Geomagnetic Event Review
September 2014 - February 2015
゜Masahiro Sasaoka゜
Takashi Ohkawa
Kakioka Magnetic Observatory
Japan Meteorological Agency

March 4 2015
The LUIGANS Spa & Resort

A comparison of daily total K-index（ΣK） at Kakioka
with Sunspot Number from 1932 to 2015
Sunspot
Number

ΣK
Monthly Maximum ΣKMonthly Minimum ΣKMonthly Mean ΣK

Monthly Mean Sunspot NumberA comparison of E-W geomagnetic component at Kakioka
with Sunspot Number from 1964 to 2015*

*E-W component
Sunspot NumberSN* the mean amplitude of the five international quiet days for each month* the digitalized data from the bromide paper records between 1964 and 1975

The 27-day cycle in Σk at Kakioka and solar winddaily average velocity between 2013 and 2015
ΣK at Kakioka

Ace Solar Wind Average Velocity

Bartels' Rotation
Bartels' Rotation
NumberDATE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 rot.
DATE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27Numberrot.
2013/01/25

1326

9931213181010941415511121018218121979172449

2013/01/25 345 477 460 400 373 338 310 345 461 438 375 352 321 356 428 409 371 353 364 367 378 358 356 356 339 356 381 2449

02/21

15161348127123120

144541161178123111315

3214112450

02/21 402 389 376 336 344 327 332 340 514 556 467 435 366 312 334 317 346 323 310 318 317 326 434 446 595 527 469 2450

03/20

1417111710842112231571161647112911118919112451

03/20 480 446 406 378 410 382 380 448 425 462 546 481 426 356 318 309 263 331 340 341 354 357 428 448 412 478 401 2451

04/16

64217471521162311103112716

981314191366652452

04/16 372 345 293 285 298 279 268 296 370 472 544 491 423 394 384 425 454 411 373 382 478 517 500 474 430 391 359 2452

05/13

101816221722181314211421302218

11021233221515122326162453

05/13 358 369 388 390 387 421 382 396 411 429 362 479 572 659 691 701 522 393 360 553 716 677 583 497 472 413 418 2453

06/091920128339368818201921231441327301710467222454

06/09 394 372 393 427 387 335 346 340 311 286 297 366 504 593 618 529 515 438 402 396 416 512 488 426 371 363 358 2454

07/06

279815262116182522972123610108313211213710782455

07/06 349 312 316 337 420 435 426 442 384 383 364 349 441 580 520 407 385 371 340 363 541 451 442 408 377 379 354 2455

08/023724211255171010111913202514117428212112121020122456

08/02 332 310 385 513 461 437 388 401 430 406 350 374 448 512 703 677 560 466 403 459 527 500 469 405 360 366 451 2456

08/29415181215141359410713131217927151219131294222457

2013/08/29 371 378 422 500 427 407 458 430 397 362 381 355 350 388 382 487 514 404 365 371 439 529 469 418 397 363 398 2457

09/25

8010241233910191627159722220141621212458

09/25 410 341 313 275 269 257 320 573 459 380 336 306 307 342 562 447 397 373 349 413 518 490 440 378 347 316 296 2458

10/221076358714221295912892192520213351416102459

10/22 334 349 341 330 289 280 282 322 347 380 369 337 375 377 358 344 366 392 508 557 493 420 387 364 350 457 472 2459

11/180670117001521614161146691227910328232460

11/18 395 382 387 344 324 355 337 324 302 303 280 306 400 488 421 399 374 349 339 339 553 451 400 354 308 291 437 2460

12/151314568104

2022172675131820151362107

1472461

12/15 491 444 407 357 364 358 348 331 312 291 297 265 297 314 365 345 382 447 568 532 501 441 374 368 316 400 403 2461

7 5 02014/01/116121114312213201485118371231761077142462

2014/01/11 401 535 747 638 501 406 361 320 292 303 365 512 434 374 366 367 336 339 442 369 340 333 381 375 348 374 395 2462

7 0 002/07

142619161113361429816313117192491031915124813102463

02/07 372 436 424 480 453 440 363 343 391 383 392 395 466 568 497 440 466 493 414 363 382 421 394 374 347 378 432 2463

6 5 003/06

125529791614344137121813126131612141191272464

03/06 463 428 384 339 322 314 286 384 458 399 364 305 322 327 326 347 438 474 431 397 412 404 432 420 426 397 412 2464

6 0 004/0271210204158102142516768191524262591317147362465

04/02 416 386 429 452 381 379 424 452 400 371 344 362 374 353 315 378 446 494 592 569 478 421 435 423 370 339 307 2465

5 5 004/298251038201656269141715877841288314171142466

04/29 278 312 354 346 320 356 365 371 342 349 378 370 397 420 354 346 342 345 344 345 347 344 325 344 469 452 417 2466

5 0 005/2646714169761411121021311114146101678

1719181792467

ΣK05/26 359 318 337 344 343 330 301 294 333 341 343 354 374 524 510 428 552 456 356 388 373 361 380 426 435 428 438 2467

4 5 006/22631214461011917129661191010610716118412468

4006/22 383 352 334 323 351 334 327 350 352 332 310 333 324 285 271 301 329 352 391 369 362 349 347 439 411 393 336 2468

4 0 007/19146961039716538121610201691196131313952469

07/19 308 279 279 332 318 344 349 371 356 399 354 321 313 351 413 391 418 457 444 384 376 345 347 421 452 432 367 2469

3 5 008/15

541391813133752726192117191515121014176513112470

08/15 354 288 300 289 365 358 336 347 312 279 260 276 316 348 402 417 425 426 412 405 399 378 364 365 408 388 362 2470

3 0 009/11132719531191222111114162117181814131615135109642471

09/11 372 514 616 486 445 411 381 366 435 507 514 432 415 418 444 443 410 406 370 379 379 374 343 366 399 403 364 2471

2 5 010/08

221961381321121215221522222017181517202010811151592472

10/08 357 344 340 350 335 358 413 427 415 432 451 421 488 579 475 430 434 385 370 404 412 376 339 419 481 472 422 2472

2 0 0

11/04252212171313261588181922141712131912161110714912132473

12/01

1615101115

1925191713

320

10192212107111315

1717181415112474

12/28

13241812920

1819181930

19914141413101116

54462020

92475

2015/01/2413722

15

1415

171420

27

1915

20

41815

1271183314132622122476

02/20

81112122477

4 0

3 53 030

2 52 02011/04 425 502 477 461 466 431 479 474 549 470 490 525 590 458 445 416 393 389 370 404 378 364 325 360 363 384 396 2473

1 51 01012/28 388 542 653 515 485 415 450 408 496 482 449 467 453 430 477 433 428 396 404 383 355 330 313 293 388 458 424 2475

5012/01 463 516 439 488 454 506 720 664 557 479 413 518 577 431 467 434 396 369 367 351 371 401 405 516 463 454 440 2474

02015/01/24 377 354 364 449 443 386 405 411 529 654 591 479 412 424 412 494 435 384 377 342 328 325 337 350 381 437 391 2476
02/20 353 342 320 3602477

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

27-day27-daySolar Wind
Velocity

700km/s

500300

1 5 0

1 0 0100

5 000

Coronal holes in images every 27-days for the reporting period

A new coronal holeappeared.

2014/09/06

2014/12/22

2014/11/26

2014/10/03

2015/01/18

A very small coronal hole isrecurrent with the sun’s 27-day
rotation period.
Images fromSDO_AIA193

2014/10/30

2015/02/14

Classification of the quality of geomagnetic phenomenon• A : very distinct• B : fair, ordinary, but unmistakable• C : doubtful( in the 1957 IAGA Copenhagen resolution )Kakioka criteria for the quality classification
si & sscsfe

AB
15nT≦a 6nT≦a＜15nT

C3nT≦a＜6nT

A

B

C

k≦220nT≦a7nT≦a2nT≦a3≦k25nT≦a10nT≦a5nT≦ak : K-index

a : geomagnetic amplitude

Classification of the activity of geomagnetic storm• Starting of geomagnetic storm: H component decreases with large amplitude
Type of Storm Sudden Commencement （SSC）
maximum K-index ≧5 & “disturbance amplitude” ≧40nT
Type of Storm Gradual commencement （SG）
K-index ≧5 for more than 2 periods & “disturbance amplitude” ≧50nT• Ending time of geomagnetic storm
K-index ≦3& “returning undisturbed level almost similar to quiet daily variation”
Initial main
phase phase

recovery phase

Activity of geomagnetic storm
on Kakioka criteriastorm
amplitude

SSC

A sketch of H component field variation
with SSC

maximum
K-index

Activity

K=8 or 9s(severe)

K=6 or 7

ms (moderate severe)

K=5m(moderate)September 2014 geomagnetic variationsssc(A)
at Kakioka
the largest SSC since the start of Solar Cycle 24si(B)storm(m)sfe
2si & ssc 3storm
1sfe(C) sfe(B) si(C)

100nT

100nT

10’

SEP 1, 2014

SEP 30, 2014

October 2014 geomagnetic variationsat Kakioka

sfe
1
si & ssc 0storm
0sfe(B)No storm followed the sfe.

100nT

100nT

10’X1.1

X1.6
M8.7OCT 1, 2014

X1.0
X3.1 X2.0

OCT 31, 2014

November 2014 geomagnetic variationsat Kakiokasi(C)sgssc(C)storm(m)storm(m)sfe0si & ssc 2
storm
2100nT

100nT

10’

NOV 1, 2014

NOV 30, 2014

December 2014 geomagnetic variationssi(A)at Kakiokasfe(B) si(C)
si(B)

sfe
1
si & ssc 3
storm
0

100nT

100nT

10’

X1.8

DEC 1, 2014

DEC 31, 2014

January 2015 geomagnetic variationsat Kakioka
storm(ms)ssc(B)

the 4th-largest storm since the start of Solar Cycle 24sfe(B)

sfe1si & ssc 2storm
1si(C)

100nT

100nT

10’

M5.6

JAN 1, 2015

JAN 31, 2015

Large geomagnetic storm occurrences in the solar cycle 24

The 1st, 2nd and 3rd largest
storms occurred

the 4th largest
storm occurred**February 2015 geomagnetic variationsat Kakioka
100nT

100nT

10’

FEB 1, 2015

FEB 28, 2015

Geomagnetic storm event review• September 12-13, 2014 moderate geomagnetic storm with SSC

SDO_aia193 (NASA) 2014/09/11

A full-halo coronal mass ejection (CME) leaving thesun following a major X1.6 solar flare on 10 Sep 2014

• November 4-5, 2014 moderate geomagnetic storm with SG
A large filament eruption occurred on 1 Nov 2014
SDO_aia193 (NASA) 2014/11/01• January 7-8, 2015 moderate severe geomagnetic storm with SSC

SDO_aia193 (NASA) 2015/01/05

A large southern polar coronal hole appeared. Cclass solar flare eruptions occurred frequentlySeptember 12-13, 2014 moderate geomagnetic stormssc(A)

storm(m)SEP 11, 2014
Geomagnetic Event

SEP 14, 2014
SSC Onset Time(UTC)

September 12-13, 2014
geomagnetic storm in
2014/09/12 15:54
association with a CME
occurred on Sept. 10, 2014

Storm Amplitude(nT)

SSC Amplitude(nT)

Type

Storm
Activity

HZ

DHZ

DSSCm(k=5)

109

71

85

57

35

20

November 4-5, 2014 moderate geomagnetic stormsgstorm(m)NOV 06, 2014

NOV 03, 2014
Geomagnetic Event

SG Onset Time(UTC)

November 4-5, 2014
geomagnetic storm inassociation with a large
2015/11/04 7.7h
filament eruption occurred on
1 Nov 2014

Storm Amplitude(nT)

SSC Amplitude(nT)

TypeStorm
Activity

HZ

DHZ

DSGm(k=5)

95

51

45---

January 7-8, 2015 moderate severe geomagnetic storm
ssc(B)

storm(ms)

JAN 09, 2015

JAN 06, 2015
Geomagnetic Event
January 7-8, 2015
geomagnetic storm inassociation with a large
southern polar coronal holeappearance

SSC Onset Time(UTC)

2015/01/07 06:16

Storm Amplitude(nT)

SSC Amplitude(nT)

Type

Storm
Activity

HZ

DHZ

DSSC

ms(k=6)

188

80

82

1497

JMA geomagnetic, geoelectric andatmospheric-electric data are available
in IAGA 2002 format at the Kakioka
website.
(http://www.kakioka-jma.go.jp/en/)19

Thank you for your attention

JMA