learning andmanual annotation. The purpose is to understand what kindof ideology is presented in the current Taiwanese public
opinion towards the elderly's use of the majority of medical
resources, whether there is a positive or negative aspect toit, and how to respond to such social phenomena. Throughthis research, the study aims to understand the Taiwanesepublic's attitude towards the elderly's medical expenses andhopes to find opportunities to mitigate intergenerational
conflict.

B. Research Questions:
1 What are the key terms and their frequency used in
discussing "the use of medical resources by elderly people"
on the PTT forum?
2 What is the main content discussed on the PTT forum
regarding "the use of medical resources by elderly people"?
3 What kind of ideology is presented when discussing"the use of medical resources by elderly people" on the PTT
forum through sentiment analysis?
4 What attitudes are presented when discussing "the useof medical resources by elderly people" on the PTT forum
through sentiment analysis?

C. Research Method:
The study employs natural language processing (NLP)
methods to conduct sentiment analysis on textual data.
Since the COVID-19 pandemic began in late 2019 andis still prevalent globally in April 2023, the study uses
the corpus collected from the PTT gossip forum between
December 1, 2019, and December 1, 2022, for sentiment
analysis. The study applies the bag-of-words method to
extract keywords from the textual data, which are thentransformed into feature vectors that can be processedusing machine learning techniques such as neural networks.
The trained model uses the feature vectors as input andtheir corresponding sentiment labels as output. The trainedmodel is then applied to new textual data for sentiment
analysis. The experimental results of the sentiment analysis,
including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score of the textclassification, are presented.

D. Predicted Contribution
This research suggests that natural language processing(NLP) techniques can be used to extract insights fromlarge volumes of textual data, such as online discussions
on internet forum PTT. These insights can help researchers
in the humanities to better understand and analyze social
phenomena, cultural trends, and human behavior.
Japan and Taiwan are both experiencing aging societies,
with their populations aging at a rapid pace. In Japan, theaging population has been a pressing issue for several
decades, and the government has implemented various
policies to address the challenges posed by an aging society,such as promoting elderly employment and encouraging
immigration. Similarly, in Taiwan, the proportion ofelderly citizens has increased steadily in recent years, andthe government has also implemented policies aimed atpromoting healthy aging, such as increasing healthcare
resources and providing subsidies for long-term care.
As both Japan and Taiwan continue to grapple with thechallenges of aging populations, there is a growing interest
in utilizing data-driven approaches to better understandthe needs and behaviors of elderly populations. Digital
humanities and related fields have the potential to playa significant role in this endeavor, providing researcherswith powerful tools for analyzing large amounts of dataand gaining new insights into the experiences of aging
individuals. By combining data-driven approaches withinsights from the humanities and social sciences, researchers
can gain a more holistic understanding of the complex socialand cultural factors that shape the experiences of elderly
individuals in these societies.
This relation of this research with “the possibilities fordata-driven humanities”, where scholars in the humanities
can use digital tools and computational methods to analyze
and interpret large amounts of data. This is closely related
to the field of digital humanities, which involves the useof digital technologies and computational methods inhumanities research. By combining the knowledge and73

JADH Annual Conference 2023
methods of the humanities with those of computer science,
digital humanities can offer new ways of approaching both
aging society and social media, which has the potential tounlock new insights and understanding, and to expand thepossibilities for data-driven humanities.

C. Research Content

The Russia-Ukraine war started on February 16, 2022.
At first, Russia called it a " special military operation", until the bilateral officially declared war on February
24, 2022, and it continues to this day. Since the outbreakof the war six months ago, the West has made it clear inits diplomatic, military and economic stances that it will
provide support to Ukraine and call on the international
community to sanction Russia. On the contrary, China, as
Russia’s traditional ally in international politics, has an
unclear position at the beginning of the war, and does notforcefully express its anti-American hegemony and antiWestern attitude until the middle and late stages of the war.
In the early stage, the China officials keep calm and act likethe peacemaker, while in the later, they tend to speak out for
Russia. In addition, China's military actions in the Pacifichave clearly demonstrated its status as a military ally with
Russia, increasing the insecurity in the Asia-Pacific region.

The research reveals that posts related tragedy of theRussia- Ukraine war tend to attract more comments andsharing, and express sadness about the cruelty of the war.
Furthermore, posts originating from official accounts tendto spread more widely, as they are often sharing by otheraccounts. However, This happens less often with private
accounts. In conclusion, the study identifies five results.
First, the Russia-Ukraine war may become protracted, while
Putin's political reputation suffers a rapid decline. Second,
the internet has strengthened Ukraine's national identity.
Third, Russia may increase cooperation with China, which
could pose a threat to stability in the Asia-Pacific region.
Fourth, China may learn from the Russia-Ukraine war andprepare for resource competition in the Asia-Pacific region.
Fifth, the internet and media have become crucial resourcesin wartime, and even official and public web traffic caninfluence a country's assessment of the situation. Therefore,
how to effectively use and manage online resources, andhow to understand public trends to prevent conflicts, must
be a top priority for national security and defense in the
future.
In light of these findings, it is essential to continue
analyzing online data to gain insight into global conflicts
and trends. Governments and individuals should work
to prevent the spread of misinformation, which can fuelconflicts and undermine efforts to maintain peace. From
the war between Russia and Ukraine, the critical role of theinternet and social media in shaping the world's perceptionof conflicts, and underscores the need for responsible online
behavior and effective management.

B. Research Method

D. Expected Contribution

Based on the position and timing changes of the Chinese
Communist Party media on the Russian-Ukrainian war,
we analyze 30,475 Weibo posts related to the war between
February 21 and June 19, 2022, using three approaches:machine learning, topic analysis, and timing analysis. The
reason why choosing Weibo as study data is that Chinese
people have restrictions on free speech and Internet use,so they mainly use Weibo as a social networking platform,
at the same time, Weibo is also regarded as the Chineseversion of Facebook. In this study, we classify Weibo’s
posts into five categories: European diplomacy, China’s
stance, warfare, UK-US Diplomacy, and economic impact,
examine the posting and interaction situation between
official and personal accounts, and compare the data withthe timeline of the conflict.

In conclusion, this study highlights the importance ofincorporating digital humanities approaches into researchon international relations and geopolitics. By applying
text-mining and machine learning to analyze corpora fromvarious sources, researchers can gain valuable insights
into the strategic intentions of governments and otheractors in the global political landscape. The potential of
digital humanities to inform decision-making processes andimprove our understanding of complex issues underscores
the importance of continued investment in this field.

Rus-Ukrainian War on Chinese Weibo:
Topic Modeling and Digital Politics
Yeh, Yu-Chun ; Shao, Hsuan-Lei2
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan;

A. Research Background74

3. Digital Political Science and Xi
Jinping's Leadership Style: A Comparative

JADH Annual Conference 2023

Analysis with Mao Zedong and Deng
Xiaoping
Chang, Gia-Ming; Shao, Hsuan-Lei3
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan;

A. Research Background:"Chinese Communist Party (CCP) political dynamics"
has always been an indispensable topic in modern
Chinese studies. Theoretically, CCP politics are typicallycharacterized by a power structure where policies are
determined by the will of the top leader, commonly referred
to as "democratic centralism" in traditional research. Thisphenomenon was particularly prominent during the eras of
Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. However, starting fromthe Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao eras, the power of the top
leader was diluted due to political unwritten rules set by
Deng Xiaoping before his retirement, such as "collective
leadership, term limits, designating successor from thenext generation, and separating party and government
roles." This led to a trend of institutionalization and power
decentralization in the CCP political structure, where
decisions were no longer made solely by the top leader, but
by a group of 6 to 8 senior officials from the State Council
who also held positions as members of the PolitburoStanding Committee, the elite of the party, thus known as"collective leadership."
Therefore, some observers even consider this as aprelude to the democratization of the CCP. However, thistrend was reversed when Xi Jinping, the fifth-generation top
leader of the CCP, passed the "Constitutional Amendment"at the First Session of the 13th National People's Congressin March 2018, removing term limits for the President
and Vice President, breaking the paradigm set by Deng
Xiaoping after the reform and opening. This led to a further
concentration of power in the top leader, and in the same
year, the "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese
Characteristics for a New Era" was incorporated into theparty constitution during the 19th National Congress of the
CCP, making Xi the leader who had his own name written
in the party constitution, and also the core leader supportedby the party, following in the footsteps of Mao Zedong andDeng Xiaoping. Up until the 20th National Congress of the
CCP in October 2022, Xi Jinping broke with convention andbegan his third term.
From these trends, it is evident that Xi Jinping will
become the long-term leader of the CCP in the future.
Therefore, understanding Xi Jinping's leadership style has
become a crucial issue in contemporary Chinese studies.
In traditional Chinese studies, research on the character
traits and political personalities of CCP leaders has neverceased. There have even been approaches that delve into
the political psychology of Chinese people (Bai Luxun,"The Political Psychology of Chinese People"). However,before the reform and opening in 1979, China was isolated
from the world, and Chinese researchers often had to rely
on official documents and information provided by specificindividuals to assess the political situation of the CCP
and the path designated by the leaders. This method is anextension of Kremlinology, a study of the Soviet Union,and often requires long-term investment of time by experts
to become "familiar" with the styles of these leaders. As aresult, only a few experts can master this approach, and it isalso difficult to accumulate knowledge through this method.
This study, however, adopts the research method of"computational politics" and text mining, introducing an
information-based approach to analyze CCP politics. It iscapable of describing thought processes in a programmaticor quantitative manner, enabling rapid familiarity andknowledge accumulation. Of course, this method is still at
the forefront of development and has faced skepticism anddoubts from some scholars. It also has its own unresolved
problems. Therefore, this paper also incorporates traditional
literature review methods and historical analysis methods,
using historical resolution and speeches passed by three
generations of CCP leaders. (Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping,and Xi Jinping)

B. Research Promblem:
1 What is the different leadership style of three
generations of CCP leaders?
2 What is meaning of every eras of historical resolution
latent topic?
3 What is connection between Xi Jinping leadershipstyle and his policy?

C.Research Method:
This research is distinctive in its application of"computational political science" and "text mining"techniques to Chinese studies, combining traditional text
analysis with information technology. Specifically, thisstudy utilizes the TF-IDF (Term Frequency - Inverted
Document Frequency) algorithm and TextRank algorithm
to preprocess the documents, followed by Latent Dirichlet
Allocation (LDA) topic modeling to explore latent topics
within historical documents associated with different leadersduring various periods. This approach aims to identify
ideological tendencies and leadership styles of leadersduring different eras, while also incorporating traditional
literature for further analysis.

75

JADH Annual Conference 2023
D. Predict contribution
This Study would use a “Data-Driven” method, which
is based on the official documents of the CCP leaders, todescribe their ideology and leadership styles. This method
can find new application and possibilities for the “Digital
Humanities”, and help us understand their impact on China
form a different side.
Furthermore, it seeks to analyze the variations inleadership styles and personalities among the three
generations of leaders. The study also attempts to provide a
specific analysis and organization of the content of historicalresolution, in order to implement a new interdisciplinary
approach to Chinese studies.

Bibliography
Paper 2:
Brady, A. M. (2009). Marketing dictatorship:
Propaganda and thought work in contemporary China.
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Creemers, R. (2017). Cyber China: Upgrading
propaganda, public opinion work and social management
for the twenty-first century. Journal of contemporary China,
26(103), 85-100.
Editor, “Ukraine war in maps: Tracking the Russian
invasion”, BBC NEWS, https://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope-60506682, retrieve date: 2022/9/22
Fedor, J., Lewis, S., & Zhurzhenko, T. (2017).
Introduction: War and Memory in Russia, Ukraine, andBelarus. In War and Memory in Russia, Ukraine andBelarus (pp. 1-40). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
LAGERKVIST*, J. O. H. A. N. (2008). Internet
ideotainment in the PRC: National responses to cultural
globalization. Journal of Contemporary China, 17(54),121-140.
MacKinnon, R. (2010). Networked authoritarianism inChina and beyond: Implications for global internet freedom.
Liberation Technology in Authoritarian Regimes, Stanford
University.
Michelle Fong, ‘China monitors the Internet andthe public pays the bill’, Global Voices, (29 July 2014),
http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2014/07/29/chinamonitors-the-internet-and-the-public-pays-the-bill/, retrieve
date: 2022/10/01
Paper 3:Frank,Dikötter,(2016).The Cultural Revolution: A
People’s History 1962-1976.
Frank,Dikötter.(2021).Mao’s Great Famine: The Historyof China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962.
Frank,Dikötter,(2018).The Tragedy of Liberation: A
History of the Communist Revolution, 1945–1957.

76

Ezra F. Vogel , Belknap Press (2013).Deng Xiaoping and
the Transformation of China
Kevin Rudd.The Avoidable War: The Dangers of a
Catastrophic Conflict between the US and Xi Jinping's
China.

Notes
1.
2.
3.

Corresponding author: schhuang@ntu.edu.tw
Corresponding author: hlshao2@gmail.com
Corresponding author: hlshao2@gmail.com

From Documents to DocuSky—Practiceand Application
Tu, Hsieh-Changhsieh.chang@gmail.com
National Taiwan University, Taiwan

Hu, Chi-Jui

huchijui@cc.ncue.edu.tw
National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan

Kuo, Chih-Wen

ziwenkuo@mail.ncyu.edu.tw
National Chiayi University, Taiwan

Huang, Chia-Hungorange1052110128@gmail.com
National Taiwan University, Taiwan
DocuSky ( https://docusky.org.tw/DocuSky/home/) isa personalized digital humanities research platform jointly
developed by the Digital Humanities Research Center andthe Digital Humanities Laboratory of the Department ofComputer Science and Information Engineering at National
Taiwan University. As a multi-integrated platform, DocuSky
not only integrates resources and tools of different fields
but also provides maximum flexibility of use to achieve
the concept of “openness”, “freedom” and “autonomy” indigital humanities services. The realization of this concept
is mainly based on the platform’s open architecture andpersonalized core service content, so as to promote diverse
and rich digital humanities research.
Humanities scholars have their own preferred texts.
They often add metadata to each text and annotate the text
content for deeper analysis. For instance, suppose eachtext has a metadata field that describes the text author. One

JADH Annual Conference 2023
may want to get the distribution of authors in a specificcollection of texts. On the other hand, suppose each text
contains annotated tags that indicate the places mentioned in
the text. Given any collection of tagged texts, one may want
to display all the places on a geo-map and analyze the place
names that occur most frequently. DocuSky is a researchplatform that offers a solution to this problem (DocuSky,
n.d.; Tu, 2018).
In DocuSky, a document refers to text that includes
metadata and annotated tags. Post-classification is atechnique used to generate the distribution of featuresin a metadata field or annotated tags within a collectionof documents. With DocuSky, users can create personal
databases that support text retrieval, post-classification, anddata visualization.
Fig. 1 illustrates the process of using DocuSky. A user
can use DocuSky tools to download texts from online text
repositories (mostly in Chinese), add metadata and tags
to create documents, and then compiles all the documents
into a structured XML file in DocuXml format. This file
can then be used to build a DocuSky database. Once thedatabase is constructed, various DocuSky tools can beapplied to search, analyze, and visualize its content.

Fig. 1. DocuSky allows one to compose texts, metadata,
and tags to build a database for analysis.
The first article of this session is to convert thebiographical information of Chinese scholars fromthe Chinese Biographical Database (CBDB, https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/cbdb) to build it into the Chinese
Honored-class Scholar (進⼠Jinshi) Database. Throughthe various functions of the DocuSky cloud database, thepossibilities of group biography research are expanded. In
the second article, the Mackay Diary is reorganized fromthe perspective of humanities research and added withmetadata and tags to build a public repository of the Mackay
Diary. The third article uses the textual material of the 19th
century China medical missionaries, the China Medical

Missionary Journal, and transforms it into a DocuGIS layer
to present the footprints of the medical missionaries in
China in a textual and cartographic way. The fourth article
presents a digital innovation practice that extends from the
DocuSky database of “Outline of Astronomy”(天⽂略)from “Tongzhi”(通志). It is also combined with content
from “Butienge”(Song of the Sky Pacers, 步天歌). ThroughGIS and visualization technology, the interactive application
Tongzhi Skymap provides a new approach to research inChinese astronomy.
DocuSky shares the feature of open architecture.
Through cross-country, cross-domain, and cross-resource
standard dialogues, it has been able to interact and interface
with many large online repositories, such as CBDB,
Chinese Text Project (CTEXT, https://ctext.org/), Kanseki
Repository (Kanripo, https://www.kanripo.org/), Chinese
Buddhist Electronic Text Association (CBETA, https://www.cbeta.org/), Research Infrastructure for the Studyof Eurasia (RISE, https://rise.mpiwg- berlin.mpg.de/),WikiSource, etc. In addition to different structures ofresource transfer, the open architecture built on the standard
specification also makes public participation possible.
The interoperability approach also breaks through thetraditional paradigm of humanities research and allows
researchers to browse materials from multiple perspectives.
With the help of various digital tools, users can grasp theoverall situation from the textual information, interpretation
information, and enlightening meaning information throughinteractive operations. Between distant reading and nearreading, and create new digital humanities research topics
and viewpoints.
Abstract of Papers
1. Building a CBDB Jinshi database with DocuSky(Hsieh-Chang Tu)
CBDB stands for China Biographical Database. It is
the product of a project that aims to collect distinguishable
historical persons in traditional China. One may regard
CBDB as a large-scale person authority database thatrecords the name, addresses, offices, kinships, social status
as well as social relationships of a person as characteristics.
An authority database assigns a unique identifier to eachcollected object and promises that the object identifier won’t
be changed in the future. This promise and the openness
make it possible for third-party applications. Due to therestriction of historical materials, a lot of persons collectedby CBDB have little research impact. It is often useful,however, to extract an interesting subset of CBDB for
further analysis. For instance, Jinshi (進⼠) is an honoredclass of scholars who passed the highest level of imperial
examination in traditional China. It is interesting to extract
all the Jinshis data from CBDB for deeper analysis.
CBDB has another problem for researchers to use.
Although it provides several implementations to help

77

JADH Annual Conference 2023
its users find specific persons, it is often difficult to use
the systems to get collective properties of persons. Postclassification is a technique that classifies a given groupof objects (often obtained as a search result) by theirproperties. It yields the distributions of these objects by
their features. For instance, if all objects in the group havethe feature of “publishing year,” taking post-classification
over a group of objects yields the distribution of publishingyears over the objects. The distribution of objects by their
publishing years is simply an ordered list of publishingyears where each year is associated with a number todenote the number of objects published in that year. Postclassification can also be helpful to narrow down a search
result, say to only retrieve objects with specific publishingyears.
DocuSky is a research platform developed by the NTU
Research Center for Digital Humanities that allows one
to build personal databases that support text retrieval,post-classification, and data visualization (Tu, 2018). By
regarding person characteristics as object features, we canconvert CBDB data to the DocuXml format (DocuXml
1.3 Scheme: https://hackmd.io/@DocuSky/BksNFnEK_)
ready to build a DocuSky database. Once the database isconstructed, one can search a desirable group of persons
with text retrieval, narrow down the search result, and thenapply post-classification to the final result to get feature
distributions of the retrieved persons.
In this paper, we discuss how to extract all the Jinshi
data from CBDB to build a DocuSky version of CBDB
Jinshis. In short, we download and setup the entire
database, select all the identifiers which correspond toqualified Jinshis, use CBDB API to download person
data, and then convert the data to DocuXml for building
the DocuSky version CBDB Jinshi database. This
database is open for public access (https://doi.org/10.6681/
NTURCDH.DB_DocuSkyCBDBJinshi/Text). We show
that, with this newly built database, one can easily getcollective properties of Jinshis and present the results in avisualized way. For instance, one may plot Fig. 2 in merely
a couple of minutes. This figure integrates visualizationsof nine distributions over five collections of Jinshis (eachcollection corresponds to a search result). It provides
in-depth information that is difficult to obtain throughtraditional methods.

78

Fig. 2. Feature distribution of Chinese Jinshis from Songto Qing dynasties
The central block of Fig. 2 is obtained by taking postclassification over all the Jinshis in the four dynasties Song(宋, AD960-1279), Yuan (元, AD1279-1368), Ming (明,AD1368-1644), and Qing (清, AD1644-1911). It shows
the distribution of the Rushi (⼊仕, entering government
service) year of these persons. CBDB collects 30388, 688,
27434, and 28579 Jinshis in the four dynasties, respectively.
It’s easy to see that the number of Jinshis overall increases
in the Song dynasty. The number of Jinshis drops drasticallyin the Yuan dynasty due to exam stop. There is a “valley”
in the Ming dynasty and two clear valleys in the Qing
dynasties. In addition, Fig. 2 adopts word clouds to visualize
the major Jiguan (籍貫, place of origin or birth) and social
status of the Jinshis in each dynasty (4 clouds in the top
area and 4 in the bottom area, each shows the major feature
items of Jinshis in a dynasty). A word cloud displays
major feature items (i.e., items with the most numbers)
in a distribution such that the item with larger number ispresented with a larger font. For instance, the top-left blockin Fig. 2 shows the major Jiguans in the distribution yieldedfrom taking post-classification over Jinshis in the Songdynasty by the feature “Jiguan.” From the top-area blocks
it’s easy to see that Putien (莆⽥) were the Jiguan that
produced the most Jinshis in both Song and Ming dynasties.
On the other hand, Wuyuan County (婺源州) and Daxing
County (⼤興) were the most productive Jiguans in the Yuan
and Qing dynasties, respectively. The bottom-area blocks
show the social status of these Jinshis, where one could havemore than one social status. Not surprisingly, most Jinshis
worked as civil servants ([為官者：⽂]). Many Jinshis were
finance officer ([財政官員]) in the Song dynasty. Many
were good or efficient official (良吏；循吏) and numerous
deposed on account of illness (以疾廢) in the Ming dynasty.
In the Qing dynasty, many Jinshis were calligraphers (書法家) and numerous were poets (詩⼈).

JADH Annual Conference 2023
2. Building A Digital Humanities Database by Yourself:
A case Study of Mackay’s Diary (Chi-Jui Hu)
The Diary of Mackay was written by the Rev. George
Leslie Mackay (1844-1901), who was a missionary in
Taiwan during the late 19th century. The diary began on
Nov. 1st, 1871 when Mackay left San Francisco, and ended
on Feb. 12th, 1901. Except the diary of 1883, his diary
was digitized by the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan andAletheia University. In 2002, Aletheia University built a
database with the image and full-text database of Mackay’s
diary. After that, in 2019 the Institute of Taiwan History at
Academia Sinica rebuilt another Mackay’s Diary databasein their Taiwanese Diaries Database. In addition to these
databases, a new Chinese version of the Diary of Mackay
was also published in 2012. With these foundations, we use
the DocuSky Collaboration Platform to reorganize the fulltext of the Chinese version diary as an example and add
tags and metadata to rebuild a database with the thought ofdigital humanities by the DocuSky. In the database from the
DocuSky model, we can not only use the digital humanities
tools from the DocuSky but also explore the relationship ofpeople that Mackay mentioned in his diary by the tags of
PersonName and retrieve the locations that he preached theGospel in Taiwan by the GIS map. Through this research,
we hope not only to present Mackay’s daily life in his diary
but also show how to help researchers, by using the digital
humanities platform, rebuild the material they already haveand add more useful elementary to their research needs bythemselves.
3. Visualizing the Footprints of Medical Missionaries in
19th Century China with DocuGIS (Chih-Wen Kuo)
The China Medical Missionary Journal is a journal
published by the Medical Missionary Association, which
was founded in 1886 and served as a society of medical
missionaries working in China. This journal contains avariety of information, such as medical care, environment,
and hygiene in China. One of its objectives was to establish
a platform for information sharing to assist China medical
missionaries in obtaining relevant medical information.
In June 1887, the China Medical Missionary Journal
published an article, “Medical Missionaries to the Chinese,”
describing the service of China medical missionaries in the
19th century. It detailed the China medical missionaries
from 1820 to 1886, including information on their paths
to China and the places where they practiced medicine.
DocuGIS is a tool for DocuSky to integrate geographic
information system, which can link the tags of location
names in the text with geospatial information to visualize
the geographic information content of the text. Users canoperate DocuGIS in two ways. The first way is to use the
GeoPort tool to import files with location name informationor spatial coordinate information from DocuSky database
into DocuGIS. The second way is to set the metadata to

tag the location name information in the text and import it
into DocuGIS. In this paper, the location names mentioned
in the article “Chinese Missionaries to the Chinese” arerecorded with self-defined metadata. Through the DocuGIS
visualization of textual geographic information, thetrajectory of medical missionaries in China between 1820
and 1886 can be presented in textual maps.
4. Tongzhi Skymap: An Interactive Tool for Exploring
Butienge in Chinese Astronomy (Chia-Hung Huang)
Web Application Link: https://tongzhi-skymapnew.vercel.app/
DocuSky Database: https://reurl.cc/eDzVx7
Throughout history, only two distinct schemes formapping the stars have enjoyed widespread usage: theBabylonian-Greek one and the Chinese one. Unlike its
Western counterpart, Chinese astronomy lacks a geometricmodel to consistently describe the general appearance of
the world (F. R. Stephenson, 2011). As Zheng Qiao, theauthor of Tongzhi (Qiao Zheng, 1161), noted in his book,the charts of Chinese astronomy were often significantly
flawed. Due to the limitations of printing technology,
written language proved to be the most effective meansof transmitting astronomical knowledge during that era,compared to the use of charts. This is why the Butienge(Song of the Sky Pacers, 步天歌) plays an important rolein Chinese astronomy. Butienge was an early Chinese starcatalogue that was most widely used by folks from the Sui
dynasty to the Qing dynasty. Its poetry form allowed people
to memorize and locate all of the stars by simply singing
it. Based on the Butienge, Zheng Qiao used the song as amnemonic to enumerate all of the stars and later wrote theOutline of Astronomy (天⽂略) in Tongzhi (Comprehensive
Treatises, 通志). It was not until Zeng wrote this bookthat the Butienge was recorded in official documents andpreserved until today.
Thanks to the use of Western astronomy and GIS
visualization techniques, Chinese astronomy now has
access to geometric models, allowing for greater accuracy.
Although there are various applications available around theinternet, none of them can simultaneously demonstrate thetrue appearance of the Chinese stars with the Butienge in
an interactive way. This highlights the pressing need for theapplication of informatics techniques to the field of Chinese
astronomy.
This interactive web application, Tongzhi Skymap,
showcases the Chinese stars, the Chinese constellations,
the Milky Way, and the contents of Butienge at the sametime. To create the Tongzhi Skymap, I began by extracting
all the Chinese star names from the Outline of Astronomy
of Tongzhi. Then, I obtained the proper names and thecelestial coordinates (equatorial coordinates) of each starfrom Yi Xiang Kao Cheng (Ignaz Kögler et al., 1752),
written by the Jesuit astronomer-missionary Ignaz Kögler,

79

JADH Annual Conference 2023
Antoine Gaubil, and others in the Qing dynasty. Next, I
converted these equatorial coordinates into geographic
coordinates to facilitate the plotting of stars on the sphere.
Moreover, the star color and the lines in the Chineseconstellations were collected from Research into Butienge(Xiao-Lu Zhou, 2004). Lastly, the Milky Way, which
was not originally included in the Butienge but was later
added to the Outline of Astronomy by Zheng, was also
incorporated into the skymap. The skymap was built withthe d3.js library (D3js.org, n.d.), which combines powerfulvisualization components and a data-driven approach to
DOM manipulation. To visualize geographic data, I used thed3.js package d3-geo (D3js.org, n.d.) and its extension d3geo-projection (D3js.org, n.d.).
The development of the Tongzhi Skymap has paved theway for integrating Chinese astronomy with informatics
visualization tools. The data from the Outline of Astronomy
of Tongzhi has driven the creation of the skymap, which
provides users with both macro and micro perspectives
when exploring Butienge. By providing a novel approach,Tongzhi Skymap has made a valuable contribution to thefield, and finally, has opened up new avenues for further
studies on Chinese Astronomy.

Bibliography
Tu, Hsieh-Chang (2018). DocuSky: A Platform forConstructing and Analyzing Personal Text Databases.
Journal of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities,
2:71-90.

80

Author Index
Adachi, Junji .................................................................... 27
Aliakbari, Farzaneh .......................................................... 19
Aoyama, Mitsuki .............................................................. 57
Aubert-Béduchaud, Julien, Maxime ................................. 45
Camilleri, Gabriele ........................................................... 47
Cao, Fanghui .................................................................... 12
Carlino, Salvatore ............................................................. 33
Chang, Gia-Ming .............................................................. 72
Chao, Shiau-Fang ............................................................. 71
Chen, Xudong ............................................................ 49, 65
Delanaux, Remy ............................................................... 19
Eck, Sebastian Oliver ....................................................... 20
Fang, Wan-Zhen ............................................................... 23
Fukumoto, Takaki ...................................................... 52, 57
Hodosawa, Tomowa ......................................................... 58
Hodošček, Bor ............................................................ 49, 65
Hsiang, Jieh ...................................................................... 69
Hsiao, Yi-chen .................................................................. 24
Hu, Chi-Jui ....................................................................... 76
Huang, Chia-Hung ........................................................... 76
Huang, Ling-Yi ................................................................ 23
Huang, Shu-Ling .............................................................. 13
Huang, Sieh-Chien ........................................................... 71
Hung, I-Mei ...................................................................... 69
Hung, I-mei ...................................................................... 30
Hung, Jen-Jou ............................................................ 14, 69
Kanazashi, Tomoya .................................................... 54, 58
Kawase, Akihiro ............................................................... 27
Kikuchi, Nobuhiko ........................................................... 55
Kinami, Chieri .................................................................. 27
Kitamoto, Asanobu .............................................. 35, 39, 45
Kuo, Chih-Wen ................................................................. 76
Lai, Yik Po ....................................................................... 15
Landau, Victoria Gioia Désirée ........................................ 28
Lin, Nung-yao .................................................................. 29
Lín, Shu-Hui ..................................................................... 30
Liu, Chao-Lin ................................................................... 30
Lo, Hao-Cheng ................................................................. 69
Lui, Pun Ho ...................................................................... 15
Mazanec, Thomas J. ......................................................... 30
Minadakis, Nikos ............................................................. 38
Miyagawa, So ................................................................... 33
Morozov, Mykola ............................................................. 35
Moysaki, Georgia ............................................................. 38
Murai, Hajime ................................................ 52, 54, 57, 60
Nagasaki, Kiyonori ........................................................... 39
Ogawa, Jun ....................................................................... 39
Ohba, Arisa ...................................................................... 57
Ohman, Emily ............................................................ 42, 62
Ohmukai, Ikki .................................................................. 39

Ohta, Shoki ....................................................................... 57
Okuyama, Ryogo ........................................................ 58, 60
Roth, Martin ..................................................................... 19
Saito, Yuni ........................................................................ 58
Sato, Eiichi ....................................................................... 58
Shao, Hsuan-Lei ............................................................... 71
Shao, Hsuan-lei ................................................................ 24
Takagi, Miu Nicole .......................................................... 62
Tamborrino, Rosa ............................................................. 19
Ting, Pei-Feng .................................................................. 69
Tomita, Masaki ................................................................. 58
Tu, Hsieh-Chang .............................................................. 76
Wang, Yu-Chun ................................................................ 14
Wu, Chia-Chia .................................................................. 72
Yamamoto, Hilofumi .................................................. 49, 64
Yeh, Yu-Chun ................................................................... 72