EMECS9
Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

August 28-31, 2011
Baltimore, Maryland, USA

www.conference.ifas.ufl.edu/EMECS9

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

August 28, 2011

Welcome to EMECS 9, Global Summit on Coastal Seas
The EMECS 9 conference planners and supporters wish to welcome all participants to this importantgathering to further our knowledge and action to restore, protect, and enhance this globe's coastal seas.
From the first EMECS conference held in 1990 in Kobe, Japan and in each of the following eight
conferences around the world scientists, government environmental managers, business members,
students and citizens have been drawn together to struggle with the complex issues influencing the water
quality of these complex coastal water bodies.
From that first meeting in Kobe and with the establishment of the International EMECS Center in the early
1990's the core principle of all involved has been that we have a "shared responsibility" not only to
manage coastal seas but to develop sustainable approaches to our resources; human, fiscal, and natural.
Without this principle of a "shared responsibility" our efforts become disjointed, fail to address issues in acomprehensive manner, fall short of acknowledging the great diversity of our cultural values, and provide
only partial and inadequate approaches.
EMECS's greatest promise through over twenty years, now nine conferences, ongoing environmental
training programs, multiple regional and specialized seminars, is the acknowledgment that we have aremarkable diversity of resources and expertise to develop innovative solutions, engage new
populations, especially our young people, and that we must continue in a focused mission to discover andimplement new approaches.
During the several days of the EMECS 9, a Global Summit on Coastal Seas, participants are afforded
unique opportunities to engage each other in lively and productive discussion. The conference planningcommittee with the efforts of the University of Florida, IFAS Office of Conferences and Institutes haveorganized this summit to maximize each participants access to a wide range of resources. It is also atime that we share our diverse cultural, regional and national heritages to further expand our vision andability to protect our coastal seas for this and future generations.
We look forward to a productive and enjoyable summit that builds on over twenty years of thoughtful
dialogue and commitment by governments, the business community, NGOs and citizens. We anticipate
this ongoing commitment as we step forward to prepare for EMECS 10.
Sincerely,

Dr. Bob Summers
Conference Co-Chair

Mr. David Carroll
Conference Co-Chair

Mr. Dave Nemazie
Program Co-ChairiEMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seasii

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Table of Contents
Welcome Letter ........................................................................................... i

Conference Purpose ................................................................................. iv

Steering Committee ................................................................................... v

Program Committee .................................................................................. vi

Sponsor Recognition ................................................................................ vii

Detailed Agenda....................................................................................... viii

Poster Directory .......................................................................................xxi

Abstracts .................................................................................................... 1

Author Index ........................................................................................... 171

iii

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Conference Purpose
The Ninth International Meeting on the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas
(EMECS 9) focuses on scientifically sound; sustainable restoration approaches, ensuringaccountability and effective communication for successful integrated management of coastal
seas. The purpose of EMECS 9 is to improve our ability to manage coastal seas in all of theirecological, economic, and cultural dimensions and bring together stakeholders from government,
non-government organizations, academia, and private sector leaders who are interested in the
management and policies of coastal seas.
To do this, the conference has drawn on lessons learned and case studies from around the world.
EMECS 9 addresses the following themes: accountability, sustainable approaches, finance andfunding, multilateral partnerships, innovative education and communication, and underlying
science of enclosed coastal sea management.

iv

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Steering Committee
Co-Chairs
Dr. Robert Summers
Co-ChairSecretary, MD Department of the Environment
bsummers@mde.state.md.us
Mr. David Carroll
Co-ChairBaltimore County Government (Retired)
Prospecths@aol.com
EMECS Representatives
Ms. Jane Nishida
SPC Member
jtnishida@aol.com
Dr. Erdal Ozhan
Co-Chair, SPC of EMECS
ozhan@metu.edu.tr
Dr. Masataka Watanabe
Chair, SPC of EMECS
masawata@nies.go.jp
Dr. Tetsuo Yanagi
Co-Chair, SPC of EMECS
tyanagi@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Committee Members
Mr. Rich Batiuk
US Environmental Protection Agency,
Chesapeake Bay Program,
Associate Director for Science
Batiuk.Richard@epamail.epa.gov
Dr. Wayne BellWashington College
wbell2@washcoll.edu
Dr. Edward Bouwer
Johns Hopkins University
bouwer@jhu.edu
Dr. Suzanne Bricker
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
Suzanne.Bricker@noaa.gov
Ms. Kim Coble
Chesapeake Bay Foundation
KCoble@savethebay.cbf.org
Mr. Rich Chapas
Battelle Inc.
ChapasR@BATTELLE.ORG
Mr. George Chmael
Council Firegchmael@mac.com

Mr. Michael CurleyInternational Center for Environmental Financemc@envfin.com
Mr. Frank Dawson
MD Dept. of Natural Resources, Assistant Secretary
FDAWSON@dnr.state.md.us
Dr. William Dennison
Univ. MD Center for Environmental Sciencedennison@umces.edu
Mr. Ted Gattino
BlueWing Environmental Solutions & Technologies, llc
ted@bluewing-env.com
Mr. Peter Gourlay
Maryland Asia Environmental Partnership

peter.gourlay@mdaep.com
Mr. Jack GreerMD Sea Grant (Retired)jackrgreer@gmail.com
Mr. Bob Hoyt
Montgomery County
Bob.Hoyt@montgomerycountymd.gov
Dr. Jonathan (Jon) Kramer
Director, MD Sea Grant
kramer@mdsg.umd.edu
Mr. Dave Nemazie
Univ. MD Center for Environmental Sciencenemazie@umces.edu
Ms. Mendy Nitsch
Director of International Affairs,
MD Office of the Secretary of Statemnitsch@sos.state.md.us
Mr. Royden Powell
MD Dept. of Agriculture, Assistant Secretary
PowellRN@mda.state.md.us
Ms. Alison Prost
Chesapeake Bay Foundation
AProst@cbf.org
Dr. John Seidel
Director, Center for the Environment & Society,
Washington College
jseidel2@washcoll.edu
Mr. Tom Sprehe
KCI
thomas.sprehe@kci.com
Ms. Ann Swanson
Executive Director, Chesapeake Bay Commission
aswanson@chesbay.usv

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Program Committee
Co-Chairs

U.S. Members

Dr. Jonathan (Jon) Kramer
Director, MD Sea Grant
kramer@mdsg.umd.edu

Mr. Rich Batiuk
US Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay
Program, Associate Director for Science
Batiuk.Richard@epamail.epa.gov

Mr. Dave Nemazie
Univ. of MD Center for Environmental Sciencenemazie@umces.edu

International Members
Dr. Zhongyuan Chen
East China Normal University, China
z.chen@ecnu.edu.cn
Prof Emeritus Osamu Matsuda
President of The Research Institute for the Seto
Inland Sea, Japanmatsuda036@go3.enjoy.ne.jp
Dr. Piamsak Menasveta
Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
Pimsak.M@chula.ac.th
Dr. Peter Soderbaum
Swedenpeter.soderbaum@mdh.se
Mr. Ivica Trumbic
UNEP/MAP GEF MedPartnership
Greeceivica.trumbic@unepmap.gr
Dr. Eric Wolanski
James Cook University, Australia
e.wolanski@aims.gov.auvi

Dr. Donald Boesch
President, Univ. of MD Center for Environmental Scienceboesch@umces.edu
Dr. Edward Bouwer
Johns Hopkins University
bouwer@jhu.edu
Dr. Suzanne Bricker
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National
Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
Suzanne.Bricker@noaa.gov
Dr. William Dennison
Univ. MD Center for Environmental Sciencedennison@umces.edu

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

A Special Thank You to our Hosts and Sponsors
Host Sponsor

International EMECS Center
Gold Sponsors

Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research
Maryland Department of the Environment
Maryland Sea Grant
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U. S. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
Chesapeake Bay Officeand National Center for Coastal Ocean Science
Silver Sponsor

U.S. Geological Survey
Bronze Sponsors

Baltimore Port AllianceChesapeake Bay Trust
Maryland Port Administration
Washington College, Center for Environment and Society
Additional Contributions

Chesapeake Bay Program
John Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering
Maryland-Asia Environmental Partnership
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciencevii

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Detailed Agenda
Saturday, August 27, 2011
15:00
17:00‐19:00

Exhibitor and Poster Presenter Set‐Up ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI
Pre‐Conference Registration Open ‐ Registration Rotunda on the 3rd Floor

Sunday, August 28, 2011
07:00‐17:30
07:00‐08:30
08:30‐08:50

Conference Registration Open
Morning Refreshments and Poster Set‐Up ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI
General Session ‐ Grand Ballroom Salon V
Conference Introduction and Overview
Dr. Bob Summers, Secretary, Maryland Department of the Environment
Moderator Assistant: Zoe Newell

Concurrent Sessions 1
SessionLocation
09:00‐10:25

1A
Grand Salon I‐II
New Education
andCommunication
Tools

1B
Grand Salon III‐IV
Partnerships in
Coastal Restoration
I

Moderator
AV Operator
09:00‐09:05
09:05‐09:25

Richard Lacotoure
Kelly Kunsch
Introduction
Yoshinari Kobuke
Environmental
Educational Effects
in the Use of New
Composite Index of
Water
Environment

Brenton McCloskey
Nicole Carlozo
Introduction
Keisuke Isshiki
Development of
Water Quality
Improvement
Channel with
Citizens in
Amagasaki Canal,Japan
Thamasak Yeemin
An Action Plan for
Coral Reef
Management inThailand following
Coral Bleaching
Events

09:25‐09:45

viii

Satoshi Chiba
Pearl Culture
Waste, Nutrient
Load from Land or
Loss of Tidal Flat,
What is the Causeof theDeterioration andwhat should becontrolled for the
Restoration of Ago
Bay Environment?

1C
Grand Salon V
SPECIAL SESSION:
Disseminating theConcept of"Satoumi"InternationallyPart 1: Activities in
Asia
Yves Henocque
Hotel AV
Introduction
Note: The Satoumi
Special Sessions will
follow different
session timing. A
detailed version ofthis agenda may befound in the
program book.
Opening Remarks:
Gov. Toshizo Ido,
Hyogo Prefecture,Japan
SessionIntroduction:
Tetsuo Yanagi,
Convener of Session
Osamu Matsuda,
Evolution ofSatoumi Frame
During the Recent
International
Meetings

1D
Grand Salon VII‐VIII
Underlying Science:
Sediment Processes
I

1E
Grand Salon IX‐X
SSP: Coastal
Community‐Based
Initiatives toConserve Coastal
Resources

Kevin Hedge
Sarah Larsen
Introduction
Toru Endo
Field Investigationof Oxygen
Consumption
Characteristic of
Sediment in
Hypoxic Enclosed
Coastal Sea
Mitsuru Hayashi
Estimation ofSubmarine
Groundwater and
TP Flux Near theIntertidal Zone by
the Budget Analysis
Using the Marine
Observation Data

George Radcliffe
Zoe Newell
Introduction
Student
Presentations:
Leah Healy andSophia Scully
Likely Implicationsof Sea Level Rise forNorth Humboldt
Bay, California
Katsuhiko Touzak
Let’s make the Seaof Amagasaki Blue!
Saori Takahashi
An Approach to
Reduce theGarbage at the
Bottom of the Seto
Inland Sea
Additional
Presenters:
LeeAnn Hutchison
REINS: Riders in theEnvironment
Improving Native
Shorelines

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Concurrent Sessions 1 ‐ Continued
09:45‐10:05

Jean Paul Ducrotoy
Health of Human
Populations andAssociatedDomestic Animals
as a Component of
the Integrated
Coastal Zone
Management
Approach

10:05‐10:25

Guy Stephens
Innovative Web
Based
Communications
and the Chesapeake
BayJohn Seidel
University &Municipal
Partnerships in
Sustainability – A
Model for Success

Q&A
Group Discussion

10:25‐10:50

Takahiko Chino,
Satoumi Policy inJapan
Takeshi Hidaka,
Rules and
Regulations
Supporting Satoumi
as a Social System
Suhendar
Sachoemar,
Development of
Sustainable
Aquaculture as a
Model of Satoumi
and GAPURA to
Improve
Productivity ofMarinal Brackish
water Ponds

Sosuke Otani
Relationships
between Food Web
Structure of Benthic
Community andOrigin of
Sedimentary
Organic Matter in
Tidal Flats of Two
River Mouths in
Shikoku Island,
Japan
Takashi Kawai
A Comparative
Study ofDistribution Patternof Two Endangered
Benthic Animals on
Artificial andNatural Tidal Flats

Santiago de la
PuenteUsing Community
to Conserve a Great
Coastal Ecosystem
Panel Discussion‐
All Presenters

Hideki Kokubu,
Evaluation of Tidal
Flat Restoration
Effect in the Coastal
Unused Reclaimed
Area by Promoting
Tidal Exchange with
Public Involvement

AM Break ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI
Concurrent Sessions 2

SessionLocation
10:50‐12:15

2A
Grand Salon I‐II
Sustainability:
Reducing Toxic
Pollutants

2B
Grand Salon III‐IV
Partnerships in
Coastal Restoration
II

Moderator
AV Operator
10:50‐10:55
10:55‐11:15

Edward Bouwer
Leah Healy
Introduction
Yongseok Hong
Assessment of
Mercury
Contamination andBioaccumulation inSarasota Bay

Suzanne Bricker
Nicole Carlozo
Introduction
Brenton McCloskey
Advancing
Watershed
Restoration at the
Local Level Throughthe Chesapeake Bay
TMDL

2C
Grand Salon V
SPECIAL SESSION:
Disseminating theConcept of"Satoumi"InternationallyPart 2: Satoumi
from thePerspective ofWestern Society
Osamu Matsuda
Hotel AV
Introduction
Wayne Bell,Historic andContemporary Land
Use on the
Chesapeake Bay
Watershed: The
Relationship ofWorking Landscapeto the Satoumi
Perspective

2D
Grand Salon VII‐VIII
Underlying Science:
Sediment Processes
II

2E
Grand Salon IX‐X
SSP: Panel, Social
Media: Leverage it
to Discuss,
Illuminate and
EducateTed Gattino
Sarah Larsen
Introduction
Kevin Hedge
Floating Wetland
Islands as a tool for
Ecosystem
Restoration ‐ Basic
Science and Future
Embodiments

Margaret Enloe
Sophia Scully
Introduction
Panel Members:
Guy Stephens
Nuts and Bolts:
Integrating Social
Media into yourWebsiteix

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Concurrent Sessions 2 ‐ Continued
11:15‐11:35

11:35‐11:55

Satoshi Asaoka
Granulated Coal
Ash Can Effectively
Absorb Hydrogen
SulfideAmar Wadhawan
Effect ofOxygenation on
Speciation,
Behavior, and Fateof Chromium in
Estuarine
Sediments

Satoquo Seino
ExploringCharacteristics ofBeach Environments
and Issues of
CoastalManagement
through Analysis of
Drift PET Bottles
along the Shores of
Fukuoka/Hakata
Bay, Japan
JeanneMichelle Ryan
Chesapeake Bay: A
Case Study of
Citizen Science andExecutive Order
13508

11:55‐12:15

Q&A
Group Discussion

Q&A
Group Discussion

Yves Henocque,Enhancing Social
Capital for
Sustainable Coastal
Developments: Is
Satoumi theAnswer?
Marjo Vierros,
The Role of Satoumi
in Implementing theConvention on
Biological Diversity
and Other
International
Commitments

x

Alaa Salem
Post‐Aswan Dam
Sedimentation Rateof Lagoons of the
Nile Delta, Egypt

Yoshitaka Ota,
Small Coasts, Large
Issues ‐ Can
Communities
Protect Their
Coasts?
Terry Doss,
Sustainable
Approaches to
Restoring Coastal
Habitat in the Heartof New York City
Erdal Ozhan,
A Comprehensive
Regional Effort toEnhance Integrated
CoastalManagement in the
Mediterranean and
the Black Sea
Countries

12:15‐13:30

Maya Matsushige
Aftereffects ofHypoxia Exposure
on Ruditapes
philippinarum inOmaehama beach,Japan

Lunch on Own

Q&A
Group Discussion

Michael Dougherty
It’s Scientifically
Proven: If You
Engage . . . You Win
Pamela Wood
A Journalist’s
Perspective on
Social MediaAugust 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Concurrent Sessions 3
Location
Session13:30‐14:55

3A
Grand Salon I‐II
Accountability:
Goal Setting &Management
Approaches

3B
Grand Salon III‐IV
Sustainability: Tools
for Pollution
Reduction

Moderator

Zhongyuan Chen

Bob Summers

AV Operator
13:30‐13:35
13:35‐13:55

Jodi Toll
Introduction
Hideto Uranaka
The healthexamination of Ago
Bay

Leah Healy
Introduction
Richard Batiuk
Implications of
Putting the 17
Million Chesapeake
Bay Watershed
Residents on a
Regulatory Pollution
Diet

13:55‐14:15

14:15‐14:35

Xiyong Hou
Trends in
Chlorophyll‐aConcentration and
its Relationship to
An Area‐weighted
Water Quality
Index at the Bohai
Sea, China
Dianne Poster
Federal Activities
to Support theDetermination ofLinks between
Environmental
Conditions and the
Health of Marine
Organisms andHumans14:35‐14:55

Q&A
Group Discussion

14:55‐15:20

Ryuji Tomisaka
Support Project ofTotal Pollutant Load
Control System
introduction

YoonJu Yi
An Analysis of
Covariance to
Determine theEffect of TPLMS in
Masan Bay, Korea

William Fisher
Coral Reef Biological
Criteria: Using the
Clean Water Act toProtect a National
Treasure

3C
Grand Salon V
SPECIAL SESSION:
Disseminating theConcept of"Satoumi"InternationallyPart 3: Satoumi
from thePerspectives ofAsian/Western
Society
Tetsuo Yanagi

3D
Grand Salon VII‐VIII
Accountability:
Governance

3E
Grand Salon IX‐X
SSP: Panel‐ Online
vs. Outdoor
Education,
Dilemma or
Opportunity?

Dave Nemazie

Hotel AV
Introduction
Catherine Wazniak
Early Detection of
Coastal Ecosystem
Response to
Management
Actions

Sophia Scully
Introduction
Eric Wolanski
The Residence
Times of Land‐
SourcedContaminants in
the Great Barrier
Reef Lagoon and
Their Impact on
Reef Recovery
Following Land‐Use
Remediation in the
Watershed
Malgorzata
Dereniowska
CompetingRationalities inMarine Ecosystem
ServicesManagement:
Implications for the
Polish EEZMark Tedesco
Integrating Clean
Water Act
Requirements with
Ecosystem BasedManagement
Approaches in theLong Island Sound

CoreenWeilminster
Kelly Kunsch
Introduction
Panel Members:

General Discussion
for All Satoumi
Sessions

William Dennison
Innovations inEnvironmental
Synthesis,
Communication,
Reporting andGovernance

Dann Sklarew
Fostering Bay
Stewardship
Values,Understanding andAction throughBlended Indoor,
Outdoor and Online
Learning: A District‐wide Case Study
from Prince William
County, Virginia
Richard Lacouture
PLANS: PLankton
And Nutrient
Studies for the
Chesapeake Bay
George Radcliffe
Birds Can Connect
Students with their
Coastal Watersheds
Jean Paul Ducrotoy
Striking a Balance
Between Using
Electronic
Educational Tools
and Running Live
Sessions
MD No Child Left
Inside Initiative
Panel Discussion‐
All Presenters

PM Break ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI

xi

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Plenary Session ‐ Grand Ballroom Salon V
15:20‐17:00

Hazards Plenary: The Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and the Japanese Tsunami
Moderated By: Dr. Bob Summers, Secretary, Maryland Department of the Environment
Dr. Don Boesch, President, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science ‐ Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
Mr. Bob Perciasepe, Deputy Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Dr. Tomoya Shibayama, Professor of Science and Engineering, Waseda University ‐ Japanese Tsunami
Moderator Assistant: Jodi Toll

17:30‐19:30
19:00‐20:30

Welcome and Poster Reception ‐ Grand Salons VI
SSP Delegation Meetingxii

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Monday, August 29, 2011
07:30‐17:00
07:30‐08:30

Conference Registration Open ‐ Registration Rotunda on the 3rd Floor
Morning Refreshments ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI
Plenary Session ‐ Grand Ballroom Salon V

08:30‐10:25

Keynote Plenary Session
Moderated By: Dr. Bob Summers, Secretary, Maryland Department of the Environment
Governor Martin O'Malley, Maryland, USA
Governor Toshizo Ido, Hyogo Prefecture, JapanMr. Bob Perciasepe, Deputy Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Dr. Motoyuki Suzuki, EMECS International Center Presidential Candidate
Dr. Patricia Majluf, Keynote Address
Moderator Assistant: Katherine Pordeli

10:25‐10:50

AM Break ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI
Concurrent Sessions 4

SessionLocation
10:50‐12:15

4A
Grand Salon I‐II
Paying for the
Clean Up

4B
Grand Salon III‐IV
Financing andFunding Coastal
Restoration I

Moderator
AV Operator
10:50‐10:55
10:55‐11:15

Stephanie VonFeck
Sophia Scully
Introduction
Jag Khuman
Paying for Point
Source Pollution

Dave Nemazie
Leah Healy
Introduction
Jennifer Raulin
Putting Resources
to the Level Where
the Work Gets
Done: Accelerating
Restoration in
MarylandSarah Lane
Investing in
Innovative
Technologies for
Chesapeake Bay
Restoration

11:15‐11:35

Michael Curley
Paying for
Stormwater

4C
Grand Salon V
APN Special
Session:Vulnerability and
Risk Managementof Enclosed Coastal
Seas Home to Asian
Megacities
Akio Takemoto
Hotel AV
Introduction
Note: The APN
Special Session will
follow different
session timing. A
detailed version ofthis agenda may befound in the
program book.
Opening Remarks:
Gov. Toshizo Ido,
Hyogo Prefecture,
Japan

4D
Grand Salon VII‐VIII
Sustainability in
Enclosed Coastal
Seas I

Court Stevenson
Kellie Pelikan
Introduction
Jean Paul Ducrotoy
Management Plans
for European
Estuaries for the
Restoration andProtection of their
Ecological Functions
Tamiji Yamamoto
Suppression of
Phosphate Releasefrom Coastal
Sediments using
Granulated Coal
Ash

4E
Grand Salon IX‐X

Session Cancelled,
Room Available for
Ad‐Hoc Meetings

SessionIntroduction:
Akio Takemoto,
APN
Mark Pelling
Vulnerability of
Coasts Home to
Mega‐Cities in Asia

xiii

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Concurrent Sessions 4 ‐ Continued
11:35‐11:55

Stephanie VonFeck
Paying for Non‐
Point Source

11:55‐12:15

Paul Marchetti
Nutrient Trading

Tim Jones
Leveraging andTracking Private andPublic Sector
Funding to Protect
and Restore
Enclosed Coastal
SeasJohn Campagna
Enhancing the
Economy andEnvironment Of ourWorking Lands andWatersMohammed
RahmanVulnerability of the
Bay of Bengal
Enclosed Coastal
Sea due to Socio‐
Economic
Conditions of the
Megacity of Dhaka
Piamsak Menasveta
The Impacts of
Coastal Erosion on
the Bangkok‐area ofGulf of Thailand

William Jones
Regulating Air
Pollution to
Improve Water
Quality: An
Overview of IMO’s
Emission Control
Area Program
Jody Thompson
Implementing a
Hazard Resilience
Tool: The Coastal
Community
Resilience Index

Session Cancelled,
Room Available for
Ad‐Hoc Meetings

Zhongyuan Chen
Bohai Bay, Tianjin
Panel Q&A Session
All speakers
Wrap‐upAkio Takemoto
12:15‐13:30

Lunch on Own
Concurrent Sessions 5

SessionLocation
13:30‐14:55

5A
Grand Salon I‐II
Measuring
Accountability

5B
Grand Salon III‐IV
Financing andFunding Coastal
Restoration II

5C
Grand Salon V
Partnerships inLarge Scale
Restoration

5D
Grand Salon VII‐VIII
Sustainability in
Enclosed Coastal
Seas II

Moderator
AV Operator

Ann Swanson
Katherine Pordeli

Jennifer RaulinMalgorzata Anna
Dereniowska
Introduction
Sasha Koo‐Oshima
An Economic
Approach to
Appraise the
Restoration of
Coastal Resources
by Water Reuse

Erdal Ozhan
Hotel AV

Thomas Sprehe
Melissa Munoz

Introduction
Ivica Trumbic
MedPartnership: A
New GEF Project in
the Mediterranean

Introduction
Court Stevenson
Questions of
Sustainability in a
Large‐scale Tidal
Wetland
Restoration in
Chesapeake Bay

Introduction
Sharon Walker
Bi‐National Coastal
Ecosystem Learning
Center PartnershipJohn Tiedemann
Fostering Flats
Conservation and
Stewardship in The
BahamasJon Grant
A Multi‐Tier
Modeling Approachto Sustainable
Management of
Coastal Water andSediment Quality

Joanna Woerner
Connecting
Students With
Corals & Climate
Change: Innovative
Web & Classroom
Materials

13:30‐13:35
13:35‐13:55

13:55‐14:15

xiv

IntroductionPeter Tango
Chesapeake Bay
Program
Monitoring
Realignment:
Reprogramming toAddress Senior
Management
Partnership
Priorities
ThomasSchoenbaum
The Scope of
Liability for
Damages to Private
Party Claimants for
Accidental
Discharges of Oiland Hazardous
Substances under
United States Law

Joe Berg
Towards
Sustainable
Watershed
Restoration
Projects: Source
Reduction versusInterception

5E
Grand Salon IX‐X
Public AwarenessThrough Education
andCommunication
Ruben Kos'yan
Sarah Isbell

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Concurrent Sessions 5 ‐ Continued
14:15‐14:35

Jane Thomas
Assessing natural
resource conditionof Assateague
Island National
Seashore

Bob Summers
Maryland Bay
Restoration Fund(aka The Flush Tax)

William Deustch
A Trans‐Boundary,Community‐BasedResponse to Gulf of
Mexico Water
Quality Issues

14:35‐14:55

Unmesh Kirtikar
Coastal Regulation
and Its
Enforcements,
Case Study : India

Said Chaouki
Chakour
Economics of(MPAs) and Coastal
Environmental
Governance in theWestern
Mediterranean

William Nuttle
Bringing the Coast
into the Partnershipfor Ecosystem
Restoration in South
FloridaChristopher
OvercashDirect Intervention
to Improve Hypoxic
Conditions: A
Baltimore Harbor
Pilot Study

JoannaPiwowarczyk
Conceptualizationof Climate Change
and Its Implications
for Coastal
Management in theSouthern Baltic

Q&A
Group Discussion

Q&A
Group Discussion

14:55‐15:20

PM Break ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI
Plenary Session ‐ Grand Ballroom Salon V

15:20‐17:00

Chesapeake Bay Plenary Panel and Discussion Session
Moderated By: Dr. Jonathan Kramer, Director, Maryland Sea Grant College Program
Mr. Richard Batiuk, Associate Director for Science, Chesapeake Bay Program Office, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Ms. Frances Flanigan, Former Director, Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay
Mr. Richard Hall, Secretary, Maryland Department of Planning
Dr. David Secor, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
Moderator Assistant: Bronwyn Madeo

Evening on your own
19:30

Optional Monday Evening Entertainment:
Live Performance by Geoff Kaufman (FREE to all EMECS registrants)“Natural Reflections: Re‐finding our Place in Nature through Word and Song”
Location: Grand Salon V

xv

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Tuesday, August 30, 2011
07:30‐17:00
07:30‐08:30

Conference Registration Open ‐ Registration Rotunda on the 3rd Floor
Morning Refreshments ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI
Concurrent Sessions 6

SessionLocation
08:30‐09:55

6A
Grand Salon I‐II
Partnerships andRisk Management

6B
Grand Salon III‐IV
Sustainability:
Fisheries
Management

6C
Grand Salon V
Sustainability: Ports
and Mainlands

6D
Grand Salon VII‐VIII
Accountability:
Nutrients andModeling I

Moderator
AV Operator
08:30‐08:35
08:35‐08:55

William Nuttle
Sarah Isbell
Introduction
Robert Swett
Preserving the
Ecological andRecreational
Values of Florida
Waterways

George Chmael
Hotel AV
Introduction
Mario Tamburri
Addressing CriticalEnvironmental
Issues Facing theMaritime Industry

Richard Batiuk
Kellie Pelikan
Introduction
R. Christian Jones
Temporal Variationin Water Quality ata Fixed Monitor on
the Tidal Potomac
River

08:55‐09:15

Satoquo Seino
Biological Diversity
Policy andConsideration ofMarine Protected
Areas on Small
Island Coasts ‐Tsushima Islandand the Goto
Islands
Marcus Griswold
From Headwater to
Sea: Adapting to
Climate Change in
the Chesapeake
Bay

Jon Kramer
Alycen Kus
Introduction
Piamsak Menasveta
Monitoring of
Mercury
Concentration in
Fish in the Vicinityof Natural Gas
Production Platformin the Gulf ofThailandJames Uphoff
Managing
Development andChesapeake Bay’s
Estuarine Fish
Habitat andFisheries

Caroline Wicks
Assessing the
Ecological and
Human Health
Status of
Baltimore's Inner
HarborPhilippe Larroudé
Sediment Mobility
as an Indicator of
Vulnerability to
Climate Change on
a Mediterranean
Beach

Jan
Marcin Weslawski
Citizen science inBaltic Sea –Experience fromthe Beach

Naotomo Ota
A Comparative
Study of Shellfish
Assemblage
Patterns between
an Artificial and a
Natural Sandy Tidal
Flat

Akio Hayashi
Restoration of
CoastalEnvironments Using
Steelmaking Slagand Dredged Soil

Ryoichi Yamanaka
Numerical Study on
Dispersion of Turbid
Overland Flow in
Stratified Waters

Eugene Allevato
Integrating
Practical Geometry
and Statistics into
Service Learning
Activities:
Remediating
Stormwater Runoff
with Community
Rain Gardens

Said Chaouki
Chakour
Sustainable
Management ofMarines’ Resourcesin Algeria: The
Contribution of an
Empirical Approach

Angela Bandemehr
U.S.‐Mexico FuelSwitching
Demonstration on
Oceangoing Vessels
in the Gulf of
MexicoToshihiro Kitada
Estimation of Wet
and Dry Depositionof Gaseous andParticulate
Ammonia and Nitric
Acid using Buoy in
Mikawa Bay, Japanand Evaluation of
its Effect on
Eutrophication by
Fluid Dynamic‐
Ecological Mode

09:15‐09:35

09:35‐09:55

09:55‐10:25

xvi

Paul Krause
Determining the
Ecological Value of
Shell Mound Reef
Habitats Following
Decommissioningof Offshore
Platform Sites

AM Break ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI

6E
Grand Salon IX‐X
Citizen Science andCitizen‐based
Monitoring
ProgramDann Sklarew
Melissa Munoz
Introduction
William Deutsch
A Trans‐Boundary,Community‐BasedResponse to Gulf of
Mexico Water
Quality Issues

Q&A
Group Discussion

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Concurrent Sessions 7
SessionLocation
10:25‐11:50

Moderator
AV Operator
10:25‐10:30
10:30‐10:50

7A
Grand Salon I‐II
Sustainability:
EcologicalThresholds I
Dave Nemazie
Sarah Isbell
Introduction
R. Christian Jones
Eutrophication andPartial Recovery ofa Shallow
Embayment of the
Tidal Potomac
River

10:50‐11:10

Xiyong Hou
Shifts of the Land‐
based Human
Activities in Circum
Bohai Sea Coastal
Region in the Early
21st Century

11:10‐11:30

Fumiko Nogami
Relation Between
the Decreased
Mussels Biomass
and Water Quality
at Amagasaki port,
Osaka Bay, in 2010

11:30‐11:50

Shilpa Singh
Mangrove
Ecosystem Changes
during the
Holocene from
Chilka Lagoon, East
Coast, India

11:50‐13:30

7B
Grand Salon III‐IV
Regional
Partnerships

7C
Grand Salon V
Baltimore Harbor
Session

Ivica Trumbic
Bronwyn Madeo
Introduction
William Fisher
A Decision
Framework toProtect Coral Reefs
in Guanica Bay,
Puerto Rico

David Carroll
Hotel AV
Introduction
Halle van der Gagg
Blue Water
Baltimore:
Developing a
Regional/Citizen
Based Water
Quality and Stream
Restoration Strategy
Laurie Schwartz
Baltimore
Waterfront
Partnership

Storm Cunningham
Techniques andTools for Designing,
Funding,
Implementing, andManaging Large‐
Scale, Long‐Term
Ecosystem,
Watershed, and/or
Fishery Restoration
Programs
Aiko Endo
Policies Governing
the Integrated
Management ofForests, River Basins
and Coasts in Japan

George Ramseur, Jr.
Gulf of Mexico
Regional SedimentManagement
Master Plan

7D
Grand Salon VII‐VIII
Accountability:
Nutrients andModeling II
Philippe Larroudé
Jodi Toll
Introduction
Richard BatiukChesapeake
Modeling Tools for
Integrating Air and
Water
Environmental
Management
Eric Wolanski
A New Exchange
Flow Formulation
for the LOICZ Modeland the Relative
Contribution of
Advection and
Diffusion toTransport Time
ScalesFrank Hammons
Baltimore Harbor
Options Team:
Development of along term strategy
for managing
dredged material
from Baltimore
HarborTomohiro Komorita
Detailed Monitoringof Nutrient Supply
through Tidal Frontin Seto Inland Sea,
Japan

Panel Discussion‐
All Presenters

Lee Curry
Meeting Maryland's
Chesapeake Bay
TMDL Allocations:
Facilitating
Stakeholder
Involvement in
Nutrient Modeling

7E
Grand Salon IX‐X
Coastal Systems in
the Classroom
David Foster
Melissa Munoz
Introduction
Ruben Kos'yan
International
Conference andSummer School‐
Seminar “Dynamics
Of The Coastal
Zone Of Non‐Tidal
Seas”
Richard Lacouture
PLANS: PLankton
And Nutrient
Studies for the
Chesapeake Bay

Dann Sklarew
Fostering Bay
Stewardship
Values,Understanding andAction throughBlended Indoor,
Outdoor and Online
Learning: A District‐wide Case Study
from Prince William
County, Virginia

Q&AGroup Discussion

Lunch on Own

xvii

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Plenary Session ‐ Grand Ballroom Salon V
13:30‐15:10

Climate Change Panel and Discussion Session
Moderated By: Dr. Masataka Watanabe, Chair of Asia‐Pacific Adaptation Network
Dr. Zhongyuan Chen, Department of Geography, East China Normal University
Ms. Zoe Johnson, Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Dr. Philippe Larroudé, Laboratoire des Ecoulements Géophysiques et Industriels (LEGI)
Dr. Alaa Salem, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
Dr. Jan Marcin Weslawski , Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences
Moderator Assistant: Bronwyn Madeo

15:10‐15:35

PM Break ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI
Concurrent Sessions 8

SessionLocation
15:35‐17:00

8A
Grand Salon I‐II
Sustainability:
EcologicalThresholds II
William Dennison
Kellie Pelikan

8B
Grand Salon III‐IV
Underlying Science:
Nutrient Dynamics I

15:35‐15:40
15:40‐16:00

Introduction
Kenji Sugimoto
Changes in
Dominant Speciesof Seagrass Bed Off
Lwakuni, Seto
Inland Sea, Japan

Introduction
Kazuo Muramastsu
The Runoff
Characteristic of
Nutrients from Kako
River in Hyogo
Prefecture, Japan

16:00‐16:20

Nickolai Shadrin
Alternative Stable
States of
Ecosystems,
Tipping Points andManagement of
the Coastal Seas
Mohammed
Ataur Rahman
Study on the
Changes of Coastal
Zone: Chittagong
to Cox’s Bazar
along the Bay of
BengalKuninao Tada
A Review ofNutrient
Concentrations in
the Eastern Seto
Inland Sea, Japan

Moderator
AV Operator

16:20‐16:40

16:40‐17:00

18:00‐21:00

xviii

Unmesh Kirtikar
Sustainability of
Coastal Areas in
Climate Change :Bengal Delta

Hi‐ll Yi
Alycen Kus

Dann Sklarew
In the Context of
Climate Variability,
Assessing
Trajectories from
Eutrophication to
Restoration Over 25
Years in the Tidal
Freshwater Portionof the Potomac
River Estuary
Julie Rose
An Exploratory
Investigation of
Nutrient
Bioextraction
Opportunities inLong Island Sound

8C
Grand Salon V

Preparation for
Closing Banquet

No Session:
Preparation for
Closing Banquet

8D
Grand Salon VII‐VIII
Community
Partnerships
Peter Tango
Malgorzata Anna
Dereniowska
Introduction
MakamasSutthacheep
Community
Participation in
Research on
Seagrass Ecosystem
in Krabi Province,
ThailandSara Powell
Partnering with
Watershed
Organizations to
Produce Tributary‐
Specific Report
Cards
R. Heath Kelsey
Development of theGreat Barrier Reef
Annual Report Card

Q&A
Group Discussion

Closing Dinner Banquet ‐ Grand Ballroom Salon V

8E
Grand Salon IX‐X
Accountability:
Modeling andMonitoring I
Eric Wolanski
Sarah Larsen
Introduction
Catherine Wazniak
Signaling Dissolved
Oxygen Response
to Eutrophication
Using HighFrequency Data

Carl Cerco
Management
Modeling ofSuspended Solids
and Living Resource
InteractionsJoão G. Ferreira
Application of
System‐Scale andFarm‐Scale
Ecological Models
in order to Quantify
Interactions
BetweenAquaculture andEnvironment
Throughout theWorld
Kathy Goodin
A Coastal andMarine EcologicalClassification
Standard (CMECS)

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Wednesday, August 31, 2011
07:30‐11:30
07:30‐08:30
SessionLocation
08:30‐09:55

Conference Registration Open ‐ Registration Rotunda on the 3rd Floor
Morning Refreshments and Poster Removal ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI

Moderator

9A
Grand Salon I‐II
Sustainability:
WetlandTechnologies
Dave Nemazie

9B
Grand Salon III‐IV
Underlying Science:
Nutrient Dynamics
II
William Dennison

AV Operator

Nicole Carlozo

Malgorzata Anna
Dereniowska
Introduction
Kazuo Murakami
The Estimations of
Nutrient Cycles ofArtificial Tidal Flat inTokyo Bay

08:30‐08:35
08:35‐08:55

Introduction
Joseph Shisler
Estuarine Habitat
Restoration on an
Intertidal/
Submerged Cap

08:55‐09:15

Ted Gattino
Floating Wetland
Islands in
Restoration
Ecology in Fresh,
Brackish and Salt
Water

09:15‐09:35

James Bays
Using Constructed
Treatment
Wetlands for
Nutrient Load
Reduction to
Estuaries: An
Illustrative Example
from Virginia

09:35‐09:55
Q&A
Group Discussion

09:55‐10:25

Susumu Yamochi
Effects of
Desiccation andSalinity on the
Outbreak of a Green
Tide of Ulva pertusa
at the Artificial Salt
Marsh Along theCoast of Osaka Bay,Japan
Yukio Komai
Long‐term Changesof Nutrients in River
Water Flowing into
the Osaka Bay,Japan

Ootsuka Hiroyuki
Creation of a sandy
shore for theEndangered Tiger
Beetle Cicindela
lewisiConcurrent Sessions 9
9C
9DGrand Salon V
Grand Salon VII‐VIII
US Army Corps of
Citizen Science
Engineers
Special Session
Debbie Larson‐
John Seidel
Salvatore
Hotel AV
Alycen Kus

9E
Grand Salon IX‐X
Accountability:
Modeling andMonitoring II
Carl Cerco
Katherine Pordeli

Introduction
Amy Guise andAndrew RoachThe Evolution of
Resilience in
Integrated Coastal
Systems:
Chesapeake Bay

Introduction
Satoquo Seino
Progress of Citizen
Participation andMulti‐sectorial
Collaboration as theDriving Forces ofIntegrated Coastal
Zone Managementin JapanIntroduction
Esteban Mino
Field Survey andSatellite Validationof Water Quality
Parameters ofRivers in the
Surroundings ofSanto Domingo
Metropolitan Area,
Dominican Republic

William Brostoff
Estuarine
Restoration in San
Francisco Bay:
Design and Adaptive
Management

Carol McCollough
Communicating the
Health of
Maryland’s Coastal
Bays – Involving
Citizens With
Science

Won Keun Chang
Spatial Pattern of
Korean Major 38
Estuaries and their
Relationship with
Land‐based
Activities

Debbie Larson‐
Salvatore , Lauren
Leuck, and Charley
Chesnutt
SAGE: Systems
Approach toGeomorphologicalEngineering
Innovative
Approach to Coastal
LandscapeTransformation
Erik J. Meyers
Designing the Salt
Marshes of 2100:
Climate Adaptationin the Chesapeake
Bay

Patricia Bradley
The Human
Component of theCoral Reef
Ecosystem: A
Framework for
Sustainability

JuliusIbukun Agboola
Regional Analysis
on the Decadal
Variation of Water
Quality in Three
Contrasting Coastal
Systems of
Ishikawa Coast,Japan

Edwin James
Water Quality
Monitoring and its
Relationship to
Riparian Buffer
Zones

Q&A
Group Discussion

AM Break and Poster Removal ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI

xix

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Plenary Session ‐ Grand Ballroom Salon V
10:25‐12:00

12:00
12:30‐13:00
13:00‐19:00
12:00‐14:00

xx

Closing Ceremonies
Moderated By: Mr. Dave Nemazie, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
Mr. David Carroll, Poster Awards
EMECS SSP Delegation, Student Declaration
Dr. Wayne Bell, Conference Declaration
Dr. Masataka Wantanabe, Chair, the Scientific and Policy Committee of the EMECS International Center;
Conference Review
Mr. Keitaro Sato, Director General, Department of Environment, Hyogo Prefecture; Address of Appreciation
Region Host, Future EMECS Announcement
Mr. Dave Nemazie, Closing Remarks
Moderator Assistant: Kelly Kunsch

Conference Concludes
Tour Participants Only: Meet in Hotel Lobby for Boxed Lunch and to Load Buses
Post‐Conference Field Trips
Exhibit Removal ‐ Grand Ballroom Salons VI

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Poster Directory
Poster #1

Mario Tamburri, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD,
United States“Real-Time Environmental Monitoring of the Patuxent River”

2

Zhongyuan Chen, State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China
Normal University, Shanghai, China“Reclamation and its Effect to the Process of Hydrodynamics and Geomorphology in the
Yangtze River Mouth, China”

3Kazuhiko Ichimi, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan“Impacts of Human Fishing Pressure and Water Fowl Predation on the Standing Stock ofBivalves at an Estuarine Tidal Flat in the Seto Inland Sea”

4

Mamoru Ishigaki, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan“Optimization of Nutrient Cycling and Balance of Osaka Bay for Coastal Environmental
Restoration”

5

Masashi Kodama, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research
Agency, Yokohama, Japan“Relationships Between Environmental Factors and Fishery Production in Japanese Enclosed
Coastal Seas”

6

Zachary Cole, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States“Mapping Social Values of Coastal Use Relative to Ecosystem Services in Sarasota Bay”

7

Julie Harrington, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States“Florida Climate Institute”

8

Ryo Murakami, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan“Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Total Carbonic Acid in the Seto Inland Sea”

9

Dianne Poster, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, UnitedStates“Standards to Support Sustainable Sediment Management”

10Kazuhiro Sato, Ajinomoto, Tokyo, Japan“Characteristics of Periphytic Algae on Concrete Contained Amino Acid”

11

EMI Terasaki, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan“Relation between depositional environment and scallop culture at subarctic lake, Japan”

12

Yuho Yoshikawa, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan“Characteristics of Water Quality and Phosphorus in Bottom Sediment in Strong Enclosed Sea
Area”

13

Melissa Munoz, Mount St Mary's College, Sunland, CA, United States“Integrating Practical Geometry and Statistics into Service Learning Activities: Remediating
Stormwater Runoff with Community Rain Gardens.”

14

Saori Takahashi, Sanyou-joshi High School, Kobe, Japan“Approaches to Reduce the Garbage at the Bottom of the Seto Inland Sea”

xxi

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Poster #15

Katsuhiko Touzaki, Amagasaki Oda High School, Kobe, Japan“Let’s Make the Sea of Amagasaki Blue! – A Project on Restoration of Osaka Bay”

16

Michaela Beggins, St. Michaels Middle-High School, Talbot County Public Schools, St.
Michaels, MD, United States“The Feasibility of Alternative Energy Sources for Private Homeowners”

17

Kristin Treat, Easton High School, Talbot County Public Schools, Easton, MD, United States“The Effects of Debris on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles”

18

Afshin Danehkar, University of Tehran, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran“Coastal Hazard Management of Iran”

19

Afshin Danehkar, University of Tehran, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran“Integrated Coastal Zone Management of Iran”

20

Afshin Danehkar, University of Tehran, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran“Threats and Opportunities against to Mangrove Forests in Iran”

xxii

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Abstracts

About the Abstracts
The abstracts submitted for the EMECS 9 Conference were reviewed for their relevance to the ecological,
economic, geographic, institutional, and management aspects of enclosed coastal seas. Because of theconstraints of time and conference topics, fewer than 175 submissions were able to be accepted as oralpresentations. Our remaining contributions have been accepted as poster presentations; and all
accepted submissions are found in this document.
Abstracts have been organized in alphabetical order by the presenting author’s last name. In addition to
the detailed conference agenda and poster directory preceding this introduction, an author index islocated at the end of the book to facilitate the search for abstracts.
The EMECS 9 abstracts reflect the diversity of the topic of enclosed coastal seas and the exciting future it
holds. Thank you to all of the authors who have agreed to share their work.

1

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

2

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Regional Analysis on the Decadal Variation of Water Quality from Ground-based
and Remotely Sensed Data in Three Contrasting Coastal Systems of Ishikawa
Coast, Japan
Julius I. Agboola1, G. Terauchi2 and A. McDonald1
1

United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies, Operating Unit in Ishikawa/Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
Northwest Pacific Region Environmental Cooperation Center, Toyama city, Toyama, Japan

2

Understanding and predicting change in the world's coastal zones requires baseline assessments fortrends over a long time on regional scale. Using ground-based and remotely sensed data, this study
examined trends of change over time in some water quality parameters from three contrasting coastal
system (Kanazawa area- KNA, Noto area- NTA and Nanao area- NNA) of Ishikawa coast. Mean annual
concentration of COD has decreased by ~20% and 48% at KNA and NNA, respectively, between 1984
and 2009, whereas, NTA which had lowest COD concentration in 1984 had increased by one-third(~31%) as at 2009, possibly as a result of human perturbation from tourism, agricultural and fishingactivities. Observed trend showed a significant (P < 0.05) inverse corresponding relationship with DO
especially at KNA and NTA. Similarly, within the last two decades, pH value has dropped between 0.14 –0.18 along the coast (KNA, NTA and NNA), suggesting climate change impact on coastal waters qualityof Ishikawa. The decreasing pH correlates with increase in CO2. While total nitrogen (T-N) andphosphorus (T-P) loading have significantly reduced by 30-40% between 1984 and 2009 at KNA, there
has not been significant reduction at NNA, suggesting a coastal system potentially vulnerable toeutrophication due to often restricted water exchange with the adjacent ocean. Also, annual time series of
Chlorophyll a concentration derived from satellite image revealed increasing (more than tripled between
1997 and 2009) trends of phytoplankton biomass build-up (Chlorophyll a) at NNA. Although, there isuniform approach to the development of water quality standards in Japan; setting more strict standards
will be required by the prefecture in collaboration with industry, stakeholders groups and coastal
community resource users. An attempt, therefore, to maintain the coastal water quality throughcontinuous monitoring of coastal developments and activities will be a more targeted and effective
adaptation strategy. Further studies to this will detail on the socio-economic drivers of observed change
and climate change impacts on Ishikawa’s coastal living resources majorly at NNA and policy response
required for future decision making.
Contact Information: Julius I. Agboola, United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies, Ishikawa, 920 0962 Japan,
Phone: +81 80 4259 2801; Email: agboola@ias.unu.edu

3

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Integrating Practical Geometry and Statistics into Service Learning Activities:
Remediating Stormwater Runoff with Community Rain Gardens
Eugene Allevato
Mount St. Mary’s College, Los Angeles, California USA

With the increasing urgency to restore and manage coastal seas, the more you communicate andeducate today’s younger generation on environmental issues the better solutions will arise. In thisrespect, it is crucial to identify appropriate teaching strategies and other means to sensitize futureteachers to practical aspects of math and science in order to motivate, develop awareness, and instillengagement and social responsibility skills in our youngsters. This paper will present an instructionalmodel that was utilized to instruct statistics and geometry to future elementary school teachers from atransdisciplinary perspective.
The model involved practical aspects of geometry and statistics in the context of current environmental
issues. This project took place primarily in a charter school where future teachers were able to introduce
basic skills in geometry and implement environmental solutions to runoff pollution by engaging charterschool students in building rain gardens at a community center. The concept that teachers can connect
course content to real world problems and concurrently contribute to the development of students’ criticalthinking skills has been discussed previously elsewhere but little has been done to implement thisconcept on the professional development curriculum of future elementary school teachers.
Assessment of learning outcomes was based on a questionnaire implemented before and after instruction
at the Charter school. Analysis of the effectiveness in active learning linking lecture with a practicalactivity was evaluated based on the level of environmental consciousness and the understanding ofmathematical processes to solve real world problems. This instructional model emphasized theimportance that future teachers implement systemic thinking to integrate subject content and real world
problems in order to develop creative and critical thinking skills in our children to live each day of theirlives with an environmental consciousness and to become better decision-makers.
Contact Information: Eugene Allevato, Math Department, Mount St. Mary’s College, Chalon Campus, 12001 Chalon Rd.,
Los Angeles, CA 90049, Phone: 818-252-5148, Email: eallevato@msmc.la.edu

4August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Granulated Coal Ash Can Effectively Adsorb Hydrogen Sulfide
S. Asaoka1, T. Yamamoto2, S. Hayakawa3, K. H. Kim2 and H. Yamamoto2
1

Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
3
Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan2[1. Introduction] Sediments lying under enclosed water bodies often contain high amount of hydrogensulfide due to sulfate reduction under anoxic conditions. In addition to their acute toxicity, hydrogensulfide may cause depletion of dissolved oxygen in the bottom water and resulting deterioration of benthic
ecosystems. Therefore, it is very important to reduce the concentration of hydrogen sulfide fromsediments so as to maintain healthy ecosystems.
Although granulated coal ash (GCA), a byproduct from coal thermal electric power stations, is usuallyreused as construction materials, new uses of GCA should be explored in order to promote a recycling
conscious society. The purpose of this study is to investigate hydrogen sulfide adsorption behavior onto
GCA in terms of utilizing the latter as a remediation agent of organically enriched marine sediments.
[2. Experimental] GCA (0.2 g) was added to 50 mL of hydrogen sulfide (initial concentration;5-500 mg/L)
de-aerated solution at pH 8.2 and agitated moderately at 100 rpm at 25oC. Time course of hydrogensulfide and sulfate concentrations, pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) were monitored. After theadsorption of hydrogen sulfide, the GCA samples were air-dried for 2 d in a dark place, and sulfur species
adsorbed on the GCA were identified by X-ray adsorption fine structure analysis (XAFS).
[3. Results and discussion] Hydrogen sulfide (initial concentration: 8 mg/L) was removed completely
within 45 hr after the addition of GCA. Accordingly, the ORP value and sulfate concentration in the liquid
phase increased. In this case, it was estimated that ca. 20% of hydrogen sulfide was oxidized to sulfate
ion in liquid phase while ca. 80% was adsorbed onto GCA. The sulfur K-edge XANES spectra of GCA(solid phase) revealed that a new peak at 2472 and 2478 eV were observed after hydrogen sulfide
adsorption. These peaks represent sulfur and sulfite, suggesting that hydrogen sulfide was adsorbed onto
the GCA and was successively oxidized to sulfur and sulfite.
Contact Information: S. Asaoka, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima Univ. 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima,
Japan 739-8526, Phone: 81824247945, Email: st-asaoka@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

5EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

U.S.-Mexico Fuel Switching Demonstration on Oceangoing Vessels in the Gulf of
MexicoAngela Bandemehr1, Louis Browning2, Kenneth Gathright3, Bryon Griffith4 and Wayne Miller5
1

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of International and Tribal Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
ICF International, San Francisco, CA, USA
3
Port of Houston Authority, Houston, TX, USA
4
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf of Mexico Program, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA
5
University of California at Riverside, CA, USA
2This project was the result of a partnership between the EPA, the Port of Houston Authority, the Mexican
federal government, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and two major shipping companies, Maersk Lineand Hamburg Süd. Additionally, ICF International and the University of California-Riverside managed thetechnical elements of the program, including emission inventory development, dispersion modeling andthe emission measurements on the Hamburg Süd vessel. This first-ever fuel switch demonstration in the
Gulf of Mexico focused on illustrating the effectiveness of fuel switching on oceangoing vessels to reduce
impacts to the Gulf of Mexico and its coastal populations. EPA engaged the maritime shipping industry
and government representatives from Mexico at the local, municipal, state and federal levels, including
the State of Veracruz, SEMARNAT (Secretaría de medio ambiente y recursos naturales, Mexico’s
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources) and PEMEX (Mexico’s state-owned petroleum
company), to showcase the environmental benefits of implementing an Emission Control Area (ECA),
which requires fuel switching on oceangoing vessels; and the project also helped raise awareness of theupcoming North American ECA in the U.S. and Canada, which will be effective in August 2012 perinternational standards under the International Maritime Organization. Emission measurements weretaken while a Hamburg Süd vessel steamed between ports, approached selected ports, and docked at
the ports, and found that switching to low-sulfur marine fuel (0.1% fuel sulfur) achieved significant
reductions in emissions of nitrous oxide, sulfur oxide and particulate matter (2.5 micron in size) – five, 90
and 81 per cent respectively – at only a 2% increase in vessel operating costs. The results of thedemonstration were presented to Mexican stakeholders at meetings and workshops in Mexico. They will
also be presented to the general public in the Gulf of Mexico via information kiosks at Coastal
Environmental Learning Centers located in major aquariums throughout the Gulf. The fuel switchingdemonstration along with emission reduction estimates and dispersion modeling informed policy makers
in Mexico of the potential health and environmental benefits of fuel switching in Gulf of Mexico waters
through the implementation of an ECA using the Ports of Veracruz and Alta Mira as case studies.
Contact Information: Angela Bandemehr, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of International and Tribal Affairs, Mail
Code: 2660R, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave N.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Phone: 202-564-1427, Fax: 202-565-2411,
Email: bandemehr.angela@epa.gov

6August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Chesapeake Modeling Tools for Integrating Air and Water Environmental
Management
Lewis C. Linker1, Gary W. Shenk1, Richard A. Batiuk1, Robin Dennis2 and Ping Wang3
1

U.S. EPA Chesapeake Bay Program Office, Annapolis, MD, USA
U.S. EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
3
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Annapolis, MD, USA
2

Atmospheric deposition loads are the highest source of nitrogen loads in the watershed, but also arecontrolled by a national regulatory program that has the highest rate of nitrogen load reduction from 1985
to the present, relative to other Chesapeake point source and nonpoint source control programs.
To simulate the fate and transport of nutrients in the Chesapeake watershed and airshed as well as theeffects of nutrient loads on Chesapeake water quality, the integrated models of the Chesapeake Bay
airshed, watershed, estuary, and living resources were developed. Applied in the assessment of the
Chesapeake TMDL water quality standards, the models provide the most complete integration of air andwater controls yet developed in a large aquatic ecosystem. Atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen to
the coastal ocean are also tracked, as well as its influence on Chesapeake ocean boundary conditions.
The Airshed Model estimates atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen to the watershed, tidal Bay, andadjacent coastal ocean. The Airshed Model is a combination of two models—a regression model ofatmospheric wet deposition and a fully developed air simulation of the North American continent called
the CMAQ Model.
In the Chesapeake TMDL, the loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition that are directly deposited to thetidal waters of the Chesapeake are an explicit TMDL load. The nitrogen TMDL allocation given to the
EPA is 15.7 million pounds. Reducing current nitrogen deposition loads to achieve this allocation will bethrough national regulatory programs of NOx emission reduction. In addition, State reductions in air
emissions of nitrogen loads beyond what’s needed to achieve air quality standards can also be includedin the TMDL accounting as avoided nitrogen loads delivered to the tidal waters with credit given to theState reducing the emissions.
Contact Information: Lewis Linker, US EPA Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410 Severn Ave, Suite 112, Annapolis, MD, 21401
USA, Phone 410-267-5741, Fax: 410-267-5777, Email: llinker@cheseapeakebay.net

7

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Implications of Putting the 17 Million Chesapeake Bay Watershed Residents on a
Regulatory Pollution Diet
Richard Batiuk
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3, Chesapeake Bay Program Office, Annapolis, MD, USA

Against the backdrop of over 45,000 TMDLs approved by EPA nationwide over the past two decades, thesix watershed states, the District of Columbia, and EPA have developed a historic and comprehensive“pollution diet” with rigorous accountability measures to initiate sweeping actions to restore clean water in
the Chesapeake Bay and the region’s streams, creeks and rivers. Despite extensive restoration efforts
and significant pollution reductions during the past 25 years, the TMDL was prompted by insufficient
progress and continued poor water quality in Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries.
The Chesapeake Bay TMDL was designed to ensure that all pollution control measures needed to fully
restore the Bay and its tidal rivers are in place by 2025, with at least 60 percent of the actions completed
by 2017. The TMDL assigns responsibilities for reducing and then capping sources through waste load
and load allocations to regulated and non-regulated sources, respectively. Separate nitrogen,phosphorus, and sediment allocations were made for each of 92 watershed draining directly into eachtidal Bay segment, further subdivided by state jurisdiction. These allocations will be further subdivided to‘local area targets’ by the seven watershed jurisdictions working with local governments and stakeholders
during the Phase II of the Bay TMDL process.
The Bay TMDL is supported by rigorous accountability measures to ensure cleanup commitments aremet, including short-and long-term benchmarks, a tracking and accounting system for jurisdiction
activities, and federal contingency actions that can be employed if necessary to spur progress.
Watershed Implementation Plans, which detail how and when the six Bay states and the District ofColumbia will meet pollution allocations, played a central role in shaping the TMDL.
Contact Information: Rich Batiuk, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3, Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410 Severn
Avenue, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA, Phone: 410-267-5731, Fax: 410-267-5777, Email: batiuk.richard@epa.gov

8August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Using Constructed Treatment Wetlands for Nutrient Load Reduction to Estuaries:
An Illustrative Example from Virginia
James S. Bays1, T. Nobinger2, V. Jarrin1 and J. Kirk1
1

CH2MHILL, Tampa, FL, USA
PMUSA, Richmond, VA, USA2

Constructed wetlands, commonly accepted as a “Best Management Practice” for amelioration of nonpoint
source loading, are seen as the cost-effective technology applicable to the landscape scale necessary toreverse estuarine hypoxia attributable to agricultural nitrogen pollution. Because wetlands are shallow(30-60 cm) and with hydraulic residence times of days to weeks, and pollutant removal rates vary with thepollutant, land area requirements per unit flow can range from ~11-106 m2/m3•d (~10-100 acres/mgd).
Establishing load restrictions to surface waters through TMDLs poses an opportunity to use treatment
wetlands to provide cost-effective load reductions, where land is available.
As a mass load reduction technology, treatment wetlands are robust, easily maintained, and selfsustaining when hydraulic and nutrient loading is maintained within acceptable envelopes of performance.
High rates of flow through a wetland can achieve significant mass reductions. Mass loads decrease
relatively quickly through the wetland flow path and gradually level out as concentrations begin toapproach the background. Wetland efficiency diminishes with diminishing mass loading, and suggeststhat a wetland could be configured to an optimum area based upon the rate of mass removal, related tohydraulic loading rate.
The Park 500 Natural Treatment System (NTS) operated by PMUSA near Richmond VA provides a
recent constructed wetland case history with features that provide a relevant basis for discussion of thisconcept. Constructed in 2008 as a voluntary method of improving the quality of the facility’s wastewater
discharge, Park 500 consists of six emergent marshes totaling 17 ha (43 ac) and receiving 4500 m3/d (1.2mgd) of tobacco product process wastewater. Flow is distributed across two flowpaths (E, W) and throughthree cells in series. The NTS is designed to remove phosphorus and nitrogen mass loads in discharges
to the James River.
Inlet phosphorus concentrations averaging 0.35 mg/L are reduced to outlet concentrations of ~0.08 mg/L,
and mass removal rates decrease from over 4 g/m2/yr in the inlet cells to 2.5 g/m2/yr in the terminal cells.
Conceptually, to achieve greater phosphorus concentration reductions at Park 500, the wetland area
could be increased, or the hydraulic loading rates reduced. To emphasize more efficient mass removal,
the given footprint of land occupied by the wetlands, conceptually 2x more mass could be removed with athree-fold increase in flow. By distributing the highest strength inflow to all cells, each cell would receive
the greatest mass loading possible and achieve the greatest mass removals in proportion to massloading. Nitrate reductions are even more pronounced in the wetland and show the same generalrelationship. Park 500 provides a pertinent example of the expected performance of a temperate zone
wetland that demonstrates the versatility of wetland configurations to emphasize nutrient mass removal,
as appropriate for TMDL compliance or concentration reduction.
Contact Information: James S. Bays, CH2MHILL, 4350 W. Cypress St., Tampa FL, 33607, Phone: 813-281-0777,
Fax: 813-874-3056, Email: Jim.Bays@ch2m.com

9

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

The Feasibility of Alternative Energy Sources for the Private Home Owner
Michaela Beggins
St. Michaels Middle-High School, Talbot County Public Schools, St. Michaels, MD, USA

The topic of alternative energy sources, their benefits, and the cost-effectiveness of their use, is quickly
becoming more crucial as a part of the plan to meet the world’s ever increasing energy demands.
However, there is often a lack of information, and to some extent interest, when the debate reaches alocal scale. The goal of this project was two-fold: first to research the feasibility of using wind, solar,
geothermal and/or nuclear power on a small scale and secondly to learn about the knowledge andcuriosity of the residents of St. Michaels, Maryland regarding these energy sources. Mr. Michael Kabler,an account executive with Aurora Energy, provided local expert knowledge on the use of solar energy as
well as the other sources. Approximately one hundred people from the town of St. Michaels and St.
Michaels High School were invited to participate in a brief questionnaire on alternative energy sources.
The survey data were analyzed to gather insights into how the local residents feel about wind, solar,
geothermal and nuclear power. Together with information gathered through background research andthe interview with Mr. Kabler, the analysis pointed to some of the misconceptions those surveyed haveabout alternative energy. It also allowed for a determination of how education on specific topics could give
residents a clearer understanding of the energy sources available to them as private homeowners.
Contact Information: Michaela Beggins, St. Michaels Middle-High School, 200 Seymour Avenue, St. Michaels MD, 21663 USA,
Phone: 410-745-2852, Fax: 410-745-9939, Email: KRogers@tcps.k12.md.us

10August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Historic and Contemporary Land Use on the Chesapeake Bay Watershed:
The Relationship of Working Landscape to the Satoumi Perspective
Wayne H. Bell
Senior Associate, Center for Environment & Society, Washington College, Chestertown, USA

The ratio of Chesapeake Bay watershed area to estuary volume, 166,400 km2:70 km3 = 2,400, is morethan an order of magnitude greater than that of any major coastal system on earth. It follows that thenature of land use on this watershed has a major influence on the ecology of estuary itself.
Humans have occupied the lands of the Chesapeake Bay watershed for at least 10,000 years. Evidence
from recent archeological studies indicates that the peoples who lived here prior to European contact
around 1500 used extensive burning to create and maintain a grassland/savannah landscape that
fostered abundance of game and permitted extensive agriculture. Estimates differ, but perhaps 80% orless of the pre-contact watershed was forested. Early colonists and pioneers initially melded New World
crops with Old World practices to develop a small-scale subsistence agriculture that persisted on thewatershed for nearly 200 years. Introduction of the moldboard plow after 1700 promoted large-scale
agriculture for cash grain crops that required extensive land clearing. By the time of the American Civil
War around 1863 the Chesapeake Bay watershed was only 20% forested. As the soil lost its fertility andricher lands became available west of the Appalachian Mountains, wholesale abandonment of farmlands
allowed the forest to return through the process of ecological succession. This, coupled with additionallarge-scale changes in farming practices and with governmental policies that encouraged the residential
development of formerly rural lands, have created today’s watershed landscape that is approximately
60% forested, 25% agricultural, 10% urban, and 5% lands in transition.
History now tells us that humans have been integrally associated with the Chesapeake Bay watershedsince their arrival 10,000 years ago and continuing to present day. People have managed these lands forthe benefit of their communities and the lands in turn have influenced the nature, well-being, and cultureof those communities. We call this relationship a “working landscape” and suggest that the mostsuccessful environmental policies are those implemented to keep the landscape truly “working” for themutual benefit of the natural resources and the human communities that share the system together. Satoumi is a key perspective that links the “working landscape” of a watershed with the management of its
associated coastal sea in a manner that maximizes aquatic “productivity and biodiversity with humaninteraction.”Contact Information: Wayne H. Bell, Senior Associate, Center for Environment & Society, Washington College, 101 S. Water Street,
Chestertown, MD 21620 USA, Phone: 410-820-6002, Email: wbell2@washcoll.edu

11

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Towards Sustainable Watershed Restoration Projects: Source Reduction versusInterception
Joe Berg
Biohabitats, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA

Significant efforts are invested in identifying, prioritizing and selecting restoration projects for
implementation. Implementation funds are always in shorter supply than restoration projects. Selecting
the ‘best’ restoration projects for implementation is an iterative process. Many local watershed or
government entities (e.g., Township, County) select one or more projects to put forward for grant funding,the granting agency looks at many applications and selects the most promising projects to fund, and theselected projects are implemented. The criteria for identifying and selecting the ‘best’ restoration projects
are varied, perhaps the largest area per unit cost, a suite of water quality benefits, etc.. Most often,
source control projects are not scored highly because their unit costs are high and the project area isusually limited. Alternatively, projects which intercept and treat large volumes of storm water score highdue to their more modest cost per unit area.
This presentation focuses on a watershed restoration plan, two alternative restoration projects, and amore complicated but still simple evaluation of cost-benefit analysis. The most highly recommended
restoration project involved the modification of ~9.4 acres of forested floodplain to retain ~38,000 CY ofstorm water runoff for a cost of $550,000. A second restoration site which was not selected for submittal
to the granting agency involved the restoration of approximately 1,100 lf of stream, the modification of 6.5
acres of forested floodplain to retain ~6,000 CY of storm water runoff, for a cost of $450,000. The former
project was estimated to deliver water quality benefits for ~14.50 per CY of water. The latter project wasestimated to deliver water quality benefits for ~$75 per CY of water. Based on this analysis, it appears
clear the former project has the ‘bigger bang’ and this was the basis for selecting the project.
However, going beyond this ‘1st cost analysis’, and considering the cause and source of water quality
degradation (e.g., hydro-modification and sediment supply), a different analysis yields a much different
understanding. In this analysis, the former project does nothing to reduce sediment supply at the source(e.g., eroding stream channel), but effectively interrupts the sediment supply for only ~1 1/2 to 3 ½ years
before the storm water storage volume is filled with sediment from upstream channel erosion, and the
project is in equilibrium with its sediment supply. This results in a total project cost of ~$160,000 to$440,000 per year for the short life of the project. Over a 50 year project life, this project traps up to
19,000 CY of sediment at a cost of ~$29/CY, but has lost all sediment trapping and hydro-modification
capability after 1 ½ to 3 ½ years. Alternatively, the latter project fixes the problem at its source,
eliminating between 240 CY and 622 CY of sediment per year for every year with no prospect for loss of
this function and it retains a 6,000 CY storm water volume to support hydro-modification. Over a 50 year
project life, this project eliminates 12,000 CY to 31,000 CY of sediment at a cost of $37.50 to $14.40 per
CY with no loss in function. This source control restoration project appears to be a more sustainable
restoration project.
Contact Information: Joe Berg, Biohabitats, Inc., The Stables Building, 2081 Clipper Park Road, Baltimore, MD 21211 USA,
Phone: 410-554-0156, Email: jberg@biohabitats.com

12August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

The Human Component of the Coral Reef Ecosystem: A Framework for
Sustainability
Patricia Bradley1 and William S. Fisher2
1

U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic
Ecology Division, Key West, FL, USA
2
U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology
Division, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA

This presentation will provide an overview of EPA’s Coral Reefs Research Project. The goal of theresearch is to provide national, state and local decision-makers with information and tools to routinely
account for the effects of human activities on the value of coral reef ecosystems. The project is highlycollaborative and emphasizes strong interactions with clients to incorporate ecosystem services andvalues into policymaking. The research includes a series of workshops with jurisdiction decision-makers
and resource managers in Florida, Puerto Rico, and USVI to identify relevant decisions and tocharacterize legal authorities, decision flows and decision landscapes.
The project is an example of integrated transdisciplinary research, combining deep understanding ofenvironmental science with theory and empirical methods in behavioral and decision science. An
organizing framework – DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impact, and Response) is being used toorganize and better characterize the interactions among coral reef services, environmental effects ofhuman activities, and policy responses influencing human behavior. The research will help decision
makers to find holistic sustainable solutions.
Contact Information: Patricia Bradley, U.S. EPA, 33 East Quay Road, Key West, FL 33040 USA, Phone: 305-809-4690,
Fax: 305-293-5011, Email: bradley.patricia@epa.gov

13

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Estuarine Restoration in San Francisco Bay: Design and Adaptive Management
Eric F. Jolliffe, William N. Brostoff and Fari Tabatabai
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, CA, USA

The San Francisco District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is one of several agencies
working together to reverse the trend of wetland loss in the Bay estuary by restoring large areas of former
tidal salt marsh. The USACE is the federal lead agency on several large scale estuarine wetlands
restoration projects which are at varying stages of completion.
The Hamilton Wetlands Restoration Project (HWRP) is approximately 1,000 acres of estuarine andseasonal wetlands currently under construction. The dredged material placement component of the
project constituting 7.0 million cubic yards has been completed. When complete, the project will support amosaic of tidal wetlands, seasonal wetlands, and uplands.
The planning, design, and adaptive management plan have been developed in part based on lessons
learned from the Sonoma Baylands Project, another USACE wetlands restoration project based on
beneficial use of dredged material. These center around several project objectives, the main of which is tomaintain habitat for the federally endangered California clapper rail and salt marsh harvest mouse,
shorebirds, and estuarine fish species.
Information from Sonoma Baylands was used to predict tidal marsh evolution rates and optimal tidal
connection design dimensions. Similarly the adaptive management plan for HWRP drew upon monitoringdata and lessons learned from Sonoma Baylands.
Contact Information: William N. Brostoff, San Francisco District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1455 Market Street, San Francisco,
CA 94103 USA, Phone: 415-503-6867, Fax: 415-503-6692, Email: william.n.brostoff@usace.army.mil

14August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Enhancing the Economy and Environment of our Working Lands and Waters
Ecosystem Markets and Private Investment Strategies
John Campagna
Restore Capital, Baltimore, MD, USA

GoalShow how Private Investment Capital can fund environmental restoration through Ecosystems
Markets (ESMs) and enhance our Environment and Rural Economies.
Presentation Topic
Successful Ecosystem Markets exist today in the US. For example, the Clean Water Act requires thatany wetland destroyed through development or infrastructure construction must be replaced at a 1:2 ratio.
The preferred method is to purchase credits from a Wetland Mitigation Bank that has restored a large
wetland for the purpose of offsetting damage. The market has restored over 160,00 acres of wetlands
and generates over $1.7 billion annually in economic activity.
EPA has recently set a ‘pollution diet’ for the Chesapeake Bay. If a Restoration Economy based on
ecosystem markets are part of this policy a developer, water treatment plant or farmer who puts too muchrunoff into the Bay will be able to purchase offsets or water quality credits from another entity that has
reduced their runoff below required limits thereby neutralizing the pollution. This allows businesses,
municipalities and farmers to offset and reduce pollution as they continue to grow their business, services
and products.
Furthermore, these types of offsetting activities boost the economy more broadly than other industries(construction, high tech, etc). In the Chesapeake region water quality credits and the related pollution
reduction can be generated cheaper through restoration practices than large capital projects such as awater treatment plant upgrade. These land practices also have a larger economic impact by creatingover twice as many jobs per dollar invested compared to investment in infrastructure construction.
We as investors can provide the needed capital. With traditional funding for ecosystem restoration being
reduced (government subsidies and charities) ESM’s allow loans to be used by landowners, farmers andothers to implement the needed land-based practices to offset access runoff. Now private capital canfinance environmental restoration and improve the economy by promoting jobs and new income.
thContact Information: John Campagna, Managing Director, Restore Capital, 2002 Clipper Park Road, 4 Floor, Baltimore, MD 21211,
Phone: 410 878-7084, Email: johnc@restorecapital.com

15

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Management Modeling of Suspended Solids and Living Resource Interactions
Carl Cerco1, Mark Noel1 and Sung-Chan Kim2
1

Environmental Laboratory, US Army ERDC, Vicksburg MS, USA
Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, US Army ERDC, Vicksburg MS, USA

2

Chesapeake Bay, the United States’ largest, most valuable, estuary, is a classic example of a system in
distress from eutrophication. The management and restoration of Chesapeake Bay has been the focus of
the Chesapeake Bay Program for more than 25 years. Restoration is primarily focused on reducing
nutrients and solids loads from the surrounding watershed. Mathematical modeling of the watershed andestuary has provided management guidance since the foundation of the program.
Management goals focus on relieving three water quality impairments: low dissolved oxygen, excess
chlorophyll, and poor water clarity. Suspended solids, both organic and inorganic, are significant
contributors to poor water clarity. Consequently, accurate, realistic, representation of suspended solids
concentrations, loads, and processes is crucial in the management model suite.
Frequently, suspended solids modeling is considered from purely a physical approach. Suspended solids
transport is often considered as an add-on to hydrodynamic models. However, biological processes
contribute to and can dominate suspended solids transport and processing. Examples of biologicalprocesses include primary production of particles, particle filtration and removal by bivalves, and dampingof resuspension by aquatic vegetation. Consequently, optimal modeling of suspended solids requires
combining representations of physical processes with biological processes.
We have incorporated a fully-predictive suspended solids model into the Chesapeake Bay eutrophication
model. The model includes four inorganic solids classes as well as multiple forms of organic solids.
Physical processes include three-dimensional transport and particle resuspension due to currents andwind-generated waves. Biological processes include particle primary production and influences ofaquatic vegetation and bivalves.
The model has been used in a range of management scenarios aimed at examining the effects of nutrientand solids load reductions on water clarity. Three broad conclusions can be reached: 1) The poorest
water clarity is usually caused by high inorganic solids concentrations; 2) Inorganic solids respond to load
controls only near local loading sources from the watershed; 3 The major improvements in water clarity
are realized through reduction of organic solids and epiphytes achieved via nutrient controls.
Contact Information: Carl F. Cerco, Environmental Laboratory, US Army ERDC, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg MS 39180 USA,
Phone 601-634-4207, Fax 601-634-3129; Email: Carl.F.Cerco@usace.army.mil

16August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Economics of (MPAs) and Coastal Environmental Governance in the Western
Mediterranean
S. C. Chakour1, N. Bennacer2, T. Dahou3 and B. Chebira4
1

Faculty of Management Sciences, Jijel University, Algeria and IRD, France
Bejaia University, Algeria, and IRD, France
3
IRD, France
4
Annaba University, Algeria and IRD, France
2

Long neglected, the Mediterranean marine environment appears to receive increasing attention, but only
200 square kilometers of marine area protected as wilderness areas were identified. Like their terrestrial
counterparts, the majority of marine protected areas lack effective management, adequate governance,oversight and effective human and financial resources at stake.
Having realized the great coastal environmental issue, Algeria, in its economic recovery plans,
incorporates a number of environmental investments, including its coastal areas given its strong
demographic and economic dynamics. In this context, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are presented
today as a tool to provide lasting protection to ensure a continuing balance between human activities andnatural heritage. This article attempts to highlight the contribution of MPAs in the governance of thecoastal environment in the Western Mediterranean, through the Algerian case.
Contact Information: S. C. Chakour, Faculty of Management Sciences, Jijel University, Jijel CP 18000, Algeria,
Phone: 213(0) 662829230, Fax: 213 34501735, Email: schakour@yahoo.com

17

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Sustainable Management of Marines’ Resources in Algeria: The Contribution of
an Empirical Approach
S. C. Chakour1, B. Chebira2 and R. Bouzidi3
1

Faculty of Management Sciences, Jijel University, Algeria and IRD, France
Annaba University, Algeria and IRD, France
3
Faculty of Management Sciences, Jijel University, Algeria
2

The irreversible character of the management of a renewable resource, in this case halieutic, makes theintervention of public authorities urgent. In addition, this intervention must be directed by an economic
analysis. In our case, an appeal for the economic analysis of fishing via bio-economic modelling becomesa necessity. On the other hand, the lack of data conjugated into unreliable statistics, the marginal interest
given to the research in this field and the absence of multi-disciplinary approaches, make the approachincreasingly difficult in developing countries. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to put into
evidence the possibility of offsetting the different conceptual and methodological constraints in return for
empirical approaches based on investigations. The forward setting of the contribution of such approaches
to help taking decisions, by the conception of lasting development models while endowing managers of
the fishing sector with relevant information, is also one of the objectives of this paper.
Contact Information: S. C. Chakour, Faculty of Management Sciences, Jijel University, Jijel CP 18000, Algeria,
Phone: 213(0) 662829230, Fax: 213 34501735, Email: schakour@yahoo.com

18August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Spatial Pattern of Korean Major 38 Estuaries and Their Relationship with
Land-based Activities
W. Chang1, 2 and J. Nam1
1

Marine Policy Research Division, Korea Maritime Institute, Seoul, Korea
Department of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

2

Coastal areas serve as a base of socio-economic activities of Korea. As of 2006, around 35% of the land
was considered as coastal areas which accommodated 47% of the population and most industrial parks.
However, the water quality of coast is being deteriorated, especially in estuarine environment.
Pollution loads from land-based sources are believed as the main cause of the degradation of the coastal
environment. Around 62% of wastewater-discharging-facilities are located in the coastal areas of Korea.
They emit about 190,000 tons of waste water every day. Worse still, 113 domestic sewage treatment
plants, that is 39% of the nation’s total, are located in coastal watershed releasing one billion tons oftreated waste water.
Cluster Analysis (CA) was used to group the 38 major estuaries by using the data set of coastal water
quality parameters from 38 estuaries included: dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, total nitrogen,dissolved inorganic phosphorus, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, etc. Based on
the analysis, 38 estuaries were divided into three different groups.
For each group, Principal Component Analysis was employed to extract the spatial characteristics of thewatershed in each group from the watershed characteristics data such as river input, land use (urban,
forest, agriculture, and the others), mean slope, imperviousness, population density, livestock, etc. Group
one out of three was mainly influenced by river input; another group with high TP and TN concentration
was affected by population density, livestock and imperviousness; and the other is dependent on forestand mean slope of watershed, respectively.
Contact Information: Won Keun Chang, Marine Policy Research Division, Korea Maritime Institute, # 1652, Sangam-Dong,
Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 121-270 Korea; Phone: +82-2-2105-2909, Fax: +82-2-2105-2777, Email: wkchang@kmi.re.kr

19

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Reclamation and Its Effect to the Process of Hydrodynamics and Geomorphology
in the Yangtze River Mouth, China
Maotian Li1, Kaiqin Xu2, 3, Zhanghua Wang1, Zhongyuan Chen1 and Masataka Watanabe4
1State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
3
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
4
Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
2

In the present study, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used, in combination with the historical data(~150 yr) of water-sediment flux of Yangtze River and its estuarine branches, to examine the complex
interaction between the tideland reclamation and hydro-geomorphologic evolution of the Yangtze Estuary.
The results demonstrated a significant transition from the natural process to the anthropogenic process
on the tideland transformation, which was suggested by an acceleration of the tideland transformationfrom 7 km2yr-1of natural process (1864-1926) to 11.2 km2yr-1 (1959-1993) and 18.7 km2yr-1 (19932005) of anthropogenic process.
In the past century, intense tideland reclamation tremendously altered the water-sediment diversion ofestuarine branches and hydro-geomorphologic evolution in the Yangtze Estuary. i.e. 1) the rapid
reclamation of the Chongming island led to the narrowing of the North Branch (NB), which was witnessedby the change from southward expansion of the north bank of NB before 1926 to northward expansion of
the south bank of NB after 1958; the net siltation of the NB was also obviously decreased from
4.9×107m3 yr-1(1864-1958) to 1.2×107m3 yr-1(1959-2005); in addition, the proportion of water-sediment
flux of the South Branch (SB) to the Yangtze River increased significantly from 80%~95% to 5%~120%
since1958.
The rapid reclamation of the Changxing-Hengsha Island and the south bank of the Yangtze River aslo
resulted in the significant hydro-geomorgraphic process of the South Channel (SC) and the South
Passage (SP), i.e. the transition from the erosion to siltation process after the year of 1958, which wasdemonstrated by the decreasing trend of the water-sediment flux proportion of the SB and the SP to the
SB after the year of 1958.
To sum up, it can come to a conclusion that the intense human reclamation has significantly alteredhydro-geomorphologic process in the Yangtze Estuary, reveled by the DEM results on the basis of thewater-sediment data of Yangtze River.
Contact Information: Kaiqin Xu, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; Phone: 81-29-850-2339,
Fax:81-29-850-2560

20August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Pearl Culture Waste, Nutrient Load from Land or Loss of Tidal Flat, What is the
Cause of the Deterioration and What Should Be Controlled for the Restoration of
Ago Bay Environment?
Satoshi Chiba1, Yasuhiro Shimizu2, Hideki Kokubu2 and Hiroshi Tachi2
1

Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Yokkaichi University, Mie, Japan
Mie Prefecture Fisheries Research Institute, Mie, Japan2

Ago bay is a small semi-enclosed coastal sea and is known as a typical “Sato-Umi” area of Japan. The
economy of the area has prospered due to rich fishery resources including its famous pearl cultureindustry. This water body has been extensively used for pearl culture since the 1950s and is now
suffering from environmental deterioration such as the settlement of hypoxia water, the accumulation oforganic matter in the sediment and the reduction of diversity in the benthos ecosystem. Pearl production
has also gradually dropped and is currently only one-fifth of the production of the 1960s. Self-pollution by
the pearl culture industry has been suspected as the sole cause of the deterioration, but recent studies
performed by the authors have led to a new view of the cause.
As presented in the previous EMECS8 conference, we developed an integrated ecosystem model of Ago
Bay by gathering a large number of observations and experimental data, and by tuning parameters of themodel with that data. The model consists of a low-trophic ecosystem model in water, a one-dimensional
early diagenesis model of sediment and a multi-generation pearl oyster growth model. This time, we
utilized the model to measure the contribution of several environmental factors. The factors weconsidered are the number of the cultured oysters, the nutrient load from the watershed area as well asthat from the outer sea, and the areal change of tidal flats. We performed a long-term simulation thatcovers 50 to 100 years to take into account the slow process in the sediment.
The results show that pearl culture does not have direct influence on the degree and extent of the hypoxia
seawater, contrary to the common belief. The influential factors on the hypoxia seawater around the bay
head area are the nutrient load from both the watershed area and the outer sea, and the areal change oftidal flats. The degree of influence from the outer sea was comparable with that from the watershed area.
The efficacy of tidal flats very much depends on the difference between the amount of influx and efflux ofnutrients. The most noticeable point is that the number of pearl oysters, which determines the amount ofpearl culture waste, has little influence on the hypoxia seawater. This result comes from the fact that the
total amounts of particulate organic matter (POM) settled down to the sea bed of the entire bay are notincreased by the cultivation activity.
On the other hand, up to 50% increase of POM in the sediment in the vicinity of culture rafts was
confirmed. The concentration of AVS was also higher there and the effusion of hydrosulfide occurred in
the extreme case. These results brought us a new view of the function of pearl culture. That is, to say, adeterioration of the habitat of benthos. The destruction of the benthos ecosystem by the pearl culture
could be linked to the deepening of the hypoxia seawater through a reduction of POM decomposition ratein the sediment.
Recently, the council for nature restoration of Ago Bay area which is expected to play a principal role in
the planning and execution of restoration projects was organized by including administrators, fishermen
and citizens of the district (Shima city) and researchers. We are going to present the current conclusion to
the council.
Contact Information: Satoshi Chiba, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Yokkaichi University, Kayochou, Yokkaichi,
Mie 512-8512, Japan, Phone:+81-59-340-1620, Fax: +81-59-365-6630, Email: chiba@yokkaichi-u.ac.jp

21

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Sato-umi Policy in JapanT. Yamada, H. Hashimoto and Y. Muroishi -- presented by Takahiro Chino
Office of Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Water Environment Management Division, Environmental
Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Tokyo, Japan

In Japan, Sato-umi is defined as a coastal zone where the livelihood of human beings and the blessingsof nature coexist harmoniously with coastal area eco-systems. Sato-umi has long been important insupporting fisheries, transport and culture, while helping to integrate management of land and coastal sea
areas and preserve high productivity and biodiversity in the wake of the human interaction.
Sato-umi has become rooted in Japan since “Becoming a Leading Environmental Nation in the 21stCentury” and “The National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan” made it national policy. “The Basic Plan on
Ocean Policy” describes the embodiment of the concept of Sato-umi in the conservation andmanagement of fishery resources.
The Ministry of the Environment (MOE) in Japan began supporting Sato-umi activities in 2008, based ona national strategy and policy, in order to achieve public consensus for marine environmental
conservation and preserve high productivity and biodiversity in coastal sea areas. MOE projects to
support Sato-umi Creation comprise the following.
1) Support of local activities for Sato-umi Creation (Model Project)
2) Execution of Sato-umi Creation plans
3) Execution of a Sato-umi Creation manual
4) Selection of examples of activities for advanced Sato-umi Creation
5) Construction of a website, “Sato-umi Net”
6) Publication of pamphlets, leaflets etc.
7) Holding of symposia
Such efforts by the Ministry of the Environment, in combination with efforts by local public organizations,environmental groups and local residents, have improved the awareness of Sato-umi and increased themomentum for Sato-umi creation activities in local areas. Moreover, the 10th Meeting of the Conferenceof the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 10), which was held in Japan in October
2010, included a COP 10 Side Event entitled, "The Role of SATO-UMI in Preserving Biodiversity", atwhich an exchange of views was held regarding the importance of Sato-umi as a venue for the provisionof ecosystem services and the coexistence of human beings with nature etc.
Efforts to promote the creation of Sato-umi in Japan will be continued, and information on Japan's Satoumi activities will be provided both domestically and internationally in an effort to help preserve coastalzone environments.
Contact Information: T. Yamada, Office of Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Water Environment Management
Division, Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan 1-2-2, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
100-8975, Japan, Phone: +81-3-5521-8320, Fax: +81-3-3501-2717, Email: mizu-hesasei@env.go.jp

22August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Mapping Social Values of Coastal Use Relative to Ecosystem Services inSarasota Bay
Zac Cole1, Alisa Coffin2, Robert Swett3, Ben Sherrouse4 and Darius Semmens4
1

Department of Tourism, Recreation, and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
3
Florida Sea Grant, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
4
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO, USA
2

Effective spatial planning and management of coastal zones is essential for resolving conflicts andadapting to changes in environmental conditions as human use of coastal regions increases. Researchand planning applications developed for terrestrial systems may be useful and adaptable to coastal andmarine environments as a means of evaluating critical factors in coastal systems. Assessment ofcomprehensive coastal ecosystem services stands to benefit from research incorporating social values
information into more complete understandings of natural and social interactions in coastal regions. This
work describes ongoing efforts to extend the functionality of a GIS application, Social Values for
Ecosystem Services (SolVES; http://solves.cr.usgs.gov), to a region of the Gulf of Mexico with importantenvironmental and social attributes. The health and vitality of Sarasota Bay is essential to local quality oflife while contributing significantly to the region's economy and international reputation as a desirable
destination. SolVES has been successfully used in other locations to map the social values of various
subgroups of survey respondents, which were differentiated according to their attitudes about human useof the landscape. Information about social values was correlated with landscape metrics in a regression
model to predict potential areas for increased attention by planners and managers, either because of theirhigh value for a particular group, or because of their potential for conflict between groups. This applicationof the SolVES tool is mapping social values of Gulf coast residents such as recreation, aesthetics andbiodiversity conservation, and relating them to attitudes toward public uses of the coastal region including,for example, energy development, fishing (commercial and recreational), shipping, and tourism. The
efforts of this work are focused on a region of the Florida Gulf Coast, Sarasota Bay, a 56-mile longcoastal lagoon comprised of a large bay segment and several smaller embayments. The goal of thisSolVES application is to evaluate social science information that can support effective coastal and marine
spatial planning (CMSP) and represents a potentially valuable tool to integrate social science inecosystem-based decision support by planning and management entities.
Techniques and tools for designing, funding, implementing, and managing large-scale, long-term
ecosystem, watershed, and/or fishery restoration programs
Contact Information: Zac Cole, Department of Tourism, Recreation, and Sport Management, University of Florida, PO Box 118208,
Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, Phone: 352 870 4353, Email: zaccole@ufl.edu

23

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Techniques and Tools for Designing, Funding, Implementing, and Managing
Large-scale, Long-term Ecosystem, Watershed, and/or Fishery Restoration
Programs
Storm Cunningham
REVITALIZ, LLC, Washington, DC, USA

When ecosystem and natural resource restoration projects reach certain geographic sizes and/or
chronological lengths, challenges can arise that are minor or non-existent at smaller/shorter scales.
Some of these factors—such as restoring links among isolated ecosystems—are within the expertise andcomfort zone of practitioners.
Other challenges that emerge at large/long scales are outside both the expertise and comfort zone ofmost ecosystem restoration practitioners, and might require the use of unfamiliar tools that were
unnecessary at smaller scales. Most ecosystem restoration practitioners are not equipped—and are often
not willing—to address overlapping or conflicting renewal agendas. These include—but are not limited
to—heritage restoration, agricultural revitalization, infrastructure renewal. Many of these agendas affectecosystems, or are affected by them. Some agendas, such as infrastructure renewal, can be key totechnical ecosystem restoration success. Other agendas are extrinsic, but can prevent the approval or
success of the ecosystem project/program if not effectively addressed.
Such constraints generally fall into two categories: 1) integrating the renewal of the natural, built, andsocioeconomic environments, and 2) engaging and partnering with all the stakeholders—private
landowners, citizens, businesses, government, non-profit, and academic—needed to design, fund, or
implement the restoration program.
A method has been developed that addresses both of these complex challenges at the community,
regional, and even (theoretically) national scales. Moreover, a software tool has been developed to makethis complexity more manageable.
Contact Information: Storm Cunningham, CEO, REVITALIZ, LLC, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20004
USA; Phone: 202-684-6815, Email: storm@revitaliz.com

24August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Meeting Maryland Chesapeake Bay TMDL Allocations: Facilitating Stakeholder
Involvement In Nutrient Modeling
Lee Currey
Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD, USA

Environmental mathematical models can be applied to enhance understanding of complex physicalphenomena and allow informed decision making, which when combined have significant policy, economic
and accountability implications.. Recent advancements in the EPA Chesapeake Bay Program Modeling
System (Bay Model) have increased its complexity, improving accuracy and predictability, but this has
resulted in less accessibility and transparency for local decision makers. Maryland recognizes the needfor and benefit of communicating this model, and particularly providing accessibility to the EPA suite ofmodels in a simple and transparent tool.
Maryland’s Assessment and Scenario Tool (MAST) was developed to function as an on-line accessible
scenario development and management tool. It enables local planners, decision-makers andstakeholders to assemble nutrient and sediment load reduction strategies in the form of quantified
assemblages of best management practices to meet the pollution reduction goals of the Chesapeake Bay
TMDL and the State’s Phase II Watershed Implementation Plan (WIP). The tool brings transparency tothis process by opening up what for the lay person is the "black box" of the EPA models through thepractical application of these complex modeling systems.
Through extensive outreach, including webinars and hands-on MAST training sessions, Maryland’s local
and federal WIP development partners are learning that MAST makes the Bay Modeling inputs andresults understandable and accessible. MAST is used to provide approximate scenario load results inseveral seconds, merge many scenarios together, and then directly link with the Bay Model, which takes
several hours to run, to obtain more detailed results. The timely results of MAST allows it to function as asensitivity analysis tool by isolating and assessing the benefit of different practices in specific geographic
locations and also function as a decision management tool by quickly screening many initial management
decisions across several source sectors. Ultimately MAST will directly link the narrowed down
management options to the Bay Model for final verification of water quality standards attainment throughgeneration of an “input deck” to the model. Above all, MAST illustrates the practicality and transparencyof modeling and in the process empowers stakeholders by providing them the ability to see the underlying
input information and quickly predicting the results of their proposed load reduction strategies. All of which
are key objectives in complex environmental decision making.
Contact Information: D. Lee Currey, P.E., Program Manager, TMDL Development Program, Maryland Department of theEnvironment, Baltimore, MD 21230-1718, Phone: 410.537.3913, Fax: 410.537.3873, Email: lcurrey@mde.state.md.us

25

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Coastal Hazard Management of Iran
Seifollah Haghighi1, Mohsen Soltanpour2 and Afshin Danehkar3
1

Direct Manager of Jahad Water & Energy Research Co. (JWERC), Tehran, Iran
K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran3
Departments of Environmental Sciences, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran2

1. Purpose
Coastal areas are usually subjected to disasters due to natural hazards. Hazard management is oneof the main objectives of an Integrated Coastal Zone Management program. Hazard management isto minimize the loss of life and property caused by improper development in flood-prone, storm surge,
geological hazard, and erosion-prone areas and in areas likely to be affected by or vulnerable to sea
level rise, tsunami, and landslide.
The effects of natural hazards can include destruction of habitats, structural damage to buildings andservices, disruption to transportation routes, destruction of commercial centers and residences, lossof crops and stock and can result in the loss of human life. It is not possible to avoid natural hazard
occurrence, however it is possible to manage the effects of land use activities with a view to avoiding
or mitigating adverse effects of natural hazards.
2. Scope
Coastal zones are exposed by Natural Hazards. Main hazards in coastal areas are consisting of
Flooding and eroding. Water and sediment quality, and marine habitat are the main issues inenvironmental management. Since, shoreline, where is defined between sediment transport active
boundary in seaward and Hazard Line in landward, is faced to invasion of waves, sediment transport,
dynamic changes in coast line, and comprise major marine habitat, has special seriousness in hazard
and environmental management. For mitigation of these damages, it is necessary to investigate thephenomena, to define the acceptable strategies and to schematize suitable plans. Without specificpolicies or restrictions, development resulting in massive economics damage and losses of life. The
best way to avoid coastal hazards is to avoid inappropriate development in the coastal zone byproactive management.
3. Methods
Coastal natural hazards were studied in 3 categories: 1-Geological hazards; 2- Marine hazards & 3Climatic hazards.
Collection of information related to areas susceptible to hazard occurrence, frequency of occurrence,and intensity of the potential hazards and identification of information inadequacies are key
preliminary factors in hazard management.
Geologic structure and tectonics of Iranian coastlines were reviewed and documented using
corresponding maps (1:100,000) provided by Geological Survey of Iran. Earthquake, liquefaction andlandslide hazard maps were prepared in 21 sheets for each of the 7 coastal provinces of Iran.
Important marine hazards include wave attack, inundation and erosion hazards. Inundation may
occur because of a temporary rise in sea level due to storm surge or tsunami, or because of longterm sea level variations (such as the Caspian Sea level).
The highest elevation that water may reach at a location (Inundation Level) was obtained from thefollowing relation:
Inundation Level = High Water Line + Wind Surge + Pressure Surge+ Wave Runup + Sea Level Rise

+ Wave Setup

Surge, setup and runup values were determined using 50-year return period winds and waves at 250
locations along Iranian coastlines. Elevation of the High Water Line is determined by Mean High Tidein the south and a projected Caspian Sea level in the north.
Extreme 50-year wave height was mapped along the Iranian coastlines using the colorizedclassification. Tsunami inundation maps were prepared based on numerical simulation results of the
Makran 1945 earthquake.

26

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Climatic hazards are caused by one or a combination of droughts, strong wind storms, heavy rainfall(river flood), and snow and ice.
In order to provide an overall representation of hazard in each area, hazard components presented
were ranked with numbers 1 to 4, with 4 being the most intensive level of each hazard. A nominal
Overall Hazard Assessment (OHA) for the coast was then calculated by squaring each intensity
value, doubling the squared value of the dynamic hazards, and averaging the weighted values.
Squaring each intensity level gives greater emphasis to high intensity hazards, which generally
constitute the greatest threat.
4. Results and Conclusion
The results indicate that the northern Iranian coastal provinces are most prone to geological hazards
and the associated risk increases from west to east along the Caspian Sea coastline. There havebeen numerous earthquake, liquefaction and landslide events in these areas.
Among the southern coastal provinces, Hormozgan Province has the most intensive history ofearthquakes, liquefaction and landslides. The risk of liquefaction increases towards the east end of
this province and in Sistan and Baluchestan Province’s coastlines on the Oman Sea. Risk ofliquefaction and settlement also exist along the coastline of Khuzestan. Risk of earthquake is highalong the east half of Bushehr Province’s coastlines.
Ranking hazard intensity is based on a number of variables that minimum and maximum indicate
most and least value of intensity level of a specific hazard. Certain hazards are more dynamic thanothers, including seismicity, high waves, high winds, and tsunami inundation. These hazards mayachieve a high level of severity in a relatively short time. Long-term sea level rise and beach erosion
do not constitute a life threatening hazard, although they certainly may exacerbate the others. The
dynamic hazards constitute a greater risk and thus are assigned an additional weighting factor of 2,
after they are squared. The sum of the squared and doubled values is averaged and the resulting
value is used to assign a nominal overall hazard rank in a 1 to 7 scale, with 7 being the most severe
hazard level.
5. Recommendations
Ranking of hazard intensity in a region requires applying scientific judgments grounded in a thoroughunderstanding of the specific history of hazardous phenomena and a familiarity with local
environmental processes. It is necessary that the hazard data set will continue to be maintained andupdated in the interest of eventually achieving a statistically robust capability to predict hazard
chronology and intensity.
Contact Information: Afshin Danehkar, Department of Environmental Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 4314, Karaj, Iran;Phone: (98)912-309-4861, Fax: (98)261-222-9721, Email: a_danehkar@yahoo.com and danehkar@ut.ac.ir

27

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Integrated Coastal Zone Management in IranAfshin Danehkar1, Ali Reza Kebriaee2 and Mehdi Pourpeikari Heris3
1

Department of Environmental Science, Univesity of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Coast & Port Engineering Office, Port & Maritime Organization, Tehran, Iran
3
Maab Consulting Engineers
2

1. Purpose
Iran, having two separate coastlines at its north and south of about 5790 km in length, with very different
characteristics, suffers from various coastal problems. While its northern coastal area is over-populated
and its sensitive and unique habitats must be protected from destruction, most of its southern coastal
areas are undeveloped and deserted. Intense oil and gas exploitation activities in this part andoccurrence of two wars in the Persian Gulf during the last two decades have rendered hydrocarbon
pollution, a major issue for this country's marine and coastal environment. Biodiversity is under threat insome areas and natural resources are deteriorating. To overcome the problems, Integrated Coastal Zone
Management has been considered by Iranian Port and Maritime Organization as a long-term solution.
2. Scope
The goal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is to establish social activity and sustainableeconomic levels in the coastal areas while protecting the coastal environment. It brings together all those
involved in the development, management and use of the coast within a framework that facilitates theintegration of their interests and responsibilities.
In Iran's ICZM study project, baseline studies along with social, economical, and spatial planning studies
in the coastal provinces are carried out in order to achieve the desired outcomes as a number of strategicplans for the coastal areas that are to be implemented by a coastal management entity. Providing therequired laws and regulations for establishing such a management body is also under way.
Iranian ICZM is defined as “A dynamic inter sectoral and multi aspect program that according toecosystem based planning establishes sustainable use of coastal zones”.
3. Methods
Iran's ICZM has been conducted in three main steps through eight years (2002-2010): Step one which
carried out basic studies and literature review, producing main datasets such as existing land use at
1/25000 scale, using proper satellite images. Step two, which was involved in conducting segregatedstudies in various partial fields and extracting the main outcomes of each group. Step three deducted ofall studies and synthesizing the main outcomes to provide an integrated result which can improve thegovernment's policy making in an integrated way.
SMCE method was used for designation and zoning the main land use in terrestrial part of the coastalzone for urban development, industrial development, tourism development, agriculture development andprotected areas in coastal zone by using environmental criteria. Five main layers were selected:
Functional Zoning, Hazard Zoning, Managerial Zoning, Ecological Potential Zoning and ThreatOpportunity Zoning. The first is the basic zoning layer which articulates how different activities can belocated across the Iranian coastal areas. The other four layers presented as overlay zones which mightbring additional regulations to ensure sustainable development.
4. Results and Conclusion
Coastal zones were divided into 5 different areas: 1-Coastal Water Zone (CWZ), 2-Near Shore Zone
(NSZ), 3-Sea level Fluctuation Zone (SLFZ), 4-Hazard Zone (HZ) & 5-Coastal Area (CA) by technical andsocio-economic criteria.
As zoning represents a flexible structure for planners, they can precise their policies in a spatial format
and limit or intensify the developments in some cases. In order to facilitate benefiting these zoning files
that are accompanied with regulations, a DSS (Decision Support System) was designed to summarize all
information in a simple way for local and national managers.

28

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

5. Recommendations
Iranian ICZM Plan provides main strategies for sustainable use of coastal zones at its north and southernparts in a national scale. Local scope of this approach is necessary for each coastal province at the next
step for the near future.
Contact Information: Afshin Danehkar, Department of Environmental Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 4314, Karaj, Iran;Phone: (98)912-309-4861, Fax: (98)261-222-9721, Email: a_danehkar@yahoo.com and danehkar@ut.ac.ir

29

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Threats and Opportunities Against to Mangrove Forests in IranAfshin Danehkar1, Beytolah Mahmoodi2 and Yassamin Dilmaghani3
1

Department of Environmental Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
M.Sc. in Forestry, Tehran, Iran3
M.Sc. in Environment, Tehran, Iran2

PurposeMangroves represent a rich and diverse living resource. Mangrove forests are now recognized as being amajor protector of coastal environment and a valuable national economic resource. However, the total
area of mangrove forests in Iran has been declining due to human activities. Iranian university
researchers and NGOs have taken various initiatives to address the problems of mangrove forest
resources degradation. Bringing in the capability and limitations of mangroves can help finding a way torescue the vast mangrove areas in the Persian Gulf region.
Scope
Iranian mangrove forests occur between the northern orbits 25°09'–27°84'. This area covers the northpart of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, and three coastal provinces in the south of Iran (from southwest
to southeast: Bushehr, Hormozgan and Sistan & Balouchistan).
Mangrove forest covers about 120.00 km2 in 9 main regions and all regions are protected by Departmentof the Environment of Iran. There are 1 national park (in Nayband bay), 1 Biosphere Reserve and 3
Ramsar Sites in mangrove regions of Iran.
Two species of mangroves are found within Iranian mangrove forests, Avicennia marina (family
Avicenniaceae) and Rhizophora macrunata (family Rhizophoraceae). Local communities are related tomangroves for foliage harvesting, fishing and tourism activities. Some industrial activities, particularly oil
and gas related production growth, as well as road and port development, are located close to somemangrove regions.
Methods
SWOT method was used for designation and assessment of internal and external factors that affectmangrove forests. According to literature review, interview, questionnaires and field check we identified
Strengths, Weakness, Threats and Opportunities. Then the external and internal factors by EFE & IFE
matrix were evaluated. We also determined main strategies and activities resulted by SWOT matrix forsustainable management purposes. QSPM method was used to rank obtained strategies.
Results and Conclusion
The following have been identified as factors contributing to the destruction or damage to mangrove
forests:Overexploitation of mangrove leaves and branches as fodder for domestic animals by ruralcommunities.



Severe waves and extreme tidal action can uproot mangroves, decreasing growth and reproduction
in some regions.



The alternation of rivers and delta directions towards the sea reduces mangrove areas.

Climatic changes resulting in drying of land and retardation of inundation period contributes tomangrove destruction.



Mangrove trees, resistant to most plant diseases, are susceptible to insects of the Cynipidae family,
genus Neuroterus (unknown species, possibly Neuroterus lenticuloris or Neuroterus lanuginosus)

Mammals, such as Ratus ratus consume mangrove seeds, fruits and leaves, causing damage tothese forests.

Road construction within the Nayband forests has created seawater connections in some parts of theregion, destroying part of the mangrove forests.

30

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USAThe lack of conservation program, control and preservation plan, in order to prevent the destructionof forests by villagers and surrounding population.

Even some mangrove species show adaptability to salt stress. Freshwater extraction may cause
high salt level and reduced mangrove forests in Persian Gulf.



Urban and industrial wastewater and sewage discharge into the forest areas generate microbial
pollution.

Marine Pollution, especially oil pollution in the Nayband Bay, as a result of development of thesouthern Pars oil field in Assaluyeh region, has resulted in damage.

Recommendations
Public participation plan and international technical support is necessary to control mangrove degradationand support mangrove regeneration in northern part of Persian Gulf & Oman Sea.
Contact Information: Afshin Danehkar, Department of Environmental Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 4314, Karaj, Iran;Phone: (98)912-309-4861, Fax: (98)261-222-9721, Email: a_danehkar@yahoo.com and danehkar@ut.ac.ir

31

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Innovations in Environmental Synthesis, Communication, Reporting andGovernance
William C. Dennison
Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA

The coastal zones of the world provide some of the most acute environmental challenges on the planet.
The proliferation of coastal megacities and coastal population pressures impact coastal ecosystems,
leading to degradation of coastal ecosystems like salt marshes, mangrove forests, seagrass meadowsand coral reefs. Iconic regions like Chesapeake Bay and the Great Barrier Reef are threatened by various
human pressures, including accelerated climate change. These challenges promote a search forinnovations in environmental synthesis, communication, reporting and governance.
Environmental synthesis activities have been enhanced with synthesis centers, which convene working
groups that create, analyze and interpret global data sets and write high profile synthesis papers forscientific journals. This synthesis process will need to evolve better communication to resource
managers and policy makers.
Science communication innovations include the development of online conceptual diagram drawing
programs, the evolution of design/layout communication products for print and ereader formats, and video
seminars and training content.
Environmental reporting innovations include environmental report cards (e.g., Chesapeake Bay, Great
Barrier Reef, Southeast Queensland), which have evolved to include citizen science monitoring,
management response monitoring, and public health monitoring.
Governance innovation is exemplified by regional resource management authorities (e.g., Great Barrier
Marine Park Authority; Chesapeake Bay Program) and by a rigorous evidence-based approach todecision-making (e.g., BayStat).
These innovations in environmental synthesis, communication, reporting and governance will need to betested and applied more widely across the globe so that scientists can solve, not just study,
environmental problems.
Contact Information: William C. Dennison, Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental
Science, PO Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA, Phone: 410 221 2004, Email: dennison@umces.edu

32August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Competing Rationalities in Marine Ecosystem Services Management: Implications
for the Polish EEZ
M. Dereniowska1, J. Kronenberg2 and J. Piwowarczyk3
1

Department of Philosophical Anthropology, Institute of Philosophy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
Department of International Economics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
3
Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
2

Marine ecosystem services (MES) are the foundation of sustainable development in coastal areas.
However, the management in the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) does not acknowledge thisparadigm, but instead takes a sector-by-sector and case-by-case approach. Moreover, the participation ofindividual actors in decision-making processes is limited. The purpose of our paper is to examine thereasons for fragmented and short-term coastal management, its perceived detachment from the reality ofinterdependence between MES and economic development, and the competing rationalities of different
institutional spheres involved (individuals and decision makers). We adopt an institutional framework,
assuming rationality to be a pluralistic and socially constructed concept driven by various ideologies.
Our analysis addresses and re-defines key issues of coastal management: participation, integration,accountability and interdependence in relation to the Polish EEZ. In order to investigate the rationales
supporting the objectives adopted in local development strategies, we studied the national marine spatialplanning policy, the relevant national sectoral policies and the strategic documents of three coastal
provinces and ten coastal towns and cities with more than 10,000 inhabitants. We used a content analysis
to examine (i) the integration of management objectives, (ii) whether precautionary principles arefollowed, and (iii) whether benefits and future opportunities of MES are considered. In addition, we used a
discourse analysis to analyze individual actors’ approaches and their perceptions of MES in urban areas.
Analysis of the rationalities of institutional and individual actors revealed that neither consider MES crucial
and instead, their motivations are ideological in terms of means and ends contested philosophy. This
results in short-term goals which are often in conflict with the principles of sustainable development.
Because of underfunding and unclear responsibilities, conflicts are not prevented but are addressed only
once they have escalated. Moreover, MES seem to be one of the most undervalued elements in theplanning processes where they tend to be limited to tourism and recreation only.
Although all the different institutional spheres acknowledge environmental issues, specific conservationand protection measures are not considered in detail: they are the subject of bounded rationality. We
argue that before a compromise between different rationalities can be achieved, their paradigms need tobe made visible and become a subject of public dialog on the basis of a democratic, pluralistic discourse
within all the institutional spheres. The decision-making process needs to be made more transparent,science-based and participatory. These objectives require an institutional change in the process thattransforms existing regimes in accordance with cooperative rationality. We argue that the estimation of
the economic value of MES is crucial for improved MES management. It would also indicate the economic
potential lost because of the current trade-offs between the environment and economic development mostoften solved in favor of the latter. This could be complementary to the already existing regulatory
measures that aim to prevent further degradation of the recognized elements of marine ecosystems.
Contact Information: Malgorzata Dereniowska, Department of Philosophical Anthropology, Institute of Philosophy, Adam Mickiewicz
University/AMU, Szamarzewskiego 89c Street 60-569 Poznan, Poland, Phone: + 48 61 829 22 80, Fax: + 48 61 829 21 47,
Email: deren@amu.edu.pl

33

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

A Trans-Boundary, Community-Based Response to Gulf of Mexico Water Quality
IssuesWilliam G. Deutsch1, Sergio S. Ruiz-Córdova1 and Miriam G. Ramos-Escobedo2
1

Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, AL, USA
Global Water Watch-Mexico, Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico

2

Global Water Watch (GWW) is a community-based water monitoring and watershed stewardship program
based at Auburn University, and GWW, Inc. is an incorporated nonprofit organization with members inseveral countries, including Mexico. GWW was funded by the USEPA Gulf of Mexico Program Office,Gulf of Mexico Alliance (GOMA), to conduct a three-year (2009-2011) project that fosters awareness ofGulf water quality issues, and promotes water data collection by certified community volunteers. The
project is focused in the Mobile River Basin of Alabama, USA, and the La Antigua River Basin of
Veracruz, Mexico. Both of these basins extend hundreds of kilometers inland, and include mountains up
to 5,000 m, upland forests, intensive agriculture, and major drainages to the Gulf of Mexico. Excess
nutrients, periodic low oxygen and toxins have been identified as problems in the coastal zones of both ofthese basins.
Target audiences included fish and livestock producers, middle and high school students and teachers,
community volunteer water monitoring groups, and the general public. Numerous workshops wereconducted throughout the study area using GWW bilingual training manuals to certify interested people inmonitoring water quality according to a USEPA approved quality assurance project plan. An aquatic
science curriculum called, Exploring Alabama’s Living Streams (EALS), previously developed by GWW
and endorsed by the Alabama Math, Science and Technology Initiative, was translated into Spanish(Explorando Nuestros Ríos Vivientes, or ENRV). Several workshops were conducted for scores of
educators to show how the EALS and ENRV curricula could be taught in a variety of ways to grades 4-12.
An online Directory of Environmental Centers in the six Mexican and five USA States that border the Gulf
is being compiled and will be linked to GWW and GOMA-related websites.
Thousands of water data records have been submitted by volunteer monitors via the Internet to the GWW
customized relational database. All data are publically accessible and may be analyzed, graphed andshared in a variety of formats. Data have been used to remediate pollution problems and influencewatershed management plans and water policy. Animal producers, from trout farmers in Veracruz tocattle farmers in Alabama, have participated in the project, become more aware of the potential negative
impacts of their operations on Gulf water quality, and learned about sustainable alternatives. Students
have benefited from place-based environmental education including outdoor classrooms and personal
involvement in collecting valid water data.
Overall, project participants including policy makers, educators and the general public have learned about
the importance of taking a watershed approach to solving problems of the Gulf of Mexico. The challenges
of protecting and restoring the Gulf are impossible to solve solely through professional research andregulation. Community involvement through standardized water monitoring and mutual learning iseffective in mobilizing thousands of people from numerous stakeholder groups, and should be acomponent of any coastal sea management strategy.
Contact Information: William G. Deutsch, Global Water Watch, 250 Upchurch Hall, Auburn University, AL 36849 USA,
Phone: 334 844-9119, Email: deutswg@auburn.edu

34August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Sustainable Approaches to Restoring Coastal Habitat in the Heart of New York
City
John McLaughlin1 and Terry Doss2
1

New York City Department of Environmental Protection, New York City, NY, USA
Biohabitats Inc., Glen Ridge, NJ, USA

2

Jamaica Bay has evolved over the past 25,000 years as an important and complex network of open waterand coastal habitat. The wildlife use of these systems is commensurate with this complex network ofnatural systems – the 20,000 acres of diverse habitat support seasonal or year round populations of over214 species of special concern. Because of its geographic size and diverse habitats, Jamaica Bay is anationally and internationally renowned birding destination.
However, the valuable resources that comprise Jamaica Bay have been lost over time due todevelopment. The current Jamaica Bay is only half of its pre-colonial extent. Filling, dredging, pollution,
shoreline hardening, and other degradations have synergistically affected historic flow and sedimentation
patterns in the Bay, eradicating natural habitat, impacting water quality, and modifying the rich ecosystemthat was present prior to the extensive urban development of the watershed.
This presentation examines new approaches for ecosystem restoration and sustainability within thecomplex, urban environment of Jamaica Bay. A series of ecological pilot projects first identified in the
Jamaica Bay Watershed Protection Plan have been implemented and are currently being monitored. The
purpose of the pilot studies is to address uncertainties associated with these new approaches under NYC
climate and environmental conditions to guide future practices, while also attempting to restore andmaintain water quality and ecological integrity with the New York City metropolitan area. These pilot
projects are unique in their exploration of sustainable approaches to address urban water quality andecological concerns.
For example, eelgrass and oyster restoration studies are widely used elsewhere, but are new to thewaters of NYC. Until recently, little attention has been paid to eelgrass and oyster enhancement andrestoration in urban watersheds such as Jamaica Bay in waters that are closed to fishing and shellfishing.
Over the past two years, we have been undertaking pilot projects within the Bay to restore eelgrass andoysters in Jamaica Bay, and will discuss the unique challenges of carrying out these projects, the lessons
learned, and the direction for future efforts.
Other pilot projects include using wave attenuators to slow erosion of wetlands, testing the infiltration
capacities of mussels to improve water quality, and harvesting algae for biofuel production.
Contact Information: Terry Doss, Biohabitats, Glen Ridge, NJ 07028 USA, Phone: 973.868.2238, Email: tdoss@biohabitats.com

35

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

It’s Scientifically Proven: If You Engage…You Win
Michael Dougherty
National Wildlife Federation, Reston, VA, USA

Social media is no longer a one way street of communication, where organizations merely push info out; it
is a back and forth dialogue of information and ideas. This segment will discuss the ways social media
should and shouldn’t be done and illustrate how it can be used to effectively broaden knowledge andunderstanding and grow strong networks.
Contact Information: Michael Dougherty, National Wildlife Federation, 11100 Wildlife Drive, Reston, VA 20190 USA,
Phone; 800-822-9919, Email: doughertym@nwf.org, Twitter: @wickedjava

36August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Health of Human Populations and Associated Domestic Animals as a Componentof the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Approach
Marie J Ducrotoy1 and Jean-Paul Ducrotoy2
1

School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, the University of Hull, Hull, UK

2

For three decades, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) has been instrumental in promotinginterdisciplinary studies, considering managerial issues through tentative common approaches between
biologists, sociologists and, rather recently, economists. Even if for ecologists it seemed rather obvious toinclude the human dimension into the approach, it is only rather recently that the human dimension has
been fully adopted by ICZM. Managers have finally realised that value networksgoverning humanexchanges are inevitably at the root of how ecosystems are used and evolve under the influence ofhumans, hence highlighting the dominating influence of profitability and socioeconomic factors for political
agendas.
On the one hand, the scientific debate, based on an eco-systemic (“systemic” as in “systemic
approach”...) approach needs to be promoted, reviving fostered awareness, based on a robust scientificapproach (both theoretical and practical) of complex systems where quantitative and qualitative linkages
can be demonstrated from a molecular to a population level. On the other hand, such systemicinteractions have to be placed in a context influenced by resources, governance, end-users andstakeholders in a given social, economic and political setting.
The prioritisation of human “well-being” might be a good way to focus on pressures and impacts inflicted
to ecosystems, emphasising the ensuing suboptimal health of ‘natural systems’, including human andanimal life in existence within these systems. Therefore, the eco-ecosystemic approach requires
understanding of, firstly, social, political, economic and, secondly, ecological structures and functions
fundamental to health care provision for growing populations of humans and livestock and other domestic
animals. Ecology stands out as a key component to understanding the instrumental factors to decisionmaking bottlenecks and to identify weaknesses in the socio-economic system. The disparity inenvironmental ‘health’ on the planet is reflected by the strong divide between developing andindustrialised countries. And this is a growing phenomenon. Crises are looming with regards to the use ofnatural resources (biological and mineral) and, in particular, water and associated health challenges.
There may be a case for turning the problem on its head and for environmental scientists to consider theissues from the human health and food production perspectives. An eco-systemic approach to health and“well-being” should help in managing goods and services to a society which relies on functions realisedby ecosystems.
Contact Information: Jean-Paul Ducrotoy, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, the University of Hull, Cottingham Road,
Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom, Phone: +33 (0)322 238 074, Email: j-p.duc@wanadoo.fr

37

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Management Plans for European Estuaries for the Restoration and Protection of
Their Ecological Functions
Jean-Paul Ducrotoy
Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, the University of Hull, Hull, UK

The Coordination Action ENCORA, within the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Union,
concluded that training programmes should on the one hand, embrace all Itergrated Coastal Zone
Management (ICZM) approaches to expose students to diverse options, and on the other hand, better
respond to the specific needs of different types of coastal practitioners and policy makers. Clearly,
employers now expected newly recruited personnel to be able to tackle the complexity of present society
from day one of work. The enquiry further showed that in general, current education and training efforts
are mainly directed towards preparing new coastal professionals, but not reinforcing the capacities of
those professionals already involved in decision and policy making as though they did not need to be
educated throughout their professional life.
The findings showed that such professionals require training tailored to their specific needs. These needs
should be identified by a thorough assesment of the roles they play within organizations in the public andprivate sectors (also including political spheres, NGOs and the general public). As a result, overall, there
was a need to introduce a more flexible education in our present world. There was also a need for greater
emphasis on the designing of courses, teamwork, interdisciplinarity, communication, problem solving andself-directed learning. Today, in the classroom, seminars, workshops and projects now replace many ofthe more theoretical lectures supported by tutorials. Students also navigate the Internet, which is a most
uncoordinated, unsupervised, unstructured mass of information of which most might be irrelevant and/or
incorrect. There is a danger that the media become the accepted means of information transfer and thattransmission of knowledge suffers. So, there is a need for organised and well structured courses to bemade available via the world wide web in combination with live sessions on campus.
The paper looks at requirements for making such on-line courses attractive to professional managers,
politicians and to NGOs as well as the general public. It considers various aspects of teaching on-line, inparticular transfer, communication,and management of knowledge, problem solving from experience
provided by examples. The authors further explore the possibility to organise seminars, project
presentations, field visits and practicals in the lab at certain stages of the studies. They consider live
sessions as essential in comparison to the passive use of PowerPoint presentation, TV programs, videos,
and other multimedia.
Contact Information: Jean-Paul Ducrotoy, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, the University of Hull, Cottingham Road,
Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom, Phone: +33 (0)322 238 074, Email: j-p.duc@wanadoo.fr

38

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Striking a Balance between Using Electronic Educational Tools and Running Live
Sessions
Jean-Paul Ducrotoy
Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, the University of Hull, Hull, UK

The Coordination Action ENCORA, within the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Union,
concluded that training programmes should on the one hand, embrace all Itergrated Coastal Zone
Management (ICZM) approaches to expose students to diverse options, and on the other hand, better
respond to the specific needs of different types of coastal practitioners and policy makers. Clearly,
employers now expected newly recruited personnel to be able to tackle the complexity of present society
from day one of work. The enquiry further showed that in general, current education and training efforts
are mainly directed towards preparing new coastal professionals, but not reinforcing the capacities of
those professionals already involved in decision and policy making as though they did not need to be
educated throughout their professional life.
The findings showed that such professionals require training tailored to their specific needs. These needs
should be identified by a thorough assesment of the roles they play within organizations in the public andprivate sectors (also including political spheres, NGOs and the general public). As a result, overall, there
was a need to introduce a more flexible education in our present world. There was also a need for greater
emphasis on the designing of courses, teamwork, interdisciplinarity, communication, problem solving andself-directed learning. Today, in the classroom, seminars, workshops and projects now replace many ofthe more theoretical lectures supported by tutorials. Students also navigate the Internet, which is a most
uncoordinated, unsupervised, unstructured mass of information of which most might be irrelevant and/or
incorrect. There is a danger that the media become the accepted means of information transfer and thattransmission of knowledge suffers. So, there is a need for organised and well structured courses to bemade available via the world wide web in combination with live sessions on campus.
The paper looks at requirements for making such on-line courses attractive to professional managers,
politicians and to NGOs as well as the general public. It considers various aspects of teaching on-line, inparticular transfer, communication,and management of knowledge, problem solving from experience
provided by examples. The authors further explore the possibility to organise seminars, project
presentations, field visits and practicals in the lab at certain stages of the studies. They consider live
sessions as essential in comparison to the passive use of PowerPoint presentation, TV programs, videos,
and other multimedia.
Contact Information: Jean-Paul Ducrotoy, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, the University of Hull, Cottingham Road,
Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom, Phone: +33 (0)322 238 074, Email: j-p.duc@wanadoo.fr

39

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Policies Governing the Integrated Management of Forests, River Basins andCoasts in Japan
Aiko Endo
Policy Research Department, Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan

From the mid-1950s to mid-1970s, during the period of high economic growth in Japan, development andindustrialization by large-scale logging of natural forests, river development and dam construction, andcoastal land reclamation were conducted. As a result, flood hazards, water shortages, sediment runoff,water pollution from industrial drains, degradation of agricultural production capacity, and fisheries andaquaculture damage occurred frequently in Japanese coastal areas. As a result of this environmental
deterioration, conflicts occurred between industries that promoted development and citizens who tried toprotect their communities and environment, and citizen movements developed.
The reasons why these problems occurred is that consideration was not given to the fact that land-based
human activities in forests and river basins were having an impact on coastal resources and the naturalenvironment, and forests and river basins and coasts were being functionally developed and utilized
sectorally.
After the 1980s, sustainable development and resource use based on environmental conservation gained
global consensus, allowing the reconsideration of values other than economic ones regarding the local
resources of forests, rivers, and coasts, socio-cultural values such as multifunctionality, for example, havesince been reconsidered, and awareness of integrated management of forests, river basins and coasts
has increased.
However, forests, river basins, and coasts still face several problems. As a result of depopulation and an
aging society in forested and agricultural lands, under-use results in abandonment and ruin of formerly
cultivated land due to depopulation in the upper stream areas and population density in down stream
ones: marine debris through runoff via rivers and streams further aggravates the loss of mudflats andshallow sea areas due to reclamation and over-exploitation reduces fisheries production. To solve these
problems, integrated management of land and coastal areas is needed, but because of sectoral
management, lack of cooperation and coordination, and sectoral and national legislation, these localized
problems cannot yet be solved.
Against such a background, the Basic Act on Ocean Policy and Basic Plan on Ocean Policy, which
promote integrated management of the coastal zone, were enacted in 2007 and in 2008 respectively inJapan.
The objective of this study is to clarify the necessity for integrated management of forests, river basins,and coastal areas by considering needs and measures, and to contribute to the formulation of policy forsecuring functional integrity and sustainable use of coastal areas by sharing and disseminating research
results.
Contact Information: Aiko Endo, Policy Research Department, Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Kaiyo Senpaku Bldg.,
1-15-16 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-0001 Japan; Phone: 81-3-3502-1848, Fax：81-3-3502-2127, Email: a-endo@sof.or.jp

40August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Field Investigation of Oxygen Consumption Characteristic of Sediment in Hypoxic
Enclosed Coastal Sea
Toru Endo, T. Shigematsu and S. Yamochi
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan

In enclosed coastal seas, hypoxia occurring at the bottom of sea during summer season is serious
environmental problem. Many restoration technologies for promoting oxygen supply to the bottom of sea
are developed. It is necessary to understand the oxygen consumption characteristics of sediment before
applying these techniques in the actual seas because it is thought that the oxygen demand of sediment
during hypoxic season increases. In this study, we carried out field investigations during the year in theenclosed coastal sea for measuring the oxygen consumption fluxes across the sediment by using a newchamber method.
Field investigations were carried out at intervals of weeks from May 2008 to April 2009 in the enclosed
coastal zone, Sakai-Senboku port in Osaka bay, Japan. The chamber which can supply oxygen into thechamber was put on the seabed and the time variations of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration ofseawater inside the chamber were measured at intervals of 15 minutes. Oxygen consumption fluxes
across the sediment were calculated from these data. It is notable that the seawater inside the chamber
was replaced by re-aerated bottom seawater during summer hypoxic season.
According to the result of the field investigations, it was found that the oxygen consumption characteristicof sediment with oxygen supply was varying with time while the sediment was consuming the oxygen
inside the chamber. The oxygen consumption fluxes were large just after supplying oxygen into thechamber, but the fluxes decreased with time. There was a correlation between time variations of theoxygen consumption fluxes and the DO concentrations of seawater inside the chamber. In order toevaluate the oxygen consumption characteristic quantitatively, the oxygen consumption fluxes varying
with time were defined by following equation. FLUX = a・C + b. C is the DO concentration of seawater
inside the chamber. a is the parameter considered as chemical effect on oxygen consumption and b is
the parameter considered as biological effect. The value of a was 2.0-5.0 mg/day during summer hypoxic
season but the value of a was 0 mg/day in winter. On the other hand, value of b in summer hypoxic
season was ten times larger than that in winter. These findings suggested that the oxygen consumption
rate of sediment with oxygen supply during hypoxic season became larger than that without oxygen
supply in winter.
In this study, we found out the oxygen consumption characteristic of sediment that the oxygen
consumption rate becomes large during summer hypoxic season. Therefore, it is important to consider
the effect of the oxygen consumption potential of sediment when restoration technologies for promoting
oxygen supply are applied in hypoxic sea.
Contact Information: Toru Endo, Aquatic ecosystem eng. Lab., Graduate School of Eng., Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto,Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; Phone: 81-6-6605-2733, Fax: 81-6-6605-2733, Email: endo@urban.eng.osaka-cu.ac.jp

41

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Social Media: Leverage It to Discuss, Illuminate, and Educate
Margaret Enloe
Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay & Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD, USA

Panel Overview
Over the past several years as the Internet has continued to evolve the role of social media has
expanded significantly. Whether it's Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Google+ or any of the other numerous
tools, more and more web users today are involved in online social networks. As they create andconsume increasingly large quantities of content, users have made and continue to make the web a moreinteractive experience than it was only a decade ago. Through powerful social networks, individuals andorganizations can find content that is highly correlated to their individual needs and interests, while
companies and organizations use these powerful tools to build relationships and spread their messages.
Contact Information: Margaret Enloe, Chesapeake Bay Program, 410 Severn Ave., Suite 112, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA;
Phone: 410-267-5740, Email: menloe@chesapeakebay.net, Twitter: @menloe

42August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Application of System-scale and Farm-scale Ecological Models in Order toQuantify Interactions between Aquaculture and Environment Throughout theWorldJoão G. Ferreira1, Suzanne B. Bricker2, João P. Nunes3, Cláudio Silva4, Changbo Zhu5,
Samara A. Eschrique6 and Elisabete S. Braga6
1

CMA, Departmento Ciências e Eng. Ambiente, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
NOAA-National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, USA
3
CESAM & Dept. Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
4
Cátedra UNESCO, Cádiz, Spain
5
South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, PR China
6
Instituto Oceanográfico da USP, São Paulo, Brasil
2

Ecological models have been applied at different scales in many parts of the world to simulate theproduction of cultivated shellfish, and the positive and negative environmental effects of this culture, as
well as for carrying capacity and site selection. We present examples of these applications for estuaries,
bays, and inland cultivation in ponds, in order to compare the relative roles of different types ofaquaculture.
We draw from case studies from Asia, Europe, and South America, for different species of shrimp andbivalves, to illustrate how models can be used for evaluating the environmental externalities resulting
from these activities. Tools such as the Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) model can beused for the assessment of the production, profitability, and environmental footprint of bivalve shellfish
cultivation, while the equivalent tool (POND) for land-based cultivation of finfish or shellfish provides
decision-makers with an assessment of discharge to coastal areas. Both of these tools quantify a numberof the relevant ecosystem goods and services, and allow farmers and decision-makers to experiment withdifferent cultivation densities, siting, etc, without the corresponding financial, environmental, and social
costs of direct implementation.
We also present examples from China and Brazil showing how models may be used to evaluate the roleof integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), both in ponds and open water, as a means to increase theyield of aquatic products, while reducing the environmental impacts of fed aquaculture. Finally, themodelling results from Brazil, Chile, China, and Ireland are extended to analyse the potential role ofshellfish aquaculture in helping to manage nutrient inputs from land in the United States and in Europe,
particularly as nitrogen and phosphorus loads shift primarily to diffuse sources.
Contact Information: João G. Ferreira, CMA, Departmento Ciências e Eng. Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Qta
Torre, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal, Phone: +351-21-2948300 x10117, Email: joao@hoomi.com

43

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Coral Reef Biological Criteria: Using the Clean Water Act to Protect a National
Treasure
William S. Fisher1 and Patricia Bradley2
1

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA

Coral reefs worldwide are experiencing the greatest decline of their known existence and few tools areavailable to offset the growing impacts from human coastal and watershed activities. Biological criteria(biocriteria) developed under the authority of the Clean Water Act (CWA) are a potentially effective means
to evaluate and restore impaired waters. Widely implemented in freshwater systems, biocriteria are notcurrently used in a marine environment even though the authority of the Clean Water Act extends at least
to the 3-mile territorial waters. The objective of the CWA is to restore and maintain the chemical, physicaland biological integrity of U.S. waters. Biological endpoints are often overlooked for more easily
measured physical and chemical thresholds, but maintaining a natural biological condition is a primary
goal of the CWA. Like its counterparts, biological standards and criteria can be defined under the CWA toprotect valued aquatic resources such as coral reefs, mangroves, oyster beds, seagrasses and wetlands.
Biocriteria are an important addition to existing management tools for coral reef ecosystems. Simply
stated, biocriteria are expectations set by a jurisdiction for the quality and quantity (condition) of living
aquatic resources in a defined waterbody. Biocriteria follow the same process and draw on the same
CWA authorities as the more familiar physical and chemical criteria. Because they are regulatory,
biocriteria must be developed using established methods with transparency, clear objectives anddefensible science. Scientific aspects include development and testing of indicators sensitive to humandisturbance, delineation of reference conditions and condition gradients using indicator values, anddevelopment of a long-term regional monitoring program capable of detecting differences relative toreference condition.
A collaborative Environmental Protection Agency effort is underway to elucidate the technical aspects ofcoral reef biocriteria implementation. A stony coral rapid bioassessment protocol has been introduced andapplied in the Florida Keys and U.S. Virgin Islands, where several indicators were validated for sensitivity
to human disturbance. Additional assemblages (fish, octocorals, sponges) are now being examined for
responsiveness. Linkage of coral condition to watershed land use activities, using landscapecharacterization, has been demonstrated in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Assessment options for long-term
programs, such as rotating panel designs, have been elucidated and technical guidance developed. Once
adopted, a bioassessment monitoring program for biocriteria will provide legally-defensible records ofcoral condition and regulatory compliance.
Contact Information: William S. Fisher, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive,
Gulf Breeze FL 32561, Phone: 850 934-9394, Email: fisher.william@epa.gov

44August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

A Decision Framework to Protect Coral Reefs in Guánica Bay, Puerto Rico
William S. Fisher1, John F. Carriger1 and Patricia Bradley2
1

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA

A Watershed Management Plan (WMP) for Guánica Bay, Puerto Rico, was introduced in 2008 by anonprofit organization, the Center for Watershed Protection, with the intent of protecting coral reefs fromdamage related to watershed discharges. The plan was initially generated with the collaboration of federal
agencies in the Coral Reef Task Force. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) took lead roles for the project in collaboration with Puerto
Rico Department of Natural Resources and the Environmental Quality Board. They were joined by the
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) in a comprehensive effort to reduce sediment and nutrient efflux to coral reefs
from the Guánica Bay watershed.
Among the contributions of EPA is a decision framework that captures the objectives and means of theoriginal plan as well as additional objectives and means that have evolved from additional partners andstakeholder perspectives. A Decision Workshop, which was held to elicit comments and insights to the
proposed actions of the WMP, resulted in a broader perspective and recognition of greater value
throughout the watershed from environmental conservation efforts. It also identified multiple objectives
and decision options of partners and stakeholders. Ultimately, the management initiatives proposed by
the WMP for Guánica Bay were expanded by the explicit identification of a set of fundamental objectives
that represent diverse concerns. Means-ends networks were also created to demonstrate theinteractions of the fundamental (end) objectives and possible means of achieving them throughinteractions of different partners. The decision analysis clarified the trade-offs that must be considered bymanagers in the region and the measures that must be defined in order to evaluate management
success. With clearly defined objectives, policymakers and stakeholders can more easily predict,monitor, and communicate the benefits from management decisions throughout the Guánica Bay
Watershed.
Contact Information: William S. Fisher, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive,
Gulf Breeze FL 32561, Phone: 850 934-9394, Email: fisher.william@epa.gov

45

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Floating Wetland Islands in Restoration Ecology in Fresh, Brackish and Salt
Water
Ted Gattino and Kevin Hedge
Managing Partner, BlueWing Environmental Solutions & Technologies, LLC

Floating Wetland Islands are man-made replicas of natural peat based systems found around the world.
Using a fibrous recycled material (matrix), Floating Islands are manufactured to any shape and size.
Floating Islands can be installed in fresh, brackish and saltwater environments. The interstitial spacing of
the recycled materials allows naturally occurring microbes to colonize the fibrous surfaces creating awetland where denitrification occurs. The amount of denitrification has been tested and verified in lab
tests at a rate of 759 mg/day/ft2 island in both fresh and brackish water without the use of aeration. The
Naor project at Harborview East and 4 other locations around the Inner harbor involves installing 18 acresof Floating Wetland Islands. The project is divided into 2 phases. Phase 1 involves 2 acres and phase 2
involves installing the remaining 16 acres. If the nutrient rates from the lab study were to hold true in an
outdoor environment, installing 2 acres (8,092 m2) of Floating Wetland Islands in Baltimore’s Inner Harbor
would effectively remove ~145 lbs/day of N or 52,925 lbs/year. The cost per pound of N removed is$2.19/lb over 30 years. Installing the full 18 acres of Floating Wetland Islands would remove ~1312
lbs/day N and 478,880 lbs/year.
Habitat is also created both above and below the surface of the water. During a 3 month period in the Fallof 2010, several 4” round, 2” thick sections of the Island matrix were left hanging approximately 3 ft below
the water surface. These pieces of matrix were pulled and observations showed that on one piece, 644
native Dark False Mussels were colonizing the matrix. This species was not found on adjacent pier pilings
or bulkheads indicating a preference for attachment to the matrix substrate. Given the surface area of the2 acres in phase I, there is the potential capacity of 168,315,840 Dark False Mussels colonizing the Island
matrix to enhance the nutrient uptake and TSS removal above and beyond the numbers listed above,cleansing the waters of the Inner Harbor and helping the City of Baltimore and the State of Maryland tomeet the TMDL requirements under the newly promulgated laws pushed down by EPA.
Other benefits include robust fish habitat, shading of deep water reducing thermal pollution, reflect wave
energy reduction (82%) from boat traffic, safety platforms for egress from the water during accidents(current bulkhead heights are 5-10’ with no egress ladders).
The Naor project is a capital improvement project creating acres of floating wetland parks reconnecting
waterside promenades, creating dozens of green jobs, eco-tourism and enhancing the quality of life of thecitizens of Maryland. The multiple benefits this project brings to Baltimore and the State of Maryland
drives the cost per unit of value down to pennies per square foot. Using Floating Wetland Islands as a
restoration tool is both cost effective and environmentally sound.
Contact Information: Ted Gattino, Managing Partner, BlueWing Environmental Solutions & Technologies, LLC, 4309 English
Morning Lane, Ellicott City, Maryland 21043, Phone: 240-375-4919, Email: ted@bluewing-env.com

46

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

A Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS)
K. L. Goodin1, R. J. Allee2, G. Cicchetti3, M. A Finkbeiner2, L. R. Handley5, C. J. Madden1 andG. F. Mayer4
1NatureServe, Rosslyn, VA, USA
NOAA, National Ocean Service, Coastal Services Center, Charleston, SC, USA
3
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
4
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Habitat Conservation, Silver Spring, MD, USA
5
United States Geological Service, Lafayette, LA, USA
2

The Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) provides a uniform approach for
identifying, characterizing and naming ecological units in coastal and marine systems. It is intended tofacilitate the study, monitoring, protection, restoration and management of habitats supporting
commercially- and recreationally-important species, vital habitats for protected species, unique biotic
assemblages, and key ecosystem features. CMECS describes standards for classifying ecological units
in the benthic, sub-benthic, geological, and water column regimes and proposes unit definitions forinventorying, sampling, and mapping activities.
CMECS is intended to create a comprehensive ecological classification, build on existing work, be easily
compatible with mapping, document terminology, and allow for dynamic content. It is the product ofdevelopment, testing and validation by experts from multiple federal and state agencies, academia andnon-governmental organizations, led by NOAA and NatureServe. It is designed for use in North
American marine, estuarine, and Great Lakes ecosystems, but is applicable world-wide.
In August 2010, CMECS was published in the Federal Register by the Federal Geographic Data
Committee’s (FGDC) Standards Working Group as a proposed federal standard. The results of thereview are now being incorporated to complete a final draft of the standard. Proposed changes to thedraft standard will be highlighted. The CMECS team encourages pilot projects and crosswalks withapproaches presently in use to test and enhance the compatibility and applicability of CMECS.
thContact Information: Kathy Goodin, NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Blvd, 15 Floor, Arlington, VA 22209, Phone: 703 908-1883,
Fax: 703 908-1917, Email: kathy_goodin@natureserve.org

47

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

A Multi-tier Modelling Approach to Sustainable Management of Coastal Water andSediment Quality
Jon Grant1, João G. Ferreira2 and Suzanne B. Bricker3
1

Dept. of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
IMAR – Institute of Marine Research, Center for Ocean and Environment, Departmento Ciências e Eng. Ambiente, Fac. Ciências
e Tecnologia, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
3
NOAA-National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, USA
2

Eutrophication remains a persistent problem in coastal waters, affecting both water and sediment quality,
and leading to undesirable effects on turbidity, oxygenation, and aquatic vegetation. Turning off nutrientsin source waters has provided some relief, but mitigation of eutrophication is also achieved by increasing
herbivory via cultured bivalves. Regulation of eutrophication is amenable to simulation modeling, andscenarios involving the added benefit of commercial shellfish are valuable not only for control of coastal
nutrients, but for planning and management of shellfish culture. Several levels of modeling may beundertaken in order to optimize both model effort and spatial resolution. A primary effort is ASSETS(Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status), a screening model involving quantitative and qualitative
indicators of pressure, state and response. A second tier of modeling includes spatially discrete dynamic
ecosystem models resolved as boxes or finer grids, generating time series of variables such as nutrientsand chlorophyll. An approach between screening and full ecosystem models includes the FARM (Farm
Aquaculture Resource Model) model of local seston depletion within aquaculture leases. In all cases,sustainability criteria are generated as a function of targeted state variables, for example whether
suspension-feeders influence chlorophyll beyond the bounds of natural variation. Integration of watershedsubmodels is particularly important, including those that incorporate land use, since development
scenarios and nutrient responses are core components of this approach. Examples of the application ofthese models are presented for estuaries in Europe and Canada. Together the models constitute an
operational approach to management of coastal ecosystems, amenable to quantification of present
conditions, as well as scenario-building and prediction.
Contact Information: Jon Grant, Dept. of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3J 4J1,
Phone: 902-494-2021, Email: jon.grant@dal.ca

48August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

From Headwater to Sea: Adapting to Climate Change in the Chesapeake Bay
Marcus Griswold and Zoë Johnson
Office for a Sustainable Future, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD, USA

In the United States, Maryland was identified as one of the three most vulnerable states to sea level rise.
Led by Governor Martin O’Malley and the Maryland Commission on Climate Change, Maryland has takena proactive role in preparing for the risks associated with climate change. With the input from state andregional experts, the State has released two strategy reports that utilize a holistic, cross-agency approachto adapt to the impacts of climate change. Recognizing the impacts of climate change cast a wide net
outside of the coastal zone, the strategies examine impacts and solutions to sea-level rise, and theimpacts of increased temperature and altered precipitation patterns on human health, water resources,
agriculture, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and built infrastructure. As a result, the Department of
Natural Resources has been working with other state and local agencies to incorporate climate change
adaptation into planning processes and policies. Efforts here and other efforts across the country present
one of the best opportunities for working collaboratively across agencies and sectors.
Contact Information: Marcus Griswold, Office for a Sustainable Future, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 580 Taylor
Ave., Annapolis, MD, 21401 USA; Phone: 410-330-6987, Email: Griswold@umces.edu

49

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

The Evolution of Resilience in Integrated Coastal Systems: Chesapeake Bay
Amy M. Guise1 and Andrew A. Roach2
1

Civil Project Development Branch, Planning Division, Baltimore District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore, MD, USA
Chesapeake Bay Shoreline Erosion Management Guide, Baltimore District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore, MD, USA

2

The Baltimore District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), in partnership with the Maryland
Department of Natural Resources (DNR), has studied erosion on the shorelines of the Chesapeake Bay
mainstem and tidal tributaries in Maryland. This study effort has resulted in a Management Guide forshoreline erosion in the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, as well as a technical guide that is in preparation
for solutions to shoreline erosion. The Management Guide was prepared to address three primary needs:

Identify areas around the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland where ecological, socioeconomic, or
cultural resources may be vulnerable to effects from shoreline erosion over 50 years.

Provide information on using stand-alone and online Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools
to screen and evaluate potential impacts from shoreline erosionPresent background data and studies that may be used to support shoreline erosion project
formulation.

The identification of areas that may be vulnerable to shoreline erosion was based on a projection ofshoreline erosion over a 50-year planning window. The Erosion Vulnerability Assessment (EVA) is an
online mapping application utilizing a suite of shoreline related data providing planners, managers, andthe general public with information about resources, land use, features, and infrastructure susceptible toshoreline erosion over the 50-year planning horizon. The location of various resources with respect to thepredicted 50-year shoreline was evaluated. Criteria were developed to rank erosion vulnerability of
ecological resources such as wetlands and beaches during the 50-year window. Socioeconomic features
were depicted with respect to the zone of vulnerability defined by the 50-year planning window. In
conjunction with projections of sea-level rise and shoreline condition, the EVA tool and the Management
Guide help to identify resilient shorelines, wetlands, and infrastructure.
Contact Information: Amy M. Guise, US Army Corps of Engineers, PL-P, 10 S. Howard Street, Baltimore, MD 21203 USA,
Phone: +1 410-962-6138, Email: amy.m.guise@usace.army.mil
Andrew A. Roach, US Army Corps of Engineers, PL-P, 10 S. Howard Street, Baltimore, MD 21203 USA, Phone: +1 410-962-8156,
Email: andrew.a.roach@usace.army.mil

50August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

The Florida Climate Institute - University of Florida and Florida State University –Building a Sustainable Future Through Research, Teaching and OutreachJim Jones1, Eric Chassignet2 and Julie Harrington3
1

Director, Florida Climate Institute, and Professor in Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,USA
2
Co-Director, Florida Climate Institute, Professor and Director of the Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS),
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
3
Steering Committee Member Florida Climate Institute, and Director of the Center for Economic Forecasting and Analysis(CEFA), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

The Florida Climate Institute (FCI) is a multi-disciplinary network of national andinternational research and public organizations, scientists, and individuals seeking a better
understanding of climate variability and change. The FCI was founded in 2010 by the
University of Florida and the Florida State University and is supported by the two
university's affiliated colleges, centers, and programs.
Climate variability and change pose significant economic, food security, and environmental
risks. Policy makers, farmers, and the public need information at local and regional levels
and at a short time-scale.
The FCI brings together outstanding expertise from across disciplines, universities,
organizations, and industry to develop projects that integrate research, education, andoutreach to identify and evaluate potential societal responses to climate change andvariability, and to meet the stakeholders needs for climate information and technology
options.
The FCI has developed stakeholder climate working groups (involving scientists, agencies,
private sector), technical working groups to respond to stakeholders needs. The FCI has
submitted interdisciplinary proposals to federal agencies, and organizes monthly seminars
and annual conferences.
The ongoing projects at FCI are developed to improve our understanding of climate
dynamics and management practices, and reduce the climate risks to communities, theeconomy, and natural resources.
Contact Information: Julie Harrington, FSU CEFA, 3200 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite 153, Tallahassee, FL. 32303-2770, USA;
Phone: 850-644-7357; Email: jharrington@cefa.fsu.edu

51

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Restoration of Coastal Environments Using Steelmaking Slag and Dredged Soil
Akio Hayashi1, Katsunori Takahashi1, Yasuhito Miyata1, Katsuya Shimada2 and Akiko Matsuo2
1

JFE steel Corporation, Japan
Idea Corporation, Japan2

Supply of iron ions is considered to be effective for the growth of kelp (a kind of seaweed). In the present
research, a demonstration experiment in which seaweed beds/shoals were formed using a mixture ofsteelmaking slag and dredged soil was carried out in a marine area of Kawasaki City, Japan. The
average strength of the mound for seaweed beds, which was made of a mixture of dredged soil andsteelmaking slag, was 109.7kN/m2. The shape of the mound was stable during the experiment period.
The iron content of the water above the mound made of the mixture was around 5ppm higher than thatabove mounds made of natural stones. The average dry weights of the soft seaweed (Undariapinnatifida)and brown seaweed (Sargassumhorneri) taken from mounds of the mixture including steelmaking slag
were 1.1 times and 2.1 times more than that at mounds of natural stones, respectively. These results
indicate that iron ions which dissolved from the steelmaking slag have a positive effect on the growth ofbrown seaweed.
Contact Information: Akio Hayashi, Steel Research Laboratory, JFE steel Corporation, 1 Kawassaki-cho, Chuo-ku,Chiba, Japan,
Phone: 81-43-262-2086, Fax:81-43-262-2061, Email: aki-hayashi@jfe-steel.co.jp

52August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Estimation of Submarine Groundwater and TP Flux near the Intertidal Zone by the
Budget Analysis using the Marine Observation Data
Mitsuru Hayashi1, Makoto Taniguchi2, Tomoyasu Fujii3, Yu Umezawa4 and Shinichi Onodera5
1

Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
3
Nara University of Education, Nara, Japan
4
Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
5
Graduate school of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
2

Submarine groundwater (SGW) flux and total phosphors (TP) flux with SGW near the intertidal zone ofOmae beach was estimated by the budget analysis using the marine observation data. Omae Beachlocated in Shuku River mouth in the northeastern part of Osaka Bay. It is a natural beach, but issurrounded by reclaimed grounds. SGW is discharged and is recharged from/to the sea bottom of coastalzone of the beach, thought that detail of it is not clarified yet. Therefore we estimated not only SGW flux
but also its TP flux based on the marine observation data.
Coastline of the beach is about 900m and the length of intertidal zone is about 150m. Marine, river andgroundwater observations were carried out in Oct. 10 and 11, 2007. Salinity observations at 5 stations
were carried out every high tide, mean level and low tide. Water level was measured at offshore of theintertidal zone during about 24 hours. Flow speeds of two rivers were measured at high and low tide. The
analyzed area, which is surrounded by the beach and the outer boundary, is about 1860x106 m2.
The through water volume of the boundary, C, was calculated by the summation of temporal variation of
volume of the area, dV, river discharge, Q, precipitation volume, P and evaporation volume, E. Temporalvariations of salt volume of the area could account by C. However, temporal variations of TP volume of
the area were not balanced with TP volume by C. It is suggested that water and salt budgets of the area
is dominated by through flow, but TP flux with SGW can not neglect for TP budget, because TP
concentration of pore water is very high generally.
Water balance included SGW was estimated by water budget, dV=Q+P-E+Cs+SGW. Cs is through water
volume formulated by salinity. Temporal variations of TP flux with SGW were also estimated by TPbudget. In this time, TP flux with SGW means summation of submarine fresh groundwater (SFG),
recirculated saline groundwater (RSG) and TP release from the bottom sediment (pore water) bydiffusion. SGW discharged during flood tide and recharged during ebb tide. It agrees with the previous
study. TP flux with SGW was larger than that with through flow across the boundary, and was about ten
times of the popular release velocity of TP. It means that the bottom sediment and pore water is important
for the source of TP to the water column, and TP is supplied by not only release by diffusion but also
groundwater flow.
Contact Information: Mitsuru Hayashi, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami, Higashinada, Kobe Japan 658-0022,
Phone: 81784316255, Email: mitsuru@maritime.kobe-u.ac.jp

53

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Likely Implications of Sea Level Rise for North Humboldt Bay, California
Victoria Blakeney, Wade Bonney, Nicholas Chang, Leah Healy, Elmer Llamas, Sophia Scully, Rebecca
Urbanczyk and Yvonne Everett
Department of Environmental Science and Management, Humboldt State University, Arcata CA, USA

The California State Government Climate Adaptation Report of 2009 uses an estimate for sea level rise of
20-55” by 2100. Coastal areas in California, including the low lying Humboldt Bay Area will be affected.
Students in the Humboldt State University senior Environmental Management and Protection Planning
Practicum in spring semester 2011 developed an assessment of likely implications of sea level rise for the
North Humboldt Bay Area. Students developed a conceptual model of likely implications of sea level risefor this region through a review of the literature and numerous key informant interviews. They interviewed
staff from local, state and federal agencies, local elected officials, landowners, business owners and realestate brokers about likely implications and responses. Direct effects of inundation are expected to occur
locally with variable severity and at unpredictable rates. Indirect effects will be to the land, water andwetlands and to infrastructure. Students focused in particular on effects to agricultural lands, wetlands
and habitat for endangered species, transportation corridors, brownfields, homes and businesses.
Additional factors the region will need to cope with are its geographic and political remoteness andconstraints posed by existing legislation such as the Coastal Zone Act and Clean Water Act which limit
mitigation and retreat due to effects on current wetlands. A mix of local responses is expected fromselective mitigation efforts to retreat and adaptation. Responses will need to include changes in local andstate policies, fully transparent prioritization of mitigation efforts, adaptation of local planning guidelines
and public education and outreach efforts.
Contact Information: Yvonne Everett, Department of Environmental Science and Management, Humboldt State University,
1 Harpst St., Arcata, CA 95521 USA, Phone: 707- 826-4188, Fax: 707 826-4145, Email: Everett@humboldt.edu

54August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Floating Wetland Islands as a Tool for Ecosystem Restoration - Basic Scienceand Future Embodiments (Leviathan® Island Systems)
Kevin Hedge and Ted Gattino
Managing Partner, BlueWing Environmental Solutions & Technologies, LLC

Floating Wetland Islands are man-made replicas of natural peat based systems found around the world.
Using a fibrous recycled material (matrix), Floating Islands are manufactured and installed in all types ofwater. The interstitial spacing of the recycled materials allows naturally occurring microbes to colonize thefibrous surfaces creating a diverse wetland ecosystem where waterborne pollutants and contaminants are
bio-processed into and out of the food chain.
We will examine the key processes present in the floating wetland system and details of system dynamics
that are optimized with the current island design. The massive potential of this habitat and nutrient
processing tool will also be examined, along with the potential for future embodiments that utilize toreduce dead zones in all impaired waterways.
The most prominent (and most recent development) in the floating treatment wetland technology is called
Leviathan® and it eats dead zones. How? By combining the best of wetland science, ecosystem design
and processing, along with proven wastewater treatment technologies, we are able to process and treat
8000 gallons of water per minute, while oxygenating and treating impaired waters. This system has beeneffectively shown to reduce temperature and oxygen (DO) stratification in deep water ponds. The system
is designed to easily allow removal of pollutants from the aquatic environment for proper storage, disposal
and processing.
Participants will learn about the Biomimicry, concentrated wetland effect, biofilm, and ecosystem services.
Contact Information: Kevin Hedge, Managing Partner, BlueWing Environmental Solutions & Technologies, LLC, 4309 English
Morning Lane, Ellicott City, Maryland 21043; Phone: 410-203-2270, Email: kevin@bluewing-env.com

55

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Enhancing Social Capital for Sustainable Coastal Development: Is Satoumi theAnswer?
Yves Henocque
Theme Leader Nature & Society, French Research Institute for Sustainable Use of the Sea (IFREMER)

Social capital constitutes the cultural component of modern societies. Building social capital has typically
been seen as a task for ‘second generation’ economic reform, but unlike economic policies andinstitutions, social capital is not created or shaped by public policy but is inherited throughout local
communities successive generations. Enhancing social capital therefore is about promoting local
knowledge deeply rooted into local communities’ practices on land and at sea. In Japan, the culturally
specific interaction of humans with nature has led to the emergence of specific socio-ecosystems called‘sato-yama’ on the land side and ‘sato-umi’ on the coast and sea side. Here, characteristics of related
local knowledge include information about a variety of components of these ecosystems like wild edible
plants or seaweeds, and learning by doing practices like traditional rice cultivation or sea ranching. Thisknowledge has developed over centuries and has been handed down from generation to generation.
There are actually other types of sato-yama and sato-umi which have been flourishing around the world
though the latter (sato-umi) probably has no equivalent in other countries’ coastal areas because of theunique Japanese fishing rights system. First largely ignored as a social capital, sato-umi has emerged asa new concept only a few years ago. In the frame of the recently adopted national ocean policy, it remains
to be seen how such a social capital may be associated with integrated coastal zone management
processes and tools for the sake of sustainable coastal development in Japan.
Contact Information: Yves Henocque, Theme Leader Nature & Society, French Research Institute for Sustainable Use of the Sea(IFREMER), 155 rue Jean-Jacques, Rousseau, 92138 France, Phone: 330610494157, E-mail: yves.henocque@ifremer.fr

56

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Rules and Regulations Supporting Satoumi as Social System
Takeshi Hidaka
School of Humanity-oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Japan

In Satoumi, its bio-diversity is maintained or enhanced in spite that Satoumi is common property. In orderto protect and maintain bio-diversity, the system to control and manage co-use of common property isneeded. In Japan, the social system supporting Satoumi consists of Japanese traditional fishing right
institution, self imposed rules formed through negotiation between users and spontaneous activities toprotect the sea environment by NPOs. Details of actual systems are diverse depending on each situationand have improved along with the times.
Out of the Japanese fishing right institution, common fishing right deeply connects with Satoumi.
Common fishing right is a privilege to fish exclusively within a designated area as fishing right ground. A
fisherman’s cooperative association (FCA) authorized by local government have rights and duties claims
to control and manage there and set up rules and regulations autonomously to do so. According to them,member fishers use fishing right ground commonly. Therefore, the Japanese common fishing right
institution is a proto-type of Satoumi.
While diverse use other than professional fishing had increased in the 1980th, it had become harder andharder for the common fishing right institution to control and mange them. To resolve the conflict between
conventional uses and new recreational uses, voluntary self regulations were formed through negotiation
among these users. The self-regulation includes rules and regulations to which are consented by relevant
users improved based on common fishing right. These are called local rules of coastal zone andsupported through some judicial precedents.
On the other hand, in the 2000th, some fishers and non-fishers have started voluntary initiatives as NPOs
to protect the sea environment. They are interested in the sea environment itself more than fisheries
resources. While FCAs and fishers have protected the value of fishing ground and fisheries resource,
NPOs seem to create the value of the environment itself.
At present, more controversial issue is how to manage wider sea area like Seto-inland Sea as Satoumi. In
wider Satoumi, responsibility and functions of government becomes more important differently fromsmaller Satoumi, where users’ responsibility is heavy. In that case, an intermediary organization
integrating wider Satoumi and smaller Satoum will become more important.
Contact Information: T. Hidaka, School of Humanity-oriented Science and technology, Kinki University, Po Box 820-8555,
Kayanomori, Iizuka-city, Fukuoka, Japan; Phone; 81948225659, Email: hidaka@fuk.kindai.ac.jp

57

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Creation of a Sandy Shore for the Endangered Tiger Beetle Cicindela lewisi
Otsuka Hiroyuki1, Kohzuki Yasunori2, Watanabe Masako3, Ota Naotomo4 and Kawai Takashi3
1Transportation Planning Division, Tokushima Prefectural Government, Tokushima, Japan
Department of Ecosystem Engineering, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
3
Center for Collaborative Research, Anan National College of Technology, Tokushima, Japan
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Anan National College of Technology, Tokushima, Japan2

A very rare attempt to mitigate the loss of habitats for an insect in a coastal ecosystem has been made.
We will introduce the progress of this attempt and discuss some attendant issues.
In 2002, a project to construct a new freeway along the Okinosu shore, located in Tokushima Prefecture
in southwestern Japan started. However, the process of this construction involved land reclamation along
the shore line where the endangered tiger beetle Cicindela lewisi inhabited. In compensation for the lossof their original habitats, the creation of a new artificial shore in the adjacent area was planned.
Observational surveys in the original habitats demonstrated that adults of the tiger beetle usually utilize
the vegetated area in the upper part of the shore and the larvae make nesting holes in the bare sand areaof relatively lower zone. For closely mimicking these conditions of their original habitats, the directtransplantation of coastal vegetation and surface soil from the natural coast was conducted. After thesefundamental arrangements for existence of the tiger beetle in the new shore were finished in 2007, a
corridor was made between the newly created and the original habitats for facilitating natural movementsof tiger beetle. In the summer of the same year (2007), adult tiger beetles had been already observed in
the created shore. In the next spring, the larvae and their nesting holes were also observed. Moreover,the numbers of the both adults and larvae have still increased until now suggesting that this mitigation is a
success at this stage.
The government of Tokushima Prefecture has been directly managed this created shore since 2007 for 5
years through monitoring surveys on the distribution of tiger beetles and the conditions of otherenvironments. During the past 4 years, some improvements of environmental conditions have been madeaccording to the advices by some experts. This framework for the management will be finished in the next
spring of 2012. However, the necessity of the continuous environmental monitoring of longer duration issuggested for a reasonable assessment of the stability of the created ecosystem and an appropriate
adaptive management.
On the other hand, the other main purpose of the shore creation is the provision of amenity space. The
human use is often considered to be incompatible with the environmental conservation. We conducted
the workshop for considering the rules of shore use and its management systems in 2009 including
locals. We agreed on making the rules that restricts human activities to harmless level for tiger beetle
activities. However, no consideration to the management systems was done. To make a breakthrough inthese situations, we formed a group named “Oki-Raku-Kai” meaning “Enjoining the Okinosu shore” formaking opportunities to consider and discuss the balance between conservation and satisfying use of thecreated shore through marine nature activities at April 2010.
Contact Information: Hiroyuki Otsuka, Transportation Planning Division, Engineering Works Part, Tokushima Prefectural
Government, 1-1 Bandai-Cho, Tokushima City, 770-8570, Tokushima, Japan, Phone: +81-88-621-2660;,Fax: +81-88-621-2874,
Email: ootsuka_hiroyuki_1@pref.tokushima.lg.jp

58August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Assessment of Mercury Contamination and Bioaccumulation in Sarasota Bay
Yongseok Hong1,2, Erik Rifkin2, Randall S. Wells3,4, Peter Hull4 and Edward J. Bouwer1
1

Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
National Aquarium Conservation Center, National Aquarium in Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
3
Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA
4
Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA2

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic metal that is present in almost all aquatic environments as a result of
atmospheric transport and deposition. The metal is readily bioconcentrated and biomagnified, hence
elevated Hg concentrations are often observed in fish raising a significant health concern for piscivorous
animals, such as small cetaceans. To better understand Hg distribution in environments and Hg
bioaccumulation in biota, a field experiment was conducted in the Sarasota Bay, FL. Diffusive gradient inthin film probes were deployed to determine methylmercury (CH3Hg+) and inorganic mercury (Hg2+)
concentrations in the overlying water and in sediment porewater. Environmental samples, including
water, sediment, clams (Pinna nobilis, Mercenaria mercenaria, Venus affinis), plankton, and seagrass(Thalassia testudinum), were collected from several locations in the area and analyzed for total Hg and/or
CH3Hg+. Total Hg levels in fish and Sarasota Bay resident bottlenose dolphins were obtained frompreviously published work. The Hg concentrations in water and sediment were consistent with reported
background levels of Hg in uncontaminated coastal areas (less than 1.0 ng/L in water and 1.0 ng/g in wet
sediment). However, Hg was bioconcentrated in the lower trophic level biota, such as plankton andseagrass and biomagnified through trophic transfer. The relative order of Hg concentrations in thesamples was: overlying water < sediment porewater < sediment ≈ seagrass blade and roots <zooplankton < benthic organisms (clams, snails) < fish (Pin fish, Stripped mullet) < blood and skin ofresident Bottlenose dolphins. The differences of Hg levels in the samples varied from a couple of factors
to several orders of magnitude. The results strongly confirm that biomagnification of Hg is occurring in
the food web of Sarasota Bay. Furthermore, the present study suggests that top predators in aquatic
ecosystems may encounter potential health risks associated with dietary Hg exposure even in a relatively
uncontaminated coastal area.
Contact Information: Yongseok Hong, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, 3400 N. Charles St. Ames Hall313, Baltimore, MD, 21218, Phone: 512-786-2747, Fax: 410-516-8996, E-mail: yshong@jhu.edu

59

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Shifts of the Land-based Human Activities in Circum Bohai Sea Coastal Region in
the Early 21st Century—From the Perspective of Land Use Change
Xiyong HOU1, Liangju YU1, Qingshui LU1 and Qianguo XING1
Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China

Land-based human activities play critical roles in environmental and ecological changes in enclosed
coastal seas, especially coastal regions where there’re high population density and extensive humanactivities. Bohai Sea is one of the most typical enclosed marginal seas in East Asia where there’re themost rapid urbanization and industrialization process and social-economic growth in the past decades on
the world. At the same time, the phenomenon of environmental and ecological deterioration is very
serious in Circum Bohai Sea Coastal Region (CBSCR). Therefore, it will be meaningful works andindispensible measures to study and adjust our land based activities in order to ameliorate theenvironment deteriorations and improve the ecology in CBSCR.
In this paper, from the perspective of land use changes, we studied the dimensions and extensions ofland-based human activities as well as its spatial-temporal dynamics in CBSCR in the early 21st century.
Land use data interpreted based on Landsat images in 2000 and 2005 are available. And it wasreclassified into nine kinds of land use which include paddy field, dry farmland, forest, grassland, water
area, urban area, rural resident, traffic and mine, and unused land. Spatial extent covers Beijing, Tianjin,
Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong was chosen as the study area. Spatial-temporal patterns of land usechange were studied by statistical method and GIS spatial analysis techniques.
It turned out that, dry farmland, forest, grassland and rural resident has being the top four land use type in
CBSCR, however there’re distinct regional divergences among the five provincial administrative districts.
As for the dynamic changes of land use in the early 21st century, overall, amounts of urban area, traffic
and mine, rural resident and water area have increased greatly while the other five kinds have decreased
sharply. However, at the provincial level, the spatial-temporal patterns and dynamic characters were very
different from each other’s. In detail, fast urbanization, increase of traffic and mine, and decrease of
paddy field were the common characteristics in all the five provincial districts. However, changes of dry
farmland, forest, grassland and so on had much complicated spatial characters.
Basically, the land-based human activities in CBSCR had evolved toward the direction being adverse to
the environmental management of the enclosed coastal sea in the early 21st century. Especially theextensive process of urbanization accompanied by sharp decrease of forest, grassland and cultivatedland would greatly exacerbate the environmental and ecological deterioration trend in CBSCR.
Contact Information: Xiyong HOU, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChunHui Road 17#,
Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China. Post: 264003, Phone: +86 0535 2109196, Email: xyhou@yic.ac.cn

60August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Trends in Chlorophyll-a Concentration and Its Relationship to an Area-weighted
Water Quality Index at the Bohai Sea, China
Qianguo Xing, Li Li, Dingfeng Yu, Ping Shi and Xiyong Hou
Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of
Science, Yantai, China

The Bohai Sea is one of the key mid-latitude enclosed coastal seas located at the western Pacific Ocean.
Its surrounding area has experienced strong disturbance from human activities with the rapid economic
development of China in past decades, e.g., urbanization, industry, agriculture and aquaculture. Largeamounts of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as other pollutants have been discharged into the sea, andthe aquatic ecological system has been facing a serious problem of degradation. To study the ecologicalchange in the Bohai Sea with the background of human disturbance, Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a)derived from satellite remote sensing was used to investigate the variations of sea surface chlorophyll
during 2001-2007. On the basis of water quality levels and its corresponding areas in the releases ofChinese government annual report on environment status, an Area-Weighted Water Quality Index(AWWQI) was proposed to evaluate the change of water quality status of the whole Bo Sea. As nitrogenand phosphorus are the main pollutants in China coastal waters and the main factors that control thegrowth of phytoplankton, an Area-Weighted Nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) Composite Pollution
Index (AWNCPI) was also established for quantitative analysis. For comparison, two enclosed seas of
Baltic Sea and Hudson Bay at the high-latitude zone, and another two mid-latitude China coastal seas,
the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, were also investigated. Results show that Chl-a at the Bohai Sea
increased during 2001-2007, and it was opposite to the decreasing trend which was driven by climate
event- El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at the low-latitude zone of global open oceans. The Yellow
Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Hudson Bay had a similar increasing trend in Chlorophyll concentration; on
the contrary, Chl-a at the East China Sea decreased during the same period. However, the trends in Chla of all the three China coastal seas were in good agreement with the indices of AWWQI and AWNCPI,
i.e., AWWQI and AWNCPI increased at the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, and decreased at the East
China Sea. The results suggest that land-source nutrient pollutants caused the increasing trend of Chl-a
at the Bohai Sea, and thus management on land-source pollutants discharge is still the essential task inthe controlling and improving the aquatic ecological status at the Bohai Sea.
Contact Information: Qianguo Xing, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, 17# Chunhui Road,
Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, China; Phone: 0086-535-2109125, Fax: 0086-535-2109000,
Email: qgxing@yic.ac.cn

61

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Impacts of Human Fishing Pressure and Waterfowl Predation on the Standing
Stock of Bivalves at an Estuarine Tidal Flat in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Kazuhiko Ichimi1, Hiroe Sumimoto2, Kuninao Tada2 and Tsuneo Honjo1
1

Seto Inland Sea Regional Research Center, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, Japan

2

Human fishing pressure and waterfowl predation on bivalves are expected to occur a considerable
influence on the substance cycle in the tidal flat ecosystem. In the present study, how the gatheringshellfish “Shiwohigari” at the early summer and the predation of wintering pintail community affect on thebiomass of bivalves was investigated in an estuarine tidal flat of the Inland Sea, Japan.
In the estuary (ca. 25 ha), 4,092 people visited for the gathering shellfish from April to June. They caught
520 - 12,340 g of short-neck clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) respectively, so that the amount of catch perperson was estimated 3,990 g on the average (n=70). It could be estimated from the research that 16.3
tons of the clams were taken out from the tidal flat by the human activity. When the shell length of thecollected clam is assumed to be 25 mm (2.95 g/individual), it was estimated that 5.53 millions of clams
were thinned out from the habitat. These results show the human fishing pressure is considerably large.
Wintering pintails were begun to observe in late September, the number maintained ca. 300 from
December to February, and then leaved in April. As only the shells of Asian mussel (Musculista
senhousia) were found in the feces through the survey, the pintail was assumed to prey only on themussels. The daily ingestion rate of a pintail was estimated at 1,040 g of the mussels from the digestive
efficiency (72.7%), the energy content of the mussel (0.741 kcal/g) and bird energy requirements of thepintail (170 kcal/d). Total amount of the mussels preyed by the pintail community during wintering was
calculated to 40.7 tons. Since the biomass of the mussel was ca. 100 tons/study area in autumn, it wasestimated that the pintail community preyed on the 40% of the standing stock of mussels.
These results show that the standing stock of bivalves inhabiting in the tidal flat were greatly influenced
by human activity and bird predation.
Contact Information: Kazuhiko Ichimi, Seto Inland Sea Regional Research Center, Kagawa University, Aji, Takamatsu, Kagawa,Japan 761-0130, Phone: 81-87-871-5338, E mail: ichimi@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp

62August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Optimization of Nutrient Cycling and Balance of Osaka Bay for Coastal
Environmental Restoration
Mamaoru ISHIGAKI1, Junya MIYOSHI2, Ryoichi YAMANAKA3, Akiyasu NAKATANI4,
Takashi NAKANISHI4 and Hideki UESHIMA1
1

Department of Civil Engineering, HIROSHIMA Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
Coastal Environment and Monitoring Research Group, IGG, AIST, Hiroshima, Japan
Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
4
Federation of Fisheries Co-operation HYOGO, Hyogo, Japan
2
3

Osaka Bay Area metropolitan region exists, the water quality by regulating the amount of inflow loads arebeing improved. However, it enhanced the closed landfill area has not been resolved inflow load
retention. As a result, enhanced the enclosed water has become a chronic over-nutrition.
By the way, Awaji Island of offshore in Osaka Bay and Harimanada has withered laver. In addition, thefishery has been shown that the depletion of marine resources due to lack of nutrients. Considered the
problem of bias in the balance of nutrient cycling in the Bay Area region in addition to the quantitative
issues as the cause of this nutrient. In particular, coastal areas have been complemented of the inflow
load by the establishment of reclaimed and port structures. Nutrients do not diffusion due to this offshore,
there have been differences in nutrient concentrations in coastal and offshore.
In this study, which aims to restore a proper balance of nutrient cycling in the area of Osaka Bay. In thefirst study, the actual condition and problems of bias and nutrients to build organized in GIS databases.
Then, we designed the optimal method for sewage effluent for the purpose of optimizing the balance
between nutrient cycling. We also propose a method to dilute the excess nutrients by the tidal current
control of the port area. Finally, we evaluated the effect of forecast measures for the application ofnumerical analysis.From these findings, in Osaka Bay restore Project have shown that the plan willbalance the need for nutrient cycling.
Contact Information: M.Ishigaki, Department of Civil Engineering, HIROSHIMA Institute of Technology, 2-1-1,Miyake,SaekiKu,Hiroshima,731-5193 Japan, Phone:+81 82 921 5485, Fax: +81 82 921 5485, Email:m.ishigaki.dx@cc.it-hiroshima.ac.jp

63EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Development of Water Quality Improvement Channel with Citizen in Amagasaki
Canal, Japan
Ryoichi YAMANAKA1, Yasunori KOZUKI1, Keisuke ISSHIKI2, Sayaka MORI2, Mari MAEDA2, Hironori
OKEGAWA2, Hiroshi KAWAI3, Mamoru ISHIGAKI4, Takashi NAKANISHI5, Hideki UESHIMA6 and Sumio
HIRAI7
1

Ecosystem Design, Institute Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
Department of Ecosystem Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
Kobe University, Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe, Japan
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
5
Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
6
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
7
Hyogo Prefecture, Hyogo, Japan
2
3

Amagasaki Canal has been polluted because it is a sheltered water with artificial vertical structures and isaffected by waste water from factories. According to restore water environment in the canal for recreation
demand, design of new improvement channel and experiment for new water quality improvement system
are preceded by the Amagasaki Sea Blue Project. In this study, long-term field experiment of water
quality improvement techniques using bivalve and algae was examined.
We suggest new improvement system of water quality. This system is made up of Suspended Solids
removing tank, Algae channel and Algae harvesting for composting by civic collaboration. Suspended
Solids removing tank have a function with reduction of organic suspended solids in pumping-up sea
surface water and change organic suspended solids to dissolved nutrient using bivalve biology. Algae
channel have a function with assimilation of dissolved nutrient in treat water come from Suspended Solids
removing tank or pumping-up sea bottom water of the canal using primary productivity of green algae andblue-green algae which grow naturally in the channel. Algae harvesting for composting is for removal ofnutrients out of the system by turning removed waste sea algae into compost by citizen participation.
According to the experiment of Algae channel, DIN and PO4-P reduction function was measured by
distribution of DIN and PO4-P. These max values are roughly equivalent to about 96 % of amount of DIN
and PO4-P inflow to the channel and reduction function of advanced sewage treatment. These highperformances only expressed in daytime. The quality of bottom water improved hypoxic condition by
primary productivity of algae at daytime. Removing decomposed sea algae of 13 wetkg by local juniorhigh-school student was conducted in August, 2010. According to the componential analysis picked algae
include 414gC, 65gN and 9gP. These value are roughly equivalent to 28 % of amount of DIN and PO4-P
inflow to the channel. Moreover, we conducted environmental education to elementary school student
and junior high-school student. At last, we tried to design for improvement channel based on the findingsof the study. Consequently, we found only twenty-nine 60m-channels are required for total industrial
effluent water to meet environmental standards for PO4-P.
Contact Information: Keisuke ISSHIKI, Department of Ecosystem Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University ofTokushima, 2-1, Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan; Phone:+81-88-656-9736, Fax:+81-88-656-9736,
Email: isshiki@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

64August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Water Quality Monitoring and Its Relationship to Riparian Buffer Zones
Edwin B. James
Nanticoke Watershed Alliance, Vienna, MD, USA

Purpose: A comprehensive volunteer water monitoring effort can expand the knowledge base of thescientific community by filling important gaps in data collection and potentially identify the value and effectof riparian buffer zones on water quality. These citizen science efforts can be used to inform future
protective actions on waterways, and encourage broad community engagement in conservation efforts.
The scope of the Nanticoke Watershed Alliance’s water monitoring efforts includes four years of datacollection throughout the Nanticoke River watershed, including 38 river sites and six agriculture sites. The
monitoring procedures have received EPA approval and over 60 volunteers have been trained and collectsamples according to this rigorous protocol. Our program augments the state water monitoring effort,
which includes only two sites on the river.
Methods: Citizen volunteers monitor water clarity, dissolved oxygen, salinity, bacteria, and nutrients biweekly using meters, secchi disks, and laboratory samples. In addition, constant public outreach occurs
through the use of “river report cards,” a farmer filter strip incentive program, and public-focusedprograms based on river access and awareness.
Results: At present the Nanticoke River is the healthiest major river in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
Throughout the lifespan of the Creekwatcher program on the Nanticoke we have seen increased interest
and awareness in the health of the river.
Conclusions: Water monitoring efforts are intended to ascertain progress, or the lack thereof, and toencourage conservation activity at the individual, organization, and government level. Riparian buffers arewide and abundant throughout most of the Nanticoke system. Water Quality Monitoring activity points totheir effectiveness as natural filters and encourages their continued conservation in the future.
Recommendations: A vibrant water monitoring effort, if rigorously applied, will increase conservation
efforts, highlight the importance of riparian buffers on water quality, and focus resources on conservation
resulting in healthier water and the land protection afforded by functioning and robust buffers.
Contact Information: Edwin B James, Nanticoke Watershed Alliance, PO Box 111, Vienna, MD 21869 USA, Phone: 410-430-3273,
Email: ebjames@nanticokeriver.org

65

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Eutrophication and Partial Recovery of a Shallow Embayment of the Tidal
Potomac River
R. Christian Jones
Potomac Environmental Research and Education Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Enhanced nutrient loading has resulted in widespread eutrophication of inland and coastal waterbodies.
Shallow water macrophyte communities in many locations have been displaced by phytoplankton
dominated systems. The tidal freshwater portion of the Potomac River received extensive loads ofwastewater nutrients through much of the 20th century culminating in major blooms of cyanbacteria andalmost total loss of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV). Beginning in the late 1970’s, loads of thelimiting nutrient phosphorus underwent dramatic reductions which decreased loadings by more than 98%
by the early 1980’s. Long-term trends in water quality, phytoplankton, and SAV in Gunston Cove, ashallow embayment of the tidal freshwater Potomac River receiving treated wastewater, have beenmonitored on a consistent semimonthly basis since 1983. Additional monitoring data is available for
periods back to the mid 1960’s allowing construction of a data record spanning the time from intense
loading and eutrophication through the nutrient load reductions of the late 1970’s and early 1980’s andcontinuing to the present.
Response to nutrient loading was not immediate, partially because even at reduced levels nutrients were
not really limiting. But following a substantial lag period, nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton
populations began a steady decline and water clarity has demonstrated marked improvement. Afterremaining constant at about 40 cm for nearly two decades, average summer Secchi depth has increased
to over 70 cm. In September 2009 Secchi depth exceeded 100 cm for the first time in the study. In thesame period, average summer chlorophyll a declined from 100 ug/L to about 40 ug/L. In recent years
SAV has spread over larger portions of the embayment consistent with model predictions of macrophyte
recovery. The state of the Cove could now be characterized as partially recovered, with SAV returning toshallower inner areas of the cove, but not able to successfully colonize the somewhat deeper mid to outercove. Results demonstrate the role of time lags in ecosystem response and the importance of long-termmonitoring in understanding ecosystem recovery.
Contact Information: R. Christian Jones, Potomac Environmental Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental
Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 5F2, Fairfax, VA 22030; Phone: 703-993-1127,
Fax: 703-993-1066, Email: rcjones@gmu.edu

66August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Temporal Variation in Water Quality at a Fixed Monitor on the Tidal Potomac River
R. Christian Jones and Alexander P. Graziano
Potomac Environmental Research and Education Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Recent advances in water quality monitoring have facilitated “continuous monitoring”--the acquisition ofbasic water quality variables at short intervals over extended periods. We focus our analysis on a monitor
on the tidal Occoquan River at the Belmont Bay development in Woodbridge, Virginia. The tidal
Occoquan is a tributary of the tidal Potomac River, a subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay. The study site is
located 120 km upriver from the Potomac’s confluence with the Chesapeake Bay and 37 km below thehead of tide of the Potomac, well within the tidal freshwater zone. At the study site tides are semidiel with
an amplitude of about 0.6 m. River inflow from the flowing Occoquan is episodic regulated by a dam justabove the head of tide.
Temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected at 15 minute intervals during the2010 growing season using a YSI 6600 extended deployment sonde connected via cell phone to a YSImaintained web site. Sondes were exchanged at monthly intervals with freshly calibrated sensors andingoing and outcoming sondes were crosscalibrated at each exchange. Additional water quality variables
such as Secchi depth, light extinction coefficient, chlorophyll a, and total suspended solids were
measured from grab samples at the monthly sonde exchanges. Correlative data on tides, river inflow, airtemperature, photosynthetically active radiation were also available.
Results of time series analysis indicate that, on a short term basis, specific conductance exhibited asemidiel pattern. This was shown to be related to tide stage with highest values observed at high tide andminima at low tide. On the other hand, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature exhibited a strong dielpattern which was clearly related to the daily light and temperature cycle. At some times, a weak semidiel
pattern was also observed in DO and pH. This semidiel component in DO and pH may have been related
to enhanced flushing of water from SAV beds which lined the channel just upstream of the monitor.
Chlorophyll values were relatively low at the study site raising the possibility that daily DO and pH cycling
may be dominated by photosynthetic activity in the adjacent SAV beds rather than phytoplankton in the
open water.
Over longer time scales, average daily dissolved oxygen and pH exhibited a general increase in earlysummer reaching a maximum in early July and declining through the remainder of the summer. Specificconductance remained very low in the spring and early summer, but gradually started to increase in late
July with a more rapid increase during the month of September. Freshwater inflows to the tidal area wereminimal during June through the end of September allowing brackish water from downriver to start
penetrating the tidal Occoquan. A major freshwater input event at the end of September carrying over into
early October flushed the brackish water from the area restoring low specific conductance conditions. In
the wake of the flow event there was also a marked increase in both pH and dissolved oxygen whichneeds further study.
Contact Information: R. Christian Jones, Potomac Environmental Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental
Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 5F2, Fairfax, VA 22030; Phone: 703-993-1127,
Fax: 703-993-1066, Email: rcjones@gmu.edu

67

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Leveraging and Tracking Private and Public Sector Funding to Protect andRestore Enclosed Inland Seas
Tim Jones
US EPA Office of Wetlands Offices and Watersheds, Washington D.C., USA

There’s an old adage that applies to successful watershed protection: “put your money where your mouthis!” The success of any watershed management program ultimately depends on community involvement,
but it also depends on secure finances. This presentation will discusses how to engage community
members and organizations in a way that is directly linked to environmental improvement: financial andin-kind contributions. In increasingly difficult economic times, the audience will learn about theinterdependence of community involvement, fundraising and environmental protection, and how these
efforts have resulted in the protection and restoration of over 1 million acres of habitat, and reduction in
pollution in enclosed seas of the U.S.
Several examples will be presented, such as "friend raisers" that recruit future financial contributors
through volunteer opportunities, to illustrate how the US EPA’s National Estuary Programs haveleveraged approximately $160 million in base funds to obtain $2.3 billion from private, local, state, andfederal partnerships.
The audience will be invited to share their fundraising stories and to discuss the challenges and rewardsof working with communities to raise the critically needed funds for environmental protection. The
discussion will also include the idea of using fund-raising results as an indicator of effective community
involvement.
Contact Information: Tim Jones, US EPA Office of Wetlands Offices and Watersheds, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington,
DC 20460, USA; Phone: (202) 566-1245, Fax: (202) 566-1336, Email: jones.tim@epa.gov

68August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Regulating Air Pollution to Improve Water Quality: An Overview of IMO’s
Emission Control Area Program
William B. Jones and Lou Corio
Zephyr Environmental Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA

Air emissions from marine vessels are significant contributors to pollution in many coastal regions aroundthe world. Marine vessel exhaust emissions are potentially hazardous to human health and theenvironment, and can lead to nutrient overload in aquatic ecosystems. These emissions are especiallyproblematic in ports and enclosed waterways, where marine vessels as well as associated onshore
equipment operate nearly continuously in close proximity to each other.
One of the biggest challenges facing policymakers responsible for regulating air pollution from large
marine vessels is balancing valuable maritime shipping interests with environmental concerns. Achieving
consistent regulation of shipping is difficult because of the global movement of people and goods throughmany sovereign jurisdictions. One of the ways through which the International Maritime Organization(IMO) addresses this challenge is to provide for the establishment of Emission Control Areas (ECAs)
which reduce air emissions from marine vessels.
This paper will present an overview of the IMO’s ECA program. The history of this program will be given,from the first ECAs more than ten years ago to the recently-approved United States/Canada ECA. In
addition, the specific demonstrations required to obtain an ECA designation from the IMO will be outlined.
Ultimately this paper will illustrate how a coastal sea region can improve the health of its marine
environment by obtaining an ECA designation from the IMO.
Contact Information: William B. Jones, Senior Project Manager, Zephyr Environmental Corporation, 10420 Little Patuxent Parkway,
Suite 320, Columbia, Maryland, 21044, USA; Phone: 410-312-7910, Fax: 410-312-7901, Email: bjones@zephyrenv.com

69

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Natural Reflections: Re-Finding Our Place in Nature through Word and Song
Geoff Kaufman, with guest student performers
Professional Folksinger, New London, CT, USA

This live performance is intended to lead the audience and the participants to reconnect with the natural
world from which our modern culture tends powerfully to separate us. I agree with many environmental
educators that there is far too much in our contemporary culture that makes us pay attention to suchthings as portable communication devices without really seeing nature’s own message all around us.
Many of us, especially young people, spend much of their time inside their homes and classrooms“learning” from computers, DVD’s, and TV’s without really experiencing lessons that the world outside has
to offer.
My program will combine texts from a variety of nature writers such as Henry David Thoreau, Henry
Beston, Annie Dillard and Farley Mowat with songs from a variety of sources in folk and tradition which
compliment or expand upon the writings. Participants in the EMECS 9 Students and Schools Partnershipwill be invited to join me on stage. Having students read, and possibly sing, as an integral part of such a
performance cannot help but engage them to consider the issues raised in both texts and songs. My
experience is that student participation has a way of connecting both the performers and members of theaudience with their own personal perspectives in addressing environmental concerns. These concerns
transcend immediate environmental issues; they include our relationship to the natural world, our impact
upon it through our brief human history on the planet, and our need to become active participants in aneffort to support a sustainable environment for all people and the communities in which they live.
It is my sincere hope that this performance will encourage all involved to look upward and outward, butalso inward to realize and critique our human role on earth, including its coastal seas.
Contact Information: Geoff Kaufman, Folksinger, 194 Thames Street, New London, CT 06320, USA; Phone: 860-326-9859,
Fax: 860-443-2711, Email: gkaufman@snet.net

70August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

A Comparative Study of Distribution Pattern of Two Endangered Benthic Animals
on Artificial and Natural Tidal Flats
Takashi Kawai1 and Naotomo Ota2
1

Center for Collaborative Research, Anan National College of Technology, Tokushima, Japan
Department of Civil Engineering, Anan National College of Technology, Tokushima, Japan

2

The Ohgata tidal flat located on the east of Shikoku Island in southwestern Japan, was accidentallycreated by dredged materials from the nearby shallow bottom and by mountain soils in the course of theland reclamation for the Ohgata fishing port enlarging project. The particle size distribution was quite
different between these two sediment types: dredged materials consisted of >90% of the silt and clay
content, mountain soils consisted of >70% coarse grains (from 75mm to 75μm in diameter). At present,
after about 15 years from the last reclamation, many animals including 15 endangered species are foundin the artificial tidal flat. In particular, two endangered species, the fiddler crab Uca arcuata and the mudsnail Cerithidea rhizophorarum are abundant from the mid to upper intertidal zone.
A series of studies aimed to examine distribution pattern of the two endangered species with specialreference to their habitat preference in an artificial tidal flat and some nearby natural tidal flats. We
investigated their density at 6 study sites (2 sites each in an artificial tidal flat and two natural tidal flats)and conducted a sediment manipulation experiment in an artificial tidal flat. Analysis of the difference inhabitat preference between artificial and natural tidal flats and understanding of variation in habitat
preference between these two species with different life history characteristics could contribute to thesuccessful creation of tidal flats with higher biodiversity including some endangered species and/or richecological functions.
Contrasting distribution patterns of U. arcuata and C. rhizophorarum were demonstrated in ourobservations and experiments for four years. U. arcuata strongly preferred fine muddy habitats in thesediment manipulation experiment. On the other hand, C. rhizophorarum preferred coarse mountain soils,
although its preference seems not to be strong as the crab. These species specific preferences may becaused by some ecological properties such as burrow requirement in crab, feeding efficiency orconstrains in relation to particle size of sediments. In our field experiment, U. arcuata quickly colonized
new habitats of dredged fine sediments and its density reached the ceiling after only 5 months from thestart of the experiment. The density, however, has not achieved the same level to the natural situation
yet. In contrast, C. rhizophorarum continually increased in the experimental mountain coarse soils habitatand became similar with natural situations during three years. These species specific patterns ofresponse to a newly created habitat suggested that we should carefully pay attention not only to thedensity of a single target species but also to their life history characteristics, age structure and habitat
preference of multiple species, when we judge ecological conditions of artificial tidal flats.
Contact Information: Takashi Kawai, Center for Collaborative Research, Anan National College of Technology, 265 Minobayashi,Anan, 774-0017 Tokushima, Japan; Phone/Fax: +81-884-23-7188, Email: kawai@ambl-ku.jp

71

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Development of the Great Barrier Reef Annual Report Card
William C. Dennison1, R. Heath Kelsey1, Jane Thomas1, Chris Chinn2 and Carl Mitchell3
1

Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, Maryland, USA
Queensland Government, Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
3
Reef Catchments, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
2

The Queensland Government and the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science aredeveloping an annual report card that creates and tracks metrics relating to the ecological health of theGreat Barrier Reef system and agricultural land management drivers. The development of the report cardbegan in 2010 with the preparation of a baseline report incorporating metrics for land management
practice technique adoption, catchment land condition, pollutant loading, and reef water quality and biotic
condition metrics.
Metrics are directly related to an ambitious policy directive from the Queensland Government thatencourages agricultural land holders to adopt improved land management practices on their farms. Land
practice adoption targets include 80% adoption of improved practices for nutrient, chemical and soils formost agricultural enterprises, and 50% adoption of improved pasture and riparian practices by grazing
enterprises. The effect of these improvements will be tracked through continued monitoring of catchment
land condition, pollutant loading through riverine inputs, and water quality and reef resource condition
metrics. Program targets include a 50% reduction in nutrient and pesticide loading by 2013, and a 20%
reduction in sediment loading by 2020.
Innovative reporting and visualization techniques are used to communicate results from the baseline
report and will be incorporated into the annual report card. Although the Reef remains in moderatecondition overall, initial results suggest that improvements to land management practice adoption should
continue. The results highlight that there are significant areas of concern that justify the need foraccelerated action to improve water quality and build resilience of the Great Barrier Reef. These include
five to nine times the natural loads of pollutants; significant loss of some freshwater wetlands; decline ofseagrasses in some areas and the exceedance of water quality guidelines for pesticides in marine areas.
Contact Information: R. Heath Kelsey, EcoCheck, Cooperative Oxford Lab, 904 S. Morris Street, Oxford, MD, 21654 USA,
Phone: 410 226 5193, Email: heath.kelsey@noaa.gov

72August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Coastal Regulation and Its Enforcement, Case Study: India
Santosh K Ghosh -- presented by: Unmesh Kirtikar
Centre for Built Environment, Kolkata, India

Purpose: Many countries in Asia have long coast line and the need for coastal regulation is being felt withconcern for natural disasters, climate change with sea level rise, unsustainable pattern of developmentcausing environmental deterioration. The prohibitory and regulatory activities can enhance accountability.
Indian case study is presented which provide many lessons.
Scope: Coastal zone regulation with prohibitory and permitted uses guidelines have wide scope. The
coastal areas are complex with biodiversity, mangrove forests, industrial, urban and recreational activities
and such regulation may prevent soil erosion, deforestation and environmental degradation. Coastal
regulation can have wider scope in preparing landuse plan, vulnerability index etc.
Methods: The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India in 2010 has amended the 1991
regulation (on the basis of Environmental Protection Act, 1986), mentioning uses, which are permitted
and not permitted. It identifies land area between high tide line (HTL) in landside to 500 m between low
tide line (LTL). This is coastal regulation zone (CRZ) and a concept of hazard line has been demarcatedcategories 1. Areas ecologically sensitive 2. Areas already developed near shoreline 3. Undisturbed area
including rural area. Islands have special category. Regulation is given to State Governments to enforce.
Accurate mapping is required, as demarcation is difficult. In case of creeks, if the width of creek is upto
350m, the CRZ will be 100 m from the creek, if wider than this it will be 150 m from the creek.
Results: Since 1991 there were amendments 25 times and various State Govts have expressed
difficulties as India has 8200 km long coast line. Now the Govt. of India has appointed a special
committee to look into.
Conclusion: Within the framework of overall coastal regulations details will give variations as the longcoastline has diverse landscape. Current regulations donot include aquatic resources. The fishingcommunity has objections. There are 3200 fishing villages. Land, water and natural resources symbiosis
is needed requiring an environmental sustainability plan. Land use regulations and building rules are to
be drafted for different coastal zones.
Recommendation: Preparation of an integrated planning with hazard mapping, identification ofenvironmental area including aquatic part, protection of biodiversity mangrove, livelihood options for local
people etc. is needed.
Contact Information: Prof. Santosh K Ghosh, President, Centre for Built Environment, 2/5 Sarat Bose Road, Kolkata – 700 020
India, Phone/Fax: 91 33 2476 1495, Mobile: 91 9748774706, Email: sghoshcbe@rediffmail.com

73

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Sustainability of Coastal Areas in Climate Change: Bengal Delta
Santosh K Ghosh -- presented by: Unmesh Kirtikar
Centre for Built Environment, Kolkata, India

Purpose: The changing coastal areas of Asia in the context of rapid population and economic growth andclimate change has created problems. There are many megacities located in and around the coastal
area. The unsustainable pattern has damaged the ecosystem with construction, pollution, erosion,
sedimentation, changing of biodiversity and natural disaster. Isolated action has limited success and aholistic regional planning is required. A case study of Bengal delta of Bay of Bengal with complex
biodiversity area includes world heritage sites and has many lessons.
Scope: Bengal delta, both in eastern India and Bangladesh is largest in the world. It includes Sunderban
facing the bay of Bengal. It is rich in terrestrial, aquatic and avian faunal species and it has wildlife
sanctuaries. The Unesco has declared it as one of the biospheres and a work heritage site. But there isunsustainable pattern of development, climate change and natural disaster have made the problems
complex. A study will benefit many other coastal areas.
Methods: The Unesco’s programme outlines three functions (a) conservation function preserving flora,
fauna, landscape etc. (b) development function for sustainable development of social, cultural, economicand ecological aspects (c) support to logistic function – education, training and capacity building. There
are large number of people. The planning and development is a holistic process achieving an equilibriumbalance with the density of population and the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.
Results: Some specific programmes have been taken like restoration of mangrove forests which protectfrom storm and cyclone and flooding and help in aquatic production. Introduction of coastal zone
regulation amended in 2010 of Govt. of India. Ecorestoration including afforestation programmes wetland
conservation and project tiger and biosphere, climate change protection etc.
Conclusion: The Bengal delta specially the Sunderbans is an ecosystem and its planning will be different
for integrated coastal zone management. Ecosystem, spatial, development and social parameters are to
be integrated with several impacts like vulnerability, natural disasters, climate change sea level rise etc.
Recommendation: A regional coastal environmental plan based on analysis of interrelation amongst
physical, spatial development and environmental ecological process and human activities and social
economic objectives is necessary.
Contact Information: Prof. Santosh K Ghosh, President, Centre for Built Environment, 2/5 Sarat Bose Road, Kolkata – 700 020
India, Phone/Fax: 91 33 2476 1495, Mobile: 91 9748774706, Email: sghoshcbe@rediffmail.com

74

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Estimation of Wet and Dry Deposition of Gaseous and Particulate Ammonia andNitric Acid Using Buoy in Mikawa Bay, Japan and Evaluation of Its Effect on
Eutrophication by Fluid Dynamic-Ecological Model
Toshihiro KITADA1, Naoki SATO1, Wataru IIDA1, Takuya HORIO2 and Hitoshi Okuda2
1

Dept. of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
Higashi-Mikawa Branch, Aichi Prefectural Environmental Research Center, Toyohashi, Japan2

Wet and dry deposition of ammonia-N and nitrate-N were directly observed on a buoy in Mikawa
Bay, Central Japan, connecting to the Pacific Ocean and were compared with those at neaby
coastal monitoring site. No significant difference of wet deposition between the buoy and thecoastal site was found. However, dry deposition on the buoy was by about 30% smaller in molarbase than that on the land site. Ratio of concentration of gaseous species such as NH3 and HNO3+
to that of particulates of NH4 and NO3 was 3.7 at the coastal site and 1.7 on the buoy also inmolar base, indicating importance of gaseous species in dry deposition. Based on the 6 months
observation from April to September, 2009, N-loading by wet and dry depositions were estimatedas about 6% and 6~12% of the loading through river, respectively.
Hydrodynamic-ecologial model (CE-QUAL-W2) simulations in Mikawa Bay for the 6 months-3
showed the wet and dry deposition can increase Chl-a (chlorophyll-a) by about 2 mg m which is
10% of the maximum Chl-a concentration during the simulation period. By the simulations,
importance of strength of the N-loading rate was demonstrated. In that sence, it was estimated thatsteady but not strong loading rate of dry deposition may not lead to rapid algae blooming but may
serve as a part of basic nutrient N-supply to the estuary.
Contact Information: Toshihiro Kitada, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology,
Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580 Japan, Phone: +81-532-44-6902, Fax: +81-532-44-6929, E-mail: kitada@earth.ens.tut.ac.jp75

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Environmental Educational Effects in the Use of New Composite Index of Water
Environment
Yoshinari Kobuke
Institute for Interdisciplinary Education, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

Through the growing public interest in water environment in recent years, people have strong recognition
that the evaluation of water environment using only water quality index such as BOD and COD isinsufficient. Following this public opinion, Japan Society on Water Environment to which the author
belongs has developed a new composite index for citizens to evaluate water environment easily, with thesupport from Ministry of the Environment.
The new composite index has been developed for the evaluation of water environment, especially riverenvironment. The index consists of five evaluation factors and five individual indicators in each factor (25indicators). The five factors are (1) natural state, (2) biological diversity, (3) water usage, (4) amenity topeople and (5) regional culture on water. They are decided not only from natural scientific point of view((1) and (2)), but also from social perspective ((3), (4) and (5)). Individual indicators include unique ones
concerning sensory evaluation such as visual and tactile amenity in (4). Each evaluation criteria is
described in the scores of 5 to 1. The scores of the individual indicators are averaged to obtain theevaluation score of the factor. The evaluation scores for five factors are indicated by using a pentagon
chart in order to show the characteristics of the surveyed site.
The environmental educational effects were investigated in the evaluation survey of urban riverenvironment using the new composite index by citizens. Before survey, the participants showed little
concern to unprecedented indicators such as industrial use and cultural resources in (5) andincomprehensible indicators such as benthos in (2) and COD in (3). However, after survey, participant’sinterest in those indicators increased. Moreover, 85% of the participants represented their growinginterest in the indicators to which they showed little concern.
From these results, it is suggested that the practical use of the new composite index provides a certain
level of environmental educational effects to users. On the other hand, it was found that the indicatorsconcerning sensory evaluation are unique but have some problems to be considered in the point ofindexical stability because of wide variation in the evaluation.
Contact Information: Y. Kobuke, Institute for Interdisciplinary Education, Kobe Gakuin Univ., 1-1-3, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 6508586 Japan, Phone: 81789744569, Email: dfmfn512@kcc.zaq.ne.jp76August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Relationships between Environmental Factors and Fishery Production in
Japanese Enclosed Coastal Seas
Masashi Kodama1, Hiroaki Kurogi1, Satoshi Katayama1, Kenji Tarutani2 and Hiroshi Yagi3
1

National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency (FRA), Japan
National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, FRA, Japan
3
National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, FRA, Japan
2

In order to find out key environmental factors of fishery production, historical aspects and relationships
between water quality and fishery productions were investigated in major Japanese enclosed coastal
seas. Water temperature, salinity, transparency, concentrations of nutrients, chlorophyll-a and dissolved
oxygen (DO) were used as environmental parameter and number of catches, CPUE (Catch Per Unit
Effort) and juvenile survival rate of fishes were used as fishery production index. Catches of demersal
fishes, such as conger eel, flatfishes, benthic prawns and crabs showed clear positive correlation with
DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) concentration and negative correlation with transparency. These
results suggest implications of nutrient load reduction and oligotrophication (decline of ecosystemproduction). Although bottom hypoxia is considered as one of the controlling factors of demarsal fish
production, there were no correlations with bottom DO concentration. However, concentration of bottom
DIP (dissolved inorganic phosphorus) showed clear negative correlation with those fishes. As DIP isreleased from bottom sediment during occurrence of hypoxia, this correlation seems to indicate influenceof hypoxia in summer.
Contact Information: Masashi Kodama, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science Fisheries Research Agency (FRA), Japan,
2-12-4, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-8648 JAPAN, Phone: +81-45-788-7650, Fax: +81-45-788-7650,
Email: mkodama@affrc.go.jp

77

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Evaluation of Tidal Flat Restoration Effect in the Coastal Unused Reclaimed Areaby Promoting Tidal Exchange with Public Involvement in Ago Bay, Mie Prefecture,Japan
Hideki Kokub and Hirokatsu Yamada
Mie Prefecture Fisheries Research Institute, JAPANAgo Bay is located in Ise-Shima National Park, Mie prefecture, Japan. This bay is famous for cradle ofpearl culture and it has been continued for more than 100 years. However, recently in Ago Bay, nutrient
loads increased due to domestic loads and pearl culture. At the same time, natural purification capacities
also decreased due to the land reclamation. Accordingly, excess nutrient loads accumulated into the bay
bottom, causing red tides and hypoxia to occur every year. It is considered that one of the major causesof these phenomena is a stagnation of the material circulation between sea and land by reclamation ofcoastal shallow area including tidal flats and sea glass beds. The reclaimed coastal areas were estimatedby the multi-spectrum aerial picture analysis. In detail, for more than 50 years ago, approximately 70% of
tidal flats and shallow areas were reclaimed for constructing rice fields around the Bay. But now thesereclaimed areas were given up cultivation and changed to fallow fields and unused wetlands. Therefore,
for the environmental restoration of Ago Bay, it is necessary to enhance the biological productivity andnatural purification capacity which these areas provided, and to recover a smooth material circulation
around the shallow area. In this study, attempts were made to enhance the biological productivity, by
promoting tidal exchange between an unused reclaimed area and outer sea through the open of thefloodgate on a dyke with public involvement.
1) Present State of Unused Reclaimed Area
More than 100 years ago, there were about 269 ha of tidal flats in Ago Bay occupying about 10% of thesea surface area. The total reclaimed areas are about 185ha, however most of these areas were given up
cultivation and changed the hypertrophic unused wetland. Such areas are up to about 154ha. The
sediments of unused wetlands are too muddy and contain high organic matters, because the dykes whichwere constructed for reclamation, lead to accumulation of the nutrient and organic matter run off from theland. In these wetlands, the abundance and diversity of benthos are quite poor.
2) Effects of Tidal Flat Restoration
Tidal flat restoration was carried out from Apr. 2010 by opening the floodgates on the concrete dike,which was constructed for reclamation. The restoration site is about 2ha and located in the inner part ofthe bay (Ishibuchi in Shima city). Clam stocking, seagrass planting, and environmental education werecarried out with public involvement. Improvements were evaluated by monitoring sediment quality,
benthic abundance and species diversity every season. Before the restoration, only 6 species of macro
faunas (Chironomidae, Hediste diadroma), which lives in brackish water, were found. After the opening of
the floodgate, the macro faunas was changed from brackish to saltwater and the number of species
gradually increased. After 6 months, 22 kinds of juvenile fish (Goby, Lateolabrax japonicus and Mugil
cephalus), migratory macro faunas (Hemigrapsus penicillatus, Batillaria zonalis) and small clams were
found in the restoration tidal flat. At the same time, the COD and AVS in sediment decreased too. These
results indicate that the sediment status in the restoration site were gradually changed to the aerobic
condition by promoting the decomposition of the hypertrophic sediment through the tidal exchange.
Further enhancement of the biological productivity will be expected through continuous tidal exchange
near the future. This method would lead to wise use of the coastal environment and to enhance thebiological productivity around the unused reclaimed areas.
Contact Information: Hideki Kokubu, Mie Prefecture Fisheries Research Institute, 3564-3 Hamajima, Hamajima-cho, Shima-city, Mie
517-0404 JAPAN, Phone: +81-599-53-0016, Fax: +81-599-53-2225, Email: kokubh00@pref.mie.jp

78August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Long-term Changes of Nutrients in River Water Flowing into the Osaka Bay,Japan
Yukio Komai1, Kazuo Muramatsu1 and T. Fujiwara2
1

Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan
Agricultural Graduate School of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan2

The amounts of loadings of nutrients that flow into the Seto Inland Sea have been calculated by using unit
loads for point and nonpoint sources by the Ministry of Environment, Japan. As unit loads on pollutant
sources are values gained by limited researches, there is large difference between unit and actual load.
Therefore, the pollutant loadings calculated by using a unit load procedure will include a large error as anecessary consequence. In addition, any changes of chemical forms are not able to evaluate by thismethod. To confirm the changes of loadings and forms of nutrient based on actual measurement, westudied the concentrations and forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in river water flowing into the Osakabay, Japan, where is the most polluted enclosed sea in the Seto Inland Sea.
The data of continuous monitoring plan conducted by Hyogo and Osaka Prefecture since 1970’s werecollected and arranged as a set of nitrogen and phosphorus. The thirty three rivers, which consist of thefirst and the second class rivers, were selected in descending order of discharge and annual average
concentration of nutrients were calculated.
The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in most rivers indicated a decreasing trend as a whole.
Some non-polluted rivers have maintained lower concentrations of nutrients for a long term. The
decreasing trend of nutrients in most rivers fitted together changes of loadings reported by the Ministry ofEnvironment every five years. The average concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus for five years
between 2004 and 2009 reduced 30 to 50 % than those in the 1970’s, and the concentration ofphosphorus were cut down more than that of nitrogen. Ammonium nitrogen remarkably decreased.
Meanwhile, the ratio of nitrate nitrogen increased and occupied the largest part of inorganic nitrogen.
Nitrite nitrogen was not detected. The change of inorganic nitrogen reflected a development of sewage
system in each river watershed, that is, the percentages of treatment on domestic effluent is more than 90% in Osaka and Hyogo Prefecture. Precipitation in Osaka and Kobe city faced to the Osaka Bay does not
any trend during the period between 1970 and 2009. This suggests that the loads of nutrients from rivers
in the watershed of the Osaka Bay would decrease according to the change of concentration.
These results showed that the loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus from watershed surrounding the
Osaka Bay have been successfully cut by a total amount control based on the extraordinary measures
law for environment conservation of the Seto Inland Sea.
Contact Information: Yukio Komai, Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya Asahi
Osaka, 535-8585 Japan, Phone: 06-6954-4512, Fax: 06-6954-4512, Email: komai@env.oit.ac.jp

79

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Detailed Monitoring of Nutrient Supply through Tidal Front in Seto Inland Sea,Japan
H. Takeoka1, X. Guo1, N. Yoshie1, N. Fujii2 and T. Komorita3
1

Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
Institute of Lowland and Coastal Ocean Technology, Saga University, Saga, Japan
3
Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Science, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan2

The tidal front, which is a transition zone between the stratified area and the area vertically mixed by tidal
currents, probably supplies a moderately high concentration of nutrients from the vertically mixed area tothe subsurface layer of the stratified area. Thus, knowledge of these dynamics is essential to manage thecoastal environment because tidal fronts are important for primary production of the stratified area. In thisstudy, we conducted a spatio-temporal field survey from April to November 2009 to quantify and assess
the nutrient supply from the narrow strait (Hoyo Strait) to the stratified area (Iyo-Nada) in Seto Inland Sea,
Japan. Concomitantly, we conducted a fixed-point observation to measure the short-term fluctuation of
the nutrients in the Sada Peninsula (i.e., vertically mixed area) almost everyday in 2009.
The tidal front was observed between the vertical mixed area (Hoyo Strait) and the stratified area (IyoNada) during a six months period (from April to October), defined as the stratified period. An analysis
using the TS diagram indicated an intrusion of the mixed water (Hoyo Strait) into the middle layer (10 ~ 30
m depth) of the stratified water (Iyo-Nada). Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) maximum was observed within the tidal
front area on the middle layer. In the Hoyo Strait, vertical mean concentration of NO3+NO2-N increased
from 2.2 µmol L–1 on April to 4.3 µmol L–1 in August. Subsequently, a clear correlation was observed
between the vertical mean concentration of NO3+NO2-N in the Hoyo Strait and the mean standing stocksof Chl-a in the middle layer of Iyo-Nada during the stratified period (r2 = 0.836, n = 8, p < 0.01). Thus, thenutrient supply from the Hoyo Strait seems to be an important nutrient sources for the primary productionof Iyo-Nada. The results of the short-term fluctuation of the nutrients in Sada Peninsula will be reported in
the presentation.
Contact Information: Tomohiro Komorita, Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Science, Prefectural University of Kumamoto,
Tsukide 3-1-100, Kumamoto 862-0926, Japan; Phone: 096-383-2929, Email: komorita@pu-kumamoto.ac.jp80August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

An Economic Approach to Appraise the Restoration of Coastal Resources by
Water Reuse
I. Heinz¹, S. Koo-Oshima², J. Mateo-Sagasta-Dávila³, M. Salgot⁴ and J. Winpenny⁵¹University of Dortmund (em.), Germany²U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, USA *³Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Land and Water Division (NRL), Rome, Italy
⁴University of Barcelona, Facultat de Farmàcia, Barcelona, Spain
⁵Wychwood Economic Consulting Ltd, The Cross, Taston, UK

The conference paper aims to demonstrate that water reuse and exchange of water entitlements between
farmers and cities can play a vital role in the reduction of wastewater pollution of enclosed coastal seas.
Such schemes can confer benefits to farmers and municipalities, while also creating benefits for thenatural environment.
One of the main sources of pollution of enclosed coastal seas are the excessive loads of nutrients.
Drastic examples can be found at the Baltic and the Mediterranean Seas with occasionally extreme algae
levels causing losses for the fish industry, impairment of aquatic ecosystems and degradation ofrecreation values. Reclaimed wastewater use in agriculture is a promising way to solve nutrient-related
problems as the effluents from treatment plants are recycled for irrigation purposes and the nutrients areused rather than being discharged to water bodies. The ecologically minimal flow of rivers can berestored and the overuse of groundwater can be ceased. Farmers enjoy better reliability of water, savecosts in fertilizing and in water pumping, and get additional incomes. Cities can benefit if freshwater
resources from aquifers, rivers or reservoirs are made available for potable uses by farmers’ willingness
to use reclaimed water. Expenses in developing remote resources can be reduced.
This is a part of a recently published UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) study, which showedthat both the farmers and cities can win by exchanging treated wastewater with freshwater: freshwater
resources are reallocated to uses with considerably higher values and the farmers involved can share in
the economic gains of the cities. Case studies at the Tordera River Delta and the Costa Brava in the
North of Spain show that the wastewater outflows and the loads of nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea
can be lowered by water reuse: www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1629e/i1629e00.htm. These cases have thepotential of triple outcomes, including various environmental benefits. The terms on which the effluentsare made available to farmers, and the degree to which they are subsidised, should take account of thisbroader balance of social costs and benefits. The study provides a methodological framework to appraisewater reuse projects that can contribute, among others, to the restoration of coastal resources in a costeffective way.
* This work is not a product of the United States Government or the United States Environmental
Protection Agency, and the authors are not doing this work in any governmental capacity. The views
expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United States or the US
EPA.
Contact Information: Ingo Heinz, formerly of the Environmental Research Institute (INFU), University of Dortmund, Bierstraße 9,58239 Schwerte, Germany; Phone: 0049-2304-74831, Email: ingo.heinz@uni-dortmund.de

81

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

International Conference and Summer School-Seminar “Dynamics of The Coastal
Zone of Non-Tidal Seas”
Ruben D. Kos’yan1 and Boris V. Chubarenko2
1

The Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gelendzhik, Russia
The Atlantic Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kaliningrad, Russia

2

Once in two years International Conferences and Summer school-seminars “Dynamics of the Coastal
Zone of Non-tidal Seas” were held in Baltiysk, Kaliningrad region, Russia. Conferences take place at the
Scientific Station “Baltic Spit” of the Atlantic Branch of Shirshov’s Institute of Oceanology of Russian
Academy of Sciences, Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast (Province), Russian Federation. The station is locatedon the Vistula Spit just near the inlet of the Vistula Lagoon at the walking distance (5-7 minutes) from thelagoon and see shores.
Conferences were organized by support of Russian Foundation for Basic Researches (RFBR),
P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences (IORAS), Atlantic Branch of
P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences (AB IORAS),Working Group “Seacoasts” of the Council on Problems of World Ocean of the Russian Academy of Sciences, some projects
in the framework of the EU, Project “Sustainable Development Indicators for South-Eastern Baltic” in theframework of Neighborhood (Int.-Tacis) Program “Lithuania, Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast (RussianFederation)”, Immanuel Kant’s State University of Russia (IKSUR).
The principal aim of the International Conference and Summer school-seminar “Dynamics of the Coastal
Zone of Non-tidal Seas” is to give modern information about dynamics processes in the coastal zone andto afford a base for exchange of scientific results of investigations. Whole spectrum of questions (fromsurf zone hydrodynamics to interaction of coastal zone with open sea regions) was discussed during oral
and poster presentations.
About hundred experts, specialists, young researchers, PhD-students with interest in coastal dynamics
participated in this events. Invited lectures come from Russia, Poland, the Netherlands, Bulgaria,
Germany, Estonia, Italy, Switzerland.
Specialists and young researchers came from more than ten countries (Russia, Ukraine, Estonia, Poland,
Greece, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland and others) to participate to theInternational Conferences and Summer school-seminars “Dynamics of the Coastal Zone of Non-tidal
Seas”, to hear a course of lectures and to present their posters during the conference. Course of lectures
included three topics: “Dynamics of the coastal zone”, “Dynamics of estuaries and lagoons” and“Dynamics of interaction between coastal zone and the open sea”.
In addition to the lectures a number of poster presentations (three minutes for each poster) were
presented during every of three thematic poster sessions. Scientific Committee selected two best posters
for each topic. Authors of best posters received incentive prizes from Scientific and Organizing
Committees.
A limited set of fellowships is usually available for young scientists from Russia and other European
countries. Conference Proceedings with extended abstracts with illustrative material in English andRussian are published before the conferences and distributed among participants.
Cultural events included barbecue (first day) and closing buffet dinner (last day) in the Station "Baltic Spit"garden, musicales, football and volleyball matches for all participants of these conferences.
Contact Information: Ruben D. Kos’yan, The Southern Branch of the P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS, 1g, Prostornayastr., Gelendzhik, 353467 Russian Federation, Phone: 78614128281, Email: rkosyan@hotmail.com

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August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Determining the Ecological Value of Shell Mound Reef Habitats Following
Decommissioning of Offshore Platform Sites
Paul R. Krause1, William R. Gala2, Maria K Hartley3 and Richard Hill4
1

ARCADIS US, Inc. Marina del Rey, CA, USA
Chevron Energy Technology Company, San Ramon, CA, USA3
Chevron Energy Technology Company, Houston, TX, USA
4
Chevron Environmental Management Company, Bakersfield, CA, USA
2

In 1996, Chevron removed four offshore oil and gas platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel off the coastof Santa Barbara, California. The four platforms, Heidi, Hope, Hazel, and Hilda, (or collectively the 4H
platforms) were installed between 1958 and 1965 and provided oil and gas production until theirdecommissioning. As part of decommissioning the above water structures (topsides) and legs (jackets)were removed at the sea floor. At each of the 4H sites, the underlying drill cutting mounds were left
behind. These mounds are covered with several meters of “shell hash” from bivalve shells dislodged fromthe platform jacket and natural sedimentation that has accumulated in the 30+ years following cessationof drilling activities. These resulting “shell mounds” remain on the natural soft bottom and provide a rarecomplex hard bottom habitat within the Santa Barbara Channel area. To date few studies have focusedon the shell mound habitats relative to the surrounding soft bottom habitats. This study was designed toevaluate the shell mound habitat and soft bottom areas and included a nearby deep natural rocky reefreference location.
A multi-season fish trapping study using standard commercial fish traps was conducted to address theecological value of the shell mounds sites. Data were collected from the 4H shell mound sites, two soft
bottom reference sites, and a deep natural reef location over a two year period. The general study design
was a paired sampling of sites within a depth gradient (i.e., deep and shallow) on roughly a quarterly
basis. The assemblage of fish and invertebrates observed in the fish traps from the mounds include
several species of rockfishes (genus Sebastes), ling cod, rock crabs, whelks and bat stars that are typicalof hard bottom communities in the Santa Barbara Channel. Results indicate that the shell mounds havemore fish and invertebrates and a more diverse benthic community than the soft-bottom reference areas.
These data supports the conclusion that the fish habitat value of the shell mounds is greater than that of
the surrounding soft bottom habitat.
Contact Information: Paul R. Krause, ARCADIS US, Inc. 4640 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, Phone: 310-496-5720,
Fax 310-496-5721, Email: paul.krause@arcadis-us.com

83

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

PLANS: PLankton And Nutrient Studies for the Chesapeake Bay, a NOAA B-WET
Program
S. G. Sellner1, R. V. Lacouture1, M. D. Ferrier2, C. L. Hudson2 and K. Clark1
1

Morgan State University Estuarine Research Center, St. Leonard, MD, USA
The Society for Ocean Sciences, Damascus, MD, USA

2

PLankton And Nutrient Studies for the Chesapeake Bay (PLANS) is a NOAA B-WET sponsored program
designed to provide hands-on experiences for Calvert County Public High School students byinvestigating nutrient enrichment/limitation and phytoplankton dynamics in the Chesapeake Bay. The
goal of the program is to teach students the sources of nutrients, the relationship of nutrients tophytoplankton population dynamics and the role that man plays in managing the Chesapeake Bay. This
project has partnered Advanced Placement, Honors, and Ninth Grade Environmental Science teachersand students with Bay scientists and educators. A teachers’ workshop was held to introduce teachers to
the program, followed by classroom, field and web-based activities for the students. The teachers areencouraged to use information provided on the PLANS website (www.plansforthebay.org/index.html)
including activities adapted from the National Geographic Society FieldScope site. The specific student
activities include viewing live plankton, understanding the basics of the plankton food web, establishing
the types and sources of nutrients, setting up nutrient limitation bioassays and learning field techniques
for the collection of plankton and water quality data. The conclusion to the students’ experiences is the
PLANS Summit for the Chesapeake Bay, a meeting at which the students present the findings of theirexperiments, fieldwork and photographs of their plankton to parents, teachers, scientists, and the public.
During year-2 of the program a station will be established in the Chesapeake Bay that becomes part of
the NOAA citizens-based Phytoplankton Monitoring Network. Samples taken from this site will be
examined taxonomically by a subset of the AP and Honors students and the data reported to NOAA. The
PLANS program enables high school students and teachers to work directly with Chesapeake Bay
scientists and educators on some of the major issues facing the health of the estuary.
Contact Information: Richard Lacouture, Morgan State University Estuarine Research Center, 10545 Mackall Road, St. Leonard,
MD 20685, USA, Phone: 410-586-9721, Fax: 410-586-9705, Email: richard.lacouture@morgan.edu

84August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Investing in Innovative Technologies for Chesapeake Bay Restoration
Sarah E. W. Lane
College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Historically, the Chesapeake Bay has been one of the most productive estuaries in the world, providing
tremendous habitat for fish and wildlife, as well as unparalleled economic and recreational opportunity.
The past few years have been ones of leadership, innovation, enhanced coordination and accountability,
marked by actions that will advance progress in restoring the Chesapeake Bay. Despite important
restoration steps by federal, state, local and private partners and the benefit of our world-renowned
science, sobering reports of Bay water quality conditions remind us of the significant challenges ahead.
To combat these challenges Bay watershed states have developed strategies to reduce nutrient loads
using accepted methods for pollution reduction, yet gaps remain and States are looking for new ideas toreduce nutrients. Maryland’s Innovative Technology Fund was established with the goal of accelerating
riverine, estuarine and coastal water quality restoration through the development of new innovativetechnologies to reduce nonpoint source pollution. A secondary goal is to support the development of
successful businesses while creating green jobs in Maryland. At the 2007 Chesapeake Bay Program
Executive Council meeting, the State of Maryland and the Environmental Protection Agency agreed topromote investments in technologies that could accelerate Bay restoration efforts. Maryland is using thisfund to develop new technologies, and improve approaches to implementing existing best management
practices, that reduce nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment. The Innovative Technology Fund includes two
tracks: one addresses the need for additional research and development, and the second supports
fledging companies in industry and technology related to Bay restoration and protection. Both tracks
leverage government and private sector funding. A number of projects have been supported under theInnovative Technology Fund that have developed best management practices to support restoration andpollution prevention within agriculture, urban stormwater, air deposition and natural filters. By supporting
innovation, the State demonstrates their commitment to investing in research and development as a way
to improve efficiency and maximize return on investment. The Innovative Technology Fund framework iscurrently under review to increase available funds and partnerships as well as expand the scope of best
management practices eligible for funding. This presentation will cover the project selection process,supported projects, lessons learned and challenges to implementing the Innovative Technology Fund.
Contact Information: Sarah E.W. Lane, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, 2220 Symons Hall,
College Park, MD 20742 USA, Phone: 410-260-8788, Fax: 410-260-8779, Email: slane@dnr.state.md.us

85

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Sediment Mobility as an Indicator of Vulnerability to Climate Change on a
Mediterranean Beach: A Modelling Approach with Several Sediment Transport
FormulaePhilippe Larroudé1, Mehdi Daou1, Nicolas Robin2 and Raphaël Certain2
1

LEGI, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
CEFREM, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France

2

In a context of climate change, we will present the methodology of the modeling approach to analyze thesensitivity of a Mediterranean beach to forcing conditions changes. This paper discusses the abilities ofnumerical models to predict the nearshore evolution and to set-up vulnerability indicators of sandy
beaches against the climate change predictions for 2030.
The objectives which we want to reach during this study are multiple. First, we are going to set up aprocedure of linking of three codes (the waves, the flow field and the bed evolution models (Telamac)) tobe able to simulate realistic climates. This procedure is validated from the point of view of thehydrodynamics and morpho-dynamic evolution (Larroudé, 2008). This technique of simulation will thenuse to compare and studied the contribution of the various formulae of sedimentary transport (as in
Camenen and Larroudé, 2003) on the site of Sète (Languedoc-Roussillon, France). Located in a
microtidal, swell-dominated coastal environment, this beach is a linear beach of about 2.5 km length withdouble straight bar system. The mean significant offshore wave height is about 0.5 m increasing to 3–6 mduring storms, (Certain and Barusseau, 2006). We improve this methodology to simulate the Rising-ApexWaning of a two specific storm event (Robin et al., 2010). We also present a comparison of the velocity atthese different periods of the storm. We will present simple indicator methods to analyze the vulnerabilityof a sandy beach based on the results of simulations for different scenarios. The first method is based on
the method described in Idier et al. (2006). In the present study, we calculate the maximum grain size
potentially mobilized but with a simpler approach, based on analysis in different point on several crossshore profile
Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by French program RELIEF MICROLIT and French Research National
Agency (ANR) through the Vulnerability Milieu and Climate program (project VULSACO, n° ANR-06VMC-009)
Contact Information: Philippe Larroudé, LEGI, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France, Phone: 33456528618, Email: larroude@hmg.inpg.fr

86August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

SAGE: Systems Approach to Geomorphological Engineering Innovative
Approach to Coastal Landscape Transformation
Jeff Waters1, Debbie Larson-Salvatore2 and Lauren Leuck2-- additional co-presenter: Charley Chesnutt
1

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Vicksburg, MS, USA
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources (IWR), Alexandria, VA, USA

2

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers initiative “SAGE,” stands for Systems Approach toGeomorphological Engineering. The purpose of this initiative is to develop and pursue acomprehensive view and utilize an integrated methodology to determine the role of theecosystem(s) in slowing/preventing/mitigating impacts to coastal communities from theconsequences of climate change. This concept will take a more holistic approach in exploring
the idea of hybrid engineering (i.e., linking ‘hard’ infrastructure with soft ‘ecosystem-based’
approaches) to develop innovative techniques to seek solutions and minimize impact fromchanging climate trends.
This landscape transformation initiative looks at capturing various elements of the “living
shoreline” ingenuity by looking at processes and appropriate actions to minimize impacts tocoastal communities and shorelines, while also maximizing economic benefits. The U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers is interested in exploring the ecological and economic benefits of coastal
protection by utilizing our natural ecosystems, rather than just building hard infrastructure toprotect coastal communities and shoreline.
This initiative is initially being developed in partnership between the Army Corps of Engineersand various components of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. However,there are early plans to work with the academic community, various non-governmentalorganizations and other federal partners to ensure we are taking the appropriate steps moving
forward. We envision sharing broad applications of these processes internationally.
Innovative approaches are critical and necessary as our coastal communities and shorelines
are facing escalating risks from powerful storms, climate change trends, sea-level rise, storm
surge, and changing precipitation patterns that can have dramatic economic losses to those
impacted communities and our country. While the threats of these events may be inevitable,
our ability to best minimize the impact by utilizing a blend of the natural ecosystem and hard
infrastructure is important to explore best practices and appropriate solutions to ensure theresiliency of our coastal communities and shorelines.
Contact Information: Debbie Larson-Salvatore, US Army Corps of Engineers, IWR, 7701 Telegraph Road, Alexandria, VA 22315
USA, Phone: 703-428-6368, Email: debbie.larson-salvatore@usace.army.mil
Lauren Leuck, US Army Corps of Engineers, IWR, 7701 Telegraph Road, Alexandria VA 22315 USA, Phone: 703-428-6076,
Email: lauren.leuck@usace.army.mil

87

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Evolution of Sato-Umi Frame during the Recent International Meetings in theContext of Sustainable Coastal Management
Osamu Matsuda
Hiroshima University, JapanThe concept of Sato-Umi and related activities originated in Japan are gradually gaining ground not onlyin Japan in particular of more or less polluted enclosed coastal seas, where ecosystem and living
resources were deteriorated. Sato-Umi is aiming at well-balanced sustainable management of coastal
seas not only in water quality but also in ecosystem and ecosystem services. Although original definitionof Sato-Umi was given by Yanagi in 1998 focused on the importance of biological production and diversity
under human interaction, varieties of discussion on Sato-Umi frame have been developed after that bothin domestic and international meetings. Major points of discussion so far done were on the relationshipbetween the concept of Sato-Umi and already proposed related concepts such as ecosystem based
management (EBM), community based management (CBM) and integrated coastal management (ICM).
In the present study, discussions on Sato-Umi were reviewed from the view point of international context.
The first presentation on Sato-Umi by the preset author in the international meeting was made in 2005 at
the PEMSEA meeting held in Korea, where strong interest in Sato-Umi was given by Asian participants.
In 2006, at EMECS7 held in Cean, France, concept of Sato-Umi and related local activities wereintroduced by Yanagi and Matsuda, respectively, with other case studies in Japan. At the reviewing
session of EMECS7, Sato-Umi was highly evaluated as symbiosis among human communities andcoastal area. In 2008, at EMECS8 held in Shanghai, China, specialized Sato-Umi Session was held andcase studies in many countries were introduced and discussed. In 2009, at East Asian Seas Congress
which was held in Manila, Philippines by PEMSEA, International Sato-Umi Workshop was successfullyorganized in the frame of indigenous approaches to habitat protection and restoration. In October, 2010,
Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) COP10 was held in Nagoya, Japan when International Sato-Umi
Workshop was held as an official side event of COP10 in relation to biodiversity. During these
discussions, originality of Sato-Umi became more clear as bottom-up type of local initiative with specialreference to the maximization of ecosystem services and integrated coastal and river basin management.
Contact Information: Osamu Matsuda, Professor Emeritus, Hiroshima University, Hachihonmatsu-Minami 6-8-13, Higashi-Hiroshima
739-0144, JAPAN, Phone +81 82-428-3846,Email matsuda036@go3.enjoy.ne.jp88August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Aftereffects of Hypoxia Exposure on Ruditapes philippinarum in Omaehama
Beach, Japan
Yasunori Kozuki1, Ryoichi Yamanaka1, Maya Matsushige2, Azusa Saitoh2, Sosuke Otani3 andTatsunori Ishida1
1

Ecosystem Design, Institute Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, JAPANDepartment of Ecosystem Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, JAPANResearch Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, JAPAN2
3

The objective of this study is to examine the aftereffects of hypoxia exposure on the suspension feeding
activities of Ruditapes philippinarum and recovery of that. Hypoxic condition which usually means adissolved oxygen concentration of less than 2-3 mg/L has occurred from every late spring until latesummer in eutrophied Osaka bay, Japan. Omaehama beach has remained one of the few natural coasts
in the northern part of Osaka bay and plays the water purification functions because a lot of suspensionfeeding bivalves such as R. philippinarum inhabit in shallow coastal areas (< DL-2 m in depth). A large
amount of hollow shells of R. philippinarum were washed ashore of Omaehama beach after hypoxia
occurrence. We could notice that the monthly variation of cohort group and the rate of R. philippinarum
loss in Omaehama beach depended on the hypoxia exposure duration and the DO concentration of
hypoxic water. There are very few descriptions of the after effects of hypoxic conditions on thesuspension feeding activities of R. philippinarum, while a number of reports describe catastrophic
mortality of benthic clams was caused by hypoxic waters in the eutrophicated bays.
We conducted monthly investigation of R. philippinarum density along with measurement of DO,
temperature and salinity at Omaehama beach in 2008. Moreover, exposure experiments of R.
philippinarum to hypoxic water were carried out to measure the suspending feeding activity using thediatom Skeletonema costatum. In recovery experiments, hypoxia exposed R. philippinarum were put inthe water with oxygen enough and feeding activity was measured every few days.
Consequently, once R. philippinarum was exposed the hypoxic condition, the suspension feeding
activities was reduced and recovered it after 60 days. In case of anoxic condition (DO=0.0-0.5mg/L), thenumber of R. philippinarum dying increased and the activity could never recovered.
Contact Information: Yasunori Kozuki, Ecosystem Design, Institute Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, JAPAN,
Tokushima, 770-8506 Japan; Phone: +81-(0)88-656-7335, Fax:+81-(0)88-656-7335, Email:kozuki@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

89

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Advancing Watershed Restoration at the Local Level through the Chesapeake
Bay TMDL
Brenton McCloskey
Chesapeake & Coastal Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD, USA

With the Chesapeake Bay TMDL now in place (as of December 2010), Maryland is tasked
with achieving ambitious goals on a strict timeline. Realizing that State initiatives alone will
not achieve our implementation goals, Maryland has put in place programs and strategies
that target valuable resources at the local level. Aimed at increasing capacity andaccelerating large-scale restoration initiatives, the unique partnerships of the Watershed
Assistance Collaborative have already given many communities a boost in tackling thesegoals.
The Watershed Assistance Collaborative (Collaborative) is a federal, state, and nonprofit
partnership that includes Maryland’s State Agencies, the Chesapeake Bay Trust, Universityof Maryland Extension, the University of Maryland Environmental Finance Center, NOAA andthe EPA. Since its inception in the spring of 2009, the Collaborative has fit very well into
the overall goals and restoration strategies that Maryland Department of Natural Resources& the State are working toward for the Chesapeake Bay TMDL and the state level Watershed
Implementation Plan. More specifically, the Collaborative offers the tools, support, andtechnical assistance to help local governments and communities plan, target and implementon–the-ground projects, as well as build the capacity to implement best management
practices and environmental policies that relate to improved water quality.
In order to meet the challenge of Chesapeake Bay restoration, every local government,
every business and every citizen will have a significant role to play. To date, theCollaborative has awarded over $350,000 for planning and design projects, facilitatedstakeholder outreach meetings, delivered detailed Financing Strategies for future
implementation options for the partners, and has provided on-the-ground technicalassistance to help local government entities and community groups coordinate project
implementation, outreach, and leverage additional funding opportunities. Two examples ofsuccessful local watershed organizations that utilized the Collaborative and how they have
expanded their restoration and outreach efforts will be discussed.
Contact Information: Brenton D. McCloskey, Chesapeake and Coastal Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources,
Tawes State Office Building, 580 Taylor Ave., Annapolis, Maryland 21401 USA, Phone: 410-260-8722,
Email: bmccloskey@dnr.state.md.us

90August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Communicating the Health of Maryland’s Coastal Bays – Involving Citizens with
Science
Carol B. McCollough1, Carol J. Cain2, Heath Kelsey3, R. Brian Sturgis4 and Catherine E. Wazniak11Maryland Department of Natural Resources Tidewater Ecosystem Assessment Program, Annapolis, MD, USA
Maryland Coastal Bays Program, Ocean City, MD, USA
3
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, MD, USA
4
US Department of Interior, Assateague Island National Seashore, Berlin, MD, USA
2

In the Maryland Coastal Bays watershed several products are collaboratively produced to communicate
the health of the Coastal Bays to several audiences. Produced on different timescales, these reports arevariously addressed to laymen, scientists, managers, and elected officials. A highly technical ecosystem
health report is prepared on a 5-year scale. Concomitantly, a ‘public friendly’ State of the Bays Report isalso produced. Beginning with 2008, in collaboration with several partners and the Mid-Atlantic Tributary
Assessment Coalition, Maryland DNR, Maryland Coastal Bays Program, and Assateague Island National
Seashore have produced an annual report card to the citizens of the watershed. This format – anabbreviated synthesis on a timescale relevant to politicians and tourists as well as residents - functions tokeep the health of the Bays continuously in the public eye. The report card presents the progress ofwater quality and living resources indicators, combining data generated by State and federal agencies,and volunteer private citizen monitoring groups. It evaluates sub-basins within the Coastal Bays system,
tells stories of successful partnerships and accomplishments, and recommends individual actions andopportunities for citizens and visitors. Data and methods underpinning the report card are made available
through a dedicated webpage.
Contact Information: Carol B. McCollough, MD-DNR, TEA, 580 Taylor Avenue D-2, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA,
Phone: 410-260-8692, Email: cmccollough@dnr.state.md.us

91

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Monitoring of Mercury Concentration in Fish in the Vicinity of Natural Gas
Production Platform in the Gulf of Thailand
Piamsak Menasveta and Somkiat Piyatiratitivorakul
Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Thailand has developed the offshore natural gas exploration and production in the Gulf of Thailand since1979. Prior to the installation of the wellhead and processing platforms, the environmental impact
assessment reported the above world baseline level of mercury in the deeper layer of seabed. With thiswarning, the environmental effects of mercury in the vicinity of natural gas production platforms havebeen conducted since 1990. The present paper reported merely the monitoring of mercury in fish in the
Erawan production platform, the oldest platform that has been operated since 1980. The methodology
included the sampling and analysis of fish both in the immediate vicinity of the platform and at reference
location which is at Pranburi coastal area. The samplings covered 8 years during 1993-2008. The
results of 1993 study showed significant elevated mercury concentration in fish. The average mercury
concentration was 0.556 µg/g (wet weight basis) and 41.6 % of fish had mercury more than 0.5 µg/g, thesafety concentration recommended by the FAO. This was an alarming sign. Thai government authority
asked the company holding the concession in this zone to make a prompt correction measure, and a longterm monitoring program was funded by the government. The company later set up a hydro-cyclone
device for separating mercury from the produced water before discharging it into the sea. In addition, thezero discharging practice was also adopted by using a deep-well injection. Monitoring results in thefollowing years up to 2008 found a gradual decrease of mercury concentration in fish near to the baseline
level of 0.200 µg/g. The percentages of fish having mercury concentration exceeded the safety limit of
0.5 µg/g were also decreasing.
Contact Information: Piamsak Menasveta, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
10330, Thailand; Phone: 022185359, Email: mpiamsak@chula.ac.th

92

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Designing the Salt Marshes of 2100: Climate Adaptation in the Chesapeake Bay
Erik J. Meyers1 and Joel Dunn2
1

The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VA, USA
The Conservation Fund, Annapolis, MD, USA2

In partnership with US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) andother key partners, The Conservation Fund (Fund) and Audubon Maryland-DC are creating an adaptation
strategy to address the forecast impacts of sea level rise on the tidal marshes of Blackwater NWR andadjacent areas of Dorchester County, MD. The objective will be the creation of a decision-tool andmapping identifying high priority, currently upland areas suitable for salt marsh migration and reestablishment. The strategy will also identify areas for increased protection and restoration of current
marshes to slow the rate of loss to open water.
The Chesapeake is one of the Nation’s most vulnerable areas to the impact of climate change. Not only
do studies forecast its sea level to rise steadily in the coming decades, but the Chesapeake’s land areas
are subsiding due to rebound from the last glacial age, a natural phenomenon that amplifies relative sea
level rise on top of climate change and accompanying storm surge. With 11,684 miles of coastline along
the main stem and tidal tributaries, the entire Chesapeake Bay region has a significant amount of highly
productive wetland ecosystems at increased risk. The region’s salt marsh birds include the globallyvulnerable Saltmarsh Sparrow, which breeds only in the high marsh zone of salt marshes andconsequently, may be the bird species most at-risk of extinction due to climate change in the UnitedStates.
The Blackwater NWR and the surrounding area have already lost thousands of acres of land during thepast 50 years. These losses result from sea level rise, land subsidence, erosion, ditching for mosquito
control, hydrologic changes from development, and invasive species such as nutria. The relative sea
level at the Refuge has risen approximately one foot in the last century, nearly twice the global average.
The Scientific and Technical Workgroup of the Maryland Commission on Climate Change indicates thatsea level could rise from 0.6 to 1.3 feet by the middle of this century, but accelerated melting could
produce a relative sea level rise at the end of the century of between 2.7 feet and 3.4 feet. Low-lying
areas such as the Blackwater NWR will be dominated by open water by 2050
The project partnership led by the Fund is developing spatially explicit strategies to guide land protectionthat will allow wetland migration and restoration of existing wetlands to increase resilience to sea levelrise. The project has the following four components:
1) A strategic assessment of the current condition and predicted sea level rise impacts in existing
marshes and adjacent uplands that are potential marsh migration corridors.
2) A comprehensive strategy for Refuge restoration and sea level rise adaptation
3) A communication strategy to build support for implementation actions among partners and the
public.
4) Pursue implementation projects consistent with the plan.
Contact Information: Erik Meyers, The Conservation Fund, 1655 N. Ft Myer Drive, Arlington, VA 22209 USA, Phone: 703-908-5801,
Email: emeyers@conservationfund.org

93

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Field Survey and Satellite Validation of Water Quality Parameters of Rivers in the
Surroundings of Santo Domingo Metropolitan Area, Dominican Republic
Esteban R. Miño1, Yuji Sakuno2, Tetsuji Okuda3, Hidemi Mutsuda2, Satoshi Nakai4, Wataru Nishijima3,
Marcos Rodriguez5 and Franklin M. Reyes5
1Institute for Sustainable Sciences and Development, Hiroshima University, Japan
Department of Transportation and Environmental Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
5
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Santo Domingo (UASD), Dominican Republic
2
3

About one third of the population of the Dominican Republic is concentrated in Santo Domingo
Metropolitan area (SDMA). Ozama, Isabela and Haina rivers are the three main rivers in the surroundingsof SDMA. Ozama River is considered the 4th most important in Dominican Republic because of its flow.
Ozama and Haina rivers flow crossing SDMA at the East and West, respectively, before emptying into the
Caribbean Sea. Isabela River is one of the main tributaries of Ozama River and it runs in the North part of
SDMA.
Water quality monitoring of rivers and coastal areas requires a great amount of effort and monetaryinvestment. Satellite imagery covers a broad area and requires neither great amount of money nor effort.
Remote sensing through satellite imagery is a technique that can be used to understand the macro
situation of the environmental pollution of rivers and their influence in coastal areas. Therefore, thepurpose of this research is to perform field surveys of the water quality in the above mentioned rivers andcoastal areas and to validate the data using satellite imagery in order to create a model that could be
used any time to determine the water quality of the rivers and coastal areas mentioned.
In situ monitoring of the representative locations of Ozama, Isabela and Haina rivers, including the mouthof Ozama and Haina was performed from a vessel using a portable water quality meter (TOA-DKKWQ24). Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity, turbidity, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS),
salinity, sea water specific gravity and chlorophyll a were determined. Water samples were also taken andfiltered through a fiberglass filter (Whatman GF/F) to determine the amount of suspended solids (SS). A
correlation between the amount of SS and color spectra of water was determined and it was used tovalidate the data with the satellite imagery.
Along the banks of the rivers there are a great number of sewage pipe ends as well as several ravinesthat converge in the rivers, all of them discharging their flow of domestic and industrial wastewater as well
as garbage. Results show that SS, turbidity and chlorophyll a values are very high in these places andDO values are very low. Chlorophyll a values for the most polluted locations are higher than 40 μg/l and25 μg/l for the Haina and Ozama-Isabela rivers, respectively, showing conditions of hypereutrophication.
A significant correlation (0.72) was observed between the color spectra of water and ALOS band 1 (blueband), which shows the possibility of the use of remote sensing to determine the macro situation ofpollution in the rivers and coastal areas
Contact Information: Esteban R. Miño., Institute for Sustainable Sciences and Development, Hiroshima University,
Kagamiyama 1-3-2, Higashi Hiroshima shi, Hiroshima ken, 739-8511 Japan, Phone: +81-82-424-6195, Fax: +81-82-424-4351,
Email:erminoa-env@hiroshima-u.ac.jp and erminoa@hotmail.com

94

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

The Estimations of Nutrient Cycles of Artificial Tidal Flat in Tokyo Bay
Kazuo MURAKAMI1, Nana SASAKI1, Tomohiro KUWAE2 and Hirotsugu ISHII3
1

Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo City University, Tokyo, JAPANPort and Airport Research Institute, Yokosuka, JAPAN3
ex-Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo City University, Tokyo, JAPAN2

Tidal flats are important fields for coastal environments. Because of the loss of tidal flats, a marine
environment in coastal area in Tokyo Bay was abruptly deteriorated. The amount of catch of fish wasconsiderably decreased last several decades. The impacts of tidal flats on marine environment are
dependent upon the characteristics of each tidal flat. We carried out field investigations in order to know
the ability of water quality purification by each tidal flat. The study field is the tidal flat in Tokyo Port Wild
Birds Park. This tidal flat has two channels, which connect to adjacent sea in Tokyo Bay. We carried out
the measurements of tidal velocity, the concentration of nutrients such as Nitrogen and Phosphorus,
Chlorophyll-a, turbidity, etc. for two tidal cycles in Summer, 2005 to 2010 and in Winter, 2009 to 2010.
Then we estimated the nutrient fluxes pass through the channels from the tidal flat to adjacent sea. From
the field measurements of nutrient fluxes, it is found that the tidal flat has the functions of a net source ofPhosphorus and a net sink of Nitrogen and Chlorophyll-a. In order to know the mechanism of the function
conducted in the tidal flat, we carried out the sampling of benthos and bottom sediments and counting theindividual numbers of water birds in the tidal flat. Furthermore, we estimated the Nitrogen flux from thesediments to atmosphere by denitrification and anammox by means of revised isotope paring technique.
From the field studies, we found following conclusions. (1) From the field measurements of nutrient fluxes
pass through the channels, the tidal flat has the function of a net source of Phosphorus and a net sink of
Nitrogen and Chlorophyll-a. (2) Predominant species of water birds in the tidal flat is cormorant. The
excretion of water birds is a source of Phosphorus, but the nutrient flux by the birds is not so large
compare to nutrient flux of the channels. (3) The nutrient flux between bottom sediment and water column
in the flat is quite large. (4) The main factor of a net sink of Nitrogen in the tidal flat is denitrification andanammox.
Contact Information: Kazuo Murakami, Tokyo City University, 1-28-1, Tamazutsumi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 158-8557,
Phone: 81357070104, Email: kmuraka@tcu.ac.jp

95

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Total Carbonic Acid in the Seto Inland Sea
Yukio Komai1, Ryo Murakami1, F. Tagutchi2 and T. Fujiwara2
1

Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan
Agricultural Graduate school of Kyoto University, Japan2

The concentration of atmospheric CO2 has been rising by human activities and the effect for sea
environment has been studied. Consequently, it is reported that ocean makes a role as a sink of the CO2.
On the other hand, the coastal sea into which river water and effluent flow from coastal area is very
complicated compared with open sea. As there are little findings on an interaction between atmospheric
CO2 and coastal sea, we measured total alkalinity (TA) in the Seto Inland Sea, which is the index of all
carbonic acid and an important parameter to understand the dynamics of the carbonate system in sea
environment.
Water samples of surface and bottom layer were collected in three surveys, July and November 2010 andJanuary 2011 in the Seto Inland Sea. The TA by a titration method using 0.01mol/L HCl, pH by a pH
meter, and Salinity by a salinometer were measured, respectively.
The TA, Salinity and pH in surface sea waters were 691-2240μmol/kg, 7.63-34.27 and 7.89-8.87 in threesurveys. The lower concentrations of TA were observed in the eastern part of Osaka Bay and Hiroshima
Bay. As large rivers flow into the inner part of Osaka Bay and Hiroshima Bay, the concentration of TA wasaffected by fresh water. In addition to river water, biological production which is a very important process
to produce CO2 in eutrophic sea area such as Osaka Bay and Hiroshima Bay, should be considered.
Other sea areas showed higher concentrations of TA than two bays. The TA in the Sea of Iyo, which is
the western sea area, was higher concentrate compared with other sea area.
The seasonal variation was observed in each sea area. The TA showed the lower concentration in July,and became higher in January. The effect of river water and biological production would relate to theseasonal variation.
The TA indicated a linear relationship with salinity in the surface seawater. The equation of regression
line was TA = 54.93×Salinity＋401.2 (R2=0.946, n=90). As a lot of data on salinity were accumulated in
the Seto Inland Sea, the concentration of the TA in past time will be calculated by the TA-S equation. It isnecessary to raise the precision of equation.
Contact Information: Ryo MURAKAMI Department of Environmental Engineering Osaka Institute of Technology,5-16-1 Omiya Asahi
Osaka City, 535-8585 Japan, Phone:06-6954-4512, Fax: 06-6954-4512, Email:e1f07057@eng.oit.ne.jp96August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

The Runoff Characteristic of Nutrients from Kako River in Hyogo Prefecture,Japan
Yukio KOMAI, Kazuo MURAMATSU and Hiroki NANBA
Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka City, JapanThe eutrophication in the Seto Inland Sea, which is the largest enclosed coastal sea in Japan, has been
serious problem. To reduce the amount of loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Seto Inland Sea,
many measures have been taken for about forty years. As a result, the concentrations of nitrogen andphosphorus in the Seto Inland Sea have decreased. Then, a number of the red tide occurrence largely
decreased than 1970’s. On the other hand, seaweed culture, which is one of major fishery in the Seto
Inland Sea, is getting worse. The similar serious problem happens in the Sea of Harima, where is locatedin the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea. To solve the seemingly paradoxical problems, which areconservation of water environment and sustainment of fishery production including seaweed culture, it isnecessary to seek new measures to manage the amount of nutrients flowing into the Sea of Harima.
Therefore, we conducted an investigation at the downstream of the Kako river, which is the largest river inthe watershed of the Sea of Harima, to get correct loadings of nutrients as possible.
Daily water sampling was conducted at the Ikejiri station in the downstream of the Kako River from April
to December 2010. The total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and other parameters were measured.
The flow rate was used data observed at the Kakogawa weir office of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport.
The concentration of TP was 0.041-0.903mg/L (ave.:0.104mg/L), TN 0.67-4.77mg/L (ave.:1.08mg/L). The
daily average flow rate fluctuated 2.59-2100m3/s (ave.:52m3/s) for nine months. The total amount of TP
and TN are 340ton (1.22ton/day) and 2,100ton (7.80ton/day) from April to December. The loadings of TP
and TN showed the largest value in May. Especially, the loadings of TP was 156ton on 24 May, in thecase of runoff, and occupied about 47% to 340ton. The loadings of TP and TN were 300ton and 1,700ton
within 10% in order with a lot of flow rate.
The L-Q equations of TP and TN were L(TP)=0.065Q1.13 and L(TN)=0.828Q1.08 , respectively. The
coefficients of equation for TP and TN were more than 1. These result indicated that the type of runoff of
TP and TN was classified into "washout type" in which the concentration of TP and TN increased inproportion to an increasing of flow. The loadings of the TP and TN from Kako River largely fluctuatedevery month. These results show that investigations during many rain events are important to evaluateannual loadings of TP and TN in addition to a regular sampling.
Contact Information: Kazuo Muramatsu, Department of Environmental Engineering,Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya
Asahi Osaka City Japan,535-8585, Phone: 81-6-6954-4512, Email: d1d09f04@eng.oit.ac.jp

97

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Relation between the Decreased Mussels Biomass and Water Quality at
Amagasaki Port, Osaka Bay, in 2010
Machi MIYOSHI1, Ryoichi Yamanaka 2, Yasunori Kozuki 2, Tatsunori Ishida2, Fumiko Nogami2, Hidemasa
Matsumoto2, Natsumi Yamaguchi2, Chihiro Tanaka2, Satoshi Ano2, Yuta Mizuguchi2 and Kotaro Goto3
1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokushima Bunri University
Department of Ecosystem Engineering, The University of Tokusima
Japan Mikuniya Corporation

2
3

The invasive mussels attach to the surface of port breakwall at Amagasaki port, Osaka Bay. Generally, insummer season, these mussels drop out to the bottom and cause the decreasing water dissolved oxygenand become sediment worse. We have investigated about the fluctuation of attached biomass anddropped biomass since 2006. It was demonstrated that high temperature and low salinity occurs in Julywhen the mussels attach, the mussels receive the influence and the mussels cause to drop out to thebottom. Therefore, the investigation was came in order to grasp water special quality.
The container was placed on the surface breakwater to measure a volume of dropped mussels at somestations of Amagasaki port. The volume of dropped mussels was 24 ~ 30 wet kg/m/day in July andAugust 2006, 2007. The volume was very few 0.1 wet kg/m/day in same season 2010, this corresponds
to 1/300 of the ordinary year.
The relation between the decrease mussels biomass and water quality test was examined here. The
result of vertical measurement temperature and salinity, the water temperature in July 2010 was 3°C
higher than the ordinary year, salinity in this season was 10 psu lower than the ordinary year at the depth
DL0 ~ -1m where the mussels attached primary. Because, the variability characteristics of air
temperature, amount of insolation, rainfall were different in summer season 2010, it was consideredwater quality near the breakwall was changed to high temperature and low salinity. Especially,
Amagasaki port is located in the large river estuaries Yodogawa, this port is the sensitive environment to
the discharge of river water. According to the reported previously, when temperature reaches more than
26 °C, salinity contains less than 20 psu, the mussels decrease in strength of adhension and drop out thebottom. Therefore, it was suggested the reason of decreasing mussels biomass was to occur hightemperature and low salinity in July, the mussels were suppressed growth, the dropout period was
accelerated earlier than the ordinary season.
Contact Information: Machi MIYOSHI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan,
Phone: +81-87-894-5111, Email: haseda@fe.bunri-u.ac.jp98August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Bringing the Coast into the Partnership for Ecosystem Restoration in South
FloridaWilliam Nuttle1, Peter Ortner2, Joe Boyer3, Chris Kelble4, Jerry Lorenz5, Dave Loomis6, Carol Mitchell7,
John Hunt8, Pamela Fletcher9 and Frank Marshall10
1

Eco-hydrology, Ottawa, Canada
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
4
NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, USA
5
Audubon Society, Tavernier, FL, USA
6
East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
7
Everglades National Park, Homestead, FL, USA
8
Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, Marathon, FL, USA
9
Florida Sea Grant, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
10
Cetacian Logic Foundation, New Smyrna Beach, FL, USA
2
3

Beginning in the early 1990s, a multi-lateral partnership of state and federal agencies and local tribes
formed around the goal to restore the Florida Everglades. This partnership is embodied in the South
Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force and the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Project(CERP). Over time, the geographic scope has expanded to encompass downstream estuaries andcoastal marine ecosystems; however monitoring and assessment activities remain focused on the
freshwater Everglades. The coastal marine ecosystem is not yet included in regular reports on the statusof the regional ecosystems produced by the Task Force.
The goal of the NOAA-supported South Florida Marine and Estuarine Goal Setting for South Florida(MARES) project is fill this gap and include the coastal ecosystems in regional ecosystem assessments.
The necessary scientific knowledge and data exist, in large part. What is missing are synthetic products
based on this information, i.e. the conceptual ecosystem models and quantitative indicators, that form thebasis for system-level assessments. The MARES project engages scientists, managers, policymakers,
academics and environment organizations in a collaborative effort to develop these tools.
The MARES project has adopted a Driver-Pressure-State-Ecosystem Services-Response (DPSER)
framework for developing integrated conceptual ecosystem models. The DPSER framework explicitly
represents the interdependence between human dimensions of the ecosystem and environmental
attributes. Linking conditions in the ecosystem to “ecosystem services”, rather than the more general“impacts,” allows human-use values, activities, and impacts to be modeled explicitly. The DPSER models
identify key attributes of the coastal environment that then form the basis for defining quantitative
ecosystem indicators. The ultimate goal of the MARES project is to develop a report card for the coastal
marine ecosystem comparable to the report card already in use for the Everglades.
Contact Information: William Nuttle, 11 Craig Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 4B6, Phone: 613 222 8413,
Email: wnuttle@eco-hydrology.com

99

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

A Comparative Study of Shellfish Assemblage Patterns between an Artificial anda Natural Sandy Tidal Flat
Naotomo Ota and Takashi Kawai
1

Department of Civil Engineering, Anan National College of Technology, Tokushima, Japan
Center for Collaborative Research, Anan National College of Technology, Tokushima, Japan

2

The Marinpia sandy seashore located in Tokushima City, southwestern Japan, was created in March
2007 to compensate for the loss of the adjacent natural seashore to land reclamation. Because the main
objective for creating this seashore was to provide a habitat for the endangered tiger beetle Cicindela
lewisi inhabiting the natural shoreline and vegetation, there is less ecological information on the intertidal
benthic species. We conducted seasonal quantitative sampling of intertidal shellfish (mollusks and crabs)
from May 2008 to October 2010 to investigate the differences in assemblage structure and recruitment
pattern between the artificial and natural habitats.
The seawater quality, sediment particle size distribution, and topographical characteristics were almost
similar between the 2 habitats. The number of species was almost always lower in the artificial habitat,
and the dominant species composition differed between the 2 habitats. In particular, a mud snail Batillaria
cumingi, which was the most dominant species in the natural habitat, was not observed in the artificial
habitat during the 3 years of survey. Moreover, in the artificial habitat, the species rank-abundance
pattern was unstable compared to that in the case of the natural habitat, and the recruitment pattern ofthe dominant bivalve differed between the 2 habitats, suggesting that the ecological conditions of theartificial habitat were different from that of the natural one even after 43 months of its creation.
However, the shellfish assemblage of the artificial habitat appeared to be rich during our study period.
The 2 exclusively dominant clams drastically declined by the end of 2009, and the density of somespecies gradually increased with an increase in the biodiversity index.
From our findings, we infer that the assemblage structure of the artificial habitat was not enough tocompensate for the lost natural habitat in the current situation. Because several physical characteristics
were common between the 2 habitats, biological factors such as variation in recruitment amount andmodes of recruitment (planktonic or direct development) seem to play a crucial role in the observed
differences. Continuous survey is therefore needed for a better ecological understanding of the artificial
tidal flat.
Contact Information: Naotomo OTA, Department of Civil Engineering, Anan National College of Technology, 774-0017,
265 Minobayashi, Anan, Tokushima, Japan, Phone/Fax:81-884-23-7188, Email: ota@anan-nct.ac.jp

100August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Small Coasts, Large Issues - Can Communities Protect Their Coasts?
Yoshitaka Ota
NF-UBC Nereus Program, Fisheries Centre, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada

How can coastal communities protect their environment while maintaining economic activities that use
marine resources sustainably? This question can be addressed by investigating either national or regional
approaches in marine policy that successfully promote the sustainable use of coastal ecosystem services.
It can also be answered through the analysis of case studies on local coastal management schemes,
which describe the innovative hands-on approaches of coastal communities to conserve or restore theirenvironment. These community-based management schemes are often culturally sensitive and bottomup, due to the nature of their operational structure, which is either grassroots or indigenous. The greater
challenge has amounted to arguing the continued relevance of the ‘community’ brand of coastalmanagement in the face of increasing vocal (and fashionable) alternatives that try to make sense of theunity and diversity of coastal living and environment. However, both studies on policy approaches andthose of community case studies can only offer limited answers to the question, providing perspectives
that are either too area specific or artificial. This paper will discuss ways to advance sustainable coastalmanagement locally and globally. To look locally, it proceeds through a discussion of the way Satoumi isutilized to mainstream the idea of conserving biodiversity and sustainable use of coastal and marine
resources to the work of production sectors, mainly fishers communities, and argues the benefits of theSatoumi approach in comparison to other contemporary coastal management schemes, such as Marine
Spatial Planning. To look globally, it argues the need for a comprehensive understanding of global coastal
governance outlook and introduces newly establish marine initiative, the NF-UBC Nereus Program. The
paper concludes that both the local and global matter: Sustainable use of ocean resources requires bothinnovative local, bottom-up management approaches as well as global-scale coordinated scientificresearch efforts and large-scale management responses.
Contact Information: Yoshitaka Ota, NF Senior Research Fellow, NF-UBC Nereus Program, Fisheries Centre, Univ. of British
Colombia, 326-2202 Main Mall, BC, Canada, Phone: +1-604-822-6027, Email: ota1205@gmail.com

101

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Relationships between Food Web Structure of Benthic Community and Origin of
Sedimentary Organic Matter in Tidal Flats of Two River Mouths in Shikoku Island,
Japan
Sosuke Otani1 ,4, Yasunori Kozuki2, Kengo Kurata3, Shigefumi Nakai1 and Hitoshi Murakami2
1

Department of Ecosystem Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, JAPAN
Ecosystem Design, Institute Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, JAPAN3
Research Center for Coastal Lagoon Environments, Shimane University, JAPAN
4
Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, JAPAN2

Many studies were conducted to analyze food web and estimate the origin of sediment using carbon andnitrogen stable isotope ratios in estuarine ecosystems. Since the environmental factors are changeable
and various spatially and temporally, characteristics of sediment in tidal flats are not uniform. It is
assumed that spatial distribution of sediment icharacteristics influences food web structure, and food web
structure may be different among the different sediment characteristics.
The objective of this study is to analyze food web structure and estimate the origin of sediment using
carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in two tidal flats of river mouth. We collected macrobenthos andpotential food sources in tidal flats and surrounding reed marshes in the Yoshino and Katsuura Rivers,
Tokushima Prefecture of the Shikoku Island, Japan. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were
measured for macrobenthos and sediments collected at 50 and 32 stations in the Yoshino and Katsuura
esturine tidal flats, respectively.
Carbon stable isotope ratios of sediments were distributed with spatial characteristics in the two tidal flats.
Contribution of terrestrial organic matter was lower in the downstream section of the tidal flat comparing
with in the upstream section. It is thought that sediment in many stations consisted of terrestrial organic
matter, that is mostly originated from reed. Although benthic consumers were distributed in the stations
with sediment from terrestrial organic matter, they did not assimilate terrestrial organic matter as theirfood sources. Moreover, benthic consumers have selectively assimilated food sources that are supplied
from water column. Reed marshes play a role as habitat and food sources are indirectly supplied though
the reed marshes, indicating that reed is not useful for benthic consumers as a food source.
Sediment groups were distinguished according to the physical characteristics of sediment by cluster
analysis for particle size composition and difference in elevation. As a result, carbon stable isotope ratioof sediment and contribution of terrestrial organic matter showed statistically significant difference among
the sediment groups. However, macrobenthos mainly assimilated MPOM and benthic diatoms as theirfood sources even in the station of sediment groups with rich terrestrial organic matter.
It was implied that the difference in sediment characteristics hardly corresponded to food web structure ofbenthic community.
Contact Information: Sosuke Otani, Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University. 1-2 Yumihama,Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan, Phone: +81-(0)77-527-6328, Fax: +81-(0)77-524-9869, Email: otani@biwa.eqc.kyoto-u.ac.jp102August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Direct Intervention to Improve Hypoxic Conditions: A Baltimore Harbor Pilot
Study
Thomas G. Sprehe1 , James Ikaika Kincaid1, Christopher L. Overcash1, Michael Pieper1 andEliza Smith Steinmeier2
1

KCI Technologies, Inc., Sparks, MD, USA
Baltimore Harbor Waterkeeper, Baltimore, MD, USA

2

The purpose of this Pilot Study was to deploy mixing and aeration to an area of Baltimore Harbor and tomonitor the improvements provided. The project area is seasonally affected by anoxic conditions caused
by increased nutrient loading as well as other factors. The information gathered could then be used toestablish how these systems interact in ‘real world’ conditions. The ultimate goal of the pilot study is toestablish design parameters of mixing and aeration systems which could assist in restoration efforts in
Baltimore Harbor, Chesapeake Bay and around the world.
The first step in executing the pilot study involved establishing a location that reflected the conditions
being encountered in the harbor. Hypoxic and anoxic conditions are defined as waters with dissolved
oxygen (DO) of below 2 mg/l and 0.2 mg/l, respectively. These conditions significantly limit the water
body’s ability to sustain aquatic life, thus limiting productive areas, and can also result in fish kills.
Prior monitoring information near the project site was reviewed. This information included DO,
temperature, and salinity. Additionally background monitoring was conducted by the team. Once thebackground conditions were understood, design of the pilot system began. This first included predictivemodeling to describe the natural system and then evaluate how additive oxygen and mixing wouldchange the dynamics at the site.
The devices chosen included a solar powered mixing system, the SolarBee® and a pipe diffuser systemwith oxygen delivered by land based compressor. Both were carefully selected based on the site andtesting was carried out to establish how each affected oxygen transfer within the system and for differing
power settings. Sampling was conducted on-water using sensors to measure DO, salinity, pH, andtemperature.
The final report from the pilot study is being completed and seeks to establish the following:How much aeration and or mixing will it take to effectively increase the DO in an area locatedwithin a tidally influenced dead zone, such as exist in Baltimore Harbor?

What are the dimensions of the volume of water so affected?

How long will it take the aeration system to increase DO levels within the affected area to an
equilibrium condition?

How long will it take the prior low DO levels to return if mixing and aeration are ceased, and are
there any lasting improvements once mixing and aeration have changed the ambient conditions?



If aeration and mixing are varied, what corresponding water quality improvements will be seen?

What is the capital and operating cost on a unit basis? What is the appropriate way to measureand express performance of such systems?

Contact Information: Christopher L. Overcash, KCI Technologies, Inc., 936 Ridgebrook Road, Sparks, MD 21152 USA,
Phone: 410-316-7826, Email: christopher.overcash@kci.com

103

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

A Comprehensive Regional Effort to Enhance Integrated Coastal Management in
the Mediterranean and the Black Sea Countries: The PEGASO Project of EU FP7
Erdal Özhan
Mediterranean Coastal Foundation (MEDCOAST), Dalyan, Mugla, Turkey

The start of regional cooperation among the riparian states for managing the Mediterranean(Mediterranean Action Plan - MAP) dates back to 1975. After 15 years of operation, MAP included
integrated coastal management (ICM) into its sphere of activities and in the second phase of MAP
starting with 1995, ICM became a priority target for the program. A milestone for the Mediterranean ICM
was the approval of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Protocol for the Mediterranean in early
2008. The Protocol, which is the first international legislation worldwide promoting ICM, has recently
concluded the ratification process and will soon be in force. Despite this pioneering regional
development, perhaps all Mediterranean states are still at certain distances from successful ICM
implementation.
Regional cooperation for managing the Black Sea and its coastal areas is more recent compared to theMediterranean. The seeds for this effort were put in place by the four-year long (1993-96) GEF funded
project (Black Sea Environmental Program) that produced the approval of the Strategic Action Plan
(SAP) for the Black Sea (31 October 1996) by the riparian states. Integrated coastal zone management
was one of the issues addressed by the SAP.
The European Union started significant initiatives in ICM most notably after the mid 1990s. Experience
gained from several projects carried out in the European states produced the ICM Recommendations inearly 2000s. Since then, ICM has been a major area for exploration by various EU programs.
At the preparatory phase of the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013) of EU, a special project
was envisaged for promoting ICM in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea states with special emphasisto the non-EU member countries. The PEGASO project was selected at the start of 2010 after an open
call for proposals.
The four-year long PEGASO project is a concerted effort by 25 prominent Mediterranean, Black Sea andEuropean institutions that have wide experience in ICM. The PEGASO consortium includes
intergovernmental and EU institutions, international and national NGOs, universities and research
centers. The project commenced with 01 February 2010.
This paper describes the goals and the work packages of the PEGASO project.
Contact Information: Erdal Özhan, President, Mediterranean Coastal Foundation, Maras Mah., Kaunos Sok, NO 26, 48840 Dalyan,
Ortaca, Mugla Turkey, Phone:+90 533 2249993, Fax: +90 252 2844405, Email: ozhan@metu.edu.tr

104August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Conceptualization of Climate Change and Its Implications for Coastal
Management in the Southern Baltic
Joanna Piwowarczyk and Jan Marcin Weslawski
Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Very productive coastal ecosystems are usually multi-use and multi-stakeholder areas. It is expected thatduring the 21st century the global sea level will rise at a greater rate than anytime before. Polish coast isalmost entirely covered by low-lying sandy beaches, very sensitive to climate change. This is why it isessential to include climate change into the future planning and long-term coastal management. While
this is pretty obvious to researchers, it might not be so to the people responsible for decision making. We
believe that it is of extreme importance to investigate how the authorities, environmental planners,
teachers as well as the coastal societies perceive climate change and how much they really know about
it. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we have developed a dedicated questionnaire in cooperation
with the University of Linköping. Its primary goals were to identify (i) how the responders perceive major
problems, (ii) what are their declared concerns about the environmental issues, (iii) what they recognize
as foundations for the sustainable development and finally (iv) what are their information sources. The
analysis of the last factor was also used as a proxy to help to understand how, if at all, scientificinformation is transferred from research institutes through education and public opinion to the decision
makers. We have also used content analysis to investigate the management measures applied in the
coastal areas and the Polish territorial waters. We studied the relations between the regulations and otherpolicy drivers, including synergistic and antagonistic institutions. Our analysis reveals that problems
related to climate change are not considered important. There is a common consensus that global
warming causes problems but it is rather a hypothetical statement not reflected in operational goals. The
objectives are usually limited to short term social and economic issues. The state of the naturalenvironment is considered very important but this importance is often limited to fisheries, recreation andother direct uses of natural resources. The relation between the state of the environment and climatechange seems not obvious to the respondents. Interestingly, current problems are expected to persist
and to be equally urging in the future. Although we looked for the regional context, the global perspective
prevails in the respondents’ minds, and they disregard the scenarios relevant to Northern Europe. Most of
the individual and institutional actors agreed that the importance of climate change will increase overtime. However, the current situation seems more severe to some respondents than what others believe it
will be in 100 years. We conclude that there is a gap between scientific research, policy making andpublic concerns. This results from the information bias: the latest discoveries rarely influence common
thinking. An appropriate information strategy and lifelong education could definitely increase the social
awareness of climate change issues. This awareness is essential for actions and decisions optimallybased on inventory of possible policy options and their costs and benefits analysis.
Contact Information: Joanna Piwowarczyk, Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot Poland, Phone: 00048587311798, Fax: 00048585512130,
Email: piwowarczyk@iopan.gda.pl

105

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Federal Activities to Support the Determination of Links between Environmental
Conditions and the Health of Marine Organisms and Humans
Dianne L. Poster
Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA

Marine animal health is affected by stressors including man-made pollution and disease. The National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) works closely with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) in evaluating marine-life exposure to man-made toxicants and by archiving
specimens for retrospective analysis. These activities allow for assessments of marine animal exposure
to stressors that impact their health and provide the opportunity for retrospective analysis of marine
mammal tissues. This work supports local, regional, and national-scale management of marine animal
populations in U.S. waters near- and off-shore. The information provided by NIST enables informed
decision making about which stressors lead to the greatest harm, and to what scale these factors exist
and whether they can be alleviated. Methods for assessing contaminants and disease are continually
improving. The availability of banked samples from marine species allows for assessment of past levelsof contamination, disease, and physiological markers of health and potentially the examination of links tohuman health indicators. Resource management actions based on information provided by NIST will help
to protect and conserve environmental resources now and well into the future.
Blood is progressively being used in health studies for exposure assessment as it can be collected lessinvasively than tissue biopsies. As such, NIST’s most recent effort has focused on the development ofmethods for the determination of reliable measurements of trace elements and organic pollutants inmarine animal blood. Methods have additionally been developed for the determination of “pollutants ofemerging concern” in blood, including brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated substances. These
have only recently been recognized as potentially toxic to marine life. NIST assists NOAA by developing
standardized collection protocols for samples to be used for the assessment of marine animal health.
These protocols are being used for assessing the health of bottlenose dolphins, beluga whales, andloggerhead sea turtles. Relationships of pollutant concentrations among various tissues of bottlenose
dolphins and sea turtles have been examined to determine if non-lethally collected samples can be used
for exposure assessment. Other studies have examined the physiological pathways leading to poor
cardiac health in pygmy sperm whales and toxic mechanisms of perfluorinated compounds in northern fur
seals and California sea lions.
NIST is also developing NMR-based metabolomics for use as an advanced tool for environmental
modeling and risk assessment. A recent example of this work is the examination of metabolites that
increase in quantity in the Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, when under environmental stress suchas exposure to a pathogen or pollutant. This work allows for the ecosystem-scale examination anddiscovery of metabolism-related compounds that correlate with different biological conditions.
Understanding these correlations is necessary to reach a more comprehensive understanding of the
impacts of pollution or physical environmental change on marine, environmental and human health.
Contact Information: Dianne L. Poster, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive MS 8300, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA, Phone: 301-975-8941, Fax: 301-975-3845, Email: poster@nist.gov

106

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USAStandards to Support Sustainable Sediment Management
Dianne L. Poster
Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA

Helping to establish the scientific basis for measurement and monitoring of particular substances in theenvironment that may negatively impact our climate and environmental quality and health is an essential
focus of the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) 40 year lead in environmental
stewardship. During this time, NIST have developed Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for thedetermination of inorganic and organic contaminants in environmental matrices including marine andanimal tissues, air particulate, botanical, soil, and marine sediment materials. Many of these SRMs havebeen developed specifically to address the regulations and needs of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). For example, thedevelopment of the first marine sediment and mussel tissue SRMs for organic contaminants was initiatedto support NOAA marine monitoring programs initiated in the late 1980s where sediments and mussels
were used as indicators of coastline health and quality. At this time, NIST issued the first marine
sediment SRM for determination of organic contaminants which was prepared from sediment collected in
the harbor at Baltimore, Maryland. This material, SRM 1941, found widespread use within the marine
sediment community and, as a result, this material has been renewed twice since its original issue.
NIST continues to develop marine sediments to support marine monitoring and sediment management
worldwide. These materials serve as the basis for validating accuracy and comparability of contaminantmeasurements. For the SRMs intended for inorganic analysis, values are typically provided for elementswith emphasis on the heavy metal contaminants. Recent efforts have focused on the development ofmaterials for speciated metals (e.g., hexavalent chromium in soil). For the SRMs intended for organic
contaminant analysis, materials are characterized primarily for persistent pollutants including polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chlorinated pesticides. Recent activities havefocused on assigning values for new classes of compounds such as brominated flame retardants. The
most recent organic contaminant marine sediment was developed to meet the needs for a sedimentmatrix containing a wide range of different concentrations of contaminants. This material, SRM 1944,
was prepared from sediment collected in New York/New Jersey waterways. The material has
concentrations of organic contaminants about 10 to 20 times higher than the materials prepared from theBaltimore Harbor. It was developed in part to meet the needs of laboratories involved in the testing ofmaterials dredged from waterways and harbors to determine appropriate disposal methods.
NIST sediment materials also support intercomparison exercises for the determination of organic
contaminants in marine sediment that NIST coordinates. These have been on-going since the beginningof NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program in 1987. These intercomparison exercises have become
an excellent tool for assessing the quality and comparability of analytical measurements among themarine environmental measurement community. We are drawing from this experience to coordinate bothmaterials and an exercise for laboratories involved in post oil spill analyses of samples from the Gulf of
Mexico for petroleum hydrocarbons as part of Gulf monitoring and restoration efforts.
Contact Information: Dianne L. Poster, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive MS 8300, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA, Phone: 301-975-8941, Fax: 301-975-3845, Email: poster@nist.gov

107

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Partnering with Watershed Organizations to Produce Tributary-specific Report
Cards
Sara Powell, Heath Kelsey and Caroline Wicks
EcoCheck (NOAA-UMCES Partnership), Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, Maryland, USA

Following the release of the first Chesapeake Bay report card in 2006, environmental report cards haveincreasingly gained popularity and recognition as a public-friendly and scientifically sound method forreporting the health of a waterway. Recently, a number of watershed organizations in the Mid-Atlantic
region have begun producing their own tributary-specific report cards. In 2009, the Mid-Atlantic Tributary
Assessment Coalition (MTAC) was formed to foster collaboration among participating watershedorganizations and to fully develop the potential of region-specific environmental report cards. This is donein several ways: (1) by reaching consensus on realistic and meaningful ecosystem health indicators,
including selection of appropriate indicators and analysis of historical and current data to determine
justifiable ecological threshold levels; (2) standardization of monitoring and sampling protocols, data
analysis methods, and science communication techniques; and (3) support of a broader communication
strategy for dissemination of individual tributary report cards. A protocol document covering thestandardization of monitoring procedures and data analysis for the six core indicators chosen by thegroup (dissolved oxygen, water clarity, chlorophyll a, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and aquatic
grasses), and the basics for conceptualizing and producing a report card for tidal regions was completed
in early 2011, with a similar document for non-tidal regions to follow.
MTAC members represent a diverse range of ecosystems, economic and social groups, and professional
backgrounds, but the group would like to expand further to incorporate more members. Currently,
members include WATERKEEPERS®, 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations, scientists, and citizen
volunteers. The types of systems represented include rivers, coastal bays, a lake, and Baltimore’s Inner
Harbor. The original goal of the group was to add an additional one to two members per year, but in thefirst two months of 2011 alone, four new groups have begun participating. Discussions have also been
held amongst the group about how to standardize the collection and analysis of bacteria data, so that it
may be used as an indicator in their report cards. As momentum continues to grow for MTAC, which isopen to any group that wants to join whether they are currently producing a report card or not, expansion
to include groups in the greater Mid-Atlantic will allow for increased collaboration and knowledge-sharing
pertinent to the region.
Contact Information: Sara Powell, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, 904 S. Morris Street, Oxford, Maryland 21654 USA,
Phone: 410-226-5193 ext. 113, Fax: 410-226-5925, Email: sara.powell@noaa.gov

108August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Study on the Changes of Coastal Zone: Chittagong to Cox’s Bazar along the Bayof Bengal
M. A. Rahman
Centre for Global Environmental Culture (CGEC) and Faculty, College of Agricultural Sciences, IUBAT—International Universityof Business Agriculture, Uttara Model Town, Bangladesh

A twenty-five years long study was conducted on the changes of coastal zones from Chittagong to Cox’s
Bazar along the Bay of Bengal. The changes of water flow and the flora and fauna of the estuaries of four
major rivers viz. Karnaphul, Halda, Sangu and Matamuhuri, which are flowing down from the adjacent
Chittagong hill Tracts (CHT) and Arakan Lusai Hills, were studied. Hydroelectric dam on the Karnafuli
River damaged 700 km² hill forests, caused mass migration of tribal people.
Human pressure, deforestations, pollution, upstream dams, flatland cultivation practices, shrimp culture,and unplanned infrastructures are the major causes of the changes of coastal zones and of the adjacenthills. Destruction of mangroves of Chokoria Sundarban and Cox,s Bazar are the results of shrimp culture.
91% of the perennial streams of the Chittagong and CHT have lost their dry season flows and a serious
water crisis has been prevailing now. Discharge of effluents from the shrimp hatcheries, digging of shrimp
ponds and hill-cuttings have caused erosion. The sea current has already damaged 3.4 km sea beachfrom Kolatoti to Himchari in Cox’s Bazar, the world’s longest beach.
The study reveals that, 34 species of tropical rainforest plants including Podocarpus nerifolia and Enteda
phaseoloids are facing extinction. Animals e.g. cats, bear, porcupine, wild boars, pythons and anteater
etc. are rarely available. Among the marine and coastal zone species Red crabs, jelly fish, sharks, anddolphins are rare but these were the major species before 1980. Great migration of Hilsa ilisha towards
Myanmar is observed but marine Hilsha used to breed in the fresh waters of the Ganges, Brahmaputa
and Meghna’s meeting point Chandpur to Gualanda about 150-200 km inside Bangladesh. The Halda
fresh water fish breeding zone has been shifted 14 km east due to salinity intrusion of the Bay of Bengal.
Contact Information: M A Rahman, Centre for Global Environmental Culture (CGEC) and Faculty, College of Agricultural Sciences,
IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Uttara Model Town Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh,
Phone: 8801711821908, Email: ar_forest@yahoo.com, Website: www.iubat.edu

109

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Gulf of Mexico Regional Sediment Management Master Plan
George Ramseur Jr.1 and John Bowie2
1

Mississippi Department of Marine Resources, Biloxi, MS, USA
U.S. EPA, Gulf of Mexico Program, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA

2

Issues surrounding sediment management, both natural movement and dredged sediments, havesignificant impact on the ability to restore and sustain coastal habitats. The Gulf of Mexico Alliance has
recognized that sediment resources are integral to and a critical resource necessary in accomplishing
many conservation and restoration initiatives and objectives in the Gulf. The Gulf Regional SedimentManagement Master Plan (GRSMMP) was initiated as a result for managing this valuable resource andverifies the need for a comprehensive understanding of regional sediment systems and processes. The
effort involves a range of state and federal agencies as well as NGO representatives. The plan provides
guidelines using the understanding of sediment dynamics (inputs, outputs, movement) to manage
sediment resources towards accomplishing environmental restoration, conservation, and preservation
while enhancing abilities to make informed, cooperative management decisions.
The first step in the development of such a plan is to identify the technical framework that provides anunderstanding of the foundation associated with regional sediment management (RSM) processes.
These processes are critical for establishing management guidelines that balance sediment dynamics
and available sediment resources with sediment needs. Sediment management must occur on a regional
scale unencumbered by agency, state, or national boundaries. Guidelines and recommendations
resulting from this effort will aid the Gulf States in more effective management of sediment resources,
recognizing they are a part of a regional system involving natural processes and manmade activities.
Contact Information: George Ramseur Jr., Mississippi Department of Marine Resources, 1141 Bayview Avenue, Biloxi, MS 39530,
Phone: 228-216-0719, Fax: 228-374-5008, Email: George.ramseur@dmr.ms

110August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Putting Resources to the Level Where the Work Gets Done: Accelerating
Restoration in Maryland
Jennifer Raulin
Chesapeake & Coastal Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD, USA

After 25 years of dedicated effort to restore the Chesapeake Bay, it is clear that Maryland and ourpartners are not achieving our goal. While improvements have been realized in some areas, there is
growing evidence that conditions may be worsening in other areas. A different approach is needed if weare to be successful. To that end, State leaders in Maryland have taken bold steps in their efforts torestore the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Coastal Bays.
In 2007 the State of Maryland identified new ways to enhance their land conservation programs, using
targeting, to maximize available funding by setting priorities for which new lands were to be acquired.
They followed suit in 2008 with the passage of the Chesapeake and Atlantic Coastal Bays Trust Fund
(Trust Fund), laying the foundation for an ambitious strategy for restoring and protecting the bays andtheir tributaries.
The Trust Fund is a unique source of funding dedicated to the reduction of nonpoint source pollution andis a cornerstone to achieving Maryland’s portion of the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. Funds are prioritizedthrough geographic targeting based on potential nutrient load into the mainstem of the Bay, strength of
local government and partner support, ability to leverage maximum funding, and the potential todemonstrate a measurable difference in a relatively short amount of time. This targeting strategy as well
as a new accountability tool in development will be discussed in further detail.
As a case study, the Little Patuxent Restoration Partnership will be discussed. Howard County, MD, andlocal stakeholder group, Columbia Association, have together received over $2.9M from the Trust Fund to
implement a targeted, multi-practice, restoration effort involving the implementation of dozens ofstormwater management projects, a citizen outreach and education program, and an intense monitoring
program. This intense restoration effort has attracted additional partners to the project, leveraged local,
state, and federal funds, and accelerated the implementation of their watershed plan.
Contact Information: Jennifer Raulin, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Watershed Services, Tawes State Office Building,E-2, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA, Phone: 410.260.8745, Fax: 410.260.8739, Email: jraulin@dnr.state.md.us

111

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

An Exploratory Investigation of Nutrient Bioextraction Opportunities in Long
Island Sound
Julie M. Rose1, Gary H. Wikfors1, Suzanne B. Bricker2, Joao G. Ferreira3, Robin Landeck Miller4,
Bob Rheault5, Mark Tedesco6 and Katharine Wellman7
1

NOAA-National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries Milford Laboratory, Milford, CT, USA
NOAA-National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, USA
Center for Ocean and Environment, DCEA, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
4
HydroQual, Mahwah, NJ, USA
5
Shellfish Environmental Systems, Wakefield, RI, USA
6
EPA Long Island Sound Office, Stamford, CT, USA
7
Northern Economics, Anchorage, AK, USA
2

3

The EPA Long Island Sound Study has been investigating the potential application of seaweed andshellfish cultivation and harvest specifically for nutrient mitigation in the nearshore estuarine environmentsof the Sound. A workshop was convened in December 2009 to bring international experts in seaweed
and shellfish cultivation, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), resource economics, and coastal
modeling together with local partners to discuss the potential benefits of these technologies to the Soundand other urban, estuarine environments. A combination of (i) watershed; (ii) water quality; (iii)ecosystem and farm-scale models explicitly considering shellfish growth; (iv) economic assessment; and(v) pilot-scale implementation approaches, are being used to evaluate the potential effectiveness ofnutrient bioextraction in the highly urban western Sound and to inform policy decisions in this ecosystem.
NOAA researchers are planning to assess the environmental effects of a standard mussel aquaculture
raft installed in the lower Bronx River by a commercial shellfish farmer and local youth development
organization. Results will be used in a project funded by the EPA REServ Program where aninternational team of scientists will model the bioextraction potential of shellfish in Long Island Sound andcharacterize the ecosystem services that would be provided by this approach. Bioextraction currently is
being considered for incorporation into the revision of the LIS Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for
nitrogen. Nitrogen trading as an element to attaining water quality objectives can be considered in thestrategies that are developed to implement the TMDL. Bioextraction is not seen as a replacement for
nutrient control from watershed sources, but as part of an overall ecosystem strategy to attain water
quality standards. Preliminary results suggest that bioextraction is a promising and cost effective
complement to traditional land-based nutrient management measures.
Contact Information: Julie Rose, NOAA Fisheries Milford Laboratory, 212 Rogers Avenue, Milford CT, 06460 USA,
Phone: 203-882-6544, Email: julie.rose@noaa.gov

112

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Chesapeake Bay: A Case Study of Citizen Science and Executive Order 13508
Jeanne Michelle Ryan
College of Natural Resources National Capital Region, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Falls Church,
Virginia, USA

Efforts to restore the Chesapeake Bay watershed have had mixed results over the years. The recent
Executive Order (E.O.) 13508 directs federal agencies to coordinate federal Chesapeake Bay restoration
projects to reinvigorate the overall Bay clean-up process. E.O. 13508 requires the federal government toincrease citizen stewardship throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed in an effort to engage the public
in assisting with the watershed restoration work. One way to increase citizen stewardship in the
Chesapeake Bay watershed is through greater federal government engagement with existing citizen
science organizations that provide water quality monitoring data for Chesapeake Bay restoration projects.
On-going Chesapeake Bay citizen science water quality monitoring projects represent cost-effective
solutions that continue to produce large data sets suitable for use by scientists overseeing Bay restoration
efforts. At the same time, these volunteer organizations provide a means to increase citizen stewardshipin the Chesapeake Bay through hands-on, scientifically-monitored volunteer opportunities to interested
individuals regardless of their educational background. Interviews with selected citizen science water
quality monitoring groups in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, revealed areas for citizen
stewardship collaboration within E.O. 13508, namely federal sponsorship of a centralized dataclearinghouse for data collected by citizen science water quality monitoring organizations for broader
dissemination of the data sets, streamlining the federal grant process to improve access to federal funds
to citizen science organizations for the acquisition of additional field tools needed for water quality
monitoring, and collaborating with citizen science organizations to increase citizen stewardship within thecontext of the federal government’s efforts to comply with E.O. 13508.
Contact Information: Jeanne Michelle Ryan, College of Natural Resources National Capital Region, Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University, 7054 Haycock Road, Falls Church, Virginia 22043 USA, Phone: 571-723-2754, Email: jmryan@vt.edu

113

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Development of Sustainable Aquaculture as a Model of Satoumi and GAPURA to
Improve Productivity of Marginal Brackishwater Pond in the Northern Coastal
Area of Karawang, West Java, Indonesia
Suhendar I Sachoemar1 and Tetsuo Yanagi2
1

Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Jakarta, INDONESIA
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University

2

A sustainable model of aquaculture by applying an integrated multi tropic aquaculture using Tilapia, GiantBlack Tiger Prawn. seaweed Gracillaria and Green muscle was developed to improve the productivity ofthe marginal brackishwater pond in the northern coastal area of Karawang, West Java. This program wasdesigned to implement the Sato Umi and Indonesian Gapura concept to recommend an appropriate
model for sustainable coastal management. The 4 (fourth) treatment of the experimental pond with 3
replications was designed to understand the productivity performance as well as their ecosystem stability(water quality). The result shows that the productivity of pond containing 4 commodities i.e. Tilapia, GiantBlack Tiger Prawn, seaweed Gracillaria and Green muscle was the most productive and their water
quality was stable (DIN=1.21; DIP=0.15; Sulfide=0.02; Iron=0.39), followed by pond containing Tilapia,
Giant Black Tiger Prawn and seaweed Gracillaria with water quality (DIN=2.09; DIP=0.74; Sulfide=0.03;
Iron=0.53), Tilapia and Giant Black Tiger pond with water quality (DIN=2.15; DIP=0.21; Sulfide=0.03;
Iron=0.21), and Tilapia only pond with water quality (DIN=1.09; DIP=0.33; Sulfide=0.03; Iron=0.12).
To recover the marginal pond in the northern coastal area of Karawang, an integrated sustainableaquaculture model by using multi tropic aquaculture was recommended to be developed within this area
to improve their productivity and minimize the organic waste as used in an intensive aquaculture throughbio recycle system.
Contact Information: Suhendar I Sachoemar, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), BPPT II Bld,
16 Fl. JL. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340 INDONESIA, Phone: 62-21-3169561, Email: suhendarsachoemar@yahoo.com

114August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Post-Aswan Dam Sedimentation Rate of Lagoons of the Nile Delta, Egypt
Jiawei Gu1, 2, Zhongyuan Chen1 and Alaa Salem3
1State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research of East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
Department of Geography of East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
3
Geological Sciences Department of Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
2This study uses short sediment cores and high-resolution (1-cm sampling interval) radiometric analysis(210Pb and 137Cs) to trace sedimentation rates in Nile Delta lagoons, particularly since completion of the
Aswan High Dam in 1964. A declining trend in ex210Pb is clearly identified in about 10 cm of the uppercore sediments in the cores M-1 and E-1, accompanied by two spikes of 137Cs in B-4. These findings,
together with sediment records from other short cores (B-1, B-2 and B-3), illustrate post-dam
sedimentation rates ranging from 0.7 mm a-1 to 2.7 mm a-1 in the lagoons. Our findings that contrast withthose found previously with low-resolution sampling, are the first to report post-dam sedimentation rates
and associated chronology. The lower sedimentation rates in the lagoons are a consequence of adramatic reduction in riverine sediment load to the coastal area as a result of the damming. Althoughwidespread erosion occurs along the open estuarine coast, the lagoon setting remains calmer than it was
before the dam due to coastal diking and freshwater regulation in the delta plain in the past decades.
This provides the possibility of continuously preserved radiometric records in the less-bioturbated lagoon
sediments. Our findings would shed light on the environmental conservation and socioeconomic
development in the Nile Delta region.
Contact Information: Alaa Salem, Geology Department, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, EGYPT;Email: alaa.salem@sci.kfs.edu.eg

115

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Characteristics of Periphytic Algae on Concrete Contained Amino Acid
Kazuhiro SATO1, Yasunori KOZUKI2, Hirokazu NISHIMURA3, Chizuru TARA1, Takashi NAKANISHI3,
Hiroko NAKATA2, Natsumi YAMAGUCHI2, Fumiko NOGAMI2, Ryoichi YAMANAKA2,
Tatsuru TABOHASH1 and Masaki KOBAYASHI1
1

Bioscience products and fine chemical division, AJINOMOTO co.,inc., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Ecosystem Engineering, the University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
3
Engineering division, Nikken Kogaku Co. Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
2

Coastal structures such as breakwaters and coastal dikes are built to prevent coastal erosion and storm
surge damage. Such artificial structures fulfill the function for years, but recent years the coastal areadded new function to contribute to environmental conservation. Here the contribution is acceleration toform ecological chain from periphytic algae, which is the bottom of the marine food chain. A lot ofapproach is launched in various regions and achieves the certain effect. But few blocks contain purematerial which has the physiological function like amino acids. Thus the blocks including amino acid,
Arginine, was prepared and ascertained the efficacy of acceleration to form marine periphytic algae in
actual water area.
The block was installed into 3.5m depth of the sea in Kojima fishery harbor, Osaka. Then growth of algaeon the block was periodically monitored and shown as the time course of chlorophyll a.
The periphytic algae on the blocks contained Arginine after one and half year occupied the surface morethan algae on the ordinary block. Especially adhesion of crustose coralline algae on the Arginine block
was less than ordinary block in terms of organism species. In addition, the time course of chlorophyll aappeared that growth rate of periphytic algae on the Arginine block was faster than ordinary block.
Besides the growth rate of brown seaweed was also faster.
With all these results, this actual sea area test demonstrated that this block contained Arginine filled therole of the basis of marine food chain. In another front, behavior of amino acids in the block was
estimated. Slow release of Arginine from the block to water was detected in Laboratory. Combination offurther investigation of amino acid behavior in the block and actual tests is considered to provide the more
efficient concrete block to environmental conservation.
Contact Information: Kazuhiro Sato, Bioscience Products and Fine Chemical Division, Ajinomoto, Kyobashi 1-15-1, Chuo-ku,
104-8315 Tokyo, Japan, Phone: +81-952-47-2214, Fax: +81-952-47-6286, Email: kazuhiro_satou@ajinomoto.com

116August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

The Scope of Liability for Damages to Private Party Claimants for Accidental
Discharges of Oil and Hazardous Substances under United States Law
Thomas J. Schoenbaum
George Washington Unversity, Law School, Washington DC, USA

Two of the worst environmental disasters in American history involving accidental discharges of oil into
the sea have put the spotlight on the matter of liability for damages to private-party claimants under
United States Law. A good legal regime of liability for damages is essential to provide compensation to
those affected by such accidents and to deter conduct that may cause such discharges in the future. The
two incidents in question are the wreck of the oil tanker Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in
1989 and the Deepwater Horizon oil discharge into the Gulf of Mexico offshore Louisiana in 2010.
This paper will analyze current United States law on the topic of liability for damages and compare thislaw with relevant international law liability regimes that are in effect in most of the world. The Deepwater
Horizon oil discharge will be presented as a case study of the law in operation. Particular attention will begiven to the question of damages for what is termed “pure economic losses”, that is economic damages
that are incurred without any accompanying damage to any property interest owned by claimants.
Examples of such pure economic losses are losses of profits by fishermen who cannot fish because ofcontaminated fishing grounds and hotel and restaurant owners who lose money when the discharge
causes people to cancel vacation plans.
Finally, suggestions will be made to improve the working of United States law and international law.
Contact Information: Thomas J. Schoenbaum, George Washington University School of Law, 2000 H Street NW, Washington DC
20052 USA, Phone: 202 994 0391, Email: tschoen@law.gwu.edu

117

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

University & Municipal Partnerships in Sustainability – A Model for SuccessJohn L. Seidel
Center for Environment & Society, Washington College, Chestertown, MD, USA

For the past four years, Washington College’s Center for Environment & Society has engaged in a variety
of sustainability initiatives on campus and in partnership with the Town of Chestertown. These efforts
include recycling, energy savings, urban greening and climate initiatives. The purpose of the partnershipis to enable work that might be difficult for one partner to achieve on its own, leveraging scarce resourcesand expanding the positive impacts. This partnership has allied scientists, citizens, elected officials, andstudents of varying ages, and it has provided a model for conceptualizing, planning, financing andeffecting change at the community level. Since its inception, the program has grown to include additional
towns and the surrounding county. The latest phase of the work is designed to further expand its impact,
providing easily accessible tools that can be used by elected officials, government employees andconcerned citizens to promote change in their own communities.
This paper explores the successes and failures of this partnership program, outlining the steps taken, its
concrete results, and the program’s overall effectiveness. The utility of tools such as GIS also are
discussed. The paper concludes with a projection for future work and suggestions for how this model
might be used elsewhere.
Contact Information: John L. Seidel, Center for Environment & Society, Washington College, 300 Washington Avenue, Chestertown,
MD 21620 USA, Phone: 410-778-7756, E-mail: jseidel2@washcoll.edu

118August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Biological Diversity Policy and Consideration of Marine Protected Areas on Small
Island Coasts -Tsushima Island and the Goto Islands
Satoquo SEINO, Soichi MIYAZATO and Toshimitsu KOMATSU
Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, JapanThe 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD/COP10) in 2010 was
held in Japan. The light shed by these international discussions provided an opportunity for some newthinking and developments in the fields of fisheries environment and coastal environmental policy.
Biodiversity protection, sustainable use and natural resource management in the vicinity of outlying
islands in particular are being seriously considered, and ways of promoting improvements on outlying
islands are being reconsidered on the local policy level as well. Consequently, policy readjustment thatlinks the local and international communities in the field of protecting fishery environments will be crucial.
Marine protected areas were a much-discussed issue at COP10, and in response field surveys andinterview surveys regarding drift trash were conducted along the coasts of Nagasaki prefecture’s Goto
Islands with reference to the national park area in Tsushima City being promoted by local governments.
On Tsushima Island, survey members participated in the process of drawing up local policy.
In September 2010, a “Marine Protected Area Promotion Committee” was launched, and with a fisherman
acting as chair, a concentrated effort has begun to create policy that will promote both sustainablefisheries and nature conservation. In the Goto Islands (Fukue Is.) regular surveys of drift trash on ocean
beaches are continuing on the local level, and mechanisms for citizen participation in national park
management are being created. The physical conditions of topography and currents support a uniquehabitat that gives rise to rich fishing grounds. The other side of the coin is that these same conditions
render the area vulnerable to damage from drift trash. The former process of negotiations between
countries on the trans-boundary issue of marine trash has slowed down progress, but a process under
the international convention may show new promise. Japan’s Ministry of the Environment has a national
strategy for marine biodiversity, but policy harmonization between this ministry and the national
administration for fisheries will be needed to deal with fishery environments. Especially needed for
outlying islands is a locally based comprehensive marine & coastal environment policy that is adapted totheir natural and social conditions.
Contact Information: Satoquo SEINO, Ph.D., Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka,
Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan, Phone/Fax: +81-92(802)3425, E-mail: seino@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp

119EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Exploring Characteristics of Beach Environments and Issues of Coastal
Management through Analysis of Drift PET Bottles along the Shores of
Fukuoka/Hakata Bay, Japan
Satoquo SEINO1, Yoshio YUHI2 and Azusa KOJIMA3
1

Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Umigomi.com. Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
3
Japan Environmental Action Network, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan
2

Despite new legal measures to deal with drift trash on ocean beaches, the problem continues todramatically worsen. Efforts confined to the local level are approaching their limit, and everywhere afeeling of resignation is invading as the situation reaches impasse. Thus, it is essential to pursue
programming that maintains the continuous interest of local citizens and waste management authorities
and leads them to adopt original strategic countermeasures. To do this, it is best to break away from theformer focus on trash collection and pursue a line that involves local citizens in a process that leads fromfield surveys to countermeasure creation while connecting locally-based knowledge with oceanography,
etc. Marine area management responsibilities fractured among various sectors has obstructed effective
measures heretofore; we now need cooperation among them not reactively, but pro-actively in the form ofscientific data-based management.
Hakata Bay has been a port city since ancient times; material and humans have long been carried to andfrom here by ocean currents and seasonal winds. These natural phenomena have now placed it squarelyon the route of marine drift trash. The watersheds of the rivers flowing into Hakata Bay have also beenurbanized, meaning wind-scattered trash and apparently illegally discarded wastes have also becometrash sources. Drift trash originating from in and outside Japan lies intermingled along the
Fukuoka/Hakata Bay coastline; its topography provides a good example for considering not only the issue
of foreign trash but also the responsibilities and duties of local citizens. This study examined themechanism of drift trash movement in this area by monitoring drift trash PET bottles for country of origin(starting in 2008, twice a year in September after the typhoon season and March after seasonal winterwinds, with about 100 PET bottles collected at each of 6 sites) and interviewing people and authorities
involved.
The results of the monitoring survey showed three patterns of drift trash PET bottles on the
Fukuoka/Hakata Bay shoreline. We consistently collected (1) mostly domestic bottles in upper Hakata
Bay, (2) fewer than 10% foreign-made bottles on south-facing beaches at the harbor mouth, (3) 20% 40% foreign-made bottles at the harbor mouth (in Fukuoka Bay from the Itoshima peninsula to Shika Is.).
The number 3 pattern was also observed outside the bay on beaches facing north towards Japan Sea,but these are sandy beaches strongly affected by winter seasonal winds.
We learned from interviews that large volumes of drift trash are found particularly after the summer
flooding season at the estuary of the Tatara River at the head of the bay, and on the beaches opposite
this rivermouth on the bay side of the Itoshima peninsula. The monitoring survey is carried out every
September just after the season when floods are common, and thus can be considered as reflecting theinflux of trash from rivers. Also, the harbor mouth is in a rural area where there is less trash originatingfrom the city. Most of the bottles found at the rivermouth are domestic, having been carried down from theurban areas at the head of Hakata Bay. These bottles continue not only to float out of the bay, but also to
impact fishing communities, swimming beaches and nationally designated park areas within city limits.
Hakata and Karadomari are harbor areas where foreign vessels have historically berthed, and theparticularly large proportion of foreign-made bottles is an interesting historical link.
Because of the divisions among the management authorities for various marine areas, a bay-wide
examination such as this has been difficult for the City of Fukuoka government, and so far no strategicplan of action based on a synthesis of information has been attempted. From here on we would like totake the differences in external forces affecting this coast that have attracted attention so far as a“hypothesis” to explain the sources of drift trash and “verify” it together with citizens and authorities
through a process of information gathering and observation of the interplay of external factors such as
coastal and river currents, winds, etc. and shoreline topography.
Contact Information: Satoquo SEINO, Ph.D., Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka,
Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan, Phone/Fax: +81-92(802)3425, E-mail: seino@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp

120August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Progress of Citizen Participation and Multi-sectorial Collaboration as the Driving
Forces of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Japan
Satoquo SEINO
Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Social and legal systems for coastal management in Japan have been fragmented since Japan began its
modernization over a century ago. The demands of each field and industrial sector resulted in systems
being formulated to achieve optimal results in each individual field or sector, and the initial stage involved
integrating domestic and imported western ideas step by step. Starting in the late 1990s, following the
Global Summit and the revolution in environmental thinking, citizen participation was promoted in Japan
based on amendments to the River Law and Seacoast Act.
In the process of participation, numerous conferences and informal discussion meetings are held
everywhere and at every stage. At these meetings, ideas about a ‘lack of true common sense’ have been
expressed by non-governmental sectors. Incorporating the citizen sector as a newcomer to the decisionmaking process brought about the reconstruction of a new decision-making scheme. Under the former
scheme, it was hard to break through barriers of governmental sectionalism to achieve integrated coastalzone management.
The citizen sector is relatively free from pecuniary interests and other ties, so citizens can think about
issues in a way that transcends the current dictates of common sense. A case in Japan is introduced: aproject to “set back” a sea wall at the river mouth where Nakatsu tidal flat is located, in Oita prefecture
fronting the Seto Inland Sea in western Japan. This site is habitat to many endangered species such as
the Japanese horseshoe crab.
In the current commonsense view, setting back a sea wall is a kind of taboo for the governmental land
management system, even though other countries have chosen this method. In addition, river mouthmanagement is complicated by the jurisdictions held by a variety of administrative departments, forexample, departments of seacoasts, ports, protective forests, parks, rivers and fisheries. Theseadministrators find it impossible to compromise if it means losing any of their territorial area, even on asmall scale.
At Nakatsu, tidal flat ecosystem conservation activities that started in the 1970s evolved from a protest
campaign to consensus building. A multi-sectoral conference decided to select the set back plan in order
to conserve endangered species habitat and biodiversity at the river mouth. And, it is very significant that
this choice was rational and in fact the optimum for wave and flood disaster prevention. This site provides
natural and ecological services to small scale fisheries by local people and environmental educational
activities as well.
Even its natural salt marsh and sand bars play multiple roles in conserving human habitat. The set backplan was proposed by a conservation group, and local people agreed to it. Local residents know about
this phenomenon based on their experience, but they had not spoken out about older, traditional ways ofhabitation on this coast. With scientific data and specialists’ advice, the local government decided on thisrather unusual plan. On the international level, the 1st Asia and Pacific Water Summit was held in Oita in
2007. The Nakatsu example was introduced as a case of good practice of Japanese citizen participationand decision-making systems. In 2010, Nakatsu tidal flat was awarded the International Wetland Prize.
These promotion activities have highlighted the importance of integrated coastal zone management, andare encouraging national and local governments to form a new scheme. Specifically, the Nakatsu casepointed out the following; 1) Citizen participation can be the trigger to overcoming overly
compartmentalized management. 2) Multi-sectorial collaboration to decide local affairs activates local
knowledge and a sense of local residents’ responsibility. 3) For coastal zone administrators, both legal
systems and scientific data are essential in order to decide on more rational and ecologicalmethodologies.
Contact Information: Satoquo SEINO, Ph.D., Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka,
Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan, Phone/Fax: +81-92(802)3425, E-mail: seino@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Development of Sustainable Ecosystem Management in Thai Context: Case Studyof Five Islands in Thailand
Pisase Senawongse
Urban and Environmental Planning Program, King Mongkut Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand

Thai continent territory consists of 913 islands including 368 islands on the Gulf of Thailand and 545 in
the Andaman Sea. These islands have various sizes from the largest area, such as Phuket Island, with
543 sq km, to the smallest area with less than 1 sq km. Differences of island characteristics are not onlyin terms of size but also landscape, natural resources, distance from mainland, accessibility, and local life
styles. On some islands forest preservation areas and agricultural lands have been converted forrecreations for sight-seeing places and residential areas that cause environmental impacts. As time wenton, ecosystem management in the island focused on economic growth but lacked of efficiency
management on environmental aspects. As a result many islands natural resources are deteriorated andadverse environment impacts occurred in many areas. It can be said that many tourism activities affect toenvironmental pollutions in the area such as noise and air pollution in the area due to from rising numberof vehicles, solid waste problem from local people and tourists, deterioration of fisheries resources fromwastewater problem.
This research is focused on development of thinking process upon sustainable ecosystem managementin Thai context. Few islands will be selected for comparative semi-closed ecosystem studies. Integrationof GIS, remote sensing and GPS were employed to identify and analyze some of these characteristics
and problems including suitable and unsuitable land use change, land and housing development andtourisms . Field surveys were conducted to collect social and life style of the local people. Questionnaires
were distributed to obtain economic situations in the past and present. The simulation method of
ecosystems was also employed in this study. Moreover, this research addressed the application of
ecological footprints and ecosystem management schemes under a principle of carrying capacity
concept. Sustainable development is a main aim of this research. Five study islands, Koh Chang, Koh
Samui, Koh Lanta, Koh Yao, and Koh Libong; were selected as study areas. These study areas wereanalyzed for sustainable ecosystem management in Thai context. Propose from this research will bereached on development format, process, and management system upon island ecosystem in Thailand.
These developments will be related with sustainable ecosystem management under carrying capacity
concept. At last, this development model will be applied for using in familiar area condition.
Contact Information: Pisase Senawongse, King Mongkut Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1500 Charansanitwong 75 Road
Bangplud District, BANGKOK, Thailand 10700, Phone: 6618092661, Email: senawongse1500@hotmail.com

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Alternative Stable States of Ecosystems, Tipping Points and Management of the
Coastal Seas
N. V. Shadrin
Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine

Traditional view on ecosystems as systems with alone steady state is replaced by the Concept ofalternative stable states of ecosystems (CASSE). It’s important not only for ecological science but also forenvironmental management. In CASSE ecosystems are complex, adaptive systems that arecharacterized by historical dependency, nonlinear dynamics, threshold effects, multiple basins of
attraction, and limited predictability of their behavior (Levin 1999). In ecosystem transit from one state toanother one there are tipping points (TP). Transit from 1st steady state to another one goes throughdestabilization of ecosystem; TP is а defined level of system destabilization. Before TP system can goesback to 1st steady state, after TP it only can transforms in new steady state. It is evident from CASSE thatan environmental management cannot be taken to one best strategy of nature using; it must be the set ofalternative strategies. It’s very important for environmental management to evaluate: How is ecosystem
far from TP?
Using long-term date on changes in some the Black sea coastal ecosystems we analyze the shifts from
one to another steady states in coastline and lagoons. Main reasons of such shifts are changes in
regimes of winds, precipitation and temperature as well as anthropogenic disturbance. Some cases: Caseof Bakalskaya spit (Crimea, Ukraine, Black sea). The Bakalskaya sand spit having formed throughmerging of two accumulative spits and now stretching along the northwestern coast of the Crimea. Now
we observe a lost of sand from both spits, but much more from west one with rate about 5-10 m per year.
10 year long study shows us that this process is conditioned many reasons both natural/ climatic andantropogenic origin, and to divide the results of action of different reasons, as a rule, uneasily. Decreasingor grow of beach cause by sand balance on beach – input and output. There are three main sources ofsediments input into beach: with rivers, from cliff erosion and biogenic produced in marine ecosystems, inour case - only clayey cliff erosion and mollusk shells. Part of Bivalvia shells was 15-30% of total mass ofbeach sediments. Cerastoderma glaucum prevailed, being 12-41% total mass of shells on the beach.
Chamelea gallina was subdominant. We found a trend of decreasing of fresh shell part in total mass ofshells. And it’s one of the reasons why the beach loses its area. Decreasing of beach line area, whichacts as natural mechanism of prevention of cliff erosion, leads to increasing of cliff erosion and as result
to increasing of water turbidity and decreasing of sand bottom biotopes because clayey particles
sediments. Of cause these reasons lead to decreasing of mussel settlements on bottom, change their
species composition. And shell flow on beach decreases more. The mechanism of self-acceleration oflost of beach and erosion of bank is included. These reasons are not all ones causing increasing of beachlost on Bakalshaya spit. There is strong climatic reason – increasing of west winds causes wind tide.
There are also anthropogenic reasons: illegal sand mining by local peoples, high level recreation press
leading to dune devegetation. Devegetation increases sand leaving from beaches very much accelerating
wind and water erosion. Smallest sediment particles are moved by wind from devegetated dunes andbeaches to sea. It also leads to destruction of bottom sand biotopes with damage to Bivalvia settlements.
A rate of going out of shells from a beach depends also on speed of their mechanical grinding by waves
and recreational activities. As shown in experiments resting on the beach people walking along beaches
increase a rate of shell grinding. Its mean high recreational press can leads to increasing of lost of
sediments (shells) from a beach not only through devegetation. Increasing of coastal erosion is increasingof sediment flow in the sea and leads to acceleration of sea level rising. Acceleration of sea level rising
increases coastal erosion. Shifts of marine and coastal communities led to shifts in options for people
use. Tipping point in dynamics of spit ecosystem was passed. But it is didn’t taken into account by local
authorities, no changes in management of recreation on the Bakalskaya spit and there is accelerating
destruction - irreversible shift in depredated steady state with decreasing options for people use.
Case of the Crimean closed lagoons. Using 10-year monitoring date we can identify 5-6 steady statesof their ecosystems – different taxonomic and ecological groups of primary producers, as well as animals.
Different states – different options for nature use. Reasons and consequences are discussed. To havetime to prepare to new strategy of nature use is determined by our possibility to evaluate level of
ecosystem destabilization TP. These issues are analyzed.
Contact Information: Nickolai Shadrin, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, 2, Nakhimov ave., Sevastopol, 99011 Ukraine,
Phone: 380692545550, Email: snickolai@yandex.ru

123EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Field Survey of the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami
Disaster in Japan
Tomoya Shibayama
Waseda University, JapanOn March 11, 2011, a large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 took place, generating a tsunami that caused a
severe damage to the east coast of Japan. To comprehensively record tsunami trace heights along thecoastal region, the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group was organized. The author
conducted field surveys as a part of this group in Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki and Chiba
prefectures. In the presentation, the results of these surveys are reported. Inundation heights were morethan 15 m in Iwate and in the north part of Miyagi, 5 to 10 m along the coast of Sendai Bay and around 5
m in Ibaraki and Chiba. Buildings, including reinforced concrete structures, were washed away and ships
were stranded in land. Coastal structures such as dikes and coastal forests also suffered extensive
damage.
Tsunami Shelters and Evacuation Buildings are designed against the worst case scenario that waspredicted or anticipated using available scientific and historic information. For the case of Tohoku
tsunami, some of the designated shelters were below the tsunami inundation level. An example of thiswas the case of Minamisanriku, where the tsunami reached the top of one of the Evacuation Buildings.
During one of our field surveys, a local resident explained how he had to place his child in his arms sothat he was not soaked by the incoming wave, while he took refuge, as instructed, on the top of the 4
story building.
In terms of the usage of hard and soft measures the debate amongst experts in Japan appears to bereaching consensus. Essentially, the idea that hard measures can protect against the loss of life has been
discarded. The function of coastal structures would thus be to attempt to protect property or to help
evacuation process against the more frequent but low-level events (typically with a return period ofseveral decades to 150 years). Soft measures, on the other hand, would be used to protect lives, and be
designed with more infrequent higher level events (with much longer return periods, for example 1,000
years). The cost of using hard measures for tsunami protection is often significant, and their effectivenessis not clear and seems to have been relatively low for massive tsunamis such as the March 2011 one.
Future construction of hard measures should proceed after it has been established that they make sensefrom a cost-benefit point of view, especially considering that they will be expected to prevent damage toproperty and coastal infrastructure and to help evacuation process by reducing tsunami height.
The author is currently arguing for the classification of Evacuation Points in Japan into three separate
categories.
Category A: This category would include hills (higher terrain) that are adjacent to the coast but continue toincrease in elevation for a long distance. These would not be isolated low hills, but those that form part oflarger geographical features and have a higher hinterland region. A good example would be
Akanumayama in the Tarou area, already designated as an evacuation point.
Category B: This would include robust buildings that have 6 or more floors , or hills that are more than
20m in height. This category would have the inherent risk of being isolated during the worst tsunami, butwould likely be safe for most events
Category C: This would include robust buildings that are over 4 floors high. This category, however,would have the risk of being overtopped during the worst tsunami events, as described earlier.
Thus, local residents would be trained to attempt to reach the highest category Evacuation Point (A), andproceed only to other locations in the case that better Evacuation Points cannot be reached. Currently,
the author is in dialogue with local government authorities of Kanagawa Prefecture and Yokohama City
about the implementation of such a system. However, it has become apparent that in some areas, even
Category C Evacuation Buildings do not exist (for example in some dockland areas with a highconcentration of low-elevation warehouses, which typically have a large workforce during the daytime but

124August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

are almost deserted at night). This represents a significant problem, and careful consideration must be
given to how to deal with these areas.
Contact Information: Tomoya Shibayama, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University, Japan, Phone/Fax:+81-3+52868296, Email: shibayama@waseda.jp

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Estuarine Habitat Restoration on an Intertidal/Submerged Cap
Joseph Shisler1, Matthew Adkins2, Jeff Beckner3, Tim Iannuzzi4 and Steve Garbaciak5
1

ARCADIS, Cranbury, NJ, USA
CSX Transportation, Inc. Lithia Springs, GA, USA
3
ARCADIS, Augusta, GA, USA
4
ARCADIS, Annapolis, MD, USA
5
ARCADIS, Chicago, IL, USA2

Capping complexities in an estuarine ecosystem are addressed with beneficial modifications to theintertidal and submerged habitats. Containment was accomplished by the construction of a two footimpervious cap consisting of several layers for protection. The intertidal and submerged areas consisted
primarily of debris associated with the historical site use. The existing tidal fringing wetland was evaluatedusing HGM for post evaluation to determine success. As part of cap construction, the debris wasremoved. Over 100,000 plants of five species were removed, maintained, and incorporated into thefringed tidal wetland restoration. Beneficial modifications include the expansion of a fringing wetland
system, development of a transition area and creation of oyster reef habitat. To create the fringing tidal
wetland, the rip-rap armament was covered with sand to create a substrate for intertidal planting and thetransition area rip-rap was covered with topsoil. The planting and development of the wetland creates asoil bioengineered system to increase protection of the cap. The exposed submerged riprap provides
habitat with oyster reef development. An adaptive management plan has been developed for the project
to insure the objectives are met for a functioning intertidal wetland, transition area and oyster reef.
Contact Information: Joseph Shisler, ARCADIS, 8 South River Road, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, Phone: 609-860-0590 x245,
Fax: 609-860-0491, Email: Joseph.Shisler@arcadis-us.com

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August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Mangrove Ecosystem Changes during the Holocene from Chilka Lagoon, East
Coast, India
Shilpa Singh and Asha Khandelwal
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, India

The Chilka Lagoon is the largest open lagoon of Asia and lies on the eastern coast of India between
1928’ to 1954’ N latitudes and 8505’ to 8538’ E longitudes. It has been declared as a Ramsar Siteunder the convention on “Wetlands of International Importance” in 1981. It is well known for its floral andfaunal diversity. During the present times it is under threat due to anthropogenic impact.
In the present study, palynological investigations of surface and core sediments have been undertaken, todecipher the mangrove dynamics and palaeoclimatic interpretations during the Holocene. Surface
samples were collected from the different locations within the lagoon, in order to define the composition ofmodern pollen rain. The pollen spectra recovered from the surface sediments were found to becompatible with the present day vegetation in the area. Apart from this, palynological analysis of asediment core, supported by 14C dates were undertaken. The study reveals that mangrove development
was initiated in the area around 11,000 yrs B.P. Mangroves began expanding around 8,000 yrs B.P. andreached their optimum about 5,000 yrs B.P., suggesting a warm and humid phase and a concurrent risein relative sea-level. Since then, a gradual decline in mangroves has been observed between 4,000-2,000
yrs B.P., which can be attributed to the prevalence of dry climate. Since 2,000 yrs B.P. till the present,
midland taxa have been replaced the mangroves. The palynological record demonstrates changing
patterns of the mangrove vegetation during the Holocene. It also suggests possible extinction ofmangrove vegetation in the studied areas and/or displacement of mangroves to other geographicallocales. This can be related to fluctuations in the climate and concomitant sea-level rise and fall coupledwith anthropogenic activities during Late Holocene.
The present investigation strongly recommends restoration and regeneration of mangroves in and aroundthe Chilka Lagoon, since there was a history of mangrove depletion during Late Holocene. This requires
competent managerial practices to restore lost glory of mangrove history on East Coast.
Contact Information: Shilpa Singh, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow, India,
Phone: +91-522-2742928; Fax: +91-522-2740485, Email: spsp2226@yahoo.co.in

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Fostering Bay Stewardship Values, Understanding and Action through Blended
Indoor, Outdoor and Online Learning: A District-wide Case Study from Prince
William County, Virginia
Dann Sklarew1, Cynthia Smith1, Robert Johnson1, Joy Greene2 and Jason Calhoun2
1

Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
Office of Science & Family Life Education, Prince William County Schools, Manassas, VA, USA

2

Prince William County, Virginia is a rapidly developing suburb of Washington DC. It is home to an
ethnically and economically diverse population and the Virginia’s second largest school district. The firsttwo years of a new K-12/University partnership provided “Meaningful Watershed Educational
Experiences” to over 10,000 Middle and High School Students across Prince William County Schools.
Their teachers were trained to deliver, in partnership with university students and faculty, MWEEs which
include schoolyard stewardship projects, inquiry-driven outdoor field studies and computer-based
analysis of environmental conditions Occoquan Bay sub-basin of the Chesapeake Bay. Impacts on
students’ watershed understanding, stewardship values and activities were assessed through pro forma
and post-learning surveys. Semi-annual professional learning community meetings allowed teachers’ toshare and regularly improve their experience with lesson plans developed. Results support benefit tosustaining this sort of program beyond its current 3-year grant period, scaling up to include otherjurisdictions, and adapting such methods to foster similar watershed stewardship in other bay and coastal
sea basins.
Contact Information: Dann Sklarew, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5F2, Fairfax, VA 22030 United States,
Phone: 703-993-2012, Email: dsklarew@gmu.edu

128August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

In the Context of Climate Variability, Assessing Trajectories from Eutrophication
to Restoration Over 25 Years in the Tidal Freshwater Portion of the Potomac River
Estuary
Dann Sklarew and R. Christian Jones
Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

As the second largest sub-estuary of the Chesapeake Bay and home to the United States’ capital city, thePotomac River historically delivered tremendous nutrient loads to receiving waters of the Bay. This led tomassive, pervasive summer algal blooms as far upstream as the tidal freshwater portion of the river.
Nutrient management over the past 40 years led to remarkable decline in anthropogenic nutrient loads,
despite burgeoning populations throughout the Washington DC metropolitan region. Over the period
since 1984, a basin-wide phosphate detergent ban and costly nitrogen removal upgrades at the
Chesapeake’s largest wastewater treatment plant, Blue Plains, have created conditions for potential
decline in water quality impairment. Meanwhile, inter-annual variability in hydrometerological conditions
obscure underlying trends in recovery from eutrophication even in the upper tidal freshwater zone.
The current study examines 25 years of intensive water quality monitoring in the tidal Potomac River near
Gunston Cove for signs of sustained water quality improvement. Visualization methods associated with
exploratory data analysis are utilized to distinguish impacts of inter-annual climate variability and nutrient
management factors. Results show an overall trajectory towards improved trophic status in recent years.
Nonetheless, any sustained climatic change which creates longer, drier growing seasons could create
conditions which once again favor massive algal blooms. Also discussed are implications for sustained
monitoring of the river; implementation of new, ultra-advanced nitrogen removal at a Blue Plains, anddevelopment of climate-corrected trends in water quality in other embayments and coastal seas.
Contact Information: Dann Sklarew, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5F2, Fairfax, VA 22030 United States,
Phone: 703-993-2012, Email: dsklarew@gmu.edu

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Innovative Web Based Communications and the Chesapeake Bay
Michael Land1 and Guy Stephens2
1National Park Service, Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD, USA
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD, USA

2

The Chesapeake Bay Program is a unique regional partnership that has led and directed the restorationof the Chesapeake Bay since 1983. The Chesapeake Bay Program partners include the states ofMaryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia; the District of Columbia; the Chesapeake Bay Commission, a tristate legislative body; the Environmental Protection Agency, representing the federal government; andparticipating citizen advisory groups.
The Chesapeake Bay Program has maintained a web presence for well over a decade. In that time wehave evolved the site both to keep up with the changing landscape of technology and too in an effort tofind innovative ways to communicate our diverse scientific messages to broad and ever expanding
audiences. The Chesapeake Bay Program website communicates scientific, educational, interpretive andtechnical information to an incredibly diverse audience ranging from the concerned citizen, to teachersand students, to research scientists, to government agencies to watershed organizations. Communicating
effectively to such a diverse range of audiences requires a unique blend of well crafted content,interpretive charts and infographics, up to the minute news, interactive tools and resources andincreasingly, the integration of social media and other avenues that encourage active engagement.
The next iteration of the Chesapeake Bay Program web site (launching summer 2011) leverages thelatest technologies, both from a backend perspective and in terms of innovative communications
methodologies. In redeveloping the site we engaged in a comprehensive discovery process to better
understand the needs of our diverse audiences and to develop innovative approaches to communicate
the complex science behind the restoration efforts. This led to a redevelopment of the web site
information architecture which focused on clearly defining the issues affecting the Chesapeake Bay
watershed and explaining how the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership was leading the way to protect
and restore this national treasure. With www.chesapeakebay.net we’ve been able to successfullycommunicate complex scientific information, such as the importance of underwater grasses or how
stormwater impacts rivers and streams and in an easily digested, effective manner online.
In this session, we’ll talk about successes, failures and lessons learned in our attempts to communicate
Chesapeake science, restoration and to facilitate engagement among stakeholders in the Chesapeakeregion. We will discuss our discovery process and how that helped us to redevelop the informationarchitecture. Additionally we will talk about the technical approach we choose to developing the site andhow that approach will allow us to more efficiently communicate the Chesapeake stories and messages.
Contact Information: Michael F Land, National Park Service, Chesapeake Bay Program, 410 Severn Avenue, Suite 112, Annapolis,
MD 21012 USA, Phone: 410-267-9832, Fax: 410-267-5777, Email: mland@chesapeakebay.net

130August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Nut & Bolts: Integrating Social Media into Your Web Site
Guy Stephens
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES) / Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD, USA

Social media can take many forms from simple forums, blogs, wikis, podcasts, photo sharing and social
bookmarking to dedicated social networks like Facebook and Google. While social networks like theseare great tools in and of themselves, they also present opportunities to leverage them to enhance yourorganizations website. This segment of the panel will discuss specific ways how you and yourorganization can leverage social media in to enhance your website - whether it is using Flickr toshowcase photos on your site or using comments from Facebook there are many options and ways toleverage these resources.
Contact Information: Guy Stephens, UMCES/Chesapeake Bay Program, 410 Severn Ave., Suite 112, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA;
Phone: 1-800-968-7889 Email: gstephens@chesapeakebay.net

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Questions of Sustainability in a Large-scale Tidal Wetland Restoration in
Chesapeake Bay
J. Court Stevenson, Lorie W. Staver, Jeffrey C. Cornwell and Michael S. Owens
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Studies, Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, Maryland, USA

As part of the Poplar Island Environmental Restoration Project there is a plan to create approximately 300
hectares of tidal marsh, primarily using material dredged from shipping channels in upper Chesapeake
Bay. Unlike the sandy material used in many coastal marsh restoration projects, this material is finegrained and high in nutrients. Of the first two wetlands completed, one was constructed with the upper
Bay material (Cell 3D, planted in 2005), the other with local sand (Cell 4D, planted in 2002). Vegetationand sediment monitoring efforts have revealed striking differences between the two Spartina alterniflora
marshes, including sparser vegetation and higher recruitment of new plant species in Cell 4D, andlodging, intense muskrat grazing, leaf freckling and high rates of fungal infection in Cell 3D. Biomass
production and allocation also differ markedly between these two cells with higher belowground biomass
and root:shoot ratios in Cell 4D and much higher aboveground biomass in Cell 3D. Furthermore,
extensive die-backs have occurred in Cell 3D but not in Cell 4D.
We hypothesize that the observed differences, including biomass allocation, are due to differences innutrient content of the upper Bay material vs. sand. Preliminary sediment accretion measurements
indicate that the impact of diebacks and low root:shoot ratios is negative, and since external inorganic
sediment inputs will be limited in this system by design, belowground production is especially importantfor vertical accretion. Local sea-level rise is currently 3.2 mm y-1 in Chesapeake Bay and expected to atleast double over the next century. Given the goal of creating self-sustaining marshes, healthy vegetation
leading to adequate vertical accretion in essential. Currently, we are exploring the potential benefits ofsoil amendments to overcome the effects of high sediment nutrient concentrations on S. alterniflora.
Contact Information: J. Court Stevenson, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Studies, Horn Point Laboratory,
P.O. Box 775 Cambridge, Maryland, 21613 USA, Phone: 410-221-8442, Fax: 410-221-8490, Email: court@umces.edu

132August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Changes in Dominant Species of Seagrass Bed off Iwakuni, Seto Inland Sea,Japan
Kenji SUGIMOTO1, Yorihide ASAOKA2, Toshinobu TERAWAKI3 and Mitsumasa OKADA4
1

Hiroshima Environment and Health Association, Japan
Chugoku-Shikoku Defense Bureau, Japan
3
National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Japan
4
The Open University of Japan, Japan
2

In the area off Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, Seto Inland Sea, seagrass bed consist of two species, Zostera
marina L. & Z. japonica. The following elements are important for the formation of seagrass bed 1) There
must be the source of seed supply. 2) Seeds must be flown into the sandy bottom area. 3) The the sandy
bottom must be suitable for the growth of Z. marina L. or Z. japonica. Consequently, to study the cause ofchanges in dominant species of seagrass after Typhoon No.18 in 2004, the distribution of seagrass off
Iwakuni, Yamaguchi and changes in the sandy bottom of the seagrass bed were investigated.
In order to clarify the distribution of seagrass, 1 line was established off Ozu, Iwakuni and distribution
range, shoot density, water temperature and disperse coefficient were investigated every 2 months to ayear during the period from June 1997 to December 2010. Moreover, in order to study changes in
sediment, it was collected and grain constituent was analyzed by JIS A 1204.
From 2005 to 2007, distribution range of Z. marina L. had decreased by every attack by typhoon and after
2008, it had repeated the life cycle in which the distribution range did not recover to the level prior to
Typhoon No.18 in 2004 even though there had been no typhoon attack and disappeared at a low ebb. On
the other hand, distribution range of Z. japonica could not be confirmed before Typhoon No.18 in 2004,
however it had increased when distribution range of Z. marina L. began to decrease after Typhoon No.5
in 2007. Although distribution range of Z. japonica varies from season to season, it had changed between
200 to 350 meters.
From 1997 to 2010, no drastic change in downwelling photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) andeelgrass community light compensation (Ie) was observed, moreover PPFD was above Ie. Consequently,
it can be concluded that the amount of light off OZU seagrass was sufficient for Z. marina L. It can also be
concluded that particle diameter in sediment had not changed much, therefore, there was no drasticchange in the sandy bottom of the seagrass bed.
Although, there was no change in the condition in the sandy bottom of the seagrass bed such as light andin sediment off OZU from 1997 to 2010, after Typhoon No.5 in 2007, Z. japonica has become dominant
than Z. marina L..
Contact Information: Kenji SUGIMOTO, Hiroshima Environment and Health Association, 9-1, Hirosekitamachi Naka-ku, Hiroshima
730-8631 Japan, Phone: +81-82-293-1580, Fax: +81-82-293-5049, Email: kenji.sugimoto@kanhokyo.or.jp

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Maryland Bay Restoration Fund (aka The Flush Tax)
Robert M. Summers
Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

The Maryland Bay Restoration Fund was established in State legislation in 2004. Immediately dubbed“the flush tax” in the press, the law established two separate users’ fees and directed that the revenue
from each be placed in two separate dedicated funds. The first, paid by the users of wastewater treatment
plants, is $2.50 per month, which is dedicated for the upgrading of wastewater treatment plants to remove
nitrogen and phosphorus from their discharges to State waters. The second, paid by users of onsite
sewage disposal systems (septic systems), is $30 per year, which is dedicated 60% for upgrading onsite
sewage disposal systems to remove nitrogen and 40% for planting cover crops on agricultural fields toprevent nitrogen from leeching into the groundwater.
Since 2004, the Fund has received over $431 million that has been invested in upgrading the State’smajor wastewater treatment plants ($352 million), upgrading onsite sewage disposal systems ($42
million) and planting cover crops on Maryland’s farms ($37 million).
Maryland’s 67 major wastewater treatment plants produce 95% of the treated sewage discharged in theState. Twenty two plants have been upgraded and are in operation. Another 17 facilities are underconstruction, 14 are in design and the remaining 14 are in planning. When completed in 2017 theupgrades will result in an additional 8 million pounds per year nitrogen loading reduction to Chesapeake
Bay, which is over 1/3 of the nutrient reduction needed to achieve Bay water quality goals. Over 3,000
septic systems have been upgraded to cut nitrogen loading by 36,000 pounds per year and in 2011, over
400,000 acres of cropland were planted in cover crops, reducing another 2.4 million pounds per year.
Contact Information: Robert M. Summers, Secretary, Maryland Department of the Environment, 1800 Washington Blvd., Baltimore,
MD 21230, USA; Phone: 410-537-4187, 410-537-3888, Email: bsummers@mde.state.md.us

134August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Community Participation in Research on Seagrass Ecosystem in Krabi Province,
Thailand
Makamas Sutthacheep, Sittiporn Pengsakun, Kanwara Saengmanee, Watcharachai Donsomjit
and Thamasak Yeemin
Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand

Universities and research institutions in Thailand are opening up to the real problems at local
communities. They are embarking on various community outreach and engagement activities involving
local school students as research assistants. The present paper provides a case study on researchcollaboration between the Marine Biodiversity Research Group of Ramkhamhaeng University (MBRGRU) and a local community at Koh Pu, Krabi Province in southern Thailand. The main objective was to
examine seagrass community changes, especially population dynamics of an economically important
gastropod Strombus canarium. The research plan was developed as working partnerships between thelocal community and the university research group in order to involve local people in planning their futureof sustainable uses of seagrass associated organisms and to raise public awareness on conservation ofcoastal resources. The MBRG-RU provided a research fund, equipment and training a group of local
school students on monitoring methods of seagrass ecosystem. The students surveyed and collected
samples according to the planned schedule every month. The researchers worked and discussed with thestudents quarterly for data analyses. The study in details, such as identification of seagrass associatedorganisms and analyzing environmental parameters by using sophisticated instruments, was carried out
at the MBRG-RU laboratory. The research project was strongly supported by their parents and local
community leaders and the research data were used by local people for giving them the information about
status and trends of their harvested species. We recommend that one important role for universities inThailand is to empower local people for managing natural resources and environment therefore researchand teaching activities should be integrated in a way that leads to a mutual learning process among all
stakeholders concerned. Universities and research institutes have opportunities to conduct research
relevant to local community needs and to provide service learning for local school students. Local schools
and universities should offer credits for students for working on research projects as part of theircurriculum. We should emphasize on enhancing local capabilities and networks among various local
stakeholders through small long-term research projects. Financial sustainability for research is very
important to facilitate further participation of local communities.
Contact Information: Makamas Sutthacheep, Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University,
Huamark, Bangkok 10240 THAILAND, Phone: 662-310-8415, Fax: 662-310-8415, Email: msutthacheep@yahoo.com

135

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Preserving the Ecological and Recreational Values of Florida Waterways
Robert A. Swett1 and Charles Listowski2
1

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,USA
2
West Coast Inland Navigation District, Venice, FL, USA

Coastal communities face the challenge of balancing the use and protection of their waterway resources.
Over the past four decades, Florida’s coasts were transformed as population growth and demand forshorefront property led to the creation of residential canal developments. Thousands of miles of channels
and basins were dredged as a by-product of this urbanization process, and boaters soon followed: Florida
has the most registered boats in the U.S., with just under 1 million. A result is that navigable waterways
and aquatic resources are being stressed by increasing boat traffic and canal-side activities.
Recognizing their common goal to preserve the recreational and ecological value of southwest Florida
waterways, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, the West Coast Inland Navigation
District, which serves four counties that contain 8% of Florida’s population and 12% of its registeredboats, and the University of Florida Sea Grant College Program signed a Memorandum of Agreement.
The signatories agreed to develop a science-based Regional Waterway Management System (RWMS): a
new approach to waterway planning and permitting based on carefully mapped channel depths, a census
of actual boat populations, and the spatial extent of aquatic resources. The GIS-based RWMS provides acomprehensive, regional overview of channel conditions and the geographic distribution and severity ofexisting impediments to safe navigation and resource protection. RWMS information and analyses result
in regional-scale permitting to accommodate water-dependent uses while minimizing environmental
impacts and reducing public expenditures. It is the basis for counties, the WCIND, and the state to moveboating channels from a series of ad hoc user “trails” to a defined boating transportation infrastructurethat serves to separate boats from sensitive marine habitats.
Since its inception, this state-approved approach to waterway planning and permitting has resulted in two
innovative state administrative rules and has saved taxpayers over $3 million dollars. The state rule forone county authorizes zones to exclude vessels with combustion engines in areas of scarred seagrass tomitigate maintenance dredging activities in aquatic preserves. This approach helps to achieve anappropriate balance between waterway use and resource protection.
The adoption of the RWMS by the State of Florida and implementation of the state administrative codedemonstrate the ability of sound science to guide state waterway management activities. Benefits include:(1) state policy based on “best available science,” (2) better efficiency and effectiveness in waterway
maintenance, (3) savings in dollars and staff time, and (4) better public policy through holistic, ecologically
based decision-making that is predictable, fair, and cost effective.
Contact Information: Robert A. Swett, Boating and Waterway Planning Program, University of Florida, PO Box 110760, Gainesville,
FL 32611-0760 USA, Phone: 352-392-6233, Fax: 352-846-1332, Email: rswett@ufl.edu

136August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

A Review of Nutrient Concentrations in the Eastern Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Kuninao Tada1, Hideki Kaeriyama1, Hitomi Yamaguchi1, Supaporn Yamaguchi1, Loassacahn Nattaporn1,
Munehiro Fujiwara2, Tatsuo Yamada2, Toshimasa Asahi1, Kazuhiko Ichimi3 and Tsuneo Honjo3
1

Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
Kagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
3
Seto Inland Sea Regional Research Center, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan2

The water quality of the Seto Inland Sea has changed in the recent decade compared with that of the
1970s and 1980s. Although the reason is unknown, dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations havedecreased significantly after the year 2000. Commensurate with changes in nutrient levels, the fisheries
yield of species such as sardine, short-neck clam, and Nori (Porphyra) have also declined. One
hypothesis for the gradual decrease of nutrient concentrations is due to a law enacted by theEnvironmental Agency, and various other efforts to improve water quality. Nevertheless, an explanation
for the recent decrease of nutrient concentrations has not yet to be provided. We conductedhydrographic observations of physiological conditions, nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations, andcompared our results with the various previous environmental monitoring data at Harima-Nada, including
connecting Shido Bay, the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea. We found that nutrient concentrations of
the bottom ocean layer during summer periods after 2000 were quite low compared to the years before
1990. Nutrient concentrations in the surface seawater did not increase when mixing occurred comparedto those of the stratified season. In this study, we discuss the reasons for the recent decreases in nutrient
concentrations within the context of the following: (1) decrease of nutrient loading from riverine sources,(2) decrease of recent rainfall amount and change of the manner of rainfall, and (3) decrease of the
upward nutrient flux across the overlying water-sediment interface. Our results can provide valuable
information for consideration in the management of nutrient concentrations of the enclosed sea.
Contact Information: Kuninao Tada, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan 761-0795,
Phone & Fax: 81-87-891-3148, E mail: tada@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp

137

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

An Approach to Reduce the Garbage at the Bottom of the Seto Inland Sea
through Two Activities: Collecting Garbage at the Sea Bed and Raising Public
Awareness of the Consequences of Inappropriate Waste Management
Saori Takahashi
Sanyou-joshi High School, Kobe, Japan

Based on our estimation, over 13,000 tons of garbage is piled up at the bottom of the Seto Inland Sea.
Most of that garbage is carried to the sea through the rivers which flow into it. How did that garbage get to
be in the rivers? The answer is that it was mainly put there by the people who live in the cities, towns, andvillages, surrounding the Seto Inland Sea. The Seto Inland Sea bed is now covered with a lot of garbage.
This prevents life to flourish there and is slowly destroying in the sea. The problem is becoming more andmore serious partly because it is so difficult to remove the garbage, but mainly because the general public
is unaware of the serious consequences to use their local waterways as dumping sites. In order that the
Seto Inland Sea is to be preserved, we have to raise public awareness of this serious problem. We aretrying to tackle this problem in two ways. First, we helped remove the garbage from the sea bed by using
small trawling fishing nets attached to fishing boats. Actually we did this action four times over last year.
Our second plan of action is to make the public aware that they are giving a very negative effect on thelocal fishing economy each time they throw their rubbish into the rivers. I hope these two ways will lead toa large reduction of the garbage piled up on the bottom of the Seto Inland Sea.
Contact Information: International EMECS Center, DRI East Bldg. 1-5-2, Wakinohama-kaigandori, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073 JAPAN,
Phone: +81 (0)78-252-0234, Fax: +81 (0)78-252-0404

138

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Addressing Critical Environmental Issues Facing the Maritime Industry
Mario N. Tamburri
Maritime Environmental Resource Center, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental
Science, Solomons, Maryland, USA

The Maritime Environmental Resource Center (MERC) was created by the University of Maryland Center
for Environmental Science and Maryland Port Administration, with additional support from the US
Maritime Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and American Bureau of
Shipping, to provide test facilities, expertise, information, and decision tools to address key environmental
issues facing the international maritime industry. The primary focus is to evaluate the mechanical andbiological efficacy, costs, and logistical aspects of ballast water treatment systems and to assess the
economic impacts of ballast water regulations and management approaches. Invasions of coastal
habitats by non-native aquatic species are increasingly common worldwide, are known to cause
extensive ecological and economic damage, and have the potential to create human health concerns.
MERC has four main objectives:


Provide technology developers/vendors with facilities and expertise for pilot-scale and shipboard
evaluations of treatment systems;

Provide regulatory agencies and classification societies with standardized, rigorous, and independent
data on treatment system performance;Provide ship builders and shipping lines with information and decision tools to select the mostappropriate ballast water treatment options; and

Remove as much uncertainty as possible from emerging markets for treatment systems in order toaccelerate the adoption of innovative technologies.

While the initial and primary focus of MERC is on ballast water treatment systems, the Center has theexpertise, facilities, academic independence, and scientific integrity that will allow for testing andassessment of additional technologies and innovations related to Green Shipping, including hull foulinginvasive species, port and vessel air emissions and alternative fuels, and gray and oily water treatments.
Contact Information: Mario Tamburri, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory UMCES, One Williams Street, Solomons, Maryland 20688
USA, Phone: 410-326-7440, Fax: 410-326-7428, Email: tamburri@umces.edu, web: www.maritime-enviro.org

139

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Real-Time Environmental Monitoring of the Patuxent River
Mario Tamburri and Scott Loranger
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, USA

Real-time, quality-controlled environmental data is key to both improving predictions of climate change
and large-scale weather events, and for accurate forecasting and instantaneous information on weather
and water quality changes that impact coastal ecosystems and communities. It is because of this needthat the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (CBL) has maintained weather and water quality data
observing equipment at both the mouth of the Patuxent River on CBL campus and on the mid-Patuxent
River.
Water quality data is gathered using multiparameter instruments capable of measuring temperature,salinity/conductivity, turbidity, chlorophyll fluorescence and dissolved oxygen. One water quality
instrument package is positioned on the CBL Research Pier at the mouth of the Patuxent River (where
daily water temperature and salinity measurements have been recorded since the 1930’s) and theassociated weather station is positioned just onshore. This station measures wind direction and speed,
temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, rainfall, UV radiation, soil moisture and temperature and leaf
wetness. The other instrument package is located on a pontoon buoy system on the mid Patuxent River.
The mobile buoy also contains a weather station, which measures wind direction and speed, temperature,humidity, barometric pressure, and rainfall. The water quality and weather data from both stations is thensent to our lab using radio telemetry, archived and displayed on the web through our own website,through Maryland DNR’s Eyes on the Bay Program, and through the broader U.S. Integrated Ocean
Observing System, where diverse groups ranging from local watermen to academic researchers haveaccess to the information.
Contact Information: Scott Loranger, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science,
One Williams Street, Solomons, Maryland, 20688 USA, Phone: 410-326-7367, Fax: 410-326-7428, Email: Loranger@umces.edu

140August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Chesapeake Bay Program Monitoring Realignment: Reprogramming to Address
Senior Management Partnership Priorities
Peter J. Tango1 and Richard A. Batiuk2
1

U.S. Geological Survey at the Chesapeake Bay Program Office, Annapolis, MD, USA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program Office, Annapolis, MD, USA

2

A comprehensive review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP)
Partnership’s Bay and Basin water quality monitoring programs was conducted from 2007 through 2009.
The process involved the CBP Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee coordinating a workshop
series with Senior and Program Managers representing the jurisdictions and agencies across thewatershed. Managers recognized a need for a wide-range of information but requested programmatic
optimization focusing the limited Federal and Match funding resources on a narrow set of objectives:• To support monitoring needed for accountability in tracking Clean Water Act 303d listing and delisting
analyses in Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries, and• Simultaneously, to support the assessment of management action effectiveness in the watershed.
The CBP Management Board used a stakeholder developed and ranked disinvestment-reinvestmentconsequences matrix to evaluate trade-offs supporting decision options of the CBP Bay and Basin
Monitoring Program realignment.
Since 2009, implementation of the Chesapeake Bay Program monitoring realignment decisions has
occurred sustaining Chesapeake Bay Tidal Long-term Water Quality Monitoring Program needs of thepartnership with acknowledged gaps. Management Board decisions further supported updates to theBasin monitoring programming that focused on areas with watershed targeting efforts for best
management practices. Targeting management actions relied on modeling efforts identifying high nutrientand sediment yield regions impacting Chesapeake Bay water quality. Priority watersheds were small
watersheds slated for focused and increased management action implementation efforts. Enhanced
monitoring needs were identified to focus on addressing priority watershed monitoring needs. CBP
Workgroups worked with stakeholders to identify additional monitoring sites needed to address key gaps
in land use representativeness for watershed assessments while also improving calibration needs of the
Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model as funding becomes available. Site recommendations were made tobetter address accountability of management actions and their effectiveness from the existing Basinmonitoring network.
Contact Information: Peter J. Tango, USGS@Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410 Severn Ave - Suite 109, Annapolis, MD 21403
USA, Phone 410-267-9875, Email: ptango@chesapeakebay.net

141

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Integrating Clean Water Act Requirements with Ecosystem Based Management
Approaches in the Long Island Sound
Mark Tedesco
Long Island Sound Office, Environmental Protection Agency, Stamford, CT, USA

Eutrophication is among the most serious threats worldwide to the function and services supported bycoastal ecosystems (Boesch et al., 2001). Attempts to reverse coastal eutrophication have centered on
reducing land-based sources of nutrients, such as fertilizer applications, wastewater treatment plantdischargers, and air emissions. Both regulatory and non-regulatory approaches to assign source control
responsibility are aided by the perception of all parties that allocations are fair and equitable, using
resources wisely to maximum environmental benefit. Balancing legal requirements for attaining water
quality standards with the costs of attainment, who pays, and for whose benefit are primary challenges toarriving at equitable and implementable solutions.
In addition, historical alterations in habitat quality, food webs, and community structure in coastal systems
can alter nutrient processing, thus modifying the ecosystem response to reduced nutrient loads (Duarte etal., 2009). A systems approach that integrates watershed load reduction programs with enhanced
nutrient processing in coastal systems may prove more effective at restoring ecosystem services at lesscost than load reduction programs alone, helping to arrive at cost-effective, affordable, and equitable
solutions.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency is working with five catchment states to revise a
Total Maximum Daily Load that was developed by the states of Connecticut and New York (CTDEP and
NYSDEC, 2000) for nitrogen discharges to attain water quality standards for dissolved oxygen in Long
Island Sound. Over the past decade investments of more than $1 billion have been made to upgrade
wastewater treatment plants in Connecticut and New York to remove nitrogen and to better manage
nonpoint sources. Additional investments in watershed infrastructure and management practices of morethan $1 billion are possible. As part of the TMDL revision, equitable allocations for the states of
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont will also be evaluated. The presentation will focus on thechallenges to arriving and implementing equitable allocations for nutrient control among both land-basedsource controls and the application of nutrient bio harvesting (defined here as removing nutrients from anaquatic ecosystem through the harvest of enhanced biological production, including but not limited to theaquaculture of suspension-feeding shellfish and/or algae) for the Long Island Sound ecosystem.
Elements to a systems approach to Long Island Sound that integrates watershed load reduction
programs with enhanced nutrient processing to attain water quality standards, restore designated uses,
and restore ecosystem services will be emphasized.
Contact Information: Mark Tedesco, Long Island Sound Study, Stamford Government Center, 888 Washington Blvd., Stamford, CT
06904-2152 USA, Phone: 203-977-1541, Fax: 203-977-1546, Email: tedesco.mark@epa.gov

142August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Relation between Depositional Environment and Scallop Culture at Subarctic
Lake, JapanEmi Terasaki1, K. Morita, M. Yasuda2, K. Sakaguchi3, K. Maekawa3 and S. Montani1
1

Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
Tohoku Electric Power Company, Incorporated, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
3
Lake Saroma Aquaculture Fishery Association, Kitami, Hokkaido, Japan
2

Lake Saroma is located in the subartical zone and connected with the Sea of Okhotsk through twochannels. This lake has an area of 150km2 with an average depth of 9m, maximum depth of about 20m,
and is the biggest lagoon in Japan. In addition, average salinity is 33psu as high as the coastal sea. In
summer, water temperature rises up to a maximum 22oC. While in winter, Lake Saroma freezes up at allarea and is receiving drift ice from the Sea of Okhotsk. In spite of the above described seasonally thislake has great economical influence in Japan. 53% of the total area (80 km2) is occupied by scallop
culture. Average scallops production amounts to 6500 tons per year. Bivalves like scallop are filterfeeding organisms, and are playing a significant role of the material cycling. However, water quality
problems such as hypoxic events do occur in summer and it affects growth of the scallops. Based on thisbackground knowledge, we examined the physico-chemical properties in sediments based on organiccarbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. We tried to understand the depositional environment in Lake Saroma.
Finally, our study shows necessity of having scallops culture based on phisico-chemical properties tostabilize the scallop culture.
We collected sediment samples for the upper 0-1 cm with Ekman-Birge type bottom sampler from sixty
stations over the whole area of Lake Saroma on September in 2005 and analyzed Chlorophyll a (Chl a),organic carbon (Org-C), organic nitrogen (Org-N), total phosphorus (TP), stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N),
total aluminum (TAl) and total silicate (TSi). Results shows that, Chl a, Org-C, Org-N and TP has anaverage of 73±86 μg/g, 18±12 mg/g, 2.0±1.3 mg/g and 0.5±0.2 mg/g, respectively. Org-C showed
exceeded 30 mg/g at a few stations, this is similar to other bays in Japan (Tokyo Bay and Osaka Bay)and such regions are known as eutrophied area. Horizontal distribution of Org-C, Org-N and TP showedlarder value at regions of deeper bathymetry. Chl a/Total-pigments showed larger value at shallow
regions. So, this feature tends to conclude that the benthic-microalgae were more active at shallow areas
and more organic matters accumulated at deep areas. Org-C, Org-N and TP exhibited relatively highvalue beneath the scallop farming areas. δ13C and δ15N has an average of -21.4±1.3 ‰ and 4.2±0.9 ‰,respectively. TAl and TSi indicated an average of 65.4±6.6 mg/g and 308±28 mg/g, respectively. We
suggests that TAl can be used as an index to understand percentage of supplied amounts of terrestrial
materials from river since showing higher value at terrestrial side and lower value toward the sea side.
While TSi showed higher value along the Sea of Okhotsk side, matching with the Chl a/Total-pigments
horizontal patterns. TSi was increased with an increase of biogenic silicates from shell of benthicmicroalgae. Based on the all chemical properties, we categorized sediments in Lake Saroma as four,
estuarine side, central side, first channel side and shallow side. One result sheds light to the fact that,
Lake Saroma is influenced by several complex intertwining factors such as depth, rivers, near by the sea
and the scallop culture facility.
Contact Information: Emi Terasaki, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Kita-ku, Sapporo,
Hokkaido, 060-0813 Japan, Phone/Fax: +81-011-706-2322, Email: hamulin@ees.hokudai.ac.jp

143

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Assessing Natural Resource Condition of Assateague Island National Seashore
Tim Carruthers1, Kris Beckert1, Bill Dennison1, Jane Thomas1, Tracey Saxby1, Mike Williams1,
Tom Fisher1, Jack Kumer2, Courtney Schupp2, Brian Sturgis2 and Carl Zimmerman2
1

Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA
Assateague Island National Seashore, Berlin, MD, USA2

As part of a nationwide effort by the National Park Service in the USA to assess natural resource
conditions in 270 national parks, Assateague Island National Seashore was assessed using a frameworkthat provides a structure for integrating natural resource data for sustainable management goals. A
habitat framework was applied where significant habitats within and adjacent to the National Seashore
were identified, along with appropriate metrics (5–10 per habitat) and ecologically relevant metricthresholds. Data were measured against these thresholds and then the habitats were ranked from healthy
to degraded. This framework allowed assessment of the natural resources of the coastal habitats fromadjacent watersheds and barrier island lagoons to the island itself and adjacent coastal ocean. It also
provided a method for including metrics and habitats that are priorities for management, such as thefederally listed seabeach amaranth and piping plover, which inhabit the early-successional overwash
areas on the island. Another management priority is the mitigation of island erosion which occurs as aresult of two jetties at the northern end of the island that interrupt sediment transport. A sand bypass
project aims to alleviate this erosion, and the metric of beach shoreline rate of change was applied to thebeach and intertidal habitat to track progress towards this management goal. Other habitats assessed
include forest and shrubland, salt marsh, bayside mudflats, inland wetlands, and Atlantic subtidal. Other
metrics used in the assessment include horse abundance, seagrass area, salt marsh erosion, and exotic
plants.
Contact Information: Jane Thomas, Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science,
Cambridge, MD 21613 USA, Phone: 410-221-2005, Email: jthomas@umces.edu

144August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Implementing a Hazard Resilience Tool: The Coastal Community Resilience Index
Jody Thompson1, Tracie Sempier2 and John Bowie3
1

Auburn University Marine Extension and Research Center, Mobile, AL, USA
Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Ocean Springs, MS, USA
3
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA
2

The Coastal Community Resilience Index seeks to increase risk awareness among local communities of
their susceptibility to natural hazard events. Developed in partnership with the Gulf of Mexico Alliance,
the CRI is delivered through interactive sessions with community decision-makers and facilitated bytrained facilitators from Sea Grant Extension, Cooperative Extension, National Estuarine Research
Reserves, and other partners. Now in the implementation phase, the CRI will be delivered to at least fivecommunities in the five Gulf of Mexico states, with each community completing the CRI at one-year
intervals. Tool effectiveness will be measured through qualitative and quantitative data in the initial threeyear implementation and evaluation period. The CRI is a snapshot in time, assisting communities inassessing their natural hazard preparedness and planning. The recipient audience can include floodplain
managers, land-use planners, local elected officials, natural resource managers, and emergency
managers, and is applicable at the city and county or parish level. The CRI can be coupled with existing
training programs as an entree to introduce other natural hazard planning topics, such as sea level riseand climate change to coastal communities. The end outcome is for communities to take actions toaddress the weaknesses they identify utilizing the CRI, and community decision-makers that are more
informed on their community’s level of risk, ultimately increasing their capability of responding todisasters. The CRI development, delivery and adaptation model can be readily transferred to all U.S.
coastal communities, and is easily adapted for natural hazards more applicable to inland communities.
Contact Information: Jody Thompson, Auburn University Marine Extension and Research Center, Mobile, AL 36615;
Phone: 251-438-5690, FAX: 251-438-5670, Email: jody.thompson@auburn.edu

145

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Fostering Flats Conservation and Stewardship in the Bahamas
John Tiedemann1, Andy Danylchuk2, David Phillip3, Aaron Adams4, Tony Fedler5 and Aaron Shultz6
1

Monmouth University Urban Coast Institute, W. Long Branch, NJ, USA
Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
3
Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
4
Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Saint James City, FL, USA5
Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Gainesville, FL, USA
6
Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, the Bahamas
2

At the interface of land and sea, flats and their associated shallow environments provide a range of
ecosystem services including stabilization of sediments, nutrient cycling, and providing habitat for adiversity of fish and invertebrates. Flats ecosystems in The Bahamas support one of the most productive
fisheries in the world. Anglers travel to The Bahamas to fish the crystal clear waters of the flats forbonefish (Albula vulpes) and other species. A recent study of the importance of recreational flats fishingrevealed that flats fishing generates $141 million of economic value to the Bahamian economy annuallywith direct angler expenditures for flats fishing activities supporting the equivalent of 2500 Bahamian jobs.
Unfortunately, nearshore flats also tend to be the focal point of coastal development which often entails
clearing sites of all vegetation, altering shoreline areas, and dredging to accommodate marinas, harbors,and high density residential or resort development. This type of development and its associated humanactivities result in habitat destruction, declines in biodiversity, and loss of critical ecosystem services.
Given their ecological and economic importance, the conservation and protection of flats ecosystems isimperative to the future of The Bahamas.
To foster increased awareness about the importance of coastal flats habitats and the responsibility for
their conservation, the Fisheries Conservation Foundation (FCF), Bonefish and Tarpon Trust (BTT), andBahamas National Trust (BNT) have come together to form the Bahamian Flats Fishing Alliance (BFFA),a unique multilateral partnership. The goals of the BFFA are to a) provide scientific assistance andadvice to efforts within the Bahamian fishing industry to organize a national association of guides andlodge owners to lead conservation efforts; b) conduct collaborative research and education/outreachprojects addressing management and conservation issues of the flats environment and its fisheries; c)develop and implement an effective campaign to communicate the findings of such efforts to relevant
policy-makers, resource managers, and the public; d) assist decision-makers in developing scientificallysound strategies to address relevant fisheries and coastal resource issues; and e) encourage public
support for such strategies.
Accomplishments of the BFFA to date include conducting an economic study on the impact of flats fishing
to the economy of The Bahamas, holding the first Bahamas Bonefish Conference, and fostering formationof a Bahamian Flats Fishing Guide Association (BFFGA). To better understand bonefish biology andecology, identify key linkages in flats ecosystems, and assess the role of natural and anthropogenic
disturbances on these inshore habitats scientists affiliated with BFFA member organizations and theCape Eleuthera Institute (CEI) are using an integrated research approach to determine when and wherebonefish spawn, assess the potential impacts of global climate change, identify the best ways to catchand release bonefish to maximize their survival, and study what habitats are critical for which life stages
and how they impact bonefish growth, maturation, and longevity. The relationship with the BFFGA is an
essential component of BFFA’s work. By collaborating with the fly fishing guides, they become part of thedata gathering process and are invested partners in research and conservation.
Contact Information: John Tiedemann, Monmouth University Urban Coast Institute, 400 Cedar Ave., W. Long Branch, NJ 07764
USA; Phone: 732-263-5545, Fax: 732-571-4422, Email: jtiedema@monmouth.edu

146August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Support Project of Total Pollutant Load Control System Introduction
T. Yamada, H. Hashimoto and Y. Muroishi -- presented by Ryuji Tomisaka
Office of Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Water Environment Management Division, Environmental
Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Pollution was produced throughout Japan's period of high-level economic growth in the 1960s, and thisbecame a major societal issue. With the concentration of population and industry in coastal regions, large
quantities of pollutants and substances that cause eutrophication flowed into the ocean, and damage tofishing operations due to "red tides" occurred in addition to environmental pollution from oil spills. To
mitigate this situation, the Water Pollution Control Law and various other laws and systems for pollutant
control were established, and construction of sewer systems, waste water treating facilities and so on was
promoted.
One of these measures was the implementation of a Total Pollutant Load Control System (TPLCS) basedon the Water Pollution Control Law and the Law Concerning Special Measures for Conservation of theEnvironment of the Seto Inland Sea. The TPLCS are designed to reduce the total pollutant load ofpollutants flowing into enclosed coastal seas, into which large quantities of water from domestic andindustrial activities flow due to the concentration of population and industry in these areas, and for which it
would be difficult to achieve and maintain a desirable water quality with effluent regulations based onemission concentrations alone. In Japan, the TPLCS was introduced to Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and the Seto
Inland Sea, and efforts have been promoted to improve the water environment in these water regions.
Moreover, in other countries that are now experiencing dramatic economic growth, eutrophication ofwater regions due to the generation of large quantities of pollutants is becoming a serious problem insome areas, as it was previously in Japan. TPLCS are thought to be effective in dealing with this problem,
but in some cases the technical and institutional knowledge needed to introduce these systems is not inplace.
For this reason, Japan is now making use of its accumulated experience in TPLCS to provide
international assistance to various countries, primarily countries in East Asia with which it has close ties,
in order to help these countries achieve sustainable economic development. Beginning in April 2009,
Japan conducted joint research with China on total pollutant load reduction for nitrogen and phosphorus.
This cooperation resulted in ammonia nitrogen being introduced as a new target item for total pollutant
load reduction in China. Moreover, based on Japan's experience and knowledge and its joint researchwith China, plans are underway to prepare and release guidelines for the introduction of TPLCS.
Through these activities, Japan hopes to contribute to efforts to improve water environments in othercountries that are now facing the same problem of serious eutrophication of their water regions.
Contact Information: T. Yamada, Office of Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Water Environment Management
Division, Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan 1-2-2, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 100-8975, Japan; Phone: +81-3-5521-8320, Fax: +81-3-3501-2717, Email: mizu-hesasei@env.go.jp

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Let’s Make the Sea of Amagasaki Blue! – A Project on Restoration of Osaka Bay
Katsuhiko Touzaki
Amagasaki Oda High School, Kobe, Japan

Amagasaki Port, located in the innermost part of Osaka Bay, and the Amagasaki Waterway partitioned bylock gates have particularly bad water quality in Japan. We are working on the improvement of water
quality in those areas. In our research, we are examining water quality of the Amagasaki Waterway,
Amagasaki Port, and Osaka Bay in cooperation with Hyogo Prefecture, utilizing an investigation ship ofthe Hyogo-Prefectural Amagasaki Port Administration Office. We are also doing some experiments on
helping bivalves grow in the waterway and checking their ability to purify water, utilizing them as fertilizer
after the experiments. We are working on the project in cooperation with local elementary and junior highschools, universities, the local government, and local residents, hoping that this project will be a leading
model for environmental restoration of the Seto Inland Sea including Osaka Bay and other enclosed
coastal seas around the world. In the future, we are going to rouse high school students to take action on
environmental research and restoration in the Seto Inland sea and enclosed coastal seas in the world.
We are hopefully going to hold a national forum of high school students.
Contact Information: International EMECS Center, DRI East Bldg. 1-5-2, Wakinohama-kaigandori, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073 JAPAN,
Phone: +81 (0)78-252-0234, Fax: +81 (0)78-252-0404

148

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

The Effects of Debris on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles
Kristin Treat and Casey Firth
Easton High School, Talbot County Public Schools, Easton, MD, USA

Marine debris is anything manmade that is found in the aquatic environment. Debris is deposited fromocean or land based sources. Ocean-based sources include vessels and other offshore rigs. Landbased sources include municipalities, construction, and individuals. Direct impacts occur when marine life
is physically harmed by debris; these impacts include ingestion and entanglement. Indirect impacts occur
when the marine ecosystem is altered, resulting in ecosystem degradation and an increase of invasive
species. The extent of the problem associated with marine debris can be determined by conducting
beach surveys of a local aquatic habitat. The research protocol was to survey three different beaches in
the Oxford area of Talbot County, Maryland by using randomly selected one by three meter squarequadrants in each area. Based on these beach surveys, the most prominent debris found was plastic. In
addition, surveys were conducted at Easton High School to determine students’ understanding of theeffects of marine debris and to gauge their awareness of the problem. Based on these surveys, most
students were unaware of the problems and ways to prevent marine debris from entering aquatic
environments. Under the direction of Maryland Department of Natural Resources scientists and theMarine Mammal Stranding Team, student researchers also participated in the necropsy of a beachedseal. This comprehensive approach to research enabled the students to make sound decisions regarding
action which would help address the local marine debris issue.
Contact Information: Kristin Treat, Easton High School, 723 Mecklenberg Avenue, Easton, MD 21601 USA; Phone: 410-822-4180,
Fax: 410-819-5814, Email: coverington@tcps.k12.md.us

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

MedPartnership: A New GEF Project in the Mediterranean
Ivica Trumbic
MedPartnership, UNEP/MAP, Athens, Greece

The Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem (MedPartnership) is the largest
project ever in the Mediterranean, with funding of over 100 million US$ including investments and cofinancing, and is the first project to bring together some of the main partners working in the Mediterranean
for joint implementation of actions. It is one of the largest projects in the Global Environment Facility(GEF) Large Marine Ecosystem portfolio. MedPartnership consists of two projects: Regional Project (ledby United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan – UNEP/MAP), and Investment
Fund (led by the World Bank). The Regional Project has 4 components (management of natural
resources; reduction of land based pollution; biodiversity conservation and protection; and project
management including communication and replication). The Investment Fund has so far identified 11
investment projects. The Project will be carried out in the following countries: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Montenegro, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. The
Palestinian Authority also participates. Its duration is 5 years and will be completed by mid 2014.
The major environmental concerns and 101 hotspots in the Mediterranean were identified in theTransboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA). The actions for their remediation were identified and agreed in
two Strategic Action Programs (SAPs) aimed at reducing land-based sources of marine pollution (SAPMED) and protecting biodiversity and living resources and their habitats (SAP-BIO). In order to support
the countries in the implementation of the two SAPs, as well as to support the implementation of the new
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Protocol to the Barcelona Convention, the MedPartnershipwill address the need for financial resources and investments (led by the World Bank) and the assistancein policy, legislation and institutional reforms, as well as the demonstration and transfer of technicalknowledge and best practices (led by UNEP/MAP) to achieve the goal of improving the environmental
conditions of the Mediterranean Sea. Executing partners of the project include UNESCO/IHP, FAO,
UNIDO, UNEP/MAP’s regional activity centers (CP/RAC, SPA/RAC, PAP/RAC and INFO/RAC) and theprogramme MEDPOL. Non-governmental organizations include GWP-Med, MIO-ECSDE and WWF.
The Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean will result in some of the following:A long term partnership for joint planning and financing in the Mediterranean;The improvement of environmental conditions in 15% of Hotspots and sensitive areas;More sustainable use of coastal resources through use of IW and ICZM;The reduction of pollution from land based sources;

More sustainable use of fisheries resources through the adoption of an ecosystem based approach tofisheries, and improved protection of critical biodiversity;The replication and scaling up of investment projects and demonstrations, etc.

Results of the 2 years of MedPartnership's implementation will be presented as well as an outline of the
final product of the project and its contribution to the improvement of the Mediterranenan LME.
Contact Information: Ivica Trumbic, Project Manager, MedPartnership, UNEP/MAP, 48, Vassileos Konstantinou Ave., 116 35
Athens, Greece; Phone:+30-210-7273-102, Fax:+30-210-7253-196, Email: ivica.trumbic@unepmap.gr

150August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Managing Development and Chesapeake Bay’s Estuarine Fish Habitat andFisheries
James H. Uphoff, Jr. and Margaret M. McGinty
Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Service, Annapolis, MD, USA

An understanding of potential problems from suburban development for Chesapeake Bay’s estuarine
fisheries is emerging. Sprawl, measured as impervious surface (IS), is associated with multiple stressorsof fish habitat. Development of watersheds from rural (<5% IS; farms, forest, and wetland) to suburb(>10% IS) disrupts stream hydrology and spawning by anadromous fishes. Yellow perch egg and larval
survival in estuarine nurseries is related to the amount of IS and egg viability and larval feeding appear tobe affected. In several watersheds, yellow perch egg and larval viability is too low for successfulcompensation by reduced harvest. Dissolved oxygen (DO) in bottom waters of the Bay’s brackish tidal
tributaries diminishes with IS and becomes hypoxic during summer as the watershed becomes suburban;
use of this habitat by blue crab and fish declines because of low DO. Contaminant burdens in white
perch increase with IS, leading to human consumption advisories and the potential for detrimental
reproductive effects. While generally small subestuaries have been impacted by development so far,remaining rural watersheds will become increasingly influenced by sprawl in the future. Currently,
regulation of land-use and stressors associated with it is scattered among local, state, and federal
agencies. Fisheries managers will need to join with these agencies to preserve rural watersheds, restore
watersheds with manageable damage, and steer growth to less valuable watersheds.
Contact Information: James H. Uphoff, Jr., Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Service, Cooperative Oxford
Laboratory, 904 South Morris St., Oxford, MD 21654-1323, Phone:410-226-0078 x 174, Fax: 410-226-0120,
Email: juphoff@dnr.state.md.us

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

The Health Examination of Ago Bay in Japan
H. Uranaka1, M. Okawa2, T. Kazama3 and O. Matsuda4
1

Sato-Umi promotion section, Shima City, Mie Prefecture, JAPAN
Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Japan
3
IDEA Consultants, Inc., Japan
4
Hiroshima University, Japan2

The problem in water quality became obvious in coastal waters of Japan since about 1970. Some areas
developed unpleasant odor and a lot of fish died in many areas where industrial waste was discharged.
The monitoring of water quality in these areas started together with missions designed to this waterpollution. As a result of encounter measures, the water quality recovered to acceptable level but fisheryresources have not recovered to the desirable level both in quality and quantity. What is the ideal way ofholistic evaluation on aquatic system not only on the water quality? We propose a “Health Examination of
the sea” as a new marine environmental assessment technique to monitor and evaluate aquatic system.
This assessment technique focuses on biological production and purification ability of the sea, whichmeans that the scheme of “Health Examination of the sea” covers ecosystem stability and smoothness ofmaterial cycling in the broad sense.
Ago Bay is an enclosed coastal sea located in Mie Prefecture in Japan and very famous for cradle ofpearl culture all over the world. However, since 1960's the production of the pearl industry was drasticallydecreased by environmental deteriorations such as harmful red tide and hypoxia. To improve these
problems, control of domestic pollution load and dredging of sediment were carry out in the bay. As aresult, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water is gradually deceased recent year, but the COD in
sediment still keeps high level and the red tide and the hypoxia occurred every year in Ago Bay. We
diagnose that Ago Bay is unhealthy by using the scheme of “Health Examination”. Moreover, wediagnosed that the main cause of the unhealthiness of Ago Bay is domestic pollution load flowing into
Ago Bay where the function of saving nutrients and taking nutrients outside the bay weakened. We
proposed that the methods for the treatment of Ago Bay are the reproduction of both tidal flat and sea
grass bed as well as control of nutrient cycle including the promotion of the sustainable fisheries.
Contact Information: H. Uranaka, Sato-Umi promotion section, Shima City, Mie Prefecture, JAPAN, PO 517-0592, 3098-22, Ugata,Ago-cho, Mie Pref., JAPAN ; Phone +81-599-44-0289, Email uranaka-hideto@city.shima.lg.jp152August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

The Role of Satoumi in Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity andOther International Commitments
Marjo Vierros and Anne McDonald
United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies, Yokohama, Japan

The presentation will discuss the role of satoumi in implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) and other biodiversity-related international agreements. Satoumi both as a concept and amanagement strategy provides a culturally-appropriate method for implementing CBD provisions related
to coastal areas, and is similar to other coastal management approaches undertaken around the world.
On a very basic level, satoumi is an expression of the CBD ecosystem approach, which is considered theprimary framework for action under the CBD. Satoumi’s rootedness in traditional ecological knowledge
and cultural history also provides a way to implement aspects of Article 8(j) on traditional knowledge,
innovations and practices. Finally, satoumi is of particular relevance to the CBD programme of work on
marine and coastal biological diversity (decision VII/5). Because these topics, and particularly the
ecosystem approach, are central to many biodiversity and fisheries-related regional and global
agreements, satoumi also provides a tool for meeting a range of international commitments, and can beused to harmonize implementation strategies.
The presentation will also discuss proposed new directions for satoumi-related research that are in
keeping with the continuously evolving needs for implementing the CBD and other international
agreements. These research directions include further strengthening the congruence between satoumi
and the ecosystem approach by addressing connections between adjacent habitats and species, both
upstream and further offshore from the immediate coastal zone. Satoumi also has a role to play inenhancing the ability of ecosystems and coastal communities to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
However, the specific methods of how satoumi-related activities can contribute towards this goal may
require further research.
Contact Information: Marjo Vierros, United Nations University – Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS), 6F International
Organizations Center, Pacifico-Yokohama, 1-1-1 Minato Mirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-8502, Japan, Phone:+81-45-221-2300,
Fax: +81-45-221-2302, E-mail: vierros@ias.unu.edu

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Effect of Oxygenation on Speciation, Behavior, and Fate of Chromium in
Estuarine Sediments
Edward J. Bouwer and Amar Wadhawan
Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

The main objective of this research is to determine the conditions that favor toxic hexavalent chromium(CrVI) formation in estuarine sediments upon oxidation of the relatively non-toxic trivalent chromium (CrIII).
Grab surficial sediments were collected from various locations in the Baltimore Harbor and characterized
for total metals, total organic carbon (TOC), and acid volatile sulfides (AVS). Cr speciation performed
using EPA methods 3051A and 3060A in conjunction with our HPLC-ICP-MS analytical techniquerevealed that Cr in these sediments is predominantly precipitated CrIII – Cr(OH)3(s) and/or CrxFe1x(OH)3(s) with concentrations varying from 68 – 1050 µg/g dry wt. Continuously-mixed batch reaction
experiments were performed to examine the influence of sediment oxygenation and mimic possible
biogeochemical changes resulting from sediment resuspension during flood events, dredging activities,
and bioturbation. In these batch reaction experiments, anoxic sediment suspensions were spiked withaqueous CrIII and simultaneously aerated to monitor for CrVI formation. CrVI formed in 11 of the 16
sediment samples under aerobic conditions but not under anaerobic conditions. The rate of CrVI formation
correlated negatively with the AVS concentration in the sediments and positively with the porewatermanganese / AVS ratio indicating that the long-term persistence of CrVI is a function of the sediment
reductive capacity despite the ability of these sediments to oxidize CrIII. In another set of batch reaction
experiments, CrVI reoccurrence was observed following the oxygenation of CrVI-spiked anoxic sedimentsuspensions after the spiked CrVI was completely reduced to CrIII under anaerobic conditions. The
findings from this research suggest the need to monitor long-term stability of CrIII under changing
biogeochemical conditions in Cr contaminated sediments and soils.
Contact Information: Amar Wadhawan, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
N. Charles St., 313 Ames Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA, Phone: 814-574-7928, Fax: 410-516-8996, Email: awadhawan@jhu.edu

154August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Bi-National Coastal Ecosystem Learning Center Partnership
Shelia Brown1 and LaKeshia Robertson2 -- presented by Sharon Walker
1

Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Marine Education Center, Ocean Springs, MS, USA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf of Mexico Program, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA

2

A recent Gulf of Mexico Alliance successful collaborative effort is the project “Enhanced Public
Awareness and Understanding of the Gulf of Mexico Alliance’s Priority Issues Through Exhibitry within
Coastal Ecosystem Learning Centers (CELCs) in the Gulf.” This project has been developing interactive
kiosk exhibits that educate users on the topics of water quality, nutrients, ecosystem valuation, habitat
conservation and restoration, and coastal community resilience. These CELCs are in the five U.S. Gulf
States and in the Mexican state of Veracruz and are specifically located at the Audubon Aquarium of theAmericas, New Orleans, LA; Florida Aquarium, Tampa, FL; Texas State Aquarium, Corpus Christi, TX;
Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL; Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Marine Education Center,
Ocean Springs, MS; and, Veracruz Aquarium in Veracruz, Mexico. The interactive modules in these
Kiosks stimulate an interest in environmental preservation and promote a sense of personal protection of
the Gulf of Mexico. The overarching intent of this initiative is to prepare youth for foreseeable challenges
facing the Gulf and instill an urgent need for ecosystem remediation. Collectively, the CELCs reach over
3,000,000 people annually and their staff possesses expertise in the areas of marine and environmental
science which complement hands-on engaging programs. Through the EPA Gulf of Mexico Program
CELC designation, the Centers have established a partnership that brings technology and hard science
concerning the Gulf of Mexico into the hands of families who can truly make a difference in the future of
the Gulf: America’s Sea.
Contact Information: LaKeshia Robertson, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf of Mexico Program, Mail Code: EPA/GMPO,
Building 1100, Room 232, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-6000, Phone: 228-688-1712, Fax: 228-688-2709;
Email: robertson.lakeshia@epa.gov

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Early Detection of Coastal Ecosystem Response to Management Actions
Catherine E. Wazniak1, Carol McCollough1, Walter Boynton2, Matthew Hall1 and Eva Bailey21Maryland Department of Natural Resources Tidewater Ecosystem Assessment Program, Annapolis, MD, USA
University of Maryland Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD, USA

2

The ability to detect ecosystem response to management actions is the goal of coastal monitoring
programs. Moreover, the ability to detect change early is needed as a valuable assessment tool for
managers. Typical methods to evaluate ecosystems include trend analyses and current status ofconditions. Trend analyses require many years of data collection and often a high magnitude of change to
be significant. Status analyses often rely on established thresholds levels, and a change in category,
either better or worse, requires sizeable changes in concentration in relation to these thresholds.
Therefore, an indicator of integrated ecosystem response that can track changes and respond in a timely
fashion is a valuable tool. This presentation compares results from the Maryland Coastal Bays standard
status and trend analyses to new signal of change techniques, including CUSUM and duration ofdissolved oxygen criteria exceedances. The CUSUM technique allows for the detection of change fromthe long term mean in a variety of nutrient and water quality parameters collected monthly. Duration of
DO criteria exceedances are calculated from in situ continuous monitoring data and allow for evaluationof habitat conditions. The combination of these two techniques shows improving conditions that have notyet been detected in standard status and trend analyses. In the case study presented, conditions in
Bishopville Prong, a tidal tributary to the St. Martin River in the Maryland Coastal Bays watershed, areshowing improvement based on the new methods, although the status (degraded) and trends show nochange. This ability to show improvement in habitat conditions sooner is important to managers, todemonstrate to policymakers and stakeholders that management actions are producing positive effects
that may not be readily observed using standard methods.
Contact Information: Catherine Wazniak, MD-DNR, TEA, 580 Taylor Avenue D-2, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA,
Phone: 410-260-8638, Email: cwazniak@dnr.state.md.us

156

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Signaling Dissolved Oxygen Response to Eutrophication Using High Frequency
Data
Matthew R. Hall1, Catherine E. Wazniak1, Eva M. Bailey2, Walter R. Boynton2 and Peter J. Tango3
1

Tidewater Ecosystem Assessment, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD, USA
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, USA
3
United States Geological Survey at the Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD, USA
2

Dissolved oxygen (DO) monitoring, as part of an estuarine monitoring program, should be used to signal
changes that may impact living resources in the face of pressure from eutrophication. Historically, DO
concentrations were investigated through routine sampling, typically once or twice per month, or shortterm intensive sampling. In situ continuous monitoring implemented over the last decade has provided
high frequency datasets that have revealed new insights on shorter temporal DO patterns. The aim of thispresentation is to describe the use of high frequency DO data as a signal for coastal eutrophication in the
Maryland Coastal Bays, USA. Being a shallow, unstratified system, the Coastal Bays were not thought toexhibit drastically low DO conditions, at least not to the same degree as the nearby deeper, stratified
Chesapeake Bay. However, high-frequency data from in situ continuous monitors have revealed low DO
conditions at some sites. These monitors, collecting data every 15 minutes, are deployed across stations
collectively exhibiting a gradient of eutrophic conditions. Three methods of using these data to relate DO
to eutrophication effects will be discussed. The first method tested the use of high-frequency data toevaluate established DO thresholds. Failure rates of established DO thresholds for the Coastal Bays werecompared to failure rates for established DO criteria for various time intervals used in the Chesapeake
Bay. As expected, stations exhibiting greater nutrient enrichment failed criteria more often. The second
method tested the use of consecutive DO readings below established thresholds to signal degradation or
recovery. Duration of DO below threshold concentrations was calculated for each station, and maximum
monthly durations were then plotted against monthly percentage failure of established DO thresholds todetermine a signal of improving or declining eutrophication effects. Preliminary evidence indicates that aspercentage threshold failure increases, maximum duration of failure also increases. Finally, the third
method tested the duration of DO below LC50 thresholds for common estuarine finfish species as a direct
examination of effects on living resources. Species were chosen based on prevalence in finfish surveys
and to represent a variety of low DO tolerance levels. Several stations had overall poor DO conditions forsome fish species, and other stations exhibited seasonal or diel patterns of poor DO conditions. This
study concludes that high frequency data from strategically-placed in situ continuous monitors can yield
important data for use in signaling effects of management practices to control coastal eutrophication.
Contact Information: Matthew R. Hall, Tidewater Ecosystem Assessment, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 580 Taylor
Avenue D-2, Annapolis, Maryland 21401 USA, Phone: 410-260-8632, Fax: 410-260-8640, Email: mhall@dnr.state.md.us

157

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Citizen Science in Baltic Sea – Experience from the Beach
Jan Marcin Weslawski, Lech Kotwicki and Joanna Piwowarczyk
Department of Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Many people believe that the Europeans are less and less interested in science which makes it difficult tobase decisions on scientific knowledge and results in confusion between science, junk science andpseudoscience, a confusion dangerous for the modern society. There are fields which are evidently
underrepresented in the school curriculum. This is the case of marine sciences in Poland. Poland is arelatively large country but its coastline is comparatively short. Sandy beaches are typical for the southern
Baltic but many regard them as biological deserts, highly valued only for recreation and tourism. In orderto demonstrate that healthy recreational waters and clean beaches are linked to the well being of thenatural ecosystems, we have formulated different educational programs in close cooperation with several
high schools. Students supported by their teachers and marine scientists performed relatively simple but
time-consuming environmental observations. We prepared three different educational programs: one wastargeted at gifted students, the other two engaged groups of students. In the first program it was thestudents themselves who had to plan an experiment or a field study, and we helped the students todesign a methodologically easy study addressing a bona fide scientific question. The goal of the second
program was to engage students in time-demanding measurements of various biological and physicaldata. The measurements were performed by 2 to 5 students with simple equipment available at every
school. The third program was perhaps the most interesting because it allowed to obtain publishable
data. With the help of students we obtained multiyear, fine scale data on the distribution of sandhopper
Talitrus saltator, a crustacean that might be used as an indicator of the beach naturalness. After giving ashort introductory lecture, we took the students to the beach for a practical demonstration how to digholes of the specified size and depth, remove the upper sand layer and count the jumping-out
sandhoppers. The program continued for 6 years and covered the whole Polish coastline. The experiencegathered in all three programs was shared with the participants of the 2009 Spring School on Coastal
Monitoring in Porto (Portugal) and allowed to create a proposal for a European Education Marine
Monitoring Network. All three programs received positive feedback from the participants. Importantly, theygave the students the opportunity to learn how scientific knowledge may inform environmental decision
making and the opportunity to experience the continuity of science: marine sciences integrate disciplinesthat are separate in the Polish school curriculum.
Contact Information: Jan Marcin Weslawski, Department of Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland; Phone: 00048587311794, Fax: 00048585512130, Email: weslaw@iopan.gda.pl

158

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Assessing the Ecological and Human Health Status of Baltimore’s Inner Harbor
Caroline Wicks1, Heath Kelsey1, Laurie Schwartz2, Bill Stack3 and William Dennison4
1

EcoCheck (NOAA-UMCES Partnership), Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, Maryland, USA
Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA
3
Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Maryland, USA
4
Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, Maryland, USA2

Baltimore’s Inner Harbor and its watershed is a highly urbanized area in the mid-Atlantic region of theUnited States. The city of Baltimore was founded in the 1700s, with the population spreading out into
adjacent lands over the last three centuries and continuing to expand into suburban and exurban areas
today. The Gwynns Falls drains to the Middle Branch and the Jones Falls drains to the Inner Harbor. Bothstreams originate in the outer suburbs and in the urban parts of these watersheds, the majority of thestreams have been channelized or enclosed in storm drains.
This study assessed water quality and biotic parameters as ecological health indicators of Baltimore’s
Inner Harbor and its watershed. Bacteria and trash were assessed as human health indicators.
Assessment of each indicator is based on methodologies validated through peer-reviewed scientificarticles and years-long development of indicators for assessing the health of Chesapeake Bay via the
Chesapeake Bay Program. Each indicator is compared against a threshold value and scored on a 0100% scale, which is a gradient from Very Poor to Good health.
The study found most water quality indicators to be either poor or very poor in the Inner Harbor.
Additionally, the bacteria and trash levels in the Inner Harbor were rated as poor. The watershed healthwas better than the Inner Harbor receiving waters, with water quality indicators and bacteria scoring fromgood to poor. Lack of spatial and temporal coverage of basic water quality data in the Inner Harbor was amajor hindrance to accurately assessing its ecological health. Future plans to remedy these problems,such as expansion of citizen science monitoring, will be discussed.
Contact Information: Caroline Wicks, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, Maryland 21654, Phone: 410-330-2618,
Fax: 410-226-5925, Email: caroline.wicks@noaa.gov

159

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Connecting Students with Corals & Climate Change: Innovative Web & Classroom
Materials
Joanna Woerner1, Adrian Jones1, Corbett Nash2 and Tina Bishop3
1

Integration and Application Network at University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA
Pacific Island Network Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Volcano, HI, USA
3
College of Exploration, Potomac Falls, VA, USA2

How do we tap into the natural curiosity students possess? How do we illustrate their connections tocoastal ecosystems? How do we get them to relate to climate change? Such hefty questions require
expert knowledge from scientists, community leaders, educators, and science communicators. Thus, theIntegration and Application Network at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science andthe National Park Service Pacific Island Network Inventory and Monitoring Program partnered to create
innovative web-based materials that communicate the importance of coral reefs through inquiry andobservation.
The corals and climate change module developed by this partnership differs from other web educational
materials in a variety of ways: a) our materials are based on data, b) the classroom activities in our
module were designed by formal and informal educators in collaboration with scientists, c) throughout themodule, cultural connections and traditional practices are used to engage Pacific islanders, and d) all of
the web and classroom materials are vetted by teachers and reviewed by scientists. Thus, our materials
are based on sound science and designed to coordinate with the science standards middle school
teachers in the Pacific islands are required to use in the classroom.
Careful web design and interactive elements allow middle school students to explore the incredible
biodiversity of coral reefs, collect data about coral cover with the same methods used by scientists in the
National Parks, see into the future as unchecked carbon emissions increase ocean acidification anderode corals, and imagine how their daily lives would be different without coral reefs. Specificallydesigned to allow students to choose their experience and observe the topics that are most interesting tothem, this web module uses games, videos, and animations to help students observe corals and inspirethem to develop their own questions.
In addition to the resources we have developed for students, we have also created an Access Classroom
Resource page where teachers can download the materials they need to implement the module activities.
Here teachers can access the state and national teaching standards, learning objectives, and timerequirements related to each activity. Providing this information enables teachers to easily incorporate
some or all of the activities into their lesson plans.
Preliminary evaluation data from a focus group of science educators in the Pacific islands indicates thatthe content of the module is age appropriate, the classroom and outdoor activities are effectively
integrated with the web pages, and teachers believe that the module can be easily implemented in theclassroom. After the website goes live, and as more teachers have the opportunity to use the module, wewill evaluate teachers’ attitudes about the effectiveness of the module and what impact it had on theirstudents’ ability to learn about corals and climate change.
Contact Information: Joanna Woerner, Integration and Application Network at University of Maryland Center for Enviornmental
Science, 2020 Horns Point Road, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA; Phone: 410-221-2042, Fax: 410-228-3843,
Email: jwoerner@umces.edu

160August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

A New Exchange Flow Formulation for the LOICZ Model and the Relative
Contribution of Advection and Diffusion to Transport Time Scales
F. P. Andutta1,2, P. V. Ridd, E. Wolanski1 and L. B. de Miranda2
1James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
Oceanographic Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil

2

The LOICZ biogeochemical model is widely used worldwide to estimate the residence time of water inestuaries and the role of the coastal ocean in processing carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as materials
move between land and sea. It is shown using data from four estuaries that the model under-estimates
the residence times by a factor of 3-4 for these estuaries. A new exchange flow formulation is proposedfor vertically well-mixed estuaries as well as a simple analytical method to quantify the relative
contribution of advection and diffusion to estuarine transport time scales.
Contact Information: Eric Wolanski, Australian Centre for Tropical Fresh Water Research, James Cook University, 4811, QLD,
Australia; Phone: 61(07)-47814191; Email: eric.wolanski@jcu.edu.au

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

The Residence Times of Land-sourced Contaminants in the Great Barrier Reef
Lagoon and Their Impact on Reef Recovery Following Land-use Remediation in
the Watershed
E. Wolanski and J. Brodie
ACTFR, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia

Following land-use remediation in the watersheds of the Great Barrier Reef the hoped-for recovery ofcorals in the central region of the reef depends on the residence time of land-sourced contaminants. Thattime is measured in years to decades, possibly even centuries, for fine sediment. Coral recovery thus
may take decades. The exception may be the top few meters of wave-swept coral reefs surrounded byrelatively deeper waters and where the fine sediment is minnowed within a year by wind waves.
Ecohydrology modelling suggests that the sustainable recovery of corals may require doubling thepresently proposed nutrient removal rate. The ultimate restoration of the Great Barrier Reef corals
requires also addressing and mitigating climate change globally.
Contact Information: Eric Wolanski, ACTFR, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia, Phone: 07-47814191,
Email: e.wolanski@aims.gov.au

162

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

A Journalist’s Perspective on Social Media
Pamela Wood
The Capital newspaper, Annapolis, MD, USA

Communications tools are always evolving and journalists -- like all professional communicators -- arebeginning to embrace social media. An environmental reporter describes how journalists are using social
media as a tool to communicate with sources and readers, to search for story ideas and to promotefinished articles.
Contact Information: Pamela Wood, The Capital, 2000 Capital Drive, Annapolis, MD, 21401 USA; Phone: 410-268-5000,
Email: pwood@capgaznews.com, Twitter: @pwoodreporter

163

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Suppression of Phosphate Release from Coastal Sediments Using Granulated
Coal Ash
T. Yamamoto1, K. Harada1, K. H. Kim1, S. Asaoka2 and I. Yoshioka3
1

Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
3
The Chugoku Electric Power Co. Inc., Hiroshima, Japan
2

Deterioration of sediment quality is a serious problem in Hiroshima Bay where intensive oyster culture isconducted. Release of nutrients from sediments which are receiving feces and pseudofeces from cultured
oysters hanging above are one of major causes of eutrophication of water column. Since phosphate isenhanced its release rate under anaerobic condition in warm stratified season, it should be a target to be
suppressed.
Granulated coal ash (GCA), a byproduct from coal thermal electric power stations, has proven to adsorb
phosphate quite well in our previous study. Then, we conducted a field experiment aiming to suppress
phosphate release from sediments below oyster culture rafts, which are in organically enriched condition.
Two types of GCA were applied to the sediments of 50 m x 70 m each (Exp site A and Exp site B)
covering the sediments with 20 cm depth. The GCA used Exp sites A and B were those made ofpulverized coal combustion ash and pressurized fluidized bed combustion ash, respectively. After theapplication on 30 October 2008, monitoring of sediment and water qualities and benthic microalgae andanimals was carried out for 13 months with a 3 month interval. A numerical model to quantify chemicaland biological processes in the sediment was applied to estimate how phosphorus cycle was changed
compared to that in the control site.
Sediment pH was significantly increased up to about 8.5 in the sediments of Exp site A and B. In the bothexperimental sites, organic contents of the sediments significantly decreased, and acid-volatile sulfide(AVS) which is an indicator of aerobic condition was also decreased. Phosphate concentration in theinterstitial water of sediment was significantly decreased in Exp site A, which may be due to adsorption
onto GCA.
The numerical model output showed that release rate of phosphate from the sediment of Exp site B was
suppressed to the level of about 1 order lower (400 mol/m3/d) than that in the control site (4,800
mol/m3/d), whereas decomposition of detrital phosphorus in the experimental site is enhanced 4.8 times
in the experimental site compared to the control site.
It was proven that GCA can effectively adsorb phosphate from interstitial water in organically enrichedsediments and suppress release rate of phosphate from the sediments to the upper water column.
Consequently, it is recommended that application of GCA to organically enriched sediments in otherareas where they suffer from similar issues.
Contact Information: T. Yamamoto, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, HigashiHiroshima, Japan; Phone: +81-82-424-7945, Fax: +81-82-424-7998, Email: tamyama@hiroshima-u.ac.jp164August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Numerical Study on Dispersion of Turbid Overland Flow in Stratified Waters
Ryoichi Yamanaka1, Yoshiyuki Sueoka2 and Yasunori KOZUKI1
1

Ecosystem Design, Institute Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, JapanThe Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc., Japan2

It is very important issue that dispersion of turbid water in coastal and land waters. There are several
kinds of generation mechanism of turbid waters. This study focuses on overland flow on dry up area inparticular. The turbid overland flow is induced by erosion of bottom suspended solids and transport
adsorbed matter to down the stream, which is induced in intertidal zone and dam usually. Thesephenomena are very complex and a three-dimensional baroclinic flow model has been applied for
simulating one. Usually, Sigma-coordinate system is applied to simulate these phenomena. However, we
tried to apply Cartesian-coordinate system because we want to simulate hydrodynamics under thecondition with stratification and steep slope.
Hydrodynamics model with dry and wet function was constructed by improvement of present quasi-3D
barocinic flow model. Conservation of suspended solid was evaluated by hindcast simulation of actual
waters with both dry up area and stratified water area. As a result, water temperature of overland flow
was changed by meteorological effect and was dominated a depth of inflow in stratified waters
downstream. Moreover, sedimentation rate and bed fluctuation in both dry up area and stratified waters
were evaluated. According to this case study, we found that the numerical model divided into various
grain diameters is effective for improve reproducibility of numerical simulation.
Contact Information: Ryoichi Yamanaka, Institute Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, Japan, 2-1,
Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan; Phone: +81-88-656-7334, E-mail: yamanaka@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp165

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

Effects of Desiccation and Salinity on the Outbreak of a Green Tide of Ulva
pertusa at the Artificial Salt Marsh along the Coast of Osaka Bay, Japan
Susumu Yamochi
Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Urban Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan

Field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effect of desiccation andsalinity on the outbreak of a green tide of Ulva pertusa at Osaka Nanko bird sanctuary. Reduction of
biomass of Ulva spp. was observed at stations where the exposure rate to air was from 30 to 40%. In
addition, the exposure rate of 30 to 40% to air showed no negative impacts on the biomass of benthic
microalgae, infauna and non-motile epibenthos. Laboratory experiments revealed that photosynthetic
activity of Ulva pertusa decreased when exposed to air for 4 to 7 hours at 25-35 °C. Salinity decreases
from 30 to 25 or 20 accompanied with exposure to air drastically reduced the rate of photosynthesis of
this species. These results suggest the possibility of controlling a green tide of Ulva pertusa without
serious physico-ecological damage to benthic microalgae, infauna and non-motile epibenthos by a
combination of exposure to air with low salinity.
Contact Information: Susumu Yamochi, Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Engineering, 3-3-138, Sugimoto,Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan, Phone: 81-6-6605-2175, Fax: 81-6-6605-2733, Email: yamochi@urban.eng.osaka-cu.ac.jp

166August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

An Action Plan for Coral Reef Management in Thailand Following Coral Bleaching
EventsThamasak Yeemin, Chaipichit Saenghaisuk, Mathinee Yucharoen, Wanlaya Klinthong and
Makamas Sutthacheep
Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, THAILAND

Widespread and severe coral bleaching on most reef sites in Thai waters was clearly documented in2010. Bleaching in the Andaman Sea was more severe and extensive than in the Gulf of Thailand. The
most susceptible corals were Acropora spp. and Pocillopora spp. This research aims to synthesize
lessons learned concerning coral reef management in Thailand following the 2010 coral bleaching events.
There were several meetings, seminars and conferences which were organized by government agencies,
NGOs and universities for solving the coral bleaching problems and providing recommendations for coral
reef management. An urgent action plan includes raising public awareness about coral bleaching andbest practices for coral conservation, surveying on coral recovery trends at the bleached reef sites,
determining appropriate measures for each critical reef such as temporary closure, limited number ofdivers, controlled activities, provided artificial reefs for diving and nature tours in the forests, etc.,
preventing land-based pollution, effectively enforcing coral reef related laws and regulations, conducting
priority research themes and collaborating of all stakeholders and relevant agencies for integrated coastalmanagement. Strategies for driving the action plan to implementation comprise submitting the status
report on coral bleaching and consequent mortality to the cabinet, establishing a coral bleachingcommittee under the national environment board, approving the national strategic plan for coral reefmanagement by the cabinet resolution, providing adequate funding supports from Department of National
Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, National Research Council of Thailand, Department of Marine
and Coastal Resources, Thailand Research Fund, and corporate social responsibility projects of privatecompanies for conservation, research, management and restoration of coral reefs. Local participation in
management is very essential for reef resilience under the climate change impacts.
Contact Information: Thamasak Yeemin, Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University,
Huamark, Bangkok 10240 THAILAND, Phone: 662-310-8415, Fax: 662-310-8415, Email: thamasakyeemin@yahoo.com

167

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

An Analysis of Covariance to Determine the Effect of TPLMS in Masan Bay, Korea
J. Nam1, W. Chang1, 2 and Y. Yi1, 3
1Marine Policy Research Division, Korea Maritime Institute, Seoul, Korea
Department of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
3
Department of Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
2

This study aims to evaluate the effects of Total Pollution Loads Management System (TPLMS) in Masan
Bay, implemented to solve the pollution issues of coastal water of the Bay in 2007. The Bay had been
famous for both a traditional fishery market selling flounder, sea string and other endemic fish, and abeautiful beach where local people used to enjoy sea-bathing annually until early 1970s.
The Bay experienced the rapid urbanization and economic development after early 1970s. Total
population size of the watershed of 0.2 million in mid 1970s increased to one million in 2004. The
development of the bay resulted in the dramatic degradation of water quality, outbreaks of fish-kill, apermanent beach-closing, the public notice of the prohibition of shellfish-gathering, and the first
appearance of large scale red-tide in Korean history. Currently the bay is an exemplary area of the mostdeteriorating coast in Korea.
The Bay is a small and semi-enclosed bay with 17 small rivers and two sewage treatment plants in thewatershed; total area amounts to about 70 square kilometers; an average depth is about 15 meters; theaverage tidal speed of tide in the innermost part of the Bay is only about 2~5 cm/sec; therefore, it isbelieved that pollutants in the Bay cannot be easily washed out.
Local and national governments invested additional 108 million USD for TPLMS projects such as rivermanagement projects, the enhancement of capacity of sewage treatment plants (STPs), and other best
management practices to restore the Bay’s environment since 2007.
To test the effect of TPLMS implementation, the samples of 17 rivers and 11 stations of the Bay werecollected since 2005. The concentration and discharges of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total
Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP) of rivers and bay water were measured. The multivariate
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using the data of measurements of both 2005-2006 (before TPLMS)
and 2009-2010 (after TPLMS) samples was used to determine the impacts of TPLMS. Results of
ANCOVA indicate that the implementation of TPLMS is likely to lower the concentration of COD by 2.35
mg/L. On the other hand, it is not clearly estimated that those of TP, and TN drop statistically even thoughthose seems to be lowered.
Contact Information: YoonJu Yi, Marine Policy Division, Korea Maritime Institute, # 1652, Sangam-Dong, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 121-270,
Korea; Phone: +82-2-2105-4961, Fax: +82-2-2105-2777, Email: yoonju@kmi.re.kr

168

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Characteristics of Water Quality and Phosphorus in Bottom Sediment in Strong
Enclosed Sea Area
Yukio Komai1, Yuho Yoshikawa1 and T. Fujiwara2
1

Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan
Agricultural Graduate School of Kyoto University, Japan

2

Sin-Nishinomiya yacht harbor (YH), which is located in the inner part of the Osaka bay, is strong enclosed
sea area and a recreation area for citizen. Water quality in the YH is extremely eutrophic. A red tideoccurs a lot and anoxic water spreads from bottom to near surface layer during summer season. A blue
tide is observed, too. However, the characteristics of water quality and bottom sediment in the YH are notknown enough. Therefore, we investigated the change of water quality in the YH and examined therelationship between water and bottom sediment in laboratory at the same time.
Water samples were taken every 1m from 0m to 8m of depth between May and December 2010. Total
phosphorus (TP), phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P), total nitrogen (TN), and three kinds of inorganic
nitrogen were analyzed. Dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature and other parameters were
measured with CTD. The core samples of bottom sediment were taken by a diver and used for aphosphorus release experiment in laboratory. Sea sand and steal slag as material covering bottom
surface were used for the phosphorus release experiment, and the change of phosphorus concentration,
DO, and other parameters in water were examined. Phosphorus in bottom sediment was analyzed by thefractionation procedure of inorganic phosphorus by Whilliams et.al (1980). The stable isotope of carbon
and nitrogen in bottom sediment of the YH was measured, too.
The DO in lower layer gradually decreased from last May and anoxic water in bottom layer existed untill
last October in the YH. PO4-P showed lower concentration at surface layer and became higher at bottom
layer according to the decreasing of DO. The results of stable isotope in bottom sediment in the YH
suggested that organic matter in sediment originated from phytoplankton but not terrestrial organic
matter. This demonstrates that it is very important to control water and bottom sediment in the YH.
The results of the phosphorus release experiment using sea sand showed a decreasing of DO and a
increasing of phosphorus in water. On the other hand, steal slag is very available to prevent a decreasingof DO and a release of phosphorus from bottom sediment, and the effect continued for six months atleast. After experiment, CDB-P, which is iron connected phosphorus, and organic phosphorus increased
in steal slag. NaOH-P (aluminum connected phosphorus) and HCl-P (calcium connected phosphorus) did
not changed.
As steal slag originally contains a small amount of CDB-P and no organic phosphorus, phosphorus formchanged in steal slag during the experiment. As CDB-P in steal slag did not contribute for release ofphosphorus to water under anoxic condition in the case of another experiment, CDB-P may exist stably insteel slug.
To confirm availability of steal slag as covering material on polluted bottom sediment, we have started afollowing experiment on site.
Contact Information: Yuho YOSHIKAWA, Environmental Engineering Department, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya
Asahi Osaka City 535-8585 Japan, Phone: 06-6954-4512, Fax: 06-6954-4512, Email: ufo4290@gmail.com

169

EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas

170

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Author Index
Adams, Aaron ........................................................ 146

Campagna, John...................................................... 15

Adkins, Matthew..................................................... 126

Carriger, John F. ...................................................... 45

Agboola, Julius I......................................................... 3

Carruthers, Tim ...................................................... 144

Allee, R. J................................................................. 47

Cerco, Carl ............................................................... 16

Allevato, Eugene ........................................................ 4

Certain, Raphaël ...................................................... 86

Andutta, F. P. ......................................................... 161

Chakour, S. C. ................................................... 17, 18

Ano, Satoshi............................................................. 98

Chang, Nicholas....................................................... 54

Asahi, Toshimasa .................................................. 137

Chang, W. ........................................................ 19, 168

Asaoka, S........................................................... 5, 164

Chassignet, Eric ....................................................... 51

Asaoka, Yorihide .................................................... 133

Chebira, B. ......................................................... 17, 18

Bailey, Eva M. ................................................ 156, 157

Chen, Zhongyuan ............................................ 20, 115

Bandemehr, Angela ................................................... 6

Chesnutt, Charley .................................................... 87

Batiuk, Richard A. .......................................... 7, 8, 141

Chiba, Satoshi.......................................................... 21

Bays, James S. .......................................................... 9

Chinn, Chris ............................................................. 72

Beckert, Kris........................................................... 144

Chino, Takahiro........................................................ 22

Beckner, Jeff .......................................................... 126

Chubarenko, Boris V. ............................................... 82

Beggins, Michaela .................................................... 10

Cicchetti, G. ............................................................. 47

Bell, Wayne H. ......................................................... 11

Clark, K. ................................................................... 84

Bennacer, N. ............................................................ 17

Coffin, Alisa .............................................................. 23

Berg, Joe.................................................................. 12

Cole, Zac.................................................................. 23

Bishop, Tina ........................................................... 160

Corio, Lou ................................................................ 69

Blakeney, Victoria .................................................... 54

Cornwell, Jeffrey C. ................................................ 132

Bonney, Wade ......................................................... 54

Cunningham, Storm ................................................. 24

Bouwer, Edward J. ........................................... 59, 154

Currey, Lee .............................................................. 25

Bouzidi, R................................................................. 18

Dahou, T. ................................................................. 17

Bowie, John ................................................... 110, 145

Danehkar, Afshin ......................................... 26, 28, 30

Boyer, Joe ................................................................ 99

Danylchuk, Andy .................................................... 146

Boynton, Walter R. ......................................... 156, 157

Daou, Mehdi............................................................. 86

Bradley, Patricia ........................................... 13, 44, 45

de Miranda, L. B..................................................... 161

Braga, Elisabete S. .................................................. 43

Dennis, Robin ............................................................ 7

Bricker, Suzanne B. ................................... 43, 48, 112

Dennison, William C. .......................... 32, 72, 144, 159

Brodie, J. ................................................................ 162

Dereniowska, M. ...................................................... 33

Brostoff, William N. .................................................. 14

Deutsch, William G. ................................................. 34

Brown, Shelia ......................................................... 155

Dilmaghani, Yassamin ............................................. 30

Browning, Louis ......................................................... 6

Donsomjit, Watcharachai ....................................... 135

Cain, Carol J. ........................................................... 91

Doss, Terry .............................................................. 35

Calhoun, Jason ...................................................... 128

Dougherty, Michael .................................................. 36

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas
Ducrotoy, Jean-Paul ..................................... 37, 38, 39

Harrington, Julie ....................................................... 51

Ducrotoy, Marie J ..................................................... 37

Hartley, Maria K ....................................................... 83

Dunn, Joel ................................................................ 93

Hashimoto, H. .................................................. 22, 147Endo, Aiko ................................................................ 40

Hayakawa, S. ............................................................. 5

Endo, Toru ............................................................... 41

Hayashi, Akio ...........................................................52

Enloe, Margaret ........................................................ 42

Hayashi, Mitsuru ...................................................... 53

Eschrique, Samara A. .............................................. 43

Healy, Leah .............................................................. 54

Everett, Yvonne ........................................................ 54

Hedge, Kevin ...................................................... 46, 55

Fedler, Tony ........................................................... 146

Heinz, I. .................................................................... 81

Ferreira, João G. ........................................ 43, 48, 112

Henocque, Yves ....................................................... 56

Ferrier, M. D. ............................................................ 84

Heris, Mehdi Pourpeikari .......................................... 28

Finkbeiner, M. A. ...................................................... 47

Hidaka, Takeshi ....................................................... 57

Firth, Casey ............................................................ 149

Hill, Richard .............................................................. 83

Fisher, Tom ............................................................ 144

Hirai, Sumio .............................................................. 64

Fisher, William S. ......................................... 13, 44, 45

Hiroyuki, Otsuka ....................................................... 58

Fletcher, Pamela ...................................................... 99

Hong, Yongseok ....................................................... 59

Fujii, N. ..................................................................... 80

Honjo, Tsuneo .................................................. 62, 137

Fujii, Tomoyasu ........................................................ 53

Horio, Takuya ........................................................... 75

Fujiwara, Munehiro ................................................. 137

Hou, Xiyong ........................................................ 60, 61

Fujiwara, T. ................................................ 79, 96, 169

Hudson, C. L. ........................................................... 84

Gala, William R. ....................................................... 83

Hull, Peter ................................................................ 59

Garbaciak, Steve .................................................... 126

Hunt, John ................................................................ 99

Gathright, Kenneth ..................................................... 6

Iannuzzi, Tim .......................................................... 126

Gattino, Ted ....................................................... 46, 55

Ichimi, Kazuhiko ............................................... 62, 137

Ghosh, Santosh K .............................................. 73, 74

Iida, Wataru .............................................................. 75

Goodin, K. L. ............................................................ 47

Ishida, Tatsunori ................................................. 89, 98

Goto, Kotaro ............................................................. 98

Ishigaki, Mamaoru .............................................. 63, 64

Grant, Jon ................................................................ 48

Ishii, Hirotsugu ......................................................... 95

Graziano, Alexander P. ............................................ 67

Isshiki, Keisuke ........................................................ 64

Greene, Joy ............................................................ 128

James, Edwin B. ...................................................... 65

Griffith, Bryon ............................................................. 6

Jarrin, V. ..................................................................... 9

Griswold, Marcus...................................................... 49

Johnson, Robert ..................................................... 128

Gu, Jiawei .............................................................. 115

Johnson, Zoë ........................................................... 49

Guise, Amy M. .......................................................... 50

Jolliffe, Eric F. ........................................................... 14

Guo, X. ..................................................................... 80

Jones, Adrian ......................................................... 160

Haghighi, Seifollah ................................................... 26

Jones, Jim ................................................................ 51

Hall, Matthew R. ............................................. 156, 157

Jones, R. Christian ..................................... 66, 67, 129

Handley, L. R. .......................................................... 47

Jones, Tim................................................................ 68

Harada, K. .............................................................. 164

Jones, William B. ...................................................... 69172

August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Kaeriyama, Hideki .................................................. 137

Larroudé, Philippe .................................................... 86

Katayama, Satoshi ................................................... 77

Larson-Salvatore, Debbie ........................................ 87

Kaufman, Geoff ........................................................ 70

Leuck, Lauren .......................................................... 87

Kawai, Hiroshi .......................................................... 64

Li, Li ......................................................................... 61

Kawai, Takashi................................................. 71, 100

Li, Maotian ............................................................... 20

Kazama, T.............................................................. 152

Linker, Lewis C. ......................................................... 7

Kebriaee, Ali Reza ................................................... 28

Listowski, Charles .................................................. 136

Kelble, Chris............................................................. 99

Llamas, Elmer .......................................................... 54

Kelsey, R. Heath ................................ 72, 91, 108, 159

Loomis, Dave ........................................................... 99

Khandelwal, Asha .................................................. 127

Loranger, Scott ...................................................... 140

Kim, K. H. ........................................................... 5, 164

Lorenz, Jerry ............................................................ 99

Kim, Sung-Chan....................................................... 16

Lu, Qingshui ............................................................. 60

Kincaid, James Ikaika ............................................ 103

Madden, C. J............................................................ 47

Kirk, J. ........................................................................ 9

Maeda, Mari ............................................................. 64

Kirtikar, Unmesh ................................................ 73, 74

Maekawa, K. .......................................................... 143

Kitada, Toshihiro ...................................................... 75

Mahmoodi, Beytolah ................................................ 30

Klinthong, Wanlaya ................................................ 167

Marshall, Frank ........................................................ 99

Kobayashi, Masaki ................................................. 116

Masako, Watanabe .................................................. 58

Kobuke, Yoshinari .................................................... 76

Mateo-Sagasta-Dávila, J. ......................................... 81

Kodama, Masashi .................................................... 77

Matsuda, Osamu.............................................. 88, 152

Kojima, Azusa ........................................................ 120

Matsumoto, Hidemasa ............................................. 98

Kokub, Hideki ........................................................... 78

Matsuo, Akiko .......................................................... 52

Kokubu, Hideki ......................................................... 21

Matsushige, Maya .................................................... 89

Komai, Yukio ........................................ 79, 96, 97, 169

Mayer, G. F. ............................................................. 47

Komatsu, Toshimitsu ............................................. 119

McCloskey, Brenton ................................................. 90

Komorita, T. ............................................................. 80

McCollough, Carol B. ....................................... 91, 156

Koo-Oshima, S......................................................... 81

McDonald, Anne ................................................ 3, 153

Kos’yan, Ruben D. ................................................... 82

McGinty, Margaret M. ............................................ 151

Kotwicki, Lech ........................................................ 158

McLaughlin, John ..................................................... 35

Kozuki, Yasunori .................. 64, 89, 98, 102, 116, 165

Menasveta, Piamsak ................................................ 92

Krause, Paul R. ........................................................ 83

Meyers, Erik J. ......................................................... 93

Kronenberg, J. ......................................................... 33

Miller, Robin Landeck ............................................ 112

Kumer, Jack ........................................................... 144

Miller, Wayne ............................................................. 6

Kurata, Kengo ........................................................ 102

Miño, Esteban R. ..................................................... 94

Kurogi, Hiroaki ......................................................... 77

Mitchell, Carl ............................................................ 72

Kuwae, Tomohiro ..................................................... 95

Mitchell, Carol .......................................................... 99

Lacouture, R. V. ....................................................... 84

Miyata, Yasuhito ...................................................... 52

Land, Michael......................................................... 130

Miyazato, Soichi ..................................................... 119

Lane, Sarah E. W..................................................... 85

Miyoshi, Junya ......................................................... 63

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas
Miyoshi, Machi ......................................................... 98

Owens, Michael S. ................................................. 132

Mizuguchi, Yuta ........................................................ 98Özhan, Erdal .......................................................... 104

Montani, S. ............................................................. 143

Pengsakun, Sittiporn .............................................. 135

Mori, Sayaka ............................................................ 64

Phillip, David .......................................................... 146

Morita, K. ................................................................ 143

Pieper, Michael ...................................................... 103

Murakami, Hitoshi .................................................. 102

Piwowarczyk, Joanna ............................... 33, 105, 158

Murakami, Kazuo ..................................................... 95

Piyatiratitivorakul, Somkiat ....................................... 92

Murakami, Ryo ......................................................... 96

Poster, Dianne L. ........................................... 106, 107

Muramatsu, Kazuo ............................................. 79, 97

Powell, Sara ........................................................... 108

Muroishi, Y. ...................................................... 22, 147

Rahman, M. A. ....................................................... 109

Mutsuda, Hidemi ...................................................... 94

Ramos-Escobedo, Miriam G. ................................... 34

Nakai, Satoshi .......................................................... 94

Ramseur, George, Jr. ............................................. 110

Nakai, Shigefumi .................................................... 102

Raulin, Jennifer ...................................................... 111

Nakanishi, Takashi ..................................... 63, 64, 116

Reyes, Franklin M. ................................................... 94

Nakata, Hiroko ....................................................... 116

Rheault, Bob .......................................................... 112

Nakatani, Akiyasu .................................................... 63

Ridd, P. V. .............................................................. 161

Nam, J. ............................................................. 19, 168

Rifkin, Erik ................................................................ 59

Nanba, Hiroki ........................................................... 97

Roach, Andrew A. .................................................... 50

Naotomo, Ota ........................................................... 58

Robertson, LaKeshia .............................................. 155

Nash, Corbett ......................................................... 160

Robin, Nicolas .......................................................... 86

Nattaporn, Loassacahn .......................................... 137

Rodriguez, Marcos ................................................... 94

Nishijima, Wataru ..................................................... 94

Rose, Julie M. ........................................................ 112

Nishimura, Hirokazu ............................................... 116

Ruiz-Córdova, Sergio S............................................ 34

Nobinger, T. ............................................................... 9

Ryan, Jeanne Michelle ........................................... 113

Noel, Mark ................................................................ 16

Sachoemar, Suhendar I ......................................... 114

Nogami, Fumiko ............................................... 98, 116

Saenghaisuk, Chaipichit ......................................... 167

Nunes, João P. ......................................................... 43

Saengmanee, Kanwara .......................................... 135

Nuttle, William .......................................................... 99

Saitoh, Azusa ........................................................... 89

Okada, Mitsumasa ................................................. 133

Sakaguchi, K. ......................................................... 143

Okawa, M. .............................................................. 152

Sakuno, Yuji ............................................................. 94

Okegawa, Hironori.................................................... 64

Salem, Alaa ............................................................ 115

Okuda, Hitoshi .......................................................... 75

Salgot, M. ................................................................. 81

Okuda, Tetsuji .......................................................... 94

Sasaki, Nana ............................................................ 95

Onodera, Shinichi ..................................................... 53

Sato, Kazuhiro ........................................................ 116

Ortner, Peter ............................................................ 99

Sato, Naoki ............................................................... 75

Ota, Naotomo ................................................... 71, 100

Saxby, Tracey ........................................................ 144

Ota, Yoshitaka ........................................................ 101

Schoenbaum, Thomas J. ....................................... 117

Otani, Sosuke ................................................... 89, 102

Schupp, Courtney .................................................. 144

Overcash, Christopher L. ....................................... 103

Schwartz, Laurie .................................................... 159

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August 28-31, 2011 | Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Scully, Sophia .......................................................... 54

Tagutchi, F. .............................................................. 96

Seidel, John L. ....................................................... 118

Takahashi, Katsunori ............................................... 52

Seino, Satoquo ...................................... 119, 120, 121

Takahashi, Saori .................................................... 138

Sellner, S. G............................................................. 84

Takashi, Kawai......................................................... 58

Semmens, Darius .................................................... 23

Takeoka, H............................................................... 80

Sempier, Tracie ...................................................... 145

Tamburri, Mario N. ......................................... 139, 140

Senawongse, Pisase ............................................. 122

Tanaka, Chihiro........................................................ 98

Shadrin, N. V.......................................................... 123

Tango, Peter J. .............................................. 141, 157

Shenk, Gary W........................................................... 7

Taniguchi, Makoto.................................................... 53

Sherrouse, Ben ........................................................ 23

Tara, Chizuru ......................................................... 116

Shi, Ping................................................................... 61

Tarutani, Kenji .......................................................... 77

Shibayama, Tomoya .............................................. 124

Tedesco, Mark ............................................... 112, 142

Shigematsu, T. ......................................................... 41

Terasaki, Emi ......................................................... 143

Shimada, Katsuya .................................................... 52

Terauchi, G. ............................................................... 3

Shimizu, Yasuhiro .................................................... 21

Terawaki, Toshinobu .............................................. 133

Shisler, Joseph ...................................................... 126

Thomas, Jane .................................................. 72, 144

Shultz, Aaron ......................................................... 146

Thompson, Jody .................................................... 145

Silva, Cláudio ........................................................... 43

Tiedemann, John ................................................... 146

Singh, Shilpa .......................................................... 127

Tomisaka, Ryuji ..................................................... 147

Sklarew, Dann................................................ 128, 129

Touzaki, Katsuhiko ................................................. 148

Smith, Cynthia........................................................ 128

Treat, Kristin........................................................... 149

Soltanpour, Mohsen ................................................. 26

Trumbic, Ivica......................................................... 150

Sprehe, Thomas G. ................................................ 103

Ueshima, Hideki ................................................. 63, 64

Stack, Bill ............................................................... 159

Umezawa, Yu........................................................... 53

Staver, Lorie W. ..................................................... 132

Uphoffr., James H., Jr. ........................................... 151

Steinmeier, Eliza Smith .......................................... 103

Uranaka, H. ............................................................ 152

Stephens, Guy ............................................... 130, 131

Urbanczyk, Rebecca ................................................ 54

Stevenson, J. Court ............................................... 132

Vierros, Marjo......................................................... 153

Sturgis, R. Brian ............................................... 91, 144

Wadhawan, Amar .................................................. 154

Sueoka, Yoshiyuki ................................................. 165

Walker, Sharon ...................................................... 155

Sugimoto, Kenji ...................................................... 133

Wang, Ping ................................................................ 7

Sumimoto, Hiroe ...................................................... 62

Wang, Zhanghua ..................................................... 20

Summers, Robert M. .............................................. 134

Watanabe, Masataka ............................................... 20

Sutthacheep, Makamas ................................. 135, 167

Waters, Jeff .............................................................. 87

Swett, Robert A. ............................................... 23, 136

Wazniak, Catherine E. ............................. 91, 156, 157

Tabatabai, Fari ......................................................... 14

Wellman, Katharine ................................................ 112

Tabohash, Tatsuru ................................................. 116

Wells, Randall S....................................................... 59

Tachi, Hiroshi ........................................................... 21

Weslawski, Jan Marcin .................................. 105, 158

Tada, Kuninao.................................................. 62, 137

Wicks, Caroline .............................................. 108, 159

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EMECS9: Managing for Results in our Coastal Seas
Wikfors, Gary H. ..................................................... 112

Yamanaka, Ryoichi ................ 63, 64, 89, 98, 116, 165

Williams, Mike ........................................................ 144

Yamochi, Susumu ............................................ 41, 166

Winpenny, J. ............................................................ 81

Yanagi, Tetsuo ....................................................... 114

Woerner, Joanna .................................................... 160

Yasuda, M. ............................................................. 143

Wolanski, E. ................................................... 161, 162

Yasunori, Kohzuki .................................................... 58

Wood, Pamela ........................................................ 163

Yeemin, Thamasak ........................................ 135, 167

Xing, Qianguo .................................................... 60, 61

Yi, Y........................................................................ 168

Xu, Kaiqin ................................................................. 20

Yoshie, N.................................................................. 80

Yagi, Hiroshi ............................................................. 77

Yoshikawa, Yuho ................................................... 169

Yamada, Hirokatsu ................................................... 78

Yoshioka, I. ............................................................ 164

Yamada, Tatsuo ....................................... 22, 137, 147

Yu, Dingfeng ............................................................ 61

Yamaguchi, Hitomi ................................................. 137

Yu, Liangju ............................................................... 60

Yamaguchi, Natsumi ........................................ 98, 116

Yucharoen, Mathinee ............................................. 167

Yamaguchi, Supaporn ............................................ 137

Yuhi, Yoshio ........................................................... 120

Yamamoto, H. ............................................................ 5

Zhu, Changbo .......................................................... 43

Yamamoto, T. ..................................................... 5, 164

Zimmerman, Carl ................................................... 144

176