JADH 2018
“Leveraging Open Data”
September 9-11, 2018
Hitotsubashi Hall, Tokyo

https://conf2018.jadh.org

Proceedings of the 8th Conference ofJapanese Association for Digital
Humanities
Organized by:
Japanese Association for Digital Humanities
Hosted by:Center for Open Data in the Humanities, Joint Support-Center for Data
Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems
Co-organized by:
JSPS Grant-in-Aid Project (S) “Construction of a New Knowledge Basefor Buddhist Studies” (15H05725)
International Institute for Digital Humanities
Sponsored by:

AMANE LCC.

Supported by:
Japan Art Documentation Society
IPSJ SIG Computers and the Humanities
Japan Society for Digital Archives
Japan Association for English Corpus Studies
Japan Association for East Asian Text Processing
The Mathematical Linguistic Society of Japan
Japan Society for Information and Media Studies
Japan Society of Information and Knowledge

Proceedings of JADH Conference, vol. 2018

Proceedings of JADH Conference, vol. 2018
Edited by Chikahiko Suzuki
Copyright ©︎ 2018 by the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities
Published by:Center for Open Data in the Humanities, Joint Support-Center for Data Science
Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems
2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
http://codh.rois.ac.jp
Online edition: ISSN 2432-3144

Print edition: ISSN 2432-3187

JADH 2018

Table of Contents
JADH 2018 Committees .................................................................................................. 9Time Table ..................................................................................................................... 10
Workshop
Machine Reading: Advanced Topics in Word Vectors ................................................ 11
Eun Seo Jo, Javier de la Rosa
Session 1: Open Scholarship
Digital Open Scholarships in Heritage: The Archaeology of Portus Massive Open
Online Course example................................................................................................. 14
Eleonora Gandolfi, Graeme Earl
Capturing Literary Events at Metropolitan Scale: Open Data and ‘One Book One
Chicago’ ......................................................................................................................... 16
John Shanahan
Early Chinese Periodicals Online (ECPO) – from Digitization towards Open Data ... 18
Matthias Arnold
Session 2: Data Analysis
From Collection Curation to Knowledge Creation: Building a Bilingual Dictionary of
Ming Government Official Titles through Expert Crowd-translation ......................... 22
Ying Zhang, Susan Xue, Zhaohui Xue
Leveraging the Japanese Biographical Database as a digital resource for education
and research .................................................................................................................. 24
Leo Born
Topic modelling as a Tool for Researching the Polish Daily Press Corpus
ChronoPress of the Post-war Period (1945–1962) ...................................................... 27
Adam Tomasz Pawłowski, Tomasz Walkowiak
Session 3: Text Analysis
Studying Topics, Gender, and Impact in a Corpus of Czech Sociological Articles .. 30
Radim Hladík
What did Journalists Mention in the Russian Press?: Comparison of Articles about
Yeltsin’s Presidential Addresses to the Federal Assembly ........................................ 33
Mao Sugiyama
Session 4: Archiving
Building Oral Narrative Archives of Contemporary Events: Merits and Challenges ofOpen Data in Digital Social Sciences........................................................................... 36
David H. Slater, Flavia Fulco, Robin O’Day
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Digital archiving vernacular records of natural disaster in Northern Thailand ......... 38
Senjo Nakai
Session 5: Data Analysis
Fueling Time Machine: Information Extraction from Retro-Digitised Address
Directories ..................................................................................................................... 40
Mohamed Khemakhem, Carmen Brando, Laurent Romary, Frédérique MélanieBecquet, Jean-Luc Pinol
Matching methods: new approaches for the study of the Online Dating phenomena.
....................................................................................................................................... 44
Jessica Pidoux
A Quantitative Analysis of Agatha Christie’s Works Applying a Machine Learning
Approach ....................................................................................................................... 46
Narumi TsuchimuraInterpreting Visual Data in the Platformized Context: The Case of a Chinese
Working-class Online Community ............................................................................... 50
Jiaxi Hou
Cancelled....................................................................................................................... 52

Panel Session 1
Digital Humanities Cyberinfrastructure: Integrating and Facilitating ........................ 53
Jieh Hsiang, Joey Hung, Chao-Lin Liu, Michael Stanley-Baker
Session 6: Technical Development“Cicerone”, a monuments’ guide plug-in for navigators: a proposal for a historyrelated software application to increase the value of cultural heritage historicallywith GIS and GPS open data. ....................................................................................... 54
Luigi Serra
Why do I need four search engines? ........................................................................... 58
Martin Holmes, Joseph Takeda
Converting the Aozora Bunko into a corpus suitable for linguistic research ........... 61
Bor Hodošček
Session 7: Exploring History
Methods of Meaning: Deciphering the History of “Literature” With Two Word Vector
Approaches ................................................................................................................... 64
Mark Algee-Hewitt, Alexandre Gefen, Eun Seo Jo, J.D. Porter, Marianne Reboul

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Historical Big Data: Reconstructing the Past through the Integrated Analysis of
Historical Data ............................................................................................................... 67
Asanobu Kitamoto, Mika Ichino, Chikahiko Suzuki, Tarin Clanuwat
A community based on data sharing and collaboration. The structure of the ZX
Spectrum demoscene ................................................................................................... 70
Piotr Marecki
Session 8: Collection and Curation
Towards Unifying Our Collection Descriptions: To LRMize or Not? .......................... 72
Jacob Jett, Katrina Fenlon, J. Stephen Downie
Exploring the Implications: Open Access Repositories and Social Media ................ 75
Luis Meneses, Alyssa Arbuckle, Hector Lopez, Belaid Moa, Richard Furuta, Ray
Siemens
Towards unified descriptive practices for Japanese classical texts: TEI, IIIF, and the
UCLA Toganoo Collection of Esoteric Buddhism ....................................................... 78
Tomoko Bialock, Dawn Childress, Hiroyuki Ikuura, Kiyonori Nagasaki
A TEI Markup for the Contents of Tang Poems .......................................................... 80
Yan Cong, Masao Takaku
The Digital Curation Project- Popularization of Democracy in Post-War Japan –virtual reunification of dispersed materials hidden in the Hussey Papers Archival
collection ....................................................................................................................... 82
Keiko Yokota-Carter
Archive as Data: Reading Kisho Shushi to Follow Meteorology and the Boundary of
the Empire in Meiji Japan ............................................................................................. 84
Ryuta Komaki
Panel Session 2
Broadening Perspectives of Historical Researchers: From a Case ofInterdisciplinary Workshop organized by Graduate Students in Japan .................... 86
Satoru Nakamura, Masato Fukuda, Jun Ogawa, Sho Makino, Ayano Sanno, Shohei
Yamasaki
Poster Session
Collaborative approaches to implement Science as a service in an Open Innovationin Science framework: Japanese Diaspora Studies on the example of Thomas Higa........................................................................................................................................ 88
Yoshiyuki Asahi, Eveline Wandl-Vogt, Jose Luis Preza Diaz
Philograph: Textual Analysis Tools in the Digital Humanities .................................... 90
Jerry Bonnell

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Representing digital humanities collections: A preliminary analysis of descriptive
schema .......................................................................................................................... 92
Katrina Fenlon, Jacob Jett, J. Stephen Downie
entity-fishing: a DARIAH entity recognition and disambiguation service ................. 95
Luca Foppiano, Laurent Romary
Collocation Patterns of Pitch-Class Sets: Comparing Mozart’s Symphonies andString Quartets.............................................................................................................. 97
Michiru Hirano, Hilofumi Yamamoto“Spots of Time” and Space: Mapping the Present, Past, and Atemporal Spaces inCharlotte Smith’s Beachy Head ................................................................................. 101
Holly Horner
The Brontës in the World: Creating a Digital Bibliography to Expand Access toSingle-Language Sources .......................................................................................... 104
Matthew Hunter, Judith Pascoe
The Metadata Hub for Interdisciplinary Knowledge Sharing of Historical Situation
Records ....................................................................................................................... 106
Mika Ichino, Junpei Hirano, Kooiti Masuda, Asanobu Kitamoto, Hiroyuki Den
Construction of NINJAL media resources collection for searching and previewing
sound and video data ................................................................................................. 109
Yuichi Ishimoto, Takumi Ikinaga, Tomokazu Takada
Developing a Block Puzzle Game for Studying Ryukyuan Language Phonetic
System ......................................................................................................................... 112
Takayuki Kagomiya, Yuto Niinaga, Nobuko Kibe
Comparisons of Pitch Intervals in Japanese Popular Songs from 1868 to 2010 .... 115
Akihiro Kawase
KU-ORCAS: Trans-Border Digital Archives Project for East Asian Cultural Studies..................................................................................................................................... 120
Nobuhiko Kikuchi
Cancelled…………………………………………………………………………………….…123

Alignment Table between UniDic and ‘Word List by Semantic Principles’ ............. 125
Asuko Kondo, Makiro Tanaka, Masayuki Asahara
A pilot study on the museum visitors interest by using eye tracking system......... 129
Emi Koseto-Horyu
In nihilum reverteris – retro text game ...................................................................... 132
Robert Hellboj Straka, Yerzmyey, Piotr Marecki

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The Possibilities of a Participatory Digital Humanities Platform: A Case Study of theJapan Disasters Archive (JDA) ................................................................................... 133
Andrew Gordon, Katherine Matsuura
Digitizing Zeami........................................................................................................... 137
Hanna McGaughey
Building Linguistically and Intertextually Tagged Coptic Corpora with Open Source
Tools............................................................................................................................. 139
So Miyagawa, Amir Zeldes, Marco Büchler, Heike Behlmer, Troy Griffitts
Transitions of Plot Elements in a Japanese Detective Comic.................................. 142
Hajime Murai
Open Data as the Essentials of Teaching and Textual Research ............................ 146
Susan Allés-Torrent, Mitsunori Ogihara
The Italian reception of the English Novel. A digital enquiry on Eighteenth Century
literary journalism ....................................................................................................... 148
Andrea Penso
Sustainable Metadata Management for Cultural Heritage Image Data using XMP 149
Oliver Pohl
The Visualization of Academic Inheritage in Historical China.................................. 152
Yong Qiu, Jun Wang, Hongsu Wang
The Visualization of the Historical People’s Migration in Tang Dynasty ................. 155
Yong Qiu, Jun Wang
Machine learning approaches for background whitening and contrast adjustment ofdigital images .............................................................................................................. 157
Wataru Satomi, Toru Aoike, Takeshi Abekawa, Takanori Kawashima
A Collaborative Approach for GIS Historical Maps Metadata Project ..................... 161
Naomi Shiraishi, Haiqing Lin
Cell Phone City: Pedestrians’ Mobile Phone Use and the Hybridization of Space inTokyo ........................................................................................................................... 163
Deirdre Sneep
A Case Study on Digital Pedagogy for the Style Comparative Study of Japanese Art
History Using “IIIF Curation Platform” ....................................................................... 166
Chikahiko Suzuki, Akira Takagishi, Asanobu Kitamoto
Detecting Unknown Word Senses in Contemporary Japanese Dictionary from
Corpus of Historical Japanese ................................................................................... 169
Aya Tababe, Kanako Komiya, Masayuki Asahara, Minoru Sasaki, Hiroyuki Shinnou

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Verifying the Authorship of Saikaku Ihara’s Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari Using a
Quantitative Approach................................................................................................ 171
Ayaka Uesaka
Predicting Prose that Sells: Issues of Open Data in a Case of Applied Machine
Learning....................................................................................................................... 175
Joris van Zundert, Marijn Koolen, Karina van Dalen-Oskam
Retouching Our Food in Digitized Era: A Case Study of Hong Kong Foodie Critics..................................................................................................................................... 178
Wong Hei Tung
A study on the distribution of cooccurrence weight patterns of classical Japanesepoetic vocabulary ....................................................................................................... 179
Hilofumi Yamamoto, Bor Hodoscek
Construction of Japanese Historical Hand-Written Characters Segmentation Data
from the CODH Data Sets .......................................................................................... 183
Tang Yiping, Kohei Hatano, Emi Ishita, Tetsuya Nakatoh, Toshifumi Kawahira
How to Critically Utilise Public-sourced Open Data? A Proof-of-Concept: Enrich the
SOAS Authority Datasets with Wikidata and VIAF.................................................... 186
Fudie Zhao

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JADH 2018 Committees
Program Committee:
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Toru Tomabechi, Chair (International Institute for Digital Humanities, Japan)
Paul Arthur (Edith Cowan University, Australia)
James Cummings (Newcastle University, UK)
J. Stephen Downie (University of Illinois, USA)Øyvind Eide (University of Koeln, Germany)
Makoto Goto (National Institute for Humanities, Japan)
Shoichiro Hara (Kyoto University, Japan)
JenJou Hung (Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts, Taiwan)
Jieh Hsiang (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)
Akihiro Kawase (Doshisha University, Japan)
Asanobu Kitamoto (National Institute of Informatics, Japan)
Chao-Lin Liu (National Chengchi University, Taiwan)
Maciej Eder (Pedagogical University of Kraków, Poland)Charles Muller (The University of Tokyo, Japan)
Hajime Murai (Future University Hakodate, Japan)
Kiyonori Nagasaki (International Institute for Digital Humanities, Japan)
Geoffrey Rockwell (University of Alberta, Canada)
Susan Schreibman (National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland)
Masahiro Shimoda (The University of Tokyo, Japan)
Raymond Siemens (University of Victoria, Canada)
Donald Sturgeon (Harvard University, USA)
Keiko Suzuki (Ritsumeikan University, Japan)
Tomoji Tabata (Osaka University, Japan)
Kathryn Tomasek (Wheaton College, USA)
Christian Wittern (Kyoto University, Japan)
Taizo Yamada (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

Local Organizers:
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Asanobu Kitamoto, Chair (Center for Open Data in the Humanities / National Instituteof Informatics)
Tarin Clanuwat (Center for Open Data in the Humanities / National Institute ofInformatics)
Mika Ichino (Center for Open Data in the Humanities / National Institute of Informatics)
Kiyonori Nagasaki (International Institute for Digital Humanities)
Masahiro Shimoda (The University of Tokyo)
Chikahiko Suzuki (Center for Open Data in the Humanities / National Institute ofInformatics)
Akihiko Takano (National Institute of Informatics)
Toru Tomabechi (International Institute for Digital Humanities)

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Time Table
September 9 (Sun), Day 1
14:30-18:30

Workshop

September 10 (Mon), Day 2
9:00-9:30
9:30-11:00
9:30-11:00
11:00-13:00
13:00-16:15
16:15-16:45
16:45-19:00
19:00-21:00

JADH and TEI Joint Opening Session
Session 1: Open Scholarship (Room A1)
Session 2: Data Analysis (Room A2)
Lunch Break
JADH and TEI Joint Keynote Session
Coffee Break
JADH and TEI Joint Poster Session with Poster Slam
Conference Banquet

September 11 (Tue), Day 3
9:30-10:30
9:30-10:30
10:30-10:45
10:45-12:15
12:15-13:45
13:45-15:15
13:45-15:15
15:15-15:30
15:30-17:00
15:30-17:00
17:00-17:15
17:15-18:45
18:45-19:00

Session 3: Text Analysis (Room A1)
Session 4: Archiving (Room A2)
Coffee BreakSession 5: Data Analysis (Room A1)
JADH Annual General Meeting
Panel Session 1 (Room A1)
Session 6: Technical Development (Room A2)
Coffee BreakSession 7: Exploring History (Room A1)
Session 8: Collection and Curation (Room A2)
Coffee Break
Panel Session 2 (Room A1)
Closing (Room A1)

September 12 (Wed), Excursion Day
13:00-

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Joint Excursions with TEI

JADH 2018

[Workshop]
Machine Reading: Advanced Topics in Word Vectors
Eun Seo Jo1, Javier de la Rosa1
Description
This half day workshop is an introduction to word vectors and text vectorization broadly.
We will focus on building intuition of how word vectors work, incorporating visualization
methods, using pre-trained vectors, and exploring applications of word embeddings. We
will teach you both the high-level concepts and the practical usages of these widely used
analytical tools for text analysis in digital humanities (DH). It is a hands-on workshop withpractical activities for the participants starting with a review of word vectors byway ofvisualization, an overview of downloadable word vectors, and examining the potential
pitfalls of using word vectors in humanistic analysis and the methods for mitigating theseissues. Given the general applicability of machine learning models in real life, addressing
issues concerning biased models, datasets, and algorithms, is of vital importance forcorrect interpretation of their applications.
We will provide a Python Jupyter Notebook and an accompanying text corpusthat we will work through as a group. By the end of the workshop, the participants will
have working knowledge of how and where to download or train word embeddings andthe caveats of using them.
Relevance to the DH Community
Since the apparition of analytical approaches to distant reading and macro-analysis,
popularized by Moretti and Jockers, and the possibility of access to huge amounts oftextual data and long-term studies such as Culturomics, new tools were needed to tackle
the increasing complexity of large corpora. Borrowing from advances in machine learningand computational linguistics, digital humanists have experimented with various methodsof text quantification for interpreting macro contours of culture and language. In particular,
word vectors have gained recognition for their versatility in DH studies. Scholars have used
word vectors in a variety of tasks such as measuring similarity in word meaning (Caliskan
et al., 2017), authorship attribution (Kocher et al., 2017), or dialogism in novels (Muzny etal., 2017).
This workshop is both a theoretical and practical introduction to humanist
applications of these methods. Those interested in large scale text-analysis of any corpora
will learn the basics of transforming textual data into numerical form.
Instructors
Eun Seo Jo researches the language of American foreign relations in historical contexts
and applications of NLP and ML in history. She is a PhD candidate in history at Stanford
University where she is also a member of the Literary Lab and a Digital Humanities Fellow.
She has presented at various DH conferences and is a DH methodology consultant at
Stanford.
Javier de la Rosa is a Research Engineer at the Center for Interdisciplinary Digital Research,a unit at the Stanford University Libraries focused on digital scholarship. He is an active
member of the DH scholarly community at Stanford and regularly participates inconferences, professional organizations, and teaches workshops and tutorials to faculty
and graduate students. He holds a Post-doctorate research fellowship and a PhD in
Hispanic Studies at Western University, Ontario, where he also served as Tech Lead for
the CulturePlex Lab. He completed both his MSc. in Artificial Intelligence and BSc. in
Computer Engineering at University of Seville, Spain. His work and interests span from1

Stanford University
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cultural network analysis and computer vision, to text mining and authorship attribution in
the Spanish Golden Age of literature.
Target Audience and Prereqs
Post-docs, faculty, and advanced graduate students with Python prerequisites. Although
the main concepts will be overviewed, knowledge of basic word embeddings andword2vec specifically would be desirable. In order to participate fully in all activities,
participants must have working knowledge of basic programming concepts, the Python
language, data structures, and the Numpy library.
- Technical Support: Microphones and Projector- Proposed Length: Half-day (4 hours; 4 sessions)- Medium: Notebook (Jupyter)- Libraries: Numpy, Pandas, Textacy, SpaCy, Gensim, scikit-learn, matplotlib
Workshop Outline
The workshop is split into four 50 min sessions with 10 minutes breaks in-between. We
teach several methods in each unit with increasing difficulty. The schedule is broken down
below:
1) Understanding Word Vectors with Visualization
This unit will give a brief introduction of word vectors and word embeddings. Concepts
needed to understand the internal mechanics of how they work will also be explained, withthe help of plots and visualizations that are commonly used when working with them.
• 0:00 - 0:20 From word counts to ML-derived Word Vectors (SVD, PMI, etc.)• 0:20 - 0:35 Clustering, Vector Math, Vector Space Theory (Euclidean Distance, etc.)• 0:35 - 0:50 [Activity 1] Visualizations (Clustering, PCA, t-SNE) [We provide vectors]
2) Word Vectors via Word2Vec
This unit will focus on Word2Vec as an example of neural net-based approaches of vector
encodings, starting with a conceptual overview of the algorithm itself and end with anactivity to train participants’ own vectors.
• 0:00 - 0:15 Conceptual explanation of Word2Vec• 0:15 - 0:30 Word2Vec Visualization and Vectorial Features and Math
• 0:30 - 0:50 [Activity 2] Word2Vec Construction [using Gensim] and Visualization(from part 1) [We provide corpus]
3) Extended Vector Algorithms and Pre-trained Models
This unit will explore the various flavors of word embeddings specifically tailored tosentences, word meaning, paragraph, or entire documents. We will give an overview ofpre-trained embeddings including where they can be found and how to use them.
• 0:00 - 0:20 Overview of other 2Vecs & other vector engineering: Paragraph2Vec,
Sense2Vec, Doc2Vec, etc.
• 0:20 - 0:35 Pre-trained word embeddings (where to find them, which are good,
configurations, trained corpus, etc.)• 0:35 - 0:50 [Activity 3] Choose, download, and use a pre-trained model4) Role of Bias in Word Embeddings
In this unit, we will explore an application and caveat of using word embeddings -- culturalbias. Presenting methods and results from recent articles, we will show how wordembeddings can carry historical bias of the corpora trained on and lead an activity thatshows these human-biases on vectors and how they can be mitigated.
• 0:00 - 0:10 Algorithmic bias vs human bias
• 0:10 - 0:40 [Activity 4] Identifying bias in corpora (occupations, gender, ...)
[GloVe] (Caliskan et al., 2017)• 0:40 - 0:50 Towards unbiased embeddings; Examine “debiased” embeddings• 0:50 - 0:60 Conclusion remarks and debate
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References
Caliskan, A., Bryson, J.J., Narayanan, A., 2017. Semantics derived automatically fromlanguage corpora contain human-like biases. Science 356, 183–186.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4230
Kocher, M., Savoy, J., 2017. Distributed language representation for authorship
attribution. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx046
Nanni, F., Dietz, L., Ponzetto, S.P., 2017. Toward a computational history of universities:
Evaluating text mining methods for interdisciplinarity detection from PhD dissertation
abstracts. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx062

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Digital Open Scholarships in Heritage: The Archaeologyof Portus Massive Open Online Course example
Eleonora Gandolfi1,2, Graeme Earl1
The Archaeology of Portus Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is a six week long online
course hosted by FutureLearn. The course is structured around 4 hours per week of learner
effort and has run six times since 2014. It was one of the first FutureLearn courses andwas the focus of considerable experimentation, structured around the affordances of thesocial learning model and the opportunities to integrate a variety of digital interactions
within a single course. The course aims to introduce learners to the archaeology of Portus,
the Port of Imperial Rome, and provides a sense of the historical context, the work
undertaken on site and the methods employed. It also uses Portus as a mechanism for
introducing key research ideas in Roman archaeology. This paper discussed this course
in relation to a broader “open scholarship spectrum” for Portus’ heritage which includes
mass broadcast media via citizens science, online tours and open education, through toindividual, novel research with open access publications, open data and tools. It will
explore the potential role for open education at the hearth of this process. In particular, thepaper will analyse and examine the use of course materials in engaging with learners,
including students in compulsory age education, and their impact on awareness of Roman
Cultural Heritage in Italy.
The information provided as part of the MOOC and the complementaryresources have been updated regularly following the Action Research method, which
commonly appears in education and other fields of professional practice such as nursing.
This methodology creates an action, or Intervention, which is carried out while outcomesare systematically ‘researched’ to improve teaching practice and inform policies. The
evaluation conducted focuses on the impact of an intervention rather than systematicallygathering evidence and data to measure outcomes (McNiff, 2013). This systematic
improvement of the material offered, with the translation of most of the content in otherlanguages (mainly Italian, with some French and Japanese) has increased the engagementwith communities interested not exclusively in the heritage, but also in the learning of asecond language or other transferrable skills.
The initial preparation stage included the alignment of the Portus MOOC’s
learning objectives to the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF) levels (Ofqual, 2017),
to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF; European Commission, 2017) and to
Bloom’s digital taxonomy (Anderson and Krathwohl, 2001; Churchs, 2008). The course
units have then been mapped to the current English and Italian school curriculum toidentify overlaps before applying the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, also known as
SMOG analyses (McLaughin, 1969), and the Gulpease index (Lucisano and Piemontese,
1988) to determine the complexity of English and Italian texts and to identify recurrent
patterns that might have influenced the readability scores. The analyses conducted
showed how technical terms might influence the readability scores and how the score
gives a quantitative evaluation of the text and do not take into account the quality of theinformation provided. This means that despite classifying the text according to age groups
and quality framework, it does not indicate how comprehensible the text amongst them is.
The engagement stage included the creation of Content and Language
Integrated Learning (CLIL), blended learning and online tools in collaboration with teachers.
The created tools have been used as part of the project to create educational cooperation
between schools and Universities, increase access to education content, develop teachers’
skills, promote cultural literacy in geographically dispersed student communities, develop
future world citizens in both countries and provide important insights to understand how
the digital component can used to integrated traditional education to shape our society.
12King’s College London
University of Southampton

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The methodology presented aims to offer familiar notions in a different language to the
Italian speakers, while offering non-familiar contents in a known language to the English
schools. Small joint activities, such as the creation of 3d models or new content on
Wikipedia, have been developed to facilitate the collaboration between the two groups ofstudents creating a virtual international classroom. All results are then shared with thelearners’ community in an attempt to continue the data analyses in a sustainable andengaging way and to build new cultural identities. Students taking part to the project whereasked to complete a survey at the beginning of the project and at the end to profile thestudents (mainly around knowledge of heritage and English language) and understand theevolution of their behaviors.
This paper will report on the different stages of development of the applied
methodology, the difficulties encountered and strengths of the approach. It will also
describe the results of the testing and formal evaluations carried out with secondary school
students in comparison with online learners.
References
Anderson, L., Krathwohl, D. A. (2001). Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing:
A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman.
Churches, A. (2009). Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy. Edorigami Wikispace, 1 April 2009.
http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/file/view/bloom%27s%20Digital%20taxonomy%20v
3.01.pdf/65720266/bloom%27s%20Digital%20taxonomy%20v3.01.pdf (last access
25/06/2018).
European Commission (2017). Descriptors defining levels in the European Qualifications
Framework (EQF), Learning Opportunities and Qualifications in Europe.
https://ec.europa.eu/ploteus/en/content/descriptors-page (last access 25/06/2018).
Lucisano P. and Piemontese M. E. (1988) GULPEASE: una formula per la predizione delladifficoltà dei testi in lingua italiana, in Scuola e città, XXXIX, nº 3, p. 110-24.
McLaughlin, G. H. (1969). “SMOG grading: A new readability formula.” Journal of Reading,
12(8), 639-646.
McNiff, J. (2013). Action Research: Principles and Practice. Routledge.
Ofqual (2017). Get the facts: AS and A level reform.
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/get-the-facts-gcse-and-a-levelreform/get-the-facts-as-and-a-level-reform#introduction (last access 25/06/2018).

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Capturing Literary Events at Metropolitan Scale: Open
Data and ‘One Book One Chicago’
John Shanahan1This presentation describes methods and findings of a digital humanities project thatcombines open data and social media with library circulation figures in order to study
literary reading at scale. The “Reading Chicago Reading” (RCR) project, supported by
grants from the U.S. National Endowment for the Humanities Office of Digital Humanities,
HathiTrust, and the Lyrasis Catalyst Fund, combines humanities, social sciences, andcomputer science expertise to create new visualizations and predictive models of reading
behavior. Principal investigators are John Shanahan (DePaul University Department ofEnglish), Robin Burke (DePaul University School of Computing), and Ana Lucic (DePaul
University Digital Scholarship Librarian). While it originates in the study of one large city,
Reading Chicago Reading supplies lessons for scholars elsewhere who are interested intools and methods for working with different types of open civic data for DH projects.
“Reading Chicago Reading” is a large-scale multi-disciplinary analysis of the
popular and much-imitated “One Book, One Chicago” (OBOC) program of the Chicago
Public Library (CPL). Since Fall 2001, the CPL has chosen books around which to organizecity-wide public events, book discussions, and other creative programming. The chosen
OBOC works aim to reflect the diversity of the city’s residents, their cultural heritages,
interests, and concerns. Our project began from the observation that the OBOC program
might act as a natural experiment – data associated with each chosen work represents atime-stamped probe into library usage and, by extension, a window onto the reading
behavior of the library patrons of a major American city. The program’s annual repetition
provides a means of studying reading behavior comparatively over time and in relation toother forms of civic activity when joined to large sets of open data from the City of Chicago
data portal (https://data.cityofchicago.org/)
The project’s guiding methods are to combine text characteristics, aggregate
patron demographics, and promotional activities as variables that can be modeled to
predict patron response to future OBOC titles. We know of no other project that combinesthese data sources to seek a predictive model of patron behavior. A predictive model ofthis type, combined with a user-friendly dashboard (a future direction for us), can be usedby librarians to visualize and analyze the likely uptake of a prospective title by the reading
public. While the “One Book One Chicago” program has provided a perfect launch-point
for our project’s methodology, our models, tools, and techniques can be applied to libraryholdings in city systems more generally. In recent years, large-scale data mining has
become a common practice, but research shows that libraries rarely make resource
decisions based on data-driven considerations. Indeed, sociologists of reading such as
Wendy Griswold have found that public libraries often choose texts based on “gut”
instincts rather than empirical data. “Reading Chicago Reading” is working to create tools
to close this knowledge gap, creating a path for the use of large-scale data to achieve thebroad goal of understanding reading behavior of library patrons across a metropolitan
region.
To date, we have focused on connecting our historical circulation data with
branch-level demographics. The present phase of our modeling work incorporates
content-oriented aspects of the books measured against larger corpora of in-copyrightwork via HathiTrust, a large multi-institution digital library that contains roughly 16 million
volumes scanned and digitized, with thousands of new titles arriving each month. In 2017,
we received an Advanced Computing Support grant from HathiTrust, offering us the
chance to perform additional large-scale text analysis across many in-copyright texts,
something that would not otherwise be possible. From a longer list of over 300 works madefrom CPL’s OBOC-associated recommended titles we have created a comparator set for1

DePaul University

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ongoing text analysis. We use a variety of techniques to quantify the most salient formalfeatures for modeling, including sentiment analysis, topic modeling, and type-token ratio
analysis as well as the distribution of different types of verb classes across the texts. (Textmeasures and other visualizations and their code can be found on our project blog
https://dh.depaul.press/reading-chicago/).
Social media data is another important source of information about books andreaders through which we aim to understand the impact of “One Book One Chicago”
programming on a diverse readership. Microblogs such as Twitter and other social media
sources form a rich and at times nuanced reflection of some readers’ responses to OBOC
texts – punctual feedback data that supplements and contextualizes the raw numericalcirculation data we have obtained from the library system. They demonstrate, for example,
how discussions around “One Book” texts in the wider public sphere may drive interest in
related books. While our CPL circulation statistics are anonymous (check in and check out
records only, without personal information) our social media data does sometimes containidentifying elements and therefore we anonymize personal attributes in our social media
data. At the same time, our project team has extracted a corpus of just over 25,000 reviewsof the most recent OBOC titles from Goodreads.com. This data includes tags, reviews,
and other user-generated data, and represents readers’ voluntary responses to a text
including emotional reactions both positive and negative. From this data, we are exploring
sentiment analysis and topic modeling to build representations from these data sourcesthat will support comparison across the texts.
Of particular interest of JADH researchers may be our newest direction ofresearch: maps of book circulation data across the library system, and comparison maps
for three recent OBOC choices that are set in Chicago and three that are not. For bookswith Chicago settings, we have prototyped interactive maps that join sentiment scores ofsentences bearing Chicago location words with geo-located data from the Chicago city
data portal. If literary form and real-world geography have ties to one another, as Franco
Moretti and others have speculated, our project may be able to visualize such links.

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JADH 2018

Early Chinese Periodicals Online (ECPO) – from
Digitization towards Open Data
Matthias Arnold1
Abstract
This paper presents the project “Early Chinese Periodicals Online (ECPO)”. It introduces
the database, and discusses two major directions of current development: 1) The
installation of a cross-database agents’ service to identify names, assign names to persons,and relate persons to authorities (GND, VIAF, Wikidata). 2) The conceptualization of a TEI
module to expand the database with full texts functionality, thereby touching issues likesemi-automatic page segmentation, use of non-Chinese speaking communities in crowd
sourcing, and selecting of relevant TEI markup to encode Republican era publications.
This paper introduces the project “Early Chinese Periodicals Online (ECPO)”[1]. ECPO joins
several important digital collections of the early Chinese press and puts them into a single
overarching framework. To date, ECPO has focused on a body of rich but heretofore
undervalued materials—women’s and entertainment magazines. It is open to further
additions: currently, we are adding a selection of literary, art and women’s magazines, e.g.
Tianyi 天義 (Tien yee), Banyue 半月(The Half Moon Journal), as well as western-languagepress published in China, e.g. The Canton Press.
The first building block for ECPO was several databases on early women’s
periodicals and entertainment publishing: “Chinese Women’s Magazines in the Late Qing
and Early Republican Period” (WoMag), “Chinese Entertainment Newspapers” (Xiaobao),
and various databases hosted through the Academia Sinica in Taiwan.
WoMag[2] focuses on four influential women’s magazines published between
1904 and 1937. It records all articles, images, advertisements, and related agents andassigned them to a complete set of scanned pages. This database is the model for what
we have called the intensive approach within our database structure.
Xiaobao[3] provides basic publication data and characteristics of the contents ofsome 22 entertainment newspapers (xiaobao) from the late Qing and Republican periods.
This database is the model for what we have called the extensive approach in our databasestructure.
The Academia Sinica, and in particular its Institute of Modern History, have inrecent years digitized large parts of their collections of periodicals and built a database for
the Funü zazhi 婦女雜誌 (The Lady’s Journal)[4]. All these resources follow the model forwhat we call the extensive approach.
ECPO has begun to join these various materials in a second, ongoing phase of
the project, which was first supported by a grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation(2012-2015) for collaboration between Heidelberg University and the Academia Sinica.
Since 2015, the Institute of Chinese Studies and the Heidelberg Centre for Transcultural
Studies (HCTS) at Heidelberg University have continued to support the project; technicaldevelopment is coordinated through the Heidelberg Research Architecture (HRA). It is ouraim to make the different collected materials accessible through a single search interface
and to continue to acquire new publications.
As it currently stands, ECPO provides the research community with open accessto more than 230 publications from the Early Republican period comprising over 250.000
pages of print. A key and unique aspect of the project is to make entire issues available,
front-to-back, including illustrations, advertisements, and even blank pages. For
approximately half of the publications, we also provide descriptions of individual items(articles, images, advertisements) and bibliographic metadata in Chinese with Pinyintranscription. These records also contain genre and column information, basic content
1

University of Heidelberg

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JADH 2018

analysis (keywords), as well as the names and roles of agents associated with an item,
including “mentioned in article” or “depicted in an image”. Overall, the project followed thefive guidelines for the digital archiving of periodicals (Latham and Scholes 2006, p. 524).
To further increase the impact of ECPO and in order to sustain the information, ECPO has
begun to enable the system to provide data for re-use as open data. We implemented a
MODS XML API[5] to provide bibliographic information for all annotated items in the
database, and installed a IIIF image service for all page scans.
We are now working on the approximately 47.000 names recorded within the
WoMag and ECPO databases. The aim is to produce a concise list of personnel occurring
across the databases. We set up a cross-database agent service that distinguishes
between all kind of names that occur within the data from actual persons, groups, or
corporations. While some agents may have multiple names, some names may refer todifferent agents. The agents service allows us to: a) merge identical names acrossdatabases, b) identify agents and assigning names to them, and c) link agent records toauthority data (GND, VIAF, Wikidata). Besides creating a curated list of agents occurring in
the publications, we also aim to add missing persons to Authority files, using the German
National Authority file (GND). (Screenshot1)
One aspect ECPO is now starting to focus on is full text capability. While somerecords occasionally feature full text passages in the metadata, for example someadvertisements, this task is too big to solve manually – we need automated workflows.
However, one cannot use OCR software out-of-the-box, for a number of reasons:document analysis fails to recognize complex newspaper layout, character recognition
fails when it faces emphasis marks next to characters, and recognized passages have tobe grouped in the right semantic order.
The paper will discuss a number of approaches to further exploring and analyzing
the contents of collected publications, together with efforts to open the collection’s datafor re-use. I will demonstrate workflows in the Agents service, which assists in curating
agent records across databases and forms the basis for enhancing authority records. I will
also present results from a crowd-sourced approach to newspaper segmentation to
generate segments that can easier be OCRed. In addition, I will introduce our efforts tocreate a module for encoding text in TEI and relate it to the database.
Moreover, a proper mark-up still needs to be developed to encode full text in TEI
XML for these early publications with their complex layout and design. Using Tian yi as
example, I will discuss some of the problems encountered and present ideas about how
to solve them[6]. (Screenshot2)
ECPO started as typical information-silo: a sophisticated data structure, but no“outside” connections. In recent years, we made a greater effort to open up database anddata. We now provide our material open access and implemented technical interfaces fordata re-use. In the future, we hope to expand this strategy also to agents and full text.
[975+23]

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Screenshot 1: Agent service – interface to merge names, assignments, and items

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Screenshot 2: Detail of Text analysis [6] for definition of TEI mark-up
References
Hockx, Michel, Joan Judge, and Barbara Mittler, eds. Women and the Periodical Press
in China’s Long Twentieth Century: A Space of Their Own? Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2018.
Sean Latham and Robert Scholes, “The Rise of Periodical Studies,” PMLA: Publicationsof the Modern Language Association, 121 (2006), 517-531.
Sung, Doris, Liying Sun and Matthias Arnold. “The Birth of a Database of Historical
Periodicals: Chinese Women’s Magazines in the Late Qing and Early Republican Period.”
In Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 33, no. 2 (2014): pp. 227-37.
http://muse.jhu.edu/article/564237.
[1] http://ecpo.uni-hd.de[2] http://womag.uni-hd.de[3] http://xiaobao.uni-hd.de[4] http://mhdb.mh.sinica.edu.tw/fnzz/[5] http://kjc-sv034.kjc.uni-heidelberg.de/ecpo/api/mods[6] Full document
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xsE4kavEeLdL7JKwDpaXtGZQbXLsRLtzSJ8sM4MTbw/edit?ts=5ac5e21e21

JADH 2018

From Collection Curation to Knowledge Creation:
Building a Bilingual Dictionary of Ming Government
Official Titles through Expert Crowd-translation
Ying Zhang1, Susan Xue2, Zhaohui Xue3
Digital technologies have empowered librarians to fully engage in the entire cycle ofscholarly communication, from research, data collection and analysis, authoring, peer
review, publication to discovery and dissemination (ACRL, 2003). They provide an
opportunities for librarians to step out from our unostentatious offices and collections andto explore a new area of facilitation and participation in the process of knowledge creation.
This presentation reports an international-level collaborative project among
academic librarians, scholars, expert consultants, and information technologists. Fundedby the Andrew Mellow Foundation under its Mellon-CEAL Innovation Program, several
Chinese studies librarians in the U.S. initiated to develop a comprehensive bilingual
dictionary of Ming government official titles. To develop the dictionary, we designed andcreated, with the support of information technologists, an online, expert-based crowdtranslation system http://mingofficialtitles.lib.uci.edu/#/. The online system served as a
virtual community where scholars around the world worked collaboratively to contribute
English translations of official titles that had not been translated in existing publications,primarily Hucker’s A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China (1985). Four Ming scholars
served as project consultants to provide expert advices and quality control.
The project has produced two open access (OA) products. The first is the online,
crowd-translation system, of which the source codes have been made available athttps://github.com/UCI-Libraries/Ming-Titles-Dictionary at no cost. Different from manyother crowd-translation applications, our system has a built-in, triple quality-control
method, allowing for credential authentication, anonymous peer-review, and expert
judgment. It can be repurposed for compiling bilingual dictionaries of any subject domain,
serving as “a digital platform for research also crowd work.” (Blanke at al., 2016). On theplatform, Ming scholars around the world contributed their knowledge collaboratively andcollectively. Their contributions included, but were not limited to, submitting English
translations of Ming government official titles, commenting on Chinese and pinyin titles,
suggesting missing titles, and blind-reviewing others’ contributions. By the official closing
date of the project, we had registered and approved 45 scholars in the system. Amongthem, 17 made at least one contribution each.
Whereas the crowd-translation system serves as the digital research tool, thebilingual dictionary, the second OP product, fills a resource gap and “corrects the
weaknesses” of library collections (Kennedy, 1983) for expressed needs from Ming
scholars and a well-established, digital humanities project – China Biography Database(CBDB) http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/cbdb/collaborators. As the ultimate product, the firstedition of A Bilingual Dictionary of Ming Government Official Titles 明代職官中英辭典 has
been uploaded to eScholarship, the University of California’s institutional repository for OA.
At the permanent URL is https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bz3v185, users can browse
and search 3,147 Ming official titles or download the dictionary for offline use. The
government official titles in the dictionary are organized and presented in a three-level,
government hierarchical structure, developed by the librarian team in consultation withscholarly publications and expert consultants. Within its first six months of release, theonline dictionary received over 5,300 hits and was downloaded nearly 1,400 times.
Feedback from scholars has been overwhelmingly positive – “it is very impressive,” and1

University of California, Irvine
University of California, Berkeley
3
Stanford University
2

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JADH 2018“very, very helpful.” In addition, the government official titles and hierarchical structure
have been adopted by CBDB for enhancing its metadata infrastructure.
The bilingual dictionary could benefit not only the digital humanities research of
the CDBD team, but people who are interested in different aspects of the Ming dynasty(1368–1644), including social life, military, economics, religion, education, and literature.
Additionally, the English translations of Chinese historic official titles would allow western
scholars, who may not necessarily study China, to conduct comparative research of
government systems between the East and the West.
Overall, besides being highly collaborative, the project is innovative. First,
through working closely with Ming scholars and expert constants, as well as reading
related historical literature and research work, we learned a great deal about scholar needs
and subject knowledge. This laid the groundwork for librarians to experiment withexpanding our roles from curation to creation, as advocated by Zhang et al. (2015).
Second, taking advantage of Web 2.0 technology, we designed and deployed
the expert-based crowd-translation system to collect English translations of over 1,500
government official titles, many of which are unusual and obsolete, within just a year. This
remarkable accomplishment is in line with the findings of Anastasiou & Gupta (2011) interms of the effectiveness (high quality for complex texts) and efficiency (short turnaround)of crowd-translation.
The third innovative element is librarians’ global outreach efforts made to theworld’s scholarly community. Traditionally, librarians’ connection with scholars has been
limited within their own institutions. And humanities scholars tend to work alone rather thancollaboratively (Stone, 1982), and to have their own tight-knit circles (Nicholas, 2015). For
this project, we made tremendous outreach efforts, including attending and speaking at
scholarly conferences in North America, Europe, East Asian and Australia, to ensure that
more Ming scholars around the world to contribute and use the two OA products.
References
ACRL (2003). Principles and Strategies for the Reform of Scholarly Communication.
Retrieved on June 22, 2018 fromhttp://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/principlesstrategies.
Anastasiou, D. and Gupta, R. (2011) Comparison of crowdsourcing translation with
Machine Translation. Journal of Information Science, 37: 637-659.
Blanke, T., Kristel, C. & Romary, L. (2016) Crowds for clouds: recent trends in humanities
research infrastructures. In: Agiati Benardou et. al. (eds). Cultural Heritage Digital Tools
and Infrastructures, Ashgate Publishing, Retrieved on February 15, 2016 at
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1601.00533.pdf.
Hucker, C. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press.
Kennedy, G.A. (1983). The relationship between acquisitions and collection development.
Library Acquisitions: Practice and Theory, 7 (1983): 225-232.
Stone, S. (1982). Progress in documentation: humanities scholars: Information needs anduses. Journal of Documentation, 38(4): 292–313.
Nicholas, D. (2015). Using, Citing and Publishing Scholarly Content in the Digital Age: Case
Study of Humanities Researchers. Retrieved on December 15, 2015 at http://ciberresearch.eu/download/20151005-Wykorzystanie_cytowanie_i_publikowanie.pdf.
Zhang, Y., Liu, S. & Mathews, E. (2015). Convergence of digital humanities and digital
libraries. Library Management, 36(4/5): 362-377

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Leveraging the Japanese Biographical Database as adigital resource for education and research
Leo Born1
Overview
The Japanese Biographical Database (JBDB) is a web-based resource(https://www.network-studies.org) intended to provide biographical information on
Japanese historical figures and their personal, social, and political networks. This paper
will focus on the database design, the development of the web application with particularemphasis on the visualization component, and hands-on results of using this resource ina university classroom setting.
Initially starting with research on Rai Shunsui (1746–1816) in 2012, thePostgreSQL database currently encompasses entries on ca. 5,500 individuals and ca.
7,000 events pertaining to these individuals and their interactions and is steadily growing.
The database spans roughly 400 years, from 1524 to 1939, with most of the entries falling
into the later Edo period (1600–1868). While some of the attributes are specific to the Edo
period, or are at least optimized for it, the database and the web application can handle
any time period with ease; in the future, the user interface will be more flexibly adapted toany given context for a new entry.
While the database architecture itself is built upon the architecture of the Harvard
University China Biographical Database (Harvard University et al., 2018), we developed
a new, modern web application to access the database. The tool is intended to be aimed
at researchers and students alike, allowing to search all entries by date, social status, andother filters as well as visualize networks of interest in a dedicated visualization component.
The web application is written in JavaScript on both client- and server-side, using an
Express.js-based framework to create a RESTful API and to access the database, andAngularJS 1 to serve the client. We will discuss how our API can be used to share datawith third-party applications as well as how our application might benefit from external
open data. Due to its modularity, we can easily extend the functionality of the application
beyond what is currently possible: for example, any IIIF-standardized library can be used
to include external visual data and a GIS component employing Leaflet.js is slated to be
implemented in the near future to map the networks and constituting events on aninteractive map.
Visualizing and analyzing historical social networks
The visualization component is built on top of vis.js[1] and the resulting visualizations areinteractive, meaning that elements can be searched, re-arranged, highlighted, or hidden,
either manually or automatically based on various filters, including a temporal filter (timeslider) and an attributional one (e.g. based on gender or profession). All this happens onthe-fly and non-destructively, enabling users to freely manipulate and analyze data in the
database. On top of that, the visualization tool allows basic graph-theoretical calculations
and operations on the resulting networks, for example measuring centrality or finding paths
or clusters, as well as featuring an export function for inclusion of the graphs in publications.
The visualizations are based on the relations between persons – an easy induction given
the inherent relational nature of our PostgreSQL database. Most relevant for thevisualizations are events stored in the database – these are comprised of meetings andexchanges (of letters or of goods) – and kinship and non-kinship relations between people.
A small example graph highlighting the interactions of Rai Shunsui between 1788.6.14 and1790.5.26 based on meetings and exchange of letters is given in Figure 1.

1

Heidelberg University

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JADH 2018

Figure 1. Example graph of Rai Shunsui (highlighted) between 1788.6.14 and 1790.5.26(262/864 nodes, 718/2096 edges). Edge thickness indicates edge weight and nodes are
scaled by degree centrality. The figure is best seen in color
With the addition of further biographical data, we aim to study patterns ofsocietal changes that emerge out of familial and social relations among people, while also
giving other researchers the ability to query the database in accordance with their own
research questions. Up to this point, data has been input manually by a core team ofproject members, where biographical, event and kinship information has been extracted
from the personal diaries of the persons under research (these are especially the Shunsui
nikki for Rai Shunsui and the Baishi nikki for Rai Shizu, Shunsui’s wife) and compiled fromrelevant biographical and historical lexica such as the Nihon jinmei daijiten or the Kokushi
daijiten.
Our latest efforts encompass the automatic transfer of data from external
resources to which we are granted access, such as the digitized person register of the
diaries of Takayama Hikokurō (1747–1793)[2], and data input in the context of a graduate
seminar at Sophia University’s Graduate School of Global Studies. The seminar Digital
Humanities in the Classroom: Nineteenth Century Japan starts off a new phase of
employing and expanding the database and web application as an educational tool in theclassroom, where we hope to provide a resource to easily query, contextualize, andvisualize historical figures and their networks, while at the same time gathering new data
for the database. This will also facilitate the students’ ability to analyze and understandhistorical events from a prosopographical perspective by employing a distant reading(Moretti, 2013) methodology as well as enabling them to internalize and make use of a
network-centric methodology for history studies.
We will also discuss potential enhancements to the core database entities inorder to model, for example, organizations such as temples. This would allow for clustering
networks by organizations or by representatives of organizations, enabling a moregeneralized analysis of the data by means of abstract concepts (e.g. “Did Rai Shunsui
correspond with any temples at all and if so, when?”). Furthermore, as we strive tocontinuously improve the database and the application through an engaged dialogue withthose who use them, we will also evaluate feedback from the students and discuss how

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we can enhance the database to further our goal of a platform suited towards botheducation and research.
References
Harvard University, Academia Sinica and Peking University (2018). China Biographical
Database. https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/cbdb .
Moretti, F. (2013). Distant Reading. London: Verso.
[1] visjs.org.
[2] This data set was compiled by the Ōta City Takayama Hikokurō Kinenkan.

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Topic modelling as a Tool for Researching the Polish
Daily Press Corpus ChronoPress of the Post-war Period(1945–1962)
Adam Tomasz Pawłowski1, Tomasz Walkowiak2
The subject of the presentation is the use of topic modeling to generate key words
characterizing the Polish press of the years 1945-1962. The press is considered here as areflection of long-term civilizational trends, and also of specific phenomena distributed on
the time axis that are in the main focus of public attention. We adopted an open-ended
definition of keywords, combining both informational and cultural meanings. It is in thelatter sense that Wierzbicka defines key words or collective symbols typical for various
cultures (Wierzbicka, 2007; Panagl, 1998; Pisarek, 2003). Previous experiments indicatethat automatic generation of topics can be used to discover concepts that reflect thefundamental and most common features of the culture in which the body of the text is
produced (Maryl and Eder, 2017).
The goal of the study is to conduct an automatic analysis of the content of Polishpress (1945-1962) on the basis of the ChronoPress corpus, using the topic modelingmethod. The specific objectives were: 1) to indicate topics that would adequately represent
the main themes in a large set of press samples; 2) to create a synthetic representation ofsubjects found in the Polish press. The second goal is feasible given that one is able todetermine an appropriate number of topics to generate, meaning that there are not too
many and not too few of them. If the number of topics is too large, the result is a
fragmentation of the description and random sets appear which do not bring valuable
information. If this number is too small, the topics are merged into large collections thatare inconsistent.
The study was conducted on 68,000 text samples from the ChronoPress corpus (1945–1962). An average sample length was 300 words. The samples were processed with amorpho-syntactic parser for the Polish language so that only nouns were analyzed.
Metadata on the publication date of the periodical allowed us to generate chronologicalcharts showing the variability of dominant topics over time.
The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) method was used for topic modelling. Its
aim is to generate lexeme collections that are significant and specific to a given corpus on
the basis of lexeme frequency and the scope of their presence in samples (Blei et al., 2003).
Nouns which appeared in more than 80% of the documents were filtered out. This
threshold is often referred as max_df (e.g. in the scikit library) and is used to remove terms
that appear too frequently and do not convey valuable information.
In this study, topics of various sizes were generated and their value as potential
key words was evaluated using the criterion of semantic coherence and cognitive value. It
was assumed that there would be three categories of generated information clusters:
coherent semantically and cognitively valuable, neutral (without significant errors but
useless) and inconsistent or erroneous. The best results were obtained when the numberof topics approached one hundred. Smaller collections revealed much worse results (theywere semantically inconsistent). In addition, the topics were displayed on a chronologicalaxis to show the evolution of the themes discussed over time.
The tests conducted allowed us to create a sort of semantic microphotographyof the main themes that appeared in the Polish press during the period 1945-1962. It
consists of ca 80 topics, every one being actually a small narrative. The mostrepresentative topics will be presented and discussed during the conference. However,displaying all of them would be a challenging task in a printed paper.
The resulting topics were grouped on the basis of lexical similarity in 39 intermediate
subjects, and these were reduced in turn to 12 master ranges (labeled a posteriori).
1
2

University of Wrocław
Technical University of Wrocław
27

JADH 2018

Tab. 1 Thematic scope of the Polish press, 1945–1962, as defined on the basis of topic
analysis

A survey conducted on a group of respondents found that out of the 100 topics
analyzed over 85% had a high informational value (Figure 3). Only 3,7% were considerederroneous, while 11,2% expressed self-referential linguistic relationships between lexemes(they increase text coherence but do not convey semantic information).
Fig. 1 Broad subject areas in the Polish press, 1945-1962

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An interesting result was provided by chronological analysis of topics (Pawłowski,2016). It highlighted dominant themes in subsequent years. Figure 2 shows one hundred
topics displayed as lines (the values correspond to the probability of drawing a given
thematic range from the whole collection of samples in a given year).
Fig. 2 Chronological evolution of topics in the Polish press for the period 1945–1962

Test conducted prove that topic modeling is an effective text-mining tool whenapplied to a large body of short text fragments. With over 60,000 text samples, thegeneration of a set of one hundred topics can be considered as a good synthesis. Attempts
to generate fewer topics caused information distortions. Topic modeling proved to beeffective also in a chronological analysis of large text collections.
Keywords: press, Polish, topic modelling, ChronoPress, 1945–1962, corpus linguistics
Bibliography
Blei, D., Ng A. and Jordan, M. (2003). “Latent Dirichlet allocation.”, Journal of Machine
Learning Research 3(4–5): 993–1022.
Maryl, M. and Eder, M. (2017). “Topic Patterns in an Academic Literary Journal: the Caseof ‘Teksty Drugie’.” Digital Humanities 2017: Conference Abstracts. Montréal: McGill
University and Université de Montréal, pp. 515–18.
Panagl, O. (ed.) (1998). Fahnenwörter der Politik. Kontinuitäten und Brüche. Böhlau Verlag:
Wien, Köln, Graz.
Pawłowski, A. (2016). “Chronological corpora: Challenges and opportunities of sequential
analysis. The example of ChronoPress corpus of Polish.” Digital Humanities 2016:
Conference Abstracts. Kraków: Jagiellonian University and Pedagogical University, pp.
311–12.
Pisarek, W. (2002). Polskie słowa sztandarowe i ich publiczność. Kraków: Universitas.
Wierzbicka, A. (1997). Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

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Studying Topics, Gender, and Impact in a Corpus of
Czech Sociological Articles
Radim Hladík1
1. A corpus of Czech sociological articles
This paper will present a new corpus of Czech sociological articles assembled by theauthor and made available in the LINDAT/CLARIN repository. The articles were selectedfrom the Czech Sociological Review, a journal that can be characterized as both a “core”– an important journal with long tradition and the only Czech sociological journal indexedin Web of Science – and a “generalist” – its aim and scope are not explicitly limited to any
disciplinary specialty – publication outlet for Czech sociology. In this sense, the journal canbe considered as representative of the discipline in the national framework. A corpus
constructed from the journal therefore captures an important part of writing in social
sciences in the Czech Republic.
At the beginning of the project, the journal website was scraped to obtain
metadata and full-text versions of the articles. Missing texts were provided upon a requestfrom the author to the editorial office of the journal, which kindly provided scanned and
OCRed volumes. For concerns over OCR errors, digital-born material was preferred
whenever possible. Only original scientific papers were to be included in the corpus.
Therefore, available metadata on the articles’ categories and manual inspection guided theselection. In borderline cases, features such an existing abstract, a list of references, or
length were taken into account. Furthermore, all texts that were translated from languages
other than Czech, regardless of the whether they were originally written for the journal ornot, were also discarded from the collection. Ultimately, 522 articles were included in the
corpus and cover the period 1993–2016. The journal publishes 4 issues in Czech language
annually. When taking into consideration the above restrictions, choosing approximately
5 articles per issue seems to provide a good coverage of the peer-reviewed content. The
raw PDF files had to be further processed to make them amenable to lemmatization andmorphological tagging with the MorphoDiTa software (Straková et al., 2014), which iscurrently a standard tool in the construction of Czech language based corpora.
As a use-case scenario for the corpus, the author will introduce a study of Czech
sociology as it is recorded in the texts of its primary journal. The research design is basedon the combination of the textual corpus with additional sources of information: metadata,
citation counts data, and topic models (Blei et al. 2001).
2. Modeling topics in the corpus
Topic modeling as a method has been used in many implementations, including, forexample, a study of the history of ideas (Hall et al. 2008) or research on bibliometric impact
in computer science (Mann et al. 2006). In digital humanities, Schöch (2017) employed it
to identify types of topics and subgenres in the collection of French drama texts. Goldstone
and Underwood (2014) used topic modeling to trace long-term trends in the evolution ofliterary studies as an academic discipline and showed how the method can be useful toprovide new perspectives on the history of literary studies. In particular, they found topic
modeling useful in revealing “patterns of representation that may not be visible toindividuals participating in them” (Goldstone and Underwood 2014: 28). Maryl and Eder
(2017) demonstrated the utility of the approach to describe concentric intellectual structureof topics in literary studies and, like Goldstone and Underwood, they traced temporal shifts
in topics representation.
The use of topic models in this paper builds on this line of research and adds
explicit comparison with the existing studies of the Czech Sociological Review that rely on
content and bibliometric analyses (Janák and Kloboucký 2014; Skovajsa 2014; Vohralíková
1

Institute of Philosophy of the Czech Academy of Sciences / National Institute ofInformatics
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2002; Nešpor 2014). Additional data on citation counts and the gender of the first authors
allow describing differences in the scientific impact of topics and the position of women invarious subfields of sociology. In contrast to previous studies of the journal, thecomputational approach effectively handles mixed-data and mixed-methods. The author
argues that the main advantage of digital methods in this case is precisely the seamlessintegration of otherwise disparate techniques and the ensuing production of novel andmore complex insights about the disciplinary history of Czech sociology.
Topic modeling was conducted using the standard Latent Dirichlet Allocation
algorithm with several variations on the number of topics (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60). With
the increasing number of topics, interpretation has become more difficult not because thetopics would become less semantically coherent, but it was becoming more difficult toalign the topics with preexisting domain knowledge. Needless to say, American
Sociological Association uses over 50 themes to organize its sections, so it could serve as
an estimator of the upper boundary. In a previous content analysis of the journal, theauthors (Janák and Kloboucký 2014) used 30 human-assigned topics. Eventually, themodel with 35 topics was chosen to keep the analysis in a similar range. The small size ofthe corpus also does not allow for more generous approach. Figure 1 shows under theparameters of the model, many topics had less than 10 articles in them.

Figure 1: Number of articles per topic in the 35-topics model
Top rated words for each topic were inspected and interpreted as instantiationsof a single category on the basis of available domain knowledge. The analysis of the topics
based on the gender of the first author (Figure 2) shows a big variety among the topics on
this criterion. Although women are generally underrepresented as authors in the corpus,
some topics (related to health and gender) are predominately occupied by female authors.
The analysis of citation counts (where n = 499 of records matched in WoS), reveals that
topics with majority of female first authors are also among those that are generally lesscited (Figure 3). Topic analysis thus not only provides insights into the intellectual structureof Czech sociology, but it also readily reveals that this structure is also strongly hierarchical.

Figure 2: Distribution of genders among the first authors
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Figure 3: Average citation counts for articles in each topic
Bibliographical references
Blei, D., Ng, A. and Jordan, M. (2001). “Latent Dirichlet Allocation.” In Proceedings of the
14th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems: Natural and
Synthetic, 601–608. NIPS’01. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Goldstone, A. and Underwood, T. (2014). “The Quiet Transformations of Literary Studies:
What Thirteen Thousand Scholars Could Tell Us.” New Literary History 45 (3): 359–384.
Hall, D., Jurafsky,D. and Manning. C. (2008). “Studying the History of Ideas Using Topic
Models.” In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language
Processing, 363–371. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Janák, D., and Klobucký. R. (2014). “What Would We Know about Sociology If We Only
Read Sociologický Časopis and Sociológia? A Content Analysis of Two Journals of
Sociology from the Velvet Revolution to the Present Day.” Czech Sociological Review
50 (5): 645.
Mann, G., Mimno, D. and McCallum, A. (2006). “Bibliometric Impact Measures
Leveraging Topic Analysis.” In Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference
on Digital Libraries, 65–74. JCDL ’06. New York, NY, USA: ACM.
Maryl, M. and Eder, M. (2017). “Topic Patterns in an Academic Literary Journal: The CaseOf Teksty Drugie.” In Digital Humanities 2017: Conference Abstracts, 4. ADHO.
Nešpor, Z. (2014). “Padesát let české sociologie náboženství na stránkách Sociologickéhočasopisu” Czech Sociological Review 50 (5): 735.
Schöch, C. (2017). “Topic Modeling Genre: An Exploration of French Classical andEnlightenment Drama” 11 (2).
Skovajsa, M. (2014). “Celková a Zahraniční Citovanost ‘Sociologického Časopisu’:Výsledky Citační Analýzy.” Sociologický Časopis / Czech Sociological Review 50 (5):671–712.
Straková, J., Straka, M. and Hajič. J. (2014). “Open-Source Tools for Morphology,
Lemmatization, POS Tagging and Named Entity Recognition.” In Proceedings of 52nd
Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System
Demonstrations, 13–18. Baltimore, Maryland: Association for Computational Linguistics.
Vohralíková, L. (2002). “O Čem Psali a Bádali Čeští Sociologové v Devadesátých Letech
20.Století” Sociologický Časopis / Czech Sociological Review 38 (1/2): 139–51.

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What did Journalists Mention in the Russian Press?:
Comparison of Articles about Yeltsin’s Presidential
Addresses to the Federal Assembly
Mao Sugiyama1
In 1994, Yeltsin’s administration began to publicize its policies in the Presidential Address
to the Federal Assembly in the Kremlin. According to the Russian Constitution, Section 84,
the role of the Presidential Address is to inform the Russian public of the government’s
domestic and international policies. As the media plays an important part in spreading
information about the policies to the country, this study focuses on how the Russian media
reported on Yeltsin’s presidential addresses by looking at articles from two popular
publications, a tabloid and a broadsheet.
Ijima (2009) indicates that freedom of the press has been limited in Russia,
especially after Putin’s assumption of the presidency in 2000. Ognyanova (2010)
investigated the existing practices of Internet control and censorship in Russia. She
indicated that aspects of the culture and development of Russian society make it easy toascertain a priority of patriotism and social solidarity exceeding individual rights andfreedom of speech. Hakamada (2012) wrote a paper about domestic and international
affairs such as falling population, immigration issues and ethnic problems in two Russian
newspapers “Независимая газета” (Nezavisimaya gazeta) and “Аргументы и факты”(Argumenty i facty). These previous studies give us an understanding of the current
situation of the media in Russia, however, as far as I know, there is no research
investigating the different points of views between speakers, in this case the Russian
President, and reporters. Therefore, this study compares the word usage between the
speakers and the press.
The research questions of this study are i) to explore the different points of view
between the Russian Presidential Addresses to the Federal Assembly, which were given
by Yeltsin from 1994 to 1999, and the Russian press, and ii) to analyze the contrasting
standpoints between the broadsheets “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” (NG) and the tabloid“Komsomolskaya Pravda” (KP). These publications have the highest number of articles
about Yeltsin. “NG” is a respectable and independent newspaper, while “KP” is a tabloid,
owned from 1925 by an oligarch, and from 1991 published as an independent news source.
The articles were collected in the Russian State Library from microfilms of newspaper
reports about Russian Presidential Addresses to the Federal Assembly given by Yeltsin
from 1994 to 1999. After collecting the data, we transcribed it into text, making a Russian
Press Corpus.
The study conducts analyses on the corpus, focusing on the three subcorpora:(1) Yeltsin’s addresses; (2) broadsheet coverage; (3) tabloid reporting. The subcorpus ofYeltsin’ addresses consists of 97,648 tokens and 7,454 types. The corpus sizes of theRussian Press are 21,291 tokens and 7,974 types for “NG”, and 5,325 tokens and 2,398
types for “KP”. By doing a correspondence analysis on these data using the top 100
frequent words in each subcorpus, the results show that there is a difference between theword usage in Yeltsin’s public addresses and the media’s coverage of the articles. To
observe in more detail, a comparison has been made based upon the typical words in eachtext. The typical words from the result of correspondence analysis in Yeltsin’s addresses
are law (1994); support, citizens and interests (1995); crisis and economy (1996); action,
government and organization (1997); regional, budgetary, financial and business (1998);
Russia, country, political and reform (1999). The results of a correspondence analysis(Figure 1 and 2) show that even between these two publications, there was a difference inpoints of view.

1

Osaka University
33

JADH 2018

Correspondence Analysis: Row Coordinates**

KP̲Y24021996

NG̲Y27021996̲2*

0.5

NG̲Y27021996̲1*
NG̲Y05031994̲3** NG̲Y11031997
NG̲Y23021996
*

0.0

*
*
*NG̲Y07031997̲1
NG̲Y31031999*NG̲Y23021994*KP̲Y30031999**
KP̲Y31031999
NG̲Y30031999** * ** NG̲Y17021994̲1
NG̲Y18021998̲2
NG̲Y18021995̲1
KP̲Y22021995
NG̲Y06031997
KP̲Y18021998*

NG̲Y18021998̲1‑0.5

Dimension 2 (8.46%)* * **NG̲Y25021994
NG̲Y04031994
NG̲Y17021994̲2
NG̲Y18021995̲2
NG̲Y24021996*

NG̲Y05031994̲1txt*

KP̲Y14021995*

NG̲Y05031994̲2

*

‑1.0

KP̲Y15021995*

KP̲Y17‑20021995*

KP̲Y7‑14031997

‑1.0

‑0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Dimension 1 (8.82%)

Figure1: The relationships of texts between “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” and“Komsomolskaya Pravda” (top 100 words)

Correspondence Analysis: Column Coordinates*Послания
*безопасности
*Послание*Послании

1.0

*
СССР
*

*

текст

КПСС

*

**

жизни
является
практически
системы

реформы

0.5основных
идеиправанапример
парламента

*0.0характер

‑0.5

Dimension 2 (8.46%)

*

*
***
**
*
*
*
политических
реформ
президентом
*выборов
касается
****прежде
необходимо
стать
*
*
выступлениисвязи** Ельцина
* народа
выборах
*РФ*возможно
*вопрос
*России
* Федерации
* главы
президента
** Бориса
***страны
президентской
*должны
*случае
государства
** правительства
* речи
*СНГговорится
** часть
Поэтому
*президентских
**выступления
*Федеральному
*Конституции
стране
экономики
*Россия
* * * экономического
**президентского
проблемы
государственного
Россию
* * политики
** * должен
**президент
послания
внешней
*граждан
собранию
*правительство
*должна
*власть
*станет
экономической* *Ельцин
*Российской
* задач
*российских
Кремле
**мнению
*отношении
власти
**послание
российской
* бюджета
* Борис
образом
кризиса
*
*
глава
*
людей
*
политика
*Чечне*следует

*

*
всей
*

*

Таким

‑1.0

послании
речь*государственной

**посланием
Президент

‑1.0

‑0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Dimension 1 (8.82%)

Figure 2: The relationships of words“Komsomolskaya Pravda” (top 100 words)
34

between“Nezavisimaya

Gazeta”

andJADH 2018

Notice that there were no articles about Yeltsin’s 94-year-address in “KP” in 1994. In “NG”,
journalists mentioned reform and responsibility in 1994, but this reform was not concerning
Russian law, but a financial situation. Journalists in “KP” paid attention to relationships
with the Chechen Republic in 1995. In 1996, “NG” reported about homeland security and“Komsomolskaya Pravda” reported on the opinion of an opposition party, but not on thecrisis and economy of Yeltsin’s address in 1996. In 1997, the tabloid “KP” pointed to thecondition of Yeltsin’s health, whereas the broadsheet “NG” took notice of the life of citizens,the financial system and Russia itself. The correspondence analysis shows the intersectedpart of these two coverages in 1998 and 1999. In these years, the two Russian presses
mentioned the economy and Yeltsin.
Comparisons within each year’s articles and Yeltsin’s typical words in theaddress revealed both perception and similarities. The broadsheet “NG” tended to pay
attention to the financial situation in Russia, whereas the tabloid “KP” quoted the otherperson’s voice and critical opinion. A follow-up Random Forest classification experimentconducted using the R package in CasualConc using the top 1000 words shows an OOB
error rate of 30% in classifying between “NG” and “KP”. The key words, extracted basedon the mean decrease in Gini, of “NG” are related with economy, duty, and situation,
whereas the key words in “KP” are personal names.
This study indicates that Yeltsin informed many kinds of policies as a leader ofthe country, but the Russian people, or, at the least, journalists, critically evaluatedYeltsin’s administration and considered the most important problems to be the economic
situation and Yeltsin’s word use, not the system of law or constitution of Russia.
References
Iijima, K. (2009) Rosia no masumedia to kenryoku [The Russian mass media and power],
Eurasia booklet 133.
Imao, Y. (2017) CasualConc (Version 2.0.7) [Computer Software] URL:
https://sites.google.com/site/casualconcj/download.
Hakamada, S. (2012) Rosia no masumedia ha naisei・kokusai jyousei wo ikani ronji houjite
iruka (2) [How Russian media report internal affairs and international situations (2)],
Aoyama journal of international politics, economics and business 86: 107-146.
Ognyanova, K. (2010) Careful What You Say: Media Control in Putin’s Russia –Implications for Online Content, International Journal of E-Politics, 1(2): 1-15.

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Building Oral Narrative Archives of Contemporary Events:
Merits and Challenges of Open Data in Digital Social
SciencesDavid H. Slater1, Flavia Fulco1, Robin O’Day2
This presentation attempts to sketch out what might be called “Digital Social Sciences,”using as illustration our 8 year project, the largest oral narrative archive of the 2011 triple
disasters, Voices from Tohoku. While we have used many of the tools and approaches
familiar in Digital Humanities, our focus on contemporary events and the digital recording
and archiving of living subjects (narrators) has allowed us to re-think some of the goals,
assumptions and practices in this field.
Our presentation has three main purposes:
1. to introduce the goals of oral narrative research within the context of a digitalarchiving project
2. to demonstrate collection methods, data management and dissemination practices
for our archives
3. to addresses the challenges of privacy and ethical issues related to the archiving ofliving subjects
We will use examples from our archive Voices from Tohoku (東北からの声
https://tohokukaranokoe.org/) on the triple disasters of 2011, and smaller archives inprogress on political activists, homeless and refugees in Tokyo.
1 Definition and Goals: The term “digital social sciences” (Spiro 2014), even more thandigital humanities, is still evolving and often covers a relatively wide and heterogeneous
range of different scholarly activities, including automated information extraction, social
network analysis, geospatial analysis and complexity modeling. In our projects to date,
we have focused on a restricted set of practices that include a) the collection/creation of
new data through semi-structured oral narrative interview, b) that are then organized asdigital objects with meta-data to search, compare and analyze the narratives in revealing
ways, c) with the intent to make our research available to a wider public in a timely andaccessible manner. Our goal is to create an archive of authentic voices (生の声), a chancefor participants to bear witness to significant social events and contexts by telling theirstory in their own words.
2 Collection, Management and Dissemination: This project began as an advanced
undergraduate methodology seminar at Sophia University on oral narrative when the 3.11
disaster hit in 2011. Building upon our volunteer relief efforts, we began holding informal
talk sessions for residents in the affected areas. This turned into more formal interviews
during the semester, as we developed student knowledge of the ethnographic context,
interview techniques and technological skills. Through the semester, we created thematic
tags and codes using grounded theory techniques to organize existing interviews andguide new interviews. As data accumulated over the years, we began using archiving
platforms and retrieval methods that insured compatibility across sub-collections indifferent areas (eg, Koriyama, Rikuzentakata, etc). The result is both a closed scholarly
archive of more than 500 hours of data, and as well as a completely open website 東北からの声 (https://tohokukaranokoe.org/) with more than 80,000 hits. We will discuss someof the pedagogical and scholarly challenges of this important arc of the research cycle.

1
2

Sophia University
University of North Georgia

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3 Challenges: We will focus on the following challenges that stemmed from the fact that
unlike most archives or digital humanities projects, we were working with living subjects-our narrators.
•••

Ownership and control of data: Focusing on the central role of our narrators, wehave always asserted that “because it is their story, they should decide how it isbest represented.” This means that we had to find some way for our narrators toretain rights and control of their interviews, even as we constructed the archiveand developed the website--often a delicate balance. In the selection of clips forthe open website, we worked as collaboratively as possible, making sure thatnarrators have a central role in the selection and display of their own clips. All
narrators retain full rights and indefinite control over their own interviews.
Representativeness: The criteria of inclusion lies at the heart of any archive, andwhen the archive is collaborative project, this dynamic is ever more problematic.
For example, some narrators wanted to tell the crying stories （かわいそう) whileothers wanted to focus on forward facing ( 前 向 き ) narratives, where theethnographic context is often more complicated than either or both. How are thesesometimes conflicting concerns addressed within the context of an archive oflimited scope? When the wishes of our narrators’ and our own understanding of
the full context are in conflict, how are we to proceed?
Privacy and Exposure: In principle, preserving each narrator’s rights to privacy
more easily secured when you involve them in the post-production process as
collaborators. In the context of the 3.11 disaster, our narrators, feeling distrustfuland skeptical of the mass media’s rendering of their situation, were eager topublicly share their stories with us. But in more recent projects on political activists,
Tokyo homeless and foreign refugees in Japan, the question of revealing ofidentity and personal information has been much more sensitive. While ournarrators share our goal of using their stories in a larger effort to let the public
better understand their situation (otherwise they would not give us an interview),
we are often struggling to find a compelling and responsible way to to tell theirstory while still making sure that we do not put them at risk.

By reviewing some of the design, collection practices and archival structure (andby showing some clips along the way) we ask, ‘Can we begin to point to a set of “bestpractices” in the emerging field of Digital Social Science?’
References
Slater, D. H. and Veselic, M. (2014). Public Anthropology od Disaster and Recovery‘Archive of Hope’ (希望アーカイブ), Japanese Review of Cultural Anthropology, vol.15.
Spiro,
L.
(2014).
Defining
DigitalSocialSciences,
dh+lib.
4
http://acrl.ala.org/dh/2014/04/09/defining-digital-social-sciences/ (accessed 24 April2018).

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Digital archiving vernacular records of natural disaster inNorthern Thailand
Senjo Nakai1
This research is designed to collect and archive in the digital map the folkloric records ofan ancient catastrophic event that is believed to have occurred in present-day Wiang
Nonglom Wetlands of the northern province of Chiang Rai around 460 CE(Phrayaprachakitchakonrachak, 1898/2014: 197). The legendary city of Yonoknakaphan issaid to have been inundated under present-day wetlands after the people killed a giant
albino eel. Incidentally, a team of geologists discovered the presence of an active fault in
the wetlands (Wood et al., 2004: 64). Through two rounds of fieldworks in 2011 and 2017,
the disaster-lore of the lost city was collected. It is divided into six types: folk belief,
performing arts, oral tradition, literary arts, place name, and modern folklore, according to
the modified categories proposed in Handbook of Folklore Survey (Ueno et al., 1987). The
collected images, interviews and documents regarding the disaster-lore were archived on
an online map (https://drive.google.com/open?id=17-c-5wInYbjbmbpZYNqABEGHhOW2PRV&usp=sharing). The online archive has been accessible to anyone who is interested
in the disaster-lore or natural disasters in the northern region since July 2017.
First, the local informants confided the continuation of legend-related beliefs (folkbelief). These beliefs have given rise to other types of disaster-lore, i.e., taboo, ritual andshrine. The locals have enacted the legend of the sunken city as a drama and a song
(performing arts), and orally recited the legend as a part of a story-telling contest organizedby the local tourism authority (oral tradition). The disaster-lore is also recreated as a poem
and a novel (literary arts). The poem was created by a local poet and is now displayed in afolk museum in the wetlands. Despite the drastic change in the wetlands, place names still
remind the locals of the legendary disaster, such as ‘Nonglom (the sunken swamp),’ ‘Ko
Mae Mai (The widow’s island),’ ‘Mae Ha (to catch in the Northern Thai dialect),’ ‘Mae Lak
Creek (to drag),’ ‘Mae Lua Creek (to gut in the Northern Thai dialect),’ and ‘Mae Kok River(to chop in the Northern Thai dialect).’ These names are derived from the plotline of thelegend. In more recent years, the legend was replicated as a museum, statues, murals anda painting (modern folklore).
Historical data is crucial for informing policy-makers and other stakeholders of
the risk of future natural disasters and allocating resources for the management. However,there is a paucity of the data in Thailand, especially outside the central region. After thenorthern kingdoms were fully annexed into Bangkok-centered Siam in the early twentiethcentury, the modern centralized administration system, including the systematic collectionof meteorological data, were implemented in the northern region in 1942 (Northern
Meteorological Center, 2018). Before the introduction of the centralized administration
system to the northern region, historical records were locally remembered through oral
recitation or recorded in the local languages or Pali on palm leaf manuscripts (Stratton,
2004: 93). Despite being told in a non-scientific discourse, such vernacular records once
reminded the local population of the risk of natural disasters. Japanese historian Shōji
Sasamoto, in his study of Japanese folklore of debris flows, argues that vernacular media
is one of a few ‘soft’ technologies, which may help non-experts take necessary actions tosave the lives and properties from natural disasters (1994, 369).
Both social and technological resources have been allocated disproportionallyin the capital city and its vicinity. The post-2011 Flood recovery efforts, for example,
focused on anti-flood infrastructure in the Greater Bangkok Area, as well as on financial
support for the affected (Otomo, 2013: 224-225). Although being eventually expected totrickle down to the regional cities, the fruits of the development are not fully enjoyed by thepeoples outside the political and economic center. In natural disaster prevention andmitigation, the imbalanced distribution of resources poses a great challenge in collecting
1

Thammasat University

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empirical data of natural disasters, particularly low-probability high-consequence’disasters, with which modern disaster management does not effectively deal. Thailand is
not free from serious natural disasters despite the general complacency about the risk ofnatural disasters. In fact, the country’s vulnerability has been exposed during the 2004
Indian Ocean Tsunamis and the 2011 Flood. In fact, it is only as recent as November 2007
when the government, in response to the 2004 tsunamis, enacted the Disaster Prevention
and Mitigation Act and appointed Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation for thenational level planning and coordination of relevant agencies.
In the resource-strained provincial areas, such local resources may compensate
for the lack of the long-term data of natural disasters and anti-natural disaster
infrastructure. They are locally relevant and self-sustainable resources that can bemobilized for natural disaster resilience-building efforts. However, the rapid urbanization
and accompanying mobilization of local populations pose challenges in the sustenance ofvernacular records as informants indicated. Such an invaluable cultural heritage can nolonger be maintained locally and transmitted only through indigenous forms ofcommunication channels. Exogenous initiatives are expected to play an important role forthe revitalization of the disaster-lore; governmental organizations, civil society, businesssector and even international organizations, despite different agendas, have started
exploring the potential of the disaster-lore as part of natural disaster prevention andmitigation efforts. In fact, folklore has been utilized in development projects around theworld. The development of digital communication technology further enhances thepotential of folklore in development projects in resource-constrained societies, and digital
humanities can facilitate the revitalization of disaster-lore by archiving and reintroducing itto the local communities. At the next stage of this project, the disaster-lore will be
introduced to local stakeholders via the online archive and workshops in order to build
natural disaster resilient communities in Thailand.
References
Nao, O. (2013). Disaster prevention policies in Thailand and “Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation Act of B.E. 2550” [Tainiokeru bōsaiseisaku to “butsureki2550nen bōsai oyobi
keigenhō”]. Foreign Legislation [Gaikoku no rippo], 251: 239-246. (in Japanese).
Northern Meteorological Center. (2018). Prawatsunutuniyomvithayaphaknuea [Thehistory of the meteorological center in the northern region].
http://www.cmmet.tmd.go.th/met/history.php (accessed 19 June, 2018) (in Thai).
Phrayaprachakitchakonrachak [Bunnag, Chaem]. (1898/2014). Yonok Chronicle[Phongsawadan Yonok]. Bangkok: Sipanya. (in Thai).
Sasamoto, S. (1994). The run-off of snake, others, tree spirits: The folklore of historicaldisasters [Januke, ijin, kodama: rekishisaigai to denshō]. Tokyo: Iwatashoin.(inJapanese)
Stratton, C. (2004). Buddhist scripture of Northern Thailand. Chicago, Buppha Press.
Wood, S. H., Singharajwarapan, F. S., Bundarnsin, T., & Rothwell, E. (2004). Mae Saebasin and Wiang Nong Lom: radiocarbon dating and relation to the active strike-slip
Mae Chan fault, Northern Thailand. In Conference Proceeding from International
Conference on Applied Geophysics, November 26-27, 2004, Chiang Mai, Thailand, pp.
60-69.

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Fueling Time Machine: Information Extraction fromRetro-Digitised Address Directories
Mohamed Khemakhem1,2,3, Carmen Brando4, Laurent Romary1,2,5, Frédérique
Mélanie-Becquet6, Jean-Luc Pinol7
Whereas mapping systems, such as Google or Bing Maps, have become nowadays thecommon tools to geocode addresses or to browse neighborhoods on modern maps,
browsing a legacy map representing a geographical snapshot of historical cities is far frombeing accomplished. The issue is related in the first place to the lack of data allowing asystem to map a given address to a throwback location. Such information are abundantly
available in dedicated paper resources, such as legacy address directories[1]. But evendigitised, mining the content of these resources remains limited due to the ad-hoc
employed information extraction techniques.
Time machine[2] is a major large scale project aiming to bridge this gap, among
many others, by analysing and valorising the content of legacy documents for the ultimate
purpose of redrawing the historical, social and economical heritage of Europe. In thiscontext, we present our approach and first results of a state-of-the-art technique forextracting information from digitised address directories.
Our labour has been motivated by two emerging factors. First, the public releaseof several digitised versions in high-definition from the legacy address directories“Annuaires-almanach” of Paris, made available by the French National Library[3]. The
directory series, which had been edited since the 18th century, carry a joint description of
the commercial activities and postal information of the french capital. Second, a recently
implemented approach by Khemakhem et al. 2017 and Khemakhem et al. 2018 has given
an information extraction system, GROBID-Dictionaries, which has been designed tostructure digitised dictionaric resources by using machine learning models. We have been
struck by the similarities in the structures of dictionaries and address directories, where
both resources share a semasiological representation. In fact, the latters could beperceived as encyclopedic resources where locations are described as unique concepts.
We have used Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) as a common modeling standard andproposed a first encoding of entries in an address directory. We distinguish between two
categories of entries (see table 1). The first is reserved for each entry describing a single
occupant in a unique or a shared address. In other terms, to each number in a street, one
or many occupants could be assigned and for each one of them corresponds an entry.
The second category of entries gathers the description blocs of a common street. An entry
in this case encapsulates information like the name of the street, length, neighbouring
street, etc.

1

Inria ALMAnaCH
Centre Marc Bloch3
Paris Diderot University
4 CRH (EHESS / CNRS UMR 8558)
5
BBAW - Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften
6
LATTICE, ENS / Paris 3 / CNRS UMR 8094
7 LARHRA CNRS UMR 5180
2

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Table 1: Both images in lines 2 and 3 correspond respectively to excerpts of pages 3500
and 2882 of the 1901 release[4] of the Annuaires-almanach
The current architecture of GROBID-Dictionaries, based on cascading machinelearning models, has been to a large extent able to support the presented encoding of the
textual information and extract the macro structures. In fact, the first level of segmentation
has the mission to differentiate between the different parts of a digitised page. The second
level relies on a model for segmenting a page body to entries which will be further
segmented in the third level to main semantic blocks.
Despite sometimes the noisy OCRised data (see table 1), till the third level, theonly required adaptation of the system has been the implementation of a new label to markthe numbering of entries <num>. After this minor adaptation, a first experimentation of thesystem has shown interesting results for the first 3 segmentation levels, which we reportin table 2.

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Table2: Evaluation of the first three segmentation models
Although the models had given better results with dictionaries in previous
experimentations, the current results are still considered impressive given the different
nature of the address directories and the noise in the OCRs, especially for the first model.
The outcome should be improved as soon as we annotate more data and further
strengthen the selected features, if needed. To reach the complete encoding presented intable 1, we are investigating the creation of new models to be integrated in the existingarchitecture for processing the clusters of texts labels. Before considering building newmodels trained from scratch, the integration of models used for the same purpose in the
GROBID[5] family projects is likely to be the most efficient solution, as for the parsing ofaddresses and person names. We are considering also to improve the OCRs for known
entries such as the majority of street names, which could be checked against existing
defined lists.
In conclusion, fueling a Time Machine with structured information extracted fromlegacy address directories does not seem to be an issue anymore thanks to the availabilityof the target digitised material and the advanced extraction techniques embedded in
GROBID-Dictionaries. The existing architecture of the tool could be further improved byannotating more data, plugging in existing models or creating new ones to be applied inlarger scale or on similar documents in other languages. Finally, our aim is to further
retrodigitise releases of the Annuaires-almanach and geocode historical postal addresses
listed there thereby to analyse commercial activity in old Paris taken from large amountsof historical sources as introduced by Kaplan and di Lenardo, 2017.
References
Kaplan, F. and di Lenardo I. (2017). “Big data of the past”. Frontiers in Digital Humanities,
4: 1-12.
Khemakhem, M., Foppiano L. and Romary L. (2017). “Automatic Extraction of TEI
Structures in Digitized Lexical Resources using Conditional Random Fields”. Electronic
lexicography in the 21st century: Proceedings of eLex 2017 conference. Leiden. pp.
598-13
Khemakhem, M., Herold A. and Romary L. (2018). “Enhancing Usability for Automatically
Structuring Digitised Dictionaries”. Proceedings of GLOBALEX workshop at LREC.
Miyazaki. pp. 88-93

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[1] Historical maps are evidently an important source of geolocalised information, ourproposed approach aims to be complementary to well-known methods forgeoreferencing old maps and thus deals with a new kind of historical source.
[2] http://timemachineproject.eu[3] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32695639f/date[4] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9763088f[5] https://github.com/kermitt2

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Matching methods: new approaches for the study of theOnline Dating phenomena.
Jessica Pidoux1
Few studies in the social sciences and the humanities have examined the social issues,
outcomes and implications of matching algorithms used by online websites and mobile
dating applications (apps). While gaining increasing popularity, these dating applications
are hidden behind “trade secrets” (Pasquale, 2015) that restrict the study of theirprogramming practices to researchers. When scientists acquire some access to this data,
research is often constrained by agreements negotiated and controlled by privatecompanies. This paper introduces a mixed methodology combining qualitative andquantitative analysis, whose principal objective is to elucidate the matching process ofdating apps and its impact on actors by analysing the features of their openly-accessible
interfaces.
Matching algorithms have traditionally been the arena of computer scientists,
with a focus on the selection of relevant features and the development of technologies(Jekel and Haftka, 2018; Xia et al., 2016; Yu et al., 2016; Tu et al., 2014). Deployed bydating companies, these algorithms and techniques, such as machine learning, make itpossible to improve systems used for searching, classifying and recommending profiles
on dating sites. They do not, however, address the underlying social implications of theinformation on which such programs rely and the decisions which they make.
Social scientists interested in the impact of quantification practices in the dating
industry have been restricted in their study by problems of access and the proprietarynature of algorithms. In addition, approaches called digital methods (Venturini et al., 2018)
or digital ethnography are often limited to the analysis of users (Vinck et al., 2018) and theirpersonal data with legal and ethical implications. All of this, highlights the need foralternative methods to research the functioning and impact of digital platforms.
As part of my on-going doctoral dissertation, I propose a new perspective for the
study of online websites and mobile dating apps. This paper focuses on one entry point,
the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and its properties, without touching upon personal data.
Openly accessible, interfaces contain features that can reveal the variables used bymatching algorithms on dating sites. Indeed, the evolution of dating applications into
“data-driven models” (Albury et al., 2017) has made the interface essential to collecting
quantifiable data which can then be harnessed in mapping individual preferences.
More specifically, I study the “conceptual model” (Norman, 1988) used by datingcompanies. The model’s design is essential for the user to understand the platform, as itallows them to create an appropriate mental image, or representation of the object, whichmakes sense of the operations of the app. Without a comprehensive conceptual model,
users will not be able to recognize “affordances”, that is the properties of an object and its
relation with the subject that interacts with it (ibid.). For instance, I will focus on the user
registration form, on the research bar, and other pages and functionalities withoutcollecting user-generated content. Although GUIs only allow access to explicit features,
they also offer rich possibilities for the analysis of algorithms in concert withcomplementary features. Characteristics of platforms, gathered through the manual
cleaning and categorizing of data and the polishing of metrics lead to a clustering analysis.
First, categories (centroids) of dating apps are found using similar features, and secondly
the classification of multiple personæ conceived by developers and expressed in theplatforms is analysed. By focusing on two case studies from a bottom-up perspective, I
will demonstrate how researchers can analyse these openly-accessible features tounderstand how user experience is being shaped.
In a departure from popular viewpoints, such as the construction of online
identity, couple formation or the improvement of technical systems, this discussion takes
1

Digital Humanities Institute, EPFL.

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JADH 2018a different perspective. It approaches the study, not from the angle of the user profile, butfrom that of the interface, to analyse human-computer interaction. This opens avenues for
exploring the ways in which online websites and mobile dating experience is shaped,
coloured and informed by dating applications through their platforms, leading to richer
insights into the forging of modern relationships. From an academic viewpoint, thisresearch in progress introduces methods, relying on open data, for the study of online
dating without the need to access proprietary algorithms nor acquire sensitive private data.
References
Albury K., Burgess, J., Light B., Race K. and Wilken R. (2017). “Data cultures of mobile
dating and hook-up apps: Emerging issues for critical social science research”. Big Data
& Society, July–December 2017: 1–11.
Jekel C. and Haftka R. (2018). “Classifying Online Dating Profiles on Tinder using Facenet
facial embeddings”. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.04347.pdf (accessed 26 June 2018)
Norman D. (1988). The Psychology of Everyday Things. New York: Basic Books.
Pasquale, F. (2015). The Black Box Society. The Secret Algorithms that Control Moneyand Information. London: Harvard University Press.
Tu K., Ribeiro B., Jensen D., Towsley D., Liu B., Jiang H. and Wang X. (2014). “Online
Dating Recommendations: Matching Markets and Learning Preferences”: Proceedingsof the fifth international workshop on social recommender systems, in conjunction with
23rd international world wide web conference, Seoul, Korea, April 2014, pp. 787-792.
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2579240 (accessed 26 June 2018)
Venturini, T., Bounegru, L., Gray, J. and Rogers, R. (2018). “A reality check(list) for digital
methods”. New Media & Society. http://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769236 (accessed
26 June 2018)
Vinck D., Camus A., Jaton F. and Oberhauser P. N. (2018). “Localités Distribuées,
Globalités Localisées : actions, actants et médiations au service de l’ethnographie dunumérique”. Symposium, 22:1, pp. 41-60.
Xia P., Shuangfei Z., Benyuan L., Yizhou S. and Cindy C. (2016). “Design of reciprocal
recommendation systems for online dating”. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 6, no1: 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-016-0340-2 (accessed 26 June 2018)
Yu M., Zhang X. and Kreagery D. (2016). “New to Online Dating? Learning from
Experienced Users for a Successful Match”: IEEE/ACM International Conference on
Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM), San Francisco, CA, USA,
August 2016.

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A Quantitative Analysis of Agatha Christie’s Works
Applying a Machine Learning Approach
Narumi Tsuchimura1
This study investigates stylistic changes in works by Agatha Christie using a machinelearning method. Previous studies on style in Christie’s works such as Lancashire and Hirst(2009), Le et al. (2011) and Inaki (2013) concern themselves with a limited number of works,
so this study aims to analyse all of her works.
We analyse 66 of Christie’s works published during 1920 and 1976. All the 66
texts are labelled as C1 to C66 in the chronological order of their publishing years. The last
two novels, Curtain (C65) and Sleeping Murder (C66), while published in the 1970s, were
written in the 1940s. We assume that the rest of her works were written just prior to theiryear of its publication. Short stories are excluded from this analysis, and in order tominimize difference between genres, this study deals only with mystery works. The wholedataset adds up to 4,183,485 words.
When we overview these data using a correspondence analysis using thefrequency of the 200 most common words from the dataset, we can see most of Christie’s
earlier works on the left side of the plot, and later works on the right (see Figure 1).

Figure 1 Plot of the result of correspondence analysis.
Figure 2 is the resulting dendrogram of a cluster analysis on the same data as
Figure 1. We can see that most of the later works are classified into a cluster distinct fromthe earlier works.
1

Osaka University

46

JADH 2018

Figure 2 Resulting dendrogram of cluster analysis (distance: Euclidean, method: Ward)
Then questions arose as to whether we can distinguish earlier works from laterones using a machine learning method and extract key words for each group.
This study applies Random Forests (Breiman, 2001) for classification andextraction of key words. Tabata (2012) argues Random Forests overcome common
problems in key word measures such as Log Likelihood or Chi-squared score, making
them an attractive alternative. In this study, all of Christie’s works are divided into threegroups according to their year of publication; earlier (1920–1938: c1–c24), middle (1939–
1956: c25–c48, c65, c66), and later (1957–1973: c49–c64). The three-way split was chosen
after considering that classifying into two groups might be too coarse. Exceptions are c65
and c66; as mentioned above, they were published in the 1970s but written in the 1940s,
so they are added to the middle group. The variables used in Random Forests are the mostfrequent 600 words, which these texts were classified the most accurately with. An
example of the result of Random Forests is shown below (Figure 3 and 4). As we can see
in Figure 3, Christie’s earlier works are never classified as her later works, and vice versa.

Figure 3 Result of Random Forests classification experiment on the three groups using
the most frequent 600 words.
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Figure 4 A multi-dimensional scaling plot based on the result of the Random Forests
model.
Out of these top 600 words, the 100 most characteristic words are identified.
Figure 5 shows the top 30 words which most contribute to the classification based on themean decrease in the GINI importance, and Table 1 shows the 100 most characteristic
words. We can see the word something, the fourth from the top of the figure, and we cansee the word things in the table. Lancashire and Hirst (2009) investigates indefinite-term(thing, something, anything) usage in 14 Christie works, reporting that Christie’s use of
these words increases significantly with age, and they suggest that indefinite-term usage
is a significant marker for Alzheimer’s disease. The word something and things are also
extracted as key words for her later works using Random Forests, and this result supports
their argument.
In addition, there are many contracted forms such as you’ve, wouldn’t, I’d, she’d,and don’t as key words from the later works. This result might be owing to Christie’s
change of writing method in her novels. Le et al. (2011) says,“She wrote her earlier novels in longhand and then typed them on a typewriter …, but,on breaking her wrist in 1952, she began using a Dictaphone.”The result of this analysis also reflect her change of writing method.

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Figure 5 Variable Importance Plot of the result of Random Forests.
References
Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45: pp.5-23.
Inaki, A. (2013). Nazotoki no Kotoba-gaku: Agatha Christie no Eigo wo Tanoshimu. Tokyo:
Eiho-sha.
Lancasire, I. and Hirst, G. (2009). Vocabulary Changes in Agatha Christie’s Mysteries as
an Indication of Dementia: A Case Study. Paper presented at the 19th Annual Rotman
Research Institute Conference, Cognitive Aging: Research and Practice, Toronto,
March 2009.
Le, X., Lancashire, I., Hirst, G. and Jokel, R. (2011). Longitudinal detection of dementia
through lexical and syntactic changes in writing: a case study of three British novelists.
Literary and Linguistic Computing, 26(4): 435-461.
Tabata, T. (2012). Stylometry of co-authorship: Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins. The
Special Interest Group Technical Reports of Information Processing Society of Japan,
CH-93(3): pp.1-7.

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Interpreting Visual Data in the Platformized Context:
The Case of a Chinese Working-class Online Community
Jiaxi Hou1
Kwai, the video-clip sharing application is among the most popular mobile applications in
China with over 700 million users, and a large proportion of them are consisted of workingclass youths1. Situated within the rapid developments of mobile technologies, Kwai
becomes the first video-based online community commonly accepted and shared by
Chinese working-class youths, either living in the rural areas or working in metropolis as
migrant workers. Being as the application and the community at the same time, Kwai has
not only supported the vibrant visual expressions of the previously silent Chinese workingclass youths, but has also served as a large data archive of these user-generated visual
representations. Users utilize Kwai not only to record their daily living and working activities
in physical world, but also share their originative and creative artifacts in the form of shortvideos, which have not yet gained sufficient investigation.
However, at the same time of “neutrally” archiving the visual data to for the users
with technological affordances, Kwai is always criticized by the public for the level ofvulgarity of these controversial user-generated content. There existed a large amount ofvideo clips containing sexual connotations in offensive ways, or even to the level of childpornography and juveniles displaying self-torturing behaviors in the pursuit for fame andpopularity. In addition, a large number of discussions are also triggered by Kwai about the“appropriate” norms for distributing algorithm, interactive behaviors, and creative artifactsof a participatory online community in the highly visual format. Therefore, the study aims
to not only understand the cultural activities of Chinese working-class youths through thearchived data on Kwai, but also endeavors to interpret them in a larger social and culturalcontext, in order to anatomize how the meanings of certain data in the visual form areconstructed in the context.
Notably, the context here is a social and cultural specific environment deeply
embedded in the process of platformization by digital technology. Previous scholars havefound that abreast with the frequent use of the term, platform, in the commercial
companies such as Facebook and YouTube for describing their systems, multifaceted
aspects have been incorporated into the meaning of the term to constitute it as a usefulparadigm to understand the current ecology of social media, for example, Burgess’s (2015)
investigation of YouTube’s platformization process and Helmond’s (2015) in Facebook.
The assemblage of the Kwai’s culture has incorporated different actors and developed its
particular characteristics in organizing online participatory culture. In line with the platform
perspective, the current study tries to interpret the user-generated videos, as a form of
data, in the platformized context, by taking into consideration of multiple actors including
the technological affordances of the application, its economic strategies, the stateintervention, the public evaluation on the artifacts, as well as the user agency.
A combined method of online ethnography, data crawling, and discourse
analysis will be utilized to conduct this analysis. First, a continuous participating
observation of the Kwai application is needed, with the particular attention for the dynamicchanges in its interface and algorithm design. Second, related data of the popular video
clips are crawled to identify the representative artifacts of the community and then overfifty accounts and their archived video content are collected to understand and conclude
the changing characteristics of its narratives, as the representative cultural artifacts of Kwai.
Third, related articles addressing the platform are achieved through search engines. The
origins of these published articles, the opinions, the structures, and how the readers
express their opinions in the commenting area of these articles will be analyzed. These
data from various sources will be utilized together to understand what are the cultural
meanings of these video clips, as the form of archived data in the larger social context,
1

The University of Tokyo

50

JADH 2018

which is characterized by the contemporary platformizing process in China and also in the
global world.
The meanings of Kwai’s data in the form of videos have experienced four
different phases in its transformation, which is structured complicatedly by technologicalaffordance, users agency, the state power and the mobilized public. First, the original Kwai
is positively embraced as an alternative social media for the working-class youths with an“objective” and “value-free” algorithm in “recording the world and you” (the slogan of Kwai).
However, the implicit emphasis of social media in the pursuit for fame, together with users’agency, has paved the way for vulgar content including child pornography, which evoked
severe criticism from middle-class and elite media, who have more power in defining theappropriate norms and ethics for online interaction compared to the working-class youths,
the new group of netizens. At the same time of experiencing a quick user expansion from
400 million to 700 million, the platform responded to these criticisms with the refinedversions in algorithm design, the additional reporting function, and the establishment ofself-disciplinary committee. Though these actions have largely prevented the popularity ofchild pornography, but have not changed the images of the platform for being theheadquarters of producing vulgar and kitsch visual content. Subsequently, the state power,
accompanied by the anonymous public, infiltrated into the process in the name ofprotecting the juveniles from vulgarity, but with more attention in censorship andinformation control. As a consequence, the previous vulgar videos spontaneously
produced by working-class have been purified in their meanings, and at the same time,
the new group of netizens are socialized in the larger contexts to alter their selfrepresentations with a “healthier” and more “appropriate” set of norms.
Notes
The data can be accessed from the Chinese news media,
https://www.jiemian.com/article/1915543.html, on 20 May 2018.
References
Burgess, J. (2015). “From ‘Broadcast Yourself’ to ‘Follow Your Interests’: Making overSocial Media.” International Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(3): 281–85.
Helmond, A. (2015). “The Platformization of the Web: Making Web Data Platform Ready.”
Social Media + Society, 1(2): 10.1177/2056305115603080.

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Cancelled

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[Panel Session 1]
Digital Humanities Cyberinfrastructure:
Integrating and Facilitating
Jieh Hsiang1, Joey Hung2, Chao-Lin Liu3, Michael Stanley-Baker4
The development of digital humanities originates from the large-scale digitalization ofscholarly or cultural repositories. As large quantities of digital resources become available
online, humanities scholars start to have high expectations for and imagination of theapplications of digital technologies to facilitate their research. Many digital tools have also
been developed in response to this demand. However, For the humanists, there still exists
a huge gap between the applicability of digital resources and digital tools, and the policies
and technologies to implement them.
In recent years, many digital platforms that are customized to adapt to theindividual needs of humanities research have been developed. These platforms, inadditional to offering heterogeneous services, should also be interlinked with other digital
resources as well as allowing users the freedom and autonomy through their availability,
usability and constant optimized capability.
Based on this panoramic perspective of the digital humanities
cyberinfrastructure, this session discusses the current digital resources, digital tools andthe integration and facilitation of open data on different digital platforms. The discussion
topics will include issues of philosophy, concepts and technicality of establishing digitalplatforms. At the same time, we will also explore the expectations for and imaginations ofsuch a cyberinfrastructure from the humanities researchers’ perspectives. The purpose ofthis session aims to promote a better realization of digital
humanities cyberinfrastructure.
Session Speakers Information
Speaker1: Prof. Joey Hung (洪振洲)
Topic: The Experience of using Open Data and Open API to Facilitate the Cross-System
Collaboration of Digital Humanities Tools
Affiliation: Department of Buddhist Studies; Library and Information Center, Dharma Drum
Institute of Liberal Arts, Taiwan.
Speaker2: Prof. Chao-Lin Liu (劉昭麟)
Topic: Service Agents for Accommodating Public and Private Data and Tool Resources for
Researchers of Digital Humanities
Affiliation: Department of Computer Science, National Chengchi University, Taiwan.
Speaker3: Prof. Jieh Hsiang (項潔)
Topic: Connecting Open Texts and Tools through DoucSky
Affiliation: Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
Speaker4: Prof. Michael Stanley-Baker (徐源)Topic: Datamining Religious Sources for Medical History: Locating Materia Medica in the
Daoist and Buddhist CanonsAffiliation: School of Humanities; College of Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore.

1

National Taiwan University
Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts
3 National Chengchi University
4 Nanyang Technological University
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“Cicerone”, a monuments’ guide plug-in for navigators: aproposal for a history- related software application toincrease the value of cultural heritage historically with
GIS and GPS open data.
Luigi Serra1
Abstract
Are satellite navigators complete to satisfy every need? This is a proposal for a software
enhancement to live and visit monuments worldwide with satellite navigation systems in adifferent way. With their POI (Points Of Interest), navigators usually generate itineraries
computing them essentially on GIS basis, instead of historical facts or themes. The
advantage of this improvement I propose is to determine routes basing them on particularperiods of interest, planning voyages with the powerful efficacy of GPS navigators, but
keeping in mind a specific historic epoch and its related monuments with the help of both
GIS and historical open data. As soon as this suggestion were welcomed by the market, it
could be embedded into satellite navigation systems like Garmin™, Tom Tom™ or similar,
or web based like Google Maps™ and others.
1. Introduction
The present paper aims at introducing a little new feature to be added into general-purpose
navigators. In fact I noticed that for precise interrogations focused on specific interests,
the current solutions we use every day have a little lack: we cannot chose particular periodsof interest while adding POI or destinations to our journey. Those are variables notnecessary for most users, but very useful for scholars and for the most demanding tourists.
2. History into navigators: an added value
A monument without a description and a narration that tells its history, its origins and why
it is there in that context, could be seen as only a mass of matter without meanings. Thisis the role of scholars: analyze monuments and tell something authoritative about them
helping us to make ourselves our own idea about them, beyond their pure aesthetic
expression.
Standardizing the right criteria for the categorization and cataloguing of themonuments according to the scholars’ advices, it will help us in creating a useful open
data container from which everyone can take the desired information. Engineers can solve
technical problems related to the best practices, historians and geographers could benefit
these tools adding other meanings to the tools themselves.
3. Navigator itineraries time-related by themes and periods: a possible scenario
The idea of the time-relation concept has born one day, when a Valencian friend, teacher
at University, asked me to suggest him a travel plan in Sardinia (Italy) including some
important monuments along the road belonging to a specific period. Trying to plan suchkind of trip, I have experienced that it is possible to include some POI already present into
navigators, but if I had wanted to select specific monuments related by a particular age ortheme, I needed to study in deep the monumental panorama by hand, on the maps,
because of the lack of such kind of information on the navigation systems. My idea would
go beyond, changing the perspective: while a trip is almost ever place-based, I would liketo plan a monument-centric trip, in which the routes comes up from a history-relatedmonuments’ choice. E.g. if we would visit medieval castles in Sardinia, joined by theirbelonging to the Kingdom of Arboréa along its meridional border, we should know theirbuilding period, their geographical information, the certain belonging to that kingdom andso on. We should know ultimately, geography apart, their history. The castles fitting this1

National Research Council of Italy / Institute of History of Mediterranean Europe

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information are six clockwise and their information and georeferenced positions are in turn(Place, Name, Latitude, Longitude, Building Period, Notes):
Laconi, Aymerich Castle, 39°51'19.24"N, 9° 3'18.80"E, 1053, Epigraph;
Las Plassas, Marmilla Castle, 39°40'57.63"N, 8°58'46.26"E, <1168, Partial ruins; Sanluri,
Eleonora of Arboréa Castle, 39°33'47.72"N, 8°53'52.58"E, 1355, Certain period;
Sardara, Monreale Castle, 39°35'41.78"N, 8°47'35.28"E, ~ 1275, Historical Sources;
Arbus, Arcuentu Castle, 39°35'50.54"N, 8°32'48.04"E, <1168, Ruins;
Ales, Barumele Castle, 39°45'22.14"N, 8°48'45.31"E, 1385, Pre-existent to Arboréa.

Fig. 1 – Past and present geographical position of the castles in the southern border ofthe Kingdom of Arboréa (Luigi Serra)
Looking at the shortest path using Google Maps, leaving from Cagliari andreturning to Cagliari, the right trip order, counterclockwise, should be:- Cagliari, 39°13'10.82"N, 9° 7'48.18"E (Departure)- Marmilla Castle, 39°40'57.63"N, 8°58'46.26"E- Aymerich Castle, 39°51'19.24"N, 9° 3'18.80"E- Barumele Castle, 39°45'22.14"N, 8°48'45.31"E- Monreale Castle, 39°35'41.78"N, 8°47'35.28"E- Arcuentu Castle, 39°35'50.54"N, 8°32'48.04"E- Eleonora Castle, 39°33'47.72"N, 8°53'52.58"E- Cagliari, 39°13'10.82"N, 9° 7'48.18"E (Arrival)
At first glance, the software proposes additional passage points by simply
concatenating the map locations (https://goo.gl/maps/o9wLNkKvjYP2). This behavior isevident because of the human input, but if the information were been already present in
the system and correlated each other, the route would derive automatically based on thecriteria chosen for the tourist tour. The aggregation could be possible only if an open
database containing all the historical data, georeferenced and aggregated by period,
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affinity and document evidences, was available, thus having time-related information touse linked with POIs.

Fig. 2 – Simulation path, based on historical information of Sardinian Castle focused on
their belonging to the southern border of the Arboréa’s Kingdom on Google Maps (Luigi
Serra)
4. Conclusions
Such plug-in could be very useful to scholars who are investigating about certain periods.
In fact, it could aggregate different types of monuments related to a particular studied age
based furthermore on institutions and statehood in their entirety: castles, fortresses,
fortifications, religious buildings and any other kind of monument belonging to a definite
State, place and time. The system could automatically propose a trip plan, matching thebest routes depending on the roads or pathways present, the days available and otherspecific needs. It is a refining of the general-purpose POI suggestion mechanism today
available in every GPS navigator. This simple proposal would be an opportunity forcompanies producing satellite navigation systems, to involve competent professionals in
History, Geography, Archaeology, Architecture, Engineering, Computer Science and other
scholars for a synergic multidisciplinary collaboration. Thus giving to the audience a useful
tool to visit the world, starting from the landscapes’ history, knowing not the only “where”,
to which satellite navigators are interested on, but the “why”, the “who” and the “when” as
the red thread that links the “all” through the places.
References
Allen, P. (1992). Storia della Cartografia. London: Marshall Editions.
Carta, M. and Spagnoli, L. (eds) (2010). La ricerca e le istituzioni tra interpretazione e
valorizzazione della documentazione cartografica. Roma: Gangemi Editore.
Casula, F.C. (1997). La terza via della storia: il caso Italia. Pisa: ETS.
Dijkstra, E.W. (1959). “A note on two problem in connexion with graphs.” Numerische
Mathematik, 1:269–271.
http://galileognss.eu/ (accessed 23 April 2018)
http://qzss.go.jp/en/ (accessed 23 April 2018)https://www.archives.gov/ (accessed 23 April 2018)https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en (accessed 23 April 2018)https://www.gps.gov/ (accessed 23 April 2018)https://www.isro.gov.in/ (accessed 23 April 2018)

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Harley, J.B. and Woodward, D. (eds) (1987). The history of cartography, Vol.1
Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean.
Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Milanesi, M. (ed) (1990). L’Europa delle carte. Milano: Nuove Edizioni Grafiche Mazzotta.
Palagiano, C., Asole, A. and Arena, G. (1984). Cartografia e territorio nei secoli. Roma:
La Nuova Italia Scientifica.
Quddus, M.A., Ochieng, W.Y. and Noland, R.B. (2007). “Current map-matchingalgorithms for transport applications: State-of-the art and future research directions.”
Transportation Research Part C. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 312–328.
Serra, L. (2017). “Relational and conceptual models to study the Mediterranean defensive
networks: an experimental open database for content management systems.”
International Conference on Modern Age Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast
FORTMED 2017: Conference Proceedings Vol. VI. Alicante: Editorial Publicacions
Universitat D’alacant, pp. 369- 376.
Serreli, G. (2015). “Il sistema difensivo del Regno di Arborèa tra il X e il XV secolo.”International Conference on Modern Age Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast
FORTMED 2016: Conference Proceedings Vol. IV. Firenze: DIDAPRESS, pp. 433-440.
Steven, J.D. et al. (2015). Historical Studies in the Societal Impact of Spaceflight.
Washington DC: NASA History Program Office.
Barber, P. and Istituto Geografico De Agostini (eds) (2001). Segni e sogni della terra: il
disegno del mondo dal mito di Atlante alla geografia delle reti. Novara: De Agostini.
Tomlin, C.D. (1994). “Map Algebra: one perspective.” Landscape and Urban Planning 30.
Elsevier Ltd, pp. 3-12.
Tomlinson, R. F. (1967). “An Introduction to the Geo-Information System of the Canada
Land Inventory.” Ottawa: Canada Department of Forestry and Rural Development.

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Why do I need four search engines?
Martin Holmes1, Joseph Takeda2
Abstract
This presentation addresses the question of how to create digital editions and other online
resources in forms that are likely to endure and remain functional over many decades. In
particular, we focus on the dichotomy whereby the long-term robustness of a digitalproject, which is achieved by uncoupling it from transient server-side technologies andtools that require monitoring and maintenance, is undermined by the requirement toprovide methods for users to search the collection. We present as a case-study the Robert
Graves Diary project, which provides four separate search facilities using different
approaches.
1. Introduction
Project Endings[1] is a collaboration of University of Victoria scholars, digital humanists
and librarians whose aim is to address the progressive loss of digital scholarly resources
due to failures in archiving, preservation, and documentation, and over-dependence ontransient tools and technologies. The project is supported by a grant from the Social
Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC).
The project is working with a number of case-studies—digital edition projects
already completed or nearing completion—and aiming to specify approaches, tools andtechnologies that can help researchers complete their projects and archive them in such a
way that they have a strong chance of being available and functional for decades to come.
In previous work (Arneil and Holmes 2017, Holmes 2017, Holmes and Takeda
2017), we have argued strongly that likelihood that a digital edition project will survive andbe usable over the long term depends on the selection of a small core set of technologies(HTML5, CSS and JavaScript), and the avoidance of server-side technologies that will
require maintenance or replacement over time. Our case-study projects (among them Le
Mariage sous L’Ancien Régime and The Robert Graves Diary) are constructed entirely inthis way, with no server-side dependencies at all.
2. The problem of search
A digital edition consisting only of HTML, CSS and JavaScript can of course by rich andhighly interactive. However, there is one important component of a website which generally
requires some sort of server interaction: search. This is perhaps the most difficult challenge
for the Endings project: how do we make a resource searchable without building in
dependence on a server to host the index and respond to queries?

1
2

University of Victoria
University of British Columbia

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Figure 1. The first search interface of the Robert Graves Diary, which also serves as
its home page.
Using the Robert Graves Diary project as a testbed, we have developed four
distinct approaches, which will be described in this presentation:
1. Bite the bullet and accept the server dependency. We currently host the Graves
project materials inside an eXist XML database, which allows us to provide richfaceted search functionality at the expense of a dependency that will inevitably beunsupported in the long term.
2. Enlist Google’s help. We have built an additional Google Custom Search page into
the site, allowing users to search in the interface which is probably most familiar tothem. The obvious drawback here is that Google’s terms, conditions and APIschange frequently, so we must expect this service to fail at some point when there
is no active maintainer of the project.
3. Enlist the help of our Library. The long-term preservation of our project will
ultimately be in the hands of the University Library, who run their own Solr server
for searching their collections. As part of the project build, we now create JSON
index files for Solr to ingest; we can then provide a search page which queries thisindex.
4. Provide a standalone search. For digital editions which are not too large, it ispossible to create a JavaScript-only index, including stemming and relevancescoring, which is remarkably fast and requires no server support at all. This is theultimate fallback when all else fails.
On the face of it, this level of redundancy may appear ridiculous, but in fact itprovides a level of flexibility which we believe is essential for the survival of projects withno ongoing maintenance. In the best-case scenario, four different methods of searching
the collection are available to the user, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. In
the worst case, where the collection survives only as a simple collection of files on a drive
somewhere, the standalone search will still work, while the other non-functional searchinterfaces provide evidence of the aspects of the collection thought to be crucial search
facets.
Keywords: archiving, digital editions, preservation
Bibliography
Arneil, Stewart and Martin Holmes. 2017. “Archiving form and function: preserving a
2003 digital project.” DPASSH Conference 2017: Digital Preservation for Social
Sciences and Humanities, Brighton, UK, 14th June 2018.
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Holmes, Martin. 2017. “Selecting Technologies for Long-Term Survival.” SHARP
Conference 2017: Technologies of the Book, Victoria, BC, Canada, 10th June 2017.
https://github.com/projectEndings/Endings/raw/master/presentations/SHARP_2017/
mdh_sharp_2017.pdf.
Holmes, Martin and Joseph Takeda. 2017. “Beyond Validation: Using Programmed
Diagnostics to Learn About, Monitor, and Successfully Complete Your DH Project.”
Digital Humanities 2017 Conference, Montreal, Canada, 1th August 2017.
https://dh2017.adho.org/abstracts/140/140.pdf.
[1] https://github.com/projectEndings,
https://onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca/endingsproject/

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Converting the Aozora Bunko into a corpus suitable forlinguistic research
Bor Hodošček1
The Aozora Bunko project is a volunteer-driven Japanese digital library containing over
14,000 out-of-copyright and copyright-free works written by over 1000 different authors(Aozora Bunko, 2018). Predominantly consisting of long and short works of fiction andnon-fiction, the collection is an invaluable language resource covering Japanese works ofdiverse genres from the late 19th to the middle of the 20th century—a timespan uniquely
situated between existing corpora from the Meiji era, such as the Corpus of HistoricalJapanese (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, 2017), which contains
magazines from the Meiji and Taishō eras, and the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary
Written Japanese (Maekawa et al., 2013), which includes samples of various genres from
1976–2006. While the Aozora Bunko project began publishing works on its website from1997, it’s data is now also hosted in a version-controlled repository on GitHub, whichmakes it possible to programmatically subscribe to daily changes and refer to any past
published data. The present work aims to provide continuously updated plaintext and TEI
versions of works in the Aozora Bunko as well as a reworking of the available metadatathat transform the Aozora Bunko from a reader-focused resource into a free, versioned,
and accessible resource for reproducible linguistic study, with an initial focus on issues
relevant for stylometric analysis and adoption by the wider non-Japanese speaking
research community.
While the Aozora Bunko has been a focus of some research on its bibliographic
metadata design (Chiba et al., 2006; Ochiai, 2013), discussion of its conversion into aformat necessary for linguistic investigation, typically requiring main body text extraction
and morphological analysis, is lacking and often relegated to undocumented ad-hoc
extraction scripts that vary by study (Kanagawa and Okadone, 2017; Mochizuki and Suzuki,2007). This preprocessing is complicated by Aozora Bunko’s unique transcriber-friendly
master text format, which is not formally defined and does not focus on linguistic structural
metadata description, as well as several technical trade-offs, such as choice of SJIS as
default encoding and recording of characters from the 3rd and 4th planes of the JIS X 0213
standard as textual descriptions and image files. The Himawari fulltext search Javaapplication project offers the most complete handling of the above issues by providing amorphologically preprocessed and annually updated corpus of the Aozora Bunko as a setof import files for Himawari (Yamaguchi and Tanaka, 2005). While offering a shortcut tolinguistic analysis, it omits versions of some works published using older writing styles,
and does not consolidate Aozora Bunko’s varying structural text metadata to clearly
differentiate between main body and other text (preface, postscript, bibliography, etc.).
Considering the aforementioned issues as common stumbling blocks impeding linguistic
analysis, and allowing for the widest use of the resource as possible, the present systemprovides two versions for each of the TEI and plaintext formats, both with and withoutmorphological parse information.
In order to map the Aozora Bunko master format into structured, UTF-8 encoded
XML, the system uses a formal specification based on a contract system (Might et al.,2011) to parse regular metadata such as furigana (ruby), as well as more difficult natural
language-style metadata such as textual descriptions of Chinese characters not in SJIS.
These existing metadata tags from Aozora Bunko are complemented with additional
metadata tags automatically extracted by the system, which currently include sentenceboundaries and direct speech.
The use of Japanese text in linguistic analyses that make use of off-the-shelf andgeneric natural language processing techniques commonly requires the text to be split into
tokens, which, in the case of Japanese, requires an additional morphological analysis
1

Osaka University
61

JADH 2018preprocessing step when compared to whitespace-delimited languages such as English.
Morphological preprocessing is conducted using MeCab (Kudo et al., 2004) and theContemporary Written Japanese (CWJ) or Kindai variants of the morphological analysis
dictionary UniDic (Oka, 2017), chosen based on the age and writing style of each work.
Here the system also takes into account an issue common to earlier modern Japanese
works that would otherwise cause morphological parsing difficulties, which is theintermittent use of kanji katakana majiri bun writing, wherein Chinese characters (kanji) areused in combination with katakana instead of hiragana. Accordingly, versions of thecorpora containing morphological information can take into account these tags andprovide correct readings from furigana ruby tags and fixed parses from kanji katakana majiri
bun sentences. Of course, use of any tag is optional, as research requiring custom
processing can choose to ignore any of the tags offered and use a different morphologicalor other type of parser. Finally, the naming convention for filenames is based on the oneused by the popular stylometry package for R, Stylo (Eder et al., 2016), allowing the use of
tokenized plaintext files in common analysis pipelines as-is.
Following the work of the Aozora Bunko Linked Open Data project by Ochiai(2013), the system provides updated conversion facilities for the metadata contained in
Aozora Bunko’s bibliography CSV. Similarly, integration is provided for relevant metadata,
including author literary movement affiliations, work subject matter, and date of firstpublishing, that is contained within the Japanese National Diet Library’s Web NDL
Authorities and DBpedia LODs (Lehmann et al., 2015), the latter of which is extracted fromthe Japanese version of Wikipedia using the project’s Information Extraction Framework.
Based on this representation, a SPARQL endpoint and limited search functionalities areprovided for access to relevant information in the formative stages of linguistic analysis, aswell as providing for easier multi-faceted comparisons of extracted datasets.
In conclusion, the system provides preprocessed plaintext and TEI versions of the Aozora
Bunko with updated metadata relevant for linguistic analysis. These corpus
versions and their associated metadata are backed by a version-controlled repository thatallows for the stable referencing and downloading of specific versions of the corpora at
any time independent of changes occurring within the Aozora Bunko, as well as theextraction algorithms and metadata schema of the system.
References
Aozora Bunko (2018). Aozora Bunko https://www.aozora.gr.jp/ (accessed 5 June 2018).
Chiba, S., Iseki, S. and Chen, C. (2006). Aozora Bunko o gengo koopasu tosite tukaou:
meetadeeta koutiku ni yoru rekisiteki/syakaigengogakutekikenkyuu e no kokoromi[Aozora Bunko as Corpus: Application of metadata construction for historic andsociolinguistic study] [in Japanese]. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of the
Association for Natural Language Processing. The Association for Natural Language
Processing.
Eder, M., Rybicki, J. and Kestemont, M. (2016). Stylometry with R: A package forcomputational text analysis. R Journal, 8(1).
Kanagawa, E. and Okadone, T. (2017). Characterization and Similarity Analysis ofJapanese Writers’ Syntactic Structures by Kernel Method. Transactions of the JapaneseSociety for Artificial Intelligence, 32(3, F–G94_1). The Japanese Society for Artificial
Intelligence: 1–15 doi:10.1527/tjsai.F-G94.
Kudo, T., Yamamoto, K. and Matsumoto, Y. (2004). Applying conditional random fields
to Japanese morphological analysis. In Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on
Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.
Lehmann, J., Isele, R., Jakob, M., Jentzsch, A., Kontokostas, D., Mendes, P. N.,
Hellmann, S., et al. (2015). DBpedia–a large-scale, multilingual knowledge base
extracted from Wikipedia. Semantic Web, 6(2). IOS Press: 167–95.
Maekawa, K., Yamazaki, M., Ogiso, T., Maruyama, T., Ogura, H., Kashino, W., Koiso,
H., Yamaguchi, M., Tanaka, M. and Den, Y. (2013). Balanced Corpus of Contemporary
Written Japanese. Language Resources and Evaluation. Springer Netherlands: 1–27
doi:10.1007/s10579-013-9261-0.
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Might, M., Darais, D. and Spiewak, D. (2011). Parsing with derivatives: A functional pearl.
In ACM SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 46. ( 9). ACM, pp. 189–95.
Mochizuki, T. and Suzuki, Y. (2007). A trial of the writing style impression analysis in thenovel. IPSJ SIG Notes(128(2007-MPS-067)): 179–82.
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2017). Corpus of HistoricalJapanese,
Meiji
Era
/
Taishō
Era
SeriesI:
Magazines
http://pj.ninjal.ac.jp/corpus_center/chj/meiji_taisho.html (accessed 5 June 2018).
Ochiai, K. (2013). Aozora Bunko Linked Open Data
http://mdlab.slis.tsukuba.ac.jp/lodc2012/aozoralod/index.html (accessed 5 June2018).
Oka, T. (2017). UniDic for Morphological Analysis with reduced model size by review of
CRF feature templates. In Proceedings of the 2017 NINJAL Language Resources
Workshop. pp. 143–52.
Yamaguchi, M. and Tanaka, M. (2005). Design and implementation of full text searchsystem for structured language resources [in Japanese]. Journal of Natural Language
Processing, 12(4): 55–77 doi:10.5715/jnlp.12.4_55.

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Methods of Meaning: Deciphering the History of“Literature” With Two Word Vector Approaches
Mark Algee-Hewitt1, Alexandre Gefen2, Eun Seo Jo1, J.D. Porter1, Marianne
Reboul3
I. Introduction
We compare two methods for measuring the relationships between words as they are usedin literary critical corpora. One of our fundamental premises is that a concept and its history
can be discovered and understood on the basis of statistical relationships between words
in written texts. Here, we show how two different ways of measuring these relationships,
cosine similarity and K-means clustering, produce different interpretive results.
We expect our findings to be useful on three levels: First, they build on past work
to show how the concept of literature has changed in French and British critical contexts
from the eighteenth century to the twentieth. Second, the results illustrate the differences
between cosine similarity and K-means clustering as ways to study word relationships.
Finally, by comparing these two methods, we interrogate the notion of relational meaningthat underlies much of digital textual analysis and literary criticism more broadly.
II. Corpora
Since the goal of the project is to investigate literature as an intellectual concept, we havefocused on its presence in critical works. As a comparative project, we have corpora in
two languages:
Language

SourceYears

Word Count

FrenchAcademic articles

1700-1960~150 Million

EnglishBritish Periodicals Online

1700-1960~10 Billion

Tab.1: Overview of the two corpora for the experiments
Although these corpora vary with respect to their size and original audiences,
they are similar in terms of their historical spans and in that they are nonfiction articlelength prose. Past investigations have generated promising results. Recently, we createdvectors using Word2Vec and analyzed changes in cosine similarity over time between“literature”/“littérature” and the other words in the corpora. The results indicated that over
our period literature changed from a more functional concept (e.g., it was initially usedsimilarly to “rhetoric”) to a more aesthetic concept (e.g., it was finally used more similarly
to “art”) . (Gefen et al. 2017) In this project, we retain the vector model but examin the
results yielded by K-means clustering rather than cosine similarity.
III. Methods
A. Cosine Similarity
Cosine similarity is a simple method of measuring distance between two multidimensional
vectors according to the cosine of the angle between them. Word vector analysis
frequently uses this method as a way to measure the similarity of usage between two
different words. In the past, as we describe below, we have used cosine similarity to
examine the terms that have been “closer to” or “farther from” literature/littérature in our

Stanford University
CNRS
3 Paris III - Sorbonne Nouvelle
12

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corpora. We measure the similarity between two words by calculating the distance
between their word vectors across time. (Tan et al. 2006)
B. K-means
K-means is a widely employed unsupervised machine learning tool for clustering
multidimensional vectors. For our purposes, the primary interest of K-means is its capacity
to determine clusters given some number of properties of relation. Instead of operating on
a word-to-word basis, like cosine similarity, K-means allows us to examine many-to-many
relationships. In other words, instead of seeing how “literature” compares to some other
word, we can find the group of words in which literature is a member, and examine thatcluster relative to other semantic groups. (Tan et al. 2006)
IV. Results
Because our results are quite expansive, we have selected just one to demonstrate for thisabstract.
Example Result: “Littérature” and “technique”
In the following figures we will show that the K-means clustering and the cosine similarity
measurements both help us see the evolution of individual words, but also how the clusters
that define them move and interact through time. We will verify a common theory in French
literary criticism that sees the turning point towards a technical perception of literature at
the end of the nineteenth century.

Fig.1 Cosine similarity with “littérature” over time for “technique”
In Fig. 1 we can see that the general similarity between “littérature” and“technique” is increasingly important through time, and that the peak for this evolution
happens during the 1880s. This result that tends to verify the hypothesis.

Fig.2
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In Fig.2, we turn to cluster analysis. We can see that the cosine hypothesis is
supported, since the cluster for “littérature” (red) moves closer to that for “technique” (blue).
But we also see that both of them tend to disassociate themselves from the other clusters.
That is to say, their meaning is getting more and more specific, as they are no longer near
the mass of other clusters. It appears that the further out from this “center of gravity” acluster gets, the more distinct its meaning becomes—in other words, these charts may
show us the increasing monosemy of both literature and technicality as concepts.

Fig. 3In Fig.3 we compare how the clusters “technique” (blue) and “littérature” (red)belong to and see that both the predictions of the cosine and the clustering representation
point to the same conclusions: first, “littérature” and “technique” share a lot more semantic
space in the 1880s than in the 1860s; second, the term “technique” is attracted out of thecentral mass of clusters, and shares more space with “littérature”. The size of the cluster
is bigger in the 1860s, signifying that the meaning was broader. Both terms became more
specific and associated over time.
V. Conclusions
Our main conclusion is that the introduction of K-means clustering to our existing workwith cosine similarity adds important nuance to our specific project of understanding thehistory of “literature” as a concept. Cosine similarity had already given us a sense of theways that “literature” changed with respect to particular terms like “science” or “history”.
But K-means clustering reminds us that “literature” does not travel alone. Rather, it has asemantic cohort, a cluster of words that move in relation to other words which are also
configured in clusters. Thinking in these terms reconfigures our interpretation. As one
specific example, we now have evidence that the literature concept was part of a suite ofwords that moved toward monosemy over the course of our period—that is, literature was
not simply moving away from one meaning and toward another, but away from generality
and toward specificity.
Select Bibliography
Alexandre Gefen, Mark Andrew Algee-Hewitt, David McClure, Frédéric Glorieux,
Marianne Reboul, J.D. Porter, Marine Riguet. (2017). “Vector based measure ofsemantic shifts across different cultural corpora as a proxy to comparative history ofideas.” Proceedings of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities Conference
2017, Kyoto, Japan.
Riguet, Marine, and Alaa Abi-Haidar. (2017). “Faire figure d’autorité : l’analyse deréseaux appliquée au discours”. In Analyses et méthodes formelles pour les humanités
numériques.
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Ed. Perry Meisel, Haun Saussy. Tr. Wade Baskin. (2011).
Course in General Linguistics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Tan, Pang-Ning, Michael Steinbach, and Vipin Kumar. (2006). Introduction to Data
Mining. Boston : PeaArson Addison Wesley, pp. 75, 497.

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Historical Big Data: Reconstructing the Past through theIntegrated Analysis of Historical Data
Asanobu Kitamoto1, Mika Ichino1, Chikahiko Suzuki1, Tarin Clanuwat1
1. Introduction
People of the present use smart phones to record their activity and send short messages(e.g. tweets) to communicate with other people. To take advantage of data-centric society,the “big data” approach focuses on reconstructing the real world in the cyber space, which
is sometimes called “digital twin,” through the integrated analysis of a variety of data, suchas online data generated by people and sensor data observed in the world.
Then a question arises; is it possible to apply the same approach to reconstruct
the world of 200 years ago? People recorded and communicated in many different ways
in that age, such as writing diaries, letters and other documents on the paper. How can wereconstruct the world in the past even if we replace data sources from online dense
sources of the present to offline sparse sources of the past?
This is a question we would like to ask in the “historical big data (HBD)” research.
To fill the gap between dense data of the present and sparse data of the past, however, achallenge is to develop statistical or knowledge-based inference to turn sparse data into
dense data suitable for quantitative analysis. Another challenge is to develop workflow tocollect more high quality data for better reconstruction.
2. Concept of historical big data
HBD is the historical version of “big data” in the sense that we focus on the continuity oftime between the past and the present to transfer algorithms, software tools, andframeworks developed for the present to the past. Our aim is to realize seamless big data
platform that takes advantage of experiences and solutions for the present big data andtakes historical perspectives into consideration.
Big data is typically analyzed by 4V, namely volume, variety, velocity and veracity,
but relative importance of four concepts is different in a historical context. First, velocity is
not a critical issue because we cannot make any actions on the analysis. Second, volume
is not critical for historical structured data, but is not trivial for historical unstructured datasuch as digitized high resolution images and 3D models. Third, variety is probably the mostimportant challenge. The workflow usually starts from digitization, cataloging, transcriptionof analogue data with the goal of creating structured data for “deep access” or machinereadable access to the content of historical documents. Here machine learning, such as
character recognition, image tagging, and object detection, is expected to help structuring
the variety of content. Fourth, veracity to evaluate the reliability of text is called source
criticism, which is the core research challenge of historical studies[1].
In summary, present and historical big data research share similar challenges
with different relative importance.
3. Types of Historical Big Data
The scope of historical big data ranges from natural phenomena such as weather andearthquake to societal phenomena such as market price, and human daily lives as well ascrisis and disasters[2]. To turn a variety of unstructured data into records of structured
formats, we study three types of historical big data as follows.
3.1 Historical situation record (HSR)
Situation record includes human sensory observations with, if any, spatio-temporal
coordinates and writer’s entity. Weather is a simple situation record because it is the resultof human visual observation. Earthquake, on the other hand, may be a complex situation
1

Center for Open Data in the Humanities, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research,
Research Organization of Information and Systems / National Institute of Informatics
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record. First, the earthquake itself can be observed as auditory information or tactile
information, then as visual information. Second, the aftermath of the earthquake isobserved as visual information such as collapse of the building or the death of people.
3.2 Historical activity record (HAR)
Activity record includes human actions that cause changes. For example, a human moves
from a location to another location, a human buys or eats something at a shop, or a humanmakes a trip to a sightseeing spot. Difference between situation record and activity record
is that the former is the description of the world, while the latter is the description of thehuman.
3.3 Historical transaction record (HTR)
Transaction record is the observation of factual data, such as market price, or the
movement of commercial goods. They are the result of human activity, but not the activity
itself.
Work is in progress to design a common metadata format for use cases such as weather
records[3], with a workflow to fill the gap between data creators and users. Creators findweather description in old diaries and transcribe it as qualitative text, but users inpaleoclimate study needs quantitative data. In addition, users prefer to have a reliability(quality) parameter for each record, but this is not a simple task for creators to estimate it.
It is more likely that a reliability parameter is evaluated after studying relationship between
a set of records with the help of visualization and comparison tools.
4. Related and Future Work
Similar projects have already started in Europe under the Time Machine FET Flagshipconsortium, which aims at building a large scale historical simulator mapping 2000 yearsof European History[4]. Most prominent project is Venice Time Machine[5], which provides
a proof of concept of archival digitization and machine learning to reconstruct the shapeof the city over its history. A similar project, Amsterdam Time Machine[6], has also started
to create a hub for linked historical data, or the web of information on people, places,
relationships, events, and objects in time and space through geographical and 3D
representations. Inspired by those European projects, we could call our project as Edo
Time Machine[7].
The initial step of our project focuses on people and places in Bukan Complete
Collection (Figure 1), which covers almost 200 years of people in states (Daimyo) and thecentral government (Bakufu)[8]. Another focus is tourism such as the database ofsightseeing spots in Edo (the old name of Tokyo). The hub of linked historical data willallow us to ask new types of research questions, and new answers to these questions will
broaden our view on the history.

Figure 1: Bukan Complete Collection website (http://codh.rois.ac.jp/bukan/). Left: the listof Daimyo family emblems; right: animated visualization of spatio-temporal patterns of
Daimyo trips (historical activity records).

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References
1. Asanobu KITAMOTO, Yoko NISHIMURA. (2016). "Digital Criticism Platform for
Evidence-based Digital Humanities with Applications to Historical Studies of Silk Road",
Digital Humanities 2016: Conference Abstracts.
2. Center for Open Data in the Humanities. (2018). Sixth CODH Seminar: Historical Big
Data - Challenges in Transforming Historical Documents to Structured Data for the
Integrated Analysis of Records in the Past -, http://codh.rois.ac.jp/seminar/historicalbig-data-20180312/ (accessed 8 May 2018).
3. Mika ICHINO, Kooiti MASUDA, Asanobu KITAMOTO, Junpei HIRANO, Kenjiro SHO.
(2017). "Experience of historical climatology as a material in Digital Humanities", IPSJSIG Computers and the Humanities Symposium 2017, pp. 139-146 (in Japanese).
4. Time Machine FET Flagship, https://timemachineproject.eu/ (accessed 8 May 2018).
5. Alison Abbott. (2017). "The ‘time machine’ reconstructing ancient Venice’s social
networks", Nature 546, 341–344, doi:10.1038/546341a.
6. Amsterdam Time Machine,
http://www.create.humanities.uva.nl/uncategorized/amsterdam-time-machine/(accessed 8 May 2018).
7. Asanobu KITAMOTO, Hiroshi HORII, Misato HORII, Chikahiko SUZUKI, Kazuaki
YAMAMOTO. (2017). "Structuring Time-Series Historical Sources by Human-Machine
Specialization: Toward the Construction of Edo Information Platform Referring to“Bukan”", IPSJ SIG Computers and the Humanities Symposium 2017, pp. 273-280 (inJapanese).
8. Asanobu KITAMOTO, Hiroshi HORII, Misato HORII, Chikahiko SUZUKI, Kazuaki
YAMAMOTO, Kumiko FUJIZANE. (2018). "Differential Reading by Image-based
Change Detection and Prospect for Human-Machine Collaboration for Differential
Transcription", Digital Humanities 2018: Conference Abstracts.

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A community based on data sharing and collaboration.
The structure of the ZX Spectrum demoscene
Piotr Marecki1
As part of the presentation, the results of a two-year research project on the ZX Spectrum
demoscene, which was carried out in the creative programming laboratory (UBU lab) at
the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, will be presented using tools offered by media
archeology and platform studies.
The Idea
The point of departure for our research and cooperation are the concepts of the third
culture and the new renaissance proposed by John Brockman (Brockman, 1995). They
refer to the lecture “The Two Cultures” from 1959 delivered by C.P. Snow, who initiatedthe discussion on the discrepancy between two environments: humanistic and scientific.
As Snow proved, the intellectual life of Western societies is based on two worlds that haveno connections and almost no dialogue between them. These two cultures develop withoutlooking at each other, without understanding, and draw on separate dictionaries.
“Intellectualists of literary provenance” and “scientists” use languages that areincomprehensible to the other, and the territories in which they move are treated as foreign
worlds. John Brockman, referring to Snow’s concept, proposed a model of the third culture,assuming the rejection of old divisions and building - as he called it - a new renaissance.
In his understanding, in connection with the accelerated development of technology andits impact on life activities and expression, humanists are forced to learn and be able toname the secrets of science to be able to consciously participate in the modern world. The
research presented below was carried out in a digital media laboratory, which brings
together scientists, artists and programmers to implement the third culture principles into
practice. According to the third culture, joint research on the demoscene is carried out by
an expert on digital culture, artist and programmer.
The Research
The demoscene is mainly a European phenomenon. This is a community made up mostlyof geeks and platform fans, who organize demoparties in order to present demos at them.
The demo is a digital creative work which has at its sole purpose to demonstrate thecapabilities of a given platform and the programmer. The name itself derives from the word
“demonstration”. Demosceners, therefore, have no thoughts or stories to convey, theirworks are more about a kind of praise. The demoscene brings together tens of thousandsof people that deal both with old platforms (like, first personal computers or 8-bit consoles),but also with new platforms (modern computers or consoles). Since the 1980s, it has beena type of organized anarchy; parties as well as groups acting on the scene are notregistered, and all demos that are created are immediately made available to othermembers of the community. Demosceners create a field of cultural production, and as it isunderstood by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, it is treated as a part of a social
structure which gathers together actors with similar aspirations (Bourdieu, 1996).
The demoscene is therefore one of the creative areas of the digital media field(other fields include video games, electronic music, media art or electronic literature). My
talk will be devoted to the demoscene that is focused around the first European personal
computers, ZX Spectrum, developed in Great Britain. Its use, however, in the country of
its production will not be the area of my interest. I will focus on the creative use of theplatform mainly in Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In these countries,
the platform was adopted thanks to a specific approach to copyright issues. As part of thispaper, I will present a select aspect of my research on the ZX Spectrum demoscene,referring to the structure of the demoscene and the issue of data sharing and archiving.
1

Jagiellonian University

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People working on the scene have their own functions; there is a certain structure, andspecific rules for evaluating works during demoparties that build hierarchies in the field.
Relevant issues connected to identifying with the platform and building
communities around it and structures within it will be presented. An important element is
the creation of groups that consist of a graphic designer, coder, musician. Particularemphasis will be placed on an analysis of the role and function of the swapper, which inthe pre-Internet era served as the person responsible for data distribution. The distribution
strategies will be described, as well as the aesthetics of the distributed data (ways ofcreating floppy disk covers, paper as a data carrier, letters sent by swappers). Looking
closely at the chosen community from the point of view of Bourdieu's field of cultural
production theory, the ZX Spectrum demoscene will require determining the community’s
relationship with other scenes focused on other computers. Thus, the phenomenon of
platform wars will be presented. In addition to Bourdieu's theory and media archeology(Parikka, 2012), methodologies such as platform studies and software studies have beenused for the research. Especially distinguishable from the tradition of media history, media
archeology allows us to look at known phenomena and narratives from a different
perspective. The proposed research adds to the official history a little known side ofplatform development in Europe, mainly in countries behind the Iron Curtain. The findings
are the result of in-depth interviews with the participants of the scene and ethnographic
observations.
References
Bogost I., Montfort N. (2009). Platform Studies: Frequently Questioned Answers
http://nickm.com/if/bogost_montfort_dac_2009.pdf (Accessed 03.05.2018)
Bourdieu P. (1996). The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field. Transl.
Emanuel. S. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Brockman J. (1995). The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution. New York:
Simon and Schuster.
Parikka, J. (2012). What Is Media Archaeology? Cambridge: Polity
Polgár T. (2005). Freax. The Brief History of the Computer Demoscene. Winnenden: CSW
Verlag.
Project financed by the program of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education"National Programme for the Development of Humanities"

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Towards Unifying Our Collection Descriptions:
To LRMize or Not?
Jacob Jett1, Katrina Fenlon1, J. Stephen Downie1
Digital cultural heritage collections (hereafter referred to as collections) play an importantrole in digital humanities scholarship. The Meiji and Taisho Eras in Photographs (MTEP)
special collection (http://www.ndl.go.jp/scenery_top/e/) created by the National Diet
Library (Figure 1) is one example of an institutionally-built collection. There is also a
growing interest in scholar-built collections, such as, HathiTrust Research Center’s
worksets (Jett et al. 2016), HathiTrust’s user collections(https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/mb?colltype=updated), etc. Both of these kinds ofcollections are important to scholars because they provide resources ready for reuse invarious research contexts. Regardless of whether a collection was built by an institution ora scholar, the challenge for many scholars is identifying all of the collections, or resources
within them, pertinent to their research questions. Unfortunately while many collections aredescribed, no singular unifying manner of describing them has emerged. Thus theidentification and selection of pertinent resources remains a challenge. To alleviate thischallenge we assert that digital cultural-heritage collections be treated as first-classbibliographic objects in their own right.

Figure 1: NDL’s Meiji & Taisho Eras in Photographs Collection
Describing collections as first-class bibliographic objects in their own right isessential to facilitating their identification and use by scholars (and other users, scholarly
or otherwise). In a perfect world a conceptual model like the International Federation of
Library Associations’ (IFLA’s) Work-Expression-Manifestation-Item (WEMI) model (IFLA2009) would provide a nucleus around which a unified model for describing aggregateslike collections could be developed. The WEMI model is cornerstone of IFLA’s Functional
Requirements for Bibliograpic Records (FRBR). Using it would allow their descriptions to
be integrated with our existing FRBR-ized catalog databases thereby making it easier forscholars to complete the common user tasks (summarized in Table 1 below) that WEMI isdesigned to facilitate (IFLA 2009, Riva et al. 2017).

1

University of Illinois

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Table 1: User Tasks Summary (excerpted from Riva et al. 2017, p 15)

Find

To bring together information about one of more resources of interestby searching on any relevant criteria

Identify To clearly understand the nature of the resources found and to
distinguish between similar resources
SelectTo determine the suitability of the resources found, and to be enabled
to either accept or reject specific resources

ObtainTo access the content of the resource

Explore To discover resources using the relationships between them and thus
place the resources in a context
Ideally treating collections as first-class bibliographic objects would make iteasier for scholars to identify and exploit collections similar to NDL’s MTEP collection. For
example, a scholar using a in a FRBRized IR system that could recommend related
collections such as the Widener Library’s collection of Japanese Photographs of the Meiji
Period (http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/008800120/catalog), Nagasaki University Library’s
collection of Old Photographs from the Bakumatsu-Meiji Period (http://sepia.lb.nagasakiu.ac.jp/jp/), or the Oxford’s Pitt River’s Museum’s collection of Meiji-era photographs(http://pittrivers-photo.blogspot.com/2017/07/picturing-japan-meiji-eraphotographs.html). These collections could be brought together via through the FRBR
works’ property has subject, since they all have the same or related topicalities.
Furthermore adopting a FRBR-ized view of these collections—which are carefully curated
specifically to cultivate the context among the objects being gathered into them (Palmer
2004, Palmer et al. 2010)—affords scholars the ability to differentiate among different
versions of the collections. This affordance is important because digital collections wax
and wane over time according to the contextual needs of their users (Fenlon 2017). Thusa FRBRized view of collections enables scholars to identify and select the particular version
of a collection most suitable to their research needs.
However, recent work reconciling FRBR and the FRBR-related series ofconceptual models set forth by IFLA (Riva et al. 2017) in the form of the IFLA Library
Reference Model (LRM) may negate the apparent gains of FRBRizing collection
descriptions. Specifically, LRM employs the controversial (Tillet et al. 2014) findings fromthe FRBR Working Group on Aggregates (2011) to set forth a trio of new definitions for the
media type—Aggregates. The underpinnings of these new definitions set forth the position
that all aggregates, including collections, are not describable at the WEMI expression andwork levels. Instead, we are told, “An aggregate is defined as a manifestation embodying
multiple expressions.” – Riva et al. 2017, p 93. In this world-view digital cultural heritage
collections could never be first-class bibliographic objects.
Among the problems associated with the LRM model for aggregates is theinability to express the topicality of digital collections. According to the WEMI model (which
LRM uses), only works possess the has subject property; manifestations do not (Renear &Choi 2006). The demotion of collections from works to manifestations in the LRN model isproblematic because the topicality of a collection (and other aggregates) is not necessarily(and perhaps not even often) derived from the topicality of the individual works gathered
into them (Fenlon 2017; Jett & Dubin 2018). Consequently, if an existing standard like the
HTRC’s workset ontology (Jett et al 2016) were to adopt the LRM model, much of themetadata currently recorded by the standard—properties like has criterion, has research
motivation, has intended use, has subject—would all need to be removed from thestandard (and from all existing workset/collection descriptions).
For instance a collection of photographs that were taken during the Meiji-era
might be topically about Meiji-era life and culture but the individual photographs will havetheir own topicality as works in their own right. The loss of descriptive power associated73

JADH 2018with the collection as a whole bibliographic unit presents a formidable obstacle for scholars
attempting to complete FRBR’s identify and select user tasks using IR-systems based on
the LRM model.
To summarize, we find that a FRBRized view of collections as first-classbibliographic objects presents many benefits for scholars by providing a method for linking
collections together through topicality. However adopting the LRM model impedes
scholarly research by mandating the removal of key parts of collection descriptions thereby
making important user tasks, like identify and select much harder by breaking topical links.
References:
Fenlon, K. (2017). Thematic research collections: Libraries and the evolution of alternative
scholarly publishing in the humanities (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from:https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/99380
FRBR Working Group on Aggregates (FRBR-WGA). (2011). Final report of the Working
Group on Aggregates. The Hague: IFLA.
IFLA Study Group on FRBR (IFLA). (1998). Functional requirements for bibliographic
records: Final report [revised 2009]. München: K.G. Saur Verlag.
Jett, J., Cole, T. W., Maden, C., & Downie, J. S. (2016). “The HathiTrust Research Center
workset ontology: A descriptive framework for non-consumptive research collections.”
Journal of Open Humanities Data, 2, p e1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/johd.3
Jett, J. & Dubin, D. (2018). “How are dependent works realized?” Paper presented at
Balisage: The Markup Conference 2018, Washington D.C., 31 July – 3 August, 2018.
Palmer, C. L. (2004). Thematic research collections. In Schreibman, S., Siemens, R., andUnsworth, J. (Eds.) A Companion to Digital Humanities. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Palmer, C. L., Zavalina, O. & Fenlon, K. (2010). “Beyond size and search: Building
contextual mass in aggregations for scholarly use.” Proceedings of the 73rd ASIS&T
Annual Meeting (Pittsburgh, PA, 22-27 October 2010).
Renear, A. H. & Choi, Y. (2006). “Modeling our understanding, understanding our models:The case of inheritance in FRBR.” Proceedings of the 69th ASIS&T Annual Meeting(Austin, TX, 3-8 November 2006).
Riva, P., Le Boeuf, P., & Žumer, M. (2017). IFLA library reference model: A conceptualmodel for bibliographic information. The Hague, Netherlands: IFLA.
Tillett, B. B., Kuhagen, J. A., Cato, A. & Murtomaa, E. (2014). “Letter to the editor.”
Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 52(3): 359-61.

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Exploring the Implications: Open Access Repositories
and Social MediaLuis Meneses1, Alyssa Arbuckle1, Hector Lopez1, Belaid Moa2, Richard
Furuta3, Ray Siemens1
Vannevar Bush, in his pioneering 1945 essay “As We May Think,” (Bush, 1945) envisions
a time when the world’s knowledge is accessible by machine, and the connections that
describe the higher level relationships among sources are themselves shareable objectsof scholarship. We can see this today on the Web in the utility of investigation mechanisms
such as Walden’s Paths (Bogen et al., 2011), where users can build linear narrative
structures from online resources. This is a natural side effect of collaboration andcooperation. As the problems to be solved in the Humanities grow beyond the technicalabilities of an individual scholar, and as social media become more embedded into ourwork practices, the presence of resources that situate knowledge into the broader
environment will also become more prevalent.
The methods for representing documents and disseminating knowledge arechanging. In recent years we have witnessed an increase of social media, which challenges
how scholarship is processed and distributed. While it is true that that the definition ofsocial media is very nuanced, it does emphasize its relevance and its potential totransform the scholarly communication system (Sugimoto et al., 2016). More so,mechanisms are not in place to assimilate the discussions that are happening within social
media into the workflow of a digital collection.
We have developed a framework to address these challenges that extends thefunctionality of an Open Access Repository by implementing processes to incorporate theongoing trends in social media into the context of a digital collection. We refer to theseprocesses collectively as the Social Media Engine. This engine and its underlying
framework aim to instigate public engagement, open social scholarship, and social
knowledge creation by matching readers with publications. This framework relies on thegathering and analysis of corpora harvested, indexed, and rendered through Open Accessand academic materials —which were influential towards our technical choices.
The fundamental concepts behind our framework can be explained using threepoints. First, our framework yields a list of topics related to individual entries and articles
in the corpus by applying textual analysis techniques and topic modeling. Second, ourengine connects readers and publications by monitoring social media for trending topics
and returning links to Open Access publications —which are then used to feed and enrich
the discussion due to their stability and persistence. Finally, our engine identifies trending
papers on social media by making inferences on the number of times that papers on social
science topics are shared, saved, liked, or commented on. Altogether, our framework uses
social media to reorganize the contents of an Open Access Repository by suggesting
keyworks, reordering rankings and notifying users about relevant resources.
Our previous presentations have focused on the computational aspects behind
our framework (Meneses et al., 2017b) (Meneses et al., 2017a). In this abstract, we propose
to elaborate on the findings that we have obtained from implementing a prototype, its
resulting implications, and our plans for future work. This analysis gains special relevancewhen taking into account that our framework changes some preconceived notions bymaking repositories more dynamic —and consequently changing the patterns ofinteraction in Open Access Repositories.
This change in the patterns of interaction that we are pursuing brings forth
several implications that must be addressed within the context of the Humanities —mostly
stemming from the underlying technologies that our framework employs and the1

Electronic Textual Cultures Lab, University of Victoria
University of Victoria
3
Texas A&M University
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characteristics of our document corpus. For instance: our framework has three main
components: 1) a keyword extraction module, 2) a social media mining component and 3)
a search engine (Apache Software Foundation, 2017b). These components rely on acomplex set of technologies —that include metadata harvesting protocols, parallel
programming languages (Apache Software Foundation, 2017a), topic modeling (Blei et al.,2003) and keyword extraction techniques. Additionally, our framework incorporates
external APIs and services: we use Altmetric.com (Altmetric LLP, 2017) to monitor social
media, identify trending topics and facilitate the matching of readers with publications thatare of their interest.
In terms of the Humanities, we had to devise specific methods to process our
corpus —that differ from approaches in other disciplines. We can point out that the multiple
languages in the documents and the lack of standardized metadata influenced ourworkflow and methods. As examples, we found that 91% of the documents were in French,
8.6% in English and the remaining 0.4% in other languages. We also found the metadatathat was provided to us was incomplete: 19% of the documents in our collection had
descriptions and full text that were in the same language. Understanding these nuances inthe Humanities allowed us to grasp an overall understanding of the collection and set afoundation towards implementing solutions that can deal with the characteristics of the
documents.
However, we believe that one of the more complicated aspects of our study is
its assessment. We performed ranking calculations using topic modeling, term frequency–
inverse document frequency (Tf-Idf), and a combination of topic modeling and Tf-Idf. Usinga simple ranking function, Tf-Idf provided better results over topic modeling. This was
expected to some extent, given that the terms come from the documents themselves. On
the other hand, the classification from the topic modeling also come from the documents,
but provide an overall context for arranging the collection. Ultimately, we believe that amore thorough evaluation is needed to assess our framework —which can be obtained byrunning user studies. We have scheduled two rounds of user studies for the near future.
All in all, our framework is composed of a diverse set of complex technologies
that are evaluated with equally intricate evaluation schemes. Why did we choose thisspecific set of technologies? How are they impacting our analysis and evaluation? Taking
into account that the intended use of these technologies diverges from their actual
application in our framework, their resulting implications are worthy of study and analysis.
We will address these two questions and their implications in the longer version of ourabstract.
References
Altmetric LLP (2017). Altmetric https://www.altmetric.com/ (accessed 20 October 2017).
Apache Software Foundation (2017a). Apache Spark: Lightning-fast cluster computing
http://spark.apache.org (accessed 11 April 2017).
Apache Software Foundation (2017b). Apache Solr http://lucene.apache.org/solr/(accessed 20 October 2017).
Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y. and Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent dirichlet allocation. The Journal of
Machine Learning Research, 3: 993–1022.
Bogen, P. L., Pogue, D., Poursardar, F., Li, Y., Furuta, R. and Shipman, F. (2011). WPv4:
a re-imagined Walden’s paths to support diverse user communities. Proceedings of the
11th Annual International ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries. 1998164:
ACM, pp. 419–20 doi:10.1145/1998076.1998164.
Bush, V. (1945). As We May Think. The Atlantic Monthly.
Meneses, L., Arbuckle, A., Lopez, H., Moa, B. and Siemens, R. (2017a). Social MediaEngine Paper presented at the Open Cyberinfrastructure for the Humanities and Social
Sciences Workshop 2017, Montreal, Canada.
Meneses, L., Arbuckle, A., Moa, B., Furuta, R. and Siemens, R. (2017b). Towards amore Context Aware Digital Library: Implications in the Humanities Paper presented at
the Joint CSDH/SCHN & ACH Digital Humanities Conference 2017, Toronto, Canada.

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Sugimoto, C. R., Work, S., Larivière, V. and Haustein, S. (2016). Scholarly use of social
media and altmetrics: a review of the literature. ArXiv:1608.08112 [Cs]
http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.08112 (accessed 3 May 2017).

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Towards unified descriptive practices for Japaneseclassical texts: TEI, IIIF, and the UCLA
Toganoo Collection of Esoteric Buddhism
Tomoko Bialock1, Dawn Childress1, Hiroyuki Ikuura2, Kiyonori Nagasaki3
Using UCLA Library’s Toganoo Collection as a case study, this paper discusses thedescription and presentation of Japanese classical texts in a TEI / IIIF ecosystem.
In this study, the presenters explore the implications of using TEI in the new networked
environments in which we are increasingly operating. For digital catalog / corpora projects
like the Toganoo collection, the data standards and systems used serve a number ofdifferent functions, from searching and faceted browsing to detailed encoding of features,content, and context, and now interoperability and exchange of project data between
systems. There exists no single system or standard that meets the needs of all functions,but rather than being limited to one system, we work with modular technologies that coexist with one another. Thanks to the principles of linked data, we needn’t limit ourselves
to a single standard such as Dublin Core, MODS, or TEI. When another standard meets
some of our descriptive needs in ways that TEI might not, we can envision a project space
where we adopt multiple schemas at once, using a variety of namespaces within a single
XML document and making use of the elements from each schema that best serve thematerials. Also, where we customize and create new project-specific fields, we can tomake these elements reusable as linked data URIs that can then be easily adopted bysimilar projects.
The UCLA Library Toganoo Collection of Esoteric Buddhism comprises 342 titlesin 968 volumes of classical and modern Japanese texts[1]. In addition to the bibliographic
data about each text, the collection is rich with provenance data and serves as a valuable
resource for tracing the provenance of Japanese texts, book distribution histories, anduncovering patterns in the history of Japanese books. As part of the UCLA Library Digital
Collections, bibliographic metadata for the collection is recorded using a MODS-based
schema to facilitate efficient and scalable search and browse of digital collections[2].
Standards such as there are ubiquitous and necessary for interoperability between
systems and for search and browse functions. The project also relies on the IIIF APIs andstandards for viewing and annotation of high-resolution images and to promote sharing
and interoperability between institutions and researchers.
While both MODS and IIIF are integral to the project, both standards fall shortwhen it comes to cataloguing and describing manuscripts and early printed works. Thesematerials require more nuance in their description if they are to be accurately identified anddescribed, especially if the data is to be useful in the context of new linked data
environments and data-inflected research methods beyond discovery and access[3]. In
the case of the Toganoo Collection, achieving “thick” bibliographic description isnecessary to expose the data for the study of Japanese classical texts[4].
To meet the bibliographic description and interoperability needs, the project
looks to the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) guidelines. TEI, a standard for the representationof texts in digital form, has been used with much success to describe manuscripts andearly printed books where detailed bibliographic descriptions are desired. TEI provides
structured descriptions of texts at a variety of different levels and, as an XML technology,
lends itself to readily to machine processing. Of specific interest is the TEI “manuscripts”
module. Here, TEI provides detailed specifications for describing manuscripts and similarmaterials, allowing for much fuller description of manuscript characteristics. List of1

University of California, Los Angeles
Waseda University
3
International Institute for Digital Humanities / The University of Tokyo
2

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institutions using TEI for describing manuscripts and early printed texts is long, including
the University of Cambridge Library and Penn Libraries, both employing TEI for descriptionof East Asian texts as well. The TEI files underlie discovery and the metadata display, andare openly available for direct download and reuse by scholars[5].
During the short talk, presenters will make the case for using TEI as the central
data store and demonstrate how they are making use of the TEI encoded data throughout
the project, from generating derivative data (MODS, IIIF) to analysis and visualization. The
team will also examine the roles and functions of TEI, IIIF, linked data, and othertechnologies as they converge and work in tandem to support analysis, presentation, andsharing of the Toganoo and related materials.
[1] The Toganoo Collection was curated by Toganoo Shōun (1881-1953), scholar ofmodern Esoteric Buddhism who served as president and chief librarian of Kōyasan
University, and purchased by UCLA in 1962-63.
[2] See also, MARC and MODS, developed by the Library of Congress and Dublin Core,
developed by OCLC for digital collections[3] Childress, D. “Beyond Access: Critical Catalog Constructions.” DH 2017, Montreal.
http://dawnchildress.com/2017/07/20/speccat/[4] Collectors’ Seal Database: http://base1.nijl.ac.jp/~collectors_seal[5] Cambridge Digital Library: https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/ ;OPenn: http://openn.library.upenn.edu.
For TEI examples, see https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-FJ-00734/1 and Zengxian Li ,Hyōsen Kōshi Kego, https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-FB-00769-00001/1

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A TEI Markup for the Contents of Tang Poems
Yan Cong1, Masao Takaku1
Currently, many Tang-dynasty poems are used in the student textbooks of Japanese juniorand senior high schools. To help students understand the meaning of a poem, multiple
annotations of kanji (Chinese characters) are provided around certain kanji in the textbooks.
These multiple annotations, which are called kunten ( 訓 点 ), not only indicate apronunciation or an interpretation of the kanji, but also order the sentence correctly inJapanese. However, when converting the fulltext with annotations into a digitized text,
there is no simple standard for transcribing elements such as kunten. This makes it quitedifficult to digitize the original Tang poems with kunten.
In this study, we marked up the contents of Tang poems that were included in
the textbooks of Japanese junior and senior high schools in 2016 according to TEI: P5
Guidelines[1]. We primarily marked up fulltext of Tang poems along with the kunten as
punctuated texts (kundokubun; 訓読文).
The textualization of Tang poems plays an important role in helping poetry
learners search for related information in various ways. This related information can beused and shared by everyone and help learners understand related materials across thefulltexts more easily. Digitization of Tang poems provides machine-readable sentences,including specific kunten in the written sentences.
TEI: P5 Guidelines[1] have standard elements for content markup. TEI markup is
used for machinereadable material and can be used in combination with general-purpose
XML. With TEI: P5 Guidelines[1], the related information of Tang poems is marked up as
follows.
1) The title of a Tang poem and the author’s name. The titles include the forms ofboth punctuated text and reading text.
2) The fulltext of a Tang poem and the types of different content expressions. There
are four types of fulltext expressions: unpunctuated text (hakubun; 白文), punctuatedtext (kundokubun; 訓読文), reading text (kakikudashibun; 書き下し文), and translationtext (honyakubun; 翻訳文) [2].
3) A line of Tang poem and the number of the line. The verse line contains a single
line in a Tang poem, and the line number indicates the line of the poem in which thispart of the verse is included.
4) The kunten information in the fulltext. The focus is on the punctuated texts usedin textbooks, and we particularly mark up the fulltext of the Tang poem with kunten
information.
TEI Guidelines[1] and XML are used to mark up Tang poems. First, the element<head> that contains any type of heading is used to indicate a Tang poem’s title. The
element <persName> indicates the author’s name of the Tang poem.
Second, the element <lg> is an abbreviation for “line group,” which contains thecomplete fulltext of the Tang poem as a formal unit. A type attribute of the element <lg>indicates the fulltext expressions. As an attribute value of the type, the name of the fulltext
expression is used. Tang poems are divided into four kinds of fulltext expressions due tothe content’s different reading order. They are named as unpunctuated text (hakubun; 白文), punctuated text (kundokubun; 訓読文), reading text (kakikudashibun; 書き下し文),and translation text (honyakubun; 翻訳文)[2]. The specific names of attribute values used
are unpunctuated, punctuated, reading, and translation.
Third, the element <l> is a part of the element <lg> and indicates a single line of
the Tang poem. We use attributes n = 1, 2, ... to indicate the line number in the Tang poem.

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Finally, the element <seg> denotes an arbitrary segment and describes the
kunten information that is adjacent to certain kanji. “Okurigana” and “kaeriten” are usuallyused in textbooks to depict kunten. Kaeriten indicates the order of the adjacent Kanji,
which are marked by re (レ), one (一), two(二) and should be reversed and read in Japaneseorder. Since TEI Guidelines do not include elements that can explain the kunten information
to be given around a particular character, we decided to name the types of kunten
information with the Roman Latin spelling in Japanese as its own attribute value. In otherwords, the attribute value of an attribute “type” of element <seg> will be set as “okurigana”
and as “kaeriten” in punctuated text.
Table 1 Example of the fourth line of “Thoughts in a tranquil night” by Li Bai

Table 1 illustrates how the fourth line of a Tang poem named “Thoughts in a
tranquil night” by Li Bai[3] was marked up. As described before, the elements <head> and<persName> describe the title and author’s name of the Tang poem. The element <lg>
was used to mark up the contents of the Tang poem, and the attribute type described afulltext expression with punctuated text. The element <l> indicates that the fourth line of
the fulltext is marked up.
When a kanji is marked with kunten information in the content with either“okurigana” or “kaeriten,” the element <seg> is used to mark up the kunten and indicate
the type of kunten. For example, the kanji 低 has explanation marks with both “okurigana”
rete (レテ) and “kaeriten” re (レ).
This paper discussed special expressions in Tang poems and proposed an
approach to creating an appropriate markup for Tang poems in Japanese. In future
research, we will attempt to 1) find an appropriate way to represent the other annotations
used in Tang poems, and 2) develop an application for learning Tang poems.
Acknowledgment:This work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16H02913.
References:[1] The Text Encoding initiative. “TEI: P5 Guidelines”.
http://www.teic.org/Guidelines/P5/, (accessed 2018-04-24).
[2] Yan CONG; Masao TAKAKU. “Prototype of Linked Open Data Model for Tang Poems”.
Japanese Association for Digital Humanities Conference 2017 (JADH2017), Kyoto,
Japan, pp.50-52 (2017-09).
[3] Junya Noji, et al. 2015. “Cyu Gakko Kokugo3 (中学校国語 3) ”, Gakko Tosho. Inc. p.176.
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The Digital Curation Project- Popularization of
Democracy in Post-War Japan – virtual reunification ofdispersed materials hidden in the Hussey Papers Archival
collection
Keiko Yokota-Carter1
This short paper introduces how the University of Michigan Library Online Exhibit
Popularization of Democracy in Post-War Japan (University of Michigan Library, 2018) has
evolved as a digital curation project, taking the “Linear and Goal-Oriented Approach”(Punzalan, 2014) in reconstructing dispersed materials into ‘a small collection’ within one
archived collection, The Alfred Rodman Hussey papers.
The Alfred Rodman Hussey Papers (1945-1948) is the collection that Commander
Hussey gathered during his work with the Government Section, Supreme Commander for
the Allied Powers (SCAP), during the Allied occupation of Japan following the World War
II, and later while he was in the Central Intelligence Agency. It contains 3,650 titleddocuments including: correspondence, memoranda, orders, reports, official and unofficial
policy papers, drafts of legislation, other writings, slides, and audiotapes. Below we
describe significant discoveries by the project.
One of the unique collections is a box of 16 color slides. The content tells the storyof the birth of the New Constitution of Japan. Originally there were two boxes of slides, but
the ‘No.2 Box’ only exits at University of Michigan Library. A project team was organizedby the University of Michigan’s Japanese Studies Librarian with a Gentō Media scholar,
and a Japanese Studies graduate student. Three narration booklets “hidden” in the Hussey
Papers were also found. The three pamphlets had been mentioned in the Jigyō Hōkokusho(Kenpō Fukyukai, 1947: 42-43). One of the pamphlets titled Jinken Sengen (32 episodes)
by Hidezō Kondō was identified as the narration for 32 of the slides mentioned in the Rōdō
kyōiku tenrankai kankei shiryō (Chuō Rōdō Gakuin, 1947: 20-1). The art style of Kondō
found in his column in the Yomiuri Shinbun (Kondō, 1940) also matched the one used in
the slides. The scholar determined that the narration with the slides was the one that had
won the Promoting Constitution Contest held by the Constitution Popularization Society(Kenpō Fukyukai, 1947: 43). To secure semi-permanent preservation the slides weredigitized and displayed as Alfred Hussey Collection: Japan’s Constitution Slides in thelibrary’s Digital Collections and preserved in the Hydra/Fedora library repository system.
A graduate student and librarian worked on curating ‘a digital small collection’ forthe library’s Online Exhibit’s Omeka Platform by reunifying the dispersed slides and thenarration text in the Hussey Papers. It also includes as added value historical background,translated texts and links to related open access data held in various repositories such as
the United Nation Treaty Collection, the National Archives of Japan, and the National Diet
Library, and other institutions.
The original Online Exhibit was debuted at the European Association of Japanese
Resource Specialist Annual Meeting and at Doshisha University (Yokota-Carter, 2018) in
2017 and at the Council of East Asia Libraries Annual Meeting in 2018. In collaboration
with the Digital Design Team at the University of Michigan Library, we are now in theprocess of improving the interface design to increase the usability for diverse users,
including the visually impaired, researchers and educators, as well as in general public.
Beagrie and Punzalan provided the theoretical framework for this digital curation
project. Beagrie defines digital curation as including preservation, maintenance,
management, and the future use of the digital data as well as “the capacity to add value
to data to generate a new source of information and knowledge” (Beagrie, 2004: 7). Thisdefinition of “digital curation” corresponds with the Punzalan’s concept of ‘virtual

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reunification’ as a strategy to gather together dispersed archival materials “to a single
origin or common provenance.” (Punzalan, 2014).
Museums, libraries, and public/private institutions have been producing a massive
amount of data by digitizing analog resources while ‘born-digital’ resources have emergedin volumes. This data has become a part of libraries and museums collections. Libraries
have started the online exhibitions around themes by using digitized texts and images thatare dispersed in various open access data archives, scattered among different institutions
around the world, through web links. Digital curation has become a part of a library’s
broader collection development. As data is collected, reused and transformed for
education and research, new knowledge emerges. Data as a collection provides materials
for digital scholarship.
Another important idea addressed by this project is the concept of “virtual
repatriation,” a controversial topic among the libraries, archives, museums (LAM)
community (Punzalan, 2014). The above mentioned slide set and narration text werebrought to the United States from Japan as a result of the postwar occupation of Japan.
We ask the question, “Can this project be considered a ‘virtual repatriation’ to theJapanese community, who originally produced these materials in their effort to promote
the new Japanese Constitution?” Yokota-Carter’s past presentations at meetings of theEuropean Association of Japanese Resource Specialist and Council of East Asia Libraries
on this digital curation project has given librarians in North America and Europe a model
for planning new virtual reunification projects of Japan’s World War II and postwar
documents that are physically scattered around the world.
References
Beagrie, Neil. (2004). “The Digital Curation Centre.” Learned Publishing, 17(1):7-9.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1087/095315104322710197 (Accessed 17
June, 2018)
Hussey, Alfred Rodman. The Alfred Rodman Hussey Papers (1945-1948).
https://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/012858405 (Accessed 17 June, 2018)
Kenpō Fukyukai. (1947). Jigyō gaiyō hōkokusho.
https://www.digital.archives.go.jp/das/image/F0000000000000331751 (Accessed 17
June, 2018)
Kondō, Hidezō. (1940). “‘Nigiyakana mon’ o tataku ‘Kodakara butai’ hōmon.” Yomiuri
Shinbun Yomidas Rekishikan, October 19, 1940.
https://database.yomiuri.co.jp/rekishikan/ (Accessed 21, 2018)
Punzalan, Ricardo L. (2014). “Understanding virtual reunification.” The Library Quarterly:
Information, Community, Policy, 84(3): 294-323.
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/676489 (Accessed 17 June, 2018)
Rōdō shō and Chuō Rōdō Gakuen (eds). (1947). Rōdō kyōiku tenrankai kankei shiryō.
Chuō Rōdō Gakuen. http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1439500 (Accessed 17June,
2018)
University of Michigan Digital Collections. Alfred Hussey Collection: Japan’sConstitution Slides. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/hussey1ic (Accessed 17June, 2018)
University of Michigan Library (2018). Popularization of Democracy in Post-War Japan(Original). https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/144505 (Accessed 17 June,
2018)
Yokota-Carter, Keiko. (2018). “Popularization of Democracy in Post-War Japan Online
Exhibit Project – Making History Alive Again.” Toshokangaku nenpō, 43: 5-18.
https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/26096/021000430002.pdf (Accessed
17 June, 2018)

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Archive as Data: Reading Kisho Shushi to Follow
Meteorology and the Boundary of the Empire in Meiji
Japan
Ryuta Komaki1
As the Santa Barbara Statement on Collection as Data (Always Already Computational Collection as Data Project Team, 2017) declares, “any digital material can potentially bemade available as data that are amenable to computational use. Use and reuse isencouraged by openly licensed data in non-proprietary formats made accessible via a
range of access mechanisms that are designed to meet specific community needs.” This
paper explores the concept of “collection as data” by engaging with an existing digitalarchive from Japan - the digitized collection of Kisho Shushi (Journal of the MeteorologicalSociety of Japan), Series I - using (semi-)computational approaches. The collection was
intentionally chosen to assess what it means to design “access mechanisms” that “meetspecific community needs” - in this case the needs that pertain to an inquiry based
disciplinarily on the history of science.
Meteorology has simultaneously been an international science and a science ofthe empire. While the former prioritizes collaboration, sharing and mobility, the latter
prefers a dominance over - and domination by - knowledge. The coupling of
meteorological observation and colonial ambitions of the British Empire is well
documented by historians of science (Williamson, 2015; Mahony, 2016). Through thisstudy, I intend to argue that, similar to British sciences, the development of modern
meteorology in Meiji Japan was deeply tied to the nation’s imperial mission, while at thesame time being a science dependent on a cross-border exchange of ideas, personnel,
goods and data.
Kisho Shushi is the official scientific journal of Tokyo Kisho Gakkai(Meteorological Society of Tokyo, later renamed Dai Nihon Kisho Gakkai, and again in 1941
to Nihon Kisho Gakkai). Series I of the journal was published during the first forty years of
the society, from 1882 to 1883, and after a five-year hiatus, from 1888 to 1922. The
scientific articles from the journal run are fully digitized and made available on J-STAGE(https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj1882/). Using this digitized archive, and reading
it with an assistance of the computer as a record of activities of meteorologists in Meiji andTaisho Japan, the study aims to trace and visually map the movement of the European
science of meteorology into Japan’s center accompanied by its own network of weather
stations, meteorologists and communication technology, which then moved on to
Hokkaido, Taiwan and Korea following - and sometimes preceding - the expanding
boundary of the Japanese Empire.
In Africa as a Living Laboratory, Tilley (2011) argues that “The layer of institutions
established to meet the needs of the empire occupied an interstitial space that was neither
national nor international” (9). In the case of meteorology in Meiji Japan, too, national,
imperial and international were deeply intertwined. My findings show that the transfer ofthe European science of meteorology was aided by the international aspect of meteorology,
which had standardized personnel training, equipment, measurement and sharing ofreports, as well as established, while limited, network of observatories in East Asia. The
standardization and the availability of data from existing observatories made it possible forJapanese meteorologists to quickly theorize (albeit insufficiently, particularly compared tothe state of meteorology and climatology today) East Asia and Japan, and move theirknowledge and procedures to the empire’s new territories in Hokkaido, Taiwan and Korea
when opportunities arose. At the same time, the geography of Japanese meteorology wasinseparable from national and imperial interests. The data the first generation of Japanesemeteorologists relied on to make sense of Japan and East Asia were those gathered from1

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observatories situated in ports and cities that were strategically important to European
powers, and processed and distributed through calculation centers in the Metropoles andcolonial hubs. And as the Japanese Empire and Japanese meteorology expanded,
meteorological knowledge and meteorologists often followed, or was followed by, theinterests of the empire.
Following the geography of the Japanese Empire and Japanese meteorology
also suggests that the elements that made up meteorology had “differential mobilities”(Sheller and Urry, 2006) which at times became apparent as they intersected with the“mobility” of science (Livingstone, 2003), as well as with the moving boundary of theempire. Scientific data, personnel and equipment each required different infrastructure andprotection to move around. The geography of knowledge and the geography of power
overlap; however, in the process of achieving that overlap, differential mobilities createdmany disruptions and disconnections.
My engagement with the digitized archive of Kisho Shushi also tested theconcept of “collection as data” and teased out challenges and limitations of using anarchive of “scientific communication” for a social scientific/humanistic inquiry. The archivein the digital and open-access format offer several opportunities, particularly the ease ofaccess and the opportunity to use optical character recognition (OCR) technologies toconvert text to data. The latter opens up possibilities for scholars to apply computerized
and computational methods to study its content. The way the digitized archive of journal
run is currently provided, however, also poses challenges to scholars approaching thearchive with digital methods and social scientific/humanistic questions. These challenges
include the quality of digital scan, the OCR’s ability to read Meiji texts, as well as theomission of non-scientific communications. The quality of scanned pages seems to varydepending on the quality of original issues (both the type of the paper and typefaces used),
how well they have been preserved, and when the scans were made and added to thedigital archive. Tesseract open source OCR engine (https://github.com/tesseractocr/tesseract), not specifically trained, returned OCRed text with 40-50% accuracy per
page, with most errors stemming from katakana characters. (Early Kisho Shushi articles,
as with many Meiji documents, employed katakana where hiragana is normally used inmodern writing). The digitized archive on J-STAGE also does not include most of“miscellaneous” pages present in the original issues. Omitted pages include
announcements of members’ new appointments, transfers and retirements, which may not
be essential to trace scientific discourses, but are still integral to answering questions
regarding the network and mobility of early Japanese and colonial meteorologists.
References
Always Already Computational - Collection as Data Project Team (2017). Santa
Barbara Statement on Collection as Data.
https://collectionsasdata.github.io/statement/ (accessed June 23, 2018).
Livingstone, D. N. (2003). Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific
Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mahony, M. (2016). “For an empire of ‘all types of climate’: meteorology as an imperialscience.” Journal of Historical Geography, 51: 29-39.
Sheller, M. and Urry, J. (2006). “The new mobilities paradigm.” Environment and PlanningA, 38: 207-226.
Tilley, H. (2011). Africa as a Living Laboratory: Empire, Development, and the Problem of
Scientific Knowledge, 1870-1950. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Williamson, F. (2015). “Weathering the empire: meteorological research in the early British
Straits Settlements.” British Journal for the History of Science, 48(3): 475-492.

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[Panel Session 2]
Broadening Perspectives of Historical Researchers: Froma Case of Interdisciplinary Workshop organized by
Graduate Students in Japan
Satoru Nakamura1, Masato Fukuda1, Jun Ogawa1, Sho Makino1, Ayano
Sanno2, Shohei Yamasaki1
In recent years, useful information for various fields of historical research can be easily
obtained on the web. Along with this trend, practical implementation of digital history,
which is history research applying digital technology, has been required. This necessity led
to the launch of an interdisciplinary workshop "Tokyo Digital History (ToDH for short)"
organized by mainly graduate students majoring historical research, archivists, andengineers.
There are several reasons why the young researchers, mainly graduate students,
take the lead in practice of digital history. The reasons are as follows.
1: While interest in Digital Humanities has been increasing, there are still few
movements related to Digital Humanities in the field of historical research, and it isnecessary to increase such practical examples.
2: Enhancement of the minor education program including the University of Tokyo
has led to an increase in the number of historical researchers of graduate students
who practice Digital Humanities.
3: Young researchers need their strength required for career development inresponse to the recent trend which humanities are at stake.
4: They assume becoming a position to train researchers with advanced information
literacy accompanying mandatory programming education.
Regarding the career development of humanities researchers in particular, it is
now necessary to think about how researchers themselves can evaluate their researchcontents. While the evaluation of historical research applying digital technology has been
discussed, it seems relatively weak in Japan. Therefore, the main purpose of this workshop
is to explore how young researcher's own practice can guide the evaluation criteria and to
consider what it can have meaning to career development.
Graduate students gathered from the background mentioned above prepared afixed time and place every week and held seminars for mastery of digital technology anddiscussion on participants' research contents. As a seminar, ToDH have conducted study
sessions for Python and TEI several times. Furthermore, ToDH held a symposium on April
15, 2018, and nearly 90 participants gathered at the venue, 10 people participating withvideo conference systems from the UK, Germany and France. The movement of ToDH isa good example of a humanities and information science project that requires
interdisciplinary collaboration, and it is one of epoch-making attempts in the field ofhistorical research in Japan.
In this panel, 5 students present practical examples of each research theme, andmention what kind of things they learned through ToDH activities and how it helped his
own research, including changes in analysis viewing angle.
Masato Fukuda will mention the web scraping technology to obtain data for research, anddiscuss the visualization of hierarchical structure of a historical source and the metrologicalanalysis with the availability of acquired data. To be precise, he conducted web scraping
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JADH 2018from the digital archive of National Archives of Japan, in order to obtain metadata of about
110,000 historical materials for the government historical materials in the Meiji Era. By
using the huge amount of acquired data, it enabled him to conduct cross-governmental /temporal analysis.
Jun Ogawa, who specializes in history of ancient Roman provinces, analyzed Latin text.
He acquired the TEI / XML file of Caesar's “Commentarii de Bello Gallico” using the API
provided by Perseus Digital Library. He visualized text information in the form of afrequency table and co-occurrence network, and interpreted text from a viewpoint that
could not be obtained only by character information. This kind of analysis and carefulreading of historical materials will make it possible to understand historical materials
deeper and more diversely than ever before.
Sho Makino focuses on Irish aspects of the English Revolution in the 1640s. He uses
British History Online and 1641 Depositions: especially the Depositions is one of the mostimportant sources for the 21st century Irish historians. Scrutinizing the gaps between thereal state of affairs of the 1641 rebellion and discussions of the parliament in London, heaims to understand the Wars of the Three Kingdoms throughout its time, since thehistorical narrative tends to be fragmented in political occasions.
Ayano Sanno aims to deepen prosopographical research on Index biographique del'Académie des sciences in the 18th century Paris. She considers the methodology ofstructuring the description of various membership information in compliance with TEI andrefers to the possibility of contributing to building the foundation of related research.
For example, she will present some prospects of the collaboration with the Japanese
research group focusing on Encyclopédie and Enlightenment in 18th century France.
Shohei Yamasaki shows the usefulness of batch processing using a programming
language in data cleansing and processing as a case example of correction of prefectural
boundary change in Japan in the Meiji Era. Specifically, he shows that writing andpublishing he work procedure as code of the programming language and batch processing
are useful not only for saving task effort but also for increasing reproducibility of researchby third parties.
As a summary of this panel, Satoru Nakamura describes the prospect of how ToDH
activities can contribute to the development of Digital Humanities in Japan. While he is
one of ToDH members, he practices Digital Humanities from an informatical standpoint,
such as building digital archives at the University of Tokyo library. Furthermore, he will
review current status and issues of Japan on research evaluation with examples such asdata journals and TAPAS project.

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Collaborative approaches to implement Science asa service in an Open Innovation in Science framework:
Japanese Diaspora Studies on the example of Thomas
Higa
Yoshiyuki Asahi1, Eveline Wandl-Vogt2, Jose Luis Preza Diaz2
Movement across borders is increasingly exponentially and taking new forms of impact
directly on a nation’s traditional sense of itself in our fast changing global arena. In thispaper, the team introduces a concept for an innovative knowledge system, designed toincrease open collaboration between various actors in global society and improveunderstanding of the influence of human journeys and displacement of people acrossborders.
In the approach we apply in the project and describe here, methods andpractices from Open Innovation applied to Science become inherent to the creative andinnovation driven research process. While originally created within the realm of Business
Management, the principles of Open Innovation are expanding to a broad range ofacademic fields (Chesbrough 2003). In our work we go with Bogers and Chesbrough 2014,
defining Open Innovation as a distributed innovation process based on purposively
managed knowledge flows across organizational boundaries, using pecuniary and nonpecuniary mechanisms.
In the process described, we focus on the application of Lead user experiments
in a global scale. We introduce lead user method, who are the experts connected to ourwork and how we go for building the framework and linking people. The Japanese diaspora
studies serve as an example, embedded into international initiatives such as the DariahEU working group “Analysing and linking biographical data” as well as the UNESCO groupon “Human journeys in the global Era” (application process ongoing).
The design is technically introduced by implementing Science as a services infrastructureon the example of discovering innovative diaspora studies and biographical narratives
exemplified on Thomas Taro Higa.
The project is designed as a collaboration project between NINJAL, Microsoft
Research and ACDH-ÖAW and is embedded into the project “NIHU International
Collaborative Project on Japan-related materials overseas”. The NINJAL project started in2010 and it investigated Nikkei-related materials created through the Japanese American
history in the US since 1960s. Our target collection was magnetic audio/audio-visual tapes
as well as photos and documents and we have digitized them through the cooperationfrom the local institutions in Japan. Taro Higa, a second Okinawa-born Japanese American,
was one of the most active figures based both in Hawaii and west coast of the US, commit
himself to better understand the history of Japanese diaspora primarily in the US. During
his life, he has written a series of newspaper articles and academic papers in Hawaii, andhe was interviewed by a number of historian on Japanese American studies. Currently, we
have a large amount of unstructured information available in various formats, such as audio,
visual and pictures (jpg), which is going to be made (openly) available via a proposograpicalinformation system. The infrastructure developed in the project framework of APIS (Schlögl
and Lejtovicz 2017) at ACDH, is going to be tested and applied for the application.
This poster aims to introduce the management of knowledge (flows) within our
project, including workflow design and (technical) architecture as well as issues of data
licences. It aims to analyse and give a deep understanding on the social processes taking
place when connecting globally, cross-sectoral and cross-cultural.
In doing so, we aim to offer a case study on the cultural change and (social) challenges
leveraging open data in a global collaborative setting implicates beyond pure software
1
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National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
Austrian Academy of Sciences

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development and give a brief example on the possible “collaborative turn” (Spiegel 2015)
open innovation in science might stimulate or reply to.
References:
Henry Chesbrough (2003) Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profitingfrom Technology. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Henry Chesbrough, Marcel Bogers (2014) Explicating Open Innovation : Clarifying an
Emerging Paradigm for Understanding Innovation. New Frontiers in Open Innovation.
ed. / Henry Chesbrough; Wim Vanhaverbeke; Joel West. Oxford University Press, 2014.
p. 3-28.
Ian T. Foster, Ravi K. Madduri (2013) Science as a service: how on-demand computing
can accelerate discovery. In: Science Cloud '13 Proceedings of the 4th ACM workshop
on Scientific cloud computing Pages 1-2. doi>10.1145/2465848.2480345.
Alisa Goikhman, Roberto Theron, Eveline Wandl-Vogt (2016) Designing Collaborations:
Could Design Probes Contribute to Better Communication Between Collaborators? In:
Conference: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Technological
Ecosystems
forEnhancingMulticulturality.
At:
Salamanca,
Spain.
doi>10.1145/3012430.3012431.
Matthias Schlögl, Katalin Lejtovicz (2017) A Prosopographical Information System (APIS).
Eveline Wandl-Vogt and Lejtovicz, Katalin. In: Eveline Wandl-Vogt, Katalin Lejtovicz(Ed.) Biographical Data in a Digital World 2017. A conference in the framework of the
project APIS, 6–7 November 2017. Abstracts. [Wien].
Peter Spiegel (2015) WeQ more than IQ. oekom.
Yoshiyuki Asahi (2013) Kibei's ways of speaking three languages, Japanese, Ryukyuan
and English: Evidence from Thomas Taro Higa. A paper read at 112 American
Anthropological Association conference.
Yoshiyuki Asahi (2017) Detecting and mining biographical data from audio/audio-visualmagnetic tapes: A case of the Japanese American collections in the US. A paper readat Biographical Data in Digital World conference 2017.

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Philograph: Textual Analysis Tools in the Digital
Humanities
Jerry Bonnell1
The genesis of this project is a curiosity about new paths of scholarship in the Digital
Humanities, specifically in the subfield of text analysis. Literary historian Franco Moretti,
one of today’s standard bearers of the discipline, passionately advocates for a rethinkingof our involvement with and study of texts. His purpose: to create a long content-timelineof literature – the longue durée – to distinguish, exclusively, similarities and/or differences
across genres and centuries of published texts (Moretti, 2013: 85). While the results havebeen promising and offer new insight into literary analysis, less interest has been shown at
the micro-level. This is to say: our understanding of the machine’s capabilities in reading
individual texts – not libraries – is significantly limited. The questions framed in this project
propose to enlighten us about the machine’s capabilities on this level, i.e., can the machine
assist the individual scholar with the task of textual analysis? Furthermore, can themachine operate in tandem with methodologies that have long been dominant in thediscipline of literary studies, i.e., close reading?
This project assembles 20 sermons from the archives of the 18th-century
minister Jonathan Edwards. These are at the Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale University
and the Jonathan Edwards Collection maintained by the Bible Bulletin Board. The
metaphors of language that breathe life into religious texts, as well as their manageable
lengths, were the top factors that led to their selection. A close reading of the individual
sermons was conducted with special attention paid to keywords and themes – such as
theology, forgiveness, saints, sinners, and community – that framed the message andpurpose of the texts. To validate the individual interpretation of the source material,established scholarly authorities in history and literature were consulted. Finally, twotechnologies from the field of Machine Learning were applied: (1) k-means, anunsupervised learning technique, with the purpose of identifying similar structural content
among the corpus, and (2) Support Vector Machines (SVM), a supervised learningalgorithm, to evaluate if the machine can output the appropriate category of the sermons.
Because these technologies operate at maximum efficiency when learning from large
datasets, the sermons were split into segments and a sliding window – the number ofoverlapped lines between these segments – was used for contextualization. This process
was the cornerstone for the insightful results generated.
In its first assessment, the machine was tasked with clustering the collection ofsermons into groups using k-means. By analyzing the words characteristic of each cluster,
we can visualize the structure of language used by Jonathan Edwards in his writing. This
is to say, Edwards’ understanding of the duality of religion is manifest in the oscillation of
his language between a celebration of God and a condemnation of man. It would be timeconsuming to arrive at this conclusion without aid from the machine’s clustering of words.
In its second assessment, the machine was tasked with using the SVM model toclassify the sermons in the corpus by theme. While it is noteworthy to report the highaccuracy rate of the classifier in its testing, it is fascinating to reflect instead on its few
failures. Most notably, its erring in labeling the parts of the theology sermon ChristianHappiness with forgiveness, and the parts of the forgiveness sermon The Value of Salvation
with theology. Its misclassifications can be interpreted as the machine’s advice to thescholar that the categories of forgiveness and theology are not mutually exclusive. It may
be wise then to consider the intersection between them. In so doing, the machine invites
an interpretation of how Jonathan Edwards understood the interaction between theconstituent themes of Puritanism; in this study, the connection between the rules of
Puritanism (theology) and its promise for redemption (forgiveness). The machine’s inability

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to discriminate between these are not errors, but links in Edwards’ cosmology:
connections that may escape the eyes of a scholar.
Indeed, the machine is not the author of these conclusions. It is understood thatthe interpretation of the data can only happen with an academic understanding of colonial
New England and Jonathan Edwards. Nevertheless, the lessons noted here support themachine’s capability in outputting data that directs a scholar to these conclusions. In sodoing, the machine’s partnership gifts the scholar new lenses with which to read thesources. He, then, has the practical advantage of connecting with many more sources,
especially when the desire is to paint a landscape of an individual or theme. This conclusion
does not discredit Moretti’s vision of the longue durée but suggests the possibility of thedemocratization of the use of computation in the humanities (Moretti, 2013: 85). The datafrom Jonathan Edwards’ sermons, and their analyses, positions the machine not as aparting point to new methodologies and conclusions (like Moretti), but as a partner andfriend in research. Its success in generating the data is confidence that the future of theDigital Humanities rests not on extremes, but in its dissemination for use to all scholars.
References
Moretti, F. (2013). Distant Reading. London ; New York: Verso.

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Representing digital humanities collections: A preliminary
analysis of descriptive schema
Katrina Fenlon1, Jacob Jett2, J. Stephen Downie2
The collection is a familiar form of production in the digital humanities. Among emergent
genres of digital scholarship, the collection is one of the most commonly recognized(Fenlon, 2017; Flanders, 2014; Palmer, 2004; Unsworth, 2000). Digital humanities
collections are created as scholars select and gather thematically related digital primarysources and related materials and publish them online to support research and learning.
Well known exemplars include the Walt Whitman Archive, the Valley of the Shadow Archive,
and the Dickinson Electronic Archive. But even beyond these large-scale, long-running
initiatives, there are hundreds of digital humanities collections on the web.
Despite their proliferation and significance, complex digital humanities projects– such as these collections – tend to rise and decline rapidly and invisibly on the web,compromising the integrity of both the cultural and the scholarly records. Unlike books,
journal articles, and other genres of digital scholarship, collections are rarely preserved inlibrary collections; they are rarely discoverable in indexes or directories; and they are rarely
subject to formal evaluation.
Digital humanities collections are disadvantaged in part because we lackcommon data models for representing and describing them. Most digital humanities
collections – though they may work by similar structural logic – are built idiosyncratically.
Even where they employ standards for the representation of items within the collection –such as TEI-XML for representing texts – no such standardization exists for the
representation of collections as wholes.
As a starting point for addressing this question, this paper offers a preliminary
analysis of three extant collection-description schemas from other domains to assess theiradequacy for representing digital humanities collections: the Dublin Core Collections
Application Profile (DC-CAP); the Europeana Data Model Collection Profile (EDM-CP), andthe HathiTrust Research Center (HTRC) Workset Ontology (Jett et al., 2016). Each of thesethree schemas was developed to represent and describe collections in different contexts.
Together they may offer a foundation for the representation of digital humanities collections.
Through standardized description and representation, collections may become
more deeply useful to a wider variety of researchers: to digital humanities scholars working
across disciplinary boundaries, to scholars seeking to discover and reuse open data fromdifferent domains, and to scholars seeking to forge links between related resources on theweb.
The most prominent schemes for the description of collections come fromlibraries and cultural heritage institutions. The DC-CAP offers a set of metadata terms fordescribing collections, which it defines as aggregations of physical or digital resources ofany type. The EDM-CP enables the description of collections within the Europeana Data
Model, which underlies the massive Europeana cultural heritage aggregation. EDM-CP
draws heavily on the DC-CAP but adds properties to support Europeana-specificfunctionality.
We can also look to ontologies, useful for representing collections as open data.
The HTRC Workset Ontology supports the representation of one specific type of collection
in one specific context: within the HTRC computational environment for doing researchusing texts from the HathiTrust Digital Library. The HTRC Workset Ontology describes ahierarchy of classes of collection-types (see Figure 1). It aims to represent collections at
the lowest level of this hierarchy, collections that are specifically intended forcomputational analysis within a non-consumptive research paradigm. Most digital
humanities collections, in contrast, might be understood as inhabiting the level above the12

University of Maryland
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workset in this model – as research collections, demonstrating curatorial selection and a
specific research motivation.

Figure 1: Hierarchy of classes of collections in HTRC Workset Ontology
Prior work (Fenlon, 2017) identified a set of properties that are common to digital
humanities collections, based on a literature survey. These properties are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Properties of digital humanities collections, organized into three related
clusters

Table 2 offers a snapshot of our preliminary attempt to map the identified
properties of digital humanities collections into the available collection-description schema.
Here we show just three properties, all of which are essential to the representation ofcollections:• Theme: What a digital humanities collection is about;• Purposes: The intended purposes of a collection; and• Completeness: The ideal of completeness toward which a collection is being
developed – e.g. does a collection aim to be a comprehensive, definitive source
on a subject, or does it aim to gather just enough evidence to answer a specificresearch question?

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Table 2. Snapshot of preliminary mapping of properties to extant description
schemasThis poster will give an extended version of this table, representing a more
complete set relevant processes and articulating analytic processes.
Our preliminary analysis of extant collection-description schemas suggests thatthey are not adequate to represent even a few essential properties of digital humanities
collections, not to mention the full complexity and range of collection information. This
paper is intended to lay groundwork for developing frameworks for representing
collections and digital humanities projects more generally, with the ultimate goal ofincreasing the discoverability, use, share-ability, and sustainability of digital humanities
scholarship.
References:
Fenlon, K. (2017). Thematic research collections: Libraries and the evolution of alternative
scholarly publishing in the humanities (Doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.
Flanders, J. (2014). “Rethinking Collections.” In Arthur, P. and Bode, K. (eds), Advancing
Digital Humanities. Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 163-74.
Jett, J., Cole, T., Maden, C., and Downie, J. (2016). “The HathiTrust Research Center
Workset Ontology: A Descriptive Framework for Non-Consumptive ResearchCollections.” Journal of Open Humanities Data 2(0).
Palmer, C. L. (2004). “Thematic Research Collections.” In Schreibman, S., Siemens, R.,
and Unsworth, J. (eds), A Companion to Digital Humanities. Blackwell.
Unsworth, J. (2000). “Thematic Research Collections.” Modern Languages Association
Annual Conference, Washington, D.C.

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entity-fishing: a DARIAH entity recognition anddisambiguation service
Luca Foppiano1, Laurent Romary1
This paper presents an attempt to provide a generic named-entity recognition anddisambiguation module (NERD) called entity-fishing as a stable online service that
demonstrates the possible delivery of sustainable technical services within DARIAH, theEuropean digital research infrastructure for the arts and humanities. Deployed as part of
the national infrastructure Huma-Num in France, this service provides an efficient state-ofthe-art implementation coupled with standardised interfaces allowing an easy deployment
on a variety of potential digital humanities contexts. The topics of accessibility andsustainability have been long discussed in the attempt of providing some best practices in
the widely fragmented ecosystem of the DARIAH research infrastructure.
The history of entity-fishing has been mentioned as an example of good practice: initiallydeveloped in the context of the FP9 CENDARI (Lopez et al., 2014), the project was wellreceived by the user community and continued to be further developed within the H2020
HIRMEOS project where several open access publishers have integrated the service totheir collections of published monographs as a means to enhance retrieval and access.
entity-fishing implements entity extraction as well as disambiguation against Wikipedia and
Wikidata entries.
The service is accessible through a REST API which allows easier and seamlessintegration, language independent and stable convention and a widely used service
oriented architecture (SOA) design. Input and output data are carried out over a query data
model with a defined structure providing flexibility to support the processing of partiallyannotated text or the repartition of text over several queries. The interface implements avariety of functionalities, like language recognition (Nakatani, 2010), sentence
segmentation and modules for accessing and looking up concepts in the knowledge base.
The API itself integrates more advanced contextual parametrisation or ranked outputs,
allowing for the resilient integration in various possible use cases.
The entity-fishing API has been used as a concrete use case to draft the experimental
stand-off proposal (Banski et al., 2016), which has been submitted for integration into the
TEI guidelines. The representation is also compliant with the Web Annotation Data Model(WADM). In this paper we aim at describing the functionalities of the service as a reference
contribution to the subject of web-based NERD services.
In order to cover all aspects, the architecture is structured to provide twocomplementary viewpoints. First, we discuss the system from the data angle, detailing theworkflow from input to output and unpacking each building box in the processing flow.
Secondly, with a more academic approach, we provide a transversal schema of thedifferent components taking into account non-functional requirements in order to facilitate
the discovery of bottlenecks, hotspots and weaknesses. The attempt here is to give adescription of the tool and, at the same time, a technical software engineering analysis
which will help the reader to understand our choice for the resources allocated in theinfrastructure.
Thanks to the work of million of volunteers, Wikipedia has reached today stability
and completeness that leave no usable alternatives on the market (considering also thelicence aspect). The launch of Wikidata in 2010 have completed the picture with acomplementary language independent meta-model which is becoming the scientificreference for many disciplines. After providing an introduction to Wikipedia and Wikidata,
we describe the knowledge base: the data organisation, the entity-fishing process to
exploit it and the way it is built from nightly dumps using an offline process.
We conclude the paper by presenting our solution for the service deployment: how andwhich the resources where allocated. The service has been in production since Q3 of 2017,
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and extensively used by the H2020 HIRMEOS partners during the integration with the
publishing platforms. We believe we have strived to provide the best performances withthe minimum amount of resources. Thanks to the Huma-num infrastructure we still havethe possibility to scale up the infrastructure as needed, for example to support an increaseof demand or temporary needs to process huge backlog of documents. On the long term,
thanks to this sustainable environment, we are planning to keep delivering the service far
beyond the end of the H2020 HIRMEOS project.
References
Banski, P., Gaiffe, B., Lopez, P., Meoni, S., Romary, L., Schmidt, T., Stadler, P. and
Witt, A. (2016). Wake up, StandOff!. https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01374102.
Lopez, P., Meyer, A. and Romary, L. (2014). CENDARI Virtual Research Environment &Named Entity Recognition Techniques. Einstein-Zirkel Digital Humanities
https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01577975.
Nakatani, S. (2010). Language Detection Library for Java.
https://github.com/shuyo/language-detection.

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Collocation Patterns of Pitch-Class Sets:
Comparing Mozart’s Symphonies and String Quartets.
Michiru Hirano1, Hilofumi Yamamoto1
1 Introduction
The constructional differences of the string sections between symphonies and string
quartets are unknown. Although the string sections are identical for both symphonies andstring quartets, consisting of two violins, a viola, and a bass part, they differ in terms ofplayer number: more than one player plays each string part for a symphony, while there is
only one player per part in the case of string quartets. Symphonies and string quartets also
differ in that the former may include wind and percussion sections in addition to a string
section, while the latter only consists of the four string parts (Figure. 1). The features whichreflect these differences may be found on the score.

Fig. 1 Examples of a symphony and a string quartet: The beginning of the scores for
Symphony K. 551 (left) and String Quartet K. 590 (right) composed by W. A. Mozart
We aim to elucidate the different constructions of the string sections in Mozart’s
symphonies and string quartets by examining the collocation patterns of Pitch-Class sets
(PC sets). More specifically, we investigate which patterns frequently occur and arestatistically significant. It has been demonstrated that the frequencies of particular PC setsvary for the string sections of Mozart’s symphonies and string quartets (Hirano andYamamoto, 2017). The collocation patterns of PC sets, especially in terms of bi-gramfrequencies, is assumed to reflect more detailed harmonic features, given that classicalcomposers regarded harmony progressions as important. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart(1756-1791), a typical classical composer of 18th century, composed at least 39
symphonies and 23 string quartets during his life.
2 Methods
2.1 Materials
We target Mozart’s 62 initial movements, of which 39 are for symphonies and 23 are forstring quartets. The scores were converted into MusicXML, which is a machine readable
format.
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Tokyo Institute of Technology
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2.2 Data structure
In particular, we utilize the notion of a PC set, referring to the set of distinct integers that
represent pitch classes (Forte, 1973: 3). Thus, we extract all the pitch classes locatedacross four string parts of a measure and convert them into PC sets as summarized
patterns, using computer programs of our own making (Figure 2).
The procedure for determining the PC sets for each measure of a work are as
the followings: 1) each pitch corresponding to one of 12 distinct pitch classes (i.e. 12 steps
C/B♯, C♯/D♭, D, ..., A♯/B♭, B/C♭) is replaced by an integer from 0 to 11; 2) all pitches acrossthe four string parts that appear within a measure are combined to form a PC set, withrepetitions eliminated; 3) the PC sets are then sorted by “normal order” based on theminimum differences determined by subtracting the first value from the last; and 4) the PC
sets are transposed on to a “prime form” (Forte, 1973: 3), where the first integer is 0.
Through this procedure, a measure containing a major triad (such as a chord constructedfrom C, E and G) would, for instance, be represented with the notation of {0, 4, 7},
regardless of its root pitch.

Fig. 2 An illustration of molding PC sets, where pitch classes across the four string partsof a measure are digitized according to a predefined rule
3 Results
First, we computed the frequencies of individual PC sets throughout the compositions andlabeled the PC sets according to their ranking, in the form of Pi where i is its ranking (i.e.
{0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10} P1, {0, 4, 7} P2, etc.). The top 10 PC sets are shown in Table 1.
Next, we computed bi-gram frequencies among the top 5 PC sets within thesymphonies and the string quartets, respectively (Table 2 and 3). The underlined values inbold letters within Table 2 and 3 are significantly large compared with the other according
to chi-square test and residual analysis (Haberman, 1973).
Figure 3 is network model for the significant sequences of PC sets across thesymphonies (solid lines) and the string quartets (dashed lines).
Table 1 Top 10 PC sets according to frequencies within the 62 compositions

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Table 2 The bi-gram frequencies among the top 5 PC sets within the symphonies

Table 3 The bi-gram frequencies among the top 5 PC sets within the string quartets

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Fig. 3 Network model for the significant sequences of PC sets across the symphonies(solid lines) and the string quartets (dashed lines) with an example of contents of each PC
set beside the correspond node
4 Discussions
Among the top 5 PC sets, P1, P3, and P5 consist of at least five components whose
arrangements correspond to the whole or part of diatonic scale, while P2 and P4 havethree or four components with intervals of skips. The notable points are: P2 and P4
correspond to the components of a major triad, a chord of the root note with a major third
and a perfect fifth above, and a dominant seventh chord, a chord of a major triad with aminor third above, respectively. Therefore, we regard P1, P3, and P5 as melodic patterns
and P2 and P4 as harmonic patterns.
The results indicate that the frequencies at which the melodic patterns (P1, P3,
and P5) are followed by a major triad (P2) are significantly higher for symphonies than forstring quartets. The high frequency of the repetition pattern of P2 for symphonies is also
remarkable. These results suggest that P2, i.e. the major triad, has the central role among
the sequences of PC sets for symphonies because of its stable sonority, for which various
melodic patterns and the major triad itself tend to be headed.
We found two characteristics in the analysis of string quartets: 1) melodic
patterns in terms of P1 and P3 tend to be continuously used; and 2) P1 tends to proceed
to the other harmonic pattern, P4, i.e. the dominant seventh chord, which has dissonant
and unstable sonority. String quartets do not require the stable sonority of P2 so much ingeneral.
5 Conclusion
The present study has compared the differences between the symphonies and the string
quartets composed by W. A. Mozart, in terms of analyzing bi-gram patterns and theirfrequencies of PC sets. The findings indicate that collocation patterns for the PC sets ofsymphonies vary from those of string quartets, such as the patterns where a melodic
pattern proceeds to a major triad are more frequent for symphonies than for string quartets.
References
Forte, A. (1973). The Structure of Atonal Music: Yale University Press.
Haberman, S. J. (1973) “The Analysis of Residuals in Cross-Classified Tables,” Biometrics,
29(1): 205-220.
Hirano, M. and Yamamoto, H. (2017) “Harmonic Analyses for Mozart’s Symphonies andString Quartets using Pitch-Class Set,” Proceedings of Jinmoncom 2017, pp. 83-88.
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“Spots of Time” and Space: Mapping the Present, Past,
and Atemporal Spaces in Charlotte Smith’s Beachy Head
Holly Horner1
Project premiseThis project closely interrogates the layering of physical and imaginary geography, time,and national identity in Charlotte Smith’s (1794-1806) Beachy Head. The intermingling ofphysical and imaginary geography and time appear to criticize the politics of French andBritish imperialism, which Smith further illuminates through her extensive footnoting.
Scholars generally agree upon the significance of the Smith’s fusing landscape and timein this text—as eighteenth-century literature scholar Michael Wiley indicates, Beachy Head
“addresses the geography of England and Europe…[and] the geography of the world andan extra-geographical, fanciful and visionary space” (Wiley, 2006: 64). Smith’s treatmentof time and geography, I argue, draws upon the quintessential Romantic notion of “spotsof time,” a phrase Wordsworth later writes in the Prelude (Wordsworth, 2008: 258-276).
The moment where Smith reflects upon the “Haunts of [her] youth!” culminates with theintersection of the past, present, and imaginary, which also can be characterized as a spotof time. This instance demonstrates the interweaving of the geographical and temporal
layers seen repeatedly throughout the poem: ranging from the present as the speakergazes upon the Beachy Head rock formation, to the “vast concussion” as the British Isle
separates from the mainland during antiquity and, finally, to the poet’s imaginings of anameless shepherd (Smith, 2017: 163, 174).
Methodology
For the purposes of this project, I refer to three distinct categories of time as Smith treats
it in this text: 1) the present moment in the poem as narrated by the speaker, 2) the
historical past, and 3) the atemporal, or imaginative, scenes of the pastoral that Smith
locates outside of time itself. These temporal layers allow for Smith to simultaneously
critique the consequences of the French Revolution outside and within Britain and to
retreat from the current historical moment via spots of time.
Building upon previous scholarship on Beachy Head, I use geo-coding to map
the latitudes and longitudes of these actual and imagined locations to illustrate how Smithlayers this complex of geography and time to construct a critique the French Revolution’saftermath in Britain. This system was conducted in R (a programming language andsoftware) through ggplot 2. Each unique place mentioned in Beachy Head counted as its
own data-point and was assigned rough geographical coordinates. In the poem, Smith isquite clear with the general locations (i.e. she identifies Gallica, or modern France), but she
does not always provide the precise geographical locations. Consequently, thecoordinates I provided are speculative in nature and based on clues from the text. Although
this project strives for geographical accuracy, it is impossible to accurately deduce all the
specific locations Smith envisioned for this text.
Discussion
Although rendering visualizations of Romantic writings through mapping is not a newphenomenon, most scholars do not fully consider the relationship between temporality andspace in these projects. For instance, The Byron Online Project offers a different mapping
endeavor on the British Romantics that tracks the frequency of named locations in Byron’scorrespondence and in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Cantos I-II. This sort of project remains
rooted in Byron’s contemporary historical reality and is a popular method for mapping theRomantics. The map from the Byron Online Project does perform important work forvisualizing the relationship between these two types of writing, but it does not fully consider

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Florida State University
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the relationship between time and space. This, in part, could be due to the difference
between Byron’s and Smith’s personal writing agendas.
Implications
Nevertheless, reading the spaces in Beachy Head in terms of temporality offers a newperspective of approaching Romantic texts. The temporal oscillation between past andpresent in the poem remains entrenched in the geographical location of Beachy Head itself
as it stands representative of past and present threats of French invasion. In these
moments, Smith critiques past and contemporary imperial ideology by invoking traumatic
instances held in British national memory and detailing the effects of a global empire upon
the rural individual.
Then, through juxtaposing historical and pastoral landscapes, Smith moves
away from the traumatic consequences of globalization and into the atemporal landscapeof the pastoral. This temporal shift into the imaginary culminates in the spots of time, whichallows Smith to distance herself geographically and imaginatively from the current politicalturmoil.

Fig. 1 This map illustrates the primary geographical focus of Beachy Head: the coasts of
the British mainland and France divided by the English Channel.
As seen from the above visual, there are only two moments in the text where all
three classified temporalities occur at once (i.e. “Haunts of my youth!” and “But fromthoughts like these”) located on the South Downs of Eastern Sussex—the same region as
the Beachy Head rock formation (Smith, 2017: 173, 179). These two moments illustrate
how Smith creates her own spot of time by layering different classifications of temporalities.
During these moments, she is located simultaneously in past, present, and nowhere, which
depicts the development of the spot of time. By mapping Smith’s endeavors to create
distance from the contemporary political tension, it is possible to see Romantic ideology
playing out across the landscape as Smith retreats within the imaginary. This system ofmapping reaffirms Smith’s status as an early British Romantic poet because she lays thefoundation for the spots of time as a Romantic literary tradition, later made famous by
Wordsworth. Due to Beachy Head’s geographic nature, it’s necessary and illuminating tocreate a visualization of the poem’s movements across space and time to understand how
it fits into a larger literary tradition.

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References
Smith, C. (2017). Beachy Head. In Knowles, C. and Ingrid, H. (eds), Charlotte Smith: Major
Poetic Works. Peterborough: Broadview Press, pp. 163–90.
Wiley, M. (2006). The Geography of Displacement and Replacement in Charlotte Smith’s
The Emigrants. European Romantic Review, 17(1): 55–68.
Wordsworth, W. (2008). The Prelude: Book Eleven. In Gill, S. (ed), William Wordsworth:
The Major Works. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 258–76.
(2016). Mapping Byron’s Mediterranean Letters and Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage I-II: By
the Numbers Byron Project Online http://byrononlineproject.com/neatline/show/
byrons-mediterranean-letters-and-childe-harolds-pilgrimage-i-ii-by-the-numbers.

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The Brontës in the World:
Creating a Digital Bibliography to Expand Access toSingle-Language Sources
Matthew Hunter1, Judith Pascoe1
This poster outlines our experience with using Zotero, a free and open-source citation
management tool, to make Japanese translations and adaptations of Emily Brontë’sclassic novel Wuthering Heights more accessible to scholars and fans who do not havecommand of Japanese. Leading this project are Professor Judith Pascoe, the George Mills
Harper Professor of English at Florida State University (FSU), and Matthew Hunter, theDigital Scholarship Technologist at FSU Libraries. Prof. Pascoe’s research interests
include Romantic-era literature and cross-cultural adaptation. Mr. Hunter’s work centerson applications of emerging technology in humanities scholarship and pedagogy.
“The Brontës in the World” is the first iteration of a collaborative, multidisciplinary
project carried out by undergraduate researchers at Florida State University under the
direction of Pascoe and Hunter. The work is enabled by a partnership with the FSU
Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP), which encourages undergraduate
students to discover and explore their own research interests with mentorship fromuniversity faculty. We designed this project to build on Pascoe’s Brontë research, but also
to allow undergraduate researchers to track the Brontës’ legacy in a variety of culturalcontexts. Although we have focused on the Brontës in Japan for this first iteration of our
project, the project will develop in keeping with the foreign language strengths andparticular research interests of subsequent generations of student researchers.
We chose Zotero as the vehicle for this project because of its ability to gather,
organize, and augment bibliographic metadata. Especially as compared to other citation
management platforms, Zotero allows users to freely draw on and reconfigure open source
bibliographic data. We set out to compile and enrich open data culled from library catalogs
and catalog aggregator sources, such as OCLC’s WorldCat and the National Diet Library
Search. We do so in order to create a new contact point for enriched bibliographic data, areference site that illuminates how Western literature has been transformed throughtranslation and adaptation in non-Western contexts, and that makes information about
these adaptations more broadly accessible.
Our poster also outlines how Zotero functions as a pedagogical tool useful forinterrogating digital scholarship methodologies. In producing this bibliography, we havebeen forced to grapple with how bibliographic structures fail to accommodate nonWestern cultural markers. For example, our students have noticed that some adaptations’multiple creator roles (artists, editors, directors, storyline adapters, inkers, etc.) are notreflected in “standard” bibliographic categories, and that non-Western naming
conventions are often not easily represented.
Together with our students, we are also engaging with Zotero as a hermeneutic
device that helps us think about the organizational structures imposed by current
cataloguing systems. As our research team adds bespoke tagged and relational data to
our library, we see how connections among our sources enable some forms of
relationship-building but delimit others. In other words, tagging is meaning-making. Whileinteracting with this tool, our students and we have, by necessity, questioned how weaccess and compartmentalize knowledge.
Our poster then summarizes our experience using a Zotero bibliography as ateaching tool, a research activity, and a mode of scholarly humanistic inquiry into digital
hermeneutics. “The Brontës in the World” stands as an effort to showcase the transmissionof the Brontës’ work, but also as a meditation on data organization that, we hope, will fuel1

Florida State University

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conversations in the international DH community about the affordances and limitations ofcurrent resource management infrastructure.
We are happy to share how Zotero, nominally a citation management tool, hasserved as the foundation for both our research and pedagogy. It has allowed us to build a
database that will serve researchers interested in translation and adaptation studies, andto establish a hub for ongoing student explorations of data collection and citation practice.
To supplement the poster presentation, we provide an illustrated two-language (English
and Japanese) handout that highlights our discoveries and future plans.

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The Metadata Hub for Interdisciplinary Knowledge
Sharing of Historical Situation Records
Mika Ichino1, Junpei Hirano2, Kooiti Masuda3, Asanobu Kitamoto1, Hiroyuki
Den4
Introduction“Historical Situation Records” (HSR) are the records containing various information ofhistorical events such as earthquakes, weather patterns, supernovas, the blooming ofcherry blossoms, famines, social activity, and other notable incidents. HSR has been used
as a source of data for research in numerous fields, including seismology, climatology,
astronomy, sociology, and history. These can be found on different historical materials like
paper notes, chapters in wood, stone monuments, images in photographs and paintings,
and so much more.
Promoting the use of HSR in interdisciplinary fields is one of the component
measures of Historical Big Data (HBD)[1]. The processes of using HSR data (HSRworkflow) not only includes the identification, obtaining, transcribing and reading of HSR,
but also structuring, analyzing and integrating, and sharing the HSR data. Unfortunately,each process of HSR-workflow has difficulties which do not appear with the born digital
data. Furthermore, scientists and engineers using HSR data for research are not always
familiar with historical documents, making it challenging for them to manage HSR workflow
by themselves.
Until now, this research has been using HSR data in individual fields by such
HSR workflow. Occasionally researchers extract HSR data from the same material. For
example, the Ishikawa Diary[2], written by a farmer family since 1720 in Tokyo, contains
not only daily weather conditions, but also important records such as meteorite andearthquake events.
Under these circumstances, sharing knowledge and experience associated with
HSR (HSR metadata) can be useful for research and technologies associated with main
HSR-workflow operations. This can help avoid repeating processes that have been doneby others, and reduce difficulties in HSR-workflow, notably identification and obtaining
HSR data. We have piloted and continue to develop an improved system for the metadatahub. All of these are included and introduced in this paper.
Concept of the Metadata Hub System
The basic idea of the metadata hub system is to reuse various information from previous
research in each field as HSR metadata with the users’ mutual corporation. The HSR
metadata contains information about not only something’s bibliography and location, butalso its HSR and various descriptions like the state of the materials (paper material, image,transcribed text data, published book, digital text data, or structuring data). Table 1 showsa sample of HSR metadata of a published historical diary. The HSR metadata can also
contain various information about HSR such as errors and reliability of HSR data, which
previous research have acquired on the HSR-workflow. The system can thus help
researchers to avoid repeating the same processes of HSR-workflow which have been
done by others.
If a document has a description about HSR, a user can register these subjects
as HSR metadata items in Table 1. Then, other users can search by temporal and spatial
range and type of phenomena and obtain HSR metadata such as the items in Table 1.
Fewer mandatory metadata items and adding flexibility to optional metadata items and1

Center for Open Data in the Humanities, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research,
Research Organization of Information and Systems / National Institute of Informatics
2
Teikyo University
3
Tokyo Metropolitan University
4
Academic Express
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descriptions would attract more registration and participation. At the least it would inform
others of the existence of the various state material and data as HSR metadata. This
includes data information of material still partially undergoing research, or with restricted
access.
Table 1. A sample of HSR metadata items users can obtain*: required, +: optional, -: inputted by the system
Metadata Items (: required, +: optional, -: inputted by the system)
ID

登録日時

Identifier
Data

書誌情報

Bibliographic resource

書誌名称

Title

登録者

Creator

著作権等
観測値

記録開始（和暦）
記録開始（西暦）
記録終了（和暦）
記録終了（西暦）
観測地の変遷情報

歴史的状況記録

RightsObservation PointTime of starting to record
Time of starting to record
Time of ending to record
Time of ending to record
History of observation points

samples of descriptionsーー＊ www.cneas.tohoku.ac.jp/news/2012/publication04_2.html#38

東北アジア研究センター 叢書 第38号 佐藤大介編著『18＊ 〜19世紀仙台藩の災害と社会別所万右衛門記録』「天保凶作日記（一）〜(五）」＊ 平野＋ CC BY NC＋ 宮城県仙台市＋ 天保4年

ー 1833/02/20＋ 天保14年

ー 1844/02/17＋ 記録地の変遷なし＋ 天気

Information of HSR＋ 相場（米、大豆、大麦、小麦など）

earthquake, the weather,＋ 水害(type of phenomena such as＋ 地震

disasters, etc)

＋ 昆虫（蚊、蛍など）の記述あり＋ 植物季節（桜）の記述あり

記録の連続性Continuity of recording＋ 9割ほど天気の詳細に関する情報

Level of detailed weather＋

間接的な記録（社会的な記録）

Social information＋ 他領地米の購入、到着などの記述あり、天候祈願の記述あり

整理状況（翻刻済など）

State of the material

時間変化あり、寒暖の記述あり、降水程度の記載あり、風の記
述あり、雲の記述詳細＋ 翻刻済、出版されている

The required functions of the metadata hub system are the following.
1. Registering a few required items(the mark “＊”) and at least one state of the HSRor material (the mark “+”) in Table 1
2. Searching HSR metadata items, especially types of phenomena, and obtaining
various HSR metadata in some data formats such as csv, json, and pdf.
3. Search by temporal and spatial range
This needs to handle numerical types of data and use APIs that have beendeveloped for historical temporal and spatial data.
4. Revising and adding more information to the registered data by other users
It will allow HSR information to be managed, by allowing experts such as history
academics to add reliable information.
Developments of the Metadata Hub System
A first prototype has adopted the open source software Omeka Classic version 2.6[3] as aplatform. Even though it has simple functions including sharing HSR metadata, its
adaptability is not enough to fulfill the requirements as described above, particularly the
3rd and 4th requirements. An upcoming system thus utilizes a spreadsheet on Google
drive[4] for registration and needs to develop some functions such as search by temporaland spatial range on. Moreover, improvement of an increasing usability, metadata schema,
linking sources, displaying the results, user interface, and increasing the data number
towards the release are in great need.

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Conclusions and Future Works
We have attempted to develop and improve a system of sharing HSR metadata. This does
not only help reduce these difficulties in HSR-workflow, but also creates newinterdisciplinary collaboration between researchers. A significant role is to describe thereliability of information in the system. Although the administrators can take these quality
controls of all descriptions currently, acquiring more participants can advance reliability
through cross checks in the future. Additionally, to secure its use in the future, HSR
metadata needs to link to other data and databases by collaboration using new data
sharing technologies.
References
1. Historical Big Data: http://codh.rois.ac.jp/historical-big-data/ (accessed 4 July 2018).
2. Hachioji Board of Education. (1988). Ishikawa Family's diaries, Hachioji Local Museum.
3. Omeka Classic: https://omeka.org/classic/ (accessed 8 May 2018)
4. Google Drive: https://www.google.com/drive/ (accessed 3 July 2018)108

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Construction of NINJAL media resources collection forsearching and previewing sound and video data
Yuichi Ishimoto1, Takumi Ikinaga2, Tomokazu Takada1
For more than 70 years, the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics(NINJAL) has carried out Japanese language research such as investigations of dialects,
vocabularies, language life, and corpora. The research results are completed as academic
reports and papers and made public. In addition, the intermediate products of research(e.g., spreadsheets and index cards) and primary sources (e.g., sounds, videos,questionnaires, original magazines for vocabulary research, research plans, and minutes)
are preserved at the research materials room of NINJAL [1-3]. However, it is not easy tobrowse these materials, especially sounds and videos, because they are stored in old
media such as reel-to-reel tape, cassette tapes, and DAT that need the vanishing media
players in the present day. In this paper, we introduce the digital cataloging of researchmaterials preserved in NINJAL and describe web-based systems of resource collection forsearching the materials and previewing sounds and videos.
Language research resources were once stored on paper. Then it became
possible for sound and video resources to be stored in magnetic tapes along withrecording technology since modern times. Thus, we can access the media resources at alater date. However, the problem with magnetic tapes is that data may be lost as the tapes
deteriorate over time. In recent years, we have been engaged in converting the data fromthe old media to digital data on HDD. At the same time, we are constructing a digital
catalog consisting of a list of research materials collected or created by various research
projects of NINJAL over the past 70 years and their abstracts. The catalog, ResearchMaterials on NINJAL, is available to the public on the website [4] (Fig. 1), and is registered
to the NINJAL Research Library OPAC.

Figure 1: Digital catalog of research materials on NINJAL

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National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
Tokyo Denki University / National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
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Researchers searching for suitable data for their studies have been required towatch and listen to the materials stored in NINJAL. However, some of the media resources
include sensitive personal information; therefore they cannot be open to everyone. We canalso play the data on the standard PC by digitalizing the sound and video data, but it takes
time to confirm whether the data have the characteristics we want because there are large
files that last for more than two hours. Accordingly, we constructed the system, NINJALMedia Resources Collection, for quickly previewing sound and video resources via the web(Fig. 2). This collection has 18,054 sound files and 278 video files as of May 2018. The
system restricts the download of sound and video files and permits streaming playback byusing a specialized player in it (Fig. 3). It is only accessible from the local network of the
NINJAL, and the outsiders have to come to the NINJAL library to access the system. Thus,
we manage both users' accessibility to media data and prevention of data leakage via the
web.

Figure 2: NINJAL Media Resources Collection

Figure 3: Media player implemented on the web
The NINJAL Media Resources Collection includes rare sounds and videos. For
example, a study titled "Research in the colloquial Japanese" [5] attempted to survey
characteristics of Japanese from various points of view in the 1950s and includes everyday
conversations between ordinary people of former days. Also, a study titled "Some aspectsof honorific expressions: In special reference to discourse" [6] investigated honorificexpressions spoken in a local community in the 1960s and includes conversations
recorded at home in 24 hours. Nowadays people seldom have an opportunity to listen to
the everyday conversations before the 1960s because it was the age before portable
recording devices were widely available. We believe that the systems will help various
researchers engage in the study of the Japanese language.

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References[1] S. Morimoto, “Developing EAD-based archival description at the National Institute forJapanese Language,” Journal of the Japan Society for Archival Science, No. 4, pp. 92102, 2006. (in Japanese).
[2] H. Terashima, “Practical Uses for Research Materials Owned by NINJAL,” NINJAL
Research Papers，No. 10，pp. 245-263, 2016. (in Japanese).
[3] R. Yamaguchi, M. Sekikawa, “An improvement of access to research materials in the
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics,” IPSJ Symposium Series, Vol.
2016, No.2，pp. 51-56, 2016. (in Japanese).
[4] Research Materials on NINJAL, http://rmr.ninjal.ac.jp/[5] The National Language Research Institute, “Research in the colloquial Japanese,”
The National Language Research Institute Research Report; 8, 1955. (in Japanese).
[6] The National Language Research Institute, “Some aspects of honorific expressions:
In special reference to discourse,” The National Language Research Institute Research
Report; 41, 1971. (in Japanese).

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Developing a Block Puzzle Game for Studying Ryukyuan
Language Phonetic System
Takayuki Kagomiya1, Yuto Niinaga1, Nobuko Kibe1
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL) and National Museumof Japanese History (Rekihaku) started The Mobile Museum Project. The aim of this projectis developing a compact and movable exhibition system like a travelling funfair, and tocontribute social pedagogy by using the travelling exhibition (Figure 1). As a part of thisproject, we developed a block puzzle game for studying Ryukyuan (Okinawa) language
phonetic system.

Figure 1: A sample of The Mobile Museum exhibition kit.
For most of Japanese people who brought up out of Okinawa region, Ryukyuan
language sounds very different from Japanese language and hard to understand. However,between Japanese and Ryukyuan language, systematic phonological correspondence rule
is observed. Thus, many basic vocabulary words of Japanese are able to be translated
into Ryukyuan by replacing phonemes according phonological rule. For example,
Japanese phoneme /o/ is realized as /u/, /ki/ corresponds /t͡ɕi/ (Ono and Shibata eds. 1977;
Iitoyo, Hino and Sato eds 1984) . Thus Japanese /kojomi/ (calendar) is able to be translated
as /kujumi/, /kimo/ (viscera) corresponds /t͡ɕimu/ (National Institute for Japanese Languageed. 1963). Target of our game-style studying material is to understand this phonologicalrule and to have interest in analyzing language system with fun.
To make studying more fun, a game style teaching material is effective. Thus,
our teaching material designed as a quiz whose rule is translation of Japanese words into
Ryukyuan’s. The studying material consists of two parts: Ryukyuan phonological rule
instruction and block puzzle. The instruction includes correspondence table of Japaneseand Ryukyuan phonemes (Figure 2). People who want to play the game read the instruction
first and learn how to translate Japanese words into Ryukyuan’s. The block puzzle also
divided into three components: block chips, answer board and control unit. On the top ofeach block chip, a Japanese mora (ex. [ku], [t͡ɕi] etc.) is printed respectively (Figure 3). On
the answer board, Japanese words (ex. [kojomi], [kimo] etc.) are printed. Beside aJapanese word, a column for answer is located. The answer columns have sockets into
which the block chips are able to be inserted (Figure 3). A player reads the Japanese word
and translate into Ryukyuan, then the player should insert appropriate block chips into a
1

National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics

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JADH 2018sockets and complete Ryukyuan word. If the answer is correct, Ryukyuan speech soundof the word is played. The answer is judged by computer which is set in the control unit.
Playing sound is also a function of the control unit.

Figure 2: The correspondence table of Japanese and Ryukyuan phonemes

Figure 3: The answer board (upper) and block chips (below).
Another feature of this teaching material is portability. As described above, theteaching material is a part of the Mobile Museum. Thus, the teaching material must betransport with the Mobile Museum system. The answer board and the block chips are able
to be stored in the control unit case (Figure 4). All components can be packed in

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portmanteau-size container. Setting the material is also easy. The teaching materials canbe installed with few steps.

Figure 4: Whole system installed in a Mobile Museum kit. Control unit box is shown
below table.
We conducted short-term exhibition using the Mobile Museum includes thisteaching material in a university. Spectators played the game and studied about Ryukyuan
language. After playing the game, the spectators evaluated the teaching material. The
results of the evaluation indicated the game was fun and useful, users had positive
impression not only from the material but also from studying linguistics.
References:
Shuzen Hokama (1977). “Okinawa-no gengo-to sono rekishi (Ryukyuan language and its
history,” In Susumu Ono and Takeshi Shibata (eds), Iwanami Koza Nihongo 11
Hougen (Iwanami Handbook of Japanese Vol.11, Dialects), Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Masachie Nakamoto and Takeo Nakamatsu (1984). “Nanto-hogen no gaisetsu(Abstracts on Ryukyuan Language),” In Kiichi Iitoyo, Sukezumi Hino and Ryoichi Sato(eds), Koza Hougengaku 10, Okinawa Amami-no Hougen (Handbook of Japanese
Dialects Vol.10, Ryukyuan Dialects), Tokyo: Tosho-Kanko-kai.
National Institute for Japanese Language (ed) (1963). Okinawa-go Jiten (Dictionary of
Okinawa language), Tokyo: Printing Bureau, Ministry of Finance.

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Comparisons of Pitch Intervals in Japanese Popular
Songs from 1868 to 2010
Akihiro Kawase1
1. Aim of the study
The aim of this study is to quantitatively describe the characteristics of the melodic patternof Japanese popular songs of each era by examining the basic statistical data obtained
from a musical corpus. Music is an art established in which various elements arecomplicatedly related, and it is difficult to grasp the whole body objectively. However,when listening to music, people understand musical genres and styles based on somecharacteristics. Aspects of musical structure, such as meter, phrase structure,contrapunctual structure, pitch spelling, harmony, and key, are well known and understoodby many music studies, and thus, are frequently taken for granted as musical facts.
However, one question that has yet to be answered is what process underlies the inferenceof such structures (Temperly 2001).
In the previous research, we converted 120 Japanese popular songs of all within
the top three domestic sales from 1970 to 2010 and extracted the tendency of change intonality over 40 years of Japanese music culture using the KeyScape algorithm (Sapp2011). Based on the findings, we predicted that there are three tendencies: (1) as time goesby, songs on the minor keys decrease, and songs on the major keys increase; (2) periodic
appearance of songs with a lot of modulation (key change); (3) considering the above two,
the trend of Japanese popular songs can be divided into five periods.
However, the history of Japanese music is long, and if we consider the end of
the 19th century, when Western music was imported into Japanese culture, as the
beginning of popular songs, there will be a history of over 140 years. Therefore, since study
in order to grasp the long-term history of Japanese popular songs has not yet conductedso far, in this research, we aim to analyze popular songs over 140 years in Japan and grasp
the periodic changes more precisely regarding tonality changes by era.
2. Procedure
We analyze all 2,136 songs included in all nine volumes of ʻNihon no Utaʼ (Songs of Japan),a collection of musical scores from 1868 to 2010. We digitized all the songs from eachsubcorpus (see Table 1) and generated sequences that contain interval information fromthe song melodies.
In order to achieve the purpose of this study, we converted all the songs in eachvolume into MusicXML file format and constructed subcorpus by classifying the song every
ten years. However, due to the small amount of songs from 1868 to 1930, the period was
divided into two from 1868 to 1910 and 1911 to 1930, respectively. By extracting the pitchintervals for ten subcorpus and comparing the results every decade, we found acharacteristic melody pattern of each era.

1

Doshisha University
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Table 1: Basic statistics of song data classified every ten years

The procedures are as follows: (1) we digitized all the songs from each sub
corpus and generated sequences that contain interval information from the song melodies;(2) extracted transition frequencies for every subcorpus separately, and create a 25dimensional data from interval of -12 to +12 with 10 samples (eras); and (3) appliedhierarchical cluster analysis and correspondence analysis to identify pitch height usages
in the data, and to highlight their similarities and differences.
We devised a method of digitizing each note in terms of its relative pitch by
subtracting the next pitch height for a given MusicXML. It is possible to generate asequence T that carries information about the pitch to the next note: T = (t1, t2, … , ti, …,tn). An example of the corresponding pitch intervals for ti can be written as shown in Table
2. We treat sequence T as a categorical time series and execute unigram to capture
transitions and their trends.
Table 2: Corresponding pitch intervals

3. Results and Discussions
Figure 1 is a mosaic plot showing the relationship between era and pitch interval. In the
figure, mX (m12, m11, ..., m1) represents the pitch interval in descending order (ti<0), andpX (p1, p2, ..., p12) represents the pitch interval in ascending order (ti>0), respectively. The
pm0 represents the same pitch transition (ti=0). From Figure 1, we can confirm that pm0 isused most frequently in any era, mX and pX are almost synchronized with each other, andhave a bilaterally symmetric distribution centered on pm0.

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Figure 1: Mosaic plot of pitch interval frequencies for every ten years
Figure 2 is the result of a hierarchical cluster analysis using the unigram of thepitch intervals as input variables. We see that, except for the 1970ʼs and the 1980ʼs, thecluster formed by the decades. From this fact, it can be assumed that only the data of the1970ʼs and the 1980ʼs have a different tendency of pitch intervals from the preceding andthe following eras.

Figure 2: Result of cluster analysis
In order to distinguish and grasp the trend of the pitch interval used for each era,
we carried out a correspondence analysis. Figure 3 shows the result of analysis using 25
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pitch intervals (e.g., -12, -11, …, -1, 0, +1, +2, …, +12), and Figure 4 shows the result ofanalysis using 13 variables that summarizes the ascending and descending intervals intoone (e.g., 0, ±1, ±2, …, ±12,).
As shown by these two results, popular songs in the 1980ʼs, the influence ofsongs using pitch intervals of minor second pm1 (±1) was stronger than in other eras, andas in the music from the 2000ʼs onwards, songs in the 1970ʼs was confirmed to be in adifferent position from other eras because of the stronger tendency of using perfect unison
pm0 (±0) and major sixth pm9 (±9).

Figure 3: Results of correspondence analysis using 25 pitch intervals

Figure 4: Results of correspondence analysis using 13 pitch intervals as input variables
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4. Conclusion
In this research, in order to explore the transition of the musical characteristics of Japanese
popular songs, we executed multivariate analysis and compared the musical trend in termsof pitch intervals for 2,136 songs from 1868 to 2010. We revealed that the tendency of thepitch intervals which influences music differs according to each era. Moreover, it was
confirmed that the use trend of the pitch intervals is similar between near decade, but thesongs in the 1970's (1971-1980) and the 1980's (1981-1990) did not follow this rule.
Although we were able to extract the pitch interval information of music andquantitatively analyzed the secular change of the trend of music, we did not grasp the local
features such as pitch transition patterns and rhythm patterns. As future tasks, in order tohighlight the transition of Japanese music culture, we will focus on transition patterns ofboth pitch and rhythm information by analyzing the secular change of features.
References[1] Sapp, C. S.: Computational Methods for The Analysis of Musical Structure : Stanford
University, 2011.
[2] Temperley, D.: The cognition of basic musical structures, The MIT Press, 2001.
[3] MusicXML, http://www.musicxml.com/for-developers/ [accessed 26 November 2017].

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KU-ORCAS: Trans-Border Digital Archives Project for
East Asian Cultural Studies
Nobuhiko Kikuchi1
1. Introduction
Kansai University Open Research Center for Asian Studies (KU-ORCAS) is a projectfocused on building digital archives for East Asian Cultural Studies. It was selected as oneof the Research Branding Projects of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Scienceand Technology in 2017.
2. Purpose of the project
KU-ORCAS aims to serve as an international research hub for East Asian Cultural Studies
by constructing digital archives and an open platform that will provide openly-licensed
digital images and resources.
It should be noted that East Asian Cultural Studies in this context does not only
assume specific national frameworks such as Chinese history or Korean cultural research,
but also has a trans-border aspect. This is because Kansai University has a long history of
East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies and KU-ORCAS sets this field as a central research
theme. The two meanings of trans-border are trans-border from the national researchframework and trans-border from academic research fields. Therefore, we must imagine
both users whose research themes are the cultural relationships across national and/or
regional boundaries and users who do not have expertise in East Asian Cultural Studies.
In short, we need to consider who our users are and how they will use our digital archives
in order to seek the best way of providing data and designing the data usage environment.
The significance of this project is to propose functions of digital archives forsupporting trans-border studies, which are a current research trend in the humanities, suchas in the field of Global History.
3. Materials provided by KU-ORCAS
We plan to digitize and openly provide specific and abundant resources. The resources
are roughly divided into three groups. The first group comprises pre-modern resources
translated into Asian languages such as dictionaries, grammar text books, and missionary
reports. The second group is the Hakuen Bunko archives which is the collection formerly
possessed by Hakuen Shoin(泊園書院), which is one of the origins of Kansai University. In
addition to that, Kansai University’s pre-modern Osaka Art Collection(大阪画壇) will also
be added to this group. The third group is composed of materials such as excavation data
and drawings relating to ancient Asuka and Naniwazu studies, which have been promotedby Kansai University.
4. Three concepts of Openness and an Open Platform
We will provide the materials from the standpoint of three concepts of openness on our
open platform.
The first openness is the opening of research resources. This refers to thedigitization and free provision of materials in KU-ORCAS’s digital archives. Kansai
University is a member of the IIIF Consortium, and we will release images complying with
the IIIF standard (see Figure 1).

1

Kansai University

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Figure. 1: KU-ORCAS Digital Archives
The second is the opening of research groups. This assumes cooperation withresearchers inside and outside of Kansai University, academic societies, educational
institutions, and citizens. In particular, we plan to develop a crowdsourcing system fortranscribing digitized materials through which citizens can easily participate in our research.
The third is the opening of research know-how. We will build a website todisseminate technical information and know-how accumulated through the construction
and operation of KU-ORCAS’s digital archives. On that site, users will be able to exchange
knowledge about how to use data from the digital archives.
Finally, the open platform will employ the functions of the above three conceptsof openness and provide a portal search engine. Since we will convert the bibliographic
data of the digital archives to the Linked Open Data format, users will be able to expand
their search range and find unexpected search results.
5. Functional requirements as trans-border digital archives
In this final chapter, we will explain the requirements for our digital archives to acquiretrans-border functionality to support East Asian Cultural Studies. As we noticed before,
the requirements are based on both trans-border from the national research frameworkand trans-border from academic research fields.
Regarding the former, it goes without saying that interfaces and help screensmust be multilingual. In addition, we must provide functions with which users can read thetexts and document titles in their native languages. In other words, we should offer not
only English translation and romanization of material titles but also auto-translated texts
through AI image recognition or transcribed texts through the crowdsourcing system.
Regarding the latter, it is necessary to provide reference resources for various
subjects. This can be accomplished by linking and displaying so-called reference materials
such as dictionaries and encyclopedias in our digital archives. In addition, it is possible toinclude functions with which multiple researchers in different fields can interpret materials
so that multiple users are able to read digital materials jointly. It will be also effective forusers to add their annotations to others’ annotations or to respond to each other in thread
form in the digital archives.
KU-ORCAS now shifts to the developing phase to realize the functions
discussed in this paper. We will lead the innovation of East Asian Cultural Studies throughdigital archives.
Acknowledgements:
This paper was originally published in a research report of 117th IPSJ SIG Computers andthe Humanities. The original report was written by Nobuhiko Kikuchi, Keiichi Uchida andKiyonori Nagasaki. Both Dr. Uchida and Dr. Nagasaki allowed Kikuchi to submit this paper
as an individual to JADH2018.

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References:[1] Nobuhiko Kikuchi, Keiichi Uchida, and Kiyonori Nagasaki. (2018) . “越境する」デジタルアーカイブの機能要件を考える −KU-ORCAS が備えるべきもの−.” Research
Report of 117th IPSJ SIG Computers and the Humanities, May 2018.
[2] 関西大学アジア・オープン・リサーチセンター「KU-ORCAS」. [online] Available at:
http://www.ku-orcas.kansai-u.ac.jp/ [Accessed 2 Jul. 2018].

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Cancelled

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Alignment Table between UniDic and ‘Word List by
Semantic Principles’
Asuko Kondo1, Makiro Tanaka2, Masayuki Asahara1
Word-sense annotated Japanese corpus is an important resource for both linguistic
research and natural language processing. A systematic sense hierarchy, used to express
the semantic categories, is necessary in order to investigate Japanese lexicon semantically.
The corpus, which is annotated with the word senses, should be a representative and abalanced one. Moreover, annotation should be performed on all the words in the corpus.
If we have an alignment table between a morphological analyser lexicon and the thesaurus,
then the table enables us to extract all possible word senses by using the morphologicalanalyser. This paper presents the project to develop the alignment table between UniDicand ‘Word List by Semantic Principles’ (hereafter WLSP). UniDic is a largescale lexicon for
the Japanese morphological analyser, MeCab. WLSP is a thesaurus that has four classesof syntactic categories and hierarchical semantic categories. Both lexicons are open
language resources that are used for academic purpose. The constructed alignment tableenables us to extract all possible senses in the registered entry.
Below, we present the design of the alignment table between the UniDic lexeme
and the entries of WLSP. We set the domain of the alignment relational table as WLSP
vocabulary entries and the range as UniDic lexemes.

A lexeme of UniDic is defined a group of surface words derived from the same
origin. This is the most appropriate layer to align based on word senses. UniDic lexeme
can be uniquely identified by ‘lexeme’, ‘lexeme reading’, ‘lexeme subtype’, ‘class’, and‘word type’. We judge whether the two entries from WLSP and UniDic are the same wordby the following conjunctive conditions (AND):(A) the vocabulary entry in WLSP and the lexeme in UniDic are agreed.
(B) the reading of the vocabulary entry in WLSP and the reading in UniDic are agreed.
(C) the class (類) of vocabulary entry in WLSP and the class in UniDic are agreed.
The class is a superclass of POS. Nominal class (体), verbal class (用), modifierclass (相), and others (その他) are defined in WLSP. Though the class is also defined in the
UniDic lexeme, the label set is different between WLSP and UniDic lexeme. The tableshows the alignment table between the two.

1
2

National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
Meiji University
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The following figure shows an example of matching rule:

We also define the following three exception rules:(A’) even if the condition (A) is not satisfied, we check the agreement between
the article of WLSP and the examples of the UniDic lexeme.
The following example shows the aligned pair as defined by the condition (A’).

(B’) even if the condition (B) is not satisfied, we check the agreement between
the readings of WLSP and UniDic.
The following example shows the aligned pair as defined by the condition (B’).

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JADH 2018(C’) even if the condition (C) is not satisfied, we check the agreement between
the class of WLSP and the examples of UniDic POS.
The following example shows the aligned pair as defined by the condition (C’).

We annotate the same word relation from all the entries of WLSP to UniDic
lexemes. Some relations between the WLSP entries and the UniDic lexemes are not oneto-on relations, i.e. neither injective (n-to-one) nor functional (one-to-n).
The following example shows relations that are not injective (n-to-one). In total,
10,683 UniDic lexemes are assigned to multiple WLSP entries. The maximum number of
WLSP entries for one UniDic lexeme is 13.

The following example shows relations that are not functional (one-to-n).
Nonfunctional relations, ranging from one WLSP to multiple UniDic lexemes, are limited to127

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270 WLSP entries. The maximal number of assigned UniDic lexemes is limited to 2.

Finally, the alignment table is available: https://github.com/masayua/wlsp2unidic.
We also developed Windows wrapper GUI `ChaMame’ for a morphologicalanalyser MeCab to extract all possible WLSP article numbers. We demonstrate the GUI
tools at the poster presentation.

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A pilot study on the museum visitors interest by using
eye tracking system
Emi Koseto-Horyu1
Introduction
Today, museums face many challenges, one of these is how to build a relationshipbetween museum exhibitions and the visitors. Currently, understanding the exhibitions’effect to the visitors, questionnaires are often used. However, the number of visitors fillingin the questionnaire is a specific type, and the result is considered not to show the overall
trend of visitors. Therefore, an idea has come to the author that it could be possible toknow what factors or contents affect and retain the visitors by using eye tracking system,
since eye tracking gives the data that the visitors are looking for with unconsciously.
Previous eye tracking studies in museums
History of studies on eye tracking analysis is back to the early 20th century. Many studies
using eye movements to investigate cognitive processes have appeared from mid-1970s.
Rayner was reviewed about studies of eye movements in reading and other information
processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception(Rayner, 1998).
However, in the field of museums, research using gaze measurement
has become popular since the 21st century. In recent years, the number of researches
using eye tracking measurement is increasing in museums to see how visitors see
paintings. I introduce some examples here. Wooding and colleagues installed eye tracking
system and collected data from over 5000 subjects looking at arts from the National Gallery(Wooding, 2002; Wooding et al.,2002). Though they used non-mobile eye tracking
system, but nowadays, due to the spread of mobile sys tracking device, there are manystudies in museums. Mayr showed a case study in a small museum exhibition to
discusses the suitability of tracking visitors’ eye movements as a method to explore
mobile learning in museums. (Mayr et al.,2009). Massaro revealed that the movement of
the viewer's gaze is different by the theme of paintings (Massaro et al.,2012). Ahmad,
even the arts were displayed on the computer monitor, studied how the audience sees
famous paintings, like “Mona Lisa” by Leonardo Da Vinci or so (Ahmad 2015). and Walker
examined the eye movement behavior of children and adults looking at five Van Goghpaintings in the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. (Walker et al.,2017).
Following these previous studies, in this study, I set two goals, one is to knowwhat factors or contents are affective to the visitors by using eye tracking, the other is toknow the data of eye tracking has any relevance to the result of the questionnaires.
The
examinations were done for the portal exhibitions (called as “the mobile museum”)
developed by the National Museum of Japanese History (NMJH) and the National Instituteof for Japanese Language and Linguistic (NINJAL), aiming for contribute the social
education. Since the portal exhibition system can be disassembled, becomes compact
enough to be able to send by delivery service, it can be used at University, libraries, public
spaces or so on for people don’t have a chance to visit museums. This portal exhibitions
were first held from 7th of May to 25th of May in the Kanagawa University with the aim ofeducating college students and the examination of eye tracking was also first used at there.
MethodThe device of eye tracking that used is developed by Fujitsu, sold as “Eye Expert”, small(length1.2cm, width 7.1cm and height 1.2cm) enough to make people unconscious of its
existence. This eye tracking is based on measurement method called corneal reflex
method, and by analyzing movement of eyes by irradiating the cornea with near infraredrays, we can know "where and how it looks". The devices were placed on the bottom of
1

National Museum of Japanese History / National University of SOKENDAI (The Graduate
University for Advanced Studies)
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four panels used for the portable exhibitions, the geographic panel of the exhibition”
Taiwan and Japan – the earthquake in modern era- “, the Ukiyo-e panel for the exhibition“The big earthquake in Edo period and ukiyo-e”, the map panel for the exhibition“Japanese direct” and the panel for “Interactive language map”. When people stood infront of the panel and looked at it, the device automatically found out the eye moving andsend the data to PC. A questionnaire of the portal exhibitions was also placed to know theeffect and to compare the data of eye tracking.
Result and future research
The results are shown as Figure 1 (below). The eye tracking heat map of” Taiwan andJapan – the earthquake in modern era- “indicates that the visitors are closely watching theplace described in its explanation. However, in the heat map of “Interactive languagemap”, it is known that viewers are paying attention to judicial precedents and Japanesemaps rather than reading explanation. In addition, interestingly, although the result of thequestionnaire indicates that the viewer is more interested in “Interactive language map”
than” Taiwan and Japan – the earthquake in modern era- “, the viewer's gaze is closely
watching” Taiwan and Japan – the earthquake in modern era- “longer, rather than“Interactive language map”.

Figure 1. Heat map of eye movement. Lest is the map of Taiwan and Japan – theearthquake in modern era- “and right is the map of “Interactive language map”
Although, the amount of data is small at the present, better results can beobtained by accumulating data in the future. I will plan to be held the portable exhibition
and the Osaka Museum of History in July. I also plan to make the examination for thepermanent exhibitions of NMJH. By adding the data of these exhibitions and by comparing
both the questionnaires and the eye tracking data, we could know the museum visitors
interest and improve the exhibitions. I am convinced that it will contribute not only to
exhibition but also social education.
Bibliography[1] Rayner, K. (1998). “Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 Yearsof Research.” Psychological Bulletin, 124, pp. 372-422.
[2] Wooding, D. S., Muggelstone, M. D., Purdy, K. J., Gale, A. G. (2002). “Eye movementsof large populations: I. Implementation and performance of an autonomous public eye
tracker.” Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 34(4), pp.509-517.
[3] Wooding, D. S. (2002).” Eye movements of large populations: II. Deriving regions ofinterest, coverage, and similarity using fixation maps.” Behavior Research Methods,
Instruments and Computers, 34(4), pp. 518-528.
[4] Mayr, E., Knipfer, K., Wessel., D (2009) “In-Sights into Mobile Learning an Explorationof Mobile Eye Tracking Methodology for Learning in Museums.” Researching mobile
learning" Frameworks, methods, and research designs, pp189-204

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JADH 2018[5] Massaro, D., Savazzi, F., Di Dio, C., Freedberg, D., Gallese, V., Gilli, G., Marchetti,
A (2012). “When Art Moves the Eyes: A Behavioral and Eye-Tracking Study. “ PLoS one,
vol. 7, issue 5, p. e37285[6] Ahmad,G. (2015).” Eye Fixation curves along Analogical Thinking in Scene Viewing Eye
Fixation curves along Analogical Thinking in Scene Viewing.” International Journal ofEngineering and Industries (IJEI) Volume 6, Number 1 pp54 -62[7] Walker, F., Bucker, B., Anderson, NC., Schreij, D., Theeuwes J (2017) “Looking at
paintings in the Vincent Van Gogh Museum: Eye movement patterns of children andadults.” PloS one, vol,12 issue 6, p. e0178912

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In nihilum reverteris – retro text game
Robert Hellboj Straka1, Yerzmyey2, Piotr Marecki3
The proposed poster is devoted to the In nihilum reverteris (2018) retro text gamedeveloped for an 8-bit ZX Spectrum computer. The work represents an old school sci-fi
text adventure game comparable with former text games from the 80' era. The game itself
behave as interactive book with different pathways, the player can take during the
gameplay. We used the assembly language to code the game engine. This low-levelapproach was used mainly to allow 64x24 characters per screen, faster user-gameinteraction and to play in-game music on the AY-3-8912 chip. The text is accompaniedwith graphical screens which are loaded during the game progress. Due to enormous sizeof the whole project and to minimize tape/disk operations, the game was developed for
128K versions of ZX Spectrum only and divided to two parts. Port of the game to the
Raspberry PI (RPI) and other linux enabled architectures for which SDL library can beinstalled or compiled, AmigaOne, Atari 8-bit, Apple II (with enhanced graphics) is also partof the project. Several other ports are in preparation: Commodore 64, Atari ST. RPI version
is based on the low-level SDL (Simple DirectMedia Level) library and developed in the C
language. It is available as an open-source package to enable its compilation on every
linux platform using provided Makefile. No graphics acceleration is needed and the game
will run on the minimal resources where just frame buffer and sound subsystems areavailable and accessible to the SDL libraries. The artists used ZX Spectrum computer tocreate an advanced digital work in 2018, because of its constraints (it is said ZX Spectrum
is the most limited computer among 8-bit platforms). The game is a collaboration beetween
demosceners: Yerzmyey (music, text, graphic design) and Hellboj (code). Piotr Marecki isa producer of the work. In nihilum reverteris is one of the of the digital works on retro
platforms developed in the UBU lab at the Jagiellonian University. The lab primarily
produces digital works that can function in a few fields of the demoscene, electronic
literature, video games and media art. The research conducted in the lab focuses on,among other things, local phenomena in the digital media field, e.g. strategies for cloning
platforms in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the digital genres and their specificfeatures in Central and Eastern Europe. The artists, programmers and scholars affiliatedwith the lab develop new genres and communication practices (technical reports, open
notebook science) to describe the creative process in its widest definition in the era ofdigital textuality. The project has been made possible through the support of the Polish
Ministry of Science and Higher Education "National Programme for the Development of
Humanities".
References
Montfort, N. (2003). Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction. Cambridge:
MIT Press.
Christie, T. A. (2016). The Spectrum of Adventure A Brief History of Interactive Fiction on
the Sinclair ZX Spectrum. Extremis Publishing.

1

AGH University of Science and Technology
independent artist
3
Jagiellonian University
2132

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The Possibilities of a Participatory Digital Humanities
Platform: A Case Study of the Japan Disasters Archive(JDA)
Andrew Gordon1, Katherine Matsuura1
When triple disaster struck Japan in 2011 (earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown),
the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies at Harvard University was one of manyorganizations that sprang into action through the capture and preservation of information.
As outlined in a 2011 Reconstruction Report to Japan’s Prime Minister, these steps to“record the disaster for eternity” have been both an attempt “to remember and honor the
many lives that have been lost,” as well as “draw lessons that will be shared with the world
and passed down to posterity” (Reconstruction Design Council, 2011: 2). This has resulted,
as of 2018, in a total of more than 60 disaster archives in Japan.
Given that Harvard University is physically remote from both Japan and theimpacted Tohoku region, it was initially unclear whether a meaningful contribution was
possible or realistic. As a project of Reischauer Institute, the Japan Disasters Digital
Archive (JDA) had been archiving and preserving a number of tweets, testimonials, andfull-text English news articles, but ultimately, it is not this content that make the projectunique. Instead, the JDA has been focused on building a federation of existing Japanesedigital archives and promoting various shared usages of the massive dataset being
collected on the ground in Japan.
As of June 2018, the Japan Disasters Archive allows users to access more than
1.6 million items drawn from websites, images, video/audio content, documents, news
headlines, and tweets in collaboration with more than a dozen institutions andorganizations in Japan. The number of partners continues to grow even today, but JDA
does not actually host the majority of this content. Instead, materials are linked via shared
API in partnership with other archives. Although all partners benefit from an international
platform and wider accessibility, the real appeal and value of the Japan Disasters Archiveis the public space it provides for information sharing, collaboration, and conversation for
citizens, researchers, students, and policy makers. It is an interactive space thatencourages and thrives on user participation.

1

Harvard University
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The JDA works with crowd sourcing in a number of ways. The first feature is theability for users to contribute materials and directly submit resources to the archive. This
includes websites, videos, photographs, or testimonials related to personal experiences ofdisaster and its aftermath. Contributions to the archive can be made in multiple languages,
using a submission form or bookmarklet. Users are also encouraged to add their own
metadata and translate existing descriptions of the archived items into either English or
Japanese.

Discovery of JDA items is generated through keywords and user-generated tags,
and it is also facilitated by an innovative heat map feature that visualizes all materials thatare tagged with geographic information in real time.

Another way to participate with the JDA is through the creation of personalcollections. Once a user creates an account, they are able to compile, curate, and annotate
digital materials along a specific theme or area of interest, and this collection can then be
shared with a wider audience if the user wishes. Through the evolution of this project, it
has become clear that these “collections” are often part of an assigned course, and many
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JADH 2018of the 400 public collections have been created by students both in Japan, as well as theUnited States.

The most recent feature is an enhancement of these collections and is an attempt
to strengthen the pedagogical use of the JDA and any attempt to use its content fordisaster prevention and awareness. Launched in time for the March 11, 2018
commemoration, any user is now able to showcase their collection as a full screeninteractive, multimedia presentation. With the addition of this new feature, the Japan
Disasters Digital Archive is attempting to incorporate the learning process used incoursework and take a more wholistic approach when thinking about the goals andpurpose of a digital archive.

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References
Reconstruction Design Council. (2011). Towards Reconstruction: Hope Beyond theDisaster. [pdf] Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
Available athttps://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/jfpu/2011/7/pdfs/0712.pdf (accessed 25 Jun. 2018).

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Digitizing Zeami
Hanna McGaughey1
Zeami (ca. 1363 - ca. 1443) was an actor, troupe leader, playwright, and composer who
wrote treatises about the performing art known today as noh. These treatises relate his
unique approach to the artistic process, focusing on practice as cultivation and on theneed for understanding interpersonal relationships as the basis for successfulcommunication. He describes performers’ unique challenges and appropriate tasks fordifferent stages in their lifetimes, thereby demonstrating his focus on cultivation[1]. His
formulation “view from a removed perspective” (riken no ken) refers to the need for
performers to relativize their own understanding of performance situations and consider
audiences’ perspectives[2]. These ideas suggest that Zeami considered artists’ selfconscious grasp of their own contingency essential to successful artistry. However,modern Japanese scholarship since the early twentieth century heralds Zeami as an artistic
genius worthy of representing Japanese culture, albeit an alternative to the predominantaristocratic culture of his time, and modern critical editions incorporate this view in their
expositions. In digitizing influential modern commentary and examples from the premodern manuscript tradition, I aim to not only create an online critical edition of Zeami’s
work, but also to highlight and question the implicit views concerning art and culture thathave informed previous editions.
Because Zeami’s treatises were secretly transmitted by his heirs in various
performer families, they were not widely available until Yoshida Tōgo’s initial publicationsin 1908 and 1909[3]. In the century since then, Zeami’s texts have been published in many
critical editions. Nose Asaji presented the first annotated edition in two volumes publishedin 1940 and 1944[4]. Nose’s commentary influenced Omote Akira’s annotations in thecurrent standard academic edition, volume twenty four in the Nihon shiso taikei series.
About the relationship between expertise and success as a performer Zeami writes,
In all matters, some people have a certain kind of proficiency and are recognized for it.
Sometimes others, even though they have attained a superior artistic rank, are unable
to manage this particular thing[5].
Nose claims that this “certain kind of proficiency” refers to “inborn natural talent”(umaretsuki no tenpin) and Omote agrees that it refers to “inborn, personal advantage”(umaretsuki mi nitsuite iru chōsho)[6]. Both notes suggest that certain individuals are bornwith unique artistic aptitude. Notions of artistic creativity at the time of the treatises’
discovery were influenced by the Hegelian notion that an artist with genius could ensure
the inherent unity in a work of art that scholars such as Ernest Fenollosa introduced toJapan as a modern, scientific norm[7]. I want to know to what extent the reasons for
Zeami’s appeal in early twentieth century Japan and international scholarship shaped theconsequent analysis of his work. While a digital critical edition will enable machine
searches of secondary as well as primary text, the principle advantage of a digital criticaledition will be that it opens the field for alternative annotations by a community of
researchers and students.
I have begun transcribing Nose’s edition and supplementary manuscripts andmarking up both using TEI. To enable thorough machine searches of the texts, I need toeither mark all character and script variations or use a search engine with a fluctuating
search function (Jp. yuragi kensaku kinō). As I proceed, I intend to collate the texts andmake them available through an online user interface. To facilitate community collaborationand discussion about alternative annotations, I will initially build an online forum before
considering further options for text manipulation such as administrative status for selectindividuals. At the beginning of this project, various issues concerning text ownership andcopyright have presented themselves. Because Omote’s academic edition is covered by
1

University of Trier
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copyright until 2060, Nose’s edition provides the initial basis for the project. The performer
families who still own most of the important manuscripts carefully protect access even in
online archives because copyright does not directly protect their own artistic expertise[8].
Use of manuscript images will require carefully navigating relationships with Japanese
researchers, archivists, and performers. Because the copyright status of all earlytranslations of these texts is murky at best, I welcome suggestions for building a system
similar to Google books that provides text snippets as search results. Including collatedtranslations would clarify the broader consequences of editorial decisions in writing
annotations and would make the texts accessible to a wider audience. This poster will
introduce the motivation and initial design of the project and key challenges in its
implementation.
Bibliography
Hare, Tom, trans. Zeami Performance Notes. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
“Kōekishadan hōjin Nōgakukyōkai | Chosakuken kanren nitsuite.” Accessed June 25, 2018.
http://www.nohgaku.or.jp/copyright/index.html.
Nose Asaji, ed. Zeami jūroku bushū hyōshaku. 2 vols. Tokyo: 1940 and 1944.
Omote Akira, ed. Zeami Zenchiku. Tokyo: Iwanami, 1974. See esp. “Fūshikaden dai ichi
nenrai keiko jōjō,” 15-20, and “Kakyō,” 84-109.
Rimer, J. Thomas. “Hegel in Tokyo: Ernest Fenollosa and His 1882 Lecture on the Truthof Art.” In Japanese Hermeneutics: Current Debates on Aesthetics and Interpretation.
Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2002.
Yokoyama Tarō. “Zeami hakken: Kindai nōgakushi ni okeru Yoshida Tōgo Zeami jūroku
bushū no igi nitsuite,” Interdisciplinary cultural studies 9 (2004), 19-45.
Yoshida Tōgo, ed. Zeami jūroku bushū. Tokyo: Nōgakukai, 1909.
[1] Omote Akira, ed., “Fūshikaden dai ichi nenrai keiko jōjō,”in Zeami Zenchiku (Tokyo:
Iwanami, 1974), 15-20.
[2] Cf. Omote Akira, ed., “Kakyō” in Zeami Zenchiku (Tokyo: Iwanami, 1974), 88.
[3] Yoshida Tōgo, ed., Zeami jūroku bushū (Tokyo: Nōgakukai, 1909).
[4] Nose Asaji, ed., Zeami jūroku bushū hyōshaku (Tokyo: 1940 [vol. 1] and 1944 [vol. 2]).
[5] Tom Hare, trans., Zeami Performance Notes (New York: Columbia University Press,
2008), 42.
[6] Nose, ed., Jūroku bushū hyōshaku 98 and Omote, ed., Zeami Zenchiku 32.
[7] Yokoyama Tarō, “Zeami hakken: Kindai nōgakushi ni okeru Yoshida Tōgo Zeami jūroku
bushū no igi nitsuite,” Interdisciplinary cultural studies 9 (2004), 37-38 and J. Thomas
Rimer, “Hegel in Tokyo: Ernest Fenollosa and His 1882 Lecture on the Truth of Art” inJapanese Hermeneutics: Current Debates on Aesthetics and Interpretation (Honolulu:
University of Hawai‘i Press, 2002): 105.
[8] “Kōekishadan hōjin Nōgakukyōkai | Chosakuken kanren nitsuite,” accessed June 25,
2018, http://www.nohgaku.or.jp/copyright/index.html.

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Building Linguistically and Intertextually Tagged Coptic
Corpora with Open Source Tools
So Miyagawa1, Amir Zeldes2, Marco Büchler3, Heike Behlmer1, Troy Griffitts4* This work has been supported by joint funding from the National Endowment for the
Humanities (NEH grant HG-229371) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG project
273503199), and funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft’s Collaborative ResearchCentre 1136 “Education and Religion in Cultures of the Mediterranean and Its Environment
from Ancient to Medieval Times and to the Classical Islam,” B05 “Biblical Interpretationand Educational Traditions in Coptic-speaking Egyptian Christianity of Late Antiquity:
Shenoute, Canon 6.”
Coptic is the last stage of the Egyptian language. Before Coptic, Ancient Egyptian was
written in Hieroglyphs, Hieratic, and Demotic scripts. Starting in the third century CE(excluding “Old Coptic”), Coptic used an alphabet based on the Greek and several added
Demotic letters. A large but understudied corpus of literary texts exists in Coptic, including
important Gnostic, monastic and Manichaean texts, as well as early Biblical translations.
Efforts to build a digital Coptic corpus are still in their initial phases. In this paper, we
present the most recent work in a partnership of Digital Humanities projects. Coptic
SCRIPTORIUM (Schroeder and Zeldes, 2016) is a major initiative endeavoring to put
corpora online which are linguistically and philologically annotated (i.e. supporting
grammatical, paleographical and literary annotations), while projects in Göttingen are
producing digital editions of Coptic texts focusing on philological standards and criticaleditions: A project at the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities is preparing acomplete digital edition of the Coptic Old Testament (Behlmer and Feder, 2017), and in a
project of Collaborative Research Centre 1136 “Education and Religion” digital diplomatic
editions of selected works of Shenoute and Besa, 4th-5th century abbots of the WhiteMonastery in Upper Egypt, are being prepared for text reuse research (see below). Basedon our experiences, we have schematized workflows for building Coptic corpora withlinguistic and literary information by using open source programs, merging data from OCR(Optical Character Recognition) and transcription sources, Natural Language Processing(NLP) tools, and manual annotation interfaces allowing for the correction of automatic tool
output.
Digital transcriptions of Coptic texts are acquired in several ways, taking care totarget either out-of-copyright editions or diplomatic transcriptions of manuscripts, both ofwhich can be made freely available under Creative Commons licenses. For data not yet
available in digital transcription, we adopted OCRopus, an open-source, languageindependent neural network-based OCR program first developed by Thomas Breuel(Bulert et al., 2017). Our OCRopus model, trained for Coptic print editions, achieves a highaccuracy rate close to 97%. The open-source data is available at the GitHub repository of
the KELLIA project (https://github.com/KELLIA/CopticOCR, accessed 6 July 2018).
In addition to OCR data, we are working to offer consistent representations of
already digitized texts. Pioneers of Coptic DH such as Tito Orlandi have accumulated
digital transcriptions using old ASCII-based fonts that display the Latin alphabet in a Coptic
font. Since 2013, Coptic SCRIPTORIUM has undertaken to convert and re-publish such
1

University of Göttingen / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Collaborative ResearchCentre 1136 “Education and Religion in Cultures of the Mediterranean and Its Environment
from Ancient to Medieval Times and to the Classical Islam,” B 05 “Biblical Interpretationand Educational Traditions in Coptic-speaking Egyptian Christianity of Late Antiquity:
Shenoute, Canon 6”
2
Georgetown University
3
University of Göttingen
4
Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
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data, as well as digitizing new texts in Unicode. A Unicode converter for old ASCII fontencodings is available on the SCRIPTORIUM website. Using converted texts, OCR dataand new transcriptions, a broad collection of digital Coptic texts has been produced.
To validate the results of both conversions and of new digital transcriptions, we
use two freely available annotation interfaces: the Virtual Manuscript Room developed byTroy Griffitts (VMR, https://vmrcre.org/, accessed 6 July 2018, see Griffitts, 2017), and
GitDox (Zhang and Zeldes, 2017, https://corpling.uis.georgetown.edu/gitdox/, accessed 6
July 2018), an annotation environment optimized for correcting linguistic annotations.
The VMR editor enables a team to produce online diplomatic and critical editions,using digital manuscripts images. In this phase, we can correct the errors of the OCR, thedigital or the original transcriber. Moreover, one can tag philological information
appropriate for Coptic and Greek manuscripts and export the data in a TEI XML format.
The GitDox interface offers XML validation options as well, but also includes a
spreadsheet-based interface, which makes it easy to view aligned annotations at the levelsof word forms, phrases, and sentences. It is being used to correct automatic part-ofspeech (POS) tagging, lemmatization, and morphological analysis, among other things.
Coptic Scriptorium’s NLP pipeline (Zeldes and Schroeder, 2016) provides
automatic linguistic analyses, including a morphological tokenizer for the highly
agglutinative complex word forms used in Coptic, a lemmatizer linked to the Coptic
Dictionary Online (https://corpling.uis.georgetown.edu/coptic-dictionary/, accessed 6 July2018), automatic POS tagging, language of origin detection for Greek loan words, and asyntactic dependency parser which outputs annotations in the Universal Dependencies
scheme (http://universaldependencies.org/, accessed 6 July 2018). All of these tools aretrainable, meaning they could also be used to benefit automatic analysis in other languages
with similar challenges. The Coptic texts of the manuscripts are in scriptio continua. Manymodern editions, however, insert spaces between phrases known as bound groups,
similarly to the analysis of complex space-delimited word forms in modern Arabic andHebrew, or related ancient language varieties, such as Biblical Hebrew, Classical Arabic,
or Syriac. Thus, the tokenization and “word”-segmentation are a key component for Coptic
NLP. Coptic SCRIPTORIUM’s tools currently achieve an average of 98.82% correctboundary detection, or 94.87% perfectly segmented bound groups in tokenization. Basedon this tokenization, we tag the linguistic categories mentioned above, i.e. POS tagging,syntactic parsing, lemmatization and language of origin, which can then undergo manual
correction. The data is exported in a number of formats, including EpiDoc XML (Bodard
and Stoyanova, 2016), TreeTagger SGML (Schmid, 1994) and Paula XML (Dipper, 2005),
all of which are well documented open standards. Finally, one can visualize the corpus
with linguistic and philological tags using ANNIS (Krause and Zeldes, 2016), a search andvisualization platform for richly annotated corpora which is currently in use for a variety of
Digital Humanities corpora.
With annotated corpora at hand, we have focused on applications such as text
reuse detection and visualizing intertextuality among Coptic monastic texts. The latterincorporates quotations from other texts considered authoritative, especially from the
Coptic translation of the Bible. The eTRAP research group of the University of Göttingen
has developed TRACER (Büchler et al., 2018 forthcoming), a program to detect text reuse,
especially in classical or historical languages. Using TRACER we have found previously
undetected quotations of the Bible in selected works of the abbots Shenoute and Besa.
The information gained is visualized using the TRAViz program (Jänicke et al., 2015) andcan be represented in ANNIS.
The means to build a Coptic corpus using only open data and tools are currently
only available for Sahidic, the main literary dialect of Coptic in Late Antiquity. Extending
this work to other dialects, we ultimately hope to provide standards of Natural Language
Processing for the entire Coptic literary corpus.

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Figure 1: Coptic XML corpora visualized by ANNIS from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM
References
Behlmer, H. and Feder, F. (2017). “The Complete Digital Edition and Translation of the
Coptic Sahidic Old Testament. A New Research Project at the Göttingen Academy of
Sciences and Humanities.” Early Christianity, 8: 97–107.
Bodard, G. and Stoyanova, S. (2016). “Epigraphers and Encoders: Strategies for
Teaching and Learning Digital Epigraphy.” In Bodard, G. and Romanello, M. (eds) DigitalClassics Outside the Echo-Chamber: Teaching, Knowledge Exchange & Public
Engagement. London: Ubiquity Press, pp. 51–68.
Büchler, M., Franzini, G., Franzini, E., Moritz, M. and Bulert, K. (2018 forthcoming).
“TRACER - a Multilevel Framework for Historical Text Reuse Detection.” Journal of Data
Mining and Digital Humanities (Special Issue on Computer-Aided Processing ofIntertextuality in Ancient Languages).
Bulert, K., Miyagawa, S. and Büchler, M. (2017). “Optical Character Recognition with a
Neural Network Model for Printed Coptic Texts.” In Rhian L. et al. (eds) Digital
Humanities 2017 Conference Abstracts. pp. 657–9.
Dipper, S. (2005). “XML-based Stand-off Representation and Exploitation of Multi-Level
Linguistic Annotation.” In Proceedings of Berliner XML Tage 2005 (BXML 2005). Berlin,
pp. 39-50.
Griffitts, T. (2017). Software for the Collaborative Editing of the Greek New Testament.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham.
Jänicke, S, Geßner, A, Franzini, G., Terras, M., Mahony, S. and Scheuermann, G.
(2015). “TRAViz: A Visualization for Variant Graphs.” Digital Scholarship in the
Humanities (Digital Humanities 2014 Special Issue).
Krause, T. and Zeldes, A. (2016). “ANNIS3: A new architecture for generic corpus queryand visualization.” Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 2016, 31.
http://dsh.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/1/118 (accessed 6 July 2018).
Schmid, H. (1994). “Probabilistic Part-of-Speech Tagging Using Decision Trees.” In
Proceedings of International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing.
Manchester.
Schroeder, C. T. and Zeldes, A. (2016). “Raiders of the Lost Corpus.” Digital Humanities
Quarterly, 10(2). http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/10/2/000247/000247.html(accessed 6 July 2018).
Zeldes, A. and Schroeder, C. T. (2016). “An NLP Pipeline for Coptic.” In Proceedings of
LaTeCH 2016 - The 10th SIGHUM Workshop at the Annual Meeting of the ACL. Berlin,
pp. 146–55.
Zhang, S. and Zeldes, A. (2017). “GitDOX: A Linked Version Controlled Online XML Editor
for Manuscript Transcription.” In Proceedings of FLAIRS 2017, Special Track on Natural
Language Processing of Ancient and other Low-resource Languages. Marco Island,
Florida, pp. 619–23.
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Transitions of Plot Elements in a Japanese Detective
Comic
Hajime Murai1
Introduction
In the field of literary studies, research on narratives structures and story patterns is called“narratology.” Various studies conducted in the field of narratology have been based onhumanities studies. For instance, Propp insisted that the functions of character roles instories can be categorized based on a few patterns in specific genre (31 story functions
and 7 character roles in Russian folktales) (Propp, 1968). Greimas hypothesized that thestructures of general stories can be divided and symbolized by certain elements. In
addition, these elements can be categorized into few symbols (Greimas, 1966). Other thanthat, Genette analyzed the stylistic and semantic differences between the sequences inthe story narration and their chronological order (Genette, 1972).
Moreover, based on those research results, there have been some attempts togenerate stories automatically by utilizing computers and various other information
technologies. In order to generate stories, it is necessary to evaluate the naturality andinterestingness of the sequences of the plot elements. To resolve this issue, the What If
Machine Project developed a database of common consequences for various situations
and made stories by selecting logically connectable events (The What-If Machine Project,2013). In another case, the Kimagure AI Project made templates of general story structures
to generate various easily understandable stories (Toyosawa et al., 2018). However, there
is only few case studies of empirical data about the sequences based on existing story
works. Therefore, it is not clear how the sequences in stories can be made natural andinteresting.
In this study, the detective story genre was selected in order to analyze plot
sequences quantitatively. Detective stories are highly patternized, include many shortstories, and are suitable for the purpose of collecting many sample works. Therefore,
detective stories seemed to be adequate for this study. The plot elements from thedetective stories were symbolized in order to analyze the frequencies and patterns of plot
elements in the sequences. By describing plots as sequences of machine-readable
symbols, the plots transitions, initial and final situations, and whole narrative structures
could be analyzed. By using these quantitative data, it is possible to extract frequent
patterns to compute the transition probability of plot elements. This could be one of thefoundations for automatic plot generation by computers in the future.
Target Contents
In this research study, the Japanese detective comic series “Case Closed” (the Japanese
title is “Meitantei Conan”) was targeted for analysis (Aoyama, 1994). “Case Closed” is abest-selling detective story series and is famous as a successful multimedia property inJapan. “Case Closed” has been serialized in the comic magazine “Weekly Shōnen Sunday”
since 1994, its episodes’ number more than 1000, and the latest comic book installment
was volume 94 (published in December 2017). The total number of copies printed are
estimated to be more than 100 million. This work has been aired as an ongoing TV anime
series for more than 20 years (since 1996). “Case Closed” includes many homages to
traditional detective stories such as those of Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie. The
plot style of each case follows that of traditional detective stories. Moreover, because themain reader demographic of the series is young boys, the story structure tends to be very
simple and easily understandable, with explicit explanations of the tricks and mysteries
employed. For this research study, the comics of volumes 1 to 45 were analyzed as thedata source (volumes in 10 years). Because the number of episodes differed from the1

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number of actual cases, 134 cases out of 461 episodes were targeted for analysis. On
average, 3 to 4 episodes were found to correspond to one case.
Categorization of Plot Elements
Although there are many methods to categorize story plots based on certain elements, thisresearch study focused on the general functions in detective stories in order to describe
plot elements. The macro-level functions of stories were utilized for dividing andcategorizing plot elements manually. The story functions for 134 cases were thendescribed and synthesized on the basis of the frequently appearing typical functions ofdetective stories. As a result, the study depicted 134 cases with 47 types of plot elements.
The 47 types of plot elements are shown in table 1. A total of 1123 plot elements wereobtained. Each case includes 8.4 plot elements on average.
Patterns of Plot Transition
In order to investigate the sequential relationships between each plot element, thetransitions between those plot elements were visualized as a direct network (Figure 1) by
utilizing Graphviz (Ellson et al., 2003). For visualization purposes, the numbers of sequential
transitions for two different plot elements were aggregated in 134 cases, and frequenttransitions (more than 3) were utilized as edges in the network. Each plot element was anode for the network. The nodes’ font sizes were changed in proportion to the frequencyof each plot element.
Table 1. Types and number of appearances of plot elements

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Figure 1. The transition network of plot elements in the detective story
Figure 1 shows that the fundamental narrative patterns can be symbolized as thetransitions of typical functions in detective stories. Based on frequently appearing plot
elements, it is clear that the common story pattern in the famous Japanese comic detective
series “Case Closed” can be described as a sequence consisting of “Introduction,”“Appearance of Cadaver,” “Investigation,” “Past Case,” “Reasoning,” “Confession,” and“Arrest.” On the other hand, based on the quantitative structure of this transitional network,
human-like plot sequence generation could be enabled by utilizing mathematicalmethodologies such as the random walks in the Markov chain model.
Conclusions and Future Work
This study conducted the data description of 134 detective stories and listed 47 types ofplot elements in order to realize a computational narratological analysis. Moreover, thetransitions between various plot elements were visualized as a network. Although theobjectivity of symbolization needs to be verified by other coder, this computational
narratological result could be one of the foundations of automatic story generation by
artificial intelligence in the future.
Aoyama, G. (1994). Case Closed, Weekly Shōnen Sunday, Shogakukan.
Ellson, J., Gansner, E., Koutsofios, E., North, S., and Woodhull, G. (2003). "Graphviz
and dynagraph - static and dynamic graph drawing tools," Graph drawing software,
Springer-Verlag, pp. 127-148.
Genette, G. (1972). Discours du recit in Figures III, Èditions du Seuil.
Greimas, A. J. (1966). Sémantique structurale : recherche de méthode, Larousse.
Propp, V. (1968). Morphology of the Folktale, University of Texas Press.
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What-If
MachineProject.
(2013).
“The
What-If
Machine,”http://ccg.doc.gold.ac.uk/research/whim/resources/poster_UC.pdf, Last accessed 12
Apr 2018.
Todorov, T. (1977). “The Typology of Detective Fiction,” The poetics of prose, pp. 42-52.

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Toyosawa, S., Kudou, H., Ishita K., Endou, S., Kawase, R., Kikuchi, R., Kudou, K.,
Kurihara, M., Sakurai, K., Satou, Y., Tamaki, H., Nemoto, Y., Harashima, M., Hisano,T., Hirata, I., Murai, H., Tsubakimoto, Y., Sumi, K., and Matsubara, H. (2018).
“Development and Evaluation of an Interactive System That Automatically Generates
and Visualizes Detective Novel Plots,” SIG Technical Report Computer and Humanities,
2018-CH-116(13): 1-5.

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Open Data as the Essentials of Teaching and Textual
Research
Susan Allés-Torrent1, Mitsunori Ogihara1
This paper arises from our experience in teaching digital humanities (Brier, 2012), at theundergraduate level, in an initiative shared among participants from Modern Languages
and Literature, English, and Computer Science at the University of Miami in Florida, USA.
We will share some of the challenges we have encountered, and stress the usefulness ofopen data for conducting research in linguistic corpora and teaching students thenecessary skills for the research, including text mining and topic modeling. In the field ofdigital humanities, an important question is the universality of the method used, that is, theapplicability of an approach developed for studying a corpus to the study of anothercorpus. Furthermore, the scalability of the approach used for much larger data sets (howmuch resources the approach consumes as the data size grows) is a question. Althoughlarge textual corpora with appropriate text encoding do exist, large datasets that serve thepurpose are hard to come by. Thus, to study the question of scalability, one may try
assembling various data sets. The need for combining smaller data sets to generate a large
data set raises a question of adapting existing, possibly heterogeneous open data sets toa certain data format into one aggregate data set. Unfortunately, the field lacks open
textual data sets, specifically in non-English languages, and this fact hinders both our
research and teaching.
While the use of free-access data sets is attractive, scholars have been careful
about making their scholarly data available to anyone to access for free as well as using
data collected by others (Borgman, 2012). The hesitation to share data with other scholars
stems both from the difficulty in harvesting and formatting data and from the lack ofstandard practices for acknowledging the effort of others. The hesitation to use someone
else’s data comes from the fear and the difficulty of using data of unknown format and of
unknown quality. To promote open data scholarship in humanities, the field must develop
practices that benefit the creators as well as the users.
One of the key issues that we face is data formatting. Important points in data
formatting are as follows:• Preservation of the source of the raw data. For future changes in data formatting
and for verifying reproducibility, it is important to keep a copy of the raw. However,most of the times raw data itself cannot be published due to copyright issues.
• Preservation of the strategies and tools used for processing raw data. In someresearch areas, software may quickly come and go. For reproducibility purposes
again, it is very important to save a copy of the software tools and preserve
platforms on which the software tools could be run. The strategies are not like tools
and it is important to document the process implemented in processing the data.
• Using a generic scheme for formatting the open data component. Using an XML
format may come natural to the humanists, but in many cases, it is important thatthe definitions of the attributes and the data structure are made very clear.
• Text encoding. For non-English corpora, characters with diacritics and special
symbols must be chosen with some careful standardizations. Also, there are
multiple character codes that represent quotation marks and punctuation marks.
Creators should state which symbol scheme is used, and stick to the scheme. The
use of well-defined data formats makes it easier for the users to incorporate thedata for their own analysis.

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Another important issue is data harvesting. If multiple possible sources exist for raw data,a source must be chosen to minimize the effort and maximize the amount of data obtained.
The reasoning and the process for choosing the data source must be well documented.
Digital humanities scholars must be fully aware of these issues when we takeupon the task of developing and/or using open data sets. We question, as educators, if wemust teach our students the awareness of these issues? When we use data sets in our,
we always pose questions such as:• Where does the raw data come from?
• If there is a data set on the Internet that can be downloaded by hand or using acomputer program, can a scholar go ahead and download it? If not, how should ascholar approach the owner of the raw data?
• What if the owner of the raw data refuses to permit the use of the data?
• If the raw data can be acquired or generated for a fee, how should a scholar garnerfunding for that?
• What is the benefit of sharing the data with others that was obtained with funding
and/or with substantial human effort?
• If research has been carried out with non-open data sets, how much of the research
process and findings can be disclosed, and how much can be shared with others?
Presently at the University of Miami, teaching of these issues is taking place notin multidisciplinary settings, but in domain specific settings (that is, in foreign language andin computer science courses and projects). The questions mentioned in the above areasked at appropriate points in student project: when the students start on their digital
humanities scholarly projects tasks and when their projects reach certain milestones. Thisis quite challenging, since the set of questions to be addressed is not common among the
projects, and thus, for the students to be exposed to a fuller set of issues, they will needmultiple projects. In the present teaching environment, an effective way to build awarenessof these issues appears to be through forums in which the students share their experience
with others.
References
Borgman, C. L. (2012). The Conundrum of Sharing Research Data, Advances inInformation Science, 63(6):1059-1078.
Brier, S. (2012). Where’s the Pedagogy? The Role of Teaching and Learning in the Digital
Humanities, Gold, M. K. (ed), Debates in the Digital Humanities. Minneapolis: Universityof Minnesota Press.

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The Italian reception of the English Novel.
A digital enquiry on Eighteenth Century literary
journalism
Andrea Penso1
This short paper aims at showing the first results of the ongoing collaborative research
project The reception of the English novel in the Italian literary press between 1700 and
1830: a transcultural enquiry into the early shaping of the modern Italian literary and cultural
identity. The research focuses on an existing corpus of data relative to the publication,dissemination, translations, critical reviews, and editorial advertisements of English novels
in Italian literary newspapers and journals of the time. The main purpose of the project isto uncover how the English novels were introduced to the Italian readership through literary
journalism with the application of Digital Humanities methodologies of investigation. Oneof the project goals is in fact to create a methodological paradigm that may be extended
to the study of the reception of English novels in the literary journalism of other nations.
The present paper therefore has two primary objects:a) To show for the first time to the public the first research output: an open access,bilingual, and annotated digital repository, which consists of a Drupal-based software forcorpora, and represents an immediate way to develop the research. The first step of the
project has been the cataloguing, analysis, and digitization of the corpus of reviews. This
preliminarily created digital database allows the subsequent computational, textual andcritical surveys. The creation of the database allows also to understand the “genealogicaldimension” of the Italian reviews, i.e. the comparative analysis of reviews that were takenfrom French or English periodicals and made their way into the Italian press. These sources
have already been identified, and will allow to understand the extent of the influence French
and English journalism had on the Italian press and to outline the specific Italian input. The
text encoding of the reviews makes possible to point out the elements that are original andinnovative with respect to the foreign reviews of the time which the Italian press copied
from, often adapting the contents. The relational database makes also possible to focus
on the re-interpretations of Italian reviewers who drew on the Italian literary tradition but
challenged its subjects, genres and linguistic structures.
b) To illustrate the two main lines of approach that will be applied in order todigitally explore the corpus. The first consists of a stylistic and linguistic analysis of thereviews, which will be pursued equalizing and comparing stylistic and lexical constellations
belonging to different discursive practices from a number of periodicals and journalist.
Digital stylometry, word frequency and statistical analyses tools such as R, MiniTab andIntelligent Archive will be used during this phase. The study of the readers’ response to thecontents, spread by the novels via the reviews, is deeply connected to the stylistic analysisof the reviews. In fact, the outlining of the reviews’ stylistic features is crucial tounderstanding in which ways the contents were revealed to the public, and how theaudience was influenced in the perception of the moral values and the social messages of
the novels. The second line of approach will concern the spatial analysis of the data, which
will be mapped thanks to GIS (Geographical Information System) digital tools integrated
with Geo-criticism. The analysis spatial analysis allows the visualization of popular reading
trends in 18th and early 19th century Italy, and will be supported by a careful survey ofsources and their circulation, with a methodological approach combining Material Culture
and Philology.

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Sustainable Metadata Management for Cultural Heritage
Image Data using XMP
Oliver Pohl1
When managing large quantities of data, it is a common solution to utilize a centralized
data management software to forge a connection between metadata and the data objects
themselves. In case of text-based objects without any attached metadata, it is easy forhumans to contextualize these objects by recognizing patterns such as filenames, titles,
authors etc. This task becomes a challenge when dealing with non-text-based objects like
images in the cultural heritage domain. Without metadata or expert knowledge, it becomesdifficult to estimate the creation date of a painting or tell the name of its painter. Thus, theability to contextualize data depends on whether there is a working connection between
the metadata store and the data object itself. This connection fails as soon as the file is
moved on the file system without having these changes also applied in the corresponding
data base, or when the file is shared without a reference to its original location. This paper
presents an approach to overcome that type of co-dependency by utilizing XMP to embed
cultural heritage metadata directly into image files to ensure their location-independent
long-term preservation. The “Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi” Germany (CVMA) project
serves as an example use-case.
CVMA Germany is a joint project by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of
Sciences and Humanities and Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz, with teams
sitting in Berlin, Potsdam, Mainz and Freiburg. The focus of CVMA is to catalog anddocument stained glass windows situated in German churches built throughout the
medieval and early modern period. Furthermore, the project publishes collections ofstained glass photographs including metadata in an online image archive (CVMA
Deutschland, 2018). The most fundamental data are uncompressed high-resolution
photographs of the church windows. For proper documentation of these photos, theCVMA Germany developed its own metadata schema (CVMA Deutschland, 2016), building
upon Dublin Core (Weibel et al., 1998) and IPTC (2014), and implementing its own CVMA
namespace, which focuses on stained glass research in art history. When entering
metadata, the project also makes use of authority files such as the GND (Deutsche
Nationalbibliothek, 2018) for storing information about creators and donors, or geonames
to avoid any unambiguous data and create compatibility with the linked open data cloud.
To maintain readability of its image files in the future, the CVMA embeds
metadata directly into the files, thereby ensuring their readability across platforms without
running into any co-dependency with an additional management layer, thus creating aunion of the image and its metadata.
Regarding long-term preservation, the CVMA is guided by patterns employed in
the domain of text-based document preservation of PDF files. When creating PDF
documents, any fonts, images and additional metadata are embedded into the document
itself so users can access the contents as intended without the use of third party softwareor data (Adobe Systems, 2006).
In both cases, CVMA and PDF, metadata are embedded using the eXtensible
Metadata Platform (XMP) (Adobe Systems, 2012). When using XMP, it is possible to define
your own metadata schemata and embed metadata as RDF/XML into any file without
having any effect on its readability (Bright, 2006). For instance, when embedding metadata
into a TIFF file, image viewers with XMP capabilities can show these additional data, while
viewers without these capabilities remain unaffected and show the image as if it would notcontain any additional data. XMP has seen a surge of usage in digital asset management
systems (Regli, 2009) because of the easy way of jointly transporting files and metadata.
There are different workflows on how to embed and read XMP metadatathroughout the different project branches in Germany. The Freiburg team utilizes
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exiftoolGUI (2018), a graphical user interface wrapper for the EXIF- and XMP manipulationcommand line tool exiftool (Phil Harvey, 2018). Both are free open source software
products and can be configured to make use of custom metadata standards. However,these tools are only helpful when editing small sets of data or when searching across asmall pool of files, since they lack any management capabilities.
The team in Potsdam uses the proprietary application FotoStation (Fotoware,2018). In contrast to exiftoolGUI, FotoStation comes with management and search features.
Moreover, it is very easy to employ custom metadata standards and configure metadata
input forms by drag and drop, making it very user friendly. Unfortunately, there are only
few options when it comes to software that is capable of embedding XMP metadata into
files with the option of utilizing custom metadata standards.
When it comes to online display, the images are sent to the CVMA digital online
image archive. On ingest, the back-end extracts metadata into a relational data base for
efficiency purposes.
On the one hand the utilization of XMP comes with some challenges andobstacles. For instance, modifying just a single metadata field in a large TIFF file can bevery resource intense, since the whole image needs to be re-written. Additionally, although
the metadata is now embedded into the images, it takes strict file management guidelinesthat determine how to name and where to store files in order to avoid creating a messy filecollection. Moreover, it is still a challenge to integrate XMP-image-files into research datastores that handle heterogeneous types of data from varying domains of the sciences andhumanities (Grunzke et al., 2016).
Utilizing XMP has proven to be resourceful with the CVMA project for multiple
reasons. First, ensuring long-term preservation has become a matter of just backing up
the files. Secondly, due to its RDF/XML based nature, XMP makes it easy to extract andmap metadata into different metadata schemata for easier re-use in other online image
archives. Additionally, it also becomes easily feasible to expose the metadata to the linked
open data cloud. As for now, XMP had a very positive effect on the workflows within the
CVMA project by consolidating the (re-)use of existing metadata vocabularies, by using
authority files and creating a new metadata standard for church windows for other related
projects to re-use.
Bibliography
Adobe
Systems(ed).
(2006).
PDF
Reference:
sixth
edition.
https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_arc
hive/pdf_reference_1-7.pdf (accessed 4 May 2018).
Adobe Systems (ed). (2012). XMP Specification Part 1: Data Model, Serialization, andCore Properties. https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/
xmp/pdfs/XMP%20SDK%20Release%20cc-2016-08/XMPSpecificationPart1.pdf.
Bright, J. (2006). First steps: XMP. Journal of Digital Asset Management, 2(3–4): 198–202
doi:10.1057/palgrave.dam.3650025.
CVMA Deutschland (2016). Corpus Vitrearum Deutschland: XMP Metadatenspezifikation
Version1.1
http://www.corpusvitrearum.de/cvma-digital/spezifikationen/cvmaxmp/11.html (accessed 7 May 2018).
CVMA Deutschland (2018). Digitales Bildarchiv - Öffentliche Betaversion : Corpus
Vitrearum Deutschland http://www.corpusvitrearum.de/cvma-digital/bildarchiv.html(accessed 7 May 2018).
Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (2018). Gemeinsame Normdatei
http://www.dnb.de/DE/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.html (accessed 7 May 2018).
exiftoolGUI (2018). exifToolGUI http://u88.n24.queensu.ca/~bogdan/ (accessed 7 May
2018).
Fotoware (2018). FotoStation | Blazing fast photo management software
https://www.fotostation.com/ (accessed 7 May 2018).
Grunzke, R., Hartmann, V., Jejkal, T., Prabhune, A., Herold, H., Deicke, A., Hoffmann,A., Schrade, T., Meinel, G. and Herres-Pawlis, S. (2016). Towards a metadata-driven
multi-community research data management service. Rome, Italy.
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IPTC (2014). IPTC - NAA Information Interchange Model Version 4. International Press
Telecommunications Council http://www.iptc.org/std/IIM/4.2/specification/IIMV4.2.pdf(accessed 7 May 2018).
Phil Harvey (2018). ExifTool https://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/ (accessed 7
May 2018).
Regli, T. (2009). The state of digital asset management: An executive summary of CMS
Watch’s Digital Asset Management Report. Journal of Digital Asset Management, 5(1):21–26 doi:10.1057/dam.2008.49.
Weibel, S., Kunze, J., Lagoze, C. and Wolf, M. (1998). Dublin Core Metadata for
Resource Discovery. http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2413 (accessed 4 May 2018).

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The Visualization of Academic Inheritage in Historical
China
Yong Qiu1, Jun Wang1, Hongsu Wang1
Introduction
The visual analysis of academic inheritage of scholars and their students’ features can help
researchers to understand the evolution of their impact quickly. Many current humanities
researches focus on the qualitative sampling analysis. Therefore, we proposed anddesigned an academic analysis platform that users are able to search scholars’ successorsof multiple generations and study their basic features in a flexible and quantitative way.
Data and Method
The biographical data of the scholars and their relationships with successors come fromthe China Biographical Database Project[1] (CBDB). CBDB is a freely accessible relational
database consisting of Chinese Historical biographical information up to 417,000
individuals, primarily from the 7th through 19th centuries. We extracted the TeacherStudent relationship from the Scholarship catalog in CBDB social association types,
including Menren 門 人 , Student and Disciple 弟 子 . Those students followed theirteacher’s ideas in a formal way which are convinced to be called academic successors.
The academic visualization platform is organized in four parts:
Firstly, we used tree map to represent Teacher-Student relationship of all
generations until no successors can be searched, so that we can organize all the
relationships in a strict hierarchy. However, there were some challenges. The first challenge
is that some individuals had multiple teachers. The second challenge is that, we found avery special case. In this case, two scholars apprenticed with each other so much. Finally,
they became both teachers and students with each other. This relationship can’t bepresented by the tree map, so we only represented the relationship once. Another way toillustrate Teacher-Student relationship is network map. This kind of graph loses stricthierarchy while comparing to tree diagram. However, the advantage is that those individualwith multiple teachers can be easily picked up from network diagram. (see Figure. 1)

Figure 1 Comparison on tree and network diagram
Based on the construction of academic tree map and network map, we added
two useful functions. The first function is that the nodes in academic tree diagram can beclicked to collapse and expand if next-generation successors exists. The second functionis that the nodes in academic network diagram can be clicked to show the corresponding
biographical information which offered by CBDB API. These two functions provide ourusers with an interactive way to explore their own interests.

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Secondly, we visualized the geographical distribution of academic successors.
Geographical distribution can reflect the geographical changes of scholars’ impact. All the
successors with basic address affiliation were encoded with scatters on map and they canbe filtered by generation. The color of scatter corresponds to its generation from coolcolors to warm which helps us to see that whether scholars’ academic prosperity is close
to his contemporary era.
Another group feature is the posting rank distributions. In premodern China, thestudents with better performance in academia are more competitive in their official career.
Due to the complex and detailed bureaucratical system, Dr.Hu from department of historyof Peking University divided the official titles to five levels by official ranks. Finally, we
illustrate it with bar charts.
Results
We set up a website to let users to explore the visualization of the Scholars’ academic
successors in historical China(http://dh.kvlab.org/cbdb_vis/part2_dizinet_eng.html). The
website is programmed with Bootstrap.js, Echarts.js and Python.

Figure 2 Homepage of scholarship visualization platform
Take Zhou Dunyi（周敦颐）as an example, as a famous and important new
confucianist in the Song Dynasty, his academic ideas successfully continued to 9th
generation and started to boom from 4th generation because of Zhu Xi（朱熹） who is oneof the most famous Confucians in Chinese history.

Figure 3 Academic Visualization of Zhou Dunyi

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Conclusions and Future WorkIn this paper, we introduce our work on visualizing the Scholars’ academic successors inpremorden China. In the future, we will discover the relation between academic andrelatives or some other social relations.
References[1] Harvard University, Academia Sinica, and Peking University (2018), China
Biographical Database, https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/cbdb.

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The Visualization of the Historical People’s Migration in
Tang Dynasty
Yong Qiu1, Jun Wang1
Introduction
This paper discussed how to apply large-scale visualization and quantitative dynamical
tools to reproduce the evolution of cultural and political centers of the Tang dynasty. We
build a dynamical migration network to visualize the migration traces of the historicalpeople from their birthplace to their death place across the Tang dynasty of China. To
assess the ancient city’s influence in old age, we propose a new calculating index basedon the PageRank algorithm.
Data and Method
The biographical data of the people in Tang Dynasty comes from the China Biographical
Database Project[1](CBDB). The CBDB is a freely accessible relational database consistingof biographical information up to 417,000 individuals, primarily from the 7th through 19th
centuries. The biographical data recorded in the CBDB system are mainly extracted frompublished indices, such as Wang Deyi’s revised Index to Biographical Sources for Song
Figures and similar works; Some are from online databases or from studies of text sources.
The outline of the visualization work is as follows.
Firstly, we select the persons with birth and death information available in CBDB.
Among those 854 individuals, the male to female ratio is about 8:2 and the official to nonofficial is about 3:7.
Secondly, we connected 361 cities with 854 directed curves, and each of which
represents the migration path of a historical individual from his birthplace to his death place.
The death place not only indicates its cultural attraction but also reflects the politicaldominance to notable people.
We then measure the influence of the ancient cities based on the structure of the
migration network. We calculate the PageRank value of each node in the network. The
PageRank[2] is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank websites in their search engine
results. The PageRank works by counting the number and quality of links to a page todetermine a rough estimation of its importance. Similarly, the influence of a city can becalculated by the number and quality of cities linked. Here is the top 20 influential cities inTang Dynasty. (see Figure. 1)

Figure 1 Calculating PageRank Value of Each City
After the above calculation, we made the visual encoding on the migration
network and cities. Migration paths are represented as directed curves on the Tang map
1

Peking University
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JADH 2018of A.D. 741. For those people whose death year are not available, their index years areused instead. The Index year (the “sixtieth year of age”) is a figured value that aims to help
researchers locate a person in time for computational purposes. Beside migration paths,
the size of dot representing a city in the map is in proportion to the number of people died
there minus the number of people born there. Those places with more deaths are coloredin orange, those with more births are colored in blue.
At last, we produce an animation by drawing the migration paths one by one withthe shift of time from 620 to 940. The interactive and playable timeline enable audiences
to view the historical migration in different time scale. (see Figure. 2)
Results
We set up a website to let users to explore the visualization of the historical migration of
Tang Dynasty (http://dh.kvlab.org/cbdb_vis/part1_migrate_tang_eng.html ). The website isprogrammed with Bootstrap.js, Echarts.js and Python. For the first century and a half theTang Dynasty (from 618 to 756), the empire was expanding outward from its base inChang'an and its secondary capital in Luoyang. It is clearly showed in the migration
network that Luoyang was more attractive than Chang'an.

Figure 2 Migration Network of Tang Dynasty
It can be watched in Figure 2 that the area below the Yangzi River (Inc. Jiangnan
Dao, Huainan Dao and Jiannan Dao) attracted a large amount of notable individuals. It
corresponds to the fact that Jiangdu was the start of canal in Tang dynasty.
Conclusions and Future WorkIn this paper, we introduce our work on visualizing the migration of historical people inTang dynasty, and provide some explanation to the visualized pictures with historical facts.
There are certainly a lot more important Tang persons in history. Due to the limited numberof visualized Tang persons, we will absorb more representative data to support for ahistorical conclusion.
References[1] Harvard University, Academia Sinica, and Peking University (2018), China
Biographical Database, https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/cbdb.
[2] Page, L. (1998). The pagerank citation ranking : bringing order to the web. Stanford
Digital Libraries Working Paper, 9(1), 1-14.

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Machine learning approaches for background whitening
and contrast adjustment of digital images
Wataru Satomi1, Toru Aoike1, Takeshi Abekawa2, Takanori Kawashima1
INTRODUCTION
The National Diet Library (NDL) has a large collection of digitized materials[1] and is actively
involved in researching way to improve usability of these materials. Presently, we arefocusing on the development of techniques that utilize machine learning for enhancing
digitized images.
In this study, we present two approaches to enhancing the readability of digitizedmaterials.
BACKGROUND
Some digitized materials have poor readability due to the condition of the original materials,
limitations of the digitization process, or a combination of both. For example, images
digitized from microfilm are generally processed as grayscale images, but theirbackground color is prone to be gray rather than white. Similarly, the paper used inprinted matter often turns yellow or exhibits other discoloration. The low contrast inherent
in such materials reduces their readability. Even newer materials are often difficult todigitize when it is necessary to preserve the color gamut for pictures. In such cases, thetext tends to appear gray rather than black even when the background is white.
Manual adjustment of the contrast or brightness of an image is always possible,
but the optimal parameters are not always obvious and, particularly for inherently low
contrast images, can only be found by trial and error.
We examined two techniques for addressing these issues. The first was the useof generative adversarial networks (GAN) to whiten the background of digitized images,
and the second was the use of semantic segmentation to effect contrast adjustments
automatically.
Whitening the background of digitized images using GANMETHODWe used pix2pix[2], a general-purpose solution for image-to-image translation that utilizes
GAN. Given pairs of input and output images as training data, the pix2pix model learns tomapping from input to output, and is then capable of generating an output image from an
input image based on the learned mapping. For our purposes, the input images are low
contrast images, and the output images are high contrast ones, which means thatbackground is lighter and text is darker than the input image. It is worth noting that thistechnique differs from binarization, which often results in text with jagged edges.
Oversized input images are split into smaller tiles of 256 × 256 or 512 × 512
pixels, which are used as input tiles. The output tiles are then concatenated to form an
output image.
Although we used color images as training data, our target images are primarily
monochrome printed pages, so the output was set to grayscale.
TRAINING DATA
A total of 4,555 images from 26 library materials for which copyright had expired wereselected for use as input images for training. The contrast and brightness of the input
images were adjusted manually to create output images for training.

1
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National Diet Library
National Institute of Informatics
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RESULT
We tested 89 images that were not used for training to confirm that this techniquesuccessfully enhanced legibility and print quality. We further confirmed that no text wasdeleted unintentionally nor was any false text generated. As shown in Table 1, however,this technique is not an effective means for correcting diagrams or photographs.
Table 1: Whitening the background of digitized images using GAN

Adjusting the contrast of digitized images using semantic segmentation
METHOD
We adopted a two-step approach, in which we first used DeepLab V3+[3] to extract text
regions from digitized materials per semantic segmentation. This was achieved by having
the semantic segmentation network label each pixel as one of multiple predefined types.
For our purposes, the pixels were labeled text, image, or background. The second step
involved application of a grayscale transformation to the text regions, after which
discriminant analysis[4] is used to determine the threshold of binarization. This thresholdvalue is then used to perform a sigmoid function that adjusts the contrast. By implementing
this process in two steps, it is possible to find optimal parameters, free of the influence ofdiagrams or background.
TRAINING DATA
Our document image dataset comprised 210 images extracted from 143 randomly
selected magazines from our digitized materials. These images were classified into three
types of regions: illustrations, text, and background. Training was performed with 180
training images and 30 validation images by randomly cropping 300 × 300 pixel patchesfrom the images for use in training DeepLab V3+.

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RESULT
Contrast adjustment can be performed more quickly than the regeneration of an enhanced
image, and therefore is well suited for enhancing readability when patrons are viewing
digitized images via a web service.
As can be seen in Fig. 1, we were able to identify text regions in digitizedmaterials with an accuracy of roughly 85% in 55 images from the dataset of the
ICDAR2009 Page Segmentation Competition[5].
Fig. 2 shows how the text regions can be enhanced using different techniques.
There are, however, also some materials that are too dark overall, indicating that there is
still room for improvement in the functionality and parameters used for contrast adjustment.

Figure 1: Results of segmentation using DeepLab V3 plus
Blue areas are illustrations and green areas are text.

Figure 2: A typical result(a) Raw image (b) Binary image adjusted using the entire page (c) Binary image adjusted
using only text areas (d) Contrast adjusted image using our proposal.

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
We have examined two methods to improve readability of digitized materials and both ofthem work properly for most images. In the future, it will be necessary to solve problems
related to the enhancement of illustrations as well as to handle color images, which will
require more extensive training data. Also, it would be more effective to exclude graphics
prior to application of whitening when using semantic segmentation.
REFERENCES[1] National Diet Library Digital Collections, http://dl.ndl.go.jp/[2] P. Isola, J.-Y. Zhu, T. Zhou, and A. A. Efros. Image-to-image translation withconditional adversarial networks. In CVPR, 2017[3] Chen, Liang-Chieh, et al. "Encoder-decoder with atrous separable convolution forsemantic image segmentation." arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.02611 (2018)[4] Otsu, Nobuyuki. "A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms." IEEE
transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics 9.1 (1979): 62-66.
[5] Antonacopoulos, Apostolos, et al. "ICDAR 2009 page segmentation competition."
Document Analysis and Recognition, 2009. ICDAR'09. 10th International Conference
on. IEEE, 2009.

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A Collaborative Approach for GIS Historical Maps
Metadata Project
Naomi Shiraishi1, Haiqing Lin1
Historical spatial analysis is recently gaining popularity among digital humanities
researchers. Many major academic libraries have large collections of historical maps which
are critical for historical spatial studies. However, making those historical maps
discoverable and accessible to digital humanities projects is a challenge. Traditionally,
historical maps are descriptively organized by library cataloging systems by following thecataloging rules. However, library catalogs lack systematic frameworks to extract
significant geographical features in machine readable formats. This research proposes a
new approach to describe geographic features of historical maps and publish them inmachine readable formats to support researchers’ use of historical maps through GIS
applications.
In the changing landscape of digital research and open access, the roles of technicalservices librarians are not limited to traditional cataloging. One of the new roles we envision
is supporting digital humanities research by organizing, managing, and providing accessto data sets via metadata creation and management.
Traditionally, catalog records for print materials created by technical services
librarians have helped searching, retrieving, and identifying resources and organizing
information by using controlled vocabularies. Metadata does the same or more for digitalmaterials (resources and projects) in the digital tools and linked data environment.
But when it comes to metadata for digital projects, it is rare for researchers to
involve technical services librarians during the process of their projects. Also, someinstitutions (including our own) consider using outsourcing venders for metadata creation
due to their speedy processing or budgetary reasons. As a result, such metadata do not
fully utilize tools for information organization and management.
Metadata is important in making digital humanity research more discoverable
and accessible. For geospatial resources, there are different metadata standards available,
but no one standard can cover all materials. Some specialized projects may needexperienced technical services librarians’ help for creating effective metadata. Historicalmaps are unique in that they may not necessarily fit into regular geospatial metadata
standards well and this is where technical services librarians can utilize their knowledge
and experience. As a case study, we created a mock digital map project that compares
Japanese historical maps by using digital humanities tools to show how technical services
librarians can play an important role in digital humanities research.
In this project, we compared Aou Tokei’s Kokugun Zenzu 國郡全圖 (1837) with
Nagakubo Sekisui’s Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu 改正日本輿地路程全図 (1779). In the
preface of Kokugun Zenzu, the author says his maps in this atlas were created based on
Nagakubo Sekisui’s Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu. However, it is not easy to see how
they are related since one is an atlas and the other is a single sheet map. So, to comparethem visually, we decided to layer the maps together with a contemporary map by using
digital tools. Layering would reveal similarities and differences among those three maps
more clearly and make it easier to see if there are specific traits that show any influencesof Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu on Kokugun Zenzu.
When comparing maps, it is important that maps are rectified into a common
coordinate system. To rectify these maps, ground control points are needed. This is oneof the processes where a technical librarian’s skills are useful since finding ground control
points in historical maps may require consulting gazetteers and other reference tools. In
this particular case, mountains, lakes and capes are selected since other geographicalpoints, such as villages, may have changed or disappeared overtime.
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University of California, Berkeley
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When we create metadata for such a GIS project, information about groundcontrol points should be included. We believe that such information is integral to reusabilityof data, which is a key to successful digital humanities. We are currently working on
developing metadata guidelines that include the minimum number of ground control points
and types of geographic features. These guidelines also discuss how to trace historical
geographic name changes and record the source of information. We recommend encoding
such information in GeoJson, KML, or CVS to directly support GIS applications. Technicalservices librarians can help researchers by figuring out consistent vocabularies andmetadata standards.
Furthermore, the linked data technology enables the data in the metadata to linkto other resources or projects. For example, the key access points, such as the titles ofthe maps or the ground control points can be linked to other research projects or resources
involving those maps or place names, contextualizing the project in the world of digital
research and leading to new discoveries. If librarians and researchers can create metadata
collaboratively, such process can be done more effectively.
This research aims to examine the functional requirements of metadata services
for digital humanities research by analyzing a GIS project involving East Asian historicalmaps. By exploring some metadata solutions, we intend to demonstrate the role ofcontrolled vocabulary as a means to improving the access to and usability of spatial data.
We hope to show the various possibilities that arise from a collaborative approach whencreating metadata for digital humanities projects.

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Cell Phone City: Pedestrians’ Mobile Phone Use and theHybridization of Space in Tokyo
Deirdre Sneep1
Abstract
Cities all over the world are rapidly changing due to a mobile communication technology
revolution. All around us, screens are getting bigger and internet is getting faster. Although
the increase in mobile internet use is a global phenomenon, there are several urban
agglomerations in East-Asian countries that rank particularly high in mobile internet data
consumption. Among those is Tokyo, the cradle of mobile Internet technology. The change
from static to mobile internet use is bound to have large impact on how people experienceurban space, because it blurs the boundaries between physical and virtual space. The
constant connectedness to internet transforms the city: it makes streets into places fordiverse social interaction, metros into workspaces, and crossroads into arcade halls. QR
codes and URLs that are pasted everywhere prompt the mobile phone user to visit theonline. Furthermore, the rapid recent developments of mobile Internet use have made itdifficult for researchers of urban studies to keep their framework contemporary. As theurban dweller is becoming increasingly ‘digital’ and human behavior is increasingly
influenced by use of mobile internet, researchers of urban culture are faced with a newkind of digital/analog ‘hybrid’ pedestrian, one that is challenging traditional meanings ofurban space.
The concept of digital/physical space hybridization as a result of internet has
been studied before, and studies often rightly emphasize the social-cultural environments
in which mobile phone technologies operate (Katz and Aakhus, 2002; Katz, 2003; Ito,
Okabe and Matsuda, 2005b; McLelland, 2013). However, these leading theories on
digitalization of the city have yet to consider the degree of mobile internet that is now
showcased in Tokyo and other major East-Asian urban agglomerations. Japan in thisregard is an especially interesting case. Those living in Japanese cities such as Tokyo havebeen using mobile phones since the 1990s, and, as Japan was the first country to
implement a nation-wide mobile phone internet network, have been connected to mobile
phone internet since as early as 1999. This resulted in Japan having, from an early stage,
sprouted a culture of internet-heavy mobile phone use – that is, being connected to theflow of information anytime, anywhere – that has come to be hard-coded into the urban
system and the movement and behavior of its pedestrians, which makes it a particularlyinteresting case study for research of digitalization of urban life.
Mobile phone use in Tokyo has been shown to have had interesting and lasting
effect on the way pedestrians move and interact with others as well with their environment(Fujimoto, 2005; Ito, Okabe and Matsuda, 2005a; Cui et al., 2007; Baron and af Segerstad,2010), effects which have sometimes been deemed negative as mobile phone users areoften seen as ‘disconnected’ or dissociative (Takao, Takahashi and Kitamura, 2009; Ikeda
and Nakamura, 2014), and seen as potentially dangerous to those around them due to alack of awareness of surrounding environment, especially when the mobile phone is usedon the streets (Masuda and Haga, 2015; Obara, Kashiwagi and Nakamura, 2016). Whilethese are observations that seem to be following global trends of fears and concerns
surrounding the rise of mobile phone technologies (see i.e. Choi et al., 2012; Lamberg and
Muratori, 2012), there are other forms of mobile phone behavior that seem more specificto the Japanese case, which show how technology use is influenced by cultural patterns.
It is these aspects of mobile phone use that can tell us more about a society and its stancetowards digitalization and technology. Fujimoto (2005, 2006) previously pointed out the
specific way in which Japanese use their mobile phones as ways to ‘shield off’ interaction
with people around them, calling the mobile phone a ‘territory machine’. On the other hand,
however, the mobile phone has been said to be contributing towards Japan becoming a
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University of Duisburg-Essen
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JADH 2018‘ubiquitous’ society in which mobile internet is a part of each and all aspects of daily lives(‘ubiquitous computing’, Sakamura 2002), especially with regard to social interaction(Sakamura, 2002; Murakami, 2003; Srivastava, 2004; Tawara, 2008). On the one handbeing portrayed as a tool for reclusion or isolation, while on the other hand being portrayed
as an all-pervasive tool for social interaction with society, the mobile phone is in between
two extremes. There is a significant gap, however, in testing and further developing these
two opposing theories in real-life situations in Japanese cities, as most research thus far
has been driven by a risk-focused discourse that portrays the mobile phone as disrupting
urban life, instead of as an expression of it.
This paper critically re-visits the existing theoretical framework on the influenceof the digitalization of the pedestrian through mobile phone use on the city, to answer thequestion what characterizes mobile phone-using pedestrian’s behavior in Tokyo and theirinteraction with the city and environment. It compares findings with anthropologicalfieldwork the author conducted by observing, monitoring and mapping smartphone use
and behavior among pedestrians in the center of Tokyo for a period of eight months. The
research points out, how there are new forms of pedestrian behavior emerging due tomobile phone use, which adds new, semi-virtual layers of meaning to the existing
meanings of urban space. Placing this virtual/physical ‘hybrid’ space at the base for mobile
phone using pedestrians’ interaction with the environment and those around them, thisresearch analyzes the spatial behavior of mobile phone using pedestrians in Japan from asocio-cultural perspective, opposing Fujimoto’s theory of the ‘territory machine’ to thetheory of ‘ubiquitous computing’, establishing a new theory on social behavior of mobile
phone-using pedestrians, and on urban life in Japan. The results of this research show
how both theories exist simultaneously, and how the mobile phone user of Tokyo has
become a ‘hybrid’ between isolated as well as pervasive behavior. Eventually, this paper
adds relevant findings about an increasingly important facet of our ‘cell phone cities’, while
simultaneously giving new insights into the digitalization of Japanese society, from a sociocultural perspective.
Keywords
Mobile Phones, pedestrian behavior, space hybridization, social meaning of space, Tokyo,
ubiquitous society
References
Baron, N. S. and af Segerstad, Y. H. (2010). Cross-cultural patterns in mobile-phone use:
public space and reachability in Sweden, the USA and Japan, New Media & Society,12(1), pp. 13–34.
Choi, H.-S., Lee, H.-K. and Ha, J.-C. (2012). The influence of smartphone addiction on
mental health, campus life and personal relations - Focusing on K university students,
Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society. Korean Data andInformation Science Society, 23(5), pp. 1005–15.
Cui, Y. et al. (2007). A Cross Culture Study on Phone Carrying and Physical, in Aykin, N.
(ed.) Usability and Internationalization Part 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp.
483–92.
Fujimoto, K. (2005). The Third-Stage Paradigm: Territory Machines from the Girls’ Pager
Revolution to Mobile Aesthetics, in Ito, Mizuko; Okabe, Daisuke; Matsuda, M. (ed.)
Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, pp. 77–102.
Fujimoto, K. (2006). Anti-Ubiquitous ‘Territory Machine’, in Matsuda, M., Ito, M., andOkabe, D. (eds) Keitai no aru Fuukei Tekunorojii no nichijōka wo kangaeru [Mobile Phone
Environment: Technology becoming part of Daily Life]. Kyoto: Kitaohji Syobo.
Ikeda, K. and Nakamura, K. (2014). Association between mobile phone use anddepressed mood in Japanese adolescents: A cross-sectional study, Environmental
Health and Preventive Medicine, 19(3), pp. 187–93.
Ito, M., Okabe, D. and Matsuda, M. (2005a). Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile
Phones in Japanese Life. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
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Ito, M., Okabe, D. and Matsuda, M. (2005b). Technosocial Situations: Emergent
Structuring of Mobile E-mail Use, in Ito, M., Okabe, D., and Matsuda, M. (eds) Personal,
Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, pp.
257–73.
Katz, J. E. (2003). Machines That Become Us: The Social Context of PersonalCommunication Technology. Transaction Publishers.
Katz, J. E. and Aakhus, M. A. (2002). Conclusion: Making Meaning of Mobiles - a Theoryof Apparatgeist, in Katz, J. E. and Aakhus, M. A. (eds) Perpetual Contact: Mobile
Communication, Private Talk -Public Performance. Cambridge University Press, pp.
301–18.
Lamberg, E. M. and Muratori, L. M. (2012). Cell phones change the way we walk, Gait
and Posture, 35, pp. 688–690.
Masuda, K. and Haga, S. (2015). Effects of Cell Phone Texting on Attention, Walking, andMental Workload: Comparison between the Smartphone and the Feature Phone, JES
Ergonomics. Japan Ergonomics Society, 51(1), pp. 52–61.
McLelland, M. J. (2013). Socio-cultural Aspects of Mobile Communication Technologies
in Asia and the Pacific: a Discussion of the Recent Literature, in Goggin, G. (ed.) Mobile
Phone Cultures. Routledge, pp. 124–34.
Murakami, T. (2003). Establishing the Ubiquitous Network Environment in Japan: From eJapan to U-Japan, NRI Papers, 66, pp. 1–20.
Obara, T., Kashiwagi, S. and Nakamura, M. (2016). Measurement of Angles of Smartphones at ‘texting while walking’, Proceedings of the IEICE Engineering Sciences
Society/NOLTA Society Conference. The Institute of Electronics, Information andCommunication Engineers, 2016, p. 335.
Sakamura, K. (2002). Yubikitasu konpyūta kakumei: jisedai shakai no sekai hyōjun.
Kadokawa, Tokyo.
Srivastava, L. (2004). Japan’s ubiquitous mobile information society, info, 14(4), pp. 234–
51.
Takao, M., Takahashi, S. and Kitamura, M. (2009). Addictive Personality and Problematic
Mobile Phone Use, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(5), pp. 501–07.
Tawara, Y. (2008). Introduction: Working toward Realizing the Ubiquitous Network Society,
The Journal of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 91(7), pp. 563–
68.

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A Case Study on Digital Pedagogy for the Style
Comparative Study of Japanese Art History Using “IIIF
Curation Platform”
Chikahiko Suzuki1, Akira Takagishi2, Asanobu Kitamoto1
Introduction
This paper describes the work-in-progress challenge of digital pedagogy for the stylecomparative study in Japanese art history. The style comparative study is a basic researchmethod in art history where researchers observe numerous artworks and arrange thesestyles systematically. Novice students do not have many opportunities to observe artworks,
and possess little systematic information regarding styles. Therefore, it is difficult to train
them to compare and understand styles.
Digital technology is an effective training tool for beginner students of art history,
especially regarding artworks that involve comparing several elements, like Emaki(illustrated scroll). As we discuss later, art history constantly employs technology. Our
method is an innovative step forward.
Case study(1) Purpose
Our method provides comparative training on styles for beginner students of Japanese art
history. A method is required that enables students to make basic comparisons,comprehending how expert scholars do so, despite possessing minimal information
regarding art style. Therefore, we designed the pedagogy using the IIIF Curation Platform.
With this method, beginners can personally experience expert scholars’ approaches,learning how and where they focus their attention.
(2) Software
We designed the method using the IIIF Curation Platform, an extension of the International
Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) developed by the Center for Open Data in the
Humanities (CODH). The IIIF Curation Platform provides the function making lists of images
across multiple IIIF Manifests. The IIIF Curation Viewer and IIIF Curation Finder are built
on this platform. IIIF Curation Viewer can easily create and share curation – a list ofcanvases with metadata. We can search and identify interesting canvases across multiple
curations and create derivative curations with IIIF Curation Finder (Figure 1) (CODH, 2018).
The IIIF Curation Platform enhances not only education but also research in art
history. Sharing all evidential images as curations and citing URLs from academic papers,
enhances shareability and reusability of research, allowing other researchers to verify
papers’ results effortlessly (Suzuki et al., 2017).

Figure 1: Example of search with metadata “man” on IIIF Curation Finder, and new curation
focus on headgear

Center for Open Data in the Humanities, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research,
Research Organization of Information and Systems / National Institute of Informatics
2 The University of Tokyo
1

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JADH 2018(3) Material
We used Ishiyama-dera Engi Emaki vol. 5 (Miraculous origins of the Ishiyama-dera temple,『 石 山 寺 縁 起 絵 巻 』 第 五 巻 ) produced during the Muromachi-era (15th century) as
experiment material. Masahiko Aizawa examined the facial expression styles in thisartwork in detail (Figure 2 left) (Aizawa, 2016).

Figure 2: Comparison of facial expression styles from Ishiyama-dera Engi Emaki andother Emaki by Masahiko Aizawa (left). Sample curation of all facial expressions from
Ishiyama-dera Engi Emaki (right)(4) Lecture plan
1. Lecturer creates a curation of all facial expressions from Ishiyama-dera Engi Emaki
vol. 5 with the IIIF Curation Viewer (Figure 2 right).
2. Lecturer provides basic metadata of all the facial expressions such as gender andface direction.
3. Lecturer imports curation (created in 4-2) to the IIIF Curation Finder.
4. Lecturer shows students the facial expressions that Aizawa identified from otherartworks to compare with Ishiyama-dera Engi Emaki.
5. Students search and identify facial expressions that they think are similar to
Aizawa’s choices (in 4-4) with the IIIF Curation Finder, and create a new curation.
6. Students explain their curation.
7. Lecturer and students discuss the curation, while referring to Aizawa’s choices.
(5) Results
Currently, this method is a work-in-progress. We expect beginners to personallyexperience expert scholars’ approaches. We create a curation of all facial expressions sothat students can identify the elements experts rejected. Essentially, they learn tounderstand the thinking process.
We intend to conduct a practical lecture during the history of art course at the
University of Tokyo in July 2018, where we will include the lecture results and findings.
In addition, during the preparatory phase itself we realized that creating a curation itself is
effective training on comparatively studying styles because the creator must observe
digital images of artworks meticulously. Given the interoperability of IIIF, this method canbe applied to other artworks on IIIF. We intend to use this method on medieval Japanese
Emaki (12th – 16th century) that comprise around 600.
Discussion
This is an effective training method for beginner students and this case study provides apedagogical background of art history through mechanical reproductions. Carefulappreciation of original artworks is the most important aspect of research and education.
However, it is difficult to conduct lectures with original artworks every time. Therefore,
reproducing artwork images is important too.

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Analog photographs and photographic slides are important tools currently.
Pedagogy with mechanical reproductions especially photographic slides was establishedin the late 19th century in German universities (Nelson, 2000). Analog photographs andslides are common property of research units, and play important roles in research andeducation (Kawaguchi, 2014). In addition, publications with photographs of artworks werecommon in the 19th century. Kokka (『国華』), the Japanese journal of oriental art, haspublished detailed woodprints and photographs of important artworks since 1889. Thispublication established appreciation through print media in Japan (Okazuka, 2001).
Using prints, photographs, and photographic slides in a lecture are common
today. This is the result of art history constantly adopting new technology. Nowadays, it isalso common practice to conduct lectures with digital images. Digital images make it
convenient to pan and zoom. However, there is no major pedagogical alteration withphotographic slides.
Digital images are more than a substitute for photographic slides with IIIF andcuration on the IIIF Curation Platform. As indicated in this case study, this new technology
introduces interactive lecture plans and shareability of curation. Inevitably, art history will
adopt the convenience of digital images and IIIF.
References
Aizawa, M. (2016). “Ishiyamadera engi emaki shoukai.” Ishiyamadera engi emaki shusei,
Chuokouron Bijutsu Shuppan: Tokyo. (in Japanese)
CODH. (2018). IIIF Curation Platform, http://codh.rois.ac.jp/iiif-curation-platform/(accessed 26 April 2018).
Kawaguchi, M. (2014). “Bijutsushi ni okeru gazou no chikara to digital gijutsu.” DHjp:
Digital Humanities Jp, (2): 52–59. (in Japanese)
Nelson, R. S. (2000). “The slide lecture or the work of art ‘history’ in the age of mechanicalreproduction.” Critical Inquiry, 26(3): 414–34.
Okazuka, A. (2001). “Meiji ki no bijutsu shashin shuppanbutsu.” Bijutsu Forum 21, 4: 39–
43. (in Japanese)
Suzuki, C., Takagishi, A. and Kitamoto, A. (2017). “IIIF curation viewer brings about‘detail’ and ‘reproducibility’ for art history a study of Eiribon / Emaki at Edo period with
IIIF.” IPSJ Symposium. Vol. 2017, No. 2, pp. 157–164. (in Japanese)

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Detecting Unknown Word Senses in Contemporary
Japanese Dictionary from Corpus of Historical Japanese
Aya Tababe1, Kanako Komiya1, Masayuki Asahara2, Minoru Sasaki1, Hiroyuki
Shinnou1
Word sense disambiguation (WSD) involves identifying the senses of words in sentences
when the word has multiple senses. Various techniques for WSD have been proposed in
the field of natural language processing. However, a variety of studies have been
investigated about WSD for contemporary Japanese corpora but few studies have been
investigated for historical Japanese corpora.
When we classify the word senses of words in historical Japanese corpora into
the word senses in a contemporary Japanese dictionary, a number of words cannot beclassified because they are not contemporary words. In addition, it often happens that they
have word senses that are not used in the present day even if the words themselves areused now.
Therefore, in the current study, we proposed a system to classify the word
senses of words in a Japanese historical corpus to determine the word senses that are notlisted in a dictionary in the present day. We used Corpus of Historical Japanese (CHJ) as
a Japanese historical corpus and Word List by Semantic Principles (WLSP)(Kokuritsukokugokenkyusho, 1964), which is a Japanese thesaurus of contemporary
words, as a contemporary Japanese dictionary.
In the WLSP, the article numbers or concept number indicate shared synonyms.
In the WLSP thesaurus, words are classified and organized by their meanings and each
WLSP record contains the following fields: record ID number; lemma number; record type;class; division; section; article; article number; paragraph number; small paragraphnumber; word number; lemma (with explanatory note); lemma (without explanatory note);
reading; and reverse reading. Each record has an article number, which represents four
fields: class; division; section; and article. For example, the word“犬”(inu ,meaning spy ordog) has two records in the WLSP, and therefore has two article numbers, 1.2410 and
1.5501, indicating that the word is polysemous. We can use the article numbers in WLSP
with words as word senses, because we can treat a pair of a concept and a word as aword sense. We have CHJ with the article numbers, which is a word-sense-tagged corpusthat is in its infancy, and used it for the experiments.
We automatically classified all the words in CHJ with the article numbers into
three classes. The first class is the words that have the word senses listed in WLSP. In
other words, the article number of the word must be listed in WLSP and the word itself
must have an entry in WLSP as the example of the word that has the article number. The
second class is the words that have the word senses whose article number is listed in
WLSP of contemporary words but the word does not have the meaning any more in thepresent day. The third class is the words that have the concept not listed in WLSP ofcontemporary words. In this case, WLSP has no concept that the word describes.
Generally, unknown word senses in contemporary corpora are mostly newusages that have few examples. Therefore, it is difficult to detect new word senses withclassification models. However, we have a number of unknown word senses in CHJ
because it is a historical corpus. Therefore, we used support vector machine to classify
them.
We used orthographic tokens, pronunciation tokens, readings, lemmas, original
texts, parts of speech, conjugation types, and conjugation forms as the basic features fora classifier. In addition, we introduced the dictionary information features. They are (1) if
the word has one entry in WLSP or not, (2) if the word has more than one entries in WLSP
or not, and (3) if the word has no entry in WLSP or not. Please note that even if the word
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Ibaraki University
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
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JADH 2018has one or more entries, it is not sure that the word in CHJ has the concept in WLSP. In
addition, we used word embeddings created by word2vec, which is a vector that canmeasure the similarities between words and is proposed by (Mikolov et al, 2013), as thefeatures. We tested three dimensionalities of word2vec, 50, 100, and 200, and also
developed a model without word2vec. In addition, we investigated the performances
according to the condition of the basic features (1) all the basic features were used and (2)only orthographic tokens, lemmas, and parts of speech were used.
The experiments using Taketori-monogatari, Hojoki, Tsurezure-gusa, Tosa-nikki,
and Toraakira-bon corpora showed that the accuracy was the best when all the basic
features and 200-dimension word2vec were used (80.53%). They also showed that
accuracies with all the basic features were always better and word embeddings are
effective for classification. The accuracy increased with the growing of the dimensionalityof word embeddings.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grants Numbers 18K11421 and 17H00917
and was a project of the Center for Corpus Development, NINJAL.
[Mikolov, 2013] Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G. and Dean, J.: Effcient Estimation ofWord Representations in Vector Space, ICLR Workshop paper (2013).

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Verifying the Authorship of Saikaku Ihara’s Arashi haMujyō Monogatari Using a Quantitative Approach
Ayaka Uesaka1
1. Introduction
This study aims to focus on Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari (“The Tale of Transient Popular
Kabuki Actor Arashi’s Life”; 1688), a novel from the early modern Japanese literature,
written by Saikaku Ihara (1642–93) using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster
analysis (hierarchical clustering). It is a first work of Kabuki actor’s life in Japan (Kabuki
is a traditional stage arts performed exclusively by male actors with the accompanimentof live music and songs). Saikaku was a national author whose novels were published in17th century in Japan. One recent hypothesis has stated that he wrote twenty-four novels,
however it remained unclear which works were really written by Saikaku except Kōshoku
ichidai otoko (“The Life of an Amorous Man”; 1682), Shōen Ōkagami (“The Great Mirror of
Female Beauty”; 1684), Kōshoku ichidai onna (“The Life of an Amorous Woman”; 1686),
Kōshoku gonin onna (“Love Stories about Five Women”; 1686), while research on his works
has proceeded, these fundamental doubts about his authorship remain.
2. Previous Studies
Noma found and introduced Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari in 1941. He mentioned that thenovel was actually written by Saikaku, for the following reasons (Noma, 1941 and 1964).
(1) The handwriting of the novel belongs to Saikaku; and (2) He found a similar writing error
in Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari and Saikaku’s work.
The handwriting is not crucial in deciding if they are Saikaku's novels. According
to Emoto et al. (1996), among his twenty-four novels, the handwriting of nineteen works
does not belong to Saikaku. Moreover, Saikaku made a fair copy of other writer’s draft
such as Kindai Yasa Inja (“The story of a hermit”; 1686) by Kyōsen Sairoken (? -?) and Shin
Yoshiwara Tsurezure (“The book of commentary on the licensed quarters of a certain area”;
1689) by Sutewaka Isogai (? -?).
Mori (1955) has argued that Saikaku’s novels are an apocryphal work mainly
written by Dansui Hōjō (1663-1711) except Kōshoku ichidai otoko.
As he gained a national audience, Saikaku was pressured to write on demandand in great volume. At first he wrote only one or two novels a year, however in the twoyears from 1687 to 1688 he published twelve books, with a total of sixty-two volumes.
Saikaku’s style and approach also changed at this point (Shirane, 2004).
There is possibility that Saikaku had some assistant (Nakamura, 1969). Arashi haMujyō Monogatari was published in this period. Moreover, Arashi ha Mujyō Monogataridoes not have a preface, epilogue, signature, namely it is not specified that it was written
by Saikaku. Despite the authorship problem of Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari remains
unanswered; little work has been done about it. For that reason, this study re-examines
the authorship of Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari using a quantitative approach.
In our previous studies, we have analyzed Saikaku and Dansui’s novels, and haveclarified the following points by extracting their writing style using PCA and cluster analysis:(1) A comparison of the Saikaku and Dansui’s novels showed ten prominent features: thegrammatical categories, words, nouns, particles, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adnominal
adjectives, grammatical categories bigrams and particle bigrams (Uesaka, 2015, 2016);
and (2) Using these features, we analyzed Saikaku's four posthumous novels (manyresearchers have raised questions about the authorship, because these novels were edited
and published by Dansui after Saikaku’s death). We found these four posthumous works
indicated same features of Saikaku’s novel, therefore we concluded that most part of thesefour posthumous novels belonged to Saikaku (Uesaka・Murakami,2015ab, Uesaka, 2016).

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Osaka University
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Furthermore, we compared Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari to Saikaku and Dansui,
as authenticated novels of them using PCA and cluster analysis to see the differences ineach novels. We found that Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari was different from Saikaku andDansui’s works (Uesaka, 2017). In order to clarify Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari’s author, itis necessary to add the data of other writers with the possibility of the author of Arashi haMujyō Monogatari. Thus, we digitized and added two novels; Nishiwaza Ippu’s Shinshiki
Gokansho(1698) and Yashioku Jibun’s Kōshoku Mankintan (1694).
3. Data for This Study(1) We digitized all the text of 120 works of Saikaku (24 novels, 80 poem books, etc.); (2)Since Japanese sentences are not separated by spaces, we built the rule with early modern
Japanese researchers, who were editors of Shinpen Saikaku Zenshu (“The new complete
works of Saikaku”); and (3) Based on this rule, we added spaces between the words in allof the sentences. In addition, grammatical categories’ information was added.
We also made the database of Dansui’s novels Shikidō Ōtuzumi (“The Great
Drum of Love”; 1687), Chuya yōjin ki (“The Night and Day of Precaution”; 1707), Budō hariaiŌkagami (“The Great Mirror of Martial Arts”; 1709), Ippu’s novel Shinshiki Gokansho andJibun’s novel Kōshoku Mankintan, using same methods and rules of Saikaku’s database.
Table1. Title and Length

4. Analysys and Results
In this study, we compared Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari to Saikaku, Dansui, Ippu and Jibunby twelve prominent features(the grammatical categories, words, nouns, particles, verbs,
auxiliary verb, adjectives, adverbs, adnominal adjectives, grammatical categories bigrams,
particle bigrams and auxiliary verb bigrams) using PCA and cluster analysis to see thedifferences in each novels.
We conducted PCA and Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari depicted independently ineight features (the grammatical categories, words, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
grammatical categories bigrams and auxiliary verb bigrams) , depicted with Saikaku’s
novels in three features (the particles, auxiliary verb, and particle bigrams) and depictedwith Jibun’s novels in one feature(the adnominal adjectives) (see Figure 1). Furthermore,
we conducted a cluster analysis. When calculating distances between each novels, wenormalized the frequency of each words, and used the Euclidean distance, Euclidean
Square distance, Manhattan distance, Minkowski distance, Canberra distance, Maximum
distance, Cosine distance and Kullback–Leibler divergence and the algorithm from theWard method. Furthermore, we obtained 96 results; 34% of the result in the mixed-up
cluster, 29% in Saikaku’s cluster, 20% in Dansui, Ippu and Jibun’s cluster and 16% madeonly by Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari (see Figure 2).
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dca
hclust (*, "w ard.D")
S:Shoenokagami

D:ShikidouOtsuzumi

Figure 2. Cluster analysis results for the particles
dmax
hclust (*, "w ard.D")
S:Shoenokagami

dcohclust (*, "w ard.D")
S:Shoenokagami

dmi
hclust (*, "w ard.D")

Canberra distance
Maximum distance
Cosine distance
Kullback–Leibler divergence

D:ShikidouOtsuzumi

I:Shinshiki Gokansho

J:Koshoku Mankintan

S:Kousyokuichidaionna

S:Kousyokugoninonna

S:Shoenokagami

Arashihamujyoumonogatari

S:Kousyokuichidaiotoko

0.02

HeightD:Chuyayoujinkidmahclust (*, "w ard.D")
D:Budouhariaiokagami

de2hclust (*, "w ard.D")

D:Budouhariaiokagami

0.04

deu
hclust (*, "w ard.D")

D:Chuyayoujinki

I:Shinshiki Gokansho

J:Koshoku Mankintan

S:Kousyokuichidaionna

0.02

D:Budouhariaiokagami

D:Chuyayoujinki

D:ShikidouOtsuzumi

0.05

0.06

0.20

0.10

0.35

0.008

0.10

Manhattan distance

S:Kousyokugoninonna

S:Kousyokuichidaiotoko

Arashihamujyoumonogatari

D:ShikidouOtsuzumi

0.00

Height

D:Budouhariaiokagami

D:Chuyayoujinki

I:Shinshiki Gokansho

J:Koshoku Mankintan

S:Kousyokuichidaionna

S:Kousyokugoninonna

S:Shoenokagami

Arashihamujyoumonogatari

S:Kousyokuichidaiotoko

Height

D:Budouhariaiokagami

D:Chuyayoujinki

D:ShikidouOtsuzumi

S:Kousyokuichidaionna

S:Kousyokugoninonna

S:Shoenokagami

Arashihamujyoumonogatari

S:Kousyokuichidaiotoko

I:Shinshiki Gokansho

J:Koshoku Mankintan

0.000

0.06

0.004

0.02

Height

D:Budouhariaiokagami

D:Chuyayoujinki

D:ShikidouOtsuzumi

I:Shinshiki Gokansho

J:Koshoku Mankintan

S:Kousyokuichidaionna

S:Kousyokugoninonna

S:Shoenokagami

Arashihamujyoumonogatari

S:Kousyokuichidaiotoko

Height0

D:ShikidouOtsuzumi

S:Kousyokuichidaionna

S:Kousyokugoninonna

35

0.08

0.04

25

Euclidean Square distance

Arashihamujyoumonogatari

S:Kousyokuichidaiotoko

I:Shinshiki Gokansho

J:Koshoku Mankintan

0.02

0.04

15

-5

0.00

Height

D:Budouhariaiokagami

D:Chuyayoujinki

I:Shinshiki Gokansho

J:Koshoku Mankintan

Arashihamujyoumonogatari

S:Kousyokuichidaiotoko

5

Euclidean distance

S:Kousyokuichidaionna

S:Kousyokugoninonna

0.00

Height

I:Shinshiki Gokansho

J:Koshoku Mankintan

Arashihamujyoumonogatari

D:Budouhariaiokagami

D:Chuyayoujinki

D:ShikidouOtsuzumi

S:Kousyokuichidaionna

S:Shoenokagami

S:Kousyokuichidaiotoko

S:Kousyokugoninonna

Height-10-5PC2( 18.531 % )05

JADH 2018

S:Kousyokugoninonna

S:Kousyokuichidaiotoko
S:Kousyokuichidaionna
S:Shoenokagami
D:ShikidouOtsuzumi
D:Chuyayoujinki
J:Koshoku Mankintan
I:Shinshiki Gokansho
D:Budouhariaiokagami

Arashihamujyoumonogatari5

PC1( 24.28 % )Figure 1. PCA results for the adverbs

Minkowski distancedklhclust (*, "w ard.D")

5. Discussion and Conclusion
When comparing twelve prominent features using PCA and cluster analysis. While Saikaku
and Danaui’s made each groups, Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari was not clearly classified by
one author; Saikaku, Dansui, Ippu and Jibun. No fully different with Saikaku, nor fully samewith Saikaku. In order to clarify this point, we need to add more data of other writers andwe will do comparisons in the future study.

Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Professor Masakatsu Murakami, Professor Hidekazu Banno,
Professor Takayuki Mizutani and Professor Yusuke Inaba for their help on our research.
This work was mainly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17K12799.

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References[1] Shirane, H. (2004). Early Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology 1600–1900. New
York: Columbia University Press.
[2] Noma,K. (1941). Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari (“The Tale of Transient Popular Kabuki
Actor Arashi’s Life-Explanation and Understaning”). In: Saikaku Shin Shinkō (“Saikaku
New Article”;1981). pp231-290. Tokyo:Iwanami Publishing.
[3] Noma,K. (1964). Sairon Arashi ha Mujyō Monogatari (“Re-explanation of the Tale ofTransient Popular Kabuki Actor Arashi’s Life”). In: Saikaku Shin Shinkō (“Saikaku New
Article”;1981). pp291-313. Tokyo:Iwanami Publishing.
[4] Emoto, Y. and Taniwaki, M. (1996). Saikaku Jiten (“A Saikaku Dictionary”). Tokyo:Ouhu
Publishing.
[5] Mori, S. (1955). Saikaku to Saikaku Bon (“Saikaku and Saikaku’s Novel”).
Tokyo:Motomotosha Publishing.
[6] Nakamura, Y. (1969).Saikaku Nyumon(“The Introduction of Saikaku’s Research”).
In:Kokubungaku kaishaku to kansho(“Japanese literature-Explanation andAppreciation”) 34(11). pp.10-25. Tokyo: Shibundo Publishing.
[7] Uesaka, A. (2015). “A Quantitative Comparative Analysis for Saikaku and Dansui’s
Works.” Japan-China Symposium on Theory and Application of Data Science. pp.4146. Kyoto:Doshisha University Faculty of Culture and Information Science.
[8] Uesaka, A.& Murakami, M. (2015a). “Verifying the Authorship of Saikaku Ihara’s Workin Early Modern Japanese Literature: A Quantitative Approach.” Digital Scholarship inthe Humanities. 30(4). pp.599〜607. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[9] Uesaka, A.& Murakami, M. (2015b). “A Quantitative Analysis for the Authorship of
Saikaku’s Posthumous Works Compared with Dansui’s Works.” Digital Humanites2015:
Conference Abstracts. Sydney: The University of Western Sydney. pp. 359–60.
[10] Uesaka, A. (2016). Saikaku Ikōshu no Chosha no kentō (“Verifying the Authorship of
Saikaku’s Posthumous Works”). pp187-263. In: The Computational Authorship
Attribution. Tokyo: Bensei Publishing.
[11] Uesaka, A. (2017). “Verifying the Authorship of Saikaku Ihara’s Arashi ha Mujyō
Monogatari in Early Modern Japanese Literature: A Quantitative Approach.” Digital
Humanites2017: Conference Abstracts. Montreal: McGill University and the Universitéde Montréal.

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Predicting Prose that Sells:
Issues of Open Data in a Case of Applied Machine
Learning
Joris van Zundert1, Marijn Koolen1, Karina van Dalen-Oskam1,2
Unfortunately there are target areas for digital humanities (DH) research where we will notalways be able to work with open data. We present such a case where we apply
computational methods to revitalize the ability of publishing companies to produce
revenue in the extremely difficult market of literary publishing. We argue that although open
data is on principle preferable, in certain cases we need to accept a suboptimal position
with regard to the openness of data to demonstrate the applied potential for DH methods
and to further the development of such methods.
More books are published than ever before (Segura, 2017), yet publishingcompanies experience difficult times. Dutch market analysis showed that often revenue
from just a few bestsellers has to cover losses incurred by a large number of non selling
titles (Buss, 2015). A Dutch publishing company was interested in our proposal to try to
improve revenue by exploring the capability of computational methods to predict selling
potential of literary materials. Obviously if we could predict the selling capability of a title
reliably this would enhance the ability of publishers to produce a profit. However, apartfrom Jodi Archer’s and Matthew Jocker’s widely acknowledged The Bestseller Code(2016) there seems to have been almost no work done in this area.
We cast the problem of predicting selling capability as a binary classification
problem: can an algorithm given a large enough training and test set distinguish between
known bestsellers and non selling literary fiction? To establish a baseline we have createda training set of 400 novels (Dutch and translated works of literary fiction) for which sales
numbers for the years 2010–2016 are known; 200 of these are bestsellers (over 12,000
copies sold), 200 have sold few copies (0 to 100 copies). In the same way we created a
test set of 50 bestsellers and 50 non sellers. The text of each novel was used to constructa term frequency–inverse document frequency (tf–idf) matrix that for each document
represents the relative importance of a word’s occurrence within a text. This tf–idf matrix,
plus for each novel the knowledge if it was a bestseller or non seller (expressed respectively
as 1 or 0), served as the input for a feed forward multi-layer perceptron (MLP, see Beam,2017) with just a minimum of three layers (input, hidden, and output). This approach
resulted in a success rate of ~80% accuracy. That is: after training the neural networkmodel was able in 80% of cases to predict correctly if a novel from the test set, which it
had not previously seen, was a bestseller or a non seller.
To understand how stable and solid our predictions are we subsequently crossvalidated our results for different training set sizes and for a different algorithm. A particularinteresting model to compare the MLP model with appeared to be the Ružička or MinMax
metric (Schubert and Telcs 2014), which is a similarity metric recently applied in stylometry
exercises with impressively accurate results (Kestemont et al., 2016). To study the impactof training set size and to cross validate, both models are trained on sets of Ntrain = 40 (20top, 20 bottom), Ntrain = 100 (50 top, 50 bottom) and Ntrain = 200 (100 top, 100 bottom)
novels. The validation or test set in each setting is 40 novels (20 bestsellers, 20 non sellers).
The top 120 novels and bottom 120 novels in terms of sales figures are randomly sampled
and split across 20/20 novels for validation and Ntop = 20, 50, 100, Nbottom = 20, 50, 100 for
training. We used repeated random sub-sampling of the training and validation sets, with
10 iterations for each of the experimental settings. The results yielded are shown in figure
1.

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Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
University of Amsterdam
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Figure 1: Evaluation of different training set sizes using MLP and MinMax algorithms;
measures are Precision, Recall, Accuracy and F1 score; error bars indicate mean andstandard deviation based on 10 iterations for each set size.
Our results show that both algorithms perform equally well on the task ofclassifying bestsellers and non sellers. Furthermore performance of both models is stable
and improves only slightly with training set size. This means that indeed we would be able
to support publishers in judging the selling capabilities of new materials proposed byauthors—not so much maybe to benefit bestsellers but primarily to once more examine
carefully manuscripts for which the algorithm predicts low selling numbers.
Both publishers and we however are not solely interested in how well a novel will
sell: primarily we are keen to know what textual features are associated with high indemand literature. We are able to start gauging such features by comparing the vocabularyof bestselling and non selling titles. To this end we explored literary vocabulary bydetermining which words are used relatively more often by top selling titles—by taking the
top 1,000 terms used in titles with a more than 80% probability of being a well selling title
and comparing their relative frequencies with the relative frequencies of these terms in non
selling titles. When we discard character names and function words results reveal—as we
will demonstrate in our presentation—that words appearing relatively more in literature thatsells tend to be noticeable ‘masculine’ in nature. As is for instance corroborated in researchby one of our colleagues (Koolen, 2018) this suggests that there is a still strong culturaltendency to prefer masculine themes and motives in literature.
For both ethical and commercial reasons we could not disclose data aboutauthors, titles, and sales numbers used in our research. However, by engaging acrossinstitutional borders with a commercial partner we were both able to progress our methods
and our understanding of key features of literary fiction. Our collaboration also resulted in
the establishing of an experimental research environment in the Dutch National Library toenable research towards this closed corpus. We thus argue that, notwithstanding a
principled preference for open data, closed data sometimes must be defensible to further
the aims of DH research.

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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the people at WPG Publishers (www.wpg.nl) who kindly provided
us with the sales data that made this research possible. We also would like to extend our
gratitude to our colleagues at the National Library of the Netherlands (www.kb.nl) who
provided the digital research corpus and secured environment that was used to execute
this research. We thank also Hermann Buss and Michel Blaauw of Driven By Data (drivenby-data.com) and Emile den Tex, who all contributed significantly to our research.
References
Archer, Jodie, and Matthew L. Jockers. 2016. The Bestseller Code: Anatomy of theBlockbuster Novel. New York: St. Martin’s Press, September. isbn: 978-1-250-088277.
Beam, Andrew L. 2017. Deep Learning 101 - Part 2: Multilayer Perceptrons. Online book,February. Accessed November 20, 2017.
https://beamandrew.github.io/deeplearning/2017/02/23/deep_learning_101_part2.html.
Buss, Hermann. 2015. Bestsellers en Badsellers: Naar andere strategiën voor het uitgeven
van boeken [in Dutch]. Desset Publishers. isbn: 987-90-823869- 0-5.
Kestemont, Mike, Justin Stover, Moshe Koppel, Folgert Karsdorp, and Walter
Daelemans. 2016. “Authorship Verification with the Ruzicka Met- ric.” In Digital
Humanities 2016: Conference Abstracts, 246–249. Kraków: DH Benelux, July. Accessed
November 16, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11755/5f7d08c9-f8fe-44b0-be8a49364f390d7b.
Koolen, C.W. 2018. “Reading Beyond the Female: the relationship between perception of
author gender and literary quality.” Phd, University of Amsterdam. Accessed April 27,
2018.
Schubert, András, and András Telcs. 2014. “A note on the Jaccardized Czekanowski
similarity index.” Scientometrics 98, no. 2 (February): 1397–1399. issn: 1588-2861,
accessed November 20, 2017. doi:10.1007/ s11192-013-1044-2.
Segura, Jonathan. 2017. “Print Book Sales Rose Again in 2016.” Publishers Weekly(January). Accessed November 20, 2017. https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/bytopic/industry-news/bookselling/article/72450-print-book-sales-rose-again-in2016.html.

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Retouching Our Food in Digitized Era: A Case Study ofHong Kong Foodie Critics
Wong Hei Tung1
This paper explores how our food is translated into visual text on social media, with thefocus on digital design and editing process on Instagram. In digitized era, food is one of
the most frequently shared cultural object on social media, which attracts foodies andother media users to participate in visual-oriented writing of foodie criticism. By foodies
and foodie criticism, this paper seeks to argue the potency of foodies in retouching foodstylistically, which defines their distinctive status as professional foodie critic, rather thanbeing passionate food lover (amateur) only. With available features on Instagram topromote and enable easy retouching of food, foodie criticism has reflected how modern
taste and visual culture have played an important role in affecting our perception of taste
and constructing the fashion of food. As inherited to the studies of affect and image
machine (Wissinger, 2007; Carah and Shaul, 2016), this paper provides critical discussion
on how image-oriented design has embodied on Instagram and how these designs areused by foodie critics in Hong Kong to retouch food in a stylistic manner, which in turn,
gaining them the popularity and authority on food media circuit (Rousseau, 2012;
Portwood-Stacer, 2013). Theoretically put, how the simple usage of Instagram design inediting pictures with our mobile phone helps facilitated image production and ‘stimulat[e]and captur[e] the productive activity of producing, circulating, and attending to images’(Carah and Shaul, 2016: 71) will be closely examined to unravel the impact of imageoriented design in digitized era. This line of argument, however, might tend to imply
technological determinism that shapes our food criticism and sharing practices. Thus, thepresent examination of foodie critics helps extend these studies by taken into account howhuman agents (foodie critics) adopts and resists the affection of ‘image machine’ indigitized era. Through two-year ethnographic observation and semiotic analysis of foodie
critics in Hong Kong (May 2016 – May 2018), my finding suggests how foodie critics havestylized pictures to control ‘the condition of emergence of emotions’, (Wissinger, 2007:251) while at the same time being affected ‘on a level below consciousness awareness’(Wissinger, 2007: 250) that implies their simulation to the digitized practices on Instagram.
In line of the above, this paper first proceeds to review the literature of foodies
and food criticism akin the context of Hong Kong, with a view to outlining their specificities
and relations in shifting the writing practices of food criticism: from literal to visual; fromknowledge to retouching in digitized era. Then, I will introduce the design of Instagram andexplain why this social platform has become one of the most popular sharing platforms ofimages among other contemporary digital media, pertaining to issues of digital perception,
retouching functions, open excess and nature of digital sharing. In addition, this paper
steps forward to understand digital writing in relation to senses and colour. As I shalldemonstrate with three examples of retouching food by foodie critics, stylizing colour helps
explain how our human senses are more and more relying on digitized tonality andaffection. Finally, this paper concludes with the implication of foodie criticism and digitizedsharing practices in modern mythmaking of taste.
References
Wissinger, E. (2007). ‘Modelling a Way of Life: Immaterial and Affective Labour in the Fashion
Modelling Industry,’ Ephemera: theory & politics in organization 7.1: 250-69.
Rousseau, S. (2012). Food and Social Media: You Are What You Tweet. US: Rowman Altamira.
Portwood-Stacer, L. (2013). ‘Foodie Culture’. [Online].
https://repsub13.wordpress.com/projects/joy/ (Accessed 6 May, 2018)
Carah, N. and Shaul, M. (2016). ‘Brands and Instagram: Point, tap, swipe, glance,’ Mobile
Media & Communication 4.1: 69-84.
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Hong Kong Baptist University

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A study on the distribution of cooccurrence weightpatterns of classical Japanese poetic vocabulary
Hilofumi Yamamoto1, Bor Hodoscek2
Introduction
The present study focuses on ongoing work exploring the threshold values dividing words
in classical Japanese text into three groups: content, functional, and in-between. Content
or semantic based analyses usually employ some techniques of data cleansing, such as
eliminations of tags, punctuations, or symbols, as a preprocessing step. Stop words arealso a type of token to be eliminated since they contain comparatively less meaning forcontent analysis. In general, it can be said that the most frequent words will be common
words such as ‘the’ or ‘and,’ which help build ideas but do not carry any significancethemselves (Rajaraman and Ullman, 2012: 8). Lists of stop words are commonly used, buthave some problems: 1) it is necessary to compile them in advance; 2) they necessarilychange depending on the domains of analyses; and 3) it is not clear which words should
be included when analyzing classical texts.
Our previous study grouped modern Japanese words into low-, mid-, and highrange groups according to their information content given by their term frequency-inverse
document frequency (tf-idf) and found that low-range words corresponded to infrequentand highly topical words, and high-range words corresponded to functional words
expressing the grammatical relations between words. The study did not find an automatic
method capable of classifying tokens into low-, mid-, and high-range. Furthermore, we
found that previous research almost exclusively ignored the properties of the mid-range(Hodoscek and Yamamoto, 2013).
One of the methods used in Hodoscek and Yamamoto (2013) exploited theoccurrence not of individual words but of pairwise or cooccurrence patterns such as‘fragrance–flower’ relationships and revealed that the distribution of cooccurrence weights
in modern Japanese texts approximately fitted a Gaussian curve. In this study, we willattempt to expand this analysis to classical texts by utilizing the characteristics of theGaussian distribution to automatically group words into three clusters of cooccurrence
patterns.
Methods
We use the Hachidaishu as the material of the present study, which comprises the eightanthologies compiled under order of the Emperors (ca. 905–1205) and contains about
9,500 poems. We developed the corpus and a method of cooccurrence weighting similar
to the tf-idf method, cw (Yamamoto, 2006), which calculates the weight of patterns of any
two words occurring in a poem sentence (Spärck Jones, 1972; Robertson, 2004; Manningand Schutze, 1999; Rajaraman and Ullman, 2012).

Where w is a weight, t a token, and N the number of tokens. The function idf iscalled the “inverse document frequency” (Spärck Jones, 1972; Robertson 2004; Manning

1
2

Tokyo Institute of Technology
Osaka University
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and Schutze, 1999). The function cw is called the “cooccurrence weight,” which allows us
to examine the patterns of poetic word constructions through mathematical modeling.
As in Figure 1, there is a concept (Losee, 2001: 1019) of terms located in eachlayer being effective query terms. Luhn (1968) cuts the top and bottom words of thefrequency and uses the mid-range vocabulary for the development of an automatic outline
generation system (Figure 1). Nagao (1983: 28) also mentioned mid-range vocabulary tobe effective in generating automatic abstracts. Nagao’s viewpoint is slightly different from
Luhn (1968) in that it allocates the distribution of word lengths around the Gaussian curve.
The positions of both the upper cutoff and the lower cutoff are, however, assumed to be
empirical; it is not discussed where to cut them off.

Results

The distribution of cw values is taken from the network model of both ume (plum) andsakura (cherry) and their curves belong to Gaussian curve as well as in classical texts(Figure 2). Therefore we will attempt to divide this shape into three layers by inflection
points.
The cooccurrence patterns of sakura (cherry) under -0.9 (near -1) cw value are
adjacent patterns comprising function words, and over 1 cw value are patterns with180

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content words as we expected (Table 1 and 2). As for the upper cutoff, we used an under-0.9 (near -1) σ value of cw, which could extract patterns of functional tokens: almost all
patterns included functional words, while as lower cutoff, we used over 1 σ values, which
could extract patterns of content tokens: almost all patterns included content words. Bothunder -1 and over 1 σ are regarded as inflection points which have mathematicallyinteresting properties.
Discussion
Inflection points are defined as the points on the curve where the curvature changes its
sign while a tangent exists (Bronshtein et al., 2004: 231). We consider the threshold values
that separate upper cutoff, mid-range, and lower cutoff not as coincidental but asevidential points. It is, however, necessary to conduct further experiments and continue todiscuss the mathematical traits behind the distributions of cooccurrence weights.
In terms of removing the low-range (upper cutoff) and extracting the high-range(lower cutoff) from poetic texts, we found that we do not need to use any filters to eliminate
terms, since cw values returned semantically cooccurring patterns. Apart from low-range
and high-range, the characteristics of the mid-range lexical layer are still unknown.

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Conclusion
Using the distribution characteristics of cooccurrence weights, we were able to classify
cooccurrence patterns into three layers of cooccurrence patterns: high-, mid-, and lowrange patterns.
We found that 1) the distribution of classical texts fits a Gaussian curve as wellas in modern texts; 2) the cw value can separate patterns into three layers (low-, mid-, andhigh-range) using inflection points (-1σ and 1σ); 3) of the three layers, the high-range could
be extracted without a list of stop words; 4) the mid-range lexical layer might include
mathematical traits not yet revealed in the present study.
References
Bronshtein, I.N., Semendyayev, K.A., Musiol, G., and Muehlig, H. (2004). Handbook ofMathematics: Springer-Verlag, 4th edition.
Hodoscek, B. and Hilofumi Y. (2013). “Analysis and Application of Midrange Terms ofModern Japanese”, in Computer and Humanities 2013 Symposium Proceedings, No. 4,
pp. 21–26.
Losee, Robert M. (2001). “Term dependence: A basis for Luhn and Zipf models”, Journalof the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 52, No. 12, pp.
1019–1025.
Luhn, H. P. (1968). HP Luhn: Pioneer of Information Science: Selected Works: Spartan
Books.
Manning, C.D. and Schutze, H. (1999). Foundations of statistical natural language
processing, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press.
Nagao, M. (1983). Gengo kogaku (Language Engineering), Jinkochino sirizu 2 (Series ofArtificial Intelligence): Shokodo.
Rajaraman, A. and Ullman, J.D. (2012). Mining of massive datasets, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Robertson, S. (2004). “Understanding inverse document frequency: on theoreticalarguments for IDF”, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 60, pp. 503–520.
Spärk Jones, K. (1972). “A Statistical Interpretation of Term Specificity and Its Application
in Retrieval”, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 28, pp. 11–21.
Yamamoto, H. (2006). “Konpyuuta niyoru utamakura no bunseki / A Computer Analysis ofPlace Names in Classical Japanese Poetry”, in Atti del Terzo Convegno di Linguistica e
Didattica Della Lingua Giapponese, Roma 2005: Associazione Italiana Didattica Lingua
Giapponese (AIDLG), pp. 373–382.

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Construction of Japanese Historical Hand-Written
Characters Segmentation Data from the CODH Data Sets
Tang Yiping1, Kohei Hatano1, Emi Ishita1, Tetsuya Nakatoh1, Toshifumi
Kawahira1
Introduction
Techniques for character recognition are of key components in the digital humanities.
These days, there are more digital images of historical documents made, due to thedevelopment of scanners and computers. Although huge amount of such digital images
are available, typical OCR (optical character recognition) systems for modern characters
cannot be directly applicable to pre-modern character recognition problems. The hardness
depends on languages. In particular, for Japanese, the difficulties of recognizing premodern hand written characters with computers are that (i) such documents are written bybrushes and many characters are often connected, not separated by spaces, (ii) several
different symbols (e.g., Chinese and Japanese ones) are used for meaning the samecharacter, (iii) some characters are simplified or abbreviated. Therefore, it is still a challenge
to recognize Japanese pre-modern texts from their images.
The recognition task can be divided into two phases, segmentation of sentences
to single characters and recognition of single characters. Given an image of a single
character, it is now an easy task to recognize the character, say, by using machine learningtechniques such as the deep neural networks. For example, Nguyen et al. reported that
their system can recognize single characters with accuracy 97% (Nguyen et al., 2017). On
the other hand, segmenting an image of sentence to those of single characters is abottleneck. Nguyen et al. also reported that the accuracy of their system for threeconsecutive characters is about 88%. So, a good segmentation algorithm will further
increase the accuracy of recognition systems.
The goal of this work is to construct data sets of Japanese pre-modern text with
the information of segmentation of sentences, for which researchers and developers could
test their segmentation algorithms. Our data sets will be available through the QIR, theinstitutional repository of Kyushu university.
The CODH data sets and their variants
In 2017, the Center for Open Data in the Humanities (CODH) published open data sets ofJapanese pre-modern characters and literatures (CODH, 2017a). The data sets consist ofimages of pre-modern Japanese books and their transcriptions as well as data sets ofimages of 403,242 individual characters of 3,999 different types. The data sets are released
under the license of CC-BY-SA which can be freely used and modified if an appropriate
citation is added.
Based on the data sets, the PRMU (PRMU, 2017), hosted the programming
context of recognizing Japanese pre-modern hand-written texts (called the “Kuzujishi
Challange") (CODH, 2017b) in 2017. In this context, they posted about 230,000 pages ofJapanese kana characters data from the 15 Japanese ancient books from the CODH data
sets, released it on the web site, so that it can be freely used by any potential participants.
The contest data sets consist of tuples of an original image of particular text, the charactersof interest (one to about six characters) which correspond to the “true" recognition result,and information of positions of characters expressed by the coordinates of the rectangle
enclosing them.
The task of the contest is, given the image and the coodinates of the enclosing
rectangle, to recognize the characters. In particular, the contest data sets has three typesof data, the level 1, 2 and 3 depending on the hardness. The level 1 data set consists of1

Kyushu University
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240,000 single characters. The level 2 data set consists of 80,000 sets of three consecutive
characters. The level 3 data set consists of sets with multiple characters (more than 3). An
illustration of these data sets is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: An example of contest data of the PRMU.
Construction of our data sets
Our technical work is to construct segmentation data sets by reforming the level 1,2, and3 data sets from the PRMU contest. Our simple observation is that all the level 2 and 3
data sets contain single characters appearing in the level 1 data set. Therefore, by adding
the information of enclosing rectangles of single characters in the corresponding, we canconstruct segmentation data sets of three or more characters. As a result, we construct
78,940 segmentation data sets of three consecutive characters and 12,583 multiple
characters, respectively. More precisely, the each data is the tuple of the original image,information of a large rectangle enclosing three or more characters (the X and Y coodinatesof the top-left corner, width and height), as well as small rectangles enclosing single
characters within the large rectangle. Figure 2 represents examples of our data set.

Figure 2: An example of our data set.
Furthermore, we also verified manually all of the constructed data. People
checked the data set are 8 students specializing Japanese literatures, who can recognize
Japanese historical characters. Through the manual check, we corrected 104 instances ofthe level 2 data set and 548 tuples of the data are excluded from our data set since
students could not recognize them. Similarly, we corrected 95 instances of the level 3 data.
Examples of difficult instances are shown in Figure 3.

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Conclusions and future work
In this work, we constructed segmentation data sets of Japanese pre-modern charactersfrom the CODH data sets and the PRMU contest. Our data set will be available under the
license of CC-BY-SA at the web site. We will show some preliminary results of various
segmentation methods over our data sets in the poster session.
Acknowledgement
We thank the support of the Tsubasa project at Kyushu University and JSPS KAKENHI
Grant Number JP18K18508.

Figure 3: Examples of abnormal instances excluded from our data sets.
References
CODH. (2017a). http://codh.rois.ac.jp/char-shape/.
CODH. (2017b). http://codh.rois.ac.jp/old-char-challenge.
Nguyen, H. T., Ly, N. T., Nguyen, K. C., Nguyen, C. T., & Nakagawa, M. (2017).
“Attempts to recognize anomalously deformed Kana in Japanese historical documents.”
In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Historical Document Imaging andProcessing (HIP2017), 31–36.
PRMU. (2017). https://sites.google.com/view/alcon2017prmu.

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How to Critically Utilise Public-sourced Open Data?
A Proof-of-Concept: Enrich the SOAS Authority Datasetswith Wikidata and VIAF
Fudie Zhao1
In the movement towards Open Data in the library sector, two types of sources haveemerged: authoritative data sources initiated by academic institutions, like VIAF (VirtualInternational Authority File), and public-sourced open data, like Wikidata. The former typeis better at the depth and quality of knowledge provided. The latter has an advantage interms of the breadth of knowledge. How to critically utilise the collective public intelligence
while avoiding its pitfalls remains debatable in Digital Humanities (Davidson, 2012). The
proposed poster intends to contribute to the discussion upon this issue by sharing SOAS
(School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London) library’s proof-of-concept
practice for leveraging VIAF and Wikidata to enrich its authority dataset in order to enhance
its discovery service.
1) Why do we choose to use Open Data?
The library catalogue provides a united search across its four constituent bibliographic
datasets (print, digital service, archive and institutional repository). However, the four
datasets have different metadata standards and schemas. On top of that, since SOAS
specialises in Asia, Africa, and Middle East studies, the datasets are multilingual and crossscript. These require an authority system to facilitate the united search (Mendias, 2017).
SOAS has a local authority dataset, however, it is outdated in several ways: 1)
originally from the print’s side, it does not fully meet the needs for the other three datasets;
2) it is not in keeping with an emerging trend in library sector to reconcile local authority
files with other institutions and share a unique identifier for the same person/corporate; 3)some files are inadequate in multilingual and cross-script information.
SOAS library thus seeks to enrich its local authority dataset with external unique
identifiers, as well as multilingual and cross-script data. SOAS library digital service teamdiscovers that instead of manually adding the information one at a time, Open Data, like
VIAF and Wikidata, may provide a better enrichment in quantity. Before the implementation,
SOAS conducts a proof-of-concept to understand:1) Which sources of Open Data should be selected?
2) What tools and methods are available for leveraging Open Data?
3) How effective is Open Data in serving SOAS’s specific purpose?
2) Which sources of Open Data should be selected? VIAF or Wikidata?
As the quantity of Open Data available is increasing, how to choose appropriate sources
become a question. SOAS has two options. VIAF is an institutionally supported resource,which combines name authority files from national libraries and other partners into a single
name authority service. Wikidata, on the other hand, is sourced from a wider and moregeneral public. Its initial datasets are derived from Wikipedia and other Wikimedianresources.
We have tried both VIAF and Wikidata reconciliation services in OpenRefine withour 25,472 sample entries for person names, and the results are as shown below (Fig.1
and Fig.2):

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University College London / SOAS Library Digital Service

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As is demonstrated in the stacked bar chart, on the whole, the sample dataset
reconciles better with VIAF. However, after a further analysis, we discover that only 20%
of VIAF’s matches overlap with Wikidata’s, which indicates the two sources arecomplementary. Therefore, a combined use of both sources provide the best reconciliation
results for SOAS’s dataset.
3) What tools and methods are used for leveraging Open Data?
SOAS uses free tools like OpenRefine and MarcEdit, and adopts a low-tech method toleverage Open Data. As there is still a significant amount of manual work required, it isbetter to follow a low-tech way, so that the library staff can pick up the skills quickly andwork collaboratively. The whole process is as follows (Fig.3):

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Since the project is at an initial stage, metrics for measuring effectiveness is yet to be
developed. Based upon the work we have done so far, data enrichment capability of VIAF
and Wikidata can differ greatly according to individuals and regions.
Name entries for person in the library’s local authority files range from worldly
well-known people to those who have only one publication recorded. The former group
have adequate information in both VIAF and Wikidata, while the latter lacks it. However, interms of search enhancement, the former group weigh more, as they are normally related
to more publications in the library and bring more trouble to the library’s discovery service.
Therefore, VIAF and Wikidata enable relatively automatic enrichment approach for those
who affect the search most, while leaving the long tail to manual inspection.
The major factors influencing search returns differ in regions. For example,
search problems caused by variations in writing systems in CJK regions (China, Japan,
and Korea) share similarities in dealing with Chinese characters. However, they also havedifferences, which lead to different approach to measurement (Table 1). A specific region
needs to be evaluated on customised standards to determine whether data provided by
VIAF and Wikidata can facilitate the resource discovery.

References
Mendias, C. (2017). “Project Charter: SOAS ADset”. Project Proposal from SOAS Library
and Information Services.
Davidson, C. (2012). Humanities 2.0: Promise, Perils, Predictions. In Gold M. (Ed.),
Debates in the Digital Humanities (pp. 476-489). University of Minnesota Press.
Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttv8hq.31

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