Cement Deep Mixing Association

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Cement Deep Mixing - An excellent ground imp rov
Excels in both marine and on-land ap pli

The Cement Deep Mixing (CDM) method is a technique to chemically solidify and strengthen
soft ground by in-situ mixing of the soil with cement slurry.
For many years this high quality, environment friendly, low cost ground improvement
technology has become the most popular ground improvement method.
The CDM method is often superior to other methods in a wide range of ground improvement
applications such as prevention of embankment instability and settlement, improving groundstability for construction projects, countermeasures against liquefaction, and reinforcement ofground to improve earthquake-response of superstructures.
The Cement Deep Mixing Association is a consortium of private firms including generalcontractors, marine works contractors, and foundation works contractors.
Its function is to promote and improve the CDM method. The CDM Association has managed
to introduce the method for use in numerous successful soil improvement projects throughout
not only Japan but also many foreign countries; and consequently the use of CDM continues
to increase steadily.
01

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imp rovement system utilizing cement-water slurry -ap plications

Advantages of the CDM method

1
Assuresachievementof required
strength2

3

Shortens
the construction
periodPrevents
settlement

4
Improves
earthquake
resistance5
Prevents
pollutionand leachate ofcontaminate

6
Has wide
applicabilities

7
Enablesreliablequality control

8

9

Uses
resources
beneficiallyLowersconstruction
costs

02

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Principle of deep mixing
Cement Deep Mixing (CDM) is a method for improving the ground to a prescribed strength by mixing cement slurry with the soft soil in situ. Generally,
the cement used is either ordinary portland cement or a mixture of portland cement and blast-furnace slag. The cement alone creates cementitiousAmaterials through hydration; and, although the reaction differs with the soil type, the calcium hydroxide liberated from the cement also undergoes apozzolanic reaction with the soil to create cementitious materials. As the mixture ages, these cementitious materials gradually fill the void space between
the soil particles, which results in higher strength and lower volume compressibility of soil.
▌Relation between cement ratio and strength (at 4 weeks)
Hydration of cement
6.0

Cement＋H2O
qu(MN/m2)

5.0

Improved
Soil

Soil A
Soil B
Soil C

4.0

3.0

2.0

Ca(OH)2＋
Clay mineral*α: Weight of cement
per unit volume of soil**qu: Unconfinedcompressive strength(in MN/m2,
1 MN/m2=10kgf/cm2)

1.0

Pozzolanic reaction

0

100

200

α(kg/m3)300

CDM quality Control System

S

The CDM machine is equipped with a quality control system, which enables the real-time monitoring and control of high quality execution andinsures reliable treated soil columns.

Materials

Quality

Quantity of materials
per meter of depth（Quantity of cement andwater at slurry plant）

Record of
improving work

Flow rate of cement slurry
Penetration and retrieval speed
ComputerMixingRotational speed of mixing shaft

Ammeter of mixing motor
YES

Construction
result on
size and shape

Positioning

Surveying by transit, GPS, or the like

Depth of
Improvement

Processor depth meter

NO

Torque of mixing shaft

Re-construction
for correction

Varification of column
contact to stiff layer

Real-time evaluationby computer

Depth & speed indicator
Operator room

Monitoring
indicator box(placed in theoperator room)

Penetration and retrieval speed

Tachometer ofmixer shaft
Control items(parameters)
1 Slurry discharge 1
2 Slurry discharge 2
3 Depth
4 Speed5 Rotational speed
6 Electric current
Machine（←Slu

Rotational speed of mixing shaft

rry）

Alarm system
Analog or digital indicator

Measuring andrecording
instrument
Slurry flow meter●Work control monitor screen

Mixing plant

Work control unit

Printer03

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y,

us
a

en

Application of CDM
Besides its use in improving foundation
ground for many types of structures,
CDM can also be used for temporary
structures, such as cut-off walls andshoring barriers, and to ensure groundstability during excavation for
construction projects.

Breakwater foundation

Breakwater foundation

Retaining wall
foundation

Revetment foundation

Road foundation

Bridge pier foundation
and retaining wall

Underground brace

Quay wall foundation
Revetment foundation
Pier foundation
Foundation of man-made islands

Foundation of structures

Stabilization of ground prior to shield tunneling
Tank foundation
Building foundation
Retaining wall foundation

CDM method

Road foundation
Dike or embankment foundation
Prevention of soil liquefaction
Cut-off wall
Self retaining wall
Countermeasure for bottom heave

Temporary usage

Lateral restraint of pilings
Underground brace

System tree of CDM method

Class
2.2m2
4.6m2
5.7m2

Marine CDM

CDM method

Method name

Shaft type

Diameter of mixing blade

Standard CDM method

Dual-shaft

φ1,000mm

1.5m2

45m

134

φ1,200mm
φ1,300mm
φ1,600mm

2.17m22.56m22.01m2

40m
30m
30m

118

φ1,000mm
φ1,200mm
φ1,300mm
φ1,600mm

1.5m2
2.17m22.56m22.01m2

40m
40m
30m
30m

48

3.0m2
4.34m25.11m2

40m
30m
20m

3

CDM-Mega method

Dual shaft
Single shaft

CDM-LODIC method

Dual shaft
Single shaft

nd

ter

Land CDM

Maximum depth (Underwater) Number of special barges
−40m
5
−60m
6
−70m
5
Improved area Depth of improvement

Number of machines

CDM-Land4 method

Dual shaft x 2

φ1,000mm
φ1,200mm
φ1,300mm

CDM-Column method

Dual shaft

φ1,500mm
φ1,600mm

3.5m2
4.34m230m
30m

4CDM-Lemniscate method

Triple shaft

φ1,000mm
φ1,200mm
φ1,300mm

2.19m2
3.21m23.79m2

30m
30m
30m

26

CDM-Single shaft method

Single shaft

φ800～1,200mm
φ1,000～1,600mm

0.5～1.13m2
0.78～2.01m2

10m
30m

−
−

Dual shaft

φ1,000mm
φ1,200mm
φ1,300mm

1.5m2
2.17m22.56m2

25m
25m
25m

−
−
−

CDM-FLOAT method04

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SPECIFICATION OF ORDINARY CDM and
CDM-Mega PROCESSES
To meet the demands of larger projects, the CDM Association has developed a large-scale CDM process, CDM-Mega.
The CDM-Mega process has inherited the various merits and features of the standard dual-shaft system (1000 mm diameter X 2 columns) but thediameter of the mixing blades is increased to 1200-1300mm. CDM-Mega can reduce the cost of a project in terms of both time and money.

CD
m

2

Th
dis
mix
wit
thr
mix
LO
ava
typ
Re
mo

Cost
reduction▌Im

1
Reduction of
construction
term▌Features▌Specifications of CDM machines

3

Diameter of mixing blade

Enriched
options forconstruction

Component

up to 20m deep

up to 30m deep

45 kW X 2

up to 10m deep

50 to 60 kW X 2

75 to 90 kW X 2

90 kW X 2

Leader length: 20 m

Leader length: 30 m

Leader length: 40 m

Leader length: 50 m

Hoisting: 25 t to 27 t

Hoisting: 35 t to 37 t

Hoisting: 50 t to 55 t

Hoisting: 50 t to 55t

250 kVA

300 kVA

450 kVA

450 kVA

100 kVA

125 kVA

125 kVA

125 kVA

Cement slurry plant

10 m3/h

20 m3/h

20 m3/h

20 m3/hBackhoe

0.6 m

0.6 m

0.6 m

0.6 m3

Deep mixing machine
φ1000mm X 2Engine power generator

3

3

up to 40m deep

3

Im▌Specifications of CDM-Mega

Diameter of mixing blade

Component

up to 10m deep

Remarks

Leader length: 20 m

Leader length: 30 m

Leader length: 40m

Hoisting: 37 t to 40 t

Hoisting: 50 t to 55 t

Hoisting: 70 t to 75 t

450 kVA

600 kVA

600 kVA

for mixing motor

200 kVA

200 kVA

200 kVA

for slurry plant

Cement slurry plant

40 m3/h

40 m3/h

40 m3/hBackhoe

0.6 m3

0.6 m3

0.6 m390 kW X 2

90 to 110 kW X 2Engine power generator

Deep mixing machine
φ1300 mm X 2

up to 30m deep

90kW X 2

Deep mixing machine
φ1200 mm X 2

up to 20m deep

75 to 90kW X 2

90 to 110 kW X 2

Leader length: 20 m

Leader length: 30 m

Hoisting: 50 t to 55 t

Hoisting: 60 t to 65 t

600 kVA

600 kVA

for mixing motor

200 kVA

200 kVA

for slurry plant

Cement slurry plant

40 m3/h

40 m3/hBackhoe

0.6 m3

0.6 m3Engine power generator

The
sta
rota
com
sm
con
gro
The
pro

▌Column shapes

Example of pile arrangement in group column typegroup column type
2200

200

1200

2.17m2/set

1200

1200

1200

1000

block type
2000

1200

φ1200mm X 2

▌S

1200

Cross-section

2200

Overlapping:200mm

2200
200

1300

1300

1300

2.56m2/set

2200

2400
1300

1300

1100

U

1300

2400

φ1300mm X 2

L

Uppe

Lowe

2400

Overlapping:200mm

2400

Gro

05

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CDM-LODIC
the

CDM-LODIC is one of the cement deep mixing methods which gives
minimal impact on the surrounding environment and existing structures.
The standard Cement Deep Mixing (CDM) method has gained wide popularity because it causes lessdisplacement than other ground improvement methods. CDM-LODIC uses auger screws on the upper part of themixing shafts to discharge a volume of soil equal to the amount of cement slurry that is injected, enabling the workwithout influencing the surrounding ground and structures. It has been adopted in a considerable volume
throughout Japan (7.8million m3 as of 2014). Standard CDM-LODIC machines are dual shaft and equipped withmixing blades with 1000 mm diameter. In order to meet demands of larger deep mixed columns, dual shaft
LODICs with Ф1200mm, Ф1300mm and single shaft Ф1600mm are▌Ground Displacement Measurement
available. The method may use continuous, intermittent, or propeller
Horizontal displacement (cm)type auger screws.
-50
5
10 15 20
AP+6.00 0.44
3.30
Cover soil
Reliability is guaranteed with the use of the execution control system toAP-1.1-5
Sandy soil
AP-3.2
monitor and regulate the volume of soil extracted.
-10Upper clayey
soil▌Improved form of CDM-LODIC method
φ1000mm x 2

φ1200mm x 2

800

Overlapping:200mm
Improved area A=1.50m2/set

Overlapping:200mm
Improved area A=2.17m2/set

AP-26.9

1600

2400

Overlapping:200mm
Improved area A=2.56m2/set

1.01

16.11

-25

1300

2200

-20

AP-17.6

φ1600mm x 1

1100
1200

1000

1800

φ1300mm x 2

1000

-15

Lower clayey
soil

Sandy soil

-30
-35

LegendConventional
CDM method
CDM-LODIC
method-40

Improved area A=2.01m /set
2t

CDM-Column
The CDM-Column method, which creates larger diameterstabilized-soil column, is a deep mixing method with tworotating shafts. It is characterized by a sophisticated mixing toolcomprising outer larger diameter blade (1500 mm) and innersmaller blade rotating in opposite directions. Compared with theconventional method, the machine can be applied to a harderground. It improves the production rate, reducing work period.
The sophisticated mixing tool and the execution control systemprovide stabilized soil with uniform quality.

▌Mixing blades of the CDM-Column▌Specifications of mixing machine
TEM-200-2L

Electric motor

75kwX4/6pX2 motors
Drilling torque Rotation number
on casing（Ton-m）（r.p.m）

1200

Rod rotation
number（r.p.m）
50Hz
60Hz

1300

①Outer mixing blade

Model②Inner mixing blade
Drilling torque（Ton-m）

4P

28.5

2.56

19.6

3.71

6P

19.0

3.84

13.1

5.57

4P

34.2

2.13

23.6

3.09

6P

22.7

3.20

15.7

4.64

Upper auger weight

Approx. 6.5Ton

Lower auger weight

Approx. 10.5Ton

Upper chuck drawing force resistanceApprox. 30Ton

Lower chuck drawinｇ force resistanceApprox. 40Ton

Swivel caliber

11/2BX11/2BX2 swivels (Swivel equipment with 2 fluids injection)

Groｓs weight of attachments

Approx. 43.1Ton③First outlet for cement
slurry④Second outlet for cement
slurry⑤Excavation head
(Option: Available for harderground)06

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CDM-Land4
CDM-Land4 uses four shafts operating simultaneously, which greatly increases capacity andreduces construction costs in comparison with the standard dual-shaft CDM machines. This four
shaft simultaneous operation also increases the mixing efficiency and consequently offers
higher-quality soil improvement.

C
im
in

▌Improved area

CDM-Land4 machine Diameter of mixing blade

Ф1000X4 shafts
40m

30m

20m

2.83m2/set

4.21m2/set

5.00m2/set

Two-pile-lapped form

3.00m2/set

4.34m2/set

5.11m2/set

Single pile adjoined form

3.14m2/set

4.52m2/set

5.31m2/set

Improved

Th
sp
ch
lev
wo

Ф1300X4 shafts

Block form

Maximum penetration depth (GL)areaФ1200X4 shafts▌Pm▌Improved form

Two-pile-lapped form

Single pile adjoined form

1800～2400

1800～2400

2000～2800

800～1100

800～1100

1000～1500

1000～1500

1000～1300

2000～2800

C
2000～2600

1800～2400
800～1100

Block form

CDM-Lemni 2/3(Triple-shaft type deep mixing method)

Concept of mixing by▌CDM-Lemni
2/3 methodTp
etReceived a technical development award of 2006
from Japan Society of Civil Engineers
SpiralCD
inc
arLeft shaft Center shaft Right shaft"CDM-Lemni 2/3 method" is a method
to improve soft ground efficiently bymeans of triple shaft machine
equipped with mixing blades withdiameter ranging from 1000 to 1300
mm. The triple shaft machine
enables soil-binder mixture to flow
among the three shafts in lemniscateby pouring the cement slurry from thetips of outer two shafts rotating in thesame direction while the central shaft
rotates in the opposite direction. The
triple shaft machine ensures theuniform and strong improved ground.
The method can reduce the cost of a
project drastically in terms of bothtime and money compared with theconventional method.

MixingbladesStabilizer

Inlet

Auxiliary devices to enhancemixing capability▌Improved form of CDM-Lemni 2/3 method
Diameter of
mixing blade

Ф1000X3 shafts
2,600
500

800

Ф1300X3 shafts

3,200
500

3,500

600 1,000 1,000 600

650

1,100

1,100

650

Form

Improvedarea

2.19m2/set

3.21m2/set

1,300

1,000

CDM-Lemni 2/3 method(Two shafts injection + Three shafts
mixing)800

Ф1200X3 shafts

1,200

Efficient soil stabilizationby the triple-shaft type
machine with larger
diameter mixing blades.

3.79m2/set

SS

07

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CDM-FLOAT method is developed to carry out ground
improvement at the shallow water such as estuary andin-land waters.
The method employs standard CDM machine for on-land use being mounted on a pontoon with
spud. For the accurate determination of the depth of improvement, correction of elevation againstchanging water level is necessary. CDM-FLOAT utilizes a system management device with a tidelevel managing function (CDM-FLOAT system), which automatically correct the elevation during
work and record the machine’s tip depth for the reporting purpose.
Lakes andmarshes

Riversof CDM-FLOAT▌Purpose
methodRiversCDM
improved groundCDM
improved ground

CDM-FLOAT method

CanalsSea area

CanalsLakes andmarshes

Sea area** Limited to the sea area
where CDM barge
cannot enter

CDM
improved groundCDM
improved ground

CDM-SSC(In-Situ solidification of contaminated sediment under water)This is a method to solidify and stabilize the contaminated soil
piled up on the bottom of harbors, rivers, lakes and marshes,
etc. without affecting the quality of water around.
CDM-SSC method provides multiple preventive measures against the diffusion of contaminants, which
include the placement of sand cap on the sediment, a steel hood covering mixing shafts, and silt fences
around the deep mixing machine.

SSC operating vessel
Cement slurry plant
Deep mixing machine

Antipollution membrane(Overall view of membrane)

Antipollution membrane
Antidiffusion steel cover
Sand capping

1,300

6

CDM-FLOAT

Polluted zone

SSC stands for Stabilization & Solidification of Contaminated soil (Method).

Antidiffusion steel cover08

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TAIYO FOUNDATION CO., LTD.

3-4 Nihonbashikofune-cho Chuo-ku Tokyo, 103-0024 Japantel. +81-3-5695-6091

TAIYO KISOKOUGYOU CO., LTD.

107 Yanamori-cho Nakagawa-ku Nagoya-city Aichi, 454-0871 Japantel. +81-52-362-6351

TENOX CORPORATION

Hulic Mita bldg. 5-25-11 Shiba Minato-ku Tokyo, 108-8380 Japantel. +81-3-3455-7790

TOATONE BORING CO., LTD.

7-3-7 Roppongi Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0032, Japantel. +81-3-5775-3322

TOKOGEOTECH CORPORATION

4-8-2 Shiba Minato-ku Tokyo, 108-0014 Japantel. +81-3-3456-8751

TOMAC CORPORATION

Aomi Frontier bldg. 12F 2-4-24 Aomi Koto-ku Tokyo, 135-0064 Japantel. +81-3-6361-5485

YOSHIN CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD.

Urban View Grand Tower 7F 4-1 Kamihacchobori Naka-ku
Hiroshima-city Hiroshima, 730-0012 Japantel. +81-82-511-4520

Cement Deep Mixing Method - in situ mixing of soil with cement slurry - is a patented process.

10

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Cement Deep Mixing Association Headquarters
1-11-4 Higashikanda Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0031, Japan
TEL: +81-3-5829-8760 FAX: +81-3-5829-8761
URL: http://www.cdm-gr.com
E-mail: cdm-oﬃce@takenaka-doboku.co.jp

Cement Deep Mixing Association

An excellent ground improvement system
Excels in both marine and on-land applications

For further information please contact:

Headquarters

Tel. +81-3-5829-8760

CDM/CDM-Mega

Tel. +81-3-5829-8760

CDM-LODIC

Tel. +81-3-5644-8568

CDM-Column

Tel.+81-3-5816-7788

CDM-Land4

Tel.+81-3-6361-5464

CDM-Lemni2/3
CDM-FLOAT
CDM-SSC

Tel.+81-3-5644-0051
Tel.+81-3-5829-8760
Tel.+81-3-5829-8760
2015.5 revised edition

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