RitcheyChretien

Schmidtu∠u
正弦条件
f sinu＝h
球⾯
＋
絞
＋
ガラス板
+ 等光路⻑

2023/6/19

等光路⻑
a+b+c=const.

a+b+c=const.

放物
↓
補正
（変形）
＋
補正
（屈折）

＋

f・sin u=h

+ 正弦条件f sinu＝h

望遠鏡の歩みー400年

150年間で 1.５m（60 in）から 5.１m（ 200 in ）まで
古典カセグレン形式の頂点 G. ヘールが牽引 カリフォルニアの時代
1908

1917

1948

20世紀の望遠鏡の原型

4つの焦点
⼝径Dと焦点距離f ▶F⽐
主焦点 カセグレン クーデ
2023/01/22“頂点”
43P語る会2

1948年『パロマーの巨⼈望遠鏡』
岩波⽂庫 上ー下

5.１m ヘ-ル

8〜10m （３者）

鏡材

パイレックス

E6 ゼロ膨張

架台

⾚道儀

経緯台

⾺蹄型／油圧軸受

光学
系

F3.3
短い鏡筒

「熱」

熱膨張
熱容量
熱伝導

ドーム

防⾵

主焦点なし※
カセグレンのみ

⼝径 通⾵路
5.１m
厚さ

サイト

2023/01/22

パロマ⼭

43P語る会

箱型／筒型

65 cm

重さ ⾼所／寒流16トン
フリード⻑さ
r０
⻑さ
F 3.3

3

Dedicates Palomar Observatory and names
the 200-inch the Hale Telescope on June 3, 1948.
Nearly 1,000 invited guests attended the ceremony.
パロマー天⽂台

ヘール望遠鏡５m
頂点（中間点）
宇宙膨張の展開
クエーサー（準星）の発⾒

2023/01/22

43P語る会4

8〜10m望遠鏡-----”⼤集光⼒；D2 “と”⾼解像⼒；D−1“
LBT
アリゾナ

Keck I, IIハワイ

VLT I, II, III, IV
チリ

アリゾナ

カリフォルニア

ヨーロッパ

R. Angel
1941年⽣2023/01/22

J. Nelson
1944年⽣R. Wilson
1928年⽣ハネカム⼀体鏡分割(1.8mx36枚)鏡
S&A

薄メニスカス単⼀鏡
Active Optics

⼝径 8.4mx2

⼝径 10mx2

⼝径8.2mx4

ハネカム

セグメント

メニスカス

43P語る会5

“OPTICKS” I. Newton著(1704)

2023/01/22

島尾永康訳『光学』岩波⽂庫

43P語る会6

A-1 ⾔い残した⼤事：解像⼒
例 〜0.5μm/10cm~5x10-6~1”
望遠鏡
⼝径
1600

1700

1800

1900

2000
100”

⇦裸眼~1ʼ

5mm
1cm

10”

10cm

1 “ ⇦⼤気~1ʼ>100m

2023/01/22

⼟
星
の
環
隙
間

ニ
1
2
ト
ン
望
遠
鏡

回
折
リ
ン
グ

r0

の
発
⾒

0.1”
0.01”

∝λ/D

10m

ガ
リ
レ
オ
望
遠
鏡

フ
リ
2
ド
数

CCD Computer

1m

回
折
限
界

0.001”

終冷結戦
43P語る会7

Nelson
カリフォルニア
ハワイ
セグメント＋S&A 構造2023/01/22

10mx2 Keck-I, -II

1993〜97

at Mauna Kea (Hawaii)

43P語る会81999

8.2mx4 : VLT-I,-II,-III,-IV Telescope

Wilson
ヨーロッパ
チリ
メニスカス
＋AO

at Cerro Paranal (Chile)2023/01/22

43P語る会

9

LBT

Angel
アリゾナ
アリゾナーチリ
ハネカム構造8.4mx2 : Large Binocular Telescopeat Mt. Graham(Arizona)
2006

6.5 m MMTat Mt. Hopkins Observatory(Arizona)

Two 6.5 Meter Telescopes
MT−1, MT−2
at Las Campanas Observatory(Chile)1998

2000/022006

2023/01/22

43P語る会

10

II.

ー途中ー

③ NTT ３.６m （ヨーロッパ；1989〜現在）

鏡材

チリ

ゼロ膨張 ”Zerodur”

鏡体--⽀持薄メニスカスon 能動⽀持建屋
ドーム⇨円筒2023/01/22

43P語る会11

銀河中⼼ “スペックル”撮像
短時間露出
NTT：New Technology Telescope2023/01/22

43P語る会

12

波

⾯

波⾯整形
“Adaptive”
“適応”
銀河中⼼
K-band 2.２μm

NTT 3.６m

h〜50m
r0 フリード⻑

スペックル像時定数1/100 s

鏡

望遠鏡
⬇

顕“微”鏡
⬇

⼲渉計
2023/01/22

43P語る会13

…

Mirrors■二
nneter rnir■ or is not easy一 ―=84‐

II. ー途中ー
■

̲こ r

アリゾナ

ls the only place in the、 vorld that

[1こ s the business is,it's surpris‐i^:le b)hand,and in rnuch the

The furnace and lnold k℃ ep spinning as the glass cools
ciellt,solid that further cooling must be done very care‐■11,tO ⅣOid fracturing the glass;the fllrnace adds heatto
gradual,co01the glass Over the nextthree n10nths.

iiこ director,Roger Angel Angel

―

一

r
r=

〕

・

Once the glass reaches r00m temperature,technicians
hft the ftlrnace ott remove the toP,Sides,and■ oo■ ofthe

二 i spin casting:spinning the mol̲■.1=into a paraboloid,reducing the―二 二‐ ミrind in the curve

MMT

6.5m
6.5m
6.5m

WYIN
Apache

3.5m
3.5m

VATT

1.9m

Po‖ shing the Mirror
Though GMT's flrst nlirror was spun‐ castin 2005,thepolishing that ground the lllirror's surice to its asylll‐
llletric shape、 vas not completed ulltil seven years later.

That's because even before polishing could begin,thevhole range ofnev/
equipment capable ofmeasuring defects in the rnirror's
surice as small as 5 nanometers high
The Opticians atthe Mirror Lab were keenly a、vare of
Mirror Lab had to design and build a、

the spherical aberration that plagued the Hubble Space
TelescOpe,caused by a rneasuring error during polish‐ing ̀̀Every concern that Hubble had,we have in spades,''
exPlains Martin. We can't rely on iuSt One test."
So,unlike Hubble,they typically have atleast tv′ o:k at us,they would have had
︵
ヾ
．
．．
．
︑
こ
く
﹂
０
メ
一
ｚ
Ｄ
ヽ
０
ヽ
一
一
０
一
一
Σ
一
一
撻
０

independent measuring devices check a rnirror's shape.=lass,a high‐ grade verduring polishing.Forthe
GMT's unusuallyrni■
THE
HONEYCOMBMOLDShaped
Techriciansboltedl,681 hexagonalrors,though,they decided to developル レ‐■〔
00k、 are such as Pyrex■:icate,the glass has a low
二｀1下r tests.Each testcolumns
into place by hand.MoLen g:ass lowed around(nOt int。 )For example,all telescope mirrors are lneasured wlth a
requires technology that is in sorlle rnanner entireり new.

れレ rκ ει a test that ailms a laser bearll atthe mirror's
thecolumns
to c eate honeycomb‐ shaped voids that a‖ owed air ci「surface.Engineers compare the reflection's wavefl・ ont wtth
;;̀ο

Oろ

the wavefroFltthat wOuld be produced"the ideal mirro葛
any disagreemeFlt betv′ een the t、 vo tells them where On

culatiOn,maintained the mirror's stifFness,and iightetted its weight.

I)ainstakingly crafted

the lrnirror they need to polish.Butthe GMT null correctOr
is 10 tiFnes larger than any built before,and the rnirror量
rllust rneasure is severely asyrnlnetric.To build the test,thelab had to manuicture a 3 75‐ meter mirror,a mttor inVest̲
mentin itsell as well as a 28‑metertalltesttower to house
the rnirror along with other testing equipmerlt.

The team then designed a second sθαれれ,れg′ ι
れサ,′ r'Sη πtest,to guard against errors in the irst test.Also housed
high in the testto、 ver,the device beams alaserthrougha nve̲sided prisrn to scan the rnirror's ice.The laser
beam sirnulates starlight,with all rays parallel as they hit

the rnirror lfthe mirror's curvature is correct,no rnatter、
vhere the beanl htts the rnirror,量 s reflection should focus
to the same point.A camera records the focused beam,andany deviations it spots indicate polishing errors

For the third test,the lab built anOther laser system
inside the test to、 ver.Thislaser beam tracks the poshiOn of
な old.it witt tale
for t轟 麟1麟 4.Tttё ‐fu‐ 品 ace群 81。 10,st。 ,nCIoSe thё ‐11165・ C.
ell1111■ К
t6 heatthe」 a■ t,l ma文 lⅢ um ttmP,̀IIIle。

2023/01/22

MT-I,-IIror blank is ready for polishing.

e that ifaliens out there

去6. 1増 軽機筆わつo14 11kYI&￨￨￨￨ヽ こ01t

8.4mx2wash outthe moldゝ hexagOnal c01umns.Finalし the mir̲︵４︶

1露 蹴雛臨ぶ臨鋼IF
ξ
塩
鍍
鯖篇選

LBT

honeycomb■ lold,and apply a high‐ pressure water iet tO,laking the lnirrors the same
「く■ot pOssible to rnake them
lie、

ハネカム

rapid,to 650° C.At that point,the glass becorlles sufli‐

t=i decades ago by the Mirror

ヽ

R. Angel眸r miFl‐SkyandTelescope com Mα rι ん2014 25
it will devote its operations to rnaking GMT's remainill=

pentaprism,test for optical defects such as spherical aber̲

Inirrors.By 2017量 should begin churning out rnirrors i:

ration And to the scientists'chagrin,the results f10m
these twO tests did not agree.Something was wrong witha12‐ to 14‑Inonth cycle.

This schedule,ofcOurse,assumesthatthe GMT
partnership raises the funds to inish the telescOpe.The
consortium includes the Carnegie lnst量 ution for Sciencモ
the SInithsOnian lnstitution,and eight other universities

and instttutions across the U.S.,Austraha,and SOuth
Korea.The group to date has raised FnOre than halfOfthc
telescOpe's proieCted S800 million cOst.

And the partnership is mo宙 ng forward,buoyed by theirst mirror's success.A flnal design review is planned fOr

THEretroreflector
MBRROR LAB Buddy
Martinstandsin
front ice.
ofthe
aAT
small
that sweeps
acrOssthe rnirrOr's

y shOuld
S H I NC All
engineer rrollたlachirle
ors the
PO:islling〜
January
construction
ofthe
GMTLaFge
facil■=こ ̲ 2014,and

Large
Synoptic Surveythree
Telescope's
combined primary
andcorner
tertiaryThe
retroreflector's
nlirrOrs,arranged
like thestory towerthat
mirror.The unique mirror sits below the nine‐

the year.
Srst Cヽ 電
T nl;rrc=.Tests are per「ortted tlirougれ o饉 t
begin later FDesin theg toensure cast
the陣 :rrOris
the correct
The threemirrors
so far face
are hasdestinedforshare.
GMT'shouses four devices for testing suttFace shape.

outer ring.The Mirror Lab willthen cast and Polish
GMT's central rnirror.By 2020,GMT is scheduled to see

ofa cube,renectthe laser beam back tO tts source,so thelaser tracker can measure the shape Ofthe surface direct,.

̀̀With this active correction,''Martin says,

the Arst

43P語る会

GMT mirror's shape is nearly perfect,with a typical errOr

ofonly719 nanometers"■」l),a fclurth test involves proieCting a simple pat‐nrst light With iuSt these fOur mirrors installed;ifal1 80es
:lilles at the lllirror and comparing the renected
well,all seven rnirrors will be installed by 2022.
、ith a reference patternj;;go、 vell.One ofthe
And the odds are good that all胡 レ■ themes,Martin notes,is taking something they
prOieCtゝThe C:ant Magellan Telescope's FutureWith the flrst rnirror complete,the plan is to continue

grinding out rnirrors for the next decade.TWo rnore off
axis IInirrors have been cast,one in lanuary 2012 and one

in August 2013,and the polishing oftheir front surfaces
should begin in 2015 and 2016,respectively.
The currenttimetable is a bit delayed because the Mir‐■or Lab has contracts to malce mirrors for t、 vo other tele‐scopes,including the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope inChile.Once the Mirror Lab has completed these contracts,

cking Down Mystenous Errors

already knOw
how to do― such as making an 8‑meteriishing ofthe Arst Gl、 4T rnirror did not go as
telescOpe一
and appサ ing it On a larger scale.
111卜 as anyone would have liked Thc nrstt、 vo
So stり 、
tuned
for some spectacularly
large‐
the asylllrlletricnull corrector
and scalethe scanningat least One ofthe tests,and thc rnirrOr rnight have had

北軽井沢 0.76m
⽇原
0.76m

more optical defects than anticipated.

We 100ked fOr a 10t ofpotential sources oferror,''Mar‐tin explains.̀̀We kept inding that one error after anotherwas notthere"

After months oftests and experilnentation,they flnallyfound it:a small errOr in the pentaprislll test The camera

used in the device is no ordinary camera――it contains
an array ofrnicrOscopic lenses,One for each Ofits deteG
tor's pixcls UnbeknownsttO the scientists,the lenslcts
had displaced the pentaprisn■'s壬

ocused beam by atiny

amountthat dcpcnded on the beal12's direction A small‐scale lab test shOwed thatthe displacement caused by thelenslets tnilnicked sphcrical aberration allnOst exactly
Corrccting ttor this efFect brOughtthe twO tests intO

much better agreement NoM′ the scientists kncw thatthe
nlirror's spherical aberration、、′
as small enough thatthey
could casily corrcct for it using the 165 active supportsthat cOntrol the rllirror's large‐

scale shapc These supports

bend the rllirror based on feedback frOlll sensors within

the telescope because,as with a11large rnirrors,the GMT
nlirrors will■ ex under their own sizable weight.

ground― based astronomy corning in the next decade.◆

S&T εοれtr,あ レタリ
グ οr Robθ r,Zi
昭 ι,サ

ιれει,α StrOれ Oη τθレ;カ レκ ,α れ∂ わlみιr αれrク′οrtS οれSε ;彎′αヵわιbstι ι,Bι 力jれ ′力ιB;α θ々,α ヵb̀力 ′グ,あ abrark.̀。'Stο.Aれ ι″'S〃ι′ ;ο れげ ん,sメ rSt:=:Magel an Te escopeisn'tthe Only behemoth
planned forthe next decade The tthirty Meter TelescOpe(TMT)and the European
あοοた,Genesis:Theο″ αッα′ ら;ι αs αれ
Story ofApolloELT)are
8,'sれCOmpeting―
wtth the GMT forthe largest‐ in‐ the wo‖ d ut e The table below summarizes the plan,prog‐=,Large
Telescope(E‐
―
'α
ι
bο ο
々αιαι
;ι ‐
ο
々
sι
;;ι
rs.
あο
jι

=´

14

III＝途中なし＝カリフォルニア
1944⽣

Nelson倍々 ⇨ 10m ⇨Segment~61 Caltech
65 UC Berkley;;;77 CARA

以前

ほんとうのオリジナル
I.

Step forward, not improve

II.

Rely on ﬁrst principles

77 CARA81 ”Keck財団”
93/96 I/II 完成

NelsonAngel
Wilson（アリゾナ）

Neugebauer

レイトン:
1.5m ⾚外線望遠鏡

Leighton

Al on プラスチック＃ファインマン講義・演習

C. Anderson
R. Millikan
G. Hale

1860

｜
70

2023/01/22

｜
80

｜
90

｜
1900

Caltech spirit
カルテクの精神

⾚
外 CIT
線 NML
天 TMSS
⽂

｜
10

｜
20

｜
30

｜
40

｜
1950

43P語る会｜60｜
70

Linear でなくExponentialを！

｜
80

｜
90

｜
2000

｜
10

｜
20
15

30

2000〜
巨⼤〜30m望遠鏡へ
巨⼤望遠鏡

⼝径

参加国

2023/01/22

⾜し合わせ

GMT 25m

TMT 30m

ELT 39m＝8.4mx7枚=1.44mx492枚=1.44mx798枚

グレゴリアン放物＋楕円

リッチー・クレチエン

⾮球⾯３⾯
楕円ー凸ー凹カーネギー
スミソニアン
全⽶⼤学
ブラジル、韓国

CARA
カナダ、⽇本、
中国、インド副鏡
1.1mx7枚/厚さ2.4mm
Actuator/Sensor 672個

副鏡3.1m双極ʻ＋双極“43P語る会

ESO 14 ＋３カ国

HET/SALT

16

巨⼤望遠鏡

〜2025

〜2000

GMT 25m

TMT 30m

ELT 39m

LBT
D/h~13Keck
D/h~130

VLT
D/h~40MT
MMT
WYIN
Apache
VATT

proto
model

⼤望遠鏡

源

パロマ5m
1950
2023/01/22

proto
model

ActivePassive

回転
熔解炉

〜1970

NTT

Leighton
望遠鏡

⽇原
北軽井沢

NOT
ANU/WIRO
UKIRT

ヘール 5m

A2. spiritof Caltechーーーーーー

エンジェル“剛”；保守

ネルソン
分割；⾰新

ウィルソン
メニスカス；中道穏健

43P語る会

薄mirrors

17

IV.
そ
の
源

~
~

39m
30m
25m

~10m

~5m

~30m
GMT
TMT
ELT

三様
の源
Keck

10m

▲▲ LBT
VLT
▲▲▲

MMT
MT

ヘール

◉
200

5m

NTT
③

◉
1m

00

2023/01/22

10⇩

Leighton
1.57m

◉

20

30

40

1950

｜●
60

43P語る会

｜ １m
70

80 ▲▲
⽇原
北軽井沢

WYIN／
Apache▲▲▲ VATT

90

2000

10

20

30
18

0。望遠鏡400年
望
遠
鏡
発
明

⼝径
D
30m

⾊
収
差

ガ
ラ
ス
鏡

回
折
限
界

広
い
視
野

← 30m

{1 1 1}← 10m {2+4+1+2+2}

10m

屈折 レンズ反射{1} Palomar

●

1m

← 5m

●

✳
✳

●

✳

✳

鏡
●

10cm

●
1cm
2023/01/22

ガ
リ
レ
オ

1600

✳
ニ
&
'
ト
ン

1700

フ
ラ
ウ
ン
ホ
'
フ
.
ル

フ
'
コ
'

1800
43P語る会

現
在
1900

2000

19

could casily corrcct for it using the 165 active supports■

cking Down Mystenous Errorsthat cOntrol the rllirror's large‐

scale shapc These supports

iishing ofthe Arst Gl、 4T rnirror did not go as

bend the rllirror based on feedback frOlll sensors within

as anyone would have liked Thc nrstt、 vo、the asylllrlletric null corrector and the scanning

the telescope because,as with a11large rnirrors,the GMT

111卜nlirrors will■ ex under their own sizable weight.

:=:Magel an Te escopeisn'tthe Only behemoth planned forthe next decade The tthirty Meter TelescOpe(TMT)and the European―
ELT)are COmpeting wtth the GMT forthe largest‐ in‐ the wo‖ d ut e The table below summarizes the plan,prog‐=,Large Telescope(E‐『⼤望遠鏡とその源』=´=嗜= SChedule forthe three megatelescopes

佐藤修⼆

2023.Jan.22
@ 語る会

ヽこ00e

=̀==EntSin p‖ mary mirror

※⾃⼰紹介

==‐

― ̲ trt SIZer=一 。e diameter ofP‖ mary

0. はじめに；望遠鏡400年― ction startl二 r,■―r―I.

パロマ５mへ向かって

建設中の三つの巨⼤望遠鏡==enceL■ )● 」cost

=̲‐ t二 1 ■'Sed to date1‐éma n ng m rrOrs

i:こ omp ete by 2022

II. パロマ５mから⼤（ 〜 10m）望遠鏡へ
0油
t‐ ―

S:iよ

y

重 駆
information on,"やIII. ⼤望遠鏡から巨⼤（〜30m）望遠鏡へ,曖―

mammoth tele‐

progress.

SkyandTelescope com Mα rθ 力 2014 27

IV. 『源』GMT
Giant Magellan(25m)

A-1 ⾔い残した⼤事

TMT
Thirty-Meter(30m)

ELT
Extremely Large(39m)

A-2 ほんとうのオリジナル
A-3 雑談：我が遍歴2023/01/22

43P語る会20