初代星・初代銀河研究会2019@名古屋大学

巨大分子雲における星団形成の金属量依存性
Hajime Fukushima(University of Tsukuba)
Hidenobu Yajima(University of Tsukuba),
Kazuyuki Sugimura (University of Maryland),Takashi Hosokawa (Kyoto University),
Kazuyuki Omukai (Tohoku University)

Star formation in low-metallicity clouds
1. Introduction
Lifetime of GMCs
2. Method
3D RHD simulations & setup
3. Results
Metallicity dependence of SFEs
4. Summary & Discussion

<latexit sha1_base64="UyWkiCj4EDECpMWMWDZ+dMsYmqk=">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</latexit>< 100 pc

Star formationin Giant Molecular Cloud (GMC)
Star formationin GMCs
Disruptionof GMCs

・Binary black hole formation in star clusters
Star cluster
formation

HII regions

Eﬀects for galaxies formation

・Control of star formation eﬃciencies (e.g, Matzner 2002, Kim et al. 2018)

・Escape fraction of ionizing photons (e.g., Kim et al. 2019)

Time scale of star formation
The depletion time of gas
in the galaxies ~ 109yr

810
sha1_base64="iZ7KS87F3GSq9u4aR/K4S1CwMIA=">AAACdHichVHLSsNAFD2Nr1ofrboRdFEsFVflRgSLq6Ibl1ZtFXyUJI4amhdJWqihfoA/4MKVYhHxM9z4Ay78BHGp6MaFt2lAVNQbJnPmzD13zsxVHUP3fKKHmNTV3dPbF+9PDAwODSdTI6Nlz665mihptmG7m6riCUO3RMnXfUNsOq5QTNUQG2p1qb2/UReup9vWut9wxI6pHFj6vq4pPlOVVFKm3SDfPA62XTPdcJuVVIZyFEb6J5AjkEEUK3bqCtvYgw0NNZgQsOAzNqDA428LMggOczsImHMZ6eG+QBMJ1tY4S3CGwmyV/we82opYi9ftml6o1vgUg4fLyjSydE/X9Ex3dEOP9P5rrSCs0fbS4FntaIVTSZ6Mr739qzJ59nH4qfrTs4995EOvOnt3QqZ9C62jrx+dPq8trGaDabqgJ/Z/Tg90yzew6i9aqyhWz5DgBsjfn/snKM/mZMrJxblMYTFqRRwTmMIMv/c8CljGCkphT85wiVbsVZqUMlK2kyrFIs0YvoSU+wAUWI/o</latexit><latexit

9

10

yr

10

Lifetime of GMCs < 30Myr(e.g., Fukui & Kawamura et al. 2010)yr

10
sha1_base64="LtQhBGVs5S6AKNVdkziPZgbRJ/w=">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</latexit><latexit

yr

sha1_base64="oz0Rt2cjiBDVIB7jGHKPZIooqSo=">AAACdHichVHLSsNAFD2N7/po1Y2gi2KpuCo3IvhYiW5c1kdVaGtJ4qjBvEjSQg31A/wBF10pioif4cYfcOEniEtFNy68TQOiRb1hMmfO3HPnzFzVMXTPJ3qMSR2dXd09vX3x/oHBoURyeGTLsyuuJvKabdjujqp4wtAtkfd13xA7jisUUzXEtnq00tzfrgrX021r0685omQqB5a+r2uKz1Q5mZBpN1ionwRF10zV3Ho5maYshZFqB3IE0ogiZyevUcQebGiowISABZ+xAQUefwXIIDjMlRAw5zLSw32BOuKsrXCW4AyF2SP+H/CqELEWr5s1vVCt8SkGD5eVKWTogW7ohe7plp7o49daQVij6aXGs9rSCqecOB3beP9XZfLs4/BL9adnH/uYD73q7N0JmeYttJa+enz2srG4ngmm6IKe2f85PdId38CqvmpXa2K9gTg3QP753O1gayYrU1Zem00vLUet6MU4JjHN7z2HJawih3zYkwYucRV7kyaktJRppUqxSDOKbyFlPwEWYo/p</latexit><latexit(Bigiel et al. 2008)(Kruijssen et al. 2019, Nature)

Star formation eﬃciencies are low: ~ <10% (Chevance et al. 2019)
Feedback from massive stars controls the SFEs
In this study, we only consider radiative feedbackIn this study, we perform simulations of
GMCs in low-metallicity environments
Radiative feedback eﬀects in GMCs are simulated bymany authors(e.g., Dale et al. 2012, Geen et al. 2015, 2017, Gavagnin et al. 2017,
Kim et al. 2018, He et al. 2019)

Metallicity dependence of SFEs is still unclear(He et al. 2019 studied one model )・Dust attenuation of ionizing photons
・Radiation pressure
・Temperature of HII regions

Star
Cloud

+

The eﬀects of FUV photons.
(dissociation of CO and H2 molecules)(Include the processes in Nakatani et al. 2018)

Method
SFUMATO CODE (Matsumoto 2007)
・Self-gravitational AMR (M)HD・Adaptive Ray-tracing (Sugimura et al. In prep)・Heating & Cooling (e.g., chemical processes, line cooling, photoelectric heating)・non-equilibrium chemistry (H, H2, H+, H-, H2+, e, CII, OI, OII, OIII, CO)Initial conditions (Kim et al. 2018)
・Uniform density sphere・Turbulent velocity ﬁeld

Rcl
<latexit sha1_base64="J3eSHOJ3ZfHmfzWrHUxXaCZSmIY=">AAACbnichVHLSsNAFD2N7/poVRBBxGJRXJUbERRXRTcua7UqVClJHDU0L5K0UIs/4F5cCIqCiPgZbvwBF/0EcSNUcOPCmzQgKuoNkzlz5p47Z+6ojqF7PlEjJrW1d3R2dffEe/v6BxLJwaENz664mihotmG7W6riCUO3RMHXfUNsOa5QTNUQm2p5OdjfrArX021r3a85YsdU9i19T9cUn6livlTfds2UZhzFS8k0ZSiM1E8gRyCNKHJ28gbb2IUNDRWYELDgMzagwOOvCBkEh7kd1JlzGenhvsAR4qytcJbgDIXZMv/3eVWMWIvXQU0vVGt8isHDZWUKU/RIt9SkB7qjJ3r/tVY9rBF4qfGstrTCKSWOR9fe/lWZPPs4+FT96dnHHhZCrzp7d0ImuIXW0lcPT5tri/mp+jRd0TP7v6QG3fMNrOqrdr0q8mcIHkD+3u6fYGM2I1NGXp1LZ5eip+jGGCYxw/2eRxYryKEQduwE57iIvUgj0rg00UqVYpFmGF9CmvkAS5+NwQ==</latexit>v()/

1/2 (Matsumoto et al. 2015)

5 02 Rcl= 0.5
viral parameter: ↵0 =3GMcl
<latexit sha1_base64="DkQWywuT/jqPXDNYxYLhNjwVtRI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="aiD5sGp3ahy+/U64czMkgJZryNo=">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</latexit>

・Sink Particles (Gong & Ostriker 2013)
density threshold: 105 cm-3, IMF: Chabrier (2003)

Results
Evolution of surface density(Mcl , Rcl ) = (105 M , 20 pc)<latexit sha1_base64="NC4pLGhl2GXZEBtqcWiA+CooD4w=">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</latexit>

Z=Z

Z = 10<latexit sha1_base64="bG86QgTNtfMIYGt0xIz3YO5Ar+w=">AAACbnichVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfVUEEEcWiuCo3IiiCUHTjsj6qYpWSxKmGpklIpoVa+gPuxYWgKIiIn+HGH3DhJ4gbQcGNC2/TgKioN0zmzJl77py5o7uW6Uuih4jS1NzS2hZtj3V0dnX3xHv71n2n5BkiYziW423qmi8s0xYZaUpLbLqe0Iq6JTb0wmJ9f6MsPN907DVZccVOUduzzbxpaJKp7Nb8Vq667ew6spaLJyhJQYz+BGoIEggj7cSvsI1dODBQQhECNiRjCxp8/rJQQXCZ20GVOY+RGewL1BBjbYmzBGdozBb4v8erbMjavK7X9AO1wadYPDxWjmKc7umaXuiObuiR3n+tVQ1q1L1UeNYbWuHmeg4HV9/+VRV5ltj/VP3pWSKP2cCryd7dgKnfwmjoywfHL6tzK+PVCbqgJ/Z/Tg90yzewy6/G5bJYOUGMH0D93u6fYH0qqVJSXZ5OpBbCp4hiCGOY5H7PIIUlpJEJOnaEU5xFnpUBZVgZaaQqkVDTjy+hTH4ARPaOPg==</latexit>2Zx [ pc ]<latexit sha1_base64="/O3LcvnVyRub8K78HVlbIICDcx8=">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</latexit>x [ pc ]<latexit sha1_base64="/O3LcvnVyRub8K78HVlbIICDcx8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="MYt2A9Nm6hBL4cMaISEC9M8Ix50=">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</latexit>⌃ [ M pc 2 ]<latexit sha1_base64="MYt2A9Nm6hBL4cMaISEC9M8Ix50=">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</latexit>⌃ [ M pc 2 ]<latexit sha1_base64="8SeAAOwLEQEyvD7B06J2gJTnA0U=">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</latexit>

Evolution Phase

Time evolution of the GMCs @ Z⊙

(1) t ~ 0.8 tﬀ
Filamentary structures areformed
3.9 Myr ( 0.8 t↵ )<latexit sha1_base64="yD0kfKadVKz0535dvBKUTTHcPdE=">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</latexit>(2) t ~ 1.0 tﬀ
Stars form along highdensity regions
HII regions start to expand<latexit sha1_base64="5IbFz3PB6V/SgTYLBPP9Ou5O/Vw=">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</latexit>

4.7 Myr (1.0 t↵ )(3) t ~ 1.3 tﬀ
Star formation is quenched<latexit sha1_base64="nReTp2mDPup4T5oYwGd6b0JWCsg=">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</latexit>

6.3 Myr (1.3 t↵ )1

10<latexit sha1_base64="l5FmCoBAADIsVhULWyCieYbgD5Q=">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</latexit><latexit<latexit sha1_base64="V6ZLOQlOCljQdCET3l4GF/6Fj5o=">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</latexit>

102 103<latexit sha1_base64="UyzwsOuRWMZdO6D1AMBjagpCqFU=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="D6Z/xtIPosTh9XmTu3axsMhot1s=">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</latexit>

104<latexit sha1_base64="uuINQp33mX3VSuSiCyS+Qe/AHrg=">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</latexit>⌃ [ M pc 2 ]<latexit sha1_base64="MYt2A9Nm6hBL4cMaISEC9M8Ix50=">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</latexit>

102<latexit sha1_base64="UyzwsOuRWMZdO6D1AMBjagpCqFU=">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</latexit>

103<latexit sha1_base64="D6Z/xtIPosTh9XmTu3axsMhot1s=">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</latexit>

T [K]<latexit sha1_base64="4IEKSkgDFjEk9ZxtFW9eoHk2SIA=">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</latexit>

104 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020
NCO [ cm 2 ]<latexit sha1_base64="VMywdWOu91P/Dhuffe8dLyzVTME=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ZpP8SvRA1M8Zs89gXFniY4ZusEQ=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="t3FBV/NBUyMerpJMGrrnqAuayxk=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="5bjhWr3RIVtt4mvsvl000oH5+Co=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="o2nuz+Q1Y+w6jyX58imzzvXGUP0=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="99pUGC20rvxsL29kdvyx1QeQiYE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="uuINQp33mX3VSuSiCyS+Qe/AHrg=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="TepDbIXyT5lyooiZncxtmgwlOBE=">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</latexit>

Evolution Phase

Time evolution of the GMCs @ 10-2Z⊙(1) t ~ 0.9 tﬀ
CO molecules are dissociated.

4.0 Myr ( 0.9 t↵ )<latexit sha1_base64="AJmLVPkBXF2KpTz24m70xoXAysg=">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</latexit>(2) t ~ 1.0 tﬀ
Stars form along highdensity regions
HII regions start to expand
4.7 Myr ( 1.0 t↵ )<latexit sha1_base64="K364vFp+6uQIxxjwLq3QYU2tbuo=">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</latexit>(3) t ~ 1.2 tﬀ
Star formation is quenched
Clumpy structures aredestructed.

5.7 Myr ( 1.2 t↵ )<latexit sha1_base64="hea0dazJDp03Mo6OpKHhwkdhFXM=">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</latexit>

1<latexit sha1_base64="l5FmCoBAADIsVhULWyCieYbgD5Q=">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</latexit><latexit

10<latexit sha1_base64="V6ZLOQlOCljQdCET3l4GF/6Fj5o=">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</latexit>

102 103<latexit sha1_base64="UyzwsOuRWMZdO6D1AMBjagpCqFU=">AAACZ3ichVHLSsNAFD2N7/poVZCCG7UorsqNCIor0Y3LWm0t1FqSOLahaRKStKDFH3DhtoIrBRHxM9z4Ay78hOJSwY0Lb9KAaFHvMDNnztxz58yMahu66xE9R6Se3r7+gcGh6PDI6FgsPj6Rc626o4msZhmWk1cVVxi6KbKe7hkibztCqamG2FOrm/7+XkM4rm6Zu96xLYo1pWzqR7qmeD4l08FSKZ6kFAUx0w3kECQRRtqK32Ifh7CgoY4aBEx4jA0ocLkVIINgM1dEkzmHkR7sC5wiyto6ZwnOUJit8ljmVSFkTV77Nd1ArfEpBneHlTOYpye6o1d6pHtq08evtZpBDd/LMc9qRyvsUuwssfP+r6rGs4fKl+pPzx6OsBp41dm7HTD+LbSOvnHSet1Zy8w3F+iaXtj/FT3TA9/AbLxpN9sic4kof4D887m7QW4pJVNK3l5Orm+EXzGIacxhkd97BevYQhpZPreCc7RwEWlLMWlKSnRSpUiomcS3kGY/AVnhio8=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="D6Z/xtIPosTh9XmTu3axsMhot1s=">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</latexit>⌃ [ M pc 2 ]<latexit sha1_base64="MYt2A9Nm6hBL4cMaISEC9M8Ix50=">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</latexit>

104<latexit sha1_base64="uuINQp33mX3VSuSiCyS+Qe/AHrg=">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</latexit>

103

104 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020

T [K]

NCO [ cm 2 ]102<latexit sha1_base64="UyzwsOuRWMZdO6D1AMBjagpCqFU=">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</latexit><latexit 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Star Formation Eﬃciency (SFE)
: 1Z⊙

105 M

SFE [%]

104 M: 10-1Z⊙101: 10-2Z⊙▽: 10pc○: 20pc□: 40pc

100
101⌃ [ M pc 2 ]102

SFEs increases with the higher surface density or metallicity.
SFEs seems to depend on the surface density.

Histories of star formation
Total Stellar Mass (Mcl , Rcl ) = (105 M , 20 pc)<latexit sha1_base64="NC4pLGhl2GXZEBtqcWiA+CooD4w=">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</latexit>

20000
17500

t↵ + tHII<latexit sha1_base64="+tMco8E17CBFcjEPs+5Z2XdJ1zs=">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</latexit>

MM⇤⇤ M[M ]15000

t = t↵

12500<latexit sha1_base64="g3c7tQjngMLP8oR905QzT8leJjE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="VptoZL6rRcsYKs/Ztt62T0fKEnE=">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</latexit>

10000
7500
5000
2500
0

0

0.5 1000000
1.0 1500000
1.5 2000000
2.0 2500000
2.5 3000000
3.0500000t [yr]<latexit sha1_base64="2kUnMA8o5taupBeiGn+HRH9Z9+8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="vFv3Kxg3tixclwxo7UF0I9ntXvA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="1b1/SvQarndtK3zYC3TvSHqMcIY=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="A3Ap2hNjUFgU/k+gvDKXYg/O2ZY=">AAACZnichVHLSsNAFD2Nr1q1VkUU3BRLxVW5KYLiqujGZR9WBRVJ4rQG0yQkaaEWf0BwaxeuFETEz3DjD7joHyguK7hx4W0aEC3qHWbmzJl77pyZUW1Ddz2iVkjq6x8YHAoPR0ZGx6LjsYnJLdeqOpooapZhOTuq4gpDN0XR0z1D7NiOUCqqIbbV4/XO/nZNOK5umZte3Rb7FaVs6iVdUzymCukUHcQSlCI/4r1ADkACQWSt2C32cAgLGqqoQMCEx9iAApfbLmQQbOb20WDOYaT7+wKniLC2ylmCMxRmj3ks82o3YE1ed2q6vlrjUwzuDivjSNIT3VGbHumeXujj11oNv0bHS51ntasV9sH42Wzh/V9VhWcPR1+qPz17KGHF96qzd9tnOrfQuvraSbNdWM0nGwt0Ta/s/4pa9MA3MGtv2k1O5C8R4Q+Qfz53L9hKp2RKybmlRGYt+Iow5jCPRX7vZWSwgSyKfG4Z57hAM/QsRaVpaaabKoUCzRS+hRT/BHGviiQ=</latexit>t [ Myr ]<latexit sha1_base64="eD+KM8QFe/i+lXesNGGxn4VJpIo=">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</latexit>

First star forms at t ~ tﬀ
Star Formation rates are almost constant
Lifetime of the GMCs becomes tﬀ+tHII<latexit sha1_base64="AOOhC1lHsrqu/h/iMdPNkOfou0I=">AAACZnichVHLSsNAFD2N7/poVUTBTbEorspNURRXRTcutbUPqEWSONbQNAlJWtDiDwhu7cKVgoj4GW78ARf9A8VlBTcuvE0DoqLeYWbOnLnnzpkZ1TZ01yNqhaSe3r7+gcGh8PDI6FgkOj6Rc62ao4msZhmWU1AVVxi6KbKe7hmiYDtCqaqGyKuVjc5+vi4cV7fMHe/IFqWqUjb1A11TPKYyycTyXjROCfIj9hPIAYgjiC0reoNd7MOChhqqEDDhMTagwOVWhAyCzVwJDeYcRrq/L3CCMGtrnCU4Q2G2wmOZV8WANXndqen6ao1PMbg7rIxhnh7pltr0QHf0TO+/1mr4NTpejnhWu1ph70VOZzJv/6qqPHs4/FT96dnDAVZ9rzp7t32mcwutq68fN9uZtfR8Y4Gu6IX9X1KL7vkGZv1Vu94W6QuE+QPk78/9E+SSCZkS8vZSPLUefMUgZjGHRX7vFaSwiS1k+dwyznCOZuhJGpOmpOluqhQKNJP4ElLsA3uviik=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="mtRLxUyFqPsyKMbfQKdyinR2eng=">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</latexit>

Analytical Estimates
HII regions

Expansion time of HII regions✓

6
tHII =
7<latexit sha1_base64="hqdg+z6m806uq7MHiTR0Qoc21/8=">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</latexit>↵B Mcl Rcl
2T2
12⇡ ✏⇤ s⇤ kB
HII

◆1/4

Star formation rate

(Krumholz & Matzner 2009)↵B : Recombination rate
<latexit sha1_base64="J0SrN5XahkmgWDKI6kdd8fIGcnA=">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</latexit>

THII : Temperature of HII regions<latexit sha1_base64="wY0DXYjSTpUAZm4wgrjhyuJ5TiY=">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</latexit>s⇤ : Emissivity of ionizing photons<latexit sha1_base64="Ufglba5dXOckM1H87gr/qytHX0Q=">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</latexit>=10.27(Z/Z ) :dust attenuation rate

<latexit sha1_base64="mzowjwGoX+kQ+MQV/oABhsknNDc=">AAAChHichVFNLyRBGH6077GYXRfJHlRMiE0Yb9sVIiHCxdHXIIxMuluhoqe7010zCRNHF3/AwWklIuLKL3DxBxz8hM0eSVwc9p2eTjZL2LdSVU899T5vPVVlB66KNNFDnVHf0NjU3NKaavvU3tGZ/vxlJfJLoSNzju/64ZptRdJVnsxppV25FoTSKtquXLX3Zqv7q2UZRsr3lvV+IDeL1o6ntpVjaaYK6Z58sKvEpDDFkKDsyJgYWBfDYr1Qyftbvj78VkhnKEtxiLfATEAGScz76QvksQUfDkooQsKDZuzCQsRtAyYIAXObqDAXMlLxvsQhUqwtcZbkDIvZPR53eLWRsB6vqzWjWO3wKS73kJUCfXRPl/RId3RFv+jl3VqVuEbVyz7Pdk0rg0LncffS839VRZ41dv+qPvSssY3x2Kti70HMVG/h1PTlg5PHpYnFvko/ndFv9v+THuiWb+CVn5zzBbl4ihR/gPn6ud+ClZGsSVlz4Udmeib5ihZ8RS8G+L3HMI05zCPH5x7hCte4MZqMQeO7MVpLNeoSTRf+CWPqDzqOklo=</latexit>

MclṀ = ✏↵
t↵t↵ : free fall time<latexit sha1_base64="rk/JJfrUHLW7xDM016JP1fH6DvY=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="bzoYv0BLlH0fYBoV4NRw7zgcBiQ=">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</latexit>

Star formation eﬃciency: ✏⇤<latexit sha1_base64="RF5oiNwGdMUcvX0QWwv5OAqiooQ=">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</latexit>Ṁ tHII = ✏⇤ Mcl<latexit sha1_base64="dE0UcExkYj6EagzjOXeKaJo6ZL0=">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</latexit>⇣ ✏ ⌘4/5 ✓ T✏✏⇤ = 0.16 0.5⇤<latexit sha1_base64="RF5oiNwGdMUcvX0QWwv5OAqiooQ=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="gJrXAMi2X4iWvUDcsTv64/PVHQ0=">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</latexit>

↵

HII
104 K

◆ 14/25⇥<latexit sha1_base64="b6KK5fiCAw5IOPNLwzOIxYod7uY=">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</latexit>

✓

0.73

◆ 1/5 ✓Mcl
105 M

◆1/10 ✓⌃
80 M pc 2◆1/2

Analytical Estimates
105 M
104 M

SFE [%]

101
1
=
Z
10

100

10

Z

▽: 10pc

1 Z○: 20pc□: 40pc

2 Z

101⌃ [ M pc 2 ]

102

@ Z⊙
(0.3, 1.6 ⇥ 104 K) @ 10-1Z⊙(0.25, 2.2 ⇥ 104 K) @ 10-2Z⊙(✏↵ , TII ) = (0.45, 9000K)<latexit sha1_base64="L8tN3H0vil3b2lV6AAdcwxHVanA=">AAACenichVHLSsNAFD2N7/qqiiC4CRbFopQbqfgAQXQjuPFVLWgpSRw1mBdJWtDgD/gDLlwpiKif4cYfcOEniEsFNy68TQOiRb3DzJw5c8+dMzOaaxp+QPSUkBoam5pbWtuS7R2dXd2pnt5N3yl7usjrjul4BU31hWnYIh8YgSkKridUSzPFlna4WN3fqgjPNxx7IzhyRdFS921jz9DVgKlSqn9ulLK5yXF5hojCHc+Sl08ycimVpixFIdcDJQZpxLHipK6xg1040FGGBQEbAWMTKnxu21BAcJkrImTOY2RE+wInSLK2zFmCM1RmD3nc59V2zNq8rtb0I7XOp5jcPVbKGKZHuqFXeqA7eqaPX2uFUY2qlyOetZpWuKXu04H1939VFs8BDr5Uf3oOsIfpyKvB3t2Iqd5Cr+krx2ev67Nrw+EIXdIL+7+gJ7rnG9iVN/1qVaydI8kfoPx87nqwOZFVKKus5tLzC/FXtGIQQxjl957CPJawgjyfG+ICt7hLfEhDUkYaq6VKiVjTh28h5T4B+gSPoQ==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="Z+SeBZwZ+0FmeQX1aJguQJYCgUA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="nxmC5OGA0irc7pPefixT682Teno=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="kYRK0QjZKZ0AEzKA36Ic5TlsVLQ=">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</latexit>

The simple estimates corresponds with the results well.

Summary & Discussion
We perform RHD simulations of the GMCs including chemistry,
radiative feedback and cooling/heating processes.
In low-metallicity environments, the GMCs immediately becomes a
CO-dark cloud after the ﬁrst star forms.
The SFEs depends on the surface density of initial conditions, andthey decrease in lower-metallicity environments.
We estimate the SFEs with analytical method, and it correspondswith the numerical results.
In future works, we will consider magnetic ﬁelds, more realistic initialconditions and comparison with the results with observations.