I-2

25th ITC: ‘Creating Future’
November 3, 2014

Non-Equilibrium and Extreme
State of Plasmas
Kimitaka ITOH,
National Institute for Fusion Science,& Research Center for Plasma Turbulence Kyushu University
In collaboration with:
S. -I. Itoh, P. H. Diamond, A. Fujisawa, K. Ida, A. Fukuyama, S. Inagaki, M. Yagi, Y.
Nagashima, N. Kasuya, T. Yamada, T. Ido, H. Arakawa, T. Kobayashi, T. Tokuzawa,
M. Lesur, R. Kodama, R. Hatakeyama, K. A. Tanaka, S. Hamaguchi, S. Shiratani, M.
Sato, Y. Uesugi, H. Yoneda, T. Kaneko
Acknowledgements:
Specially-Promoted Research MEXT (16005002)
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research JSPS (21224014)

1. Plasma Physics and Fusion Science Stand atthe Crossroads
It was routinely said that

99.9 percent of theapparent universe exists ina plasma state ……
30 year for fusion energy1973……

2

1. Plasma Physics and Fusion Science Stand at 3
the Crossroads
BaryonicFusion research:
still some decades to go.
Plasmas:small part in the universe.

matter“Darkmatter”

1973

How can we ‘Create Future’?
New endeavor is necessary to make “Dark energy”
more impacts onunderstanding of nature,industrial applications…

This is because a scientist grows up by success.

Frontier of Extremely non-Equilibrium Plasmas 42
has rapidly expanded while the mass of plasmas in universe
decreasedhigh temperature plasmas in MCF ,high density plasmas in ICF,
intense energy density ,intense charge beam (~108A/5µm φ),strong turbulence in basic/fusion experiments,
Au + Au QGP:
T ~ 200MeV

approach to solar plasma dynamics,

timehigh energy density QG plasmas,

conceptualfine resolution in plasma processing,
HinodeDNA

CNT

interaction with genes, cells andorgans

Frontier of Extremely non-Equilibrium Plasmas 52
has rapidly expandedhigh temperature plasmas in MCF ,high density plasmas in ICF,
intense energy density ,intense charge beam (~108A/5µm φ),strong turbulence in basic/fusion experiments,

Knowledge must be developed
P8: Adv diagnostics
approach to solar plasma dynamics,
into Understanding.
Au + Au QGP:
Shibata 25T2time

T ~ 200MeV

high energy density QG plasmas,

conceptual

fine resolution in plasma processing,HinodeDNA

CNT

interaction with genes, cells andorgans

2. Physics of Extremely non-Equilibrium Plasmas

6

RIAM Kyushu, Osaka・ETCU, Nagoya, NIFS, Tohoku, Kanazawa・・・・・

Master plan (2010, 2014) Science Council ; Road Map (2011, 2014) MEXT
Large-scale research project, which bridges individual research and large device.
"Circulation of knowledge" accelerates research, development and education.
Research Platform

Magnetizedplasma

Anatomy of turbulence(Nature Phys.)
Zonal flow and fields

Control ofturbulence

Laser plasma
Plasma Photonic Device(Nature): Fast ignition, newmaterial

Understandingof nature,

Global Turbulence
Measurement

Multi-phaseplasmasNe plasmaControl ofField, particle,
light and wave

Functional plasma
Nano-bio plasmas, decarbonization, etc.

Ionic Liquid

Sustainablecivilization
FusionenergyNew functional
material

e-Science

Creation of new area of plasma physics

Essentials of Extremely Non-equilibrium Plasmas 7
Near equilibrium

Far non-equilibrium

Uniform
Equi-partition
Thermal fluctuation

Spatial inhomogeneity,
Selective partition,
Selective excitation offluctuation,
Onsager’s ansatz
Cross-scale interaction,
Time-scale separation Cross-interferences oftime scales
Arrhenius law
Selection of path
Maximum entropy
Nonlinear dissipation
Multi-ferroic turbulenceOpen system

Future……The way to go.

Essentials of Extremely Non-equilibrium Plasmas 8
Near equilibrium

Far non-equilibrium

Uniform
Equi-partition
Thermal fluctuation

Spatial inhomogeneity,
Selective partition,
Selective excitation offluctuation,
Onsager’s ansatz
Cross-scale interaction,
Time-scale separation Cross-interferences oftime scales
Arrhenius law
Selection of path
Maximum entropy
Nonlinear dissipation
Multi-ferroic turbulenceOpen system

Future……The way to go.

Axial vector
field
generation
Heating
effect ontransport
Shiratani,
Kitano, Sato,….

97

2.1 Law of ‘Παντα ρηει’
Drift Wave Turbulence &Meso/macro scale Electromagnetic Fields

WeibelInstability

Drift wave
Drift-Alfven wave

Magnetic
field

Zonal flow
Zonal field

VortexRossby wave
Thermal Rossby wave
Magneto-rotational wave
Zonal flow
DynamoDiscovery of Zonal Magnetic Field:
CLmeso-scale dynamo

1020
turbulence

CHS

Zonal magnetic field

P~ f-1.4

Zonal
magnetic
field
Geo-magnetic field

turbulence
frequency(Fujisawa, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 165001)

In toroidal plasmas, turbulence generates large-scale magnetic
field: The first historical evidence for meso-scale magnetic field
generation by thermal convection.

Law of ‘Παντα ρηει’– Formation and Decay of Structures
Inhomogeneous plasmas
Evolution of turbuence

Minimum principle

2211

HomogenizedCascadeStructuredisappears

Generation of global axial
Disparate-scale
vector field in limited domain interaction
Apparent edges
1Nonlinear
damping rate

Fluctuation force

lifetime

Structureappears

17
2.2 Acceleration of Fusion Science by Physics of 12
Extremely non-Equilibrium Plasmas

It is usually believed that turbulence transport is driven by gradients:
qr = -n χ grad T + ….

(χ is given by gyro-Bohm……)

ECH ontime

T(eV)conductivity

However, it has often been
pointed out (and ignored) byexperiments: Heating directlyinfluences transport…..

off

W7-AS Stroth 1996

Heating may heat turbulence.

172.2 Acceleration of Fusion Science by Physics of 13
Extremely non-Equilibrium Plasmas

It is usually believed that turbulence transport is driven by gradients:qr = -n χ grad T + ….

Decisive observation on LHD
S. Inagaki et al., Nucl. Fusion 53 (2013)

ECH on
ECH off

ECH ontimeT(eV)

conductivity

However, it has often been
pointed out (and ignored) by
experiments: Heating directly
influences transport…..

(χ is given by gyro-Bohm……)

off

W7-AS Stroth 1996

Heating may heat turbulence.

Gradient-flux-fluctuation relation

The transport relation is
directly influenced by heating
power (without waiting thechange of global parameter bythe heating).

Heat flux

Fluctuation
intensity

This is not an artifact (due tothe error of evaluation ofabsorption power), because
the fluctuations are found tochange simultaneously.

S. Inagaki et al., Nucl. Fusion 53 (2013)

K. Ida, et al.: Nucl. Fusion 55 (2015) 104018

14

Decisive discovery on LHD

Observed Hysteresis

S.-I. Itoh, 15th H-mode WS (2015) 15LHD Inagaki 2013

D-III DK. W. Gentle, et al.
PoP 13 (2006) 012311

OnOffT(eV)

conductivity

W7-AS Stroth 1996

ECH onofftimegradient

0.4

0.8

r/a

Heat flux

PECH

Heat flux

Heat flux
0qe

W7-AS Stroth 2001LHD Inagaki 2010

DIII-D Luce 1992

gradient-New Theoretical Approach

16S.-I. Itoh, et al., Sci. Rep. 2 860 (2012)

Kinetic Eq. with coupling of sourcewith fluctuations

Immediate influence by source (heating)The ‘force’ that induces the change in velocity
space influences gradient-driven turbulence.
Estimation of Fluctuation Levelγh =Heating heats turbulence.

δPheatδpMore effective
for long-rangemodes

17

Rapid Response in Turbulence/Transport

Fluctuation level! heat

Both gradients and heating power can enhance
the turbulence transport.

immediately responds
at on/off of heating

qrThis introduced new time scale in plasma
response and control.
If the hysteresis height in gradient-flux relationis reduced, efficient confinement will berealized.

gradient

1823

3. Futurology

Plasma physics drives breakthrough/innovation

19

S.-I. Itoh et al.: J. Pl. Fus. Res. 87 (2011) 371~ 10 years

Civilization realized by Plasma Physics Science

Turbulence and generation of large-scale axial vector field2023

4. Message2117

1. Plasma physics and fusion science stand at the crossroads.
Still some decades to go for fusion energy …..
Discoveries in the universe…..

2. Knowledge of plasmas in extreme state is explosive, andmust be developed into understanding.
3. This area of research leads the human understanding of thenature and accelerates fusion energy research.
Heating directly influences plasma transport.
4. New programme ‘Extremely non-Equilibrium Plasmas’
will create the future, because scientists grow up by success.
Thanks to organizers for problem definition: ‘creating future’.