JSCE-2014 International Forum

Human-Friendly River Restoration and Management in Korea

THE FOUR RIVERS RESTORATION PROJECT
November 20, 2014

Myung Pil SHIM, Ph.D
Professor of Inha University
President, Korea Society of Civil Engineers
1

OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCES
IN KOREA

2

HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN KOREA• Annual averaged precipitation of Korea :1,277mm• Precipitation During Rainy Season : 870mm (68% of the Total)
Regular : 362.5㎜(41.4%)

Monsoon : 321.8㎜(36.7%)

Typhoon : 191.8㎜(21.9%)• Generally, Typhoon affected in late summer rainfall (Aug. ~ Sep.)* Recently, after 2000, Typhoon was overlapped with monsoon in Early Summer.
3

WATER USE OF KOREA
Total amount of water resources
129.7 (100%)

Total runoff
75.3 (58%)

Runoff in flood period
56.0 (43%)

Outflow to sea
42.0 (32%)

Evapo-transpiration and Loss
54.4 (42%)

Runoff in non-flood period
19.3 (15%)

Used as stream water
10.8 (8%)

 Total amount of water available percapita in a year is approximately
12% of the world average* Unit: billion m3/year

Used as Dam water
18.8 (15%)

Water Vision 2020,(Ministry of Land,Transportand Maritime Affairs, 2011

Used as ground water
3.7(3%)

Total amount of use : 33.3 (26%)
Municipal : 7.5
Industrial : 2.1
Agricultural : 15.9
River maintenance flow : 7.8
4

MAJOR RIVERS IN SOUTH KOREA

Han RiverGeum
RiverNakdong
River

YeongsanRiver

5WATER CRISIS?

20% of the world population is facing a severe water shortfall by 2025
- The UN World Water Development Report
6HOW ABOUT KOREA?

DROUGHT DAMGES

7

CLIMAGE CHANGE, HEAVY STORMS… FLOOD DAMAGE

Annual flood damage: US$ 2.2 billion
Restoration expenditure: US$ 3.5 billion

Vicinity of the Nakdong River
8

WATER POLLUTION

Lower reaches of the Yeongsan River
9

POLLUTED RIVER FROM AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

Vinyl farm structures in the Nakdong River basin (Before)
The influx of insecticides and fertilizers into the rivers
10THE FOUR RIVERS RESTORATION PROJECT11

REVIVAL OF RIVERS: A NEW KOREA

Securing
Water

Improvingwater Quality

Protecting
FloodsWater Front
Development
Promoting
Local
Economy12

PROJECT SCOPES

Dredging: 0.45 billion m3
Building Weirs: 16 places
Ecological Stream Restoration: 858 km
Wetlands Restoration: 11.8 million m2
Environmental Facilities: 1,281
Reinforcing old levees: 784 km
Constructing Dams: 3 places
Bicycle Paths: 1,757km
Elevating Reservoir Banks: 93 places

Project Period: 2009~2012
13

PROJECT SCOPES & EFFECTS
FloodControl

Dredging: 450 million m3,
Flood Control & Water Detention: 5
Reinforcing old Levees: 784 km

lowering Flood
Water Levels(2 - 4m)

Water Security

Weir Construction: 16
Elevation of Reservoir Banks : 94

Increase 1.17
billion m3 of water

Water Quality
Improvement

Sewage Treatment Facilities: 1,281
Farmland Relocation : 156.8 km2

Water Quality
Grade III → II

EcologicalRestoration

Ecological Wetlands: 11.8 million m2
Preserving natural wildlife habitat
Fish-ways: 33 sites

Improve Natural
Ecology &Promote Ecotourism

Waterfront
Development

Bicycle path: 1,757km
Tourist attraction sites: 36

BetterQuality of Life

14

PROJECT BUDGET & SCHEDULE

Composition of Budget(unit : billion USD)
Improving
Water Quality 3.4
Ecological Stream
Restoration 2.7

Dredging

4.4
6.1
1.3

19.3

Building weirs

2.0
5.5
Embanking
Agricultural reservoir
Reinforcing levees &Construction of Dams

Project Schedule
Master Planning in 2008 / Project Started in 2009 & Completed in 201215

Project Organization Structure

16

Flood Control

17

DREDGING OF SEDIMENTED RIVERBED & AGRICULTURALLAND REMODELING
Increasing drainage capacity of the rivers
Lowering flood level by dredging (450 million ㎥)
Water Level Declined by Dredging

Dredging

18

BeforeAfterRiver Topography
Riverbed changes due to dredging
Mild slope levee, flood profile and sand-shoals

Dredging<Flood Water level changes>(Drawdown in Flood Water Level)

Nakdong River19

Effects of Riverbed Dredging
Significantly decreasing flood water level in the areas of the four rivers

Mainstream
TributaryHan

Nakdong

GeumYeongsan

Yeoju

SangjuBaekjeNaju

2.70m

3.78m

0.80m

2.13m

SeomHwang

MihoHwangryong

0.5m

1.3m

0.5m

0.6m

Han River - Yeoju

Geum River - Baekje

20

AGRICULTURAL LAND REMODELING
Dredged soils are used for aggregate and improving agricultural lands
Dredged accumulations are treated by the soil pollution standard

BEFORE
Farmlands

AFTER

Farmlands

Sections for the agricultural land remodeling21

FLOOD CONTROL DETENTION

Flood Control Reservoir

Detention Pond22REINFORCING OLD LEVEES
Expanding the top of an embankment
Smoothing the slope

Existing Levee

23

ESTABLISHING MORE GATES AT ESTUARYRiverProjectWidth (m)Nakdong

More gates

47.5

Height,Length
9.2

Yeongsan lake gate

30

13.6

8

Yeongam lake gate

30

10.5

11

Expanding link channel

151404,440

1

YeongsanNum.
624

FLOOD CONTROL EFFECT IN 2011
Record-breaking rainfall during rainy season (June 20~July 17, 2011)- Rainfall over 640mm for 20days (2.6 times more than the average)* The annual mean precipitation : 1,277mm

No damaged areas due to the low flood water level (2~4m ▼)by dredging
RiversMainstream
Tributary

1.Han

2.Nakdong

3.Geum

4.Yeongsan

Yeoju

SangjuYungiNaju

2.54m ▼

3.78m▼

3.36m▼

2.13m▼

SeomHyung

Miho

Hwangryong

0.5m▼

1.3m▼

0.5m▼

0.6m▼

25

2006 Flood at Yeojoo in Han River

226

Safe Water Security

27

WATER SECURITY (New reserve 1.17 billion m3 )16 movable weirs (720 million m3)
Small & medium sized multipurpose dam (240 million m3)- Yeongjoo dam, Bohyunsan dam, Connection between Andong and Imha Dams

Elevating 93 agricultural reservoir banks (210 million m3)

28

Ipo weir in Han River29

MOVABLE WEIRSDischarging Sedimentations periodicallyControlling water level by flood forecast

Lift Type

Rotary Type (Rising Sector)

Turning Type

Sedimentation
Discharge

Water Level
Control30

Panorama of 16 Multi-purpose Weirs

31

EFFECTS OF WATER LEVEL RISE DURING DRY SEASON
Average 1.77m water level increase due to weir construction
Han River 0.6m, Nakdong River 3.1m, Geum River 1.1m, Youngsan River 2.1m

32

Construction of Multipurpose Dams  Water security of 240 million m³
Youngjoo Dam

Bohyunsan Dam

Dam Connection

Embanking of 93 Agricultural Reservoir Additional Storage 210 million m³Embanking concept

33

CONNECTION BETWEEN ANDONG & IMHA DAMS

34

Effects of Water Shortage Decrease during the Dry Season(After project) Definitely improving water intake conditions

Intake pipe

Before scene(2008)

After scene(2012)

Water level rise of 4.55m after Project Thus Stable water intake ispossible despite the dry season

35

WEIR OPERATIONBY THE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Integrated River Management System
Multi-purpose Dam& Flood Control
Retention

Multi-purpose Weir
(Small Scale Dam)

A comprehensive management throughintegrated approaches with weir, dam, floodcontrol retention, etc.

Agricultural Reservoir

36

Water Quality Improvement

37

Problems of Water Environment in Korea
Water quality problem in four Rivers before the Project.
- TP (0.16~0.20mg/L) level is in eutrophic condition by USEPA standard

Namji in the Nakdong River

38

Measures for Water Quality Improvement
CLEAN WATER (SWIMMABLE WATER)
Structural measures

76% (2006)

86% (2012)

Operational measures• Treatment Facilities : over 1,100(Sewage 644, WW 226, T-P 237 etc.)

Air Diffusing System: Algae reduction of 10%• Non-point pollution treatment facility: 21• Aquatic Ecology Restoration: 120<BOD, ppm>

2.6

20%
Current

2.1

Target2006

2012

BeforeAfter

Movable Gate Operation

NormalFlushing39Modeling for Water Quality Improvement
Prediction of water quality (BOD, TP) along the 4 rivers after the Project5.0

사업후aft. the project

3.0
2.0
1.0
Keumho river

0.0
상주2

상주3

Head water산곡
site1

구미
site2

달성
site3

고령
site4

대암
site5

남지물금

estuary

0.20

0.15TP(mg/L)

BOD(mg/L)

4.0

사업전
bef. the project

0.10

0.05
Keumho river

0.00
상주2 water
상주3Head산곡
site1

구미
site2

달성
site3

고령
site4

대암
site5

남지
estuary물금

40

Hwamyung District of Nakdong River (Before & after Preject)
BeforeRelocation of agricultural lands
and removal of vinyl farm
structures in the river basins

After

The agricultural land use isturned into ecological parks,
bicycle pathways, sportfacilities, etc.
41

Ecological Restoration

42

Preserving Endangered Species
Propagation of Endangered Fishes

Restoration of fish migration andnatural wildlife habitat

43

Preserving Natural Wildlife Habitats
Installing nature-friendly fish-ways and ecological wetlands
Minimizing ecologically adverse effects during dredging period

Pool Type Fish-way

Ecological wetland

Vacuum Dredging
Channel Type Fish-way

Double Silt protectors

44

Diversity of Fish Species
Multiplication and release of the 8 endangered fish species- Making the natural habitat of fish diversity species & restoration of fish routes

Gobiobotia naktongensis mori

Gobiobotia macrocephalus mori

Pseudopungturgia tenuicorpus

Gobiobotia brevibarba mori

Koreocobitis naktongensis

Liobagrus obesus

Pseudopungtungia nigra mori

Acheilognathus signifer berg

45

Improvement of Eco-system Space
Total amount of collecting garbage was 2.86 million tons from the River- equal to 190,000 full 15-ton Dump Trucks<Kinds of illegal garbage collected in the water front>(1/100 MT]

Waste Concrete

Recycled Asphalt Conc.

Mixed Waste

Mixed Waste

Etc.

46

Waterfront Development

47

Waterfront Eco Parks: Coexistence of the People and Natures
Promenades, Water leisure sports area : Cultural Activities
454 Sports Facilities- Including 65 Soccer fields, 45 baseball fields, 1,529 campsites, etc.

36 Landscape View Points

48

WATERFRONT PHOTOS

Eco Park

Bicycle Path

Waterfront Amphitheater

49 ParkSports49

Landscape View (36 Points)
Providing a space for residence and economic activities
Creating a waterfront landmarks & promenades- Eco Park with local features planting 140,000 trees & 5,460,000 shrubs
Development of various contents based on the features of each river
Historical LandscapeView Point

Local LandscapeView Point

Main View Point

Main View Point

Structural LandscapeView Point
Main View Point

Ecological LandscapeView Point
Main View Point

Cultural Resource
WeirAlluvial Island
Bicycle Path

Protected Lowland
Minor View Point:
Terraced Land on the River

Minor View Point:
A Group of Grasses

Existing Forest50

Improving Access to Waterfronts
Overcoming the disruption of space by roads, banks, etc.
Reinforcing the interconnection between rivers and cities

Eco-Friendly waterfront way
51

Gomanaru Waterfront Amphitheater in the Geum River52

BICYCLE ROADS
Total 1,757 km- Han: 310, Nakdong: 665, Geum: 305, Yeongsan: 377,Saejae: 100

Eco-friendly paving materials & Utilize existing road
Promoting Green Transportation

Reuse of Abandoned RailHwacheon

53

54

Water Cultural CenterHan River

Yeongsan riverGeum RiverNakdong River

55

The ARC (Cultural Center in Nakdong River)

56

57

Green Energy

58

Green Energy from Small Hydropower
Generating electricity by stored water due to weirs- Installed Capacity : each 800 to 5,000 kW (16 weirs)
Power Generation : 271 million kWh/yr (enough to supply 58,000 houses)

59

Saving Energy Used to Pump Water
After the Project, head difference is smaller than before- The larger head, the more energy needed* About 3,000 pumping stations along the 4 Major RiversPumpingstation

Pump
levee
Head Diff.

Aft. Prj.

farmlandcityBef. Prj.
stream60

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
MOU with Morocco(2012.3), Peru(2012.5), Paraguay(2012.5), Thailand(2012.8), etc

Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand visited to the project site on March 25, 2012

Signed technical cooperation MOU between Paraguay on May 29, 201261

World River Forum(October 2011, September 2012)

62

PROJECT MANAGEMENT & FUTURE PLANS
Project Management
The central government supervises national river management,* While Public Enterprise(K-water) and local governments manages each site.

Establishing the Integrated Water Resources Management System

Monitoring of the project sites
Increasing efficiency of the management through continuous monitoring* Water channel, sediment discharge, water quality, ecological environment,
underground water, facilities, flood and water supply, etc

Systematic restoration works on the other 43 national rivers and3,772 local rivers
Restoration of direct inflow tributaries is prior works,
Other tributaries works must be run parallel63Thank you for your attention!

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