１１･cha(､()I()gyalldNaturalS(yien(]e.v()l.1４pp.１７．３２

ArchaeologicalAnalysisofDryCultivatedFieldSoils
withRegardtoSoilMicromorphology
MiyajiAtsuko'

1．Introduction

Thestudyofprehistoricandearlyhistoricfoodproductionec()nomiesinJapanhasI()ng
Iocusedprimarilyonricecultivati()n.SLIchisthecasenotonlyinarchaeologybutalsoinhist()ry
andf()lklore.However.suchallarr()wfocusmayleadtoincorrectc()nclusionsabouttheseearlysubsislenceeconomies.Thispapertakesadiﬀerentapproachtowardtheseissuesandattempts
t()clearlydemonstratethatabr()ader,moregeneralizedanalysis()fearlyagriculture.including
drycultivatedﬁelds(ordryﬁelds),isllecessarytounderstandthet()talsubsIstenceeconomy()f(､arlyflgrariansocietiesinJapan.
ShigcmitsuKimurap()ints()lltihaldryﬁeldfarmingfromallciclltt()medievaltimesbegant()
bcdiscussedafterthel970s(Kimura:1996).HepointsIoal９７３articlebyYoshihikoAmin()enlitled"Forma(ionandStructure()fManors"(Amino:1973)asanexampleofthedevelopment()flhist()pic.
Ex(javati()nofDlantremainsasidefr()mricefromsiteshasbeelld()cumentedsinceearlvthe
carlydaysoIJapallesearchae()1()gy,andtheimportanceofplants()therthanriceaftertheYayoi
pcri()dhasbeenrecognized．Ⅱ()wever,riceandpaddyfieldsiteswerethemainpointsofinterestil]studiesofearlyfarmingpracticesandsubsistenceecon()my.Therchasbeenlittlediscussi()II()Idryﬁeldfarmingor()IIhel()cationsanddispositionsofsLIchﬁeldsatarchaeol()gicalsites̲()11c()[thereas()nsforthisoversightisthataccurateinvesligati()I1()fsuchﬁeldswasconsideredt()()dilﬁcllltatask.H()wever.incrcasedinvestigati()nofwellalldsit(Jshasgraduallyaddedt()the(latfIs(､tf()１･n()11-riceagriculturalpr()ducts.
R[､ccllllymorcreliablesampleshaveaccumulatedformicr()sc()picidentificationthroughIIIcallssuchasSEM()bservati()11.Furthermore,thenumber()fcxamplesoIdryﬁeldremains
hasillcreasedaswell.Inaddition，Ihavemadesomeattemptt()applysoilmicromorphology

XaraCulturalResearchlnstitute(､･isilingresearcher).2-9-lXijyo-choXara630-8577,Japan
Keyword:soilmicromorpholog]･(|嬢微細形態),dr1･Cultivatedield(はたけ),cultivationsoil(腓作土）
foodproductioneconomy(食料榊醗済）- １ ７ -

techniquestothisarchaeologicalmaterialasyetan()thermethodfordry-ﬁeldsedimentanalysis.
Thepurposeofthisstudyistoexaminecultivateddry-fieldsfromtheviewpoints()fl)form,２)structure､３)geographicalconvenience,４)l()cati()11relativetonearbysettlements１and５)themicro-structureofthecultivateds()ils.Adistinguishingfeatureofthisstudyistheapplicationof
soilmicromorphologytoJapanesearchaeologicalc()ntexts・Myhopeisthatthispaperwilladd
supporttotheimportanceofthecontinuedarchaeologicalstudyofancientdryﬁeldsinJapan.

２.ClassificationofDryCultivatedFieldsl)ArrangementofRidgesandFurrows
First,Iwilldescribetheridgeandfurrowarrangementofcultivatedﬁeldremainsfrom
archaeologicalsites.YoshiyukiKuraku(2000)dividesthearrangements()ﬀurrowsintothreetVDeS・Herelwillusethisasabaseandaddsomecomplimentarytypes.
A.Furrowsorditchesbetweenfurrowsarrangedinparallellines・FurrOwiSblackincoIor
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dependingoncircumstances.(Fig.１)
Examples:KuroiminesiteinGunma(Fig.1-1).MeguromiSiteinShizuoka,Wakamatsu-chositeinHyogo(Fig.1-3),Shimono-uchiurasiteinMiyagi(Fig.1-4)
Ｂ・Ditchesintersectatl-2meterintervals,eachplotsurroundedbyditches.(Fig.２)

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Exalnl)les:Kilajinba-dotcinShizuoka(Fig.2-1).Tsurumaki-UenokuboinKanagawa,Tomi-miyatainT()yama(Fig2-2)
C.IIemisphericalandcircular,shallow-ﬂatbasedpits20-30cmindiameterp()ssiblyrepresentillgstickcuhivalion(Fig.３)
Examples:Nodake-tamatabarll,Umllsa-hurushima・Shikina-shimautakiin()kinawa,Uenohara,
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Fig.３C:(Jil℃ularpit

Fukikami･Yamanonaka,Miya()Yamashita-horigaShirainKagoshima,Makinohara-I1().２,
Tel]jinkawachi-n().linMiyazaki,andN()barllinKLllnam()t().

2)F()rm()fRidgesalldFLlrr()ws霞

N e x t , I w i l l d e s c r i b e t h e f o r m o f t h c r i d g e s a n d f u rａｌ­

蕊 簿 蕊 “r()ws.KenNoto(1991)haspreselltedaclassiﬁcation()f

灘鍵溌

ridgeform(Fig.４)thatlwillfoll()wwilhsomeC()mplia-2

mentarvadditions.

蟻鐸卍.ｻﾞﾓ,蕊､士謡罐;蕊癖驚灘蕊溌舗蕊議ｰa . D r v G r o u n d Tv D e s
Theridgecross-sectionresemblesaninvertedplate.
Subdivisionispossibledependingonridgewidth.

b０５０(呉、ト ー 目

a-lRidgeresmblesaninvertedshallowbowl.Ridge
widthsrangeform20-40cm.Cr()psareplantedinasin-

Fig..1ﬂ-()m()ﬀurrow(N()I():1991)

gleline.
E x a m D l e s : A r i m a s i t e F w a r d FA l a v e r l ( ) w e r D a r t .
▲△a-２Plantingsurfacenat.Avcrageridgewidthis1.2m．Cr()psarcplalltedinseveralrows()lltheridgct()p.
Examples:KuroimineBwardno.５field.
ｂ･WetgrOundtype
Theplantingsurfacesarepreparedbydiggingsurr()lllldingditches.Furrowsaredeepand
pilingupmaterialexcavatedfr()mthefurrowscreatestheplantingsurface,Ridgesaresemicylindricalinshape.Thefields()I１hisform(btype)havebeenloundinwetlandenvironments­２０­ClaywaspileduptofOrmadrycllltivatiOnground.ThiStypeislikeaprimativeformOfraisedﬁeldknownas"Horiage-ta"or"Shimbata'!inthelaterMedievalandm()dernperiods.
Examples:Kumanodon().II1().３field,Ashida-kaitolllwardD[urr()w
ｃ・SeedbedtvDeｰ

４Plantingsurfacesarestrips()[ab()ut３.６ ・08mwithplantingr()wsinparallellines.Thistypemayrepresentasmalld()mesticgardenforanindividualhoLIseh()ldbecausetheytendedtobe
smallandquiteclosetotheresidentialspace.Basedontheresults()fphytolithanalysis,ithasals()beensuggestedthatthatthistypeoﬃeldmayhavebeenLIsedasabedforgrowingriceseedlings.
Examples:KuroimineBward３６field,Nichigumi
BothsiteswereburiedbvapumicelaverfromMt.Haruna(FPlaver).Itisbelievedthatthis
layel-wasdepositedinearlysummer.

3)Regi()11alandTemporalVariati()11
W()rkbyTerasawaindicatesthcspreadofcerealssuchaswhcatandmillet,andoﬂegumec r ( ) p s a s w e l l a s r i c e i n e a s t e r n j a p a n d u r i n g t h e L a t e Ya y ( ) i p e r i ( ) d ( Te r a s a w a : 1 9 8 6 ) . T h i s
studysuggeststhatthediﬀerenceofcerealsrenectsthedegree()fdependenceonrice.Them()stcommonassertionisthatricewasthebasisofagriculturalproductionamongcerealsin
northernKyushuduringthelateMiddleYayoi・EventhOuthf()xtailmilletandcommonmillet
wereexcavatedwithricefromMiddle
Ya y o i d e p o s i t s i n t h e S e t o i n l a n d s e aandtheKinkiregions;ricewasthe
p r i m a r y c e r e a l i n t h e L a t e Ya y o i p e r i ( ) d . I I o w e v e r, i n e a s t e r n J a p a n . a l t e rnativecropssuchaswheatandbeallsd()minate()verriceinassemblagesd a t i n g i n t o t h e l a t e r Ya y ( ) i p e r i ( ) d .
Recelltlyreportsofplantremaills
MiddleYay()i
LateYav()i

fr()marchaeologicalsitesareincreasingandtheobservation()fthistrend
lsgalnlngsupport.
Inaddition・drvfieldshavebeen

observedineasternJapandatingafterFig.５DistributionofHatake(ficld)inYayoiperiod(Miyaji:2000)-２１-

thelateMiddleandint()theLateYayoiperiod(Miyaji:2000)(Fig５).
ComparedwiththeYay()iperiod,dryﬁeldagricultureappearstoincrcaseexplosivelyinthe
Kofun,Heian.andearlymodernperi()ds・Therearemanvsiteswithdrvfieldremainsthathave
beenf()undinOsakadatingtotheAsuka(飛鳥)andHeian(平安)periods.Inadditioll,there
isn()wanabundanceofevidencefr()mAkita.Yamagata,Miyagi,andNigata.Ibelievethat
thesedatamayrenectoﬃcialgovemmentalagriculturalpoliciesregardingtheencouragement()fdrylandfarming.AccordingtOastudyb,'Kimura,anordinancewaspassedellcoLlraging
drylandfarmingin715,duringtheNara(奈良)period(Kimura:1992).
Theab()vc-m(EntionedcodeswerepassedaspartoftheNaraperiodjori(条里)svstem,
which,alongwithsimilaragricLllturalpoliciesenacledduringtheearlyEdo(il:n)periodare
wellknowninJapanesehistory.
Onthe()therhand.carefulexaminationofhist()ricalgovernmentagriculluralprogramshassuggestedthattheywerepassedin"timesofstagnation."butfeudallenuresystemswerediﬀerentfr()m"h()(保)"and"Belsumy()(別γI)､､whichappearedsuddenlyafterthemiddleeleventh
celltury.Thefeudaltenuresystemwasestablishc(lbased()ndevel()pmentswhichbegaininthe
EIsh()(永承)peri()d.
Infact,therewasextensivedry-fieldcullil･ali()Ilinthemedievalperiod･Kimurapoints()ut
thatregulatedexploitationoﬃeldsbelongingtoproYincialgovernorsaspartofapublicsystemwasn()tyetestablishedandthat"astrongdesircforp()ssessionoﬂandsf()ragricLllturalusewas
abasis()fthelife()ﬀarmerswh()were()fteninc()nfrontatioll.FightswerefrequentfromthecIcv()nthtothetwelfthcenturies,andﬁeldsbecamelll(starget()ﬀull-scaleplulldering(Kimura:
1992.1996).』lnalysisofthesedocumel]1scallpr()bablyleadtoimplicationsab()Llttheal℃hae()1()gicalrec()rd.Suchcol]sideralionsinviteful･thcl･cmpiri(Falinvestigatioll.

4)PlantRemainsandP()llell

Thepr()du(JIs()fdryfieldfarmillgflr(、larg(､l]･c()nfirmedlhr()ugh()palphyl()lithandp()l1cll
al1alysis.Thereareverylewmacl･()b()Iani(ralremains()fcLlllivatedcrops,buts()mccxamplcsof
suchremainsareasf()11()ws:
SaikachikuboVlinlwate(Heianperi()d)
Aseed(p()ssiblyBarley).slnallcarbonizedl,､･igsreC()veredinabundanccfromfurrows(likelyashfrombumedﬁeldplants)
K()izumi-Otsukag()shiillGllllma(Mt.Asamacrupti()nofl７８３(Tenmei3)
Furr()ws,as()ybeall,alldpeels()ﬂaro

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Asoybeanandholesfortaro
MinoriinHyogo(Heian〜Kamakura)
Wheatandlegumeremains
KumamotoUniversityyard9909inKumamoto(thel8clatterhalf)
Barleyandlegumeremains

３.AnalysisofSoilMicromorphologyl)MethodsandMaterials
Forthepresentstudy,Ihaveappliednewmethods(inJapanesearchaeology)foranalysisof
soilsinthefield.apracticethathaslongbeendifficultusingconventionalmethods・SoilmiCromorphologicalstudiesareusuallyregardedaslyingintherealmofsoilscience(Macphail:1991).
Soilmicromorphol()gyisananalytictechniqueofsoilsandmaterialsincludedinthesoilmatrix
usingamicrosc()pe.Itusesfoilandapolarizedlightmicroscopeisandsimilart()lithictaxon()myinge()logy.
Thistechnologyhasbeenknowningeologysincethel9thcentury,andhasbeenusedinsoil
sciencesincethel930s・Itwasfirstappliedarchaeologicallyinthel950s,butithasnotbeen
untilthelastlOyearsthatsampleshaveaccumulatedenoughtoformconcreteresults・This
techniqueforobservingsoilmicrostructurehasbeenshowntobeveryeﬀectiveinanalysisof
conditionsofsedimentation.
Soilmicromorphologyhaslongbeencloselyrelatedtothestudyofsoilformationprocesses.
Thismethodhasbeenappliedtoawiderangeofdisciplinesinsoilsciellcesuchassoilphysics,
soilchemistry,andevensoilbiology.Applicationsgobeyondagricultureintoecology,geology,
andnow,itisbecominganimportanttechniqueinarchaeology.
Speciﬁcdescriplionoﬁmportantaspectsofsoilmicromophologyareasfollows:l)Alllevelsofs()ilcharacteristicssuchasquartzcontent,structuralarrangement,andpedologicalfeaturescanbedescribed.
２)Datacanbeobtainedforrecollstructi()nofeventsandprocessesinsoilformationhistory.
３)Classificationcanbemadeforspecificpurposes.
４)AllsoilcategoriessuChasorderosuborder,greatgroup,ands()ilseriescanbecompared.
５)Minerology,s()ilchemistryandsoilphysicscanbeconductedwiththeaidofadditionalsamplesastheneedarrises(Bullocketal.:1985)­２３­

Thcsampleswerec()lle(Jtedllsinga6 ８ ２０cmstainlesssteelframecalleda"Kubienab()xＩ
１(aIIcl-theillvent()r(Kubiena:1938)).Su(hadel･iceisllsel.ulI()l･c()1le(Jtingsampleswithoutl()sillg{hcstl･uctllreofthesedilllcllls.Walel-wasrem()1･[,dir()1111h(、samplesbyusingavacuum
Ir(JczC-dryingmachillcaftcl･bcingfr()z()nintheframeusingliqui(lnitr()gen.Thesamplcwasth(jnimpregnatedwithamixturc()IliquidPOLIRITET-２４１1)()lycsterresinforlOdaysusillgava(Jllumimpregnationma(yhillc
ThehardenedsedimentsamplcwasthengluedIoalO ２３(rmslideglassusingep()xyresill
andpolishedon()neside・ItwasfirsI[･lltt()athickness()fab()ut５00"mandthenaftercLliuniI()rmlytoathickllessofab()ut３0"mwith(X)11[llluedabraisi()11．Afterthisprocesswasc()mpleted,itwas()bservedwithlllenakedel･EIoexamincsedimentarvlaversillcross-secti()n.andthen
examinedunderal()w-l)()wcl･bin()culal･lightmi(Jr()sc()pe,()r.wherenecessary,LIsingar()(Jkmicr()scopewithd()wnwardillumillati()nalldtransI･erscilluminati()11.Digitalimagesofthethins()cli()IIswerecaptlll-edﬂll(ld()wnl()adc(11()ac()mpllIcl-f()rtlll(llysis.
Thel-esLllts()fthis(ll]alvsIsw(､r(、suc(､cssfulinsh()willgs()111(、()Ith()iml)()rtalltl()cali()nalflll(1nll〔､１･()-cI1vir()nmclllalil1[()rma(i()Ilalldal･cdisCussedl)cI()w.

2)Rcsults

１w()uldliket()p()inlt()amcIh()d()fanal]-sisas-]でtuntri()dilljal)all・ihoughwellpr()vcllin()1hel-parlsoIthewor1d.lbclicv[､thallhede,･el()pmel1t()IIarmillgtc(Jhn()1()gyinJapancalll)cl)cltcrunderstoodthr()ughlhcappli(､ati()IIoIIhin-se(rli()11s()ilmicr()-I110rph()logicalanalysis.()11ccxample()fthisisfromalIA-a-ltypefieldlo(PatcdinFuki]"a-Mikad(),inGunma.Adescripti()1１()Itheresults()fanalysisfromthissik､areasIoll()ws.
(1)Fukiya-Mikad().GunmaPr(Jk,(rlurcTypeA-a-l(11i]･aji.llira]"amaandMom()llara.inPrillt)
FllkiYa-XIikadoI()calcdinK()m()[､hi，･illage.Kilaguma(､()''''Il･.GL'nmaPrefect'''-c(Miyaji,
llil･ayamaalldM()m()hara:illl)rinl)(SeeChapI(､l-2)̲ﾍlllll.-FPlill･cl･dalingt()themid̲6'hc(jl1lu̲
ry』ﾍl)alldallHr-FAlaycl･dalingl()tll(､〔､arll･６１１１(℃llllll-yAI)(lr(jwcllpresel-ved,c()vcl･allal･ca
willlflradius()fab()llt９km,(I'1(lar(､１Ix､ｒ(､sllll()[crllpti()11s()I̅M１･IIaruna.Nearbysul)s()ilswcl･c(､()vercdinathickFPlaVerlll)I()s(､vcralmelersthick.
ThisIocalityiswellkll()wnasIh(lKur()imine'･illagcsettlemellldalillgtothelateK()funpcri()dthalwasburiedundel-alargequantit]･()fpumi(re.I)llet()thcncarlyinstantburial()fthecultivateds()ils,thesitemakesal]Ex(rellelllcasestu小-f()rel'alualinglhe81rllcture()fancielltfields.
Samplelisas()ilsEcti()11(y()lle(JIcdfr()matrackundel-aDur(、FPslratuminDart()fFukivaム

Mikado(Platel).Theﬁeldis()II],-l)c.4-a-lasmenti()Iledab()ve.Thegroundmassc()nsists()f­２４

br()wntodarkbrown(PPL).Finesand,min-

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eralinclusions,andCarbidegrains・Mostof
thecarbidegrainshaddiametersofaboutl3mm.Inaddition,thissamplec()ntained
othermineralsandinclusionssuchasﬁnelv
crushedobsidianandfeldspar.Therewere
alsomanylinearandjaggedcavitiesinthe
soil・Thelargestofthesecavitieswas
aroundlmmindiameterandlO-３0mmin
length・Itislikelythatthesecavitieswere
DroducedbvtheactionsofanimalsandDlant
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peculiartoundisturbedsoils,itisbelievedt h a t t h e s o i l i n ss aa m
mppllee２２hhaassnnoottbbeeeennssuubbj e c t t oalterationsinceformation・Inaddition,Ibelieve
thattheabsenceofextensivecavitiesinthesample
２soilindicatelittlebio-turbationsuggestingthatthes()ilwasnotparticularlyﬁrtile.
Whencomparingthcmicrostructureofsamplel
tom()derndrvﬁeldsoils,mal]vcomm()nalitiesare()bserved.Thcquantityofcavities,constituti()nofthes()ilgrain,andthcsoilmatrixarcallreadily
comparablewithmoderncultivatedsoi1s.Forcomparisontosample２,sub-angularbl()ckystructureis
ahallmarkofuncultivatedsoils.

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(Plate3).Thedep()sitc()nsistsofbrOwntodarkbrowll(PPL)ﬁnesand.Awiderange()fparticlesizesd()wnfr()mﬁncsandwereobservedandthcpcdco''tai''ed()vatcandjaggedvoids.
ThelargestcavitywasIcss-than()l･equall()lmmandlcngthsrangedfr()m２()1･3t()１０mm.
V()lcanicmineraldepositsweren()t(rrushedillsample３.IbelievethissLIggcstsIhalsample３s()ilswerell()tdisturbedbyhumanacIivity.H()wever.I)h()sphatccontenlsarellighsuggesting
thattllepresenceofanimalexcrement(Bakels:1997).RIchard１.Macphail()ftheUniversity
CollegeofLondonhasbeencondLIctingexpcrimentswithidelltifyingIccesandurineincultivatcdsoilsattheButtserlronAgeexperimentalfarm.Furtherchemicalanalysls()fthesoilsof
sample３needtobecollductedtocomparet()NIa(rphail'swork.
(2)N()gi,Aom()riPrefecture:TypeA-a-l(1*Iiyaji.XIatsui,Hirayama:2000a)
ThcNogisiteinAomorihasevidenceofT()wadaAvolcanicashesillitsburiedparallel[urr()ws.ThisvoIcanicdepositdalestolheﬁrsthalfofthelOthcenturyA.D．Thesamplewascolle(P(edfromthecr()sssecti()11()l.afurrowandpr()ccssedintoathinsecli()n(Plate4).ThcLIppel･half()fthese(Jti()nc()ntail1scarb()niz(jd()rgal]icmaUerinanareaofmassiveparticlesdarkreddish-br()wll

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凶I)h()I().３S()ilindu(1(jF(､“ｓPh()t().4Clllliva((､s()i1,N()gi２６­

i l l ( J ( ) I ( ) r a n d a b ( ) u t l O c m i l l t h i c k l l c s s . T h e m a s s i v e d a r k r e d d i s h - b r ( ) w n p a r t i c l e s i n a m a y p a rtiallyrepr(JsentﬁrescaLIsedbyv()kani(JeruptionsandispartiallyarGsLlltofargillitedep()sits
dirccllyl1-()mtheerupti()n.Thcparticlesizerangesfr()mlmm(()５mmandhaven()n-h()m()gen()llsshapesincludingspherical,()valeandasymmetric.
Thcargillitedepositappearsl()havcbeentheresultofhumallactivityratherthannaturalaccumulati()1l.Inadditioll.smallcracks２-３Inminwidthandaround3-lOmmlongareconcentrate d i n t h e l o w e r p a r t o f t h e s a m p l c F u r t h e r. c o u r s e , n e a r l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r v o i d s a n d l ( ) n g ｡ 1 1 a rr()w.tube-likecavitiesresultingfr()manimalandrootactivity.Hardmineraldepositslinetheseca vit iessu g g e s t i n g t h at t h c s o il h ad as ta blewa ter con ten t. Soil-dwellin gfa u n a s u cha s ea r thw()rmsandcicadalarvaareoﬂenactiveinsuchsoilconditions.
Acircularareawithweakc()l()l-ab()ut３(Jmindiameterseellintheccllterofthesamplemay
beinlerpretedasresultinglr()Intheactivityofsoil-dwellinganimals.Suchactivitysuggestss()il
Icrlilitvanditislikelvthalthiss()ilwasrichforcultivati()n.Anaccumulationcarb()nizedsI)hcrcsal)()ut２mmindiametcran(1h()m()genoussizeandshap(Jmaybetheremains()fcarl)()lliz(jdplanlseeds.

４.Discussion

EarlydryﬁeldfarmingintheJapanesearchipelagowaslargelyrestrictedtowesternJapan
sprcadingeastseveralcenturieslatcrlhanrice.Thecenterofdrylalldagricultureseemst()
haveshiftedfromthewesternl()wlandareastoplateausineasternJapan.
DryﬁeldagriCultureappearst()havebegunintheKinkidistrictsometimeintheMiddle
Ya y ( ) i a n d d e v e l o p e d c o n s i d e r a b l y i n t h e To k a i d o a r e a n e a r t h e e n d o f t h e Ya y o i p e r i o d t o t h ecarlieststagesoftheK()fullperi()d.Aswellasprovidinganalternativetoriceagriculture・ａｎ()rganizedpr()ductionmechallismwasestablishedtosomeextentandthisinturnhelpedt()
all()wlargel･permanenlselllemellls.
Furthcrm()re,plants()1hel-thallricearelikelyt()havebeengr()wnnearsettlementsin(hc
Yay()iperi()d.DuringtheK()funperi()d.farmingactivityintellsiﬁedandappearstOhavec()meulldcl･themanagement()fs()mekilld()I()rganizinggr()up.Thistral1siti()nfr()mresidentialfarmingt()c()llectivefarmingis()bscrvedintheorganizationofcLlltivatedIieldsuncoveredinGunma
prefecture.Cropsotherthanricewerecultivatedtoaugmentthemainricediet.Assuch,ﬁelds
I()rcultivationofnon-ricecropslikelybeganasresidentialvegetablegardens.

­２７­

５.Conclusion

Throughoutthispaperlhavearguedl)f()rm/(r()11situtioll()ﬃeldswasregulatedbygeographicalc()nditi()nsratherthanotherfact()rs,２)L()cati()nrelativetosettlementswasaffectedbythesocialproductionmechanisminagivenperiod,and３)micr()morphologyofcultivatedsoilsclarifytheintensityand()rganization()fproductionillaﬁeld.Ialsohaveclariﬁedthepossibilityfor
identiﬁcatioll()fplantremainsinancientﬁelds()i1s.
WecanemDIovtheresultsofthisstudvt()aidusinexaminationofdrvcultivatedﬁeldsand
thesubsistenceec()I10my.ThecoDsiderationsinthispaperinvitefurtherempiricalinvestigation.
Thesocialandeconomicimplicationsofdryﬁeldfarmingremainsfromarchaeologicalc()ntext
awaitsfurtherstudv.

Acknowledgments
IwishtothankDr.AkiraMatsuioftheNaraCulturalResearchlnstitute/Kv()toUniversitv
GraduateScho()lofHumanandEnvir()nmentalStudiesf()rhisleadingandsLlpportofmystudy()fenvir()nmentalarchaeologyingeneralandpr()vidingmanyvaluable()pportunities.Ialso
wouldliketothankDr.RyojiHirayamaoftheXationalScienCeMLIseumf()rguidingmet()anunderstandingofsoilsCienCeinCludingsoilmicrom()rphology.
ThanksarealsoduetoDr.RichardMacphailofUniversityCollegeofLondonwhoprovided
mewithmoreintimateknowledge()fs()ilmicromorphologyinarchaeologywhilelwasinthe
Ｕ
Ｋ.・
Thef()llowingc()lleaguesgraciouslyallowedmetotakesamplesfromthesitesandgaveexcell e n t a d v i c e : D r ・ Yo s h i y u k i K u r a k u ( U N E S C O ) : D r. I I a j i m e S a k a g u c h i ( G L l n m a P r e f e C t u r e
ArchaeologicalCenter):Dr.AkihiroYoshimura(KashiharaAl℃haeol()gicallnstitute);Yoshikatsu
Kureya(Gin()wanCityBoardofEducation).IwouldliketoGxpressmysin(Jeregratitudeto，１[nesepersons.

ThisstudywassupportedinpartbytheJPSPResear(JhFellowshipsf()rY()ungScientists.
(Accepted2001.９.２９)References
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Wolverhampton.

­２８­

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13.London.
MiyajiAtsuk()(2000)DryﬁeldfarmingcultivatedlandofYayoiperiodZ()oarche()logyIss[lel4,
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soilinHashiosite.Has/oM).24.NaraPrefectureKashiharaArchaeologicallnstitutepp.59-61(i']Japanese).
MiyajiAtsuk().Ma(suiAkiraandHirayamaRyoji(2000)MIcr()morph()logicalstudyaboutﬁeld
soilillNogisite・Ｎogf.AomoriPrefecturepp.91-94.(InJapancse)
MiyajiAIsuko.llirayamaRyojiandMomoharaKaori(inpress)Micr()m()rph()l(:)gicalstudyabout
ﬁclds()ilinFukiya-Mikadosite.Fukiya-MIkado.GunmaPre[ecture.(InJapallese)
NotoKen(1991)Dryfieldfarming.K()fimﾉ/dai-"okenkyu.Yuzankakupp.89-１０３(inJapanese)­２９­Abstract

Astudyaboutf()odproducti()necoIIomy()ftheprehist()rytoancienttimcshasI()ngbeen
devcI()pedbyf()cusing()nricecultivati()nn()(()nl>･inarche()1()gybutals()invari()usfieldssuch
asd()cumcnthistorvandfolklore.ButsLIchsituati()llmavleadt()illc()rrect(Jonclusi()11s()nfoodpr()dudi()neconomy.Thispapel-takesadiﬀerentappr()achlowardtheseissuesandmakesit
clearthatthegeneralizeanalysisill(rludcdryﬁeldfarmingisnecessarytounderstandeconomic
struCtureofanagrariansocietygenerall]-̲
IconsidercLlltivatedfieldlalldfr()Inthel､iewpoilllofl)form,２)constituti()n,３)geographicalconvenlence､４)locationalrelationtosettlement.5)microstructureofcultivationsoil.Akeydistingllishingfeatureofthisstudyisapplyings()ilmicrom()rph()logytoarche()I()gicalcontcxt.This
paperpr()videssigniﬁcanceofarchaeologicalinsp"ti()11()fcllltivatedﬁeldandfuturesubject.
DryﬁeldfarmingdevelopedmainlyinwesternJapallintheearlystageandspreadtoeast
appr()ximately()11e()rtw()stagelatel-thanri(ye.AI1(lthecenterscemst()havcshiftedgraduallyfr()ml()wlandz()11e()IwesternJapant()th(jplaleau()I(JasternJapan.
T h e d r y ﬁ e l d f a r m i n g c L l l t i v a l e d l a n d b e g a n l ( ) l ) e s e e n i l l K i n k i f r ( ) m t h e M i d d l e Ya y ( ) i , a n ddevel()pedal()tillnorthernTokaifr()mtheclld()fYayoitothebegilmillgK()funperiod,whicharecanbeseeno[impactforintensi,･cagricultllre..4IollgwithoptionsoIricccultivati()n,thee(Jonomicbaseswereorganizedaftcrproductionmechanismwasestablishedt()someextentand
largerpermanentgroupbeganthereliving.
Inadditi()n,inrelationtosettlement,othel-plantexceptricewereseentobecullivatednear
thesettlementinYayoiperi()d.InKokumperiod.farmingactivitywereintensiﬁedandmanaged
asproductionbys()megroup・Thistrallsitiollcanbeguessedfromthcconditi()nsuchascultivatedlandremainsinGunma.Cropscultivati()llexceptriceinYayoiperiodplayedsupportingr()leofricecultivationandstartedjustliketheprivate,℃getablegardell,andwasbuiltinpr()duction
mechanismbysomegroup.
Themainpositivecontributi()n()fthispaperhasbeen.l)form/c()nstituti()11()ﬃeldbeingregulatedillstead()fgeographicalconditionb,･an()therfact()r,２)locati()nalrelationtosettlementare
affectedbytheproductionmechanismeachperiods.and３)micromorphologicalpeculiar()fcultivatedsoil.

­ ３ ０ ­

3･!',.'､j襲旦と|'|然f:l･'､j4¥"-M号ll本文化財卜:|'.j::4!進１７３２貝畑 | 嬢 の 考 古 学 的 研 究 一 | 嬢 微 細 形 態 分 析 か ら 一 ( I 1 本 語 要 旨 ）１ﾄｲ路ijj':i･
日本語趣旨
先山･lli代の食料ﾉkﾙ確維済についてのｲﾘ|:先は、考古学に|拠らず文|献史'､jff,氏併学などさまざまな分りrで，これまでイネを''1心にｲ1,1lえてすすめられてきた。迩跡からのコメ以外の杣物遺体の川ʼ2はll1-<から報i'fされ，弥ﾉl塒代以降の杣物食の孟要性は認められていたが，食料fk朧経済に関しては
イネと水111跡が取り上げられることが多く，畑作物とその雌雄地が'約じられる機会は少なかった。
そのことには，畑作物・ドル作地の検川が|水|難とされていたことにも＝|ﾉｆｌがある．
しかし低枇,!地遺跡のｊ１杏が1W"llし．水洗選別・フローテーション法がｊ1代に取り入れられるようになってきたことを1'ﾃ賊として，川|純j'のl'il定化1体数は確実に期えてきている。今後はSEMの導入による観察によって．より雌'ﾉﾐな|!ilit!i式料が蓄積されると〃l待できる。そして，畑作"|:作地のIIIIj介例もj'i#えつつある。
ヘド1渦は，腿"|ネ|:公の絲済l,'#世を総合''１９にl'l!IWするためには，イネだけでなく他のtlll作物も含めた
総介|'|州¥析が必要だと拶・える。そこで今|''|は,tlllを取り」｡.げ,l)ルク態２)椛成,３)、(ﾉ:地,#I)
雄勝との位i〃l兇l係，５）１;＃作|:の微糸|||描造，の５つの観点から分析する。
塒に縦渦-は，はたけ上壌を分析する鮒しいﾉﾉ法として，｜嬢微糸111形態'､jx筐の考古学への応川を!式みる。）樅史的に微糸lll形態学はIJ典ﾉｌｉ成と密接な関係をもってきたが，今llではL壌物理,t壌化'､jメミ，
さらにＩ員壌生物学をも含むIJ典'､jK:の広範な場ｍでの適用が墹人してきている。農学において広く使われているばかりでなく， |晶態'､jﾒ賢，地f'1'､r唇それに塔古学に対する応川も砿祝されつつある。
微糸|||形態学の記載は、次のような特1ｿ|｛をもつＣl){i災粒子のレベル，よりIII'ｉ次の枇造II肥列のレベル，またはある過ｲI,lによって生じたフィーチ
ャーのレベルなど，あらゆるレベルでのｔ壌の特徴についてii絲|||にi氾録できる２）｜壌''1での出来事とその過ｲ1,Iをlij術梁するためのデータが得られる
３）-般|'|りかつ特別なll的なための｜萬壌分類を可能とする，1）止壊分蝋体系'|'の-･つのll,'llill，人脈またはｔ壌統のような|､→位のレベルであっても，­．つのカテゴリー内の異なる｜蝿の1W|ﾐを比較できる
５）必要に応じてさらなる鉱物l'|り・化ʻ,j姿:的・物理的分析法を選ぶためのﾉIL礎となる(Bullocket.al:１９８５)
水桶では，これまでに訓企されたklll辿榊を再整理・分類し，土壌微細形態の分析結果を併せて慨
i'fすることにより，はたけ遺椛の考-,li'､jJ:的検証の意義および灯ll作ｲiﾙ先のflj達,1&(と今後の課題を示す。
畑作柚物の出土比からは，畑作物は1I1-い段階には西日本に｝|1心を持ち，イネの伝播よりも一段階
あるいは二段階ほど遅れて東へ広がっていったように見える。そしてその中心も，西日本の低地附

３１-から束l1本の台地トーへと移っていったようである .MII作M:作地が近繼で弥ﾉk'|!期後､|化nから兄え始
め，弥/いく〜!',埴初蚊に束i"以北に多くなることは、腱堆の維約化をｇえるｍでも砿典である。コ
メ脚i'fの収縮選択とともに．ノ|ﾐﾉ雅機柵があるｲ111IMMf1!ﾉ:して絲済ﾉ,l号樅か撚１'lliされたところへ，より火
きく|'II'ili.1１９な集|､I１がﾉ|剤,叶をはじめた状ﾙdを1丈映しているのではないだろうか。
また柴藩との|坐lわりでは，弥ﾉlill､1:代にはイネ以外の杣物は、雌然の絨辺で雄端されていた状況か兄られる．これが,liil'ill､f代以|嫌には，腱腓i!r動は雄約化され、雌|､｣1としての/ｌｉ朧椚動として↑"|!されるようになっていく。この梯｣'一は．老-111-'1走的には群,!ljlilでのill:作地世跡などの状況から椎察でき、また奈良時代以降については文献史料からも裏付けられる。弥ﾉlil1,F代のイネ以外の畑作物牧ji'fは。
イネ枇啼の補助的な役',i;１を111いつつ，家1延莱|制的な|$l'樅づけで|)M始され，やがて時代が|､̅るにつれて柴|､11の生産機構のなかにﾎ|1み込まれていったと巻･えることができる。
ノド''1|のi術考では､l)腓作地の形態・椛成は}X地条件ではなくりllの典|ﾉ《|によって現1illされている
jル合があること。２）雌藩との位li'｡ilil係は、ノｋ産機附と併せて考察していく必要があること,３)
畑"|:作ｋには，マトリックスの'|'でのｲL陳率、｜蛾助物のiIMﾘﾉ狼.k､lする｣|耕作上には肌將な'|Mji」
塊状I伽世など，それぞれ塒ｲ1.の微糸IIII;態があると考えられる，なと．の,'.',(を|ﾘlらかにした­３２