14Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2005, 4Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà

People,BirdsandViruses.WhatistheArbovirusesandAvian
InfluenzaandHowdotheyThreatenRaptors?
ЛЮДИ, ПТИЦЫ, ВИРУСЫ. ЧТО ТАКОЕ АРБОВИРУСЫ И ПТИЧИЙ
ГРИПП И ЧЕМ ОНИ ГРОЗЯТ ХИЩНЫМ ПТИЦАМ?
R.D. Lapshin (Central Research Laboratory of Nizhny Novgorod State Medical
Academy, N.Novgorod, Russia)
Р.Д. Лапшин (Центральная на чно-исследовательс ая лаборатория
Ниже ородс ой ос дарственной медицинс ой А адемии, Н.Нов ород, Россия)Êîíòàêò:Ðîìàí Ä. Ëàïøèí
Öåíòðàëüíàÿ íàó÷íîèññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿ
ëàáîðàòîðèÿ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ìåäèöèíñêîé
Àêàäåìèè
603950 Ðîññèÿ
Í.Íîâãîðîä
ïë. Ìèíèíà 1
òåë.: (8312) 78 45 74
lapchine@mail.ru
Contact:
Roman D. Lapshin
Ph.Dr.
Central ResearchLaboratory of Nizhny
Novgorod State
Medical Academy
Minina sq. 1
N.Novgorod
603950 Russia
tel.: (8312) 78 45 74
lapchine@mail.ruÍåìíîãî èñòîðèè

History

Â 1946 ã. â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå Çàïàäíîé
Ñèáèðè áûëî îòêðûòî âèðóñíîå çàáîëåâàíèå (ñåìåéñòâî Bunyaviridae, ðîä Hantaan),ïîëó÷èâøåå íàçâàíèå îìñêîé ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé ëèõîðàäêè ñ ïî÷å÷íûì ñèíäðîìîì
(ÎÃËÏÑ) (×óìàêîâ, 1948). Ýïèçîäè÷åñêèå
âñïûøêè çàáîëåâàíèé ëþäåé ýòèì çîîíîçîì â 1948–50 ãã. âûçâàëè ïîâûøåííûé èíòåðåñ ê èçó÷åíèþ âîïðîñîâ áîðüáû ñ íèì.
Èçó÷åíèåì ÎÃËÏÑ àêòèâíî çàíÿëñÿ êîëëåêòèâ Îìñêîãî íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîãî
èíñòèòóòà ïðèðîäíîî÷àãîâûõ èíôåêöèé
Ìèíèñòåðñòâà çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ ÐÑÔÑÐ.
Â 1954 ã. â ëåñíîé çîíå Èíäèè îáíàðóæåíî íîâîå âèðóñíîå çàáîëåâàíèå áëèçêîå ê ÎÃËÏÑ. Îòêðûòèå áëèçêèõ ïî ñâîèì
áèîëîãè÷åñêèì ñâîéñòâàì è àíòèãåííîé
ñòðóêòóðå âèðóñíûõ çàáîëåâàíèé â óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà îãðîìíûå ðàññòîÿíèÿ ðåãèîíàõ ïîçâîëèëî ïðåäïîëîæèòü,÷òî â ñîçäàíèè íîâûõ âèðóñíûõ î÷àãîâ
íåìàëàÿ ðîëü ïðèíàäëåæèò ïåðåë¸òíûìïòèöàì, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ êàê íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íîñèòåëÿìè âèðóñíûõ èíôåêöèé,òàê è ïåðåíîñ÷èêàìè èõ íîñèòåëåé, òàêèõêàê êëåùè (Ëåâêîâè÷, 1963; Íåöêèé, 1966;Íåöêèé è äð., 1966).
Â 1963 ã. Áèîëîãè÷åñêèì èíñòèòóòîì
Ñèáèðñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Àêàäåìèè ÍàóêÑÑÑÐ ñîâìåñòíî ñ Îìñêèì ÍÈÈ ïðèðîäíîî÷àãîâûõ èíôåêöèé è Ëàáîðàòîðèåé ïîàðáîâèðóñàì ÑÑÑÐ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðîãðàììîé Âñåìèðíîãî îáùåñòâà çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ (ÂÎÇ) íà÷àòà ðàáîòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ
ðîëè ïòèö â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè àðáîâèðóñíûõ èíôåêöèé (Äàíèëîâ, Ôåäîðîâà, 1966;Äàíèëîâ, 1976). Â õîäå ðàáîòû íà ìîäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ èçó÷àëàñü èììóííàÿ ïðîñëîéêà ïòèö ïóò¸ì ðåàêöèè ãåìàããëþòèíàöèè (ÐÏÃÀ), êîíòàêòíîñòü ïòèö, âîçìîæíîñòè
èíôèöèðîâàíèÿ èëè èììóíèçàöèè ïòèö àëèìåíòàðíûì ïóò¸ì, èõ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü êâèðóñó ÎÃËÏÑ è ò.ï. Ñïîíòàííîå âèðóñîíîñèòåëüñòâî ÎÃËÏÑ â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé

In 1946, in the steppe-forest zone of Western Siberia, a viral disease named «the Omsk
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome»(OHFRS) was first discovered (Chumakov,
1948). In 1954, in the forest zone of India,
a new viral disease similar to OHFRS was
found. It seemed that the migratory birds
that carried over virus infections played an
important role in forming the new centersof the virus pandemic (Levkovich, 1963;
Neckiy, 1966; Neckiy et all, 1966).
In 1963 the Biological Institute of the Siberian branch of the Soviet Academy of Sciencein Novosibirsk, with the Institute of Zoonotic
Diseases in Omsk, and the Laboratory for Arboviruses Investigations of USSR, within theframe-works of the Program by the World
Health Organization (WHO) started to study
the role of birds in spreading of the arbovirus
infections (Danilov, Fedorova, 1966; Danilov,
1976). In the Northern Kulunda (the border
between the Novosibirsk district and the Altai Kray) the presence of antibodies to OHFRS
was found in 34 out of 84 species of birds(including 5 species of birds of prey and owls).
There was a group of bird species which demonstrated immunity to the OHFRS with theStarling (Sturnus vulgaris) dominating(Danilov, 1976). The experiments of infecting
the birds of prey gave data which suggested
that the raptors do not play any important rolein the spread of OHFRS. However it is possible that raptors could act as a vector of the
OHFRS, or could be infected from quarry, but
due to the relatively low number of raptors
their role in the spread of the pandemic is
negligible. In some cases as a response to theexperimental infection the raptors generated
antibodies specific to the OHFRS (Kharitonova et all, 1969; 1972).
The problem of arboviruses was in the spotlight for a decade, but by the mid–1970s theinterest in the problem declined. By that time
serums had been developed, and measures

Problem of NumberÏòè÷èé ãðèïï, H5N1.
Ôîòî ïðîôåññîðà Ñòþàðòà ÌàêÍàëòè / Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé êîìèòåò ïîòàêñîíîìèè âèðóñîâ
Avian Flu, H5N1. Photoby Prof. Stewart McNulty/ International Committee
on Taxonomy of Viruses

Raptors Conservation 2005, 4îáëàñòè áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî ó íåñêîëüêèõ
âèäîâ ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ (Õàðèòîíîâà, Õàäæèåâà, 1966; Ëåîíîâ è äð., 1969).
Ó÷èòûâàÿ íàèáîëåå òåñíûå ñâÿçè ñ ìåëêèìè ìëåêîïèòàþùèìè õèùíûõ ïòèö, îñíîâíîé óïîð áûë ñäåëàí èìåííî íà èçó÷åíèå
ýòîé ãðóïïû ïòèö. Òåì íå ìåíå, â Ñåâåðíîé Êóëóíäå íàëè÷èå àíòèòåë ê ÎÃËÏÑ
îáíàðóæåíî ó 34 èç 84-õ âèäîâ ïòèö (â òîì÷èñëå 5 âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ), ïðè÷¸ìñðåäè ïòèö èììóíèçèðîâàííûõ ê ÎÃËÏÑ
äîìèíèðîâàë ñêâîðåö (Sturnus vulgaris)(Äàíèëîâ, 1976). Ýêñïåðèìåíòû ïî èíôèöèðîâàíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö äàëè îñíîâàíèå
ïîëàãàòü, ÷òî õèùíûå ïòèöû â ýïèçîîòîëîãèè ÎÃËÏÑ ñóùåñòâåííîé ðîëè íå èãðàþò.
Âìåñòå ñ òåì, èõ ñïîñîáíîñòü èíôèöèðîâàòüñÿ âèðóñîì òðàíñìèññèâíûì è àëèìåíòàðíûì ïóò¸ì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î âîçìîæíîñòè ó÷àñòèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ âöèðêóëÿöèè âèðóñà ÎÃËÏÑ â ïðèðîäå, íî,ó÷èòûâàÿ èõ íèçêóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü, ìîæíî
ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ýòà ðîëü êðàéíå íè÷òîæíà. Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ, èíôèöèðîâàíèå âåä¸òê ïîÿâëåíèþ ó ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ ê âèðóñó ÎÃËÏÑ àíòèòåë (Õàðèòîíîâà è äð., 1969; 1972).
Èíòåðåñ ê èçó÷åíèþ àðáîâèðóñîâ ïðîäåðæàëñÿ ïî÷òè 10 ëåò è óãàñ ê ñåðåäèíå
70-õ ãã. Ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè óæå áûëè ðàçðàáîòàíû ñûâîðîòêè ê ÎÃËÏÑ, êëåùåâîìó
ýíöåôàëèòó è ðÿäó äðóãèõ âèðóñíûõ çîîíîçîâ, à ìåðû áîðüáû ñ ïåðåíîñ÷èêàìè
ýòèõ çàáîëåâàíèé ñ ïîìîùüþ ïåñòèöèäîâ
ïðèîáðåëè êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèå ìàñøòàáû.
Î ïòèöàõ â ýòî âðåìÿ çàáûëè, ïîñòàâèâ
íåêîòîðûå âèäû íà ãðàíü âûæèâàíèÿ. Âðåçóëüòàòå ìåð áîðüáû ñ ïåðåíîñ÷èêàìè
ÎÃËÏÑ (âîäÿíàÿ ïîë¸âêà è äð. âèäû ãðûçóíîâ) è êëåùåâîãî ýíöåôàëèòà (òà¸æíûéêëåù) â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè áûëè ïîäîðâàíû ïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila

15

of struggle with vectors of these diseases using pesticides had reached catastrophic scales.
Unfortunately the birds were forgotten at thattime, and as a result some species became
endangered. As a result measures of struggle
with the vectors of zoonotic diseases in the
populations of the Great Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) and the Peregrine Falcon (Falco
peregrinus) declined (Danilov, 1976) and thenumbers of the Peregrine Falcon still have notrecovered (after 40 years).

Avian influenza (AI)The virus of avian influenza (family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Influenzavirus A)
was discovered for the first time in Italy atthe beginning of the XXth century and for along time it was considered harmless to thehuman being. In most cases it was studied
by special veterinary laboratories working
for the food industry. However in the 1960s
when the interest to arboviruses was still at
its height some scientists started to study
the AI viruses. In the 1970s there was a discovery of a highly pathogenic form of AI inwaterbirds migrating across Northern America (Slemons et all., 1974; Slemons, Easterday, 1977). It was demonstrated that thevirus was very similar to forms of the human influenza epidemic of 1918 which killedfrom 20 to 40 million people, and the epidemic of the 1950–60s which killed several
thousand people (Scholtissek et all., 1978;
Webster et all., 1992). However these facts
did not attract any attention.
The first evidence of a human infected by
the virus of avian influenza was found in
Honkong in 1997, when the virus H5N1
caused an infection in 18 people, 6 of which
died. Since that period the AI became fashionable in the mass-media. Mass-media hasquickly joined in on the new idea and many
bureaucrats and fiscal organizations jumped
on this publicity train. With the chain ofquickly developing events highlighted by
the panicking mass-media, has anybody
actually thought about the scale of the problem? The events of human cases involving
the H5N1 began in 2003 when they wererecorded in 9 Asian countries: Vietnam,
Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Pakistan,
Korea, Thailand, Taiwan, and Japan. According to data from the WHO, there were about
100 people infected by H5N1 and morethan 50% of them died. This caused a worldwide panic fueled by the mass-media. According to data from the Ministry of Healthof Russia the same number of people died

16Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2005, 4
clanga) è ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) (Äàíèëîâ, 1976), ïðè÷¸ì ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîñëåäíåãî òàê è íå âîññòàíîâèëàñü ñïóñòÿ 40 ëåò.

Ïòè÷èé ãðèïï
Âèðóñ ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà (ñåìåéñòâî
Orthomyxoviridae, ðîä Influenzavirus A)áûë âïåðâûå âûäåëåí â Èòàëèè â íà÷àëåXX âåêà è äîëãîå âðåìÿ ñ÷èòàëñÿ äëÿ ÷åëîâåêà áåçâðåäíûì. Îñíîâíûå ðàáîòû ïîåãî èçó÷åíèþ âåëèñü ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûìè âåòåðèíàðíûìè ëàáîðàòîðèÿìè, ðàáîòàþùèìè íà ïèùåâóþ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü.
Îäíàêî óæå â 60-õ ãîäàõ íà ôîíå ïèêàèíòåðåñà ê àðáîâèðóñàì íåêîòîðûå ó÷¸íûå ñòàëè îáðàùàòü âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåíîñ
âèðóñîâ ãðèïïà ïòèöàìè. Â 70-õ ãã. äîêàçûâàåòñÿ ëîêàëèçàöèÿ âûñîêîïàòîãåííûõ
ôîðì ãðèïïà À â îêîëîâîäíûõ ïòèöàõ,ìèãðèðóþùèõ ÷åðåç Ñåâåðíóþ Àìåðèêó
(Slemons et all., 1974; Slemons, Easterday,
1977), è èõ îáùíîñòü ñ ÷åëîâå÷åñêèìè ôîðìàìè ãðèïïà, ýïèäåìèè êîòîðîãî â 1918 ã.
óíåñëè æèçíè îò 20 äî 40 ìèëëèîíîâ ÷åëîâåê è íåñêîëüêèõ òûñÿ÷ â 1950–60-õ ãã.
(Scholtissek et all., 1978; Webster et all.,1992), îäíàêî ýòî íå âûçûâàëî äîëæíîãî
âíèìàíèÿ îáùåñòâåííîñòè è îñòàëîñü äîñòîÿíèåì ëèøü óçêîãî êðóãà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ.
Ïåðâîå ñâèäåòåëüñòâî î çàðàæåíèè ÷åëîâåêà âèðóñîì «ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà» áûëîïîëó÷åíî èç Ãîíêîíãà â 1997 ã., êîãäà âèä
H5N1 âûçâàë çàáîëåâàíèå 18 ÷åëîâåê, 6èç êîòîðûõ óìåðëè. Ýòîò ïåðèîä ìîæíî
ñ÷èòàòü íà÷àëîì ìîäû íà «ïòè÷èé ãðèïï».
Âîò òóò-òî è âñïëûëè ïðåæíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ó÷¸íûõ î ïåðåíîñå ãðèïïà ïòèöàìè,ýïèäåìèè «èñïàíêè», áëèçêîé ê ïòè÷üåìó
ãðèïïó, è ò.ï. Ñðåäñòâà ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè áûñòðî ïîäõâàòèëè íîâóþ èäåþ èíà÷àëàñü «ðàñêðóòêà ýïèäåìèîëîãè÷åñêèõ
ñòðàøèëîê», â êîòîðóþ ñòàëè âîâëåêàòüñÿ
âûñîêîïîñòàâëåííûå ÷èíîâíèêè, à áëàãîäàðÿ èì èç áþäæåòîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî óðîâíÿ
âûäåëÿòüñÿ ôèíàíñîâûå ñðåäñòâà íà ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà. Íî íà ôîíåáûñòðî ðàçâèâàþùèõñÿ ñîáûòèé, ìàëî êòîçàäóìàëñÿ íàä ìàñøòàáàìè ïðîáëåìû, êîòîðûå õàðàêòåðèçóåò íèæåñëåäóþùàÿ
èíôîðìàöèÿ. Ñëó÷àè çàáîëåâàíèÿ ëþäåé
âèðóñîì H5N1, íà÷àâøèåñÿ â 2003 ã., çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû â äåâÿòè àçèàòñêèõ ñòðàíàõ: Âüåòíàì, Êàìáîäæè, Êèòàé, Èíäîíåçèÿ, Ëàîñ, Ïàêèñòàí, Ðåñïóáëèêà Êîðåÿ,Òàèëàíä, Òàéâàíü è ßïîíèÿ. Ïî äàííûì
ÂÎÇ, æåðòâàìè H5N1 ñòàëè ïî÷òè 100 ÷åëîâåê (áîëåå 50% óìåðëè). Ïî äàííûì
Ìèíèñòåðñòâà çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ Ðîññèè

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà
from OHFRS and its complications at theLower Volga in 1997, and more than 3000
people (the majority from the Samara district) were hospitalized. The Russian government failed to acknowledge the outbreakof OHFRS, and the occurrence was neverbrought to the world's attention.

Avian influenza in Russia
In 2004 «specialists» in the mass-media
predicted the occurrence of the pathogenic
AI in migratory birds and the AI spreadcaused by the wild birds wintering in Asiaand migrating to their to breeding areas inSiberia. And thus in 2005 the arrival of avian influenza to Russia was announced.
The first cases came from the birthplaceof the studies of arboviruses in Russia – fromthe Novosibirsk District. On 22 July 2005
the first AI outbreak was identified in a backyard flock at the Suzdalka village of the Dovolenskiy Region, where more than 500
domestic fowl were lost.
From 22 July to 7 October 2005 AI outbreaks among fowl and wild birds were detected in the Novosibirsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Tiumen Districts and the Altai
Kray. Later the AI virus was reported in the
Republic of Kalmikya, the Tula District andfurther in Turkey and Romania. Look at theGoogle-Earth site for the latest information(fig. 1). Under the project of AI monitoring
the populations of wild birds were sampled
in August-September 2005. The samples
were collected from 466 individuals of 33
species of wild birds. 4.7% of the samples
from the Novosibirsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan,
Omsk, Tyumen Districts and the Altai Kray,
were positively tested as carriers of the
H5N1.
Also the presence of the H5N1 was foundin 4 game birds out of the 74 (5,4%) hunted
in the Tomsk district, one – in the Perm district and 4 out of 32 wild birds (12,5%) –in
Kalmikya. On this basis the waterfowl wasannounced as the main vector of the AI virus.
However, we believe that the main reason ofthis accusation of waterfowl was that it was aprime target in the 'sampling'. In these samples there were only two individuals of two
species of raptors (harrier and buzzard). An
individual Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo),shot on the 15 August 2005 in the Tyukalinsk
region of the Omsk district happened to be a
carrier of the H5N1 (Brown et al, 2005).
In Novosibirsk in the 5–7 October 2005
meeting on the problem of AI, where theRussian and foreign scientists discussed theProblem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2005, 4ñòîëüêî æå ÷åëîâåê óìåðëî â 1997 ãã. îòÎÃËÏÑ è å¸ îñëîæíåíèé ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Ïîâîëæüå, à áûëî ãîñïèòàëèçèðîâàíî â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè áîëåå 3 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê, áîëüøèíñòâî â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè.
Îäíàêî ñëó÷àè çàáîëåâàíèÿ ïòè÷üèì ãðèïïîì âûçâàëè àæèîòàæ âî âñåì ìèðå, àâñïûøêà ÎÃËÏÑ ïðîøëà íåçàìå÷åííîé
äàæå ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì Ðîññèè.

Ïòè÷èé ãðèïï â Ðîññèè
Â 2004 ã. íà ñòðàíèöàõ ñðåäñòâ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè ïîÿâèëèñü ïåðâûå ïðåäïîñûëêè ïîÿâëåíèÿ ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà â Ðîññèè – «ñïåöèàëèñòû» ïðîãíîçèðîâàëè çàíîñ
ïàòîãåííûõ ôîðì âèðóñà ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà ïòèöàìè, âîçâðàùàþùèìèñÿ ñ àçèàòñêèõ çèìîâîê â ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â Ñèáèðè. È âîò â 2005 ã. ïòè÷èé ãðèïï ïðèø¸ë,à òî÷íåå ñêàçàòü ñòðåìèòåëüíî ïðèëåòåë âÐîññèþ. Âñå, êàê íè ñòðàííî, íà÷àëîñü ñðîññèéñêîé ðîäèíû èçó÷åíèÿ àðáîâèðóñîâ – Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. 22 èþëÿ2005 ã. â ñ. Ñóçäàëüêà Äîâîëåíñêîãî ð-íàïîãèáëî áîëåå 500 äîìàøíèõ ïòèö. Àíàëèç ïðîá, âçÿòûõ ó ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, äàëïîëîæèòåëüíûé ðåçóëüòàò íà íàëè÷èå âûñîêîïàòîãåííîé ôîðìû H5N1. Ñ 22 èþëÿïî 7 îêòÿáðÿ 2005 ã. âñïûøêè ïòè÷üåãî
ãðèïïà â ñðåäå äîìàøíèõ è äèêèõ ïòèöíàáëþäàëèñü â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé, Îìñêîé,Òþìåíñêîé, Êóðãàíñêîé, ×åëÿáèíñêîé
îáëàñòÿõ è Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Çàòåì ïòè÷èé
ãðèïï äîáðàëñÿ äî Êàëìûêèè, Òóëüñêîé
îáëàñòè è äàëåå Òóðöèè è Ðóìûíèè. Íàèáîëåå ïîëíûå äàííûå î ëîêàëèçàöèè âñïûøåê çàáîëåâàíèÿ ìîæíî îáíàðóæèòü âêàðòîãðàôè÷åñêîì ìàòåðèàëå íà ñàéòå îïòè÷üåì ãðèïïå19. Â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïîìîíèòîðèíãó ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ äèêèõ ïòèö â àâãóñòå-ñåíòÿáðå 2005 ã.
áûëè ñîáðàíû ïðîáû 466 îñîáåé 33 âèäîâ äèêèõ ïòèö. Èç íèõ 4,7% îñîáåé èçÍîâîñèáèðñêîé, Îìñêîé, Òþìåíñêîé,Êóðãàíñêîé, ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòåé è Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ îêàçàëèñü íîñèòåëÿìè H5N1
(ðèñ. 1). Ïîìèìî ýòîãî íîñèòåëÿìè H5N1
îêàçàëèñü 4 ïòèöû èç 74 (5,4%), äîáûòûõ âÒîìñêîé îáëàñòè, 1 â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè è
4 èç 32 ïòèö (12,5%) â Êàëìûêèè. Îñíîâíûìè íîñèòåëÿìè âèðóñà ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà
îêàçàëèñü îêîëîâîäíûå è âîäîïëàâàþùèå
ïòèöû. Îñíîâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà ýòîãî êðîåòñÿ âòîì, ÷òî èìåííî îíè ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî
äîáûâàëèñü äëÿ âçÿòèÿ ïðîá. Èç õèùíûõ

19

http://www.fluwikie.com/index.php?n=Main.OutbreakMap

17

spreading of AI and the problem of wild
birds deaths from AI.
In the meeting Yurlov A.K. (Head of Laboratory for Population Ecology, Institute ofAnimal Ecology and Systematic, Novosibirsk) reported that the timing of the spring
migration (April-May) and the first sign ofan epizootic (end of July) does not coincide.
There was no evidence of any massive «dieoff» or outbreaks in local wild avifauna fromthe start of the spring migration and during
the breeding season. However the massmedia has broadcasted this wrong information on a wide scale.
After comparing the data even a laymen
will understand that Western Siberia is anatural center of the H5N1. This conclusion
is supported by the fact that there are lot of
species-vectors, including healthy birds, anda broad distribution of the vectors. This situation is practically identical to OHFRS which
is well known to many virologists of Russia.
However some specialists actively support
the hypothesis of the swift spreading the AI
virus by wild birds on the whole territory ofNorthern Eurasia in less than a year. Why
and what are the reasons of it?

Some aspects of fashion of the avian
influenza
Since the 1980s the central system of financing the scientific research in Russia indifferent branches of biological sciences (ornithology, epidemiology and others) ceased
to exist, and many scientists did not haveenough funds for their research or were laid
off. The problem of avian influenza gives achance for Russian scientists to earn money.
The amount, location and time of AI cases found also completely depend on money. When there is more money and thenthere is more avian influenza. Strictly only
the rate of funding defines the fact that almost all the records of AI in Western Siberia
are located along the highway ChelyabinskNovosibirsk. There was simply no money tosurvey avian influenza far away from themain road.
The hysteria surrounding the AI cases hascaused the panicking decisions on the autumn hunting regulations. Gun people haverequested unlimited bag for waterfowl,
claiming that a significant reduction of thegame population will prevent the epidemic(Infamous Khabarosvk Kray Game committee decision). The anti-hunting people campaign to ban hunting, as it makes morewounded birds, and therefore will increase18Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2005, 4

Ðèñ. 1. Êàðòà ëîêàëèçàöèè âñïûøåê H5N1 âÀçèè è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè
Fig 1. Map of H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks in
Asia and Western Siberiaïòèö â ðàññìàòðèâàåìóþ âûáîðêó ïîïàëè
ëèøü äâå îñîáè äâóõ âèäîâ (ëóíü è êàíþê),ïðè÷¸ì êàíþê (Buteo buteo), äîáûòûé 15àâãóñòà 2005 ã. â Òþêàëèíñêîì ðàéîíå
Îìñêîé îáëàñòè îêàçàëñÿ íîñèòåëåì H5N1
(Brown et all., 2005).
Â Íîâîñèáèðñêå 5–7 îêòÿáðÿ 2005 ã.
ïðîõîäèëà âñòðå÷à ðîññèéñêèõ è çàðóáåæíûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ïî ïðîáëåìå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà, íà êîòîðîé îáñóæäàëàñü ïðîáëåìà ãèáåëè äèêèõ ïòèö îòïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà. Íà ýòîé âñòðå÷å çàâåäóþùèé ëàáîðàòîðèåé ïîïóëÿöèîííîé ýêîëîãèè ÈÑÝÆ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ À.Ê. Þðëîâ îáðàùàë
âíèìàíèå ñîáðàâøèõñÿ íà îòñóòñòâèå ðåãèñòðàöèè ñëó÷àåâ ïîâûøåííîé ñìåðòíîñòè äèêèõ ïòèö íà âîäîåìàõ Áàðàáèíñêîé
íèçìåííîñòè â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè â
2005 ã. è îòñóòñòâèå êîððåëÿöèè âñïûøåê
ãðèïïà â ñðåäå äîìàøíèõ ïòèö ñ ïðîë¸òîìäèêèõ ïòèö. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ÑÌÈ ïåðåäàëè
èíôîðìàöèþ ñ òî÷íîñòüþ äî íàîáîðîò.
Ïîñëå ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ ïîëó÷åííûõ äàííûõ, äàæå äàë¸êèì îò áèîëîãèè è ãåîãðàôèè ëþäÿì ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèðîäíûì î÷àãîì
H5N1, íà ýòî óêàçûâàþò êàê øèðîêèé ñïåêòð
âèäîâ-íîñèòåëåé, âêëþ÷àÿ çäîðîâûõ ïòèö,òàê è øèðîòà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íîñèòåëåé.
Ýòà ñèòóàöèÿ ñ H5N1, ïðàêòè÷åñêè òàêàÿ
æå, êàê ñ ÎÃËÏÑ, èçâåñòíà ìíîãèì âèðóñîëîãàì ñòðàíû. Òåì íå ìåíåå, íåêîòîðûå
ñïåöèàëèñòû àêòèâíî ïðîïàãàíäèðóþò ãèïîòåçó ñòðåìèòåëüíîãî ðàçíîñà ïòèöàìè
âèðóñà ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà ïî âñåé Ñåâåðíîé
Åâðàçèè ìåíåå ÷åì çà ãîä. Çà÷åì?

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà
the spread of the pandemic. It appears that
all the pro and anti-hunting people were
speculating around the problem, but thebirds were, as usual, forgotten.

Birds and avian influenza
Circulation of the AI virus in wild bird populations is as common as the circulation of
any other viruses of influenza in populationsof any other living beings on our planet. Viruses and their vectors are constantly evolving. New strains of viruses evolve, and in
response the birds create immune systems
capable of withstanding the attack: a typicalarms race scenario. This is the usual processof natural selection. There are many instruments to control the model of virus- vectors
in nature. There have been no reliable recordsof species extinction caused by epizootic
reasons. Having a low density of breeding,the birds of prey have a minimal level of risk
The main source of AI is domestic poultry. Flocks of domestic poultry with highdensity are susceptible to the quick spreadof the infection. The transmission of the disease between infected domestic poultry andwild birds and the spreading of the diseaseacross large distances are a result of close
contacts between domestic and wild birds.
There is no poultry farm in Russia where thecontact between domestic and wild birds iscompletely absent. If even the contact withwaterfowl is not present, there would beabundant starlings or sparrows which comeinto contact with poultry (chickens, ducks,

Problem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2005, 4Íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû ìîäûíà ïòè÷èé ãðèïï
Ñ 80-õ ãã. ñèñòåìà ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòè ó÷¸íûõ ðàçëè÷íûõ áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ
ñïåöèàëüíîñòåé (îðíèòîëîãîâ, ýïèäåìèîëîãîâ è äð.) ðóõíóëà, è îíè îêàçàëèñü íåâîñòðåáîâàííûìè, íî ñïóñòÿ 20 ëåò ïðîáèë èõ«çâ¸çäíûé ÷àñ», è ìíîãèå íå óäåðæàëèñü èóõâàòèëèñü çà ñïàñèòåëüíóþ ñîëîìèíêó, áîÿñü îêàçàòüñÿ çà áîðòîì ïðîöåññà. Â íàøóæèçíü áóðíî âîðâàëñÿ ïòè÷èé ãðèïï!
PR-êîìïàíèÿ ïî ïîïóëÿðèçàöèè ïðîáëåìû ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà â 2005 ã. äîñòèãëà ñâîåãî àïîãåÿ. Òåïåðü ìàëî êòî â Ðîññèè íåçíàåò, ÷òî òàêîå ïòè÷èé ãðèïï è «ñ ÷åì åãîåäÿò». È ñàìàÿ ãëàâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà «ðàñêðóòêè» ïðîáëåìû – äåíüãè. ÑÌÈ ïîëó÷àþò
äåíüãè çà îñâåùåíèå ïðîáëåìû, ïîòîìó÷òî îíà àêòóàëüíà è âîñòðåáîâàíà. Ó÷¸íûåïîëó÷àþò äåíüãè, ïîêà ýòà ïðîáëåìà àêòóàëüíà è âîñòðåáîâàíà. Ýòîò ïîðî÷íûé êðóãïîääåðæèâàåòñÿ ïîëèòèêàìè, êîòîðûå
èìåþò ñâîè ïðîöåíòû ñ âûäåëÿåìûõ èçáþäæåòà ñóìì íà ðàçäóâàåìóþ ïðîáëåìó.
Ñêîëüêî, ãäå è êîãäà ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà
áóäåò íàéäåíî òîæå öåëèêîì è ïîëíîñòüþ
çàâèñèò îò äåíåã. ×åì áîëüøå äåíåã, òåìáîëüøå ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà. Ñåãîäíÿ ïòè÷èé
ãðèïï íàéä¸ì ó ïòèö, à åñëè äåíåã äàäóò
áîëüøå, òî ìîæíî åãî áóäåò íàéòè ó ñâèíåé è êîðîâ. Ñîáñòâåííî, ñóãóáî óðîâíåì
ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òîïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòè÷üåãî
ãðèïïà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ëîêàëèçîâàíû
âäîëü àâòîòðàññû ×åëÿáèíñê-Íîâîñèáèðñê
– ïîåçäèòü øèðå â ïîèñêàõ ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà ïîêà íå õâàòèëî ñðåäñòâ.
Íà ôîíå èñòåðèè ïî ïîâîäó ïòè÷üåãî
ãðèïïà àêòèâèçèðîâàëèñü ïðîòèâíèêè èñòîðîííèêè îõîòû íà ïòèö. Ñòîðîííèêè
ïûòàþòñÿ ïðîâåñòè â âèäå ïîñòàíîâëåíèé
ìåñòíûõ îðãàíîâ âëàñòè ñíÿòèå îãðàíè÷åíèé íà îõîòó íà âîäîïëàâàþùèõ è îêîëîâîäíûõ ïòèö, ìîòèâèðóÿ ýòî òåì, ÷òî èñòðåáëåíèå ïòèö ñóùåñòâåííî ñîêðàòèò
ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà (ýòîóæå ñëó÷èëîñü â Õàáàðîâñêå). Ïðîòèâíèêè ïûòàþòñÿ çàïðåòèòü îõîòó, ìîòèâèðóÿýòî òåì, ÷òî îõîòà ëèøü óâåëè÷èò ðàññåèâàíèå áîëüíûõ ïòèö ïî òåððèòîðèè è óâåëè÷èò ïëîùàäü çàðàæåíèÿ. Ïðåäëîæåíèÿî çàïðåòå îõîòû íà ïòèö, õîòÿ áû âåñåííåé, áîëåå ãóìàííû, íî íè òå, íè äðóãèåíå èìåþò íè÷åãî îáùåãî ñ ðåøåíèåì ïðîáëåìû ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà.
Òðàäèöèîííî, ðåøàÿ ñâîè ïðîáëåìû èñïåêóëèðóÿ ïòè÷üèì ãðèïïîì, ëþäè çàáûëè î ïòèöàõ.

19

geese). Starlings visit the poultry farms bothat wintering grounds in Asia as well as in
the breeding areas in Siberia. These species
are the most probable direct vectors of the
H5N1 (but not yet documented. EP).

Raptors and avian influenza –is the threat real?
Deaths of domestic poultry from AI inpoultry farms are a common occurrence. In
the majority of Russian poultry farms thecorpses of birds aren't burnt, but thrownonto heaps near farms where they could beaccessed by wild birds. The nesting colonies of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) areformed with a density of 10–30 nests/km2
around many poultry farms in Western Siberia. The kites eat corpses picked up fromthe poultry farms. Mass deaths of domestic
poultry at the poultry farms, especially during the spring period, increase the breeding success of kites nesting nearby. The
Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) and theWhite-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) also
breed near poultry farms. The corpses ofdomestic birds are not the main diet itemsby the latter species, but are taken with content. The White-Tailed Eagle is the main
predator of the sick waterfowl in Western
Siberia. There were cases of the outbreaksof diseases in flocks of molting ducks, whenmore than 20% of the individuals died: theWhite-Tailed Eagles were noted to eat
corpses of ducks and prosper. Up to now
there have been no documented events ofdeaths of the eagles or the kites near thepoultry farms, where mass deaths of domestic poultry were recorded. The same situation remains at the nests and colonies of
raptors near the areas of regular deaths ofwild waterfowl.
Interestingly, the «new epicenter» of AI in
Western Siberia coincides with the raptor
diversity hotspot of Southern Siberia (Smelyanskiy, 2005; Karyakin at all, 2005).
The previous statements do not imply thatthe raptors don't die of AI. As the studies of
the OHFRS have shown during the outbreaksof virus infections up to 30% of the rodent
populations die off, due to lack of food and/or perhaps due to infections, and some individuals of raptors die too, but this is by
no means a mass death of raptors. It is possible to conclude that the spread of the AI
is not a threat to raptors. The main threat
for raptors during the AI pandemic may behuman activity, which combats the avian influenza using inadequate methods.

20Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2005, 4Äîìàøíèå ãóñè íà âîëüíîì âûïàñå. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà
Domestic geese are grazing on a pasture. Photo by
A. Pazhenkov

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà

Ïòèöû è ïòè÷èé ãðèïï

People and avian influenzaÖèðêóëÿöèÿ âèðóñà ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà âïîïóëÿöèÿõ äèêèõ ïòèö – ýòî òàêàÿ æå íîðìà, êàê è öèðêóëÿöèÿ ëþáîãî äðóãîãî âèðóñà ãðèïïà â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ëþáûõ äðóãèõ
æèâûõ ñóùåñòâ íà íàøåé ïëàíåòå. È âèðóñû, è èõ íîñèòåëè ïîñòîÿííî ýâîëþöèîíèðóþò. Ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íîâûå ôîðìû âèðóñîâ,ñëåäîì â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ íîñèòåëåé ôîðìèðóåòñÿ èììóíèòåò ê íèì. Îò ìîìåíòà ïîÿâëåíèÿ íîâîé ôîðìû âèðóñà äî ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ èììóíèòåòà â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ íîñèòåëåé
ïðîõîäèò âðåìÿ, â õîäå êîòîðîãî íàáëþäàåòñÿ îòõîä îïðåäåë¸ííîé ÷àñòè îñîáåé.
Ýòî è åñòü åñòåñòâåííûé îòáîð. Â ïðèðîäå
ñóùåñòâóåò ìàññà ìåõàíèçìîâ, ïîääåðæèâàþùèõ ðàâíîâåñèå ìîäåëè «âèðóñ-íîñèòåëü». Åù¸ íå äîêàçàíî íè îäíîãî ñëó÷àÿ
âûìèðàíèÿ âèäà ïî ïðè÷èíå ýïèçîîòèè.

Despite the finding of the H5N1 virus in
Western Siberia the cases of human illness
have not been documented.
There has been no documented cases oftransmission of the disease between infected wild birds and humans. The H5N1 virus
strain is not currently contagious to humans
and most human cases to date have been associated to close contact with infected domestic poultry. The risk of a human contracting
the disease from a wild bird is negligible, unless there was an excessive close contact with
infected birds and their excreta.

Äàæå åñëè íà çèìîâêàõ ïòèö, ãäå îíèêîíöåíòðèðóþòñÿ ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ,íàáëþäàåòñÿ âñïûøêà çàáîëåâàíèÿ, òî âïåðèîä ïðîë¸òà ê ìåñòàì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïðîèñõîäèò èçúÿòèå áîëüíûõ ïòèö õèùíèêàìè,à â ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ãäå áîëüøèíñòâî
ïòèö íå îáðàçóåò ñêîïëåíèé, ìàññîâàÿ ïåðåäà÷à âèðóñà èñêëþ÷åíà. Èíäèêàòîðíàÿ
ãðóïïà – ýòî êîëîíèàëüíûå ïòèöû. Îíè âïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñòðàäàþò îò ýïèäåìèé âèðóñíûõ èíôåêöèé, è ïî íàëè÷èþ ïîâûøåííîãî îòõîäà â êîëîíèÿõ ìîæíî ñóäèòü îâñïûøêàõ òåõ èëè èíûõ çàáîëåâàíèé. Ïîæàëóé, ìèíèìàëüíîé ãðóïïîé ðèñêà ÿâëÿþòñÿ õèùíûå ïòèöû, èìåþùèå îäíó èç ñàìûõ íèçêèõ ïëîòíîñòåé íà ãíåçäîâàíèè.
Îñíîâíûì «ðàññàäíèêîì» èíôåêöèé, âòîì ÷èñëå è ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà, ÿâëÿþòñÿ äîìàøíèå ïòèöû, îñîáåííî íàñåëåíèå ïòèöåôàáðèê (ÏÒÔ). Äîìàøíèå ïòèöû îáðàçóþò ñêîïëåíèÿ ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ èïîäâåðæåíû áûñòðîìó çàðàæåíèþ â áîëüøèõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ. Ïåðåíîñ âèðóñà îò äîìàøíèõ ïòèö ê äèêèì è åãî ðàçíîñ íà îãðîìíûå ðàññòîÿíèÿ ïðîèñõîäèò â ðåçóëüòàòå
êîíòàêòà äîìàøíèõ ïòèö ñ äèêèìè.

Recommendations
Wildlife and health experts (including theWorld Health Organization, Food and Agri-culture Organization of the United Nations,and World Organization for Animal Health)have agreed that the control of the avian
influenza infection in wild bird populations
is not feasible and should not be attempted. Also they noted that culls of wild birds
are highly unlikely to stop the spread of thedisease. Moreover, culls would divert resources away from important disease control measures20. Lasting experience of struggle against the carriers of zoonotic infectionsin the USSR has shown that this activity was
unsuccessful even for sedentary rodents: forwild birds such measures would be absolutely meaningless.
Thus following the recommendations of international organizations, and building uponprevious experiences in our country, regional
governmental bodies should be advised:• Do not attempt to control the numberof wild birds;• Pay attention to the improvement andefficiency of control measures in the poultry industry, especially on culls of infected
poultry flocks and disposal of the corpses.

Problem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2005, 4Â Ðîññèè íåò íè îäíîé ïòèöåôåðìû, íàêîòîðîé áû ïîëíîñòüþ èñêëþ÷àëñÿ êîíòàêò
äîìàøíèõ ïòèö ñ äèêèìè. Äàæå åñëè èñêëþ÷åí êîíòàêò ñ îêîëîâîäíûìè è âîäîïëàâàþùèìè ïòèöàìè, òî îí èìååòñÿ ñîñêâîðöàìè è âîðîáüÿìè, êîòîðûå â òîé æåìåðå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåðåíîñ÷èêàìè âèðóñà ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà, êàê êóðû, óòêè è ãóñè. Ñêâîðöû ïîñåùàþò ïòèöåôåðìû êàê íà çèìîâêàõ â Àçèè, òàê è íà ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âÑèáèðè è ÿâëÿþòñÿ íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíûìè ïðÿìûìè ïåðåíîñ÷èêàìè H5N1.

Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ïòè÷èé ãðèïï:åñòü ëè óãðîçà?
Ãèáåëü äîìàøíåé ïòèöû îò ãðèïïà íàïòèöåôåðìàõ íàáëþäàëàñü âñåãäà. Íàáîëüøèíñòâå ÏÒÔ Ðîññèè òðóïû ïòèö íåñæèãàþòñÿ, à âûáðàñûâàþòñÿ íà ñâàëêè èäîñòóïíû äëÿ äèêèõ ïòèö. Âîêðóã áîëüøèíñòâà ÏÒÔ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ãíåçäîâûå ïîñåëåíèÿ êîðøóíà
(Milvus migrans) ïëîòíîñòüþ äî 10–30
ãíåçä/êì2, êîòîðûå ïèòàþòñÿ îòáðîñàìè,âêëþ÷àÿ òðóïû âçðîñëûõ ïòèö è öûïëÿò.
Òåì íå ìåíåå, ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü ïòèö íàôåðìàõ, îñîáåííî â âåñåííèé ïåðèîä,ëèøü ñïîñîáñòâóåò óâåëè÷åíèþ óñïåõà
ðàçìíîæåíèÿ êîðøóíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïîáëèçîñòè. Ê ïòèöåôåðìàì òÿãîòåþò íàãíåçäîâàíèè è òàêèå êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå
õèùíèêè êàê ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca),îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). Äëÿíèõ òðóïû äîìàøíèõ ïòèö íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ îïðåäåëÿþùèìè â ïèòàíèè, â îòëè÷èå îò êîðøóíîâ, íî âñ¸ æå âõîäÿò â ðàçðÿä æåëàííîé äîáû÷è.
Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâíûì
ïîòðåáèòåëåì áîëüíûõ âîäîïëàâàþùèõ èîêîëîâîäíûõ ïòèö â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè.
Ïðè ýòîì, íåñìîòðÿ íà ðåãóëÿðíûå âñïûøêè çàáîëåâàíèé â ñêîïëåíèÿõ ëèíÿþùèõ

21

óòîê, â õîäå êîòîðûõ ïîãèáàåò äî 20% îñîáåé, îðëàíû, ïèòàþùèåñÿ óòèíûì îòõîäîì,ïðîöâåòàþò. Äî ñèõ ïîð íå èçâåñòíî ñëó÷àåâ èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ãíåçäîâèé îðëîâ èëèñêîïëåíèé êîðøóíîâ áëèç ÏÒÔ, íà êîòîðûõ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëàñü ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü
ïîãîëîâüÿ äîìàøíèõ ïòèö. Òî æå ñàìîå
ìîæíî ñêàçàòü è î ãíåçäîâüÿõ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â ðàéîíàõ ðåãóëÿðíîé ãèáåëè äèêèõ âîäîïëàâàþùèõ ïòèö. Âèäèìî åù¸ ìåíåå âåðîÿòíî ìàññîâîå çàðàæåíèå îòæåðòâ, áîëüíûõ ïòè÷üèì ãðèïïîì, òàêèõ
òèïè÷íûõ îðíèòîôàãîâ êàê òåòåðåâÿòíèê
(Accipiter gentilis), ñàïñàí, äåðáíèê (Falco
columbarius), òàê êàê îíè äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ ýâîëþöèîíèðîâàëè âìåñòå ñ âèäàìè, íàêîòîðûõ îõîòèëèñü, è ïðèîáðåëè èììóíèòåò ê èõ âèðóñíûì èíôåêöèÿì. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî âåñü «íîâîÿâëåííûé î÷àã» ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ÿâëÿåòñÿ
öåíòðîì ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è ìàêñèìàëüíîé
÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (Ñìåëÿíñêèé, 2005; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005).
Âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå íå çíà÷èò, ÷òî õèùíûå ïòèöû íå ãèáíóò îò ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà.
Êàê áûëî äîêàçàíî â õîäå ðàáîòû ñ ÎÃËÏÑ,ïðè âñïûøêàõ âèðóñíîé èíôåêöèè â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ãðûçóíîâ ãèáíåò äî 30% ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ æåðòâ õèùíèêîâ è íåêîòîðîå
êîëè÷åñòâî ñàìèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, îäíàêî ýòîíå âûçûâàåò èõ ìàññîâîé ãèáåëè. Ìîæíîñ óâåðåííîñòüþ ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà íå òàèò â ñåáå îïàñíîñòè äëÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Îñíîâíàÿ

Ãóñè ñ ïòèöåôàáðèêè (ôîòî ñëåâà) îáû÷íàÿ äîáû÷à
îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ ïîáëèçîñòè (ôîòî ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà
Domestic geese from poultry farm (photo on the left)
are common victims for the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) nesting in neighborhood (photo on the right). Photos by I. Karyakin22Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2005, 4óãðîçà õèùíûì ïòèöàì â óñëîâèÿõ ýïèäåìèè ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà ìîæåò èñõîäèòü ëèøüîò ÷åëîâåêà, áîðþùåãîñÿ ñ ïòè÷üèì ãðèïïîì íåàäåêâàòíûìè ìåòîäàìè.

×åëîâåê è ïòè÷èé ãðèïï
Íåñìîòðÿ íà ëîêàëèçàöèþ ïòè÷üåãî
ãðèïïà H5N1 â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ñëó÷àåâ
çàáîëåâàíèÿ ó ëþäåé íå çàôèêñèðîâàíî.
Ñðåäè âèðóñîëîãîâ äî ñèõ ïîð íåò åäèíîãî ìíåíèÿ î ïàòîãåííîñòè äëÿ ÷åëîâåêà ñèáèðñêîé ôîðìû.
Â ìèðå òàêæå íå çàôèêñèðîâàíû ñëó÷àè
çàðàæåíèÿ ïòè÷üèì ãðèïïîì ÷åëîâåêà îò÷åëîâåêà, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ãðóïïà ðèñêà –ýòî ëþäè, åæåäíåâíî êîíòàêòèðóþùèå ñïòèöåé â áîëüøèõ å¸ ñêîïëåíèÿõ. Ñòîðîííèêè áûñòðîé ìóòàöèè âèðóñà ïóãàþò âîçíèêíîâåíèåì àíàëîãà «èñïàíêè». Íåñîìíåííî, ýòî íåëüçÿ èñêëþ÷àòü, îäíàêî ïîêàýòî îñòàåòñÿ ëèøü ïåðñïåêòèâíûì ñþæåòîì äëÿ ãîëëèâóäñêèõ ôèëüìîâ. Îò ôîðìû, ïåðåíîñèìîé ïòèöàìè, äî ôîðìû, ïåðåäàþùåéñÿ îò ÷åëîâåêà ê ÷åëîâåêó, âèðóñ
ýïèäåìèè 1918 ã., óíåñøèé ìèëëèîíû ÷åëîâå÷åñêèõ æèçíåé, ïðîø¸ë äëèííûé ïóòüìóòàöèè â ñðåäå ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ (Fanning
et all., 2002).

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà
Ýêñïåðòû ÂÎÇ, îðãàíèçàöèè ïèùåâîé
ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâàïðè ÎÎÍ (ÔÀÎ), Âñåìèðíîé âåòåðèíàðíîé îðãàíèçàöèè è Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî
öåíòðà ïî ýïèçîîòèÿì ïðèøëè ê âûâîäó,÷òî êîíòðîëèðîâàòü çàðàæåíèå ïòè÷üèì
ãðèïïîì â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ äèêèõ ïòèö íåâîçìîæíî, è òàêèå ïîïûòêè áåññìûñëåííû.
Óíè÷òîæåíèå äèêèõ ïòèö äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû
îñòàíîâèòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå çàáîëåâàíèÿ,íå ìîæåò áûòü ýôôåêòèâíî è, áîëåå òîãî,îíî ìîæåò èìåòü ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûé ýôôåêò20. Ìíîãîëåòíèé îïûò áîðüáû ñ íîñèòåëÿìè çîîíîçíûõ èíôåêöèé â ÑÑÑÐ ïîêàçûâàåò áåçóñïåøíîñòü ýòèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé
äàæå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ãðûçóíàì, âåäóùèìîñ¸äëûé îáðàç æèçíè, à â ñëó÷àå ñ ïòèöàìè òàêèå ìåðû àáñîëþòíî áåññìûñëåííû.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ñâåòå ðåêîìåíäàöèé
ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé è íà îñíîâå
ïðåäûäóùåãî îïûòà íàøåé ñòðàíû, îðãàíàì âëàñòè ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ ìîæíî ðåêîìåíäîâàòü:• íå ïðèíèìàòü íèêàêèõ ìåð ïî ðåãóëèðîâàíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè äèêèõ ïòèö,• îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà óñèëåíèå ìåðêîíòðîëÿ â ñôåðå ïðîìûøëåííîãî ïòèöåâîäñòâà, îñîáåííî ïî èçîëÿöèè èíôèöèðîâàííûõ ïòèö è óòèëèçàöèè èõ òðóïîâ.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

Îðëàíû-áåëîõâîñòû (Haliaeetus albicilla) êîðìÿòñÿ òðóïàìè êóð íàñâàëêå ïòèöåôàáðèêè. Ôîòî È.Êàðÿêèíà.
The White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) are eating hen corpses
on a dump near a poultry-farm. Photo by I.Karyakin.

Ðåêîìåíäàöèè
Ïîêà PR-ùèêè ðàñêðó÷èâàþò êàìïàíèþïî ïðîáëåìå ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà, ëîááèñòû
âûáèâàþò äåíüãè íà ðåøåíèå ýòîé ïðîáëåìû, âèðóñîëîãè ñîçäàþò âàêöèíû, à ýïèäåìèîëîãè ñîáèðàþò ïðîáû, îðíèòîëîãàì ñòîèò ïîäóìàòü î ñâîåé ïîçèöèè îòíîñèòåëüíî
îõðàíû ïòèö â óñëîâèÿõ ïîâûøåííîãî èíòåðåñà ê ïðîáëåìå ïòè÷üåãî ãðèïïà.
20

http://www.rbcu.ru/news/Press-release/090905_3.html

Äàíèëîâ Î.Í., Ôåäîðîâà Ò.Í. Íàëè÷èå óïòèö àíòèòåë ê âèðóñíûì çàáîëåâàíèÿì â î÷àãàõ ÎÃË. – Ðîëü ïåðåëåòíûõ ïòèö â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè àðáîâèðóñîâ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1966.
Ñ. 55–60.
Äàíèëîâ Î.Í. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Áàðàáûè Ñåâåðíîé Êóëóíäû. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Èçä-âî«Íàóêà», 1976. 158 ñ.
Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â.,Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â.
Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ.
– Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005. ¹ 3.
Ñ. 28–51.
Ëåâêîâè÷ Å.Í. Ìèðîâîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå
àðáîâèðóñíûõ èíôåêöèé è ðîëü ïòèö â ñîçäàíèè ïðèðîäíûõ î÷àãîâ. – Çîîãåîãðàôèÿ ñóøè.
Òàøêåíò, 1963, Ñ. 170–171.
Ëåîíîâ Þ.À., Áàðàáàø Ë.À., Õàðèòîíîâà
Í.Í. Çíà÷åíèå ôîíîâûõ âèäîâ ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ Ñåâåðíîé Êóëóíäû â ýïèçîîòîëîãèè
ÎÃË. – Ïåðåë¸òíûå ïòèöû è èõ ðîëü â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè àðáîâèðóñîâ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1969.
Ñ. 322–327.
Íåöêèé Ã.È. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèðîäíûõ î÷àãîâ îìñêîé ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé ëèõîðàäêèè î÷åðåäíûå çàäà÷è èçó÷åíèÿ ðîëè ïåðåë¸òíûõïòèö â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè àðáîâèðóñîâ â ðàéîíå
Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü – Èíäèÿ. – Ðîëü ïåðåë¸òíûõ ïòèöâ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè àðáîâèðóñîâ. Íîâîñèáèðñê,1966. Ñ.12–16.

Problem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2005, 4Íåöêèé Ã.È., Ôåäîðîâà Ò.Í., Ðóñàêîâà Î.Å.,Äàíèëîâ Î.Í., Áóñûãèí Ô.Ô., Ìàëüêîâ Ò.Á.,Áîãäàíîâ È.È. Âîïðîñû èçó÷åíèÿ ðîëè ïåðåë¸òíûõ ïòèö â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè àðáîâèðóñîââ ñâÿçè ñ ïðîáëåìîé îìñêîé ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé
ëèõîðàäêè â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. – Êëåùåâîé ýíöåôàëèò, êåìåðîâñêàÿ êëåùåâàÿ ëèõîðàäêà, ãåìîððàãè÷åñêàÿ ëèõîðàäêà è äðóãèå àðáîâèðóñíûå èíôåêöèè. Ìàòåðèàëû XI íàó÷íîé ñåññèè

Êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) – îäèí èç îñíîâíûõ óòèëèçàòîðîâ òðóïîâ
ïòèö ñðåäè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà
The Black Kite (Milvus migrans) is one of the main eaters of dead birds
among raptors. Photos by I. KaryakinÑñûëêè ïî òåìå:Ïòè÷èé ãðèïï: ïîçèöèÿ BirdLife International (Áðèôèíã, îêòÿáðü 2005)21.
Ïðåññ-ðåëèç Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè «Ïòè÷èé
ãðèïï è äèêèå ïòèöû»22.
À.Ï. ßíîâñêèé. Ïòè÷èé ãðèïï â Ñèáèðè – ðåïîðòàæ ñ ìåñòà ñîáûòèé23.
Ðåçîëþöèÿ IX.23 ïî ïòè÷üåìó ãðèïïó 9-é êîíôåðåíöèè ñòðàí ó÷àñòíèêîâ Ðàìñàðñêîé Êîíâåíöèè ïîâîäíî-áîëîòíûì óãîäüÿì.24

22
23
24

ñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Îíäàòðà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1966. Ñ. 141–142.
Õàðèòîíîâà Í.Í., Äàíèëîâ Î.Í., Ëåîíîâ
Þ.À. Çíà÷åíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö â î÷àãàõ îìñêîé
ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé ëèõîðàäêè (ÎÃË). – Òåçèñû
äîêëàäîâ 5-ãî ñèìïîçèóìà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðîëèïåðåëåòíûõ ïòèö â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè àðáîâèðóñîâ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1969. Ñ. 86–87.
Õàðèòîíîâà Í.Í., Äàíèëîâ Î.Í., Ëåîíîâ
Þ.À. Çíà÷åíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö â î÷àãàõ îìñêîé
ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé ëèõîðàäêè. – Òðàíñêîíòèíåíòàëüíûå ñâÿçè ïåðåë¸òíûõ ïòèö è èõ ðîëü âðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè àðáîâèðóñîâ. Íîâîñèáèðñê,1972. Ñ. 353–355.
×óìàêîâ Ì.Ï. Ê èòîãàì ýêñïåäèöèè Èíñòèòóòà íåâðîëîãèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ îìñêîé ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé ëèõîðàäêè (ÎÃË). – Âåñòí. ÀÌÍÑÑÑÐ, 1948, ¹ 2, Ñ. 19–26.
Brown I., Gaidet N., Guberti V., Marangon S.,
Olsen B. Rapport De Mission. Mission to Russia
to assess the avian influenza situation in wildlife
and the national measures being taken to minimize the risk of international spread. World Organisation for Animal Health. 2005. 29 p.
Fanning T.G., Slemons R.D., Reid A.H., Janczewski T.A., Dean J. and Taubenberger J.K. 1917
Avian Influenza Virus Sequences Suggest that the1918 Pandemic Virus Did Not Acquire Its Hemagglutinin Directly from Birds. Virology 76, 15.
2002. P. 7860–7862.
Scholtissek, C., W. Rohde, V. von Hoyningen,and R. Rott. On the origin of the human influenza virus subtypes H2N2 and H3N2. Virology 87,
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References on the theme:
The avian influenza – oppinion of the BirdLife International (Briefing, October 2005)21.
The avian influenza and wild birds (Press Release of
the Russian Bird Conservation Union)22.
A.P. Yanovsky. The report from the scene of action«The avian influenza in Siberia»23.
9th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting
Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Resolution IX.23 on avian influenza.24

Èíñòèòóòà ïîëèîìèåëèòà è âèðóñíûõ ýíöåôàëèòîâ. Ì., 1966.
Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý. Àëòàéñêèé êðàé – áóäóùåå
îäíîãî èç êðóïíåéøèõ ðîññèéñêèõ î÷àãîâ ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ çàâèñèò îò ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ìåð. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõîõðàíà, 2005. ¹ 3. Ñ. 18–27.
Õàðèòîíîâà Í.Í., Õàäæèåâà Ò.Ì. Âûäåëåíèå
àðáîâèðóñîâ îò îíäàòðû, äðóãèõ ãðûçóíîâ èíàñåêîìîÿäíûõ â Êàðàñóêñêîì ðàéîíå Íîâî-21

23

http://www.rbcu.ru/news/Press-release/141105_1.html
http://www.rbcu.ru/news/Press-release/141105.html
http://www.biodiversity.ru/publications/odp/archive/33/st06.html
http://ramsar.org/res/key_res_ix_23_e.htm

Slemons R.D. and Easterday B.C. T ype-A influenza viruses in the feces of migratory waterfowl. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 171, 1977. P.
947–948.
Slemons R.D., Johnson D.C., Osborn J.S. andHayes F. Type-A influenza viruses isolated fromwild free-flying ducks in California. Avian Dis.
18, 1974. P. 119–124.
Webster R.G., Bean W.J., Gorman O.T., Chambers T.M. and Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev. 56,
1992. P. 152–179.