Special Presidential Committee Report-- The Future of Civil Engineering and the Role of Civil Engineers --March, 2007

FY2006 Japan Society of Civil Engineers Special Presidential Committee

Introduction
The civil engineering and civil engineers in Japan are continuing to face difficult
circumstances and various issues due to loss of reliance of the public. The public has
criticized improper investments for construction of unnecessary infrastructures andillegal conducts in the bidding of public projects, while the investment for theconstruction of infrastructures is reducing because of the financial deficit of the central
and local governments. Furthermore, there are claims in the public that the social
infrastructures are developed in Japan more than necessary and no further money
should be spent. On the other hand, excessive price competition in the constructionindustry has increased fears for the quality decline of the public works and has
worsened the working conditions as compared with the other industries. Civil
engineering is considered to be an unattractive occupation these days, and the numberof young people choosing it as a career has shrunk conspicuously.
Many experienced civil engineers belonging to the baby boom generation of Japan
have begun to retire in recent years, and the transfer of experiences and knowledge toyoung generations is becoming more difficult. That is also resulting in the quality
decline of the construction works. The civil engineering community is overwhelmed bypessimism about the future and is struggling in the darkness without finding ways toovercome these problems.
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) initiated an action plan in 1999 toresolve these urgent issues in civil engineering. Firstly, in order to regain public’s
reliance in civil engineers and in public works, it amended the ethics code, which had
been initially enacted in 1938. The JSCE research committees and the special
presidential committees formed by successive presidents have studied various issues incivil engineering such as population reduction and aging in Japan, transferring
technology and knowledge to next generations, and prevention of improper conduct inbidding of public construction projects. JSCE has further sought to deepen its
cooperation and collaboration with public by establishing social support andcommunication divisions to improve society's understanding on public works. The
results, however, have not yet become fully apparent. Furthermore, we have been
continually emphasizing that construction and improvement of infrastructures of Japan
are inadequate as compared with the other developed countries. Consequently this will,in turn, result in reduction of Japan's international competitiveness and its power as anation, and seriously jeopardize the country's safety and security against natural
disasters. However, these messages from civil engineers have not been fully understoodby public, yet.

Meanwhile, the explosive growth of populations, and the shortages of water, food,and energy have been becoming serious problems in the developing countries. The
threat of natural disasters increases while the natural environment deteriorates. In theseregions, the development and the improvement of social infrastructures becomes anissue of even greater urgency. The advanced civil engineering technology of Japan canbe deployed to solve these issues in those countries.
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) held the Summit on the Future ofCivil Engineering in Washington, DC in June 2006. Some 60 engineers and researchers
holding leadership positions in the United States and other countries participated in thesummit. They discussed the social conditions that the civil engineering community will
face in the next two decades, the leadership of civil engineers to provide solutions to
the problems they envisioned, the technological development that those solutions will
require and other related issues.
The JSCE was represented by the president and one of members in the summit. At
the summit, JSCE’s policies for the construction of safe and secure society, the roles ofcivil engineer and the necessary abilities of civil engineers to fulfill their roles were
presented. Through the summit, it was strongly recognized that the civil engineers in
the world have many common issues to be resolved and international cooperation andcollaboration are essential for the resolution of these issues. Therefore, JSCE organizeda special presidential committee to deepen the understanding of these common issues incivil engineering and to find the solutions by inviting past ASCE presidents Dr. Patricia
D. Galloway and Dr. Kris R. Nielsen, both of who played leading roles at the ASCE
Summit, this committee as guest members.
This report presents the various civil engineering issues that have been studied insideand outside JSCE, and reviews the analyses of the circumstances of civil engineering inJapan and other countries. The report discusses the roles that civil engineers and thecivil engineering community should play, and describes the required capacity andqualities of the civil engineers. It also emphasizes that what role of the JSCE should beto enable civil engineers to fulfill those roles and to acquire the necessary
qualifications.
In compiling this report, the opinions of more than 600 JSCE members regarding
what roles that civil engineers and the JSCE should play in the future were consulted
through the JSCE’s website. I would like to express my respect and my heartfelt thanks
for their sincere commitment and concern for the future of civil engineering field andthe JSCE.
The members of the special committee, who are listed below named, compiled this

report. I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude for their great service
they have rendered.
Masanori Hamada
94th President of Japan Society of Civil Engineers

Committee members for the FY2006 Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Special
Presidential Committee Report: The Future of Civil Engineering and the Role of Civil
Engineers
Chairperson: Masanori HAMADA, Waseda University
Vice-Chairperson: Osamu KUSAKABE, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Secretary General: Yukihiro TSUKADA, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, andTransport (MLIT)
Committee Members:
Reiko AMANO, Kajima Corporation
Keiichi INOUE, East Nippon Expressway Company, Ltd.
Masashi KOBAYASHI, Taisei Corporation
Yoshihisa SHIMADA, Kindai-Sekkei Consultant, Inc.
Shirō TAKADA, Kōbe University
Takeo NAKASHIMA, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MLIT)
Moriyasu FURUKI, Japan Society of Civil Engineers
Jun MATSUSHITA, Shibaura Institute of Technology
Makoto MIZUTANI, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MLIT)
Kazuo MURATA, CTI Engineering Co., Ltd.
Teruhiko YODA, Waseda University
Secretaries:Ömer AYDAN, Tokai University
Toshiya ARAMAKI, The University of Tokyo
Kōji ISHIMARU, Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.
Masanobu KURODA, Shimizu Corporation
Yutaka SAKAKIBARA, Waseda University
Shin’ichirō SATŌ, Tobishima Corporation
Kazuhiko SHIBA, Eurus Energy Holdings Corporation
Naohiko HIBINO, Institution for Transport Policy Studies
Atsushi YOKOO, Kajima Corporation
Masatsugu YOSHIKAWA, Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.
Special Guest Members:
Kris R. Nielsen, Esq., The Nielsen-Wurster Group, Inc.
Patricia D. Galloway, The Nielsen-Wurster Group, Inc.

Contents
1. Current Social Conditions and Prospects ··························································· 1
1.1 Japan’s Current State and the Status of Civil Engineering ································ 1
1.2 Global Conditions and Prospects ······································································ 2
2. The Role of Civil Engineering and Civil Engineers ··········································· 4
2.1 The Creation of a Safe, Secure and Sustainable Society ··································· 4(1) Creating a Sustainable Society······································································ 4(2) Environmental Preservation, Restoration, and Renewal, and the Formation of a
Recycling-conscious Society ········································································ 6(3) Contributing to the Mitigation of Natural Disasters ······································ 8(4) Contributing to the Solution of Energy Problem ·········································· 10(5) Working Jointly with Citizens to Establish Social Infrastructure ················· 12
2.2 Contributing to the Creation of a Peaceful, Safe, and Secure Global Social
Infrastructure ··································································································· 14
3. Abilities and Qualities Required of Civil Engineers·········································· 17
3.1 Self-Confidence and Pride in Civil Engineering·············································· 17
3.2 Wide-Ranging Knowledge, Awareness and Leadership··································· 17
3.3 Abilities and Qualities Necessary for Internationalization ······························· 19
3.4 The Education of the Civil Engineer································································ 20
4. The Role and Concrete Policies of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers ········ 22
4.1 Activities of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers ··········································· 22
4.2 Role of the Society in Surveys and Research··················································· 23
4.3 Support of Restoration and Reconstruction after Natural Disasters, and Disaster
Prevention Education······················································································· 25
4.4 Regaining Trust in Civil Engineering and Civil Engineers ······························ 26
4.5 Communication with Public ············································································ 29
4.6 Establishing International Cooperation and International Leadership·············· 30
4.7 Improving the Education of Civil Engineer ····················································· 32

1. Current Social Circumstances and Prospects
1.1 Japan’s Current State and the Status of Civil Engineering
In Japan, through the period of so-called “high-economic growth” that began in the
1960s, rapid progress was made on the construction of social infrastructures, including
highways, bullet trains, harbors and ports, water, sewage and electrical power facilities,
but public infrastructure investments have decreased precipitously since the 1990s, as aresult of the worsening of fiscal condition at both national and local levels following
the collapse of the so-called “bubble economy” of the early-1990s.
Furthermore, the social environment surrounding civil engineering has become
increasingly harsh, as a result of criticism of industry for fraud and unethical conducts
such as the current problem of dangō (bid rigging), and the inability of the industry tofind the way forward, as typified in dumping or low-ball bidding.
On the other hand, concerns are now being directed toward the aging of the social
infrastructure, most of which was constructed in the earlier period of rapid economic
growth. In addition to fiscal problems, the declining birthrate and aging society, and thedecline in the labor population, it is becoming a critical issue that industry, academia,
and government should cooperate toward solving the issues of the maintenance,
management, repair and renewal of the social infrastructure with the aim of assuring ofa safe and secure society.
Japan is one of the world’s few highly seismic countries and some twenty percent of
the world’s annual earthquakes of magnitude M6 and greater occur in or offshore Japan.
A major earthquake is anticipated in Tōkai or nearby regions in conjunction with theseismic activity of the Nankai trough, as well as an intra plate type earthquake in theTokyo area. Particularly, the cost of the resulting damage in the case of a major Tokyo
earthquake is expected to exceed 1.5 times the annual national budget, and such an
event could lead to long-term damage to Japan’s national influence and competitiveness,potentially resulting in a decline of the country’s international status. Under suchthreats, it is crucial to make preparations to minimize the resulting damage, and prevent
economic stagnation of Japan and international society. Concerns have also been raised
to increasing levels of storm and flood disasters due to global climate change, which isbelieved to be one of the causes of torrential rains that lead to overflowing rivers,
flooding of urbanized areas, and high tides. Unfortunately, we currently haveinsufficient social infrastructure to deal with such natural disasters.
The formations of a rapidly industrializing society and excessive population
concentration in urban centers have caused severe environmental problems in cities andtheir suburbs. Similarly, the modern mass-production and mass-consumption lifestyle is1leading to the critical problem of waste treatment. On the other hand, the declining of
population in rural areas and “hollowing” of communities have led to the economic
prostration of regional cities, attrition of agricultural lands and forests, and theworsening urban environment, and land decay. In turn, such problems in rural
agricultural towns and villages have led to a continuing drop in Japan’s self-sufficiency
in food production. And policies on the problems of environment and waste treatment
to achieve a full national consensus are yet to be implemented.
Japan imports 96% of its energy, including petroleum, coal, natural gas and uranium.
Beginning with the petroleum shock of 1973, Japan has undertaken policies such asincreasing its petroleum reserves, but it lacks a national policy to produce a sufficientlevel of energy for national security. A stable supply of energy is the most critical issue
in determining the survival of the nation. Other important issues are the development ofhighly reliable nuclear energy, the safe disposal of radioactive wastes, the introductionof hydrogen and other new energy technologies, such as wind power, solar energy andother renewable energy resources.
Japan’s civil engineers have contributed to the development of the national landthrough public works projects, although the current social attitude for public works
is harsh. Nevertheless, when one considers recent changes to the social situation andnatural environment, the fields, in which the contributions of civil engineers are
required, are, on the contrary, both expanding and multiplying. From the proper
maintenance, management, repair and renewal of the social infrastructure to theharmonization of cities and the natural environment, providing for infrastructures
resistant to natural disasters, providing stable supplies of energy, safe water andfoodstuffs—much will be expected from civil engineers as their roles expand beyond
traditional definitions.
1.2 Global Conditions and Prospects
Exploding populations and particularly the concentration of population in cities ofthe developing nations of Asia has led to many serious problems, including
environmental destruction and natural disasters, together with issues regarding thesources of water, food and energy. It is further believed that these issues will become
even more pronounced in coming years.
The number of fatal casualties from earthquakes around the world has greatly
increased over the past twenty years, and some ninety percent of those casualties havebeen concentrated in Asia. The rising level of casualties in these regions is not due tothe increase of the number of earthquakes, but it is rather due to the vulnerabilities ofthe social infrastructure. Typhoons and hurricanes, floods and other wind and2

water-related damages have also increased rapidly over the last two decades.
Ninety-five percent of the deaths caused by torrential rains and other wind and waterrelated damage has also been concentrated in Asia. Some of the blame for these natural
disasters can be laid on the aberrant meteorological phenomena of global warming,
rising sea levels and other aspects of global climate change. Nevertheless, it is also truethat a substantial factor in the outbreak of so many disasters is the excessive
concentration of population in cities and insufficiency of their infrastructure, together
with deforestation and devastation of agricultural lands in upstream areas of rivers.
Most of the victims of natural disasters are those of low-income people, and theincreased impoverishment resulting from a natural disaster creates a vicious cycle
whereby the society is made even more vulnerable to the next disaster.
The population increase in the world’s developing nations has a worsening influenceon the sufficiency of sources of foods, water and energy. They are important factors incurrent international disputes, civil revolts, and wars, and it is linked to the destructionof people’s habitat, precious ecological and natural environment, and their culturallegacy. The population explosion and its urban-concentration have the effect ofincreasing air, land and water pollution due to the improper handling of wastes, and theexcessive release of CO2 from a precipitous rate of industrialization is said to beaccelerating global warming.
Civil engineers of Japan have participated in development projects of social
infrastructure and energy in Asia and the Middle East, and in that way have greatly
contributed to the development of each nation. However, the projects in some cases,
have not received the positive evaluation from the public and peoples of the respective
countries, or they have left issues regarding the corporate profitability of the projects.
And one factor possibly lying behind these issues is the insufficient appreciation of theother nation’s culture and history.
The future expansion of Japanese civil engineering overseas has become inevitable
due to the shrinking of the domestic market. However, within the context of expanding
globalization, helping other countries to attain sustainable development by building
their social infrastructure will contribute to world development and peace, and byextension, to the safety and security of Japan. In that sense, increased international
exchange and cooperation in the field of civil engineering will be indispensable. For
this purpose, it is necessary to provide and internationalize the various institutions
associated with civil engineering, and success at that endeavor will likely be tied to theimprovement of public’s attitudes toward civil engineering.

32. The Role of Civil Engineering and Civil Engineers
2.1 Creation of a Safe, Secure and Sustainable Japanese Society(1) Creating a Sustainable Society
i. Creation of a sustainable society strong against natural disaster while
respecting the natural environment and landscape, and benevolent tohuman life
ii. Maintenance and management of social infrastructure utilizing advanced
technology to enhance the sustainability of the societyiii. Provision of social infrastructure to maintain and enhance national strengthand international competitivenessJapan has been blessed with a beautiful natural environment. However, it is also a
region subjected to frequent natural disasters such as earthquakes and damages fromwind and water. It cannot be denied, however, that occasionally an overemphasis onbuilding social infrastructure to overcome natural disasters and allow economic
development has resulted in environmental destruction and ugly landscapes, and forced
harsh living conditions on those who are most vulnerable. In order to reclaim thebeautiful, wonderfully attractive Japan, it will be necessary to build a human-friendly
social infrastructure with splendid landscapes in harmony with nature.
On the other hand, infrastructure is still insufficient in the case of earthquakes, wind
and water-related damage, and other natural disasters. In particular, recent years havewitnessed repeated earthquakes and rainfalls with magnitudes or levels exceeding
design values, and this fact is becoming one factor in the occurrence of unprecedented
disaster damage. From the perspective of how to minimize damage to life and property
in the case of unprecedented natural phenomena, we must take actions to inspect
existing facilities and reinforce them as necessary, while simultaneously constructing
new infrastructural facilities.
Furthermore, most of Japan’s current infrastructure was constructed during thepostwar period of rapid economic growth, and concerns are being expressed regarding
its aging and degradation. Given current conditions of stressed state finances andinsufficient numbers of technicians, there is a need to utilize computer IT and otheradvanced technologies for maintenance and management, in order to extend the service
life of Japan’s aging infrastructure.
In recent years, the economic growth of the so-called BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India,
China) has been remarkable, and in the near future the international competitiveness ofIndia and China is expected to put the world in a spin. In response, Japan is4

experiencing industrial hollowing as industries move overseas, and together with theinsufficiencies of shipping and transportation infrastructure, concerns are being
expressed that Japan’s international competitiveness will decline. Therefore, there is anurgent need to promote airport and port construction and the improvement of Japan’s
domestic transportation systems in order to enhance Japan’s national strength andcompetitiveness.
These kinds of social infrastructure projects cannot wait the result of strategic
debates on what kind of nation, Japan should be. The Japan Society of Civil Engineers
must make more aggressive proposals regarding fundamental strategies for the national
infrastructure, and the kind of social foundations, Japan should have.
[Concrete Roles and Issues]i. Creation of a sustainable society strong against natural disasters and respectful tothe natural environment and landscape.
● Development and dissemination of construction technology for nature
restoration and universal design● Proposals for laws and institutions to promote the construction of a beautiful,safe and secure society● Development of civil engineering technology oriented toward recyclingii. Maintenance and management of social infrastructure utilizing advanced
technology to enhance the sustainability of the society● Development of computerization and robot technology in response to decreaseof civil engineers and laborers● Development and implementation of asset management for social
infrastructureiii. Provision of social infrastructure to maintain and enhance national strength andinternational competitiveness● Drafting and implementation of strategic social infrastructure plans throughcooperation of government, citizens, and business● Technical development toward the creation of a lifeline system resistant tonatural disasters● Maintenance and evolution of civil engineering technology for creating humanresources through the education of civil engineers, and transmission oftechnology to the next generations.

5(2) Environmental Preservation, Restoration and Renewal, and the Formation of a
Recycling conscious Society
i. Environmental Preservation and Renewal
ii. Formation of a Recycling conscious Societyiii. Promotion of Measures against Global Warming
Domestically, there have been recently some improvements on urban and rural
environments relative to trends in the rapid-economic-growth period, numerous
problems remain still unsolved, including waste management, issues relating to thewater and soil environment, and deforestation. Outside Japan, innumerable problems
also remain to be solved, including shortages of natural resources and energy, measuresagainst global warming and desertification due to drying up of water sources, danger offamine, and so on. Multifarious mutually interrelated factors lie behind these issues andthey make difficult to overcome them through individual responses to any single issue.
Civil engineers are now being required to possess attitudes respecting nature, minds
that are considerate of harmonious coexistence, and in cooperation with a wide range ofacademic and technical fields, contributing to the formation of a recycling- conscious
society and the solution of both local and global environmental problems. One of the
newly important roles of the civil engineer is to propose new ideas for structuring thenational land that take into full account the natural environment and ecology, and fordesigning a recycling conscious society that conserves resources and energy, andproduces less waste.
Solving environmental problems and creating a recycling conscious society will
require broad-based cooperation between governmental agencies, academics, citizens,and environmental protection groups and other NPOs; the Japan Society of Civil
Engineers as an academic and technical organization, has to play a central role in these
activities.
[Concrete Roles and Issues]i. Environmental Preservation and Renewal● Proposals for preserving and renewing a healthy natural environment (basinzones, coastal zones) and urban environments, and for the development anddissemination of the elemental technologies necessary for that purpose.
● Proposing wide-range and local plans for national land use and preservation,watersheds, and urban areas● Understanding current state of water recycling and material recycling systems,
and the development and implementation of systems for evaluating their
6status.
● Development and implementation of technology for restoring the quality ofwater and soil, and for eliminating toxic substances.
● Development and implementation of technology for reducing theenvironmental burden caused by the construction and maintenance of social
infrastructure.
● Development and implementation of measures against heat island effects andtechnologies to improve the urban environment.
ii. Creation of a Recycling-conscious Society● Proposals toward the realization of healthy and sustainable recycling of waterand solids● Creation and development of a regional management system including thepreservation of environment and resources● Creation and development of a physical recycling system, together with thepromotion and implementation of the “3R”s ( Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)● Development and promotion of safe, secure, and economical recycling
materials
iii. Promotion of Measures against Global Warming● Reducing and stabilizing the generation of greenhouse gases, together with thedevelopment and dissemination of technology to sequester those gases● Creation and promotion of an efficient logistics system with low
environmental impact● Development and expansion of traffic systems to reduce congestion7

(3) Contributing to the Mitigation of Natural Disasters
i. Proposing policies regarding social infrastructure for improving disaster
resistanceii. Development and implementation of technology to mitigate the effects ofnatural disastersiii. Aggressive participation in citizen movements for self-help, mutual aid,
and public assistance in times of disaster
Global warming, the shrinkage of forests, and desertification are increasing thepotential for changing patterns and new kinds of natural disasters, such as torrential
rains and other abnormal precipitation, and giant typhoons and hurricanes. Also,
increasing population concentration in cities, hollowing of rural communities, low birthrates and aging populations are weakening society’s ability to respond to disasters.
In future natural disasters, the basic responsibility placed on civil engineers will be toprotect human life and property and build a safe and secure society. The Japan Societyof Civil Engineers and its members must not only actively participate in citizens’
movements, from the level of self-help to mutual-aid and government-sponsoreddisaster relief, but also to provide disaster-prevention and disaster-mitigation
technologies to protect all those important infrastructural facilities that support thepeople’s lives, economy, and industrial activity from natural disasters. By protecting
roads, railways, airports, harbors and other transport networks, lifelines andcommunication infrastructure, civil engineers can contribute to the creation of a highly
disaster-resistant society.
In addition to providing rapid response in times of disasters and devoting theirenergies to restoration and recovery activities, civil engineers are further being called
upon to contribute to the “software” side of disaster-prevention by developing anddisseminating hazard-mapping and risk-assessment technology for natural disasters,
contributing to disaster-awareness programs through education and training of public,
and by helping in the creation of a society with networks that provides quick andaccurate information in times of disaster.
[Concrete Roles and Issues]i. Proposing policies regarding social infrastructure for improving disaster resistance● Proposals for creating a national territory strong against natural disasters● Proposals for disaster prevention matching the unique regional characteristics
of cities, mountain areas, and coastal zones● Drafting and implementing plans for social infrastructure with high disaster8

resistanceii. Development and implementation of technology to mitigate the effects of natural
disasters● Development and implementation of technologies to prevent and to mitigate
the effects of disasters on rivers, roads, railways, airports, harbors and social
lifelines.
● Development and implementation of technology to monitor and predict areas
prone to flooding, mudslides and landslides● Development and implementation of technology for prediction and response incoastal areas subject to beach erosion, flooding, and high-tide damage● Introduction of disaster prevention monitoring and warning systems utilizing
satellite imagery, IT and other advanced technologies● Development of prediction/response technology to deal with coastal erosion,flooding, and high tides accompanying rising sea levels
iii. Aggressive participation in citizen movements for self-help, mutual aid, and public
assistance in times of disaster● Disaster education of public● Assistance with drafting regional disaster preparedness plans● Assistance with drafting corporate Business Continuity Plans (BCP)● Participation in emergency rescue and first-aid activities during disasters9(4) Contributing to the Solution of Energy Problems
i. Development of construction technology for providing safe and stableenergy supplies
ii. Technological development for the safe use of nuclear energy, including
the disposal of radioactive wastes
iii. Development of new energy sources including solar, wind, geothermal,
exhaust-heat recovery, etc.
iv. Development of technology for building low-energy consuming cities
Civil engineering facilities supporting the stable supply of electricity, gas and othertypes of energy range from hydroelectric, conventional thermal, and nuclear power
generation plants and their transmission equipment to LNG and petroleum storage
facilities, pipelines and so on. Civil engineers have contributed to the maintenance andimprovement of human life, economy and industrial activity by using their broad
engineering expertise to construct and operate these facilities, thereby helping toprovide stable supplies of energy.
Reliance on fossil-fuel resources, however, has led to environmental problems
including the production of acid rain and the global warming due to greenhouse gas
generation. On the one hand, the global expenditure of fossil-fuel resources has
increased year by year, leading to apprehensions that the world will run out of such
resources, while worries have also increased regarding the safety of nuclear power,
including the earthquake resistance of nuclear facilities and the handling of nuclear
wastes. Further, concerns have grown regarding the “heat island” effect in Tokyo andother large metropolitan areas resulted from the high-energy consumption taken placein those areas.
Civil engineers must contribute to this issue by building supply systems and facilities
for the efficient and safe use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy, while also helping solve
the problem of future energy needs through the development of natural and new energy
sources. At the same time, they are also being called upon to construct low-energy
consuming cities and aggressively advance with social programs and technologicaldevelopments toward reducing energy use and enhancing the efficiency of energy
usage.
[Concrete Roles and Issues]i. Development of construction technology for providing safe and stable energy
supplies● Enhancing efficiency of energy supply facilities management, and increasing10

their service life
● Assuring reliability of energy supply facilities by disaster prevention andmitigation
ii. Technological development for the safe use of nuclear energy, including the safe
disposal of radioactive wastes● Development of technology for final disposal of radioactive wastes anddecommissioned reactors
iii. Development of new energy sources including solar, wind, geothermal,
exhaust-heat recovery, etc.
● Development of recycling technology for wastes and energy generated as a
byproduct of urban activities● Development of biogas generation and other new energy resources● Application of civil engineering technology to energy resource explorationand fossil-fuel mining
iv. Development of technology for building low-energy consuming cities● Proposals toward the construction of low-energy consuming cities andsocieties● Development of technology to enhance efficient use of energy and heat, and tolower costs

11(5) Working Jointly with Citizens to Establish Social Infrastructure
i. Restoration of public trust in civil engineering and civil engineers
ii. Planning, design, implementation, management, and rebuilding a
citizen-participant-type social infrastructureiii. Response to social and public demands for environmental protection anddisaster mitigation
Cases of bid rigging, fraud and lingering doubts regarding the necessity of public
works projects have become factors in exposing civil engineering and civil engineers topublic criticism. As a result, it is first of all indispensable to regain and increase socialand public trust in civil engineering and civil engineers. To achieve that, civil engineers
must possess a high standard of ethics and pride as technicians, devoting their efforts to
producing an infrastructure that truly addresses public needs. The most important roleof civil engineering is to discover and analyze society’s problems, and to mobilize abroad range of technology and expertise for solving those problems. And in conjunction
with that, the civil engineering world must make greater efforts to increase thetransparency of the process of planning and executing civil engineering projects.
In order to proceed with civil engineering infrastructure projects that are accepted by
the public, we must provide objective and easily understood explanations not only to
the government, but to the people, on the various effects and impacts of such projects
on the people’s lives, the economies of the nation and local municipalities, and on thenatural environment. In conjunction with that, we must work toward building a social
system oriented toward a citizen-participation type social infrastructure capable ofadequately reflecting the opinions of the public and society. Finally, it will be necessary
to suggest proposals regarding the optimum shape of social overhead capital in
response to the various issues currently faced by society, including the environment anddisaster prevention, declining birthrate and the aging society.
Civil engineers must remind themselves of the significance of the word “civil” intheir chosen occupation, aiming to realize a social infrastructure for the people andmeasured from the people’s perspective, while as experts in the field providing
appropriate suggestions based on a long-term viewpoint.
[Concrete Roles and Issues]i. Restoration of public trust in civil engineering and civil engineers● With a firm sense of ethics as civil engineers, to maintain an active voice andaggressive active public role
● As civil engineers, to work for a greater transparency in the process ofplanning and execution of social infrastructure projects
12●

Promotion of social and public understanding of the activities and role of civilengineersii. Planning, design, implementation, management, and renewal of acitizen-participant-type social infrastructure● Creation of a social system oriented toward a citizen-participation type ofsocial infrastructure projects● Analysis and explanation of the effects and impacts of social capital projects
on people’s lives, economic activity, and natural environmentiii. Response to social and public demands for environmental preservation anddisaster mitigation● Proposals regarding the optimum state of social capital in response toenvironmental and disaster-prevention issues

132.2 Contributions to the Construction of a Peaceful, Safe, and Secure Global
Social Infrastructurei. Contributions to the construction of social infrastructure oriented towardsustainable development
ii. Contributions to mitigate the effects of natural disastersiii. Contributions to the environmental restoration, including air, water, andsoil
iv. Contributions to issues of energy and resources
The repeated outbreaks of natural disasters in Asia and other developing regions
have been observed in recent years. The deaths caused by earthquakes and tsunami in
Asia account for 90 percent of the global total, and the number rises to 95 percent when
deaths resulting from floods, high tides and other storm damage are only considered.
Furthermore, the rapid rate of deforestation, desertification, and riverbank erosion isdestroying the natural environment, they act as factors in the occurrence of natural
disasters. In addition, global climatic change is increasing the occurrence of torrential
rains and droughts, causing floods and landslides and depletion of water resources.
Also long-term civil wars and terrorism have resulted in the destruction of historicalcultural resources, many of which have no potential for restoration.
In Japan, economic expansion since the late 1970s was accompanied by anincrease—in both quality and quantity--of ODA and other overseas economic aid.
However, the aid has not always been sufficient for the needs of the recipient countries.
Japan must make more efforts toward using its high level of civil engineering
technology to promote sustainable development by contributing to the solution ofproblems of social infrastructure, natural disaster mitigation, the environment andenergy resources, while respecting and taking into consideration the recipient country’s
lifestyles, cultures, histories, thoughts, and religions. Japan’s civil engineers must
demonstrate leadership in these infrastructural projects, promoting a shift of emphasis
from mere efficiency and function to a more balanced development that takes into
consideration local and global environments and the protection of the weak. Suchconsiderate support for the economic development of developing nations willcontribute to international peace, as well as to Japan’s stable development. In order toproduce this kind of international contribution and activity, however, it will benecessary to reform the way in which civil engineering is done domestically as well.
Japan has world-leading expertise in the “hardware” technology, including disasterprevention, long-span bridge construction, and tunneling, as well as the “software”
technology for construction management and preventative maintenance; together, these14represent technologies that have been perfected by Japan’s civil engineers as they
overcame numerous obstacles. The aggressive application of these technologies tooverseas public works projects can be considered linked to the transmission of Japan’s
civil engineering technologies developed at home.
Finally, while hopes are being placed on the contribution of Japanese civil engineers tosocial infrastructure projects throughout the greater Asian region, it must also berecognized that there is insufficient training to produce civil engineers capable ofcontributing to such overseas projects. In that sense, there is a need to make more
concrete proposals regarding the state of higher education and post-graduation
training.
[Concrete roles and issues]i. Contributions to the construction of social infrastructure oriented towardsustainable development● Proposals for urban and development planning harmonized with nature● Support for social infrastructure to supply stable food production harmonizedwith nature and ecology● Construction and technological development of water works, energy,
communication and other lifelines● Planning and development of construction technology for roads, railroads,
airports, harbors and other public transportation systems
ii. Contributions to mitigate the effects of natural disasters● Implementation of disaster-prevention education in response to natural
disasters and regional characteristics, and support of measures to prevent andto mitigate disasters● Rapid support in response to earthquakes, tsunami, and storm disasters● Education and deployment of instructors for natural disaster mitigationiii. Contributions to environmental restoration, including air, water and soil
● Analysis and education regarding the physiological and ecological effects ofwarming and other global climatic change, and the degradation of water, soil
and other local environmental elements● Promotion of the construction of facilities for cleaning waste gases andacid-water discharge from mining and heavy chemical industries● Proposals for reforestation by greening and tree-planting, and for support andrestoration of water recycling functions● Construction of water intake, purification and distribution systems forprovision of safe water supplies
15

● Construction of sewage facilities contributing to a hygienic lifestyle byeliminating and preventing the spread of wastes●
Development and implementation of technology for water and soil
purification, and for the insolubilization of toxic substances
iv. Contributions to issues of energy and resources● Construction of facilities for the stable production and distribution of energy,
and development and implementation of the related technology● Promotion of the development and implementation of technology for, solar,
wind, geothermal and other natural forms of energy

16

3. Abilities and Qualities Required of Civil Engineers
3.1 Self-Confidence and Pride in Civil Engineering
There is a feeling that many civil engineers have experienced an excessive loss of
self-confidence due to the long-term downturn in public works investments and thesevere criticisms of public works arising from the practice of dangō (bid rigging).
In order to restore the public’s trust and positive evaluation of civil engineers andpublic works projects, it is of great importance that civil engineers must themselves
regain their own sense of self-confidence and pride in their profession, while
aggressively speaking out regarding the state of civil engineering and suggesting
various systems appropriate for a new generation. Renewed recognition by publicshould be achieved that neither Japan’s development following the Meiji Restoration,
nor reconstruction after World War II would have been possible without thecontribution of civil engineers, and that Japan’s civil engineers have played an
important role in the economic growth of developing nations. Furthermore, it should be
remembered with self-confidence and pride that civil engineering technology is crucial
for realizing a “beautiful, safe, and secure Japan,” and a “peaceful, safe, and secureworld.” While regulating their behavior with a high sense of ethics, civil engineers
must inform public of the role that they have played until now, as well as their future
mission, through which they will receive the public’s understanding and trust.
Engineers must convey that their mission is to protect the public’s health safety andwelfare while at the same time balancing harmony between the quality of life as the
public now knows it to the protection of the earth for future generations. Finally, it isalso important to transmit to the new generation of civil engineers and young people
the expanding roles of civil engineers in environmental preservation and restoration,and the mitigation of natural disasters.
3.2 Broad Knowledge, Awareness and Leadership
There is an easily understood consensus that public works projects from the Meiji
period to the postwar era of rapid economic growth were driven by the national desire
to catch up with the West. As a result of that, the institutions and skills required were
designed to promote the realization of an affluent society. Civil engineering greatly
contributed to this need by promoting a vertically integrated technology focusing on
hardware, and the development of on-site management technology.
On the other hand, as the social infrastructure has been completed to a certain extent
and now entered a mature stage, the needs of national development have greatlychanged. In order to respond to society’s multifarious needs, including the demand for17

consensus formation, the solution of environmental problems, the advance of
information technology, preservation and transmission of culture and so on, civilengineers are being required to possess knowledge and understanding extending over awide range of fields. In other words, in contrast to earlier eras, ahorizontal-development model of technology together with an overarching system ofintegrated management is now demanded. Civil engineering must exhibit leadership inconstructing the country, and thus must reflect on the fact that it has not responded tothese kinds of demands.
Furuichi Kimitake, the first president of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers statedin his inauguration speech that “The civil engineers are required to take the leadershipamong all fields of engineering and technology.” This fact is equally applicable to thecurrent situation today. Civil engineering is an academic and technological organizationthat originally lies at the border region between nature and human relations, and its firstand foremost goal is to contribute to people’s happiness and peaceful existence inharmony with nature. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate and implement not only
construction technology, but the technology and knowledge of a wide range of
disciplines of the science, engineering and humanities, and in that context what isdemanded from civil engineers is leadership backed by discernment, decisiveness andmanagement skills based on knowledge in these broad fields.
As it was pointed out in Section 1, humanity is beginning to face natural disasters,
energy and food shortages and other unprecedented crises arising from global
environmental destruction. We must be more cognizant of the fact that it is civilengineers who can most directly contribute to overcoming these issues and leading theway for a brighter future for humanity.
As a result, it is necessary that civil engineers make use of both school education andsocial experience to acquire knowledge in the specialist fields listed below and wisdom.
i. Horizontally integrated technology acquisition● Sociological, political, economic and cultural knowledge regarding social
infrastructure● Multi-disciplinary technology in environmental preservation, restoration andnatural disaster mitigation● Information and automation technology relevant to the maintenancemanagement, renewal and safe construction of social infrastructure● Knowledge of advanced technology in fields of bio- and nano-technology,
and aerospace engineering
ii. Integrated management technology
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●
●

●
●
●
●
●
●
●

Management technologies, including project management, risk management,
quality control, quality assurance and labor management
Fiscal expertise, including project financing, cost accounting, project cost
control, variance analysis, operation management and project audit
evaluation.
Planning and presentation abilities for promoting projects
Written and oral communication skills and knowledge critical for consensus
formation with interested parties
Technology regarding risk management and asset management
Legal knowledge regarding relevant laws, ordinances and contracts
Communication and culture skills applicable to international society
Recognition of the need for diversity in project teams, including gender
Understanding and sophistication capable of promoting interdisciplinary
cooperation and demonstrating leadership

3.3 Abilities and Qualities Necessary for Internationalization
As Japan deepens its relations with Asian and other nations, it is believed thatJapan’s civil engineers will have increasing opportunities to participate actively inoverseas construction projects. Japan’s advanced civil engineering technology--fromtunneling to long-span bridge construction, land improvement and earthquake-resistantdesign--possesses great potential to contribute to the social infrastructure of developing
countries. In addition, Japanese technology for environmental preservation andrestoration and the mitigation of natural disasters has the potential to contribute to therealization of safe and secure societies throughout Asia and the rest of the world.
Much of Japan’s current social infrastructure was built at a rapid pace during thepostwar period of rapid economic growth, leading to tremendous advances inconvenience for the people’s lives. On the other hand, that rapid construction has
resulted in numerous problems of environmental destruction and loss of culture andhuman habitat. It is thus necessary to offer our experiences and technologicalcontributions to other countries while taking full recognition of their respective
conditions and cultures.
It is said that, compared to civil engineers around the world, those in Japan tend tohave less skill at project management tied to cost competition, and local cultural
understanding and communication. In response, civil engineers must be equipped not
only with the fundamental technologies of each specialist field, but also a wide range ofmanagement proficiencies, including the ability to understand differences in culture,
diversity, social institutions, and religions, as well as skills in both written and oral
19

communication, international contracting, negotiation and dispute resolution.
These abilities cannot be acquired overnight; the development of a civil engineer’s
skills is dependent on increasing the opportunities for international activity, including
participation in international conferences, joint research and education.
Support for greater international activity by Japan’s civil engineers should also be
considered from Japan’s domestic civil engineering curriculum, by approachingeducation from the perspective of Japan as part of international society, andencouraging not only foreign language study, but also the aggressive acceptance of
foreign exchange students.
3.4 The Education of the Civil Engineer
At present, the educational curricula of civil engineers in Japan present the following
problems at each level:i. Industrial high schools, vocational schools, specialized vocational high schools●

Due to a declining image of civil engineering and diminishing numbers of
employment offers from the industry, many schools are not meeting theirentrance quotas, so that some schools are being pressed to combine their civilengineering specialties with other programs, while others are expressing
concerns regarding the viability of entire faculties or departments.
ii. University and graduate school● A gap exists between the graduates from schools and the new employees
desired by industry, specifically in the area of business skills andproblem-solving abilities.
iii. Professional education/training● Industry currently lacks programs to send employees for post-graduate
degrees and to engage in personnel exchange, and educational institutions
lack programs of support for such purposes.
● Insufficient educational systems exist to make full use of retiree personnel.
iv. Public education● Despite the high interest among citizens in environment, disaster prevention
and other civil-engineering-related issues, virtually no system exists toprovide such education
In order to reconstruct an educational system that responds to these kinds of issues, thefollowing three conditions must be fulfilled:
i. Securing personnel with high level of motivation20

●

It is first necessary that we secure sufficient numbers of people with highmotivation, both at the entrance and completion of civil engineering training,so as to maintain both the quality and quantity of human resources required tofulfill demanded roles. This will require an educational system for the society
at large that portrays public works in a more attractive way.
ii. Education of well-qualified human resources● There is a need to redefine the roles and the kind of people required at eacheducational stage, industrial high schools, vocational schools, junior college,
college and post-graduate (doctoral) levels, all the way to continuing public
and retiree education.
iii. System to allow the demonstration of motivation● Aim for the creation of a social system that allows motivated personnel tofeel a sense of fulfillment, and a system that repays personal excellence.
● Create a system that assures fair assessment of personal abilities, thus
maintaining high quality

21

4. The Role and Concrete Policies of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers
4.1 Activities of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers
In May, 1999, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers revised its “Beliefs andPrinciples of Practice for Civil Engineers” first implemented in 1938, instituting a“Code of Ethics for the Civil Engineer” as a policy of self-discipline for carrying out
professional duties. In that Code, it states with pride that the civil engineer shall“perform civil engineering work from a broad perspective based on his/her specialized
expertise and experience regardless of his/her organizational affiliation,” and declaresthat he or she shall “actively explain the significance and role of his/her own work andrespond sincerely to any criticism of such explanation.”
Subsequently, the “Sendai Declaration on Infrastructure Development and Civil
Engineering Technology” was adopted in 2000. Based on the recognition of increasing
demands to challenge the way in which social infrastructure has been carried out, it
presents a concrete embodiment of the aforementioned Code of Ethics, laying out to the
public our perspective as civil engineers of the significance and ideals of social
infrastructure, and our perception of the policies for the realization of those ideals.
Furthermore, these principles are to be implemented while respecting a wide variety ofhistorical traditions and value systems, which the civil engineers may encounter.
Namely, the significance of constructing social infrastructure is the building,maintaining and utilizing of infrastructures to create “a beautiful national land,” “a safe
and comfortable life,” and “a prosperous society,” and the civil engineer’s foremost
mission lies precisely there. In addition, as ideals of social infrastructure, theDeclaration points out the three principles of “Harmonization with Nature andSustainable Development,” “Respect for Regionality,” and “Respect for Historical
Heritage and Tradition,” while suggesting such concrete implementation strategies as“Communication and Accountability to the Public,” “Clarification of Visions andPlans,” “Fair Evaluation and Competition,” and “Technological Development for
Building Social Infrastructure.”
On the other hand, a fundamental re-evaluation of activities of JSCE is being
undertaken. In 1998 the JSCE issued the activity policy JSCE2000, expressing its
fundamental direction as being founded on (1) contribution to academic andtechnological advance; (2) direct contribution to society, and (3) mutual exchange andinterchange between members of the Society.
This was followed in 2003 with a publication of the document JSCE2005, which
aimed to strengthen the Society’s management by emphasizing the importance ofcommunication between public, the JSCE, and individual members in achieving the22goals outlined in the previous document.
Finally, previous JSCE presidents have established special presidential committees inorder to study themes such as “The Role of Civil Engineers in the Era of Declining
Birthrate and Aging Society,” “Communication with Citizens,” and “the Spirit of the
Civil Engineer,” and the results of those studies have been issued as proposals to themembers of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers as well as to the public. Unfortunately,a few of these proposals have moved to the stage of implementation, while many issues
remain virtually untouched.
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers has issued numerous proposals and reforms
both to its own members and to the nation regarding the role it should play in building arich, safe, secure, and beautiful land, but only a limited number of those have actually
been realized, and many of those proposals have yet to move to the stage of
implementation. What is most needed at present in the Japan Society of Civil Engineers
is that the conclusions of this Special Committee and the proposals of past presidents
should be realized. In other words, the officers, members, and staff of the JSCE must
begin to take concrete steps toward that purpose.
4.2 Roles of the JSCE in Surveys and Research
The most important duty of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers is “to contribute tosociety through scientific and academic progress.” In addition to committees within the
research and studies division, special committees and many other teams are producing
studies through their work. However, the results of those surveys and studies have notbeen sufficiently publicized or feedback those results to the JSCE members. There havebeen also very few opportunities for the JSCE to be directly involved in setting thebasic policy orientation for research and studies on issues confronting the nation
including topics of social infrastructure, disaster prevention, and the environment.
Under these circumstances, we propose the following concrete actions regarding thesurveys and research undertaken by the Society.
(1) Approach to current crucial issues, including social infrastructure, disasterprevention and the environment
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers shall establish survey and research topics andresearch methodologies relevant to social infrastructure, disaster prevention and theenvironment necessary for realizing the “creation of a safe and secure society, and shallpresent these to the Science Council of Japan and the Council for Science andTechnology Policy. Appropriate approaches shall also be made to relevant government
ministries and agencies, and members of the Diet. These proposals shall also be made23

known to the general public through the media.
In addition, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers shall set crucial research topics
regarding issues deeply related to the civil engineering industry and the people’s lives,and establish research groups composed of members from multiple survey and researchcommittees to promote that research.
(2) Promotion of multi-disciplinary, interdisciplinary research
The research and studies division of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers has
established twenty-nine research committees, but it must be admitted that there has
been insufficient communication and linkage among those committees. There is a needto establish horizontally linked, inter-disciplinary connections with regard to topics
such as the mitigation of damage from natural disasters, environmental preservation
and restoration, and extending the life of aging infrastructural facilities. To pursue
researches on these topics, the research and studies division should establish
interdisciplinary committees composed of members drawn from multiple researchcommittees relevant to each topic; furthermore, each committee should be established
for a specific duration and provided with priority research funding. It will also benecessary to set the topics not only through the acceptance of open nominations, butalso through top-down decision-making.
(3) Promotion of joint research and projects with other academic societies
The research project “Response to Severe Earthquake Disasters” undertaken jointly
since FY2003 with the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) is producing steady results,
as a result of the cooperation of these two construction-related academic associations,and the research has become noted by the public; the Central Disaster Prevention
Council is taking steps to concretely reflect the results of this research within thegovernment’s disaster response policies. In addition to earthquake disaster prevention,
many other research topics exist that require a joint approach in cooperation with theacademic associations of a wide range of social, economic, information, chemical andfood-related disciplines, including issues relating to the environment, energy, resources,
and urban problems. Together with the rapid establishment of a common ground whereorganizations related to these research disciplines can meet together, the Japan Societyof Civil Engineers should play a leading role in the joint research undertaken between
industry, academia and the government.
Furthermore, conferences and seminars should be organized jointly with otheracademic associations to allow research results to be disseminated more effectively
both within and outside the JSCE.
24

(4) Publicizing the results of surveys and research
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers is an organization of engineers and researchers,
and the studies and research undertaken by them to enhance the knowledge andunderstanding of specialists in the field as their primary goal. At the same time,
however, it is also important to explain from an impartial perspective how thoseresearch results are utilized by the society and contribute to the happiness of the peopleof Japan. Each research and studies committee must always consider what part of theirresearch results should be generally publicized to the society, and establish websites
allowing mutual information exchange, together with opportunities for meeting withthe media, thus disseminating those results to public.
(5) Promotion of joint research between industry, academia and government, andintroduction of external research funding
Together with acquiring public research funding from such as Science andTechnology Promotion Funds, inter-organizational joint research should be promoted
among industry, academia, and government, as a part of which the Japan Society of
Civil Engineers should act as a leading research body. To achieve that goal, first of all,the activity of the Technology Development Promotion Committee currently locatedwithin the Organization for Promotion of Civil Engineering Technology must be
stimulated, and communication between itself and the research and studies divisionmust be enhanced. As an organization of technocrats and researchers in industry,
academia, and the government, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers should be strongly
promoted as an organization capable of undertaking inter-organizational andproblem-solving types of research. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that the JSCE
has the capacity of being able to integrate multiple kinds of surveys and studies similar
to those undertaken individually by private construction-related companies. For that
purpose, the JSCE should provide opportunities for roundtable discussions withtechnical representatives of the private construction industry, together with
implementing a top-down decision-making method to clearly define strategic issues,
while placing the strongest emphasis on increasing research funding and support(research funding for prioritized issues) toward those goals.
4.3 Support of Restoration and Re-construction after Natural Disasters; andDisaster Prevention Education.
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers should aggressively participate in national
movements for disaster prevention led by the Cabinet Office. Joining the circle of25

self-help, mutual aid, and public assistance in times of disaster, the JSCE should
contribute in a wide-ranging ways to mitigate disasters, from the level of governmental
to citizens.
Particularly with respect to activities at the citizens’ level, the Society should forge
strong ties with the NPO “Engineers without Borders, JAPAN” as it expands its workin the following ways:(1) Promotion of disaster-prevention education and training in disaster-mitigation
techniques
To mitigate the effects of natural disasters; it is important to educate the younger
generation (especially elementary and middle-school students), and train them formethods of mitigating disaster effects. The Japan Society of Civil Engineers has
traditionally engaged in disaster education and issued publications both in Japan andabroad centering on its student members, but these activities should be increasingly
strengthened in future.
The inter-organization of “disaster prevention education associations” formed by
student members at each university should be integrated within the Japan Society of
Civil Engineers, thus supporting the activities of student members. Also, disastermitigation experiences and techniques should be concretely transmitted by aggressively
publicizing the records of disaster surveys undertaken by the Society.
(2) Technological support for restoring and rehabilitating regions subjected tonatural disasters
One of the central pillars of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers’ activity policy is“direct contribution to society.” As an academic and engineering organization, theSociety promotes research and development of technology for mitigating the effects ofnatural disasters, while also providing technological assistance both in Japan andabroad to aid the restoration and rehabilitation of regions struck by such natural
disasters. For that purpose, cooperation should be further promoted with the NPO
Engineers without Borders to raise funding for activities, while also registering andorganizing senior engineers.
4.4 Restoring Trust in Civil Engineering and Civil Engineers
As an association composed of civil engineers drawn widely from industry, academia,
and government, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers has an important role in theregaining trust in public works and civil engineers. It can be considered that the twowheels supporting the axle of restoration of social trust include grass-roots activity instrengthening communication with public as mentioned below, and aggressive
26

publication of information to public, such as by offering proposals regarding
government policies and implementation regarding social infrastructure,disaster-prevention and environmental problems.
(1) Dissemination of the importance and critical nature of social infrastructure to
publicAs an academic organization, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers should
aggressively explain to citizens the importance and critical nature of social
infrastructure. Specifically, materials and pamphlets explaining, in easy-to-understandlanguage, how important social infrastructure is for the creation and sustaining of a safe
and secure society, and enhancing Japan’s international competitiveness should be
published. It is also important to explain how past public works projects havecontributed to Japan’s development, and how historical public works structurescontributed to the formation of Japan’s culture. Communication is necessary to convey
the message that civil engineering is all around us and that no one can live without civilengineering. The air we breath, the water we drink, the transportation that we use andthe facilities for sanitation-all evolve around civil engineering. By attaching the vitalityof the importance of civil engineering to what the public experiences in their everyday
lives will assist in forming a bond between what is taken for granted by the public andwhat civil engineers provide. Finally, society should be informed of the role played bycivil engineers in restoration and rehabilitation following national disasters.
The materials and pamphlets used to explain these points should be created by JSCE
head offices and utilized at branch offices in training sessions and by lecturers sentfrom the head offices.
(2) Commenting aggressively on social problems confronting public works
An editorial committee should be established to aggressively disseminate the viewsof the JSCE and its members regarding the system of bidding for public works, andother widespread issues confronting the profession. Furthermore, opportunities should
be taken to conduct roundtable discussions with members of the media, together withorganization of symposiums and conferences to disseminate such views both within
and outside the JSCE.
The FY2005 Special Presidential Committee issued an interim report with regard to
the bidding system used for public works and the maintenance of quality in public
works projects. Based on previous studies of these issues undertaken by theconstruction management committee, consultant committee, and other related study
teams, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers should mold a consensus on the issues anddisseminate it both within and outside the JSCE.
27

In 1999, the society issued a “Code of Ethics for Civil Engineers,” and establishmentof a Committee for Ethics and Social Norms was determined by the board of directors
in January 2007 to support the implementation of ethics by civil engineers.
(3) Proposals for the reform of policies and institutions
A mid- and long-term policy vision should be composed regarding the national landand social infrastructure. Proposals should be drafted regarding policies and institutions
for the achievement of that vision, and the cooperation of the media enlisted todisseminate those suggestions widely to the larger society. The proposals should also be
disseminated to Diet members, local government leaders, and bureaucrats, with the aimof having the policy vision reflected in government practice.
(4) Social recognition of the engineers professional qualification system
Five years have passed since the Japan Society of Civil Engineers implemented its
civil engineer professional qualification system, but the role and responsibility of thesequalification-holders in public works projects remains unclear. The current situation is
critical, since some of those, who have successfully obtained the qualification, havethemselves pointed out that the qualification system is unprofitable. In addition it
cannot be overlooked that the JSCE experiences an annual accounting loss of some 20
million yen due to the expenses of supporting the qualification system. Towardreforming the professional qualification system, the fourth directors meeting of FY
2006 reaffirmed the following basic policies, and a new task force was assembled
directly under the aegis of the president and assigned to compile concrete suggestions
by the end of FY2006.
i. The Japan Society of Civil Engineers’ licensed engineer qualification system shouldbe opened to all those working in civil engineering field and, making it possible fornon-members of the Society to achieve the qualification, (excluding special upper-levelengineers).
ii. To produce a qualification system that provides practical benefit within work in theconstruction industry, expand the range of existing qualifications, or add newqualifications to increase the depth of the system.
iii. Efforts to increase and promote the achievement of qualifications by younger
engineers.
The “engineers registration system” of the Organization for Promotion of Civil
Engineering Technology has remained virtually unused since its inception, but given
28

the current age in which the evaluation of engineering abilities is shifting from theorganization to the individual, an emphatic policy should be implemented to make useof the system as a database of engineers.
(5) Solution of structural problems of in the JSCE
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers is confronting numerous problems, including
decreasing membership numbers and financial deficits. Mid- and long-term structuralreforms are required that take into account predictions for future reductions in thenumber of civil engineers. Concrete topics of pressing importance include the methods
used for choosing the president, vice-president, executive director, and directors,
together with their terms of service, the optimum assignment of staff and their numbers.
In consideration of the reform of public interest corporations scheduled for 2010, a task
force has started to deal with these issues.
4.5 Communication with Public(1) Feedback of citizens’ opinions through citizen-participation JSCE projects andNPO activities
For some time, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers has, held citizen-participation
forums primarily through its branch offices, and dispatched lecturers on topics
regarding public works and civil engineering, and engaged in disaster-prevention
education and on-site observation sessions. The head offices should support thesebranch activities by producing advertisements and pamphlet materials.
With respect to disaster prevention, environment, and urban revitalization issues,cooperative ties should be forged with existing NPOs and citizen groups, using citizen
forums and roundtable discussions between citizens and civil engineers to reflect
citizens’ opinions back into the Society’s activities.
Volunteer members of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers and Architectural
Institute of Japan have cooperated to establish the Japanese NPO “Engineers without
Borders, JAPAN” as a means to mitigate the effects of natural disasters. Plans for thegroup call for the participation of many ordinary citizens as well as volunteer membersof the two founding associations. It is hoped that the activities of this NPO will allow
the formation of a common base of activity for disaster-prevention issues between
Society members and ordinary citizens.
(2) Creation of cooperation and relationship of trust with media
A cooperative relationship already exists between the Japan Society of Civil
Engineers and Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) and other mass media in regard
29with coverage of natural disasters, and JSCE surveys of earthquake damage areregularly reported and thus made cognizant to public.
In order to obtain public’s understanding of the civil engineering community and theactivities of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, regular discussions should besponsored with representatives of television, radio, and traditional paper based media todisseminate news about the JSCE activities (citizen-participation events, results ofsurveys and research projects, etc.), accomplished civil engineers, both male andfemale to serve as “role models’, major civil engineering projects constructed both
domestically and those constructed by Japanese companies outside Japan, and torespond to requests and questions from the media. International civil engineering guests
visiting Japan should be newsworthy to demonstrate the importance of the profession
world-wide. Such activities should help to build a smooth and continuing relationshipof trust with the media. Already, four such meetings have been held with the media
during FY2006.
4.6 Establishing International Cooperation and International Leadership(1) Expansion of joint activities with overseas academic associations
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers have already established agreements withpartner societies from twenty four nations in Asia and around the world. In recent years,
international seminars and other joint projects have been hosted in Asia, and annual
conventions of associations in England and the United States have likewise been used
as opportunities for information exchange. Exchange activities have also rapidly taken
on substance, centering on regional meetings held in locations such as Korea, Taiwan,
and Mongolia, and the Japan Society of Civil Engineers is playing a central role in the
Asian Civil Engineering Coordinating Council (ACECC). Given the fact that natural
disasters are a frequent occurrence in Asia, and the environmental relationship between
nature and urban areas is also worsening, more concrete joint activities should beundertaken with partner associations; under the leadership of the Japan Society of Civil
Engineers, and international conferences should be sponsored and technologicalsupport given to various issues in the field of public works.
(2) Strengthening roundtable discussions at JSCE's annual meetings
The occasion of annual JSCE meetings has been used to host roundtable discussions
with the participation of related overseas associations. However they have produced
insufficient results. Reflecting on this fact, preparations for the FY2006 meeting wereadvanced centering on a common theme, and with the participation of six countries, ajoint proposal was issued. The holding of roundtable discussions with the participation30

of Asian and other nations should be taken as a perfect opportunity for the Japan
Society of Civil Engineers to demonstrate its leadership. Therefore conference themes
should be selected based on an analysis of the topics considered necessary for the Asian
nations, and the Japan side should make presentations toward solving those issues,
together with engaging in full follow-up activities through post-conference joint
projects and so on. Potential themes for joint projects might include the transfer of civilengineering technology for disaster-prevention and the environment, engineering
education, and various systems for implementing public works.
(3) Proposals regarding ODA and other governmental international cooperation
Intergovernmental aid from Japan to developing nations is undertaken primarily
through the Foreign Affairs Ministry, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). In turn, the Japan Society of
Civil Engineers sends survey and assistance teams overseas when natural disasters
strike, to provide direct assistance in restoration and rehabilitation of the stricken areas.
Similarly, overseas disaster-prevention educational activities led primarily by student
members have received high praise from the respective countries. This might be called
the expansion of support closely linked to the locality. Roundtable discussions also
provide opportunities to elicit requests and desires from the counterpart nation. These
kinds of concrete results produced by the Japan Society of Civil Engineers should be
used as the basis for drafting themes for intergovernmental cooperation, presenting
these to the relevant authorities as well as publicizing them through the media.
Furthermore, while there are many examples of Japanese civil engineering
technology playing a role in international cooperation, those facts are frequently nottransmitted to overseas policy experts and to local government officials. The Japan
Society of Civil Engineers should play a more active role in disseminating information
regarding the necessity of projects and their socio-economic effects, as well as data
about Japan’s high level of technological expertise.
(4) Linkage with NPO “Engineers without Borders, JAPAN”
Established by volunteer members of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers andArchitectural Institute of Japan, the Japanese NPO “Engineers without Borders” hasprovided assistance in reconstruction and rehabilitation following natural disasters incountries such as Indonesia and Pakistan. These activities have received high praisefrom the overseas societies where they are undertaken, and it is believed that they will
help nurture a sense of trust toward Japan’s civil engineers. By expanding overseas aid
activities centered on NPOs, it will become easier to obtain financial aid from the31

nation, local governments, and industry; by the participation of ordinary citizens, therange of activities for civil engineers will expand, and by extension, it will help toregain public’s trust in public works and civil engineers.
(5) Disseminating information overseas
While an overseas newsletter and English-language publications are being issued,
they have not yet become widely available information sources. Financial problems
have also slowed the progress of translating and issuing English-language versions of
JSCE publications. To promote greater internationalization within the Japan Society of
Civil Engineers and more international consciousness among civil engineers, it is
crucial to stimulate the overseas dissemination of news from the JSCE. The JSCE
should analyze the current issues, clarify the problem points involved, and hammer out
a strategy for disseminating information to overseas, and then to implement thoseelements that are most practical.
4.7 Improving the Education of Civil Engineers(1) Creating “problem-solving” human resources trusted by public
Producing human resources equipped with “problem-solving” capabilities is very
important. The engineering educational curriculum should be redesigned so as toinclude courses in “engineering design”,“ethics education”, “public policy”,“leadership”, “communication”, “project management” and “globalization”
Education-related committees should take the lead in rethinking the standard
curriculum for civil engineers at all levels, from high school to vocational schools,
university and post-graduate education.
(2) Public education
To regain public trust in civil engineering and secure adequate human resources tosupport Japan in the future, a system of support should be created to provide
information about civil engineering to schools at the elementary and middle-schoollevels. For this purpose, horizontal linkage between the activities of branch offices, andcooperation with other academic associations and NPOs should be promoted.
(3) Stimulation of the Society’s activities regarding education
Individuals involved with school, adult, and continuing education should be invited
to participate in various symposia and forums held to stimulate the JSCE activities
regarding education.

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