Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5

ᛯᴾ ૨ᴾನ঺ႎᛐᜤᛯ
ḘḘᐯࠁὉ᩼ᐯࠁࣅ࿢ྸᛯỉ‫᧏ޒ‬ᮧ℩ 㞞ಇ 㸪ᮧ℩ ᬛᏊி㒔኱Ꮫᇶ♏≀⌮Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ㸪᪥ᮏ㉥༑Ꮠ㇏⏣┳ㆤ኱ᏛConstructive Cognition :Extension of Self-nonself Cirulation Theory
Masatoshi Murase*, Tomoko Murase*** )DFXOW\RI<XNDZD,QVWLWXWHIRU7KHRUHWLFDO3K\VLFV.\RWR8QLYHUVLW\** Faculty of Japanese Red Cross Toyota College of Nursing

What is cognition? Cognition is such a common experience that we rarely try to define itin our everyday life. Yet no one who has worked on this problem has ever been able toanswer it in a satisfactory way. This is probably not because we lack complete knowledgeof components such as molecules, neurons or neural networks at different hierarchicallevels of a human being, but because we lack a ‘constructive’ view integrating thefragments of knowledge at different levels during our investigation of the history of life.
Actually, it is traditionally assumed that there is a very clear distinction between thinking
subject and observed object. However, when we try to understand our cognitive process,it certainly appears to be a serious problem that there is no clear distinction between subject
and object; we are both spectators and actors in the world. The only way to understandthe problem ‘what is cognition?’ is, therefore, to construct a new framework involving boththinking subjects and observed objects. It is a ‘self-nonself circulation’ process thatwould operate during not only a developmental history of an individual human, but also an
evolutionary history of life itself, as both are undoubtedly conducted by continuous actionsof life in the world and simultaneously unavoidable reactions from it. The present paper
further involves an idea that both evolution (or development or even the onset of disease)and cognition must fit the same principle of self-nonself circulation, and then develops atheory of ‘constructive cognition’.

Keywords : Constructive Cognition, Self-nonself circulation, Development, Metacognition࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑㸪⮬ᕫ࣭㠀⮬ᕫᚠ⎔㸪Ⓨ㐩㸪࣓ࢱㄆ㆑* ࠛ ி㒔ᕷᕥி༊໭ⓑᕝ㏣ศ⏫ ி㒔኱Ꮫᇶ♏≀⌮Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ
Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Masatoshi Murase,Yukawa Institute for
Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, JAPAN
Email: murase@yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jpᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

䠍䠊䛿䛨䜑䛻
䠍䠊䠍䠊㑏ඖⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ䛸ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ㻌༢⣧࡛࠶ࡾࡩࢀࡓၥ㢟࡛࠶ࢀࡤ࠶ࡿ࡯࡝㸪ࡑࢀ࡟⟅࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸㸬౛࠼ࡤ㸪ḟࡢၥ㢟ࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬ࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖࠕぢࡿ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖࠕ③ࡴ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖࠕ⑓ࡴ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖࠕ἞ࡿ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖࠕᏛࡪ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟ࡣ㸪࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ஦᯶ࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪࠿࠼ࡗ࡚⛉Ꮫࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ၥ࠸┤ࡍᶵ఍ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸㸬ࡇࡇ࡟⛉Ꮫⓗㄆ㆑࡜᪥ᖖ
ⓗ⤒㦂ࡢட⿣ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⛉Ꮫⓗㄆ㆑ࡢ᪉ἲㄽ࡟㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜
ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ࠸㸬☜࠿࡟㸪」㞧࡞ၥ㢟ࢆ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ༢⣧࡞ၥ㢟࡟㑏ඖ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪ᙜึࡢၥ㢟ࡣẚ㍑ⓗᐜ᫆࡟ゎỴࡉࢀࡿ࡜⚾ࡓࡕࡣ⪃࠼ࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ㑏ඖⓗ࡞᪉ἲㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃㄆ㆑㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ㑏ඖⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖ㸫࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡇࡢ㑏ඖⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࢆ㥑౑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㝈ࡾ㸪୍᪉࡛ࡣ㸪ၥ㢟ࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍ
༢⣧໬ࡉࢀ㸪⣽ศ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛㸪ࡶࡣࡸࡑࢀ௨ୖ༢⣧࡞ၥ㢟࡬࡜㑏ඖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸᰿※ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡟⾜ࡁ╔࠸࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬ࡑࡢẁ㝵࡛㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ
ᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣ㸪⤖ᒁࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ୙ၥ࡟ࡍࡿ࡯࠿࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣุ᩿ࢆ೵
Ṇࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬௚᪉࡛ࡣ㸪ᙜึࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㸯ࡘࡢ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡲࡍ
ࡲࡍᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬ࡇࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥࢆゎỴࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪ၥ㢟ࢆḟࠎ࡜ಶู࡞ၥ㢟࡬࡜㑏ඖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡤ
࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪㏫࡟ᖐ⣡ⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆໟᣓⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿ୍⯡⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᚲせ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪୍⯡⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪ၥ㢟඲యࢆ⤫ྜⓗ࡟⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿୖ࡟㸪ࡑࡢ⌮ㄽࢆಶูࡢၥ㢟࡟₇⧢ⓗ࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ಶูࡢၥ㢟ࡶゎỴ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᪧ࠸⪃࠼᪉ࢆ༢⣧࡟᪂ࡋ࠸⪃࠼᪉࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡀᬯ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪᪂ᪧ㸰ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀ஫࠸࡟ᑐ❧ࡍࡿ஧ඖㄽ࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡍࡿ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬᪂⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡣ㸪ᪧ࠸⪃࠼᪉ࡀᔂቯࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ⑞㊧ࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸⪃࠼᪉࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚෌ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺⦅㞟ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࡇࡢ㐣ཤࡀ⌧ᅾ࡟ಖᏑࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡁ㸪᫬㛫ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ✵㛫ⓗᵓ㐀໬ࡀᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡇࡑ㸪⏕≀ࡢ㐍໬ࡸⓎ⏕ࡢᮏ㉁࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᚑࡗ࡚ே㢮ࡢ๰㐀ᛶࡢᮏ㉁࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽ㸪Ꮫၥศ㔝ࡀ␗࡞ࢀࡤ㸪᪂⌮ㄽࡢෆᐜࡣ␗࡞ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢ᪂⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣ㸪Ꮫၥศ㔝ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡽࡎ࡟ᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛㸪ྂࡵ࠿ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶ㸪ࠕ๰㐀ࡢ㐣⛬ࡣ๰㐀ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟㸪᪂ࡋࡉࡶᓫ㧗ࡉࡶ࡞ࡃ࣭࣭࣭ཎጞⓗ࡞ᚰⓗᶵไ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡾࡓࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸦࢔࢚ࣜࢸ࢕ 1980㸧࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪᪂⌮ㄽᵓ⠏࡜࠸࠺๰㐀ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣ㸪30

Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5⚾ࡓࡕࡢㄆ㆑୍⯡ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࠿ࡽ₇⧢ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡀ㸪ᮏ✏࡛ᥦၐࡍࡿࠕᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡲ࡛ࡢ㑏ඖⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࡢ㝈⏺ࢆ⿵࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ┦⿵ⓗ࡛᪂ࡋ࠸࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬䠍䠊㻞䠊ဴᏛⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ䠉᰿ᮏၥ㢟䛸㝈⏺䠉㻌ே㢮ࡢᩥ໬ྐࢆᴫほࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪2000 ᖺ௨ୖ࡟࠾ࡼࡪୡ⏺ࢆ஧ศࡋࡓဴᏛ
ㄽதࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ㸪ࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕဴᏛⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖࡢ᰿ᮏၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࣘࣥࢢ 1921㸪࣮ࣜࢻࣝ 1981㸧㸬ᑐ❧ࡍࡿㄽⅬࡣ㸪ḟࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡟㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ㸯ࡘࡀ㸪ᐈほ୺⩏࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ᐈయࡇࡑ┿ࡢᐇᅾ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢୖ࡛㸪⌧ᐇୡ⏺࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࡲࡲ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᐈయࡢ⥲య࠿ࡽᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡽᐈయ࡜࠸࠺㗪ᆺ࡝࠾ࡾ࡟㸪⌧ᐇୡ⏺ࡀ⚾ࡓࡕ୺య࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ཷືⓗ࡟࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ㸬௚ࡢ㸯ࡘࡀ㸪୺ほ୺⩏࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪⚾ࡓࡕ୺య࡟ഛࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮ᛕࡇࡑ
ࡀᮏ㉁࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ⌮ᛕࡀලయ໬ࡉࢀࡓᐈయࡢ⥲య࡜ࡋ࡚⌧ᐇୡ⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪⚾ࡓࡕ୺యࡣ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ⌮ᛕ࡜࠸࠺㗪ᆺ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚㸪⌧ᐇୡ⏺ࢆ⬟ືⓗ࡟࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᐈほ୺⩏࡜୺ほ୺⩏ࡢ஧ඖㄽⓗᑐ❧ࡣ㸪Ṕྐⓗ࡟ࡣ၏≀ㄽ࡜ほᛕㄽ㸪⤒㦂ⓗᐇᅾㄽ࡜ඛ㦂ⓗほᛕㄽ㸪⤒㦂ㄽ࡜ㄆ㆑ㄽ㸪ෆᐜ࡜ᙧᘧ㸪⌧ᐇ࡜⌮ᛕ㸪ㄽ⌮࡜┤ほ㸪⤒㦂࡜⌮ᛶ㸪⎔ቃ࡜⏕࿨㸪୍⯡࡜ಶ≀㸪⾜ື୺⩏࡜ㄆ▱୺⩏㸪≀㉁࡜⢭⚄㸪㌟య࡜⢭⚄㸪እྥ࡜ෆྥ㸪すὒ࡜ᮾὒ㸪೺ᗣ࡜⑓Ẽ㸪๰㐀࡜◚ቯ㸪⏕࡜Ṛ㸪⛉Ꮫⓗㄆ㆑࡜᪥ᖖⓗ⤒㦂࡜࠸ࡗࡓᵝࠎ࡞ᑐ❧ࡢᙧែࢆྲྀࡾ࡞ࡀࡽᒎ㛤ࢆぢࡏ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦ࣘࣥࢢ 1987㸪࣮࣎࢔ 1970㸪Izutsu 1975㸪ࣦ࢓ࣞࣛ 2001㸪ࣈࣛࣥࣂ࣮ࢢ 2006㸪す⏣ 1988㸪࢜ࣜ࣋ࣜ࢜ 2005㸪ࣈ࣒ࣞࢼ࣮2003㸧㸬
ୡ⏺ࢆ஧ศࡋ࡚ࡁࡓဴᏛㄽதࡀ㸪࡞ࡐࡇࢀ⛬ࡲ࡛࡟ከᵝ࡞ᙧែࢆ࡜ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽ
㛗ࡃ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸽ࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㸰ࡘࡢ㝈⏺ࡀᣦ᦬࡛ࡁࡿ㸬➨୍࡟㸪ᑐ㇟ࢆศࡅ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ㑏ඖⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖࡢ㝈⏺࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ศࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸯ࡘࡢ┿⌮ࢆ㸰ࡘ࡟ศࡅࡓࡓࡵ࡟஧ඖㄽⓗᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡲ࡛ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣ㸪┿⌮ࡢ༙ศࡔࡅࢆゝ࠸ᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿ࡟㐣ࡂࡎ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ஫࠸ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣ࡝ࡇࡲ࡛ࡶ┦▩┪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞
ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ᑐ❧ࡍࡿ㸰ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣ㸪஫࠸࡟┦⿵ⓗ࡞㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࢆ㸯ࡘࡢ඲య࡟෌⤫ྜࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ┿⌮࡟㏆࡙ࡃࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬᥮ゝࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪๓㏙ࡢ஧ඖㄽⓗᑐ❧ࡣぢ࠿ࡅୖࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ᐇࡣྠ୍ட⿣ࡢࡉ
ࡲࡊࡲ࡟␗࡞ࡿ✵㛫ⓗഃ㠃࡜ࡋ࡚㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྠ୍ட⿣ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᫬㛫ⓗⓎᒎ

31

ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

ẁ㝵ࡢ┦㐪࡜ࡋ࡚͂⤫ྜⓗ̓࡟ᤊ࠼┤ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸯㸧㸬➨஧࡟㸪ㄆ㆑ࢆㄆ㆑ࡢ͂ෆഃ̓࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿဴᏛⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࡢ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿ㝿࡟㸪⮬ศࡓࡕࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞๓
ᥦ࡟ࡓࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕㄆ㆑௨๓ࡢᛮ࠸㎸ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ͂๓ᥦ̓ࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ㸪ጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆၥ࠸┤ࡍࠖ㸦࣋࢖ࢺࢯࣥ 2001㸧࡜࠸࠺ᇶᮏⓗ࡞ほⅬࡀḞࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᐇࡣࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟⟅࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣࡎࡢ͂ㄆ㆑̓ࢆ࢔ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ဴᏛㄽத࡛ࡣࠕ୺య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑࡜⌧ᐇ࡟࠶ࡿᐈయ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࠖࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟
ᤊ࠼ࡿ࠿ࡀ᭱኱ࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪⓶⫗࡟ࡶࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࡀ͂ㄆ㆑
࡛ࡁࡿ̓ࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ࠕ୺య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖ࡜ࠕ⌧ᐇ࡟࠶ࡿᐈయࠖࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࢆࡶ㸪࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ͂ㄆ㆑࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ̓ࡇ࡜ࡀᬯ㯲ࡢ๓ᥦ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦࣮ࣜ
ࢻࣝ 1981㸧㸬ࡇࡢ✀ࡢࢺ࣮ࢺࣟࢪ࣮ࡣ↓㝈㏥⾜ࢆ⏕ࡳ㸪⤊ࢃࡾࡀ࡞࠸㸬䠍䠊㻟䠊⏕≀Ꮫⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ䠉Ⓨ⏕ⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ䛸㐍໬ⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ䠉㻌ㄆ㆑ࢆㄆ㆑ࡢ͂እഃ̓࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿ᪉ἲㄽࡀ㸪ࠕ⏕≀Ꮫⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢලయⓗ࡞⌮ㄽࡀ㸪2 ேࡢඛ㥑ⓗ࡞◊✲⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚඲ࡃ␗
࡞ࡿᙧᘧ࡛ᥦၐࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ㸯ேࡀ㸪Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡢᡂ㛗࣭Ⓨ㐩㐣⛬ࢆ◊✲ࡋࡓⓎ㐩ᚰ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࢪ࣭ࣕࣥࣆ࢔
ࢪ࢙࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࣆ࢔ࢪ࢙㸦1972㸧ࡣ㸪኱ே࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿㄆ㆑࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ㸪Ꮚ࡝ࡶ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿཎึⓗ࡞͂άື̓࠿ࡽⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㸪ࠕⓎ⏕ⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖࢆᥦ
ၐࡋࡓ㸬ㄆ㆑࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ㸪ࣟࢩ࢔ࡢ࣐ࢺ࣮ࣜࣙࢩ࢝ேᙧࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨ㐩㏵ୖࡢᏊ࡝ࡶࡢ୰࡟ᑠࡉ࡞ᙧ࡛ࡑࡢࡲࡲᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ཎึⓗ࡞άື࠿ࡽ
Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ⏕⏕≀ᏛࡢどⅬࡣ㸪ㄆ㆑࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆㄆ㆑ࡢእഃ࠿ࡽ㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ㄆ㆑ࢆㄆ㆑௨๓ࡢ͂άື̓࠿ࡽⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ㐩ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࠿ࡽ
㸫ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ᪉ἲㄽࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ㸬ࡶ࠺୍ேࡀ㸪ື≀⾜ືࡢẚ㍑◊✲ࢆ⣔⤫Ⓨ⏕Ꮫⓗ࡟⾜ࡗࡓື≀⾜ືᏛ⪅ࡢࢥࣥࣛࢵࢺ࣭࣮ࣟࣞࣥࢶ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࣮ࣟࣞࣥࢶ㸦1974㸧ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕே㢮ࡀ⌧ᅾ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿㄆ㆑ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ㸪ࡣࡿ࠿࡟ཎጞⓗ࡞ࣂࢡࢸࣜ࢔ࡸཎ⏕⏕≀࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ͂㐠ື̓࠿ࡽ㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ㐍໬ⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖࢆᥦၐࡋࡓ㸬ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㸪┠࡜࠸࠺ჾᐁࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬ࡇࡢჾᐁࢆಶయ඲యࡢ✵㛫ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࠿ࡽㄝ
᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪ྠࡌჾᐁࢆ᫬㛫ⓗ࡞ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࠿ࡽㄝ
᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸦࣋࢖ࢺࢯ 2001㸧㸬ලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪㐍໬ࢆ͂⤖ᯝ࡛̓ࡣ࡞ࡃ͂๓ᥦ̓࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ㸬ࡍࡿ࡜㸪␗࡞ࡿ⏕≀✀㛫ࡢẚ㍑◊✲࠿ࡽ㸪┠࡜࠸࠺ჾᐁࡢ⣔⤫Ⓨ⏕Ꮫⓗ࡞┦ྠᛶࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ᥈ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ᪉ἲㄽ

32

Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5ࡣಶయࡢჾᐁࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ㄆ㆑࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㐺ᛂ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡢ࡟㸪ㄆ㆑ࢆ࢔ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿ࠿ࢃࡾ࡟㸪㐠ືࢆ㉳※࡜ࡋ࡚㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓάື㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪㐍໬ࡢ࢔࣏ࢫࢸࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞⤖ᯝ㸫ࢆ࢔ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿ㸪࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡢእഃ࠿ࡽࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸦࣮ࣟࣞࣥࢶ 1974㸪࣮ࣜࢻࣝ 1981㸪ࣦࢣࢸ࢖ࢶ 1994㸧㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪ࠕⓎ⏕ⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖ࡜ࠕ㐍໬ⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚⤫ྜࡍࡿ࠿㸪࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀᮍゎỴࡢࡲࡲṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬☜࠿࡟㸪࠸ࡲ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿㄆ㆑࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡣ㸪ಶయⓎ㐩ࡢṔྐ࡜⏕≀㐍໬ࡢṔྐ࡜࠸࠺㸪஧㔜ࡢṔྐࡀ཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᐃᘧ໬ࡣᮍゎỴၥ㢟࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄽ⪃ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚㸪ෑ㢌ࡢࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᰿ᮏၥ㢟࡟❧ࡕ㏉ࡗ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬ࡇࡢ᰿ᮏၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᐇࡣ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛㏙࡭ࡓᮍゎỴၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸯ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡀ㸪ࠕᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸬䠍䠊㻠䠊ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ䠉Ṕྐⓗ㐣⛬䛸䛧䛶䛾ㄆ㆑䠉㻌ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪ࡍ࡛࡟ฟ᮶ୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖࢆᥦ
♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡋ࡞࠸㸬ࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㸯㸧ࡲࡎ㸪⌮ㄽᵓ⠏ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㸯ࡘ㸯ࡘᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ㄞ⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎࡀࡑࢀࡽࢆᑐ㇟ㄆ㆑ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚㸯ࡘ㸯ࡘ୺ほⓗ࡟㏣య㦂࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓ࠸㸬㸰㸧ḟ࡟㸪ࡑࡢ୍㐃ࡢ㐣ཤࡢయ㦂ࢆ㸪⌧ᅾࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪㸯ࡘࡢ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼┤ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ
ヨࡳࡓ࠸㸬㸱㸧ࡇࢀࡀ㸪୺ほⓗయ㦂ࡢᐈほⓗᐃᘧ໬㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪᫬㛫ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ✵㛫ⓗᵓ㐀໬㸫࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ㸪㒊ศⓗయ㦂࠿ࡽࡢ඲యᛶࡢฟ⌧࡜࠸࠺͂㣕㌍̓࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ㸬㸲㸧ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚୺ほ୺⩏࡜ᐈほ୺⩏ࡢ෌⤫ྜࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ㸪ࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᰿ᮏၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿ㸬㸳㸧㔜せ࡞Ⅼࡣ㸪ࠕᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖࢆᐈほⓗ࡞͂Ꮡᅾ̓࡜ࡋ࡚㸦ㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡿࡼ
࠺࡟㸧ᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪⌮ㄽࢆ͂ᵓ⠏̓ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸦ࡢᐈほ໬㸧ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡀᐇࡣ͂ㄆ㆑̓࡜࠸࠺୺ᐈᚠ⎔ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪⮬ᕫ࣭㠀⮬ᕫᚠ⎔㐣⛬㸦ᮧ℩ 2000㸧㸫࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ͂ㄆ㆑̓
࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࣓͂ࢱㄆ㆑̓࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㻞䠊䇺㛵ಀ䜢๓ᥦ䇻䛸䛧䛯䇺ㄆ㆑䛾᥈ồ䇻䛻ྥ䛡䛶㻌㛵ಀࡢ㔜せᛶࡣ㸪௨ୗ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⾲⌧࡛ᙉㄪࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬ఱ࡟ࡶ㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡔ㸯ࡘࡢಶ≀࡞࡝Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸㸦す⏣ᗄከ㑻 1984㸧㸬๰㐀ⓗ࡞௙஦ࡣࡑࢀ⮬యࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸦࢔࢚ࣜࢸ࢕ 1980㸧㸬

33ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

ఱࡽ࠿ࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡳ࡞ࡅࢀࡤព࿡ࡀ࡞ࡉ࡞࠸㸦࣋࢖ࢺࢯࣥ 2001㸧㸬ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ୺ᙇࢆཷࡅ⥅ࡂ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ㄽ⪃ࢆຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸㸬㻞䠊㻝䠊䇺ㄆ㆑䜢๓ᥦ䇻䛸䛧䛯䇺㛵ಀ䛾᥈ồ䇻䠉≀㉁⛉Ꮫ䛾᪉ἲㄽ䠉㻌ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ≀㉁⛉Ꮫࡢ᪉ἲㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡣ୙ၥ࡟ࡋ࡚㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ͂ㄆ㆑ࢆ๓ᥦ̓࡜ࡋ࡚㸫͂㛵ಀࢆ᥈ồ̓ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬ᐇ㝿࡟㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡀ࠶ࡿᑐ㇟ࢆほ ࡸ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⌮ゎࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ᑐ㇟ෆࡢ㒊ศࢆㄪ࡭㸪ྛ㒊ศ㛫ࡢ㛵ಀ㸪㒊ศ࡜ᑐ㇟඲య࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᑐ⛠㛫࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ㸦cf. ࣑࣮ࣛ1997㸧㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣᑐ㇟࡜⌮ㄽ࡜ࡢᖐ⣡ⓗ㛵ಀ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚⌮ㄽ࡜
ᑐ㇟࡜ࡢ₇⧢ⓗ࡞㛵ಀࢆ᥈ồࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦cf. ‫‮‬ᕝ 1987㸧㸬☜࠿࡟㸪࠶ࡿᑐ⛠ࢆࠕእࠖ࠿ࡽ═ࡵ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㛵ಀ͂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚̓⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢㄆ㆑࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ
ᨵࡵ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿᑐ⛠࡜ࡍࡿ࡜㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕෆࠖ࠿ࡽ═ࡵ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜
㸫ㄆ㆑ࢆࡑࢀ⮬య࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟㸪↓㝈㏥⾜࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ
࠺㸬ࡇࡢⅬࡣ㸪ࡍ࡛࡟ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪㛵ಀ͂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚̓ࡢ⌮ゎ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㛵ಀࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ⏕ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬࡛͂࠶ࡿ̓
࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࢆᤊ࠼┤ࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦cf. ࣦ࢓ࣞࣛ 2001㸧㸬㻞䠊㻞䠊㛵ಀ⏕ᡂ䛾㐣⛬䛸䛧䛶䛾ㄆ㆑㻌ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ᪉ἲㄽࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࡣ㸪͂ㄆ㆑ࢆ๓ᥦ̓࡜ࡋ࡚͂㛵ಀࢆ᥈ồ̓ࡋ࡚ࡁ
ࡓⅬ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪඲ࡃ㏫ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ᪉ἲࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ࠸㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪͂㛵ಀࢆ๓ᥦ̓࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚͂ㄆ㆑ࢆ᥈ồ̓ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࣋࢖ࢺࢯࣥ㸦2001㸧ࡣ㸪᭱ࡶᇶᮏⓗ࡞㛵ಀ࡜ࡋ࡚͂ᕪ␗̓ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᕪ␗ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿሙྜ㸪ྠ୍࡛࡞࠸஧⪅࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ஧≧ែࡀせồࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪㸰ࡘࡢ㒊ศ㛫ࡢᕪ␗࡜࠸࠺㛵ಀ㸪㸰ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ᫬้㛫ࡢᕪ␗㸦ኚ໬㸧࡜࠸࠺㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ࡣࡌࡵ࡚㸪➨୕ࡢせ⣲㸦≧ែ㸧ࡀάᛶ໬㸦㢧ᅾ໬㸧ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬➨୕ࡢせ⣲ࡢάᛶ໬ࡣ㸪ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ㛵ಀᙧᡂࡢᘬࡁ㔠࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㛵ಀ⏕ᡂࡢ㐣⛬࡛͂࠶ࡿ̓࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ㄆ㆑ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᤊ࠼┤ࡏࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ㄆ▱⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡢ࢜ࣜ࣋ࣜ࢜㸦2005㸧ࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺ᙇࡍࡿ㸬ࠕᏛ⩦࡜ࡣ㸪┦஫ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㛵㐃࡟ࡣෆ㒊㛵㐃࡜እ㒊㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ෆ㒊㛵㐃࡜ࡣ㸪࠶ࡿᴫᛕ࡜ࡑࡢせⅬ࡜ࢆ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾ㸪እ㒊㛵㐃࡜ࡣ᪤▱ࡢ▱㆑࡜᪂ࡓ࡟Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿ▱㆑࡜ࢆ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸰)㸬Ꮫ⩦࡟ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ
࡞ㄆ㆑ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪㛵ಀࢆ᥈ồࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶ㸪㛵ಀࡀ⏕ᡂࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ

34

Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5

㸦cf. ࣋࢖ࢺࢯࣥ 2001㸧㸬ࡑࡋ࡚ᑐ㇟࡜⌮ㄽ࡜ࡢᖐ⣡ⓗ࡞㛵ಀ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⌮ㄽ࡜ᑐ㇟࡜ࡢ₇⧢ⓗ࡞㛵ಀࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪⌮ㄽࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ᖐ╔ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦cf. ࣘࣥࢢ 1987㸪ࣂࣝࢺ 1979㸧㸬ࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㸪࣑࣮ࣛ㸦1997㸧ࡀḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࠕ」㞧࡞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ᭱ၿࡢ᪉ἲࡣ㸪⮬ࡽ⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㸬㻞䠊㻟䠊䇺┦ྠ䇻䛻ᇶ䛵䛟䇺㛢㙐ᛶ䇻䛸䇺㛤ᨺᛶ䇻䛾㛵ಀ⏕ᡂ䠉ᮍ᮶䛾㛵ಀ䛾ඛྲྀ䜚䛸䛧䛶䛾㐣ཤ䛾㛵ಀ䠉㻌ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡔࢁ
࠺࠿㸬ࡑࢀࡣ͂┦ྠ̓ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࠕ୺యࡢㄆ㆑ࠖࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ㒊ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ㌟యࡢㄆ㆑ࠖ࡜┦ྠࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺๓ᥦ㸪ࡲࡓ㸪どぬㄆ㆑ࡸ③ࡳ▱ぬ࡞࡝࡜࠸ࡗࡓ␗࡞ࡿㄆ㆑ࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ㐍໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜
ࡶ┦ྠࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺๓ᥦࢆ⨨ࡁࡓ࠸㸬ࡇࡇ࡛͂┦ྠ㸦࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮㸧̓࡜ࡣ͂ྠ୍̓ࡢព࿡࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬☜࠿࡟㸪୺య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑࡜㌟య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑࡜ࡣ㸪඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ␗࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ⌧㇟ࢆ㸪ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࡞ࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢほⅬ࡟ࡓ࡚ࡤ㸪͂┦ྠ̓࡜ࡣ㸪͂ྠࡌ࡛␗࡞ࡿ̓࡜࠸࠺
ព࿡࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡢ┦ྠࡢ㛵ಀࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪᪂ࡓ࡞㛵ಀࡀ⏕ᡂࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࠸㸬ࡇࡢ㛵ಀ⏕ᡂࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀㄆ㆑࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜
࠸࠺ࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸳ཧ↷㸧㸬ࡇࡇ࡛㸪㛵ಀࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚㛵ಀࡀ⏕ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࢺ࣮ࢺࣟࢪ࣮࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿
࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬☜࠿࡟㸪⏕ᡂࡍࡿ㛵ಀࢆ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࢀࡤ㸪↓㝈㏥⾜ࢆ⏕ࡴࢺ࣮ࢺࣟࢪ࣮࡟㝗ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿ┦ྠࡢ㛵ಀࡣ㸪㐍໬ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪Ⓨ⏕ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ⏕ᡂࡍࡿ㛵ಀ࡜ࡣ඲ࡃ
␗࡞ࡿ㸬ゝࢃࡤ㸪㐣ཤࡢ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽᮍ᮶ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣ㸪ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ⤖ᯝࡀࣉࣟࢭࢫࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ࡑࡢ㒔ᗘ᪂ࡓ࡞㛵ಀࡀ⏕ᡂࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺͂㛢㙐ᛶ̓࡜͂㛤ᨺᛶ̓ࡢ஧⩏ⓗᵝ┦ࢆ࡜ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪↓㝈Ⓨᒎࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⛎ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦cf. ࣦ࢓ࣞࣛ 2001㸪࣋࢖ࢺࢯࣥ 2001㸧㸬
㔜せ࡞Ⅼࡣ㸪ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ͂ぢฟࡋ࠺ࡿ̓ᮍ᮶ࡢ㛵ಀࡀ㸪ࡍ࡛࡟͂ඛ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ̓
㐣ཤࡢ㛵ಀࡢ␗࡞ࡿࣂ࣮ࢪࣙࣥ࡜ぢ࡞ࡏࡿ㸦cf. ࣡ࢵࢶ 2004㸧㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᮍ᮶ࡢ㛵ಀ࡜㐣ཤࡢ㛵ಀࢆ┦ྠ࡜ぢ࡞ࡏࡿ㸫࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢⅬࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ᝨᫍࡢ㐠ືἲ๎ࢆⓎぢࡋࡓࢣࣉ࣮ࣛࡢゝⴥࢆᘬ⏝ࡋࡓ࠸㸦ࣃ࢘ࣜ
1976㸧㸬ࡑࡢព࿡ࡣ㸪ḟ⠇௨㝆࡛ලయ౛ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ㄽ⪃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸㸬ࠕ▱ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪እⓗ࡟▱ぬࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜㸪ෆⓗ࡞ほᛕ࡜ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾ㸪୧⪅ࡀ୍⮴ࡍࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࣭࣭࣭እࡢୡ

35ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

⏺ࡢ࡞࠿࡟ጼࢆ⌧ࢃࡍ▱ぬྍ⬟࡞஦≀࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ࠿ࡘ࡚▱ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡍࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸪ឤぬⓗ⤒㦂ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡀព㆑ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡁ㸪ࡍ࡛࡟௨๓࠿
ࡽෆⓗ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ▱ⓗᴫᛕࢆ࿧ࡧぬࡍ࣭࣭࣭㸬㨦ࡢ࡞࠿࡟₯ᅾⓗྍ⬟ᛶࡢࣦ࢙࢖ࣝࢆ⿕ࡗ࡚㞃ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ࡜ࡁ⢭⚄ࡢ୰࡟ᐇయ࡜ࡋ࡚㍤ࡁΏࡿ࣭࣭࣭㸬ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡽࡢᴫᛕࡣ㐣ཤࡢ⢭⚄ࡢ୰࡟౵ධࡋ
ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿㸬⚾ࡢ⟅࠼ࡣࡇ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࠶ࡽࡺࡿほᛕ࣭࣭࣭ࡢᙧᘧⓗᴫᛕࡣ㸪࣭࣭࣭⌮ᛶⓗ࡞▱ぬ⬟ຊࢆഛ࠼ࡓᏑᅾࡢ୰࡟ෆᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㸪᥎⌮࡟ࡼࡿㄽドࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ෆ㒊࡟ྲྀࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࠖ㻟䠊㌟య䛻䜘䜛ㄆ㆑䠉ච␿⣔䛾⏕య㜵ᚚᶵᵓ䠉㻌 ච␿⣔ࡣ㸪࠸ࡲࡔ࠿ࡘ࡚㐼㐝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠸඲ࡃ᪂ࡋ࠸⑓ཎయࡸேᕤ໬Ꮫ≀㉁࡞࡝ࡢ␗≀ࢆ͂ᢠཎ̓࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡋ㸪⏕య㜵ᚚ࡟ᚲせ࡞᪂ࡓ࡞͂ᢠయ̓ࢆ⏘⏕ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀච␿⣔㸦⮬ᕫ㸧࡟ࡼࡿ␗≀㸦㠀⮬ᕫ㸧ࡢㄆ㆑㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ㌟య
࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸬ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪ච␿ᛂ⟅ࡢㅖ⌮ㄽࢆᴫほࡍࡿ㸬ḟ࡟㸪ࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹㸦1960
ᖺ㸧ࢆཷ㈹ࡋࡓࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ㸦1959㸧ࡢච␿⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㸪ච␿⣔࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㌟
య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡀ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ㄆ㆑ࡢ㸯ࡘࡢᙧែ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽᤊ࠼࡞࠾ࡍ㸬ྠ᫬࡟㸪ࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡀࡇࡢච␿⌮ㄽࢆᥦၐࡍ
ࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ⤒⦋㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࡶ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ㄆ㆑ࡢ㸯ࡘࡢᙧែ࡜
࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡢࠕ㌟య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖ࡜ࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖ
࡜ࡢ┦ྠᛶ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡬ࡢゎỴࡢ⣒ཱྀࢆ᥈ࡾࡓ࠸㸬᭱ᚋ࡟㸪ࡇࡢ㍤࠿ࡋ࠸ච␿⌮ㄽࡀᬯ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿពእ࡞ᒎ㛤࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࡀࢇࡢࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ㐍໬⌮ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽ⪃ࡋࡓ࠸㸬㻟䠊䠍䠊䝞䞊䝛䝑䝖䛾ච␿⌮ㄽ䠉䜽䝻䞊䞁㑅ᢥㄝ䠉㻌ච␿ᛂ⟅ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࡁࡗ࠿ࡅࡣ㸪ච␿⣽⬊ࡢ⣽⬊⾲㠃࡟Ⓨ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᢠయ࡜ᢠ
ཎ࡜ࡀ≉␗ⓗ࡟⤖ྜ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࠕ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢠయࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࡘࡃࡽࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸬࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕ┤᥋㗪ᆺㄝࠖ࡜ࠕ㛫᥋㗪ᆺㄝࠖࡀᥦၐࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦cf. ࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ 1959㸧㸱㸧㸬┤᥋㗪ᆺㄝ࡛ࡣ㸪ᢠཎࡀ┤᥋ࡢ㗪ᆺ࡜ࡋ࡚ാࡁ㸪᪤Ꮡࡢᢠయ࡟┦⿵ⓗ࡞ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ้
༳ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣཷືⓗᛂ⟅⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪㛫᥋㗪ᆺㄝ࡛ࡣ㸪ᢠཎ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡀ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞㗪ᆺ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟⣽⬊ࡢ㑇ఏ᝟ሗ࡟ྲྀࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ㸪ࡑࡢ㑇ఏ᝟ሗ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ච␿⣽⬊ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢠయࢆ⏘⏕ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ⬟ືⓗᛂ⟅⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬36

Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5ࡇࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ⤫ྜࡋࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ච␿ᛂ⟅⌮ㄽࡀ㸪ච␿Ꮫ⪅ࡢࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ
㸦1959㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠕࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ㑅ᢥㄝࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥦၐࡉࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧㸬ࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ᰾ᚰࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢ㸱ࡘࡢẁ㝵࡟せ⣙࡛ࡁࡿ㸬㸦㸯㸧ච␿⣽⬊ࡢ㑇ఏᏊ✺↛ኚ␗࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ච␿⣔࡟ࡣ͂࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ̓ከᵝ࡞⣽⬊ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⣽⬊࡟ࡣ㸪ከࡃࡢᢠయࡀ⣽⬊⾲㠃࡟Ⓨ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪㸯ࡘࡢ⣽⬊࡟ࡣ㸪㸯ࡘࡢ✀㢮ࡢᢠయࡔࡅࡀⓎ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪⣽⬊ࡢከᵝᛶ࡜ࡣ⣽⬊ࡈ࡜࡟␗࡞ࡿᢠయࡢከᵝᛶ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬㸦㸰㸧ࡇࢀࡽࡢከᵝ࡞ච␿⣽⬊ࡀᢠཎ࡜㐼㐝ࡍࡿ㸬ᢠཎ࡟ࡣ͂ᢠཎỴᐃᇶ̓࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ≉␗ⓗ࡞ᵓ㐀ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢᢠཎỴᐃᇶ࡜┦⿵ⓗ࡞ᵓ㐀ࢆࡓࡲࡓࡲࡶ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᢠయࡔࡅࡀ㸪ᢠཎ࡜≉␗ⓗ࡟⤖ྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢠయࢆ⣽⬊⾲㠃࡟ࡶࡘ⣽⬊ࡔࡅࡀ㸪ከᵝ࡞⣽⬊㞟ᅋࡢ୰࠿ࡽ͂㑅ᢥ̓ࡉࢀࡿ㸬㸦㸱㸧㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓච␿⣽⬊ࡣ㸪ᢠཎ࡜ࡢ⤖ྜࡀᘬࡁ㔠࡜࡞ࡗ࡚⣽⬊ศ⿣ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㉳ࡇࡍ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪͂ࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ̓࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ⣽⬊㞟ᅋࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ࡜ࡣ㸪㸯ࡘࡢ͂ぶ̓⣽⬊࠿ࡽศ⿣࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ቑṪࡋࡓࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ͂Ꮚ
Ꮮ̓⣽⬊ࢆࡉࡍ㸬ᅗ㸯 ࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ㑅ᢥㄝᅗ㸰 ࡀࢇࡢࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ㐍໬ㄝ㻟䠊㻞䠊ච␿⣔䛾ᢠཎㄆ㆑䛸䝞䞊䝛䝑䝖䛾⌮ㄽᵓ⠏䠉┦ྠ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟⪃ᐹ䠉㻌ච␿⣔࡟ࡼࡿᢠཎࡢㄆ㆑㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࠕ㌟య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖ㸫ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸪࠾ࡼࡧࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡟ࡼࡿ⌮ㄽᵓ⠏㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀㄆ㆑୍⯡ࡢ㸯ࡘࡢᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼┤ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ┦ྠᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓ࠸㸬ච␿⣔ࡀ඲ࡃ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢠཎࢆㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᢠཎ࡜⤖ྜ࡛ࡁࡿච␿

37ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

⣽⬊㸦ᅗ㸯ࡢ⣽⬊㹥㸧ࡀ㸪ከᵝ࡞⣽⬊㞟ᅋࡢ୰࡟㸪⣽⬊㸯ࡘ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⑞㊧⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ㸦ච␿⣔ࡀᢠཎ࡜ࡢ㐼㐝࡟͂ඛ⾜ࡋ࡚̓㸧Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞
ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪ᢠཎỴᐃᇶࡢᵓ㐀ࡀ␗࡞ࢀࡤ㸪⤖ྜ࡛ࡁࡿᢠయࡢ
ᵓ㐀ࡶ␗࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ච␿⣔࡟ࡣ⭾኱࡞ࣞࣃ࣮ࢺ࣮ࣜ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵከ
ᵝ࡞ච␿⣽⬊ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࡇࡢẁ㝵࡟⮳ࡿ㔜せ࡞㐣⛬ࡀ㸪≉Ṧ࡞ච␿⣽⬊㸦ಶู㸧ࡀኚ␗࡜ศ⿣ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚ከᵝ࡞⣽⬊㞟ᅋ㸦୍⯡㸧ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪͂ᖐ⣡̓࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡘࡂ࡟㸪ᢠཎ࡜ࡢ㐼㐝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ከᵝ࡞⣽⬊㞟ᅋ㸦୍⯡㸧ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ≉␗ⓗ࡟㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓ⣽⬊㸦ಶู㸧ࡣ㸪ศ⿣ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚㸯ࡘࡢࢡ࣮ࣟࣥࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ㐣⛬ࡣ㸪͂₇⧢̓࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࡇࡢᚤどⓗ࡞⣽⬊ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠿ࡽᕧどⓗ࡞⣽⬊㞟ᅋࣞ࣋ࣝ࡬ࡢ⣽⬊ቑṪ㐣⛬㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪₯ᅾⓗ≧ែ࠿ࡽ㢧ᅾⓗ≧ែ࡬ࡢ≧ែኚ᥮㐣⛬࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ච␿⣔࡟ࡼࡿᢠཎࡢㄆ㆑ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬
ࡇࡇ࡛㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁⅬࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬㸯ࡘ㸯ࡘࡢᢠཎ่⃭ࡣ≉␗ⓗ㸦ಶูⓗ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ච␿⣔࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ཯ᛂࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣᅗ㸯࡟≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㠀≉␗ⓗ㸦୍⯡ⓗ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ච␿ᛂ⟅ࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡿ่⃭ࡣಶูࡢ஦㇟
ࡈ࡜࡟␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ᛂ⟅ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ぢࡿ
࡜ඹ㏻࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢᖐ⣡ⓗほⅬ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪ච␿⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ㔜せ࡞㘽࡜࡞ࡿ㸬
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠕ㌟య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࢆ⚾ࡓࡕࡢㄆ㆑୍⯡࡟↷ࡽࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࡲࡎ㸪ㄆ㆑ࡍ࡭ࡁᑐ㇟ࡀ࡝ࢇ࡞࡟ಶูⓗ࡛␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ㄆ㆑ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟
ࡣඹ㏻ࡢᬑ㐢ⓗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀ࠶ࡿ㸪࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪㏫ㄝⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡍ࡛࡟ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ▱ࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࠕ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪₯ᅾⓗ࣭↓ព㆑ⓗ࡟࠿ࡍ࠿࡟▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢ≧ែ࠿ࡽ㢧ᅾⓗ࣭ព㆑ⓗ࡟᫂☜࡟▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠖ㸬 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃ᐹࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ࡜㸪ࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡀච␿⌮ㄽࢆᥦၐࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾ㸪ᙼࡣ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵࡑࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡀఱࢆ࡝ࡇࡲ࡛▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓ࠸㸬ࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡣ㸪ච␿ࡢศ㔝࡟ධࡿ௨๓ࡣ㸪༢⣽⬊⏕≀࡛࠶ࡿ⣽⳦㸦ࣂࢵࢡࢸࣜ࢔㸧ࢆ◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬⣽⳦ࡣศ⿣ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㸪ᏊᏞ⣽⬊ࢆቑࡸࡍ㸬࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ㐣⛬࡛✺↛ኚ␗ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪ྠ୍͂ぶ̓⣽⳦ࡢࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼㸪ከᵝ࡞͂ᏊᏞ̓⣽⳦ࡀ㞟ᅋ㸦ࢥࣟࢽ࣮㸧࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⣽⳦ࡢࢥࣟࢽ࣮࡟₯ࡴከᵝᛶࢆ═ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ㸦1959㸪㹮5㸫27㸪191-193㸧࡟࡜ࡗ

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Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5࡚㸪ච␿⣔࡟ከᵝ࡞ච␿⣽⬊ࡀ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᅔ㞴࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ᙼࡀ⾜ࡗࡓࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࢆ㊧௜ࡅ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬୍᪉࡛ࡣ㸪⮬↛⏺
ࡸᐇ㦂ᐊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⚾ࡓࡕேయࡢࠕእ࡛ࠖほᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿᚤ⏕≀ࡢ㞟ᅋ⌧㇟࡜㸪௚᪉࡛ࡣ⚾ࡓࡕேయࡢࠕෆ࡛ࠖ㉳ࡇࡿච␿⣽⬊ࡢ㞟ᅋ⌧㇟࡜ࡢ㢮ఝᛶ࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡞㘽࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪⏕యࡢෆእࡢୡ⏺࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿ㸪㸰ࡘࡢ඲ࡃ͂␗࡞ࡿ̓⌧㇟ࢆ͂ྠࡌ̓㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪┦ྠ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ぢ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪➨୕ࡢほⅬࡀ⌧ࢀࡿዎᶵ࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡀ㸪ࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢ᫬௦࠿ࡽࡍ࡛࡟ 100 ᖺࡶ๓࡟ᥦၐࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡢ⮬↛㑅ᢥㄝ㸦1859㸧ࡢ᝿㉳࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞ච␿⌮ㄽࡢᵓ⠏࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿㄆ㆑ࡢ͂㣕㌍̓ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ㸲㸧㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㸪㏫࡟ච␿⣔ࡢሙྜ࡟౛࠼࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬ࡲࡎ㸪඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡿ㸰ࡘࡢᑐ㇟㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᢠཎ࡜ᢠయ㸫ࡀ⤖ྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࢀ௨๓࡟ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ➨୕ࡢ≧ἣ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ච␿⣽⬊ࡢࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ㑅ᢥࡀ㉳ࡇࡿ࡜⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ḟ࡟㸪ㄆ㆑ࡢ͂㣕㌍̓࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣ㸪ච␿⣔࡛ࡣ࣡ࢡࢳࣥࡢ᥋✀࡜࠸ࡗࡓண㜵ὀᑕ࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ᙅẘ໬ࡋࡓᢠཎࢆពᅗⓗ࡟ච␿⣔࡟ᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪㣕㌍ⓗ࡟ච␿ᛂ⟅ࢆάᛶ໬ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㻟䠊㻟䠊䛜䜣䛾䜽䝻䞊䞁㐍໬⌮ㄽ䠉ච␿⌮ㄽ䛾ணᮇ䛫䛼ᒎ㛤䠉㻌ච␿⣔࡛ࡣ㸪㑇ఏᏊࡢ✺↛ኚ␗࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ච␿⣽⬊ࡀࡘࡃࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀච␿ᛂ⟅ࡢ㔜せ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ㸯ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪ศ⿣ྍ⬟࡞࠶ࡽࡺࡿṇᖖ⣽⬊ࡣ㸪ศ⿣ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍ࠺ࡕ࡟㸪✺↛ኚ␗ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪⣽⬊ࡀ✺↛ኚ␗ࢆ⵳✚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜㸪⣽⬊Ṛࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤ㸪㏫࡟⏕యෆ⎔ቃ࡛ࡢไᚚࢆ㐓⬺ࡋࡣࡌࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬ᚋ⪅ࡢሙྜࡀ㸪ࡀࢇ⣽⬊ࡢ㉳※࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸰㸧㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪✺↛ኚ␗ࡀ⵳✚ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ศ⿣⬟㸪㌿⛣⬟㸪ࡑࡋ࡚⸆๣⪏ᛶ⬟ࢆḟࠎ࡜⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬ࡇࢀࡀࡀࢇࡢᝏᛶ໬ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㸪㸯ࡘࡢ㉳※⣽⬊࡟ࡣࡌࡲࡾ㸪ࡑࢀ௨ᚋ㸪㐃⥥࡜⥆ࡃࠕኚ␗࡜㑅ᢥࠖࡢཎ⌮࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ͂㐍໬̓ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ぢ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚㸪ࡀࢇࡢࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ㐍໬⌮ㄽࡀᥦၐࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࣂ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ 1959㸪Cairns 1975,
Nowell 1976, Murase 1996㸧㸬ᐇࡣ㸪⑓ẼࡢⓎ⑕ࡶࠕ㌟య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࡢ㸯ࡘࡢᙧែ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠕ㌟య࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖ࡜ࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖ࡜࠸࠺୍ぢ͂␗࡞ࡿ̓⌧㇟ࢆ͂ྠࡌ̓࡜ぢ࡞ࡍసᴗࢆヨࡳ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬ࡇࡢ┦ྠᛶࡢ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽ➨୕ࡢどⅬࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚ࡃࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓ࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬39ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

ࡲࡎ⣽⬊ࡢ㑇ఏᏊࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ✺↛ኚ␗࡜ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ㑇ఏᬯྕࢆูࡢ
ᬯྕ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪᪤Ꮡࡢ㑇ఏᬯྕࢆ͂ྰᐃ̓ࡍࡿព࿡ࡀ
࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢྰᐃࢆࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠶࡚ࡣࡵ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬౛࠼ࡤࠕච␿ᛂ⟅ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪೺ᗣࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺࿨㢟ࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬ࡇࡢ࿨㢟ࢆྰᐃࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ྰᐃࡢᅾࡾ᪉
ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪࡝ࢀࡶព࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿྰᐃᩥ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࢀࡣච␿
⣔࡛ࡶ㸪㑇ఏᬯྕࡢྰᐃ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ㑇ఏᏊࡢ✺↛ኚ␗ࡀ㸪࡝ࡢሙྜࡶ⌧Ꮡࡍࡿᢠཎ࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓᢠయࢆࡘࡃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㢮᥎ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ඛࡢ࿨㢟ࡢྰᐃ࿨㢟୰࡛㸪ࠕච␿ᛂ⟅ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪೺ᗣࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛
࡞ࡃ㸪⑓ẼⓎ⑕ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟ᡂࡾᚓࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺࿨㢟ࡀぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪㸯ࡘࡢ࿨㢟ࡢྰᐃ࿨㢟ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ಶูࡢ஦ᐇ࡟࡜ࡽࢃࢀࡎ࡟㸪᪂ࡓ࡞࿨㢟ࢆ͂ඛྲྀࡾ̓ࡍࡿᙧ࡛㸪ࡀࢇࡢࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ㐍໬⌮ㄽࢆணぢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚㐍໬ࡸච␿ᛂ⟅㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡀࢇࡢⓎ⑕࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᫬㛫࣭✵㛫ࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓ⏕࿨⌧㇟ࢆ㸪⤫୍ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼┤ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࡑࢀ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ච␿⣽⬊㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᢠయ㸧࡟ࡋࢁ㸪▱㆑࡟ࡋࢁ㸪࡝ࢀࡶ㸯ࡘࡢᵓ㐀࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ㄆ㆑୍⯡ࢆ᪂ࡓ࡞ᵓ㐀ࡢᵓᡂ㐣⛬࡜ࡋ࡚⤫୍ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡟㐪࠸࡞࠸㸬ࡋ࠿ࡶ㸪ච␿⣔࡟ࡋࢁ㸪⬻⚄⤒⣔࡟ࡋࢁ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ⑌ᝈ⣔࡟ࡋࢁ㸪࡝ࢀࡶ㸯ࡘࡢ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⏕࿨⣔ࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒
࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟࡝ࢀࡶ㸯ࡘࡢཷ⢭༸ࡢศ⿣࡟ࡣࡌࡲࡿⓎ⏕㐣⛬ࢆ⤒࡚ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡘ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ㄆ㆑ࢆࡍ࡛࡟࡛ࡁ࠶ࡀࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ
ࡓᶵ⬟࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪⏕≀ࡢಶయⓎ⏕࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࠿ࡽᤊ࠼࡞࠾ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ㸪ㄆ㆑࡜⏕≀㐍໬ࢆྠࡌࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀᾋ࠿ࡧ࠶ࡀࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡶ㸪ᚲࡎࡋࡶ೺ᗣ࡞≧ែࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿࡤ࠿
ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪⑓Ẽࡢ≧ែࡶ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪㌟య࡛ࡶ⢭⚄࡛ࡶ㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿ㸬

㻠䠊どぬㄆ㆑䠈③䜏ឤぬ䠈⑓ẼⓎ⑕䠉ᗈ⩏䛾ㄆ㆑䛾䝥䝻䝉䝇䛸䛧䛶䠉㻌 ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪どⅬࢆ㌿᥮ࡋ࡚㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡟㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ࡿࠕぢࡿ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖࠕ③ࡳ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖࠕ⑓Ẽ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬㻠䠊㻝䠊どぬㄆ㆑⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟どぬㄆ㆑ࡢ᰿ᮏၥ㢟࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࠕ┤᥋ㄝࠖ࡜ࠕ㛫᥋ㄝࠖࡢ஧ඖㄽⓗᑐ❧ࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦ࢯࣝࢯ 1997㸧㸬┤᥋ㄝ࡜ࡣ㸪⌧ᐇୡ⏺ࡣᑐ㇟ࡀ࠶ࡾࡢࡲࡲᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㏻ࡾ▱ぬࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿཷືⓗ࡞どぬㄆ㆑ㄽ࡛࠶

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Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㛫᥋ㄝ࡜ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ▱ぬࡣ⌧ᐇୡ⏺࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᥎ㄽ࠿ࡽᵓᡂ
ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ⬟ືⓗ࡞どぬㄆ㆑ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡝ࡕࡽ࠿୍᪉ࡢㄝࡀṇࡋ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿ㝈ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢ஧ඖㄽⓗᑐ❧ࡢゎᾘࡣᮃࡵ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ࢯࣝࢯ㸦1997㸧ࡀᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪➨୕ࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪࡝ࡕࡽ࠿୍᪉ࡢㄝࡀṇࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢ
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪୧᪉ࡢㄝ࡜ࡶጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢㄝࡣ▱ぬ㐣⛬ࡢ␗࡞ࡿ㒊ศࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤫ྜⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻ࣭ࢢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺
࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡣぢࡿࡇ࡜࡟័ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᐇࡣၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ࡙࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ࠖ࡜㸦ࢯࣝࢯ 1997, p59㸧㸬
௨ୖࡢㄽⅬࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓୖ࡛㸪⬻ࡢどぬ⤒㊰ࢆᴫほࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬ᅗ㸲a ࡟♧ࡍࡢࡣ㸪ྂ඾ⓗ࡞どぬ⤒㊰࡛࠶ࡿ㸬┠࠿ࡽࡢどぬಙྕࡣ㸪እഃ⭸≧ែ㸦LGN㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿどᗋᚋ㒊ࡢ⚄⤒⠇ࢆ⤒⏤ࡋ࡚㸪どぬ㔝㸦VC㸧࡬⮳ࡾ㸪⬻ࡢ௚ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡬࡜㐃⥆ⓗ࡟ఏ㐩ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢឤぬჾᐁ࠿ࡽ⬻࡬ࡢಙྕఏ㐩ࡣ㸪࣎ࢺ࣒࢔ࢵࣉ㸦ࢢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜ2001㸪p321㸪ࣦ࢓ࣞࣛ 2001㸪p142㸪cf. Ṋ⏣ 2004㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬☜࠿࡟㸪㯞㓉≧ែ࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿື≀ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ࡋ࠿ࡶᴟ➃࡟༢⣧໬ࡉࢀࡓᐇ㦂ᐊ⎔ቃ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢどぬ⤒㊰ᅗࡣṇࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ぬ㓰≧ែࡢື≀ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐇ㦂࠿ࡽ㸪㌟యࡢഴࡁࡸ⫈ぬ่⃭ࡀ⚄⤒⤒㊰࡟≉ᚩⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠾ࡼࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦ࣦ࢓ࣞࣛ 2001㸧㸬⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ㸪ᅗ㸲b ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࡢྂ඾ⓗ࡞どぬ⤒㊰࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪⬻࠿ࡽឤぬჾᐁ࡬ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡᅇ
㊰ࡢᏑᅾࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡᅇ㊰ࡣ㸪ࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥ㸦ࢢ
ࣞࢦ࣮ࣜ2001㸪p321㸪ࣦ࢓ࣞࣛ 2001㸪p142㸪cf. Ṋ⏣ 2004㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬

(c)

LGN

VC

Brain

LGN

VC

ᅗ㸱㸦D㸧ྂ඾ⓗどぬ⤒㊰ 㸦E㸧ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡᅇ㊰ 㸦F㸧୧║ࡢどぬ⤒㊰ ㄆ㆑୍⯡ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡢ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮࡛ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪┤᥋ㄝ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࣎ࢺ࣒࢔ࢵ
ࣉࡣᖐ⣡࡟㸪㛫᥋ㄝ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥࡣ₇⧢࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ㄆ㆑୍⯡ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢᖐ⣡࡜₇⧢࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪┦ྠ࡜࠸࠺␗࡞ࡿᑐ⛠㛫ࢆࡘ࡞ࡄࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀㄆ㆑ࢆ͂㣕㌍̓ࡉࡏࡿୖ࡛ᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢㄆ㆑୍⯡ࡢ▱41ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

ぢࢆ㸪どぬ⤒㊰࡟࠶࡚ࡣࡵ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪どぬ⤒㊰࡟࡜ࡗ࡚୙ྍḞ࡞ᵓᡂᅇ㊰ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡀ㸪ᅗ㸲c ࡟♧ࡋࡓ୧║ࡢどぬ⤒㊰࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㸪␗࡞ࡿࢧࣈࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡝࠺ࡋࢆࡘ࡞ࡄ㐃⤡ᅇ㊰࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୧║࡟ࡼࡿ❧యどࡣ㸪୍᪉ࡢ᝟ሗ
࡜௚᪉ࡢ᝟ሗ࡜ࡢ⤫ྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪➨୕ࡢ᝟ሗ࡜ࡋ࡚ዟ⾜ࡁࡢḟඖࢆ⏕ᡂࡍࡿ㸬ࢢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜ㸦2004㸧ࡣ㸪␗࡞ࡿࢧࣈࢩࢫࢸ࣒ྠኈࢆ㐃⤡ࡍࡿᅇ㊰ࢆࢧ࢖ࢻ࢘
࢙࢔࣮࡜࿧ࢇࡔ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪࣎ࢺ࣒࢔ࢵࣉ࡜ࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥࡀ㸪ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᆶ
┤᪉ྥࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪పḟ࡜㧗ḟࡢ⚄⤒⣔ࢆࡘ࡞ࡆࡿ㝵ᒙⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㸫ࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࢧ࢖ࢻ࢙࢘࢔࣮ࡣỈᖹ᪉ྥࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪」ᩘࡢ㝵ᒙⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡྠኈࡢ୪ิⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬㸫ࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᆶ┤㸪Ỉᖹ୧᪉ྥࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪✵㛫ḟඖࡢᣑᙇࡀࡣ࠿ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࡇࡢ▱ぬ⤒㊰ࡢ▱ぢ࠿ࡽ㸪⬻ࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᇶᮏཎ⌮ࡀぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪ࠕ⬻ࡢ࠶ࡿ㡿ᇦ A ࡀูࡢ㡿ᇦ B ࡟㐃⤖ࡍࢀࡤ㸪B ࡣ A ࡟ࡶ㐃⤖ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺
ཎ⌮࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࣦ࢓ࣞࣛ 2001㸧㸬㻠䠊㻞䠊③䜏䛾ㄆ㆑⮬ศࡢ㌟యࡀ࡝࠺࠸࠺≧ែ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚▱ࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕෆ㒊⎔ቃ
࡛࠶ࡿ㌟యࡢ▱ぬࡣ㸪⯆࿡῝࠸ၥ㢟ࡢ㸯ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࣓ࣝࢨࢵࢡ㸦1983㸧ࡣ㸪ḟ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࠕ③ࡳࡢ▱ぬࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟᪥ᖖⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢព࿡ࢆㄝ᫂
ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸬࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶ㸪ࡦ࡝ࡃᗈ⠊ᅖ࡞ᦆയࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ
③ࡳࢆ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ཯㠃㸪ᦆയࡀ἞⒵ࡋࡓᚋ࡛ࡶ③ࡳࡀᣢ⥆ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࢆ୧ᴟ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢ㛫࡟࠶ࡽࡺࡿ୰㛫ⓗ࡞≧ἣࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟③ࡳࡢཎᅉࡀ㌟య࡞ࡢ࠿⢭⚄࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ㄽதࡣ⤯࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࢀࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬③ࡳ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄽதࡀ⤯࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡟㸪③ࡳࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃࡓࡵࡢ᭷ຠ࡞἞⒪ἲࡍࡽᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪἞⒪ࡣᡂຌࡍࢀࡤ┠ࢆࡳࡣࡿຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ
ࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞἞⒪ࢆヨࡳ࡚ࡶᖖ࡟ᡂຌࡍࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ③ࡳ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄽதࡸ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞἞⒪ࡋ࠿⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓཎᅉࡣ㸪୍య࡝ࡇ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸽ࡑࡢཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕ③ࡳࡣయࡢ࡝ࡇ࠿࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛㸪⬻ࡸᚰ࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ࠕయࡇࡑ③ࡳࡢⓎ⏕※࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⬻ࡣࡑࡢಙྕࢆࡓࡔཷືⓗ࡟ཷࡅྲྀࡿ
ࡔࡅࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕཷືⓗ࡞ឤぬධຊ⤒㊰ࠖࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ඲㠃ⓗ࡟ಟṇࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡛࡚ࡁࡓ㸬࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶ㸪⬻ࡣయ࠿ࡽⓎࡏࡽࢀࡓಙ
ྕࢆ༢࡟ཷືⓗ࡟ཷࡅྲྀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㏫࡟③ࡳࡢ᝟ሗࢆⓎಙࡋࡓࡾㄪᩚࡋࡓ

42

Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5ࡾ㸪⬟ືⓗ࡟③ࡳࡢⓎ⏕㐣⛬࡟㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀࠕ⬟ືⓗ࡞୰ᯡฟຊ⤒㊰ࠖࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿ㸬౛࠼ࡤ㸪ྠࡌ่⃭ࢆ⿕㦂⪅࡟୚࠼ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪⫈ぬ่⃭࡜ࡋ࡚͂ᬯ♧̓ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡜⿕㦂⪅ࡢ่⃭ឤぬࡀ๻ⓗ࡟ኚࢃࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦࣓ࣝࢨࢵࢡ㸧㸬☜࠿࡟㸪③ࡳ࡜࠸࠺㌟యឤぬࡣẼศࢆⴠࡕ㎸ࡲࡏࡿ㸦㌟యЍ⢭⚄㸧㸬୍᪉࡛㸪Ẽศࡋࡔ࠸࡛㌟యឤぬࡀኚࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦⢭⚄Ѝ㌟య㸧㸬≉࡟⯆࿡῝࠸ࡢࡣ㸪ᩥ໬ⓗ⫼ᬒ㸪ᩍ⫱ⓗ⫼ᬒࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪͂③ࡳ̓ࡢㄆ㆑ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡣぶࡢ཯ᛂࢆぢ࡚㸪͂③ࡳ̓ࢆᏛࡧྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦࣓ࣝࢨࢵࢡ 1983㸧㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ᩥ໬ࡸᩍ⫱࡜࠸ࡗࡓ♫఍⎔ቃࡢᙳ㡪㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ಶே
ࡀ㐣ཤ࡟య㦂ࡋࡓฟ᮶஦࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃグ᠈ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪͂ㄆ▱̓ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ⤡ࢇࡔࡼࡾ」㞧࡞⤒㊰࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࢢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜࡢゝ࠺ࢧ࢖ࢻ࢚࢘࢔࣮
࡟┦ྠࡢ⤒㊰࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸧㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ▱ぢࢆࡍ࡭࡚⤫ྜࡋ࡚㸪③ࡳ▱ぬࡀࡇࡇ࡟ᣲࡆࡓ㸱ࡘࡢḟඖ㸦ឤぬⓗཷື⤒㊰㸪୰ᯡⓗ⬟ື⤒㊰㸪ㄆ▱ⓗ⬟ື⤒㊰㸧ࡢධฟຊࣂࣛࣥࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ᡂࡍࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࠕࢤ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ⌮ㄽࠖࢆ㸪࣓ࣝࢨࢵࢡ㸦1983㸧ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓ㸬ࣈ࣒ࣞࢼ࣮㸦2003㸧ࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࠕᚰ࡜⬻㸪㌟య࡜⢭⚄㸪ࡲࡓᚰ⌮Ꮫ࡜⏕≀Ꮫࡢ༊ูࡣேⅭⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢㄗࡗࡓ஧ศἲ࡟ᅛᇳࡍࡿ
ࡇ࡜࡛㸪་ᖌࡓࡕࡣ⮬ศࡀデࡿᝈ⪅ࡓࡕ࡟㸪ࡲࡓᝈ⪅ࡓࡕࡣ⮬ศ⮬㌟࡟㸪ᐖࢆཬࡰࡍࡢࡔ㸬ࠖࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᐇ㦂ᐊ࡛ࡢ▱ぢࡸ⭾኱࡞⮫ᗋ◊✲࠿ࡽ㸪ඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓ
⬻ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿཎ⌮㸦AЍB ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪BЍA ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࡣ㸪③ࡳࡢㄆ㆑࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ
ᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪㌟యࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿཎ⌮࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ᚰ㌟ࢆ⤫ྜࡍࡿཎ⌮࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ⬻ࡢᵓᡂཎ⌮ࡢᮏ㉁ࡣ㸪どぬ⤒㊰ࡢ⚄⤒ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㸦ᅗ㸲c㸧࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᆶ┤ⓗ࡞㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࡜ࡑࡢ୪ิ໬࡟ࡼࡿ෕㛗ᛶࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪✵㛫ḟඖࡢᣑᙇ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ✵㛫ḟඖࡢᣑᙇ࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪③ࡳㄆ㆑ࡢ◊✲࠿ࡽ㸪㢧ⴭ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡀ᫬㛫ḟඖࡢᣑᙇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ලయ౛࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⇕‫ࡢ‮‬ධࡗࡓࡸ࠿ࢇ࡟ᣦࢆゐࢀࡓሙྜࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬᭱ึ࡟▱ぬࡉࢀࡿࡢࡀ㸪㗦࠸③ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬཯ᑕⓗ࡟ᣦࢆᘬࡗ㎸ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ㗦࠸③ࡳࡀ 15-25m/sec ࡜࠸࠺ᴟࡵ࡚㏿࠸㏿ᗘ࡛ಙྕࢆ㏦ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢฟ᮶ࡿ᭷㧊⚄⤒⥺⥔ࡢ࠾࠿ࡆ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢᚋ㸪ᣦࡀ↝ࡅ࡝ࡋࡓ࡜ࢃ࠿ࡿࡢࡣ㸪㕌࠸③ࡳࡀ
0.5-1m/sec ࡜࠸࠺ࡺࡗࡃࡾࡋࡓ㏿ᗘ࡛ಙྕఏ㐩ࢆ⾜࠺↓㝳⚄⤒⥺⥔ࡢാࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Shepherd 1994㸧㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪␗࡞ࡿఏ㐩㏿ᗘࢆࡶࡗࡓ⚄⤒⥺⥔ࡀඹᏑࡍࡿࡇ
࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪᫬㛫ḟඖࡀᣑᙇࡉࢀ㸪㕌࠸③ࡳ่⃭ࡀఏࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㗦࠸▱ぬ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪͂ඛ⾜ⓗ࡟̓▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬43ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

㻠䠊㻟䠊⑓ẼⓎ⑕䠉䝉䝸䜶䛾୍⯡䠄㠀≉␗䠅㐺ᛂ⑕ೃ⩌䛸䝷䞁䝗䝹䝣䛾≉␗㐺ᛂ⑕ೃ⩌䠉㻌 ဴᏛⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪┿ࡢᐇᅾࡀᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿᐈయ࡞ࡢ࠿୺య࡟ഛࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮ᛕ࡞ࡢ࠿ࡀㄽதࡢⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬་ᏛࡢṔྐࢆ⣣ゎࡃ࡜㸪⑓Ẽࡢཎᅉࡀ⣽⳦ࡢឤᰁࡸẘ≀ࡢᦤྲྀࡢࡼ࠺࡟እⓗ⎔ቃᅉᏊ࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿㸦⎔ቃㄝ㸧㸪࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᐙ᪘ᛶࡢࡀࢇࡸ⢭⚄⑌ᝈࡢࡼ࠺࡟⏕య⮬㌟ࡢ㑇ఏⓗᅉᏊ࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿㸦㑇ఏㄝ㸧࡜࠸࠺㸰ࡘࡢᑐ❧ࡍࡿぢゎࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⑓Ẽ࡜೺ᗣࢆ஧ඖ
ㄽⓗ࡟ᑐ❧ࡋࡓ≧ែ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪⑓Ẽ࡜ࡣ೺ᗣ࡛࡞࠸ࡇ࡜㸪೺ᗣ࡜ࡣ⑓Ẽ࡛࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬⑓Ẽ࡜೺ᗣࢆ㸪ྠࡌ⏕࿨άືࡢ␗࡞ࡿ≧ែ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢ་ᖌࣁࣥࢫ࣭ࢭ࢚ࣜ㸦1988㸧ࡣ㸪ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ⤒㦂ࡍࡿ⑌⑓ࡢ኱㒊ศࡣ㸪⣽⳦࣭ẘ≀࣭ࡑࡢ௚ࡢእⓗస⏝ᅉᏊࡢ≉␗ⓗ࡞┤᥋స⏝࡟ࡼࡿࡼࡾࡣ㸪ࡴࡋࢁࡇࢀࡽࡢࢫࢺࣞࢫ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ୍͂⯡̓ⓗ࡞͂㐺ᛂ̓཯ᛂ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃࠖ࡜࠸࠺グᛕ☃ⓗ⌮ㄽࢆᥦၐࡋࡓ㸬⚄⤒࣭ឤ᝟㞀ᐖ㸪㧗⾑ᅽ㸪⫶࣭༑஧ᣦ⭠₽⒆㸪࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ࣮࣐ࣜࣗࢳ㸪࢔ࣞࣝࢠ࣮㸪ᚰ⮚⾑⟶⣔㞀ᐖ㸪⭈⮚⑓࡞࡝㸪␗࡞ࡿ⑕≧ࢆ࿊ࡍࡿ⑓Ẽࢆ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚⤫୍ࡍࡿほⅬ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⑓ែ
ࡀ┦஫࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࠶ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୍⩌ࡢ⑕≧ࢆ͂⑕ೃ⩌̓࡜ᤊ࠼ࠕ୍⯡㸦㠀≉␗㸧㐺ᛂ⑕ೃ⩌ࠖ࡜࿨ྡࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࢭ࢚ࣜ㸦1988㸧ࡀࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࢆᥦၐࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚㸪௨ୗ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟✵㛫ḟඖ࡜᫬㛫ḟඖࡢ᝟ሗࢆ⤫ྜࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬✵㛫ḟඖࡢ᝟ሗ࡜ࡣ㸪㌟య࡟࠶
ࡿ୕ࡘࡢ⮚ჾࡢ␗ኚ㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪͂๪⭈⓶㉁ࡢ⫧኱̓㸦๪⭈⓶㉁㸸୧᪉ࡢ⭈⮚ࡢୖ㒊࡟࠶ࡿෆศἪ⥺㸧㸪͂⬚⭢ࡢጤ⦰̓㸦⬚⭢㸸⬚㒊࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ᚰ⮚ࡢ┤๓࡟࠶ࡿࣜࣥࣃჾᐁ㸧
㸪ࡑࢀ࡟͂⫶࣭༑஧ᣦ⭠ࡢ₽⒆̓
㸦༑஧ᣦ⭠㸸⫶࡟⥆ࡃ⭠ࡢୖ➃㒊㸧㸫࡛࠶ࡿ㸬᫬㛫ḟඖࡢ᝟ሗ࡜ࡣ㸪ࢫࢺࣞࢫ࡬཯ᛂࡢ୕┦ᮇ㸫ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪͂୙㐺ᛂᮇ̓㸦እ㒊ࢫࢺࣞࢫࡢ┤᥋യᐖస⏝࡟ࡼࡿ㢧ⴭ࡞ᛴᛶᚩೃ㸧㸪
͂㐺ᛂᮇ̓
㸦ෆ㒊
཯ᛂ࡟ࡼࡿ┤᥋യᐖస⏝ࡢᢚไ໬ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᛴᛶᚩೃࡢᾘኻ㸧㸪ࡑࢀ࡟͂୙
㐺ᛂᮇ̓㸦ෆ㒊཯ᛂࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ႙ኻ࡟క࠺⏕యࡢᔂቯ㸧㸫࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ✵㛫ḟඖ࡜᫬㛫ḟඖࡢ᝟ሗࢆ⤫ྜࡍࡿ࡜㸪➨୕ࡢ᝟ሗࡀ⏕ᡂࡍࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡀ㸪͂どᗋୗ㒊㸦⬻ࡢ⮬ᚊ⚄⤒୰ᯡ㸧㸫ୗᆶయ㸦⬻ࡢ┿ୗ࡟࠶ࡿෆศἪ⥺㸧㸫๪⭈⓶㉁̓ࢆ㍈࡜ࡋࡓ⚄⤒࣭ෆศἪ⣔ࡢⓎぢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪࣓ࣝࢨࢵࢡࡀ
③ࡳࡢ▱ぬࢆ᥈ồࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾ㸪୺࡜ࡋ࡚⚄⤒ᅇ㊰࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪እ㒊⎔ቃ࠿ࡽࡢ่⃭ࡀ㸪⚄⤒⣔ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ෆศἪ⣔ࢆྵࡵࡓ͂⏕య⣔̓ࡢ㐺ᛂ཯ᛂࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⑓Ẽࡢ඙ೃࡀࡇࡢ⏕య⣔ࡢ㐺ᛂ㞀ᐖ࡜ࡋ࡚⤫୍ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿⅬ࡛㸪᪂ࡓ࡞ḟඖࡢⓎぢ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ㸬⚄⤒⣔࡜ෆศ

44

Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5Ἢ⣔ࡀ㸪ࢧ࢖ࢻ࢙࢘࢔࣮ⓗ࡟㐃⤡ᅇ㊰࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ࡙ࡃࡇ࡜㸪ࡇࢀࡀㄆ㆑ࡢ͂㣕㌍̓ࢆ⏕ࢇࡔ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ㸬࡜ࡇࢁ࡛㸪ࢭ࢚ࣜ㸦1988㸧ࡣ㸪⣽⳦࣭ẘ≀࣭㦁㡢ࡸⅎ⇕࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࢫ
ࢺࣞࢫ࡜ࢃ࠿ࡿእ㒊ᅉᏊ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࣛࣥࢻࣝࣇ㸦1986㸧ࡣ㸪
㌟ࡢᅇࡾ࡟࠶ࡾࡩࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ኱Ẽởᰁ≀㉁㸦౛࠼ࡤ㸪㌴ࡢ᤼Ẽ࢞ࢫ㸧ࡸேᕤ໬Ꮫ
≀㉁㸦౛࠼ࡤ㸪㣗ရῧຍ≀࣭㎰⸆࣭ẅ⹸๣㸧࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ㸬ே㛫ࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓேᕤ
໬Ꮫ≀㉁࡟㛗᫬㛫ᭀ㟢ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠺ࡕ࡟㸪͂≉␗ⓗ̓࡟⏕య཯ᛂࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡣࡌࡵࡿ㐣⛬ࢆ㸪୕┦ᮇ㸦ࢭ࢚ࣜྠᵝ㸧࡟ศࡅ࡚⤫୍ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࣛࣥࢻࣝࣇࡣࠕ≉␗㐺ᛂ⑕ೃ⩌ࠖࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬☜࠿࡟⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪✵Ẽ㸪Ỉ㸪㣗≀㸪⸆๣࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟࠶ࡾࡩࢀࡓ⎔ቃ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿởᰁ໬Ꮫ≀㉁࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⮬㌟ࡢ㐺ᛂ࡟ࡣẼ࡙࠿࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪࠶ࡿேࠎࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ࠶ࡾࡩࢀࡓ≀㉁࡟ࡶࡔࢇࡔࢇ㐣ᩄ࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡋ୍࡚㒊ࡢேࡣ㐺ᛂຊࢆኻࡗ࡚៏ᛶ⑓࡟࠿࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ᗘ㔜࡞ࡿ໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࡢ᭚
㟢࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪㐣ᩄ⑕ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜㸪㐣ᩄᛶࡀ㔜⠜໬ࡍࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪㢖⦾࡟᭚㟢࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿูࡢ≀㉁࡟ࡶ㐣ᩄᛶࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚㸪ࣛࣥࢻࣝࣇࡣ͂໬Ꮫ≀㉁㐣ᩄ⑕̓࡜࠸࠺඲ࡃ᪂ࡋ࠸⑓Ẽࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬≉ᚩⓗ࡞ࡢࡣ㸪㰯⅖ࡸẼ⟶ᨭ⅖࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㌟యⓗ࡞࢔ࣞࣝࢠ࣮⑕≧ࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪⑓≧ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜㸪࠺ࡘ⑕≧ࡸ↓Ẽຊ㸪೺ᛀ⑕࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⢭⚄ⓗ࡞⑕≧ࢆ࿊ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⛉Ꮫ࣭ᢏ⾡ࡀ┠ぬࡲࡋ࠸Ⓨᒎࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧ᅾ㸪⓶⫗࡟ࡶࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ͂⎔ቃởᰁ⑓̓ࡢⓎぢࡀ㐜ࢀࡓࡢࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮⏤ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ㸬㸦㸯㸧໬Ꮫ≀㉁࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㐺ᛂ୙඲ࡣ㛗᫬㛫᭚㟢ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୍᪉࡛㸪໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࡣసࡽࢀ࡚ࡲࡔ᫬㛫ࡀ⤒ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬㸦㸰㸧ၥ㢟࡜ࡉࢀࡿ㔞ࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࡢᣢࡘ่⃭ᛶࡸẘᛶࢆ⌧ࡋ࠼࡞࠸࡯
࡝ᑡ㔞࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸦㸱㸧ẘᛶᏛࡢࢸࢫࢺ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿື≀ᐇ㦂ࡢ≧ἣࡣ㸪ே㛫ࡀ᪥ᖖ⏕άࡍࡿ㝿࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ≧ἣ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡣࡿ࠿࡟࠿ࡅ㞳ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㸦㸲㸧࠶ࡾࡩࢀࡓởᰁ໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࡣ㌟యⓗ࣭⢭⚄ⓗ࡞៏ᛶ⑓ࡢཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚␲ࢃ
ࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬㸦㸳㸧ࡦ࡜ࡘࡢ໬Ꮫ≀㉁࡟ᑐࡍࡿே㛫ࡢ㐺ᛂࡢ௙᪉ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢே≉᭷ࡢᆺࡀ࠶
ࡾ㸪≉␗ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪࠶ࡿே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㐣ᩄ⑕ࡀ࠾ࡇࡿ≀㉁ࡀ㸪௚ࡢே࡛ࡣ౫Ꮡ⑕ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ㸬ࣛࣥࢻࣝࣇࡀࡇࡢ⑓Ẽࡢ≉ᐃ࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࡢࡣ㸪ᝈ⪅୍ே୍ே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡿ໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࡣ≉␗ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᝈ⪅ࡀࡓ࡝ࡿ⑓

45ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

≧ᝏ໬ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀඹ㏻ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆⓎぢࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀ࡟ࡣ㸪ởᰁ໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࢆ㝖ཤࡋࡓ⎔ቃࢆタᐃࡋ㸪ᝈ⪅ࡀ㞳⬺≧ែ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡢୖ㸪ࡑࡢᝈ⪅࡟ởᰁ໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࢆ෌ࡧᭀ㟢ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᐇ㦂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪⑓≧ᝏ໬ࡢࣉࣟ
ࢭࢫࢆ෌⌧࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ▱ぢ࠿ࡽ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀゝ࠼ࡿ㸬⑓ẼࡢⓎ⑕࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡲ࡛₯ᅾⓗ࡟㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㐣⛬ࡀ㸪㛗᫬㛫ࢆ⤒࡚㢧ᅾ໬ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸
ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣ⚾ࡓࡕࡢࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜
┦ྠ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬᪂ࡓ࡞⑓ẼࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡲࡉ࡟⑓ẼⓎ⑕ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆㄆ㆑࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㏣య㦂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓほⅬ࡟❧ࡘ࡜㸪⑓ẼࡢⓎ⑕㸪ㄆ㆑㸪㐍໬ࡸⓎ⏕࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞
⏕࿨⌧㇟ࢆ 1 ࡘࡢ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡞࠾ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⤫୍⏕࿨⌮ㄽࡢᵓ⠏ࡀ⌧ᐇᛶࢆቑࡋ࡚ࡃࡿ㸬㻡䠊⮬ᕫ䞉㠀⮬ᕫᚠ⎔⌮ㄽ䛾ᒎ㛤䠉⤫୍⏕࿨⌮ㄽ䛾ᵓ⠏䛻ྥ䛡䛶䠉㻌ᮏ✏࡛ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣ㸪ᅗ㸳a ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᵓ㐀໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ᫬㛫ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ✵㛫ⓗᵓ㐀໬ࡢ୍౛࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ၥ
㢟࡟ゎỴࡢ⣒ཱྀࢆぢࡘࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪୍᪉࡛ࡣ㸪ච␿⣔࡟ࡼࡿ͂⣽⬊ㄆ㆑̓࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪ච␿ᛂ⟅࡜࠸࠺≉Ṧ࡞⌧㇟࠿ࡽㄆ㆑ࢆᖐ⣡ⓗ࡟ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬௚᪉࡛ࡣ㸪ࡼࡾᗈ⩏ࡢ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿどぬࡸ③ࡳࡢㄆ㆑㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ⑓ẼࡢⓎ⑕࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪୺య࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃ࡬ࡢ㐺ᛂࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜࠸࠺୍⯡ⓗ࡞⌧㇟࠿ࡽ㸪ㄆ㆑ࢆ₇⧢ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼┤ࡍࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬

(a)

(b)
ᖐ⣡

₇⧢
⮬ᕫ

⣽⬊ㄆ㆑

㠀⮬ᕫ

㠀⮬ᕫ

ㄆ㆑

どぬㄆ㆑䚸③䜏ㄆ㆑䚸⑓ẼⓎ⑕ᅗ㸳㸦D㸧ㄆ㆑㐣⛬ࡢᵓ㐀໬

㸦E㸧⮬ᕫ࣭㠀⮬ᕫᚠ⎔㐣⛬

46

Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲㄽࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪ࠕㄆ㆑࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㝿࡟㸪ᚑ᮶ࡲ࡛ࡢ͂ㄆ㆑ࢆ๓ᥦ̓࡜ࡋ࡚͂㛵ಀࢆ᥈ồ̓ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺≀㉁⛉Ꮫࡢ᪉ἲㄽࡀ㐺⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ㄆ㆑͂௨እ̓ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࡼࡾ≉Ṧ࡞⌧㇟࠾ࡼࡧࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⌧㇟ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ 2 ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⌧㇟࡟ඹ㏻࡞㛵ಀ⏕ᡂࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛͂࠶ࡿ̓࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ㄆ㆑ࢆᢕᥱࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪ୗ఩ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⣽⬊ㄆ㆑ࡣ㸪ୖ఩ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⑓ẼⓎ⑕࡜ᐦ᥋࡞㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡀࢇࢆ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ㄽ⪃ࡋࡓ㸦3.3.ཧ↷㸧㸬ᅗ㸳b ࡣච␿⣔㸦⮬ᕫ㸧࡟ࡼࡿ␗≀㸦㠀⮬ᕫ㸧ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆ㸪ᴫᛕⓗ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⮬ᕫࡀእ㒊࡟࠶ࡿ㠀⮬ᕫࢆㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ⮬ᕫࡢෆ㒊࡟ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽㄆ㆑ࡍ࡭ࡁእ㒊ࡢ㠀⮬ᕫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ
࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ෆ㒊ࡢ㠀⮬ᕫ࡜እ㒊ࡢ㠀⮬ᕫࡣ㸪ᐇࡣᐦ᥋࡞㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ᅗ㸳a ࡜ b ࢆぢẚ࡭ࡿ࡜㸪㸰ࡘࡢᅗᘧࡀ͂┦ྠ࡛̓࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ
࠿ࡿ㸬࠸ࡲ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛㉳ࡇࡗࡓฟ᮶஦ࡣ㸪┦ྠࡢ㛵ಀࡀ⏕ᡂࡋࡓ▐㛫࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ┦ྠ㸪࠾ࡼࡧᖐ⣡࡜₇⧢ࡢ㛵ಀࡣ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡶᮏ⠇ࡢ୰࡛⏕ᡂࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࣉࣟࢭ
ࢫ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ㐣⛬ࢆᅗᘧ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ㄆ㆑࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㸯ࡘࡢ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚✵㛫ⓗ࡟ᵓ㐀໬ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ᫬㛫ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ✵㛫ⓗᵓ㐀໬࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ㸪࣓ࢱㄆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛㸪㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿせ⣲㐣⛬ࡀ㸪⮬ᕫ࣭㠀⮬ᕫᚠ⎔㐣⛬㸦ᮧ℩ 2000㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡢ㐣⛬ࡇࡑࡀㄆ㆑㸪㐍໬㸪Ⓨ⏕㸪⑓Ẽࢆྵࡵࡓ⏕࿨㐣⛬࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬௨ୖࡀࠕᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࠖࡢᮏ㉁࡛
࠶ࡿ㸬㻢䠊䛚䜟䜚䛻㻌
③ࡳࢆ㝖ཤࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ⚄⤒ษ᩿࡟ࡼࡿ἞⒪ࡣ㸪ࡇ࡜ࡈ࡜ࡃኻᩋ
࡟⤊ࢃࡗࡓ㸦࣓ࣝࢨࢵࢡ 1983㸧㸬ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪⚄⤒⤒㊰ࡀษ᩿ࡉࢀ࡚ࡶ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞⚄⤒⤒㊰ࡀ෌ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ෌ᵓᡂࡢ⬟ຊࡇࡑ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࡢ⬟ຊࢆ᰿ᗏ࠿ࡽᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡿᶵ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬③ࡳࡀ⚄⤒⤒㊰ࡢษ᩿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྲྀࡾ㝖ࡅ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪἞⒪ࡢ᪉㔪ࡀ᰿ᮏⓗ࡟ぢ┤ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬③ࡳࢆ඲ࡃ࡞ࡃࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪③ࡳࢆ⪏࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⛬ᗘ࡟ࡲ࡛ῶࡌࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞┠ᶆ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪␗࡞ࡿ่⃭ࢆពᅗⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪③ࡳ▱ぬࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞⛬ᗘࢆపῶࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡶ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ㸪᭷ຠ࡞⤖ᯝࡶᚓࡽࢀࡣࡌࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⑓Ẽࡢ἞⒪᪉ἲ࡟ࡶ㸪๻ⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬ࢭ࢚ࣜࡢ୍⯡㐺ᛂ⑕ೃ⩌ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪⏕యࡢ㐺ᛂ཯ᛂ⬟ຊࡢ͂⾶ᙅᗘ̓ḟ➨࡛ࡣ㸪ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ࢫࢺ
ࣞࢫࡀ⑓Ẽࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⑓Ẽࢆᾘ㏥ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬47ᵓᡂⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ

ࡑࡢࡓࡵ⑓Ẽࡢ἞⒪ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⑕≧ࡔࡅࢆᑐฎ⒪ἲⓗ࡟ᢚ࠼㎸ࡴࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㏫࡟᪂ࡓ࡞͂ࢫࢺࣞࢫ̓ࢆ⏕య࡟㈇Ⲵࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕యഃࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞㐺ᛂ཯ᛂࢆ࿧ࡧ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜ࡀヨࡳࡽࢀ㸪᭷ຠ࡞἞⒪ຠᯝࢆ࠶ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓほⅬࢆࡶ࡜࡟㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢࠕ▱ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿㄆ㆑ࠖࡸᏛ⩦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪Ꮫࡪ⪅ࡢ୺యᛶࢆᑛ㔜ࡋࡓᩍ⫱ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪࠸࠿࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ㸬͂⬺ࡺ࡜ࡾᩍ⫱̓ࡀ༢࡞ࡿ᚟ྂ୺⩏࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟
ࡶ㸪⏕࿨ཎ⌮࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ᩾᪂࡞ᩍ⫱ࡢᅾࡾ᪉ࡀ㸪௒ࡇࡑồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶ
▱ࢀ࡞࠸㸬

㻣䠊ὀ㻌
㸯㸧ࡇࡇ࡛͂⤫ྜ̓࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡋ୍͂ඖㄽ̓࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣ࠶࠼࡚౑⏝ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪୍ඖㄽࡣ஧ඖㄽ࡜ᑐ❧ࡍࡿᴫᛕࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪୧⪅ࡢ㛫࡛᪂ࡓ࡞஧ඖㄽⓗᑐ❧ࢆ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࣦ࢓ࣞࣛ 2001㸧㸬⤫ྜⓗ࡞❧ሙ࡜ࡣ㸪࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ஧ඖㄽࡢᑐ❧ࢆໟᣓࡍࡿ୰㐨㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ➨୕ࡢ❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪༢࡟ᪧ࠸⪃࠼᪉ࢆ᪂ࡋ࠸⪃࠼᪉࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ
࡞ࡃ㸪ᑐ❧ࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ㸯ࡘࡢ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚⤫ྜⓗ࡟෌ᵓᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸰㸧࢜ࣜ࣋ࣜ࢜㸦2005㸧ࡢゝ࠺ᴫᛕ࡜せⅬࡢ㛵㐃ࢆᣦࡍ͂ෆ㒊㛵㐃̓㸪࠾ࡼࡧ᪤▱ࡢ▱㆑࡜Ꮫ⩦ࡍ࡭ࡁ▱㆑࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆᣦࡍ͂እ㒊㛵㐃̓ࡣ㸪࣋࢖ࢺࢯࣥ㸦2001㸧ࡢゝ࠺͂ᩥ⬦̓࡜͂㛵㐃̓࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬㸱㸧┤᥋㗪ᆺㄝ࡜㛫᥋㗪ᆺㄝࡣ㸪ဴᏛⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐈほ୺⩏࡜୺ほ୺⩏࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸲㸧࠶ࡿᏛၥศ㔝ࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ㸪ูࡢᏛၥศ㔝࡬㐺⏝㸫࣋࢖ࢺࢯࣥ㸦2001㸧ࡢゝⴥ࡛ࡣ͂㌿⏝㸦࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ㸧̓㸫ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪඲ࡃ᪂ࡋ࠸▱ぢࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪⌮ㄽࡢ㌿⏝ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪2 ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿᑐ⛠ୡ⏺㸫ࡇࡢሙྜ࡛ࡣ㸪ே㛫♫఍࡜⏕≀ୡ⏺㸫ࢆྠࡌ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬‫‮‬ᕝ⚽ᶞ㸦1987㸧ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ͂ྠᐃ̓࡜࿧ࡧ㸪⛉Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌮ㄽᵓ⠏ࡢ㝿࡟㸪㣕㌍ⓗ࡞ᒎ㛤ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ㔜せ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪ᖐ⣡࡜₇⧢ࡣ⛉ᏛࡢⓎᒎ࡟Ḟ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࢆྠࡌ࡜ぢ࡞ࡍ㸪ྠᐃ࡜࠸࠺㐣⛬ࡇࡑࡀ㸪᪂⌮ㄽᵓ⠏࡟Ḟ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⏕⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡢ H.ࢭ࢚ࣜ㸦1988㸪㹮
262㸧ࡶ㸪ࢥࢼࣥࢺࡢゝⴥࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࠕ┿࡟㠉࿨ⓗ࡛㸪ࡋ࠿ࡶព⩏ࡢ࠶ࡿ㐍Ṍࡣ㸪⤒㦂࠿ࡽ⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚㸪᪂ࡋ࠸⌮ㄽ࠿ࡽࡶࡓࡽࡉ
ࢀࡿࠖ࡜㸬࡞࠾㸪࣋࢖ࢺࢯࣥࡢゝ࠺͂㌿⏝̓࡜‫‮‬ᕝࡢゝ࠺͂ྠᐃ̓ࡣ㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡢ͂┦ྠ̓࡜ྠ⩏࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬48

Journal of Quality Education Vol. 5ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩㻌S. ࢔࢚ࣜࢸ࢕㸦1976㸧 ࠗ๰㐀ຊ㸫ཎึ࠿ࡽࡢ⤫ྜ㸫࠘㸦ຍ⸨ṇ᫂㸪ΎỈ༤அヂ㸧᪂᭙♫㸪1980
T. Izutsu “Correspondence of Man and World” (eds. A. Portmann and R.Ritsema)
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F. ࣦ࢓ࣞࣛ㸪E. ࢺࣥࣉࢯࣥ㸪E .ࣟࢵࢩࣗࠗ㌟య໬ࡉࢀࡓᚰ㸫௖ᩍᛮ᝿࠿ࡽࡢ
࢚ࢼࢡࢸ࢖ࣈ࣭࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࠘ᕤస⯋ 2001
F. ࣦࢣࢸ࢖ࢶ㸦1990㸧ࠗ㐍໬࡜▱㆑㸫⏕≀㐍໬࡜ᩥ໬ⓗ㐍໬㸫࠘㸦ධỤ㔜ྜྷ ヂ㸧ἲᨻฟ∧㸪1994
A. ࣦ࢙࣓࢜ࣜࣜ࢜ࠗࢱㄆ▱ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ࡼࡿᏛࡪᢏ⾡࠘㸦ᕝᮏⱥ᫂ ヂ㸧๰ඖ♫㸪2005
R. ࢢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜ㸦1998㸧ࠗ⬻࡜どぬ㸫ࢢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜࡢどぬᚰ⌮Ꮫ㸫࠘㸦㏆⸨೔᫂㸪୰⁁ᖾኵ㸪୕ᾆెୡ ヂ㸧ࣈ࣮ࣞࣥฟ∧㸪2001
H. ࢭ࢚ࣜ㸦1956㸧ࠗ⌧௦♫఍࡜ࢫࢺࣞࢫ࠘㸦ᮡ㟹୕㑻㸪⏣ከ஭ྜྷஅຓ㸪⸨஭ᑦ἞㸪➉ᐑ 㝯 ヂ㸧
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㸦㸳㸧2011 ᖺ ி㒔኱Ꮫᅜ㝿ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛࠕ᪂ࡓ࡞▱ࡢ⤫ྜ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࠖ
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