ACECC 4th CECAR Special Forum 3“Harmonization of Design Codes in the Asian Region”, June 27, 2007
Organized by Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)

Venue: Room 103, Taipei International Convention Center (TICC),
1, Hsin-Yin Road, Sec. 5, Taipei, 110, Taiwan

Start

End

Program

9:00

9:20

Introduction of ACECC activities
Dr. Kenichi Horikoshi (Secretary General, Committee on ACECC, JSCE)

9:20

9:40

Necessity of Design Code Harmonization and Expectation in Asian Region
Mr. Hiroshi Shimizu (CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd.)

9:40

10:00

Introduction of the Asian Concrete Model Code and its Contribution to ISO CodeProf. Ha-Won Song (Yonsei University)

10:00 10:20

Cooperative Structure Toward Code Harmonization in the Geotechnical Field
Dr. Chung-Tien Chin and Dr. Jie-Ru Chen (MAA Group Consulting Engineers)

10:20 11:00

Summaries & Discussions
Chair: Prof. Yusuke Honjo (Gifu University)

Organizing member
Dr. Fuminao Okumura (Chair, Committee on ACECC, JSCE)
Dr. Kenichi Horikoshi (Secretary General, Committee on ACECC, JSCE)
Mr. Masao Konno (Secretary, Committee on ACECC, JSCE)
Ms. Emiko Serino (Secretary, Committee on ACECC, JSCE)
Mr. Hiroyuki Yanagawa (International Affairs Section, JSCE)

http://www.acecc.net/

Contents

1.

Introduction of ACECC activities

Kenichi Horikoshi

2.

1

Necessity of Design Code Harmonization and Expectation in Asian Region

Hiroshi Shimizu

3.

8

Introduction of the Asian Concrete Model Code and its Contribution to ISO
Code

Ha-Won Song

4.

Cooperative Structure Toward Code Harmonization in the Geotechnical Field

Chung-Tien Chin and Jie-Ru Chen

5.

15

37

Performance based Specification concept and revision of the TechnicalStandards of Port and Harbour Facilities (2007)

Yusuke Honjo

6.

54

Summaries & Discussions

Yusuke Honjo and Kenichi Horikoshi

75

Special Forum 3

27 June, 2007 9:009:00-11:00

Harmonization of Design Codesin the Asian Region
Organized by
JSCE: Japan society of Civil Engineers
Chair

Prof. Yusuke Honjo (Gifu University, Japan)

Secretary

Dr. Kenichi Horikoshi (Taisei Corporation)]

Program
1. Introduction of ACECC activities (JSCE, ACECC)
Dr. Kenichi Horikoshi
2. Necessity of Design Code Harmonization and Expectationin Asian Region (JSCE)
Mr. Hiroshi Shimizu
3. Introduction of the Asian Concrete Model Code and its
Contribution to ISO Code (KSCE)
Prof. Ha-Won Song4. Cooperative structure toward code harmonization in thegeotechnical field (CICHE)
Dr. Chung-Tien Chin & Dr. Jie-Ru Chen
5. Discussions-1-

Background• Rapid globalization, Diversity in a sense of value• Rapid development of Information Technology
No time difference & No boundaries
Infinite information to be shared• More people have more opportunities to join developments• Unification & cooperation of regional economy• EU (European Union)• NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)• APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation• Relatively new design concepts“Limit state design” & “Performance based design”• Development of Codes in view of Globalizations

Background
Rapid economic growth in Asian Countries
Rapid infrastructure development
Average annual growth of GDP (%)
Source: World Bank data files-2-

BackgroundPeculiarity in Asian countries
GDP per capita (2006)

Source: IMF (April 2007)

Wide variety of developing stages& developing rates

Background
Code Development and related issues
Developing Countries
International projects based on bilateral or multilateral assistance,
Code development cannot catch up with rapid infrastructuredevelopment,
Without own code, or Mixture of different overseas codes,
Lack of latest code information source,

Developed Countries
Cooperation for code development as global standard
Cooperation for creation of unified idea of design concept andterminologies-3-Background
Necessity
Discuss future of code development
Exchange information on code development in each country
Enhance personal network among code writers
beyond boundaries of nations and fields of study

ACECC Operational task “Code Harmonization in AsianCountries” was assigned to JSCE in 2002.
Int. Forum on Harmonization of Design Codes in Civil Engineering
was held twice in 2002 in Hong Kong, and in 2003, in Bangkok.
(Prof. Kusakabe)

ACECC Activities
1. “WebWeb-based database on design code”
code”
within ACECC members

http://www.acecc.net/-4-

ACECC Activities
2. ACECC Workshop on
Harmonization of Design Codes in the Asian Region(November 4, 2006 Taipei)
Participants from Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Hong Kong,
Thailand, Singapore, and Ireland with different civil engineeringengineering fields

Objectives of the ACECC workshop in 2006
1. To share the information on activities and methodologies forformulating design codes in each country and make use of themfor future activities,
2. To discuss the direction for the code harmonization in the Asian
region. As well, to provide a place for discussions in the same
vocabulary,
3. To transmit to the world the idea about the design code in the
Asian region as the Asian voice,
4. To formulate a basis of codes such as Eurocode 0 to comprehend
all the codes in each field , and5. To decide a direction for the discussion at the 4th CECAR.

-5-

Workshop Program (November 4, 2006 Taipei)

Summaries of the ACECC workshop in 2006 (1)1) Wide variety of design codes exist in Asian countries. Although it
seems that harmonization is not easy, we should realize that we havecommon natural conditions, such as climates, ground types anddisasters in the Asian region.
2) As for future activities, we need to differentiate between shortshort-termand longAs one of the shortlong-term targets.
short-term target, creating a
glossary of terminology may be a nice step for the harmonization.
harmonization.
3) As for the long-term target, we should learn from the Eurocode
experience. The limit state design concept was very new and thisconcept was a base for their harmonization. Thus a new concept
such as ‘performance based-design’ or ‘performance based
specifications’ can be a base for harmonization. Asian concretemodel code can be a pilot model.

-6-Summaries of the ACECC workshop in 2006 (2)4) It is necessary to exchange information with other professionalgroups such as concrete and steel institutes, and architectural institute.
5) Eurocodes are the governmentgovernment-oriented projects and they have close
ties with European Union. Although the role of the government
government isvery important for harmonization, we should not consider too much
much
about political constrains.
It is more important to aim at an
an ideal
code that could be a model for newly developing codes. This will
will
attract more people and give motivations to people working for thetheharmonization.
6) Flexible framework is necessary for further revisions to avoid
conflicts with the latest technology.
7) Creation of future ISO or missing parts of the ISO can be a
motivation for code harmonization.

ACECC Special Forum on
Harmonization of Design Codes in the Asian Region(June 27, 2007 Taipei)
1. Introduction of ACECC activities (JSCE, ACECC)
Dr. Kenichi Horikoshi
2. Necessity of Design Code Harmonization and Expectationin Asian Region (JSCE)
Mr. Hiroshi Shimizu
3. Introduction of the Asian Concrete Model Code and its
Contribution to ISO Code (KSCE)
Prof. Ha-Won Song4. Cooperative structure toward code harmonization in thegeotechnical field (CICHE)
Dr. Chung-Tien Chin & Dr. Jie-Ru Chen
5. Discussions-7-

Necessity of Design Code Harmonizationand Expectation in Asian Region
from the Viewpoints of Japanese Design Engineer Working in the Asian
Asian Countries
Special Forum 3: Harmonization of Design Codes in the Asian Region
4th Civil Engineering Conference in Asian Region

June 27, 2007

SHIMIZU Hiroshi

Contents
1. Procedure of Structural Design in the Developing Countries(Preparation of Design Criteria for the Project)

2. International Design Standards(Case of Dam Design Standards of USA, China, Spain &Japan)

3. Questionnaire to the Engineers Working in the Asian Region
and Summary of Answers
4. What is the Problems without Any Harmonizationin the Design Cord
5. Conclusion : Necessity & Expectation of the Design CodeHarmonization

-8-

1.

Procedure of Structure Designin the Developing Countries

Preparation of Design Criteria
Contents of Design Criteria for the Project

Selection of the Applied Design Codes, Standards andManuals
Information of the Materials to be used in the ProjectEvaluation of Conditions of Construction Site
Determination of Load Combination and Structural
SafetySelection of Method of Analysis
Preparation of Design Drawing Standard

z
z
z
z
z
z

2. Design Standards

Applied Design Standards for the
ProjectzzApplied Codes:
The National Codes/Standards prior to the others.
Alternative Codes:
Depend on the Source of Fund.
––z

As a Supplemental Standards;–z

Local fund : Local and Suzerain Country’s Codes
ODA: Local and Donor’s Country’s Codes
International Standards
ASTM, AASHTO, AICS
BS, JIS

Local Codes leaned toward the Codes of Suzerain Countries or
the Supported Countries for the preparation of Local Codes-9-

2. Design Standards: Case of Dam Design

Comparison of Dam Design
Load Combination & Required Safety Factor
United Stats

R. China

Spain

USBR

US
Army

1st
Class

2nd
&3rd

4th &
5th

Normal W.L.

1.5

1.5

1.1

1.05

Mid W.L.

-

-

1.1

1.05

Surcharge W.L.

1.5

1.5

-

Design Flood W.L.

1.2

1.2

After Completion

1.3

Draw Down
Earthquake

Japan

all

NormalEarthquake

NormalEarthquake

1.0

-

-

-

-

1.2

1.0

-

-

-

-

1.2

-

-

-

1.4

1.3

-

1.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.2

-

1.3

-

-

-

-

1.2

1.0

-

1.2

1.3

1.0

-

-

-

1.0

1.4

1.0

-

1.2

1.0

1.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2. International Design Standards

Comparison of Dam Seismic DesignzJapan:–––z

China:––z

Static Analysis by means of Slices Method
Not allow to be damaged under the all load conditions
Dynamic Analysis applies as a supplemental confirmation of the dam
safety against the earthquake.
Static Analysis by means of the simplified method of rotational slip surface
applying the moment ratio.
Dynamic analysis will be applied to the dams with more than 150 m high

USA:
–
–

Estimation of the deformation of dam body by means of dynamic analysis.
Damages after earthquake are specified depend on the magnitude ofearthquake
MCE: The most credible earthquake
MDE: Probable Maximum earthquake at dam site:
Main structural will not receive fatal damage by MDE:
OBE: Maximum magnitude of earthquake during the structural life span
The structure can be operated after the OBE.

- 10 -

3.

Questionnaire to the Engineers
Working in the Asian Region

1. On the Applied Design Codes
1. Applied design codes, standards and Manuals;
2. Difficulties and Inconvenience to apply the international standards
to the project in Asian countries;
3. The points in mind when the engineer design the structures.

2. For the Harmonization of Asian Code
1. Necessity of the Harmonization of the Design Codes in the AsianRegion;2. What the Harmonization of Design Codes in the Asian Countries
should be?
Compared with “EUROCODE”.

3. On the Performance Based Design
1. Actual Conditions of Application of Performance Based Design in
the Site of Design;
2. Applicability of the Performance Based Design to the DesignStandard in the Asian Region.

3. Summary of Answers

Basic Information of Answerer
The Answerers:
18 Engineers from four (4) Japanese Consultants Firm
Age & Experience in Overseas Countries
Age:
Experience
Less than 30
15-10 years
31 – 40
4
11-15 years
41 – 507
16‐20 years
More than 50
6More than 20 years
Total
18
Total
Field of Answerer
River & Sabo
Road & Bridge
Hydro-power

7
41- 11 -

Plant
Agriculture
Port
Water Supply

:
4
5
4
5
18
1
3
1
1

3. Summary of Answers

On the Applied Design Codes
All Engineers prepare the Design Criteria for the Projectprior to the commencement of structural design throughthe discussion with Client.
z All Engineers mainly apply the objective countries’ Codes.
z As supplemental of the local codes:– US Codes such as AASHOT, ASTM, ACI– BS and– JIS and other Japanese Standardz

3. Summary of Answers

Problems on the Structural Designin the Asian CountrieszzzProblems– Standard of Purchased Materials:
Grade and diameter of Reinforced bars
Convert from yard-pound system to SI System;– Testing Method:
Spacemen for the Concrete;– Design Method:
Allowable States Design or Limited States Design;– Mismatching of Computer Program ;– Applied Technical term in English;– Required Performance of the Structures.
These differences will be a cause of Misunderstandings andHuman Error.
The harmonization of Asian Codes will contribute to settle theproblems.

- 12 -

3. Summary of Answers

Constraint of Design CodeHarmonization in Asian Region
Variety of Social & Natural Condition of Each Countries- Climate,- Topography,- Economy,- Religion
z Variety of Technological Capability of- Government Officials- Contractors- Engineersz

Conclusion: for the Better Design in the Asian Region
Points to be Considered and Solution
Points to be Considered for the Harmonization of the Design Codes in AsianRegion– Human-error and misunderstandings due to the various material and testing
standards including application of SI System;– Different performance of structures in one country due to the Mixed-Up Design
Criteria; and– The variety of characteristic of the Asian region such as social economy, naturalenvironment and level of technology giving the difficulties to unify the designcodes in the region;
To Solve these Problems,– Each country shall decide the concepts and structural performance individually.
– The detail design method and the application of States-of-the-Arts including theperformance based design shall be discussed project by project among the design
engineer and the clients.
– The most important thing is to pay attention to the harmonization with otherstructures in the country when design engineers prepare the design criteria.

- 13 -

Conclusion: for the Better Design in the Asian Region
Engineer’s Expectation to the Harmonization
What we expect from the ACECC activities;
z To unify the Testing Method and Material Standard (ASTM or JIS) in

the Asian Region including application of SI System;z To prepare the Common Terminology of Civil Engineering;z To prepare the Suggestion Notes for the establishment of each country’s

design codes just giving the NB on the design of structure;z To provide Manuals of variety of Design Methods and to update time totime in accordance with the development of technologies and the Statesof-the-Arts.
So that the project owner and engineer can select the design method fromthis manual and the design codes of each countries will be automatically
updated. andz To prepare the drawing standard giving the notation in the drawings.

End

Thank you for your kind attention- 14 -ACECC Special Forum 3 on Harmonization of Design Codes in the Asian Region
4th CECAR, June 27, 2007, Taipei, Taiwan

Introduction of the Asian Concrete Model Code and its
Contribution to ISO CodeHa-Won SongVice chairman, ICCMC
Chair, ISO TC 71 SC7
Professor, School of Civil and Env. Eng., Yonsei Univ. Seoul, Korea

ABSTRACTThe ACMC is a unified Asian Concrete Model Code developed with continuing effort by members ofInternational Committee on Concrete Model Code for Asia (ICCMC). This paper gives some backgroundinformation from the ICCMC activities which have been carried out during the last thirteen years todevelop the ACMC and this paper also explain their contribution to develop ISO codes on concrete
structures. Focus is also made on the activity of the so called ‘ISO TC71 SC7’ dealing with ISO codedevelopment on the maintenance and repair of concrete structures.
Key words: Concrete, Concrete Structures, ACMC, ISO,ICCMC, TC71 SC7INTRODUCTION
Asia contributes one third of the world construction market, while the remaining two thirds areshared equally by Europe and North America. The cement consumption, which is a good index forconstruction industry size, in Asia is now well above 50% of the world consumption (Ueda, 2006).
Besides the big size of construction industry, it should be noted that there are many international
projects for construction industry in Asia. Those facts imply the necessity of international codes forconstruction industry in Asia. The necessity of international code for construction industry in Europe
was realized by the European Commission as well as the European countries of the Member States,
so that, in the end of 2004, the 58 different parts which formed the Eurocode set are all nearlyreaching the stage of EN (European Norm) and will be implemented, as wished by the European
Commission and the Members States, within some years throughout the European Union, theEconomic European Area and, also, in a lot of other countries (European Commission, 2003).
With this background, internationalization of code for structural concrete has been paid attention
since the early 1990’s. An International Committee on Concrete Model Code for Asia (ICCMC) wasestablished in 1994. This paper introduces briefly Asian Concrete Model Code (ACMC) which wasdeveloped by the ICCMC and the collaboration between ICCMC and International Standard
Organization (ISO) to develop an ISO code on maintenance and repair of concrete structures.

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON CONCRETE MODEL CODE FOR ASIA (ICCMC)
There are three types of countries in Asia for the code for concrete structures such as countries
without national code, countries with national code which was adopted from codes in developed
countries and countries with national code which was developed by the country. Direct adoption ofcodes from other countries or regions such as Europe and North America may not be suitable due tothe following differences;- Material type and quality- Environmental condition like climate- Technological level1- 15 -

- Economical level, and- Social system for construction industry, etc.
Thus, many countries in Asia showed necessity of concrete model code in Asia like Eurocode inEurope and ACI Code in North America. Considering the situation in Asia, a model code in Asia
should be developed to consider the diversity within Asia and the code should be developed by Asian
countries by themselves with full consensus among them and with harmonization with international
codes like the ISO codes if there exists.
In order to fulfil that necessity, the ICCMC was established in 1994 and developed the first AsianConcrete Model Code in 2001 (ACMC 2001). As of November 2006, ICCMC collects over 80
individual members, 6 representative members (representing concrete related institutions) and 10
corporate members from the following 14 countries/economy; Australia, Bangladesh, China, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. The
ICCMC has been organizing more than 20 committee meetings in Asian cities regularly with local
institutional hosts mostly utilizing well established international conferences organized by the costs.

ASIAN CONCRETE MODEL CODE (ACMC)
The latest version of ACMC 2006 published at year 2006 after revising the ACMC 2001 contains
three parts (ACMC, 2006) as,- Part1: Design,- Part 2: Materials and Construction, and- Part 3: Maintenance,
which covers all kinds of concrete structures (un-reinforced plain concrete structures, reinforced
concrete structures, pre-stressed concrete structures, and composite structures with concrete). The
most important concept and structure of ACMC are as follows:- Performance-based concept, and- Multi-level document structure.
Figures 1 and 2 show the performance based structure and the multi-level structure of ACMC,
respectively.

Law(*mandatory)

Goal

Regulation(s)(*mandatory)

Performance
criteria
Deemedto-satisfy
solutionStandards(*voluntary)

Verification

Verification
method,procedures

DesignPerformancerequirements

Figure 1. Performance-based concept of ACMC

2

- 16 -

ACMC2006
Level 1 document

Part I – DesignPart II – Materials
and construction

Part III –Maintenance

Level 2
document

Level 2
document

Level 2
document

Level 3
document

Level 3
document

Level 3
document

Common
code

Local
code

Figure 2. Multi-level document structure of ACMC
As shown at Figure 1, design code on performance-based concept mainly consists of design part andverification part. The performance-based concept only specifies mandatory performancerequirements and criteria based on the goal of design in the design part, while verification method forthe requirement is not mandatory, meaning that any method or any deemed-to-satisfy procedure canbe used once it is proved appropriate (Song, 2007). As shown at Figure 2, the multi-level document
structure allows to have documents common to any country/economy and any structure (commoncode) and documents specific to particular country or particular structure (local/specific code). The
Level 1 and Level 2 documents are the common code, while Level 3 document is local/specific code.
Both the performance-based concept and the multi-level document structure are suitable for themodel code, which deals with the big diversity in Asia.
ICCMC has been issuing Level 3 documents since 2001. There are two types of Level 3 document:
national code type and technical report type. The list of published Level 3 documents is as below:- “An example of design for seismic actions – performance examination of RC building designed
according to the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) Guidelines ”, 2001. (Technical
Report)- “Vietnam construction standard TCXDVN 318: 2004 - concrete and reinforced concrete
structures - guide to maintenance”, 2004. (National Code)-“Guidelines for maintenance and rehabilitation of concrete structures against chloride Induced
deterioration”, 2004. (Technical Report)-“The standard specification for materials and construction of concrete structures in Japan”,
2005. (National Code Type)
Additional Level 3 documents will be published soon for Korea and Thailand, etc.

DIFFICULTIES RELATED TO INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CODE IN ASIA
There are some difficulties with internationalization of code in Asia as follows (Ueda, 2006):- Volunteer work from limited countries: Less experience in code drafting: Small motivation for code writing with no direct benefit such as research grant to individual- Difficulty in being recognized by government: Countries where codes are well established show little interest: Recognition of ICCMC as a non-governmental body
: China and Taiwan issue3- 17 -

- Various organizations responsible for preparing codes among different countries, such as nongovernmental and governmental organization.
- Situation where civil and architectural structures with different codes are dealt by different
organizations.
- Limited financial supports for many Asian countries to participate international collaboration
through mainly international committee meetings- Balancing the technology or unified consensus on the matter that country with more advanced
technology may take leadership for code drafting.
The difficulties have been very much recognized during the activities of the ICCMC and thedevelopment of the ACMC was possible by overcoming the difficulties through the continuing effort
for the consensus by the ICCMC members.

CONTRIBUTION OF ACMC TO ISO CODE
One way to solve the difficulties with internationalization of code in Asia for the ACMC isconnecting the activities of ICCMC with relatively well recognized ISO activities. Furthermore, thecombined activities can achieve extended harmonization of design code not only for the Asian
construction societies but also for the world society. An ad-hoc ISO Task Force team was establishedinside ICCMC about 5 years ago to study the contribution of the ICCMC to the ISO TC71 (TechnicalCommittee of ISO for the plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and pre-stressed concrete) and toprovide input from ACMC to ISO codes systematically. The network in ICCMC with ISO TC71 has
been successfully established to disseminate technology in Asia and to enhance the voice from Asia
in ISO activities. The recent development in the ISO TC 71 shows successful contribution of the
ACMC for the ISO codes.
After the WTO in 1995, the importance of the ISO code were well recognized and the article of the
WTO/TBT explain well the necessity of the harmonization of the international code using theperformance-based concept as shown in Figure 3 (Song, 2006a). Figure 4 shows the hierarchy of thestandard including design codes, specification and national standards, etc., and early development of
the ISO codes are indispensable due to the so-called Vienna agreement, which agrees that Eurocode
would be the ISO codes if there are no ISO codes available (Song, 2006b).

Article VI : Technical Specifications (WTO/TBT)[ WTO/AGREEMENT ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT ].
.
2. Technical specifications prescribed by procuring entities shall,where appropriate:(a) be in terms of performance rather than design ordescriptive characteristics; and(b) be based on international standards, where such
exist; otherwise, on national technical regulations,recognized national standards, or building codes.
.
.

Figure 3. Article VI of the WTO/TBT

4- 18 -

ISO

Int.

IEC

Viennaagreement
Regional
Standards

Eurocode,
ACMC

National
Standards

ASTM, BS,DIN,
JIS, KS,WTO/TBTagreement

Code
Harmonization*

National standard specification
InstituteStandards

National Design code

*New ISO/IEC Guide 21 on national adoptionof international standards

Company
Standards

Figure 4. Hierarchy of standards

With the understanding of the importance of the ISO codes, the ISO TC 71 is developing the ISO
codes on concrete structures. Figure 5 shows ISO Technical Committees related to concrete andFigure 6 shows subcommittees of the ISO TC71 (Song, 2006a).
Structure
GeneralGeneral principle

Assessment(ISO 2394/TC98)(TC98/SC2)

Construction

Fire safety(TC59)(TC92)

Concrete, RC and PSC
Test methods of concrete

Performance requirement(TC71/SC4)(TC71/SC1)

Simplified design code
(TC71/SC5)

Production and execution(TC71/SC3)

Concrete(TC71/SC3)

Cement

Test method of cement(TC74)

Aggregate(TC74)

Test method of aggregate(TC71/SC3)

Mineral admixture(TC71/SC3)

Test method of MA(TC71/SC3)

Chemical admix.

(TC71/SC3)

Test method of CA(TC71/SC3)

Rebars(TC71/SC3)

Test method for rebar(TC17)(TC71/SC3)

Non-conventional reinf.
(TC71/SC6)

Maintenance and repair(TC71/SC7)

Figure 5. ISO Technical Committees related to concrete5- 19 -

ISO/TC 71
Concrete, Reinforced Concreteand Prestressed Concrete

SC1 Test Methods for Concrete

SC3 Production and Execution of Concrete
Structures
SC4 Performance Requirement for Concrete
Structures
SC5 Simplified Design Standards for Concrete
Structures
SC6 Non Traditional Reinforcing Materials forConcrete Structures
SC7 Maintenance and Repair of Concrete
Structures

Figure 6. Subcommittees of the ISO TC71
In SC 4 of ISO TC71, there is an Ad-Hoc Task Force Group on performance-based code, which was
initiated by members from ICCMC to study how to implement the performance-based concept andregional code like ACMC into the ISO codes and to start a revision of the ISO codes based on the
study. The SC 7, proposed by the members from ICCMC for the establishment and became an
important subcommittee to develop an ISO code on maintenance and repair of concrete structures, iscurrently chaired by Korea (Ha-Won Song, Vice chairman of ICCMC) with Secretary from Japan(Tamon Ueda, Chairman of the ICCMC). The SC 7 is now drafting an umbrella code for maintenanceand repair of concrete structures based on ACMC (ISO, 2007). Figure 7 shows that the frameworkand general principle of the ISO codes on maintenance and repair of concrete structures is underdevelopment based on Part III of the ACMC, the first maintenance code in the world. In recent ISO
meeting of year 2007, it was agreed that the structure of the SC7 consists of 4 major parts as shownin Figure 7. There are 4 working groups in the SC7 and 3 working group leaders (convenors) out of 4
working groups are individual members of ICCMC, which indirectly explains how much the ACMC
contributes to ISO codes of ISO TC71.

General Rule
ACMC Level 1

ISO xxxxx Part 1:
Framework and General Principle

Principles of activities
ACMC Level 2

ISO
TC71
SC7
WG1

Standard Methods
ISO

ACMC Level 3

ISO xxxxx Part 2: Condition AssessmentTC71
ISO xxxxx Part 3: Design of Repair
SC7
ISO xxxxx Part 4: Execution of Repair

Guideline
Manual

WG2,
WG3,
WG4

Figure 7. Structures of ISO code by ISO TC71 SC7 on ACMC structures

6- 20 -

CONCLUSION
ACMC was successfully developed at year 2001 by the ICCMC and successfully revised to ACMC
2006, which contains the first performance based maintenance code for concrete structures in theworld and yet to be basis of ISO code on the maintenance and repair of concrete structures. During
the development of ACMC, many difficulties relates to internationalization of codes for Asia has
been occurred and some of them solved by the connection with ISO activities. By the harmonizationof the ACMC with the ISO codes and furthermore active contribution to develop ISO codes on
concrete by the ICCMC members, it is expected that the ACMC will be the first unified regional
concrete model code for Asia well harmonized with ISO concrete codes. It has been well understoodby ICCMC members that more contribution by the ICCMC to the ISO TC71 has solved some ofcritical difficulties to develop Asian concrete model code for Asia. The experience that the ICCMC
has been acquired during the development of the ACMC can be shared with other areas ofconstruction for the development of the Asian model code in their fields.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author specially acknowledge the inspiring work of the late Professor Fumio Nishino, to whom
this contribution is dedicated and who has been showing the vision of international collaboration for
Asia and the outstanding contribution for development of Asian countries. The author also wishes tothank all the members of the ICCMC who have worked with enthusiasm to allow reaching the current
stage of ACMC 2006.

REFERENCE
European Commission (2003). “The Implementation and Use of Eurocodes for Construction Worksand Structural Construction Products’ in Commission Recommendation, 887 / EC.
ICCMC (2006). Asian Concrete Model CodeISO TC71 SC7 (2007). ISO xxxxx: Maintenance and Repair of Concrete Structures-Part 1. Frameworkand General Principle (Version7)
Song Ha-Won (2006a). “ISO Standards of Concrete Structures”, ACMC Workshop, EASEC-10,
Bangkok, Thailand, Aug. 3, 2006,
Song Ha-Won (2006b). “ISO Standards of Concrete Structures and ICCMC’s Contribution”, ACF
Conference, Bali, Indonesia, Nov. 21, 2006
Song Ha-Won (2007). “Performance Based Design and Evaluation for Durability and Maintenance ofConcrete Structures”, Pre-Workshop Meeting of ISO TC71, Salvador, Brazil, May 29, 2007
Ueda Tamon (2006). “Towards Harmonization of Design Code in Asia-Structural Concrete-“,ACECC Workshop on Harmonization of Design Codes in the Asian Region, Taipei, Taiwan,
November 4, 20067

- 21 -ACECC Special Forum 3
June 27, 2007, 4th CECAR, Taipei, Taiwan

Introduction of Asian Concrete Model
Code and its Contribution to ISO CodeHa-Won SongVice chairman, ICCMC
Chair, ISO TC 71 SC7
Professor, School of Civil and Env. Eng., Yonsei Univ. Seoul, Korea

1

Outline- Asia & Model Code- PBD & ACMC- ISO & ACF- Conclusion

2- 22 -

Asia• Largest continent• Approximately 60 % of world population• Big construction market• Over 1/3 of world construction market• Over 1/2 of world cement consumption• Fastest growing economy on earth
ASIA
OTHER

11.8%

34.9%

100%

NORTH AMERICAEUROPE

30.9%

22.4%

Enormous Requirements
for Infrastructures

Economic Growth in
Asian Region

3

Three groups in the world construction market:
a. Europe: 1/3 of World Market
b. America (North/South America): 1/3 of World
Marketc. Asia (including Oceania): 1/3 of World Market

There are model codes on concrete structures:
structures:¾ aÆEuro code
¾ bÆACI code
¾ Asia needs one → c.Æ Asian Concrete Model Code
(ACMC)
4- 23 -

Codes andStandards
in Asia

Have no codes yet
Adopt other countries’
countries’ codes
Develop their own codes

Need of development of its own code (1)•Inappropriateness in codes of Europe and North
America (due to difference in material quality,
environmental condition,
condition, technological level andeconomical level,
level, etc.)
etc.)

5

Need of development of its own code (2)International
projects or Mega
projects

International teamCodes from various
countries are used in
one project
Creates confusion andmisunderstanding

The best solution is to develop its own codein Asia6- 24 -

Model Code is1) to help the countries to develop their own codes2) to reduce confusion/misunderstanding in multimultinational projects

The Model Code should1)be1)be flexible in its nature to fit the diversity in Asia and2) follow harmonization with global trend (e.g.
WTO/TBT Agreement)1)Æ
1)ÆMultiMulti-level code document structure2)Æ
2)ÆPerformancePerformance-based concept

7

WTO/TBT Agreement
Establishment of WTO, 1995ÆFree Trade Goal-Content of Technical Barrier on Trade“A product tested once and accepted everywhere”
ÆHarmonization!
Article VI : Technical Specifications[ WTO/AGREEMENT ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT ].
.
2. Technical specifications prescribed by procuring entities shall,where appropriate:(a) be in terms of performance rather than design ordescriptive characteristics; and(b) be based on international standards, where such
exist; otherwise, on national technical regulations,recognized national standards, or building codes.

- 25 -

8

International Standards (ISO code)ÆModel Codes for National Code Writers
Int. Standards

ISO
IEC

Viennaagreement
Regional
Standards

National
Standards

Euro code,

WTO/TBTagreement

Asian Model
Code
ASTM, BS,DIN,
JIS, KS,

Code
Harmonization

National standard specification
InstituteStandards

Company
Standards

National Design code

•New ISO/IEC Guide 21 on national adoptionof international standards
9

Change in construction industryÆSustainable Infrastructure– It should be in “a sustainable way” (4th CECAER,
Taipei 2007 “Working for Asian Sustainability”)– Sustainable concrete structures can be obtainedby constructing durable structuresby prolonging service life
by recycling materials and members
by reducing impact to environmentÆ Performance of concrete structures (goal) is more
important!

10- 26 -

Multi-level structures with performance-based conceptÆPerformance Based DesignLaw(*mandatory)

Goal

Regulation(s)(*mandatory)

Performance
criteria
Deemedto-satisfy
solutionStandards(*voluntary)

Verification

Verification
method,procedures

DesignPerformancerequirements

11

Trend of design methods for concrete structures

Utilization of current technologyÆ PBD
12- 27 -

History for Asian Concrete Model Code (ACMC)
1992: JCI Research Committee on Concrete Model Code
1994: International Committee on Concrete Model Codefor Asia (ICCMC)
1998: First draft of ACMC
1999: Second draft of ACMC
2001: ACMC 2001
2004: Vietnamese version for maintenance part of ACMC
2006: ACMC 2006 Æ ChineseChinese-translated version in 2006
13

ICCMCICCMC-committee for ACMC
Committee members (as of Feb 2007)- Over 70 individual members- 8 representative members- Over 20 corporate members
From 14 countries/economy (Australia, Bangladesh,
China, Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan,
Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, andVietnam)Committee meetings (as of Feb 2007)
23 Committee meetings in 12 countries/economy since
1994
Local committees in Japan, Korea and Thailand,
Thailand, etc
14- 28 -

14 member countries/economy

Iran

Korea Japan

China
India

Bangladesh

Chinese Taipei
VietnamThailand

Malaysia

Philippines

Singapore
Indonesia

Australia
15

ACMC 2006
2 Features:
PerformancePerformance-based concept
MultiMulti-level code document structure
3 Parts:
Structural design, materials and construction,and maintenance
Scope:All kinds of concrete structures (plain concrete,
reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, andcomposite structures with concrete)16- 29 -

MultiMulti-level Document Structure
ACMC2006
Level 1 document

Part I – DesignPart II – Materials
and construction

Part III –Maintenance

Level 2
document

Level 2
document

Level 2
document

Level 3
document

Commoncode

Conforming to ISO TC71

Level 3
document

Level 3
document

Local
code

For particular country/economy ortypes of structure
17

Example of Level 3 Documents“Vietnam Construction Standard TCXDVN 318: 2004 - Concrete and Reinforc
ed Concrete Structures - Guide to Maintenance”, 2004. (Æ National Code)・Æ The Standard covers almost all frame contents of Part III of
the ACMC 2001 and concretes to the local conditions andconstruction habit in VN:
The first Maintenance Standard in VN;- Written by IBST with the support of ICCMC;- VN Minister of Construction decided to publish on July 29, 2004;- The umbrella standard with main frame of maintenance;- The voluntary standard- will be upgrade into a Code of practice;- VN will develop some specified standards of maintenance and repair ofstructures.

18- 30 -

Relation to ISO’
ISO’s concrete code
SC 1: Test methods for concrete
SC 3: Concrete production andexecution of concrete structures
TC 71: Concrete,
reinforced
concrete andprestressed
concrete

SC 4: Performance requirements
for structural concrete
SC 5: Simplified design standard for
concrete structures
SC 6: Non-traditional reinforcing
materials for concrete structures
SC 7: Maintenance and repairof concrete structures
19

ICCMC’ICCMC’s contribution in ISO/TC71– Enhancement of Asian presence• TC71, SC1, SC3, SC4, SC5, SC6 and SC7 (SC8)– Establishment of SC7• SC7 “Maintenance and Repair of Concrete
Structures”• Chairman from Korea and Secretary from Japan• ISO umbrella code to be drafted based on ACMC

– Initiation of discussion on “Performancebased Concept”• ACMC is a regional code with performance-based
concept while ISO codes does not have a systemevaluate regional, performance based design code20

- 31 -

Asian Concrete Model Code:Benefit for Asian Countries
For Asian Countries with Own Code– Dissemination of their technology to be international codein Asia and ISO– Strengthening their presence in international circle such as ISO
through collaboration among Asian countries
For Asian Countries without Own Code– Developing national codes– Enhancement of technological level– Strengthening their presence in international circle

21

Asian Concrete Model Code:Difficulties in International Code Drafting

Volunteer work from limited countries– Unfamiliarity for code drafting– Small motivation with no direct benefit such as research
grant to individual
Difficulty in being recognized by government– Country where codes are well established shows little
interest– ICCMC is not a governmental body
– China and Taiwan issue– Etc.

22- 32 -ISOISO-TF inside ICCMC- To establish strategy for the ISO TC71 activities by ICCMC
members- To play major role in code writing function in Asian ConcreteFederation (ACF)- To promote ACMC all over the world efficiently- To plan ICCMC meeting to minimize expense Æ utilization ofinternational conference in Asian Region

23

ISO/TC71 SC7

ISO XYZ- Maintenance and repair of concrete structures – Part 1: General (WG1)
ISO XYZ- Maintenance and repair of concrete structures– Part 2: Conditionassessment (WG2)
ISO XYZ- Maintenance and repair of concrete structures– Part 3: Design of repair
ISO XYZ- Maintenance and repair of concrete structures – Part 4: Execution of
repairLevel 1
General Rule
Part 1:“Framework and general principle”

ISO TC71
SC7 WG1,
WG2

Principles of activities
Level 2Standard methods

Part 2: “Condition assessment”
Part 3 & Part4

Level 3

Guideline

ISOTC71 SC7 WG3&
WG4

MTechnical reportÆThere are 4 working groups in the SC7 and
3 working group leaders (convenors) out of 4 working
groups are individual members of ICCMC- 33 -

24

ICCMC’
ICCMC’s contribution in ACF
ACF asked ICCMC to produce technical documents for ACF.
The ICCMC proposed a proposal for two TGs with ACF’s
funding at Bali conference on Nov. 2006. Then, two TGs arerequested to set up by ACF with 2 years of funding(US$3000/year/TG).
Æ 1. TG 1, Prof Oh (ICCMC member and convener of WG3 of
ISO TC71 SC7) is the coordinator, is preparing L3
document on Maintenance and Repair for Leakage due to
Crack, which is supposed to be an ISO document.
Æ 2. The other TG, TG 2 is headed by Dr Dradjat (ICCMC
member and convener of WG4 of ISO TC71 SC7) and will
prepare L3 document on Assessment and Retrofit for
Seismic Damage, which is also to be an ISO document.
25

ICCMC’ICCMC’s contribution in ACF

Code writing function of ACF

ICCMC

ISO TC71

26- 34 -

Experience of ICCMC with ISO concrete codes(1) Harmonization with ISO code is vital to ACMC.
(2) Effort for recognition of ICCMC Æex) A body to send Asianvoices to ISO and to lead the development of ISO code on
concrete structures.
(3) Dynamic activation of ISO-TF Æ ex) ICCMC will start to discuss
how to contribute a new TC, TC8, on Harmonization of Design
Codes in the Asian Region in the ACECC.

27

CONCLUSIONS(1) ACMC 2001 was published in March 2001 as the first model
code for concrete structures in the Asia and Pacific region
and revised in 2006 as ACMC 2006 harmonizing ISO
Concrete code.
(2) It introduces "performance-based concept" for design,
construction and maintenance of concrete structures aswell as the “three-level document structure” that issuitable for regions where a great diversity in culture,climate, technology and economy exists.
(3) ISO/TC71 SC7 , lead by ICCMC members, is developing
ISO umbrella code on maintenance of concrete structures,
which will be mostly based on the Part III of ACMC, thefirst performance-based maintenance code in the world.
(4) ICCMC will play a major role for code writing function in
the Asian Concrete Federation (ACF).
28- 35 -

Dedicated to Prof. Fumio Nishino

The late Professor Fumio Nishino (1936 – 2007)

A man who loves Asia…
…..
I miss him very much..
29

Thank you for your attention!
Web site for ICCMC
www.iccmc.org

30- 36 -

Special Forum 3 / 4th CECAR

Cooperative Structure Toward Code Harmonizationin the Geotechnical Field -Development of New Generation
Design Codes in Taiwan
Dr. ChungChung-Tien Chin
Dr. JieJie-Ru Chen
MAA Group Consulting Engineers
27 June 2007

Disclaimer► This presentation was prepared exclusively for theuse of the Special Forum 3 of 4th CECAR. This
presentation is incomplete without reference to, andshould be viewed solely in conjunction with, the oral
briefing provided by the authors- 37 -

Agenda► Background Earthquake design
 Major project experiences► Promotion of new generation design codes

 R&D Group of TGS
 Seminars and workshops
 Taipei 2006
► Action Plan

Background- 38 -

Seismic Design Specified► Buildings► Highway► Railway► Rapid Transit System (Taipei / Kaohsiung)► Port & Harbor Facilities► Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR)

THSR Project► The largest BOT project in the world:

US$15 billion► Total length: 345 km► Maximum design speed: 350 km/hr► Maximum capacity: 300,000 passengers
per day- 39 -

Seismic Zoning Maps
馬祖

Zone A, Amax = 0.33g

ZONE3
3

ZONE2

金門
ZONE
1B

ZONE3
ZONE
1B

澎湖
ZONE3

ZONE2
ZONE
1B
ZONE
1A

ZONE2

ZONE
1B

3

ZONE
1A

Z one

Z1

1A

0.40

1B

0.34

2

0.28

3

0.22

Zone B
Amax = 0.23g

綠島FILE NAME: T:\CENTER\CWG\CWG5.DWG

ZONE 1B

ZONE3

蘭嶼
Z ONE
1B

ZONE
1B

THSR Design Specification

Seismic Design Specification

Earthquake Design Requirements► Type I Earthquake – design for repairable damage

 Return period of 950 years
 Design peak ground accelerations (PGA) in horizontal
direction are given in different zones
 (PGA)vertical = 2/3 (PGA)horizontal► Type II Earthquake – design for safe operation at

maximum speed and no yielding PGA is oneone-third of Type I Earthquake- 40 -

Design Loading Combinations► Case 1: combination of “normal load”

condition► Cases 2 & 3: combination for “exceptionalload” conditions► Case 4: combination of the”ultimate load”
condition► Case 5: loading combination for verificationof settlement criteria

Specified Safety Measures
Safety Factor
NormalLoad

Exceptional
Load

Ultimate
Load

End Bearing
Capacity

3.0

2.0

1.25

Skin Friction

2.0

1.5

1.25

Pullout
ResistanceNo tension
force
permitted

2.5

1.5

- 41 -

Reflection“Conventional” Geotechnical
Design Basis► Allowable stress design► Uncertain parameters considered

deterministically► Empirical factor of safety► No adequate information provided forachieving optimal design- 42 -

Structure vs. Geotechnical Design► Empirical safety factors were used forgeotechnical design► Load factored design may be used to design the
structure component► Reliability levels associated with these twosystems could be different

Interpretation of THSR Design
Limit State
Loading
Magnitude

Serviceability

Ultimate

NormalCase 5

Cases 1, 2, 3

Type II EQ*specified forstructuraldesignType I EQ

Case 4- 43 -

“New generation” of Design
Concepts► Limit State Design Design not dominated by a single limit state► PerformancePerformance-Based Design
 Concept that design of structures not based on prescriptivemeans but by outcome performance based on therequirements of society and/or the owners (Geo(Geo-code 21)► ReliabilityReliability-Based Design
 Achieving total reliability is not possible
 Ensuring pf = Prob (Q<F) ≤ pT

Performance Matrix
Damage to a Structure

Magnitude of Actions

Serviceability
Limit State
High freq.
Low impact◎○△

Medium freq.
Med. Impact◎ ○Low freq.
High impact

Repairable
Limit State

Ultimate
Limit State

△
◎

○ △

Note： ◎ Important Structure ○ Ordinary Structure△ Easily Repairable Structure(Honjo, 2004)- 44 -

Promotion of New
Generation Design Code

Motivation of Code Development► Need for revision of existing design code

 Investigation, liquefaction, slope design► Rational design concept pursuance PBD / LSD / RBD► International promotion and development of“new generation”
generation” design codes
 Eurocode 7 / GeoGeo-code 21 / AASHTO LRFD
Specification / CFEM (ver(ver.. 4)► International / regional code harmonization

activities- 45 -

Initiation► Research and Development (R&D)

Committee of TGS (2005(2005-2007)► Solicited topic: Development of New

Generation Geotechnical Design Code► Terms of Reference:

 To promote new generation design concept
 To evaluate need for new code development
 To organize/involve relevant activities
 To identify issues for future study

R&D Committee Members► Chaired by: Dr. ChungChung-Tien Chin
► Academia► Industry

 Prof. YW Pan (NCTU)
 Prof. SS Lin (NTOU)
 Prof. HD Lin (NTUST) Prof. DW Feng (CYCU)
 Prof. JY Ching (NTUST) Prof. YM Hsieh (NTUST)- 46 -

 Dr. CC Liu (Trinity) Dr. HW Yang (THSRC)
 Mr. TY Ho (CECI) Dr. JR Chen (MAA)

Promotion (2005-2006)► Special Forum：
Forum：Global Trend on Developmentof New Generation Geotechnical Design Code
 2005 Taiwan Geotechnical Conference September 8, 2005
 Organized by R&D Committee of TGS
 First organized discussion on need of new generation
design code in Taiwan

Promotion (2005-2006)► Workshop on the Evaluation of GeotechnicalEngineering Design Codes 2006/3/4
 Recent Development of Geotechnical Design Codes(Yusuke Honjo)
Honjo)
 Evaluation of Existing Taiwan Geotechnical Design
Code (FC Chen)► Professional Geotechnical Engineers Association

Special Lecture Series: Lecture 1
 2006/10/19
 On Geotechnical Design Code Development from
Treatment of Geotechnical Uncertainties (CT Chin)- 47 -

Promotion (2005-2006)► SinoSino-Geotechnics 109:
109:

Geotechnical
Performance Based
Design and RelatedConcepts (2006/9)

Promotion (2005-2006)► Workshop on Cross Strait GeotechnicalEngineering Risk Management (2006/11/1)► International Symposium on New Generation

Design Codes for Geotechnical Engineering
Practice - Taipei 2006 (2006/11/2(2006/11/2-3)► “Harmonization of Design Codes in the AsianRegion”
Region”, ACECC Workshop (2006/11/4)- 48 -

Action Plan

- 49 -

Taiwan Geotechnical Design Code
► It is recognized a significant issue to discuss thecurrent status and future of Taiwan Geotechnical
Design Code► Two areas should be addressed at the same time Revision of existing code and practice Development of codes based on “new generation”
generation”
design concept► Task groups have organized to tackle relevant

issuesTask Group 1► Revision of existing code to meet modern practice “Design Code Working Group”
Group” formed under TGS (2006)
 Chaired by：
by：Prof. M.L. Lin Subgroups for three initial topics:►Development of site investigation specification►Study toward revision on specification of liquefaction
analysis►Development of guidelines on slope design- 50 -

Task Group 2► Development of Taiwan New Generation

Geotechnical Code
 “Working group on Taiwan geotechnical performancebased design code”
code” formed under TGS (2007)
 Chaired by：
by：Prof. H.D. Lin To study toward drafting a Taiwan Geotechnical Codefounded on Performance Based Design Concept

WG on PBD Code► To act as a pilot group to study issues on

Geotechnical PBD► To prepare a draft PBD code Concept and structure will base mainly on GeoGeo-code 21
and Eurocode 7► To identify topics for future study- 51 -

WG on PBD Code
► Kicked off on May 31, 2007
► Regular monthly meeting will be held
► Initial tasks

 Translate and study GeoGeo-code 21
 Discuss “performance requirements”
requirements” and “performance
criteria”
criteria” for Taiwan practice Prepare a proposal to government for drafting the code

Comprehensive Design
Code Structure
PBD(Performance
Based Design)

Specifications
by Performance

RBD/
LSD/
LRFD

Other
Design
Methods(e.g., ASD/WSD)(Adapted from Honjo, 2006)- 52 -

DesignVerification

Respect
International
Standards（ISO2394 etc.）

Performance
Requirements

WTO/TBT

Geo-code 21
TW PBDcode
Eurocode 7
AASHTO
NBCC /
CFEM

Taiwan PBD Code► To implement a structure that can allow to unify

various geotechnical codes in Taiwan► To provide a base that can assist future International /Regional code harmonization
 Asia Code► To enhance development of design verification thatcan be better harmonized with structural design- 53 -

Performance based Specification concept andrevision of the Technical Standards of Port andHarbour Facilities (2007)

CECAR Special Session 3
Taipei 2007
Y. Honjo, Gifu Universityᧄၔ‫ޓ‬ാ੺‫ޔ‬ጘ㒂ᄢቇ

Table of Contents
WTO/TBT agreement and its influenceson design codes
Comprehensive Design Codes in Japan
code PLATFORM ver.1 (JACE, 2003)
 Geo-code 21(JGS,2004)


Revision of the Technical Standards forPort and Harbour Facilities (2007)
Conclusions- 54 -

WTO/TBT (1995)(AGREEMENT ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE)
Article 2: Preparation, Adoption and Application of TechnicalRegulations by Central Government Bodies

2.4 Where technical regulations are required andrelevant international standards exist or theircompletion is imminent, Members shall use them... .
2.8 Wherever appropriate, Members shall specify
technical regulations based on productrequirements in terms of performance rather
than design or descriptive characteristics.

WTO/TBT Agreement, PBD and relevantinternational codes/standards
WTO/TBT agreement- 55 -

Other
Design
Methods

Performance
Verification

International
codes/stands.
䋨ISO2394etc.䋩

Reliability
based
DesignPerformance
Requirements

Specification
by Performance

Performance
based
DesignPerformance based regulations inbuilding codes

Nordic 5 Leave New ZealandAustralia

UK

CanadaGoal

Objectives

Objectives

Goals

Objectives

Functional
Requirements

Functional
Requirements

Functional Requirem.

Functional
Requirements

Functional
Requirem.

Operational
Requirements

Performance
Requirements

Verification
Methods

Verification
Methods

Acceptable
Solutions

Acceptable
Methods

Perform. Deem toRequirem.
Satisfy

Mandatory
Requirem.

Performance
Technical Sol.
Alternative
Approaches

Acceptable Supporting
Solutions Documents(Guidance)(CIB,1998)

Benefits of Performance Based
Design Codes
Higher accountability and transparency to theusers of the codes. Easier to understand theintention of the code writers to the users.
Easier to harmonize the design codes under
different social and legal systems.
Construction cost reduction is expected byintroduction of new technologies?
Easier to keep consistency of the descriptionof the design code.

- 56 -

Remained Issues of PBD codes
How to find an interface between the top
down approach of users and administrators,
and bottom up approach of engineers or code
writers.
䫹䫹(User’s thinking vs. Engineers’ thinking䯵
A social system is required to judge
performance of structures based on PBD.
Judgment for flaw (=defect) in the design
when done by PBD.

User’s view
Objective

Code, Approach
Performance
Requirements
Engineer’sview

Performance Criteria
Comprehensive Design CodeApproach A

Specific Base
Design code
Specific Design Code

䇭Hierarchy of Requirements and Verifications- 57 -

Verification

Approach B

Performance Requirements

Requirements

What is Eurocodes
EN1990 Basis of design for structural Eurocodes
EN1991 Actions on structures
EN1992 Design of concrete structures
EN1993 Design of steel structures
EN1994 Design of composite structures
EN1995 Design of timber structures
EN1996 Design of masonry structures
EN1997 Geotechnical design
EN1998 Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN1999 Design of Aluminum structures
Started their work in 1970’s. More than 60 documents.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Brussels

Purposes of establishing
Eurocodes
The purpose of Eurocodes is to establish a setof rules for design of civil and building
structures thereby eventually replace present
design rules that are different from one
country to another.
promote construction industries with in EU region
by unifying the market.
 Strengthen the competitiveness of EU constructionindustry against non-EU.
- 58 -

Limit State Design Concept:
The concept Eurocodes are based

Force or ResistanceResistance R

LSD

Behavior of a member
or a structure

Force Q
Allowable Stress Design(A S D)

Displacement

Table of Contents
WTO/TBT agreement and its influenceson design codes
Comprehensive Design Codes in Japan
code PLATFORM ver.1 (JACE, 2003)
 Geo-code 21(JGS,2004)


Revision of the Technical Standards forPort and Harbour Facilities (2007)
Conclusions- 59 -

Comprehensive Design Codes
Development in Japan
code PLATFORM ver.1 (JSCE, 2003)
Principles, guidelines and terminologies forstructural design code drafting founded on
performance based design concept ver. 1.
(Japanese Society of Civil Engineers, 2003)
Geo-code 21(JGS, 2004)
Principles of Foundation Design Grounded on
Performance Based Design Concept(Japanese Geotechnical Sciety,2004)

Purposes of Comprehensive
Design Codes development
Propose an ideal design code based on
performance based concept.
Harmonize design concepts andterminologies in major Japanese designcodes.
Dispatch our technology to the world bya single voce.

- 60 -

Comprehensive Design CodezDescribing basic rules of design code, e.g.
concepts, terminologies and procedures.
zA code for code writers
൮᜝⸳⸘
code
䍘䍎䍢䍼
PLATFORM

Information
Exchanges䋨࿖ౝ䋩Base Design
Code A䍼䋨Railway䋩

Base Design
Code B
䋨Highway䋩

International
Codes andStandards
e.g. ISO2394

Base Design
Code C䋨Port andHarbor䋩

Unified Concepts

Objectives of Code PLATFORM
Provide a framework of a structural design code
based on performance based concept.
Define structure to define performance requirements.
Objective – Performance Requirements – Performance
Criteria
Define the elements of Performance Criteria
Limit states – design situations – time
Performance verification procedureby performance concepts vs. by codes- 61 -

Drafting Body(2001-2002)
Ministry of Land andTransportation

Contract

Committee on investigating anddrafting a comprehensive designcode (25 members)

JSCE
Contract
Consultant(Secretariat)

Chair Osamu Kusakabe
General Secretary Yusuke Honjo
Scholars and Engineers fromvariousfield: steel, concrete, geotechnical,
seismic, wind, reliability etc.

Table of contents
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Objective

Code, Approach
Performance
Requirements
Performance Criteria

Performance Requirements

Requirements

Comprehensive Design CodeApproach A

Specific Base
Design code

Verification

Approach B

Specific Design Code

䇭Hierarchy of Requirements and Verifications

Objective

Code, Approach
Performance
Requirements
Performance Criteria
Comprehensive Design CodeApproach A

Specific Base
Design code
Specific Design Code

䇭Hierarchy of Requirements and Codes- 63 -

Verification

Approach B

Performance Requirements

Requirements

Hierarchy in performance description of a structure (1)Objective, Performance Requirements and performance criteria

Objectives: The objective is the final social
requirement of a structure with respect toone specific performance (e.g. structural
performance) described in the generalterminologies.
For examples, 'buildings shall provide sufficient safety to theresidence at the time of earthquake events so that they arepreserved from serious injuries and loss of lives' or 'Marginal
operation of functions of a structure is preserved'.

Hierarchy in performance description of a structure (2)Objective, Performance Requirements and performance criteria

Performance requirements: The performancerequirements describes the functions of astructure that should be provided to achieve
the stated objective by general terminologies.
Example: 'A structure shall not collapse
during an earthquake' or 'Damage to a
structure shall be controlled to an extent
whereby marginal operation is preserved.'.
- 64 -

Hierarchy in performance description of a structure (3)Objective, Performance Requirements and performance criteria

Performance Criteria: The performance
criteria specify the details that are necessary
to fulfill the functional statements. In
principle, they should be quantitatively
verifiable in structural design.
Performance Requirements is given by a
Performance Matrix= Limit states + Magnitude of Action +Importance of Structures

Description of Performance Criteria
Limit states + Magnitude of Action + Importance of Structures

Damage to a Structure

Magnitude of Actions

Serviceability
Limit State

High freq.
Low impact䃁䂾䂦Medium freq.
Med. Impact䃁 䂾㩷

Low freq.
High impact

Repairable
Limit State

Ultimate
Limit State

䂦
㩷

䃁

㩷 䂾 䂦

Note䋺 䃁䇭Important Structure 䂾 Ordinary Structure䇭䂦 Easily Repairable Structure䇭- 65 -

Objective

Code, Approach
Performance
Requirements
Performance Criteria

Performance Requirements

Requirements

Comprehensive Design CodeApproach A

Specific Base
Design code
Specific Design Code䇭

Verification Approaches

Hierarchy in Verification Methods(1)A Comprehensive Design Code that stands on
top of both Approaches A and B
Approach A: Fully performance based design
approach.
Approach B: A code for code writers. Limit
State Design (ISO2394)
It is believed that the Limit State Design
Method is one of the most suitable method torealize Performance Based Design (PBD).
- 66 -

Verification

Approach B

Limit State Design Concept:
Force or ResistanceResistance R

LSD

Behavior of a member
or a structure

Force Q
Allowable Stress Design(A S D)

Displacement

Table of Contents
WTO/TBT agreement and its influenceson design codes
Comprehensive Design Codes in Japan
code PLATFORM ver.1 (JACE, 2003)
 Geo-code 21(JGS,2004)


Revision of the Technical Standards forPort and Harbour Facilities (2007)
Conclusions- 67 -Government Policy for deregulation (1)Headquarter for Administrative reform ( Head the Prime Minister)‘Three years plan for Deregulation ‘
March, 1998 the cabinet decision
1) All economic regulation should be eliminated in principle. The
social regulations should be minimized. All regulation should be
eliminated or deregulated.
2) Rationalization of regulation methods. For example, tests canbe outsourced from the private sector.
3) Simplification and clarification of the contents of the regulations.
4) International harmonization of the regulations.
5) Speed up of the regulation related procedures.
6) Transparency of the regulation related procedure.

Government Policy for deregulation (2)'Three years plan for regulation reform promotion'
March, 2001 the cabinet decision
1) Realization of sustainable economic
development by promotion of economic
activities.
2) Realization of transparent, fair and reliableeconomic society3) Secure diversified alternatives for life styles.
4) Realization of economic society that is open to
the world.
- 68 -Government Policy for deregulation (3)In order to realize such objectives, promotion of essential andactive deregulations in various administrative services should beplanned.
In the filed of standards and accreditations, the following basic
policy was enforced.
Essential reviews on standards and accreditations to check thenecessity of the involvement of the government.
In cases the administration involvements are still required, theroles of the administration should be minimized, and selfaccreditation or self-maintenance of the standards and theaccreditations by the private sectors should be promoted.
The international harmonization of standards, the performancebased specifications and elimination of multiple test proceduresshould be promoted.

Revision of Port and Harbor Law
Article 56 Item 2-2(Before revision)
Those port and harbour facilities, such as navigation channels
and basins, protective facilities for harbours and mooring facilities,
should comply with the law that specifies such matter if such a law
exists. In addition, their construction, improvements and maintenanceshould comply with `Technical standards of port and harbour facilities'
that is specified as a ministerial ordinance by the ministry of land andtransportation.
(After revision)
Those port and harbor facilities, such as navigation channels andbasins (they are termed facilities covered by TSPHF), should comply
with the law that specifies such matter if such a law exists. In addition,
construction, improvements and maintenance concerning
performances of the facilities covered by TSPHF should conform with
`Technical standards of port and harbor facilities' that is specified as aministerial ordinance by the ministry of land and transportation.

- 69 -

Background of RevisionInternational Standards

䊶ISO2394 General principles on
reliability for structures, (1998 䋩㪚㫆㫄㫇㫉㪼㪿㪼㫅㫊㫀㫍㪼㩷㪛㪼㫊㫀㪾㫅㩷㪚㫆㪻㪼㫊㪪㫇㪼㪺㫀㪽㫀㪺㩷㪛㪼㫊㫀㪾㫅㩷㪚㫆㪻㪼㫊㪛㪼㫊㫀㪾㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪧㫆㫉㫋㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪟㪸㫉㪹㫆㫉㩷㪪㫋㫉㫌㪺㫋㫌㫉㪼㫊䊶㪙㪸㫊㪼㫊㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪻㪼㫊㫀㪾㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪺㫀㫍㫀㫃㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪹㫌㫀㫃㪻㫀㫅㪾㩷㫊㫋㫉㫌㪺㫋㫌㫉㪼㫊㩷㩿㪤㪣㪫㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪉㪀䊶㪚㫆㪻㪼㩷㪧㫃㪸㫋㪽㫆㫉㫄㩷㫍㪼㫉㪅㪈㩿㪡㪪㪚㪜㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪊㪀䊶㪡㪞㪪㪄㪋㪇㪇㪈㪄㪉㪇㪇㪋㩷㩿㪞㪼㫆㪄㪺㫆㪻㪼㩷㪉㪈㪀Harmonized and Consistent
with the International Codes
and the Comprehensive
Codes.

㪘㫃㫃㫆㫎㪸㪹㫃㪼㩷㪪㫋㫉㪼㫊㫊㩷㪛㪼㫊㫀㪾㫅㫎㫀㫋㪿㩷㪸㩷㪪㪸㪽㪼㫋㫐㩷㪝㪸㪺㫋㫆㫉㩿㪚㫆㫅㫍㪼㫅㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪛㪼㫊㫀㪾㫅㩷㪤㪼㫋㪿㫆㪻㪀㪩㪼㫃㫀㪸㪹㫀㫃㫀㫋㫐㩷㪙㪸㫊㪼㪻㩷㪛㪼㫊㫀㪾㫅㪛㫐㫅㪸㫄㫀㪺㩷㪘㫅㪸㫃㫐㫊㪼㫊㩿㪥㪼㫎㩷㪛㪼㫊㫀㪾㫅㩷㪤㪼㫋㪿㫆㪻㪀

Background in Administrative Aspects• ‘Three years plan for promotion of regulation reform’March, 2001, the cabinet decision
㸢 For Codes and Standards,
䇭䇭䇭 Harmonized to International Standards,
Performance based Specification• Ministry of Land and Transportation,
Program on Restructuring of Public Works Costs,
March, 2003 㸢– Revision of Common specifications for civil works– Review of Highway Bridge Specifications– Revision of Technical Standards for Port andHarbor Facilities to performance based.
- 70 -

Performance based specification
Structure of Port and Harbor Facilities
Standards: Mandatory
Objectives of the facilities

Objective

䇭Accountability

Performance
Requirements

䊶Basic requirements
䊶Other requirements
䇭Specifications for Verification

Performance Criteria

Performance
Not Mandatory
Verification
Examples of the performance verification
methods and common values for design
will be presented in the Annexes.

Performance Requirements
Classification
Basic
Requirements

Definition
Performance of structural response(deformation, stress etc.) against actions.

Serviceability

The functions of the facility would berecovered with minor repairs.

Repairability

The functions of the facility would berecovered in relatively short period after some
repairs.

safetyOther
Requirements

Significant damage would take place㧚
However, the damage would not cause any
lives loss or serious economic damages tohinterland.
Performance requirements on structuraldimensions concerning usage andconvenience of the facilities.
- 71 -

Summary of the Basic Requirements
DesignSituation

Definition

Performance
Requirements

Persistent
Situation

Permanent actions (self weight,
earth pressures) are major actions.

Serviceability

Transientsituation

Variable actions (wave, level 1
earthquake) are major actions.

Serviceability

Accidental
situation

Accidental actions (Tsunami, level2 earthquake) are major actions.

Serviceability,
Repairability and safety

Damage Extent

around0.01
1

Repairability

SafetyPermanent
andVariable
Actions

Annual exceedence
probability

Serviciability

Accidental
Action0Serviceability

Summary of Basic Performance Verification Methods
Allowable Performance Verification Methods
 Reliability Based Design (RBD) Method
 Numerical methods (NM) capable of evaluating structural response properly.
 Model tests.
 Methods based on past experiences.
Designsituation

Recommended performanceverification procedures

Major Actions

self weight, earth and water
Persistent pressures, live load, wave, RBD
situation wind, ship etc.
Non-linear response analysis consideringandsoil-structure interactions.
Transient
RBD
Level 1 earthquake
situation
Pseudo-static procedure (e.g. seismic
coefficient method)

Accidental

situation

Numerical procedure to evaluate
Level 2 earthquake,
Tsunami, ship collision etc. displacements and damage extents.

- 72 -

Conclusion
PBD and RBD are the international
standards. (Impact of WTO/TBT)
䯴䯽䯵The design codes are to be based on
PBD for describing performancerequirements, and the design verification
should be based on RBD/LSD/LRFD.

WTO/TBT agreement, PBD and RBD

PBD(Performance
Based Design)specifications
by performance- 73 -

otherdesignmethods

DesignVerification

Respect
International
Standards
䋨ISO2394 etc.䋩

RBD/
LSD/
LRFD

Performance
Requirements

WTO/TBTConclusion(2) The Technical Standards on Port andHarbour Facilities has been revised April 2007
based on PBS concept and LSD. The
comprehensive design codes that have beendeveloped in the professional societies playedsome important role.
(3) Design codes are just a part that realize
performance oriented design of structures.
Other parts need to be developed in parallel.

㪪㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㫊㩷㫋㫆㩷㫊㫌㫇㫇㫆㫉㫋㩷㪧㪙㪛㪧㪼㫉㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫅㪺㪼㪧㪼㫉㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫅㪺㪼 㪹㪸㫊㪼㪻㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪽㫀㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㪚㫆㪻㪼㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪪㫋㪸㫅㪻㪸㫉㪻㫊㪹㪸㫊㪼㪻㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪽㫀㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㪚㫆㪻㪼㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪪㫋㪸㫅㪻㪸㫉㪻㫊㪙㫀㪻㪻㫀㫅㪾㩷㫊㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㪙㫀㪻㪻㫀㫅㪾㩷㫊㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄䋨㪜㪠㪃㩷㪭㪜㩷㪼㫋㪺㪅䋩䋨㪜㪠㪃㩷㪭㪜㩷㪼㫋㪺㪅䋩㪠㫅㫊㫌㫉㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷㪪㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㪠㫅㫊㫌㫉㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷㪪㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄䋨㪧㪠㩷㪼㫋㪺㪅䋩䋨㪧㪠㩷㪼㫋㪺㪅䋩㪫㪼㪺㪿㫅㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪸㫇㫇㫉㫆㫍㪸㫃㩷㫊㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㪫㪼㪺㪿㫅㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪸㫇㫇㫉㫆㫍㪸㫃㩷㫊㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄䋨㪥㪼㫎㩷㪺㫆㫅㫊㫋㫉㫌㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫄㪼㫋㪿㫆㪻㫊㩷㪼㫋㪺䋩䋨㪥㪼㫎㩷㪺㫆㫅㫊㫋㫉㫌㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫄㪼㫋㪿㫆㪻㫊㩷㪼㫋㪺䋩㪚㫆㫅㫋㫉㪸㪺㫋㩷㫊㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄㪚㫆㫅㫋㫉㪸㪺㫋㩷㫊㫐㫊㫋㪼㫄䋨㪛㪙㪃㩷㪛㪙㪝㪦䋬㪚㪤䋬㪧㪝㪠㩷㪼㫋㪺㪅䋩䋨㪛㪙㪃㩷㪛㪙㪝㪦䋬㪚㪤䋬㪧㪝㪠㩷㪼㫋㪺㪅䋩(quoted from Horikoshi, 2005)- 74 -

Special Forum 3

27 June, 2007 9:009:00-11:00

Summaries & Discussions

Chair

Prof. Yusuke Honjo (Gifu University, Japan)

Secretary

Dr. Kenichi Horikoshi (Taisei Corporation)]

Level of Harmonization (1)Level 1 Share of information beyond boundaries of societies
and civil eng. fields(source of code, methodology of code development)
Activities of this level have already been started by ACECC
i.e. code information on ACECC website, and
ACECC workshop on Harmonization of design codes in the Asian
region Nov. 4, 2006

Level 2 Harmonization of basic terminologies used fordesigns, Harmonization of design concept, such as
limit state design, performance based design,
Informative to code writers
Avoid misunderstanding among engineers in practice- 75 -

Level of Harmonization (2)Level 3 Harmonized code for basis of design,
Harmonized code for a specific design field, such asconcrete, structural engineering, and geotechnicalengineering.
Codes to be refereed by code writers in each country
Such as Eurocode 0: Basis of Design,
ISO 2394: General principles on reliability for structures,

Level 4 Harmonization extended to broader area and broader
engineering field.
Asian Concrete Model Code activity toward ISO
Asian Voice to the world

Level of Harmonization (3)Level 1

Share of information

Level 2Harmonization of terminologies, design concepts

Level 3Harmonization of basis of designs

Level 4

Extension of harmonization to broader area

The higher the level is, the more timetime-consuming task
Continuous activities at each level are important for harmonization
harmonization
Through the activity, human network will be created.
Information should be published so that non ACECC
societies/institutes can refer.

- 76 -

Discussion Points
Do we really need code harmonization in the Asian Region?
If we need, then what level of harmonization do we need?
What are demands from small and developing countries?
What developed countries should do for harmonization?
Are there any other possible activities towards
harmonization?
And so on,

New ACECC Technical Committee on

Harmonization of design codesin the Asian region
Approved by
ACECC Executive Committee Meeting on June 25, 2007

- 77 -

Terms of References of the new TC:
1) Create and strengthen human network oncode development through continuous
discussions.
2) Provide the latest information on design codein the Asian region, and make it public on
the website.
3) Create the glossary of terminology for basisof design, which will be based on a newconcept such as performance based design.
Activity period:

TC Chair:2007-2010

Prof. Yusuke Honjo(Gifu University, JSCE)

Secretary:

Dr. Kenichi Horikoshi(Taisei Corporation, JSCE)

Other TC members will be decided after the 4th CECAR.
Nomination of TC members from each ACECC
society/institution is welcome.
Member from nonnon-ACECC society/institute is also welcome.
For further information, please contact to JSCE.

- 78 -