Beyond 5G / 6G White Paper(English version 0.9)

National Institute of Information andCommunications Technology (NICT)
April 2021

Contents
Executive Summary............................................................................................... i
Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................... 4
1.1 Background of the White Paper.............................................................. 4
1.1.1 Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems ................................ 4
1.1.2 COVID-19 pandemic ........................................................................... 5
1.1.3 R&D competition for next-generation mobile communication
systems .......................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Purpose and Positioning of the White Paper ....................................... 6
Chapter 2: Future society after 2030 (view of Beyond 5G / 6G world) .. 8
2.1 Information and Communication Networks and Nature of Society . 8
2.2 Migration of Information and Communication Networks .................. 8
2.3 Integration of Cyber space and Physical Space in Beyond 5G / 6G9
Chapter 3: What will the daily life be like in the Beyond 5G/6G Era? :Scenarios and Use Cases ................................................................................ 13
3.1 Scenario 1 - Cybernetic Avatar Society .............................................. 13
3.1.1, A day in 2035: From the diary of technology development
manager ....................................................................................................... 13
3.1.2 Use Case Examples and Key Technologies Required for
Implementation........................................................................................... 16
3.2 Scenario 2 - City on the Moon ............................................................. 20
3.2.1 People cultivating the Moon .......................................................... 20
3.2.2 Use Case Examples and Key Technologies Required for
Implementation........................................................................................... 24
3.3 Scenario 3 – Transcending Space and Time ...................................... 28
3.3.1 Creative and Active lifestyle .......................................................... 28
3.3.2 Dive to the point .............................................................................. 29
3.3.3 What are full of the sky? ................................................................ 30
3.3.4 Use Case Examples and Key Technologies Required for
Implementation........................................................................................... 31
Chapter 4: Key Technologies for Beyond 5G / 6G ..................................... 35
4.1 Technologies Enabling Use Cases ....................................................... 35
4.2 Outline of technology ............................................................................ 36
4.2.1 Ultra High Speed & High Capacity Wireless Communications . 36
4.2.2 Ultra-Low Latency and Ultra-Massive Connectivity .................. 39

4.2.3 Wired / Wireless communication and Network Control ............. 46
4.2.4 Multi-Layering of Wireless Systems - NTN .................................. 50
4.2.5 Space and Time Synchronization .................................................. 54
4.2.6 Ultra-Security and Reliability ........................................................ 57
4.2.7 Ultra-Reality and Innovative Applications .................................. 63
4.3 R&D Roadmap ......................................................................................... 69
Chapter 5: R&D Open Platform ...................................................................... 71
Chapter 6: Deployment Strategies ................................................................ 72
6.1 Trends in Standardization for Beyond 5G/6G ................................... 72
6.2 National Project for Beyond 5G / 6G Research and Development 74
Chapter 7: Conclusion ..................................................................................... 76
Acknowledgment............................................................................................... 771.1.2 COVID-19 pandemic
In response to the global
pandemicofcoronavirus

the

new

(SARS-CoV-2),

the governments around the
world

are

respondingbyFigure1.2:

Spatially

dispersed

lockdown and other measuresindividuals will be connected by an

to reduce direct human toadvancedhuman contact as much as

5G/6G) to collaborate with others,possible in order to control

robotsinfection.

cyberspace. It becomes possible to

With

the

essential

exception
workers,

of

nerve
and

networkavatars(Beyondthrough

continue to create value at all times.

many

people are encouraged / forced to work from home.
Telecommuting enables individuals to connect through cyberspace,enabling them to continue their economic activities to some extent.
However, it also recognizes the inadequacy of current information andcommunication technology (ICT).
The advantages of economic activities through cyberspace are thatthey are not constrained by realistic time and space, and this is
recognized as a new way of activities.
1.1.3 R&D competition for next-generation mobile communication
systems
As a fundamental infrastructure of society, the value of communication
networks is extremely high, and they are attracting considerable
attention from the viewpoint of security.
There is an accelerating trend toward the dominance of nextgeneration mobile communications systems, both economically and interms of security.
Against this background, the interest in Beyond 5G/6G has increased
significantly compared to the previous generation switching point, andthere is a lot of discussion about how to proceed with the research anddevelopment.
White papers have been published by various organizations, forums
have

been

established,

and

R&D
5

investments

arebeginning(see ”Reference : Various White Paper Consortiums, etc.” at the end of
this chapter).

1.2 Purpose and Positioning of the White Paper
This white paper is the results of NICT’s study, as a group of experts in
information and communications technologies, on the realization of the
Beyond 5G/6G world.
We created three scenarios, “Cybernetic Avatar Society,” “City on theMoon,” and ”Transcending Time and Space,” based on the image of social
life in the years from 2030 to 2035, and attempted to identify thenecessary technologies by backcasting from the future society depictedin these scenarios.
Scenarios and use cases (Chapter 3), elemental technologies andrequirements

forrealizing them, R&D

roadmap(Chapter4) anddeployment strategy (Chapter 6) are summarized. It goes without sayingthat in order to develop, implement and utilize the future technologies
necessary to realize the depicted social lives, it is necessary to engage indiscussions with not only the NICT but also various stakeholders to set
specific goals and carry out activities to achieve those goals.

In the future, we hope to use this white paper as a basis for further
discussions with many people. We plan to revise this white paper asnecessary to reflect the progress of these discussions.

6References: various white paper consortiums, etc.
(1) Beyond 5G/6G white papers, etc.
●Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy Council, Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications
https://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01kiban09_02000364.html○ NTT’s IOWN initiative
https://www.rd.ntt/iown/● DoCoMo’s ”DoCoMo 6G White Paper”
https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/corporate/technology/whitepaper_6g/● KDDI’s “Beyond 5G/6G White Paper”
https://www.kddi-research.jp/tech/whitepaper_b5g_6g/● NEC’s “Beyond 5G John White Paper”
https://jpn.nec.com/nsp/5g/beyond5g/pdf/NEC_B5G_WhitePaper_1.0.pdf● Samsung’s ”The Next Hyper---- Connected Experience for All”
https://cdn.codeground.org/nsr/downloads/researchareas/20201201_6G_
Vision_web.pdf○ Oulu University’s “6G channel”
https://www.6gchannel.com/
https://www.6gchannel.com/portfolio-posts/6g-white-paper-validationtrials/(2) Consortium, etc.
● Beyond 5G Promotion Consortium
https://b5g.jp● NEXT G ALLIANCE
https://nextgalliance.org/

7

Chapter 2: Future society after 2030 (view of
Beyond 5G / 6G world)
2.1 Information and Communication Networks and Nature ofSocietyThrough innovations in information and communication networks(1) (Inclusiveness) A society where everyone can play an active role byeliminating various barriers and differences such as urban and rural
areas, borders, ages, and the presence or absence of disabilities.
(2) (Sustainability) A society that is free from social loss, convenientand sustainably growing.
(3) (Reliability) A society that is tough and vibrant centered on human,in which safety and security will be ensured and the bonds of trust
will not be shaken even in the event of unforeseen circumstances,that is Society 5.0
are expected to be realized.
It is thought that CPS will be used in various aspects of social activities,
such as monitoring the real world through information and communication
networks, aggregating the results as big data,

analyzing the big data incyber space and driving the real world based on the results using various
actuators. There are great expectations that this system will realize astrong and vibrant society centered on human.

2.2 Migration of Information and Communication Networks
The use of various infrastructure and resources that support social
activities is expected to change dramatically from centralized todecentralized, and from monopolistic to sharing Several examples of suchuse have already been presented. This is what is called a shared economy.
Examples include car sharing in transportation, co-working in the working
environment, and crowdfunding in finance. The nature of information andcommunication networks is likely to change significantly in line with thistrend.
SDN (Software-Defined Network), i.e., network virtualization, will bepromoted more than ever before, and along with the development of8

white boxes for hardware, artificial intelligence (AI) technology will beapplied to control more complex networks. Network virtualization andwhite-box hardware will spread to terminals.
Terrestrial communication networks, including mobile communication
systems, and non-terrestrial networks (NTN) in the aerospace field, whichwere previously separate networks, are expected to be integrated fromboth sides, with new components such as High Altitude Platform Stations(HAPS), drones, and flying cars involved.
The development of radio resources in the millimeter-wave andterahertz bands will require us to make full use of radio waves.

2.3 Integration of Cyber space and Physical Space in Beyond 5G/ 6G
Figure 2.1 shows an outline of the solution of social issues through the
integrated use of physical space and cyber space in Beyond 5G / 6G.
Beyond 5G / 6G provides highly controlled time and space in both physicalspace and cyber space, making it possible to do things that could not havebeen achieved in physical space alone. This integration of physical spaceand cyber space is realized by management and control of information
through the control plane. In addition, enabling applications acrossintegrated physical and cyber space requires fundamental services andfunctions, which are referred to as enablers. The combination of enablers
realizes a wide range of applications. It is expected that the Beyond 5G /6G applications provided in this way will solve increasing social issues in
the future.
Next, based on Figure 2.2, which is a more detailed version of Figure
2.1, we figure the functional architecture of Beyond 5G / 6G.
In mobile communication systems up to 5G, frequency has been an
important resource to be managed, but time and space have not been
sufficiently recognized as resources that should be actively managed.
However,

time

and

space

are

essential

resourcesforadvancedapplications. Based on the recognition that time and space are importantresources for Beyond 5G / 6G, we believe that it is necessary to makeeffective use of these resources by actively carrying out predictions incyber space and optimal control of physical space based on thesepredictions. In this white paper, we follow this concept and assume the9functional architecture of the Beyond 5G / 6G as shown in Figure 2.2.
The social issues that Beyond 5G / 6G aims to solve cover a wide rangeof fields, as represented by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
and the Society 5.0. At this time, by expanding the space we handle fromphysical to cyber, we will be able to solve many new social issues if we
can open up the limits of time and space, the body, the brain, and otherareas that were considered difficult to overcome under conventional
wisdom.

Figure 2.1: Integration of physical and cyber space in Beyond 5G / 6G andsolving social issues.
A wide range of applications do solve social issues. As an example of
the applications, this white paper presents three scenarios in Chapter 3 :The Cybernetic Avatar Society, City on the Moon, and Transcending
Space-Time.

Applicationsareimplemented

withenablersasｆfundamental services / functions that span physical and cyber space.
Enablers are building blocks for application-enabling features such as ecommerce, next-generation avatars, and space communications. Enablers
are CPS-ready to handle both physical and cyber space.
Physical space and cyber space are managed by a cyber-physicalcontrol plane, which enables the utilization of resources including timeand space, the monitoring, sharing and optimization of the movement of10

corresponding to various application scenarios are superimposed andreproduced, and optimal control of physical space is performed based on
the prediction. In the cyber space, it is possible to perform verification
on a time axis different from the actual one or on a scenario that isdifficult to demonstrate in reality.

12Chapter 3: What will the daily life be like in the
Beyond 5G/6G Era? : Scenarios and Use Cases
3.1 Scenario 1 - Cybernetic Avatar Society
3.1.1, A day in 2035: From the diary of technology development manager◼

9:30-10:30 Telepresence meeting with executives from
Tokyo headquarters to discuss new product planning whilestill staying at home in Kyoto.

XR

teleconferencing

among

3D

avatars (UC1-3: Telepresence). I wasa little nervous when the president's
avatar appeared in front of me, but I
moved next to the president in 3D
space, handed him a product VR
prototype,

and

asked

him

to

experience it remotely with haptic

Figure 3.1: Telepresence
meeting.

gloves. We were able to get thepresident's go-ahead right away.

◼

10:30-11:30 Participate in global disaster response event

Remotely participate in large-scaletraining event for simulating natural
disasters(UC1-3:

Telepresence).

Using global core network technology,
expertsfromvariouscountries

gathered in XR space to deepen
discussions(UC1-1:

Promotion

MutualUnderstanding),

products

ware

and

of
our

operated

Figure 3.2: Telepresence
event.

simultaneously in each country using time synchronization technology.
We are very pleased that we were able to verify the effectiveness of our
products in the event of a disaster.

13

◼

A

11:30-12:00 Respond to an emergency problem at a
manufacturing plant in Thailand by instantaneous physicalmovement (9:30-10:00 local time)suddennoticefromamanufacturing plant in Thailand thatthe production line had been shut
down. Weattempted to remotely

control the manufacturing equipment
by hopping on a local avatar robot(UC1-3:

Telepresence)

and

found

that a part was damaged. The person

Figure 3.3: Remote response

in charge repaired the equipment

to emergency problem.

remotely,

and

was

able

to

work

remotely with ease without any discomfort of delay.

◼

12:00-13:00 Remote Lunch while assisting my father, wholives alone in the countryside of Okayama

I enjoyed lunch with my father, whose
physical functions was deteriorating,using avatar. I remotely controlled
the assistive devices to help my dad
eat(UC1-2:

SupportMentalAvatar).

andPhysicalEEG

analysis

showed that his understanding had
not deteriorated, which was a relief.
This is probably thanks to the AI

Figure 3.4: Remoteinteractive nursing care system myassistance.

father uses every day.

◼

13:00-15:00
Simultaneously
participate
incompany
meetings and son’s class visit remotely with multiple avatars

14

A teleconference in the company anda remote visit to my son’s school
coincided.

Theavatarcompany

meeting

is

for

the

set

to

autonomous alter-ego mode, the AR
was used to check the status of themeeting (UC1-3: Telepresence). In

Figure 3.5: Company

the agenda item I was interested in, I

meeting and Class visit.

went back into the remote alter-ego
mode and made a statement. Don’t tell my son that I slipped out of theclass visit during that time.

◼

15:00-16:00 Refresh body and soul by climbing XR-Mt. Fuji

Petit- XR Mt. Fuji climbing for arefresh

(UC1-3:

Telepresence).

Thanks to a number of 360 degree
cameras and haptic sensors installedon the site, which flexibly avoid radio
interference and provide wirelessaccess according to the situation, I
was

able

to

enjoy

a

Figure 3.6 : XR Mount Fuji

remoteclimbing.

experience equivalent to an actual
mountain-climbing while viewing the beautiful sea of clouds in a live
performance, which refresh my body and soul.

◼

16 : 00-17 : 00 Remote Negotiation with client in Turkey (10 :00-11 : 00 local time) in Japanese

Our

products

arepopularin

Europe and the Middle East, andtoday we had a remote meetingwith a client in Turkey. I didn’t
know

anything

about Turkish

language, culture, and customs,
so I was worried if I would be

Figure 3.7: Remote negotiation

able to communicate with eachacross languages, cultures andother,

but

thankstothecustoms.
15

simultaneous interpretation system that takes into account each other’scultures, we will be able to conclude a new contract with the client (UC11 : Promoting Mutual Understanding).

◼

20:00-21:30 Watch TV special
technology before going to bed

programsonfutureToday, I had a fulfilling day as I was able to handle several roles by myself
with ease. Compared to 15 years ago, our county’s birth is declining andthe population is aging, but thanks to avatar technology, laborproductivity has improved. According to a TV show on future technologythat I watched after dinner, in fifteen years from now, most of the brain’sfunctions will be incorporated into AI. It is going to be an amazing world,
but it is going to be a test of human wisdom on how to use thesetechnologies.
3.1.2

Use

Case

ExamplesandKey

Technologies

Requiredfor

Implementation
UC1-1: Mutual Understanding Promotion System (Across Barriers ofCulture and Values)[What kind of system? Why do we need it?]
It is difficult for a wide range of
people with different cultures andvalues to truly understand eachother just through daily verbal
exchanges. However, this systemanalyzes the context, non-verbal
information, and brain information
to convey the true meaning of theotherpersonunderstandinanmanner.

easy-toEveninremote conversations with people

Figure 3.8: Mutualfrom overseas using real avatars,

understanding promotion

thesystem (UC1-1).

systemwill

translateandinterpret the concepts that thewords mean, taking into account on differences in culture andcustoms, thus deepening mutual understanding among people with16

diverse cultures.
[Usage]⚫

Conceptual translation is carried out by detecting the inconsistentsituations in human-to-human conversation.

⚫

Operationisperformed

using

voice,

BMI(Brain-machineInterface), multiple sensors, etc.
See Chapter 4 “Key Technologies”(T7) Brain information reading, visualization, and BMI technology(T7) Real 3D avatar, multisensory communication and XR Technology(T7) AI analytics and dialogue technology based on verbal and nonverbal information(T7)

Multilingual

simultaneousinterpretation,

paraphrase,andsummarization technologies(T2) Integrated communication system configuration technology thatcoordinates environment and requirements(T6) Human-centric security technology(*) (technology not covered by NICT)XR hardware technology such as Head Mounted Display (HMD)
UC1-2: Support avatars for mind and body (Overcoming barriers of age
and physical ability)[What kind of system? Why do we need it?]A nursing-care support avatar (AIsoft robot) reads verbal, non-verbal
and brain information of elderly andphysical challenged and assist them
with

their

wishesandfeelings.

Caregivers can also remotely control
the nursing-care support avatar toprovide assistance according to thewishesoftheelderlyorthephysically challenged. Although thenumber of caregivers in Japan is

Figure 3.9: Mind and body

limited,support avatar (UC1-2).

it

will

be

possibleforcaregivers from abroad and assist
thecaregiver’s

personal

care
17

while

using

the

simultaneousinterpretation system.
[Usage]⚫

Elderly and physically challenged people use avatars.

⚫

Caregivers can remotely control avatars to support care-receivers.

[Required elemental technology] * See Chapter 4(T7)

Intuitive

measurement,

communication

andassurancetechnology(T7) Real 3D Avatar, Multisensory Communication and XR Technology(T7) AI analytics and dialogue technology based on verbal and nonverbal information(T7)

Multilingual

simultaneousinterpretation,

paraphrase,andsummarization technologies(T2) Integrated communication system configuration technology thatcoordinates environment and requirements(T6) Human-centric security technology(*) (technology not covered by NICT)
Hardware technologies such as home care robot and HMD
UC1-3: Working Style Revolution with Telepresence (Transcending
Distance and Time Barriers)[What kind of system? Why do you need it?]
Instantly

movearoundtheworld as well as in Japan with
3D avatars while staying at
home. Meetings with people
overseas are made easy with XR
and simultaneous multilingualinterpretation.

It

can

be

instantly moved to overseas
manufacturing

plantsandfarms, and remote work can be
done

intuitively

withmultisensory information. You
Figure 3.10: Working style

can also take care of yourrevolution with telepresence

parents who are far away while
you

work.

Your

avatar(UC1-3).

is18

guaranteed not to be fake, and it is secure. It also allows multiple
operators to switch between avatars that are specific to each task.
[Usage]⚫

Environmental

sensing

information

is

also

collected

andtransmitted.
⚫

Multiple avatars are switched by multiple operators.

[Required elemental technology] * See Chapter 4(T7)

Intuitive

measurement,

communication

andassurancetechnology(T7) Real 3D Avatar, multisensory Communication and XR Technology(T7) AI analytics and dialogue technology based on verbal and nonverbal information(T7)

Multilingual

simultaneousinterpretation,

paraphrase,andsummarization technologies(T2) Integrated communication system configuration technology thatcoordinates environment and requirements(T6) Human-centric security technology(*) (technology not covered by NICT)
Hardware technologies such as remote-control robots and HMDs

19

“Yesterday,

thecompleted

work

in

was

another

construction area. There are morethan 30 avatar machines from
Earth.

Four

of

them

can

be

borrowed from those construction
sites.”
After downloading the process
chart and data, my boss and two

Figure 3.13: Image of Lunarcrew members moved to their own

Settlement and Lunar Basepods and started connecting to
the lunar avatar machine (UC2-1,
UC2-3).

I pourtheremaininglemon tea into the exhaust duct

Development ** Space-X Base α : https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/28/16382716/spacex-elon-muskmoon-base-alpha-mars-colonization-interplan
etary-transport-systemand slide into my pod.

<From Lunar Gateway to Surface>
If you look at the horizon, you canclearly see the boundary between
the black space and the gray-brownground. A scene that appears when
you plug into an avatar machine on
the Moon. Head to the construction
area with my boss. Launch a large
excavator and begin exploration. We
check the results against the scan
data

from

the

lunar

gateway,

feedback the results, and optimize
the exploration route.
For the rest of the crew members,
today is virtual training day. Regulartraining is mandatory so that we canrespond quickly to all possible crises
on the Moon.
It seems that the Earth team has
started working behind us, and the21

Figure 3.14: Remote work withlunar avatars.

vibrations of multiple large impact drivers is transmitted to the grip armof the lunar surface avatar and transmitted to my bare hand on the lunar
gateway (UC2-1, UC2-3). It makes me feel a little ticklish when I thoughtthat these vibrations had been converted into radio waves before theyreached me.

<From the Earth to the Moon>
As I look at the horizon, I can clearly see the boundary between theblack universe and the gray-brown ground. It is a familiar sight thatappears when I plug into an avatar machine on the lunar surface. I headto the construction area with four avatar machines and meet up withother three avatar machines at the site. The lunar team has alreadystarted their work. They are planning their exploration route.
It is the 6G network that make the connection between myself on the
Earth and this body (the avatar machine on the Moon). When I arrive at
the site, I first check the communication status with the Earth (UC2-1,
UC2-2).

Afterchecking

thecommunication status, I check theautonomous navigation unit equippedwith an ultra-high sensitivity inertial
sensor. Even if the network is cut off,
it will be able to operate safely
autonomously, but this tough andexpensive government supply will besuspended. It's also important to beable to track the location of avatar
machines on the Moon without relying
solely on communications, but with thehigh-precision positioning system of
6G base stations.
While operating multiple excavation
machines, the team will efficiently
assemble a reinforced panel with an
impact driver to prevent cave-ins. A
robust edge cloud network is built on
the lunar surface, and the influence of
22

Figure 3.15: Remote work withlunar avatars.

3.2.2

Use

Case

ExamplesandKey

Technologies

Requiredfor

ImplementationUC2-1: Lunar Base connected by 6G[What kind of system? Why do we need it?]
The same 6G terminal as on the
ground is connected at the lunar
base,

enabling

positioning

andlocation. The environment is severer
than on the ground, and require
higherreliability

andsecurityforhuman life.
[Conditions for use]
⚫

Can

be

used

in

harsh

environments on the Moon.
⚫

Can be maintained remotely.

Figure 3.17: Lunar baseconnected by 6G (UC2-1).

[Required elemental technology] * See Chapter 4(T3) Design and allocation of frequency utilization considering
propagation on the lunar surface(T1) Wireless optical communications and terahertz technology are
active due to the lack of air.
(T2) Ultra Massive Connectivity technology for communication of vitaldata, etc.
(T4) Requires communication equipment that is resistant to radiationon the Moon
(T5) An atomic clock built into the local 6G base station enables
positioning on the lunar surface using radio waves.
(T4) Providing communication services in cooperation with a private
mobile operator(T6) Security needs to be higher than ground level(T4) 6G Base Station with Software Defined Radio (SDR) Installed on
lunar surface (lunar Surface Radio with Variable Frequency andmodulation)(T1) Fiber laying (multi-core fiber, laid during construction, buried inregolith)(T4) Mineral, fuel, buried resources, and Transmission of financial
information (encryption, security, time synchronization required)24

(T4) Avoiding the effects of meteorites (tracking of debris andchanging orbit by laser irradiation)
UC2-2: 6G leading up to the Moon
[What kind of system? Why do you need it?]Asystemusedforcommunication
between lunar avatars
and users on the Earth.
High-speed
communicationispossible from the Earth
to the lunar base, andFigure 3.18: 6G leading up to theMoon (UC2-2).

the same 6G terminal ason the Earth is connected.
[Conditions for use]⚫

Communication via the lunar gateway is required.

⚫

Target data transmission speed is 5 Gbps or higher.

⚫

Consider Earth-Moon delay.

[Required elemental technology] * See Chapter 4(T4) Earth-Moon Ultra High Capacity Optical Communication(T4) 24 hours, 365 days communication(T4) Data relay station in geostationary orbit(T4) Providing communication services in cooperation with private
satellite operators(T4) Security must be taken into account, and multiple routing
choices for security and reliability(T4) Adaptive Optics for onboard satellites(T4) Large Aperture Optical Antenna Technology for onboard
satellites

25

UC2-4: Moon Travel[What kind of system? Why do we need it?]This is a system for highcapacity communication with
the Earth and the lunar baseduring an actual trip to theMoon in the future. Thissystem will provide a safe
and secure travel that allows
ustocontact

with

ourgrandparents on the Earth

Figure 3.20: Moon Travel

without any problems even(UC2-4).

during long-term travel. We

are in an era where people can enjoy space travel even for leisure bysending photos taken during their stay to Earth via SNS.
[Conditions for use]⚫

Communication lines can be used without any special skills.

⚫

It is necessary to take measures to safely return to the spacecrafteven if the communication for passengers is cut off during
extravehicular activities.

⚫

It is necessary to take measures against blackouts for whenreturning to the Earth.

[Required elemental technology] * See Chapter 4(T4) Importance of Space Weather (large impact on human body andequipment)(T1) ultra-high-capacity wireless communication(T2, T7) Long-distance teleconferencing(T2) Requires low latency(T6) Security Considerations Required27

3.3 Scenario 3 – Transcending Space and Time3.3.1 Creative and Active lifestyle<Father and daughter>My youngest daughter is very active and I can’t take my eyes off hereven at the park. While looking at my daughter, I call up my floating
information terminal to have a meeting with my colleagues at work. It is alittle cold outside. “Daddy, look! Hmm... POFF!” A pebble crashed into apile of sandbox. I noticed my wife’s camera drone near my daughter. My
wife can’t seem to be keeping her eyes off her daughter. She is supposed
to be on a business trip until today, but it looks like she is connected tothe smart drone system to check it out (UC3-3). “She never trusts on me.”<First son>
The teacher’s lesson through the glass monitor is enthusiastic. Next
month, they will perform a dance at the theater that was completed on
the Moon. I am at home on earth now. The AI alerts me to take a break,and I stop dancing, and I check the 3D feedback images while changing
the viewpoint. The dances of my friends are superimposed on the imagesof myself (UC1-3). “Hmmm, Well, looks like I have a talent in dance.”<Second son>
My brother seems to have started a dance lesson upstairs. The rattlingnoise is loud. It is my brother’s turn to cook today, but I decided to takeover. It’s fun to be able to create new menus with Skill Learning Assist(apparently the teacher is an old lady in neighborhood...) (UC1-1, UC1-2).
“Come to think of it, I am going to Grandpa’s house tomorrow. I’d like tomake something for him while I’m in there. What’s his favorite?”<Grandfather and father>
My father is a local charismatic hairdresser. These days, he opens his
stores only when his clients ask him to (UC1-3). Today was thecelebration of my father’s 77th birthday (It calls “Kiju” in Japanese). It
was exciting just like a talent show, with regular customers and old staffs
28

coming to celebrate. His hobby was cycling and fishing, and he got asuntan. “Stay well, granpa.”<With Family>
After finishing the board game, the children began to breathe sleep. My
wife also started to doze off, rocking her body back and forth like rowing
a boat. Thank you for your business trip. My second son made Inarizushi(sushi wrapped in fried tofu), but I wonder where he knew my father’sfavorite food. Seeing someone’s sleeping faces made me feel sleepy too.
I switched to automatic navigation mode and stretch out myself. The
gliding skycar’s interior is really quiet (UC3-1). Look up at the Moon fromthe windshield. “Hey, Bro! Where is the theater where my child will dance?”
3.3.2 Dive to the point

In the stratosphere warehouse that goes around 20 km above the ground.
“I (An autonomous AI system)” put the requested cargo in my backpack
and dive to the ground (UC3-1). The moment I step out, I always get
nervous, but when I do, I am filled with a sense of freedom. After leaving
the warehouse, the sky gradually changes from dark blue to pale blue,
and as I pass through the white clouds at high speed, I see a city withcountless rivers branching and flowing emerges from the haze. As I lookclosely, I can see the river branches into smaller irrigation channels
equipped with smaller sluices and hydroelectric generators. The sluices
and generators are networked, and the amount of water flowing throughthe town is managed smartly. Black rain clouds can be seen behind themountains. A wide-area sensor network will be monitoring and forecasting
rainfall and river water levels and computing an appropriate drainage
program from the town (UC3-2).
As I approach the mountainous area where I am going to be, what isshining in the vast red pine forest is work drones. Multiple robots are29

cooperating with each other in thinning, collecting, and transporting thetrees, to maintain and manage the forest to maximize the flood control
effect (UC3-2). Even so, a part of the mountain collapsed, and the
spreading red pine forest has many lines of reddish-brown soil peeking
out. I can see the broken steel bridge that the drones are repairing (UC32). No matter how smart we become, we will probably never be able toeliminate the damage caused by natural disasters.
Finally, I arrive at my destination, the community center. I dive into a
receiving pod about 5 meters in diameter near the public hall (UC3-1). A
surprisingly quiet landing! Thanks to the technology that collects heatand sound from the impact and stores it efficiently into battery. After a
few minutes of safety checks, the staff took out relief supplies from mybackpack. I heard a cheer from a distance.
Made of heat-resistant ceramic equipped with an inertial sensor andspace-time synchronization unit, I finished one task and was collected toa maintenance box for the next dive. “Hi, Mr. Staff, when the bridge isfixed, please wash and pour in fragrant oil. Next, “I” want to do a rocket
entry into the atmosphere (UC3-1).”
3.3.3 What are full of the sky?

I make a cup of coffee and sit down at my desk at home. The chirpingof sparrows and the cold air are refreshing. Facing the widescreen, I
quietly read over and modify the assignment report I completed last night.
The physical keyboard is not there. Tap a keyboard hologram, and withmotion capture, the input is sent to the edge cloud. The only noise is thesound of my grandfather tuning up his bicycle (UC3-3). He is seventyseven years old and still going strong. It’s about time for me to startteaching at a university abroad. Submit a report and switch my mind from30

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), it is important to multiplex
the positioning and navigation systems by assisting a large number ofbase stations that enable edge computing, and increasing the stability
and accuracy of the clock and inertial sensor of skycar.
[Conditions for use]
Building invisible but solid “roads” in space means the developmentof highly accurate space-time synchronization technology and spatial
and frequency multiplexing of positioning base stations. Of course, it
is important to improve the accuracy of various sensors and thesophistication of cyber security in order to ensure the safety ofvehicles traveling in the sky.
[Required elemental technologies](T5) Space-Time Synchronization Technology(T6) Encryption and security technologies, resilience(T1) ultra-high-speed and high-capacity wireless communication(T2) Ultra-low latency network(T2.1) Edge computing(T7.6) Passenger Skycar(T7.7) Drone

UC3-2: Resilient village forest (Satoyama)[What kind of system? Why do we need it?]Flood control poses a difficult problem to solve in facing of population
decline. In some cases, on-the-spot human judgement alone may not
be an optimal solution. A high-density precipitation sensor networkthat can provide accurate and wide-ranging information on help to
speed up and improve the efficiency of evacuation of residents. In
addition, by parallelizing irrigation channels and sluice gates andconnecting them via a network, it will be possible to carry out smart
drainage from the town. Thinning work is important to enhance theflood control function of the forests. By synchronously controlling

32

Until now, the cloudhas been the place
to

go

for

connectivity, but asedge

computingadvances,

weareentering an era of
the

Omni

where

we

cloud,
areFigure 3.23: Omni Cloud Gate Way (UC3-3).

surrounded by the
cloud

resources. The

omni-cloudprovidesuswithcomputingresources, information resources, communications resources, andeven power resources. What will be important is the gateway thatconnects us to the cloud. For example, a drone that stays close to us
will become a security gateway, allowing us to receive advanced cloudservices without having to carry devices, while protecting yourpersonal information.
[Conditions for use]
High-precision positioning is realized with an ultra-high stable clock
and the transmitted radio waves drones. By combining images among
multiple drones whose posture is controlled by high-precision
gyroscopes, the location of the user is also identified, and the service
is provided by video and audio, etc. It will also be possible toreallocate resources more efficiently by redistributing security levels
locally and dynamically according to usage.
[Required elemental technologies](T5) Ultra-High Stability Clock and High Precision Synchronization(T6) Privacy protection and security technology(T1) ultra-high-speed and high-capacity wireless communication(T2) Ultra-low delay network, high-speed image processing(T7.7) Micro-drones(*) High accuracy inertial sensor

34

be taken. In addition, practical techniques to reduce power
consumption as well as dimensions of the devices are required,
particularly for consumer applications.
[1] NICT Press Release: Terahertz wireless makes big strides in paving
the way to technological singularity, February 19, 2019https://www.nict.go.jp/en/press/2019/02/19-1.html[2] NICT Press Release: Successful 300 GHz Terahertz WirelessCommunication Using Ultra-Small Antenna, January 13, 2021
https://www.nict.go.jp/press/2021/01/13-1.html

T1.2 All-optical network (high-capacity optical fiber communication)①

Technology: This technology is regarding the optical fiber, which is athin glass fiber. It is possible to deliver a large amount of data at highspeed to a foreign country thousands of kilometers away. It is widelyused for home and corporate networks, mobile phone networks,
submarine cables connecting Japan and overseas, and so on.

②

Purpose: As the number of people who work remotely at home or
enjoy movies and anime through video streaming services increases,
more data is transmitted and received over networks, causing data
congestion. For this reason, high-capacity fiber-optic communications
are needed to ensure smooth data transport.

③

Background: Current optical fiber communication systems provide up
to 10 Tbps of transmission capacity per optical fiber [1].

④Requirements: In order to support the ever-increasing volume of data
for the future, basic networks in the 2030s requires a transmission
capacity of at least 100 Tbps per optical fiber, followed by atransmission capacity of at least 1 Pbps.
[1] Report of Study Group on Future Network Infrastructure (Ministry ofInternal Affairs and Communications)

T1.3 All-optical network (optical and radio convergence technology)① Technology : This technology is used to distribute large amounts ofdata generated in wireless sections such as IoT devices, mobile
terminals and so on, to optical fiber networks, and large amounts ofdata processed in data centers and edge servers to wireless sections
37

via optical fiber networks.
Purpose : In daily life such as an exercise and a shopping, there aremany cases where you move a little bit, however the quality ofcommunication is expected not to be dropped even then. To open up
realizing a future cyber-physical society in a high level, it is necessarytoutilizehigh-availability,

high-flexibility

andhigh-capacity

communications while successfully convergence of wireless with
optical fiber communications.
② Background : ITU-T White Paper : ITU-T SG13FG-NETWORK 2030
Network 2030 Vision White Paper discusses the needs for Tbps classhigh-capacity communication as a holographic society.
⑤Requirements : There is a need for a communication system thatenables high-capacity communication from 100 Gbps to Tbps, which isequivalent to 10 to 100 times of 5G, with a low-latency between
optical fiber communication sections and wireless communication
sections in an area for a dedicated moderate range communication(DMRC) in several tens of kilometers. Additionally, there is a need fora massively integrated device technology for the convergence opticaland radio waves, that support to construct this system.

38

capacity communications using edge computing. In the white paper of
5G Americas advocates the future direction of edge computing
architecture

includingcollaboration

withinformation-centric

networking.
④

Requirements: Ultra-low latency response, trade-off solution of
information integrity, reliability, and security, and scalability to realize
network computing in which a large number of devices connect to andinteract with the network are required.
T2.2 Adaptive wireless network construction techniques①

Technology: This technology is tocontrol

modulation,transmission

timing, relay routes, etc. in order torealize high-level actions by wirelessdevices cooperating according tosituations and requirements.
②

Purpose:This

Figure 4.3: Intermittent

technologyisindispensable for various wirelesswaiting action for powersaving.

systems including IoT and monobased systems, and satisfies the following requirements. 1) It adjusts
high-speedtransmission

androbustnessinresponsetothecommunication environment, and makes the communication efficient.
2) It enables power saving operation and low latency transmission
while avoiding collision and congestion by controlling transmission
timing. 3) By exchanging control information between wireless devices
and establishing relay routes autonomously and dispersively, accessarea is extended.
③

Background: There are standards such as IEEE 802.15.4 (physicallayer and MAC layer) and IEEE 802.15.10 (L2R) that have been st
andardized with leadership of NICT. In addition, Wi-SUN, the world’s first certification referring to these standards, has been establis
hed, where NICT is a member of the founders.

④

Requirements: It is essential to be able to satisfy requirements frommachine’s point of view beyond the human category, such as
operation for 10 years or more without battery replacement, and to beable to perform autonomous distributed operation to realize a large
40

number of wireless communication devices.

Figure 4.4: Demonstration of low-power operation(left: fishery, right: farming)

T2.3 Adaptive wireless network application technologies①

Technology: This technology is to realize session management, timesynchronization, and application interface in order to realize theadvanced action of multiple wireless devices cooperating according to
the situation and requirements.

② Purpose: This technology is indispensable for various wireless systems
including IoT and mono-based systems, and satisfies the following
requirements. 1) Optimize information exchange by prioritizing session
management and traffic coordination. 2) Realize communication
between wireless devices via wide-area backbone networks, etc., andcompensate for time synchronization between wireless devices
according to the assumed service. 3) Visualize the connection of
wireless devices that make up communication, and an applicationinterface that allows the operator to set up a huge number of wirelessdevices appropriately and efficiently.
③ Background: Standards such as ECHONET LITE (session layer orhigher) exist [1].
④ Requirements: It is necessary to establish an appropriate userinterface in addition to the time synchronization on the application toguarantee the upper layer operation.

41

Figure 4.5: App interface for visualizing radio device operation(left : radio devices, right : connection status).
[1] ECHONET Lite, http://www.echonet.gr.jp/spec/

T2.4

Technologies

forautonomous

localization,

tracking,

andreservation of radio emission space①

Technology: Mobile devices that intend to transmit information using
radio waves calculate the minimum necessary radio emission space byautonomous or cooperative methods with other devices, and based on
the results, localize the radio wave emission space and perform
tracking control along with movement. This technology is to share
spectrum resource by predicting the future behavior of mobile devices
and making precise reservations (schedules) for the time and spacerequired to use radio wave resources.

②

Purpose: By minimizing the physical radio wave emission space, it ispossible to simultaneously increase the interference resistance(reliability) and security under the ultra-high-density inter-device
communication

environment.

In

addition,byintegrating

this

technology with the technology for predicting the movement ofdevices in cyberspace, it will be possible to secure communication
quality in preparation for future communication congestion.
③

Background: Electronic localization and tracking technology for radio
emission space has been put into practical use in mobile phonesystems and Wi-Fi systems as passive or active beamforming
technology, and has become a core technology as Massive MIMO
technology [1] in 5G wireless communication systems.

④

Requirements: It is necessary to reduce the effective isotropic
radiated power (EIRP) of radio waves in an unplanned space to a level
where information cannot be restored even by an ultra-high-sensitivity
42

receiver, and to automatically track objects as they move (walking
speed level). It is also necessary to accurately predict the arrival timeofdevicesatfuturedestinations

and

the

radio

propagation

environment at such destinations, so that the optimal radio emission
space can be reserved with microsecond accuracy.
[1] 5G Multi Antenna Technology, NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal Vol. 23
No. 4, Jan. 2016.

T2.5 Ultra-multi-connected autonomous M2M network construction
technology using ubiquitous social resources①

Technology: This technology is to autonomously build M2M (Machineto-Machine) networks of ultra-multi-hopping relay by connecting
various ubiquitous social resources (fixed resources and mobile
resources) inside and outside the building, or a large number ofdevices equipped with them, autonomously (or upon request) bypassing communication system that automatically shares information
when devices pass each other.

②

Purpose: Even in areas where facilities such as base stations andcommunication infrastructure operated by mobile operators are notreadily available, or even in areas where installation itself is difficult,ultra wideband delay-tolerant networks can be configured in an
extremely eco-friendly manner over a wide range. (It can be said to bea platform for autonomous participatory sensing and network building
objects.)③

Background: There are multiple communication standards andmethods that allow multiple devices located in the vicinity toautonomously connect to each other. As an example, in the field ofsmart meters in Japan, networks operations with several hundred to
one thousand units have been put into practical use, mainly using subgigabyte frequencies [1].

④Requirements: It is necessary 1) to be able to autonomously discover,secure, and manage ultra-multi-hopping relay devices related topropagation

paths

and

frequencies

suitablefor

information

propagation in accordance with environmental conditions, etc., and tohave an API (Application Programming Interface) and appropriate userinterface for that purpose, 2) to be able to secure and manage
43

resources related to the above, to ensure a certain level of timesynchronization and reliability, and 3) to be able to autonomously
eliminate the information whose value has already disappeared or the
information that violates discipline.
[1] Wireless Mesh Network Technology for Smart Meters, Mitsubishi
Electric Technical Report, Vol. 86, No. 11, 2012.

T2.6 Advanced radio emulation①

Technology:This

technology

realizes

theevaluation

of

new

technology and large-scale system verification in a short time and at
low cost by simulating the radio propagation between wireless devices
based on the assumed scenario of users in a virtual space with highaccuracy.
②

Purpose: It is difficult, both financially and physically, to conduct
field tests of new technologies that contribute to the effective use of
frequencies and of large-scale systems with several thousand units.
The use of advanced wireless emulator enables highly reproducible
evaluations and verifications in various environments.

③

Background: One of the representative initiatives overseas is the SC2
project of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)[1]. It held a spectrum sharing technology contest with multiple
scenarios tailored to the real world.

④

Requirements: Quasi real-time emulation to set mobile routes duringrunning scenarios, large-scale system verification capability of 10,000
units, radio emission pattern emulation of beamforming, and 400 MHz
band signal processing assuming Beyond 5G / 6G.

Figure 4.6: Advanced radio emulation[1] DARPA, "Spectrum Collaboration Challenge (SC2)," https://archive.
darpa.mil/SC2/

44

Table 4.3: Roadmap for Ultra Low Latency and Ultra Massive Connectivity

45

4.2.3 Wired / Wireless communication and Network Control
T3.1 Network control technologies (network operation automation, innetwork computing)①

Technology: This is a networking technology to realize a highsustainability for diverse service requirements in the future. These
include 1) network operation full-automation technologies utilizing
network telemetry and AI / machine-learning-based advanced data
analysis mechanisms, and 2) ultra-low latency and highly reliable innetwork

computingtechnologies

applying

information-centric

networking and edge networking.
②

Purpose: In order to realize a safe, secure, and convenient society inthe 6G era, the above technologies are essential to resolve futuresocial issues such as a decrease in the working-age population, tosatisfy the application requirements of the 6G era, and to select andagilely provide truly necessary, valid, and reliable information from ahuge amount of information.

③

Background: The new network for 6G “Network2030” advocated by
ITU-T is a competitive research field in the world [1]. In the EU, “6Genesis” project led by University of Oulu in Finland is ongoing [2],while in Japan, NTT DoCoMo and NEC published white papers on
Beyond 5G and 6G in 2020 [3,4]. In the USA, 5G Americas proposes
to interwork edge computing and information-centric networking
technologies as a future direction in the white paper “5G at theEdge”[5].

④Requirements:

We

requirenetwork

operation

automation

technologies reducing human operations as much as possible byutilizingopen

sourceframeworks,

and

also

requireadvancedmechanisms to guarantee application quality (ultra-low latency, highspeed processing, fault tolerance, etc.) and reliability of information.
[1] https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/net2030/Documents/Whit
e_Paper.pdf[2] https://www.oulu.fi/6gflagship/[3] https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/binary/pdf/corporate/technology/whit
epaper_6g/DOCOMO_6G_White_PaperJP_20210203.pdf[4] https://jpn.nec.com/nsp/5g/beyond5g/pdf/NEC_B5G_WhitePaper_1.0.
pdf

46

[5] https://www.5gamericas.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/5G-Amer
icas-EDGE-White-Paper-FINAL.pdf

T3.2 Frequency allocation and sharing management①

Technology: This technology is to allocate frequencies to the mobile
operators, as well as to enable sharing and dynamic allocation among
multiple parties, in line with the diversification of communication
applications and the use of high-frequency bands.

②

Purpose: Beyond 5G / 6G requires dynamic operation of spectrum
sharing using database and autonomous operation using new radio
access methods in addition to the existing spectrum sharing methods
there mobile operators occupant frequency bands for 4G or a company
holds a license for local 5G in order to increase the spectrum
utilization per bandwidth by shortening the time to start the operationof dynamically allocated spectrum.

③

Background: In Japan, in addition to the bands allocated for mobile
operators, shared bands are allocated for Local 5G operators [1]. For
Beyond 5G / 6G, many experts have suggested that users should be
able to acquire necessary frequencies by spectrum sharing [2].

④Requirements:Itisnecessarytorealizesoftware(broker/

middleware) that automatically acquires the spectrum resource
required for users, visualize spectrum operation, and allocate
resources by calculating radio interferences with simulators utilizing
dynamic database, block chain, and digital twin technologies.
[1] https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000711788.pdf[2] https://www.6gworld.com/videos/spectrum-sharing-in-6g-6gsymposi
um/

T3.3 Self-operated wireless system management (Local B5G/6G)①

Technology: Local 5G is a unique Japanese system for using advanced
5G technology for private wireless system. It is also expected thefunctions will be customized according to the needs of the location
and region.

②

Purpose: It has both stability and confidentiality, and is expected to
be used for industrial and regional applications such as factory
automation systems and disaster prevention / mitigation systems
47

through infrastructure monitoring.
③

Background: In Japan, 4.6-4.9 GHz and 28.2-29.1 GHz have been
allocated, and its deployment has started [1]. Other countries, such as
Germany, have similar systems.

④

Requirements: Even at present, it is necessary to coordinate withother Local 5G operators in the vicinity, but in the future. In the future,
coordination with the public network and remote Local 5G is expected.
It is important to utilize other technologies such as CPS in order tocreate a system that maintains customizability and confidentiality
while avoiding interference.

Figure 4.7: Private wireless system management (Local 5G).

[1] Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Guidelines for
Introduction

to

Local

5G,

latestrevisioninDecemberhttps://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000722596.pdf

48

2020.

4.2.4 Multi-Layering of Wireless Systems - NTN
T4.1 Satellite and non-terrestrial communication platforms①

Technology: This technology
is for wireless communication
systemtoseamlessly

connect from the ground tomobility,highaltitudeplatform(HAPS),

satellite

and deep space probe inthree dimensions.
②

Purpose:By

makingitpossible to communicate to
all areas, people will be able
to

have

variouscommunications in a futuresociety where environment
will

be

continuously

changing.
③

Figure 4.8: Satellite and Nonterrestrial communication

platforms and their requirements.

Background: As satellite communications have increased in capacity(high-throughput satellites) and delay (low-orbit satellites) [1], HAPS
have been actively developed [2]. Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) arebeing standardized by 3GPP.

④

Requirements: For practical application, wireless communication
systems on each platform are required to be high-speed, high-capacity,
flexible, compact, and low-cost in order to seamlessly connect withheterogeneous systems.
[1] Rep. ITU-R M.2460-0[2] https://hapsalliance.org/

T4.2 Optical satellite communications①

Technology: This technology is to realize high-capacity wirelesscommunication technology using light (laser) in space. Aiming forultra-high speed, low latency and broadband communication.

50

②

Purpose: While the amountof data generated by earth
observation

satellites

isincreasing, there is a limittohigh-speed

communication in the radio
frequency
speed

band.

opticalHighwirelesstechnology is powerful forlarge-capacity

③

image

transfer and long-distance

Figure 4.9: Use of optical

data communications.

satellite communications

Background:communications

Optical
of

1.8

Gbps

[1]

for

inter-satellite

opticalcommunications using geostationary satellites, 5.5 Gbps [2] for intersatellite optical communications using low-earth orbit satellites, and5.12 Gbps [3] for ground-to-satellite optical communications havebeen demonstrated in space.
④

Requirements: In optical communications, the beam is sharp, so
optical communication devices and capture / tracking devices with
capture / tracking / directional functions are required. For practicalapplication, communication speed of 10-50Gbps class, which is one
digit higher than the present level, and communication technology
connecting multiple different networks are also required.
[1] https://www.satnavi.jaxa.jp/project/lucas/[2] https://earth.esa.int/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/t/terrasar-x,
http://satcom.jp/44/reportj2.pdf[3] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8357402

T4.3 Maritime communications①

Technology: This technology is to provide M2M data transmission andhigh-speed, high-capacity networks to ships in the ocean.

②

Purpose: By sharing high-speed and high-capacity data over theocean and land, it is effective for automated navigation, efficient andpromoted use of marine resources, maritime security, and onboard
broadband.
51

③

Background: Several tensof Mbps are provided in
the global service, but thesize of the communicationequipment and cost are
obstaclesduetorestriction of installation
location [1].
④Requirements: We needto realize a high-speed,
low-cost,

Figure 4.10: Image of maritime

small-sizedcommunications

broadbandcommunication system in the global area including the arctic region
with a view to future unmanned operations.
[1] Toward the Spread of High-Speed Communications at Sea (Final
Report), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, MLIT, MAFF,
March 2018.

T4.4 Underwater and submarine communications①

Technology: This technology is to realize communication under the
sea

where

radio

communication

utilization

using

sound

has

been

waves

difficult.

has

Conventional

problemsofslow

communication speed and large propagation delay. However, using
radio waves enables high-speed and low-delay communication.
②

Purpose: For bridge maintenance, IoT of fishery, seabed exploration,etc., wireless communication technology is necessary to complement
communication that is difficult with sound and light.

③

Background: The Aqua Local Area Network (ALAN) consortium has
been established, and underwater communication using visible light inparticular is drawing attention [1].

④Requirements: Higher speeds of several Mbps or more, longer
distances of several tens of meters, and smaller and lighter antennas
are required for mounting on ships and underwater robots, taking into
consideration water resistance.
[1] https://www.trimatiz.com/jp/consortium/alan.html

52

T4.5 Integrated network control①

Technology: This technology
is to link deep space probes,
geostationary satellites, lowearth orbit satellites, HAPS,
aircraft,drones,ships,

ground stations, Beyond 5G /6G, etc. in a multi-layered
andorganic

manner,andflexibly controls the platform
and network connection usedaccording to the service.
② Purpose: It is possible tobuild a system that does notinterrupt

communication

anywhere, such as aircraft,

Figure 4.11 : Image of theships,

integrated network architecture

remoteislands,

deserts, mountains, planets,
etc., in response to user requests such as Internet use, remote
informationcollection,

remotecontrol,

emergency

disastercountermeasures, infectious disease countermeasures (remote work,etc.).
③

Background: Regarding satellite 5G collaboration, the SATis5 Project[1] of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the SAT5G Project [2] of
the European Union have been implemented. In Japan, a subcommitteeof the Space ICT Promotion Forum [3] is studying new use cases forcollaboration between satellites and Beyond 5G / 6G.

④

Requirements: Standardization of each platform and development of
infrastructure for integrated network systems (such as inter-satellite
resource management functions) are required.

53

synchronization.
②

Purpose: The age of cloud computing and the age of real-timeprocessing of huge amount of computation by multiple computers will
come. Synchronizing and tuning the clock makes it possible to use an
infinite number of machines as if you were using a desktop PC. This
will extend to distributed avatars and connected cars.

③

Background: Microwave atomic clocks of several centimeters square
are sold as modules mainly in Europe and America [1]. In Japan, similar
atomic clock modules have been developed under the leadership of
AIST [2]. On the other hand, in the case of several centimeters square,
the market other than dual-use is thin, and it is not easy to promotesocial implementation in Japan. In the next phase of R&D, we need ascenario for further miniaturization and low-power-consumption
expansion.

④

Requirements:
Edge computing size< 5 cc, power consumption < several mW.
Personal device size < 1 cc, power consumption < several hundredmW.
[1] R. Lutwak et.al., The MAC-a Miniature Atomic Clock, in Proc. IFCS2005,
pp.752.
[2] (H. Zhang et.al., ULPAC: a miniaturizes Ultralow-Power Atomic Clock,IEEE JSSC, 54(11), 2019, pp.3135.

T5.3 Generating & Sharing technology for reference time①

Technology: This technology is to create and share a highly disasterresistant virtual standard time by using a large number of clocks in a
local network, and to realize efficient intra-regional communications.
At the same time, network participants can easily synchronize withabsolute time such as standard time or Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC) by relying on this shared time.

②

Purpose: Next-generation data exchange requires flexibility toachieveboth1)high-speed

andhigh-precision

relativetime

differences over short distances, such as automatic driving, and 2)
absolute

time

stampsbetweenserversaroundtheworld.

In

information systems, clock management is required to accommodate
these requirements.
56

②

Purpose: In a society where Beyond 5G / 6G has been realized,
various data in the real space will be sent to the cyber space in realtime, and control in the real space will be performed based on the
results analyzed in the cyber space (e.g., self-driving, digital twin).
Integrated security from the hardware layer to the software layer isimportant as infrastructure. In addition, technologies are required to
identify security issues and use them safely and securely for new
technologies and services provided on this infrastructure.

③

Background: 5G security is being discussed by various organizations,
including the 3GPP Security Working Group (SAWG3) and the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) NCCoE Project. However,the definition of Beyond 5G / 6G has not been established and will be
discussed in the future. In the area of IoT security, R&D on supply
chain risk management measures is underway in the Cross-miniature
Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) project.

④

Requirements: Hardware (sensors, drones, satellites, etc.) security
technology(anti-tamper

technology,

hardwaretrojandetectiontechnology, measurement and control security technology, etc.).
Security technologies for real data processing software and clouds(vulnerability detection, data-protection technologies, adversarial
examplesresistantAI

technologies,

DoS

attack

protection

technologies, etc.). Beyond 5G / 6G infrastructure security technology.
Security technologies for new technologies and services (automateddriving, unmanned delivery, XR, satellite and HAPS communications,etc.) are required.
T6.2 Cyber security technologies based on real attack data①

Technology:This

technology

istorealizelarge-scaleattackobservation and visualization to respond to increasingly diverse andsophisticatedcyber-attacks,

and

to

cross-analyze

large-scale

aggregated information to derive countermeasures.
②

Purpose: In a society where Beyond 5G / 6G has been realized, a hugeamount of devices will be connected to each other with ultra-highspeed, low latency and large capacity. In other words, as the numberof devices targeted for attack increases and an attacker takes over alarge number of devices, a large-scale attack activity becomes58

possible. Therefore, technology for real-time, large-scale observation
and analysis of attacks and automatic countermeasures is necessary
for the stable use of Beyond 5G / 6G.
③

Background: CAIDA (Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis) in the
U.S. and NICT have constructed one of the largest observation
networks in the world for darknet monitoring indiscriminate attacks.
While active R&D is being conducted around the world on the
integration of cyber security and AI, there are technical challenges toautomation, including countermeasures, and high interpretability of AI
output.

④

Requirements: Technology to observe diverse cyber-attacks including
indiscriminate attacks and targeted attacks, visualization technology
to grasp the situation from observed information, and technology toanalyze vast amounts of observation data in real time using AI
technology and derive automated countermeasures.
T6.3 Quantum cryptography①

Technology: This technology is an encryption method that uses ashared secret key to encrypt and transmit data using the properties ofquantum mechanics. It is possible to realize an information-theoreticalsecurity that cannot be deciphered in principle by any computer
including a quantum computer. This is the most secure cipher known
today.

②

Purpose: In the network of Beyond 5G / 6G, it is assumed that more
important information will go to cyberspace than now. Quantum
cryptography can protect national secrets, including security, and canprotect information that requires ultra-long-term confidentiality infieldssuchasmedicine,finance,infrastructure,

and

smart

manufacturing.
③

Background:Researchanddevelopment,

field

verification,

standardization, etc. are advanced in various countries around theworld, and practical application is starting. Japan has achieved theworld’s longest operation of a quantum cryptography network testbed
and the world’s first successful fundamental experiment of quantum
communications using ultra-small satellites. In addition, Japanesecompanies have begun to commercialize quantum cryptography59devices.
④

Requirements: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) to share private keys,
QKD networking, QKD using artificial satellites, as well as theestablishment of standardization, evaluation and certification systems
for actual commercialization are necessary. It is also important todevelop technologies for the entire security system using quantum
cryptography, such as the quantum secure cloud technology originallydeveloped in Japan.
T6.4 Electromagnetic compatibility①

Technology: This technology is to maintain the EMC in which wirelessdevices and electric and electronic devices around them can coexist
without interfering with each other. In addition, this technology
evaluates the amount of radio waves emitted from wireless devices
and electrical and electronic equipment that are absorbed by thehuman body (exposure), thereby creating an environment in whichradio

can be used to the maximum without affecting health. This

includes the development of measuring instruments and highprecision, high-reliability radio wave measurement technology torealize these goals.
②

Purpose: It is necessary for safe and secure radio usage and EMC
conservation.

③

Background:

Regardingelectromagnetic

noise

generatedfromelectrical and electronic equipment, the industry is conducting selfregulation (VCCI Council) with the expectation of using frequencies
up to 6 GHz. In the radio frequency radiation protection guideline ofJapan, frequency up to 300 GHz are assumed to be used. There is nolimit that expects to use the terahertz band currently.
④

Requirements: Technologies are required to reduce the impact ofradio noise generated from electrical and electronic equipment on
advanced wireless devices, to appropriately evaluate such impact, toaccurately evaluate real-time and fluctuating exposure in a diversified
radio wave usage, and to accurately evaluate radio frequency radiation
protection guideline from millimeter band to terahertz band in order
to extend exposure to the terahertz band. As basic technologies forthese, it is necessary to establish laws and standards for measuring
60

instruments in the terahertz band, as well as for primary standards,
measuring methods, and evaluation methods.
T6.5 Resilient ICT①

Technology: This technology is to realize the temporary andcontinuous use of communication infrastructure (network, data
observation and analysis, etc.) even when the environment changes
rapidly due to various failures and disasters.

②

Purpose: An emergency network infrastructure is required in order tocarry out recovery work by putting a group of robots into a place where
human entry has become difficult due to the occurrence of a disaster.
At the same time, the network infrastructure that continuously
supports the observation and analysis of natural environmental data
and the distribution of local information is necessary to deliver
security and safety anytime and anywhere.

③

Background: ITU-T Technical Report [1] describes resilience as oneof the requirements for future networks. In addition, the 6th Basic
Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation states that in order toreduce risks due to non-continuous changes such as natural disasters,
the Government will focus on strengthening resilience through the useof cutting-edge ICT in such areas as observation and prediction ofnatural disasters and emergency response.

④

Requirements: As an emergency information sharing platform, we aim
to realize the communication requirements (E2E (End to End) delay of
0.1 ms or less) required for remote control of a robot group at the
space ratio and time ratio of 99.99% or more, and as a continuous
information sharing platform, we aim to realize at an area coverage
ratio and availability of 99.99% or more.
[1] FG NET-2030 Sub-G1, Representative use cases and key network
requirements for Network 2030, Jan. 2020.

61

Table 4.7: Roadmap for ultra-security and reliability

62

4.2.7 Ultra-Reality and Innovative Applications
T7.1 Brain information reading, visualization, and BMI technologies①

Technology: This technology is to control various devices and provide
non-verbal communication (emotion, intelligibility, skill) by reading
and analyzing brain information with non-invasive or low-invasive
methods.

②

Purpose: In addition to mutual understanding among diverse people
with different cultures and values, extra-linguistic communication andbrain-based device control promote social participation by the elderly
and disabled people.

③

Background: The social development of BMI systems using invasive
and non-invasive methods are starting both in Japan and overseas,
particularly for medical applications. However, both methods haveissuesinsensor,miniaturization,

decoding,

andwireless

communication technologies, and further advancement of each basic
technology is expected.
④

Requirements: Wireless communication of brain information requires
ultra-high-speed broadband communication, ultra-low latency, ultralarge number of simultaneous connections, ultra-high low-powerconsumption, ultra-security / reliability, and expandability.
T7.2

Intuitionmeasurement,

communication,andassurancetechnologies①

Technology: This technology is to measure the discomfort felt during
work in cyberspace such as teleconferencing and remote control frombiosignals including brain information to guarantee the intuition ofusers.

②

Purpose: In cyberspace work such as teleconferencing and remotecontrol, which are rapidly spreading due to the COVID-19 pandemic,
the workload on the brain is high unlike in physical space. Therefore,technology that enables intuitive work in cyberspace is necessary.

③

Background: Human-centric value creation is proposed for 5G / 6G
[1], but if intuition can be dynamically controlled at the cognitive levelof the brain, teleconferencing and teleworking with less load on thebrain will become possible.
63

④

Requirements: In order toguarantee

intuition,

includingunconscious

levels,itisnecessary

toconstruct a brain model that
estimates

intuitionfrombiological signals such as
brain

information,

and

to

perform dynamic delay andjittercontrol

basedonbiological signal feedback in
wired

and

wireless

integrated networks.
[1] 6G Flagship: Key Drivers
and Research Challenges

Figure 4.13: Intuitive measurement,
communication and assurance

for 6G Ubiquitous WirelessIntelligence, Univ. Oulu (2019).

T7.3 Real 3D avatars, multisensory communication, and XR technology①

Technology:

Thiscommunication

technology

istorealizeanultra-reality

thatenables real and natural
remote XR interaction by
instantaneously creatinga 3D model of your bodyandenvironmenttransmitting

and
and

reproducing it along withmultisensory information(visual, auditory, tactile,
olfactory, etc.).
③

Purpose: By using ultrareality

communication

technology,
enablecommunication

we

will
remoteFigure 4.14 : Ultra-reality communicationtranscending space, time and physicalbarriers.

that64transcends space, time, and physical barriers, and contribute to therealization of a super-aged society in which we can dramatically
improve labor productivity and realize the richness of our minds.
④

Background: In the post COVID-19 society, for various purposes suchas remote medical care, nursing care, education and collaboration,
there is a demand for the development and realization of avatars,
multisensory communication and XR technologies.

⑤

Requirements: Ultra-reality communication technologies such as 3D
avatars, multisensory communications, and XR that guarantee thequality of experience (QoE) equivalent to the real world are requiredfor various tasks performed remotely by humans.
T7.4 AI analysis and dialogue technology using linguistic and extralinguistic information①

Technology: The aim of this technology is to analyze and organize
large amounts of information and knowledge on the Internet, and also
to support users to help them expand and refine their world view,
through various forms of multi-modal dialogues using linguistic andextra-linguistic information, based on the analysis results of theinformation and knowledge on the Internet.

②

Purpose: In the midst of a serious shortage of human resources dueto the aging of society and a declining birthrate, this technology isnecessary to make the most of each individual’s abilities. In particular,
it is essential for elderly care, R&D, education, and other areas facing
serious human resource shortages.

③

Background: Although AI speakers are increasingly used among
ordinary

households

and

the

accuracyofmachinereadingcomprehension technologies is now exceeding that of humans, there
exists no technology that covers all aspects of dialogue and nomethodology that can expand and refine the user’s perception of theworld through dialogue.
④

Requirements: When individual users request analysis of a large
amount of data on the internet, in order to avoid third parties obtaining
the results of the analysis, the data needs to be analyzed on the users’
devices. As such, this technology requires a network capable oftransferring in real time large amounts of unanalyzed data.
65

T7.5 Simultaneous interpretation, paraphrasing, and summarization
technologies for multiple languages①

Technology: This technology is to convert between different
languages

toestablish

communication

betweenJapaneseandforeigners with good time efficiency. To the extent necessary for that,the context and extra-linguistic information are also referred to andthe intra-language conversion is included.
②

Purpose: Japanese and non-Japanese can live and do business innormal times without stress, and Japanese and non-Japanese can live
without division even in emergencies such as disasters.

③

Background: In this field,
NICT is in competition with
GAFA

(Google,Facebook,
BATH

Amazon,Apple)(Baidu,Alibaba,Tencent,

Huawei),

NICT ’ sdominance

secured
based

with

and

a

but
is

public-framework

represented by translation
Figure 4.15: Secure Remote Simultaneousbanks [1].
④Requirements: Hardwareand networks that enable
parallelexecutionofInterpretation
Source : Global Communication Plan 2025
(Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, March
31, 2020)

single-device learning and cloud-based learning with low latency will
enable ultra-high-precision model learning tailored to individual users
for the first time.
[1] Global Communication Plan 2025 (Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications, March 31, 2020)

T7.6 Automated driving①

Technology: This technology automates the movement of vehicles(mobility) in various fields such as cars and trucks used for thetransportation of people and goods, industry and agriculture, robots
that compensate for the labor shortage at medical sites, and66

wheelchairs that help the movement of the disabled and the elderly.
②

Purpose: We will be able to realize a vibrant and bright society bycreating a safe and secure traffic environment free from accidents,
eliminating labor shortages and declining productivity due to the aging
population and low birth rate, and encouraging the participation andindependence of the disabled and the elderly who are worried about
mobility.

③

Background: Efforts to realize autonomous driving are being made invarious fields of transportation, communication and industry.

④

Requirements: Creation of ultra-precise environmental map of space,obstacle avoidance and collision prevention, remote monitoring for
emergency measures, and distributed sensor technology such as
roadside infrastructure are essential. In order to realize thesetechnologies, cooperation between vehicles and networks, andestablishment of high-capacity information communication (overseveral tens of Gbps) and real-time communication (delay of 1 ms orless) are required.
T7.7 Drones①

Technology: This technology is based on an unmanned aircraft thatcan fly over the sky freely from inside to outside of the visualobservation by an automatic control program. It is also known as aflying smartphone and a flying IoT, making it possible to network three
dimensional spaces that have not been used before. It is also called
the Industrial Revolution in the Sky, but in the future it will develop
into a flying car that will be the Mobile Revolution in the Sky.

②

Purpose: Dramatically improve the efficiency of infrastructure
management, aerial photography, logistics, observation, disaster /distress communication, etc. In addition, it can reduce energy
consumption and human involvement in our overall social activities,
which is necessary for the realization of an eco-system through energy
conservation and a new society resistant to virus infection.

③

Background: The government has led the formulation of the Roadmap
for the Industrial Revolution in the Sky, which is updated every year.
The government and the private sector jointly revise the system anddevelop technologies to realize safe invisible flight. In the area of67

technology development, R&D projects led by the Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications and the Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry(New

EnergyandIndustrial

Technology

Development

Organization) are being promoted. In the area of institutional reform,
revisions to the Civil Aeronautics Law and the Radio Law are being
implemented one after another. R&D in Europe, the United States,
China, South Korea, and other countries conduct their own R&D. The
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO), and the International Organization forStandardization (ISO) have also been promoting standardization ofcommunications and airframe safety technologies.
④

Requirements: Highly reliable and low-cost wireless communications
supporting safe flight operations of drones, spectrum sharing andfrequency-expansion technologies for this, and collaboration andfusion with terrestrial, space and HAPS networks are required.

68

Table 4.8: Roadmap for Ultra-Reality and Innovative Applications

4.3 R&D Roadmap
Chapter 4 presents a separate roadmap for each of the elemental
technologies. Table 4.9 shows a summary of these roadmaps, focusing on
the most representative of each field. It also shows the estimated timingof the three scenarios shown in Chapter 3.
69

Table 4.9: R&D Roadmap

70Chapter 5: R&D Open Platform
In response to the recommendations of the Beyond 5G Promotion
Strategy Council, the Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy - Roadmap to 6G was announced in June 2020. It mentions about the R＆D open platform
as follows.
Among the core technologies of Beyond 5G, it is appropriate for the
relevant ministries and agencies to cooperate and intensively promoteresearch and development of strategically important elemental
technologies that Japan should focus on for a limited period of time.
In order to effectively promote R&D of cutting-edge elemental
technologies, we will collaborate with R&D platforms such as SINET
and the supercomputer “Fugaku”, as well as funding programs foryoung researchers. NICT will also build the Beyond 5G R&D platform
and other locations, and provide various players in Japan and overseas
with advanced R&D environments including testbeds such as radio
environment emulators. We will promote joint R&D utilizing theseenvironments.
Beyond 5G / 6G requires innovative R&D not only in collaboration withdiverse players from industry, academia, and government, but also in aninternationally coordinated system.
In response to the above, the NICT, which specializes R&D in theinformation and communications field, will develop new Beyond 5G / 6G
sharing research facilities and equipment, which will be needed to realize
ultra-high speed, ultra-high capacity, ultra-low latency, ultra-massive
connectivity, low-power-consumption, etc., which will be the core of
Beyond 5G / 6G technology. In addition, NICT will build a formation topromote open RD by combining the wisdom of industry, academia, andgovernment in organic coordination with existing R&D infrastructure(cybersecurity, data utilization, quantum networking, brain information
communication, etc.).

71

Chapter 6: Deployment Strategies
6.1 Trends in Standardization for Beyond 5G/6G
After 3G, the ITU Radio Communications Division (ITU-R) has maderecommendationson

specifications

establishedbyprivatestandardization bodies (such as 3GPP), and one of the major trends is tomake them international standards. The international allocation of
frequencies

will

be

decided

at

the

World

Radiocommunication

Conference (WRC), which will be held approximately every four to five
years. The standardization of mobile communications at ITU-R has been
conducted at WP5D (IMT systems) under SG5 (terrestrial services).
In October 2020, WP5D began preparing the survey result; Future
Technology Trends, the first step in the standardization of Beyond 5G /6G. It is scheduled to be completed in June 2022. First, it is necessary toincorporate the elements of NICT and Japanese technologies into futuretechnology trend surveys, and to reflect on the recommendation of vision,
the next step in standardization, while improving the specificity oftechnologies and building partnerships.
The

agreedstandardization

process

at

the

WP5D

meetings(respectively in February and October 2020) is shown in Figure 6.2. A
study of future technological trends in the advanced form of IMT-2020
is scheduled to be completed in June 2022. Concurrently, a study of thevision is scheduled to start in June 2021.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications established the
Beyond 5G Promotion Consortium in December 2020. The consortium isplanning to publish a Beyond 5G white paper. It is also planning to makea proposal for the 38th WP5D in June 2021.
NICT plans to incorporate NICT’s technology seeds into its Future
Technology Trends and the vision until 2023, positioning them as Beyond
5G/6G

technology,

andcontributingcommercialization.

72

tostandardization

for

early

6.2 National Project for Beyond 5G / 6G Research andDevelopment
In the "Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy - Roadmap to 6G -" announced
by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in June 2020,
activities up to the introduction of Beyond 5G/6G around 2030 are
described in two phases : the "Proactive Action Phase" and the"Acceleration Phase." As part of the Proactive Action Phase, the Beyond
5G R&D Promotion Program supported intensively from the government,in accordance with the R&D policy published in January 28, 2021 from
the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, in order to focus on
strengthening R&D capabilities for technologies that are advanced inJapan and technologies that are indispensable for Japan to have.
Under

the

program,thefollowingthree

sub-programs

will

be

implemented in accordance with the three basic policies of Global First,
Creation of an Ecosystem that Generates Innovation and Intensive
allocation of resources.
- Beyond 5G Function Realization Program- Beyond 5G International Joint R&D Program- Beyond 5G Seeds Creation Program
Of these programs, the Beyond 5G Function Realization Program, which
conducts R&D on core technologies that are necessary and strategicallyimportant for the realization of Beyond 5G / 6G, will call for individual
R&D themes in sequence using the following two schemes from the R&D
Themes Candidate List (1st edition) (Figure 6.4) of the Beyond 5G
Function Realization Program shown in the R&D Policy. We expect this list
to be updated in the future.
1.

Key issues with the aim of creating high-level R&D achievements bysetting specific and clear development targets (numerical target,etc.)

2. General Issues widely called within the specific R&D topics, leaving
the development target (numerical target, etc.) to the free ideas ofthe proposers.
In the Beyond 5G Function Realization Program, we plan to gradually
establish elemental technologies from around 2025 and reflect them ininternational standards for 3GPP, etc.
74Figure 6.4: R&D Policy of Beyond 5G R&D Promotion Program, January
28, 2021.
( https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/joho_tsusin/eng/presentation/pd
f/Beyond_5G_Promotion_Strategy.pdf )75

Chapter 7: Conclusion
In this white paper, we assumed three scenarios based on the views ofsocial life around 2030 to 2035. By backcasting from the future society
described in these scenarios, we summarized Beyond 5G/6G concepts,
use cases, and essential technologies. A roadmap for R&D was alsopresented. The white paper also discusses the open platforms anddeployment strategies required for the R&D, and outlined its overall
picture.
In order to develop, implement and utilize the necessary futuretechnologies in order to realize the depicted social life and world view, it
is necessary to take into account the technological evolution not only in
the information and communications field but also in a wide variety offields, and to discuss with various stakeholders to realize the goals. We
will continue to discuss the white paper and revise it.

76

Acknowledgment
The NICT Open Summit 2020 was held for two days, January 20-21, 2021,
to present this white paper. and discuss with the following experts. NICT
would like to express our deep gratitude to them for their valuable advice
on the R&D direction of Beyond 5G / 6G R&D that NICT should take.
Prof. NAKAO Akihiro (University of Tokyo)
Prof. Andreas DENGEL(Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz)Prof. Matti LATVA-AHO (University of Oulu)
Dr. Onur ALTINTAS (Toyota Motor North America R&D)
Dr. WAKIKAWA Ryuji (SoftBank Corp.)
Dr. KONISHI Satoshi (KDDI Research / KDDI CORPORATION)
Prof. SAMPEI Seiichi (Osaka University)
Dr. NAKAMURA Takehiro (NTT DOCOMO)
Dr. MATSUI Yasunori (Sony Corporation)

77

Author (in alphabetical order)
ABE Yuma, ANDO Hiroshi, ASAEDA Hitoshi, CALLAN Daniel, DOI Miwako,
EGUCHI Tomoyuki, FUJII Katsumi, FUJITA Satoshi, FUJIWARA Mikio,
FURUKAWA Hideaki, FURUSAWA Kentaro, FUSE Tetsuharu,
HACHISU Hidekazu, HAGIHARA Yuichiro, HAMADA Rira, HANADO Yuko,
HARA Motoaki, HARA Shinsuke, HARAI Hiroaki, HASHIMOTO Yasuhiro,
HIROTA Yusuke, HOSAKO Iwao, HOSOKAWA Mizuhiko, IBUKA Kazuo,
ICHIKAWA Ryuichi, IDO Tetsuya, IIDA Ryu, IMAI Koji, INOUE Daisuke,
IRIMAJIRI Yoshihisa, ISHIJIMA Hiroshi, ISHIZU Kentaro, ISOGAI Mitsuo,
ITOH Hiroshi, JOACHIMCZAK Michal, KAN Tomoshige, KANNO Atsushi,
KASAMA Takahiro, KASAMATSU Akifumi, KAWAMURA Seiji,
KAWASAKI Hikaru, KOJIMA Fumihide, KOJIMA Syoichiro, KOMADA Genki,
KOTAKE Hideaki, LIU Juan, MATSUDA Takashi, MATSUMOTO Atsushi,
MATSUMURA Takeshi, MATSUZONO Kazuhisa, MIURA Amane, MIURA Ryu,
MIYAZAWA Takaya, MIZUNO Maya, MOROHASHI Isao, MURAKAMI Homare,
NAKAGAWA Takuya, NAKAZAWA Tadateru, NARUSE Yasushi, NEZU Hiromi,
NISHINAGA Nozomu, OH Jonghoon, OKURA Takuya, OODO Masayuki,
OTAKE Kiyonori, PYO Chang-Woo, SAITO Yuki, SAKAGUCHI Jun,
SASAKI Masahide, SATOH Kohei, SAWADA Kaori, SEKINE Norihiko,
SHIGA Nobuyasu, SHOJI Yozo, SUGA Ryotaro, SUGIBAYASHI Kiyoshi,
SUMITA Eiichiro, SUZUKI Takafumi, SUZUKI Yoiti, TAKEOKA Masahiro,
TAKIZAWA Kenichi, TEMMA Katsuhiro, TERANISHI Yuuichi,
TERUI Toshifumi, TORISAWA Kentaro, TOYOSHIMA Morio, TSUJI Hiroyuki,
UCHIMOTO Kiyotaka, WAKE Kanako, WATANABE Hiroki, WATANABE Issei,
YAMAGUCHI

Shingo,

YAMAMOTO

Naokatsu,

YAMAMOTO

Shuntaro,

YASUDA Satoshi, YOKOTA Yusuke, YOSHIDA Maki, YOSHIDA Yuki,
YOSHIMURA Naoko

78

Update History
Release 0.9: April 30, 2021
The English text (version 0.9) was translated from the Japanese text
(version 1.0) by whitepaper work members using TexTra*, a machinetranslation system developed by NICT.
* https://mt-auto-minhon-mlt.ucri.jgn-x.jp/

Beyond 5G / 6G White Paper
Published in April 2021
ISBN978-4-904020-13-5
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology------------------------------4-2-1 Nukuikitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8795 JAPANE-mail nict-idi-wp@ml.nict.go.jp
URL

https://www2.nict.go.jp/idi/

Unauthorized copying and replication of the contents of this paper are
prohibited.
------------------------------79

ISBN978-4-904020-13-5