⺰‫ޓ‬ᢥࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ㧖㧙ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߩ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ࠍޠ‬ਛᔃߦ㧙⩵‫ޓ‬࿾‫ޓ┵ޓޓ‬ᄦ **㧔᣿ᴦᄢቇ⚻༡ቇㇱ౏౒⚻༡ቇ⑼ኾછ⻠Ꮷ㧕ߪߓ߼ߦᧄⓂߩ⋡⊛ߪ㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭਅߢታᣉߐࠇࡉ࡜࠙ࡦ᡽ᮭߦᒁ߈⛮߇ࠇߚࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ߘߩ․ᓽࠍ‫ޟ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳ‫ⷞߩޠ‬ὐ߆ࠄᡷ㕟ߩ⋡⊛㧘⺰ℂ᭴ᚑ㧘ᚑᨐߩᬌ⸛ࠍ⹜ߺࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬๟⍮ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߪ଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭਅߢታᣉߐࠇߚ NPM ߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᓇ㗀ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߟߟ㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ㧔government modernisation㧕‫ߩޠ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺࠍታᣉߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬⠨߃ᣇߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘‫╙ޟ‬ਃߩ㆏‫ߦ߁ࠃߩޠ‬᡽ᴦℂᔨߩ⋧㆑ࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ⼏⺰㧘߽ߒߊߪࠨ࠶࠴ࡖ࡯᡽ᮭ߇ᔒะߒߚⴕ᡽ߩല₸ൻㅊ෸ࠍ೨ឭߣߒߟߟ㧘ࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ߿ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ㧘ߘߒߡ㔚ሶ᡽ᐭࠍၮ⺞ߣߒߚ‫ޟ‬ㅪ៤᡽ᐭ㧔joined-up government㧕‫ࠍޠ‬ട๧ߔࠆୃᱜ NPM ࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆ⼏⺰ߥߤ߇ዷ㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄᄙ᭽ߥ⼏⺰ߩ߁ߜ㧘᡽ᐭ࡮ⴕ᡽߳ߩᏒ᳃ߩା㗬⏕଻ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߩᣂߒ޿․ᓽࠍᝒ߃ࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬৻⥸⊛ߦ㧘᡽ᐭᵴേ߿ⴕ᡽⚵❱ߩਥⷐߥ᭴ᚑຬߣߒߡߩ౏ോຬߩ㊀ⷐᕈߪᢙᄙߊᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫౏ޕ‬ോຬߩᵴേ߇ⴕ᡽ᵴേߩᚑᨐߦᄢ߈ߊ㑐ࠊࠆߥࠄ߫㧘౏ോຬߣߘߩᵴേߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩ⹺⼂߽߹ߚ㧘ⴕ᡽ᵴേߩታ⾰⊛ߥᚑุࠍᄢ߈ߊᏀฝߔࠆࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚⴕ᡽ᵴേߣߘߩᚑᨐߦኻߔ
ࠆ਎⺰ߩ⹺⼂ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢ⎇ⓥߩ㑐ᔃߪ޽߹ࠅะߌࠄࠇߡߎߥ߆ߞߚ㧔Rainey㧔1996㧕㧕‫ޕ‬ㄭᐕߦ
ߥࠅ㧘ࡠࡃ࡯࠻࡮ࡄ࠶࠻࠽ࡓߩ⎇ⓥࠍྊ⍫ߣߔࠆ␠ળ⾗ᧄߣߒߡߩା㗬ߩ⼏⺰ߦ⸅⊒ߐࠇ㧘ⴕ᡽⎇ⓥߦ߅
޿ߡ߽ା㗬߳ߩ㑐ᔃ߇㓸߹ࠅߟߟ޽ࠆ㧔Pharr and Putnam㧔1996㧕㧘࠽ࠗ㧔2002㧕
㧘OECD㧔2005a㧕㧘↰ਛ࡮ጟ↰㧔2006㧕㧘ᄢጊ㧔2007㧕㧘㊁↰㧔2008㧕
㧕1㧕‫ޕ‬* ᧄⓂߪ㧘ᣣᧄ౏౒᡽╷ቇળ 2007 ᐕᐲ⎇ⓥᄢળႎ๔㧔2007 ᐕ 6 ᦬ 9 ᣣᣈ㧦᧲ർᄢቇ㧕⺰ᢥࠍട╩࡮ୃᱜߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⾆ޕ‬㊀ߥࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ㗂޿ߚᄢጊ⠹テవ↢㧔ᘮᔕ⟵Ⴖᄢቇ㧕㧘↰ਛ৻ᤘవ↢㧔ᜏᱺᄢቇฬ⹷ᢎ᝼㧕ߦߪ⸥ߒߡᗵ⻢↳ߒ਄ߍࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߪ㧘2007 ᐕᐲ᣿ᴦᄢቇ⧯ᚻ⎇ⓥ‫ⴕޟ‬᡽ᵴേߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ߩᓇ㗀ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ㧦ⴕ᡽ߩౝ࿷⊛ⷐ࿃ߦࠃࠆᄌൻࠍਛᔃߦ‫ߩޠ‬ᚑᨐߩ৻ㇱߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬** 1976 ᐕ⑺↰Ꮢ↢߹ࠇ‫ޕ‬᣿ᴦᄢቇᄢቇ㒮᡽ᴦ⚻ᷣቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ୃੌ㧘ඳ჻㧔᡽ᴦቇ㧕‫ⴕ┙⁛ޕ‬᡽ᴺੱ⚻ᷣ↥ᬺ⎇ⓥᚲᵷ㆜
⎇ⓥ⠪㧘⽷࿅ᴺੱⴕ᡽▤ℂ⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯⎇ⓥຬ㧘᣿ᴦᄢቇ᡽ᴦ⚻ᷣቇㇱኾછഥᚻࠍ⚻ߡ⃻⡯‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ᡽ᴦቇળ㧘ᣣᧄⴕ᡽ቇળ㧘ᣣᧄ౏౒᡽╷ቇળ㧘ᣣᧄ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦቇળ㧘IPSA㧔International Political Science Association㧕㧘IRSPM㧔International Research Society for Public
Management㧕ฦળຬ‫⺰ޕ‬ᢥ╬ߦ‫ⴕޟ‬᡽ߩା㗬ᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߩ⺰ὐߣᗧ⟵㧙ᣢሽ⎇ⓥ࡮⺞ᩏࠍਛᔃߦ‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬ቄೀⴕ᡽▤ℂ⎇ⓥ‫ ╙ޢ‬118 ภ㧘2007 ᐕ 6 ᦬㧘Masao Kikuchi㧔July 2008㧕. ̌New Challenges of Local Governance in Japan: The Smart Buyer Problem and Complicating
Accountability Process̍The Journal of Regional Studies and Development. Vol. 17, Number 1. pp.15-42.,̌Assessing Government Efforts to㧔Re㧕build Trust in Government: Challenges and Lessons from Japanese Experiences̍in Bidhya Bowornwathana and Clay Wescott eds.㧔2008㧕.
Comparative Governance Reform in Asia: Democracy, Corruption, and Government Trust. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. pp.201-225. ╬‫ޕ‬1㧕ା㗬ߦߪᄢ೎ߒߡ୘ੱ㑆ߩା㗬ߣ೙ᐲ߳ߩା㗬߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬᡽ᴦ߿ⴕ᡽⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡା㗬߇⌕⋡ߐࠇߚ৻ߟߩᄾᯏߪ㧘ࡄ࠶࠻࠽ࡓߦ
ࠃࠆ Social Capital ߩ⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ࡄ࠶࠻࠽ࡓߩ⼏⺰ߪ૑᳃㑆ߩ୘ੱ㑆ߩା㗬߇᡽ᴦⴕ᡽೙ᐲߩࡄࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦࠬߦਈ߃ࠆᓇ㗀ࠍᛒߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬෻㕙㧘ᧄⓂߢᛒ߁‫ޟ‬ା㗬‫ߪޠ‬㧘᡽ᴦ࡮ⴕ᡽ߣ޿ߞߚ೙ᐲ߳ߩା㗬ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᧄⓂਛ㧘ᢿࠅ߇޽ࠆ႐วࠍ㒰޿ߡ೙ᐲ߳ߩା㗬ߩᗧ๧ߣߒߡ↪޿ࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘೙ᐲߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߣ୘ੱ㑆ߩା㗬ߩ᭎ᔨߩ⋧㆑ߦߟ޿ߡߪ Hardin㧔2000㧕߇◲ẖߦ߹ߣ߼㧘Rothsteinand Stolle㧔2007㧕߇ߘࠇߙࠇߩࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߦߟ޿ߡ㐳⍴ࠍ߹ߣ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ‫ޓ‬No.39㧔2009.3㧕

․ߦ㧘ᧄⓂ߇ኻ⽎ߣߔࠆࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߢߪ㧘ⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ో૕ߩᚑᨐᜰᮡߣߒߡᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ࠍឝߍ㧘୘‫ߩޘ‬ᡷ㕟߇Ꮢ᳃ߩ᡽ᐭߦኻߔࠆ⹺⼂ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߩ߆ߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ߿㧘౏ോຬ߿⼏ຬߦኻߔࠆା㗬⺞ᩏ߇ᧄᩰ⊛ߦ㐿ᆎߐࠇߚ‫ᦨߊߏޕ‬ㄭߢߪ㧘ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮㧔NAO㧕߇ 2007ᐕ߆ࠄࡊ࡜ࠗࠬ࠙ࠜ࡯࠲࡯ࡂ࠙ࠬߣ౒หߢ‫ޟ‬ା㗬᭴▽⾨㧔Building Public Trust AwarďFor telling it how itis̍㧕‫ࠍޠ‬ታᣉߒ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬᭴▽ߦఝࠇߚታ❣ࠍ޽ߍߚ౏౒ᯏ㑐ߩ㗼ᓆࠍታᣉߒߪߓ
߼ߚ 2㧕‫ߪߢߎߘޕ‬㧘‫ޟ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬‫ࠍޠ‬ਛᔃ᭎ᔨߦߒߡ㧘ଏ⛎ߐࠇࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆḩ⿷ᐲว޿㧘ᡷ㕟⋡⊛ߣㅴ᝞⁁ᴫߩ㆐ᚑᐲว޿㧘ߘߒߡ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦ៤ࠊࠆ⠪ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩ⹺⼂ࠍᛠីߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘੹ᓟߩⴕ᡽ᵴേߣᡷ㕟ߩᣇะᕈ߳ߩᵴ↪ߣ㧘ᡷ㕟ߩᦨ⚳⋡⊛ߣߒߡߩᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳࠍ⋡ᜰߘ߁ߣ޿߁ᣂߚ
ߥേะࠍુ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩ⹺⼂ߣା㗬ᛠីߩߚ߼ታᣉߐࠇߡ޿ࠆฦ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍෳᾖߒߟߟ㧘ⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳߩ⋡⊛ߣ⺰ℂ᭴ᚑࠍᛠីߒ㧘ߘߩขࠅ⚵ߺᚑᨐࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ
᡽ᡷ㕟ߩᣂߚߥ․ᓽࠍᶋ߆߮਄߇ࠄߖࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬⏕଻ߦ⌕⋡ߒߚⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߩᣂߚߥേะࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ⴕ᡽஥ߩᡷ㕟߇Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ᣿ࠄ߆
ߦߒߡⴕ߈ߚ޿‫ޕ‬ᰴ┨ߢߪ㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭਅߩⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫߇ޠ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߣߤߩࠃ߁ߦ㑐ࠊߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ㆊ෰ߩ଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭਅߢߩขࠅ⚵ߺߣߩ⋧㆑ߦᵈᗧߒߟߟ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦฦ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ⚫੺ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭ߇⠨߃ࠆା㗬ߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߣߘࠇߙࠇߩ⁁ᴫ㧘ߐࠄߦା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߇߽ߚࠄߒߚታ㓙ߩലᨐߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸽ߔࠆ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚᏒ᳃ߩା㗬߳⌕⋡ߒߚⴕ᡽ㆇ༡ߣⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߇㧘੹ᓟߩⴕ᡽ߩ࿷ࠅᣇߦߣߞߡ߽ߟᗧ⟵ߦߟ޿ߡ߹ߣ߼ࠆ 3㧕‫ޕ‬㧝㧚‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߣޠ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬߳ߩ⌕⋡ࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ഭ௛ౄࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߪ㧘1999 ᐕߦ⊕ᦠߣߒߡ߹ߣ߼ࠄࠇߚ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ
㧔government modernisation㧕‫ࠍޠ‬ၮᧄ⊛ߥࡕ࠴࡯ࡈߣߒ㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᡷ㕟ࠍታᣉߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ℂᔨ߿⠨߃ᣇߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘‫╙ޟ‬ਃߩ㆏‫ߦ߁ࠃߩޠ‬᡽ᴦℂᔨߩ⋧㆑ࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ⼏⺰㧘߽ߒߊߪ଻቞ౄߩࠨ࠶࠴ࡖ࡯᡽ᮭ߿ࡔ࡯
ࠫࡖ࡯᡽ᮭ߇ᔒะߒߚⴕ᡽ߩല₸ൻㅊ෸ࠍ೨ឭߣߒߟߟ㧘ࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ߿ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ㧘ߘߒߡ㔚ሶ᡽ᐭࠍၮ⺞ߣߒߚ‫ޟ‬ㅪ៤᡽ᐭ㧔joined-up government㧕‫ࠍޠ‬ട๧ߔࠆୃᱜ NPM ࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆ⼏⺰ߥߤ߇ዷ㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔Dunleavy㧔2005㧕㧕‫ޕ‬቟㧔2003㧕ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߩޠ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺࠍ଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭߦ߅
ߌࠆ NPM ဳᡷ㕟ߩᑧ㐳ߣߒߡߣࠄ߃ߟߟ߽㧘ࠛ࡯ࠫࠚࡦࠪ࡯ߩዉ౉ߦࠃߞߡಽᢿൻߐࠇߚⴕ᡽ࠍ㧘㔚ሶ᡽ᐭൻࠍਛᔃߣߒߚㅪ⚿᡽ᐭߦࠃࠅ઒ᗐ⊛ߦౣ⛔วߒ㧘ߐࠄߦⴕ᡽ᵴേߩ⋥ធ⊛ߥ↥಴㧔ࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻㧕ߩߺߥࠄߕᏒ᳃ḩ⿷ᐲߩ᷹ቯ߿ะ਄ߥߤߩᚑᨐ㧔ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ㧕ߦ⌕⋡ߔࠆ㧘‫ୃޟ‬ᱜ NPM‫․ߡߒߣޠ‬ᓽઃߌߡ޿ࠆ‫═ߚ߹ޕ‬㧔2002㧕ߪ㧘NPM ⥄૕ࠍ▤ℂߩᛛⴚㆊ⒟ߣߒߡߢߪߥߊ㧘ⴕ᡽⹏ଔ߿㘈ቴਥ⟵ߩዉ౉ߦࠃࠅ⼏ળߦࠃࠆવ⛔⊛ߥⴕ᡽ߩ⛔೙ᣇᴺએᄖߩ㧘᡽╷ၫⴕㆊ⒟߳ߩᄙర⊛ߥ⛔೙ߦࠃߞߡⴕ᡽ߩ᳃ਥ⊛⛔
೙ࠍ⵬ቢߔࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ⺰ߓߡ޿ࠆ‫߽ࠇߕ޿ޕ‬㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫࠻ࡦࡔࠫࡀࡑࠍޠ‬ᛛⴚߩᡷ㕟ߣߒߡᝒ߃
2㧕

ฃ⾨ߩ್ᢿၮḰߪ㧘ࠃࠅ⦟޿ᖱႎ㧘ᬺ❣ᖱႎߣ⚵❱ᚢ⇛ߩ࡝ࡦࠤ࡯ࠫ㧘ᢙ୯ᖱႎ㧘ᬺ❣ᖱႎࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧘⚵❱ᚢ⇛ߥߤߢ޽ࠆ‫ߎޕ‬ߩ౏౒ᯏ㑐ߦ߅ߌࠆ‫ޟ‬ା㗬᭴▽⾨‫ߪޠ‬㧘ળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮ߣ౒หߢ⊒⴫ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆએ೨ߩ 2004 ᐕ߆ࠄታᣉߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ฃ⾨ᯏ㑐ߪ㧘2004 ᐕ߇ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻ᆔຬળ㧔Learning and Skills Council㧕2005 ᐕ߇૑ቛ౏␠㧔Housing Corporation㧕㧘2006࡮7 ᐕ߇㒐ⴡ⋭㧔Ministry of
Defence㧕㧘2008 ᐕ߇㜞ㅦ㆏〝ᐡ㧔Highways Agency㧕ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ክᩏᆔຬߩ৻ੱߣߒߡળ⸘ᬌᩏ㒮㐳߇ෳടߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3㧕ߥ߅㧘᡽ᐭߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߣⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߪ෩ኒߦߪ඙೎ߐࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ߇㧔Rainey㧔1996㧕㧕㧘ᧄⓂߢ⺰ߓࠆࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩข
ࠅ⚵ߺߢߪ㧘ਔ⠪ࠍ඙೎ߖߕਥߦ౏ോᓥ੐⠪㧔public life㧕ߣߒߡ৻᜝ࠅߢ⺰ߓߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߇ᄙ޿‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ᧄⓂߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᢿࠅ
߇޽ࠆ႐วࠍ㒰޿ߡ㧘᡽ᐭߣⴕ᡽ࠍ඙೎ߖߕ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘᳃ਥ⊛ߥㆊ⒟ߩᡷ㕟ࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆὐߦ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ 4㧕‫ޟߚ߹ޕ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫⥄ޠ‬り߇ᒝ⺞ߔࠆᡷ㕟ߩᧄ⾰ߣߪ㧘౏౒ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩᓎഀࠍౣ⹏ଔߒ㧘IT㧔ᖱႎᛛⴚ㧕ߥߤᣂߒ޿ᛛⴚ
߿ࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠍ೑↪ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘᡽╷ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ࠍᡷ㕟ߒ㧘ࠃࠅ㘈ቴᧄ૏ߣࠃࠅࠃ޿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ
ߩឭଏߦࠃࠅ㧘᡽ᐭ࡮ⴕ᡽ߩ࿷ࠅᣇࠍౣ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣߦ޽ࠆߣߔࠆ㧔Cabinet Office㧔1999㧕
㧕
‫ޕ‬

㧔㧝㧕
‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ޠ‬㧦ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߩⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߩߎ߁޿ߞߚᡷ㕟ᆫ൓ߪ㧘ᒰὼ㧘ߘࠇ߹ߢࠨ࠶࠴ࡖ࡯㧘ࡔ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߣ⛯޿ߚ଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭߩ
᡽╷ࠍᄌᦝߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ᗧ࿑ߦၮߠߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߘߎߦߪ㧘1980 ᐕઍએ᧪ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߢⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ
NPM ဳᡷ㕟ߦኻߔࠆᛕ್⊛⹏ଔߣ㧘߆ߟߡߪ‫ޟ‬ᄢ߈ߥ᡽ᐭ‫ࠍޠ‬ᮡ᭙ߒߡ߈ߚഭ௛ౄߩ㧘ᣂߚߥ᡽╷ዷ㐿ߩዷᦸ߇␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫଻ޕ‬቞ౄ᡽ᮭߪ㧘1980 ᐕઍߦ⋧ᰴ޿ߢ࿖᦭↥ᬺࠍ᳃༡ൻߒߚ߇㧘᳃༡ൻߪᔅߕߒ߽ࠃࠅ⦟޿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩឭଏߦߟߥ߇ࠄߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬᳃༡ൻߩᦨᄢߩᄬᢌ଀ߪ㧘࿖㋕ߩ᳃༡ൻߢ޽ࠆ
ߣߐࠇࠆ‫ࠆࠁࠊ޿ޕ‬਄ਅಽ㔌ᣇᑼߦࠃࠅ࿖㋕ߪⶄᢙߩળ␠ߦಽഀߐࠇ㧘቟ోㆇⴕߦኻߔࠆࠗࡦࡈ࡜ᛩ⾗߿቟ోⷙ೙ߩㆩ቞ࠍᕃߞߚ⚿ᨐ㧘࿖㋕ᤨઍߢߪ⠨߃ࠄࠇߥ޿ࠃ߁ߥ੐᡿߇㗫಴ߒߚ㧔࠙࡞ࡑ࡯㧔2002㧕㧕‫ߒޕ‬߆߽੐᡿ߩਥߥℂ↱ߣߒߡᩣਥ߳ߩ೑⋉㈩ಽࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆ޽߹ࠅ቟ోᛩ⾗ࠍᕃߞߡ޿ߚߎߣ߇್᣿ߒߚߚ
߼㧘᳃༡ൻߦࠃߞߡ㘈ቴ㊀ⷞߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ឭଏߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁㧘᳃༡ൻផㅴߩᓮᣛ߇ᄢ߈ߊⷒߐࠇࠆߎߣߦ
ߥߞߚ‫߽ߦ߆߶ߩߘޕ‬㧘᳃༡ൻߪ᡽ᐭߩ᡽╷⢻ജࠍᒙ૕ൻߒ㧘౏ോຬߩᔒ᳇ࠍૐਅߐߖߚߥߤߣᛕ್ߐࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆ㧔↰ㄝ㧔2001㧕㧕‫ޕ‬᳃༡ൻߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘ࠛ࡯ࠫࠚࡦࠪ࡯ൻ߿⥄ᴦ૕ߩᒝ೙┹੎౉ᧅෳട೙ᐲ㧔Compulsory Competitive
Tendering㧕ߩዉ౉ߥߤ㧘Ꮢ႐ⅣႺߩዉ౉ߦࠃࠆ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽⚵❱ߩಽ▵ൻߪ㧘᡽ᐭߩᄖ㕙⊛ߥㅘ᣿ᕈࠍૐਅ
ߐߖ㧘ߐࠄߦ‫ޟ‬ᚑᨐߦࠃࠆ⛔೙‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᒻߢ㧘㓸ᮭ⊛ಽᮭߣ㧘ᮭᆭ⊛ߥ⛔೙ߩᒝൻࠍ᜗޿ߚߣߐࠇࠆ㧔Hood
et al.㧔1999㧕㧘⼱⮮㧔2001㧕㧕‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘Ꮢ᳃ࠍ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ㘈ቴߣߒߡ૏⟎ߠߌࠛ࡯ࠫࠚࡦࠪ࡯ൻ߿ⴕ᡽
⹏ଔߩዉ౉ߦࠃࠆᬺ❣ᖱႎࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘ⴕ᡽ᵴേߩ⋥ធ⊛ߥᵴേߩ↥಴㧔ࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻㧕ࠍ⋥✢⊛ߦᏒ᳃ߩḩ⿷ᐲߣ⚿߮ઃߌߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ᄙ᭽ߢᄙጀ⊛ߥਥ૕ߦࠃߞߡឭଏߐࠇߡ
޿ࠆߣ޿߁⃻ታߩᆫ߇ᝒ߃ߦߊߊߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߚߣߐࠇࠆ㧔Bovaird and Loeffler㧔2007㧕㧕‫ޕ‬ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߪ೨᡽ᮭ߇ᱷߒߚߎ߁޿ߞߚ᳃༡ൻ᡽╷߿ NPM ߩ⽶ߩㆮ↥ߩᤚᱜࠍឝߍߚ߇㧘ഭ௛ౄߪ᡽
ᮭᅓขએ೨ߩౄᄢળߢਥⷐ↥ᬺߩ࿖᦭ൻࠍ⋡ᜰߔߣ޿߁ౄⷙ⚂ࠍ೥㒰ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬᳃༡ൻߐࠇߚ⚵❱߿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍౣ࿖᦭ൻߔࠆߣ޿߁ㆬᛯ⢇ߪᱷߐࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠕ࡟ࡉ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬᡽ᮭߪ㧘೨᡽ᮭ߇ផߒ
ㅴ߼ߚ᳃༡ൻ߿ࠕ࠙࠻࠰࡯ࠪࡦࠣࠍ⛽ᜬߒߟߟ߽㧘౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩឭଏ߿౏౒ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬⓨ㑆ߦ߅޿ߡ᡽
ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽߇ᨐߚߔᯏ⢻ࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘᡽ᐭᵴേߩᓎഀߩౣ᭴▽ࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬㊁᡼࿑ߥ᳃༡ൻ
ߦࠃࠆ‫ޟ‬ዊߐߥ᡽ᐭ‫ߊߥ߽ߢޠ‬㧘↢↥ᚻᲑߩ࿖᦭ൻࠍ⋡ᜰߔ‫ޟ‬ᄢ߈ߥ᡽ᐭ‫޿ߥ߽ߢޠ‬㧘᡽ᴦ⊛ߦߪ‫╙ޟ‬ਃߩ㆏‫ࠍޠ‬㧘ⴕ᡽⊛ߦߪ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߥ࠻࡯ࡑࠬޟࠆࠃߦޠ‬᡽ᐭ‫ޠ‬㧘߽ߒߊߪ‫ޟ‬ᯏ⢻ߔࠆ᡽ᐭ‫ࠍޠ‬ᔒะߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧞㧕‫ޟ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬‫⋡⌕ߩ߳ޠ‬એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ⚻✲ߦࠃࠅ㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߪ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߥ࠻࡯ࡑࠬޟߡߞࠃߦޠ‬᡽ᐭ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬ᯏ⢻ߔࠆ᡽ᐭ‫⋡ࠍޠ‬ᜰߔߎߣߦߥߞߚ߇㧘ߘߩᄢ߈ߥ․ᓽߪ㧘㘈ቴḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ߿㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩ⹺⼂⺞ᩏࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆ㧘
4㧕ห᭽ߩᜰ៰ߣߒߡ㧘McLaughlin, Osborne and Ferlie㧔2002㧕ߪ NPM ࠍࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߩᛛⴚ㕙ߢߪߥߊᄙర⊛࿖ኅ㧔plural state㧕߳ߩ᜸ᚢߣߒߡߘߩ․ᓽࠍᝒ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ᧄߒߛߚޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߩޠ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺࠍ NPM ߣߩ඙ಽߩ਄㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߩ஥㕙ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄߩ⸃㗴ࠍ⹜ߺߡ޿ࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘⽷ോ⋭ߣฦ⋭ߩᄾ⚂ߢ޽ࠆ PSA㧔Public Service Agreement㧕߇㐿ᆎߐࠇߚ 1998 ᐕᒰᤨ㧘PSA ߩ᷹ቯᜰᮡߦᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ࠍ⋓ࠅㄟ߻ߴ߈ߣߩ⼏⺰߇޽ߞߚߣ޿߁㧔Office of the Deputy Prime Minister㧔2005㧕p.20㧕‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ‫ޓ‬No.39㧔2009.3㧕

‫ޟ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬‫ߩߎޕࠆ޽ߢ⋡⌕ߩ߳ޠ‬ା㗬߳ߩ⌕⋡ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߩޠ‬ℂᔨߣߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⚿߮ߟ޿ߡ޿
ࠆߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ࠕ࡟ࡉࠅࠃߣ߽ޕ‬᡽ᮭߩⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩߔߴߡࠍ⺰ߓࠆߎߣߪਇน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫․ߩޠ‬ᓽߣᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ߩ⠨߃ᣇ㧘ߘߒߡౕ૕⊛ߥขࠅ⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡ㧘એਅߩࠃ߁ߥᢛℂ߇น⢻ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ㧔࿑⴫ 1 ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬ߥ߅㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߩ᡽ᐭ߳ߩା㗬⏕଻ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߘߩౄᵷ⊛᡽ᴦᕈ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߎߣ߽ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭߪ߆ߟߡ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦߩᄢࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᐡ㧔Greater London Council㧕ߩᑄᱛ߿⥄ᴦ૕߳ߩᒝ೙┹੎౉ᧅෳട೙ᐲߩዉ౉ߥߤ㧘ഭ௛ౄߩᡰᜬၮ⋚ߢ޽ࠆ౏ോຬ⚵วߩᒙ૕ൻࠍ⁓ߞߚᡷ㕟ࠍᒝⴕߒߚߣߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛ౄߦࠃࠆ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽߳ߩା㗬⏕଻╷߽ห᭽ߦ㧘ഭ௛ౄ߳ߩᡰᜬၮ⋚⏕଻ߩߚ߼ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߢ޽ࠆߣ޿
߁⷗ᣇߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒߛߚޕ‬㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭ߇⺀↢ߒߚᤨὐߢ㧘᳃༡ൻߐࠇߚ੐ᬺߩ࿖᦭ൻߣ޿߁ㆬᛯ⢇ߪᱷߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᓟߦߺࠆ⥄ᴦ૕⃻ઍൻࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ା㗬⏕଻߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪ᡽ᮭߩ৻⥸⊛ߥᜂᒰᦼ㑆ࠍ⿥߃ߚਛ㐳ᦼ⊛ߥขࠅ⚵ߺߢ޽ࠅ㧘઒ߦ᡽ᮭ߇଻቞ౄ߳੤ઍߒߚߣߒߡ߽ߘߩലᨐߪ᡽╷ㆮ↥ߣߒߡᰴᦼ᡽ᮭ߳ᒁ߈⛮߇ࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞޿‫⥄ߦ․ߚ߹ޕ‬ᴦ૕ߩᡷ㕟ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘⼏ຬᢙߢఝ൓ߥ଻቞ౄ߳
ߩಾࠅ፣ߒᎿ૞ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ߇㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭਛᦼ߹ߢߪഭ௛ౄ߇⼏Ꮸᢙߢఝ൓ߢ޽ߞߚߎ
ߣ߆ࠄ߽㧘᡽ᴦ⊛ߥᗧ๧ว޿ࠍ᳹ߺขࠆߩߪ߿߿⓫ߞߚ⷗ᣇߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ࠣࡦࠪ࡯࠰࠻࠙ࠕߪߦࠄߐޕ‬߿ࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ᜛ᄢߦࠃࠆ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߳ߩ౏ോຬએᄖߩᜂ޿ᚻߩෳ౉ߪ㧘଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭߩขࠅ⚵ߺߣห᭽ߦㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇⃻⁁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑⴫㧝‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߣޠ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߩ㑐ㅪᕈ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫․ߩޠ‬ᓽᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ߣߩ㑐ଥౕ૕⊛ข⚵᡽╷ℂᔨߩᦌᤒߐ

᷹ⷰ᳇⃿ߣߒߡߩᏒ᳃ߩା㗬Ꮢ᳃㒳ክຬ㧘Ꮢ᳃ࡄࡀ࡞

ଔ୯ᒻᚑㆊ⒟ߣߒߡߩⴕ᡽

ౕ⃻ൻߔࠆଔ୯ߩ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢᯏ᭴ ౏ോ୶ℂၮḰᆔຬળߦࠃࠆ‫౏ޟ‬ോᓥ੐⠪ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩᗧ⼂⺞ߣߒߡߩᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ᩏ‫ޠ‬ද௛ߦࠃࠆㅪ⚿᡽ᐭขᒁࠦࠬ࠻❗ᷫߩߚ߼ߩᏒ᳃ߩ PPP㧘ࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞ࠦࡦࡄࠢ࠻
ା㗬೑↪⠪㊀ⷞߩ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ

Ꮢ႐ࠍ⚻↱ߒߥ޿೑↪⠪ߩჿߩ‫ⴕޟ‬᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㘈ቴḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ‫ޠ‬㧘‫⥄࡯ࡘ࡝ࡃ࠻ࠬࡌޟ‬ᴦ૕ḩ⿷ᐲ
෻ᤋ
⺞ᩏ‫ޠ‬

᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩ೚ᣂ

ᡷ㕟ߩࡔ࠲⹏ଔߣߒߡߩᏒ᳃ߩ ࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭ⃻ઍൻ᡽╷ߩࡔ࠲⹏ଔ
ା㗬ߣߒߡߩ‫ޟ‬ᗧ⼂⺞ᩏ‫ޠ‬㧔಴ౖ㧕
㧦Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister㧔2005㧕
㧘Committee on Standards in Public Life㧔2004,2006㧕ࠃࠅ૞ᚑࠨ࠶࠴ࡖ࡯㧘ࡔ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߣ⛯޿ߚ଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭߦࠃࠆⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߪ㧘ᚢᓟߩ⑔␩࿖ኅߩㅴዷߦࠃࠅ⢈ᄢൻߒߚⴕ᡽ࠍ㧘Ꮢ႐ߩജࠍㅢߓߡᡷ㕟ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚ‫ࠆࠁࠊ޿ޕ‬ᣂ଻቞ਥ⟵ߩ᡽ᴦ⊛ࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯ߢߪ㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩᄬᢌ‫ߩ߳ޠ‬ኻಣߪ㧘Ꮢ႐߳ߩା㗬ߦࠃߞߡน⢻ߣߥߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫଻ޕ‬቞ౄ᡽ᮭਅߢߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪᄙߊߩ
ᚑᨐࠍᱷߒߚ߽ߩߩ㧘ᣂߚߦ‫ޟ‬Ꮢ႐ߩᄬᢌ‫߇ޠ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆߥ߆㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭ߇ⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅޿ߡℂ⺰⊛ᡰᩇߣߔࠆ߽ߩߪ‫ޟ‬ᄢ߈ߥ᡽ᐭ‫ޟ߽ߢޠ‬ዊߐߥ᡽ᐭ‫ߊߥ߽ߢޠ‬㧘‫╙ޟ‬ਃߩ㆏‫ୃޟ߿ޠ‬ᱜ NPM‫ޠ‬㧔቟㧔2003㧕㧕ߣ޿ߞߚ᛬ⴲ᩺ߒ߆ᱷߐࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ࠕ࡟ࡉޕ‬᡽ᮭߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔߦߪ㧘ߘߩ᡽╷ℂᔨߩᦌᤒᕈ߿ਛㅜඨ
┵ߥ஥㕙ߦኻߔࠆᛕ್߇ᄙߊ㧘ਔ⟵⊛ߥ⹏ଔ߇Ᏹߦߟ߈߹ߣ߁㧔ጊญ㧔2005㧕㧕‫ޕ‬‫ߒߣޠ࡯ࡃࠗ࡟࡯ࡘ࠾ޟ‬㧙㧙

ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߡ೚ᣂᕈߩ஥㕙ࠍᒝ⺞ߒߚഀߦߪ㧘ℂᔨ⊛ߥᡰᩇߪ଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘‫ޟ‬ᄢ߈ߥ᡽ᐭ‫ࠍޠ‬ᮡ᭙ߒߚ‫࡯ࠝޟ‬࡞࠼࡟ࠗࡃ࡯‫߽ࠅࠃޠ‬㧘ᭂ߼ߡ⣀ᒙߥߩߢ޽ࠆ㧔Stoker㧔2003㧕㧕‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬᡽ᐭߪ㧘࿖᳃߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ᡽
╷ࠍታ⃻ߔࠆ᡽ᐭߦኻߒଔ୯ࠍ⷗಴ߔ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘Ᏹߦ᷹ⷰ᳇⃿ࠍ਄ߍᮨ⚝ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬߳ߩ⌕⋡ߪ㧘╙৻ߦߎߩࠃ߁ߥ᡽╷⊛ߥℂᔨߩᒙߐߦ⿠࿃ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙ੑߦ㧘଻቞ౄ᡽ᮭߪ㧘ⴕ᡽ࠍਥߦᏒ႐ේℂࠍㅢߓߚല₸ᕈߣ޿߁ଔ୯ߩㅊ෸ߩ㓚ኂߣߺߥߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇߦኻߒഭ௛ౄࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߢߪ㧘ⴕ᡽ㆊ⒟ߘߩ߽ߩ߇౏ᱜ㧘ᯏળဋ╬㧘␠ળ⊛൮៨㧔social inclusion㧕㧘ෳടߣ޿ߞߚ᳃ਥ⊛ߥଔ୯ࠍ૕⃻ߔࠆߴ߈߽ߩߣᝒ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪߢࠬ࡝ࠡࠗޕ‬㧘વ⛔⊛ߦⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆⷰὐ
ߩਛߦ㧘৻ቯߩⷙ▸߳ߩ㑐ࠊࠅ߇ᒝߊᗧ⼂ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ㧔ㄞ㧔1997㧕㧕‫ޕ‬᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩℂᔨ߇ⴕ᡽ߩ೙ᐲ߿ᵴേ
ߩਛߦᛩᓇߐࠇߡ߈ߚߚ߼㧘ⴕ᡽߇ߎ߁޿ߞߚ⻉ଔ୯ࠍ૕⃻ߔࠆߎߣࠍⷐ⺧ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ⹺⼂߇⢒߹ࠇߡ߈ߚߣߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽߇㧘ᮭᆭ⊛ߥሽ࿷߿නߥࠆ౏⋉ߩ⺞ᢛ⠪ߢߪߥߊ㧘ሽ࿷ߘߩ߽ߩߦ߅޿ߡߎ߁޿ߞ
ߚଔ୯ࠍ૕⃻ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ㅊ෸ߔࠆଔ୯߇Ꮢ᳃ߩଔ୯ⷰߣ৻⥌ߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ߘߩᵴേ߇Ꮢ
᳃߆ࠄᡰេߐࠇߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬‫ߪޠ‬㧘ⴕ᡽ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߇Ꮢ᳃ߩᦼᓙ߿ଔ୯ⷰߦㆡߞ
ߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߩ㧘࡝࠻ࡑࠬ⹜㛎⚕ߣߒߡ૏⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫଻ޕ‬቞ౄ᡽ᮭߦࠃߞߡㅴ߼ࠄࠇߚᡷ㕟ߪⴕ᡽ߩᵴേࠍ⚻ᷣᕈ߿⢻₸ߣ޿ߞߚᯏ᪾⊛․⾰ߦࠃߞߡ⴫⃻ߔࠆߎߣࠍផߒㅴ߼ߚ߇㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߦࠃ
ࠆⴕ᡽ߩᓎഀߩౣቯ⟵ߦࠃࠆଔ୯ߩታ⃻߿Ꮢ᳃ߩⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߣ޿ߞߚ⸒⺑ߪ㧘ᢾᣂߥขࠅ⚵ߺߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨߦ㧘વ⛔⊛ߥࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ⷰ߳ߩ࿁Ꮻߣߒߡ߽ᝒ߃ࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙ਃߦ㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߪᣂߚߥ౏౒ⓨ㑆ߩ᭴▽ࠍදജ߿ද௛㧘ද⺞ߥߤ‫ޟ‬ㅪ⚿᡽ᐭ㧔joined-up
government㧕‫⋡ߡߞࠃߦ┙⏕ߩޠ‬ᜰߘ߁ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬ㅪ⚿᡽ᐭ‫ߪߣޠ‬㧘ਥߦࠛ࡯ࠫࠚࡦࠪ࡯ൻߦࠃࠅಽ▵ൻߐࠇߚⴕ᡽ߩ৻૕ᕈࠍ㧘㚂⋧ᐭߩᒝൻ߿㔚ሶ᡽ᐭൻߦࠃࠅขࠅᚯߒ㧘ߒ߆߽නߥࠆౣ㓸ᮭൻߢߪߥߊߘࠇߙ
ࠇߩਥ૕ࠍ❬ߋේℂߣߒߡද⺞߿ද௛ࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟߚ߹ޕ‬ㅪ⚿‫▸ߩޠ‬࿐ߪ㧘ಽ▵ൻߐࠇߚⴕ᡽
⚵❱㑆ߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘⥄ᴦ૕㧘ࡏ࡜ࡦ࠲࡝࡯⚵❱㧘᳃㑆ડᬺ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߦ߹ߢ߅ࠃ߱‫ޕ‬ᜰ␜߿๮઎ߦࠃࠆ⛔೙ߢߪߥߊ㧘ද⺞㑐ଥߦၮߠߊࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߦࠃࠆ౏౒໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿ߦߪ㧘ᄙߊߩขᒁࠦࠬ࠻߇⊒↢ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆߽ᄙ᭽ߥ⚵❱࡮ਥ૕߇ෳടߒ㧘᡽ᐭ㑆ߩု⋥⊛ߥද⺞㑐ଥߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘ᐢߊ␠ળ⚵❱৻⥸ߣߩ᳓ᐔ⊛ߥද⺞㑐ଥ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆਛߢߪ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚਥ૕㑆ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆା㗬߇㧘ขᒁࠦࠬ࠻ߩ❗ᷫߦነਈߔࠆߎߣ
ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ද⺞߿ද௛ࠍផㅴߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ᡽ᐭߩ஥ߦߣߞߡ㧘ା㗬ߪ‫ޟ‬ㅪ⚿᡽ᐭ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠽࠻࡯ࡄࠆࠃߦޠ‬߇ᚑഞߔࠆ᧦ઙߣߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘NPM ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ࠛ࡯ࠫࠚࡦࠪ࡯ൻߥߤߦࠃࠅಽ▵ൻߒߚ⚵❱ߦ
ⵙ㊂ࠍਈ߃ߚ߁߃ߢ⹏ଔࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߿ࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࡝࠹ࠖࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦࠃߞߡౣ⛔วߔࠆᣇᴺ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ฦ⚵❱ߩࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ⥄Ꮖߩⵙ㊂ߦછߖࠆߣ޿߁ὐߦ߅޿ߡߪା㗬ߦၮߠ޿ߚࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿
߃ࠆ߇㧘ߘߩᒁ߈឵߃ߦ‫ޟ‬ᚑᨐߦࠃࠆ⛔೙‫ࠅࠃߦޠ‬ା㗬ߩ⏕⚂ࠍ᳞߼ࠆߣ޿߁ᣇᴺߪ㧘ା㗬ߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ߽
ਇାߦၮߠ޿ߚࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙྾ߦ㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߪ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߢ߆ߥߩޠ‬㧘೑↪⠪㊀ⷞߩ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍ⋡ᜰߔߎߣࠍឝߍߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩឭଏ߇೑↪⠪ߦߣߞߡߩᚑᨐ㊀ⷞߦߥࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ೑↪⠪ߩჿ߇෻ᤋߐࠇࠆᔅⷐ
߇޽ࠆ‫଻ޕ‬቞ౄ᡽ᮭ߇ㅴ߼ߚ᳃༡ൻߢߪ㧘Ꮢ႐ේℂࠍㅢߓߡ㧘೑↪⠪ߩჿ߇ᦨ߽෻ᤋߐࠇࠆ⚵❱߿ਥ૕߇ㆬᛯߐࠇࠆߪߕߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘᳃༡ൻߐࠇߚ࿖㋕ߩ੐଀ߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚේℂߩᯏ⢻ਇో߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠅ㧘⋥ធ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ೑↪⠪ߚࠆᏒ᳃ߩ⹏ଔ߿ᗧ⷗߇෻ᤋߐࠇࠆෳട⚻〝߇↪ᗧߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆ㘈ቴḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏߩታᣉ߿⥄ᴦ૕ߩฦࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ࡜ࡦࠢઃߌߦࠃࠅ㧘Ꮢ႐ࠍ⚻↱ߒߥ޿㧘೑↪⠪ߩჿߩ෻ᤋ࠴ࡖࡦࡀ࡞߇㐿߆ࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧔Peters㧔2001㧕
㧕
‫ޕ‬
ᦨᓟߦ㧘
‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߪߢޠ‬㧘એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥขࠅ⚵ߺࠍㅢߓߡ㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽߳ߩା㗬ࠍขࠅᚯߔߎߣ
ࠍၮᧄ⊛ߥ⠨߃ᣇߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ߦߪ‫ࠍޠ࡯ࡃࠗ࡟࡯ࡘ࠾ޟ‬ᮡ᭙ߔࠆࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߪ㧘‫ޟ‬᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩ೚㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ‫ޓ‬No.39㧔2009.3㧕

ᣂ㧔democratic renewal㧕‫ࠍޠ‬ឝߍߡ޿ߚ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ࠆࠃߦޠ‬᭽‫ߥޘ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬߇⏕଻ߢ߈ࠆ߆߇㧘ᡷ㕟ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓో૕ߩࡔ࠲⹏ଔߩၮḰߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠕ࡟ࡉޕ‬᡽ᮭߦ߅ߌࠆ‫ޟ‬᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩ೚ᣂ‫ߪߦޠ‬㧘વ⛔⊛ߥ⼏ળߦࠃࠆⴕ᡽ߩ⛔೙ߦઍࠊߞߡ㧘ᖱႎᛛⴚࠍㅢߓߚෳ
ട⚻〝߿ᖱႎߩឭଏߣᏒ᳃ᢎ⢒㧔citizenship education㧕ߦࠃࠅ㧘ᮭ೑ߣߒߡߩ␠ળ⊛ෳടࠍଦߒ␠ળ⊛൮៨㧔social inclusion㧕ࠍ㜞߼㧘␠ળో૕ߩା㗬ࠍ㙃ߞߡ޿ߎ߁ߣ޿߁⠨߃ᣇ߇⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᣇ╷ߦࠃࠅ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽߳ߩା㗬ࠍ㜞߼ࠆߎߣ߇␠ળో૕ߩା㗬ߩะ਄ߦߟߥ߇ࠅ㧘ੱ‫ߩޘ‬දജⴕേ߇ࠃࠅᵴ⊒ߦߥࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ␠ળߩ᭴ㅧࠍ⼾߆ߦߒߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁⊒ᗐߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠕ࡟ࡉߦ․ޕ‬᡽ᮭߢ㊀ⷞߐࠇߚߩ߇Ꮢ᳃
ᢎ⢒ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߘߎߦߪ㧘EU ᜛ᄢߩᓇ㗀ߦࠃࠅ᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩଔ୯ⷰࠍ᦭ߒߥ޿࿖‫ޘ‬㧘ਥߦ᧲᰷⻉࿖߆ࠄߩ⒖᳃ߩ᜛ᄢ߇㧘᡽ᐭ߳ߩା㗬߿ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩવ⛔⊛᡽ᴦ⊛ଔ୯ⷰࠍᩮᧄ߆ࠄଚ㘩ߒ߆ߨߥ޿ߣ޿߁ෂᯏᗵ߇
⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐߪᰴ┨ߢ߽ౣᐲᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞㧚‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭ߳ߩା㗬‫ߩޠ‬᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߣା㗬ߩ⁁ᴫࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߦ․ᓽ⊛ߥ᡽╷ߪߎߩઁߦ߽ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼㧘࠙ࠚ࡯࡞࠭ߢߩ࿾ᣇಽᮭ߿ᢎ⢒᡽╷ߥߤᄙጘߦࠊߚࠆ߇㧘
‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߩޠ‬ℂᔨߣߘߩ⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠆ⠨߃ᣇࠍᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄౣ᭴ᚑߔࠆߣ㧘એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥᢛℂ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚ㑐ㅪᕈࠍᔨ㗡ߦ㧘ౕ૕⊛ߥା㗬ߩ⺞ᩏ߿ା㗬࿁ᓳߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᴫߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭ߇ᝒ߃ࠆା㗬ߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߣ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ
ା㗬⁁ᴫߦߟ޿ߡߺߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬㧔㧝㧕ା㗬ߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛
᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩ⹺⼂ߪ㧘᭽‫ⷐߥޘ‬࿃ߦࠃߞߡ᭴ᚑߐࠇ߁ࠆ‫ޕ‬ା㗬ߔࠆ஥ߢ޽ࠆᏒ᳃ߩ․ᕈߦ
ߟ޿ߡߪ Social Capital ߿᡽ᴦᢥൻߩᄌൻ߇⹺⼂ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ߒ㧘ା㗬ߐࠇࠆ஥ߩⷐ࿃ߦߟ޿
ߡߪ㧘౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⾰㊂ߩᄌൻ㧘ᳪ⡯੐ઙߥߤਇ␽੐ߩᓇ㗀㧘᳃ਥਥ⟵ߣ޿߁᡽ᴦࠪࠬ࠹ࡓో૕ߦኻߔ
ࠆ⹏ଔߩᄌൻߦࠃߞߡ߽ᄢ߈ߊᄌࠊࠅ߁ࠆ㧔Klingemann and Fuchs㧔1995㧕
㧘Norris㧔1999㧕㧘࠽ࠗ㧔2002㧕
㧘ⁿญ㧔2004㧕㧘ᄢጊ㧔2007㧕㧕‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ਔ⠪ߪ⋥ធ⊛ߦ❬߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ⸶ߢߪߥߊ㧘ᣂ⡞ႎ㆏߿࠹࡟ࡆߩᤋ௝ߣ޿ߞ
ߚࡑࠬࠦࡒࠍᇦ੺ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߇ᄙ޿ 5㧕‫ߪߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ߣߪ㧘᭽‫ⷐߥޘ‬࿃ߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߟߟᦨ⚳⊛ߥ✚ว್ᢿߣߒߡ⴫᣿ߐࠇࠆᏒ᳃ߩਥⷰ⊛⹺⼂ߢ޽ࠆ㧔࡞࡯ࡑࡦ㧔1990㧕
㧘ጊጯ
㧔1998㧕
㧘Hardin㧔2000㧕㧕‫ޕ‬᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬߇㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩ஥ߦߣߞߡᗧ๧ߩ޽ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘᡽╷⊛ߥࠗࡦࡊ࡝ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍᜬߟ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘නߥࠆශ⽎⺰ߣߒߡ⴫᣿ߐࠇࠆା㗬ᗵߢߪߥߊ㧘૗ࠍᜬߞߡା㗬ߐࠇ㧔ା㗬ߐࠇߕ㧕㧘ߘߩ⁁ᴫ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄌൻߒߡ޿ࠆ߆㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇੍߼޽ࠆ⒟ᐲ᣿ࠄ
߆ߦߥࠄߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ㧘ା㗬ߩ໧㗴ߣߪ᷹ቯߩ໧㗴ߢ߽޽ࠆ‫ࠕ࡟ࡉޕ‬᡽ᮭߩขࠅ⚵ߺߢߪ㧘ߎߩᄙ⟵⊛ߥ‫ޟ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬‫ࠍޠ‬᭴ᚑߔࠆⷐ⚛ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߳ߩḩ⿷ᐲ㧔satisfaction with service
delivery㧕㧘౏ോᓥ੐⠪ߩ⺈ታᕈ㧔honesty㧕ߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ㧘Ꮢ᳃߇౏⊛⺖㗴ߣߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦㆡಾߦኻᔕ
ߢ߈ߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁Ꮢ᳃ߩ᦭ലᕈᗵⷡ㧔efficacy㧕ߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ㧘ߘߒߡᏒ᳃ߩⴕ᡽ߩᵴേߦኻߔࠆ⍮⼂
5㧕
Pharr㧔2000㧕ߪ㧘᡽ᴦਇାߣᣂ⡞ႎ㆏ߩᳪ⡯⸥੐ߦ⋧㑐㑐ଥ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆߣߒ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߩ᡽ᴦ࡮ⴕ᡽೙ᐲߦኻߔࠆਇାߦ㑐ߒߡࡑࠬࡔ࠺ࠖࠕߩⷐ࿃ࠍᒝ⺞ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪߢࠞ࡝ࡔࠕޕ‬㧘Center for Media and Public Affairs㧔1999, 2002㧕߇࠹࡟ࡆ⇟⚵ߢ౏ോຬ߇ߤߩࠃ
߁ߦឬ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍ⺞ᩏߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘1990 ᐕઍߦߪ⚂ 80% ߢ‽⟋ߦ㑐ਈߔࠆᖡᓎߣߒߡឬ߆ࠇ㧘ߘߩᲧ₸ߪઁߩ㈩ᓎ㧔଀㧦㌁ⴕຬ㧕ߩ⚂ 2 ୚ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ㧔knowledge㧕ߦಽ㘃ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 2005㧕
‫ޟࠄࠇߎޕ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬‫ߩޠ‬ฦⷐ⚛ߣߘࠇߙࠇߦኻᔕߒߚ᷹ቯᣇ╷㧘࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺᣉ╷ߣߩ㑐ଥߪ㧘એਅߩࠃ߁ߦᢛℂ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑⴫㧞‫ޓ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߣ᷹ቯ࡮ขࠅ⚵ߺ੐଀᭴ᚑⷐ⚛

᷹ቯ࡮ขࠅ⚵ߺ੐଀ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߳ߩḩ⿷ᐲ㧔satisfaction
with service delivery㧕ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㘈ቴḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯⥄ᴦ૕ḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ㧘ࡆ࡯ࠦࡦࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞

౏ോᓥ੐⠪ߩ⺈ታᕈ㧔honesty㧕ߦኻ ౏ോ୶ℂၮḰᆔຬળߦࠃࠆ‫౏ޟ‬ോᓥ੐⠪ߦኻߔࠆߔࠆ⹏ଔᏒ᳃ᗧ⼂⺞ᩏ‫ޠ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬Ꮢ᳃ߩ᦭ലᕈᗵⷡ㧔efﬁcacy㧕ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯㧘࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭ⃻ઍൻ᡽╷ߩࡔ࠲⹏ଔ
ߣߒߡߩ‫ޟ‬ᗧ⼂⺞ᩏ‫ޠ‬㧘Ꮢ᳃ࡄࡀ࡞㧘Ꮢ᳃㒳ክຬઁᏒ᳃ߩⴕ᡽ߩᵴേߦኻߔࠆ⍮⼂㧔knowledge㧕ⴕ᡽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㘈ቴḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯⥄ᴦ૕ḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ㧘Ꮢ᳃ࡄࡀ࡞㧘Ꮢ᳃㒳ክຬઁ㧔಴ౖ㧕
㧦Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister 2005 ࠃࠅ╩⠪૞ᚑ߹ߕࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߳ߩḩ⿷ᐲߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦ㑐ߔࠆ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘⥄ᴦ૕㑆ߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ┹੎ࠍଦߔߚ߼ߦࡌࠬ࠻ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯㧔Best Value㧕ḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ఝ⑲੐଀ߦࠃࠆవዉࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߣߒߡࡆ࡯ࠦࡦࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㧔Beacon Council㧕ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇ታᣉߐࠇࠆߥ
ߤ㧘㘈ቴḩ⿷ᐲో૕ߩᐩ਄ߍࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬ᔨ㗡ߦ⟎߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆା㗬ߣߪ㧘ᬺ❣ߦኻߔࠆ⹏
ଔߦࠃߞߡ⴫᣿ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ‫ޟ‬ା㗬‫ࠅ޽ߢޠ‬㧘ḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠅ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩᵴേߩᚑᨐߢ޽ࠆᬺ❣ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߩታᖱࠍᛠីߒ㧘ᬺ❣ࠍᐩ਄ߍߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡା㗬ࠍะ਄ߐߖࠃ߁ߣ޿߁⠨߃߇⺒ߺขࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬౏ോᓥ੐⠪㧔Public Life㧕ߩ⺈ታᕈߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘౏ോ୶ℂၮḰᆔຬળ㧔Committee onStandards on Public Life㧕߇౏ോຬ߿౏ㆬ⼏ຬߥߤߩ౏ോᓥ੐⠪ߩᵴേߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩ⹺⼂߿ା㗬ߩ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘౏ോᓥ੐⠪ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬㧘ᵴേߦኻߔࠆ⹺⼂㧘᡽╷ߩఝవ⺖㗴ࠍᛠីߒ㧘౏ോᓥ੐⠪ߦ⸵ኈߐࠇࠆᵴേ▸࿐ߩ↹ቯ߿㧘ᵴേߩ᦭ലᕈ㧘⺑᣿⽿છߩ㆐ᚑᐲว޿ࠍ⹏ଔߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁߽
ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩ᭴ᚑຬߩⴕേߦኻߔࠆ‫ޟ‬ା㗬‫ࠍޠ‬ะ਄ߐߖࠃ߁ߣ޿߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩ᡽ᴦ⊛᦭ലᕈᗵⷡߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃㒳ክຬ㧔Citizens Jury㧕߿Ꮢ᳃ࡄࡀ࡞㧔Citizens Panel㧕ߣ޿ߞߚ᡽╷ᒻᚑㆊ⒟߳ߩෳടߣ㧘㔚ሶ᡽ᐭൻߦࠃࠆᖱႎឭଏߦࠃߞߡᏒ᳃ߣߩᖱႎᩰᏅߩ⸃ᶖࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ߣߒ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚขࠅ⚵ߺ߇Ꮢ᳃ߩ⹺⼂߿ା㗬ߩᐲว޿ߦਈ߃ࠆᓇ㗀ߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸽߇ⴕࠊࠇߪߓ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᦨᓟߩᏒ᳃ߩⴕ᡽ᵴേߦኻߔࠆ⍮⼂ߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘Ꮢ᳃㒳ክຬ߿Ꮢ᳃ࡄࡀ࡞ߥߤߩᏒ᳃ෳടᚻᴺ㧘㔚ሶ᡽ᐭൻߦࠃࠆ‫ޟ‬ㅪ⚿᡽ᐭ㧔Joined up Government㧕‫ޠ‬㧘ߘߒߡฦ⒳ḩ⿷ᐲ⺞ᩏߩ౏⴫ߦࠃࠆᖱႎឭଏߦࠃߞߡ㧘᡽ᐭ㧘ⴕ᡽ߣᏒ᳃ߩ㑆ߩᖱႎᩰᏅߩ⸃ᶖࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⥝ޕ‬๧ᷓ޿ߩߪ㧘ା㗬ߐࠇࠆ஥ߢ޽ࠆ
ⴕ᡽ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߛߌߢߥߊ㧘Ꮢ᳃߇ⴕ᡽ߩᵴേࠍ್ᢿߔࠆ㓙ߦ↪޿ࠆᖱႎ߿⍮⼂ࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ା㗬ߔࠆ஥ߢ޽ࠆᏒ᳃ߩ஥ߩ․ᕈߦߟ޿ߡ߽ะ਄ࠍᗧ࿑ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߩะ਄ࠍᏒ᳃ߩ஥ߩ․ᕈߩะ਄߆ࠄᬌ⸛ߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ὐߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ᡽ᐭ߇㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ૐਅࠍᏒ᳃ߩ஥ߩ໧㗴ߢ߽޽ࠆߣߒߡᝒ߃ߡ޿ࠆ⸽Ꮐߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫࡝ࠡࠗޕ‬ࠬߢߪ㧘2004 ᐕߩ᧲᰷⻉࿖ߩ EU ട⋖ߦࠃࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠄᣂട⋖࿖߆ࠄߩ⒖᳃߇৻᳇ߦჇᄢߒߚ‫ޕ‬2003 ᐕߦ
ߪ EU ട⋖࿖߆ࠄࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ߳ߩ⒖᳃ߪ⚂ 14,000 ੱߢ޽ߞߚ߇㧘2004 ᐕߦߪ 74,000 ੱߣ 5 ୚એ਄ߦჇട
㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ‫ޓ‬No.39㧔2009.3㧕

ߒߚ㧔Office for National Statistics㧔2005㧕㧕‫ߩ߳ࠬ࡝ࠡࠗߡߟ߆ޕ‬⒖᳃ߪ㧘ᣥᬀ᳃࿾⻉࿖ߢ޽ࠆࠦࡕࡦ࠙
ࠛ࡞ࠬട⋖࿖߇ਛᔃߢ޽ࠅ㧘ቬਥ࿖ߣߒߡᬀ߃ઃߌߚࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩଔ୯ⷰࠍ౒᦭ߔࠆ⒖᳃߇ਥߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᣥ␠ળਥ⟵⻉࿖ߢ޽ࠆ᧲᰷⻉࿖߆ࠄߩ⒖᳃߇Ⴧടߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘᡽ᐭߪ᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩଔ୯ⷰߩ⛽ᜬ߿᡽ᐭ߳ߩା㗬ߦߟ޿ߡෂᯏᗵࠍᛴߊࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬㧘࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄߦ߅޿ߡ
᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩෂᯏߦኻߔࠆ ᔨߪ㧘ᣥ␠ળਥ⟵⻉࿖ߩ᧲᰷ߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩ᡽ᐭਇାߦ┵ࠍ⊒ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ
޽ࠆ㧔Klingemann and Fuches㧔1995㧕
㧘Noriss㧔1999㧕㧕‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦ㧘EU ߇ታᣉߒߡ޿ࠆ Eurobarometer ߿
Candidate Countries Eurobrometer ߥߤߩ਎⺰⺞ᩏߢߪ㧘ਛ᰷߅ࠃ߮᧲᰷⻉࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⼏ળ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆ
ା㗬ߪૐ޿‫ࠄࠇߎߚ߹ޕ‬ᣥ␠ળਥ⟵⻉࿖ߢߪ㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߣ޿ߞߚ౏⊛ᯏ㑐ߩ⚵❱߇⣀ᒙߢᧂ⊒㆐ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ᳪ⡯߇⬧ᑧߒߡ޿ࠆߣߐࠇ㧘ലᨐ⊛ߥขࠅ⚵ߺߩᔅⷐᕈ߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔OECD㧔2000㧕㧕‫ߞ޿߁ߎޕ‬ߚ࿖‫ߩࠄ߆ޘ‬⒖᳃ߦߣߞߡߪ㧘⼊ኤቭߥߤࠬ࠻࡝࡯࠻࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩ౏ോຬߣߩធ⸅ߦ߅޿ߡ⾔⾒ࠍ⿅ࠅ․೎
ߥ⸘ࠄ޿ࠍฃߌࠆߎߣߥߤߪᓐࠄߩ↢ᵴᗧ⼂ߦᨴߺઃ޿ߚ̌Ᏹ⼂̍ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘߹ߚ᡽ᐭ߿⼏ળ㧘ߘࠇࠍᡰ߃ࠆ᳃ਥਥ⟵ߘߩ߽ߩࠍା㗬ߒߥ޿௑ะ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠕ࡟ࡉޕ‬᡽ᮭߢᏒ᳃ᢎ⢒㧔Citizenship Education㧕߇㊀ὐ⊛ߥ᡽╷ߣߒߡขࠅ⚵߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߦߪ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ੐ᖱ߇⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧞㧕Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߩ᷹ቯ⁁ᴫ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߪߢޠ‬㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳࠍᗧ⼂ߒߚขࠅ⚵ߺ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ታ㓙ߩ᡽ᐭߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬⁁ᴫߦ㑐ߒߡߪࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߢ߽⹦⚦ߥ⺞ᩏߪ㒢ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘᡽╷⊛ߥࠗࡦࡊ࡝ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ
ࡦࠍᜬߟ⺞ᩏߪዋߥ޿ 6㧕‫ߪߢߎߎ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ା㗬ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆⷐ⚛ߩ߁ߜ࠺࡯࠲߇లታߒߡ޿ࠆ᡽ᐭߩ⺈ታᕈߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ߣ㧘⥄ᴦ૕࡟ࡌ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆ᡽ᐭ߳ߩା㗬⁁ᴫߩੑߟߦ⛉ߞߡᏒ᳃ߩା㗬⁁ᴫࠍ⏕⹺ߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬㧔㨍㧕᡽ᐭߩ⺈ታᕈߦኻߔࠆା㗬᡽ᐭߩ⺈ታᕈߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘2003 ᐕߦ⋙ᩏᆔຬળߣ MORI ␠ળ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥᚲ߇㧘Ꮢ᳃ߦ⌀ታࠍવ߃ߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆㧔telling the truth㧕ߣ޿߁ା㗬ߦ⛉ߞߡ⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔Audit Commission &MORI Social Research Institute㧔2003a㧕㧕‫߫ࠇࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘৻⥸⊛ߦᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆା㗬ૐਅߩ௑ะߦ෻ߒߡ㧘
1990 ᐕઍએ㒠౏ോຬ㧔civil servants㧕ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߪ 1980 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ޽߹ࠅᄌൻߪߥߊ㧘߻ߒࠈ࿁ᓳၮ⺞ߦ޽ࠆࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ା㗬ߩ࿁ᓳ௑ะߪ㧘ᢎᏧ㧘᡽ᴦኅ㧘ഭ௛⚵วᐙㇱߦ߽ᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ା㗬ߩᐲว⥄૕ߪ㧘᡽ᴦኅߦኻߔࠆ߽ߩࠃࠅ߽Ᏹߦ㜞޿㧔࿑⴫ 3 ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬ߚߛߒ㧘౏ോ୶ℂၮḰᆔຬળ㧔Committee on Standards in Public Life㧕߇ⴕߞߚ౏ോᓥ੐⠪ߩ⺈ታᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆା㗬⺞ᩏߦࠃࠇ߫㧘᡽ᴦ߿ⴕ᡽ߦ៤ࠊࠆੱ㑆ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߩ⛘ኻ୯ߪ㧘ઁߩ⡯ᬺߣᲧߴ᳿ߒߡ㜞ߊߪߥ޿‫౏ޕ‬ോ୶ℂၮḰᆔຬળߪ 1994 ᐕߦ᡽ᐭౝߦ⸳┙ߐࠇߚᯏ㑐ߢ޽ࠅ㧘౏ോߦ៤ࠊࠆ⠪߇ㆩ቞ߔߴ
߈ේೣߣߒߡή᰼㧔Selflessness㧕㧘ᷡᑇ㧔Integrity㧕㧘ቴⷰᕈ㧔Objectivity㧕㧘⺑᣿⽿છ㧔Accountability㧕㧘౏㐿㧔Openness㧕㧘౏ᱜ㧔Honesty㧕㧘ᜰዉᕈ㧔Leadership㧕ߩ 7 ේೣࠍቯ߼㧘ߎࠇࠄߩේೣ߇Ꮢ᳃ߩ⹺⼂ߣว⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡቯᦼ⊛ߦ⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔Committee on Standards in Public Life㧔2004,2006㧕
㧕7㧕‫ޕ‬
6㧕᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏᄙߊߪ৻⥸⊛ߥ਎⺰⺞ᩏߩ৻ㇱ߆㧘߽ߒߊߪ᡽ᴦߦኻߔࠆା㗬ࠍઍᦧᜰᮡߣߒߡ೑↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Bouckaert ࠄߪ㧘࠺࡯࠲ਇ⿷ߩℂ↱ߣߒߡ㧘ⴕ᡽ᢥൻ⎇ⓥ߇೙ᐲ⺰ߣ᡽ᴦⴕ᡽㑐ଥߦ㊀ὐ߇⟎߆ࠇߔ߉ߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒ㧘⎇ⓥߩὶὐߦᏒ᳃ࠍ฽߼ࠆᔅⷐᕈࠍ᜼ߍ㧘⃻࿷౉ᚻน⢻ߥ⺞ᩏߩᚲ࿷ࠍ⚫੺ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔Bouckaert et al. 2005㧕‫ޕ‬
7㧕ߎߎߢ౏ോᓥ੐⠪ߣߪ㧘㑑௥㧘࿖ળ⼏ຬ㧘⥄ᴦ૕▤ℂ⡯㧘ቇᩞᩞ㐳㧘㜞⚖౏ോຬ㧘࿾ᣇ⼏ຬ㧘⼊ኤ▤ℂ⡯ࠍᜰߔ‫ࠡࠗ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬࡝ࠬ౏ോຬߩવ⛔⊛ଔ୯ߣߐࠇࠆ᡽ᴦ⊛ਛ┙ᕈߪේೣߦ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ࿑⴫㧟‫⌀ޓ‬ታࠍવ߃ࠆߎߣߦኻߔࠆା㗬㧔಴ౖ㧕
㧦Audit Commission & MORI Social Research Institute㧔2003a㧕࿑⴫㧠‫౏ޓ‬ോᓥ੐⠪ߩ⺈ታᕈߦኻߔࠆା㗬
2004 ᐕ

2006 ᐕ

߆߆ࠅߟߌක

92%

93%

ቇᩞߩᩞ㐳

84%

84%

ⵙ್ቭ

80%

81%

࿾రߩ⼊ኤቭ

77%

77%

⼊ኤߩ▤ℂ⡯

68%

69%

࠹࡟ࡆ࠾ࡘ࡯ࠬߩࠫࡖ࡯࠽࡝ࠬ࠻

49%

51%

࿾రㆬ಴ߩ࿖ળ⼏ຬ

47%

48%

౏┙∛㒮ߩ▤ℂ⡯

44%

43%

࿾ᣇ⼏ຬ

41%

43%

‫ޟ‬Times‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬Telegraph‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬Guardian‫ߚߞ޿ߣޠ‬ᣂ⡞ߩ⸥⠪

38%

39%

㜞⚖౏ോຬ

37%

37%

⥄ᴦ૕ߩ▤ℂ⡯35%36%࿖ળ⼏ຬ৻⥸

27%

29%

ᄢડᬺߩ⚻༡⠪

24%

24%

ਇേ↥ᬺ⠪

20%

24%

㑑௥

24%

23%

‫ޟ‬Sun‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬Mirror‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬Daily Star‫ߚߞ޿ߣޠ‬ᣂ⡞ߩ⸥⠪

7%

9%

㧔ᵈ㧕
㧦✂ដߌㇱಽ߇‫౏ޟ‬ോᓥ੐⠪‫ޠ‬㧔಴ౖ㧕㧦Committee on Standards in Public Life㧔2004,2006㧕㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ‫ޓ‬No.39㧔2009.3㧕

ㆊ෰ߦੑᐲታᣉߐࠇߚ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆߣ㧘⌀ታࠍ⺆ࠆ੐ߦ㑐ߒߡᦨ߽ା㗬ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪ㧘‫ߌߟࠅ߆߆ޟ‬ක‫ޠ‬ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩᰴߦ‫ޟ‬ቇᩞߩᩞ㐳‫ޠ‬㧘‫್ⵙޟ‬ቭ‫߽ᦨޕߊ⛯ߣޠ‬ା㗬ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߪ㧘ᄢⴐ⚕ߩ⸥⠪߿ਇേ↥ᬺ⠪ߣߣ߽ߦ㧘㑑௥߇᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫౏ߩࠇߙࠇߘޕ‬ോᓥ੐⠪ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߩ߫ࠄߟ߈ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߣធ⸅ߔࠆᯏળߩᄙ޿⃻႐⡯߿㧘㕖ౄᵷ⊛ߥ⚵❱߇ࠃࠅା㗬ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘࿾ᣇ⼏ຬߩ߶߁߇࿖ળ⼏ຬో⥸ࠃࠅ߽ା㗬ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘࿾రㆬ಴ߩ࿖ળ⼏ຬࠃࠅߪ߿߿ૐ޿⹏ଔߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߐޕ‬ࠄߦ㧘2004 ᐕߣ 2006 ᐕߩ㑆ߢߎࠇࠄ౏ോᓥ੐⠪ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩ⹺⼂ߦߪ߶ߣࠎߤᄌൻߪߺࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬ߎߩ⚿ᨐߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߣធ⸅ߩᯏળ߇ዋߥ޿౏ോຬ㧘ߘߒߡ㑑௥߿࿖ળ⼏ຬߣ޿ߞߚᐢߊ౏ോࠍᜂ߁⠪ߦኻߔࠆ⺈ታᕈߩ⹏ଔࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡ㜞߼ࠆ߆߇㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ో૕ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳߦᄢ߈ߊ㑐ࠊߞߡߊࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘Ꮢ᳃ߣߩធ⸅߇ዋߥ޿ಽ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ⠪ߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔߪႎ㆏߿⹏್ߣ޿ߞ
ߚ㑆ធᖱႎߦࠃࠆࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠅ㧘ା㗬࿁ᓳߦߪ㧘ା㗬ᕈࠍࠕࡇ࡯࡞ߔࠆߚ߼ߩᐢႎᚢ⇛߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㨎㧕⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬⁁ᴫߎࠇ߹ߢߺߡ߈ߚ⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎ߪਛᄩ᡽ᐭ߆᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽৻⥸ߢ޽ߞߚ߇㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߩ࿾ᣇ⼏ળ㧔Local
Council㧕㧘⼊ኤ㧔Local Police㧕㧘౏┙∛㒮㧔Local NHS Hospital㧕ߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ߦߟ޿ߡ⺞ߴߚ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆߣ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߩᐲว޿ߪ౏┙∛㒮߇ 79%㧔‫߽ߡߣޟ‬㧔great deal㧕‫ޠ‬㧘‫޽߹޽߹ޟ‬㧔fair
amount㧕‫ࠍޠ‬ว⸘ߒߚ୯‫ޕ‬એਅหߓ㧕㧘⼊ኤ߇ 74㧑㧘࿾ᣇ⼏ળ߇ 48㧑ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧔Audit Commission &MORI Social Research Institute㧔2003b㧕㧕‫ޕ‬ߎߩ⺞ᩏߢߪߘࠇߙࠇߩᯏ㑐ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߦਈ߃ࠆᓇ㗀ⷐ࿃ࠍ࿁Ꮻಽᨆߦࠃߞߡ⺞ߴߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘౏┙∛㒮߳ߩ⹏ଔߪធㆄߩ⦟ߐ㧘ᄬᢌ߆ࠄቇ⠌ߔࠆᘒᐲ㧘ታ㓙ߦ೑↪ߒߚ๟࿐ߩੱߩ⹏್ࠍၮߦ್ᢿߐࠇ㧘⼊ኤߦߟ޿ߡߪធㆄ߿⟑㐳߿ᐙㇱߣ޿ߞߚ▤ℂ⠪ߦኻߔࠆ㜞޿⹏ଔ߇ା㗬ߦߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿾ᣇ⼏ળߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ធㆄᘒᐲએᄖߪߔߴߡᖡᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆⷐ࿃ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘․ߦ⼏ຬߩ⾗⾰ߦኻߔࠆૐ⹏ଔߣ㧘෹ੱ߿ኅᣖ㑆ߢߩ⼏ળߦኻߔࠆ㑆ធᖱႎ߇㧘ା㗬ᐲߩ᳿ቯߦᓇ㗀ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑⴫㧡‫ޓ‬ା㗬ᒻᚑߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆⷐ࿃
࿾ᣇ⼏ળ

⼊ኤ

౏┙∛㒮

ធㆄ

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٤

٤

⚂᧤ߩㆩ቞

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Њ

Њ

ᄬᢌ߆ࠄߩቇ⠌Њ٤෹ੱ߿ኅᣖߩ⹏್

Њ٤▤ℂ⠪ߩ⾗⾰٤ੱ‫ߩޘ‬ჿߦ⡊ࠍ௑ߌߡ޿ࠆ߆

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٤࡮࡮ࠃ޿ᓇ㗀‫ޓ‬Њ࡮࡮ਛ┙‫࡮࡮ޓ‬ᖡ޿ᓇ㗀㧔಴ౖ㧕
㧦Audit Commission & MORI Social Research Institute㧔2003b㧕p.17

㧙㧙

ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߎߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄផ᷹ߢ߈ࠆߎߣߪ㧘╙৻ߦ‫ޟ‬ធㆄ‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘߦ߁ࠃߩޠ‬ᯏ㑐ߣߩធ⸅ᯏળ߇㧘ା㗬ߩᒻᚑߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫∛┙౏ޕ‬㒮߿⼊ኤߥߤᲧセ⊛ߦធ⸅ᯏળ߇ᄙ޿ᯏ㑐߇㜞ߊ⹏ଔߐࠇ㧘৻⥸Ꮢ᳃ߩ↢ᵴߦ߅޿ߡᔅߕߒ߽㗫❥ߥ੤ᷤ߿ធ⸅߇޽ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿࿾ᣇ⼏ળߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ߇ૐߊߥߞ
ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ߽㧘ુ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߪ㧘නߦ᡽╷ߩࡄࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦࠬࠍࠃߊߔࠆߛߌߢߥߊ㧘ෳടߩ᜛లߥߤ᡽ᐭ߿⥄ᴦ૕ߣߩធ⸅ߦࠃࠆ㑐ଥᕈᒝൻߦࠃߞߡ߽ะ਄ߔࠆน⢻ᕈࠍ␜ໂߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙ੑߦ㧘෹ੱ߿ኅᣖߩ⹏್߇࿾ᣇ⼏ળߦߪࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߩᓇ㗀㧘౏┙∛㒮ߪࡊ࡜ࠬߩᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ
߆ࠄ߽㧘ⴕ᡽ᯏ㑐ߦኻߔࠆ⹺⼂ߪ㧘ฦᯏ㑐߆ࠄ⋥ធឭଏߐࠇࠆᖱႎߢߪߥߊ㧘㑆ធ⊛ߥᖱႎߦࠃߞߡᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬వߩ࿑⴫ 4 ߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߢߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩᄢⴐ⚕ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߪᭂ߼ߡૐ߆ߞߚ‫ߒޕ‬߆ߒታ㓙ߦߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߪ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚࡔ࠺ࠖࠕႎ㆏߿๟࿐ߩ⹏್ߥߤߩ㑆ធᖱႎߦ߽ᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߎ߆ࠄߪ㧘․ߦᏒ᳃ߩᕡᏱ⊛ߥធ⸅ᯏળ߇ዋߥ޿ⴕ᡽ᯏ㑐ߦߣߞߡߪ㧘ᬺ❣ᖱႎࠍㅢߓߚᏒ᳃ߣߩࠦ
ࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᚢ⇛ߣ޿߁᡽╷⊛ߥࠗࡦࡊ࡝ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ዉ߈ߛߖࠆ‫ޕ‬ା㗬ߣߪ㧘ା㗬ߔࠆ஥ߢ޽ࠆᏒ
᳃ߩ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߥߤߩ৻⥸⊛⹺⼂એᄖߦ߽㧘ା㗬ߔࠆ߽ߒߊߪା㗬ߒߥ޿ߣ޿߁
್ᢿࠍߔࠆߛߌߩᖱႎߣ⸽᜚ࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ⴕ᡽ߩᵴേߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎ߇ㆡಾߦᏒ᳃ߦવ߃ࠄࠇ㧘ߘࠇ߇Ꮢ᳃ߩ㑆ߢㆶᵹߔࠆ߆ߤ߁߆߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠕࠖ࠺ࡔߚ߹ޕ‬ႎ㆏ߪ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩᄬᢌࠍ㊀ὐ⊛ߦવ߃ࠆߚ߼㧘ⴕ᡽ߩ஥⥄り߇ᚑഞ૕㛎ࠍᏒ᳃ߦ߈ߜࠎߣવ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ὐ߽ห᭽ߦ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬㧟㧚ା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߣߘߩᚑᨐ
ߎߎ߹ߢ㧘޿ߊߟ߆ߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐࠍ߽ߣߦᏒ᳃ߩ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߩ⁁ᴫߣ㧘ߘߩⷐ࿃ߦߟ޿ߡᬌ
⸛ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ࠆ޽ߢ⊛⋡ߥ⊛⚳ᦨߩޠ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬⏕଻ߪ㧘10 ᐕㄭߊߦ෸߱ขࠅ
⚵ߺߩ⚿ᨐ㧘ታ㓙ߦะ਄ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ㧘‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ߢޠ‬ขࠅ⚵߹ࠇߡ߈ߚᏒ᳃ߩା
㗬࿁ᓳᣉ╷ߩታ㓙ߩലᨐߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᬌ⸽߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ⥄ᴦ૕࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦ⛉ߞߡᬌ⸛ߒߡߺߚ
޿‫ࠕ࡟ࡉޕ‬᡽ᮭߢߪ㧘1998 ᐕߣ 2001 ᐕߦߘࠇߙࠇ࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭ⊕ᦠࠍ౏⴫ߒ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻࡮ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯߿⥄ᴦ૕౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬวᗧ㧔Local Public Service Agreements㧕ߥߤߩ 20 એ਄ߩౕ૕⊛ߥᡷ㕟ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇㧘⥄ᴦ૕⃻ઍൻࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳㧔Local Government Modernisation Agenda㧕ߣߒߡขࠅ⚵߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺߪ㧘ᡷ㕟ߩ⋥ធ⊛ߥౝኈߩߺߥࠄߕᡷ㕟ߩਛ㐳ᦼ⊛ߥᚑᨐ㧔ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ㧕ࠍᛠីߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆὐߦ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ‫⃻ޕ‬ઍൻߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦࠃࠅࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩะ਄㧔service improvement㧕㧘ࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߩะ਄
㧔accountability㧕㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࡯ౝߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩะ਄㧔community leadership㧕㧘Ꮢ᳃ߥߤ೑ኂ㑐ଥ⠪ߩෳട㧔stakeholder engagement㧕㧘ߘߒߡߎࠇࠄߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦࠃࠆᏒ᳃ߩ⥄ᴦ૕߳ߩା㗬ߩะ਄㧔publicconfidence㧕ࠍ㐳ᦼ⊛ߦᛠីߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁⹜ߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩขࠅ⚵ߺߩᚑᨐᜰᮡߩ৻ߟ߇Ꮢ᳃ߩ⥄ᴦ૕߳ߩା㗬㧔Public Confidence in Local Government㧕ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᡷ㕟ߩᚑᨐࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ⺞ᩏ߇㧘೽㚂⋧ᐭౝߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ࡮࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭㇱߣࠞ࡯࠺ࠖࡈᄢ
ቇߦࠃߞߡታᣉߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔Office of the Deputy Prime Minister㧔2005㧕㧕‫⥄ޕ‬ᴦ૕⃻ઍൻࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩ߁ߜ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳߩߚ߼ߦⴕࠊࠇߚᣉ╷ߣߒߡᬌ⸽ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߩ⼏ຬߣ⡯ຬߩⴕേⷙ▸ࠍቯ߼ߚ㧘ᣂ୶ℂၮḰ㧔New Ethical Framework㧕ߩ╷ቯߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ฦ⥄ᴦ૕ߢ⼏ຬߣ⡯ຬߩⴕേⷙ▸ࠍቯ߼㧘Ꮢ᳃߆ࠄߩ⧰ᖱ߿↳ߒ┙ߡࠍክᩏߔࠆ╙ਃ⠪ᯏ㑐ࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ᳪ⡯߿ਇ␽੐ࠍ㒐ᱛߔࠆขࠅ⚵ߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬వߩା㗬ߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߦೣߔߣ㧘౏ോᓥ੐⠪ߩ⺈ታᕈ㧔honesty㧕ߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ߿㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩ᦭ല
㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ‫ޓ‬No.39㧔2009.3㧕

ᕈᗵⷡ㧔efficacy㧕ࠍ㜞߼㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩⴕേߦኻߔࠆା㗬ࠍ㜞߼ࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ᣉ╷ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2005 ᐕᤨὐߢߩ⹏ଔߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ߎߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦࠃߞߡᏒ᳃ߩ⥄ᴦ૕ߦኻߔࠆା㗬߇ะ਄ߒߚ߆ߤ߁߆
ࠍ್ᢿߔࠆߩߪ࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁‫ߩߘޕ‬ℂ↱ߣߒߡ㧘ߎߩขࠅ⚵ߺ⥄૕߇Ꮢ᳃ߦ߶ߣࠎߤ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿
ߎߣ㧘߹ߚⴕേⷙ▸ߩ╷ቯ߇ታ㓙ߦ⥄ᴦ૕⡯ຬ߿⼏ຬߩᵴേߦᓇ㗀ਈ߃ߚ߆ߤ߁߆߇ਇ᣿⍎ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄߣ
ߔࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽㧘㐳ᦼ⊛ߦߪߎߩᣉ╷ߩሽ࿷߇Ꮢ᳃ߩ㑆ߦᐢ߹ࠅ㧘⡯ຬ߿⼏ຬ߇⥄ࠄߩᵴേ߇ⷙ
▸ߦೣߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍᗧ⼂ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘⥄ᴦ૕⡯ຬ߿⼏ຬߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬߇ะ਄ߔࠆ
น⢻ᕈࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆᣉ╷ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦࠃߞߡ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߢߪߥߊ㧘⥄ᴦ૕ߩ⡯ຬ߇Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ࠍ㊀ⷐⷞߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬߳ߩ⌕⋡ߣା㗬࿁ᓳ╷߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪ㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽⥄ᴦ૕⡯ຬߩᗧ⼂߇ᄌൻߒߚߣ޿߁ലᨐࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔࿑⴫ 6 ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬࿑⴫㧢㧦Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⥄ᴦ૕⡯ຬߩᗧ⼂
⾥ᚑ㧔%㧕

෻ኻ㧔%㧕

ߤߜࠄߢ߽ߥ޿㧔%㧕

⥄ᴦ૕߳ߩା㗬ะ਄ߪࠊ߇⥄ᴦ૕ߦ߅޿ߡ
߽༛✕ߩ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆ㧔high priority㧕

91.1%

3.0%

5.9%

ା㗬ߩ࿁ᓳߪ 3 ᐕ೨ߦᲧߴࠃࠅ㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ

77.9%

6.1%

16.1%

㧔಴ౖ㧕
㧦Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister㧔2005㧕

ߚߛߒߔߢߦᜰ៰ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߪ㧘ା㗬ߐࠇࠆ஥ߩ᡽ᐭߩขࠅ⚵ߺએᄖߦ߽㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩ஥ߩᄌൻ߿ࡔ࠺ࠖࠕߩႎ㆏ߥߤߦࠃߞߡ߽ᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌࠆ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺߩᚑᨐߦኻ
ߔࠆᬌ⸽ߪᘕ㊀ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᭉⷰ⊛ߥ዁᧪ዷᦸ߇ㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߦㆊ߉ߥ޿‫ޕ‬㐳ᦼ⊛ߥᚑᨐ߇⃻ࠇࠆ߹ߢߦߪ
޿߹ߛᤨ㑆߇߆߆ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ߒ㧘ߘ߽ߘ߽ߎߩᚑᨐᛠីߪ㐳ᦼ⊛ߥ⹏ଔ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ㧔Long Term MetaEvaluation of the Local Government Modernisation Agenda㧕ߢ޽ࠅ㧘⸘↹ᦼ㑆ࠍ 2000 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2008 ᐕ߹ߢߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߪߦࠄߐޕ‬della Porta㧔2000㧕߇ᜰ៰ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᳪ⡯㒐ᱛ߿✁♿☽ᱜߩขࠅ⚵ߺᒰೋߪ㧘៰⊒ߩᒝൻߦࠃࠅਇ␽੐ߩ⹺⍮ઙᢙ߇Ⴧ߃㧘৻ᤨ⊛ߦା㗬߇ૐਅߔࠆߣ޿߁‫⥄ޕ‬ᴦ૕ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߩૐਅ߇ⴕേⷙ▸ߩ╷ቯߦࠃࠆലᨐߣߥࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠅ߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ା㗬ะ਄ᣇ╷ߣታ㓙ߩା㗬ߩ㑐ଥࠍ㐳ᦼ⊛ߦᛠីߔࠆ
ᧄᩰ⊛ߥ⺞ᩏߣߒߡ㧘੹ᓟߩㅊ〔⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐ߇߹ߚࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬એᄖߦ⥄ᴦ૕⃻ઍൻࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩਛ㐳ᦼ⊛ߥᚑᨐᛠីߣߒߡ⹏ଔ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩะ਄㧔service improvement㧕㧘ࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߩะ਄㧔accountability㧕㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࡯ౝ
ߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩะ਄㧔community leadership㧕㧘Ꮢ᳃ߥߤ೑ኂ㑐ଥ⠪ߩෳട㧔stakeholder engagement㧕ߥߤߩ㗔ၞߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘޕ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔߦࠃࠇ߫㧘2000 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2005 ᐕ߹ߢߩ 5 ᐕ㑆ߢ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⾰㧘ࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࡝࠹ࠖ㧘೑ኂ㑐ଥ⠪ߩ㑐ਈ㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ޿ߕࠇ߽ะ਄ߒߡ޿
ࠆߣߐࠇࠆ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߦ㑐ࠊࠆઁߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߇ᚑᨐࠍ޽ߍߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘੹ᓟ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩᚑᨐ
߇Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߩ߆߇ᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߹ߣ߼ߦ߆߃ߡ
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘ࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭਅߩ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ࠍޠ‬㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳߩⷞὐ߆ࠄౣ⸃㉼ࠍ⹜ߺ㧘ߘߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ࠍⴕߞߡ߈ߚ‫ߪߢࠬ࡝ࠡࠗޕ‬㧘ᚢᓟ㐳޿㑆⑔␩࿖ኅൻ߇ㅴዷߒߚᓟ㧘1980 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 1990ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡ଻቞ౄߦࠃࠆᔀᐩߒߚᡷ㕟ߦࠃࠅ㧘વ⛔⊛ߥⴕ᡽ߩᆫߪᄢ߈ߊേំߒߚ‫଻ޕ‬቞ౄ᡽ᮭߦࠃࠆ
ᡷ㕟ߪ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᚑᨐࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߚ৻ᣇߢ㧘ⴕ᡽⢻ജߩૐਅ߿Ꮢ᳃ߩ᡽ᐭ࡮ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ૐਅࠍ᜗޿ߚߣ
ߐࠇࠆ‫⁁ߩߎޕ‬ᴫਅߦ߅޿ߡ⺀↢ߒߚഭ௛ౄߩࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߪ㧘᳃㑆ߩᵴേේℂߩⴕ᡽߳ߩዉ౉ࠍ⹺߼ߟߟ
߽㧘౏౒ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ᡽ᐭߩᓎഀߩౣቯ⟵ࠍតࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽߇૕⃻ߔߴ߈᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩ
ℂᔨ߿ଔ୯ࠍ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫⷗ࠅࠃߦޠ‬಴ߘ߁ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
NPM ߿᳃༡ൻߩ⼏⺰ߢߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃߇ᦸ߻ଔ୯ߪᏒ႐ࠍㅢߓߡ෻ᤋߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ߇㧘᡽ᐭߦ৻ቯߩᓎ
ഀࠍ⹺߼ࠆ႐ว㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽߇Ꮢ᳃ߦኻߒߡታ⃻ߔߴ߈ଔ୯ߪ㧘⛘߃ߕᏒ᳃ߩᗧ⷗߿⹺⼂ࠍᛠីߔࠆߎߣ
ߦࠃߞߡߪߓ߼ߡน⢻ߣߥࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ࠍᛠីߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩᆫ൓⥄૕߇㧘૕⃻ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ᳃ਥ⊛ଔ୯ߦᴪߞߚⴕὑߣ߽ߥࠆ‫ࠕ࡟ࡉޕ‬᡽ᮭߦ߅ߌࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬࿁ᓳߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪ㧘ߘߩขࠅ⚵ߺᆫ൓ߘߩ߽ߩ߇㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽߇ㅊ෸ߔߴ߈ଔ୯ߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍ૕⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎߚ߹ޕ‬ᆫ൓ߪ㧘1980 ᐕઍ㧘90 ᐕઍߩᡷ㕟ߦࠃࠆવ⛔⊛ߥⴕ᡽ⷰߩേំߦၮߠߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨߦ㧘᳃ਥ⊛ߥଔ୯ߩታ⃻ࠍ⋡ᜰߔߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢߪ㧘વ⛔߳ߩ࿁Ꮻߣߒߡ߽ᝒ߃ࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߦࠄߐޕ‬᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽
஥ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩଔ୯ⷰ߿᡽ᴦ߿ⴕ᡽ߩᵴേߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂ߩᶩ㙃ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚᏒ᳃ᢎ⢒ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪ㧘᡽ᐭߩ᡽╷߇Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ߦᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߔߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬ࠍା㗬ߔࠆ஥ߩᏒ᳃ߩ᡽ᴦᢥൻߩᄌൻ߆ࠄᝒ߃㧘ା㗬ૐਅࠍ޿ࠊ߫᡽ᐭߩㆇ๮⺰ߣߒߡᜰ៰ߔࠆ
᡽ᴦᢥൻ⺰ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ㧘᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩᵴേ߽߹ߚᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ᒻᚑߦ૗ࠄ߆ߩᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ␜
ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘਎⺰߳ߩㆊାߦኻߔࠆ⼊๔߿㧘⚿ዪߪ᡽ᐭߩ㛽ᄥߥ᡽╷߇ᰳᅤߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߩⵣ㄰ߒߢ޽ࠆ
ߣ޿߁ᛕ್߽ᢙᄙߊሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᣇᴺ⺰਄ߩ⺰ὐߣߒߡߪ㧘᡽ᐭߩขࠅ⚵ߺߩᬌ⸽ㆊ⒟ߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞ
ߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍ․ቯߔࠆߎߣ߿ା㗬ߣ޿߁Ꮢ᳃ߩਥⷰ⊛⹺⼂ࠍᱜ⏕ߦᛠីߔࠆߎߣߦߣ߽ߥ߁࿎㔍߇㧘Ᏹߦߟ߈߹ߣ߁‫ߪߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘Ꮢ᳃ߢߪߥߊⴕ᡽߇ା㗬ࠍ໒߃ࠆߎߣߦኻߒߡ㧘෻⊒ࠍᜬߟ⠪߽޿ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫߇ࠇߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬઒ߦ࡟࠻࡝࠶ࠢߢ޽ࠇ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ା㗬ૐਅ‫ࠍޠ‬ᷓೞߦฃߌᱛ߼㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩ᡽ᐭ࡮ⴕ᡽߳ߩା㗬ะ਄ࠍ㧘ᡷ㕟ߩᚑᨐߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪ㧘‫ޟ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩା㗬‫ࠍޠ‬ਛᔃ᭎ᔨߦ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ᡽ᐭ߿ⴕ᡽ߩᒻ߇
Ꮢ᳃ߦߣߞߡᦸ߹ߒߊ㧘ߘߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡା㗬ࠍ㜞߼ࠆ߆ࠍᡷ㕟ߩਛߦขࠅㄟࠎߛ㧘ᣂߚߥേะߢ޽
ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ߡߟ߆ޕ‬㧘ᣣᧄߩⴕ᡽ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪ㧘᡽ᐭߦኻߔࠆᏒ᳃ߩା㗬ࠍ೨ឭߦߒߡ૞ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߐࠇ
ߚ㧔᫪↰㧔1992㧕㧕‫ޕ‬Ꮢ᳃ߩ㜞޿ା㗬߇㧘ⴕ᡽ߩᵴ⊒ߥᵴേࠍᡰ߃ߡ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫੹ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᣣ㧘᡽ᐭߩౝㇱ⾗Ḯߦࠃࠆᵴേߩ⾰㊂෺ᣇߩჇട߇߽ߪ߿⷗ㄟ߼ߕ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߣߩኻ╬⊛ߥ㑐ଥߦࠃࠆᵴേ߇ਇนᰳߦߥࠅ
ߟߟ޽ࠆਛߢߪ㧘੹ᓟߪⴕ᡽ߣᏒ᳃ߩ⋧੕ߩା㗬㑐ଥ߇㧘ⴕ᡽ᵴേߩᚑุߦᄢ߈ߊ㑐ࠊߞߡߊࠆߎߣߪᗐ
௝ߦ㔍ߊߥ޿‫ޕ‬ㄭᐕߢߪࠊ߇࿖߽㧘‫ޟ‬ା㗬ߐࠇࠆ᡽ᐭ㧔⥄ᴦ૕㧕‫ޟ߿ޠ‬ା㗬ߩ࿁ᓳ‫߇ޠ‬ต߫ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߘߩౕ૕⊛ߥ⺰ℂ᭴ᚑ߿ᣇᴺߪᦌᤒߥ߹߹ߢ޽ࠅ㧘නߥࠆࠬࡠ࡯ࠟࡦߣߒߡߩ↪ᴺࠍ⿥߃ߡ޿ߥ޿‫࡝ࠡࠗޕ‬ࠬߩ‫ޟ‬᡽ᐭߩ⃻ઍൻ‫ࠆߌ߅ߦޠ‬ା㗬࿁ᓳ߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߦߣߞߡ߽⾆㊀ߥవ㛎⊛ߥᢎ⸠ߣ฽ᗧࠍ
ᜬߟ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޓ‬㧙㧙

ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ‫ޓ‬No.39㧔2009.3㧕

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ⁿญቁ㧔2004㧕‫ޡ‬‫ޟ‬࿖᳃‫ޠ‬ᗧ⼂ߣࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡝࠭ࡓ㧙᡽ᴦᢥൻߩ࿖㓙ಽᨆ‫ޢ‬NTT ಴࠙࡞ࡑ࡯㧘ࠢ࡝ࠬ࠴ࡖࡦ㧔ဈᧄᙗ৻⋙⸶㧕
㧔2002㧕
‫ޡ‬᛬ࠇߚ࡟࡯࡞㧦ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ࿖㋕᳃༡ൻߩᄬᢌ‫ࠫ࠶ࠚ࠙ޢ‬ᄢጊ⠹テ㧔2007㧕‫ޟ‬ᐭ߳ߩା㗬ૐਅߩⷐ࿃ߣࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬ቄೀⴕ᡽▤ℂ⎇ⓥ‫ ╙ޢ‬120 ภ㧘15-33 㗁⩵࿾┵ᄦ㧔2007㧕‫ⴕޟ‬᡽ߩା㗬ᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߩ⺰ὐߣᗧ⟵ -- ᣢሽ⎇ⓥ࡮⺞ᩏࠍਛᔃߦ‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬ቄೀⴕ᡽▤ℂ⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬╙ 118 ภ㧘67-78 㗁↰ਛ৻ᤘ࡮ጟ↰ᓆ✬⪺㧔2006㧕‫ޡ‬ା㗬ߩࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ㧙࿖᳃ߩା㗬ߪߤ߁ߔࠇ߫₪ᓧߢ߈ࠆߩ߆‫޿ߖ߁ࠂ߉ޢ‬↰ㄝ࿖ᤘ㧔2001㧕‫ޟ‬20 ਎♿ߩቇ໧ߣߒߡߩⴕ᡽ቇ ? 㧙‫ޟ‬ᣂߒ޿౏౒▤ℂ⺰㧔New Public Management㧕‫ߩޠ‬ᛩߍ߆ߌࠆ߽ߩ‫ޠ‬ᣣᧄⴕ᡽ቇળ✬‫ޡ‬ᐕႎⴕ᡽⎇ⓥ㧔ㅢภ 36㧕‫޿ߖ߁ࠂ߉ޢ‬㧘134-144 㗁⼱⮮ᖝผ㧔2001㧕‫⧷ޟ‬࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆⴕ᡽ᡷ㕟ߣ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ▤ℂߩᄌኈ㧙ࠨ࠶࠴ࡖ࡯᡽ᮭ߆ࠄࡉ࡟ࠕ᡽ᮭߩ
ᄌ㕟ࠍਛᔃߦ‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬ቄೀⴕ᡽▤ℂ⎇ⓥ‫ ╙ޢ‬94 ภ㧘3-21 㗁ㄞ㓉ᄦ㧔1997㧕
‫ⴕࠬ࡝ࠡࠗޟ‬᡽ⷰߦ߅ߌࠆᄌൻߣ⛮⛯‫ޠ‬ᣣᧄⴕ᡽ቇળ✬‫ޡ‬ᐕႎⴕ᡽⎇ⓥ
㧔ㅢภ 32㧕‫ޢ‬߉ࠂ߁ߖ޿㧘
25-42 㗁࠽ࠗ㧘࡚ࠫ࠮ࡈઁ⪺㧔᎑ᧄᕺ⟤⸶㧕
㧔2002㧕
‫ߗߥޡ‬᡽ᐭߪା㗬ߐࠇߥ޿ߩ߆‫⧷ޢ‬⍮಴ਛ㇍┨㧔2003㧕
‫⥄ޡ‬ᴦ૕ਥᮭߩࠪ࠽࡝ࠝ‫ᦠ⧃ޢ‬ᚱ
㊁↰ㆆ㧔2008㧕
‫ⴕޟ‬᡽ߦኻߔࠆା㗬ߣᏒ᳃ߩෳടᗧะ‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬ળ⸘ᬌᩏ⎇ⓥ‫ ╙ޢ‬37 ภ㧘69-85 㗁᫪↰ᦶ㧔1992㧕
‫ޟ‬̌ା㗬̍ߦၮߠߊⴕ᡽‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬M&C‫ޢ‬92 ᐕ 6 ᦬ภ㧘24-25 㗁቟┨ᶈ㧔2005㧕
‫ࠕ࡟ࡉޟ‬᡽ᮭߦ߅ߌࠆ᡽ᐭ࡮ⴕ᡽ߦኻߔࠆ‫ޟ‬㘈ቴḩ⿷ᐲ‫⺞ޠ‬ᩏߩ᭎ⷐ‫ޠ‬‫ⴕޡ‬᡽㧒 ADP‫ޢ‬2005 ᐕ 4 ᦬ภ㧘58-61 㗁ጊጯବ↵㧔1998㧕‫ޡ‬ା㗬ߩ᭴ㅧ㧙ߎߎࠈߣ␠ળߩㅴൻࠥ࡯ࡓ‫᧲ޢ‬੩ᄢቇ಴ ળጊญੑ㇢㧔2005㧕
‫ᤨࠕ࡟ࡉޡ‬ઍߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ‫ޢ‬ጤᵄᣂᦠ═੩ሶ㧔2002㧕
‫ޟ‬NPM ߣߪ૗߆㧦ၫ᡽ㇱ㧘Ꮢ႐㧘Ꮢ᳃ߦࠃࠆ᳃ਥ⊛ⴕ᡽⛔೙‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬㚅Ꮉᴺቇ‫ޢ‬21 Ꮞ 3࡮4 ภ㧔ㅢภ 67㧕
㧘461-510 㗁࡞࡯ࡑࡦ㧘࠾ࠦ࡜ࠬ㧔ᄢᐸஜ࡮ᱜ᧛ବਯ⸶㧕
㧔1990㧕
‫ޡ‬ା㗬‫ޢ‬ഹ⨲ᦠᚱ
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