https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0400
Research Paper:

Boiling of Coolant Near the Cutting Edge inHigh Speed Machining of Difficult-to-Cut Materials

Toshiyuki Obikawa∗,† , Wataru Matsumoto∗ , Mamoru Hayashi∗∗ , and Chikara Morigo∗∗∗∗ The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan† Corresponding author, E-mail: obikawa@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp∗∗ Resonic Japan Co., Ltd., Ayase, Japan∗∗∗ TOKUPI Co., Ltd., Yao, Japan[Received October 18, 2023; accepted April 3, 2024]

This study investigates film boiling of coolant as a cooling inhibitor in a narrow wedge-shaped space between
the tool flank face and the machined surface of a workpiece, observed during high-speed turning of stainlesssteel SUS304 and nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718.
The boiling, likely triggered by high surface temperatures at both the face and surface close to the cutting edge, impedes coolant access to the tool tip areaand efficient cooling. Therefore, the impact of coolant
pressure on the boiling zone size was initially exploredacross pressures ranging from 0.1 to 20 MPa. A burnmark band due to coolant boiling, distinctly visible on
the flank face of an insert with a yellow hard coating, expanded over cutting time. The film boiling area
width, or the distance from the flank wear area to theband, decreased with increasing coolant pressure, reflecting the enhanced cooling ability and tool life withhigh-pressure coolant. Applying Boyle–Charles’ law
to film boiling indicated that vapor pressure was directly related to coolant velocity rather than pressure.
In contrast, the boiling area width increased with increasing cutting speed.
Keywords: boiling of coolant, burn mark, high pressure
coolant, difficult-to-cut material, high-speed turning

1. Introduction
Coolants often drastically enhance the performanceof high-speed machining, particularly for difficult-to-cut
materials. Thus, in addition to traditional low-pressure
coolants, cryogenic coolants, such as liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide, and high-pressure coolants, have been
applied to low-efficiency machining processes. Cryogenic
coolants have excellent cooling ability [1, 2]; however,their lubricity is poor. Therefore, when the lubricity of
the coolant is required under specific cutting conditions,oil droplets are added, similar to minimum quantity lubrication machining, to the gas-phase cryogenic coolant,
which is transformed from the liquid phase with evaporation and expansion during spraying through a nozzle.
400

In contrast, high-pressure coolants with high cooling ability and moderate lubricity are often applied to high-speed
turning, milling, and deep hole drilling of difficult-to-cut
materials because they not only decrease the cutting temperature but also promote chip breaking. Therefore, ahigh-pressure coolant is much more cost-effective than acryogenic coolant for different cutting methods under awide range of cutting conditions.
The influence of a high-pressure coolant on cutting performance has been investigated from various perspectives.
Tool wear and the associated tool life are among the primary areas of research. Several papers (e.g., [3–7]) havereported that high-pressure coolants contribute to a large
extension of tool life. Bermingham et al. [8] showed thata high-pressure coolant decreased tool wear more significantly than liquid nitrogen. Another main research area ischip breaking and chip control, which was reviewed basedon the relationship between chip type and coolant pressure [9]. The third is the understanding of the coolant flownear the tool-tip area [9–12] and the mechanisms of cooling and lubrication [13].
During research on high-speed turning of difficult-tocut materials using high-pressure coolant, the authors observed a band of burn marks on the tool flank face. Thisband could be identified as the boundary zone between
the liquid and gas phases of coolant during film boiling. Film boiling, occurring in a narrow wedge-shaped
space between the tool flank face and the machined surface, likely acted as a cooling inhibitor by impeding theadvancement of coolant toward the cutting edge, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Consequently, changes in the positionof the burn mark with coolant pressure and cutting speed
were observed during high-speed turning of stainless steel
and nickel-based superalloy. Additionally, the influenceof coolant pressure on changes in the maximum width offlank wear with cutting length was investigated to understand the cooling ability of high-pressure coolant.

Int. J. of Automation Technology Vol.18 No.3, 2024
© Fuji Technology Press Ltd. Creative Commons CC BY-ND: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalLicense (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/)

Boiling of Coolant Near the Cutting Edge inHigh Speed Machining of Difficult-to-Cut Materialsr

Fig. 1. Schematic of film boiling between the tool flank face
and the finished surface, and the position of the burn mark.

Fig. 2. Tool holder with a nozzle on the flank face.

2. Experimental Methods
The work materials used for the turning experiments
were 18-8 stainless steel SUS304 and a nickel-based superalloy, Inconel 718. An M35-grade carbide insert witha single coating layer of a titanium compound was applied for turning SUS304, whereas an S01-grade carbide
insert with three different coating layers of TiCN, Al2 O3 ,and TiN was used for turning Inconel 718. These inserts
had the same body shape as CNMG120408, but different
chip-breaker shapes. The surface coatings were yellowish in color. This was essential for identifying the bandcorresponding to the burn mark on the flank face. They
were clamped to a tool holder of type DCLNR2525M12JC with a coolant nozzle on the flank face, as shown in
Fig. 2. The crescent or L-shaped area of the nozzle exit is2.25 mm2 . The tool clearance angle in Fig. 1 is magnified
by more than twice the actual value of approximately 6◦
to highlight the film boiling area and position of the burnmark.
A soluble type of coolant was delivered to the tool tip
through a nozzle on the tool flank face. This methodof coolant supply will henceforth be referred to as jet
cooling (JC). Coolant pressure varied widely from 0.1 to
0.5 MPa using a low-pressure coolant pump and from 1.0
to 20.0 MPa using a high-pressure coolant pump. The average cross-sectional flow velocity at the nozzle exit wascalculated based on the exit area and flow rate, measured
Int. J. of Automation Technology Vol.18 No.3, 2024

Fig. 3. Relationship between the coolant velocity and thecoolant pressure.

using a magnetic flow meter. This flow velocity is essential for estimating the coolant’s penetration ability in the
cutting area and its momentum, which could aid in chipbreaking. However, previous studies [6, 7, 10] did not provide this value.
In this study, the coolant was supplied to the tool tip area
only from the side of the flank face in both JC and flood
cooling because the boundaries of the wedge-shaped space
between the tool flank face and machined surface are welldefined, and the burn mark on the flank face is unlikely to
be scratched by a produced chip. In contrast, the chipleaving point on the rake face periodically changes during the chip-breaking process, accompanied by a change
in the chip curl radius. Thus, the boiling area on the rake
face may move with a change in the chip-leaving point,
resulting in a broad and vague burn mark, and the damaged burn mark is further smeared and scratched by the
produced chip.
The cutting conditions for SUS304 included cutting
speeds of 300 and 500 m/min, a depth of cut of 1.0 mm,
and a feed rate of 0.2 mm/rev. For Inconel 718, the conditions were a cutting speed of 150 m/min, a depth of cutof 0.3 mm, and a feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev. The cutting experiment persisted until the maximum width of flank wear
VBmax surpassed a critical value of 0.2 mm.
The widths of the boiling areas were measured using a
digital microscope. In addition, mappings of certain elements in the burn marks were identified using electronprobe microanalysis to confirm the origins of the burnmark components.

3. Results and Discussion
The relationship between the coolant velocity andcoolant pressure is shown in Fig. 3. The coolant velocity
was calculated to be 81.5 m/s from a flow rate of 11 L/min
and the nozzle exit area at a coolant pressure of 20 MPa.
This was very rapid, and continued to show an increasing trend. By contrast, it was 4.0 m/s for flood cooling ata coolant pressure of 0.5 MPa. This value was less thanhalf of the coolant velocity at the crescent nozzle exit for401

Obikawa, T. et al.



Fig. 4. Burn marks on the flank face at cutting lengths of(a) 25, (b) 100, and (c) 1000 m when machining SUS304 at
cutting speed 300 m/min using JC at a coolant pressure of
0.5 MPa.

a coolant pressure of 0.1 MPa.
The burn mark became wider and thicker on the flankface as the cutting length increased, as shown in Fig. 4.
Figs. 4(a)–(c) show the marks at cutting lengths of 25, 100,
and 1000 m, respectively, when SUS304 was machined at
a cutting speed of 300 m/min with JC at a coolant pressure
0.5 MPa. The film-boiling area spread to both ends of the
cutting edge engaged in cutting; thus, its length along the
cutting edge did not change with the coolant pressure. In
contrast, its width in the cutting direction, or the distancefrom the flank wear land to the band of the burn mark,changed along the cutting edge and was likely proportional
to the local undeformed chip thickness at the point of the
cutting edge. Because the boiling area changed little as
the cutting length increased from 25 to 100 m, its maximum value, which is simply referred to as the width of theboiling area below, was measured once at an early stage ofcutting.
The results of electron probe microanalysis of the elements on the flank face with thick and wide bands of burnmarks are shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5(a) shows a micrographof the burn mark on the flank face, and Figs. 5(b)–(f) show
maps of carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, and iron. The
work material was SUS304, and the cutting conditions
402

Fig. 5. Results of electron probe microanalysis of the flankface with a burn mark after machining 800 m of SUS304 at
a cutting speed of 300 m/min using JC at a coolant pressureof 0.5 MPa. (a) Micrograph of the burn mark on the flankface and mappings of (b) carbon, (c) phosphorus, (d) sulfur,(e) oxygen, and (f) iron.

were a cutting speed of 300 m/min, a cutting length of
800 m, and JC at a coolant pressure of 0.5 MPa.
High concentrations of carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, andoxygen in the burn mark area indicated that the coolant was
the source of the burn mark. Intense boiling of the coolant
occurred in the narrow wedge-shaped space between thetool flank face and the machined surface, leading to theformation of the burn mark at the boundary zone between
the liquid and gas phases of the coolant during film boiling. Additionally, a high iron concentration was found in
the burn mark area, with even higher iron concentrations
detected on the flank wear land. This suggests that theboiling was extremely severe because the particles of thework material worn down by friction against the tool flankwear surface, initially carried onto the finished surface, became firmly adhered to the position of the burn mark on
the tool.
The relationship between the width of the film boiling area and coolant pressure obtained for the turning of
SUS304 using JC at a cutting speed of 300 m/min is shownin Fig. 6. Two or three burn marks appeared on the flankface at coolant pressures of 1–7 MPa. Because a highpressure pump with discharge pressures of up to 20 MPa
was designed for a range of pressures much higher than
7 MPa, a large reduction in coolant pressure using a pressure control valve often causes a large pressure pulsation,
which must have resulted in multiple burn marks.
The boiling areas for pressures of 0.5 MPa and lower
were wider than 0.2 mm, the feed of one revolution. They
Int. J. of Automation Technology Vol.18 No.3, 2024

Boiling of Coolant Near the Cutting Edge inHigh Speed Machining of Difficult-to-Cut Materialsr

Fig. 6. Relationship between the width of the film boilingarea and coolant pressure when machining SUS304 using JC
at a cutting speed of 300 m/min.

Fig. 7. Effect of coolant pressure on the development of
the maximum width of flank wear when machining SUS304
using JC at a cutting speed of 300 m/min.

would be even wider in flood cooling because the coolant
speed in flood cooling is much slower than that in JC at a
coolant pressure of 0.1 MPa. This suggests that cooling of
the hottest areas of the tool flank face was significantly reduced by coolant boiling when low-pressure coolant was
supplied to the cutting area. This is because the heat transfer coefficients from solid to gas were approximately two
to three orders of magnitude lower than those from solid
to liquid.
In contrast, the width of the boiling area decreased bya factor of 4.0 as the coolant pressure increased from 0.1
to 20 MPa, whereas it decreased by a factor of 2.9 as thepressure increased from 0.5 to 20 MPa. The above results
show that a high-pressure coolant can enhance the cooling ability in the cutting processes by not only increasing
the flow speed, but also changing the heat transfer mechanisms in the hottest area of the flank face.
The influence of the coolant pressure on the development of the maximum flank wear width when machining
SUS304 at a cutting speed of 300 m/min is shown in Fig. 7.
In addition to the data for JC with coolant pressures ranging from 0.3 to 10 MPa, data for flood cooling were alsoplotted. The cutting distance at the maximum width ofInt. J. of Automation Technology Vol.18 No.3, 2024

Fig. 8. Relationship between the width of the film boilingarea and coolant pressure when machining SUS304 using JC
at a cutting speed of 500 m/min.

the flank wear VBmax = 0.2 mm was the shortest for flood
cooling and constantly increased with a coolant pressureof up to 10 MPa for JC. It was three and five times longer
for JC at coolant pressures of 5 and 10 MPa, respectively,
than for flood cooling. This indicated that JC using a highpressure coolant was favorable for the high-speed machining of stainless steel SUS304.
The relationship between the width of the film boilingarea and coolant pressure for JC at an even higher cutting speed of 500 m/min is depicted in Fig. 8. Comparing
this with Fig. 6 reveals that the increase in cutting speed
resulted in a wider boiling area. The coolant must flow
into the narrow wedge-shaped space between the tool flankface and the machined surface, opposing the movementof the machined surface in the opposite direction and theassociated boundary layers, which may cause countercurrents. Given that the height of the space at the position of
the burn mark is approximately one-tenth the width of theboiling area, the coolant velocity significantly decreases
before reaching the boiling area. Therefore, the increasein cutting speed or the moving velocity of the machined
surface from 300 m/min (5.0 m/s) to 500 m/min (8.3 m/s)
would have a noticeable impact on the starting position ofboiling.
The change in the width of the boiling area with cutting speed when machining SUS304 using JC at the lowest
coolant pressure of 0.1 MPa is shown in Fig. 9. The boiling area increased monotonically with the cutting speed.
However, the cutting speed has a smaller influence on thewidth than the coolant pressure.
The relationship between the width of the film boilingarea and the coolant pressure for turning Inconel 718 using
JC at a cutting speed of 150 m/min is depicted in Fig. 10.
As the feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev for Inconel 718 is half thatof SUS304, the width of the boiling area of Inconel 718 isapproximately half that of SUS304. However, the effect of
the coolant pressure on narrowing the boiling area appears
to diminish, as indicated by the smaller slope of the line
in Fig. 10 compared to that in Fig. 6. With an increasein coolant pressure from 0.5 to 20 MPa, the width of the403

Obikawa, T. et al.

Fig. 9. Relationship between the width of the film boilingarea and the cutting speed when machining SUS304 using JC
at a coolant pressure of 0.1 MPa.

Fig. 10. Relationship between the width of the film boilingarea and the coolant pressure when machining Inconel 718
using JC at a cutting speed of 150 m/min.

boiling area decreased by factors of 2.7 and 2.1 in Figs. 6
and 10, respectively.
Based on computational fluid dynamic analysis ofcoolant flow in turning [11, 12], there exists a limit to thecoolant’s reach in the narrow wedge-shaped space between
the tool flank face and the machined surface, even without considering coolant boiling. This limit is dependent
on coolant pressure, velocity, cutting speed, tool clearance
angle, and viscosity. It is likely situated tens of micrometers away from the end of the flank wear-land, allowing
only the gas-phase coolant [14] to flow beyond it.
The influence of the coolant pressure on the development of the maximum width of the flank wear whenturning Inconel 718 at a cutting speed of 150 m/min isshown in Fig. 11. In addition to the data for JC with
coolant pressures ranging from 0.3 to 20 MPa, data forflood cooling were also plotted. The cutting distance at
VBmax = 0.2 mm was the shortest for flood cooling, which
is similar to the results for SUS304 shown in Fig. 7. It
increased with the coolant pressure up to 5.0 MPa for JC.
This was four times longer for JC at a coolant pressure of
5 MPa than for flood cooling. However, it did not changeslightly when the coolant pressure was increased from 5404

Fig. 11. Effect of coolant pressure on the development of the
maximum width of flank wear when machining Inconel 718
using JC at a cutting speed of 150 m/min.

to 20 MPa. One of the main reasons for this unexpected
result is explained in [6] from the perspective of the deposition of trace coolant elements on the flank face underhigh-pressure conditions. This result indicates that JC using high pressure is not always effective in reducing flankwear. Studies in this area have started recently [6]. Further
research is required to better understand machining using
high-pressure coolants.
From Figs. 6 and 10, the relationships between the
coolant pressure 𝑝 L and the width of boiling area 𝑤
for SUS304 and Inconel 718 are expressed as 𝑤 =0.160𝑝 L −0.259 and 𝑤 = 0.0985𝑝 L −0.192 , respectively.
Rearrangement of these equations results in 𝑤 3.86 𝑝 L =0.000845 and 𝑤 5.21 𝑝 L = 5.72 × 10−6 , respectively. Using the relationship between the coolant velocity 𝑣 L andcoolant pressure in Fig. 3, that is, 𝑣 L = 23.8𝑝 L 0.411 , theabove equations become 𝑤 1.59 𝑣 L = 𝐶1 and 𝑤 2.14 𝑣 L = 𝐶2 ,where 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are constants. However, because the volume of the gas-phase coolant in the wedge-shaped space
is proportional to 𝑤 2 , Boyle–Charles’ law is expressed as
𝑤 2 𝑝 V = 𝐶, where 𝑝 V is the pressure of the gas-phase
coolant, and 𝐶 is a constant. A comparison of the form of𝑤 2 𝑝 V = 𝐶 and the other equations led to the conclusionthat the pressure of the gas-phase coolant, 𝑝 V is dependent
on the coolant velocity rather than the coolant pressure.

4. Conclusions
The film boiling of the coolant as a cooling inhibitor
in a narrow wedge-shaped space between the tool flankface and the machined surface of a workpiece during thehigh-speed turning of SUS304 and Inconel 718 was investigated. The following conclusions were drawn:
1) The band of burn mark on the tool flank face was
identified as a boundary zone between the liquid- andgas-phases of coolant boiling.
2) The width of boiling area in JC significantly decreased with increasing coolant pressure from 0.1 to
20 MPa and increased with cutting speed.
Int. J. of Automation Technology Vol.18 No.3, 2024

Boiling of Coolant Near the Cutting Edge inHigh Speed Machining of Difficult-to-Cut Materialsr

3) The maximum width of the flake wear decreased withincreasing coolant pressure, resulting in a significant
increase in the cutting length in machining SUS304,
whereas an increase in the cutting length was limited
in a range of very high coolant pressures in machining
Inconel 718.
4) Applying the Boyle–Charles’ law to film boiling suggested that the pressure of the gas-phase coolant isdirectly dependent on the coolant velocity and not on
the coolant pressure.

Name:

Toshiyuki Obikawa

Affiliation:

Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo

Address:

4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan

Brief Biographical History:

Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Mitsubishi Materials Corporation for
their financial support and for supplying the inserts, tool holders,
and work material Inconel 718.
References:[1] B. Lauwers et al., “Hybrid processes in manufacturing,” CIRP Annals, Vol.63, Issue 2, pp. 561-583, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cirp.2014.05.003[2] C. Machai and D. Biermann, “Machining of 𝛽-titanium-alloy Ti–
10V–2Fe–3Al under cryogenic conditions: Cooling with carbon
dioxide snow,” J. Mat. Process. Technol., Vol.211, Issue 6, pp. 11751183, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.01.022[3] E. O. Ezugwu and J. Bonney, “Effect of high-pressure coolant supply when machining nickel-base, Inconel 718, alloy with coated carbide tools,” J. Mat. Process. Technol., Vols.153-154, pp. 1045-1050,
2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.329[4] F. Klocke, H. Sangermann, A. Krämer, and D. Lung, “Influence ofa high-pressure lubricoolant supply on thermo-mechanical tool load
and tool wear behaviour in the turning of aerospace materials,” Proc.
Inst. Mech. Eng., Part B: J. Eng. Manuf., Vol.225, Issue 1, pp. 52-61,
2011. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544054JEM2082[5] Y. Ayed, G. Germain, A. Ammar, and B. Furet, “Tool wear
analysis and improvement of cutting conditions using the highpressure water-jet assistance when machining the Ti17 titanium alloy,” Prec. Eng., Vol.42, pp. 294-301, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.precisioneng.2015.06.004[6] T. Obikawa et al., “Deposition of trace coolant elements on flankface in turning Inconel 718 under high pressure conditions,” Int. J.
Automation. Technol., Vol.13, pp. 41-48, 2019. https://doi.org/10.
20965/ijat.2019.p0041[7] Z. Fang and T. Obikawa, “Turning of Inconel 718 using insertswith cooling channels under high pressure jet coolant assistance,”
J. Mat. Process. Technol., Vol.247, pp. 19-28, 2017. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.03.032[8] M. J. Bermingham, S. Palanisamy, D. Kent, and M. S. Dargusch,“A comparison of cryogenic and high pressure emulsion coolingtechnologies on tool life and chip morphology in Ti–6Al–4V cutting,” J. Mat. Process. Technol., Vol.212, Issue 4, pp. 752-765, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.10.027[9] T. Obikawa and C. Morigo, “Tribology in cutting processes: froma viewpoint of lubricant feeding,” J. Jap. Soc. Trib., Vol.66,
No.8, pp. 608-613, 2021 (in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.18914/
tribologist.66.08_608[10] Z. Fang and T. Obikawa, “Cooling performance of micro-texture
at the tool flank face under high pressure jet coolant assistance,”
Prec. Eng., Vol.49, pp. 41-51, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
precisioneng.2017.01.008[11] T. Obikawa and M. Yamaguchi, “Influence of coolant application
direction on the cutting performance of ceramic tool in high-speed
air-jet-assisted machining of Inconel 718,” Key Eng., Mat., Vol.749,
pp. 87-93, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.
749.87[12] T. Obikawa and M. Yamaguchi, “Computational fluid dynamic analysis of coolant flow in turning,” Proc. CIRP, Vol.8, pp. 270-274,
2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.06.101[13] Z. Fang and T. Obikawa, “Influence of cutting fluid flow on tool
wear in high-pressure coolant turning using a novel internally cooled
insert,” J. Manuf. Process., Vol.56, pp. 1114-1125, 2020. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.05.028[14] J. A. Williams and D. Tabor, “The role of lubricants in machining,”
Wear, Vol.43, Issue 3, pp. 275-292, 1977. https://doi.org/10.1016/
0043-1648(77)90125-9

Int. J. of Automation Technology Vol.18 No.3, 2024

1980-2007 Tokyo Institute of Technology
2007-2017 The University of Tokyo
2017-2022 Tokyo Denki University

Main Works:• Theory and application of metal machining

Membership in Academic Societies:• The Japan Society for Precision Engineering (JSPE)• The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME)• The Japan Society for Abrasive Technology (JSAT)

Name:

Wataru Matsumoto

Affiliation:

The University of Tokyo

Address:

4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan

Name:

Mamoru Hayashi

Affiliation:

Chief Engineer, Resonic Japan Co., Ltd.

Address:

1-7-6 Oogami, Ayase-shi, Kanagawa 252-1104, Japan

Membership in Academic Societies:• The Japan Society for Precision Engineering (JSPE)• The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME)

Name:

Chikara Morigo

Affiliation:

President, TOKUPI Co., Ltd.

Address:

3-167 Otake, Yao-shi, Osaka 581-0854, Japan

Brief Biographical History:

1974- Morigo Seiki Co., Ltd.
2007- President, TOKUPI Co., Ltd.

Main Works:• Development of ultra high pressure coolant system• Cutting technology with ultra high pressure coolant up to 30 MPa• “State of the Art in High Speed Machining with High Pressure Coolant,”
Seisan Kenkyu, Vol.67, Issue 6, pp. 607-612, 2015 (in Japanese).

Membership in Academic Societies:• Yao Technical Committee of Burr Technology• The Japan Society for Precision Engineering (JSPE)• The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME)• The Japan Society for Abrasive Technology (JSAT)405