土地被覆・土地利用分類体系のデータベース化―米国・英国資料の収集と分析―
A Database of Land Cover / Land Use Classification Systems−Collection and Analysis of Data for the USA and UK−
小花和宏之・高野誠二・織田竜也・近藤恵美・鬼頭美和子・小口 高・柴崎亮介（東京大学）
Michael Grossman（南イリノイ大学）
・Helen P. Jarvie（英国生態学水文学研究所）
Hiroyuki OBANAWA, Seiji TAKANO, Tatsuya ODA, Emi KONDO, Miwako KITO, Takashi
OGUCHI, Ryosuke SHIBASAKI (The Univ. of Tokyo), Michael Grossman (Southern Illinois
University), and Helen P. Jarvie (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology)
1. はじめに大規模な自然災害や食料安定供給といったグローバルな問題に対応するためには，全球スケールの観測データを用いた学際的な検討が必要である．世界の様々な研究機関には膨大な地球観測データが蓄積されているが，データの共有や相互理解は十分には行われていない．研究分野のディシプリンや対象とする空間スケールの違いなどによって，膨大なデータが不均質な状態で細分化されているのが現状である．たとえば日本を例にとると，都
道府県別に調査・編集された土地分類図が作成されているが，県によって分類基準が異なるなど様々な問題を有している（若松ほか，2005）．地球観測データをより効率的かつ効果的に利用するためには，各分野におけるデータやフレームを可能な限り接合していくことが望ましい．
本研究では，米国および英国において作成されてきた「土地被覆（land cover）」および「土地利用（land use）」に関わる資料群に着目し，地域や時代によって異なる「分類基準」ある
いは「凡例（legend）」を比較可能とするための基礎研究を行った．具体的には，既存の土地分類体系に関するデータベースを作成して分類体系を比較し，共通点と相違点に関する議論を行った．
2. データベースの作成
2.1. 目的
多数の土地分類体系を収録するデータベースは，異なる分類体系間の比較を行うための有用な手段である．これまで佐藤・建石（2001）によるグローバルな土地分類システムのレビューがあるものの，各分類体系間の相互関係や分類基準の変遷に関する詳しい資料は，ほとんど存在しない．米国都市計画協会（American Planning Association）の Web サイト（http://www.planning.org/LBCS/GeneralInfo/）に記載されている情報のように，ある機関が作成した分類体系とそれ以外の分類体系との変換を目的とする資料は存在するが，第三者間の分類体系の比較には利用できない．
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また，各分類体系に関する多様な情報が文献や Web などを通じて得られるとしても，それらの分類体系の特徴を把握して相互の比較を行うためには，多くの労力を要する．しかし，それらの情報を統一的な基準に基づいてデータベース上で標準化することにより，情報の整理と相互理解が容易となり，既存データの有効活用が可能となる．以上のような状況に鑑み，筆者らは様々な分類体系の概要を把握するためのデータベースを作成した．
2.2. 作成手順
米国および英国の公的機関あるいは研究者が作成した，土地被覆・土地利用・地形分類・
植生といった土地分類図に関する情報を，既存の文献および Web サイトから収集した．次に，データ間の相互比較を容易にするために，各土地被覆・土地利用分類図（分類体系）の属性情報（メタデータ）を整理した．具体的には，以下の項目を抽出した．
１）データに関する基礎情報：
略称 注 1
データ名（出版物あるいは Web サイトのタイトル）
出典（出版物に関して）URL（Web サイトに関して）
著者（出版物に関して）
発行地（出版社あるいは Web 設置機関の所在地）
発行者（出版社あるいは Web 設置機関）
発行年（出版年あるいは Web 設置年）
データの入手方法 注 2２）土地分類体系に関する情報：分類体系の種類（公式／非公式）
新規分類体系の提示（Yes／No）
その基礎となった既存の分類体系 注 3
分類定義の記載（出版物あるいは Web サイト）
分類項目の詳細 注 4３）土地分類調査に関する情報：
調査・分類名
調査・分類カテゴリー（土地被覆・土地利用・土地条件・土地利用可能性・地形・水質・その他）
調査実施機関調査者のカテゴリー（国際機関・政府機関・地方自治体・民間）
調査対象地域
調査実施期間調査の目的・特徴
出力図のグリッドサイズ・縮尺
調査上のグリッドサイズ
調査方法（現地調査・リモートセンシング）

2注 1：データの略称．資料に略称の記載がある場合には，それに作成年代を加えたものを採用し，ない場合にはデータ名の頭文字・作成者名・作成年を基に定義した．
注 2：Web よりダウンロードできる場合にはその URL，入手方法を記載している文献がある場合はその書誌情報．
注 3：当該分類体系を作成する際に参照した，既存の分類体系．
注 4：主要な分類項目を例示．
2.3. 結果作成したデータベースを，末尾の付表１および付表２に示す．付表はそれぞれ，米国と英国の情報を作成年代順に並べている．
－米国－
州やそれ以下のレベルの自治体の権限が大きい米国では，地方自治体などが独自に設定した分類体系の数が非常に多く，およそ 200 程度は存在するようである．今回はまず，Web
上で情報を集めることができる連邦や州レベルなどで設定された分類体系のうち，主要な15 資料についてデータベース化を行った．このうち，データソースとして主に文献資料を用いたものが 2 点，Web サイト上の資料を用いたものが 13 点である．内容別にみると，連邦政府機関作成の土地分類体系に関する資料が 8 点，州政府作成の土地分類体系に関する資料が 4 点，研究者などによる分類基準の比較および新たな分類基準の提案に関する資料
が 3 点である．資料の作成時期は 1948 年～2004 年である．土地分類体系（凡例）の詳細について確認できた 8 点の資料のうち，最も大まかな分類は USGS による 21 分類（NLCD1992）
であり，最も詳細な分類は LBCS1994（Land-Based Classification Standards）による約 800 分
類（付表１では最上位カテゴリーのみを示した）である．調査・分類のカテゴリーは，主に土地被覆（land cover）に関するものが 7 点，土地利用（land use）に関するものが 1 点，
両者を混合したものが 4 点，植生，土壌，水文に関するものがそれぞれ 1 点である．調査・
分類対象地域は，およそ米国全土を対象としているものが 3 点，州単位のものが 4 点であり，残りの 8 点は新たな土地分類体系の提案を行っているものの，それに依拠した調査やデータセットの作成を行っていないものである．
－英国－
英国に関しても 15 資料をまとめた．全資料の主なデータソースは Web サイトである．作
成機関別にみると，政府機関作成の資料が 13 点，国立大学作成の資料が 1 点，個人研究者が作成した資料が 1 点である．資料の作成時期は 1930 年代～2004 年である．土地分類体系（凡例）は 11 点の資料で確認された．最も大まかな分類は，Stamp1930s による 6 分類であり，最も詳細な分類は LCM2000（Land Cover Map 2000）による 72 分類である．調査・分類のカテゴリーは，土地被覆（land cover）に関するものが 6 点，土地利用（land use）に関するものが 1 点，いくつかの分類カテゴリーが混合したものが 8 点である．調査・分類対
象地域は英国全土（United Kingdom）が 2 点，ブリテン島（England, Wales and Scotland）が10 点，より小地域を対象としたものが 3 点である．

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3. 考察3.1. 米国
技術進化によって以後の増加が予想された，リモートセンシング・データの利用に適す
る新たな土地被覆分類体系を提案した Anderson1976（Anderson et al., 1976）は，その後の米国における土地被覆分類体系に重要な影響を及ぼしたと考えられる．たとえば，USGS が米
国本土の大部分とハワイについて 70～80 年代に整備した LULC1986（Land Use and Land
Cover）は，まだ空中写真をデータソースとしていたものの，Anderson1976 の体系をそのまま採用した（U.S. Geological Survey, 1986）．
さらにその後，衛星画像を用いた土地被覆分類が進み，Anderson1976 の土地被覆分類体
系を修正利用した NLCD1992（National Land Cover Dataset 1992）が米国全土について整備され た ． NLCD1992 の 分 類 体 系 は Anderson1976 を 基 礎 と し て い る も の の（http://landcover.usgs.gov/classes.php の“NLCD Land Cover Class Definitions”），実際の分類カ
テゴリーはかなり異なる．たとえば，Anderson1976 では 3 つの分類階層（Level I，II，III）
があり，最下位の Level III はユーザーが必要に応じて設定可能であるが，NLCD1992 は Level
III 相当の階層を設定しなかった．また，Level II の分類カテゴリーは Anderson1976 では 38個であるが，NLCD1992 では約半数の 21 個しか設定されていない．たとえば，Anderson1976
では 5 つに分類されていた“Water”は NLCD1992 では 1 つになり，7 つだった“Barren land”
は 3 つになり，2 つだった“Perennial Snow or Ice”は 1 つに統合されている．また，Anderson1976
では“Residential”，“Commercial and Services”，“Industrial”などの土地利用別に 7 つに分類されていた“Urban of Built-up Land”は，NLCD1992 では“Low Intensity Residential”，“HighIntensity Residential”，“Commercial/Industrial/Transportation”という土地の利用密度を加味した
3 つの分類をもつ“Developed”へと改変されている．その他にも，Anderson1976 では“Urban of
Built-up Land”に含まれていたゴルフコースや公園などは，NLCD1992 では自然の草地や農地における草地と一緒に“Herbaceous Planted/Cultivated”に分類されており，Anderson1976 では“Shrub and Brush Tundra”，“Herbaceous Tundra”などと植生別に 5 つに分類されていた“Tundra”は，NLCD1992 ではツンドラであるか否かにかかわらず“Grasslands/Herbaceous”または“Shrubland”として分類されている．さらに，Anderson1976 では Level I のカテゴリーとして立てられていた“Agricultural Land”と“Rangeland”の分類カテゴリーは，NLCD1992 では削除され，農地であるか否かにかかわらず，単純に土地の植生のみに基づいて分類されている．これらの変化の理由として，Anderson1976 はリモートセンシングの補完として現地調査も想定していたのに対し，NLCD1992 は現地調査を重視せずに Landsat TM 画像のみを主
要なデータソースとしたため，土地利用や自然か人工かの判定が困難になったことがあげられる．Level III の分類カテゴリーが NLCD1992 では採用されていないことも，同じ理由によると思われる．
その後，連邦レベルでの土地分類データとして，NLCD1992 の分類体系を修正利用した
NLCD2001（National Land Cover Database 2001）が登場した．両者の分類体系については，「NLCD2001 は NLCD1992 に近いものとなるように計画されてはいるものの，体系には多少の差異がある」とされている（http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k_faq.asp の“Should I directlycompare land cover from NLCD 92 with land cover from NLCD 2001?”）．この点を具体的にみると，NLCD1992 の“Developed”には，“Residential”と“Commercial/Industrial/Transportation”とい4う土地利用の種類に基づいた分類カテゴリーが含まれていたのに対し，NLCD2001 の“Developed”では，“Open Space”，“Low Intensity”，“Medium Intensity”，“High Intensity”という土地の利用密度のみに基づいたカテゴリーに改変されている．また，NLCD1992 の“Non-Natural Woody”は NLCD2001 では削除されている．土地利用に関する分類カテゴリーと，自然か人工かの判断を伴う分類カテゴリーを捨象するという NLCD1992 でみられた傾
向が，NLCD2001 では強化されているといえる．また，分類体系だけではなく衛星データの処理の方法も異なっているので，両者の違いが実際の土地を反映しない可能性も高い（http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k_faq.asp の“Should I directly compare land cover from NLCD 92
with land cover from NLCD 2001?”）．NLCD2001 の設計は，NLCD1992 との経年的な連続性をさほど重要視していないといえる．
州レベルの分類体系においても Anderson1976 の影響力は大きく，たとえば North Carolina
州の NCLULCS1994（North Carolina Land Use Land Cover Standard）は，Anderson1976 に準拠した土地被覆分類体系を用いている．ただし，州レベルでは現地調査などによる情報取得も容易であるためか，土地利用に関する情報を含む“Urban and developed land”のカテゴリー
や，自然か人工かの判断を伴う“Water”などのカテゴリーが Anderson1976 よりも拡充されている．また North Carolina 州の地理的な状況を反映させたためか，“Forest Land”に関する分類カテゴリーが Anderson1976 での 3 つから 6 つへと増加している．
このように州や地方自治体が独自にデータ整備を進めたり，独自の土地分類体系を用いることが多かった米国では，統一的な土地分類体系を作成する動きも顕著である．連邦政
府レベルなどの 19 の機関によって構成された Federal Geographic Data Committee は，多くの分野に関する統一的な土地分類体系を検討しており，植生（FGDCVegetation1997），土壌（FGDCSoil1997），土地被覆（FGDCEarthCover1999），水路誌（FGDCWater2000）などが提案されている．また，政府機関ではないが，米国都市計画協会（American Planning Association）
は，都市計画にかかわる Activity，Function，Ownership，Site，Structure といった多様な分野
における統一的な土地分類体系を独自に提案するとともに（LBCS1994），その体系と様々な既存の土地分類体系との対照関係を調べることができる Web サイトを公開し，利用者の便宜を図っている．このような土地分類体系の動向は，地方自治体の独立性が高いという米国独特の社会的背景に起因するものであるといえる．
そもそも Anderson1976 の設計思想には，様々な場所や目的に対応する拡張性と，異なる
土地分類データ間の互換性の確保が共に含まれている（Anderson et al., 1976）．つまり，Level
III をユーザーが独自に設定することで個々のニーズに対応し，Level II のカテゴリーを不変とすることで異なるユーザーが整備したデータの比較も可能になるのである．しかし現実には上記の想定とは異なり，後の土地分類は Anderson1976 の Level II や Level I を改変して使用した．その理由として，リモートセンシング・データと現地調査の併用を想定してAnderson1976 は作られたが，その後の土地分類データ作成においては現地調査が省かれる
ことが多かった点が挙げられる．また，どのような分類が必要かという需要の多様性がAnderson1976 の想定以上に大きかったために，Level II や Level I の改変が行われるようになってしまったとも考えられる．
結局，様々なデータの統合を目的として Anderson1976 が提示され，大きな影響力をもったものの，その目的は十分には果たされなかった．したがって，FGDC などの機関が現在再びデータの統合を目的として統一的な体系の提案を行っている．この事実は，将来の技術
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的・社会的な変化を見通した土地被覆分類体系を作成することの困難さと，他者のデータとの互換性を確保するという点が設計思想の中で重視されてこなかったことを示している．
3.2. 英国
英国における広範囲を対象とした最初の土地分類調査は，Dudley Stamp により 1930 年代に行われた（Stamp1930s）．これは主に植生に基づく土地利用分類であり，分類数は 5 つと少ないが，England，Wales および Scotland 南部を調査した大規模なものである．その後 1970
年代後半より，政府機関による土地分類調査が開始された．まず 1978 年に植生・土壌と地質・地形などの情報を含む総括的な土地利用・土地被覆調査である CS1978（Ecological Surveyof Britain 1978）が行われた．その後も 1984 年に CS1984（Land Use Survey of Great Britain 1984），
1990 年に CS1990（Countryside Survey 1990），2000 年に CS2000（Countryside Survey 2000）と呼ばれる土地分類調査が継続的に行われた．これらの調査は，基本的に CS1978 と同様の分類基準を用いているため，各年のデータを比較することにより，植生や地形といった環境条件や土地利用形態の経時変化を評価することが可能である．
一方，上記の調査に基づいて，1978 年に LCS1978（Land Cover Stock CS1978），1984 年にLCS1984（Land Cover Stock CS1984），1990 年に LCS1990（Land Cover Stock CS1990）と呼ばれる土地被覆分類図が作成された．これらの図では，分類基準が経時的に変化している
ために，各年のデータをそのまま比較することはできない．たとえば分類項目数をみると，LCS1978 は 32，LCS1984 は 37，LCS1990 は 58 であり，新しいものほど増加している．この増加には，2 つのパターンが含まれる．1 つは，それまで 1 つの項目で括られていた土地
被覆が，個々の項目に分化したものである．たとえば，LCS1978 の“Oats, Oil seed rape, Open
canopy heath”は，LCS1990 では“Oats”，“Oil seed rape”，“Open canopy heath”の 3 項目に分かれている．もう 1 つは，新しい分類項目の追加である．たとえば，LCS1990 の“Quarries”，“Dune”，“Felled woodland”，“Rock & scree”などは，LCS1974 には該当する項目が存在せず，
新たに追加されたものである．前者の項目が分化するパターンは，元の項目との対応が把握可能であるため，データの比較の際にはそれほど大きな問題にはならない．しかし，後者の新項目が追加されるパターンでは，既存の項目との対応を把握できないため，データを比較する際に問題となる．
LCS シリーズの分類項目は階層構造を持たないが，現在のヨーロッパにおける汎用的な分類基準である CLC2000（CORINE Land Cover Map）の大分類に倣って，項目を“Artificial
surfaces”，“Agricultural areas”，“Forest and seminatural areas”，“Wetlands”，“Water bodies”の 5
つのカテゴリーに分けると，項目数の増加が著しいのは“Agricultural areas”（LCS1978 の 9から LCS1990 の 20 に増加）および“Forest and seminatural areas”（LCS1978 の 14 から LCS1990の 24 に増加）である．これらの増加の原因は，土地分類手法の向上により詳細な分類が可能になったという技術的背景とともに，1973 年の英国の EC 加盟に伴う共通農業政策（余剰農作物の買い上げおよびその価格の支持）の実施により耕作地が増大し（マーチン，2002），
農地・植生に関するより詳細な情報・土地分類が必要になったためと考えられる．また，草地に関する分類項目数を詳細に見ると，LCS1978 は 5，LCS1984 は 6，LCS1990 は 10 であり，非常に細かく分類されている．これは，農地の約 60％が牧草地である英国（関戸，1999）では，草地の重要性と注目度が高いことを示すと考えられる．
また，1980 年代後半より現地調査とともにリモートセンシングが併用され始め，その結6

果，1990 年に LCM1990（Land Cover Map of Great Britain 1990），2000 年に LCM2000（LandCover Map 2000）が Centre for Ecology & Hydrology によって作成された．さらに 2004 年に欧州委員会（European Commission）によって作成された CLC2000 に至っては，リモートセンシングのみを用いて作成されている．これらの土地分類図においても，分類基準が異なるためにデータの相互比較は容易ではない．実際，衛星データを基にした現在の分類図作
成手法では，土地被覆の変化を定量化するために必要なデータの正確性が得られないこと
が ， LCM1990とLCM2000に 関 す る 資 料 の 中 で 明 記 さ れ て い る（http://science.ceh.ac.uk/data/lcm/lcm2000.shtm の leaflet7.pdf）．
LCM2000 の項目数は 72 であり，CLC2000 の 44 よりも分類が細かい．CLC2000 の 5 つの大分類に基づいて両者を比較すると，LCM2000 では“Artificial surfaces”に 4 項目が含まれるのに対し，CLC2000 では 11 項目が含まれ，“Port areas”，“Airports”，“Road and rail networks andassociated land”といった流通に関連した項目がみられる．これは，CLC はヨーロッパ全体を対象とした分類基準なので，国家・地域間の接点として重要な施設の情報を充実させた結果と考えられる．逆に，LCM2000 では“Agricultural areas”に 25 項目を含むのに対し，CLC2000
では 11 項目のみを含む．前者は耕作地の穀物の種類だけでも 14 種類に細かく分類しているのに対し，後者では作物名を米，ブドウ，オリーブ程度にのみ分類している．これは，LCM2000 は一つの国を対象とした分類であるため，地域に対応した細かい分類がなされているのに対し，CLC2000 はヨーロッパ全体を対象とするため，広く普及している作物名のみを含むためであろう．“Forest and seminatural areas”は，LCM2000 では 34 項目からなるのに対し，CLC2000 では 12 項目のみからなる．ただし後者には“Glaciers and perpetual snow”
といった項目も含まれており，様々な気候条件を持つ国への適用性が考慮されている．
最後に，各土地分類図の対象地域の変遷に注目すると，これまで作成されたもののほとんどは，Great Britain（すなわち England，Wales，Scotland）を対象としている（LCS1978，
LCS1984 ， LCS1990 ， LCM1990 な ど ）． ま た ， Scotland の み を 対 象 と し た 土 地 被 覆 図
LCMScotland1988（Land Cover Map of Scotland）や，Northern Ireland のみを対象とした土地分類調査 NICS2000（Northern Ireland Countryside Survey）のように，各地域で個別に作成された土地分類図も存在する．英国全土の統一的な土地分類図が作成されたのは 2001 年が最初であり（LCM2000），ようやく相互参照や比較といったデータの有効活用のための体制が整ってきたといえる．
4. まとめと今後の課題
地球観測データを効率的かつ効果的に利用するためには，各分野におけるデータ間の関係を整理し，統合・共有していく必要がある．本研究ではその一環として，米国と英国における既存の「土地被覆（land cover）」および「土地利用（land use）」に関する資料を対象として，メタデータの収集・整理を行い，データベースを作成した．さらに，対象地域や作成時期・機関によって異なる「凡例（legend）」を比較し，その変遷過程および異同の理由について考察を行った．
以上の結果，米国，英国ともにこれまで，様々な土地分類体系が作成されてきており，
分類基準が異なっていることが明らかになった．分類基準が異なる要因として，現地調査
またはリモートセンシングといった調査方法の違い，リモートセンシングで使用するデー
タの種類（航空写真，衛星写真）や解像度の違い，作成時における社会背景・作成目的の7

違い，および対象地域の広さや産業構造の違いなどが挙げられる．また，作成機関と対象地域が同じデータでも，作成時期が異なると分類基準が変化しているケースが多く，一方で対象地域および作成時期が同じデータでも，作成機関が違うと異なる分類基準を用いている．調査地域に着目すると，米国では統一基準に基づいた全国規模の土地分類体系が存在する一方で，州や地方自治体といったローカルなニーズを反映した地域ごとの土地分類体系も作成されている．一方英国では，これまで土地分類図は主に England・Wales・Scotland・Northern Ireland の地方ごとに作成されてきたが，近年は英国全土を対象とした統一的な土地分類図も作成されており，データの相互利用性を高める体制が整いつつある．
土地被覆・土地利用の調査方法に関しては，かつての現地調査に代わってリモートセン
シングが主流になっている．ただし，現地調査が軽視されがちになったために，土地利用に関する情報が不十分になるという問題も生じている．この問題は，近年における衛星データの解像度の飛躍的向上によって，ある程度解決される可能性がある．このためにも，
高解像度衛星画像を用いた土地分類手法と分類基準を新たに確立する必要がある．
今後は，今回作成されたデータベースをさらに拡充するとともに，各分類体系間の関係性をさらに明確にする作業を行う予定である．個々の分類体系は，既存の分類体系の弱点を補うために新たな視点を追加したり，複数の既存の分類体系を統合したものが多いので，そのような関係の整理を進め，結果を分かりやすく提示する方法を開発したい．また，分類体系間の相違を定量的に比較・表現する手法を開発し，その結果に基づいてデータの融合方法を提案する必要もある．このような研究が蓄積されれば，異なる分類体系によって表示されているデータ同士の比較が可能になり，過去の分類体系に基づくデータを現在の研究の中で活用する道が開かれると考えられる．

文献
Anderson, James R., Hardy, Ernest E., Roach, John T., and Witmer Richard E. (1976) A land use andland cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. United States Geological
Survey Professional Paper, 964, 41p.
ジョン・マーチン（2002）『現代イギリス農業の成立と農政』村田武・佐藤加寿子・山口

和宏・村田和賀代・溝手芳計 訳, 筑波書房, 286p.
佐藤浩・建石隆太郎（2001）グローバルな土地利用・土地被覆・植生分類システムのレビュー. 国土地理院時報, 96, 69-99.
関戸明子（1999）イギリスにおける農業的土地利用の変化, えりあぐんま, 6, 49-61.
U.S. Geological Survey (1986) Land use and land cover digital data from 1:250,000- and 1:100,000scale maps: Data Users Guide 4. p36.
若松加寿江・久保純子・松岡昌志・長谷川浩一・杉浦正美（2005）日本の地形・地盤デジ
タルマップ. 東京大学出版会, 104p.

8

付表１

土地分類体系データベース（米国１）Abbreviation

Wilkens1948

Bibliography title (Web site
title)

Mapping for planning; a procedural
A Land Use And Land Coverguide for the classification and mapping Classification System For Use Withof land use and related technical studies Remote Sensor Data

Source, Series
Web URL

Anderson1976

LULC1986
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)

Geological Survey Professional Paper 964
http://landcover.usgs.gov/pdf/anderson.pdf http://edc.usgs.gov/products/landcover/lulc.
html

AuthorWilkens, Edward B.

Publication Place

Chicago, Illinois, USA

Anderson, James R., Hardy, Ernest E.,
Roach, John T., and Witmer, Richard E.
USA

USA

Publisher (Web site founder) Public Administration Service

U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Geological Survey

Publication Data
Data availability

1948

1976

Type (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

Draft
N

Employed previous
classification system"The Procedures suggested are based upon Revision of existing land cover
general principles common to most land use classification system on US Geologicalstudies. These were expressed in theSurvey Circular 671
handbook published by the National
Resources Committee entitled Suggested
Symbols for Plans, Maps and Charts." in
FOREWORD.

Definition of classification

Y, Only some categories of residential land Y, p10uses and Business, Commercial, andIndustrial uses on p1-4.

Categories

Refer to Table 2

http://edc.usgs.gov/geodata/

Draft
Y

Refer to Table 2

Research / Data set Name

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeLevel II categories of the land use and land
cover classification system by Anderson
and others (1976)

Refer to Table 2
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)

Urban land use

Land coverLand use, land cover

USA, U.S. Geological Survey

PrivateResearcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)

PrivateResearch area & country

Governmental agency

The conterminous U.S. and Hawaii, butcoverage is not complete for all areas
1970's - 1980's

Research year
Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scale

FormalN

Standardization of mapping procedure
about colors and symbols

Proposition of an influential land coverclassification system.

Land use and land cover data for the mostof USA by aerial photography basedlandcover database.
1:100,000-, 1:250,000

Grid size

Research method

9

Manual interpretation of aerial
photography, also land use maps andsurveys

付表１

土地分類体系データベース（米国２）Abbreviation

NLCD1992

NCLULCS1994

Bibliography title (Web site
title)

National Land Cover Dataset 1992
(NLCD 1992)

A Standard Classification System for the Land-Based Classification Standards
Mapping of Land Use and Land Cover

Source, Series
Web URLLBCS1994

http://landcover.usgs.gov/natllandcover.asp http://www.cgia.state.nc.us/gicc/standards/n http://www.planning.org/LBCS/GeneralInfo
clulc.html/

AuthorPublication Place

USA

Publisher (Web site founder) U.S. Geological Survey
Publication Data
Data availability

North Carolina, USA

USA

North Carolina Geographic Information
Coordinating Council

American Planning Association

http://seamless.usgs.gov/

http://cgia.cgia.state.nc.us/cgdb/datalist.htmlType (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

FormalY

FormalY

Employed previous
classification system

Modification of the land use and land cover Level II land use and land cover classification scheme as described in Professional Paper 964 "1965 Standard Land Use Coding Manual(Anderson, et al). State land use and land cover classification schemes from the states of Florida,classification system by Anderson andGeorgia, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, and Vermont. "Standard Land Use Coding Manual," (SLUCM), a standard which was widely
U.S. Urban Renewal Administration and Department of Commerce (used SIC codes as a source)others (1976)"Land Use and Land Cover Classification of the North Carolina Barrier Islands," North Carolina adopted for land-use classifications" on
Sea Grant publication UNC-SG-85-03. "Mapping and GIS Development of Land Use and Land
http://www.planning.org/LBCS/GeneralInfo
Cover Categories for the Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin," Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine
Study, North Carolina, Department of Health and Natural Resources. "NOAA Coastwatch/. Comparison with other classification
Change Analysis Program Wetland and Land Cover Classification System (draft)".
"Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina-Third Approximation," North
Carolina Natural Heritage Program. "Forest Statistics for North Carolina," U.S. Forest Service" standards are http://www.planning.org/
on the paragraph of "Approach and Sources for Preparing Classification Scheme".
LBCS/Conversions/ and http://www.
planning.org/lbcs/OtherStandards/

Definition of classification

Y (http://landcover.usgs.gov/classes.asp)

Categories

Refer to Table 2

Research / Data set Name

National Land Cover Dataset 1992 (NLCD North Carolina Land Use Land Cover
1992)
Standard

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeLand coverFormalY"Principal land use schemes and documents examined during the process included: The USGS

Y, "PART 3 DESCRIPTION OF LANDY
(http://www.planning.org/lbcs/standards/vie
COVER CATEGORIES" of
http://www.cgia.state.nc.us/gicc/standards/n w.htm?Dimension=&Level=4&Keyword=
clulc.html&style=table&submit1=View+Results)
Refer to Table 2
Refer to Table 2

Land cover, land use

USA, The Multi-Resolution Land
USA, State of North Carolina, Governor's
Characteristics (MRLC) including 1. U.S. Office of State Planning, Center for
Geological Survey (USGS), 2.
Geographic Information and Analysis
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 3. (CGIA)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) 4. the U.S. Forest
Service (USFS). Later joined by 5. the
National Atmospheric and Space
Administration (NASA) 6. the Bureau ofLand Management (BLM).

Governmental agency
Researcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)

Local Agency

Research area & country

USA

North Carolina, USA

Research year

1992-1995

1994-

Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scaleLand cover data for the entire USA

Land cover, land use for North Carolina

Grid size

30m

Research method

Remote Sensing (Landsat-5 TM)

30m

Remote Sensing

10Comprehensive

American Planning Association

PrivateTo set up various standards from the view
point of urban planning付表１

土地分類体系データベース（米国３）Abbreviation

FGDC1996

IL-GAP1996

FGDCSoil1997

Bibliography title (Web site
title)

Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC) Standards Reference Model

Illinois Gap Analysis Program, Land
Cover Classification (IL-GAP)

Soil Geographic Data Standard

Source, Series
Web URL

http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/process

http://www.agr.state.il.us/gis/pass/gapdata/i Privileges are necessary. For internal
members only.
ndex.html(http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/sta
http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cwe/gap/
ndards/projects/FGDC-standardsprojects/index_html)

AuthorFederal Geographic Data Committee, USA

Publication PlaceUSA

Illinois, USA

Soils Subcommittee, Federal Geographic
Data Committee, USAUSA

Publisher (Web site founder) The Federal Geographic Data Committee

Department of Agriculture, Illinois, USA

The Federal Geographic Data Committee

Publication Data
Data availability

1996

1996
1997
http://www.agr.state.il.us/gis/pass/account.p
hp

Type (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

FormalY

FormalY

Employed previous
classification system

Related to Agency Standards, FIPS Federal "using the same methodology as for the
Information Processing System Standards, Illinois Interagency Landscape
FGDC Federal Geographic Data Committee Classification Project (IILCP, see
http://www.agr.state.il.us/gis/landcover99Standards, Industry Standards, ANS
American National Standards, International 00.html), with the notable exception of
methodological differences in forested andStandards.
urbanized areas"

FormalY

Definition of classification

Categories

Refer to Table 2

Research / Data set Name

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeRefer to Table 2
Gap Analysis Program, Land CoverClassification (IL-GAP)

Comprehensive

Land cover

USA, Illinois Natural History Survey
USA, The Federal Geographic Data
Committee (19 member interagency
committee composed of representatives
from the Executive Office of the President,
Cabinet-level and independent agencies)

Governmental agency
Researcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)

Local agency

Research area & country

Illinois, USA

Research year

1996

Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scale

Explanation of basic nature of FGDC
Land cover mapping and classification forStandards which is for developing theIllinois
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)

Grid size

Research method

Refer to Table 2

Remote Sensing (Landsat TM)

11

Soil

USA, The Federal Geographic Data
Committee

Governmental agency

A part of the National Spatial Data
Infrastructure (NSDI)

付表１

土地分類体系データベース（米国４）Abbreviation

FGDCVegetation1997

FGDCEarthCover1999

FGDCWater2000

Bibliography title (Web site
title)

National Vegetation Classification
Standard

Earth Cover Classification Standard

Nationanl Hydrography Framework
Data Content Standard

Source, Series
Web URL

AuthorPrivileges are necessary. For internal
http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FG Privileges are necessary. For internal
members only.
members only.
DC-standards(http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/sta (http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/sta
projects/vegetation/vegclass.pdf
ndards/projects/FGDC-standardsndards/projects/FGDC-standardsprojects/index_html)
projects/index_html)

Vegetation Subcommittee, Federal
Geographic Data Committee, USA
USA

Earth Cover Working Group, Federal
Geographic Data Committee, USAUSA

Spatial Water Data Subcommittee, Federal
Geographic Data Committee, USAUSA

Publisher (Web site founder) The Federal Geographic Data Committee

The Federal Geographic Data Committee

The Federal Geographic Data Committee

Publication Data
Data availability

1997

1999

2000

Type (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

FormalY

ProposalY

ProposalY

Employed previous
classification system"require all federal vegetation classification
efforts to have some core components" on
p1.
"The UNESCO system was modified andrefined to provide greater consistency at all
hierarchical levels and includes additional
physiognomic types." on p11.

Definition of classification

Y, The formation of each category is onp19-, definition is on p49-.

Categories

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Vegetation

Land cover

Hydrography

USA, The Federal Geographic Data
Committee

USA, The Federal Geographic Data
Committee

USA, The Federal Geographic Data
Committee

Governmental agency

Governmental agency

A part of the National Spatial Data
Infrastructure (NSDI)

A part of the National Spatial Data
Infrastructure (NSDI)

Publication Place

Research / Data set Name

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeGovernmental agency
Researcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)
Research area & country
Research year
Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scale

A part of the National Spatial Data
Infrastructure (NSDI)

Grid size

Research method

12

付表１

土地分類体系データベース（米国５）Abbreviation

NLCD2001

IILCP2002

MLCCS2004

Bibliography title (Web site
title)

National Land Cover Database 2001
(NLCD 2001)

Land Cover of Illinois 1999-2000
Classification

Minnesota Land Cover Classification
System (MLCCS)

Source, Series
Web URL

http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k_nlcd.asp

http://www.agr.state.il.us/gis/landcover99- http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mlccs/index.ht
00.html
ml

USA

Illinois, USA

Minnesota, USA

Department of Agriculture, Illinois, USA

Department of Natural Resources,
Minnesota, USA

AuthorPublication Place

Publisher (Web site founder) U.S. Geological Survey
Publication Data
Data availability

Available to MRLC Consortium members
and Approved USGS Researchers only

http://www.agr.state.il.us/gis/pass/account.p ftp://ftp.dnr.state.mn.us/pub/mlccs/ andhp
http://deli.dnr.state.mn.us/Type (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

FormalY

FormalY

Employed previous
classification system

Modification of National Land CoverDataset 1992 (NLCD 1992)

the National Vegetation Classification
System (NVCS), the Minnesota Natural
Heritage native plant community types,
along with a cultural classification system

Definition of classification

Y, 2004 Draft(http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd_definitions.asp)

Categories

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Y, p74- of
http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/assistance/nrplan
ning/community/mlccs/mlccs_manual_v5_4.pdf
Refer to Table 2

Research / Data set Name

National Land Cover Database 2001
(NLCD 2001)

Illinois Interagency LandscapeClassification Project (IILCP)

Minnesota Land Cover Classification
System (MLCCS)

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeLand coverLand coverLand cover

USA, Multi-Resolution Land Characterization
USA, 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture(MRLC) including (as of 2006/3) 1. US Geological
National Agricultural Statistics Service
Survey, EROS Data Center, National Water Quality(NASS) 2. the Illinois Department ofAssessment Program, Gap Analysis Program, North
American Landscape Characterization Project 2. US Agriculture (IDA) 3. the Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research Department of Natural Resources (IDNR)
and Development, Office of Environmental
Information, Environmental Monitoring andAssessment Program 3. US Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Research Station, Forest Inventory andAnalysis Program, Remote Sensing Applications
Center, 4. NOAA, Coastal Change Analysis Program

Draft
Y

USA, 1. the Minnesota Department of
Natural Resources 2. the National Park
Service 3. the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service 4. the Corps of Engineers 5. theDakota Soil and Water Conservation
District 6. Ramsey County Parks 7. Friendsof the Mississippi River and Great River
Greening

Governmental agency
Researcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)

Local agency

Local Agency

Research area & country

USA （including Puerto Rico）

Illinois, USA

Minnesota, USA

Research year

1999-2003

1991-1995, 1999-2000

1998-

Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scaleLand cover data for the entire USA

Agricultural land use for Illinois

Natural/semi-natural & cultural land coverfor Minnesota

30m

30m

1:3,000 or greater scale

Remote Sensing (Landsat 5 TM, 7 ETM)

0.5 hectare for natural vegetation (1.23
acres) and 1 hectare for culturalcommunities (2.47 acres).
Remote Sensing, Field Work

Grid size

Research method

Remote Sensing (Landsat-7's ETM)

13

付表１

土地分類体系データベース（英国１）Abbreviation

Stamp1930s

ITELC1978

CS1978Bibliography title (Web site
title)The Dudley Stamp Land Use Maps

ITE Landclasses
ITE Land Classifications

Ecological Survey of Britain 1978
(Countryside Survey 1978)

Source, Series
Web URL

http://www.cs2000.org.uk/DataCat/menu/ind
http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/epms/dynami http://www.cisweb.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh ex.asp
c_britain.html
http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/maps/ma owDataset&set=7p_lib_page.do
http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlifecountryside/resprog/findings/landusemaps/i
ndex.htm
scan-georef.pdf

Author

Stamp, L. Dudley

Publication Place

U.K., University of Portsmouth,
Department of Geography

Type (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

Draft
Y

U.K., Natural Environment Research
U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Council, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
Monks Wood
LancasterCentre for Ecology & Hydrology
Publisher (Web site founder) Department of Geography of the University Centre for Ecology & Hydrologyof Portsmouth
1930s
1978
1978
Publication Data
http://www.cishttp://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/epms/dynami http://www.cisData availability
web.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh web.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=shoc_britain.html
wDataset&set=42
http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/maps/ma owDataset&set=7p_lib_page.do
FormalY

Employed previous
classification system

FormalN
ITE Land Classification

Definition of classification

N

Categories

Refer to Table 2

Research / Data set NameThe Dudley Stamp Land Use Maps

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeLand use

Land cover, soil type, vegetation

U.K., University of Portsmouth,
Department of Geography, Stamp Dudley

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
MerlewoodYY
d2.pdf(in the digital data)(http://www.andra.fr/bioclim/documentation.htm)
Refer to Table 2
Refer to Table 2
ITE Landclasses
ITE Land Classifications

Nongovernmental
Researcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)

Ecological Survey of Britain 1978

Governmental agency

Research area & country

England, Wales and southern Scotland

Research year

1931-1939

1977-1978

Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scaleFirst land utilisation survey of Great Britain

National assessment of vegetation and soil

1/62500

Grid size

Research method

Field survey

Great Britain

England and Wales

1km

1km

1km

1km

Field survey

Field survey

14

付表１

土地分類体系データベース（英国２）Abbreviation

LCS1978

CS1984

LCS1984

Bibliography title (Web site
title)

Land Cover Stock CS1978Land use survey of Great Britain 1984

Land Cover Stock CS1984

Source, Series
Web URL

http://www.cs2000.org.uk/DataCat/menu/in http://www.cishttp://www.cisweb.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh
web.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh dex.asp
owDataset&set=44
http://www.cisowDataset&set=42
web.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh
owDataset&set=44

AuthorPublication Place

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
Monks Wood
Publisher (Web site founder) Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
Publication Data
Data availability

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
Monks Wood
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
Monks Wood
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology

http://www.cishttp://www.cishttp://www.cisweb.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh web.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh web.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh
owDataset&set=42
owDataset&set=44
owDataset&set=44

Type (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

FormalY

FormalN

FormalY

Employed previous
classification system

Ecological Survey of Britain 1978

ITE Land Classification

Land use survey of Great Britain 1984

Definition of classificationY(in the digital data)Y(in the digital data)Y(in the digital data)

Categories

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Research / Data set NameLand Cover Stock CS1978

Survey of land use in Great Britain 1984
Land use survey of Great Britain 1984

Land Cover Stock CS1984

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeLand coverLand use, land coverLand cover

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
Merlewood

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
Merlewood

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
Merlewood

Governmental agency
Researcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)

Governmental agency

Governmental agency

Research area & country

Great Britain

Great Britain

Great Britain

Research year

1977-1978

1984

1984

Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scale

To make a national environmental
description

To assess changes in the landscape of rural To test ground survey methodology
Britainquantifying change since 1978

1km

1km

1km

Grid size

1km

1km

1km

Research method

Field survey

Field survey

Field survey

15

付表１

土地分類体系データベース（英国３）Abbreviation

LCMScotland1988

CS1990

LCS1990

Bibliography title (Web site
title)

Land Cover Map of Scotland Mapping
Project
Land Cover - Scotland - 1988

Countryside Survey 1990 (CS1990)

Land Cover Stock CS1990

Source, Series
Web URL

http://www.cs2000.org.uk/DataCat/menu/in http://www.cishttp://www.cisweb.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh
web.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh dex.asp
owDataset&set=41
owDataset&set=43

AuthorPublication Place

U.K., Scotland, Aberdeen, Craigiebuckler

Publisher (Web site founder) Macaulay Land Use Research InstituteU.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
LancasterCentre for Ecology & Hydrology

Publication Data
Data availability

1993
CEH Dorset Data Centre
http://www.cisweb.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh (not found)
owDataset&set=43

Type (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

FormalY

Employed previous
classification system

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
Monks Wood
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

FormalN

FormalY

ITE Land Classification

Land Cover Stock CS1984

Definition of classification

N

N

N

Categories

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Research / Data set NameLand Cover Map of Scotland Mapping
Project
Land Cover - Scotland - 1988

Countryside Survey 1990

Land Cover Stock CS1990

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeLand coverLand cover, vegetation, freshwater

Landscape, land cover, land use

U.K., Scotland, Aberdeen, Craigiebuckler,
Macaulay Land Use Research InstituteU.K., 1. Department of the Environment
U.K., 1. Department of the Environment(DoE), 2. Department of Trade and Industry (DoE), 2. Department of Trade and Industry(DTI), 3. British National Space Centre(DTI), 3. British National Space Centre(BNSC), 4. Natural Environment Research (BNSC), 4. Natural Environment ResearchCouncil (NERC), 5. Nature Conservancy
Council (NERC), 5. Nature Conservancy
Council (NCC), Institute of Terrestrial
Council (NCC), Institute of Terrestrial
Ecology Merlewood, Institute of Freshwater Ecology Merlewood, Institute of Freshwater
Ecology (Freshwater survey)
Ecology (Freshwater survey)

Governmental agency
Researcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)

Governmental agency

Governmental agency

Research area & country

ScotlandGreat Britain

Great Britain

Research year

1987-1992(aerial photography flown in 1988)
To provide baseline information on landcover

1990-92

1990

An assessment of the stock and change inland use and vegetation

1:25,000 (vector)
10m, 20m, 50m (raster)
1km

1km

To provide estimates of land cover, landuse, linear features, vegetation, freshwater
faunas and soils
1km

1km

1km

Remote sensing
Field survey

Remote sensing (Landsat Thematic
Mapper)Field survey

Field survey

Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scale
Grid size

Research method

16

付表１

土地分類体系データベース（英国４）Abbreviation

LCM1990

LCGB1993

CS2000

Bibliography title (Web site
title)

Land Cover Map of Great Britain 1990
(LCMGB)Land Cover Map of Great Britain
Land Cover - Great Britain

Countryside Survey 2000 (CS2000)

Source, Series
Web URL

http://www.cs2000.org.uk/
http://science.ceh.ac.uk/data/lcm/index.htm http://www.cisweb.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh
owDataset&set=47

AuthorPublication Place

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
Monks Wood
Publisher (Web site founder) Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
Monks Wood
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

Publication Data
Data availability

1992
http://www.cis-web.org.uk/home/ (1km)Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Monks
Wood (25m-1km)

2000
http://www.cs2000.org.uk/CIS_files.htm
http://www.cisweb.org.uk/catalogue/index.html?action=sh
owDataset&set=47

Type (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

FormalY

FormalY

FormalY

Employed previous
classification system

The choice of classes was based on
personal experience

Land Cover Map of Great Britain 1990
(LCMGB)

ITE Land Classification

Definition of classification

Y

N

N

Categories

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Research / Data set NameLand Cover Map of Great Britain (1990)

Land Cover Map of Great Britain
Land Cover - Great Britain

Countryside Survey 2000

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeLand coverLand coverLand cover, land use, vegetation, soil,
freshwater, linear feature, other features

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

U.K., 1. Department of Trade and Industry U.K., Department for Environment, Foodand Rural Affairs along with the Natural(DTI), 2. Natural Environment ResearchCouncil (NERC), 3. British National Space, Environment Research Council and several
other organisations, Centre for Ecology &Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Monks
Hydrology
Wood

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
LancasterCentre for Ecology & Hydrology

Governmental agency
Researcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)

Governmental agency

Governmental agency

Research area & country

Great Britain

Great Britain

Great Britain

Research year

1990-92

1990-1993

1998-1999

Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scale

The first complete map of the land cover of To compile a digital map of land cover inGreat Britain since the 1960s
Great Britain from remote sensing

An assessment of stock and change inhabitats

25m (or greater)

1km

1km

Grid size

25m

25m

1km

Research method

Remote sensing (Landsat Thematic
Mapper)Field survey

Remote sensing (Landsat)
Field survey

Remote sensing
Field survey

17

付表１

土地分類体系データベース（英国５）Abbreviation

NICS2000

LCM2000

CLC2000

Bibliography title (Web site
title)

Northern Ireland Countryside Survey(NICS2000)

Land Cover Map 2000 (LCM2000)

CORINE Land Cover Map of the United
Kingdom (CLC2000)

Source, Series
Web URL

http://www.science.ulster.ac.uk/nics/

http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/seo/lcm2000 http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/seo/clm_hom_home.html
e.htmlU.K., University of Ulster

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
Monks Wood
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

AuthorPublication Place

Publisher (Web site founder) University of Ulster

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,
Monks Wood
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

Publication Data
Data availability

2001
http://www.science.ulst.ac.uk/NICS

2001
2004
http://science.ceh.ac.uk/data/lcm/lcm2kquot http://dataservice.eea.eu.int/dataservice/avai
e.htm
lable2.asp?type=findkeyword&theme=clc2000

Type (Formal, Draft)
Proposition of a newclassification (Y/N)

FormalFormalY

Employed previous
classification system

FormalN

Land Cover Map of Great Britain

Definition of classification

N

Y

Y

Categories

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Refer to Table 2

Research / Data set Name

Northern Ireland Countryside Survey

Land Cover Map 2000 (LCM2000)

CORINE Land Cover Map of the United
Kingdom

Research category (landcover, land use, land
capability, land condition,
geomorphology, geology,
vegetation, soil, water
quality, etc.)
Researcher & Section in
chargeLand cover, landscape, vegetation, climate, Land coverelevation, topography, hydrology, geology,
soilLand cover, land use

U.K., University of Ulster

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

U.K., Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

Local agency
Researcher Category(International agency,
Governmental agency, Local
agency, Non-government)

Governmental agency

Governmental agency

Research area & country

Northern Ireland

U.K.

U.K.

Research year

1998

1997-2000

2002-2004

Purpose / characteristics ofthe research / newclassification
Map scaleTo provide an integrated assessment of the Environmental character assessments et al. A part of the pan-European maps (CORINE
landscape and ecological resources
Land Cover map for 2000)
0.5km

25m, 1km

1:100,000

Grid size

0.5km

25m

1:100,000

Research method

Remote sensing
Field survey

Remote sensing （mainly Landsat）
Field survey

Remote sensing

18

付表２
Wilkens1948
Mapping for planning; a procedural guide for theclassification and mapping of land use and related
technical studies

土地分類項目（米国１）Anderson1976
LULC1986
A Land Use And Land Cover Classification System Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)
For Use With Remote Sensor Data
1 Urban of Built-up Land
1-1 Residential
1-2 Commercial and Services
1-3 Industrial
1-4 Transportation, Communications, and Utilities
1-5 Industrial and Commercial Complexes
1-6 Mixed Urban of Built-up Land
1-7 Other Urban of Built-up Land
2 Agricultural Land
2-1 Cropland and Pasture
2-2 Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, andOrnamental Horticultural Areas
2-3 Confined Feeding Operations
2-4 Other Agricultural Land
3 Rangeland
3-1 Herbaceous Rangeland
3-2 Shrub and Brush Rangeland
3-3 Mixed Rangeland
4 Forest Land
4-1 Deciduous Forest Land
4-2 Evergreen Forest Land
4-3 Mixed Forest Land
5 Water
5-1 Streams and Canals
5-2 Lakes
5-3 Reservoirs
5-4 Bays and Estuaries
6 Wetland
6-1 Forested Wetland
6-2 Nonforested Wetland
7 Barren Land
7-1 Dry Salt Flats
7-2 Beaches
7-3 Sandy Areas other than Beaches
7-4 Bare Exposed Rock7-5 Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits
7-6 Transitional Areas
7-7 Mixed Barren Land
8 Tundra
8-1 Shrub and Brush Tundra
8-2 Herbaceous Tundra
8-3 Bare Ground Tundra
8-4 Wet Tundra
8-5 Mixed Tundra
9 Perennial Snow or Ice
9-1 Perennial Snowfields
9-2 Glaciers

19

1 Urban of Built-up Land
1-1 Residential
1-2 Commercial and Services
1-3 Industrial
1-4 Transportation, Communications, and Utilities
1-5 Industrial and Commercial Complexes
1-6 Mixed Urban of Built-up Land
1-7 Other Urban of Built-up Land
2 Agricultural Land
2-1 Cropland and Pasture
2-2 Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, andOrnamental Horticultural Areas
2-3 Confined Feeding Operations
2-4 Other Agricultural Land
3 Rangeland
3-1 Herbaceous Rangeland
3-2 Shrub and Brush Rangeland
3-3 Mixed Rangeland
4 Forest Land
4-1 Deciduous Forest Land
4-2 Evergreen Forest Land
4-3 Mixed Forest Land
5 Water
5-1 Streams and Canals
5-2 Lakes
5-3 Reservoirs
5-4 Bays and Estuaries
6 Wetland
6-1 Forested Wetland
6-2 Nonforested Wetland
7 Barren Land
7-1 Dry Salt Flats
7-2 Beaches
7-3 Sandy Areas other than Beaches
7-4 Bare Exposed Rock7-5 Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits
7-6 Transitional Areas
7-7 Mixed Barren Land
8 Tundra
8-1 Shrub and Brush Tundra
8-2 Herbaceous Tundra
8-3 Bare Ground Tundra
8-4 Wet Tundra
8-5 Mixed Tundra
9 Perennial Snow or Ice
9-1 Perennial Snowfields
9-2 Glaciers

付表２

土地分類項目（米国２）

NLCD1992
National Land Cover Dataset 1992 (NLCD 1992)

NCLULCS1994
A Standard Classification System for the Mappingof Land Use and Land CoverLBCS1994
Land-Based Classification Standards

1 Water
1-1 Open Water
1-2 Perennial Ice/Snow
2 Developed
2-1 Low Intensity Residential
2-2 High Intensity Residential
2-3 Commercial/Industrial/Transportation
3 Barren
3-1 Bare Rock/Sand/Clay
3-2 Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits
3-3 Transitional
4 Forested Upland
4-1 Deciduous Forest
4-2 Evergreen Forest
4-3 Mixed Forest
5 Shrubland
5-1 Shrubland
6 Non-Natural Woody
6-1 Orchards/Vineyards/Other
7 Herbaceous Upland Natural/Semi-natural Vegetation
7-1 Grasslands/Herbaceous
8 Herbaceous Planted/Cultivated
8-1 Pasture/Hay
8-2 Row Crops
8-3 Small Grains
8-4 Fallow
8-5 Urban/Recreational Grasses
9 Wetlands
9-1 Woody Wetlands
9-2 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands

Summary of Land Cover Categories
1 Heavily Developed or Disturbed Land
2 Cultivated Land
3 Herbaceous Cover and Shrubland
3-1 Herbaceous Cover
3-2 Shrubland
4 Forest Land
4-1 Broadleaf Deciduous Forest Land
4-2 Needleleaf Coniferous Forest Land
4-3 Non-Deciduous Broadleaf
4-4 Mixed Deciduous-Coniferous Forest Land
4-8 Orchards and Tree Farms
4-9 Other Forest Land
5 Water Bodies
5-1 Coastal/Marine Water Bodies
5-2 Inland Water Bodies
5-4 Linear Drainage
5-9 Other Water Bodies
6 Bare land
6-1 Beaches, Bare Coastal Land, and Upland Sand
6-2 Riverbanks and Bars
6-3 Exposed Rock<
6-4 Other Barren Land
9 Other Unclassified land Cover

The top categories are:Activity
Function
Ownership
Site
Structure

Summary of Land Use Categories
1 Urban and developed land
1-01 Residential
1-02 Commercial and Services
1-03 Institutional
1-04 Manufacturing and Raw Material Processing
1-05 Transportation
1-06 Communication and Utilities
1-07 Industrial and Commercial Complexes
1-08 Mixed Urban or Developed Land
1-09 Public Assembly, Recreational, Cultural, andEntertainment
1-10 Mining and Resource Extraction
1-99 Other Urban or Developed Land
2 Agricultural land
2-01 Cropland and Pasture
2-02 Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, andOrnamental Horticultural Areas
2-03 Confined Animal Operations
2-99 Other Agricultural Land
3 Active forest Management and Harvesting
4 Water Bodies
4-01 Reservoirs and Artificial Lakes
4-02 Retention or Sediment Ponds
4-03 Artificial Drainage Lines
4-98 Other Water Bodies in Active Use
4-99 Non-used or Passively Used Water Bodies
5 Human-induced Bare Land5-01 Altered Lands
5-02 Burn Areas
5-99 Other Human-induced Barren Land
6 Passive use on undisturbed land
7 Unused, Unknown use, and unmodified land20

All sub categories are about 800.

付表２
FGDC1996
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)
Standards Reference Model

土地分類項目（米国３）IL-GAP1996
Illinois Gap Analysis Program, Land CoverClassification (IL-GAP)

FGDCSoil1997
Soil Geographic Data Standard

The details are for members only.

付表２
FGDCVegetation1997
National Vegetation Classification Standard

土地分類項目（米国４）FGDCEarthCover1999
Earth Cover Classification Standard

1 VEGETATED (>1% Vegetation cover)The details are for members only.
1-1 CLOSED TREE CANOPY
1-1-1 Evergreen forest
1-1-2 Deciduous closed tree canopy.
1-1-3 Mixed evergreen-deciduous closed tree canopy
1-2 OPEN TREE CANOPY
1-2-1 Evergreen open tree canopy
1-2-2 Deciduous open tree canopy
1-2-3 Mixed evergreen-deciduous open tree canopy
1-3 SHRUBLAND (SCRUB)
1-3-1 Evergreen shrubland. (scrub)
1-3-2 Deciduous shrubland. (scrub)
1-3-3 Mixed evergreen-deciduous shrubland. (scrub)
1-4 DWARF-SHRUBLAND
1-4-1 Evergreen dwarf-shrubland1-4-2 Deciduous dwarf-shrubland
1-4-3 Mixed evergreen-deciduous dwarf-shrubland.
(dwarf-scrub)
1-5 HERBACEOUS VEGETATION
1-5-1 Perennial graminoid vegetation
1-5-2 Perennial forb vegetation
1-5-3 Hydromorphic rooted vegetation
1-5-4 Annual graminoid or forb vegetation
1-6 NONVASCULAR VEGETATION
1-6-1Bryophyte vegetation
1-6-2 Lichen vegetation
1-7 SPARSE VEGETATION
1-7-1 Consolidated rock sparse vegetation (cliffs,
pavement, incl. pahoehoe lava flows)
1-7-2 Boulder, gravel, cobble, or talus sparse vegetation(incl. a'a lava flows)
1-7-3 Unconsolidated material sparse vegetation (soil,
sand and ash)
2 NON-VEGETATED (<1% Vegetation cover)21

FGDCWater2000
Nationanl Hydrography Framework Data Content
Standard
The details are for members only.

付表２
NLCD2001
National Land Cover Database 2001 (NLCD 2001)

土地分類項目（米国５）IILCP2002
Land Cover of Illinois 1999-2000 Classification

11. Open Water
12. Perennial Ice/Snow

MLCCS2004
Minnesota Land Cover Classification System(MLCCS)
1 Artificial surfaces and associated areas
1-1 Artificial surfaces with trees as the dominant
vegetation cover
1-2 Artificial surfaces with coniferous and/or deciduous
shrub dominant vegetation
1-3 Artificial surfaces with herbaceous dominant
1-4 Artificial surfaces with less than 25% vegetation
2 Planted or cultivated vegetation
2-1 Planted, maintained or cultivated tree vegetation
2-2 Planted, maintained or cultivated shrub and/or vine
vegetation
2-3 Planted or maintained herbaceous vegetation
2-4 Cultivated Herbaceous Vegetation.
3 Forests
3-1 Coniferous forest
3-2 Deciduous forest
3-3 Mixed coniferous - deciduous forest
4 Woodland
4-1 Coniferous woodland
4-2 Deciduous woodland
4-3 Mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland
5 Shrubland5-2 Deciduous shrubland
6 Herbaceous
6-1 Grasslands or emergent vegetation (perennial
graminoid vegetation)
6-2 Grassland with sparse tree layer
6-3 Perennial Forb vegetation
6-4 Hydromorphic rooted vegetation
6-5 Annual grasslands or forb vegetation
7 Nonvascular
7-1 Lichen vegetation
8 Sparse Vegetation
8-1 Consolidated Rock (cliffs, bedrock, etc.)
8-2 Boulder, Gravel, Cobble, or Talus
8-3 Unconsolidated Material (soil, sand, and ash)
9 Water
9-1 River (riverine)
9-2 Lake (lacustrine)
9-3 Wetland-Open Water (palustrine)

21. Developed, Open Space
22. Developed, Low Intensity
23. Developed, Medium Intensity
24. Developed, High Intensity

31. Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay)
32. Unconsolidated Shore*
41. Deciduous Forest
42. Evergreen Forest
43. Mixed Forest
51. Dwarf Scrub
52. Shrub/Scrub
71. Grassland/Herbaceous
72. Sedge/Herbaceous
73. Lichens
74. Moss

81. Pasture/Hay
82. Cultivated Crops
90. Woody Wetlands
91. Palustrine Forested Wetland*
92. Palustrine Scrub/Shrub Wetland*
93. Estuarine Forested Wetland*
94. Estuarine Scrub/Shrub Wetland*
95. Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
96. Palustrine Emergent Wetland (Persistent)*
97. Estuarine Emergent Wetland*
98. Palustrine Aquatic Bed*
99. Estuarine Aquatic Bed*

22

付表２

土地分類項目（英国１）Stamp1930s
The Dudley Stamp Land Use Maps

ITELC1978
ITE Landclasses
ITE Land Classifications

1. Arable land including fallow, rotation grass andmarket gardens
2. Meadowland & permanent grass
3. Forest and woodland
4. Heathland, moorland and rough pasture
5. Orchards and nursery gardens

1. Undulating country, varied agriculture, mainly
1. Undulating country, varied agriculture, mainly
grasslandgrassland
2. Open, gentle slopes, often lowland, varied agriculture 2. Open, gentle slopes, often lowland, varied agriculture
3. Flat arable land, mainly cereals, little native
3. Flat arable land, mainly cereals, little native
4. Flat, intensive agriculture, otherwise mainly built-up 4. Flat, intensive agriculture, otherwise mainly built-up
5. Lowland, somewhat enclosed land, varied agriculture 5. Lowland, somewhat enclosed land, varied agriculture
and vegetationand vegetation
6. Gently rolling enclosed country, mainly fertile
6. Gently rolling enclosed country, mainly fertile
7. Coastal with variable morphology and vegetation
7. Coastal with variable morphology and vegetation
8. Coastal, often estuarine, mainly pasture, otherwise
8. Coastal, often estuarine, mainly pasture, otherwise
9. Fairly flat, open intensive agriculture, often built-up 9. Fairly flat, open intensive agriculture, often built-up
10. Flat plains with intensive farming, often
10. Flat plains with intensive farming, often
arable/grass mixtures
arable/grass mixtures
11. Rich alluvial plains, mainly open with arable or
11. Rich alluvial plains, mainly open with arable or
12. Very fertile coastal plains with very productive
12. Very fertile coastal plains with very productive
13. Somewhat variable land forms, mainly flat,
13. Somewhat variable land forms, mainly flat,heterogeneous land use
heterogeneous land use
14. Level coastal plains with arable, otherwise often
14. Level coastal plains with arable, otherwise often
urbanisedurbanised
15. Valley bottoms with mixed agriculture,
15. Valley bottoms with mixed agriculture,
predominantly pastoral
predominantly pastoral
16. Undulating lowlands, variable agriculture and16. Undulating lowlands, variable agriculture andnative vegetation
native vegetation
17. Rounded intermediate slopes, mainly improvable
17. Rounded intermediate slopes, mainly improvable
permanent pasturepermanent pasture
18. Rounded hills, some steep slopes, varied moorlands 18. Rounded hills, some steep slopes, varied moorlands
19. Smooth hills, mainly heather moors, often
19. Smooth hills, mainly heather moors, often
20. Mid-valley slopes, wide range of vegetation types 20. Mid-valley slopes, wide range of vegetation types
21. Upper valley slopes, mainly covered with bogs
21. Upper valley slopes, mainly covered with bogs
22. Margins of high mountains, moorlands, often
22. Margins of high mountains, moorlands, often
23. High mountain summits, with well-drained
23. High mountain summits, with well-drained
24. Upper, steep, mountain slopes, usually bog-covered 24. Upper, steep, mountain slopes, usually bog-covered
25. Lowlands with variable land use, mainly arable
25. Lowlands with variable land use, mainly arable
26. Fertile lowlands with intensive agriculture
26. Fertile lowlands with intensive agriculture
27. Fertile lowland margins with mixed agriculture
27. Fertile lowland margins with mixed agriculture
28. Varied lowland margins with heterogeneous land
28. Varied lowland margins with heterogeneous land
29. Sheltered coasts with varied land use, often crofting 29. Sheltered coasts with varied land use, often crofting
30. Open coasts with low hills dominated by bogs
30. Open coasts with low hills dominated by bogs
31. Cold exposed coasts with variable land use and
31. Cold exposed coasts with variable land use and
32. Bleak undulating surfaces mainly covered with bogs 32. Bleak undulating surfaces mainly covered with bogs

6. Chief urban areas

23

CS1978Ecological Survey of Britain 1978
(Countryside Survey 1978)

付表２

土地分類項目（英国２）

LCS1978
Land Cover Stock CS1978

CS1984
Land use survey of Great Britain 1984

1. Barley
2. Berry-bush heath
3. Broadleaved woods
4. Built up
5. Calcareous grass, Coastal Bare, Conifer woodlands

1. Undulating country, varied agriculture, mainly
1. Agricultural buildings
2. Open, gentle slopes, often lowland, varied agriculture 2. Barley
3. Flat arable land, mainly cereals, little native
3. Berry-bush heath
4. Flat, intensive agriculture, otherwise mainly built-up 4. Broadleaved woods
5. Lowland, somewhat enclosed land, varied agriculture 5. Calcareous grassand vegetation
6. Conifer woodlands
6. Gently rolling enclosed country, mainly fertile
7. Coastal with variable morphology and vegetation
7. Crucifer crops
8. Coastal, often estuarine, mainly pasture, otherwise
8. Dense bracken, Dense heath
9. Fairly flat, open intensive agriculture, often built-up 9. Drier northern bogs
10. Flat plains with intensive farming, often
10. Dunearable/grass mixtures
11. Felled woodland
11. Rich alluvial plains, mainly open with arable or
12. Very fertile coastal plains with very productive
12. Field beans, Field crops, Hard areas
13. Somewhat variable land forms, mainly flat,
13. Hard coast
heterogeneous land use
14. Level coastal plains with arable, otherwise often
14. Horticulture
urbanised
15. Kale, Maize
15. Valley bottoms with mixed agriculture,
predominantly pastoral
16. Maritime vegetation
16. Undulating lowlands, variable agriculture andnative vegetation
17. Mixed woodland
17. Rounded intermediate slopes, mainly improvable
permanent pasture
18. Rounded hills, some steep slopes, varied moorlands 18. Moorland grass, Non improved grass, Non cropped
arable19. Smooth hills, mainly heather moors, often
19. Oats, Oil seed rape, Open canopy heath
20. Mid-valley slopes, wide range of vegetation types 20. Other buildings

6. Dense bracken
7. Dense heath
8. Drier northern boas
9. Horticulture
10. Kale
11. Lake
12. Maize
13. Maritime vegetation
14. Mixed woodland
15. Moorland areas
16. Neglected pasture
17. Nonimproved grass, Non cropped arable
18. Oats, Oil seed rape, Open canopy heath

LCS1984
Land Cover Stock CS1984

19. Other cereals
20. Other field crops, Other root crops, Peas & Beans,
Perennial crops, Potatoes, Purple moor grass, Quarries& Pits
21. Railway
21. Upper valley slopes, mainly covered with bogs
21. Other cereals
22. Recreational area
22. Margins of high mountains, moorlands, often
22. Other legumes
23. Roads
23. High mountain summits, with well-drained
23. Peas, Perennial crops, Potatoes, Pure rye grass,moorlands
Purple moor grass, Quarries
24. Rock
24. Upper, steep, mountain slopes, usually bog-covered 24. Railway
25. Running water
25. Lowlands with variable land use, mainly arable
25. Recently sown grass
26. Rye grass ley, Saltmarsh
26. Fertile lowlands with intensive agriculture
26. Recreational grass
27. Shrub
27. Fertile lowland margins with mixed agriculture
27. Residential buildings, Roads
28. Sugar beet
28. Varied lowland margins with heterogeneous land
28. Rock & scree, Root crops, Running water
29. Upland grass
29. Sheltered coasts with varied land use, often crofting 29. Saltmarsh
30. Waste & Derelict
30. Open coasts with low hills dominated by bogs
30. Shrub
31. Well managed grass, Wet heath & bogs, Wetland
31. Cold exposed coasts with variable land use and
31. Soft coast
32. Wheat
32. Bleak undulating surfaces mainly covered with bogs 32. Still water
33. Sugar beet, Turnips/ swedes, Unmanaged grass
34. Upland grass
35. Waste & derelict
36. Weedy swards, Well managed grass, Wet heath &bogs, Wetland
37. Wheat

24

付表２

土地分類項目（英国３）LCMScotland1988
Land Cover Map of Scotland Mapping ProjectLand Cover - Scotland - 1988

CS1990Countryside Survey 1990 (CS1990)

A: Arable
B: Improved grass
C: Good rough grass
D: Poor rough grass
E: Bracken

1. Undulating country, varied agriculture, mainly
1.Agricultural buildings
2. Open, gentle slopes, often lowland, varied agriculture 2. Barley
3. Flat arable land, mainly cereals, little native
3. Berry-bush heath
4. Flat, intensive agriculture, otherwise mainly built-up 4. Broadleaved woods
5. Lowland, somewhat enclosed land, varied agriculture 5. Calcareous grassand vegetation
6. Gently rolling enclosed country, mainly fertile
6. Conifer woodlands
7. Crucifer crops
7. Coastal with variable morphology and vegetation
8. Coastal, often estuarine, mainly pasture, otherwise
8. Dense bracken
9. Fairly flat, open intensive agriculture, often built-up 9. Dense heath
10. Drier northern bogs
10. Flat plains with intensive farming, often
arable/grass mixtures
11. Rich alluvial plains, mainly open with arable or
11. Dune
12. Very fertile coastal plains with very productive
12. Felled woodland
13. Field beans
13. Somewhat variable land forms, mainly flat,heterogeneous land use
14. Level coastal plains with arable, otherwise often
14. Field crops
urbanised
15. Valley bottoms with mixed agriculture,
15. Hard areas
predominantly pastoral
16. Undulating lowlands, variable agriculture and16. Hard coast
native vegetation
17. Rounded intermediate slopes, mainly improvable
17. Horticulture
permanent pasture
18. Rounded hills, some steep slopes, varied moorlands 18. Kale
19. Smooth hills, mainly heather moors, often
19. Maize
20. Mid-valley slopes, wide range of vegetation types 20. Maritime vegetation
21. Mixed woodland
21. Upper valley slopes, mainly covered with bogs
22. Margins of high mountains, moorlands, often
22. Moorland grass
23. Non improved grass
23. High mountain summits, with well-drained
24. Upper, steep, mountain slopes, usually bog-covered 24. Non cropped arable
25. Lowlands with variable land use, mainly arable
25. Oats
26. Fertile lowlands with intensive agriculture
26. Oil seed rape
27. Fertile lowland margins with mixed agriculture
27. Open canopy heath
28. Other buildings
28. Varied lowland margins with heterogeneous land
29. Sheltered coasts with varied land use, often crofting 29. Other cereals
30. Open coasts with low hills dominated by bogs
30. Other legumes
31. Cold exposed coasts with variable land use and
31. Peas
32. Bleak undulating surfaces mainly covered with bogs 32. Perennial crops
33. Potatoes
34. Pure rye grass
35. Purple moor grass
36. Quarries
37. Railway
38. Recently sown grass
39. Recreational grass
40. Residential buildings
41. Roads
42. Rock & scree
43. Root crops
44. Running water
45. Saltmarsh
46. Shrub
47. Soft coast
48. Still water
49. Sugar beet
50. Turnips/ Swedes
51. Unmanaged grass
52. Upland grass
53. Waste & derelict
54. Weedy swards
55. Well managed grass
56. Wet heath & bogs
57. Wetland
58. Wheat

F: Heather moorland
G: Peatland
H: Montane
I: Rocks & cliffs
J: Felled woodland
K: Recent planting
L: Conifer plantation
M: Seminatural conifer
N: Mixed woodland
O: Broadleaf woods
P: Scrub
Q: Fresh waters
R: Marshes
S: Saltmarsh
T: Dunes and links
U: Tidal waters
V: Rural development
W: Urban
X: Missing data
FG: Heather/peat
FD: Heather/Poor grass
FC: Heather/Good rough
HG: Montane/Peat
DC: Poor/Good rough grass
BC: Improved/Good rough grass
CE: Good rough grass/Bracken
DG: Poor rough grass/Peat
HF: Montane/Heather
Z: Other mosaics

25

LCS1990
Land Cover Stock CS1990

付表２

土地分類項目（英国４）

LCM1990
LCGB1993
Land Cover Map of Great Britain 1990 (LCMGB) Land Cover Map of Great Britain
Land Cover - Great Britain

CS2000Countryside Survey 2000 (CS2000)

1. Sea / estuary
2. Inland water
3. Beach and coastal bare
4. Saltmarsh
5. Grass heath
6. Mown / grazed turf
7. Meadow / verge / semi-natural
8. Rough / marsh grass
9. Moorland grass
10. Open shrub moor
11. Dense shrub moor
12. Bracken
13. Dense shrub heath
14. Scrub / orchard
15. Deciduous woodland
16. Coniferous woodland
17. Upland bog
18. Tilled land
19. Ruderal weed
20. Suburban / rural development
21. Continuous urban
22. Inland bare ground
23. Felled forest
24. Lowland bog
25. Open shrub heath
0. Unclassified

40 classes

1. Sea/estuary
2. Inland water
3. Coastal bare
4. Saltmarsh
5. Managed grassland
6. Open shrub heath
7. Bracken
8. Rough grass
9. Dense shrub heath
10. Heath grass
11. Bog
12. Deciduous woodland
13. Coniferous woodland
14. Tilled land
15. Suburban
16. Urban development
17. Inland bare
0. Unclassified

26

付表２

土地分類項目（英国５）

NICS2000
Northern Ireland Countryside Survey (NICS2000)

LCM2000
Land Cover Map 2000 (LCM2000)

CLC2000
CORINE Land Cover Map of the United Kingdom(CLC2000)

23 classes
lowland (1-16)
upland (17-23)

Sea / Estuary
Sea / Estuary
Sea
Water (inland)
Water (inland)
Water (inland)
Littoral rock and sediment
Littoral rockRockRock with algae
Littoral sediment
Mud
Sand
Sand/mud with algae
Saltmarsh
Saltmarsh
Saltmarsh (grazed)
Supra-littoral rock and sedimentSupra-littoral rock
RockSupra-littoral sediment
ShingleShingle (vegetated)
Dune
Dune shrubs
Bogs (deep peat)
Bogs (deep peat)
Bog
Shrub
Grass/shrub
Undifferentiated (all on deep peat)
Dwarf shrub heath (wet / dry)
Dense dwarf shrub heath
Dense ericaceous
Gorse
Open dwarf shrub heathOpen ericaceous
Montane habitats
Montane habitats
MontaneBroad-leaved wood
Broad-leaved / mixed woodland
Deciduous
Mixed
Open birch
Scrub
Coniferous woodland
Coniferous woodland
Conifers
FelledNew plantation
Arable and horticultural
Arable cereals
Barley
Maize
Oats
Wheat
Cereal (spring)
Cereal (winter)
Arable horticulture
Arable bare ground
Carrots
Field beans
Horticulture
LinseedPotatoes
Peas
Oilseed rape
Sugar beet
MustardNon-cereal (spring)
Unknown
Non-rotational horticulture
OrchardArable grass (ley)Setaside (bare)
Setaside (undifferentiated)
Improved grassland
Improved grassland
Intensive
Grass (hay/silage cut)
Grazing marsh
Neutral / calcareous semi-natural / rough grasslands
Setaside grass
Grass setaside
Neutral grass
Rough grass (unmanaged)
Grass (neutral / unimproved)
Calcareous grass
Calcareous (managed)
Calcareous (rough)Acid grass and bracken
Acid grass
Acid
Acid (rough)Acid with Juncus
Acid with Nardus/Festuca/Molinia
BrackenBrackenFen, marsh and swamp
Fen, marsh, swamp
Swamp
Fen/marsh
Fen willow
Suburban and urban
Suburban/rural developed
Suburban/rural developed
Continuous Urban
Urban residential/commercial
Urban industrial
Inland bare ground
Inland bare ground
Despoiled

1. Artificial surfaces
1.1 Urban fabric1.1.1 Continuous urban fabric1.1.2 Discontinuous urban fabric
1.2 Industrial, commercial and transport units
1.2.1 Industrial or commercial units
1.2.2 Road and rail networks and associated land
1.2.3 Port areas
1.2.4 Airports
1.3 Mine, dump and construction sites
1.3.1 Mineral extraction sites
1.3.2 Dump sites
1.3.3 Construction sites
1.4 Artificial, non-agricultural vegetated areas
1.4.1 Green urban areas
1.4.2 Sport and leisure facilities
2. Agricultural areas
2.1 Arable land
2.1.1 Non-irrigated arable land
2.1.2 Permanently irrigated land
2.1.3 Rice fields
2.2 Permanent crops
2.2.1 Vineyards
2.2.2 Fruit trees and berry plantations
2.2.3 Olive groves
2.3 Pastures
2.3.1 Pastures
2.4 Heterogeneous agricultural areas
2.4.1 Annual crops associated with permanent crops
2.4.2 Complex cultivation patterns
2.4.3 Land principally occupied by agriculture, withsignificant areas of natural vegetation
2.4.4 Agro-forestry areas
3. Forest and seminatural areas
3.1 Forests
3.1.1 Broad-leaved forest
3.1.2 Coniferous forest
3.1.3 Mixed forest
3.2 Scrub and/or herbaceous vegetation associations
3.2.1 Natural grasslands
3.2.2 Moors and heathland
3.2.3 Sclerophyllous vegetation
3.2.4 Transitional woodland-shrub
3.3 Open spaces with little or no vegetation
3.3.1 Beaches, dunes, sands
3.3.2 Bare rocks
3.3.3 Sparsely vegetated areas
3.3.4 Burnt areas
3.3.5 Glaciers and perpetual snow
4. Wetlands
4.1 Inland wetlands
4.1.1 Inland marshes
4.1.2 Peat bogs
4.2 Maritime wetlands
4.2.1 Salt marshes
4.2.2 Salines
4.2.3 Intertidal flats
5. Water bodies
5.1 Inland waters
5.1.1 Water courses
5.1.2 Water bodies
5.2 Marine waters
5.2.1 Coastal lagoons
5.2.2 Estuaries
5.2.3 Sea and ocean

27