INTRODUCTION
Witchcraft is not merely legendary; it was, and is, real. It is not extinct; it is alive andprospering. Since the last laws against Witchcraft were repealed (as recently as the
1950s), Witches have been able to come out into the open and show themselves for what theyare.
And what are they? They are intelligent, community-conscious, thoughtful men
and women of TODAY. Witchcraft is not a step backwards; a retreat into a more
superstition-filled time. Far from it. It is a step forward. Witchcraft is a religion far more
relevant to the times than the vast majority of the established churches. It is the acceptance of
personal and social responsibility. It is acknowledgement of a holistic universe and a means
towards a raising of consciousness. Equal rights; feminism; ecology; attunement;
brotherly/sisterly love; planetary care—these are all part and parcel of Witchcraft, the old
yet new religion.
The above is certainly not what the average person thinks of in relation to "Witchcraft".
No; the misconceptions are deeply ingrained, from centuries of propaganda. How andwhy these misconceptions came about will be examined later.
With the spreading news of Witchcraft—what it is; its relevance in the world
today—comes "The Seeker". If there is this alternative to the conventional religions, thismodern, forward-looking approach to life known as "Witchcraft", then how does one
become a part of it? There, for many, is the snag. General information on the Old
Religion—valid information, from the Witches themselves—is available, but entry into theorder is not. The vast majority of covens (groups of Witches) are still wary enough thatthey do not throw open their doors and welcome all and sundry. They are happy tostraighten the misconceptions, but they do not proselytize. This leads many would-be
Witches, out of sheer frustration, to simply declare themselves "Witches" and start theirown practices. In doing so they draw on any, and oftimes all, available sources. The danger
here is that they do not know what is valid and relevant and what is not. Unfortunately
there are now many such covens, operating with large chunks of Ceremonial Magick
happily mixed-in with smatterings of Satanism and odds and ends of Voodoo together with
Amerindian lore. Witchcraft is a very "loose" religion, in terms of ritual practices, but it
does have certain basic tenets and there are established ritual patterns to be adhered to.
The purpose of this book is to give this necessary information. With it, you—as anindividual or (with like-minded friends) as a group—can then either do your own thing,
happy in the knowledge that it is at least as valid as any of the more establishedtraditions, or you can, on locating a coven, become an initiated participant with training andknowledge as good as (if not better than) any of the other coven members.
In Christianity there are many denominations (e.g. Episcopalian, Roman Catholic,Baptist, Methodist). So it is in Witchcraft. Just as there is no one religion that is right for all
people, there is no one denomination of Witchcraft that is right for all Witches. And that is
as it should be. We are all different. Our backgrounds—both ethnic and social—vary greatly. It
has often been said that there are many paths, but they all lead to the same center. With somany paths, then, you are able to find the right one for YOU; the one path you can travel
comfortably and securely.
To be of the most use to you, the information I give in this book—the training you will
get—is non-denominational. I take examples from different traditions (e.g. Gardnerian, Saxon,
Alexandrian, Scottish), giving you both general information and specifics. This isdrawn from my more than twenty years active participation in the Craft, and nearly
twice that in the occult generally. By the time you have finished this training (presuming thatyou take it seriously), you will be the equivalent of the Third Degree, in Gardnerian orsimilar. From there you can then, as I have said, go on to other perhaps more specifictraining if you wish, in the sense of being tailored to a particular tradition. But from thispresent work you can get all of the basics and build from an excellent foundation.
This is a workbook... it is something you must work through. Consequently, rather
than Chapters, I have divided it into Lessons. At the end of each lesson you will findworkbook exercises. At the end of the book in Appendix B you will find examinationquestions for each lesson. Read through each lesson. Read and absorb. Read through twoor three times if necessary. Go back and pay special attention to anything you find was noteasily absorbed. When you are finally happy with what you have learned, answer theexamination questions. Answer in your own words, without referring back to the text. In
this way you can see what has sunk in and what has not. Do not go on to the next lesson until
you are completely happy with the previous one. Answers to the questions are to befound in Appendix C.
The book has been carefully put together in specific order. Don't try to jump ahead to"more exciting" lessons ... you may well find that you don't have the necessary basics
for them! When you have carefully worked through the entire book, then will be the time togo back and dip into it as a refresher.
This book is based on the very successful Seax-Wica Seminary course that wasenj oyed by over a thousand students worldwide. From that experience I know that theformula works, and works well. I would hasten to add that while based on that course, thispresent work is not the same course. The Seax-Wica course was designed specifically for
the Saxon tradition; this is not. There is some duplication of the more general Craft
material, yes, but not enough that a prior student of the Seminary course could not also
enjoy this book.
So, if you are a serious student of Witchcraft, or Wicca, either as a would-be practitioner
or as one purely academically interested, then I welcome you. I hope you get as muchout of this material as did my previous students.
Bright Blessings

Raymond Buckland
San Diego, California\\

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONXILESSON ONE
1
The History and Philosophy of Witchcraft
History
andDevelopment.
Persecutions.
Re-emergence. The Philosophy of Witchcraft.
Principles of Wiccan Belief. The Power Within.
Spells and Charms.
LESSON TWO
13
Beliefs
Deities; The God and Goddess of Witchcraft; Reincarnation; Retribution; Between Lives. Your Temple.
Your Altar and its Furniture. Magick—anIntroduction.
LESSON THREE
27
Tools, Clothing and Names
Working Tools; Knife; Marking in Metal; Sword;
Other Tools; Dress; Jewelry; Horned Helmet. Inscriptions. Your Witch Name.
LESSON FOUR
41
Getting Started
Rites of Passage. Circles. Self-Dedication. Coven
Initiation.
LESSON FIVE
Covens and Rituals

53*iCovens and Degrees. Hierarchy and Priesthood.
Covensteads and Covendoms. The Book of Rituals.
Consecration of Tools. RITUALS—Erecting theTemple; Clearing the Temple; Esbat Rite; Full Moon
Rite; New/Dark Moon Rite; Cakes and Ale.
LESSON SIX Sabbats
Samhain; Beltane; Imbolc; Lughnasadh.

67

79
LESSON SEVEN
Meditation, Dreams and the Minor Sabbats
Meditation— How Meditation Works; Technique;
Posture; Area; Time of Day: Method. Dreams—The
Source; Dream Interpretation and Symbology;
Remembering Dreams; Personal Symbols; The
Repetitive Dream; Group Dreams; Dreams vsOut-of-Body Experiences. Rituals—Spring Equinox;
Summer Solstice; Autumnal Equinox; WinterSolstice.

LESSON EIGHT
97
Marriage, Birth, Death and Channeling
Handfasting Rite'; Handparting Rite; Birth Rite;
Crossing the Bridge. The Intuitive Process-Categoriesof Channeling; Clearing the Channel; External
Focal Points; Interpreting Channeled Information.
The Aura. Sensory Deprivation. The Witches'
Cradle.
LESSON NINE
111
Divination,
Tarot; Scrying; Saxon Wands; Cheiromancy;
Tea-leaf Reading; Numerology; Astrology; Fire
Scrying.
LESSON TEN
135
Herbalism
Herbal Lore; Getting the Most Out of Herbs; Simples,
Syrups, Salves, Poultices and Powders; Herb
Simples; Definition of Medical Actions; Herbs inMateria
Medica.
Botanicals—Alteratives,
Anthel-mintics, Astringents, Bitter Tonics,
Calmatives,
Carminatives
andAromatics,
Cathartics, Demulcents, Diaphoretics, Diuretics,
Emollients, Expectorants, Nervines, Nerve
Stimulants, Refrigerants, Sedatives, Stimulants.
Vitamins in Herbs. The Art of Prescribing Medicine.
Some Simple Treatments— Medicinal Drinks, Syrups,
Decoctions, Teas, Mixtures, Ointments. Witches'
Pharmacopoeia. Sources.
LESSON ELEVEN
155
MagickPhysical Body. Circle. Cone of Power. Dancing
and Chanting. Feeling. Drawing Down Power.
Releasing the Power. Timing. Cord Magick. Candle
Magick. Love Magick. Sex Magick. Binding Spell.
Protection. Form of Ritual.
LESSON TWELVE
175
The Power of the Written Word
Runes. Ogham Bethluisnion. Egyptian Hieroglyphics. Theban. Passing the River. Angelic. Malachim.
Pictish. Talismans and Amulets. Power Raising
Dance. General Dancing. Music and Song. Sabbat
Games. Wine and Ale. Bread and Cakes.

LESSON ONE THE HISTORY AND
PHILOSOPHY OF WITCHCRAFT

Before really getting into what Witchcraft is, perhaps we should take alook back at what it was—the history of it. Witches should be aware of
their roots; aware of how and why the persecutions came about, forinstance, and where and when the re-emergence took place. There is agreat deal to be learned from the past. It's true that much of history canseem dry and boring to many of us, but that is far from so with the history of
Witchcraft. It is very much alive and filled with excitement.
There have been many books written on the history of Witchcraft. The
vast majority have suffered from bias—as will be explained shortly— but a
few of the more recently published ones have told the story accurately...
or as accurately as we can determine. The late Dr. Margaret Murray traced
back and saw Witchcraft's origins in Palaeolithic times; 25,000 years ago.
She saw it as a more or less unbroken line through to the present, and as afully organized religion throughout western Europe for centuries before
Christianity. Recently scholars have disputed much of what Murray said.
She did, however, present some tangible evidence and muchthought-provoking material. As a probable development ofreligio-magick (rather than Witchcraft, per se), her theories are still
respected.
Twenty-five thousand years ago Palaeolithic Wo/Man depended uponhunting to survive. Only by success in the hunt could there be food to eat,skins for warmth and shelter, bones to fashion into tools and weapons. In
those days Wo/Man believed in a multitude of gods. Nature was
overwhelming. Out of awe and respect for the gusting wind, the violent
lightning, the rushing stream, Wo/Man ascribed to each a spirit; madeeach a deity... a God. This is what we call Animism. A god controlledthat wind. A god controlled the sky. A god controlled the waters. But
most of all, a god controlled the all-important hunt... a God of Hunting.
Most of the animals hunted were horned so Wo/Man pictured the God of
Hunting also as being horned. It was at this time that magick became
mixed in with these first faltering steps of religion. The earliest form ofmagick was probably of the sympathetic variety. Similar things, it wasthought, have similar effects: like attracts like. If a life-size, clay model of abison was made, then attacked and "killed"... then a hunt of the realbison should also end in a kill. Religio-magickal ritual12 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

was born when one of the cavemen threw on a skin and antlered mask
and played the part of the Hunting God, directing the attack. There are,still in existence, cave paintings of such rituals, together with thespear-stabbed clay models of bison and bear.
It is interesting to see how this form of sympathetic magick survived
right through to relatively modern times. The Penobscot Indians, forexample, less than a hundred years ago, wore deer masks and horns
when performing rituals for the same purpose. The Mandan Indians' Buf-faloDance is another example.
Along with this God of Hunting there was a Goddess, though whichcame first (or whether they evolved together) we do not know, and it isimmaterial. If there were to be animals to hunt, there had to be fertility of
those animals. If the tribe was to continue (and there was a high mortality
rate in those days) then there had to be fertility of Wo/Man. Again
sympathetic magick played a part. Clay models were made of the animals
mating, and in an accompanying ritual the members of the tribe would
copulate.
There are many carved and modeled representations of the Fertility
Goddess extant. Generally known as "Venus" figurines, the Venus ofWillendorf is one of the best known. Other examples include the Venus of
Laussel and the Venuses of Sireuil and of Lespugne. All are similar in thatthe feminine attributes of these figures are greatly over-emphasized. They
have heavy, pendulous breasts, large buttocks, an oftimes swollen
belly—as though pregnant—and exaggerated genitalia. There is invariably
complete lack of identity with the rest of the body. The face is not defined
and the arms and legs, if there at all, are barely suggested. The reason isthat Wo/Man was solely concerned with the fertility aspect. Woman was
the bearer and nurser of the young. The Goddess was her representative
as the Great Provider and Comforter; Mother Nature or Mother Earth.
• With the development of agriculture there was a further elevating of
the Goddess. She now watched over the fertility of the crops as well as oftribe and of animal. The year, then, fell naturally into two halves. In thesummer food could be grown, and so the Goddess predominated; in thewinter Wo/Man had to revert to hunting, and so the God predominated.
The other deities (of wind, thunder, lightning, etc.) gradually fell into thebackground, as of secondary importance.
As Wo/Man developed, so did the religion—for that is what it had
become, slowly and naturally. Wo/Man spread across Europe, taking thegods along. As different countries developed, so the God and Goddess
acquired different names (though not always totally different;
sometimes simply variations on the same name), yet they were essentiallythe same deities. This is well illustrated in Britain where, in the south ofEngland, is found Cernunnos (literally "The Horned One"). To the norththe same god is known as Cerne; a shortened form. And in still another area
the name has become Herne.
By now Wo/Man had learned not only to grow food but also to store it
for the winter. So hunting became less important. The Horned God camenow to be looked upon more as a God of Nature generally, and a God of
Death and what lies after. The Goddess was still of Fertility andLesson One: The History and Philosophy of Witchcraft / 3

also of Rebirth, for Wo/Man had developed a belief in a life after death.
This is evidenced from the burial customs of the period. The Gravettians(22,000-18,000 BCE) were innovators here. They would bury theirdeceased with full clothing and ornaments and would sprinkle themwith red ochre (haematite, or iron peroxide), to give back the appearance oflife. Frequently family members would be buried beneath the hearth sothat they might remain close to the family. A man would be buried withhis weapons; perhaps even his dog—all that he might need in theafterlife.
It is not difficult to see how a belief in a life after death came about. At
the root of it were dreams. To quote from Witchcraft From the Inside(Buckland, Llewellyn Publications, 1975):"When Man slept he was, to his family and friends, like one of the dead. True,in sleep he occasionally moved and he breathed, but otherwise he was lifeless.
Yet when he awoke he could tell of having been out hunting in the forest. He could
tell of having met and talked with friends who really were dead. The others, to whom
he spoke, could believe him for they too had experienced/ such dreams. They knew
he had not actually set foot outside the cave but at the same time they knew he was
not lying. It seemed that the world of sleep was as the material world. There weretrees and mountains, animals and people. Even the dead were there, seemingly
unchanged many years after death. In this other world, then, Man must need thesame things he needed in this world."

With the development of different rituals—for fertility, for success inthe hunt, for seasonal needs—there necessarily developed a priesthood:a'Select few more able to bring results when directing the rituals. In someareas of Europe (though probably not as generally widespread as Murray
indicated) these ritual leaders, or priests and priestesses, became known
as the Wicca*—the "Wise Ones". In fact by the time of the Anglo-Saxon
kings in England, the king would never think of acting on any importantmatter without consulting the Witan; the Council of Wise Ones. And
indeed the Wicca did have to be wise. They not only led the religious rites
but also had to have knowledge of herbal lore, magick and divination; they
had to be doctor, lawyer, magician, priest. To the people the Wicca wereplenipotentiaries between them and the gods. But, at the great festivals,
they almost became like gods themselves.
With the coming of Christianity there was not the immediate
mass-conversion that is often suggested. Christianity was a man-madereligion. It had not evolved gradually and naturally over thousands of years,
as we have seen that the Old Religion did. Whole countries were classed
as Christian when in actuality it was only the rulers who had adopted the
new religion, and often only superficially at that. Throughout Europe
generally the Old Religion, in its many and varied forms, was still prominent
for the first thousand years of Christianity.
An attempt at mass conversion was made by Pope Gregory theGreat. He thought that one way to get the people to attend the new
Christian churches was to have them built on the sites of the older
temples, where the people were accustomed to gathering together toworship. He instructed his bishops to smash any "idols" and to sprinkle
the temples with holy water and rededicate them. To a large extent•Wicca (m); Wicce (f). Also sometimes spelled Wica or Wita.

4 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Gregory was successful. Yet the people were not quite as gullible as hethought. When the first Christian churches were being constructed, theonly artisans available to build them were from among the pagans themselves. In decorating the churches these stonemasons and woodcarvers
very cleverly incorporated figures of their own deities. In this way, even if
they were forced to attend the churches the people could still worship theirown gods there.
There are many of these figures still in existence today. The Goddess
is usually depicted as very much a fertility deity, with legs spread wide andwith greatly enlarged genitalia. Such figures are usually referred to as
Shiela-na-gigs. The God is shown as a horned head surrounded by foliage;
known as a "foliate mask", and also sometimes referred to as "Jack of theGreen" or "Robin o' the Woods". Incidentally, these carvings of the old God
should not be confused with gargoyles. The latter are the hideous faces andfigures carved on the four corners of church towers to frighten away
demons.
In those early days, when Christianity was slowly growing instrength, the Old Religion—the Wiccans and other pagans—was one of its
rivals. It is only natural to want to get rid of a rival and the Church pulled
no punches to do just that. It has frequently been said that the gods of an
old religion become the devils of a new. This was certainly the case here. The
God of the Old Religion was a horned god. So, apparently, was theChristian's Devil. Obviously then, reasoned the Church, the pagans were
Devil worshippers! This type of reasoning is used by the Church eventoday. Missionaries were particularly prone to label all primitive tribes
upon whom they stumbled as devil-worshippers, just because the tribe
worshipped a god or gods other than the Christian one. It would not matterthat the people were good, happy, often morally and Ethically better living
than the vast majority of Christians ... they had to be converted!
The charge of Devil-worship, so often leveled at Witches, is ridiculous.
The Devil is a purely Christian invention; there being no mention of him,
as such, before the New Testament. In fact it is interesting to note that thewhole concept of evil associated with the Devil is due to an error intranslation. The original Old Testament Hebrew Ha-satan and the New
Testament Greek diabolos simply mean "opponent" or "adversary". Itshould be remembered that the idea of dividing the Supreme Power into
two—good and evil—is the idea of an advanced and complex civilization.
The Old Gods, through their gradual development, were very much"human" in that they would have their good side and their bad side. It was
the idea of an all-good, all-loving deity which necessitated an antagonist. In
simple language, you can only have the color white if there is an opposite
color, black, to which you can compare it. This view of an all-good god wasdeveloped by Zoroaster (Zarathustra), in Persia in the seventh century BCE.
The idea later spread westward and was picked up in Mithraism and, later,
in Christianity.
As Christianity gradually grew in strength, so the Old Religion was
slowly pushed back. Back until, about the time of the Reformation, it only
existed in the outlying country districts. Non-Christians at that time
became known as Pagans and Heathens. "Pagan" comes from the Latin

There were other more definite adoptions fromthe old religions, especially in the early formative
years of Christianity. The idea of the Trinity,
for instance, was taken from the old Egyptian
triad. Osiris, Isis and Horus became God, Maryand Jesus. December 25th, as the birthdateof]esus, was borrowed from Mithraism—which
also believed in a second coming and indulged
in the "Eating of God'. In many religions of theancient world were found immaculate
conceptions and sacrifice of the god for thesalvation of the people.
Witchcraft Ancient and Modern
Raymond Buckland, HC Publications, NY
1970.

Some of the instruments of torture used in the
Bamberg witch trials

Lesson One: The History and Philosophy of Witchcraft 15

Pagani and simply means "people who live in the country". The word
"Heathen" means "one who dwells on the heath". So the terms wereappropriate for non-Christians at that time, but they bore no connotationsof evil and their use today in a derogatory sense is quite incorrect.
As the centuries passed, the smear campaign against non-Christians
continued. What the Wiccans did was reversed and used against them.
They did magick to promote fertility and increase the crops; the Church
claimed that they made women and cattle barren and blighted the crops! No
one apparently stopped to think that if the Witches really did what they
were accused of, they would suffer equally themselves. After all, they too
had to eat to live. An old ritual act for fertility was for the villagers to go
to the fields in the light of the full moon and to dance around the field
astride pitchforks, poles and broomsticks; riding them like hobby-horses.
They would leap high in the air as they danced, to show the crops howhigh to grow. A harmless enough form of sympathetic magick. But the
Church claimed not only that they were working against the crops, but thatthey actually flew through the air on their poles ... surely the work of theDevil!
In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII produced his Bull against Witches. Twoyears later two infamous German monks, Heinrich Institoris Kramer andJakob Sprenger, produced their incredible concoction of anti-Witchery,
the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witch Hammer). In this book definite
instructions were given for the prosecution of Witches. However, when thebook was submitted to the Theological Faculty of the University of
Cologne—the appointed censor at that time—the majority of the professors
refused to have anything to do with it. Kramer and Sprenger, nothing
daunted, forged the approbation of the whole faculty; a forgery that was
not discovered until 1898.
Gradually the hysteria kindled by Kramer and Sprenger began tospread. It spread like a fire—flashing up suddenly in unexpected places;
spreading quickly across the whole of Europe. For nearly three hundredyears the fires of the persecutions raged. Humankind had gone mad. The
inhabitants of entire villages where one or two Witches were suspected ofliving, were put to death with the cry: "Destroy them all... the Lord willknow his own!" In 1586 the Archbishop of Treves decided that the local
Witches had caused the recent severe winter. By dint of frequent torture a"confession" was obtained and one hundred twenty men and women wereburned to death on his charge that they had interfered with the elements.
Since fertility was of great importance—fertility of crops and beasts—
there were certain sexual rites enacted by the Wicca, as followers of thenature religion. These sexual rites seem to have been given unnecessary
prominence by the Christian judges, who seemed to delight in prying
into the most minute of details concerning them. The rites of the Craft
were joyous in essence. It was an extremely happy religion and so was, inmany ways, totally incomprehensible to the gloomy Inquisitors andReformers who sought to suppress it.
A rough estimate of the total number of people burned, hung or tortured
to death on the charge of Witchcraft, is nine million. Obviously not

The Malleus Malleficarutn is in three parts, thefirst of which treats 'the three necessary concomitants of Witchcraft are the Devil, a Witch,and the permission of Almighty God'. Here thereader is first admonished that to not believe in
Witchcraft is heresy. Points are then covered onwhether children can he generated by Incubi and
Succubi; Witches' copulation with the Devil;
whether Witches can sway the minds of men tolove or hatred; whether Witches can hebetate thepowers of generation or obstruct the venereal
act; whether Witches may work somepresti-digitatory illusion so that the male organ
appears to be entirely removed and separate
from the body; various ways that the Witches may
kill the child conceived in the womb, etc., etc..
The second part, Treating of the methods bywhich works of Witchcraft are wrought anddirected, and how they may be successfully annulled and dissolved;' deals with 'the several
methods by which devils through Witches entice
and allure the innocent to the increase of thathorrid craft and company; the way whereby aformal pact with evil is made; how they transport
from place to place; how Witches impede andprevent the power of procreation; hoiv as it were
they deprive man of his virile member; how
Witch midwives commit horrid crimes when
they either kill children or offer them to devils inmost accursed wise; how Witches—injure cattle,
raise and stir up hailstorms and tempests andcause lightning to blast both men and beasts'.
Then follow remedies for the above.
The third part of the book 'Relating to the judicial
proceedings in both the ecclesiastical and civil
courts against Witches and indeed all heretics', isperhaps the most important. It is here that theorder of the trial is dealt with. 'Who are the fit andproper judges for the trial of Witches?'is the firstquestion. It goes on to The method of initiating aprocess; the solemn adjuration and re-examination of
witnesses; the quality and condition of witnesses;
whether mortal enemies may be admitted as
witnesses'. Here we are told that 'the testimonyof men of low repute and criminals, and ofservants against their masters, is admitted... it is
to be noted that a witness is not to be disqualified because of every sort of enmity'. We
learn that, in the case of Witchcraft, virtually
anybody may give evidence, though in any othercase they would not be admitted. Even the evidence ofyoung children was admissable.
It is obvious from the above that the authors of
the Malleus Maleficarum had certain obsessions. A large number of the chapters are, forexample, concerned with sexual aspects of Witchcraft ... who were the authors of this infamous
work? They were two Dominicans named Jakob
Sprenger and Heinrich (Institor) Kramer.
Witchcraft Ancient and Modern
Raymond Buckland,
HC Publications, NY 1970

6 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

all of these were followers of the Old Religion. This
had been a wonderful opportunity for some to get rid ofanyone against whom they bore a grudge!' An
excellent example of the way in which the hysteria
developed and spread is found in the case of theso-called Witches of Salem, Massachusetts. It is
doubtful if any of the victims hung* there were reallyfollowers of the Old Religion. Just possibly Bridget
Bishop and Sarah Good were, but the others were nearly
all pillars of the local church up until the time thehysterical children "cried out" on them.
But what about Satanism? The Witches were called
worshippers of the Devil. Was there any truth to this?
No. Yet as with so many of the charges, there wasreason for the belief. The early Church was extremely
harsh on its people. It not only governed the peasants'
way of worship but also their ways of life and love.
Even between married couples, sexual intercourse
was frowned upon. It was felt that there should be no
joy from the act, it being permitted solely for procreation.
Intercourse was illegal on Wednesdays, Fridays andSundays; for forty days before Christmas and asimilar time before Easter; for three days prior toreceiving communion, and from the time of conception
to forty days after paturition. In other words, there was a
grand total of approximately two months in the year
only when it was possible to have sexual relations withyour spouse ... but without deriving pleasure from it,of course!
It was no wonder that this, together with othersuch harshness, led to a rebellion—albeit a clandestine
one. The people—this time the Christians—finding that
their lot was not bettered by praying to the so-called
God of Love, decided to pray to his opposite instead.
If God wouldn't help them, perhaps the Devil would.
So Satanism came into being. A parody of
Christianity; a mockery of it. It was a revolt against theharshness of the Church. As it turned out the "Devil"
did not help the poor peasant either. But at least he
was showing his disdain for the authorities; he wasgoing against the establishment.
It did not take Mother Church long to find out
about this rebellion. Satanism was anti-Christian. Witchcraft was also—in their eyes—anti-Christian. Ergo,
Witchcraft and Satanism were one and the same.
In 1604 King James I passed his Witchcraft Act,but this was repealed in 1736. It was replaced by an

Act that stated that there was no such thing as Witchcraft
and to pretend to have occult powers was to face being
charged with fraud. By the late seventeenth century
the surviving members of the Craft had goneunderground; into hiding. For the next three hundredyears, to all appearances Witchcraft was dead. But a
religion which had lasted twenty thousand years, in
effect, did not die so easily. In small groups—surviving
covens, oftimes only of family members—the Craft
continued.
In the literary field Christianity had a heyday.
Printing had been invented and developed during thepersecutions, therefore anything published on thesubject of Witchcraft was written from the Church's
point of view. Later books had only these early works towhich to refer so, not unnaturally, they were heavily
biased against the Old Religion. In fact it was not until
1921, when Dr. Margaret Alice Murray produced The
Witch Cult In Western Europe, that anyone looked at
Witchcraft with anything like an unbiased light. From
studying the records of the trials of the Middle Ages,
Murray (an eminent anthropologist and then Professor of Egyptology at London University) picked up
the clues that seemed to her to indicate that there was adefinite, organized, pre-Christian religion behind all
the "hogwash" of the Christian allegations. Although
her theories finally proved a little far-fetched in someareas, she did indeed strike some chords. Wicca was byno means as far-reaching and widespread as Murraysuggested (nor was there proof of a direct, unbroken
line of descent from the cavepeople), but there can be
no doubt that it did exist as an indubitable religious
cult, if sporadic as to time and place. She enlarged onher views in a second book, The God of the Witches, in
1931.
In England, in 1951, the last laws against Witchcraft were finally repealed. This cleared the way for the
Witches themselves to speak up. In 1954 Dr. Gerald
Brousseau Gardner, in his book Witchcraft Today, said, in
effect, 'What Margaret Murray has theorized is quite
true. Witchcraft was a religion and in fact it still is. I know,
because I am a Witch myself." He went on to tell how
the Craft was still very much alive, albeit
underground. He was the first to give the Witches'side of the story. At the time of his writing it seemed, tohim, that the Craft was rapidly declining and perhaps
only hanging on by a thread. He was greatly surprised
when, as a result of the circulation of his books, hebegan to hear from many covens throughout Europe,"In New England the law was as in England: Witches were hung. It was in Scotland and Continental Europe that they were burned at the stake.

Lesson One: The History and Philosophy of Witchcraft / 7

all still happily practicing their beliefs. Yet these surviving
covens had learned their lesson. They did not wish to takethe chance of coming out into the open. Who was to say
the persecutions could not start again?
For a while Gerald Gardner's was the single voice
speaking for the Craft. He claimed to have been initiatedinto an English coven, near Christchurch, just before
the start of the Second World War. He was excited bywhat he found. He had spent a lifetime in the study ofreligio-magick and now was a part of it. He wanted torush out and tell everyone. But he was not allowed to.
Finally though, after much pleading, he was allowed topresent some of the true Witch beliefs and practices by
weaiving them into a novel: High Magic's Aid,published in 1949. It took five more years for him to
persuade the coven to let him do the factual treatment.
Complementing Witchcraft Today, his third book was
published in 1959, titled The Meaning of Witchcraft.
From his lifetime study of religion and magick,Gardner felt that what he found as the remains ofWitchcraft was incomplete and, in places, inaccurate.
For millenia the Old Religion had been a purely oral
tradition. It was not until the persecutions, with theseparating of covens and the resultant loss of intercommunication, that anything was put into writing. At

that time, when the Witches were having to meet in the
shadows, the rituals were finally written down in whatbecame known as The Book of Shadows. The Book wasthen copied and recopied as it passed, over the years,
from coven leader to coven leader. It was only naturalthat errors would creep in. Gardner took the rituals of
the coven to which he belonged—a basicallyEnglish/Celtic group—and rewrote them as he felt
they should have been. This form then became known as"Gardnerian Witchcraft". In recent years there have been
many wild and wonderful theories and accusations
advanced, from "Gardner made up the whole thing" to"He commissioned Aleister Crowley to write The
Book of Shadows for him". Such charges scarcely bear
the dignity of a response, but details of Gardner's preparatory work can be found in Stewart Farrar's books:
What Witches Do and Eight Sabbats for Witches.
However, whatever one's feelings about Gardner,
whatever one's belief in the Wicca's origins, allpresent-day Witches and would-be Witches owe him atremendous debt of gratitude for having had the courage
to stand up and speak out for Witchcraft. It is because of
him that we can enjoy the Craft, in its many forms,
today.
In America the first Witch to "stand up and be

Dr. Gerald Gardner

8 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

recognized" was myself, Raymond Buckland. At thattime there were no covens visible in this country.
Initiated in Scotland (Perth) by Gardner's High Priestess,
I set out to emulate Gardner insofar as to try tostraighten the long-held misconceptions and to show
the Craft for what it truly is. Soon Sybil Leek arrived on
the scene, followed by Gavin and Yvonne Frost andother individuals. It was an exciting time as more andmore covens, and many different traditions, came into
the open or at least made themselves known. Today
the would-be Witch has a wide selection from which tochoose: Gardnerian, Celtic (in many variations),
Saxon, Alexandrian, Druidic, Algard, Norse, Irish,
Scottish, Sicilian, Huna, etc. Details of some of thesedifferent traditions are given in the Appendix.
That there are so many, and such varied, branches("denominations" or "traditions") of Witchcraft isadmirable. As I said in the Introduction to this work,
we are all different. It is not surprising that there is no
one religion that suits all people. In the same way,then, there can be no one type of Witchcraft to suit all
Witches. Some like lots of ritual, while some are forsimplicity. Some are from Celtic backgrounds, othersfrom Saxon, Scots, Irish, Italian, or any of a number ofothers. Some favor a matriarchy; others a patriarchyand still others seek a balance. Some prefer to worship ina group (coven), while others are for solitary worship.
With the large number of different denominations,then, there is now more likelihood of everyone findinga path they can travel in comfort.
Religion has come a long way from its humble
beginnings in the caves of pre-history. Witchcraft, as
one small facet of religion, has also come a long way. It
has grown to become a world wide religion, legally
recognized.
Today, across America, it is not at all unusual to findopen Wiccan festivals and seminars taking place in such
unlikely places as family campgrounds and motels such as
the Holiday Inn. Witches appear on television and radio
talk shows; they are written up in local and national
newspapers and magazines. Witchcraft courses are
given in colleges. Even in the Armed Forces is Wicca
recognized as a valid religion— Department of the
Army Pamphlet No. 165-13 "Religious Requirements
and Practices of Certain Selected Groups—A Handbook for Chaplains" includes instructions as to thereligious rights of Witches right alongside those ofIslamic groups, Sikh groups, Christian Heritage, Indian
Heritage, Japanese and Jewish groups.
Yes, Witchcraft has a place in past history and will

have a definite place in the future.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF WITCHCRAFTThe Craft is a religion of love and joy. It is not full of
the gloom of Christianity, with its ideas of "original sin",with salvation and happiness possible only in theafterlife. The music of Witchcraft is joyful and lively,
again contrasting with the dirge-like hymns of Christianity. Why is this? Why are Wiccans more content;
more warm and happy? Much of it has to do with theirempathy with nature. Early people lived
hand-in-hand with nature through necessity. They werea part of nature, not separate from it. An animal was abrother or a sister, as was a tree. Wo/Man tended thefields and in return received food for the table. Sure,s/he killed animals for food. But then many animals
kill other animals in order to eat. In other words,
Woman and Man were a part of the natural order ofthings, not separate from it. Not "above" it.
Modern Wo/Man has lost much, if not all, of thatcloseness. Civilization has cut them off. But not so the
Witch! Even today, in this mechanized, super-sophisticated world that this branch of nature (Woman andMan) has created, the Wicca retain their ties with
Mother Nature. In books such as Brett Bolton's The
Secret Power of Plants we are told of the "incredible","extraordinary" healthy reaction of plants to kindness;of how they feel and react to both good and evil; howthey express love, fear, hate (something that might
be borne in mind by vegetarians when they become
over-critical of meat-eaters, perhaps?). This is no new
discovery. Witches have always known it. They havealways spoken kindly to plants. It is not unusual tosee a Witch, walking through the woods, stop and hug
a tree. It is not peculiar to see a Witch throw off her
shoes and walk barefoot across a ploughed field. This is allpart of keeping in touch with nature; of not losing ourheritage.
If ever you feel completely drained, if ever you
are angry or tense, go out and sit against a tree. Choose agood, solid tree (oak or pine are good) and sit down on
the ground with your back straight, pressed up
against the trunk. Close your eyes and relax. You will
feel a gradual change come over you. Your tension,
your anger, your tiredness will disappear. It will seem todrain out of you. Then, in its place, you will feel a
growing warmth; a feeling of love and comfort. It
comes from the tree. Accept it and be glad. Sit there
until you feel completely whole again. Then, before

Lesson One: The History and Philosophy of Witchcraft / 9

leaving, stand with your arms about the tree and thank it.
Take time to stop and appreciate all that is aboutyou. Smell the earth, the trees, the leaves. Absorb theirenergies and send them yours. One of the contributing
factors to our isolation from the rest of nature is theinsulation of our shoes. Whenever you can, go
barefoot. Make contact with the earth. Feel it; absorb it.
Show your respect and love for nature and live withnature.
In the same way, live with other people. There aremany whom you meet, in the course of your life, who
could benefit from their encounter with you. Always beready to help another in any way you can. Don't
ignore anyone, or look the other way when you know
they need help. If you can give assistance, give it
gladly. At the same time do not seek to take charge ofanother's life. We all have to live our own lives. But if
you are able to give help, to advise, to point the way,then do so. It will then be up to the other to decide how toproceed from there.
The main tenet of Witchcraft, the Wiccan Rede, is:"An' it harm none, do what thou wilt."
Do what you will... but don't do anything thatwill harm another. It's as simple as that.
In April, 1974, the Council of American Witches
adopted a set of Principles of Wiccan Belief. I, personally, subscribe to those principles and list them
here. Read them carefully.
1.

We practice rites to attune ourselves with thenatural rhythm of life forces marked by the phasesof the Moon and the seasonal Quarters and Cross
Quarters.

2. We recognize that our intelligence gives us a unique
responsibility toward our environment. We seek tolive in harmony with Nature, in ecologicalbalance offering fulfillment to life and consciousness within an evolutionary concept.
3.

We acknowledge a depth of power far greaterthan that apparent to the average person. Because it
is far greater than ordinary it is sometimes called"supernatural", but we see it as lying within thatwhich is naturally potential to all.

4. We conceive of the Creative Power in the universe

as manifesting through polarity—as masculine
and feminine—and that this same Creative Powerlies in all people, and functions through the interaction of the masculine and feminine. We value
neither above the other, knowing each to be supportive to the other. We value sex as pleasure, as
the symbol and embodiment of life, and as one of
the sources of energies used in magickal practiceand religious worship.
5.

We recognize both outer worlds and inner, or
psychological, worlds sometimes known as theSpiritual World, the Collective Unconscious, Inner
Planes, etc.—and we see in the inter-action ofthese two dimensions the basis for paranormal
phenomena and magickal exercises. We neglect
neither dimension for the other, seeing both asnecessary for our fulfillment.

6. We do not recognize any authoritarian hierarchy,
but do honor those who teach, respect those whoshare their greater knowledge and wisdom, andacknowledge those who have courageously givenof themselves in leadership.
7. We see religion, magick and wisdom in living as
being united in the way one views the world andlives within it—a world view and philosophy oflife which we identify as Witchcraft—the Wiccan
Way.
8. Calling oneself "Witch" does not make a Witch—
but neither does heredity itself, nor the collecting of
titles, degrees and initiations. A Witch seeks tocontrol the forces within her/himself that makelife possible in order to live wisely and well without
harm to others and in harmony with Nature.
9. We believe in the affirmation and fulfillment oflife in a continuation of evolution and development of consciousness giving meaning to the
Universe we know and our personal role within it.
10.

Our only animosity towards Christianity, or towards any other religion or philosophy of life, is tothe extent that its institutions have claimed to be"the only way" and have sought to deny freedom
to others and to suppress other ways of religious
practice and belief.

10 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

11. As American Witches, we are not threatened by debates on the historyof the Craft, the origins of various terms, the legitimacy of various
aspects of different traditions. We are concerned with our present
and our future.
12. We do not accept the concept of absolute evil, nor do we worship any
entity known as "Satan" or "the Devil", as defined by the Christiantradition. We do not seek power through the suffering of others,
nor accept that personal benefit can be derived only by denial toanother.
13. We believe that we should seek within Nature that which is contributory to our health and well-being.
THE POWER WITHIN

There are many people who seem, very obviously, to have some
sort of "psychic power" (for want of a better term). They are the sort who
know that the telephone is going to ring before it actually does, and who ison the other end of the line before they pick up the receiver. People like
Uri Geller are able to demonstrate this power in more dramatic ways,
by bending keys and teaspoons without physical contact. Others have"visions" or seem to be able to make things happen. Often these people
have a peculiar affinity with animals.
You may not be like this. You may.well feel somewhat envious ofsuch people. Yet you shouldn't feel that way, for the power that thesepeople have—and it is a very real power—is inherent in all of us. To be
sure, that power comes out quite naturally in some, but that doesn'tmean that it can't be brought out in others. The aura (which will be dealt
with extensively in a later lesson) is a visible manifestation of this power.
Those able to see the aura—and you will become one of these—can see itaround everyone; again demonstrating that the power is within everyone.
Witches have always had the power and used it. Most of them seem to haveit naturally, but not all by any means. For that reason the Witches have theirown ways of drawing it out; ways that are especially effective.
In the magazine Everyday Science and Mechanics, for September
1932, appeared the following report:
Human Tissues Produce Deadly Radiations"Rays emitted from human blood, fingertips, noses and eyes, kill yeast andother micro-organisms, according to Professor Otto Rahn, working at Cornell
University. Yeast, such as used in making bread, was killed in five minutes
merely by the radiation from the fingertips of one person. When a quartz plate, Vz
inch thick, was interposed it took fifteen minutes for the yeast to die. In tests offingers it was found that the right hand was stronger than the left, even in
left-handed persons."

Professor Rahn continued his experiments and published results in
Invisible Radiations Of Organisms (Berlin, 1936). Speaking at a meeting of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science, he
explained how the "rays" seemed to come out most stronglyLesson One: The History and Philosophy of Witchcraft / 11

from the fingertips, the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, the armpits, thesex organs and—in women only—the breasts. Dr. Harold S. Burr, of Yale
University, spoke of similar experiments and conclusions whenaddressing the Third International Cancer Congress.
Witches have always believed in this power coming from the bodyand have developed ways to increase it, collect it and use it to do what weterm magick. Professors Rahn and Burr showed the destructive use of thispower, but it can be used equally effectively constructively.
Here is a simple experiment you can try with a friend. Have thefriend strip to the waist and sit with his back to you. Now, extend yourhand, with the palm down and fingers together, straight out to point at his(or her) back. Keep the tips of the fingers an inch or so away from thesurface of the skin. Now slowly move your hand up and down along the lineof his spine (see illustration). Try to keep your arm straight and concentrate
your thoughts on sending all your energies out along your arm and into
your hand and fingers. You will probably get quite a reaction from yourfriend as your power makes contact. He might feel a strong tingling
sensation, heat, or even what seems like a cool breeze ... but he will feelsomething.
Experiment. Try with the left hand; with the fingers together; at different distances from his back. See if he knows where your hand is. Does hefeel it moving up when it is moving up; down when moving down? You
will find that the intensity of the power varies dependant upon yourphysical health and also upon the time of the day and the day of themonth. Keep records and note when it is the best time for you to"generate".
SPELLS AND CHARMS

Spells and charms are the part of Witchcraft most commonly used by
the solitary Witch. Spells are done by full covens, certainly, but there arevery effective ones that can be done by the individual. The mostimportant ingredient in a spell is emotion. You must want something tohappen. You must want it with all your being, and through that desire you
will drive all your power into the magick. This is the reason that it is far
better to do magick for yourself than to ask someone else to do it for you. If
you are doing a spell for another person there is no way that you are goingto put the same amount of emotional drive into it that they could.
Spells and charms are not necessarily tied in with the religious side of
Witchcraft. To work a spell within the Circle, immediately following an
Esbat rite would, almost certainly, be extraordinarily effective. Yet you
can cast a simple Circle and work your spell at any other time and still get
results.
The actual mechanics of casting a spell; of working magick? Well,
let's leave that until you are somewhat better versed in the religious side;
after all, Witchcraft is a religion.
NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1. It is often helpful to examine our feelings/attitudes toward a philosophy or topic we are interested in. What is yourunderstanding, feeling of Witchcraft? Examine your impressions, preconceptions, biases, etc. How have yourreactions changed regarding Witchcraft throughout your life?

2.

There are many different denominations of Witchcraft. (Information is found on these in Appendix A). Basedon what you know at this point, which denomination do you think you'd like to practice, and why?

3.

The earliest conceptions of primitive magic dealt with sympathetic magic.
How can sympathetic magic help you today? In what ways can you foresee using it? List some possibilities.

Make a tape recording outlining the principles of Witchcraft which you intend to adhere to. Keep the tape for
future use for recording favorite rituals on. Speaking out loud helps to consolidate beliefs, and make themclearer to you.

LESSON TWO
BELIEFSDEITIESAs different as are the many religions of the world, inessence they are all the same. It has frequently been said
that they are simply different paths all leading to acommon center, and this is true. The basic teachings
are all the same; all that differs is the method of teaching.
There are different rituals, different festivals and evendifferent names for the gods... notice that I say"different names for the gods" rather than, simply,"different gods".
Friedrich Max Muller traced religion back to "anineradicable feeling of dependence" upon some higher
power that was innate in the human mind. And Sir
James George Frazer (in The Golden Bough) defines
religion as being "a propitiation or conciliation of
powers superior to Man, which are believed to direct
and control the course of nature and of human life".
This higher power—the "Ultimate Deity"—issome genderless force which is so far beyond ourcomprehension that we can have only the vaguest
understanding of its being. Yet we know that it is there
and, frequently, we wish to communicate with it. As
individuals, we wish to thank it for what we have and to
ask it for what we need. How do we do this with suchan incomprehensible power?
In the sixth century BCE the philosopher
Xeno-phones remarked on the fact that deities are
determined by ethnic factors. He pointed out that theblack Ethiopians naturally saw their gods as negroid,
whereas the Thracians' gods were white, with red hairand gray eyes. He cynically commented that if horses
and oxen could carve they would probably represent
their gods in animal form! About seven hundred fifty
years later Maximus of Tyre said much the same thing:that men worship their gods under whatever form
seems
13

intelligible to them.
In Lesson One you saw how, in their early development, people came to worship two principle deities: theHorned God of Hunting and the Goddess of Fertility.
These, then, were our representations—our understandable forms—of the Supreme Power which actuallyrules life. In the various areas of Wo/Man's development
we see that these representations became, for theancient Egyptians, Isis and Osiris; for the Hindus,
Shiva and Parvati; for the Christians, Jesus and Mary. In
virtually all instances (there were exceptions) the
Ultimate Deity was equated with both masculine andfeminine ... broken down into a God and a Goddess.
This would seem most natural since everywhere innature is found this duality. With the development of
the Craft, as we know it, there was also, as we haveseen, this duality of a God and a Goddess.
DEITIES' NAMESAs mentioned in Lesson One, the names for thedeities would vary depending upon locality. And not
only locality. With the Goddess, especially, the questionof names could become quite involved. For example, ayoung man with problems in his love life mightworship the Goddess in her aspect of a beautiful young
woman. Yet a woman in childbirth might feel more atease relating to the Goddess as a more mature"middle-aged" female. Then again an elderly person
would tend to think of the Goddess as herself being
elderly. So there we have three separate and very
distinct aspects of the same Goddess, each having been
given a different name yet all being the same deity. As ifthat weren't enough, the deities would have names
known to the general worshippers but also other,secret, names (often two or three) known only to thepriest-14 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

hood. This was a protective measure.
In Witchcraft today there are many traditions that continue thismultiplicity of names. Traditions with degree systems, for example, frequently use different deity names in their higher degrees than in theirlower. Gardnerian is one example of this.
So we have this idea of an Ultimate Deity, an incomprehensible
power, and in trying to relate to it we have split it into two main entities, amale and a female. To these we have given names. It would seem that by sodoing we are limiting what is, by definition, limitless. But so long as you know,
and keep always in the back of your mind, that "It" IS limitless you will find that
this is the easiest path to follow. After all, it is pretty difficult to pray to a"Thing", a Supreme Power, without being able to picture someone in yourmind.
IN JUDAISM there is this problem to an extent (though Judaism is atheocentric faith); the Supreme Power there has a name which may not beuttered and may not be written. Yahweh is the vocalized form often used,
but it is derived from the four letters YHWH (the "divine
Tetra-grammaton"), signifying "that name too sacred to be pronounced".
IN CHRISTIANITY there was developed the use of a human male,Jesus, to play the part of the "Son of God", the Christ, thus giving arecognizable form to deity; a form to which the followers could relate.
With the addition of Mary, the mother figure, the duality was complete. Bo
it was much more comfortable to pray to Jesus, as the extension of
God/Supreme Being, yet all the time knowing that there was the indefinable,
the incomprehensible, beyond him. Jesus and Mary were theintermediaries.
So IN WITCHCRAFT; those we know as the God and the Goddess
are our intermediaries. Different traditions use different names, as
already mentioned. These are the names used for the "understandable
forms" of the Supreme Power; the Ultimate Deity. They are the deities
honored and worshipped in the Witchcraft rites.
THE GOD AND GODDESS OF WITCHCRAFT
A general complaint about Christianity by Witches is that there is theworship of the male deity to the exclusion of the female. In fact this is one of
the main reasons for people (women especially) leaving Christianity andreturning to the Old Religion. And yet it's a strange paradox that many—if
not the majority—of Witchcraft traditions are guilty of this same crime ofChristianity, if in reverse ... they laud the Goddess to the near, or even total,
exclusion of the God!
Witchcraft is a religion of nature, as any Witch will tell you. Everywhere in nature there is male and female, and both are necessary (I have yet
to meet anyone who does not have both a mother and a father). It
follows, then, that both the God and the Goddess are important andshould be equally revered. There should be balance. But balance is as
woefully missing in most traditions of the Craft as it is in Christianity.
We are all—every single one of us—made up of both masculine andfeminine attributes. The toughest, most macho man has feminine aspects
just as the most traditionally-feminine woman has male aspects. So it is"PAN—A Greek nature and fertility deity,
originally native to Arcadia. As such he is god of
goatherds and flocks and is usually represented
as a very sensual creature; a shaggy human tothe loins with pointed ears, goat's horns andlegs. He wanders among the mountains andvalleys, pursuing nymphs or leading them intheir dances. He is quite musical and is theinventor of the Syrinx, or 'Pipes of Pan'. He is
considered to be a son of Hermes." Putnam's
Concise Mythological Dictionary Joseph
Kaster, Putnam, NY 1963

Lesson Two: Beliefs / 15with the deities. The God has feminine aspects as well as masculine, and theGoddess has masculine as well as feminine. I will examine this in moredetail in a later lesson.
What names you use for your deities is a matter of personal preference.
In Saxon Witchcraft the name Woden is given to the God; in
Gardnerian the Latin term Cernunnos is used; in Scottish, Devla. Eachtradition has its own name. But names are only labels; they are only ameans of identifying. You should identify, then, using a name with which
you can feel completely comfortable. For, after all, religion is a most personal thing, at the core, and—to be of real purpose—should therefore be
related to on the most personal level possible. Even if you join an
established tradition this is still valid—find a tradition that seems right foryou (as I spoke about in Lesson One) but... don't be afraid to modify where
necessary to make it totally right for you. If the name used to identify theGod, in the tradition you have chosen, happens to be Cernunnos (forexample) and you have difficulty relating to that name, then choose anotherfor your own use. In other words, respect the name Cernunnos in groupworship and all matters pertaining to the coven but, in your own
mind—and in personal rites—don't hesitate to substitute Pan or Mananna or
Lief or whatever. A name, as I have said, is a label. The God himself
knows you are "talking" to him; he's not going to be confused! (This all
applies equally to the Goddess of course).
It may well be for the above reason that the name Cernunnos is found inso many branches of the Craft. As I've mentioned, it is simply the Latin word
for "the Homed One". To add your own personal identification, then, in
no way conflicts.

There can be surprises in discovering names
used for the deities in different traditions. One
very-strongly Welsh tradition uses the name
"Diana" for the Goddess and "Pan" for the
Cod... Diana, of course, was a ROMAN
Goddess and Pan was a GREEK God! Theirconnection with the Welsh must be one of themysteries!

Traditionally the "dark half" of the year (see Figure 2.1) is associatedwith the God. But this does not (or should not) mean that he is "dead", orincommunicado, in the "light half" of the year (and vice versa with the Goddess).
During the light half he is fully active in his feminine aspect; just as theGoddess is active in the dark half in her masculine aspect. So, both deities
are active throughout the year, even though deference may be given to
one over the other at certain times.
There is a common theme of death and resurrection found in myths
throughout the world. The symbolism is frequently furthered in a descentto the underworld with a later return. We find it with Ishtar's descent andsearch for Tannaz; with Sif's loss of her golden tresses; with Idunn's lossof her golden apples; with Jesus' death and resurrection; with Siva's
death and resurrection, and many more. Basically all represent the comingof fall and winter followed by the return of spring and summer; the lead
figure represnting the spirit of vegetation. From Witchcraft here are"The Myth Of the Goddess" as found in (a) Gardnerian Wicca and (b)Saxon Wicca.
"Now G* had never loved, but she would solve all the Mysteries,
even the Mystery of Death; and so she journeyed to the Nether
Lands. The Guardians of the Portals challenged her, 'Strip off
thy•Goddess: Arada/Arawhon

Figure 2.1

16 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

garments, lay aside thy jewels; for naught may ye bring withye into this our land.'So she laid down her garments and her jewels and was bound,as are all who enter the Realms of Death the Mighty One. Such
was her beauty that Death himself knelt and kissed her feet,saying, "Blessed be thy feet that have brought thee in these ways.
Abide with me, let me place my cold hand on thy heart.'
She replied, 'I love thee not. Why dost thou cause all things
that I love and take delight in to fade and die?''Lady/ replied Death, 'it is Age and Fate, against which I am
helpless. Age causes all things to wither; but when men die atthe end of time I give them rest and peace, and strength so thatthey may return. But thou, thou art lovely. Return not; abidewith me.'But she answered, 1 love thee not'.
Then said Death, 'An' thou receive not my hand on thy heart,thou must receive Death's scourge'.
It is Fate; better so', she said and she knelt; and Death scourged
her and she cried, 'I feel the pangs of love'.
And Death said, 'Blessed be' and gave her the Fivefold Kiss,
saying, 'Thus only may ye attain to joy and knowledge'.
And he taught her all the mysteries. And they loved and wereone, and he taught her all the Magicks.
For there are three great events in the life of Man: Love, Deathand Resurrection in a new body; and Magick controls them all.
For to fulfill love you must return again at the same time andplace as the loved one, and you must remember and love themagain. But to be reborn you must die, and be ready for a new
body; and to die you must be born; and without love you may
not be born. And these be all the Magicks."
The Meaning of Witchcraft

Gerald B. Gardner, Aquarian Press, London 1959
"All day had Freya, most lovely of the goddesses, played andromped in the fields. Then did she lay down to rest. And while
she slept deft Loki, the Prankster, the Mischief-Maker of theGods, did espy the glimmering oiBrosingamene, formed of
Galdra, her constant companion. Silent as night did Loki moveto the Goddess' side and, with fingers formed over the ages inlightness, did remove the silver circlet from about her
snow-white neck.
Straightway did Freya arouse, on sensing its loss. Though hemoved with the speed of the winds yet Loki she glimpsed as hepassed swiftly from sight into the Barrow that leads toDreun.
Then was Freya in despair. Darkness descended all about her tohide her tears. Great was her anguish. All light, all life, allcreatures joined in her doom. To all corners were sent the
Searchers, in quest of Loki; yet

On the subject of deity names, let me explain
the ones chosen for the Seax-Wica. From time totime I hear comments from people who
haven't troubled to check beyond the ends oftheir noses, to the effect that Woden and Freyawere not the original "pair" of Saxon deities. Of
course they were not and nobody—least of all
myself—has claimed they were. Here is how
the founding of the tradition was first
explained, back in 1973:— "It seems thatmost people who are Wicca-oriented are also
tradition-oriented (perhaps this explains thebattle for the 'Oldest Tradition' title?). For thisreason I have given my tradition an historicalbackground on which to lean. Namely, a Saxon
background. By this I most emphatically do notmean that there is any claim to its liturgy beingof direct descent from Saxon origins!... But, forexample, names were needed for the deities ...
the main male and female deities of the Saxons
were Woden and Frig. Unfortunately 'frig'has
certain connotations today which would be
misplaced! 1 therefore adopted the Norse variant,Freya. So WODEN and FREYA are the 'labels'
used for the God and Goddess worshipped by
the Seax-Wica." (Earth Religion News, Yule1973)
The Seax-Wica does not claim to be a reconstruction of the original Saxon Craft—such atask would be impossible. It is merely a workable
tradition built on a Saxon framework, and thedeity names were chosen specifically and forthe reasons given. Any comment regarding
their being "incorrect" is, then totallyerroneous.

Lesson Two: Beliefs /' 1 7

knew they, they would find him not. For
who is there may descend into Dreun andreturn again from thence? Excepting theGods themselves and, alack, mischievous
Loki.
So it was that, still weak from grief, Freya herself
elected to descend in search otBrosinga-mene.
At the portals of the Barrow was she
challenged yet recognized and passed. The
multitude of souls within cried joyfully to see
her yet could she not tarry as she sought
her stolen light. The infamous Loki left notrail to follow, yet was he everywhere past seen.
Those to whom she spake held to Freya (that)
Loki carried no jewel as he went by. Where,
then, was it hid? In despair she searched anage. Hearhden, the mighty smith of theGods, did arise from his rest to sense thebewail-ment of the souls to Freya's sorrow.
Striding from his smithy, to find the causeof the sorrow, did he espy the Silver Circlet
where Loki Mischief-Maker had laid it:upon the rock before his door.
Then was all clear. As Hearhden took holdofBrosingamene, (then did) Loki appear before
him, his face wild with rage. Yet would Loki
not attack Hearhden, this Mighty Smith
whose strength was known even beyond
Dreun.
By wiles and tricks did he strive to get his
hands upon the silver circlet. He
shape-shifted; he darted here and there; hewas visible then invisible. Yet could he notsway the smith.
Tiring of the fight, Hearhden raised his
mighty club. Then sped Loki away. Greatwas the joy of Freya when Hearhden placed
Brosingamene once more about her
snow-white neck.
Great were the cries of joy from Dreun andabove.
Great were the thanks that Freya, and all
Men, gave to the Gods for the return ofBrosingamene."

The Tree: The Complete Book of
Saxon Witchcraft
Raymond Buckland, Samuel Weiser, NY 1974

REINCARNATION

Reincarnation is an ancient belief. It is part ofmany religions (Hinduism and Buddhism, for example)
and was even one of the original Christian tenets, until
condemned by the Second Council of Constantinople in553. It is believed that the human spirit, or soul, is a
fragment of the divine and eventually it will return to its
divine source. But, for its own evolution, it isnecessary that the soul experience all things in life.
It seems the most sensible, most logical, explanation ofmuch that is found in life. Why should one person beborn into a rich family and another into poverty? Why
should one be born crippled, another fit and strong?...
if not because we must all eventually experience allthings. Reincarnation seems the most logicalexplanation of child prodigies. A musical genius,
composing concertos at the age of five (as did Mozart), is
obviously carrying-over knowledge from one lifetime into
the next. This does not usually happen, but it can. In thesame way, homosexuality might well be explained throughreincarnation: a person male in one lifetime and thenfemale in the next (or vice versa) might have carriedover feelings and preferences from one life to the next.
For someone who does not believe in reincarnation,
it is difficult to understand the death of a child. What
was the point of the child living at all, if only for a few
short years? For the reincarnationist it is obvious thatthe child had learned all that had been set to be learnedin that particular lifetime and so was moving on. A very
good simile for this is the grades of a school. You enterschool in a low grade and learn the basics. When you
have mastered these you graduate, take a short vacation,then come back into a higher grade to learn andexperience more things. So it is in life. In each life
you have a certain amount to learn and to experience.
When you have done that, you graduate (i.e. you die).
To come back into a higher grade you are reborn in a new
body. Occasionally remembrance of previous lives, orparts of them, is experienced but more generally you
do not remember (it is possible, of course, through suchprocedures as hypno-regression, to go back to previous
lives and bring them once more to the surface). Perhaps
one of the most common of occult experiences is thatof deja-vu—the feeling that something has happened
before—so often attributed to reincarnation (though by
no means is reincarnation the only possible explanationof all cases of deja-vu); the feeling being a brief flash ofmemory of something18 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftthat happened in a previous life.
In what form do we return to the earth? Some
believe (the Hindus, for example) that it is not necessarily in human form each time. Certain Hindu sects
teach that the soul may be reborn as a plant or an
animal. However, such beliefs are not generally held in
Western civilization. Some say there is a progression
from the lowest life-forms to the highest— putting
humans at the top. But then who is to say the order? Isa dog higher than a cat, or a cat higher than a dog? Is a
centipede higher or lower than an earwig? Does thismean, when every soul has finally passed up the scaleand graduated, that in the afterlife there will be no plant,
animal or insect life? It seems unlikely. In Witchcraft
the belief is that all things have souls. In Saxon
Witchcraft, for example, it is believed that a dog will go
through many incarnations, but always as a dog; a cat
always as a cat; a human always as a human. There isreason for all things to be here ... what we term the"balance of Nature". It seems we certainly have a
choice, within our species, of being either male orfemale, in order to experience and appreciate thedifferent aspects.
One argument often put forward by
non-rein-carnationists is "If what you say is true, how
do you explain the fact that the world population iscontinuously growing?" Of course it is! So is the
population of souls/spirits. There are not simply x
number of souls who all started their development
together. New souls are being introduced all the times.
So we have so-called "new souls"—those on theirfirst incarnations—and "old souls"—those who havebeen through a large number of lives. It is possiblethat eventually, when the gods decide enough souls
have been introduced, there will be a stabilizing of
the population followed later by a decline, as old soulsin their final incarnations make their graduations.
There is yet another thought that might beconsidered here ... where do these souls originallycome from and where do they go after that final
graduation? One possibility, of course, is that we not
only experience lives here on Earth, but also on otherplanets and in other reality systems. Who knows? ...
perhaps we go through the cycle here having
already been through it a dozen times or more onother worlds. There is obviously much food for thought,very little (if any) proof of preferences and great scopefor new tenets.

RETRIBUTION

Along with reincarnation go thoughts of Karma.
Karma
isusually
thoughtofasareward-and-punish-ment system stretching throughout
all lifetimes: if you do evil in one life you will have to pay
for it in the next. However, it seems that there is always
talk of "karmic debts" and "karmic punishments" butseldom of "karmic rewards". The Witchcraft view
seems to make more sense.
First of all there is a Wiccan belief in retribution
within each life. In other words, rather than being
rewarded and punished after death, for what you havedone in life (the traditional Christian view), Witches
believe that you get your rewards and punishments
during this lifetime, according to how you live it. Do
good and you will get back good. But do evil and evil
will return. More than that, though, it is a three-foldretribution. Do good and you will get back three times
the good; do evil and you will receive three times theevil. Obviously there is here no inducement for you toever harm anyone. Of course it is not a literal threefold
return. If you were to punch someone in the eye, it does
not mean that you will get punched in the eye yourself
three times. No. But, sometime in the future, you may"just happen" to break a leg ... something which might
be considered three times as bad as being punched in theeye.
In the Witchcraft belief, then, one lifetime's
experiences are not dependent on the previous one's.
For example, if you suffer physical abuse in this life, itdoes not necessarily mean that you were an abuser inyour previous life. It is possible you were, yes. But it isjust as possible that you were not but are going to be in
the next life. In other words, it is a case of experiencing allthings—being both the abuser and the abusee, but one
is not necessarily dependent on the other. Several
lifetimes could even take place between the one
experience and its apparent correlative.
Just because you have chosen a particular lifetime
and are to undergo the set experiences does not meanthat you can just sit back and say "Everything is preordained. I'm just along for the ride." The God and theGoddess will make sure that you do get all the particular experiences but your job is to progress; to strive
your hardest towards perfection. YOU CREATE YOUROWN REALITY. Whatever you want, you can achieve.
But always remember the Wiccan Rede: "An' it harm
none, do what thou wilt."

Lesson Two: Beliefs /19

Whenever possible, help those less fortunate than yourself. By "help" I do
not mean "interfere". Help can be given by simply offering advice; byshowing compassion; even, sometimes, by actually refusing direct assistance.
For, in this latter case, it is sometimes of the greatest help and to the other's
benefit to make them give a little more effort: to make them think forthemselves.
BETWEEN LIVES

The length of time spent between lives may vary, depending on
your study of the lessons learned and their integration with previous
lessons; also on the necessary preparation for the next "semester".
While between lives you might also become involved in helping
some other spirit here on earth. Just as there is development and advancementin this life, so there is in "the between times". You may have heard of suchthings as "Guardian Angels" and "Spirit Guides" and wondered if they
really exist. In a sense they do. It means that a spirit is always watchingover a less developed spirit here on earth. Since time does not exist in the
between-times (it is a human-made concept, for the sake of reference only)
then to watch over an earth-bound spirit for its whole earthly lifetime
would not actually hinder the watcher's progress. In fact, it would add to it in
the sense of gaining "student-teacher" experience.
Witches always hope that they will be reborn in the next life withthose they have known and loved in this one. From psychic experiences,
etc., it seems that this is often the case. Many times a couple will stay
together throughout a number of lifetimes, in different relationshiproles (e.g. lovers; husband-wife; brother-sister; mother-daughter).
YOUR TEMPLE

Although many Witches meet, and work, outdoors - perhaps in thecorner of a field or in a clearing in the woods - it is not always possible foreveryone to do that. Many live in cities and towns and are unable to get out
into direct contact with the earth. This does not mean they cannot
function. Your temple can be an outdoor one or an indoor one. Let's look atindoor possibilities.
The area you need, in which to perform your rituals and work yourmagick, could be a whole building, a single room, or a small section of aroom. Whatever its shape or size, this is your Temple. A complete
room—perhaps in the basement or attic of a house—is the ideal. If you
have such a room that can be turned into your temple and kept solely as that,you are very fortunate. Let's look at such a possibility first and then work
along to those who can only use a small part of their regular living
quarters.
First of all, take a compass and establish the alignment of the room.
Mark the north, east, south and west. Your altar is going to be placed in thecenter of the room and it is preferable that it be set up so that when
standing before it you are facing EAST. You can keep an altar candle andyour representations of the deities on the altar at all times, but more on that
below. On the floor around the altar you will be marking a circle, theFigure 2.2

20 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftexact dimensions and construction of which you will betaught in the next lesson.
When entering and leaving the Circle, before andafter a ritual, you will do so from the EAST, so if yourroom is rectangular rather than square you might wish toleave extra room on that side (see Figure 2.2 forexample). Closets, for the storing of your Craft supplies, might also be placed in this larger area.
Unless you live alone, or share your beliefs witheveryone in your home, you will need closets that can belocked. You will be storing candles, incense, charcoal,wine and, most importantly, your Working Tools andBook. Of course, if you can lock the room itself then it
is possible to leave your altar permanently setup andhave your supplies on open shelves. Actually this ismuch the better arrangement.
Decoration of the temple room is a matter forindividual taste. It can vary from all walls being done ina neutral color, to vivid realistic murals being painted.
There are temples varying from those that look likeprehistoric caves—complete with reproductions of
the early cave paintings—to those that look like aclearing in a forest, with trees all around and stars on
the ceiling above. Others (usually those oriented
exactly north-south, east-west) follow the magickal
symbolic colors, with the north wall painted green, theeast yellow, the south red and the west blue.*
Obviously before any decoration or use of theroom, it should be thoroughly cleaned. The floor,
walls and ceiling should be scrubbed, with sea salt
added to the water and cleaning agent. It is not necessary to
do any elaborate cleansing ceremony at this point,since the Circle will be consecrated before each andevery ritual you perform in it. However, once any
decoration of your room is finished (other than theactual marking of the Circle itself) you should do an
initial purification, as follows:This should be done on the night of the' New
Moon.
<
Fill a dish (a saucer will do) with water and, kneeling,
place it on the floor in front of you. Place your rightforefinger (left, if you are left-handed) into the water.
Imagine a bright white light streaming down fromabove, into the crown of your head. Feel it surge
through your entire body and then direct it down yourarm. Concentrate all your energies to send it down
your arm, down the finger and into the water. It may
help to dose your eyes. When you feel you have directed

all the power you can manage into the water, keep
your finger there and say:"Here do I direct my power,
Through the agencies of the God and theGoddess, Into this water, that it might
be pure andclean As is my love for the Lord and theLady."
Now take a teaspoonful of sea salt and pour it into thewater. Stir it nine times, clockwise, with your finger
and three times say:"Salt is Life. Here is Life, Sacredand new; without strife."
Take the dish of salted water and sprinkle it (use yourfingers to sprinkle) in each and every corner of thetemple room. If the room is irregular in shape, with
alcoves and closets, sprinkle every corner of every
alcove and closet also. As you sprinkle, say one of the
below (or make up something of your own, along
these lines):"Ever as I pass through the ways
Do I feel the presence of the Gods.
I know that in aught I do
They are with me.
They abide in me
And I in them,
Forever.
No evil shall be entertained,
For purity is the dweller "Within me and about me.
For good do I strive
And for good do I live.
Love unto all things.
So be it, Forever."Seax-Wica Psalm
or"Soft is the rain, it gently falls
Upon the fields beneath.
It lulls the heart, it stills the wind,
Gives solitude I seek.
It patters down, so gentle yet
It ne'er does bend a leaf,"There are some magickal traditions that equate different colors with the four quarters, but these are the generally used ones.

Lesson Two: Beliefs / 21

And yet the water that is there Will wash
away all grief. For smoothness follows in thewake, And quiet and peace and love - Are
all around in freshness new, Come downfrom clouds above. All evil go, flow out
from here And leave all fresh and plain. Let
negativity not come Into this room again.
For love I now find all around, So soft, so
still so sure; I can perform my rituals As
peace and quiet endure."
Now light some incense. Stick incense or cones will dobut you will find that, for ritual and magickal work, it isbetter to burn powdered incense on a charcoal
bric-quet, in a hanging censer (More on this below).
Go again about the room, this time swinging the censer
in each and every corner. Again say the lines you said
when you sprinkled the water.
But what if you do not have a whole room to dedicate
as a temple? That is all right. You can take the corner of
any room—living room, bedroom or kitchen andmake that your temple. Again, let's look at the ideal
first.
An area at least five feet square is needed. Youmight like to arrange rails and curtains so that the area
can be curtained off from the rest of the room, though
this is not a necessity. You may paint this section of thewall differently from the rest of the room, to suit yourdesires. If you can choose an area in the east it ispreferable. Keep your working tools and supplies
locked away in any convenient place but, here in yourtemple area, keep your altar. You may keep it pushed up
against the wall when not in use, if you wish. On the altar
always keep an altar candle (generally white but, as we
progress, you will learn of other colors and their times
for use) and your representations of the deities. Thesecan be either statuettes or pictures, as outlined below.
This temple area should be cleaned, sprinkled andcensed in the same way as the full room temple
detailed above.
The last consideration is for the person who,
perhaps, has a very small apartment or who shares aroom with someone not necessarily sympathetic to
the Craft. Again there should be no real problem. The
main thing is to have somewhere to lock away yourWorking Tools. If you can have an altar and leave it set up
with candle and deity figures, you can put it anywhereconvenient in the room. Again the east is preferable. Try
to keep your roommate (s) from using it as acoffee-table/catch-all, if you can! If it is not possible tohave a regular altar—specially made or adapted andkept for ritual use—then you can get by using a
coffee-table or similar. In this case keep your deity
figures wherever convenient... on a table, shelf or
sideboard. They should be respected by your roommate(s) in the same way that you would respect their, or
anyone else's, crucifix or Virgin Mary figure, orwhatever, should they have such. When you are able to
do your rituals (presumably alone) all you need do isclear enough floor space anywhere convenient and set
up your Circle, altar, etc.. Afterwards you will have toclear everything away again.
There are many full covens who meet regularly in
one-room apartments. A little light furniture moving
and a Circle can be cast and a ritual enjoyed. So, yousee, there is nothing to prevent you from having a temple.
One final word: as mentioned earlier, some Witches/covens hold their rituals outdoors. In fact the majority
certainly prefer this, though it isn't always possible
due to (a) lack of a site, or (b) unsuitable weather. If
you are lucky enough to have access to a small clearing in
the woods, or any piece of ground where you can be
private, then don't hesitate to use it. There will be noneed for the cleansing ritual detailed above; you willproceed as will be shown in Lesson Three—Circles ofPower and Protection.
YOUR ALTAR AND ITS FURNITURE

You can use virtually anything as an altar. If you
are holding your Circle outside, then a large rock or atree stump is ideal. If you are indoors, then you canutilize a small coffee-table, a wooden box or evensome boards resting on bricks.
It is better to have an altar that does not containany steel, so a ready-made table is not really the best(unless glued or pegged together). If there has to bemetal in the table, brass is acceptable. Why is this? It
has to do with conductivity. The Witch's Knife andSword (and Wand, if used) are the only tools that areused for storing and directing energies. They, then, can beof a conductive metal—iron or steel. All other items
should be non-conductive—silver, gold, brass, stone,
wood—since they are not used in that fashion.
But why not have a little aestheticism with your altar?

22 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Why not do things properly? You are working in a circle, so why not a
circular altar? To me, a rectangular altar in a circle always looks somewhat
incongruous. This is one of the reasons a tree stump is so ideal. In fact abeautiful altar can be made by putting legs on a section of tree-trunk. The
legs should be glued on. One such altar I have seen was made truly
beautiful by the maker—a Craftsman in both senses—carving figuresof the God and the Goddess into the legs.
The "Altar Furniture" consists of a candle, or candles; incenseburner (known variously as a "censer" or "thurible"); two dishes, one forsalt and one for water; libation dish; goblet(s); and figures to represent
the deities. Of course this is not a hard-and-fast list. Feel free to add or
subtract according to your needs (it is understood, also, that individual
traditions dictate certain items, e.g. Gardnerian has cords and a scourge).
Most Witches "do their thing" in the evenings (not a necessity, ofcourse) and so illuminate with candles around the Circle and on thealtar. A candle on the altar is also helpful so that you can read from thebook of rituals. Whether you have one candle or two is up to you.
An incense burner is pretty much a necessity. Incense has beenused in religious rites for thousands of years. The old belief was that theLesson Two: Beliefs / 23

smoke of the incense carried your prayers up to the gods. Certainly it
adds immeasurably to the atmosphere of the ritual. Since there is frequent
need to move the incense-burner about the Circle (e.g. to cleanse, or"cense" the Circle itself during the consecration part of a ritual), a simple
dish to hold a cone or stick of incense is not ideal. It is far better to have ahanging (swinging) censer. These can be bought or can be made. A
special charcoal briquet is then placed in the censer and lit, then powdered
incense is sprinkled on the charcoal. This is much more economical thanburning cones or sticks and one briquet will burn for two hours or more.
Both briquets and powdered incense can be bought at most church supply
stores. There is nothing against cones or sticks, of course, if you preferthem. Choose an incense that you enjoy; nothing too sweet and sickly. If
you feel you must have a specific incense for a particular ritual, fine, but
generally I find it doesn't make any difference which ones you use. I
personally enjoy a good sandalwood or frankincense or one of the better"high altar" mixtures of the Christian Church. Incidentally, if you havenothing else, you can burn incense in any saucer-like vessel. If you areusing charcoal briquets and are afraid of the vessel cracking, simply fill itwith sand and that will absorb the heat.
Salt and water dishes are found on most Witch altars. Salted water
represents life (salt itself symbolizes semen, as is detailed in an interesting
essay by Ernest Jones, titled The Symbolic Significance of Salt). Baptismal water,or "Holy Water", is nothing more than salt and water. The dishes you use
can be of any type. Some people even use sea-shells as containers.
During rituals it is usual to drink some wine (or fruit-juice, if alcohol is
not possible). To toast the gods, a libation is always poured first. Whenmeeting outdoors this can simply be poured on the ground. But whenindoors the best, and usual, way is to pour the offering into a dish; theLibation Dish. Later—after the ceremony—the dish can be taken outside
and the wine poured out on the ground. Like the salt and water dishes, thelibation dish can be of any type.
' The wine goblets of the Priest and Priestess stand on the altar; those of theother celebrants are placed on the ground at their feet. Again the goblet
can be to suit yourself. It could be simply a glass or it could be adecorative drinking horn. The latter can be made from cow-horns(obtainable from handicraft stores, such as the Tandy Leather Company
chain), with stands either separate or attached, made from bent silver orcopper wire or from wood. Some Witches refer to their goblet as a"chalice" but, to my mind, this smacks of the eucharistic cup of Christianity so
I tend to avoid it.
Some Witches do not care to have deity figures on their altar. The
majority, however, do. You can seek out actual statues, though good
ones are not easy to come by (copies of Boticelli's "Birth Of Venus"—
irreverantly known as "Venus On a Half-Shell"!—are ideal for the Goddess). Many Witches search for years to find a statuette that exactly fits themental image they have of the deity. Antique stores and flea markets/ swap
meets seem to be the best places to look. Some Wiccans use symbols, suchas a sea-shell for the Goddess and an antler for the God. I have seen candles
used, also various chess pieces, rocks, plants, etc.. One

24 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

possibility is pictures. I have seen beautiful deity
representations made by decoupaging appropriate
colored pictures to attractive pieces of wood. If you
have the talent, of course, there is no reason why you
shouldn't sculpt or draw your own figures.
MAGICK—AN INTRODUCTION

Magick will be dealt with in detail later, in Lesson
Eleven. There you will learn all the many and varied
forms of magick and their workings. However, here I
would like to take a quick look at some of the rudiments ofmagick; the basics.
First among these is TIMING. You may know that
the Moon is frequently associated with Witchcraft, but
you may not know why. One of the reasons is that thephases of the Moon are important to the proper workingof magick. Taking the two main phases: the time fromthe New Moon, through the First Quarter, to the Full
Moon is known as the Waxing Moon. From the Full,through the Last Quarter, to the New is known as the
Waning Moon. When the Moon is growing in size, it iswaxing; when it is decreasing in size, it is waning.

extermination. There is a certain element of sympathetic magick just in this time of working. For example, as
the Moon grows, so grows the opportunity (orwhatever) for which you are working. Or, as the Moon
dwindles, so declines the bad habit you are trying toovercome, or the wart you are trying to remove.
The second basic of magick is FEELING. You
must want whatever you are working at to really happen.
You must want it with all your being. You must put
every infinite particle of power into that desire, thaturge for the act to come to pass. For this reason it isusually far more effective to do magick for yourself
than to do it on someone else's behalf. It is seldom that
another person can feel as intensely about something as
the one directly concerned. This strong "feeling" is, in
effect, the raised "Power" used in magick. As an aid, abooster, to your power there can be used a number ofamplifiers. One of these is Chant and another is
Rhyme. The rhythmic chanting of a spell, with a solid,
regular beat, can do much to intensify your feelingand, thereby, increase your power. Similarly, dancing
can raise the power and so can a number of other treatments, including sex, all of which will be discussed indetail in Lesson Eleven.
One other aspect might be mentioned here. Whenperforming magick it is advisable to have a clean body.
This means cleansed externally and internally. Bathe
the body (with a spoonful of sea salt added to thewater. This can be bought at most supermarkets or,
failing that, at health food stores). Also prepare theinner body by the removal of toxins. This is done byfasting for twenty-four hours before working magick.
No alcohol, no nicotine and no sexual activity (morespecific details later).
Whenever doing magick, always consider the
Wiccan Rede. Will your action harm anyone? If theanswer is "Yes"... don't do it. More later.

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

Basically, constructive magick (for growth) is done
during the waxing cycle and magick for destruction isdone during the waning cycle. Constructive magick
would include such things as love, success, protection,
health, fertility. Destructive magick would include
such things as binding spells, separation, elimination,

1.

This Lesson deals with Beliefs. Examine your present beliefs on reincarnation. Do you have any past-life
memories?

2.

Construct/draw an altar table. Indicate what will be placed on it, and show their arrangement.

ALTAR

3. Construct a diagram of a temple which would be ideal for your needs. Indicate the area which would best reflect
your affinities (outside, inside). What actual items would you like it to contain? Make this a realistic layout ofwhat your temple will actually be like.

TEMPLE

4.

List some examples of magickal workings appropriate for your needs you would do during the waxing cycle ofthe Moon.

5.

List examples of magick you would do during the waning cycle of the Moon.

LESSON THREE TOOLS,
CLOTHING AND NAMES

obtain the iron from the ore and to harden it.
Indeed we find many peoples regard their
blacksmiths as magicians ... among them
Wayland stands out as the smith par
excellence. The figure of this wondrous(Saxon) smith symbolizing at first the marvelsof metalworking... was made the subject ofheroic legend."

WORKING TOOLSThe working tools are dictated by the tradition towhich you belong. In Gardnerian, for example, there
are eight working tools which include Athame (knife),
Sword, Wand, Scourge, Cords, White-Handled Knife
and Pentacle. In the Saxon tradition there are fewer:
Seax (knife), Sword and Spear. If you are creating
your own denomination then you can decide for yourself
which to have and which not to have. All tools, after
they have been made, are ritually cleansed andpurified before use, to remove any negative vibrations. They are then personally charged and consecrated. Details for this are given next lesson. For now, as
you finish making each tool, wrap it in a piece of clean,
white linen and store it away safely until you are readyfor the consecration.

So iron, or steel, would seem to be the best material touse.
The size of the knife should be to suit yourself;
whatever feels comfortable. This is your personal tool— amagical tool—and as such is something very special. It
will not do, then, to simply go to a store and buy aready-made knife (though more on that later). The
best thing, by far, is to make your own from scratch. Of
course, not everyone is capable of this but, for those
who are, let me start by looking at how to make one.
If you can't buy a suitable piece of steel, use an old
file or chisel and work with that. Whatever steel you
have, it is going to be hard so your first job will be tosoften it for working. Heat the steel till it is a dull red. If
you have no other way of doing it, lay it on the burner ofa gas or electric stove. You may have to leave it there,with the control turned full on, for several hours but it
will eventually heat up to a dull red. Once it has reachedthat color, turn off the heat and let it cool down
naturally. That's all there is to it. It will now be softened
and easier to work.
Mark on the metal, with a pencil, the shape youwant it to be (see Figure 3.1). With a powered bandsaw (ifyou have one), or a simple hacksaw, cut out the profile andfile off any rough edges. Then start shaping the blade forsharpness. A grinding wheel would come in handy here,
though you can work with rough andKNIFE

Every Witch has a personal knife. In many traditions
this is called an athame (pronounced "a-tham-ay"). In
the Scottish tradition it is a yag-dirk and in the Saxon aseax ("see-ax"). The knife usually has a steel,double-edged blade, though one exception is in the
Frosts' tradition, where it is a single-edged brass
knife. It might be worth quoting from Anglo-Saxon Magicby Dr. G. Storms (Gordon Press, NY 1974), an
annotated translation of various ancient Anglo-Saxon
manuscripts:"Iron manifestly takes its power from thefact that the material was better and scarcer
than wood or stone for making tools, andsecondly from the mysterious way in which it
was originally found: in meteoric stones. It
needed a specialist and a skilled laborer to29

30 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

smooth files. The blade is going to be double-edged, so you are aiming fora diamond-shaped cross-section (see Figure 3.2). Finish off the blade with
two grades of wet and dry paper.
Now your blade will need to be hardened and tempered. Heat it up
again, this time until it is red hot. Then take hold of it with a pair of pliers
and plunge it into a bowl of tepid water (not cold, or the blade will crack) oroil. Allow it to cool off then clean it with wet and dry paper.
Next, to temper it, reheat the blade to a dull red. Again plunge it,point downwards, into the tepid water or oil, moving it up and down in theliquid. Clean it with wet and dry paper, then heat it up again. Watch theblade carefully this time as it changes color. It will go to a bright, light, straw
color, then to a medium straw color. Immediately plunge the blade into
water and let it cool off (don't let it get past the straw color; it would go on toblue, then purple and green). Watch the point as that will change color first.
At the first sign or "blueing" on the point, plunge the blade into the water.
NOTE: The colors appear quickly. Keep the point the furthest from theheat.
Once the blade is cold take it outside and plunge it into the ground acouple of times. Now you have
AIR,
Moved the blade through the Heated it with Plunged
FIRE
it into and Showed it to the
WATER
For the handle, take two pieces of wood. Draw around EARTH.
the tang (the handle part of the blade) on each of the pieces ofwood (see Figure 3.3 and 3.4). Then chisel out the marked sections, each
one to half the thickness of the tang. When finished, the two pieces ofwood should lay together

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Lesson Three: Tools, Clothing and Names / 31

perfectly with the tang inserted between them. When you are satisfied
they fit well, slightly roughen the inside wood and then spread a good
epoxy resin glue all over. Put the tang in place, press the two wooden
handle halves together and clamp. When clamping, put on the pressure
slowly so as to give a better "spread" to the glue. Leave clamped for atleast three days.
When removed from the clamp, draw a profile of the handle youwant on the wood and start cutting/carving it to shape.
Some traditions call for certain signs to be carved on the handle.
Even if yours does not, you may wish to add some decoration. I would
certainly recommend at least putting your Craft name (described later) or
monogram on it. You might also like to etch something on the blade. This
is not too difficult to do.
MARKING IN METAL

Melt some beeswax and cover the blade with it. Then cut into thewax with a sharp inscribing tool (a sharpened nail will do the trick), in theway you want the inscription to look. Make sure that you go rightthrough the wax to expose the metal of the blade. Then pour on either
sulphuric acid, iodine, or a similar etching agent. Leave for a few minutes
then hold under running water. The acid will eat into the metal—"etching"it—where you have inscribed but the wax will protect the rest of theblade. After washing off the acid, clean off the wax and you have youretched knife. It would obviously be a good plan to practice first on some
scrap metal of the same type as the blade, to judge the exact amount of time toleave the acid before flushing it away.
It is possible to purchase an "etching pen". This looks like a ballpoint pen but contains acid for marking. It will work on steel, brass,aluminum and copper and has replaceable cartridges. One such pen is
manufactured by the Fowler company and should be obtainable fromany hardware store.
An alternate to etching is to engrave the blade. This doesn't give as
solid a marking as the acid etching but is nonetheless effective. Engraving isdone just like writing with a pen or pencil, but you use an engraving tool
instead. You can purchase one in a hobby store or, as mentioned, simply
sharpen a nail to a fine point on a grindstone. A problem many people
have in engraving is in having the tool slip and score the metal in thewrong place (it is necessary to bear down hard on the tool, to make an
impression, so control is not too easy). One way to avoid this is to place apiece of transparent tape on the blade and mark guide lines on it firstwith a pen. Then simply follow the lines with the engraving tool—thetape will be no barrier and will stop the tool from slipping.
A motorized engraving tool, such as a Dremel®, does a very good
job.
There are many who, for whatever reason, are not able to make aknife, as described. Don't worry; you can adapt an existing knife. The
main point is that there should be something of YOU in the athame. So, geta knife with a double-edged blade (or get one with a single-edged blade
and then grind and/or file the second edge to it), such as a hunting

32 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

knife, and remove the handle. Handles are fitted in avariety of ways. Some screw on/off directly; somehave a pommel at the end, that screws on/off; someare even riveted on. However you have to do it, remove
the handle. Now replace it with one of your own making.
To do this you can either follow the directions I gave
above, for making a handle, or you can pattern it after
the handle you have removed(See Figure 3.5).
Again, if you wish you can carve the handle oretch the blade with your Craft name (in one of themagickal alphabets detailed later) or your Magickal
Monogram. Some truly beautiful athames have been
made and adapted. I have seen, for example, aneighteenth century short bayonet adapted to become amagnificent athame. I have also seen handles madefrom deer hooves. Start work on yours now.
In some traditions of the Craft (e.g. Gardnerian)
the knife may only be used in the Circle, for ritual use. In
other traditions (e.g. Scottish) the Witch is encouraged touse the tool as often as possible, the feeling being thatthe more it is used, the more mana (or "power") it will
acquire.
SWORD

The Sword is not essential; the knife can always
substitute for it. But while every individual Witch has anathame, many covens like to have a coven sword— one
for the whole group. The sword is usually used formarking the Circle at the start of the meeting; being
used by the Priest/ess or whoever casts the Circle. It
can be made in the same way that the knife is, or you
can purchase one. There are certainly many companies that offer replicas of ancient swords, thesedays. If you decide to get a ready-made one, again dosome work on it yourself. In fact, since it is a coven tool, it
is nice if the whole coven either get together to makeone or join in engraving and decorating it.
OTHER TOOLSOther ritual tools are the WAND, STAFF, BELL,^BURIN or WHITE-HANDLED KNIFE, CORD(S).
Which of these you use—none, some, all—will depend on
the path you decide to follow. If you follow one of theestablished traditions then it will have been decided foryou. If you are starting from scratch, then it may takeyou a while (weeks, months, perhaps even years) todiscover which you really need and which you don't.
If you want a WAND there are several options
available. Some say that it must be of rowan wood,others say of ash, or willow, hazel... you can takeyour pick. The trouble here is that a lot of Ceremonial
Magick has got mixed up with Witchcraft (not just in
the case of the wand, but with other tools and otheraspects of the Craft also). For example, some people
swear that "the wand must be exactly twenty-one
inches long, cut from a virgin hazel tree (one that has
never borne fruit), in the hour of Mercury on the day of
Mercury (Wednesday), etc., etc., etc." Others simply goout and buy a length of wood dowel from their local
hardware store and paint it gold! The fact that bothwands can work equally well should show that thereal magick comes not from the tool but from within
the Magician—or, in this case, the Witch. The wand,then, is merely an extension of the operator. As such,make your wand whichever way feels right for you. If
you feel you need to inscribe it with mystical signs andsymbols, do so. Don't worry about what others may
say of what you do. As I said in the Introduction,
there is no one-and-only-one-right-way. If it works foryou, then it is right. As a suggestion (only) for awand, twenty-one inches is certainly a
REMOVABLE POMMELCARVED WOODEN HANDLE WITH
HOLE DRILLED THROUGH FORSCREWED TANG TO PASS THROUGH"STORE-BOUGHT" KNIFE

Figure 3.5

Lesson Three: Tools, Clothing and Names / 33

convenient length. Another suggestion is a length equal to the lengthfrom your elbow to your fingertips. Whichever wood you use, taper itslightly from the base to the tip. You can mark it, if you wish, by engraving
or even by wood-burning. Paint it, stain it, or leave it plain. Decorative
bands of silver or copper can look attractive. Some traditions (e.g. Frost's)
drill the length of the wand and insert a metal rod.
What I said for the wand applies equally to the STAFF. The staff can, in
effect, be a large wand and is used as such in such traditions as the
Scottish (Pecti-Wita). I have seen some wonderful staffs, decorated withleather, feathers, gems; carved and engraved. All were right for their
particular owners. A good length for a staff is equal to the height of its
owner. Hardwood seems preferable to softwood, and it should be wellseasoned and as straight as possible.
The BELL is used by some and I have, in fact, included it in therituals in this book. For centuries it has been thought to have certain
magickal qualities. In my book Practical Color Magick (Llewellyn Publications, 1983) I talk about vibrations of sound. The clear, high pitch of asmall bell, used in ritual, can cause vibrations that can, in many ways,
supplement the power raised and also create harmony among thosepresent. Choose a small hand-bell with a note that is pleasant. Somebells—especially cheaply produced ones—can have a harsh note tothem; avoid these. If you wish to engrave the bell, do so. Or, if it has awooden handle, you might want to work on that.
The BURIN is simply an engraving tool used to mark the name orsigil (symbol), ritually, on your magickal topis. Some traditions (e.g.
Gardnerian) borrow from Ceremonial Magick and use a WHTTE-HILTEDKNIFE in the same way. I personally do not see the need to regard this
instrument as a ritual tool, in the Craft, any more than I would a file orhacksaw. However, if you feel you want this as part of your complement, by
all means include it. A burin is simply an engraving tool with a handle, andcan be made by fitting a sharpened nail, or similar, to a wooden handle in thesame way as you fitted the athame blade to a wooden handle using the twopieces of wood.
Some traditions (e.g. Alexandrian) use CORDS of different colors todenote the degree of the wearer. But the more important use of cords is in
the working of magick. I will therefore leave details of cords till a later
lesson, when I discuss magick and, specifically, Cord Magick.

In a recent discussion on Witchcraft, the question
came up "What proof is there that Witches
always worked naked? Is this tradition, or is it
a recent innovation?'
There are certainly many early illustrationsof naked Witches anointing themselves preparatory to their departure for the Sabbat, butthere are also illustrations of Witches at the
Sabbat who are clothed. For interest I did a little
research to see how many, if any, such early
illustrations showed the Witches actually naked
at the Sabbat. The result was fairly conclusive.
Hans Baldung Grun, the sixteenth Century
German, did any number of Witch illustrations(Witches at Work and Witches' Sabbat are
typical) all showing naked participants.
Albrecht Durer's The Four Sorcerers is of
naked Witches. The Douce Collection, Bodleian
Library, Oxford, contains an illustration of
The Witches Sabbat On the Bracken withmany of the participants naked. Practically allof Goya's paintings of Witches show them
naked (Two Witches Flying On a Broom
being typical) and especially interesting is the1613 (Paris) edition of Pierre de Lancre's
Tableau de I'inconstance des mauvais
anges which shows a great gathering ofWitches with a circle of dancing nudes in one
part and a nude mother presenting her equally
naked child to the Horned God in anotherpart.
It would seem, then, that there was no hardand fast rule. As is found today, some covens
only strip when working magick but otherwise wear loose robes. Other covens are naked
throughout their rites.
Witchcraft Ancient and Modern
Raymond Buckland, HC Publications, NY

DRESSThroughout the fifteenth century a popular
headdress for women was the tall, conical'dunce hat'; sometimes with a brim but more
often without. By the early sixteenth century
this was no longer the fashion at court or in
the large cities and towns. The fashion, indeed
the actual hats themselves, eventually foundtheir way out to the villages and farms. Part ofthe purging by the new religion was to showthat the Old Religion was outdated. Witches
were therefore pictured, at this time, wearing
the demode head-gear—they were 'behind
the times'; out of fashion.
Witchcraft from the Inside
Raymond Buckland, Llewellyn 1971

Many covens—and certainly the vast majority of Solitary Witches—
work naked ... referred to, in the Craft, as skyclad—"clad only by thesky". This certainly seems a preferred and recommended practice. But
there are times when, perhaps due to temperature, you may wish to berobed. It may even be that you just prefer to be robed most of the time
anyway... that's all right.
Robes can be as simple or as elaborate as you like. I here give you
instructions for making a simple one. Those more adept with a needle
than I am may elaborate to their heart's content.
Any type material will do, the choice is up to you—polyester (if you

197034 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

must!), silk, cotton, wool. Consider, though, its weight:
will it be too heavy and hot, or too light and cool? Also
consider how easily it creases and wrinkles. Will it
stretch too much? Is it washable? Will it itch? Since
Witches wear nothing under their robes, this last is aserious consideration!
Measure yourself from wrist to wrist, with arms
outstretched (Figure 3.6, measurement A), then from thenape of the neck to the ground (measurement B). You
will need to buy material of A width by twice B length.
Take the material and fold it in half, as in figure 3.6. If
the material has an "outside" and an "inside", fold it
inside out. Now cut out a piece from each side, as
indicated. You will be left with what you see in Figure
3.7; a more-or-less "T" shape.
The exact dimensions of the cuts will depend onyou. Leave enough for a full sleeve at "x" but don't take it
up to make it too tight under the arm at "y". I recommend
you experiment with paper first (pattern paper can bepurchased from material stores). At "z" cut an opening
for your head, as shown. Sew where indicated: along thebottom of the sleeves and down the sides. All thatremains is to turn it right side out again, try it on andhem it to a convenient length (e.g. an inch or so above
the ground). If you wish to add a cowl-hood there
will be plenty of material available from that initiallycut off. Either a pointed or a rounded hood isappropriate.
Add a cord around the waist as a finishing touch.
Some wear a magickal cord but I am of the opinion
that a magickal cord is for working magick, not forholding your robe (things were different during thepersecutions, when it was necessary to hide one's
magical tools. It is not necessary now).

Think carefully about the color of your robe. It
used to be that most Witches wore white robes, but I'm
glad to see more and more color appearing at festivals. In
Saxon Witchcraft, the Priest/ess wears either white,
purple or deep green and the others wear greens,browns, yellows and blues, though this is not a hardand fast rule. Combinations of colors can be attractive, ofcourse, as can a basic color trimmed with silver or gold,
or with a second color. Some few Witches do wear
black but, while acknowledging it to be a very
"powerful" color (in fact a non-color), I personallythink that it plays up the misconception of equating
Witchcraft with Satanism and, if only for that reason,should be avoided. We are a religion of Nature, so let's
use the colors of Nature ... the bright and the sombre
earth colors (there is actually very little black to befound in nature). But again, in the last instance it isyour choice.
JEWELRY

In some traditions certain jewelry is used to signify
rank. For example, in Gardnerian Witchcraft female
Witches of all degrees wear a necklace (signifying theCircle of Rebirth); the Third Degree High Priestesswears a wide silver bracelet, with certain specificinscriptions; the High Priest wears a torque-like gold or
brass bracelet (again with certain signs on it); and theQueen wears a crescent-moon crown of silver and asilver-buckled green garter*. In other traditions different
customs rule.
Generally many Witches—though females especially—wear a headband.
Necklaces and pendants are very popular, includingB'<*———CUT———»• \Figure 3.6'Not a "garter-belt", as one writer once reported!

Figure 3.7

Lesson Three: Tools, Clothing and Names / 35

necklaces of acorns, beans, wooden beads or similar. Rings, often bearing
inscriptions or depictions of the deities, are also very popular. Certainly
there are some very talented Witch jewelers who produce incredibly
beautiful items that deserve to be displayed.
But some people feel that jewelry has no place in the Circle. There aresome who feel that it is a hindrance to the raising of power—though inalmost a quarter of a century of practice I have never found this to be true.
However, I do respect those who do feel this way. If they truly believethat it restricts, then it will restrict. So, decide for yourself whether toencourage the use of jewelry; whether to limit its use; whether to use it
to denote position; whether to prohibit it altogether.
HORNED HELMET

Where the Priest and Priestess may each wear a band of copper orsilver, with a crescent moon, sun, or similar, at the front, the Priest may
wear a Horned Helmet at certain rites where he specifically represents theGod, and the Priestess may wear a Goddess Crown at certain rites where
she specifically represents the Goddess. These are not difficult things to
make. In fact here are two or three possible ways to make the Horned
Helmet (you might even be able to purchase one, if you search hardenough. Replica "Viking helmets" are made these days). One way

Horned Helmet of a High Priest

36 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

is to take a stainless steel or copper mixing bowl of the right size to fit
your head. You may have to squeeze the sides inwards slightly to make it
more of an ellipse than a circle. Any handle, hook or hanging-ringshould be removed. Take two cow horns and insert and glue woodblocks in their mouths (see Figure 3.8). Now drill two holes through thebowl, one on either side, and put screws through from the inside, into thewood blocks in the horns. Put some epoxy glue between the horns/
wood-blocks and the bowl, also, to help hold them firm. The bottom of thehorns, where they join the bowl, can be bound with leather to cover andhide the join.
Another possibility is to make a leather hat and attach horns. Basicpatterns for hats can be purchased in any department store or piece
goods store. Most of them involve cutting segments and sewing them
together. You can fasten the horns as described above, but you will need alarge square or circular "washer" on the inside, against which to tighten thescrews.
Yet another way is to make an open copper (or other metal) circlet for
the head and attach the horns to that. In all of the above, antlers may be usedin lieu of cowhorns. It will be necessary, however, to drill a hole in the baseof the antler to accept the screw.

Figure 3.8

INSCRIPTIONS

I have talked about engraving and etching your working tools andputting your Craft name on them (more on your name and how tochoose it, later). There are a number of different "Magickal Alphabets"*that can be used for this.* Most popular are various of the runic alphabets andthe Theban form of writing found in Ceremonial Magick. Let's look at runes
first.
The word Rune means "mystery" or "secret" in Early English andrelated languages. It is certainly heavily charged with overtones, and forgood reason. Runes were never a strictly utilitarian script. From theirearliest adaptation into Germanic usage they served for divinatory andritual uses. The Seax-Wica use a runic alphabet which is as follows:

There are to be found more variations of Runes
than any other alphabet, it seems. Adopted by
Witches and Magicians alike Runic served as avery popular form of occult writing. There arethree main types of Runes: Germanic,
Scandinavian, and Anglo-Saxon. They each, inturn, have_ any number of subdivisions/variations.
Looking first at the GERMANIC, there arebasically twenty-four different runes employed,though variations may be found in different
areas. A common name for the Germanic
Runes is futhark, after the first six letters("th" is One letter— p ;. In the SCANDINAVIAN (Danish and Swedish-Norwegian,or Norse) are found sixteen runes, again with
(innumberable) variations.
The ANGLO-SAXON Runes vary in number,
anywhere from twenty-eight to thirty-one. In
foot by the ninth Century, in Northumbria, we findthirty-three runes. A common name for the
Anglo-Saxon Runes is futhorc, again from thefirst six letters.

The Tree: The Complete Book
of Saxon Witchcraft

SEAX-WICA RUNIC ALPHABET'These forms of writing are also used in the making of charms and talismans and will be discussed further, in that context, in a later lesson.

Raymond Buckland,
Samuel Weiser, NY 1974

Lesson Three: Took, Clothing and Names 137

It will be noticed that any of the glyphs can be
written backwards (sometimes referred to as "mirror
writing"). If there are double letters in a word (e.g.
merry; boss) then one of the double letters would bereversed, giving the mirror image:With the single symbols for "th" and "ng", for example,
you can write a five-letter word like "thing" with only
three symbols: Examples of names
in runes:

It is always possible, also, to reverse a letter (any letter) sothat the Monogram will not be clumsy. The aim is tomake it as simple as possible yet to incorporate all of
the letters. Practice with Monograms. Aim to get themdown to the simplest sigil possible.
One thing to remember in writing runes: do keep
the characters upright.

An interesting MAGICKAL MONOGRAM canbe made up by superimposing one runic letter overanother, for your Craft name. For example, "Diana"
would beOne reason (apart from just being incorrect to slopethem) is that it can cause confusion. For example, in
the Seax-Wica runes, a sloping N rune would look likeaG.
The THEBAN alphabet is used quite a lot in the
Craft. In Gardnerian, for example, it is used for writing
the High Priestess's name on her bracelet. It is an
attractive form of writing. The runes are angular,
with no curves, because they were used for carving
into wood and stone. But the Theban was written onparchment, as well as being engraved and etched on
talismans, so could be more elaborate. The Theban
Alphabet is depicted in Figure 3.9.1 will speak more on
this alphabet, and several others, in the later lesson on
charms and talismans.

38 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft... To know a person's name is to have a hold, a
power, over them. For to know the name is to beable to conjure with it. Sir James Frazer tells thestory of Isis obtaining the most secret nameof Ra, the great Egyptian sun god, so that she
might use it to make herself a goddess. She
fashioned a serpent from the spittle ofRa, andthe earth on which it fell, and laid it in his pathso that it bit him. He cried out for help from'the children of the gods with healing words
and understanding lips, whose power
reacheth to heaven... And Isis came with her
craft, whose mouth is full of the breath of life,
whose spells chase pain away, whose word
maketh the dead to live. 'Ra told her how he had
been stung while out walking and Isis said, Tellme thy name, divine Father, for the man shalllive who is called by this name. 'Ra told hermany of the names by which he was known,
all the time growing weaker. Isis, however,refused to heal him, repeating "That was not thy
name that thou speakest unto me. Oh tell it me,that the poison may depart; for he shall live
whose name is named.' Finally Ra gave Isis
his true name and she caused the poison toflow away; and she became 'the queen of thegods, she who knows Ra and his true name'. • •Signifying theend of a sentence

Figure 3.9: THEBAN ALPHABETYOUR WITCH NAME
You are starting your life anew (in effect). Why not start it with aname of your choosing, then, rather than one that was given to you by
your parents (and which you may not care too much for) ? Many Witcheschoose a name which, they feel, reflects their personality or, in someway, describes their interests or feelings. Names are important. It used to bethat, to know someone's name was to have a power over them — for if

Witchcraft from the Inside
Raymond Buckland,
Llewellyn Publications, St. Paul, MN1971

Lesson Three: Tools, Clothing and Names / 39

you knew the name of your enemy you could conjure
with it. In Borneo, the Dyaks believe very strongly inthe power of a name. A mother, there, will never call
her child home, after dark, using his real name in case anevil spirit should learn the name and call the child itself.
The mother will only call the child by a "nickname".
Your Witch name need not be kept a solemn secret but
at least respect it. Use it only with other Witches or,at least, only with those close to you.
Of course you may be quite happy with yourregular, given name. If you want to use that as your
Witch name also, that is fine. However, check it out
numerologically, as describe below, before you make a
final decision Some Witches take names from history
or mythology, especially those names associated with
their branch of the Craft (Welsh names in Welsh
traditions; Saxon names in Saxon traditions, etc.).
Others make up names. You will be called by yourname only; it is not used with the prefix "Witch ...", as in"Witch Morgan" or "Witch Hazel"(!), as sometimes
found in cheap novels.
In some traditions the prefix "Lady", or even
"Lord", is used. In Gardnerian the High Priestess isalways referred to as "Lady.. (Name) .." When
speaking directly to her, it is also proper to say "My
Lady". She is the only one so called, in that tradition,and no male in Gardnerian is ever called "Lord ...
(Name) ..."
Whichever name you choose, or feel especiallydrawn to, check out to see if it is in fact right for you.
You do this through numerology. There are a number ofdifferent systems of numerology. The below is
probably the most commonly used. Follow it step by
step.
1)

Find your Birth Number by adding the digits ofyour date of birth, e.g. If you were born June 23rd
1956, your number would be
6.23.1956 = 6+2+3+1+9+5+6 = 32 Bringthat down to a single digit: 3 + 2 = 5 Then 5 isyour Birth Number. Note: Be sure to include the"19" of the year (1956). There are still people
alive who were born in the late 1800's and it won't
be long before we are into the 2000's, so it isimportant.

2)

Find the Name Number of the name you havechosen.
This is done by equating all the letters of thealphabet with the first nine numbers:

Suppose you like the name DIANA. Using theabove chart, D = 4,1 = 9, A = 1, N = 5, and A = 1.
Therefore DIANA = 4+9+1 + 5+1 = 20 = 2.Butyour
Birth Number was 5. For your Witch Name you should
aim for a name that matches your Birth Number. In theabove example, you could do this by adding a "3" letterto DIANA: a C, L or U. So you could have, perhaps,
DICANA, DILANA OR DIANAU, all of which would
then add up to 5. If you don't care for any of those,
think again of another possible name and check itout.
It may take a while to find a name, or choice ofnames, that you like and that are numerologically correct,
but it is well worth it. Perhaps the best method is to get
an assortment of appropriate letters and keep
rearranging them until you hit an attractive combination(from the above "Diana" example, NAUDIA might be apossibility). I will be looking more at numerology inLesson Nine.
Why does the name have to match your Birth
Number? Because your Birth Number is unchanging.
People can change their names, addresses, etc., butthey cannot change their date of birth. By choosing a
new name that matches that Birth Number, you arethen aligning yourself with that same vibration; thevibration of the moment you chose to be born.
As I mentioned above, there are several different
systems of numerology. This is probably the mostpopular and, I have found, the most accurate. But if
you feel more comfortable with a different system,
then use it. The important thing is, whichever system
you use, attune your new name to your Birth Number.

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1. Lesson Three deals with the making of your sup-plies. Decide how you will make your tools. Whatmaterials will you use? You can make your own oradapt an existing tool. Illustrate what tools you plan
to use.

2.

Explain how you intend to make/obtain yourathame. What will you do to make it specificallyyours?

3.

What special name will you choose?

4.

Determine the number value of your given nameand your new name using numerology.

5.

Design your robe. What color, fabric will you
use? What were your reasons for these choices?
Make an illustration or diagram of your robe
below.

ROBE

LESSON FOURGETTING STARTEDRITES OF PASSAGE

A "Rite of Passage" is a transition from one state of life to another.
Birth, marriage and death are examples. Van Gennep, a Flemish anthropologist, was the first to so label such rituals, in 1909. The main Rite of
Passage that you will be concerned with is that of Initiation. It is importantthat you be aware, and have some understanding, of the different parts of
the initiation ritual and its symbolism.
In its most general sense, initiation denotes a body of rites and oralteachings arranged to bring about a very definite change in both thereligious and the social status of the person undergoing the ritual. There is acatharsis: a spiritual cleansing. The person becomes, in effect, anotherperson. The central theme of an initiation (any initiation, whether it be
Witchcraft, primitive tribal or even Christian, in form) is what is termed a
Palingenesis: a rebirth. You are ending life as you have known it to thispoint and are being "born again"... and reborn with new knowledge.
* All initiation rituals follow the same basic pattern. And this isworldwide: Australian aboriginals, Africans, Amerindians, Eskimos,
Pacific Islanders, Witches, ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, toname but a few. All include the same basic elements in their rites.
First comes a SEPARATION. With many peoples this is a literalseparation from friends and especially from family; from all they have
known so far. Oftimes there is a special hut, cave or building of some sort,where the novices are taken. There they begin their training.
A CLEANSING, externally and internally, is the next importantpart. With some primitives this might include complete removal of allbody hair. It would certainly include a period, or periods, of fasting and of
sexual abstinence. In certain areas there are also various dietary taboos
prior to fasting.
A SYMBOLIC DEATH is one of the major parts of initiation, thoughsome primitives do not realize that it will be only symbolic and fully
expect to actually be put to death. With some tribes it does include actual
dismemberment; perhaps circumcision, tattooing, the amputation of afinger or the knocking out of a tooth. Ritual scourging is another, morecommon, symbolic form of death. Or the death could take the form of a"monster"—perhaps the tribe's totem animal—swallowing the initiate.

A typical initiation ceremony is the one found in
Gardnerian Witchcraft. It is in four parts. The
first part is known as the Challenge. The Initiate is
asked if she really does want to go through with
it. This may seem a simple and needless question.
But from first making contact with a coven it may
have taken anywhere up to a year for thewould-be Witch to reach the point of initiation.
This time is necessary, from the Craft's point ofview, to sort out the wheat from the chaff; those
who are sincerely interested in Witchcraft as areligion, as opposed to those who have all thewrong ideas—believing it to be Devil-worship,
looking for wild orgies, wanting to join "just forkicks ", etc., etc.. So after the very long waiting
period, during which she has been reading andstudying, the Initiate is at last there on thethreshold. She looks about the Inner Sanctum forthe first time—at the flickering candles, thesmoking incense, the stem-faced Priest pointing asword directly at her. It may seem a little ominous
to her; a little frightening. It would be small wonder
if she then and there decided she would not bothergoing through with it after all... perhaps shedtake up macrame instead!If such should be her
decision she is free to turn around and walk away.
But after the long waiting period there are few, if any,
who decide that way. So, after the challenge, theInitiate is blindfolded and bound and led into theCircle... There is an Oath of Secrecy taken by theInitiate, in the majority of traditions. Once thishas been taken the blindfold can be removed and,shortly afterwards, the cords. It is strictly an oathof secrecy. There is no repudiation of any previous
religion. There are no crosses to spit upon, no pacts
to sign in blood, nogoat's buttocks to kiss! After theoath comes the Showing of the Tools. Each coven has
a number of so-called "working tools". These arepresented, one by one, to the Initiate by the Priest.
As each one is presented its use is explained and, toshow she has understood the explanation, theInitiate lays her hands briefly on the tool ...Atthe end of the ceremony the Initiate is taken, by theHigh Priest, around the Circle to the four
cardinalpoints. At each of these she is Presented
to the Gods—who are believed to be there
witnessing the event—as a newly made Priestessand Witch.
Anatomy Of the Occult
Raymond Buckland, Samuel Weiser, NY 1977

42 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

After "death" the initiand then finds himself in thewomb, awaiting his new birth. In some societies he finds
himself in a hut which represents the world. He is at
its center; he inhabits a sacred microcosm. The initiate isin the chthonian Great Mother—Mother Earth. There
are innumerable myths of great heroes, ' gods andgoddesses, descending into Mother Earth (remember
the myth of the Seax-Wica Goddess, given in LessonTwo) and triumphantly returning. Within thatearth-womb they invariably find great knowledge, for
it is often the home of the dead who, traditionally, cansee into the future and therefore know all things.
Therefore the initiates, by virtue of being in thewomb/will learn NEW KNOWLEDGE. This isunderscored in the Congo, for example, where those
who have not been initiated are called vanga ("theunenlightened") and those who have been initiated are
the nganga ("the knowing ones").
After receiving this new knowledge, the initiate is
REBORN. If he has been swallowed by a monster, he
may either be born from it or disgorged from its mouth(the mouth is often a substitute for the vagina). In
some African tribes he will crawl out from between
the legs of the women of the village, who stand in along line. He is now given a new name and starts his
new life. Interestingly enough there are several parallelsof this renaming to be found in the Roman Catholic
Church: a new name is taken at confirmation; on
becoming a nun a woman takes a new name; a newname is given to a newly elected Pope.
On excavating at Pompeii, there was found a villa,
named the "Villa of Mysteries". This was where everyone
in ancient Italy originally went to be initiated into theOrphic Mysteries. In the Initiation Room itself there
are frescoes painted around the walls showing a woman
going through the various stages of initiation. In thisinstance the symbolic death was a scourging. Part of
the revelation of knowledge came from the initiand
scrying* with a polished bowl. The final scene shows her,
naked, dancing in celebration of her new birth. The
scenes are typical of the palingenesis of initiation.
The full initiation into Witchcraft contains all theabove elements. There is not quite the literal separation,at the start, but you will, of course, have separated
yourself from others in the sense of absorbing yourself
in your studies of the Craft. You will also spend muchtime alone, meditating on what you are about toundertake. You will cleanse yourself, by bathing andfasting—only bread, honey and water are allowed for•See Lesson Nine—Divination.

twenty-four hours prior to the actual initiation—andby sexual abstinence.
At the ritual itself, rather than any rigorous
symbolic death or dismemberment, you will experience a blindfolding and binding, which symbolize
the darkness and restriction of the womb. As you are"born", these restrictions will fall from you. You will
gain new knowledge as certain things are revealed toyou, and then receive a new name. You will bewelcomed to your new life by your brothers andsisters of the Craft. The full initiation is a very moving
experience—many claim it to be the most moving of
their entire lives.
The usual process is that you find a coven and,after a trial period, are accepted into it and initiated.
But supposing you are starting from scratch; a group offriends who are going to form their own coven and,basically, start their own tradition? How does the first
person get initiated, so that s/he can initiate the others?
Similarly, if you are a Solitary, not wanting to join agroup, how do you go about it? The answer is, throughSelf-Initiation.
Some years ago the majority of Witches (myself
included!) frowned on the very idea of a self-initiation.
We didn't stop to think of (a) what might have been
done in the "old times", for those living miles from any
coven, or (b) how did the first Witch get initiated?
Today some of us at any rate are more enlightened.
The Self-Dedication is exactly that—it is a dedicatingof oneself to the service of the gods. It does notcontain all the elements we have mentioned above,
but is none the less a moving experience. A full coveninitiation may always be taken at a later date, if you sodesire of course, but note that it would not be mandatory—just a matter of personal preference.
A question often asked is, "How valid is self initiation?" To some traditions it is not valid at all (though
one might question the whole "validity" of thosetraditions themselves!). Certainly you couldn't
self-initiate yourself as a Gardnerian, for example. But
the point here is, how valid is it to YOU? If you aresincere; if you wish to become a Witch and to worshipthe old gods; if you have no ulterior motives... IT IS
VALID, and don't listen to anyone who says it is not.
Obviously if you want to be part of a particular
tradition and that tradition has its set initiation rite (aswith Gardnerian, as I just mentioned), then you must go
through that particular rite to join that tradition. But noone tradition has the right to say what is correct orincorrect for another. It seems to me that far too manyLesson Four: Getting Started / 43

people get hung-up on a "line of descent"—who
initiated whom, and through whom?—rather thangetting on with the business of worship. One of theoldest of the modern traditions is the Gardnerian andthat (in its present form) is only about thirty-five years
old, as of this writing. Not very old when we look at thewhole picture of Witchcraft. So if a Gardnerian initiation(for example) can be considered "valid", then so canyours.
CIRCLESA Roman ambassador in a foreign country would
draw a circle around himself with his staff, to show heshould be safe from attack; the Babylonians drew a circleof flour on the floor round the bed of a sick man, to keep
demons away; German Jews, in the Middle Ages, would
draw a circle round the bed of a woman in labor, toprotect her from evil spirits. The use of a circle to markthe boundary of an area which is sacred, is veryancient (e.g. Stonehenge). But the circle not only keeps
the unwanted out, it also keeps the wanted— theraised power; the magickal energy—in.
The dimensions of the circle depend entirely on
who is drawing it and for what purpose. In Ceremonial
Magick, where the Magician is conjuring entities, theexactness of the circle (and everything within it) is
critical. But there is the other end of the scale, as itwere. In the old days, when the villagers would get
together to give thanks to their gods, they would simply
mark a rough circle on the ground, usually very crudely
drawn, and use it whether accurate or not. Its purpose
was merely to designate a space to be hallowed for the
rites; a place "special" for that purpose. Your circle
does not have to be as painstakingly accurate as the
Ceremonial Magician's (though more on this in Lesson
Eleven—Magick), yet it is drawn with a certain amount ofcare and exactness. The Coven Circle is nine feet indiameter; the Individual's Circle is five feet. The drawingof the Circle starts, and finishes, in the East and isalways drawn clockwise, or deosil. If you are meeting
outdoors, then the Circle is actually marked on the
ground with the sword, as the Priest/ess walks around.
Indoors the Circle should first be marked on the floor
with a length of white cord, with chalk, or—if you have apermanent temple—it can be painted in white paint. But
the Priest/ess will still walk around with the sword,
starting and finishing in the east, "marking" it anddirecting power into it through the point of the sword.
On the line of the Circle stand four white, unlit

candles; one in the north, one in the east, one in thesouth and one in the west. If you wish, there may be
additional candles, already lit, between these four.
They should stand around the Circle but outside theline. They would be there purely for extra illumination,
if required.
The first ritual performed, always, is what, in
Saxon Witchcraft, is called ERECTING THE TEMPLE.
Other traditions call it, variously, OPENING THE CIRCLE, CASTING THE CIRCLE, or similar. In this ritual
the Circle and all within it is properly purified andconsecrated. For now I will just deal with casting a Circle
sufficient for your Self-Dedication/Initiation. Presumingthat you have not yet even made your athame, thiscasting is of the most basic. You will need your altar
furniture: candle, censer, goblet or drinking-horn,
salt and water, libation dish and (if you wish) figures
representing the deities. There should be wine in thegoblet.
SELF-DEDICATIONThis ritual should be performed during the waxing
moon, as close to the full moon as possible. For the ritual
I would suggest you be completely naked, wearing
no jewelry of any kind.
Along with the rest of the altar furniture there
should be a small dish of anointing oil (see Lesson Thirteen,
page 198 for recipe) standing between the water and thesalt.
The altar is set up in the center so that, when you
stand in front of it, you are facing east. The Circle isindicated (by cord, chalk or paint) about you. Sit, or
kneel, before the altar with your eyes closed. Concentrate your thoughts on seeing, in your mind's eye,yourself enclosed in a ball of white light. Direct yourenergies to make that light expand to completely fill
the Circle. Hold it for a moment and then relax. Opening
your eyes, stand and move to the east. Point your rightforefinger (left, if left-handed) down at the Circle line.
Walk slowly around the Circle, deosil, "drawing" theCircle through the power being directed down yourarm and off your pointing finger (figure 4.1A). Whenyou have been all the way around, return to the altar(figure 4.IB). Light the altar candle and the incense.
Now take the altar candle and, moving round the altar,
light the east candle from the altar candle. Continue
and light the south, west and north candles {figure A).
Continue on back to the east then back to standing infront of the altar, and replace the altar candle (figure B).
Now, again concentrate your energies

44 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

down your arm and finger and place the tip of your forefinger in the salt.
Say:"Salt is Life. Let this Salt be pure and let it purify my life, as I
use it in this Rite, dedicated to the God and the Goddess* inwhom I believe."
Now take three pinches of the salt and drop them, one at a time, into thewater. Stir the water three times round, deosil, with your finger and say:"Let the Sacred Salt drive out any impurities in this Water thattogether they may be used in the service of these deities;
throughout these Rites and at any time and in any way I may
use them."
Take the bowl of salted water to the east and, walking deosil, sprinkle it on
the line of the Circle. Replace it on the altar; take up the censer and, again
from the east, go around the Circle once more, swinging the
incense-burner along its line. Return to the altar and replace it. Say:
"The Sacred Circle is about me. I am here of my own free will
and accord, in Peace and in Love."

There are several ways of creating a temporary Circle. One is to permanently mark theCircle on a secondary piece of carpet that can berotted up and put away between rituals, andunrolled and laid down over the regular floor
covering when needed. Another is to have a
six to twelve inch wide length of material in
the form of a circle, with the ritual Circle marked
on it. This can also be taken up and laid downwhen needed. The advantage is that it is far lessbulky than a complete carpet and so mucheasier to store.

Dip your forefinger into the salted water and mark a cross in a circle © on
your forehead, in the position of the third eye (between the eyebrows).
Then mark a Pentagram-^ on your chest, over your heart. Say:
"I now invite the gods to witness this Rite I hold in theirhonor."
Hold your hand, with finger pointing up, high in salute as you now say:"God and Goddess; Lord and Lady; Father and Mother of
All Life,
Guard me and guide me within this Circle and without it, In all
things. So mote it be."Figure 4.1A

Kiss your hand to the Lord and the Lady, then take up the goblet and spill alittle of the wine on the ground (or into the libation dish) as an offering to
the gods, with the words:"The Lord and the Lady!" Take a drink and then replace the goblet
on the altar with the words:
Figure 4.1B

'You may insert the names of the deities you have chosen, if you wish.

Lesson Four: Getting Started / 45

"Now is the Temple erected. I shall notleave it but with good reason. So be it."Take up the goblet and slowly pour the remainder ofthe wine on to the ground, saying:

Sit or kneel before the altar, head bowed, and meditate
for a few minutes on the God and the Goddess, theCraft and what the Old Religion means to you. Thenstand and lift both hands high above the altar andsay:"As this wine drains from the goblet (horn), So
let the blood drain from my body Should I
ever do aught to harm the gods, Or those in
kinship with their love. So mote it be!""Lord and Lady hear me now!
I am here a simple pagan holding thee inhonor. Far have I journeyed and long
have I
searched,
Seeking that which I desire above all things. I
am of the trees and of the fields. I am of thewoods and of the springs; The streams andthe hills. I am of thee and thee of me."Lower your arms.
"Grant me that which I desire.
Permit me to worship the gods
And all that the gods represent.
,
Make me a Lover of Life in All Things.
Well do I know the creed:That if I do not have that spark of Love
within me,
Then will I never find it without me. Love isthe Law and Love is the Bond. All this I
honor above aught else."
Kiss your right hand and hold it high.
"My Lord and Lady, here do I stand before
you, Naked and unadorned, to dedicate
myselfto thine honor. Ever will I protect you
and that which isyours. Let none speak ill of you, forever will I
defend you.
You are my life and I am yours, From thisday forth. I accept and will ever abide by the
WiccanRede:'An' it harm none, do what thou wilt'.
So be it."Dip your forefinger in the oil and again make the sign ofthe cross in a circle on your third eye, and the Pentagram
over your heart. Then, also, touch the oil to yourgenitals, right breast (nipple), left breast, and thengenitals again. (This last forms the Sacred Triangle,
symbolizing the drawing of power up from the root ofthat power). Say:
"As a sign of my rebirth I take unto myself a
new name.
Henceforth I shall be known as ..(Name)..,For my life within the Craft. So mote it be!"Now sit comfortably and, with eyes closed, meditate on
what the Craft means to you. It may well be that, at thistime, you will receive some indication that you areindeed in touch with the gods. But whether you do ornot, just let your feelings for them, and for the Old
Religion, flow from your body. Luxuriate in the feeling of"coming home"; of having finally become one with the
Old Religion.
When you have finished meditating, if you feellike singing or dancing or celebrating in any otherway, go ahead and do so. Then, when you are ready,stand and raise both hands high and say:I thank the gods for their attendance.
As I came here in love of them, I now go
my way.
Love is the Law, and Love is the Bond. So be
it! The Temple is now closed."
The above is adapted from the Seax-Wica Riteof Self-Dedication.
Although I have not yet given the full details of
the regular ERECTING THE TEMPLE Ritual (nor had
you consecrate your tools) I will divert for a moment tofollow this Self-Dedication with a full coven Initiation
Ceremony, for the sake of completeness on this46 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

subject. Next lesson I will continue from where I here left off.
COVEN INITIATION

As with all of the rituals in this workbook, they are presented as
patterns—blueprints which you may either adopt or adapt. You will seethat this Initiation Rite contains all of the elements I have previously
discussed. If you decide to write your own, I urge you to follow thegeneral pattern.
In this ceremony I have written it as for a Priest initiating a female. It
can obviously be adapted for reversal of the roles (in virtually all
traditions male initiates female and female initiates male).
It is usual for the Initiate to be naked in this rite. If the coven usuallyworks naked then, of course, this is fine. However, if the coven is usuallyrobed then the Initiate should either be the only one naked or shouldwear a robe that can be opened down the front as and when indicated(even robed covens usually wear nothing under their robes).
The Initiation can take place with all the coven present; with only thePriest, Priestess and Initiate; or with Priest, Priestess, one or two assistants
and the Initiate. The coven should decide which method they prefer.
The below ritual is written for Priest, Priestess, two assistants (whom I
shall call MAIDEN and SQUIRE) and Initiate. In addition to the usual
altar furniture, there is a dish of anointing oil between the water and thesalt and a red, nine-foot length of cord and a blindfold on the altar. The
Priestess's Goddess Crown and the Priest's Horned Helmet rest beside thealtar. The Initiate wears no jewelry of any kind, nor make-up, and waits ina room outside the Temple Room. Anointing will be done as described in the
Self Dedication. A Keltic Cross in a circle $ is drawn slightly above andbetween the eyes, in the position of the Third Eye; a Pentagram^ isdrawn over the heart; an inverted triangle is marked by touching the
genitals, right breast, left breast and genitals again.
The ERECTING THE TEMPLE ritual is performed in the usual manner(see next lesson). The bell is rung three times.
Priestess: "Let there be none who suffer loneliness; none who are friendlessand without brother or sister. For all may find love and peace
within the Circle."
Priest: "With open arms, the Lord and Lady welcome all."Squire: "I bring news of one who has traveled far, seeking that which we
enjoy."
Maiden: "Long has been her journey, but now she feels an end isnear."
Priest: "Of whom do you speak?"Squire:"Of she who, even now, waits outside our Temple, seeking
entry."
Priestess: "Who caused her to come here?"
Maiden: "She came herself, of her own free will."
Priest: "What does she seek?"
Maiden: "She seeks to become one with the Lord and the Lady. She
seeks to join with us in our worship of them."

Lesson Four: Getting Started / 47

Priestess: "Who can vouch for this person?"
Squire: "I can. As her teacher* I have shown her theways; pointed her in the right direction andset her feet upon the path. But she has chosen to
take this step and now bids you give her
entrance."
Priest: "Can she be brought before us?"Squire: "Indeed she can."Priestess: "Then let it be so."
SQUIRE takes Cord and athame; MAIDEN takes blindfold and candle. They go, clockwise, around Circle tothe east and there exit the Circle.t They go out of the
Temple, to the Initiate. MAIDEN blindfolds her while

SQUIRE binds her (see illustration). With initiate between
them, they approach the door to the Temple Room.
SQUIRE bangs on door with handle of athame.
Priest: "Who knocks?"
Squire: "We return with one who would join ournumber."Priestess: "What is her name?" Initiate: "My nameis ...(Given Name)... I beg entry." Priestess: "Enter thisour Temple."
The three enter the Temple Room and stand outside
the Circle, in the east. MAIDEN holds the candle;
SQUIRE the athame. The bell is rung once.

METHOD OF BINDING FOR AN INITIATION
1.
2.
3.
4.

Nine foot red cord is looped over Initiate's left wrist, behind herback. At mid-point of cord, a single reef, or square, knot is tied.
Initiate's right arm is laid wrist over wrist, over left arm andanother knot is tied. Note: Arms form base of triangle to head (seeilustration):
Two ends of cord are taken up and around either side of Initiate's
head, crossing in front.
Looping one end on around the back of the head, the two ends are tiedwith a bow at the right shoulder.

•This part should obviously be played by the person who has been working with the initiate up to this point,tSee details for entering and exiting a cast Circle in Lesson Ten.

48 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Priest: "...(Name)..., why do you come here?" Initiate:"To worship the gods in whom I believe andto become one with them and with mybrothers and sisters of the Craft." Priestess:"What do you bring with you?" Initiate: "1 bringnothing but my True Self, naked
and unadorned." Priestess: "Then I bid you
enter this our Circle ofWorship and Magick."
SQUIRE admits them to the Circle. They stand justwithin, still in the east. PRIEST and PRIESTESS movearound to them; PRIEST carrying the censer and
PRIESTESS the salted water.
Priest:"To enter this our Sacred Circle, I here duly
consecrate you, in the names of the God andthe Goddess."

If Initiate is robed, the PRIESTESS opens the robe
while the PRIEST sprinkles and censes her, men closes itagain. PRIEST and PRIESTESS return to the altar,
Mowed by SQUIRE, INITIATE and MAIDEN. PRIEST
and PRIESTESS stand in front of altar, while SQUIRE
and MAIDEN move round to far side, opposite, withINITIATE between them. They face Priest and Priestess.
Bell is rung twice.
Priestess: "I speak now for the Lady. Why are you
here?" Initiate: "I am here to become one
with the Lord andthe Lady; to join in worship of them." Priest:"I am he who speaks for the Lord. Who
made you come here?" Initiate: "Nonemade me come, for I am here of myown choosing." Priest: "Do you wish an
end to the life you have
known so far?"Initiate: "I do." Priest:"Then so be it."With his athame, SQUIRE cuts a lock of Initiate's hairand throws it on the censer. SQUIRE and MAIDEN
lead INITIATE around Circle to the east.
Maiden: "Hearken, all ye at the East Gate. Here is one
who would join us. Welcome her and bringher joy."
They move on to the south.

Squire:"Hearken all ye at the South Gate. Here is one
who would join us. Welcome her and bringher joy."

They move on to the west.
Maiden:"Hearken all ye at the West Gate. Here is
one who would join us. Welcome her andbring her joy."

They move on to the north.
Squire:"Hearken all ye at the North Gate. Here is
one who would join us. Welcome her andbring her joy."

SQUIRE and MAIDEN lead INITIATE back to standbehind altar again, facing Priest and Priestess. PRIEST
and PRIESTESS place their crowns on their heads
and, taking up their athames, stand side by side with
their right arms holding the knives high in salute.
SQUIRE rings bell three times.
Maiden: "Now, then, must you face those whom
you seek."
MAIDEN removes Initiate's blindfold.
Maiden: "Behold, in these two priests do we see thegods. And in that know that we and they
are the same." Squire: "As we need thegods, so do the gods needus." Priest: "I am he who spe'aks for theGod. Yet are
you and I equal." Priestess: "I am she who
speaks for the Goddess. Yet
are you and I equal."
PRIEST and PRIESTESS lower their athames and present the blades to the INITIATE, who kisses theblades.
Initiate:"I salute the Lord and the Lady, as I salute
those who represent them. I pledge my loveand support to them and to my brothers andsisters of the Craft."Priest: "Know you the Wiccan Rede?" Initiate: "Ido. An' it harm none, do what thou wilt." Priestess:"And do you abide by that Rede?" Initiate: "I do."Lesson Four: Getting Started 149

Priest:"Well said. Let your bonds be loosed that ye
may be reborn."

SQUIRE unties cord. MAIDEN leads INITIATE aroundto stand between Priest and Priestess. MAIDEN thenreturns to her place beside Squire.
Priestess: "That you may start life afresh it is only meetand right that you start with a name of your own
choosing. Have you such a name?" Initiate: "I have. It
is ... (Craft Name)..." Priest: "Then shall you beknown by that name henceforth, by your brothers andsisters of the Craft."
PRIEST takes up anointing oil. If Initiate is robed,
PRIESTESS opens robe. PRIEST anoints (Cross, Pentagram and Triangle) and says:
Priest:All:"With this Sacred Oil I anoint and cleanse
thee, giving new life to one of the Childrenof the Gods. From this day forth you shall beknown as ...(Craft Name)..., within this Circle
and without it, to all your Brothers andSisters of the Craft. So Mote It Be."
"So mote it be!"Priestess: "Now you are truly one of us. As one of us
will you share our knowledge of the gods
and of the arts of healing, of divination, of
magick and of all the mystic arts. These shallyou learn as you progress."
Priest:"But we caution you ever to remember the
Wiccan Rede. An' it harm none, do what thouwilt."
Priestess: "An' it harm none, do what thou wilt. Comenow, ...(Name)..., and meet your kindred."
INITIATE salutes* Priest and Priestess then moves
around to salute and greet all the others in the Circle. If
the initiation has been taking place without the othercoven members being present, they now return to theCircle to join the celebrants. If it is the coven custom topresent a newcomer with any gift(s) this may be done at
this time. Bell is rung three times.
Priest:"Now is it truly a time for celebration."

Feasting and merriment follow till the Temple isclosed.
Next lesson you will consecrate your tools, so thatthey may be used in future rituals.

'When one Witch salutes another, it is with an embrace and a kiss.

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1.

How did you prepare yourself for the Initiation?

2. If you are joining an existing Coven, describe the members, Priest and Priestess, and goals of that Coven. Why
are you joining that particular Coven?

INITIATION RITUALCOVEN MEMBERSGOALS FOR COVEN

LESSON FIVECOVENS AND RITUALS

members of your coven frequently become closer toyou than the members of your own family, hence the
Craft is often referred to as a "family religion". And forthis reason you should choose your fellow Witchescarefully. It is not enough that you all have an interest in
the Old Religion. You must be thoroughly compatible;
completely comfortable and at ease with one another.
To get to this point usually takes time and for this reason
you shouldn't rush to form a coven.
Study the Craft together with your friends. Readall the Witchcraft books you can lay hands on, discussthem and question one another. If you know of any
initiated Witches, or can contact authors willing to correspond, don't be afraid to ask them questions.
Don't be so serious about all this that you have nosense of humor. Religion is a serious business, yes, but
the gods know how to laugh and Witches have always
believed in enjoying what they do. Coven rituals
should not be undertaken lightly, of course, but if
somebody makes a mistake (or sits on a candle!), don't
be afraid to be human about it and have a chuckle.
Religious rites should be performed because you want toperform them and because you enjoy performing them,
not because you have to perform them (we can leavethat to the other faiths!).

COVENS AND DEGREES

Throughout history there have been individual, or"Solitary" Witches ... Witches who worked (andfrequently lived) alone. There are still many today
who feel more comfortable that way and I will look atthem specifically later in this book. But the majority of
Witches work in groups, known as covens. The origin of
the word is in doubt. Margaret Murray (The Witch Cultin Western Europe) suggests it "is a derivative of'convene'."
The coven is a small group; usually no more than adozen. The "traditional" size is thirteen, though there
is absolutely no reason why that particular number
should be adhered to. Personally I have found that themost comfortable number is about eight. One of thethings that governs the number of people in the covenis the size of the circle in which they hold their rituals.
By tradition, again, this is nine feet in diameter, so it canat once be seen that the number of people who can
comfortably fit in its confines will be limited. But this isreally putting the cart before the horse. In actual fact
you should base the size of the circle on the number ofpeople, not the other way around. To arrive at the ideal
size, all should stand in a circle facing inwards andhold hands. Then move slowly outwards, with arms
outstretched, until your arms are extended as far as
possible. The Circle should then be of a size that will
just comfortably contain you all. Whether that means it
will be seven feet, eight feet, ten feet six inches or
fifteen feet in diameter doesn't matter. What is importantis that such a circle will contain the group comfortably,
without fear of breaking the boundaries even when
dancing round, yet also will not have any excess space.
A coven is a small, close-knit group. In fact, the

HIERARCHY AND PRIESTHOOD

The group needs a leader, or leaders. The leaders, as
priests for the group, will be representing the God andthe Goddess, so one male and one female leader would
seem to be the ideal. In the Saxon tradition (and somefew others) these are democratically chosen by thecoven members: they lead for a year and then there isa re-election (if re-elected, their terms runningconcurrently or not, they are known in their sub53

54 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

sequent terms as High Priest/ess, to indicate thisexperience). Such a system has the distinct advantage of(a) precluding any ego-trips and power-plays by thepriesthood, (b) giving everyone who wishes a chance
to lead the group and have the experience of running acoven and (c) allowing those good at the job to be
re-instated, while conversely allowing the removal of any
who abuse their position.
However, in many traditions there are founddegree systems—systems of advancement throughpromotion—and in these it is impossible to be a leader
without being of the requisite degree. Regretably
these systems do frequently lead to power-plays ("I'm ahigher degree ... ergo 'better'... Witch than you are!")and all the ramifications of favoritism/abuse/self-glorification. Let me hasten to add that this is notalways the case. It is simply that there is always thepotential. There have been many covens that haveexisted very happily for years with such a system.
In most degree systems you are initiated into theFirst Degree. Let's look at the Gardnerian tradition as a
typical example. There, in the First Degree, you participate in the rituals as part of the "chorus", as it were,and learn from your Elders. You must remain in that
degree for at least a year and a day. When taken to theSecond Degree you can then be more active in therituals. For example, a female Gardnerian of the Second
Degree can even cast the Circle for the High Priestess.
However, she cannot initiate anyone. After at least ayear and a day there, it is possible to then be taken to
the Third Degree, if found ready. As a Third Degree
Witch a Gardnerian female can break away and form a
new coven if she so desires. She would then run thatcoven, initiating whomever she wished, with no interference from her original High Priestess. Covens, yousee, are autonomous. Of course, the Third Degree
Witch does not have to break away and start afresh.
Many of that rank are quite content to stay in theoriginal coven, where they are regarded as "Elders".
Different traditions have different systems: somehave more than three degrees; some insist on a longer
minimum time between steps; some have the Priest
with equal powers to the Priestess.
What sort of a person should a Priest/ess be?
When I was originally initiated, by the Lady Olwen(Gerald Gardner's High Priestess) in Perth, Scotland, in
1963, she gave me an outline of what a really goodcoven leader should be. I don't know who the author
was, but this is what it said:

The Love Of the Priest and the Priestess You may
come to them for a few moments,
then go away and do whatever you will;
their love is unchanging. You may deny themto themselves or to
yourself, then curse them to any who will
listen; their love is unchanging. You may
become the most despised ofcreatures, then return to them; their loveis unchanging. You may become the enemy of
the gods
themselves, then return to them; theirlove is unchanging. Go where you will; stay
however long you
will and come back to them; their loveis unchanging. Abuse others; abuse yourself;
abuse themand come back to them; their love isunchanging. They will never criticize you; they
will neverminimize you; they will never fail you,because to them you are everything andthey themselves are nothing. They will
never deceive you; they will never ridiculeyou; they will never fail you, because tothem you are God/Goddess-nature, tobe served and they are your servants. No
matter what befalls you, No matter what you
become, They await you always. They know you;they serve you; they love .
you. Their love for you, in the changing world,
is unchanging. Their love, beloved, isunchanging.
A non-Witch (someone not initiated) is referred toas a cowan. Generally cowans cannot attend Circles,
though some traditions do have allowances for such
visitors. I personally think cowans should be able to sit-inat the religious rites (not the working of magick,however), if all of the coven are agreeable—and if thecoven works robed rather than skyclad. What betterway to learn of the true spirit of the Old Religion and to
determine whether or not it is the path sought? It also,
incidentally, is excellent Public Relations, helping
straighten the popular misconceptions.
Participation is very important in religion. One ofthe detractions of Christianity, I think, is the fact thatthe average worshipper is little more than a spectator.

Lesson Five: Covens and Rituals / 55

Sitting in the "audience", as it were, s/he can only watch most of theritual along with the rest of the crowd. How different in the Craft where, asa member of the coven "family", you are right there in the middle, taking
part.
Expound on this idea. As much as possible give different covenmembers things to do. At each meeting (or on a rotating system) have one
person in charge of the incense; another to see that the wine istopped-up; another to turn the pages of the book, etc.. All are supposedly
equal in the Circle; the ritual leaders (coven Priest and Priestess) are justthat... leaders, not rulers. PRIESTHOOD IS LEADERSHIP, NOT POWER
You will find that the rituals in the pages that follow are written to
include as many people as possible.
Once initiated you are a Witch and Priest/ess. The Craft is a religion ofpriesthood, which is how it is possible for Solitaries to conduct their own
rites. I might say a word here about titles. Everyone initiated is a Witch,but in none of the major traditions is the word used as a title, as I mentioned
briefly in Lesson Three. In other words, you are not known as "Witch Lema"or "Witch Scire", or whatever your name. You are simply "Lema" or "Scire".
Some traditions do use the titles "Lord" and "Lady" however. In
Gardnerian, and in Saxon, the High Priestess (only) is referred to as"Lady Freyan" (or whatever her name) and, when speaking to her, you
would use the phrase "my lady". But none of the other females is soaddressed. As stated, in traditions other than these both "Lord" and"Lady" seem to be applied indiscriminately. I don't know if there is any
historical precedent for this but, as with so many things, it doesn't reallymatter ... it's again a case of what suits you.
I am going to completely by-pass any discussion of the titles "Queen" or"King". Covens are autonomous and there are no" leaders of all Witches"recognized in Wicca, regardless of occasional claims to the contrary.
COVENSTEADS AND COVENDOMSThe name given to the home of the coven (the place where it always, ormost often, meets) is the Covenstead. Within the Covenstead, ofcourse, is found the Temple. The Covendom traditionally extends for one
league (approximately three miles) in all directions from the Covenstead.
This is the area where, traditionally, the coven's Witches live. It used tobe that one Covendom could not overlap another, so one Covensteadwould never be closer than six miles to the next. These days those-6fd
boundaries are seldom honored. However, you should still refer to yourown coven meeting-place as the Covenstead and, if you wish, you canthink of any distance up to halfway between your Covenstead and the next,
as the Covendom radius.
THE BOOK OF RITUALSThe Craft was originally a purely oral tradition—nothing was everwritten down; all was passed on by word of mouth. But with the start of thepersecutions Witches and covens had to go into hiding and, consequently, started to lose touch with one another. So that the rituals

Covendom

56 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

would not be lost, the Witches began to write them down.
Not everything; just the basic rituals. Since they were
having to meet in secret—"in the shadows", as it were—
the book in which the rites were kept became known as"The Book of Shadows". It is still called that today.
It used to be that there was just one such book foreach coven. Individual coven members might also
keep a book in which they kept notes on their own
specialty (e.g. herbal lore; astrology; healing) but there
was only the one book which contained all the rituals
and that would be in the safe-keeping of the Priest or
Priestess. This was obviously done so that there would
be less chance of the book being discovered by thoseantagonistic to the Craft.
In recent years it has become common for all Witches tohave a Book of Shadows, with everything contained
therein. You should start your own book, then. It is
possible to buy blank-paged books in stationery andoffice-supply stores and these are fine. Some traditions
hold that the book must have a black cover; others saygreen; others brown. Again, it is up to you.
Many Witches like to make their own book fromscratch, using parchment for the pages and binding
the finished product in tooled leather, or even between carved wooden covers. Putting together such abook can be a labor of love and certainly gives plenty ofscope for free artistic expression. Hand-binding is notdifficult to do. There are several books available on it(Hand Bookbinding by Aldren A. Watson, Bell Publishing,
NY 1963, is one). If you decide on one main coven book,in addition to any individual Witch's book, then several
people can work on that coven one.
You may feel free to do yours as you wish. I haveseen some really beautiful books, with elaborately
decorated pages, including illuminated lettering. Of
course, if you prefer simplicity that is all right too. Your
book should reflect YOU. One point worth bearing inmind—the book is to be used; the rituals to be read in the
Circle. Don't make the writing so elaborate that, in the
flickering candlelight, you can't read what is written!
As you come to the different rituals in this workbook, copy them into your own book. By the time
you've worked through this entire book your Book of
Shadows will be complete.
CONSECRATION OF TOOLSThe tools you have made—plus any jewelry you
might make—carry a variety of vibrations. Before using
your tools, therefore, it is necessary to ritually cleansethem and to dedicate them to the work you will beusing them for. This is done through a "sprinkling andcensing". When you charge your salt and then mix itwith the water, it becomes, in essence, "Holy Water".
Together with the smoke of the incense, this acts as a
spiritual cleansing agent.
The first thing you will consecrate will be yourknife, or athame, since you will need that for regularly
casting the Circle and for general ritual work. The
Consecration Ritual that follows is written for theathame. You simply change the wording to apply toanything else you happen to be consecrating (e.g.
sword, talisman). The consecration only need be done once. It
does not have to be repeated every time you have a
Circle.
Start by casting your Circle, as detailed in Lesson
Three—Self—Dedication. Go as far as the lines: "Now is
the Temple erected. I shall not leave it but with goodreason. So be it." Now continue:
Consecration Ritual Taking up yourknife, hold it high in salute and say:"God and Goddess; Lord and Lady; Father
and Mother of All Life. Here do I present mypersonal Tool for yourapproval. From the materials of nature has it
beenfashioned;
Wrought into the form you now see. I wouldthat it henceforth may serve me As a tool
and weapon, in thy service."
Place it on the altar and stand, or kneel, for a few
moments with head bowed, thinking back over theconstruction of the knife (sword, talisman or whatever)
and what you did to personalize it; to make it truly
your own. Then dip your fingers in the salted waterand sprinkle the knife. Turn it over and sprinkle theother side. Now pick it up and hold it in the smoke of the
incense, turning it so that all parts of it get thoroughlycensed. Say:
"May the Sacred Water and the smoke of theHoly Incense drive out any impurities in f this knife,that it be pure and cleansed, ready to serve me andmy gods in any way I desire. So mote it be."Hold it between the palms of your hands and concentrate all your energies—your "power"—into the knife.

Lesson Five: Covens and Rituals / 57

Then say:"I charge this knife, through me, with thewisdom and might of the God and Goddess.
May it serve us well, keeping me from harmand acting in their service, in all things. So
mote it be."If you are consecrating other things at this time, repeat
the above with each of them in turn. Then close theCircle as follows. Raise your newly consecrated athame inyour right hand (left, if left-handed) and say:
"My thanks to the gods for their attendance.
May they ever watch over me*, guarding
and guiding me* in all that I do. Loveis the Law and Love is the Bond. So Be
It."
Keep the consecrated item on your person, wherever you go, for twenty-four hours following the consecration. Then sleep with it under your pillow for
three consecutive nights. From now on you will use
your athame as indicated in the rituals which follow. It isyour own personal tool. There is no harm in letting
someone else handle it, just to look at it, but do notlend it to anyone for use in or out of the Circle.
Time now to look at the opening and closing
ceremonies, as performed by a coven, with the appropriate tools. In the Saxon tradition we call these rites
ERECTING THE TEMPLE and CLEARING THE
TEMPLE. Preferring these terms to others, such as"Opening and Closing the Circle", I will use themhere.
The rituals in this workbook are written to utilize anumber of people in the coven. Don't hesitate tomodify them for more or less people. Where I haveindicated "PRIEST/ESS" it means the words/action
may be performed by either one. Otherwise one or theother will be specified.
ERECTING THE TEMPLEThe Circle is marked out on the floor. There is a candle ateach of the four quarters; yellow to the east, red to thesouth, blue to the west, green to the north. The altar is
set up in the center of the Circle so that, when*"us" if more than yourself in the Circle.

facing it, you are facing east. On the altar are one or
two white altar candles, thurible, dishes of salt and ofwater, bell, deity figures (optional), bowl of anointing
oil, goblet of wine (or fruit juice), libation dish, sword (ifyou have one) and/or priests' athames. CENSERER
lights the incense and the altar candles (not the Circle
candles) and then leaves the area to wait, with the restof the coven, in the northeastern quarter.
PRIEST and PRIESTESS enter the Circle, from theeast (just on the northern side of the east candle) — aswill all, when they come in—and move to stand
before the altar, facing east. PRIEST rings bell threetimes.
Priest/ess: "Be it known the Temple is about to be erected;
the Circle is about to be cast. Let those who
desire attendance gather in the east andawait the summons. Let none be here but of
their own free will."
PRIEST and PRIESTESS each take an altar candle andmove around the altar, deosil, and across to the east.
PRIESTESS lights the East Candle from the one she
carries.
Priestess: "Here do I bring light and air in at the east, toilluminate our temple and bring it the breathof life."
They move on round to the south, where the PRIEST
lights the South Candle.
Priest:"Here do I bring light and fire in at thesouth, to illuminate our temple and bring it
warmth."They move to the west, where the PRIESTESS lights
the West Candle.
Priestess: "Here do I bring light and water in at the west, toilluminate our temple and wash it clean."
They move to the north, where the PRIEST lights theNorth Candle.
Priest:"Here do I bring light and earth in at thenorth, to illuminate our temple and to build
it in strength."581 Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

They move on around to the east, then back to the altar
and replace their candles. PRIEST/ESS* takes up thesword (or athame) and, returning to the east, now
walks slowly around the Circle with sword-point
following the marked line. As s/he walks, s/he concentrates power into the Circle line. When completed,s/he returns to the altar. The bell is rung three times.
PRIEST places the point of his athame in the salt andsays:
Priest:"As Salt is Life, let it purify us in all ways wemay use it. Let it cleanse our bodies andspirits as we dedicate ourselves in these rites,
to the glory of the God and the Goddess."
PRIESTESS takes up the Salt dish and uses the point of
her athame to drop three portions of salt into thewater. She stirs the now-salted water with the athameand says:
Priestess: "Let the Sacred Salt drive out any impurities inthis Water, that we may use it throughout

ENTERING AND LEAVING THE CIRCLE

At no time during the working of magick should the Circle bebroken. At other times it is possible to leave the Circle and return,though this should always be done with care, and no more thanabsolutely necessary. It is done in the following manner.
Leaving the Circle
With athame in hand, standing in the east, make a motion as
though cutting across the line of the Circle; first on your right andthen on your left (see Figures A and B). You may then walk out of theCircle, between the lines. If you like you can imagine that you havecut a gateway, or doorway, in the east through which to pass.
Re-entry

When you return to the Circle, walk back in through that sameeastern gateway and "close" it behind you by "reconnecting" theline of the Circle. Actually three circles were originally cast—one
with the sword, one with the salted water and one with the incense— so
you have three lines to reconnect. You do this by moving your blade
backwards and forwards along the lines (see Figure C,).
Incidentally, this is why the blade of the athame is double-edged. It•In the light half of the year, the Priestess; in the dark half, the Priest.

is so that it will "cut" in either direction, in this and similar magicalactions.
To finish, you"seal" the break by raising your athame andmoving the blade to describe a pentagram. Start at the top andbring it down to the bottom left. Then, move it across to the right,
slightly upwards; straight across to the left; down to the bottom
right and, finally, back up to the top (see figure D).
Then kiss the blade of your knife and return to your place.
Normally once the Circle starts no one should leave until the Clearing
the Temple. The Circle should not, therefore, be broken unlessabsolutely necessary (such as when someone really has to go to thebathroom!). If the person cutting out is to be gone for some time,then s/he should do steps A and B, pass through, then do step C
from the outside, to temporarily close the Circle while they aregone. On returning, s/he will then need to cut through again (at thesame spot; steps A and B, pass through and close as usual with step C,
followed by step D to seal it.
Note: ONCE MAGICK WORK IS STARTED, THE CIRCLE MUSTNOT BE BROKEN.

Lesson Five: Covens and Rituals 159

these rites."
PRIEST takes up Thurible; PRIESTESS takes up Salted Water. They again
move round the altar to the east. Starting there, they slowly walk clockwisearound the Circle, PRIESTESS sprinkling the salted water along the line of
the circle and PRIEST passing censer along its line, till they return to theirstarting point. They then return to the altar and replace the tools. PRIEST
drops a pinch of salt into the oil and stirs it with his finger. He then anoints
the Priestess (Note: if robed, the Keltic Cross in Circle alone is used. If
skyclad, the Pentagram and Inverted Triangle follow).
Priest:"I consecrate thee in the names of the God and the Goddess,
bidding you welcome to this their Temple."

They salute, then PRIESTESS anoints Priest, with the same words arid
salute. They then both move, together, round to the east, PRIESTESS
carrying the oil and PRIEST his athame. There he makes two "cuts"
across the line of the Circle, thus opening it (see Figures A-B).
One by one the coveners enter. As they do so they are anointed— themales by the Priestess and the females by the Priest—and greeted with
the Words:
Priest/ess: "I consecrate thee in the names of the God and of the Goddess,
bidding you welcome to this their Temple. Merry Meet."
The COVENERS move around to stand all about the altar, as far as possible
alternating male and female. When the last has been admitted, the
PRIEST closes the Circle by drawing his athame across the line again,
connecting the two "broken" ends. PRIESTESS sprinkles a little of the oil
there and PRIEST raises his athame and draws a pentagram to seal it (seeillustration). They then return to the altar. The bell is rung three times.
Priest/ess: "May you all be here in peace and in love. We bid you welcome.
Let now the Quarters be saluted and the gods invited."
The COVENER closest to the east turns outward and moves to standfacing the East Candle, with her/his athame raised. S/he draws an
invoking pentagram (see diagram) and says:
Covener: "All hail to the element of Air; Watchtower of the East. May it
stand in strength, ever watching over our Circle."
S/he kisses the blade of her/his athame and returns to the Circle. The
Covener closest to the south then turns to face the South Candle. With
athame raised, s/he draws an invoking pentagram and says:
Covener: "All hail to the element of Fire; Watchtower of the south. May it
stand in strength, ever watching over our Circle."
S/he kisses the blade of her/his athame and returns to the Circle.

60 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

The Covener closest to the west then turns to face theWest Candle. With athame raised, s/he draws an invoking pentagram and says:
Covener: "All hail to the element of Water; Watchtower ofthe West. May it stand in strength, everwatching over our Circle."
S/he kisses the blade of her/his athame and returns to
the Circle. The Covener closest to the north then turns toface the North Candle. With athame raised, s/hedraws an invoking pentagram and says:
Covener: "All hail to the element of Earth; Watchtower of
the North. May it stand in strength, everwatching over our Circle."
S/he kisses the blade of her/his athame and returns to
the Circle. PRIEST/ESS raises athame and draws apentagram, saying:
Priestess: "All hail the four Quarters and all hail the
Gods! We bid the Lord and Lady welcome
and invite that they join with us, witnessingthese rites we hold in their honor. All hail!"
All:"All hail!"Priest: "Let us share the Cup of Friendship."
PRIEST takes the goblet and pours a little of the wine
onto the ground, or into the libation dish, saying thenames of the gods. He then takes a drink and passes
the goblet to the Priestess. She drinks and passes it to
the nearest Covener on her left, who drinks and passes it
on to the next. The goblet goes all around the Circle
until all have drunk and it is returned to the altar(Note: it is not necessary for everyone to pour libations;just the first person—in this case, the Priest). Bell isrung three times.
Priestess: "Now are we all here and is the Temple
erected. Let none leave but with good reason,till the Temple is cleared. So Mote It Be."All:
"So Mote It Be!"
Erecting the Temple is done at the start of every
meeting. It is, basically, the consecration of both themeeting place and of the participants. The meeting— be
it Esbat, Sabbat, or whatever—continues from thispoint. Then, at the end of every meeting, there is the
Clearing the Temple.
CLEARING THE TEMPLE

Priest/ess*: "We came together in love and friendship;
let us part the same way. Let us spread thelove we have known in this Circle outward
to all; sharing it with those we meet."
PRIEST/ESS raises sword, or athame, in salute. ALL
COVENERS raise their athames.
Priest/ess: "Lord and Lady, our thanks to you for sharing
this time together. Our thanks for watchingover us; guarding and guiding us in all
things. Love is the Law and Love is theBond. Merry did we meet; merry do wepart; merry may we meet again."All:"Merry meet; merry part; merry meet again."
Priest/ess: "The Temple is now cleared. So Mote It
Be."
All:
"So Mote It Be!"
ALL kiss their athame blades. They then move about
the Temple to kiss one another in farewell.
ESBATS AND SABBATS

The regular meetings of Witches are called ESBATS. It
is at these that any work is done (e.g. magick, healing).
Most covens meet once a week, but there is really no
hard and fast rule. There should certainly be a Circle atleast once a month, at the full moon. Since there are thirteen
full moons in the year then, obviously, there will be atleast thirteen meetings in the year. In addition to the Fullmoons, many covens also celebrate the new moons.
And in addition to the Esbats there are the festivals known as SABBATS (from the French s'ebattre, torevel or frolic). There are eight of these, spaced more orless equidistant throughout the year. They are, thefour"Greater Sabbats": Samhain (pronounced"soe-in", though the vast majority of Witches mispronounce it "Sam-ain"), Imbolc (pronounced"7m-bulk"), Beltane (pronounced "b'yal-t'n") and
Lughnasadh (pronounced "Loo-n'sar")t and the four"Lesser Sab-bats": Spring and Autumn Equinox andSummer and Winter Solstice. Margaret Murray, in God of
the Witches,'Depending on the time of year.
tYou will find much disagreement on the subject of pronunciation. Don't worry too much about it.

Lesson Five: Covens and Rituals / 61

points out that the two most important—Samhain andBeltane—coincide with the breeding seasons of bothwild and domestic animals. The pagan festivals werelater exploited by the Christian Church. For example
Imbolc became Candlemas and Lughnasadh became
Lammas.
On each of the eight Sabbats a different ceremony isperformed, appropriate for the time of year. Once or
twice in the year the Sabbat date may coincide with afull or new moon. When that happens the Esbat
normally done on that date gives way to the Sabbat.
Essentially Sabbats are looked upon as a time forrejoicing and celebration. No work is done at a Sabbat,
unless there is some emergency such as a healing.
Here, then, are the ceremonies for the Esbats and the
Sabbats.

would ask of the gods; whatever you would
do; be assured that it will harm no one—not
even yourself. And remember that as you
give, so it shall return threefold. Give ofyourself—your love; your life—and you
will be thrice rewarded. But send forth harmand that too will return thrice over."
Here there should be music and song. If you have afavorite song, or chant, to the Lord and the Lady, use it.
Or someone may produce something extemporaneously. If you have instruments, play them. If not, at thevery least clap hands and chant the names of the God
and the Goddess. Enjoy this for a few minutes.

ESBAT RITE

Priest/ess: "Beauty and Strength are in the Lord andthe Lady both. Patience and Love; Wisdom
and Knowledge."

Here is a basic Esbat ritual that can be used every
week, if you meet that often. For times of the Full
Moon, include the Full Moon Rite (below) whereindicated. Similarly with the New Moon Rite.

[If the Esbat is taking place at either the Full or the New
Moon, then the appropriate segment (below) is inserted at
this point. Otherwise go directly into the CAKES AND
ALE ceremony.]

The Erecting the Temple is performed.
Priest/ess: "Once more we meet together, one withanother, to share our joy of life and to reaffirm our
feelings for the gods." Covener: "The Lord and theLady have been good to us. It is meet that we thankthem for all that we have."
2nd'They also know that we have needs andCovener: they listen to us when we call upon them."
Priest/ess: "Then let us join together to thank the God
and the Goddess for those favors they havebestowed upon us. And let us also ask ofthem that which we feel we need; remem
bering always that the gods help only those
who help themselves."
Then should follow three or four minutes of silence
while each, in their own way, gives thanks or requests
the help of the gods.* Bell is rung three times.
Priest/ess: "An' it harm none, do what thou wilt."
All:"An' it harm none, do what thou wilt."
Priest/ess: "Thus runs the Wiccan Rede. Remember it
well. Whatever you desire; whatever you

FULL MOON RITEPRIESTESS stands with her legs apart and her arms
raised up and out, stretching to the sky. PRIEST kneels
before her. All the COVENERS also kneel. ALL raise
their arms high.
Covener: "When the Moon rides on high,As she crosses the sky,
And the stars on her gown trail behind,
Then we Wiccans below
Are with love all aglow,
Just to see her so brightly enshrined."
Covener: "On the night of Full Moon,
As we sing to the tune
Of the Lady who watches above,
We raise high our song
As she glides by so strong,
And we bask in the light of her love."
ALL lower their arms. PRIEST rises and kisses Priestess,then kneels again.
Priest:"Lovely lady, you have been known by somany names to so many people.

*In paganism generally it is thought to be far more efficacious to speak "from the heart" rather than read a set prayer, parrot-fashion, from a book.

62 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Aphrodite, Kerridwen, Diana, Ea, Freya,
Gana, Isis, and many more have been yournames. Yet do we know you and love you
as ...(Name)...*, and in that name do weadore you and worship you. With your
Lord by your side, do we give you due
honor and invite you to join with us on this,
your special night."
PRIEST stands and, with his athame—or wand, ifused—draws a pentagram above the Priestess's head. A
COVENER rings the bell three times.
Priest:"Descend, my Lady, descend we pray thee,and speak with us your children."

PRIEST kneels again. PRIESTESS spreads her arms
out to her coven. If she feels so moved, she may now
speak—or allow the gods to speak through her. If she
does not "feel the spirit", she may simply recite thefollowing:
Priestess: "I am She who watches over thee;
Mother of you all.
Know that I rejoice that you do not forgetme. To pay me homage at the full of theMoon is meet and right and brings joy unto
yourselves even as it does to me. Know that,with my good Lord, I weave the skein of life
for each and every one of you.
I am at the beginning of life and at its end;
The Maiden, the Mother and the Crone.
Wherever you may be, if you seek me knowthat I am always here, For I abide deep
within you.
Look, then, within yourself if you would
seek me.
J
I am Life and I am Love.
Find me and rejoice; for love is my music
and laughter is my song.
Be true to me and I will ever be true to you.
Love is the Law and Love is the Bond.
So Mote It Be."
PRIESTESS folds her arms across her breast and closes
her eyes. Then follows a moment or two of silence
before going into the Cakes and Ale Ceremony.
NEW, or DARK MOON RITEPRIESTESS stands with head bowed and her arms
*The name your coven uses for the Goddess.

across her breast. COVENERS start to move deosilround the Circle, chanting the name of the Goddess.
They move around completely three times then stop.
PRIEST stands before Priestess.
Priest:"Dark is the night as we reach this turning
point. Here is a time of death; yet a timeof birth."
Covener: "Endings and beginnings." Covener:"Ebbing and flowing." Covener: "A journey done; ajourney yet to start." Covener: "Let us honor now theCrone—Motherdarksome and divine." Covener: "Let us
give of our strength and in returnsee rebirth." Priest: "Behold, the Lady ofDarkness; Mother,
Grandmother. Old yet ever young."
PRIESTESS slowly raises her head and spreads herarms outwards and upwards. ALL kneel.
Priestess: "Hear me! Honor me and love me now andalways.
As the wheel turns we see birth, death andrebirth. Know, from this, that every end is abeginning;
Every stop a fresh starting point. Maiden,
Mother, Crone ... I am all of these and more.
Whenever you have need of anything, callupon me. I, and my Lord, are here—for I
abide within you all. Even at the darkest oftimes, when there seems no single spark towarm you and the night seems blackest ofall, I am here, watching and waiting to growwith you, in strength and in love.
I am she who is at the beginning and the end of
all time. So Mote It Be."All:
"So Mote It Be!"
PRIESTESS folds her arms again. There is a moment or
two of silence, then follows the Cakes and Ale
ceremony.
There is a ceremony known as CAKES AND ALE.
This acts as the "connecting link", as it were, between
the ritualistic part of the meeting and the working/social part... the sitting and talking on Craft and non-Lesson Five: Covens and Rituals 163

Craft matters; discussion of magick, healing, divination;
consideration of personal or coven problems, etc.
These things all come after the worship. Honoring thegods is first and foremost in Wicca.
Some traditions call this ceremony "Cakes andWine", others "Cakes and Ale".* The latter is perhaps
more indicative of the "common" origins of the religion(peasants and serfs would seldom, if ever, get to drink
wine. Ale was their lot and they were happy with it). At
Wiccan coven meetings today, however, even if
retaining the "Ale" in the title of the ceremony, Witches
drink what they prefer: ale, beer, wine, fruitjuice.
Such a ceremony is found universally, in various
forms, as a thanking of the gods for the necessities oflife; thanking them for the food and drink we need inorder to live.
A plate of cakes (or cookies) rests on the Altar,
beside the goblet Wine (or whatever) is in the goblet
CAKES AND ALE
One COVENER is responsible for keeping thegoblet filled. At the start of this rite he fills it andsays:
Covener: "Now is the time for us to give thanks to thegods for that which sustains us."
Priest: "So be it. May we ever be aware of all that we
owe to the gods."
PRIESTESS calls two coveners by name, one male andone female. They come and stand before the altar. The
FEMALE takes the goblet in both hands and holds it
between her breasts. The MALE takes his athame andholds the handle between his two palms, with theblade pointing down. He slowly lowers the point into
the wine, with the words:

MALE covener takes up plate of cakes and holds them
before him. FEMALE touches each of them with thepoint of her athame, and says:
Female "This food is the blessing of the gods toCovener: our bodies. Let us partake of it freely. And,
as we share, let us remember always to see
to it that aught that we have we share withthose who have nothing."
SHE takes a cake and eats it, then takes the plate andoffers to the male, who takes and eats. The cakes are
passed around the Circle, Priest and Priestess taking
last. MALE and FEMALE coveners return to theirplaces in the Circle.
Priestess: "As we enjoy these gifts of the gods, let us
remember that without the gods we would
have nothing."
Priest:"Eat and drink. Be happy. Share and give
thanks. So Mote It Be."All:
"So Mote It Be!"
ALL now sit and, if desired, individual goblets may befilled and a general repast enjoyed. This is a good time
for talk and discussion; for advice and questioning. If it isan Esbat and magick is to be done (see coming lessons), thenthis is a good time to discuss all aspects of what is to bedone and how. If, however, there is no further
business, then general conversation, with music andsong and dance if you wish, may continue till it isdecided to do the CLEARING OF THE TEMPLE.
Next lesson I will give you the four major Sabbat
rituals: Samhain, Imbolc, Beltane and Lughnasadh.

Male"In like fashion may male join with female,
Covener: for the happiness of both." Female "Let thefruits of union promote life. Let Covener: all be
fruitful and let wealth be spread throughout all lands."
HE raises athame. SHE holds goblet for him to drink,then HE holds it for her to drink. Goblet is then passed
around the Circle for all to drink, Priest and Priestessdrinking last.
NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B*Ale is a fermented liquor similar to beer. The principle is extracted from several sorts of grain, most commonly from barley, after it has undergone the process of malting.

1.

Describe your Coven. What kind of a degree system do you have?

2. Describe where your Covenstead is located. Where is your Covendom? How far does it extend? Draw a map if you
like.

3.

Describe your Book of Shadows.

4.

It is enjoyable to be able to refer back to special ceremonies in your life. For this reason it is helpful to have a taperecording or written account of these happenings. Relate here the events in your Consecration of Tools
Ceremony.

5.

Practice drawing a Pentagram.

6.

What are the dates of the Esbats and Sabbats this year? What rites will you take part in?

LESSON SIXSABBATSdominating in the winter (the "Dark Half" of the year)
and the Goddess predominating in the summer (the"Light Half" of the year). This, of course, goes back towhat I outlined in the first lesson—originating withthe reliance on success in the hunt in the winter andnourishment of the crops in the summer. But there ismore to it than that, even without getting into the complexities of Oak and Holly kings. In neither half of theyear should you think of the one deity being supreme—
being there without his or her partner. The key word is
predominant. In other words, the emphasis is on the
one but not to the total exclusion of the other. It should
also be remembered, of course, that each deity—as withevery individual—bears the attributes of both maleand female.
Sabbats start, as do all Circle rituals, with the
Erecting the Temple rite. You should follow this with a
Full or New Moon ritual, if appropriate for the Sabbat
date (if the sabbat falls at a quarter point, then omitthis). Then comes the particular sabbat ritual, whichleads to Cakes and Ale. This is then followed by games
and/or entertainment and feasting.
In the suggested greater Sabbat rituals that I give
below, you will find a general pattern which you may
want to follow when writing your own rituals. It starts
with a PROCESSIONAL. Then comes a HYMN to thedeity. Next is an ENACTMENT of the seasonal motif,
followed by a DECLARATION (these two segments
give you wide scope for expression. The enactment
can take many forms, from a solo performance to fullcoven participation in a mini-play, mime or dance).
Since the Declaration is, in effect, an explanation of themeaning and significance of the particular sabbat,
then it is possible to combine it with the Enactment, as

As I mentioned in the last lesson, there are eight
Sabbats in the course of a year. These are times to celebrate; to rejoice with the gods and have a good time.
No work (magick) is done at a Sabbat, unless there issome emergency such as a healing desperately needed.
But there is much feasting and merriment.
In the old days, before the persecutions, manydifferent covens would come together to celebrate.
There might be as many as several hundred Witches,from widely scattered covens, all congregating in one
place to give thanks to the gods and to celebrate the
Sabbat. In these modern times I have seen similar
gatherings—though not for a specific Sabbat—such as
the "Pan Pagan Festival" held in Michigan in 1981,
where nearly eight hundred Witches and pagans were inattendance. But whether you can join forces withothers or you celebrate as a single coven—or even as a
Solitary Witch (more on this later)—the keyword is"celebration".
As the Goddess is honored with the phases of themoon, so is the God at certain of the phases of the sun.
These are the "Lesser Sabbats" that occur at the Summer
and Winter Solstice and the Spring and Autumn
Equinox. The four "Greater Sabbats" are more in thenature of seasonal, rather than specifically solar, festivals and are therefore times for general celebration
with both God and Goddess duly honored.
Janet and Stewart Farrar, in their book Eight Sabbats
for Witches (Robert Hale, London, 1981), suggest a
deeper leit motif for the Horned God, with a duality
which they term the Oak King and the Holly King.*
Although I see much merit in this, I am going to "stick tobasics", as it were, and leave you to elaborate as thespirit moves you.
In simple terms, we can think of the God pre-'This is an excellent bookand should be studied both for this interesting theory of theirs, on a duality of the Homed God, and for the structuring and composition of sabbat rituals as a whole.

6768 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftin the form of a mime or dance accompanied by narration. Then comes the
LITANY—a lead-and-response—followed by DANCE/SONG/CHANT. If
OFFERINGS are appropriate (as at harvest time) then they should comebefore Cakes and Ale.
Since we think of the God predominating in the dark half of the year
and the Goddess in the light half of the year, then the change-overs from
one to the other should be included as a significant part of the rites,
occuring at Samhain and at Beltane. Here, then, are suggested rituals for thefour Greater Sabbats, starting with Samhain. The four Lesser will be given
next lesson.
Note:
It is nice to "dress up" the altar and Circle for sabbats. Should
you choose to use an altar cloth at these times, it should be of
the same color as the candles or, alternatively, use the altar
cloth in the color indicated but with white candles.
SAMHAIN—Greater Sabbat
This is the time of year for getting rid of weaknesses (in the old days thecattle least likely to make it through the winter would be cut from the herd
and slaughtered). Coveners should bring into the Circle with them a small
piece of parchment on which they have written down weaknesses or badhabits they would like to lose.
The outer edge of the Circle may be decorated with autumnal
flowers, branches, pine-cones, small pumpkins, etc.. There should beflowers on the altar. The altar cloth/candles should be orange. The
Horned Helmet rests beside the altar. In the north quarter stands acauldron containing material for a fire (regular kindling, if the Circle isoutside, or a candle or a Sterno* burner, if meeting inside).
The Erecting the Temple is performed. This may be followed by Full
Moon or New Moon rite, if appropriate. Bell is then rung three times by acovener acting as SUMMONER.
Summoner: "Haste! Haste! No time to wait!
We're off to the Sabbat, so don't be late!"
Priest/ess: "To the Sabbat!"All:"To the Sabbat!"With PRIEST and PRIESTESS leading, the coven moves deosil around theCircle, walking or dancing as each feels moved. It is appropriate to carrysmall drums or tambourines, to give a beat. Coven circles as many times as
they wish. At some point, as they move around, PRIEST/ESS should start
singing a hymn to the gods (this can be anything from a simple repetitive
chanting of the names of the gods to a spontaneous song of praise, or can beone of the songs or chants given in Appendix D). All can join in as theprocession continues. If it is preferred, the coven can circle a number oftimes then come to a halt and start the singing while standing in place.
Priest:"Now is a time of change. Now do we leave the light and"Dance and song, as an essential part of thereligious hunting ceremony, is almost universal
even today. The Yakuts of Siberia, forinstance, and many American Indian andEskimo tribes, always dance before hunting.
Dance/rhythm is the first step to ekstasis—the 'getting out of oneself. When the dance isfor the increase of food, the dancers frequently
imitate the movements of the animals, or thegrowing of the plants, which they are trying to
influence. ...the Masked Dancer at
Four-neaudu Diabk, Dordogne, is depicted
playing some form of musical instrument. Thismight indicate a ritual similar to that of theprimitive Semang, of the Malayan jungle,
who today enact the hunting of thecoconut-ape through an action-song. It is
performed partly for entertainment but mainly
for magickal influence over the ape in the futurehunt. The performance goes through the stalkingof the ape to the actual killing, by blowpipe.
An interesting point, however, is the inclusionin the song of the ape's feelings and the reactionsof its family to its death."
Witchcraft from the Inside
Raymond Buckland, Llewellyn, MN1971

Lesson Six: Sabbats 169

enter the darkness. Yet do we do so gladly,
for we know it to be but the turning of themighty Wheel of the Year."Priestess: "At this time of the year the gates between
the worlds are open. We call upon ourancestors, our loved ones, to pass throughand join with us at this time. We invite
them to delight in celebration with thosethey love."
Then follows an enactment of a seasonal motif. Thiscan vary greatly and may be based on any of a number ofthemes, including local beliefs and practices. Here aresome examples: life—death—new life; death of theold king and crowning of the new; the turning wheelof the year; the killing-off of those animals (cattle) thatwould not survive the winter; return of the dead torejoice, briefly, with the living; gathering of the harvestand storing for the winter; the creation of the world,with chaos transformed to order. This enactment cantake the form of a play, mime or dance. At the end of theenactment, the bell is rung seven times. Then one of
the coveners speaks:
Covener:"We are at the crack of time, for this day
belongs neither to the old year nor to thenew. And as there is no distinction between
the years, so is there no distinction between
the worlds. Those we have known andloved, in ages past, are free to return to us
here in this meeting place. Reach out, eachand every one of you, in your own way,
and feel the presence of one you have
known and thought lost. From this reuniting
gather strength. Know, all of you, that there
is no end and no beginning. All is acontinuous turning, a spiralling dance that
goes and returns, yet moves ever on. In
that turning, Samhain is the sacred festival
marking the end of the summer and the
beginning of winter: a time to celebrate; atime to welcome the God as he starts hisjourney down the tunnel of darkness thatbears the light of our Lady at its end."
Priest/ess: "The Old Year ends."
All:"The New Year begins."
Priest/ess: "The Wheel turns."
All:"And turns again."
Priest/ess: "Farewell to Our Lady."All:"Welcome to Our Lord."
Priest/ess: "Goddess-Summer draws to a close."
All:"God-Winter sets his foot upon the path."
Priest/ess: "Hail and farewell!"All:"Hail and farewell!"
PRIEST and PRIESTESS lead coven in a dancearound the Circle. This may be followed, or accompanied, by a song or chant (see Lesson Twelve andAppendix D for dances, songs and chants). PRIESTESS
takes up Homed Helmet and stands before altar.
Priestess: "Gracious Goddess, we thank thee for thejoys of summer.
We thank thee for all thy bounty; The
fruits, the crops, the harvest. Return again
as the Wheel turns And be with us once
more. Even as our Lord accepts the mantle,
Walk with him through the darkness, To
come again into the light."
PRIEST stands and faces Priestess. SHE holds Helmethigh over his head. A Covener stands by the cauldron,with fire ready.
Priestess: "Here do I display the symbol of ourLord: He who rules Death and that which
comes
after;The Dweller in the Darkness; The
Husband/Brother of the light. May heguard us and guide us in all that wedo,Within and without this Circle. With ourLady at his side, may he lead us
through hardship And bring us, withhope, into the light."
PRIESTESS places Horned Helmet on Priest's head.
As she does, COVENER lights the cauldron fire.
Covener:"Now is our Lord among us.
Speak, for we are your children." Priest:"Behold, I am he who is at the beginningand at the end of time. I am in the heat of
the sun and the coolnessof the breeze.

The spark of life is within me, as is thedarkness of death.

70 / Bucklcind's Complete Book of Witchcraft

For I am he who is the Gatekeeper at theend of time. Lord-dweller in the sea,
You hear the thunder of my hooves upon
the shore
And see the fleck of foam as I pass by. My
strength is such that I might lift theworld itself to touch the stars. Yetgentle am I, ever, as the lover. I am hewhom all must face at theappointed hour, Yet am I not to be feared,
for I am brother,lover, son.
Death is but the beginning of Life,And I am he who turns the key."
PRIESTESS salutes Priest. One by one other
COVEN-ERS move around. If they wish to, they may
place an offering on the altar or before it. They thenembrace and/or kiss the Priest and move on back to theirplaces. As they pass the burning cauldron, they throw
into it their piece of parchment listing their weakness.
PRIEST stands for a moment and meditates on his
position for the coming half year. He then removes
the Helmet and replaces it beside the altar. Bell isrung nine times.
Then shall follow the ceremony of Cakes and Ale. Afterthat the Clearing the Temple is performed so that there isplenty of room for fun, games and entertainment(which may still take place around the altar, if desired).
The evening concludes with a feast (usually a potluck
affair, with dishes brought by the coveners).

BELTANE—Greater Sabbat
The outer edge of the Circle, and the altar, may be
decorated with flowers. The altar cloth and candles
should be dark green. A crown lies beside the altar.
This may be a crown of flowers or it may be a silver
crown decorated with silver crescent moons or similar. In
the north quarter stands a cauldron containing
material for a fire (regular kindling or a candle or a
Sterno® burner). In the east quarter is a Maypole—theCircle may be drawn extra large to accommodate it.
The Erecting the Temple is performed. This may befollowed by Full Moon or New Moon Rite, if appropriate. The bell is rung three times by a Covener acting as
Summoner.

Summoner: "Haste! Haste! No time to wait!
We're off to the Sabbat, so don't be late!"
Priest/ess: "To the Sabbat!"All:"To the Sabbat!"With PRIEST and PRIESTESS leading, the COVEN
move deosil around the Circle, walking or dancing as
each feels fit, with small drums or tambourines giving abeat. Circle as many times as you wish. PRIEST and
PRIESTESS start singing a hymn to the gods and all
join in. Eventually all halt and singing ends.
Priest:"The Lord has reached the end of his
journey." Priestess: "The Lady sets her
foot upon the path."
Then follows an enactment of a seasonal motif (e.g.
triumphant return of the Goddess from the world
between lives; creativity/reproduction; start of one of
the breeding seasons for animals, both wild anddomestic; dancing about the Maypole; driving of cattle
between two fires to ensure a good milk yield). Bell isrung seven times.
Covener:"The gates swing back and forth and all
may freely pass through. Our Lord hasreached the ending of his
journey, To find the Lady awaiting him,with warmthand comfort.
This is a time for joy and a time for sharing.
The richness of the soil accepts the seed;
And now is the time that seeds shouldbe spilled. Togetherness brings joy andabundance
fills the earth.
Let us celebrate the planting of abundance;
The turning of the Wheel; The season of theLady. Let us say farewell to the darkness
And cry greetings to the Light. Lord andLady become Lady and Lord As the
Wheel turns and we move everon."Priest:"The Wheel turns."
All:"Without ceasing."
Priestess: "The Wheel turns."
All:"And turns again."
Priest:"Farewell to our Lord."

Lesson Six: Sabbats I 71

All:
"Welcome to the Lady."
Priestess: "God-Winter ends his reign."
All:"As Goddess-Summer turns to face thelight."
Priestess: "Hail and Farewell!"All:"Hail and Farewell!"
PRIEST and PRIESTESS lead coven in a dance about
the Circle leading to the Maypole. Each of the
COVEN-ERS takes a ribbon and dances around the polewith it, intertwining one with another. This is continued
till all ribbons are tied around the pole, symbolizing
the union of male and female; the joining of all together.
A suitable chant/song to sing while dancing is found in
the Gardnerian book. It is Gerald Gardner's version of a
Rudyard Kipling poem:"Oh, do not tell the priests of our Art
For they would call it sin.
But we shall be in the woods all nightA-conjuring Summer in.
And we bring you good news, by word of
mouth,
For women, cattle and corn; Now is the suncome up from the south, With oak and ash
and thorn."
PRIEST and PRIESTESS return to the altar. PRIESTESS stands with head bowed and arms crossed on her
breast. PRIEST takes up the crown and holds it overher head.
Priest:"Our Lord, with the lady at his side,Has brought us through the Darkness to
the light.
It was a long journey that was not easy.
Yet did the gods show strengthAnd, through them, did we all grow andprosper.
Now may they both continue.
Now may the Lady, with her Lord at her
side,
Move on down the path,Spreading her Light and driving out Darkness."

PRIESTESS moves to stand with legs astride and arms
up and outstretched. PRIEST lowers the crown onto
her head. As he does so the cauldron fire is lit by one of
the coveners.

Covener:"Now is our Lady among us.
Speak, Lady, for we are your children."

PRIESTESS lowers her arms and spreads them wide toher coveners.
Priestess:"I am she who turns the Wheel, Bringing
new life into the world And beckoning
those who pass along theways. In the coolness of the breeze you
hear mysighs;My heart is in the rushing of the wind.
When you thirst, let my tears fall upon you
as gentle rain; When you tire, pause torest upon theearth that is my breast. Warmth andcomfort do I give thee And ask for nothing
in return Save that you love all things evenas yourself.
Know that Love is the spark of Life. It isalways there; always with you if you
but see it. Yet you need not seek afar, forlove is theinner spark;
The light that burns without flicker; Theamber glow within. Love is the beginningand the end of allthings... And I
am Love."

PRIEST kisses Priestess. One by one COVENERS
move around to kiss Priestess and to lay their offeringson the altar. When all have returned to their places,
PRIEST and PRIESTESS join hands and lead them in adance (as singles or couples) around the Circle. As
they come to the cauldron, they jump over it. Afterseveral times around they halt. The bell is rung threetimes. Then shall follow the ceremony of Cakes and Ale.
After that the Clearing the Temple is performed so that
there is plenty of room for fun, games and entertainment (which may still take place around the altar if
desired). The evening concludes with a feast.
IMBOLC—Greater Sabbat
This is the "Feast of Lights". It is another fire festival, so
there is again a cauldron containing the makings of

72 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

a fire standing in the north quarter. Beside it lies abesom (broomstick). This is the mid-point of the dark
half of the year; the halfway point in the God's
pre-dominence. But although it is in that segment of
the year's cycle, yet it is very much a festival of theGoddess (particularly Brigid, Brigantia, Bride andother variations).
Beside the altar rests a "crown of light"—a circletof candles*. The altar cloth and candles should bebrown.
The Erecting the Temple is performed. This may befollowed by Full Moon or New Moon Rite, if
appro-riate. Bell is rung three times by Covener
acting as Summoner.
Summoner: "Haste! Haste! No time to wait!
We're off to the Sabbat, so don't be late!"
Priest/ess: "To the Sabbat!"All:"To the Sabbat!"\With PRIEST and PRIESTESS leading, the COVEN
moves deosil around the Circle, walking or dancing.
Circle as many times as you wish. PRIEST/ESS starts ahymn to the gods and all join in. Finally, all halt andstop singing.
"Now has our Lord reached the zenith of his
Covener:
journey."
2nd"Now does he turn to face the Lady."
Covener:"Though apart they are one."Priest:'They are both the shadow and the light."
Priestess:
Then follows an enactment of a seasonal motif(e.g. the midpoint in the sun's winter journey;
sweeping out the old and starting anew; the running of
the priests of the Lupercalia, at the ancient Roman
festival; the preparation of seed-grain for growing inthe spring; the inviting of the Goddess of Fertility toenter into the house and lodge therein). Bell is rungseven times.
Covener:"Our Lord now has reached mid-journey.
Ahead he sees the light of our Lady, And
the start of Life anew, after this periodof rest. This was the first festival of the
Kelticyear. This is the time when springlambs areborn

Priest/ess:
All:
Priest/ess:
All:
Priest/ess:
All:
Priest/ess:

And ewes come into milk.
Spring itself is scented in the distance
And thoughts are on the Goddess as muchas on the God.
Burn, now, the evergreens—the ivy, mistletoeand holly;
The rosemary and the bay.
Clear out the old, that the new may enterin.""Light to dark.""Darkness to light.""Light to dark.""Darkness to light.""Farewell Lady; welcome Lord.""Farewell Lord and welcome Lady.""All hail!"All:"Farewell!"Priest/ess: "Farewell!"All:"All hail!"
PRIEST and PRIESTESS lead coven in a dance about
the Circle. This may be followed, or accompanied, by achant or song.
PRIESTESS stands before the altar, with arms crossedon her breast. PRIEST kneels before her and kisses her
feet. He then takes up the crown, stands, and places
the crown on her head. He then dances deosil aroundthe Circle three times. As he passes the cauldron on thesecond circuit, a covener lights the kindling (candle, orwhatever). As PRIEST comes to the cauldron on his
third circuit, he jumps over it. He then comes onaround and stops before the Priestess. With a taper,from the altar candle, he lights the candles on thePriestess's crown. PRIESTESS opens her arms andstands with legs apart and arms raised high.
Priest:"All hail, Our Lady of Light!"
All:"All hail, Our Lady of Light!"
Covener: "Welcome, thrice welcome, Triple God
dess of Life."
Covener: "Mother of the Sun, we welcome thee."Covener: "Goddess of Fire, we invite thee in."
PRIEST and PRIESTESS move round to the cauldron.
COVENER hands besom to the Priestess. She hands
besom to the Priest, with a kiss. PRIEST goes deosil
around the Circle, "sweeping out" that which is nolonger needed. When he returns to the north, he"Care must be taken with this. There is not only the danger of setting fire to the Priestess's hair, but also of burning her with hot wax. Miniature cake candles, or cut-down tapers, are best,with carefully designed, cupped holders. Thirteen candles fthe number of moons in the year) is the number to have.

Lesson Six: Sabbats / 73

returns the besom to the Priestess, with a kiss. She thengives it to the first Covener, with a kiss. COVENER
sweeps around the Circle. This is repeated with all
Coveners. When all have done, PRIEST and PRIESTESS
return to altar. Bell is rung three times. Then shall follow
the ceremony of Cakes and Ale. After that the Clearing
the Temple is performed so that there is plenty of roomfor fun, games and entertainment (which may still takeplace around the altar if desired). The evening
concludes with a feast.

LUGHNASADH—Greater Sabbat
Summer flowers are on the altar and around theCircle. The altar cloth and candles should be yellow. The
Erecting the Temple is performed. This may befollowed by Full Moon or New Moon Rite, if appropriate. The Bell is rung three times by Covener acting as
Summoner.
Summoner: "Haste! Haste! No time to wait!
We're off to the Sabbat so don't be late!"
Priest/ess: "To the Sabbat!"All:"To the Sabbat!"With PRIEST and PRIESTESS leading, the coven movedeosil around the Circle, walking or dancing. Circle as
many times as you wish. PRIEST/ESS starts a hymn to
the gods and all join in. Finally all halt and stop
singing.
Covener.

"The powers of life and death are held by
the gods."
Covener: "Great is the power of the Mighty Ones."
Covener: "God is old yet young." Covener: "Andthe power is his."
Then follows an enactment of a seasonal motif (e.g.
Death and rebirth of the god, leading to a great harvest;
thinning of plants, toward a better harvest; strengthand testing; killing of older god by younger god, withfuneral games to honor the dead one). Bell is rungseven times.
Covener:"In the midst of our Lady's rule do weremember her brother/lover/husband.
Great is his power through his union with
the Goddess.
And through his death and rebirth, as the

younger son, Is the harvest assured andthe power
passed on,
To grow and spread wide to all he loves.
Remember the Lord, yet in him ever see
the Lady. Praise the Lady and, throughher, theLord."
Priest:"Blessed be the Lady of the Circle."All:"And blessed be her Lord."
Priestess: "May the surplus be drawn from the land."All:"That the body may be filled with strength."
Priest:"Power to the Lord."
All:"And power to the Lady."
Priestess: "Let the old wane."All:"That the young may wax anew."Priest:"Ever turns the Wheel."All:"Ever onward."
PRIEST and PRIESTESS lead the coven in a dance
about the Circle. This may be followed, or accompanied, by a song or chant.
ALL, except Priest and one male Covener, sit. PRIEST
then dances around, deosil, between the seatedcoveners and the line of the Circle. MALE COVENER
dances around widdershins, between the coveners andthe altar (in other words, one outside the ring, goingclockwise, and one inside, going counter-clockwise).
As they pass each other they strike hands over thecoveners' heads. Coveners may, if they wish, clap thebeat for them to dance to, shouting "Lugh!" at the
striking of hands. They circle and strike hands twelve
times. At the twelfth strike the PRIEST drops to theground and COVENER jumps over the seated ones torun once around the circle, deosil now, along thePriest's path. Returning to the Priest, he helps him tohis feet and they embrace. All cheer and come totheir feet.
Priest:"Lady and Lord, we thank thee,
For all that has been raised from the soil.
May it grow in strength from now till
harvest. We thank thee for this promiseof fruits
to come.
Let the power of our Lord
Be in each and every one of us
At this time and throughout the year."All:"So Mote it be."

74 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

The bell is rung three times. Then shall follow the ceremony of Cakes andAle. After that the Cleaming of the Temple is performed so that there isplenty of room for fun, games and entertainment (which may still takeplace around the altar if desired). The evening concludes with a feast.

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1.

The Sabbats are holidays, a time to celebrate and rejoice with the Gods. List the eight Sabbats and the dates theyfall on this year. Describe what each Sabbat commemorates and relate how you celebrated each one.

2.

Make up (create, write) a hymn or song appropriate for a ritual/occasion of your choice.

3.

Create your own version of a favorite ritual.

4.

Describe your Enactment of a seasonal motif and the Declaration from a favorite Sabbat ritual.

LESSON SEVEN MEDITATION,
DREAMS AND THE MINOR SABBATSMEDITATION

Let's take a brief respite from the sabbats and look at meditation. In its
present form meditation has come to the Western world by way of theEast. For centuries the eastern initiates have known of the power and theadvantages of regular meditation. They have used it, developing it into afine art through which they have learned to control the mind, overcome
sickness, separate themselves from problems and fears, develop psychic
abilities and expand philosophy and knowledge of Universal Law.
Today, in the Western world, there is an evergrowing awareness ofthese benefits of meditation. TM—Transcendental Meditation, Yoga,
Silva Mind Control—all these and many more are now common, turning
up in everyday conversations not only among Wiccans and otheroccultists, but among ordinary, everyday folk. The trouble is that, in listening to these conversations, it quickly becomes obvious that many are
mere dabblers in this realm. Many are confused. "Which technique isbest?" "Why am I getting nothing out of it?" "Am I doing it right?"
So, what is meditation? Quite simply it is a listening... listening to theHigher Self or, if you prefer, the Inner Self, the Creative Force, theHigher Consciousness; even the gods themselves. It can be all of these.
Properly used, meditation opens the door to individual growth and personal advancement. Of all the techniques of advancement in the psychic
and spiritual fields, meditation is by far the most effective.
Coinciden-tally, it is also the most simple. And it can be practiced alone
or in a group setting.
The late, renowned psychic Edgar Cayce, in one of his readings (#281 -13), said that "Meditation is emptying self of all that hinders from thecreative forces rising along the natural channels of the physical man to bedisseminated through those centers and sources that create the activitiesof the physical, mental and spiritual man; properly done (meditation)must make one stronger mentally, physically... we may receive thatstrength and power that fits each individual, each soul for greater activity
in this material world." In short, meditation is a method whereby we can
improve our lives materially, physically, mentally and spiritually. As with
the Eastern Master, you too can discipline your mind, control youremotions, overcome illness, solve problems and begin to79

Figure 7.1

THE CHAKRAS
and the glands they coincide with

80 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

create your own reality. You only need to have thedesire and be willing to expend the effort.
HOW MEDITATION WORKS

To understand how meditation works we must
examine human make-up on a conscious level andmust also realize that we are spiritual as well as physicalbeings. The physical and spiritual bodies are connected atthe vital centers, known by their Sanskrit name—
Chakra (see Figure 7.1). In meditation the mysterious
psychic energy can be sent up through these centers.
This very potent force is called the Kundalini, or"Serpent Power". As this mighty force begins to flow
within you, these vital psychic centers—the chakras—
begin to open in successive order.
On a conscious level, consider the total consciousness as a sort of sandwich. On one side you have theConscious Mind. This is the mind that is concernedwith your everyday world and activities and yourphysical/material being. It is your waking state of consciousness. On the other side of the sandwich is what iscalled the Higher Consciousness, or theSuper-Consciousness. This is your Higher Self Mind.
It is concerned with your spiritual well-being andretains your Universal Memory. In the center is thatwhich is often called the Subconscious Mind. It is passive
and is largely subordinate to the conscious
mind—primarily

because it has been made so. It rules the realm of theinvoluntary body functions; memory; reflex actions;and serves as the connecting passageway between
your conscious and super-conscious minds.
As the vital forces begin to flow through thenervous sytem, the individual achieves a sense ofwell-being and peace. The subconscious begins toclear itself of the negative and undesired patterns offeelings and the images that have been programmed
into it through your lifetime. The cosmic force of theKundalini very naturally operates in a calm, relaxed,
contemplative atmosphere. As the succession of opening
chakras continues, your awareness and perception oflife flows continually from within. You are led to do
the right thing at the right time. A new vibrancy
permeates your being.
Meditation allows you to learn to control the
restless, materially oriented conscious mind andre-program the subordinate subconsciousness, inorder that you may function from your spirituallyoriented higher consciousness. It opens up the channel
to your Higher Self.
TECHNIQUE

Many people fail in their meditation because
either they are using the wrong technique, or they
simply do not have a technique. Master teachers of

R
CONSCIOUS
SUB
CONSCIOUS

Lesson Seven: Meditation, Dreams and the Minor Sabbats / 81

eastern philosophies suggest that during meditation you focus yourattention on the "thousand petaled lotus" of the third eye (see Figure 7.2).
This is the seventh and highest chakra. In this way you re-orient yourself bytranscending association with your gross physical self and your mental
identifications—and you become aware of the true source. When you sit inmeditation, with your attention focused on the third eye, you lift yourself
above and beyond the conscious and subconscious cares of the physical.
Notice that when you are feeling well and alert you are in touch withyour environment through the eyes and other physical senses. Yourfocus is outward into the physical world. When you are in a negativemood, or depressed, notice how you withdraw from your physicalworld. You turn your eyes down and your focus reflects subconscious
thoughts and problems. The next time that you feel depressed or moody, lift
your eyes; focus your attention outward and upward—above the level of thehorizon. Be aware of your surroundings and communicate with them.
You will begin to feel better. Your gloom will fade and optimism will
return.
You see, when you turn your eyes DOWN, you tend to relate to thesubconscious. When you look STRAIGHT OUTWARD, you tend to
relate to your conscious mind, which is oriented towards the grossphysical/material world. When you look UP, you tend to relate to yourhigher, spiritual consciousness and the realm beyond the physical.
The natural tendency to place your attention in the manner that you
focus your eyes, is used to aid your meditation in what is called the Third
Eye meditation technique. Do you want to focus on the higher self? Then byusing your natural tendencies, simply focus your eyes and your attention
upward and inward to the third eye; a spot about one inch above the browline and one inch inside the surface of the forehead.
POSTURE

Meditation should be comfortable and secure. Therefore yourposture should be comfortable and secure. You may choose any position
you like so long as you make sure to keep your spine straight. I personally
recommend that you sit in a comfortable, straight-backed chair. You
should be able to sit well back—spine straight—with your feet flat on thefloor. The chair should, preferably, have arms to it on which to rest yourarms. It need not have a high back, in fact it is better if it does not. You
may prefer to sit or lay on the floor. If you choose to sit on the floor, thelotus position is not recommended unless you are an adept and completely
comfortable with it. You should select a location that allows you to leanagainst something for back support. The floor surface should be comfortably soft. It is helpful, though not absolutely necessary, to reduce thepresence of man-made fibers such as metal, plastic and synthetics, asmuch as possible. Ideally a soft sheepskin or a heavy woolen item, such asa blanket or rug, could be used for sitting or lying on. Some prefer to layflat on their back, legs together and arms at their sides. The only
drawback to this position is that some people will tend to fall asleep!

Figure 7.2

82 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

AREA

The area chosen for meditation should be a quiet
place, away from outside noises such as traffic andchildren at play. The best place, of course, is yourcleansed and consecrated Circle. If, for some reason,
you must choose another area, it should be cleansedand consecrated in the same manner as your Circle.
Some adepts insist that the meditator face theeast. In certain cases it does seem to give a slightbenefit, but generally speaking the direction of physicalorientation is of slight importance. If your area has ablank wall on the east and a window on the west, youwill probably feel far more comfortable facing thewindow. The important thing is to be as comfortable aspossible.
Remove possible sources of disturbance where
possible. A ticking clock or, worse, the discordant ring ofa telephone or doorbell, can be shattering. Disconnect
them if you can. Radios and television sets should beturned off, of course. Clothing should be loose, so as
not to constrict the body in any way. Why not wear yourrobe, with nothing beneath it? Better yet—room
temperature permitting—go skyclad.
TIME OF DAYi
The best time for meditation is generally a matter of
personal convenience. For most people it is either the
early morning or the late evening. A few—usually those
who are home during the day—find mid-afternoon mostconvenient. There is some evidence to suggest that aperiod close to the hour of your birth is best.
Certainly astrological influences cannot be totally
discounted. However, the slight advantage of attuning to
the stars can be more than offset by the negative
influences such as noisy neighbors or scheduling conflicts with other required activites. So choose the timethat is most convenient for you. The important thing isthat you do meditate and that you consistently meditate.
So, whatever time you choose, stick to that same time
every day.
PERSISTENCE

To succeed and remain successful in meditation,
you must meditate consistently. Some recommend
fifteen to twenty minutes, twice a day. I feel that one
fifteen minute period is sufficient as a minimum. But beconsistent in the time of day and the length of time
devoted each day. You cannot be successful on an
occasional basis.
METHOD

Sit comfortably, relaxing the body as much as
possible without slumping or allowing the spine tocurve. Help loosen tight muscles by doing the following
exercises:
1: Allow the head to fall forward on the chest. Breathe
deeply in and out three times. Return to the upright position.
2: Allow the head to tip fully backwards. Breathe
deeply in and out three times. Return to the upright position.
3: Tip the head as far as possible to the left. Breathe
deeply in and out three times. Return to the upright position.
4: Tip the head as far as possible to the right. Breathe
deeply in and out three times. Return to the upright position.
5: Allow the head to fall forwards, then move it in acircle, counterclockwise, three times.
6: Repeat the last exercise, moving the head clockwise
three times. Return to the upright position.
7: Breathe in, through the nose, with a number ofshort, sharp intakes until the lungs are full. Hold it amoment, then suddenly exhale through mouthwith a "Hah!" sound. Do this three times.
8: Breathe in slowly and fully, through the rightnostril (hold the left one closed if necessary), feelingthe stomach balloon out as you do so. Hold it amoment, then exhale slowly through the mouth,
flattening the stomach as you do so. This exercise
moves all the stale air from the bottom of thelungs. Do this three times.
9: Repeat the last exercise, this time breathing inthrough the left nostril and out through the rightnostril. Do this three times.
Now, with your body relaxing and breathing
normally but deeply, concentrate your thoughts until
you can imagine your whole body encased in a globe ofwhite light. Feel the luminous energy charging yourwhole body.
Now focus your attention on your toes. Command them to relax. Let the tension and tiredness melt

Lesson Seven: Meditation, Dreams and the Minor Sabbats / 83

away from them. Repeat the process with the balls of the feet, the arches, theheels, the ankles and so on. Completely relax the entire body, section bysection. Calves, knees, thighs, groin, buttocks, spine, stomach and chest
cavity, shoulders, upper and lower arms, wrists, hands, neck, throat,chin, jaw (let the jaw sag and hang slightly open if you feel a tendency
for it to do so), eyes, cranial area and scalp. Relax every muscle, vein, nerveand fiber as you move up your body. Finish your relaxation technique atthe forehead. Then you need only to focus inward to your third eye.
With your attention focused at the third eye, let your eyes roll up, if
you can. Go deeper and ever deeper into the third eye. Abandon the
unreal material world; the ego self. It is only when the materialistic ego
self is transcended that you can find the door to the inner kingdom andyour higher self. Give yourself to it... yield to the magnetic pull fromabove. You don't need to pray or visualize to make anything happen. Just
relax and let yourself flow inward and upward toward the higher power.
Whatever sensation, inner light or sound, comes your way, move into it andthrough to the source from which it comes. Don't become fascinated orfrightened by the phenomena. Don't become deluded into thinking you
are "becoming psychic". Whatever you see, give yourself to it and moveever upward, ever inward, into and through.
You may have a difficult time keeping the conscious mind still at
first. Your consciousness is like a spoiled child, constantly demanding
attention. Once it begins to become disciplined you will begin to notice
positive results.You may not have dramatic, earth-shaking experiences, but
you will begin to notice a deepening of intuition. You will begin to"know" things that you have not known before. This is proof that your
meditation is working and the power of the Kundalini is waking.
When you first begin to meditate you will find it difficult to sit still for
more than a few minutes at a time. Your mind wants to wander, your bodywants to fidget and may even develop a great itch demanding to be
scratched! It will take a little time but you will discover that you are themaster of your body and mind. Ignore the itch. Tell your conscious mind tosit down and shut up! YOU are very busy with more importantbusiness. The itch will go away and your conscious mind will become
disciplined to sit quietly aside as you attune to your higher nature ... IFYOU REMAIN PERSISTENT. Remember, you let your mind and youremotions run your affairs all of your life. Now your mind and emotions
must learn that they work for you. It may take a few lessons, but they willlearn. Stay with it. You are embarking on the greatest voyage of your life.
ENDING YOUR MEDITATION PERIODFor your physical well-being it is important that you end each
meditation period with a re-awakening of the physical and conscious
selves. This should be done in the reverse order to the method forrelaxation. As your consciousness begins to pull away from the third
eye, direct it to expand up the forehead to the top of the head. Then, step bystep, proceed down through the body: cranial area, eyes, back of theGroup meditation can bring enormous satisfaction. The interaction of each person's
vibrations work in a complementary manner
resulting in tremendous psychic achievement. When meditating alone you may, oncein a while, experience an 'off' day. This isnever the case with group meditation. In fact,
for this reason, many people will only meditate
with a group.
In group meditation .. .the group shouldseat themselves in a circle and should go
through their breathing and light exercises intheir own time. At the completion, by everyone,of the chakra color-reinforcement, the white
electric light should be extinguished, or blinds
drawn, and the circle should then be
illuminated by a blue light. In the group inwhich I work, we use a Westinghouse
100-watt 'Colortone'® floodlight. It isavailable just about everywhere and isideal for the purpose. This blue light should
remain on throughout the meditation.
Practical Color Magick
Raymond Buckland, Llewellyn, 1983

84 I Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

head, face, jaw, tongue, neck, throat, etc.. Commandeach in succession to awaken refreshed, vibrant andhealthy. Shoulders, upper and lower arms, wrists,hands, upper back, chest, chest cavity, stomach, sides,
lower back, groin, awaken refreshed, relaxed andvibrant with life. Buttocks, thighs, knees, calves, ankles,
heels, arches, balls of the feet, toes. Go through allparts of the body. Command each and every muscle,vein, fiber and nerve to awaken healthy, refreshed andvibrant. You will be pleasantly surprised at how muchbetter you will begin to feel after your meditation. You
will feel an immediate inner satisfaction and a tremendous peace of mind. Through meditation you will
discover that not only is your spiritual consciousness
awakening, but you are also revitalizing the physicalself, as you begin to tap the great cosmic forces that are
your birthright.
DREAMS

What is a dream? Are dreams important? At firstglance someone unfamiliar with them might take little
note of some seemingly trivial shred of a half-remembered dream. The apparently silly antics depicted insome dreams appear little more than the doodling of an
off-duty head! Other more bizarre and frightening
events cause the dreamer to wish that he might have no
more of them. In either case the individual is likely togive little importance to these strange vignettes fromthe unknown world of sleep.
But modern research continues to explore the
dream world with intensity. Are dreams important,telling you things that could be to your advantage, or are
they simply "night-time movies" to entertain your unconscious mind while your conscious rests? According toresearch data, you average seven dream periods eachof up to forty-five minutes duration—every night ofyour life. Scientists have also determined thatdreaming is vital to the state of your well-being.
Sleeping laboratory subjects, on having their dream
periods interrupted over extended periods, developed
emotional stress. But the scientist has focused on thephenomena and failed to investigate the source. He
has worked from the outside in.
THE SOURCE

To effectively deal with the dream you must understand where it originates and why. Obviously it is
not a product of the conscious mind; it occurs during

the sleep state, when the conscious mind is at rest. The
subconscious mind is passive and not capable of logic orthought development, so it cannot be the originator of
the highly complex and elusive dream ... the subconscious can only put out what has been put in. So
where does that leave us? The dream is complex, wellorchestrated and imaginative. The only possible source,
apparently, is what Jung termed the "unconscious", or"higher spiritual mind". We now know this part of ourmind or consciousness as the Super-Conscious.
Are dreams important? The mere fact that theyoccur gives them a certain importance. No facet ofyour existence is totally trivial. However, when you
consider the source of your dreams, the great importance of them becomes increasingly clear. For many
people the dream state is the only medium available tothe higher mind for it to reach the consciousness. Thus
every night it is busy trying to get its message across.
Your higher self is expending a lot of time and effort informing and transmitting dreams; the least you can do istry to understand what the message is.
DREAM INTERPRETATION AND SYMBOLOGY

You have probably spent countless hours trying,
unsuccessfully, to decipher the seemingly senselessriddles of your dreams. You are puzzled when a dream ofattending Aunt Minnie's funeral proves not in the least
prophetic as, ten years later, Aunt Minnie is still goingstrong. You're totally baffled at intimate exchanges withpeople you wouldn't normally go near. You are amazedat dreaming of doing things that are physically
impossible in your everyday life. You end up withtotal frustration in your attemp'ts to make any sense of
the strange goings-on in your elusive dreams. Yet you
still feel that somewhere there must be an answer...
but where? What is the key?
As an element of the Universal Consciousness,
your super-conscious awareness is totally versed in
Universal Symbolism. Since the super-conscious mind
tends to speak in its own language, your dreams can be
expected to contain some of this language of
Universal Symbols. But even though it has its own
language, the super-conscious mind is aware that you
will respond best to those symbols with which yourconscious mind is most familiar. Therefore it will use
terms and symbols from your everyday life. Oftimes it will
use the symbolism from recent events that arelfresh inyour memory. These impressions from your personal
physical life are called Personal Symbolism.

Lesson Seven: Meditation, Dreams and the Minor Sabbats 185

Universal Symbolism includes those things thatremain true for all humankind throughout the ages.
Included are colors, numbers, form and sexual identity(i.e. male and female). They come from the super-consciousness and therefore are timeless. A case in point istransportation—the universal symbol of spiritualadvancement. As material technology has advanced,
the application of symbology has kept pace. So transportation may take one of the modern forms of conveyance,such as rockets, planes, steamships, trains or automobiles, or one of the timeless modes of riding on theback of an animal or walking.
It would be impossible to list all the universal
symbols here, but a general sampling is given in thesection on Universal Symbols.
INTERPRETING YOUR DREAMS

The eminent psychologist Carl Jung once stated:"No dream symbol can be separated from the individual
who dreams it." Keep this thought in mind as you
study the following concepts. Notice that almost all of
the universal symbols have various shades of meaning. In
fact, some even have contradictory meanings. Theinterpretation of such symbols can only be done by
YOU, the dreamer, through consideration of yourown feelings towards the dream, the symbol and yourown intuition.
The dream is a complex and almost limitless combination of symbols. It can be analytical, judgemental ortherapeutic in nature. The majority of dreams areanalytical. That is, they provide a means for the higher
self to comment on your everyday life and your spiritualdevelopment. It will analyze how you are relating to
your environment and your fellow man and woman. A
small percentage of your dreams are of a prophetic
nature, to warn and prepare you for future events (theIt would be impractical, if not impossible, to list all of the Universal Symbols
here. However, the following list provides the basics and gives you an idea of
their function. From this you can begin todevelop your own list.
UNIVERSAL SYMBOLS

Abundance: Desire for independence.
Accident: Something unplanned.
Actor/Actress: Desire for recognition.
Adultery: Guilt.

Airplane: See Transportation.
Altar: Self sacrifice.

percentage of prophetic dreams varies greatly fromone person to another but it is estimated that perhaps
one dream in twenty concerns the future. Don't immediately jump to the conclusion that what you dreamabout brother Bob, or cousin Mary, is an indication ofsomething that is about to happen to him or her. It may be
but far more likely is not). Along with this, incidentally, it
should be noted that invariably the principle
characters in your dream are actually representing
YOU—or some aspect of you. So when you dream ofyour sister Suzy arguing with you about something,
you are actually seeing a representation of an innerconflict—one part of you at odds with another part(perhaps your male aspect against your female aspect)—with the image of sister Suzy being used simply as arecognizable form that you can accept.
Again depending on the individual, the number oftherapeutic dreams varies from person to person. It
simply depends on the need of the individual. If a person
has a strong feeling of inferiority, their therapy may be to
dream of being a powerful, capable and attractive
person. In this way, the Higher Self is compensating
for the dreamer's psychological lack. If a person has astrong feeling of superiority, they might be taken down apeg or two by a dream that depicts him or her as aweak, defenseless and inferior person. Thus the dreamoften attempts to overcome character defects.
Prophetic dreams will only occur when the individual needs to be prepared for an event in the
future. Even though you may not consciously remember it,
the dream prepares you, subconsciously, for theshock that is to come. Not all precognitive dreams are ofsignificant events; some may even appear quite
trivial. But they are important just the same. They program and prepare the subconscious and conscious
minds, over a period of time, to deal with the future
events and situations in a proper manner.

Anchor: Stability. Sometimes a desire for apermanent home.
Aniffifl.^The feminine aspect of the individual.
Guide to the inner world. The
Goddess. Receptive, prospective
and nurturing.
Animal: Depends on your feelings for theparticular animal (for typical meaning see the specific type). A helpful
animal normally represents theinstinctive self.
Animus: The masculine aspect of the individual. Uncompromising conviction. Force. The God.
Apple: Desire.

Arrow: Pleasure; festivity. Auction:
Promise of abundance. Automobile:
See Transportation. Baby: Crying:
frustrated plans.
Laughing: plans fulfilled.
Sleeping: Waiting period; patience.
Ballon: Frustration.
Basement: A place of refuge or retreat.
Battle: Internal conflict. Bells: Fulfillment ofplans; joy. Bicycle: Hard work will bringplans to fruition; also see Transportation.
Birds: Usually transcendence from one
state of being to another. Birth:
Transition to new phase, or new86 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

aspect, of self.
Bridge: Overcoming difficulties; a change.
Broom: The ability to sweep or clean up.
Bull: Animal nature; stubbornness.
Burial: End of a phase; time to take a new
direction.
Candle: Constancy.
Cane or Crutch: The need of support.
Capital (City or Town): The center. Also
see Cities.
Castle: Ambition.
Cave: A place of retreat or refuge; a needfor time to think and meditate.
Circle: Totality; perfection; infinity; the All;
the Collective Unconsciousness.
Cities: Gatherings of consciousness. If
significantly placed, it can represent the Anima.
Climbing: The self-mastery process; raising
consciousness.
Clock: The passage of time; the need totake action.
Clothes: Attitudes; personality.
Coffin: See Burial.
Colors: The symbolic meaning of color is afascinating study in its own right. I
only wish to touch lightly on thesubject here, to give you the basic
idea of the meanings of individualcolors in your dreams. The following list is not inclusive but will
give you the primary colors:—
RED—strength, health, vigor, sexual
love, danger, charity
ORANGE—encouragement, adaptability, stimulation, attraction,plenty, kindness
YELLOW—persuasion, charm, confidence, jealousy, joy, comfort
GREEN—finance, fertility, luck,energy, charity, growth
BLUE—tranquility, understanding, patience, health, truth,
devotion, sincerity
INDIGO—changeability, impulsiveness, depression, ambition,
dignity
VIOLET—tension, power, sadness, piety, sentimentality
Cradle: Potential for advancement.
Crossing the River: A fundamental changeof attitude.
Crying: Emotion; usually a sad event.
Crystal: Union of matter and spirit.
Curtains: Concealment; adornment.
Darkness: The spirit world; the subconscious; turning inward.
Death: The end of something; opportunity
for new beginnings.
Dog: Loyalty; laziness; anger.
Eating: Need for new interests; stimulation.
Evening: Descending into the subconscious
world.
Eye: Perception; self-examination.

Falling: Failing to live up to expectations.
Fish: Transcendence from one state of being
to another.
Fire: Anger; purification; abundance ofenergy.
Flowers: Contentment; pleasure.
Flying: See Transportation.
Girl: Immature feminine aspect.
Glass: Perception; being able to see (sometimes into the future).
Graduation: Initiation; completing a phase.
Hair: Thought Grey or Silver hair indicateswise thought.
Hammer: Power to drive forward.
Helpful Animal: The instinctive self.
Highway: The path; the way ahead.
Horse: WHITE HORSE—Symbol of life(the Keltic Goddess Epona wasoften depicted on a white mare);prosperity.
BLACK HORSE—Change of fortunes.
WILD HORSE—uncontrolled instinctive urges.
WINGED HORSE—transcendence
from one state of being to another.
House: The symbol of personality and conscious interest from the spiritualview. The particular room represents particular interest:—
BATHROOM—Cleansing; elimination of the undesired.
BASEMENT—place of refuge, retreat, concealment.
BEDROOM—place of rest andrecovery.
DINING ROOM—place of sustenance; refortification.
KITCHEN—a place to prepare thesustenance.
LIVING ROOM—place of socializing.
Ice: Coldness of character; frigidity; rigidity.
Illness: Boredom, delay.
Individual Self: The "real" you; the inneryou; the all-wise, all-powerfulspiritual self.
Jail: Confinement; frustration; inability
to act.
Journey: See Transportation.
Judge or Jury: Your conscience.
Key: The answer to a problem.
Kiss: Satisfaction; completion. .
Ladder: Ability to climb (note the length ofthe ladder).
Left (as in side or direction): The subconscious side; sometimes the wrong
side or direction; the logical side;
the scientific side.
Light: Hope.
Lines: Broken lines represent the feminine
aspect. Solid lines, the masculine
aspect.
Lizard: Transcendence.

Lock: Frustration; security.
Man or Male: Animus, the masculine aspect.
The age indicates the maturity orlack of it in the individual.
Mask: Falsehood; deception; concealment
Mirror: Need to reconsider.
Mother: Haven; comfort.
Nakedness: Real; true; without false attitudes;
exposed; natural.
Night (especially midnight): Greatest strengthof the super-consciousness.
Noon: The greatest clarity of consciousness.
Number: In interpreting numbers you
should first of all examine theirbalance or lack of balance. EVEN
numbers signify balance and harmony. ODD numbers signify imbalance and discord. In considering
the following definitions, note thata larger number is made up of a
combination of smaller numbers:
ONE—the beginning; the source;
the ego.
TWO—duality; the male and female; positive and negative.
THREE—the trilogy: father, motherand child; past, present and future.
Completion of the first plane.
FOUR—the material universe; consciousness, reality and law; physicalpower, initiative, religion andspiritual evolutioa It is Three andOne.
FIVE—the number of Wo/Man. It
represents materialism, expansion,change, understanding and justice.
It is Three and Two. SIX—thenumber of cooperation andbalance. It represents interaction
between the material and thespiritual; mental and physical. It
signifies psychism, peace and completion of the second plane. It is
twice Three.
SEVEN—Completion; old age; endurance; evolution and wisdom.
The seven stages of spiritual transformation. Four and Three.
EIGHT—the number of dissolution
and separation.The law of cyclic
evolution and invention. Five andThree.
NINE—rebirth and reformation.
Intuition; travel; karma and completion of the third plane. Threetimes Three.
ZERO—the circle. Infinity; the universe; the All.
Ocean: Opportunity; spirituality.
Owl: Wisdom; need for further evaluation.
Pearl: Joy. Broken string of pearls—misunderstanding.
Pirate: Suspicion.
Prison: See Jail.

Lesson Seven: Meditation, Dreams and the Minor Sabbats 187

Pyramid: Thirst for knowledge; seeking.
Railroad: A set path to follow; see also
Transportation.
Rainbow: Great happiness; opportunity.
Reading: Learning; gaining in knowledge;
perceiving.
Riding: See Transportation. Right: The
conscious; correctness; theartistic side.
Ring: Completion; loyalty. River:
Spirituality; a boundary. Rocket: See
Transportation. Rocks: The unchanging self.
Rodents: Transcendence or a less-thannice person; distrust; betrayal.
Roller Skates: See Transportation. Roses: See
Flowers. Ruins: Failure of plans. Sacrifice:Overcoming pride. School: A place oflearning; a needto learn.
Scissors: Distrust. Sea: See Ocean. Self-Image:The inner or spiritual self. The
age indicates maturity or the lackof it. Sex: Union of opposites;
union of maleand female principles; satisfaction;completeness. Shadow: The subconscious;
insubstantiality. Ship: See
Transportation.

Skeleton: The basics; the root of a problem.
Snake: Spiritual wisdom; transcendence
into a state of wisdom.
Snake-bite: Infusion of wisdom (bites are
not usually painful in dreams).
Soldiers: Force; power; regimentation.
Spade: Penetration; cutting; tough work
lies ahead.
Sunrise: Clearing of consciousness; awakening.
Sunset: Need to protect assets.
Swan: Beauty; comfort; satisfaction.
Sword: Penetrating and cutting; conflict.
Table: Support; a platform for presentation.
Telescope: Need to get closer to subject.
Thief: Loss or fear of loss; insecurity.
Thunder. Anger.
Towns: See Cities.
Touching: The manner of touch and yourfeeling about it is important. Touchingnormally represents the laying-on ofhands, usually healing. On rareoccasions it may mean a curse. Can
be comfort; security.
Trains: See Transportation.
Transcendence: Achieving full realization of
the individual self.
Transformation: See Transcendence.
Transportation: Spiritual advancement. The
more efficient the mode, the more
effective and rapid is the advancement. The rocket would be the

REMEMBERING DREAMS

The obvious first step in dream interpretation is toremember them. If you have difficulty in remembering
your dreams, the probable reason is that you haveignored them for so long the subconscious no longer
tries to bring them to your conscious memory. If this is
the case, you must program yourself to remember.
This can be done through affirmation. During
meditation, and just before going to sleep, tellyourself very firmly: "I WILL REMEMBER MY
DREAMS". Do this three times. Release the command.
Then again tell yourself, very firmly, three times: "I
WILL REMEMBER MY DREAMS". Release the thought.
Then for the third time, repeat the three commands: "I
WILL REMEMBER MY DREAMS". So you instruct
yourself nine times in all.
The second step in interpretation is recording the
dreams. Place a pad and a pencil by your bed for thispurpose. This very act, in itself, reinforces the command to remember. When you first awaken—even
before that eye-opening cup of coffee!—jot down noteson what you remember. Don't worry about trying to
get everything in perfect order at this point. The

most rapid and the highest traveling.
Crawling would be among theleast effective. A train is forcefuland direct, but is confined bynarrow tracks. A car is fairly efficient and maneuverable. The airplane is more efficient than the car
or train and rises higher than any
surface mode of transport. Rollerskates are more effective (faster)than walking, but require a smoothersurface and more effort; etc..
Traveling: The act of spiritual advancement.
Tree: The life principle; psychic growthand development; success.
Tunnel: Hiding; being afraid.
Turning: Changing or developing. See Leftor Right. Turning in a circle represents lack of progress.
Twins: Ego and alter ego.
Umbrella: Shelter.
Veil: Insecurity.
Volcano: Sexual energy; emotions.
Wall: Frustration; inability.
Watch: See Clock.
Water: Spirituality; emotion.
Wedding: Culmination of plans; happiness; success.
Witch: Supernatural ability; wisdom.
Woman: The anima. Her age represents
maturity Or lack of it.
Wreath: Self-pity.

important thing is to capture what you can, even if you
only have time to make a few brief notes. You will findthat later on you will be able to recall more of thedetails of the dream.Then write down all the details
that you can remember. Describe the people, theiridentities, occupations, clothes, the state of their emotions
and their activities. Note your attitude towards themand their attitudes towards you. Describe everything
you see, feel and hear. Pay special attention to the numbersof things and their colors. It is all important. Then try toarrange your notes in the order in which they were
dreamed.
Once you have completed your notes and organized them you can begin the task of interpretation.
First of all, examine the dream to see if it fits any of theevents of the preceding day. This will explain a few ofyour dreams. If this test fails, then you must determine
whether the dream is literal or symbolic.
A LITERAL dream is one in which the main dream
character or image is a real person or thing in your life, oron your mind, at the time. If the literal interpretation
makes sense, you may have found the key. When theliteral interpretation fails to make sense, the dream is
obviously symbolic.

88 I Buckland's Complete Book of WitchcraftA SYMBOLIC dream is one in which the dream
character and images cannot be taken literally, as a real
person or thing. Then the image is that of an aspect ofyou, the dreamer. Then the ancient wisdom of the
Universal Symbols should be applied.
As you first begin to work with symbology, you
may still have difficulty unraveling the tangled threads;
you may only decipher part of the mystery. Don't
worry about this for it is quite natural in the beginning.
Continue to affirm that you will remember. Continue tofaithfully record all of the details that you can. As you do,
you will find that the symbols will gradually begin toclear, as you and your higher self develop a dialogue thatyou can consciously understand. The hidden symbolin one dream will suddenly be revealed in another.
When this begins to happen you should start to compile
your own personal Dream Dictionary. Take a notebook
that is not used for any other purpose and divide it intoalphabetical sections. As you discover the meanings of
new symbols, write them down. Soon you will find thatyou have an extensive set of personal symbols which
will permit nearly total interpretation of all yourdreams.
PERSONAL SYMBOLS

Many published books on dream interpretation
provide the reader with hundreds of symbols andsimplified interpretation. Other than listings of Universal symbols, such books are totally misleading. Each ofus has his or her own unique personal symbology, basedon our experiences in this life. For example, two elderly
ladies dream of a cat. One of the ladies has lived aspinster life shared with a succession of cats that she
has loved and pampered. The second lady has a very
traumatic memory of a wild cat which scratched her
severely during her childhood. It is obvious that a single
interpretation of "cat" will not satisfy both dreamers.
To the first lady, the cat is a warm, loving companion.
To the second, the cat is an evil, dangerous creature thatbrings pain. Therefore, it is necessary for the dreamer toanalyze the symbol from the standpoint of his or her own
personal feelings.

may record three dreams of entirely different symbology,
but upon interpretation find that the underlying theme foreach is almost identical. In either case the source of the
dream is attempting to insure that the message gets
through and is understood. A dream repeated overdays, weeks or perhaps months, indicates somethingthat you have not taken action on. Once you
understand, and respond to, the dream, through action ora change in attitude, the dream will cease to occur.
Generally the recurring dream is one of the following:a) Precognitive or prophetic.
b) Compensation for an improper attitude.
c) The result of a traumatic incident which has left anegative impression.
GROUP DREAMS

Among the more spiritually advanced is anoccasional tendency to actively share or participate in a
dream with someone else. In these cases, the two
people are very much in tune with one another on a
psychic or emotional level. It does not mean that theyare "soul mates", destined for one another. Rather,
they are in harmony at some levels in this particulartime of their lives and are undergoing similar adjustments on the spiritual plane. Interpretation of the
dream should be done the same as with an ordinary
dream, but with the "other" person in the dream interpreted as an aspect of yourself.
DREAMS versus OUT-OF-BODY EXPERIENCES

The memory of out-of-body experiences (OOBEs)
has the same elusive quality .as the dream. Consequently it is often difficult to separate the two. One
marked difference is the sensation of awareness. In a
dream, the visual awareness of the self is in one direction
only. As with physical sight, you "see" only what is in
front of you. In the OOBE, however, your awareness isall-encompassing. You see not only what is in front but
also what is behind, above, below and on the sides—allat the same time. Do not attempt to interpret an OOBE as
you would a dream.

THE REPETITIVE DREAMRITUALS continued

Many dreams are repeated in order to emphasize
their meaning or to insure that they are noticed. Thismay or may not be obvious to the dreamer. Usually
dreams come in a series of three. Sometimes theirsymbology will be quite similar. At other times you

Last lesson I detailed the four Major, or Greater,
Sabbats. Now we'll look at the four Minor, or Lesser,
Sabbats: Spring Equinox; Summer Solstice; Autumnal
Equinox and Winter Solstice (or Yule). In actual

Lesson Seven: Meditation, Dreams and the Minor Sabbats / 89

fact the terms "Major" and "Minor", or "Greater" and "Lesser", are misnomers for each is as important as the other.
SPRING EQUINOX SABBAT

Let there be a bundle of spring wild flowers lying on or beside thealtar. The Coveners may wear flowers in their hair if they wish. On thealtar lies the Priapic Wand, a wooden or earthenware bowl filled with soil
and a large seed of some kind. Also on, or under, the altar is a sheet ofparchment, or paper, and a writing instrument. The altar cloth andcandles should be light green.
The Erecting the Temple is performed. The bell is rung three times.
Priest:"Blessed be all within this Circle."
Priestess: "Merry meet we at this Springtime Rite."All:"Merry meet."
Priest:"Brothers and Sisters, hear my words.
Awake and greet the Spring.
Lord! Lady! Hear us, for we are here.
We are here to celebrate with you and for you."Priestess: "Welcome, welcome beauteous Spring!
Welcome the time for birth.
Welcome the time for planting seeds."
COVENERS, with PRIEST and PRIESTESS leading, take up the flowers
and dance deosil around the Circle. As they dance, they bend down todrop their flowers on the line of the Circle, till the whole circle isdecorated with the flowers. If they wish, they may sing as they dance.
When the dancing stops the bell is rung three times.
Priest/ess: "Springtime is seedtime. Now is the time for each of us toplant that which he or she wishes to come to flower."
Covener:"Springtime is for hopes and desires; for new ideas; forbalance and inspiration."
Priest/ess: "Let us now meditate on that which we wish to bring forth. Let
us consider our hopes and opportunities and direct ourenergies to one, or more, things we would start upon theroad of life."
All sit and, in as comfortable a position as possible, meditate. Think ofwhat seed of an idea you would like to plant, that it may grow into an
opportunity. It might be a quality like Patience, or Perseverence, or it
might be the opportunity to do or create something. It might be something
not for yourself but for another [Note: You are not here working"magick"—I'll deal with that fully in a later lesson—but simply "planting aseed" in your mind that you can nurture and let grow. Like all seeds, it willneed tending, attention and care, to help it develop and finally bloom.]
When sufficient time has elapsed the bell is rung. PRIEST/ESS takes theparchment and pen and writes, at the top, his/her "seed" (try to concentrate
it into as few words as possible). The parchment is passed around theCircle and all add their "seeds". When it is returned, PRIEST/

The PRIAPIC WAND is named after Priapus,
the Roman God of procreation. In Asia Minor he
was equated with Pan, the nature deity of
Greece, and was considered the off-spring of
Aphrodite and Dionysus. He presided over the
fecundity of fields and flocks, over the raising ofbees, the culture of the vine and over fishing.
He protected orchards and gardens, where hisphallic image was prominently displayed.
The Priapic Wand is, in effect, a representationof a phallus (penis). Although only used in a
few rituals (if you so desire), you will need one.
It should be about twenty-one inches in length
overall with the last eight or nine inches
carved in the shape of a male organ. An alternate
design, which represents the phallus
symbolically, is a wand ending in a pine-cone.

90 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

ESS lights the parchment from the altar candle andholds it so that as it burns the ashes fall into the bowl ofearth. As s/he does so, s/he says:
Priest/ess:"Lord and Lady, receive these our seeds.
Let them germinate in our minds and ourhearts.
Let them prosper and grow to maturity,
For we will care for them and encouragethem in your name."

Taking her athame, PRIESTESS mixes ashes into thesoil. She then makes an indentation in the center andlays down the knife. PRIEST takes up Priapic Wandand dances three times around the Circle with it held
aloft over his head. The first time round he dances
slowly, the second time faster and the third time very
fast. Returning to the Priestess, he holds out the Wandvertically before him.
Priestess: "By the power of the raised Wand doth theSeed find the furrow. Blessings be uponthis handsome Wand."She kisses the tip of it.
Priestess: "All honor to it. May it be ever thus."
PRIEST lays down the Wand and takes up the seedfrom the altar. He holds it for a moment between thepalms of his hands, concentrating his energies into it.
He then passes it to the Covener next to him, who does
the same. The seed is passed around the Circle in thisfashion till it returns to Priest. PRIESTESS then takes
up the bowl from the altar and holds it high.
Priestess:"Of old would we celebrate by together
planting the seed, one with another. Heredo we symbolize that act, in veneration of
our Lady and our Lord."

PRIESTESS turns to face Priest, bringing down thebowl and holding it between her breasts.
Priest:"These rites of Spring belong to us all; To us
and to the Gods. This is a time of joy and atime for planting."

He places the seed in the hollowed space and closes
The Lord Of the Greenwood by Tara Buckland '1985 See Appendix D for music.

the soil over on top of it.
Priest:"This seed do I place in the womb of theEarth
That it may become a part of that Earth, A
part of life and a part of us."

PRIEST and PRIESTESS kiss, and PRIESTESS replaces
bowl on altar. They then move around the Circle, kissing
and hugging each of the Coveners. Bell is rung threetimes.
Then shall follow the ceremony of Cakes and Ale.
After that the Clearing the Temple is performed so that
there is plenty of room for fun, games and entertainment. The evening concludes with a feast.
SUMMER SOLSTICE SABBAT

The altar cloth and candles should be white. The
Circle may be decorated with summer flowers, fruits,
green branches or whatever is felt to be appropriate. In
the South quarter stands a cauldron filled with water,
with an aspergillum beside it. On the altar is an extra,
large candle, unlit. Beside or on the altar is the Priest's
Horned Helmet. The Erecting the Temple is performed.
The Bell is rung three times.
Covener:Covener:Covener:Covener:"Cease all sorrows!""Cease all strife!""This day is for living.""For living this life."

PRIEST places Horned Helmet on his head and stands infront of altar. He takes extra candle, lights it from
regular altar candle and then raises it high in his righthand. COVENERS raise both hands high and cry:All:

"Hail, Lord! Hail the Sun God! Hail thelight!"

While Priest remains in the center, PRIESTESS goes tostand beside the cauldron. COVENERS join hands
and dance around the Circle, deosil. As they movearound, PRIESTESS sprinkles them with water fromthe cauldron as they pass. All (including Priest andPriestess) sing*:
All:"Comes the Lord of the Greenwood, Greenwood,

Lesson Seven: Meditation, Dreams and the Minor Sabbats 191

Comes the Lord of the Greenwood, Greenwood,
Comes the Lord of the Greenwood, Greenwood
To court the Lady fair.
In the heat of their passion, passion,
In the heat of their passion, passion,
In the heat of their passion, passion
The grain shall rise again.
Comes the Lord of the Greenwood, Greenwood,
Comes the Lord of the Greenwood, Greenwood,
Comes the Lord of the Greenwood, Greenwood
To court the Lady fair."At the end of the song the bell is rung seven times.
PRIEST replaces lit candle on the altar then he dances
slowly twelve times, deosil, around the Circle. As hegoes, he says the following, which coveners repeat
after him (line by line):
Priest:All:
Priest:All:
Priest:All:
Priest:All:
Priest:All:
Priest:All:
Priest:All:
Priest:All:
Priest:"I am He who is the Lord and the Light.""You are He who is the Lord and theLight.""I am He who is the Sun." "You are He
who is the Sun." "Let your love shine asdoes my radiance." "We let our love shine asdoes your radiance." "Let your love spreadthroughout theworld, as does my light." "We let ourlove spread throughout theworld, as does your light." "Together
with the sun we must also
know rain." "Together with the sun wemust also
know rain." "So together with joy wemust also know
pain." "So together with joy we mustalso know
pain.""I am the Life and I am the Hope." "Youare the Life and you are the Hope." "I am
the Death and the Life anew." "You are theDeath and the Life anew." "Without methere can be nothing."

All:
Priest:sire."All:
Priest:All:
Priest:All:
Priest:"Without you there can be nothing.""With me, you can have all that you de"With you, we can have all that we desire.""I am He who is the Sun.""You are He who is the Sun.""I am He who is the Lord and the Light.""You are He who is the Lord and theLight.""As I give light and life to you, so is it meetthat you should give to others. Let us all
share all that we have with those whohave nothing."

Returning to the altar, PRIEST assumes the God position.
Led by PRIESTESS, Coveners move around to bow
before Priest and to lay an offering* at his feet.
Priest:"Now may you know the true j oy of giving.
So be it."All:
"So be it."Priest/ess: "We Wiccans give thanks to the Mighty
Ones
For the richness and goodness of life.
As there must be rain with the sun,
To make all things good,
So must we suffer pain with our joy,
To know all things.
Our love is ever with the Gods,
For though we know not their thoughts,
Yet do we know their hearts—
That all is for our good.
Mighty Ones, bless us now.
Keep us faithful in thy service.
We thank you for the crops;
For life; for love; for joy.
We thank you for that sparkThat brings us together—and to you.
Help us to live with Love
And with Trust between us.
Help us to feel the joy of loving you
And of loving one another."All:"So be it!"
The bell is rung three times. Then shall follow theceremony of Cakes and Ale. After that the Clearing theTemple is performed so that there is plenty of room for'Offerings can be to suit the giver. One coven I know gives offerings of money which are then donated to charity. Another gives offerings of food and clothing which is given to the needy.
The offering should be something of a sacrifice on the part of the giver; it is not just a token giving.

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fun, games and entertainment. The evening concludes with a feast.
AUTUMNAL EQUINOX SABBAT
The altar cloth and candles should be red. The
Circle should be decorated with autumn flowers,
acorns, gourds, pine cones, corn sheaves, etc.. A bowl offruit (apples, pears, peaches and whatever) is on the altar.
Offerings (see footnote to previous ritual) lie around thealtar.
Priest/ess: "Now do we enjoy the fruits of our labors."
Covener: "Now do we celebrate the harvest."
Covener. "As we sowed in the spring, now do wereap." Priest/ess: "Now let us pay ourdues and enjoy ourjust rewards."
The bell is rung three times. ALL join hands and moveslowly deosil about the Circle. A simple dance step(see Lesson 12) or a light skipping step may be used, if
desired. The coven goes around three times. As they
move around the PRIEST/ESS says:
Priest/ess: "Here is the balance of Day and Night. At
no point does time stand still. Ever does thewheel turn and turn again: Children areborn and grow; age advances. Death will
come to visit as surely as the sun
doth rise. Since Death is inevitable,
greet him as afriend.
Remember, he it is who opens the door
That leads forward into life. Life to deathand death to life: Balance and harmony;
ever moving on."When the circling stops, the PRIEST takes up the bowl offruit and moves around the Circle giving a fruit to eachcovener. At the giving there is an embrace and a kissand the Covener says:
Covener:"I give thanks to the Gods for this sign of a
joyful harvest."

PRIEST ends by giving a fruit to the Priestess then she, inturn, gives the last one to the Priest. The bell is rungseven times. All then sit and enjoy their fruit. At this time
there can be happy conversation. When all have eaten,

the bell is rung three times and all stand again.
Priest: "Although the season of plenty draws to a close,
yet are the Gods ever with us. Our Lord
watches over us, as does his Lady."
Priestess: "To the good seasons that have alreadypassed."All:"The Lord and the Lady give blessings."
Priest:"To the beauty of autumn and to thosefriends we treasure."
All:"The Lord and the Lady give blessings,"
Covener: "Peace, joy and love to the world."
All:"To that do we give our blessings."
Priest:"How is the ground?"All:"Well cared for."
Priestess: "How are the crops?"
All:"Beautiful and plentiful."
Covener: "What are our lives?"
All:"The harvest of the Gods."
Priest/ess: "Whilst we enjoy the fruits of our labors, theharvest of our lives, let us never forgetthose who are not so fortunate."
Covener: "We offer, here, a portion of our fortunes togo where it may be needed."All:"So mote it be."Priest/ess: "Then may the Lord and the Lady blessthese offerings, bless the givers and blessthose who will receive."
The bell is rung three times. Then shall follow theceremony of Cakes and Ale. After that the Clearing theTemple is performed so that there is plenty of room for
fun, games and entertainment. The evening concludes with a feast.
WINTER SOLSTICE SABBAT
The altar cloth and the candles should be purple.
The Circle may be decorated with holly, mistletoe, ivy,
etc.. There is a cauldron in the south, filled with kindling.
The Priest's Horned Helmet is beside the altar. Shorttapers (one for each Covener) lie on the altar. The bell
is rung three times. PRIEST sits or kneels in the centerof the Circle.
Covener: "Blessed are the Gods who turn the mighty
wheel." Covener: "Welcome, thrice
welcome, to Yule; theturning point of winter is upon us."
Covener: "Here is an end to the solar year."Lesson Seven: Meditation, Dreams and the Minor Sabbats 193

Covener: "But here, too, is a new beginning." Priestess:"Brothers, Sisters, Friends. Let us show our love bysending forth our power and our strength to he who is
the Sun God. At this turning of the year's tide, let us
join our energies with his, that he may be reborn toascend once more unto his rightful place."

Priestess: "May all our power, Witches all, strengthen
the new-born Lord."

COVENERS and PRIESTESS join hands and circle,
deosil, chanting:

PRIESTESS places Horned Helmet on Priest's head.
He comes to his feet and raises his hands high.

All:

Priest: "Life! Love! I am the Sun Lord!""Turn, turn, turn the wheel.
Round and round; around it goes. The
flame that died, it now doth heal. Roundand round; around it goes. Return, return,
return to life. Round and round; around it
goes. Welcome sunlight; farewell strife.
Round and round; around it goes. The Sun
Lord dies; the Sun Lord lives. Round andround; around it goes. Death opens hands
and new life gives. Round and round;around it goes. Turn, turn, turn the wheel.
Round and round; around it goes. The
flame that died, it now doth heal. Roundand round; around it goes."This may be kept up for as long as desired. Then, whilestill circling, PRIESTESS says:
Priestess: "Let us kindle fresh fire to light our Lord
upon his way."
Covener: "Fire for strength!"
Covener: "Fire for life!" Covener:"Fire for love!"As they pass the altar PRIESTESS first, then each
Covener, takes up a taper and lights it from the altar
candle. Continuing around the Circle, when the cauldron isreached the taper is thrown in, to light the kindling andthen add to it. When all have thrown in theirtapers, circling stops with Priestess before the altar.
She takes up the Horned Helmet and moves around to
stand before the kneeling Priest.

He lowers his hands then moves slowly aroundthe Circle speaking, as though talking to eachindividual covener as he moves around.
Priest:"I fell into deep darkness and death I
knew.
Yet was I of star-seed. On the tail of acomet I rent the velvet darkness ofeverlasting
light.
Ablaze with glory, I was reborn, To startagain the perennial cycle of guardianshipThat evermore drives me through deathand birth alike.
With the companionship of our Lady I face
into the wind,
Knowing that we fly upon wings of time,Through timeless worlds, together."Covener: "All hail, the Sun God!"All:"All hail, the Sun God!"*
Covener: "All hail the death and birth of Yule."
All:"All hail!"
Bell is rung seven times. PRIEST and PRIESTESS joinhands and lead coveners in a dance about the Circle.
Bell is rung three times.
Then shall follow the ceremony of Cakes and Ale.
After that the Clearing of the Temple is performed so that
there is plenty of room for fun, games and entertainment. The evening concludes with a feast.

*Here may also be inserted an "All hail, ...(Name)..."—the particular name of the deity used by the coven.

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1.

Relate any experiences, insights that have come to you while meditating.

2.

List below some recurring themes or symbols in your dreams. Try to interpret some of your more powerful
dreams. Describe them here. Be sure to keep a special Dream Journal next to your bed.

3.

List the four Minor Sabbats and tell what each commemorates. Relate how you celebrated each Minor, or Lesser,
Sabbat.

LESSON EIGHT MARRIAGE,
BIRTH, DEATH AND CHANNELING

Covener:

HANDFASTING

Handfasting is the Wiccan word for the marriage ceremony. Unlike the Christian form, where the man andwoman are locked together "till death do us part"(even if they later grow apart and eventually come toalmost hate one another), the Wiccan ceremony joins
man and woman "for so long as love shall last". When
there is no longer love between them, they are free to go
their separate ways.
These days most couples write their own
Hand-fasting ceremony. I here give the Seax-Wica rite
as an example. You may like to use it as it is, or just as abasis for your own ideas. Read it carefully. In addition
to being very beautiful, I think you will find that it makes
a great deal of sense.

"...(Groom's name)... is the Man and ...
(Bride's name)...is the Woman."

BRIDE and GROOM move forward to stand facing
Priest and Priestess across the altar—Bride opposite
Priest and Groom opposite Priestess.
Priestess(to Groom): "Are you ...(Name)..,?"
Groom:"I am."
Priestess "What is your desire?"
Groom:"To be made one with ...(Bride's name)...,
in the eyes of the Gods and the Wicca."
Priestfto Bride):"Are you ... (Name)...?" Bride:"I
am."Priest:"And what is your desire?"
Bride:"To be made one with... (Groom's name)...,
in the eyes of the Gods and the Wicca."

HANDFASTING RITEPRIESTESS takes up sword and raises it high. PRIEST
hands Priapic Wand to Bride and Groom. They hold it
between them, each with both hands.

This rite should be performed during the waxing of
the Moon. The Altar may be decked with flowers andflowers strewn about the Circle. If the coven normallywears robes, for this rite it is suggested that the Brideand Groom at least be skyclad; preferably the whole
coven.
It is traditional in the Seax-Wica for the Brideand Groom to exchange rings. These are usually goldor silver bands with the couple's (Craft) names
inscribed on them in runes. These rings rest on thealtar at the start of the rite. The Priapic Wand is also on
the altar.
The Erecting the Temple is performed. PRIEST and
PRIESTESS kiss.

Priestess: "Lord and Lady, here before you stand two ofyour folk. Witness, now, that which they
have to declare."
PRIESTESS replaces sword on altar, then takes her
athame and holds the point of it to Groom's chest.
Groom repeats the following, line by line:
Priestess:Covener:"There are those in our midst who seek thebond of Handfasting." Priestess: "Letthem be named and brought forward."
97"Repeat after me: 'I, ...(Name)..., do comehere of my own free will, to seek the partnership of ...(Bride's name).... I come with all
love, honor and sincerity, wishing only to
become one with her whom I love. Always
will I strive for ...(Bride's name)...'s happiness and welfare. Her life will I defend

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before my own. May the athame be plunged
into my heart should I not be sincere in allthat I declare. All this I swear in the names of
the gods*. May they give me the strength tokeep my vows. So mote it be.'"PRIESTESS lowers her athame. Priest then raises his
athame and, in turn, holds it to the breast of the Bride.
She repeats the oath, line by line, after him:
Priest:"Repeat after me: 1, ...(Name)..., do comehere of my own free will, to seek the partnership of... (Groom's name).... I come with all
love, honor and sincerity, wishing only to
become one with him whom I love. Always
will I strive for ...(Groom's name)...'s happiness and welfare. His life will I defend
before my own. May the athame be plunged
into my heart should I not be sincere in allthat I declare. All this I swear in the names of
the gods*. May they give me the strength tokeep my vows. So mote it be.'"PRIEST lowers the athame. PRIESTESS takes up thetwo rings and sprinkles and censes both. She hands
the Bride's ring to the Groom and the Groom's ring to
the Bride. They take them in their right hands, remaining
holding the Priapic Wand with their left hands.
Priest:"As the grass of the fields and the trees of thewoods bend together under the pressures ofthe storm, so too must you both bend
when the wind blows strong. But knowthat as quickly as the storm comes, so
equally quickly may it leave. Yet will you
both stand, strong in each other's strength.
As you give love; so will you receive love.
As you give strength; so will you receive
strength. Together you are one; apart you
are as nothing."
Priestess: "Know you that no two people can beexactly alike. No more can any two people fit
together, perfect in every way. There will
be times when it will seem hard to give and tolove. But see then your reflection as in awoodland pool: when the image you see
looks sad and angered, then is the time . foryou to smile and to love (for it is not fire thatputs out fire). In return will the image in thepool smile and love. So change you"Names used for the gods may be inserted here.

Priest:All:

anger for love and tears for joy. It is no
weakness to admit a wrong; more is it astrength and a sign of learning.""Ever love, help and respect each other, And
then know truly that you are one In theeyes of the Gods And of the Wicca.""So Mote It Be!"

PRIEST takes Priapic Wand from couple and replaces iton the altar. BRIDE and GROOM each place ring on theother's finger and kiss. They then kiss Priest andPriestess across the altar, then move deosil about theCircle to be congratulated by the others.
Then shall follow the ceremony of Cakes and Alefollowed by games and merriment.
As I said at the beginning of this lesson, in many
religions marriage is meant to be a lifetime partnership.
Even though it may turn out that after a few years a
couple find they are really unsuited to one another,
they are stuck for the rest of their lives. This invariably
leads to great unhappiness for husband, wife and any
children. Although Witches most certainly do not
encourage casual partnerships, they do recognize thefact that some marriages just do not work out ideally.
When this is the case, and when all attempts have been
made to settle any differences, then they will dissolve
the partnership with the old ceremony ofHandparting.
This, of course, is never undertaken lightly.
HANDPARTING RITE

Before the ceremony the couple will sit with thePriest and Priestess and work out a fair division of
their property, plus provision for support of any
children of the marriage. A scribe will make note ofthis and the record will be signed by all. If either husband or wife are not available for the rite (by reason of
relocation, ill health or whatever), then a Witch of theappropriate sex may stand in for the missing party.
The rite will take place in this fashion only if there is asigned agreement from the missing party, together
with the marriage ring.
The Erecting the Temple is performed. Priest andPriestess kiss.
Covener:"...(Husband's name)... and ...(Wife'sname)..., stand forth."Lesson Eight: Marriage, Birth, Death and Channeling 199

Husband and Wife stand before the altar, Husband
facing Priestess and Wife facing Priest.
Priestess: "Why are you here?"
Husband: "I wish a Handparting from ...(Name)..."
Priest:"Why are you here?"Wife:"I wish a Handparting from ...(Name)..."
Priestess: "Do you both desire this of your own free
will?"
Husband & Wife: "We do." Priest:"Has asettlement been reached between
you regarding the division of property and(if appropriate) care for the children?"Husband & Wife: "It has." Priest:"Has this been
duly recorded, signed andwitnessed?"
Covener-Scribe:"It has." Priest:"Then let us
proceed, remembering that
we stand ever before the gods."
HUSBAND and WIFE join hands. They repeat thefollowing, line by line, speaking together.
Priestess:Priest:"Together repeat after me: 'I, ...(Name)...,
do hereby most freely dissolve my partnership with... (Spouse's name).... I do so in allhonesty and sincerity, before the Gods,
with my brothers and sisters of the Craft as
witnesses. No longer are we as One, but
now are Two individuals, free to go ourseparate ways. We release all ties, one tothe other, yet ever will we retain respect
for one another, as we have love and respect
for our fellow Wiccans. So be it.'""Hand Part!"

HUSBAND and WIFE release each other's hands,
remove their marriage rings and give them to thePriestess. She sprinkles and censes them, saying:
Priestess:"In the names of the Gods do I cleanse
these rings."

She returns them to the couple, to do with them as
they wish.
Priestess:"Now are you handparted. Let all know
you as such. Go your separate ways in
Peace and in Love—never in bitterness—and in the ways of the Craft. So mote itbe."

All: "So mote it be.'Then shall follow the ceremony of the Cakes
and Ale and the Clearing the Tempk.
Generally speaking Witches are very open-mindedpeople, especially where religion is concerned. They
have no hard and fast "Commandments"; no catechisms.
They feel that all should be free to choose the religion
that best suits them. It would seem obvious that there
can be no one religion for all. Temperaments differ.
Some love ritual for its own sake; others look for simplicity.
All religions lead in the same direction, simply taking
different paths to get there. Witches feel that all should
therefore be free to choose their own path.
All—including the Witches' own children. A childshould not be forced to follow a particular religion justbecause it is the religion of the parent (s). For thisreason most Witch parents try to give their children as
wide a view of religion as possible, that the child may
make a free choice when ready. It is naturally hopedthat the child will choose the Craft, but it is not forced.
Far better that the child be happy in a religion different
from the parent than that s/he become a religious
hypocrite.
For the above reasons there is no Craft "baptism".
Instead, in a simple ceremony, the parents ask thegods to watch over the child and give her, or him, wisdom in choice when older. The child will be fully
initiated only when old enough to decide for her/himself. The exact age will, of course, vary from one
child to another. Until that time the child should certainly be encouraged to participate in Circles and to"get the feel" of the Craft. When ready, then the initiation
will be conducted by the Priest and Priestess, or, if theyso wish, by the parents acting as Priest and Priestess.
In virtually all branches of the Craft, anyone may
leave at any time, should they so wish. They are also
free to return again, at any time, should they so desire.
There would be no need for a second initiation.
BIRTH RITE (or Wiccaning)This may be performed at any of the rituals, prior tothe ceremony of Cakes and Ale, or it may be done as a rite
in itself, preceded by Erecting the Temple and thenfollowed by Cakes and Ale and, of course, Clearing theTemple.

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The Erecting the Temple is performed. Priest andPriestess kiss.
Covener: "There is an addition to our number. Let us
give her/him due welcome."
PARENTS move to stand across the altar from thePriest and Priestess. They hold the baby.
Priest: "What is the name of the child?"
Parents give the child's name—the name bywhich it will be known in the Circle until old enough tochoose its own name.
Priest:"We welcome you, ...(Name)..."
Priestess: "Welcome, and much love to you."PRIEST and PRIESTESS lead PARENTS and childthree times, deosil, around the Circle. PARENTS then"offer" the child—they hold the child over the altar.
Parents:"We here offer the fruit of our love to thegods. May they watch over her/him as s/
he grows."

PRIESTESS dips her fingers in the salted water andgently wipes them over the baby's face. Mother thenpasses the child through the smoke of the incense.
Priestess:"May the Lord and the Lady ever smile
upon you."Priest: "May they guard you and guide you through thislife."
Priestess: "May they help you choose that which isright and shun that which is wrong."
Priest:"May they see that no harm befalls you, orothers through you."Priestess (to parents): "We charge you both, in thenames of the God and of the Goddess, tolead this child, with love, through the highways and byways of life. Teach him/her theways of the Craft that s/he may learn to honor
and respect all life and to harm none."Priest:"Teach her/him of the Lord and the Lady; ofthis life, of all that went before and what
may come after. Tell the tales of the gods
and teach the history of our Craft. Teachher/him to strive for that perfection which
all desire and, when the time is right,

hope—but do not press—that s/he joinswith us and becomes truly one of our
beloved family."
Parents: "All this will we do. So do we pledge."
Priest and Priestess: "We bid welcome to ...(Name)..."
All:"Welcome!"
Then shall follow the ceremony of Cakes and Ale.
Because of the Craft belief in reincarnation, death isa time for celebration rather than grief. Death signifies thecompletion of a learning period ... the individual has"graduated" and will be going on to other things. Thisshould be celebrated. Sorrow, then, is a sign ofselfishness. We are sorry for ourselves, that we havebeen left behind, without the love and companionship of
one dear to us.
There are no hard and fast teachings on whatshould be done wih the body after death. After all, it
was only a shell for the spirit, or soul, that inhabited it
and has now gone on. Many Witches (I think, probably
the majority) favor cremation; others leave their bodies tohospitals. It is a personal choice. Few, if any, Witches see
the sense of the elaborate and (for the relatives)
expensive trappings of today's funerals.
CROSSING THE BRIDGE (at death)
This rite may be performed at any of the otherrituals, prior to the Cakes and Ale, or it may be done as arite in itself, preceded by Erecting the Temple and followed
by Cakes and Ale and, of course, Clearing the Temple.
The Erecting the Temple is performed. Priest andPriestess kiss. A single long note is sounded on a horn,by one of the Coveners.
Covener:"The horn is sounded for ...(Name of
Deceased Witch)."•All:"So be it."Priestess: "That today... (Name)... is not with us, here in
the Circle, saddens us all. Yet let us try not
to feel sad. For is this not a sign that s/he has
fulfilled this life's work? Now is s/he free
to move on. We shall meet again, never fear.
And that will be a time for further
celebration."
Priest:"Let us send forth our good wishes to bear
her/him across the Bridge. May s/he returnat any time s/he may wish, to be with us
here."

Lesson Eight: Marriage, Birth, Death and Channeling / 101

ALL take their athames and point them at a spot behind
the altar, facing the Priest and Priestess. They imagine
the dead Witch standing on that spot, looking as they
best remember her or him. They concentrate on sending
love, joy and happiness from their bodies, along theline of the athame, into the imagined body. This
continues for a few moments. The Priestess signals theend by replacing her athame and saying:
Priestess:All:"We wish you all the Love and Happiness
we may. We will never forget you. Do not
you forget us. Whenever we meet here,
you are always welcome.""So mote it be."ALL now sit and if any present wish to speak of thedeceased, they may do so. If no one else, then at least
the Priest and/or Priestess should speak reminiscen-tly
of the dead Witch, remembering especially the goodand happy times. Then shall follow the ceremony of Cakes
and Ale.

THE INTUITIVE PROCESSThe word "psychic" means that which pertains tothe spirit or higher consciousness. The word "occult"means that which is hidden from the uninitiated. In
fact, there is nothing hidden or mysterious about yourbeyond-the-physical abilities. They are a part of every
single one of us. Just as we each have arms and legs,
fingers and toes, so do we each havebeyond-the-physical abilities. These abilities arevery much in evidence in some people but lie
dormant—awaiting recognition and utilization—in
others. And just as physical abilities differ in individuals,
so do these psychic abilities. By testing your physicalstrength in different tasks, you find what you are capableof and what you are not. So it is with your psychic
strength. You need to test it, to exercise and attempt, inorder to find out your true capabilities.
Let's look first at Channeling—the tapping into
the collective consciousness in order to obtain needed
information.
CATEGORIES OF CHANNELINGThe ability to channel information falls into twogeneral categories; the PHYSICAL and the MENTAL

Physical channeling is that which relates to, or has
an effect on, physical objects. This would include
psy-chometry, pendulum (radiesthesia), tea-leaf
reading (tasseography), card-reading (cartomancy),
etc..
Mental channeling is that which deals with impressions received on some level of conscious awareness.
Included in the mental category are clairvoyance("clearseeing"),clairaudience(hearing),clairsen-tience (sensing) and telepathy (thoughttransference). The abilities to function inprecognitive (knowing before the event),
retrocognitive (after the event) and present timeframes.
A further division of channeling should be noted.
That is, the difference between "trance" and "conscious"
channeling (the trance condition can be further divided
into deep, medium and light states). Generally speaking,the term "trance" indicates the lack of conscious
activity on the part of the psychic, or "Channel". In a
deep trance, the Channel is not consciously aware ofwhat is occurring during the process and will not
retain any memory of the event. In a medium or
semi-trance state, the Channel usually has someconscious awareness of what occurs and retains somememory. In this case, the conscious mind acts as anobserver but does not actively participate in thechanneling of the information. In a light trance theknowledge during, and later memory of, the event ismore pronounced. However, the conscious memory
still functions only as an observer and takes no active
part.
In the case of conscious channeling, the Psychic's
conscious awareness can, and often does, actively participate. Not only are the higher levels of consciousness
receiving and assimilating information, but theconscious awareness is receiving and analyzing dataon the physical level (such as physical manifestation ofemotional response, including body language, facial
expression and voice inflection).
CLEARING THE CHANNEL

To become a Channel, you must remove the debris
that blocks or impedes the flow of information. You
must rid your mind of all of the rubbish accumulated
throughout your lifetime so that a clean environment
exists in which to develop those powers latent withinyou. You must overcome your inhibitions, false values,
uncertainties, indecision and criticism of others. Some
major considerations are as follows:1: Controlling themind—To clear the way for the higher

102 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

mind, you must learn to control and focus the conscious mind. Consider how you seem to have athousand thoughts rushing about at any given
moment. This shows how you scatter your energies,
giving only a small percentage of your energy to
any one idea or action at a time. If you learn to control
your mental energies and give undivided attention,
you have the force; the power to achieve any goal, thePower of creation.
2: Removing emotion—Worry, fear, anger, envy, rushand noise are as much a poison to your spiritual system
as arsenic would be to your body. True spiritual'qualities entirely eliminate these poisons. Total faithleaves no room for worry. Unrestricted love allows noroom for hate, envy, anger and greed.
3: Self-examination—As a truth seeker, you should
continually examine yourself. You must determine
your ideals and beliefs. You must achieve clear andconcise determination of what is right and wrong
for you. Just as you cannot judge another, you cannot
be judged by any other than yourself. You must
determine your ambitions and analyze your motivation. You must determine your goals and definethem clearly. You cannot complete a journey without aspecific objective. For example, you wouldn't
merely go to a certain city to visit a friend. You
would go to a specific street, a specific building and a
specific apartment. Not only must you define yourobjectives, you must also place them in priority andpursue them accordingly. As you select, prioritize
and pursue your goals, you must adhere to the creed"An' it harm none ..."
4: Possessiveness—One of the most difficult obstacles
for many to overcome is possessiveness. Ourpossessions (people and things) rule us while only
pretending to be our slaves. They demand our timeand money. They tie us down to a specific place andcomplicate our lives severely. They bring jealousy,
greed, envy and hate. This does not mean that weshould deny ourselves our possessions. We aremeant to possess all things, share all things and tohave power over all things. But we are not meant tohave power over one or two things to the exclusion of
all others. Consider your feelings concerning yourpossessions. Who is the master and who the slave?
Learn to transform petty possessiveness into the great
spiritual feeling of sharing and unity.
5: Love—You should learn to truly love. Many miscon
ceptions exist concerning this subject. It is too often
viewed as a rather selfish emotion or as lust. You

must learn of the higher love; unselfish love. You
should learn to love well enough to release people
and things rather than to cling to them. Your loveshould be understanding and forgiving. You need torealize that each individual has his own path tofollow, his own experiences to assimilate, in order tofully develop. You must let him tread his own pathat his own pace. You should give love. You should
be love. You must learn empathy for all— andsympathy for none.
6: Meditation—Finally, you must master the silence inwhich the higher self speaks. As I discussed in theprevious lesson, it is through meditation that you
learn to concentrate and focus your attention on thehigher level. The daily session of meditation clears
the cluttered mind and produces the clear channel
that can be used at will.
As you continue to work with the six steps outlined above, the channel will gradually begin to clear,and bits of information will start to filter through.
Usually the process is so gradual that you may noteven detect it at first. Many times the initial clues are
bits of knowledge that have no consciously known
source. They may be completely new ideas, concepts orrealization of new truths. Channel opening can also be
expressed in what seems to be an improved memory. In
any case, it is seldom dramatic. You won't suddenly"become psychic"!... but gradually, over a period oftime, new truths, new knowledge and new awarenessbecome yours.
The channeling of intuitive information should
be a normal state of awareness. As you develop, youwill find that you cannot always turn it on and off at
will. It is frequently quite involuntary. You may meetsomeone for the first time and realize that you "know"
things about them. You may sense conditions in theirpast or future. You may "see" things or people connectedwith their lives. At other times you may want to knowor sense things but find no impressions whatsoever. In
time, as you use your abilities and exercise them, youwill find that the information is becoming more andmore available. Eventually you will find that you can calldown information almost at will.
LISTENING

One way to help your development is to make a practice oflistening to those inner urges. For example, suppose you
have a particular route that you always takeLesson Eight: Marriage, Birth, Death and Channeling / 103

returning home from work. One afternoon, as you reach a certain intersection, you feel the inclination to turn down a certain tree-lined lane. Of
course the conscious mind begins immediately to argue, "You don't havetime. The family is expecting you; the lawn must be mown before dark; etc.,
etc.." Ignore the conscious mind and listen to that inner urge. Turn down thelane. There is a reason. You may find a beautiful pond or a flowered yard or
hillside that fills you with the joy of nature and gives you a needed
spiritual lift. On the other hand, you may not seem to notice anythingworthwhile. You may take the alternate route home with no notable
experience. You may never hear of the terrible accident that occurred at theintersection two blocks down—at the exact time that you would have
driven through! Whether apparent or not, THERE IS A REASON!
EXTERNAL FOCAL POINTSThe Pendulum If you are seeking the answer to a particular question, it isoften helpful to use an external object as a focus, in order to eliminate
outside influences and conscious mind distortion. The use of such an
object does not affect the information in any way. It merely occupies theindividual's consciousness and focuses awareness on a particular point.
One such focusing device is the pendulum. This allows you to obtain asimple "Yes", "No" or "Not yet determined" answer to the question.
The pendulum itself should be made of natural mineral products.
The weight should be attached to a small chain about nine inches long(the chain may be of almost any material except animal products). The
preferred material would be metal such as gold, silver, brass or copper.
Aluminum is not recommended because the electrical process used in its
manufacture may be disruptive to your auric field.
A "YES/NO" answer card, as shown in the illustration (Figure 8.1)
may also be used.
To use the pendulum, place the answer-card on a flat surface such as atable or desk. Seat yourself comfortably in front of it. Clear your mind of all
extraneous thought. If you desire, say a small prayer such as the
Seax-Wica Psalm given in Lesson Two. Ask the gods for protection andguidance in receiving true answers. Hold the chain with your right hand(left, if left-handed) about seven inches from the weight. Suspend it over thecenter of the answer-card, about half an inch off the surface. Holding thependulum steady, ask your question. Make sure it is one that can be
answered "Yes" or "No". Do not try to make the pendulum swing. You willfind that although you try to hold your hand still, the weight will swing
backwards and forwards along one of the lines on the paper, thus giving ananswer to your question. You do not need to ask the question aloud; youcan just think it.
Should the pendulum swing around in a circle, or not swing at all,then either your question was ambiguous—in which case you need torephrase it—or else the answer cannot be given for some reason.
The pendulum can be used not only to answer questions, but also tolocate obj ects and people, in the manner of a dowsing rod. The j oy of thependulum, however, is that it can be used from the comfort of your own

Figure 8.1

104 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

home. The idea behind this is that the pendulum indicates on a small scale what is happening on a large scale, orat a distance. For any of these things—following a trail,
finding a lost object, searching for water, or evendiagnosing an illness—it is as well to use a pendulumwith a definite point to it. Sit at a table with a map before
you, of the place to be dowsed. The larger the map's
scale, the better. Move the pendulum slowly acrossthe map, in the same pattern you would follow if you
were walking on the spot. When you "reach" the site of
the material for which you are searching, the pendulum
will indicate it by swinging rapidly in a circle or spinningaround. When looking for a lost person, or stolen
property, you can follow a similar procedure. For something lost, draw a rough sketch of the area, the house or
The steps, in learning to psychometrize,
are easy ones requiring only practice withpatience. Take eight or ten samples of different substances: cloth of various types,
leather, fur, wood, metal, stone, etc.. Sit
quietly and, taking one object at a time inyour hands, concentrate on it. Feel its texture. Think of its origins. Try to picture thetree from which the wood came; the animal
from which the fur came, and so on...
work at the objects regularly, spending as
ACTUALCONTENTENVELOPE
NUMBER

COTTONSILK
VELVET
SNAKESKIN
SEASHELL
WOOL
IVORY
CLAY
IRON
BAMBOOOAK
FEATHER

A
B
C
D
E
F

1

silk
cotton
wool
ivory
oak
shell
G
featherH
Iron
1
velvet
J
oak
K
oak
L
clay
You can see that there is a certain pattern emerging. By the seventh try (in thisexample) you can get fifty percent correct.
Others are very close. For instance, thetwo words 'Oak' and 'Bamboo' are frequently confused; as are 'Snakeskin' and'Feather'.
Keep on with these sealed evelopes.
Then introduce others. When you feel
you are keeping a good, consistent score,
try your hand at other unsealed objects. A

room, where you think it was lost. Again move the pendulum systematically about, while concentrating yourthoughts on the missing object. Again it will rotate toindicate where the object is. An alternate method is tohold the pendulum over the answer-card and, with afinger of your other hand, point to the sketch-map andask "Is it here? ... Is it here? ..." etc..
To follow a trail, move the pendulum slowly along
the roads as shown on the map. At each crossroads ask
the pendulum which is the right road to take. In thismanner you can easily trace a route taken from point A topoint B.
For more on the pendulum, see Practical Color
Magtck by Raymond Buckland (Llewellyn Publications,1983).
this time trying to pick up a clue regarding
the contents of the envelope. You may
guess the object itself or you may get an
impression of its origins—the sort of thingon which you were concentrating before.
Write down your impressions in a notebook,against the numbers on the envelopes.
After a few days, or weeks (depending on
how often you practice), you may show ascore something like this:long as you feel comfortable on each object
but always going right through the complete set. It may be that you will get very
definite impressions right away. But if you
do not, continue as follows.
After a few weeks of the initial exercise, place each of the objects in separate
envelopes. Have all the envelopes the sameso that, outwardly, there is no way of telling
one from another. Number them. Go
through the concentration again regularly,
2

3

GUESSES 4

silk
cottonwool
silk
velvetsilk
featherbamboovelvetfeathersnakeskin
oak
ivory
shell
ivory
oak
velvet
wool
shell
ivory
ivory
iron
clay
velvetsnakeskin
ivory
iron
velvetbamboo
oak
wool
oak
oak
wool
cottonvelvetfriend's ring, for instance. A letter, a photograph, a watch. As you hold the objects,
start by thinking of them in themselves.
Then ask yourself, who has handled them
most? Where did they come from? When
were they made? Practice all the time.
Such an item as a coin has usually passed
through too many hands to have gathered
any positive aura. Concentrate more on
objects of an individual nature. Wheneverpossible, check on the results you achieve

5

6

7

cottoncottoncottoncottonsilk .
silk
velvetoakwoolsnakeskinfeatherfeather
shell
ivory
shell
iron
wool
wool
shell
shell
ivory
clay
clay
featherbamboo
iron
silk
oak
oak
bamboobamboobamboooakfeatherfeathersnakeskinand keep a written record of them. In thisway you can watch your progress.
The above exercises can be done quite
well in a group. You can even arrange two
teams and see which is the more accurate.
Other exercises and tests will suggest
themselves. Keep trying. Don't be discouraged ... and keep those notes.

A Pocket Guide to the Supernatural
Raymond Buckland, Ace Books, 1969

Lesson Eight: Marriage, Birth, Death and Channeling 1105

Psychometry All physical material has memory. It is not the memory of aconscious awareness, but is the retention of manifested energy with which
the material has come into contact. Further, if a person touches a particular
object, a cosmic link is established between the two that will exist at least
as long as the human lives and oftimes long after. Thus, if you touch achair, another person with developed channeling abilities could "read"
you when s/he comes in contact with that chair, regardless of where you
might happen to be at the time. The Channel could "see" into your past,present and even future just as easily as if you were physically present.
Psychometry, then, is the reception of impressions from a physicalobject. The impressions may come in the form of feelings, scenes,
thought forms, color, emotions. They may come singly or in combination.
Whatever thought, feeling, or sensation you receive should be carefullyrecorded.
To practice psychometry, begin with small items such as jewelry,that can be easily held in the hand. Something of the nature of a keepsake,that has been in contact with its owner for long periods of time, is best.
The concentration of energy is stronger because of both the physical andemotional link that was established.
As always in using the intuitive process, the mind should be cleared
before starting. Now, hold the object lightly between the hands. Feel theenergy or vibrations that emanate from it. What do you feel? Is there acoldness; a warmth; a tingling sensation? What color(s) do you sense?
What scenes come to you? Do you feel any kind of emotion? Again, have no
expectations; be purely receptive. Feel; listen; look into the third eye. Move
into any perceptions that you find. Examine them and become one with them.
Then record them, exactly as received. Don't let your conscious mind
interfere. Some people find they are better able to get their results holding
the object in one particular hand, rather than in both hands; some holdit to the forehead, over the third eye; some hold it over the heart.
Experiment. See which is best for you.

INTERPRETING CHANNELED INFORMATION

The greatest problem facing the Channel (and sometimes the subject)
is interpretation. As with dreams, the interpretation is best done by the
subject. If you are channeling information on yourself, the problem isminimized. But if the reading is for someone else, you must be
extremely careful. The information should be presented exactly as it isreceived.
Much of channeled information deals with the future. This is because thepast is past. It is what the individual does from this point on that is
important. Since you are master of your own destiny, you must accept theconsequences of your own actions. Therefore, nothing is predetermined.
Any information of the future is only in the realm of probability, based on
current conditions, and may be changed. An indicated disastrous relationshipcan be avoided either through avoidance of the relationship itself or
through a change of attitudes, concerning the relationship, on

There is good evidence to show that a pictorial
method is resorted to very largely by thespirits—mediums seeing what they describe,very often, when the more direct auditory
method is not resorted to. The spirit presents
somehow to the mind of the medium a picture,
which is described and often interpreted by
the medium. Often this interpretation is quite
erroneous, resemblinga defective analysis of a
dream. Because of this the message is notrecognized, yet the source of the message may
have been perfectly veridical.
Let us illustrate this more fully. Suppose
you desire to tell a Chinese, who speaks not aword of English, to get a certain object—awatch—from the next room. It would be uselessfor you to say the word "watch ", because hewould not know what the word meant.
Probably you would tap yourwrist, pretend towind the watch, look at the hands, etc., in trying
to convey to him your meaning. If this were
not recognized you would have the utmost
difficulty in telling him to get the watch fromthe next room.
Now suppose these antics, or somewhat
similar ones, were resorted to by a spirit in his
attempt to convey the word "watch ", perhaps toremind the sitter of a particular pocket watch
he used to carry in his vest pocket. The spirit
might well proceed as follows: Medium: 'Hetaps his stomach and looks at a spot over hisleft side. He seems to wish to convey theimpression that he suffered much from bowel
trouble,' perhaps a cancer on the left side. Yes,
he seems to be taking something away from his
body; evidently they removed some growth.
Now he is examining his hand. He is looking
intently. Now he is doing something with his
fingers. I can't see what it is; a little
movement. Was he connected withmachinery in life? Now he is pointing to thedoor.. .'etc.
Such an interpretation of the facts, while
describing his actions, is wholly misleading
as to its interpretation. The symbolism has
been wholly misconstrued and, inasmuch as
the subject probably never died of cancer, had
no bowel trouble, underwent no operation,
and was never connected with machinery, it ishighly probable that the message would be put
down totally to the medium's subconscious
imagination, or even to guessing or conscious
fraud! Yet, it will be observed, the message
was in its inception completely veridical, thefault lying in the symbolism, misinterpreted by
the medium.

Amazing Secrets of the Psychic World
Raymond Buckland & Hereward Carrington
Parker Publishing Co., 1975

106 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

the part of the persons involved. A physical illness can be
avoided by correcting the probable cause, such as an
improper diet, balancing the emotional state, etc..
NOTHING HAS TO BE! The channeled information ismerely stating that, as conditions exist at the moment,
this is the probable result. If the individual desires adifferent outcome, it is within her or his power to bring it
about. WE CREATE OUR OWN REALITY.
The Aura The "body" of Wo/Man is actuallycomposed of seven distinct elements. The first three(solid, liquid and gas) form the physical body. The
fourth element is called the Etheric body and interpenetrates the physical. Generally the etheric bodyextends beyond the confines of the physical body by
about an inch. Next is the astral body. It extends several
inches beyond the etheric body. Then, beyond theastral body, are the Mental and Spiritual bodies. Due totheir elasticity, and the speed at which they function, it is
impossible to define physical limits for these last two.
Although the vibrations of the non-physical bodies
are too high a rate to be detected by the physical eye,the energy patterns that emanate can be seen by the
adept. These energy patterns are what is known as the
Aura. Usually the energy of the etheric body is detected, or"seen", first because of its denseness. As your perceptions
improve you can begin to detect the energy that radiates
beyond the etheric body. Often it can be seen flowing,ebbing and spiralling much like the Northern Lights.
The colors detected are usually indicative of theperson's state of being. Thus, a person with a deeply
spiritual state may exhibit blue and lavender. A person
deeply in love may show pink, etc. (see Color under"Symbolism" in the Dream section of Lesson Seven). You
should be cautioned about trying to see what anotherperson sees. If you and a friend are reading auras, don't
be surprised if one of you detects blue and the otherdetects yellow. Neither of you is necessarily wrong.
Individual sensitivities are different and you are moresensitive to certain vibrations while your friend ismore receptive to others.
Any state of the individual's being causes reactions in
the aura. Emotional states will primarily affect thecolor. Physical conditions not only affect color, butalso cause peculiarities in the patterns of the aura,such as vortexes, holes and sometimes dark spots. You
should be careful in your treatment of information
concerning auras. You may think that someone has aphysical problem because of what seems to be a defectin their aura. Ask him if he has a problem in that particular area. But, if he denies it, drop the issue. What
may appear serious to you at the time, could be just a
minor irritation that is nearly healed. Remember the
power of suggestion is strong and could turn out to bevery damaging to some people.
Finding lost objects How often have you spent
minutes, hours or even days, in a frantic search forsome lost item? Whether you absent-mindedly misplaced it yourself, or whether someone else moved it
without your knowledge, it's not necessary to waste a
lot of time and energy searching for it. In the firstplace, if you are filled with panic and fear losing theitem, it might be that you have a lesson to learn about
possessiveness. In the second place, if it is truly misplaced neither logic nor emotion is going to be ofmuch help. Of course, if you move everything in thehouse (assuming it is in the house), a systematic search
may eventually locate it. But even though the conscious
mind can't readily find it, there are aspects of yourself
that can. All you need do is listen to them.
First of all, calm down. Close down the conscious
mind. Rid yourself of emotion. Once you are completely calm and at peace, simply follow your innerurges. Don't think! Move; walk; be guided from within. I
once found two keys thrown into the center of an
overgrown field using this technique. I had not seen
where the keys were thrown, yet, following my innerguidance, I walked to a certain spot, leaned over andplaced my hand within three inches of the missing
keys!
There are times when the lost remains lost. Invariably at these times there is a lesson to be learned.
Our higher selves sometimes choose this method tocause us to consider our placement of values, or to set inmotion a needed series of experieneces. At othertimes, the "help" may be external. Perhaps our spirit
guides, in consort with our higher selves, create theconditions for that much needed lesson.
The pendulum of course, is an excellent means of
discovering that which is lost, as was described above.
Do not overlook it.
SENSORY DEPRIVATIONAs an aid to developing, or producing, extrasensory perception, recent studies associated with the
Department of Defense and the Space Program haveturned to what is called Sensory Deprivation. The theory

Lesson Eight: Marriage, Birth, Death and Channeling / 107

is that our normal living patterns have conditioned us to seek a certain
degree of sensation (whether mental, physical or emotional) during all
waking moments. If the waking senses are eliminated and body movement
is restricted, the body relaxes, mental and emotional tensions subside andthe consciousness achieves unparalleled freedom. Laboratory studies
have used diving tanks, where the submerged test subject was kept in aweightless and motionless condition. Documentation of such tests reveals
that extra-sensory phenomena, including imagery, occur.
THE WITCHES' CRADLE

Depriving the physical senses by external means is in no way a newidea. For centuries the Arabian Dervishes have dangled from a rope
around the wrist; Hindus have sat for days, weeks or even months, in a
Lotus position, and members of the Craft have used a device known as the"Witches' Cradle", to separate the consciousness from the physical.
There are several variations of the Witches' Cradle. Two are illustrated. All perform the same basic function of isolating the person fromher/his physical environment and make physical movement all but
impossible. Under these conditions, the consciousness is loosed fromphysical bondage and becomes free to roam beyond the physicalhorizon.
As illustrated (Figure 8.2) in the first cradle the person is wrapped in amummy-like shroud of leather or cloth. The arms are fastened down instraight-jacket fashion. Leather straps hold the body in the iron frame
while a leather hood shuts out sight and sound. The head is held in place bya leather strap or iron band, as shown. The cradle is suspended by a single
rope so that it can swing and rotate freely to give complete
dis-orientation with the ground.
The second variation (Figure 8.3) is suspended by the leather sleeves.
The leather sheath was cushioned with fur (modern versions use foamrubber) for comfort. The crossbar is suspended by a yoke to a single
rope, again to provide ground disorientation. Notice that in both cases thespine is kept straight. Not only did the Cradle produce sensory
isolation, which aided freeing of the consciousness, it also aided the
projection of the consciousness beyond the physical body... astralprojection.
It is not necessary, nor recommended, that the individual use the
Cradle, under normal circumstances. Such a device should only be used
under the close supervision of someone who is completely knowledgeable
in its use. The essence of its benefits can and should be used, however.
A procedure to induce the proper conditions for freeing theconsciousness is outlined in the method of meditation given in Lesson
Seven. These meditation procedures, if properly and consistently used,
can also provide deprivation of the senses, comfort of the body andelimination of the senses which will free the consciousness.

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3
Based on those in Minnesota Minutescope

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1.

Write your own Handfasting Ceremony.

2.

Keep a log of Birth Rites (Wiccaning) and Crossing the Bridge Rites below.

3.

List the methods you have used to clear your intuitive channel. What were your personal impediments(blocks) for channeling? Keep track of channeled information below.

4. List some of the means by which you have developed your psychic abilities. What have been the results of thesetechniques used?

LESSON NINEDIVINATION

To the layperson it seems almost magickal that anyone
can actually see into the future; can divine what is going tohappen. The dictionary (Webster's) defines divination as"the art of foretelling future events, or discovering
things secret or obscure, by the aid of superior beings (thegods?), or by certain rites, experiments, observations,etc." According to this, then, what we see on televisionor read in the newspaper as the weather "forecast"should, more correctly, be referred to as the weather"prediction"! Be that as it may, divination is a useful
tool and has a definite place in the Craft.
There are a great many ways of seeing into the
future... "seeing into the future"? More correctly:
being aware of the forces at work that will bring about aprobable result in the future. We create our own
reality. Nothing is predetermined; nothing has to be. If
the individual desires a different outcome, it is within
her or his power to bring that about.

and the Major Arcana. The Minor Arcana is made up of
fifty-six of the cards divided, again, into four suits offourteen cards each. It is from this Minor Arcana of thetarot that our everyday playing cards stem. The tarot
suits are SWORDS, PENTACLES (sometimes called
Coins), WANDS (or Staves) and CUPS. Their modern
counterparts are Spades, Diamonds, Clubs and Hearts
respectively. Each suit numbers one (or Ace) throughTen with a Page, Knight, Queen and King. At somestage in their later development the Knight dropped
out and the Page became known as the Jack, or Knave.
The Major Arcana, otherwise known as the Trumps Major,
has twenty-two cards; each an allegorical figure ofsymbolic meaning. These figures are, by many
occultists, attributed to the twenty-two letters of the
Hebrew alphabet:
Aleph
1 MAGICIAN
2 HIGH PRIESTESS
3 EMPRESS
4 EMPEROR
5 HIEROPHANT
6 LOVERS
7 CHARIOT
8 JUSTICE
9 HERMIT
10 WHEEL OF FORTUNE
11 STRENGTH
12 HANGED MAN
13 DEATH
14 TEMPERANCE
15 DEVIL
16 TOWER
17 STAR18 MOON
19 SUN
20 JUDGEMENT
21 WORLD 0 FOOLTAROT

As a Witch, how are you able to see into the
future? Well, we have already dealt with channelingand with such a tool as the pendulum. But one of themost common, and most popular, tools—used by
Witches and non-Witches alike—is the Tarot (pronounced tarrow, to rhyme with "narrow"). The tarot
belongs to that form of divination known as cartomancy—divining with cards. The tarot cards are theoldest known of decks; their exact origin long lost. The
most popular theory is that they were brought into
Europe by the Gypsies; probably originating—as did
the Gypsies themselves—in India. The earliest known
deck dates from the fourteenth century.
The tarot deck itself consists of seventy-eight cards,
in two parts. These parts are called the Minor Arcana
111

Beth
Gimel
Daleth
Heh
Vav
Zain
Cheth
Teth
Yod
Kaph
Lamed
Mem
Nun
SamekhAyin
PehTzaddi
Qoph
Resh
Shin
Tav

112/ Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Unfortunately the occultists cannot agree on this.
While MacGregor Mathers, for instance, attributes the
cards as I have shown, Paul F. Case puts the Fool at the
beginning, thus moving them all up one:Aleph
0 FOOLBeth
1 MAGICIAN
Gimel
2 HIGH PRIESTESS etc.
To further complicate the issue, A. E. Waite andPaul Case give the number 8 to Strength and 11 to Justice,
while virtually every other writer and deck shows 8 to be
Justice and 11 Strength!
Many writers on the tarot frighten away would-be
students with their needlessly veiled and lofty descriptions and interpretations. One such writer says, ofthe Major Arcana, "Their symbolism is a type ofshorthand for metaphysics and mysticism. Here aretruths of so subtle and divine an order that to express
them badly in human language would be a sacrilege.
Only esoteric symbolism can reveal them to the innerspirit of the seeker". He does, however, go on toexpress them in human language—and I must confessthat I intend to do the same!
How do the cards work and how are they used? Aswith all tools of divination—the tarot, crystal ball, tea
leaves, etc.—they are simply a focal point for your own
psychic powers; a placebo for channeling. A good
psychic could deal out a deck of blank cards and give areading. So could you, with a little practice. But why notstart the easy way? There's no reason why you
shouldn't use these tools, these focal points, if it will
make things easier.
There are many possible spreads, or layouts, forthe cards. Everyone seems to have her or his favorite. In
this lesson I will examine two or three so that you cantry them and choose one, or more, that is most
comfortable for you.
Most layouts call for a Significator... a card to represent the person for whom you are reading (and that
person for whom you are reading—or yourself, if you
are reading for yourself—is known as the QUERANT).
Many books suggest specific cards, e.g. Queen of Swords if
you are reading for an older, dark-haired woman.
IGNORE THESE SUGGESTIONS. Everyone is anindividual. If you read for two different women, both ofwhom just happen to be older and dark-haired, the samecard will not necessarily be right for both of them. To
select your Significator, STUDY YOUR QUERANT.
Look into her eyes; hold her hands; attune yourself toher (or him, of course). Then go through all the cards inthe deck, until you find the one which you feel is right torepresent her. You may go through the deck several
times before settling on just the right card, or you may
pick it out immediately.
Take that card and give the rest of the deck to theQuerant. She should handle them and shuffle them,concentrating on any specific question or problem she
may have. After a few moments of this, have her cut
the cards, with her left hand, to the left, into three
separate piles:

You pick up the piles: the middle one first, thenplace the right hand pile on top of it, then the remaining
left hand pile on top of them:

Now spread the cards across the table, face down.
Have the Querant pick ten (10) cards, one at a time, at
random from these and place them in a pile, still facedown. These are the ten you will be using for yourreading.
The first spread, or layout, we will consider is oneof the most popular, yet is very accurate. It is theAncient Keltic Spread:Lesson Nine: Divination / 113

Lay the Significator (the card you chose to represent
the Querant) face up in the center of the table. This
card shows, or indicates, the "front" that the subject puts
up. It shows the type of impression that she likes otherpeople to have of her. This is then covered by the firstcard the Querant picked, laid face downward. This is
known as "what covers her". Crosswise on these two
cards is placed the second one she picked. This is "whatcrosses her". The third card is placed above—"whatcrowns her"—and the fourth below— "what is beneathher". To the right goes the fifth card— "what is behindher" and to the left the sixth—"what is before her". The
remaining four cards are placed in order over on the
far right, one above the other: seventh, eighth, ninth
and tenth—"herself", "her house", "her hopes andfears" and "the final outcome", respectively.
The cards are then turned over one at a time as
you give the individual interpretations—which I willdeal with below—each being looked at in its particular
position.
To elaborate on the meanings of the different
positions: the first card (what covers her) shows thegeneral atmosphere that exists around the subject, or
around the particular question/problem that she has
asked (not necessarily aloud; it is the question/problem
she was concentrating on whilst handling the cards
and shuffling them). The second card shows what
forces and influences are working against her. It may evenshow, or indicate, an actual person who is hindering, or"crossing" her in some way. Card number threeshows her ideals; what she is aiming for—though she
may not get there (that will be indicated in card numberten). Number four shows the real woman (or man);the Querant's unconscious self; her actual basis. Fiveshows what has already taken place. It could be either
the immediate past or it could show, in general terms,
her whole past life. Six, on the other hand, shows what is
immediately coming into effect; the next six to twelve
months at most.
Seven shows more of the subject herself; how
she will fare generally in life and especially in theimmediate future. Eight deals with her close friends,
whether blood relatives or not. Nine is her hopes andfears and ten shows the final outcome for her.
It can be seen that some cards will confirm others.
There should be similarities, for example, between
cards four and seven; similarities in two and nine. The
whole should give some indication of what to expectfrom card ten. Should the majority of the cards befrom the Major Arcana, then you can be sure that theforces involved are powerful ones. Any changes will be
fairly drastic changes; any setbacks will be severe
setbacks; any advancements will be very major advancements.
INTERPRETATION

But how do you interpret the cards? There arebooks written on the tarot, most of which offer possible
interpretations for each card. You might purchase one ofthem (I would recommend one of Eden Gray's: either
The Tarot Revealed or A Complete Guide To the Tarot).
Read through the book, to get an idea of the traditional
interpretations ... then, PUT THE BOOK AWAY. Onceagain let me stress that NO TWO PEOPLE ARE ALIKE. If
you are reading for two different people and the samecard happens to come up in the same position for bothof them, it is highly unlikely that it will have the same
meaning (the interpretation found in the book) for bothpeople. They are each individuals; it will meansomething different for each of them.
How, then, do you interpret? Go by your instincts;
your feelings; your intuition. As you turn over eachcard, think of the position that it occupies. For example:
position #6—the immediate future. What, of the illustration on the card, strikes you most forcibly as you
turn it face up? Invariably one thing—one small part ofthe overall design—will "hit your eye" first. Think ofwhat that object, color or symbol, can mean inrelation to (in this example) the Querant's immediate
future. For example, suppose you are using a
Rider-Waite deck (I will discuss the different decks later)and you turn up the "Death" card (See Figure 9.1). Does
this mean Death is in the near future? No! The
interpretation given in one book is "transformation;change. Sometimes followed by or preceding
destruction. Sometimes birth or renewal." It could
mean the death of an idea, or a job—perhaps leading to"rebirth" in a new job (incidentally, I should mention
here that it will help immeasurably if you disregard thetitles on the Major Arcana cards. "Death" is notnecessarily death; "Justice" is not necesasrily justice;the "Devil" not necessarily the devil, and so on).
But going by our method, there are far more
possibilities. You might be struck by the small boat in
the background and associate it with travel. Or you
might be impressed by the sun rising (or setting?) between the two towers on the right; or the rose on thebanner; or the bishop-like figure ... there are so many

114 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

things which might strike you forcibly. You will find it is a different thing
each time you read the cards, giving a different—and therefore far more
personal—reading for each individual. So, don't go by the book... use
your own powers.
In interpreting, you might keep in mind that the Swords suit isusually associated with troubles and misfortunes (also with the element ofAIR); Cups associated with love and happiness (WATER); Wands withenterprise and glory and sex (FIRE); and Pentacles with money(EARTH). This does not mean to say, of course, that every Sword card (forexample) turned up has to reflect troubles and misfortunes! These are
general associations, so just keep them in mind.
You should also try the Tree of Life spread, to see how you like it. It,
also, uses ten cards plus the Significator:

Figure 9.1

Lesson Nine: Divination / 115

1—Querant's highest intelligence—Ideals
2—Creative Force
3—Life, Wisdom
4—Virtues; good qualities
5—Conquest
6—Health
7—Love; lust
8—Arts, Crafts; Procreation
9—Imagination; Creativity
10—Earthly home
A very useful layout, especially for a quick reading,is the Seax-Wica Path spread, which uses eight cards(picked by the Querant) and the Significator:

S—Significator
1—Inner self
2—Goals (Ideals)
3—Past4—Family
5—Health
6—Religion
7—Friends
8—Final outcome (future)
Practice as much as you can. Read for everyone—people you know well and people you don't know at all.
Don't be afraid to say what you see, yet use a little
discretion in phrasing it. For example, if you should see
death, or some bad accident approaching, DON'T say"You're going to die"! Tell the person that, as the forces
are at present, it would be wise to exercise extreme
caution in the near future; there is the possibility of an

accident. And that's all it is—a possibility. We can alter
what lies ahead.
Do not read for the same person (or for yourself) on
too frequent a basis. A good rule is, examine the cards
used in the reading to see how many of the Major
Arcana are present. If there are several (four, five ormore), there are strong forces at work. Things areunlikely to change much in the next month, so there isno point in doing another reading for that long (unless it
is to examine a totally different question, of course). If
there are few, or none, of the Major Arcana, then theforces are light and changing, and it might be well to
re-examine the situation in about a week.
There is a tremendous variety of tarot decks
available. At last count there were close to two hundred
fifty different ones on the market! The best known is
the Rider-Waite deck, and it is certainly a good one forthe beginner (or for the experienced reader). Its
advantage lies in that it has a different full picture forevery card; Major and Minor Arcana. Many decks haveno symbolism for the Minor Arcana... for the Three of
Swords, for example, there are simply three swords;
Four of Swords—four swords, and so on. With the
Rider-Waite deck there is a whole scene, incorporating
three swords, on the one card, and then a totally different
scene incorporating four swords on the next, and soon.This obviously gives much more to work with.
Another fine deck, based on the Rider-Waite, isthe Morgan-Greer. In fact I, personally, prefer thisdeck to the Waite. For a change of pace—and sometruly exciting symbolism—I would highly recommend the Thoth (pronounced "toe-th") deck, which
was designed by Aleister Crowley. Try many of them.
Find your own favorite.
SCRYING
Scrying is a fascinating practice in that it enables
you to literally "see" the future (or present or past).
Almost any reflective surface can be used for scrying(pronounced to rhyme with "crying"). A crystal balland a gazing mirror are two of the best. Let's look at the
crystal ball first.
The crystal should be without flaw—no scratcheson its surface or bubbles within (the newacrylic-plexiglass "crystals" work quite well, but scratch
very easily). Rest the ball on a background of black. A
black velvet cloth is ideal. This can, in turn, rest on a tablein front of you or can cover your hand(s) if you wish to
hold the crystal. This black background is to ensure

1267 Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftthat you see nothing around the ball to distract you as you gaze into it.
Initially you should work alone, in a room that is quiet and dark. Your
temple, of course, is the ideal place. Have just one small light, preferably a
candle. Place the light so that you do not see it reflected directly in the
crystal. Burn a pleasant-smelling incense, since it will help you concentrate.
Work in a consecrated circle, at least to begin with. Later, if you should
want to use the crystal elsewhere, you can simply imagine yourself
surrounded by, and completely encompassed in, white light; though eventhen I would strongly advise casting a small circle about yourself withyour athame. Start by saying some protective prayer (such as the
Seax-Wica Psalm), then ask the Lord and the Lady for their guidance andtheir protection.
Now sit and gaze into the crystal trying to keep your mind blank. This is
not easy and will take some practice. Do not stare at the ball unblinking;this will just cause eyestrain! Gaze—blinking your eyes naturally, as
necessary. Do not try to imagine anything in the ball. Just try to keep
your mind blank. After a while (anywhere from two to ten minutes) it willseem that the ball is filling with white mist or smoke. It will gradually growmore and more dense until the ball seems full of it. Then, again
gradually, the smoke will thin and fade, leaving behind a picture—almost like a miniature television picture. It might be inblack-and-white but is more likely to be in color. It might be still or it
might be moving. It might be from the past, present or future. Also, it is very
likely to be a symbolic picture, requiring some interpretation—much likea dream.
Initially you have no great control over what you see. You must justtake what comes. As you become more adept, you may meditate for a
few moments before gazing on what you wish to see. Then, when you
start to gaze, clear your mind and try to keep it blank. Most people seem
capable of success at scrying. If you get nothing the first time you try,
then try again the next night, and then the next. It may take a week ormore before you get anything, but keep trying. Do not, however, try formore than about ten minutes or so at each attempt.
If you can't obtain a crystal, it is possible to use a regular convex
magnifying glass lens. Polished carefully and laid on the black velvet, it
will work almost as well as the ball. Whichever you use, ball or lens, keep it
purely for your scrying. Let no one else use it or even handle it. Keep it
wrapped in a cloth (its black velvet or a piece of black silk) and do not
permit sunlight to strike it. It is traditional to "charge" the crystal by holding it
up to be struck by the light of the full moon, once a month.
A black gazing mirror seems to work better for some people than acrystal. It is not difficult to make one for yourself. You need a piece ofglass, free of flaws and imperfections. Make it opaque by coating one
side three times with asphaltum. To make the asphaltum stick to the glass,
first clean the glass well with turpentine, then lay on the asphalt with acamel-hair brush.
A much easier method is simply to spray the back side of the glasswith a good black enamel paint (it may not seem very magickal, but don't
forget, the mirror is merely the focal point for your concentration. The

Lesson Nine: Divination / 117

actual "images" are projected by your powers; they do
not come from within the mirror, or crystal, itself). A
concave glass is the ideal. It is sometimes possible tofind a convex glass from an old clock-face, in an antiquestore, and simply reverse it so that it is concave,
Place the glass in a frame. The shape is not important: round; oval; rectangular; square. Carve, or
paint, onto the frame the names of the Lord and theLady, in runes or one of the other magickal alphabets(see Lesson Twelve). As you are doing this—indeed,throughout the whole operation of making the mirror—
concentrate your thoughts on the purpose of the mirror ...
the projection of scenes from the past, present andfuture.
Consecrate the mirror in your circle, using theconsecration ritual given in Lesson Five, naturally substituting the word "mirror" for "knife". When not inuse, keep the mirror wrapped in a black cloth.
To give you an easy start to scrying, before
investing in a ball or making a mirror, try it with a glass ofwater. Just take a regular, clear water-glass and fill it withwater. Gaze into that in the same way as described above.
It should work quite well.
SAXON WANDS

The Saxon Wands are very good for obtaining a
direct, prompt answer to a question. In a way they are
similar to the Oriental I-Ching, though far less complicated.
Seven wands are needed. These are made fromwood dowel. There should be three, each nine-inches inlength; and four, each twelve-inches in length. Oneof the twelve-inch wands should be marked, or
decorated in some way, as the WITAN wand. Actually,
you can decorate all of the wands with runes andsymbols, if you wish, but make sure the Witan wandstands out from the others.
Kneeling, lay the Witan wand on the ground beforeyou; horizontally "across" you. Take the other six
wands and hold them out over the Witan wand. Close
your eyes, and holding them between your two hands,
mix them together while concentrating on yourquestion. Keeping the eyes closed, grip the wands inyour right hand (left hand if left-handed); take hold of
the tip of one wand with the fingers of the other hand;concentrate for a moment longer on your question,then open your right hand. All the wands will fall to
the ground except the one held now by the fingers ofyour left hand. Open your eyes.

i:

If there should be more LONG wands than shortwands on the ground, then the answer to yourquestion is in the affirmative.
ii: If there are more SHORT wands than long wands onthe ground (excluding the Witan wand) then theanswer is in the negative.
iii: If any wand(s) touch the Witan wand, it means theanswer will be a very definite one, with strong
forces at work.
iv: If any wand(s) are off the ground (resting onothers), circumstances are such (forces still working)that no definite answer can yet be given—
regardless of (i) or (ii).
v: If all the wands point towards the Witan wand,then you (or the person for whom you are asking)will have a definite role to play in the determinationof the question.
vi: If none of the wands point towards the Witan
wand, then the matter will be determined without
your (the Querant's) interference.
As with the crystal and the tarot cards, don't letanyone else use your wands. They are your personal
instruments. Keep them wrapped in a black cloth.
CHEIROMANCY

Palmistry,orCheiromancy(pronounced"kie-ro-mansy" and named after Leich deHamong/Louis Hamon, the famous nineteenth
century palmist who also went under the name of"Cheiro") is another popular, yet accurate, way of
divining. It was common during Medieval times and is
known to have existed when Greece and Rome were attheir height. From the scattered information we have of
Keltic Europe, there is some reason to believe that there,
too, the hand was considered to reflect its owner. As
with other types of divination, there is a fixed set of
meanings to learn—in this case, the map of the hand andthe meaning of the lines. There is also the need for somecarefully applied intuition.
The hand changes throughout your life. The lines
you see in your palm now are not quite the same aswere there a year ago, and probably very different
from five years ago. Although your hand gives anoutline of your life, it is only a tentative outline. You
yourself will have the final decision on the course
your life will take. Whether you want the position ornot, you are the captain of your soul.

118 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Palmistry, like a doctor's examination, is strictly adiagnostic reading. It can point out the forces that
operate within yourself, or within another, and it canpoint out the logical results of those forces. You can
accept them as they are, or begin to change them. As
with the tarot, be very careful in your phrasing of what
you see in a person's palm. Some lines may show aparticular area in which your subject has very serious
problems. This should be presented as "an area of
possible weakness and something for which you
should be particularly watchful". On a few occasions
you may encounter that particular combination oflines which indicates a premature death. If this is thecase, don't blurt out what you see. Rather, emphasize
the need for great care in the future to avoid illness,
accidents, violence, or whatever the rest of the hand
may seem to imply as possible causes. Do remember:palmistry is only diagnostic; it is never a final pronouncement. As a palmist, your attitude is of great
importance. Never try to "second guess" your subject byadding on-the-spot observations and facts you may
know beforehand but which are not shown in thepalm. If you are reading the palm; read the palm andonly that. Ideally you should know nothing whatsoever of the person you are reading. Their hands andyour intuition should be enough.
Anytime you are meeting someone for the firsttime, you can pick up a tentative and often very useful
first impression of their personality by unobtrusively
glancing at the lines of their hand.
FIRST OBSERVATIONS

Different palmists have different ways of working,for this is a very individual art. Some will explain eachstep to the subject, discussing the reason for every
observation. Others will merely report what they see.
The following is based on the former method of
operation, although any way of reading the palm islikely to follow a similar pattern.
The shape of the hands is useful to note at first,
although you should mention it last and in the context ofyour other observations. Generally a person with long,articulate hands and fingers will tend towards thecontemplative and the artistic, whilst one with short,broad hands and fingers will tend to enjoy doing
things and enjoying life without particular concern
for deeper meanings.
For a right-handed person, the left hand shows
what she was born with and the course her life would

have taken had things gone as they were, unchanged,
from the time she was born. This individual's righthand shows what she has done with her life so far.
Someone who has constantly tried to improve their
lot and avoided leaning on others is likely to havequite a difference between their two palms (for a
subject who is left-handed, the roles of left and rightare reversed). It is best to begin with the hand thatshows what one was born with and what is still in theunconscious mind.
If the lines of the hand are deep and clear they
indicate a person who experiences and understands
much of the joy and pain her life will encounter. If,
however, the lines of the palm are faint and very light,
their owner will tend to be superficial and colorless.
She would gain much by getting out and enjoying
life.
A line which is in the form of a "chain", indicates aweakness in that which the line symbolizes. A multitudeof lines indicate a very complex person.
THE LINE OF LIFE

The Life line is the major line of the hand. It
indicates, in general terms, something of the course
your life will take. As the illustration shows, the Life
line curves about the thumb. At the very beginning it
usually is joined with the line of the Head, and thepoint at which the life and Head lines separate indicatesthe relative time at which you become emotionally independent of your parents. If the two lines are never incontact at the beginning, a very independent sort ofperson is indicated.
The Life line is the only one on the hand which
can be divided into an approximate scale of years and, assuch, can be used to foretell major events to within a year
or so of their happening. Taking a soft pencil, divide
your Life line into three equal sectors. The first sector(including that portion which is merged with the Headline) will count for twenty-five years and can be
subdivided accordingly as you read a palm. The same
will apply for the second and third sectors, though
the third should be a little condensed.
A deep, clear Life line running smoothly around its
full length betokens a rich, full life with good healththroughout. A line which is in the form of a chainshows probable poor health. If the line is chained in its
latter portions, the subject should beware of bad health inher later years.
A parallel to the Life line, on the side of the Mount

Lesson Nine: Divination / 119

of Venus, shows useful luck and natural vitality working
for the subject. This is always a good sign.
On most palms you will note that there are anumber of tiny lines which run from the line of the
Head to the Life line.Each of these indicates a goal ofsome kind that will be attained. If you work out theabove time-scale carefully, you should be able to tell,within two years, when a major event will happen.
What will they be? That, unfortunately, is beyond
palmistry!
About two-thirds of the way down the Life line
will, at times, be a triangle formed by two short, minorlines and a part of the Life line itself. If this triangle(which can be of varying size) is present then a talent ofsome sort is possessed—some kind of art fromwhich the subject can gain considerable personal
satisfaction. If the talent is not immediately apparent toher, let her search around a little and examine herinterests. It will be there.
An angle or sudden change of direction in theLife line shows that there will be a change of course in
the life. Calculate and note the approximate date. Careshould be taken at this time in life, for the manner ofliving will change radically. Similarly, a branch in theline of Life indicates that, at the point in time where thebranch occurs, the subject's life can take one of two
major courses. It is a time for consideration and carefulplanning.
A break in the Life line will mean trouble, and if
the break occurs in both hands it can be fatal unlessgreat care is taken. If, however, a new line begins
outside the break, or is parallel to the Life line andcontinues unbroken along the Mount of Venus, thetrouble will not be too drastic.
THE HEAD AND THE HEART

Note the relative lengths of the Head and Heartlines, for this will tell whether the subject tends towards
things intellectual or whether she leans on the emotions
and their very useful adjunct, intuition. For many
people these lines are nearly equal in length; for others
there will be more or less difference. Here the palmist
should use her or his own judgement as to how important
this difference will be.
THE LINE OF THE HEAD

The line of the Head shows, by its length anddepth, the intellectual capability of the subject. As I

120 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

mentioned above, the lines of the Head and Heartshould always be considered together, for the two cangive insight into the very important relationship between the mind and the emotions. A long, deep andclear Head line shows a clear, strong intellect that can beof great value to the person possessing it. If the Headline is very long but slants downwards rather thanacross, you will have the case of someone who hasquite a high intelligence but tends to use it for the wrong
goals... s/he may be along the "left hand path". Such aperson can be quite powerful. Guide them to betterthings if you can, but don't cross them!
On rare occasions you will meet someone whose
Heart and Head lines join to form a single deep linethat cuts directly across the palm. Such a person isalways an interesting study, for here the head andheart are united and few barriers can stand before one
whose intellect and intuition are so in line. Such anindividual will probably be a genius, whether or nots/he knows it (they usually do!). However, they should
always keep tight control and close discipline on theirmind, for here there is but a slight barrier between thestrong, controlled mind and the uncontrolled chaos ofmental unbalance. They are like a race car with a very
powerful engine: magnificent performance is possible,
but great care must be taken.
THE LINE OF THE HEART

The line of the Heart shows, by its length anddepth, the strength of your emotional and intuitive
capabilities. As I mentioned before, it should always be
considered along with the Head line, as the relationshipbetween these two is an important one.
Someone who has a long and deep Heart line islikely to feel deeply both the good and the bad, the joy
and the sorrow, of his or her life. The emotions will be
important to such a person, and judgement and hunches
are likely to give variable results.
It is interesting to note that nowadays many will
have a stronger Heart line on the left (or unconscious)
hand than on the right (or conscious). In such a case theHead line will be better developed in the right hand.
The reason is simple—modern civilization, for better orworse, emphasizes the intellect over the heart. But, forthis same reason, you will invariably find that aftercoming into the Craft and developing more from the
Craft teachings and philosophies, your /zgifi-A&Ttz'/ifeivf
rfrfc fvn'F/rroVe AnciH A? Qfaif saaXc strength of the left
hand.

THE LINE OF FATE

The line of Fate (sometimes called the line ofLuck) does not occur in everyone's hand. Its lengthand depth will show just how much good fortune you
may have. For some this line will run strong and deep
from the wrist to the middle finger. For such a personluck seems to come readily and freely, and they willseem to do well with no apparent effort. For the great
majority, however, the Fate line will be weak or nonexistent . . . any "luck" will only come through hardwork.
The line of Fate can give you some very valuable
insights into personality flaws which are not usuallyapparent on the surface. For example, the line may be
deep and unbroken up to the line of the Heart, thenbreak or disappear entirely at that point. A personwith such lines would let emotions obstruct much of
the good fortune that would normally come their way.
Whether or not they realize it, worry, fear, temper andthe like would be limiting them. A little advice on thispoint can be very valuable indeed.
Similarly, a Fate line breaking, or terminating, atthe line of the Head, indicates an individual who gets intheir own way by being over-cautious and thinking
things over too much. When they have finally made up
their mind, the opportunity is past and nothing is
gained. Each of these problems can be overcome bywatching for them and correcting them before they do
harm.
Someone whose line of Fate starts over on the
Mount of the Moon will probably have a peaceful andpleasing life. The old tradition is that he or she will be"happy without trying". If the line starts at the wristlets,
wealth will be inherited, or a rewarding career gained. If
the line of Fate branches near the bottom, with one
branch running over into the Mount of the Moon,
good fortune will come in the form of a marriage orother attachment.
THE MARRIAGE LINE(S)The Marriage lines occur, appropriately enough,above the beginning of the Heart line. The subject willprobably have more than one such line; possibly as
many as four or five. The so-called Marriage lines do
not necessarily indicate so many marriages per se.
They are, rather, the markers of loves that stir the heart
remembered throughout life. Each individual line will

Lesson Nine: Divination 1121

show, by its depth and length, just how deeply someone
left their mark. A very approximate time scale can bederived by noting whether the Marriage line inquestion is near the Heart line (indicating early in life) ornear the joint of the finger (later in life).
THE WRISTLETS

The Wristlets at the base of the hand can be a very
general indication of how long the life will probably
last. Each complete, well-formed Wristlet shows acomplete and full twenty years. But the Wristlets willchange considerably throughout life, and choices andway of living will be the final factor in determining just
how long this life will be.
THE MOUNT OF VENUS

The thumb and its base are under the influence ofVenus. The base, or Mount of Venus, can give aninteresting picture of the warmth, kindness and affection
which are in the subject. If the mount is warm,
rounded, full and firm, she is under Venus' best
influences: pleasing as a friend, delightful in love, and aperson whose kindness to others always brings awarm response.
If, however, the Mount of Venus is thin, dry andleathery, she is a person who is cold and thin-lipped,
tolerating little warmth towards others and receiving
little or nothing in return... but don't tell her this! Say,
instead, that she should loosen up and learn to likeothers.
Often you will note that Venus' Mount is crossedby many vertical and horizontal lines. Here will be a
person who, for all else that her palm says, is not as
serene as she appears on the surface. Underneaththere are cross-currents of emotion which she feels
deeply, but which she keeps hidden.
THE MOUNT OF THE MOON

From most ancient times, of course, the Moon has
been linked with the psychic. And thus has it been inpalmistry. A triangle on this mount will indicate somenatural talent in the occult. Any lines which arise here
will have in them a hint of unconscious magick and ofits close relation, love between man and woman.
Lines reaching towards the Mount of the Moon
from around the edge of the hand will be a predictionofjourneys
by
sea
or
air.
. - ' . (.

Finally, the firmness and fullness of this mountindicates generally just how well the subject can combine practicality with imagination.
THE FINGERS

As shown in the diagram, each finger is associatedwith an astrological sign and is an indicator of thegood, or bad, aspects of that sign. At the base of thefinger is the mount associated with the sign of thefinger (e.g. Index Finger = Mount of Jupiter). The fullness
or thinness of the mount shows how strongly thatparticular sign affects the individual.
As the diagram shows, each finger is, in turn,divided into three sections to show the relative spiritual,
intellectual and material development under each of
the astrological signs: Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo (the Sun)and Mercury. If, for example, the lowest digit of thesmall finger (Mercury) is noticably larger and moredeveloped than the finger's other two digits, thenthere would be strength especially in management
and salesmanship. Similar traits can be derived, using
judgement and intuition with the astrological characteristics below, for each of the other signs.
Index Finger (JUPITER)
The matriarch/patriarch image; the "boss"; commander; leader; executive.
Principle traits of this sign are pride, ambition andconfidence. Middle
Finger (SATURN)
The wise old wo/man, often a personification of old
age and the very end of life.
Principle traits of this sign are wisdom, solitude,
shyness, melancholy and solitary bleakness.
Third Finger (APOLLO)The Sun; all things bright and good. The arts;
medicine.
The principle trait of this sign is love of beauty. Small
Finger (MERCURY)
Sharpness and quickness of mind; cleverness;shrewdness.
Principle traits of this sign are buoyancy; friendliness;skill in management and commerce.
Study your own hands and see if you can form
some tentative conclusions. Remember that every
sign will have its own good traits and its bad ones.
Spend some time reading about the above signs in one of
the recommended books on astrology. But, above all,read the palms of others using knowledge backed

122 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftby intuition, for this is the best way to learn.
TEA-LEAF READING
Tea-leaf reading, or Tasseography, is a perennial
favorite of the divinatory arts. It can be fairly easily
learned. For best results use China tea, brewed in a pot
without a strainer, of course. The tea is poured into acup which should have a wide top and small base. Do
not use a cup with any form of pattern on the inside— it
could be very confusing!
The subject should drink the tea but leave sufficient in the bottom of the cup to distribute the leaves
around the sides when turned. Ask her to take hold of
the handle and rotate the cup slowly, three times
clockwise, allowing the remains of the tea to come up to
the rim of the cup and so to be distributed. Then she is toinvert the cup completely on its saucer.
Taking up the cup from there, you can begin yourdivination. You are going to interpret the various shapes
and forms made by the tea-leaves on the sides and bottom of
the cup. To do this, with some sort of accuracy, there is atime scale you must remember. The rim of the cup, andclose to the rim, represents the present and thecoming two or three weeks. As you move down the
ANCHOR: End of a journey. Safe landing.
Successful end to a business or personalaffair. Problem unexpectedly solved.
ARROW: Disagreement. Antagonism. Instructions for a journey. A letter.
BELL: Good news. A wedding.
BIRD: News, which could be good or bad.
Possible journey. Companionship.
BOAT: Travel. End of a friendship.
BOTTLE: Celebration. Success.
BRIDGE: Travel abroad. Partnership. Introduction to new friends or business.
BROOM: End of a problem. Change ofjobs. Domesticity.
BUTTERFLY: Insincerity.
CAMEL: Long journey. Temporary relocation.
CAR: Local travel. Introduction to new
business associates.
CANDLE: Innovation. Sudden new idea.
CASTLE: Legacy. Unexpected financial
luck. Good living. CAT: Female friend. Domestic problems.
CHAIR: Entertainment. Relaxation.
CHURCH: Marriage. Serious illness (notdeath).

sides, so you go further into the future. The very bottom of
the cup is the very far distant future. Your starting pointis the handle of the cup. This represents the subject, sothat symbols close to the handle affect her directly,
while symbols on the opposite side of the cup may only
have a passing effect.
If the symbols you see are particularly well defined,
then she is very lucky. The less well defined, the lessdecisive and more prone to hindrance. Stars denotesuccess; triangles fortune; squares mean protection;
circles mean frustration. Straight lines indicate definite
plans; wavy lines uncertainty; dotted lines mean ajourney. Any numbers you see could be indicators ofyears, months, weeks, days or hours. Usually if you seethem in the upper half of the cup you can think in terms ofhours or days; in the lower half, weeks, months or years.
Letters are the initials of people of importance to thesubject, be they friends, relatives or business associates.
As with most forms of divination, you shouldinterpret what you feel about what you see, rather thangoing by hard and fast "meanings". As a start, however,here are the traditional interpretations of some of themost common symbols. You may find it interesting tocompare them to the symbology used in dream interpretation (Lesson Seven).

CLOVER: Good fortune. Unexpected success.
CROSS: Hardship. Discomfort Misfortune.
CROWN: Honors. Credit. Promotion.
CUP: Love. Close friendship. Harmony.
DAGGER: Danger. Tragedy. Businesscomplications.
DOG: Friendship. Companionship.
ELEPHANT: Advice needed, preferablyfrom an old friend.
FAN: Indiscretion. Disloyalty. Infidelity.
FLAG: Defense necessary. Warning.
FLOWER: Unhappy love affair.
GATE: Opportunity. Possibility of advancement.
GUN: Trouble. Argument. Adultery.
HAMMER: Hard work, which will be
rewarded.
HAND: Friendship. Help when needed.
Advice.
HARP: Contentment. Ease.
HEART: Love or lover. Confidant.
HORSE: WorkHORSESHOES: Good luck. Start of a new,successful enterprise. ,.
HOUSE: Security. Authority.

A form of tasseography, known as Geomancy, canbe done using dirt or sand. Mark a circle, about three

KEY: Opportunity.
KITE: Exercise caution. Think before acting.
KNIFE: Treachery. Duplicity. Misunderstanding.
LADDER: Advancement. Opportunities
taken.
MAN: Stranger. Visitor. Help from unexpected source.
MUSHROOM:Disturbance. Complications in business.
PALM TREE: A breathing-space. A rest
period. Temporary relief.
PIPE (Smoker's): Thought and concentration ahead. Investigate all possibilities.
SCISSORS: Quarrels, usually domestic.
Double-dealing.
SNAKE: An enemy. A personal hurt, oran affaire de coeur (love affair).
TREE: Goal achieved. Comfort. Rest.
UMBRELLA: Temporary shelter.
WHEEL: Advancement through effort.
Money.
WINDMILL: Big business dealings.

feet in diameter, on the ground and have the subject
throw a handful of dirt into it. You then interpret theLesson Nine: Divination 1123

symbols made by the dirt in the same way that you
would the tea-leaves. Similarly, on a smaller scale,draw a circle on a sheet of paper. Blindfold yoursubject and let her fill the circle with random dots,with a felt-tip marker or similar. These dots can then beinterpreted in the same manner. For both of these you
would need to make a mark where the subject
stands/sits, to indicate the equivalent of the cup
handle.
NUMEROLOGY

You have had a brief introduction to Numerology inLesson Three. Pythagoras said, "The world is built
upon the power of numbers". He it was who
reduced the universal numbers to the nine primary
ones. Any number, no matter how high, can be so reduced. For example, the number 7,548,327 would be
7+5+4+8+3+2+7 = 36, in turn further reduced to
3+6 = 9. In this way all numbers can be reduced to asingle one and (again as you saw in Lesson Three)letters/words also can be so reduced.
The numbers then have certain occult values
attached to them and are each associated with one of
the nine planets. For example, 1—the letters A,J,S—(see Lesson Three) is associated with the Sun. It signifies
leadership, creativity, positiveness. These values
and associations will be dealt with fully below.

Through numerology many things can be discovered. For instance, the type of job for which you are
best suited; the geographical location likely to be themost harmonious for you; the marriage partner mostsuited to you.
From Lesson Three you know what your BIRTHNUMBER is. This number should always be consideredwhen deciding upon dates for important events. It
represents the influences at the time of your birth. It issimilar to, and in many ways will correspond with,your Left Hand (see Cheiromancy above). It will also
tie-in, in many ways, with your Natal Horoscope.
Suppose your Birth Number is 1. Then the signingof contracts should be done on dates which also
reduce to 1. Your planetary sign is the Sun, a Fire sign.
You would therefore be happiest married to someone
whose sign is compatible, i.e. another Fire sign or an
Air sign: Sun, Jupiter, Mars, Uranus or
Mercury-numbers 1, 3, 9, 4, 5.
The numbers, their planets and signs, are as
follows:
1: Sun-Fire 2:
6: Venus—Earth 7:
Moon—Water 3: Neptune—Water 8:
Jupiter—Fire 4: Saturn—Earth 9:
Uranus—Air 5: Mars—Fire
Mercury—Air

124 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

NAME NUMBER

The single primary number obtained from thenumerical values of the letters of your name gives you
your Name Number. You can see, then, that it is verymuch hit-and-miss as to whether your given namewill agree with your Birth Number. This is why wetake a new name in the Craft; so that we can have a
Name Number in perfect balance with our Birth
Number. Let's look now at the value attached to theprimary numbers.
1: SUN—Letters A, J, S
Very much the driving life force. A leader. Ambitious.
Tends to be impatient. The explorer. The extrovert.
Automatically assumes command. Frequently a "bigbrother" or "big sister". Very strong feelings either
for or against. Would not knowingly hurt anyone
but might not realize her/his own strength. Can
stand being praised and is entitled to it. Praise canspur to greater things.
2: MOON—Letters B, K, T
Sensitive, domestic. Tends to be emotional andeasily influenced to tears. Has a fertile imagination.
Very fond of the home. Patriotic. Accepts changes insurroundings. Prefers to live near the water. Often
possesses musical talents and would make a very
good psychic.
3: JUPITER—Letters C, L, U
The investigator; the scientist; the seeker. An interest in
the material rather than the spiritual. Ideas on
religion frequently change. Has a great sense ofhumor. Not greatly interested in money. Very trusting,yet likes to know the "why" and the "how".
4: URANUS—Letters D, M, V
Inclined to appear strange and eccentric becauses/he is usually ahead of her/his time. Very interested in
the occult; in psychic research. Inclined to anything outof the ordinary. Strong intuitive tendencies. Can be
bitingly sarcastic if crossed. Believes in liberty andequality. Can usually predict the probable outcome ofactions and businesses.
5: MERCURY—Letters E, N, W
Active, both physically and mentally. Inquiring,
exploring. Fond of reading and researching. Good at
languages. Would make a very good teacher, writer,
secretary. Makes friends easily. Usually methodical
and orderly; adept at simplifying systems.

6: VENUS—Letters F, O, X
Gentle and refined; pleasant and sociable. Usually
good looking. Natural peacemaker; able to sootheruffled feelings. Often experiences difficulties infinancial fields. Excellent as a host or hostess. Friendly
and agreeable.
7: NEPTUNE—Letters G, P, Y
Frequently possesses E.S.P. Extremely "psychic".
Introvert. Although s/he does not say much, s/he
usually knows a great deal. Mysterious. Often interested in psychology, psychiatry, chemistry andbotany. Knowledgeable in astrology and all fields ofthe occult. Fond of fishing. Inclined to take from the"haves" and give to the "have-nots".
8: SATURN—Letters H, Q, Z
Inclined to be cold and pessimistic. Not much sense ofhumor. Often slow getting off the mark but usuallyends up ahead of the game. Successful, especiallywhere money is concerned. Frequently connectedwith mining, real estate and the law. Also withcemeteries and pawnshops. Believes that hard
work never killed anyone. Often prepossessed withthoughts of the past.
9: MARS—Letters I, R
Very emotional. Can be extremely jealous. Active,
though rules by the emotions. Tied very much tofamily background. Loyal. Apt to be suspicious of
strangers. Impulsive. Tends to be afraid of the unknown. Often associated with surgery, physical andmental illnesses.
You are all set now to study a friend from the
Numerological point of view. Suppose your friend isnamed Jane Doe (not very original, perhaps, but it
serves well for an example). She was born on June 23,
1947. She is planning on moving into a new apartment in
Trenton, New Jersey, sometime in February 1986.
What can you tell her and advise her? Take it step bystep: First of all work out her Birth Number:June 23,1947 = 6+2+3+1+9+4+7 = 32 = 5 Then
her Name Number:
JANE DOE = 1 + 1+5+5 + 4+6+5 = 27 = 9
Armed with these two important numbers, what
can you say? First of all look at the woman herself—
number 9. She can be very emotional and very jealous.
She tends to be impulsive; is tied very much to herfamily background; is suspicious of strangers and afraid of
the unknown. From these last two facts you know

Lesson Nine: Divination / 125that it has taken her quite a lot of soul-searching toreach the decision to move into a new apartment. At
the same time, being impulsive she feels that having
made the decision the sooner she makes the move thebetter. Her new apartment will in some way reflect her
family background. Perhaps in the way it is decorated,
perhaps in the type of building it is in. Should she
decide to have a room-mate, you should suggest
someone whose Name Number is compatible withher fire sign, i.e. someone with the Name Number 1,3, 4,
5 or 9.
Now to look at where she is moving and when.
TRENTON NEW JERSEY 2955265 555
159157 = 77 = 14 = 5
The number of the geographical location is thesame as her Birth Number. This should be an ideal
place for her. One which will truly give her the feeling of"home".
She plans to move sometime in February 1986. February is the second month:
2+1 + 9+8+6 - 26 = 8
You need, then, to add a day which will bring thetotal to 5, to agree with her Birth Number. February 6,
15 or 24 are, then, the most propitious days:
2. 6.1986 = 32 = 5
2.15.1986 = 32 = 5
2.24.1986 = 32 = 5
You could even go on to suggest how she might
decorate the apartment so far as colors are concerned,
for there is an affinity of colors and numbers:
PRIMARY COLORS
1—RED
6—INDIGO
2—ORANGE
7—VIOLET
3—YELLOW
8—ROSE
4—GREEN
9—GOLD
5—BLUESECONDARY COLORS
1—brown, yellow, gold 6—all shades of blue
2—green, cream, white
7—light shades of green
3—mauve, violet, lilac
and yellow
4—blue, gray8—dark gray, blue, purple,
5—light shades of any
black
color
9—red,crimson, pink
You would like to give her a record album as ahouse-warming gift? Her taste in music can be takenfrom Numerology. According to Cheiro—one of thegreatest of Numerologists as well as the foremost
Palmist—number 1 people like inspiring, martial
music, as do number 3 and number 9 people. Number 2
and 7 people prefer wind and string instruments: theviolin, the cello, harp, guitar, clarinet and flute. Number 4
people, together with number 8, enthuse over choral
arrangements, organs and religious music generally.
Number 5 people like something a little different, be it"psychedelic", hard rock or Dixieland. Number 6
people are the romantics, preferring sweet music withlilt and rhythm.
It is possible to go on and on. You can check yourhealth by numerology. You can pick out the mosteffective herbal cures, the potential winner of a horserace
or baseball game, and so on and so on. Numerology is afascinating science and one which can give you
endless entertainment also.
ASTROLOGY

Astrology is perhaps one of the most popular of
the occult sciences; the one most used by "the wo/
man in the street". Although staunchly denying any
serious belief in such matters, nine out of ten persons
are unable to read a daily newspaper or monthly
magazine without avidly scanning the horoscopes to
see what the day/week/month holds in store for them. It
is useless to point out to these people that the
majority of these horoscopes are, by virture of theirgenerality, completely worthless. In what follows will
be seen the elements that make a true horoscope avery personal thing, applicable only to the one forwhom it is cast.
The individual horoscope, or natal chart,—theone that interprets the motions of the heavenly bodies interms of the person's life—comes under the awesome-sounding heading of genethliacal astrology. The
chart is actually a map of how the planets, sun andmoon, appeared at the moment of birth.
Each planet has a particular influence on the
person born and also a particular influence on theother planets, depending on proximity. To erect, or
draw up, this chart for the individual, certain things
must be known. Firstly, the date of birth—day, month,
year. Secondly, the place of birth—geographical location.
And thirdly, the time of birth—the actual hour,
preferably to the nearest minute. Why are all thesenecessary?

126 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

From the Earth,the sun seems to describe a great circle in its travels.
This path is called the Ecliptic and the angle that it makes at any moment, as
it rises above the eastern horizon, is called the Ascendant. This name,ASCENDANT, is also given to the sign of the zodiac that is rising at agiven time. Every four minutes the ascending Sign is at a different angle
over the horizon. It can therefore be seen that to obtain the correct signand ecliptic, at the moment of birth, the time and place of birth must be
accurately recorded.
As the sun moves throughout the year, it passes through twelve
different areas of sky and constellations. These are the Houses of thezodiac, and like the hand of a watch, sweep round. The dividing lines
between the Houses are known as Cusps. The sun takes roughly a month topass through each of the Houses, which are as follows:
ARIES—March 21 through April 19 TAURUS—April 20
through May 19 GEMINI—May 20 through June 20
CANCER—June 21 through July 22 LEO—July 23
through August 21 VIRGO—August 22 throughSeptember 22 LIBRA—September 23 through October 22
SCORPIO—October 23 through November 21
SAGITTARIUS—November 22 through December 21
CAPRICORN—December 22 through January 20
AQUARIUS—January 21 through February 19
PISCES—February 20 through March 20
In fact, these dates do vary from year to year, so it is necessary to check theyear in question when the date is on, or close to, the cusp.
In planning this map of the heavens, some help is needed inestablishing the positions held by the planets at the many different hours andminutes that have passed with the years. The astrologer's aids for this are
the Ephemeris and the Table of Houses. The Ephemeris gives the positionsof the planets at the different times, while the Table of Houses gives thecorrections with regard to the place of birth; the geographical location.
Measurement of time is given in what is known as sidereal time, measured
by the stars rather than the sun. The stars appear to move around the sky
at a faster rate than the sun, and this must be allowed for in the calculationof sidereal time.
Working, then, from the Ephemeris, you must first calculate thesidereal time (shown as "S.T.") at the moment of birth. If born before
noon, the necessary hours and minutes will be subtracted from the S.T.
given for noon in the Ephemeris. If born after noon, the hours andminutes will be added to the S.T. given in the Ephemeris. And just to
round things off nicely, an extra ten seconds per hour (known as theacceleration on interval) must also be subtracted or added. With a person
born, for example, in New York, further adjustment would be necessary
since the ephemerides use G.M.T. as standard (e.g. 5:45 pm in New York
would be 10:45 pm at G.M.T.)
Example A person born at 11:45 am on August 31,1934, in New

The zodiac as we know it is a combined inventionof the Egyptians and Babylonians. Above: An
ancient Egyptian map of the sky, the 'Zodiac
ofDenderah'.

Astrology originally developed in Mesopotamia
and was more concerned with kings andpeoples than with the destinies of individuals;
Above: a tablet giving astrological forecasts incuneiform writing, derived from observationsof the moon.
From "Man, Myth & Magic"

Lesson Nine: Divination / 127

York, would have the S.T. 10 hours 35 mins 54 sees
(4:45 pm at G.M.T.). The acceleration on interval
would be 10 times 4% (hours after noon) seconds. The
S.T. for the moment of birth would then be:

22° 35' Scorpio

The next step would then be to convert this
GMT-ST to New York-ST by conversion of the degrees
and minutes of longitude into minutes and secondsof time. This can be done by simply multiplying by fourand adding if the location is east of Greenwich, or subtracting if west of Greenwich. In the above example,
New York is 74° west of Greenwich. Multiply by fourand subtract from the ST:

From longitude the move is a natural one tolatti-tude. From the Table of Houses can be foundthe ascendants for the local ST just calculated. The
lat-titude for New York is 40°43'N (north of the Equator).
Looking at the Table of Houses for New York, you
would find:Now, at last, you can start to fill in one of thosefascinating horoscope blanks. A line may be drawn,
through the center, connecting the degree of the
Ascendant, on one side of the chart, with a point
exactly opposite on the other side. This point opposite iscalled the Descendant. Also in the Table of Houses will
be found the related medium coeli (M.C.)—its
opposite point is the imum coeli (I.C.)—the mid-point atright-angles to the connected Ascendant andDescendant. These lines/points are also marked on
the chart. The chart is now divided into its four
quadrants.
The next stage in drawing the "map" is the filling-inof the house boundaries. The Ascendant is the start of
the first house, and from there will be found twelve
houses (see Figure 9.2).
The positions of the Sun, Moon and the planets
are found thus: from the Ephemeris find the positions
for noon, on the birth date, of Saturn, Neptune, Jupiter,
Uranus and Pluto. These are the slower planets. These
positions can be put straight onto the chart. They are
shown, as are all planets, on the chart and in the tables,

Figure 9.2

128 I Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftby their signs. These traditional signs are:

For the faster planets—Sun/Moon, Venus and
Mercury—a little more calculation must be done toallow for their movements between noon and theactual birth time. For a birth time after noon, look up
the planet's motion at noon. From the logarithmic
tables in the Ephemeris, find the log. of the motion and toit add the log. of the interval after noon (a birth time of
6:30 pm would give an interval of six and a half
hours). Then convert the total log. back to degrees.
You now have the difference in position of the planet atnoon on the birth date and can add this to the noon
position the Ephemeris shows. Had the actual birthtime been before noon, then you would have looked up
the planet's motion at noon on the day before the actual
birth date and proceeded as above. Should the planet

in question be marked "R" in the tables—meaningthat it is retrograde—then you would subtract the
movement on interval from the noon position. One
word of warning: do not forget to convert Greenwich
ST to local ST when filling in the positions of theplanets. A chart at this stage may look like Figure 9.3.
Before you can attempt to interpret a horoscope,
you must know what the various positions of theplanets mean in relation to one another: their Aspects.
Two planets, one rising and the other setting, 180°
apart, are said to be in Opposition. This is traditionally a
bad aspect. Two planets within approximately 10° ofeach other are in Conjunction, which can either be good or
bad depending on which the planets are. Planets 90°
apart are said to be Square, another bad aspect-while
60° apart (Sextile) is a good aspect. Finally, of the main
aspects, 120° apart is extremely good and goes by thename Trine. Obviously, in these positions a certain
amount of leeway is permissible, and this is usually inthe order of 10° to 12° for Conjunction or Opposition,and roughly 7° for Sextile. These allowances are the Orbs.
INTERPRETATIONInterpretation of a horoscope is the hardest part— as
it is in any form of divination. The interpretation
begins with listing the various aspects which appear;
the relationship of the Sun to the Zodiac; the relationshipof the Moon; the Ascendant's position; rising andLesson Nine: Divination / 129

setting planets; positions above and below the horizon;
relationships of the planets to the houses and to the
Zodiac signs; the Decanates. All these aspects must be
studied and explained. Examples of what might befound are: "Mars Square with Saturn; Jupiter and the
Sun in Opposition, or Jupiter Sextile with Mercury".
Mars Square with Saturn would indicate a certain
amount of callousness due to Mars' ruthlessness andimpulsiveness, together with Saturn's seclusion andintroversion. Jupiter and the Sun in Opposition could
mean a somewhat self-centered person given to
extravagance, due to the forcefulness and determinationof the Sun with the expansive wealth of Jupiter. Jupiter
Sextile with Mercury would be good, showing
determination and knowledge with judgement.
The planets themselves have certain qualities:
Air, Water, Fire and Earth. Traditionally, Gemini,
Aquarius and Libra are the Air signs; Cancer, Scorpio
and Pisces are the Water signs; Aries, Leo and Sagittarius the Fire signs and Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn
the Earth signs. Air signs are supposedly intellectual,enlightened and articulate; Water signs emotional;
Fire signs zealous and fervent; Earth signs cautious,
basic and practical. In more detail, the signs—again, bytradition, as is almost all interpretation of astrology—
are associated with particular attributes: ARIES is verymuch a leader or pioneer. There is a certain amount of
impatience in this sign, due to ambition. TAURUS isthe hard worker—great strength, and proud of it,
along with perseverance. GEMINI is adaptable; knows alittle about a lot of subjects, has a gift for languages,
diplomacy and tact, but is somewhat superficial.
CANCER is extremely sensitive, a follower of tradition,a great home lover. LEO is the extrovert, full of
self-confidence, with an abundance of personality, agreat sense of the dramatic, and a great capacity tolove.
VIRGO is the critic; tidy and conservative, yetalways charming and popular. Virgo is the best ofplanners and organizers; intellectual and extremely
analytical. LIBRA has intuition and foresight, ispeace-loving and has a great sense of justice. SCORPIO
has tenacity and determination, great self-control, but
a rather too fine opinion of the self. At times seems acontradiction to her/himself—jealous and demanding.
SAGITTARIUS knows no fear. Kind and can be gentle, isalso direct and outspoken. CAPRICORN is ambitious
and very materialistic, has a fear of inadequacy andindigence, and is either greatly depressed or incredibly
happy. AQUARIUS is a planner, always looking ahead.

Honest, kind, yet difficult to understand. Independent in
the extreme, s/he has very good judgement. PISCES issensitive, noble, kind and gentle, yet can be vague andinclined to be too optimistic. Self-sacrificing andsympathetic, Pisces is an excellent diplomat.
SATURN is inhibited, persevering, cautious; often
taciturn, reserved. Saturn is associated with the law,mining, printing, dentistry, building and real estate,second-hand books, agriculture and death. URANUS is
excitable and erratic, a little too forceful and inclined tobe sarcastic. It has an affinity with nature, also
technical objects. To do with electricians, inventors,
astrologers. Very much of the occult. NEPTUNE is
inclined to mysticism, also to individuality. Knows but
does not say. Can be of very doubtful character,capable of murder, rape, etc. Sometimes vague;
sometimes confused. Associated with eating places,
bars, prostitution, narcotics, navigation, the ocean,nursing, advertising. PLUTO is generally associatedwith children; youth. Leaders, wanting things theirown way, disliking laws. Pluto is associated with hobbies,
sports, outdoor life, actors and actresses, politicians.
JUPITER is the planet of harmony, of education, law,
morals and religion, faith, good humor. Truth comes
before anything with Jupiter. Knowledge, the ability to
self-educate, learning through reading, are all of
Jupiter. Moneyed people count with this planet;bankers, judges and ecclesiastics.
The SUN is first and foremost a masculine planet,full of vitality. It has determination yet much kindness, a
lot of heart, and is capable of great love. It is anauthority figure, moving ever forward. The MOON,
conversely, is a feminine figure; very sensitive, emotional,
domestic. A lover of water, patriotic and interested inpublic welfare. MERCURY is quick-witted; anextremely active mind, good for research, exploration,
analysis, judgement; good for writers, teachers, orators.
VENUS is again, of course, feminine; very much oflove. To do with friendship, physical attraction, feeling,
peace-making, pleasures; associated with musicians,
jewelers, actors, dress-makers, artists and nurses. MARS isfor action, with great energy and courage. May be
brutal and may be jealous; frequently the cause of sexual
problems. Impulsive, loyal, fearful of the unknown;
associated with soldiers, surgeons, sportspeople andcraftspeople.
Each of the twelve Zodiac signs is spoken of as
being "ruled" by one of the planets. What this means isthat there is a close affinity between the two. Where a130 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

planet is classed as being "watery" or "fiery", so thesign or signs that it rules are of that type. The sign
Aries is ruled by the planet Mars. Taurus is ruled by
Venus. Gemini by Mercury; Cancer by the Moon; Leoby the Sun; Virgo by Mercury; libra by Venus; Scorpio byMars; Sagittarius by Jupiter; Capricorn by Saturn;Aquarius by Saturn (some astrologers prefer Uranus)and Pisces by Jupiter (again some say by Neptune).
Generally it can be said that a fiery sign would not getalong well with a water sign, nor would a water sign
get along with an air sign. An air sign, however, would dowell with a fire sign, and so on.
Let's now look at the twelve divisions, the Spheres ofInfluence, on the chart and see what each is concerned with.
They are numbered on the chart. The first one is theSphere influencing the physical appearance; the body.
The second deals with money; gaining or losing, investing,etc. The third Sphere is that of communications andtransportation, letter-writing and transport. Also it
deals with relatives and close neighbors. The fourth
sphere is the one of home and property. It deals with thebirthplace, with real estate, mines and undergroundplaces. It also deals with a man's mother or a woman's
father. Pleasure, love, sex, amusement, education,
appear in the fifth Sphere. Sensual pleasures, especially,
are here. In the sixth Sphere you will find domestic
animals, health and conditions affecting the health.
Clothing, servants and physical comfort are also here.
The seventh Sphere of Influence shows, in awoman's chart, the husband; in a man's chart, the wife.
Partners, generally, are here. In the eighth Sphere arelosses, including death. Loss of money and possessions ishere; also details of wills and legacies. The ninth
Sphere covers religion, spiritual things, journeys toother lands and relatives by marriage. The tenth Sphere
covers your job, your business affairs, honors, earnings.
The eleventh Sphere covers your friends and acquaintances, hopes and fears, and wishes. The twelfth
Sphere of Influence shows any confinements you may
encounter—prison, deportation, exile. It shows enemies
and also, strangely, large animals.
From the above, then, you can really start oninterpretation. For example—Pisces on the Ascendant.
This first House deals with physical appearance.
Pisces—sensitive, noble, kind and gentle—indicatesthat the person will be of short to middle stature, of
pale complexion, with high cheekbones, light hair andeyes. In the sixth House you find the Moon. The sixth

Sphere, you know, is the one of health and physical
comfort. The Moon is sensitive, emotional. You could
say, then, that the person might be prone to emotional
upsets; nervous breakdowns. They might also enjoy
serving others, since the House also deals with servants. In
the ninth House is Jupiter, the planet of harmony. He
deals, as you have seen, with education and religion. The
ninth House, in which he appears, is the one covering
religion and spiritual things. This must signify great
success for the person in religious affairs; also in
philosophical and legal affairs, since Jupiter also deals
with these. The interpretation would follow around,taking the Houses one after another. Then the Aspects,
which you listed, would be interpreted according to
the association for the various planets.
It may be seen, from the above, that althoughsome very general characteristic might be immediately
given for a person born at a particular time of year,
certainly no great and accurate details can be given
without having more information on both the birthtime and the birth place, and constructing a natal chart—
the map of the planets at the time and place of birth.
I have talked of a natal chart, a horoscope of thetime of birth, showing what the life will hold in general.
Similar charts can be made for practically any purpose.
They can be plotted to show what might be theinfluences for a particular year, or other period oftime. They can be plotted for countries, or towns,
rather than for individuals. They can be plotted toshow the most propitious time for laying the cornerstone of a new building; for marriage; money; health;business—indeed for practically any purpose. There
are many thousands of business people who have aprofessional astrologer draw up a chart for the coming
business year and follow its indications scrupulously.
They return year after year and seem more thansatisfied. They take their horoscopes seriously, as theyshould be taken if the astrologer knows her/his job.
When a daily newspaper's horoscope says that
Monday morning is going to seem long and wearing to
all persons born between April 20 and May 20, then,although it may turn out to be amazingly accurate, you
may rest assured that no charts were drawn, no tables
consulted, no planetary positions interpreted. Yet it is
this drawing, calculating and interpreting which makes
the subject so interesting.
FIRE SCRYING

Another form of divination, sometimes used by

Lesson Nine: Divination / 131

Witches, is scrying into a fire. Make a fire of driftwood,on the seashore, after sunset (if you are far from theseashore then you can use any old, weathered wood,such as from an old barn, or the like). When the woodhas been well burned and is beginning to die down,
lay on it a cedar log, a juniper log and three good
handsful of sandalwood chips. Let these burn well.
Then, as the fire again begins to die down, gaze deep
into the dying embers. In these embers you will see
scenes of the past, present and future. You may see theactual scenes, but it is more likely that you will see

symbolic scenes that need interpreting. This scrying
fire is sometimes referred to as the "Fire of Azrael",
and was described by Dion Fortune in her book The
Sea Priestess.
There are many, many forms of divination—far
too many to include here. An upcoming Llewellyn
Practical Magick Series title, by me, is Practical Divination,
and will cover a great many of them, known and not sowell-known.

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1.

After you have made a personal study of the Tarot, decide how you will spread the cards. What method works thebest for you?

2.

What Tarot cards were you initially attracted to? list them, and tell what significance each card has for you.

3. On separate paper, make a print of each of your palms. Watch how your hands change from year to year. (To makea print, press your hand in silkscreen ink, paint, or other colored substance and press as flat as possible on the
page.)
Relate some of your experiences with Cheiromancy. What major observations did you make when you firstbegan studying hands, and how accurate were your impressions? What did you see in your own hands?

4.

Construct your own natal horoscope. List the basic interpretations of each planet as they seem to fit yourperson.

LESSON TENHERBALISMHERBAL LORE

Traditionally Witches have a great knowledge of herbs and their
healing properties. With the present movement back to nature, and thedesire for survival in this modern age, that knowledge could today stand us
in very good stead. It could be important that Witches once again be theWise Ones of Herbal Medicine. Although I do not suggest that you throw
away your Blue Cross/Blue Shield/Medicare, or whatever, I do believethat there are many ways in which you can make use of the old cures, bothfor yourself and for others. It is, however, legally necessary for me topoint out that the information in this lesson is simply my opnion, inregard to herbs for health, together with the results of my research into
the history of their use. I am not engaged in rendering professional
medical advice. Such advice should be sought from a competentprofessional person.
Herbal medicine goes back thousands of years. It derives from
Wo/Man's needs for health and strength; cures for ills and the mending ofwounds. Many of today's medicines have come from this primitive
botanical compilation. Some have been discarded for stronger, supposedly
more certain, synthetic drugs while others are still used, in many parts of theworld, in their natural form.
Throughout the ages mysterious healing powers have been attributed tocertain wild plants, flowers and herbs. So-called "Nature Doctors"(Witches) of the past were familiar with these natural remedies. Unfortunately until "science" puts its stamp of approval on such ancientherbal remedies, most modern day doctors scoff at the folklore curesreported through the centuries. Sometimes, however, doctors rediscoverthese ancient remedies and hail them as the outcome of modern researchand science! For example, William Withering, an English doctor, isolated an
ingredient found in the leaves of the foxglove—digitalis; one of the mostimportant of heart remedies. Yet for centuries Witches had prescribed atea brewed from the foxglove leaves for weak hearts. Dr. Cheney, of
Stanford University, "discovered", and proved, that raw cabbage juice
helped heal stomach ulcers—knowledge again carried for hundreds ofyears by the Witches.
The gathering and preparing of herbs is a specialized work, but one
135

Witches bringing a
Shower of Rain.

136 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

which anyone of average intelligence may safely undertake with proper training. (There are also special
storehouses and laboratories that cater to the Herbalistby supplying crude herbs, tinctures and all kinds ofpreparations. These will be listed later).
It has been said that the Witch, as a natural healer,
should be a psychologist, to study the character andsymptology of the patient. She should also be a student ofanatomy and physiology, in order that the workings ofthe body be known. In addition, she should be a
dietician, to study the most suitable diets for the patient;and a person of general knowledge about her subject
and people in general. I would certainly recommendthat the student study anatomy and physiology to gain aworking knowledge of what is involved in a cure.
Before you go collecting herbs, decide on just one or
two species for each trip out. Most important, find thebest time of day to collect them. For this refer to one of
the better herbals, such as Culpeper's (see Suggested
Reading at the end of this lesson). Having selected whatplants you require, pick only those parts which you will
be needing for drying and processing,otherwise you will not only be taking home waste matter,but you will also be stunting the growth of next year's
crop.
Before picking plants, check very carefully for
their various attributes to make sure you have theright one. Many different plants have similarities,
enough to cause confusion. You cannot spend too
much time studying illustrations, photographs, etc., tolearn to recognize the many different species. Whencollecting herbs, make sure you do not damage theplants as you pick them. Make them up into small
bundles. Do not crush the plants, as this will limit theamount of goodness you will get from them.
When selecting plants, always try to refer to themby their Latin names, for these never change. If you
use the common names, you can become greatly
confused, since most herbs have many different common
names. Depending on where the herb is found, it
could have as many as twenty different names bywhich it is known locally. But each plant has only ONE
Latin name. In the various herbals this is usually printed initalics, and may be pronounced as it is read. To "ease youin gradually", as it were, throughout this lesson I

Traditionally Witches always cut their herbs with a small, sickle-shaped knife known as a Boleen. It is possible to make one for yourself. Just follow the samegeneral principles given for the athame, in Lesson Three. Don't forget to consecrate it and use it only for cutting herbs.

Lesson Ten: Herbalism / 137

will actually use the most common name followed by the
Latin. However, remember that PLANTS SHOULD
ALWAYS BE REFERRED TO BY THEIR LATIN NAME
FOR POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION.
GETTING THE MOST OUT OF HERBS

Many medicinal preparations have been wasted or
spoiled simply because the user did not prepare themor use them to best advantage. This naturally
discourages many people from trying herbs again.
Since most herbs are mild in action, it is important that
THEY BE GIVEN SUFFICIENT TRIAL FOR RESULTS.
Certain herbs must be prepared right and administeredcorrectly in order to derive benefits. For instance,
Boneset herb (Eupatorium perfoliatum): a HOT infusion
should be taken on retiring, to induce perspiration. In
the morning, the COLD infusion should be taken as amild laxative. Powdered Slippery Elm Bark (Ulmus
fulva) is soothing to the bowels when taken as anenema. It is useless, however, if the bowels are notflushed clean before injection of the botanical solution. A
weak infusion of Hops (Humulus lupulus) removes thearomatic properties. A stronger infusion of Hops
removes the bitter tonic properties. A decoction removes
the astringent properties. Each operation gives adifferent result. A plant does not yield the same principles by, for example, decoction as by infusion. By
decoction, the extractive resinous and bitter principles
are obtained; while by infusion a large quantity ofaromatic and volatile principles, essences, etc., areextracted.
What are these terms: "decoction", "infusion",
etc.? They are the ways that herbs are treated aftercollecting them. Comminution; Extraction; Perculation;
Filtration; Clarification; Digestion; Expression. I willtake each of these in turn and examine it.
Comminution is the reduction of herbs to small particles.
All substances to be used this way must be free from all
moisture. Herbs containing volatile oils should not be
subjected to high temperature during the drying
process. There are machines available for the cutting
and milling of herbs but the old PESTLE and MORTAR
are still favorites in the Craft.
The first operation in the drying of herbs is to cut
them up into small parts when fresh. Some herbs (e.g.
Rue/Ruta graveolens, Peppermint/Menthapiperita, Tansy/
Tanacetum vulgare) need to be dried at the lowest temperature possible. Others (e.g. Yarrow/Achillea mittefolium,

Ground Ivy/Nepeta hederacea) should be dried quickly.
No special drying equipment is needed. Just follow
the method I give below.
1: Select and collect the herb (s) you desire. Collect ona dry day.
2: Tie the herbs in small bundles, in twos, so that thepiece of string joins the bundles. Hang the bundles
over a clothes line, by this string. Note: it is importantthat at night and/or whenever the weather gets damp,
you hang the bundles indoors. If the herbs get damp
during the drying process they will mildew.
If you are collecting only leaves or flowers from aplant, then put them in a muslin bag to dry. Not too
many in each bag, otherwise the air will not get throughthem. Generally herbs will take from three days to a
week to dry. It is important that they are dry. Move thebundles around each day so that they get a lot of sun. If
there is no sun and you have to dry them indoors,
keep them at a uniform temperature of about 65° to
70°F.
3: When the bundles are dry, pass the herbs through ameat mincer/grinder. Use coarse cutters first, followed byfine Ones. If properly dried, the herbs should come out
in more or less powder form. Put them in cans orbottles with screw tops and keep in the dark. They
may be kept this way for several years without losing
their natural color or medicinal properties.
Extraction. The chief methods used in the extraction of
the active principles of herbs are:(a) DECOCTION—applied when the active principles
consist of extractive matter readily taken from theplant but not damaged by boiling water (e.g. Chamomile/
Anthemis nobilis, Gentian/Gentiana lutea, Broom/Spartium
scoparius).
(b) INFUSION—applied to obtain the extracts bymeans of hot water, only in this case boiling water is not
used. In fact, in some cases even cold water is utilized.
(c) MACERATION—this is a prolonged infusion
using alcohol, or dilute alcohol. It consists of steeping
the material in a closed vessel for a definite period,
shaking it at intervals. This method is used for the
extraction of fluid extracts or tinctures.
Percolation is the most perfect method of obtaining
the soluble parts of remedies. It consists of allowing

138 I Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

menstruum to slowly trickle through a column ofmaterial in a similar way to the process of coffee
percolation.
Filtration is the process by which liquids are separated
from substances mechanically suspended in them.
The easiest method is by using filter paper.
Clarification is the process of clarifying a substanceafter processing, as in the case of honey, syrup, lards,
etc., and is done by melting and skimming or filtering
through a suitable material.
Digestion is a simple process of prolonged maceration,
at a constant temperature of about 100°F.
Expression is the method whereby the juices of herbs
are extracted by pressing them; actually squeezing theremedy out of the herb. Two pressures are normally
used: a simple screw press, similar to a printer's press, ora hydraulic press as used in large laboratories.
SIMPLES, SYRUPS, SALVES,
POULTICES AND POWDERS
To use Herb Simples that have been finely ground or
chopped, steep a heaped teaspoonful of the herb to eachcup of hot (not boiling) water for twenty minutes. Take
one cup before each meal and one on going to bed.
Roots and Barks. Roots should be simmered for overhalf an hour, to extract their goodness. Do not boil
heavily.
Flowers and Leaves should never be boiled. Steepthem in hot (not boiling) water for twenty minutes,
CAPACITY
One minim (min)One fluid drachm (fl. drm) = 60 minims
One fluid ounce (fl. oz) = 8 fl dm
One pint (O) = 20 fl oz
One gallon (C) = 8 pints

keeping them covered so as to keep in the oil whichmight evaporate.
Powdered Herbs may be mixed with either hot or cold
water. Use half a teaspoonful of powdered herb to acupful of water, followed by drinking a plain glass ofwater. Herbs take effect quicker if taken in hot water.
NEVER USE AN ALUMINUM UTENSIL TO BOIL HERBS
OR WATER TO BE USED WITH THEM as this metal
damages the fine oils, etc., contained in the herbs.
TO MAKE SYRUPS: A simple syrup can be made bydissolving three pounds of brown sugar in a pint ofboiling water. Boil until thick You may then add this toany substance. Malt honey and bees' honey can also be
used as a syrup if desired. To make a herb syrup,
simply add the cut herbs, boil to a syrupy consistency,
strain through a double cheesecloth and bottle. If
corked, this will keep indefinitely.
TX) MAKE HERB SALVES (ointments): Use fresh herbs
whenever possible. However, dried herbs can be used if
fresh are not available. Be sure the herb is cut up very
finely and use one to one-and-a-half pounds of cocoa fat,lard, or any pure vegetable fat, and four ounces ofbeeswax. Mix together, cover, and place in the hot sun(or the oven with a very low heat) for about fourhours. Strain with a fine sieve or cloth. When set it will befirm and ready for use. If you want to put it into
containers, do so while it is still hot and let it set in thecontainers. Do not re-melt.
TO MAKE POULTICES: It is best to have the herbs in acrushed form. Mix with water and cornmeal to make athick paste. If fresh leaves are used, place them directlyon the affected part(s). Poultices are very good forswellings, enlarged glands, etc. Never re-use a poultice
MASS
One ounce (oz) = 437.5 grains(avoirdupois) One pound (Ib) = 16 oz(7,000 grains)

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF MASS
One grain (gr)One scruple (ei) = 20 gr
One drachm (dr) = 3 ei (60 gr)

One ounce (oz) = 8 dr (480 gr) One
pound (IV) ~ 12 oz (5,760 gr)

Lesson Ten: Herbalism / 139

once used. Always replace with a fresh one. The
following poultices can be used safely:
Slippery Elm—Useful to combine with other herbs tomake a good poultice.
Lobelia and Slippery Elm—One third part Lobelia andtwo thirds Slippery Elm. Excellent for blood poisoning,boils, etc., also very good for rheumatism. Charcoaland Hops—Will quickly remove gallstone pain.
Charcoal and Smartweed—Good for inflammation of thebowels. When using for healing old sores and ulcers,
add powdered Echinacea, Golden Seal or Myrrh, or asmall amount of all three.
Poke Root and Cammed—Excellent for inflamed breast.
Burdock Leaf— This poultice is cooling and drying. A
poultice of the powdered root with salt eases the pain ofa wound from an animal, such as a dog bite.
Plantain—Excellent poultice to prevent blood poisoning.
Nettle and Wintergreen—For dissolving tumors. Carrots
and Golden Seal—Applied to old sores, will heal
rapidly.
Sage—For inflammation of any type. Hyssop—Will
remove discoloration from bruises.
Poultices should be applied as hot as possible andbe changed as soon as the heat has dissipated. It is uselessto re-use the same poultice.
COMPOSITION POWDER: A composition powder isa good medicine for colds, flu, cramps, rheumatism,
beginning of fevers, etc. Every home should havethese on hand; they are safe and effective for every-I

one. In fevers and colds, give a cup of tea made fromthe powder every hour until perspiration takes place.
This will clear the body of toxins and bring the fever
down. Here are a few selected formulae which are very
effective:
4 oz Bayberry 2
oz Ginger 1 oz
White Pine 1 drCloves1 dr Cayenne

Use all powdered herbs. Steep 1 teaspoonful in water for 15
minutes, keeping covered. Drink the clear liquid after the
sediment has been strained.
2 oz Pulverized Bayberry Bark
1 oz Pulverized Ginger
Vz oz Pulverized Pinus Canadensis
1 dr Cloves
1 dr Cayenne

Dose (adult): one teaspoonful in hot or cold water, sweetened if
required.
Less pungent Composition Powder (!): 1 oz finely
powdered Wild Thyme 1 oz powdered Marjoram
1 oz finely powdered Pimpernella Saxifrage 1 oz
finely powdered Pleurisy Root 1 oz powdered
Cinnamon.

Dose: one teaspoonful in the early stages of colds, disordered
stomach, scarlet fever or similar troubles.

The following list of Herb Simples is for general
AVENS HERB—Tonic and styptic. Used in looseness ofbowels, etc.
guidance. Herb Simples include flowers, barks and the
BALM—'Coolingin fevers and inducing mild perspiration.
whole plant, depending on the part (s) generally used
HERB SIMPLESBALMONY—Anti-bilious, tonic and detergent. Used in
as a medicine. There are about five hundred Herbcases of chronic constipation, indigestion, jaundice andSimples available and these are generally supplied inworms in children.
weight (per ounce or pound). For list of terms such as
BLACKBERRY LEAVES—A tonic, useful in cases of bowel"Pectoral", "Astringent", see later in this lesson.
looseness.
AGRIMONY—A tonic, mildly astringent. Used for coughs,
relaxed bowels and looseness of the bowels.
ANGELICA—A stimulant and aromatic. Used for kidneys
and to induce perspiration.
ASH LEAVES—Used in gouty conditions, arthritis, etc.

BLACKCURRANT LEAVES—A refrigerant, used in cases ofsore throat, coughs, catarrh.
BLADDERWRACK—used in a bath for arthritis and rheumatic conditions.
BLUE MALLOW—Pectoral. For coughs and colds generally.
BONESET—Mild laxative, tonic; relieves fever and240 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft
pains in the bones.
BORAGE—Useful in chest complaints.
BROOM—Used in some bladder complaints, especially ingall stones.
BUCHU—A stimulant used in urinary affections and inflammation of the bladder.
BUCKBEAN—A good tonic, used for liver troubles andskin diseases. Also for arthritis, etc.
BUGLOSS—Expectorant and tonic, used in cases of inflammation.
BURDOCK—Used for purifying the blood.
BURR MARIGOLD—For gouty conditions.
GREATER CELANDINE—For eye infections, also cases ofjaundice.
CHAMOMILE—Used in cases of nervous hysteria and all
nervous complaints in women.
CLEAVERS (sometimes called "Clivers")—A tonic andrefrigerant. Is cooling in fevers. Used in gravel andgallstones.
CLOVES—The oil of cloves is a remedy for sluggish digestion.
Two drops on a teaspoonful of sugar is the best dose. As acure for toothache it is a specific remedy. The area shouldbe painted with the oil.
COLTSFOOT—For all asthmatic complaints. A smoking
mixture made with it, mixed with other herbs, is usefulfor asthma.
DAMIANA—A tonic for nervous and debilitated persons;also used as a sexual stimulant.
DANDELION ROOT—Generally dried. The leaves can beeaten in salads. The white juice from the stem cures warts
and warty growths in a short time. The root, baked andground, makes good coffee.
ELDER LEAVES—Used in urinary troubles and as treatment for colds. The berries are used with other herbs forcolds and coughs (dried berries are often used instead of
currants).
EYEBRIGHT—Used for weak eyes and as a general tonic
for the eyes. Frequently used in a compound.
GOLDEN SEAL—A wonderful catarrh remedy and tonic.
The tincture should be used with care and should betaken in one-drop doses, with water only.
GROUND IVY—Whilst not really an ivy (the common
name of which is Alehoof), this is a good remedy forrheumatism, indigestion and kidney complaints.
LUNGWORT—For coughs and all chest affections.

MARIGOLD—This is another remedy that should be inevery home. As an ointment it will cure many skin troubles;
as a tincture it is far better than iodine to hasten the healing
process. The flowers and leaves can be used in salads.
MOUSE EAR—A good remedy for whooping cough.
NETTLES (the well-known stinging nettles)—used for
purifying the blood. PILEWORT—As its name suggests,
for the treatment ofpiles. Often used with Witch Hazel. Its common name isLesser Celandine, though it has no relation to the Greater
Celandine. PLANTAIN—A cooling herb. Fresh leaves canbe used as arelief from insect bites, if applied at once. Used a lot withother herbs for blood medicines. RASPBERRYLEAVES—A very well known-method ofbringing about easy childbirth. Blackberry and Strawberry leaves have similar properties but Raspberry leaves
are considered the best. SENNA LEAVES—These act in asimilar fashion to Senna
Pods. The leaves are usually taken with ginger to cureconstipation. SLIPPERY ELM—Used as a skin cleanser andtonic. A special
invalid food is made from the bark, which can be digestedby the weakest digestive organs and cannot be vomited.
In soap, it is an excellent skin soother. TANSY—The fresh
leaves can be used in a salad. The dried
herb is used for hysteria, morning sickness and for the
expulsion of worms in children. VALERIAN—The root
is used to cure insomnia without adrugging effect. Also used for curing pains in many partsof the body. VIOLET—Can also be used in salads.
Thought to be a curefor cancerous growths of tumors when used with red
clover heads. WITCH HAZEL—Used for checking
bleeding piles andbleeding from wounds. The prepared liquid is used formost things and can certainly be used on all cuts, sprains,
bruises, etc.

The above list is a short one but should be of use.
Again, I strongly recommend that the student study
one of the better herbals for greater understanding. It is
obviously impossible to give an all-encompassing
coverage here to the thousands of herbs that exist.

DEFINITION OF MEDICAL ACTIONS

You will find the following most useful whenreferring to text books on the subject:
ALTERATIVE—Producing a healthful change without
perception.
ANODYNE—Relieves pain.
ANTHELMINTIC—A medicine that expels worms.
APERIENT—Gently laxative without purging.
AROMATIC—A stimulant; spicy.

ASTRINGENT—Causes contraction and arrests discharges.
ANTIBIUOUS—Acts on the bile, relieving biliousness.
ANTIMETIC—Stops vomiting.
ANTILEPTIC—Relieves fits.
ANTIPERIODIC—Arrests morbid periodic movements.
ANTHILIC—Prevents the formation of stones in the urinaryorgans.
ANTIRHEUMATIC—Relieves and cures rheumatism.
ANTISCORBUTIC—Cures and prevents scurvy.

Lesson Ten: Herbalism / 141

DEFINITION OF MEDICAL ACTIONS (Continued)
ANTISEPTIC—A medicine that aims at stopping putrifi-

HEPATIC—A remedy for diseases of the liver.
HERPATIC—A remedy for skin diseases of all types.
LAXATIVE—Promotes bowel action.
LITHONTRYPTIC—Dissolves calculi in the urinaryorgans.
NATURATING—Ripens and brings boils to a head.
MUCILAGINOUS—Soothing to all inflammation.
NAUSEANT—Produces vomiting.
NERVINE—Acts specifically on the nervous system; stops
nervous excitement.
OPTHALMICUM—A remedy for eye diseases.
PARTURIENT—Induces and promotes labor at childbirth.
PECTORAL—A remedy for chest affections.
REFRIGERANT-Cooling.
RESOLVENT—Dissolves boils and tumors.
RUBIFACIENT—Increases circulation and produces red
skin.
SEDATIVE—A nerve tonic; promotes sleep.
SIALOGOGUE—Increases the secretion of saliva.
STOMATIC—Strengthens the stomach. Relieves indigestion.
STYPTIC—Arrests bleeding.
SUDORIFIC—Produces profuse perspiration.
TONIC—A remedy which is invigorating and strengthening.
VERMIFUGE—Expels worms from the system.

cation.

ANTISPASMODIC—Relieves and prevents spasms.
ANTISYPHILITIC—Having effect or curing venereal
diseases.
CARMINATIVE—Expels wind from the bowels.
CATHARTIC—Evacuating from the bowels.
CEPHALIC—Remedies used in diseases of the head.
CHOLAGOGUE—Increases the flow of bile.
CONDIMENT—Improves the flavor of food.
DEMULCENT—Soothing; relieves inflammation.
DEOBSTRUENT—Removes obstruction.
DEPURATIVE—Purifies the blood.
DETERGENT—Cleansing to boils, ulcers, wounds, etc.
DIAPHORETIC—Produces perspiration.
DISCUTIENT—Dissolves and heals tumors.
DIURETIC—Increases the secretion and flow of urine.
EMETIC—Produces vomiting.
EMMENAGOGUE—Promotes menstruation.
EMOLLIENT—Softens and soothes inflamed parts.
ESCULENT—Eatable as a food.
EXANTHEMATOUS—Remedy for skin eruptions anddiseases.

EXPECTORANT—Facilitates expectoration (coughing).
FEBRIFUGE—Abates and reduces fevers.

HERBS IN MATERIA MEDICA
Here is a short list of herbs in Materia Medica sothat you can have at least a few for easy reference until
obtaining a full herbal. The list, obviously, is far fromcomplete and the full medical properties of each herb
are not given. For a complete picture use one of theherbals listed at the end of this lesson. In most cases
HERB

the herbs given can be taken as a tea, or can beobtained in pill or tablet form. These are the most common
herbs, which will prove of value to the beginner. All
herbs mentioned here are perfectly safe at all times,
and are NOT poisonous.

ACTIONAGRIMONY (agrimonia eupatoria) ALL
HEAL (stachys sylvatica) ANGELICA(angelica atropurpurea) DEAD NETTLE(lamium album) ASH TREE LEAVES(fraxinus excelsior) AVENS (geumurbanum) BALM (melissa officinalis)

Alterative, tonic, diuretic
Antispasmodic, hepatic, nervine
Aromatic, tonic, stimulant Antiseptic,
astringent, tonic Antifat, diuretic,
stringent Astringent, tonic, stomachic
Antispasmodic, nervine, diuretic

BALMONY (chelone glabra) BARBERRY(berberis vulgaris) BAYBERRY BARK
(myrica cerifera) BLESSED THISTLE(carduus benedictus) BOGBEAN(menyanthes trifoliata)

Laxative, tonic, vermifuge
Removes jaundice Astringent,stimulant, vulinary Antiscorbutic,
hepatic, stomatic Antiscorbutic,
stomatic

BONESET (eupatorium perfoliatum)
BROOM (spartium scoparius)

Cathartic, emetic, vermifuge, laxative
Diuretic, tonic, diaphoretic

BURDOCK (arctium lappa)

Antiscorbutic, aromatic,
antispas-modic, tonic

USE

Chest diseases, coughs.
Colic, gout, liver.
Heart, spleen, kidneys.
Bruises, sciatica, gout.
Dissolves fatty tumors, ringworm.
Heart tonic, promotes healing.
Acts on liver, restores the skin,general healer.
Constipation, jaundice, indigestion.
Stops canker; general tonic.
Gout, arthritis, rheumatism.
Purifier of blood, skin diseases, giddiness.
Creates appetite, excites the bile, good forgout.
For asthma, colds, dyspepsia, debility.
As a poultice for broken bones. Purifies
the whole system, cures tumors if
persevered with over a period.
All kidney troubles, antidote to mercury
poisoning, useful in all skin complaints.

142 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

HERBS IN MATERIA MEDICA (Continued)
HERB
CASCARA SAGRADA (rhatnnus

CELANDINE (chelidonium
majus) CLEAVERS (galium
aparine)purshiana) CATMINTACTION
Aperient, tonic

Antispasmodic, nervine, sudorific,
carminative GREATER
Acrid, alterative, cathartic
Antiscorbutic, diuretic, refrigerant

RED CLOVER (trifolium pmtense)(nepeta cataria)

Antiscorbutic, nervine, tonic

DANDELION (taraxacum leontodon)

Antispamodic, nervine, pectoral,
vermifuge

GARLIC (allium sativum)

Antispasmodic, nervine, vermifuge

HEARTSEASE (polygonum perscaria)

Balsamic, pectoral, vulnerary

HOPS (humulus lupulus)

Diuretic, pectoral, laxative, tonic

PENNYROYALfmentfjfl pulegium)

Aromatic, carminative, stimulant

RUE (ruta graveolens) SCULLCAP

Diuretic, vermifuge, tonic Diuretic,(scutellaria lateriflora)

nervine, tonic Balsamic,

SOLOMON'S SEAL (convollaria
multi-flora) TANSY (tanacetum vulgare)demulcent Emmenagogue,

VERVAIN (verbena officinalis) WOOD
SAGE (teucrium canadensis) YARROW

vermifuge Diuretic, tonic Diuretic,
tonic Astringent, sudorific, tonic(achillea millefolium)

Herbalism is a long study and it will pay theserious student to study all the books listed at the end of
this lesson, so as to find the physiological actions of thevarious herbs. In true herbalism we do not use herbsof a poisonous nature if at all possible. However, one
herb which can be used to good effect is Rhus
Toxicodendron (Poison Oak; Poison Ivy). This herb
tincture should NOT be used internally, but in external
applications it is excellent for all fibrositis, rheumatism
and allied pains. A footbath with a few drops of the

USE
Constipation, but should not be used all
the time. Safe for young or old.
For removing female obstructions, forhysteria, giddiness.
Externally it is good for sluggish tumors.
As an ointment, good for piles.
One of the best herbs for skin diseases.
Improves the complexion, opens thepores to remove toxins.
Best blood cleanser. A tea made fromthe flowers is an excellent tonic forchildren and weak persons.
Safe remedy for all internal disorders.
The root, when baked and ground, ismade into a drink.
Many virtues. To clear the blood, forwhooping cough. Will clear constipation and cleanse the bowels.
Tasteless, but a powerful blood cleanser.
Useful for fits, pleurisy, itching.
Blood cleanser, strengthens the bile. A
pillow stuffed with hops will cureinsomnia.
Useful for female complaints. For cooling the blood of the stomach.
Very good for female disorders. Best
when mixed with other herbs.
Nervous complaints, excitability. Will
quiet hysterical persons.
Bruises. Helps circulation.
Disagreeable to the taste but very usefulin female complaints; kidneys, etc.
General tonic. For upset stomachs,
given in large doses.
Removal of obstructions in liver andbladder areas.
Cleansing of the skin, opening of thepores and removing obstructions.

tincture in it will relieve tired feet at once.
It should be remembered at all times that although
the previous symptoms of a disease may disappear,
you must take steps to prevent a recurrence of it. Most
diseases come on from a long-standing trouble in thesystem and the symptoms of the disease are the body's
way of expelling waste matter in some form or another.
Remember that diseases will not grow in healthy tissues,
therefore take steps to see that correct feeding is undertaken in order that the body remains cleansed.

Lesson Ten: Herbalism / 143

BOTANICALS LISTED UNDER TERMSALTERATIVES—Agents which tend
gradually to alter a condition. Alteratives are often combined with botanicals
listed under "Aromatics", "Bitter
Tonics" and "Demulcents". Among
botanicals that may be classed as
Alteratives are:American Spikenard rt. or berries
Bittersweet twigs
Black Cohosh rt.
Blue Flag rt.
Blue Nettle rt.
Burdock rt.
Condurango rt.
Echinacea rt.
Guaiac raspings
Oregon Grape rt.
Pipsissewa Ivs.
Poke rt.
Prickly Ash bk.
Red Clover fls.
Sarsaparilla rt
Sassafras rt.
Stillingia rt.
Wild Sarsaparilla rt.
Yellow Dock rt.
Yellow Parilla rt.

ANTHELMINTICS
or
Vermifuges-Medicines capable ofdestroying or expelling worms
which inhabit the intestinal canal.
Anthelmintics should only beadministered by a physician.
Areca Nuts
Balmony hb.
Kousso fls.
Male Fern
Melia Azedarach bk.
Pomegranate rind, bk. or rt.
Pumpkin Seed
Spigelia rt.
Wormseed hb.
Wormwood hb.

ASTRINGENTS—Temporarily tighten,
contract or increase the firmness ofthe skin or mucous membrane. They
are often of value to check excessive
secretions. They are used as external
washes, gargles, lotions, mouthwashes,
etc. Astringents may be made verystrong, using more of the herb andboiling longer. They may be "watereddown" to the strength desired.
STRONG ASTRINGENTS:

Agrimony hb.

Alum rt.
Barberry bk.
Bayberry bk.
Beech Drops hb.
Bearberry Ivs.
Beth rt.
Black Alder bk.
Black Cherries
Black Oak bk.
Black Willow bk.
Butternut bk.
Buttonsnake rt.
Catechu Gum
Chocolate rt.
Cinquefoil
Congo rt.
Cranesbill rt.
Fleabane hb.
Goldenrod hb.
Hardback hb.
Hawthorne berries
Heal-all hb.
Hemlock bk.
Hickory bk.
Jambul Seed
Kola nuts
Logwood
Lycopus virginicus.
Maiden Hair Fern
Mountain Ash bk.
Pilewort hb.
Potentilla hb.
Purple Loosestrife hb.
Queen of the Meadow hb.
Rattlesnake rt.
Redrt.
Rhatany rt.
Sage hb.
Sanicle rt.
Sampson Snake rt.
Shepherd's Purse hb.
Sumbul rt.
Sumach bk. or rt.
Tormentil rt.
Wafer Ash bk.
Water Avens rt.
Water Lilly rt.
White Ash bk.
White Oak bk.
Wild Indigo bk.
Witch Hazel twigs
MILD ASTRINGENTS:
Blackberry rt. Black
Birch Ivs. Celandine
German Rue Rosa
Gallica Petals St. John'sWort Sweet Fern hb.

BITTER TONICS—Used for temporary loss of appetite. They stimulate

the flow of saliva and gastric juices,
assisting in the process of digestion.
Augosura bk.
Balmony hb.
Barberry rt. and bk.
Bayberry Ivs.
Blackberry Ivs.
Black Haw bk.
Blessed Thistle
Bogbeab hb.
Boldo Ivs.
Cascarilla bk.
Chamomile fls.
Chiretta hb.
Columbo rt.
Condurango rt.
Dandelion rt.
Fringe tree bk.
Gentian rt.
Goldenseal rt.
Goldthread rt.
Hop fls.
Mugwort hb. , Quassis chips
Sabattia-Amer. Century rt.
Serpentaria rt.
Turkey Corn rt.
Wild Cherry bk.
Wormwood hb.

Yellow Root rt. (Xanthorrhiza)
CALMATIVES—Agents used for theirmild calming effect. Generally taken
as a warm tea, upon retiring.
Catnip hb.
Chamomile fls.
Fennel seed Hops
-Lindin fls.

CARMINATIVES and AROMATICS—
Substances of a fragrant smell that
produce a peculiar sensation of warmthand pungency on the taste buds.
When swallowed, there is a corresponding impulse in the stomach whichis communicated to other parts ofthe body. Aromatics are useful to
expel gas from the stomach and intestines. They are chiefly used tomake other medicinal formulae morepalatable.
Allspice—unripe fruit
Anise seed Angelica
seed Capsicum Fruit
Caraway seed
Cardamon seed

244 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

CARMINATTVES/AROMATICS (Continued):Catnip hb. Celery seed Cinnamon bk.
Cloves buds Coriander seed Cumin
seed Eucalyptus Ivs. Fennel seed
Ginger rt. Lovage rt. Mace Melilot fls.
Mustard seed Nutmeg Peppermint hb.
Spearmint hb. Valerian rt. Wild Ginger
rt.

CATHARTICS—Agents which promoteevacuation from the bowels by theiraction on the alimentary canal.
Cathartics can be divided into twogroups: (1) LAXATIVES, or APERIENTS, are agents which are mild or
feeble in their action. (2) PURGATIVES
are agents which induce copious evacuation. They are generally used formore stubborn conditions in adults,
or used with other ingredients to modify
or increase their action. Neither
laxatives nor purgatives should be used
when appendicitis is suspected or
during pregnancy. Cathartics should
only be used for occasional constipation.
Agar-Agar
Aloes
Barberry bk.
Blue Flag rt.
Buckthorn bk.
Butternut inner bk.
Cascara bk.
Cassia fistula
Castor oil
Culver's rt.
Jalap rt.
Karaya gum
Manna
May apple or Mandrake rt.
Pysllium seedRhubarb rt.
Senna (Egyptian) Ivs.
Senna (American)
Senna pods
Tamarind pulp

DEMULCENTS—Substances usuallyof a mucilaginous and bland nature,taken internally for their soothing
and protective-coating properties(for external use, see EMOLLIENTS).
May be used to allay irritation of
membranes. They have been used
for coughs due to common colds andto relieve minor irritation of thethroat. The mildest and most soothing
demulcents are marked with **.
Agar-Agar
Arrow rt.
Cheese Plant hb.
Coltsfoot hb.
Comfrey rt.**Couch Grass rt.
Flaxseed**
Gum Arabic**
Iceland Moss
Irish Moss
Karaya gum
Licorice rt.
Marsh mallow rt. and Ivs.**
Okra pods**
Oatmeal**Psyllium seed
Quince seed
Sago rt.
Saleprt.
Sassafras pithSesame Ivs.
Slippery Elm bk.**
Solomon's Seal rt.
Tragacanth gum

DZAPHOJRE77CS—Agents which tend
to increase perspiration. They arecommonly used as an aid in the relief ofcommon colds. Diaphoretics act mostfavorably when administered hot,
before bed. Botanicals marked with **are often referred to as SUDORZF/CS—
agents which cause copious perspiration.
Ague Weed hb.*»
Angelica rt.
Balm hb.
Blessed Thistle hb.
Canada Snake rt.
Catnip hb.
Chamomile hb.
Elder fls.
Ginger rt.**Guaiac raspings
Hyssop hb.**
Linden fls.
Lobelia
Mtn. Mint (Koellia) hb.
Pennyroyal**
Pleurisy rt.
Prickly Ash bk.
Ragwort hb.

Sassafras bk. or rt.
Senega rt.
Serpentaria rt.**
Spice Bush or Fever Bush twigs
Thyme hb.
Water Eryngo rt.
Wood Sage hb.
Yarrow hb.

DIURETICS—A term used for medicines or beverages which tend toincrease the secretion of urine. The
fastest action is generally obtained byliquid diuretics taken on an empty
stomach, during the day. Physicalexertion retards the effects of diuretics.
They are often used with demulcents,
such as Marsh mallow rt., Couch Grass,etc., for their soothing qualities whenirritation is present.
Bearberry or Uva Ursi Ivs.
Bilberry Ivs.
Broom tops
Buchu Ivs.
Burdock seeds
Button Snake rt.
Canada Fleabane hb.
Cleavers hb.
Copaiba BalsamCorn Silk
Cubeb berries
Dog Grass rt.
Dwarf Elder bk.
Elecampane rt.
Gravel Plant Ivs.
Hair Cap Moss
Horse Tail Grass
Juniper Berries
Kava-Kava rt.
Matico Ivs.
Pareira BraVa rt.
Parsley rt.
Princess Pine Ivs.
Seven Barks
Stone rt.
Water Eryngo rt.
White Birch Ivs.
Wild Carrot hb.

EMOLLIENTS—Agents generally ofoily or mucilaginous nature, used
EXTERNALLY for their softening,supple or soothing qualities.
Comfrey rt.
Flaxseed meal
Marsh mallow Ivs. or rt.
OatmealQuince seed

Slippery Elm bk.

Lesson Ten: Herbalism / 145
EXPECTORANTS—Agents used toinduce expulsion or loosen phlegmof the mucous membranes of thebronchial and nasal passages. Expectorants often are combined with demulcents as ingredients in cough (due tocold) medicines. Strong acting expectorants are marked with **.
Asafetida gum Balm
Gilead buds Balsamor Tolu Beth rt.
Benzoin tincture or gum Bloodrt.** Cocillana bk. Coltsfoot hb.
Comfrey hb. Elecampane rt.
Grindelia hb. Gum Galbanum
Horehound hb. Ipecac rt.**Licorice rt. Maidenhair Fern hb.
Marsh mallow rt. Mullein hb.
Myrrh gum Pleurisy rt. Senega
rt.** Skunk Cabbage rt.
Slippery Elm bk. Wild Cherry
bk. Yerba Santa hb.

NERVINES—Agents which tend toabate, or temporarily relax, non-serious
nervous irritation, due to excitement,strain or fatigue.
Asafetida gum
Betony hb. Catnip hb.
Chamomile fls. Hopfls. Nerve Root
Passion fls. Scullcap
hb. Skunk Cabbage
rt. Valerian rt.
Yarrow hb.

NERVE STIMULANTS—Nerve stimulants are useful for a temporary "lift"
when health conditions do not prohibit caffeine.

Cocoa beans
Coffee beans
Guarana Yerba
Mate Tea Ivs.
Coffee and Guarana are usefulfor simple headaches caused by aggravation. Cocoa is one of the most nutritive of all beverages.
REFRIGERANTS—Generally a cooling beverage.
Borage hb. Burnet
hb. Licorice rt.
Melissa hb.
Pimpernel hb.
Rasberry fruit
Tamarind pulp
Wood Sorrel rt.

SEDATIVES—Often used by womenfor the usual minor discomforts incidental to impending menstruation(not for delayed menstruation).
Black Cohosh rt.
Black Haw bk.
Catnip hb.
Chamomile fls.
Cramp bk.
Motherwort hb.
Squaw Weed
Yarrow hb.

STIMULANTS—To quicken or increase
various functional actions of the system.
Stimulants refuse to act in the presenceof an excess of animal foods and neveract as quickly on persons who consume a lot of alcohol.
Angostura bk. Bayberry
Ivs. Black Pepper Blood
Root Boneset hb.
Camphor gum Canada
Snake Root Capsicum
fruit Cascarilla bk.
Cassena Ivs.

Cayenne Pepper
Cinnamon bk.
Cloves-fruit Cocash rt.
Damiana hb. Fever Few
hb. Fleabane hb. Ginger
rt. Golden Rod hb.
Horseradish rt. Hyssop
hb. Jaborandi rt. Matico
Ivs. Mayweed hb.
Motherwort hb.
Muirapuama Mustard
Nutmeg Paraguay tea
Pleurisy rt. Pennyroyal
hb. Peppermint hb.
Prickly Ash bk. Quaking
Aspen bk. Sarsaparilla rt.
Serpentaria rt.
Spearmint hb. Summer
Savory hb. Sweet Gum
Sweet Shrub bk. Vervain
hb. White Pepper
Wintergreen Yarrow hb.
Yerba Mate Ivs. Yellow
Root

VULNERARY—An application forminor external wounds. Almost any
green plant that does not have irritating constituents is useful for minor
wounds, because of its chlorophyll
content. Applications are generally
most effective when the fresh herb isapplied.
All Heal hb.
Blood Staunch or Fleabane hb.
Calendula hb. Centauria hb. Clown's
Woundwort hb. Heal-all hb. (Srophularia
marilandica) Healing Herb or Comfrey
hb. and rt. Horse Tail Grass Live
Forever Ivs. Marsh mallow hb. or rt.
Plantain Ivs.
Self Heal or Heal All hb. (Prunella
vulgaris)146 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

VITAMINS IN HERBS
Vitamins are manufactured within plants anddepend to some extent on the health and vigor of theplant. The controlling factors are the varieties and theconditions under which the plants are grown. Cultivatedplants depend almost entirely on chemical fertilizers.
Seaweeds are supplied with almost unlimited elements tofeed on. Botanicals growing in the wild state generally
thrive only in virgin soils, or in soils that can supply
their necessities. When a soil becomes depleted, thesebotanicals move on, (via suckers, creepers, seeds, etc.) or
are eventually crowded out by neighboring plants.
Plant vitamins are far easier to digest than vitamins
and minerals of fish or animal origin.
VITAMIN A: Needed for night vision and functioning ofcells of skin and mucous membranes. Vitamin A isstored in the body, but under stress and strain, asurplus is rapidly dissipated.
Botanical Sources-Alfalfa, herb; Annato seed; Dandelion;
Lamb's Quarters; Okra pods; Paprika; Parsley
herb; Watercress.
VITAMIN B1 (Thiamine): Needed for growth and maintaining normal appetite.
Sources-Bladderwrack; Dulse; Fenugreek; Kelp; Okra;
Wheat Germ.
VITAMIN B2 (Riboflavin): Needed for normal growth ofchildren. Good nutrition of adults.
Sowrces-Bladderwrack; Dulse; Fenugreek; Kelp; Saffroa
VITAMINB12: Essential for normal development of red
blood cells. B12 also acts as a growth factor forchildren and helps put weight on under-weightchildren.
Sources-Alfalfa; Bladderwrack; Dulse; Kelp.
VITAMIN C: Needed for healthy teeth and gums;
prevents scurvy. Vitamin C is destroyed by heat,cooking, low temperatures and oxidation. This
vitamin is not stored in the body; a fresh supply
must be provided daily.
Sources-Buffalo Berry; Burdock seed; Capsicum; Coltsfoot; Elder berries; Marigold; Oregano; Paprika;
Parsley herb; Rose Hips; Watercress.
VITAMIN D: Needed for building and keeping goodbones and teeth. Prevents rickets. A limited amount isstored in the body.
Sources-Annato seed; Watercress; Wheat Germ.
VITAMIN E: Abundant in many plants' seeds. The
need for Vitamin E has not been fully established,but is essential for full and proper nutrition.
Sources-Alfalfa; Avena Sativa; Bladderwrack; Dandelion

leaves; Dulse; Kelp; Linseed; Sesame; Watercress;
Wheat Germ. VITAMIN G (B2): Essential inpreventing a deficiency
disease.
Sources-Hydrocotyle Asiatica. VITAMIN 1C: Necessary
in the physiological process ofblood clotting. Sources-Alfalfa herb; Chestnut
leaves; Shepherd's
Purse.
VITAMINP (Rutin): Believed to be of benefit in strengthening tiny blood vessels. Sources-Buckwheat; German
Rue; Paprika. NIACIN (another B-complex vitamin):Prevents pellagra. Sources-Alfalfa leaves; Blueberry leaves;
Burdock seed;
Fenugreek; Parsley herb; Watercress; Wheat Germ.
THE ART OF PRESCRIBING MEDICINEIn prescribing medicine the following circumstances
should always be kept in mind: AGE, SEX, TEMPERAMENT, HABIT, CLIMATE, STATE OF STOMACH,IDIOSYNCRASY.
AGE For an adult, suppose the dose to be 1 drachm.
Then:
Up to 1 year will require 1/12 (or 5 grains) Up to 2
years will require Vs (or 8 grains) Up to 3 years will
require Ve (or 10 grains) Up to 4 years will require% (or 15 grains) Up to 7 years will require Va (or 1scruple) Up to 14 years will require Vz (or Vz
drachm) Up to 20 years will require 2/s (or 2scruples) Above 20 the full dose—1 drachm.
Above 65 the inverse gradation of the above.
SEX Women require smaller doses than men and thestate of the uterine system must never be overlooked.
TEMPERAMENT Stimulants and purgatives more
readily affect sanguine persons than phlegmaticones; consequently the former require smaller
doses.
HABITS Knowledge of these is essential. Those who
habitually use stimulants—such as smokers anddrinkers—require larger doses to affect them, while
those who habitually use saline purgatives are
more easily affected.
CLIMATE Medicines act differently on the same individuals in summer and winter, and in countries/
regions of different climates. Generally, the wanner
the climate, the smaller the required dose.

Lesson Ten: Herbalism / 147

STATE OF STOMACH: IDIOSYNCRASY—The least
active remedies operate very violently on someindividuals due to a peculiarity of the stomach or
disposition of the body, unconnected with temperament. This state can be discovered only by accident
or time.
In prescribing, you should always so regulate theintervals between doses that the next dose may betaken before the effect of the first has altogether worn
off. If this is not done then the cure is "always commencing but never proceeding". It should always be
kept in mind, however, that medicines such as Digitalis,
Opium, etc., are apt to accumulate in the system andthere will be danger if the doses are too dose together.
DOSES MUST ALWAYS BE MEASURED—NEVER
GUESSED.
The following list of explanations should give
you some help when reading many textbooks and/or
writing formulae and prescriptions:
Abbreviation Meaning
R F.S.A.
Take
RecipeFiat Secondum Let it be made or prepared
Artem Misce
M.
Miscae signa da Mix
MSD
Mix the medicine, deliver it with
instructions in writing topatient To form a liquid
M.F.Mixt.
Misce fiat mix- mixture
tura Divide
Div Sol
Solve Fasciculus Divide
Fasc Man.j.
Manipulus
Dissolve An
Pugil j.
Pubillus or
armful A
Pugillumhandful A
Cyat j.
Cyathuspinch
Coch j.
Cochlear Gutta
Gutt. No. 1,
A glassful
2, 3,
A spoonful
A dropAna
The No. of pieces, written "j.,
etc.
P.Ae
jL,jll., Jill.," etc. Of eaach
Q.S.
or aa
Equal parts As much as
Partes oequales suffices
Q.L.
Quantum
Q.V.
Sufficit
As much as you like As much
Quantum libet as you like
Ib.
Quantumoz.
volueris
A poundDr.
Libra Uncia
An ounce
Drachma or
A drachma or dram
Scr.
dram
Gr.
Scrupulus
A scruple
Pil
Granum
A grain
Pot
PilulaeA pill or pills
Pulv
Piot or potassa Potion
Pulv
Pulvis Pulvis Powder
factusPowdered

Tine
Ext
Chartul
Collyr.
Collut.
Decoct.
Garg.
Haust.
lams.
Mist.

Tinctura
Tincture
Extractum An extract (usually fluid)
Chartula
Small paper
Collyrium Eye wash
Collutorium Mouth wash
Decoction Decoction
Gargarisma Gargle
Haustus
A draught
Infusum
An infusion
MisturaMixtureSs.
Semisses
Half
ZZ
ZingiberGinger
OI or OiOne Pint
E.A.
In water
Ex Aqua
A.c.
Anta cibum Before meals
P.c.
Post cibum After meals
Tus urg
When the cough is troublesome
Tussal urg.
H.s.
Hora somni At bedtime
SOS
As required
Pro ocPro. occula For the eyes
= partEqual parts
oe p
M.D.
To be used as directed
Addendua
To be added
Agit. vas
Agitato vase Shake the vessel
Ante
BeforeApplicAppliceteur Let there be applied
Aqua Fervens
Boiling water
Cat
Cataplasm Poultice
Dies
Date or day
DicrusSpoken of
Dur dolor
Durante dolore While the pain lasts
Grad
Gradation Ad By degrees
Ad libAt pleasure; as you please
libitum
Sine mora
Without delay; urgent<D
Annual herb
Biennial herb
Perennial herb
Flowers perfect

SOME SIMPLE TREATMENTS

Remember, preparations should NOT be boiled in aluminum
vessels. Use copper or earthenware or, better still,
Pyrex®, so as not to contaminate the medicines. Now
here are some simple recipes you can use for practice(or for real!). If you are unable to gather the herbs
yourself, see the source list at the end of this lesson.
MEDICINAL DRINKSFor loss of appetite and debility:
Wood Betony—1 oz Barberrybark—1 oz Bogbean—1 oz
Boil in half a gallon of water for 15 minutes.
Sweeten with honey and leave to cool. Then stir in 2
teaspoonfuls of good Brewers Yeast. Let the wholeStand for 12 hours. Skim off the top and bottle theremainder, do not use for 24 hours. Dose: ad. lib.

148 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

For Diarrhea:
Equal parts—Cranesbill herb
Bayberry bark
Shepherd's Purse
Mix with 4 pints of water. Simmer for 15-20
minutes. Sweeten with honey (not sugar). Dose: */2
wineglass ad. lib.
MEDICINAL SYRUPSFor a cough:Blood Root, crushed—3 oz.

Steep in good vinegar or acetic acid for 2 weeks.
Strain and add IVz Ibs of good honey and gently simmer
down to two-thirds the volume. Dose: YZ teaspoonful.
For a hacking, irritating cough:Ipecacuan syrup—1 oz.
Sassafras (bruised)—1 oz.
Aniseed—2 oz. Honey—4 oz.
American Valerian 2 oz. Black
Oats—2 oz. Water—2 quarts
Boil the whole for 30 minutes and then add 1 pint ofspirits of wine. Dose: Vz wineglassful when the cough is
at its worst.
MEDICINAL DECOCTIONS
For clearing the blood of impure matter.
Sasaparilla Bruised Decoction: Bruised
Honduras Sasaparilla—2 oz. Boiling
Water—1 quart

Simmer for 30 minutes then sweeten with honey.
Dose: \ gill, 3 times a day.
For coughs and all pulmonary complaints.
Balm of Gilead decoction: Balm of Gilead
buds—1 teaspoonful Rain water—1 pint
Mix and infuse for 30 minutes.
NOTE: In all decoctions and remedies where no
preserving agent (such as brandy or honey) isused, the remedy must not be kept longer than afew days, otherwise it may turn cloudy, indicatingthat it is useless as medicine.

A stimulating gargle:
Equal parts—Sumach berries
Goldenseal
Simmer for 15 minutes. Strain and add 1 drachm ofBoracic acid to every pint.
MEDICINAL TEAS
For removing griping pains and irritation. Excellent
for children (Vz tablespoonful).

Catnip Tea:
Catnip leaves and flowers—1 oz.
Brown sugar—Vz oz. Milk—1
tablespoon Boiling Water—1 pint
Infuse for 25 minutes then strain. The tea madewith the Catnip leaves and flowers and water only canbe used as a very effective enema, to cleanse thebowels.
To increase menstruation; to destroy all types ofworms:
Tansy leaves—1 oz.
Brown sugar—1 tablespoon
Boiling Water—1 pint
Infuse for 30 minutes and strain.
Dose: Vz wineglassful, occasionally.
An eye wash, good for granulated eyelids and inflamed eyes:
Tine. Hydrastis Can—1 oz.
Tine. Sanguinaria—1 dr. •Boracic acid—Vz dr.
Shake well until mixed.
Dose: 10 drops of the compound in Vz tumbler ofwater, as an eye wash.
MEDICINAL MIXTURES
For cases of faintness, hysteria, debility and all nervous
cases.

Nerve mixture:
Tine, of Pimpernel—Vz oz.
Mint Water (Menths virdis)—iVz oz.
Tine. Valerian—1 dr.
Comp. Tine. Cardamon—Vz oz.
Mix well. Dose: 2 tablespoonsful, 3times a day.

Lesson Ten: Herbalism / 149

Cough mixture:
Syrup of Ipecacuana—2 dr.
Syrup of Squills—2 dr. Tine, ofBloodroot—2 dr.

OINTMENTS
For growths of a malignant nature, piles, ringworm,etc.

Mix well.
Dose: 1 to lx/2 teaspoonsful a day, or when cough isbad.
Sexual invigorator:
False Unicorn—Vz oz. Tine. St.
John's Wort—V2 oz. Tine.
Damiana—¥2 oz.

Goldenseal ointment:
Goldenseal root—2 oz.
Methylated Spirits—1 oz.
Glycerine—1 oz. Water—1oz.
Bruise well the Goldenseal root, then add to theother ingredients and mix well. Let the whole stand in a
warm place, closely corked, for a week. Then press out
all the liquid and thoroughly incorporate this residue
with 4 oz. lard, in a liquid state. Pour into screw-top
jars.

Mix well. Dose: 30 to 60 drops, every
6 hours.

WITCHES' PHARMACOPOEIA
One of the usual misconceptions that cowans(non—Witches) have of the Craft, is that we boil up allsorts of evil ingredients in our cauldrons! How did thiswarped belief come about? Well, it was because of themany local common names given to ordinary herbs.
An herb, perhaps because of its suggestive appearance,
would acquire a picturesque name. The name would
stick and, before long, be taken at its face value, Dragon's
Blood is an excellent example. This gum resin wasgiven the name because of its reddish-brown color,similar to dried blood, and because it comes from suchplants as Calamus draco, Dracaena draco, Pterocarpus
draco, etc., named after the constellation Draco the
Dragon, of the Northern Hemisphere. It is NOT the
actual dried blood of a dragon, though many people
believe it is!
Here are some other herbs, together with theirlocal names, so that the next time you come across an
old recipe calling for, say, the tongue of a horse and theeye of a cat, youll know what was really meant.

WICCAN NAMECOMMON NAMELATIN NAME

Adder's Mouth
Adder's Meat
Adder's Tongue
Ass's Ear Bear's
Ear Bear's Foot
Beehive Beggar's
Tick Bird's Eye
Bird's Tongue
Black Boy Resin
Bloody Fingers
Bull's Eyes Bull'sFoot Calf's Snout
Catgut Cat's Eye
Cat's Foot Cat's
Foot/Paw Cat's
Milk Chicken Toe

Stitch Wort

Stellaria media^ Microstylis
ophioglossiodes
Erythronium Americanum
Symphytum officinale
Primula auricula Helleborus
factious Medicago scuttellata
Bidens frondosa Adonis
vemalis Fraxinus excelsior
Xanthorrhoea arborea
Digitalis purpurea Caltha
palustris Tussilago farfara
Linaria vulgaris Tephrosia
virginiana Scabiosa stellata
Asarum canadense Nepeta
glechoma Euphorbia
helioscopia Corallorhiza
ordontorhiza

Dogstooth Violet
Comfrey Auricula
Stinking Hellbore
Snail Plant
Cockhold False
Hellebore European
Ash
Foxglove Marsh
Marigold ColtsfootToadflax Hoary Pea
Star Scabious
Canada Snake Root
Ground Ivy
Wartwort Crawley
Root150 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

WICCAN NAME

Cock's Comb
Cow's Tail
Crow Foot
Devil's Milk
Dog's Tongue
Donkey's Eyes
Dove's Foot
Dragon's Claw
Dragon's Eye
Duck's Foot
Fairy Fingers/Gloves
Flesh and BloodFox Tail
Foal's Foot
Frog's Foot
Goat's Beard
Goat's Foot
Hare's Foot
Hedgehogs
Horse Tail
Horse Tongue
Hound's Tongue
Jew's Ear
Lamb's Tongue
Lizard's Tail
Lizard's Tongue
Mother's Heart
Mouse Ear
Mouse Tail
Negro Head
Old Man's Beard
Ox Tongue
Rabbit's Foot
Shepherd's Heart
Snake Head
Snake Milk
Snake's Tongue
Squirrel Ear
Stag Horn
Stinking Goose Foot
Swine Snout
Toad
Unicorn's Horn
Wolf's Claw
Wolf's FootCOMMON NAME
Yellow Rattle
Canada Fleabane
Cranesbill
Wartwort

Cowage Plant
Cranesbill
Crawley Root
American Mandrake
Foxglove
Tormentil
Club Moss
ColtsfootBulbous Buttercup
Vegetable Oyster
Ash Weed
CloverScouring Rush
Hart's Tongue
Vanilla Leaf
Fungus on Elder or Elm
Ribwort Plantain
Breast Weed
Shepherd's Purse
Mouse Blood Wort
Common Stonecrop
Vegetable Ivory
Fringe Tree
Bugloss
Field Clover
Shepherd's Purse
Balmony
Blooming Spurge
Adder's Tongue Fern
White Plantain
Club Moss
Dandelion
Toadflax
False Unicorn
Lycopodium
Bugle Weed

LATIN NAME
Rhinanthus christagalli
Erigeron canadense
Geraniummaculatum
Euphorbia helioscopia
Conoglossum offidnale
Mucuna pruriens (seeds)
Geranium sylvaticum
Corallorrhiza odontorrhiza
Nephalium loganum
Podophyllum peltatum
Digitalis purpurea
Potentilla tormentilla
Lycopodium clavatum
Tussilago farfara
Ranunculus bulbosus
Tragopogon porrofolius
Aegopodium podograria
Trifolium arvense
Medicago intertexta
Equisetum hyemale
Scolopendrium vulgare
Liatris odoratissima
Peziza auricula
Plantago lancetolata
Saururus cernuus
Sauroglossum
Capsella bursa pastoris
Hieracium pilosella
Sedum acre
Phytelephas macrocarpa
Chionanthus virginica
Anchusa officinallis
Trifolium arvense
Cabella bursa pastoris
Chelone glabra
Euphorbia corollata
Ophioglossum vulgatum
Goodyear repens
Lycopodium clavatum
Chenopodium foetidum
Taraxacumdensleonis
Linaria vulgaris
Helgonias dioica
Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopus virginicus

Lesson Ten: Herbalism / 151

SOURCES

Below are listed some sources for herbs and herbal preparations. The list is as up-to-date as I can make it but it isalways possible that some of the companies listed may have gone out of business.
APHRODISIA PRODUCTS INC. 45
Washington Street, Brooklyn, NY
11201

EDWARDS HEALTH CENTER
480 Station road, Quaker-town,
PA 18951

THE HERB SOCIETY OF AMERICA
300 Massachusetts Avenue,
Boston, MA 02115

ATLANTIS RISING 7915
S.E. Stark, Portland,
OR 97215

INDIANA BOTANICAL GARDENS
Hammond, IN 46325

THE MAGICKAL CHILDE
35 West 19 Street, New
York, NY 10011

THE HERB STORE P.O. Box 5756,
Sherman Oaks, CA 91403
KIEHL PHARMACY 109
Third Avenue, New York,NY 10003
GOLDEN GATE HERB RESEARCH
P.O. Box 77212, San Francisco, CA
94107
In Thomas Middleton's play the Witch (1612) the character
Hecate is made to stuff the mouth and nostrils of an unbaptised
child before boiling him for hisfat(l). She recounts the materials as
she uses them:
Hecate: The magickal herbs are down his throat; His
mouth cramm'dfull, His ears and nostrils stuff'd;
I thrust in eleoselinum lately, Aconitum, frondes
populeas and soot. Then slum, acorum vulgare too,Pentaphyllon, the blood of the flitter-mouse,
Solanum somnificum et oleum.'
A fearsome concoction it seems—until examined. The

BOTANICA Box 88, Station N,
Montreal, Canada H2X 3N2
THE SOCIETY OF HERBALISTS
Culpeper House, 21 Bruton
Street, Berkeley Square,
London W.I, Englandeleoselinum is nothing more than common parsley; aconitum isa hardy herbaceous plant used internally as well as externally in thetreatment of rheumatism and neuralgia. Frondes populeas are theleaf-buds of the poplar; sium is the water parsnip and acorum
vulgare is calamus, used for disorders of the stomach. Pentaphyllon is
the Greek name for the cinquefoil; a flitter-mouse is, of course, a bat.
The Solanum family includes such as the potato, bitter-sweet,
egg-plant and others; somnificum probably indicates one of the nightshade species ofsolanum. The oleum was in all probability the oilused to bind these various innocuous ingredients.
Witchcraft from the Inside
Raymond Buckland, Llewellyn Publications, 1971

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1. Tell what some of your personal uses and successes with herbs have been. List what you've tried and what results
were observed.

2.

List your personal supply of herbs that you have on hand. What use does each herb have (what medicinal value
is it reported to contain/exhibit)?

3.

List your favorite recipes, decoctions, infusions, etc. on this page.

4.

Tell how you gathered your supply of herbs (where and when). List any good suppliers you have found5.

What books, herbals, or other sources have you used in your herbal work? Are there local experts you havetalked with? What have you learned?

LESSON ELEVENMAGICKNOTE:
THIS IS AN IMPORTANT LESSON FOR THE STUDENT. Do
not rush through it. Read and study it carefully. Read it
several times over. You should become thoroughly familiar with
its contents.

Witchcraft is first and foremost a religion. Worship of the Lord and theLady is therefore the prime concern of the Witch. Magick is secondary to thatworship.
Yet magick does play a part in most, if not all, religions (in Roman
Catholicism, for example, transubstantiation is pure magick). As in otherreligions, then, so in Witchcraft we find magick—but, I reiterate, as asecondary aspect.
In itself, magick is a practice. If all you want to do is to work magick,then you don't need to become a Witch to do it. Anyone can do magick...
or, at least, can attempt to do it. Such a person is a Magician.
There are many different forms of magick—dozens; perhaps even
hundreds. Some can be very dangerous: in Ceremonial Magick, forexample; when the Magician is conjuring and working with various
entities, most of whom are decidedly antagonistic towards the Magician.
Some traditions of the Craft do tend to lean towards this aspect ofCeremonial Magick in their workings, for whatever reason, and do in fact
conjure various beings. But this can be dangerous. Not only that, but to mymind it is totally unnecessary. It is a little like trying to hook-up a 1,000 volt
power line to run a transistor radio! Why take the risk when a simple little
battery will do the job just as well and without the danger? The magick I
will deal with in this book, although quite as effective as any other, is SAFE ...
you cannot get hurt.
But what, exactly, is "Magick"? It is one of those words that havedifferent connotations for different people. First of all I am not talking
about stage "magic"—conjuring, or prestidigitation. Pulling rabbits out ofhats and sawing young ladies in half is pure illusion. Indeed, to differentiate between this and other true magick, that of Witchcraft and theoccult world is spelled with a final "k"—Magick—the old spelling. Magick
155

What is Witchcraft but the human control ofnatural forces through a supernatural power? ...
With fasting and incantation, with conjuring,
men snare that power and use it— without
actually knowing what it is that they use. So
Witchcraft is the science of that power, within
whose cult all mysteries merge and mingle.
Witches Still Live
Theda Kenyan

Never do Magick "just to see if it works"—itprobably won't—or just to prove to someonethat it does. Do it only when there is a realneed. It is hard work when you do it properly.

156 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Illustration 1

Illustration 2

Primitive Man works magically by imagining
what he wants. He sits and 'sees' himself
hunting an animal. He 'sees'himself attack it
and kill it. He 'sees' himself then with food.
Sometimes, to help him see these things, hedraws pictures. He paints a picture, or carves amodel, of himself hunting and killing. All of
this is part of what is catted 'sympathetic'
magic ... To help YOU 'see', or visualize,
there are some exercises you can do. The first is
easy.
Take a picture from a magazine—let's say it
is of a house. Look at it carefully. Study it. See
all the details of the house and of the rest of thepicture. See the shape of the roof; thewindows and where they are. See the door(s)and the front steps, if there are any. See thegarden and the fence, if there is one. See theroadway outside the house, and any people
who might be in the picture.
Now tear the picture in half. Take one of
the halves and lay it on a sheet of white paper.
Look at it. Visualize the missing half of thepicture. See it whole. See all the details as
you remember them. You can then check withthe other half of the picture to see if you're
correct (see Illustration 1).

You can do this sort of exercise withmore and more complicated pictures, till you
are able to visualize all details easily (seeIllustration 2).

Now take a picture of the person (this canbe used for healing, among other things) ...
You need to study it till you can see him or her,in all detail, without the picture being there.
You need to be able to see, to visualize, him or
her doing what you want them todo... See
it—concentrate on it.
Illustration 3

The Everyday Practice of Voodoo
Boko Cede, CBE Books, CA 1984

Lesson Eleven: Magick / 157

done for good purposes is labeled "White Magick"; that done for evil
purposes, "Black Magick". These terms have no racial connotations.
They come from the early Persian concepts of Good and Evil. Zoroaster(Zarathustra) decided that of all the many, until then, good spirits ordevi, there was actually only one who was fl//-good. This was
Ahura-Mazda— the Sun; the Light. Now if you have an all-good deity
then you need an all-evil opposite (you can't have white unless you
have black as a contrast), so the role was given to Ahriman—theDarkness. The other minor devi became "devils". This concept of
all-good/all-bad was picked up later in Mithraism and then moved west into
Christianity. So from Persia do we get the basic ideas for White Magickand Black Magick.
Since anyone can do magick, there can be White Magicians andBlack Magicians—those trying to help others and those trying to harmthem. By virtue of the Craft belief in retribution, of course, you cannot
have a "Black Witch"; it would be a contradiction in terms.
Aleister Crowley defined magick as "the art or science of causingchange to occur in conformity with Will". In other words, making something
happen that you want to happen. How; do we make these things happen?
By using the "power" (for want of a better word) that each of us has within.
Sometimes we must supplement that power by calling on the gods, but formost things we can produce all that we need ourselves.
PHYSICAL BODY

To be able to produce power, though, we must be in good shape. A
sick tree bears little fruit. Keep yourself in good physical condition. You
don't have to run five or ten miles a day, or have to lift weights to do this. Just
see to it that you do not get grossly overweight (or underweight, for thatmatter). Watch your diet. Cut down on the junk food and try to keep a"balanced" diet; though what is balanced for one person may not be so foranother. Try to stick to natural foods. Avoid sugar (aptly known as "thewhite death"!) and bleached flour. Eat plenty of vegetables and fruit. I
don't suggest you become a vegetarian, but don't overindulge in meat.
You'll know if you are in good shape because you'll feel good.
Cleanliness, before working magick, is important. It is good practice tocleanse the inner body by fasting. Eat and drink nothing but water,honey and whole wheat bread for twenty-four hours beforehand. No
alcohol or nicotine; no sexual activity (this latter is especially importantwhen preparing for sex-magick, see below). Before the ritual, bathe inwater to which has been added a tablespoonful of salt; preferably sea salt
(this can be purchased at most supermarkets or at health food stores).

CIRCLEThe Circle itself is important. When magick is to be done, the Circle
must be constructed with more care than might otherwise be the case.
Dimensions may be as given in the earlier lesson, but the Circle must bevery carefully cast and consecrated at the Erecting the Temple. Make sure

What sort of magick is done? Mainly works ofhealing, though not always. A few examples
might be in order. Any one of them, looked at
separately, could be dismissed with the word
"coincidence". Coincidence, however, is avery handy word and much used wheneversomething appears unusual, incredible, or at
all difficult to understand. When a large number ofexamples are produced, 'coincidence'itself
becomes a little strained. Witches have done
sufficient to prove to themselves that it is notcoincidence. Whether anyone believes them or
not is unimportant—they believe.
Witchcraft from the Inside
Raymond Buckland, Llewellyn Publications, St.
Paul, MN 1971

158 I Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

the point of the sword, or athame, follows the line of the circle exactly.
The person casting the Circle should direct as much personal energy
down through the instrument and into the Circle as possible. Give a
good, thorough sprinkling and censing. Magick is done at the Esbat Circle, ofcourse, so the Esbat and/or Full/New Moon ceremony will be conducted,
followed by the Cakes and Ale. At this latter the coven will discuss fully
what work (magick) is to be done and exactly how it is to be done. Then—just before actually starting the work—let the Priest/ess once more goaround the Circle with sword or athame, to reinforce it (second sprinklingand censing not necessary, however). A few moments should then be
spent meditating on the whole picture of what is to be done. As you will see,below, in the actual working of the magick you will be concentrating on theend result but for now, right at the start, meditate on all that is to beaccomplished.

Old woodcut of "Robin Goodf ellow" and a
Circle of dancing Witches, raising power.

ENTRY AND EXIT

At no time during the working of magick should the Circle bebroken. At other times it is possible to leave the Circle and return,though this should always be done with care—and no more thanabsolutely necessary—in the following manner:
Leaving the Circle

Wih athame in hand, standing in the East, make a motion as thoughcutting across the lines of the Circle, first on your right and then on your left
(Figure 11.1 A and B). You may then walk out of the Circle, between thelines. If you like you can imagine that you have cut a gateway, or
doorway, in the East, through which to pass.
Some Wiccans start the cut at the ground on one side and come up to
their full height, over in a curve, and then down all the way to theground again on the other side, as though cutting out a large, complete
doorway. This is not really necessary since the very act of Cutting across thelines of the consecrated Circle, with the athame, is sufficient to open it.
Re-entry

Figure 11.1A

Figure 11.IB

When you return to the Circle, walk back in through that same
Eastern gateway and "close" it behind you by "reconnecting" the lines of theCircle. Three circles were originally cast—one with the sword; one withthe salted water; one with the censer. So you have three lines toreconnect. You do this by moving your blade backwards and forwards
along the lines (Figure 11.1C). Incidentally/this is why the blade of theathame is double-edged—so that it will "cut" in either direction, in thisand similar magickal actions.
To finish, you "seal" the break by raising your athame and moving theblade to describe a pentagram. Start at the top and bring down to the

Figure 11.1C

Lesson Eleven: Magick / 159

bottom left. Then move it up and diagonally across to the right; straightacross to the left; diagonally down to the bottom right, and finally, back up
to the top where you started (Figure 11.ID). Then kiss the blade of yourathame and return to your place.
Normally once the Circle starts no one should leave it until the
Clearing the Temple. The Circle should not, therefore, be broken unlessabsolutely necessary (such as when someone has to go to the bathroom!). If
the person cutting out is to be gone for some time, then s/he should do
steps A and B (above), pass through, then do step C to temporarily close theCircle whilst gone. On returning, s/he will then need to cut through again(at the same spot; steps A and B), pass through and close as usual with stepC, followed by step D to seal it.
ONCE MAGICK WORK IS STARTED THE CIRCLE MUST NOT BEBROKEN.
CONE OF POWER

We all have power within our bodies. It is this same power that can beused for healing; that can be seen as the aura; that can move inanimate
objects; that lets you see things in a crystal ball or in the tarot cards. It is avery awesome power, and when used as you are about to learn, one which
can change your very life.
When working in a coven, the power can be drawn off from theindividuals and—contained by the confines of the consecrated
Circle-blended together to form one massive instrument to "cause change
to occur in conformity with Will". Needless to say, the wills of all the covenmembers must be directed towards the same end. Whether from a group orfrom an individual Witch, the power generates and collects in the form ofa cone, over the Circle. Once sufficient power has been produced, thenthis Cone of Power can be directed.
Whenever you are working magick, make sure that you are not going
to be disturbed. You are going to be putting all your energies, all yourconcentration into the work you are doing. You cannot do this if, at the backof your mind, you are worrying that someone will discover you, that theneighbors will complain about noise, that the telephone will ring (take it off
the hook), or that you will, in some way, be interrupted. BE SECURE.
DANCING AND CHANTING

There are several ways of building up the power within your body,
before releasing it. I will start by looking at the most common method:that of dancing and chanting. Dancing and chanting are found universally,in ancient civilizations, and even in primitive societies today: theAmerindian, the African, the Australian, and many more.
In his book, Witchcraft Today, Gerald Gardner gives an example of
how music—in this case a simple drum beat—can affect the mind: "They
told me they could make me fighting mad. I did not believe it, so they got me
to sit, fixed in a chair so that I could not get out. Then one sat in front

160 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftof me playing a little drum; not a tune, just a steady
tom-tom-torn. We were laughing and talking at first... itseemed a long time, although I could see the clock andknew it was not. The torn-tom-tom went on and I felt
silly; they were watching me and grinning and thosegrins made me angry. I did realize that the tom-tomming
seemed to be a little quicker and my heart seemed to bebeating very hard. I felt flashes of heat, I was angry attheir silly grins. Suddenly I felt furiously angry andwanted to pull loose out of the chair; I tugged out andwould have gone for them, but as soon as I started
moving they changed their beat and I was not angry
any longer."
By dancing around in a circle, especially to aregular beat or the rhythm of a chant, you can set the
blood coursing through the veins. As the dance, andthe beat, quickens, so does your heart-beat. You feelhotter; you get excited... the power builds. Most
Circle dances, then, start fairly slowly and graduallybuild up, faster and faster, to a climax.
As part of a coven, you can dance around (deosil, ofcourse) holding hands, or you can dance individually. But
joining hands does join the energies and help buildup everyone's power together, evenly. Actual steps ofthe dances and examples of suitable music are to befound in Appendix D.
What to chant as you dance? You want something
simple and something rhythmic. By simple I mean not
only non-complex but also intelligible. No
mumbo-jumbo! Some covens dance around chanting
strange words that no one knows the meaning of. How
can you put feeling into what you're saying if you
don't know what you're saying?! You are working
magick to bring money? ... then chant about bringing
money. Why not something like "Lord and Lady,
we're your Witches. Make us happy; bring us riches" ?
It may seem mundane and non-mystical but it's a loteasier to put feeling into that (and to remember thewords) than it is into something like "... Lamach,lamach, bacharous, carbahaji, sabalyos, barylos ..."
Not only is it simple and more intelligible, but it isrhythmic. There is a definite beat to it that you can put toa dance step. As you've seen from Gerald Gardner's
experiment, the beat is important; it can really affectyou.
So there are no set words, no ready-made chants(no "Turn to page 27, chant number 33") for you.
Magick must suit the individual, or the individual
coven. Let the coven sit down together, either during
the Cakes and Ale or as a separate, pre-Esbat, "business"meeting, and work out exactly what you want to say;which words you will all feel comfortable with. Solitary
Witches will have to do this alone, of course.
Remember: SIMPLICITY and RHYTHM.
FEELING

Feeling ... perhaps the strongest single element in
the practice of magick. To produce the power, you mustfeel strongly about what you are trying to do. Let's
say a coven is trying to relocate an old man who needs
to get out of a high crime neighborhood. Every memberof the coven must:(a) feel strongly that it is right for the old man to
move, and(b) know where they are trying to move him.
The coven—or the individual, if a Solitary—mustcare about the old man as much as if he were their own
father. They must really want to help him. This is why it
is easier to do magick for yourself—and there isabsolutely no reason why you shouldn't do magick foryourself than to do it for someone else. The person
who will have the strongest feelings about the case,the strongest desire for its success, is the person
primarily involved in the case ... and that is the best
person to do the magick for it.
Get a clear picture in your mind of what you wantdone. Think, especially, of the end result. For example,
supposing you want to write a best-selling novel. Don't
think of yourself doing the actual writing of the novel.
Rather, think of the novel having already been written(by you, of course), accepted and published and see, inyour mind, the finished book. See it in its dust-jacket (oras a paperback) in the bookstores; see your name on it;
see people buying it; see it on the best-seller list; see
yourself at autograph parties. Get this picture/ thesepictures clear in your mind and concentrate yourenergy to that end. See a stream of white light, as it were(or however you might want to picture the flow ofenergy), coming from you—directed by you— andleading to that end result.
DON'T SEE A THING WORKING — SEE
IT FINISHED!
In the example used earlier, don't see the old man
moving out of his present neighborhood; see him living
happily in a new neighborhood. This is one of thesecrets of successful magick—the visualization of theend result.

Lesson Eleven: Magick / 161
DRAWING DOWN POWER

In Ceremonial Magick there is a tool much used,
known as the Wand (or Magick Wand). Several traditions of the Craft (e.g. Gardnerian, Alexandrian, Huson)
have borrowed this Wand—and other tools—from
Ceremonial Magick, yet I feel the tool itself is unnecessary. We of the Craft have our own tool that can do
all that the Magician's Wand can do... it is the athame.
The Wand is seen as a projection, or extension, of the
Magician's arm; a storage cell and projector of his
power. The athame is all that too, so why bother with
the Wand?
If you should need to reinforce the power you aregoing to raise; if you perhaps feel (and this might
especially be true of a Solitary) that you may not beable to produce enough power for what you want toaccomplish, then you can "draw down" power fromthe gods, to aid you. As you complete your dancing,and just before releasing the power (see below), draw
your athame and hold it, with both hands, above yourhead. Call upon the Lord and Lady, by whichever
names you use, either silently or by actually calling
their names aloud, and feel a surge of energy comedown your arms, from the athame, and into your body.
Then swing the athame down, to point out and awayfrom you, and release the power.
RELEASING THE POWER
Your aim is to build up the power to as high apoint as possible and then to release it to cause thechange/work the magick. Think of it as similar to achild's air rifle: he pumps up the gun—the more pumps hegives it, the stronger will be the force—then aims it andreleases the power by squeezing the trigger. You are"pumping up" your power by dancing and chanting. Now
to aim and squeeze the trigger.
Make sure you have pumped up to maximum.
Dance faster and faster and chant faster and louder, till
you feel you are ready to burst. Then, stop dancing anddrop to your knees (or flat on the floor, or however you
feel best. You will find this by experimentation). If
necessary, draw down the power. Take aim: get that
picture in your mind and focus it. You will feel thepower within you as you focus; you will feel the power
trying to burst out. Hold it as long as you can, keepingthat picture in mind. When you feel you just cannot
hold it any more, release it—let it burst out of you as
you SHOUT the Key Word. If you are working formoney, then shout "MONEY!" If for love, "LOVE!" If

for a new job, "JOB!"
In your earlier deliberations, during Cakes andAle, decide what is to be the Key Word. This is therelease; the squeezing of the trigger. And SHOUT it
out! Don't be self-conscious; don't worry about theneighbors; don't think "What will people think?"... justshout it out and release all that accumulated power.
Obviously not everyone in a coven will release at thesame time. That's all right. Each person releases as s/he isready. Afterwards you will probably collapse, completely
exhausted ... but you will feel good! Take your time
recovering. Have a glass of wine (or fruit juice) andrelax before Clearing the Temple.
In some traditions the power is directed by thecoveners into the Priest/ess who, in turn, does theactual releasing and directing. This can be quite effective,
though I have found that it takes a strong Priest/ess toproperly handle the accumulation of power and the
direction, so I do not generally recommend thismethod.
TIMING

It is important to know when to do your magick. In an
earlier lesson I talked about the phases of the Moon. The
Moon is your clock and your calendar for working
magick. If the Moon is waxing, then that is the time forconstructive magick—and the best time is as close to
the Full Moon as possible. If it is waning, then that is
the time for destructive magick—and the best time is as
close to the New Moon as possible.
Constructive magick is that which is for increase.
For example, moving an old man from a bad neighborhood to a good one is definitely going to increase his
happiness. Love magick is constructive, as is theacquisition of a new job, wealth, success, health.
Destructive magick is usually concerned with theending of things: a love affair; a bad habit; a way oflife.
Consider the problem carefully and decide on thebest way to work. For example, if you want to be rid of an
old girl/boy-friend and get a new one, do you work to
end the one or to start the other? Or do you do both? The
answer can be summed up with "THINK POSITIVE".
In other words, as much as possible, work for theconstructive aspect. If you concentrate on getting a new
girl/boy-friend then that will probably take care of theold one automatically. When in doubt, work at the
WAXING Moon.
ALWAYS REMEMBER THE WICCAN REDE:

162 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft"AN'IT HARM NONE, DO WHAT THOU WILT". Donot
do any magick that will harm anyone in any way whatsoever, or interfere with their free will. If in doubt;
don't do it.
It is often a good idea, especially when working on
something very important (of course you shouldn't be
wasting your time and effort on anything unimportantanyway), such as a healing, to work at it over a periodof time. For example, you could do the work once a
Week throughout the Moon's phase. Let's say that the
New Moon falls on July 30th and the Full Moon on
August 15th. Then you could start your magick on
August 1st, repeat it on the 8th and do a final working on
the night of the Full Moon itself, the 15th.
Days of the week can play a part too. For example,
Friday is always associated with Venus who, in turn, isassociated with love. So do love magick on a Friday, if at
all possible. The correlation of days and planets, with
their governing of properties, is as follows. Choose
your day for working magick based on these.
MONDAYMoon
TUESDAYMars
WEDNESDAY Mercury
THURSDAY Jupiter
FRIDAY
Venus
SATURDAY Saturn
SUNDAYSun

Merchandise; dreams; theft
Matrimony; war; enemies; prison
Debt; fear; loss
Honor; riches; clothing; desires
Love; friendship; strangers
Life; building; doctrine; protection
Fortune; hope; money

CORD MAGICK
Many Witches and covens work Cord Magick.
For this you will need a cord, or tingulum as it is sometimes called, that is nine feet long (three times three;
the perennial magick number) and is red in color (thecolor of blood; the life force). It is best to make yourown by taking three lengths of red silk (or wool, nylon,
whatever you prefer—though natural materials are
preferred) and yourself plaiting them into one. As you
plait, concentrate on putting yourself—your energies
into it so that it becomes another part of you. Like yourathame, no one else should ever use your cord butyou. Tie a knot at each end to keep it from unraveling.
Make sure it is nine feet long.
Consecrate the cord, when done. Use the consecration given in Lesson Five, but using the words "Here do
I present my Cord for your approval... would that ithenceforth may serve me as a tool, in thy service."
Some traditions use their cords tied about their robes
and wear them all the time at Circles. I would suggest
you keep yours for strictly magickal use, since it is apurely magickal instrument. When not in use, keep it
wrapped in a piece of clean white linen or silk.
One magickal use of the cord is as a "storage cell"for the power. Rather than dancing around and working asa group, the coven will work as individuals, sitting andchanting, holding the cord in hand (the same isobviously done by the Solitary). As the power starts tobuild, each Covener will—taking her own time and ignoring, or mentally separating herself from, theothers-pause from time to time to tie a knot in her cord.
The first knot is tied at one end, with the words "By knotof one, the spell's begun." She will then go back to chanting—oftimes swaying from side to side, or back andforth—until she feels it is time to tie another knot. This istied in the opposite end with the words: "By knot of two,it cometh true". Then back to the chanting. As she chants,
she also pictures what she wants ... she "takes aim", as I
put it in Releasing the Power, above. So it goes on;
chanting and picturing, then tying a knot. As the powerbuilds, more knots are tied until there are nine knots inthe cord. They are tied in a particular pattern and withappropriate words. The first knot, as I have said, is tied
at one end; the second at the other end. The third istied in the middle. The fourth is halfway between thefirst and third; the fifth halfway between the second
and third. Here is the pattern of tying, together withthe appropriate words:
By knot of ONE, the spell's begun By
knot of TWO, it cometh true By knot of
THREE, so mote it be By knot of FOUR,
this power I store By knot of FIVE, thespell's alive By knot of SIX, this spell I
fix By knot of SEVEN, events 111 leaven
By knot of EIGHT, it will be Fate By
knot of NINE, what's done is mineAt the tying of the last (ninth) knot, all the energy isdirected into the cord and its knots, with a finalvisualization of the object of the work. The power has
been raised and is now "stored" in these knots in thecord. There are old woodcuts, from the Middle Ages,
which show Witches selling knotted cords to sailors.
They were supposed to have tied-up winds in thecords so that if the sailor needed a wind for his ship hejust untied a knot and got it—one knot for a lightbreeze, two for a strong wind and three for a gale!
Why would you want to store a spell? For somemagick, the time for it to happen is important. Suppose,for example, that you want something constructive tohappen but the most propitious time for it to do sohappens to be close to the New Moon. Do you do yourconstructive magick during the Waxing Moon? No.
You do it early on, at the Full Moon, using a cord*.

'This is not to say that all magick is instantaneous, of course. It is not. But the closer to the event you can work the climax of your magick, the better; similar to the example of working weekly
from New to Full Mooa

Lesson Eleven: Magick / 163

No w the power is there, properly raised, but stored foruse.
You have nine knots. Although they are all tied in
one ritual, these must be released one at a time—one a
day—for nine consecutive days. Release them in thesame order in which they were tied, NOT the reverse
order. In other words, on the first day untie the knotthat was first tied (at one end); on the second day, thesecond knot tied (at the other end); and so on. In thisfashion, the last knot untied, on the ninth day, is theninth knot that was tied at the climax of the tying ritual—
the time of greatest power. Each day, before you
actually untie, do your concentration on what is tohappen, rocking and again building power. Then, as
you release the knot, release the power also with ashout.
Another use of the cords is in dancing, to raise
power. Each Witch holds the two ends of her cord,with the center looped through that of the person
opposite her in the Circle:

Instead of holding hands to dance around, the coven isconnected with the intertwining cords like the spokes ofa great wheel.
CANDLE MAGICK

In an earlier part of this book I spoke of early Wo/
Man's sympathetic magick; the construction of clay
models of the animals to be hunted and then theattacking of these clay figures. Examples similar to thiscan be found throughout history: circa 1200 BCE an
Egyptian treasury official used a wax figure in a conspiracy against Ramses III; King Nectanebo II (350
BCE) fought all his battles ahead of time using wax
figures. For hundreds, if not thousands, of years people of
all races and religions have done this same sort ofsympathetic magick using candles rather than clay or
wax effigies. Not only are candles used to represent
people, but also to represent things: love, money,
attraction, discord, etc. By burning different types ofcandles and manipulating them in various ways, muchmagick can be done.
The candles can be of any sort, it is the color that is
important. For this the following tables are important:

TABLE 1 - ASTRAL COLORSSun Sign

Birth Date

Primary Color

Secondary Color

AQUARIUSPISCESARIESTAURUSGEMINICANCER
LEO
VIRGO
LIBRA
SCORPIOSAGITTARIUS
CAPRICORN

January 20-February 18
February 19-March 20
March 21-April 19
April 20-May 20
May 21-June 21
June 22-July 22
July 23-August 22
August 23-September 22
September 23-October 22
October 23-November 21
November 22-December 21
December 22-January 19

BLUE
WHITE
WHITE
RED
RED
GREEN
RED
GOLD
BLACK
BROWN
GOLD
RED

Green
Green
Pink
Yellow
Blue
Brown
Green
* Black
Blue
Black
Red
Brown

TABLE 2 - SYMBOLISM OF COLORS

WHITE
RED
LIGHT BLUEDARK BLUE
GREEN
GOLD/YELLOW
BROWN
PINK
BLACK
PURPLESILVER/GRAY
ORANGEGREENISH- YELLOW

Purity, Truth, Sincerity
Strength, Health, Vigor, Sexual Love
Tranquility, Understanding, Patience, Health
Impulsiveness, Depression, Changeability
Finance, Fertility, Luck
Attraction, Persuasion, Charm, Confidence
Hesitation, Uncertainty, Neutrality
Honor, Love, Morality
Evil, Loss, Discord, Confusion
Tension, Ambition, Business Progress, Power
Cancellation, Neutrality, Stalemate
Encouragement, Adaptability, Stimulation, Attraction
Sickness, Cowardice, Anger, jealousy, DiscordN164 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft
TABLE 3 - DAYS OF THE WEEK

SundayMondayTuesday
Wednesday

YELLOW
WHITE
RED
PURPLE

Candle magick can be done on your regular altar, butsince many rituals require that the candles be left setup
for a period, it might be a good idea to use a supplementary altar. This could be a card table, coffee table,box, top of a chest of drawers—almost anything. You
will have a white altar candle (with God and Goddess
figures on either side, if you wish). In front of this will be
your censer, water and salt. These are the basics.
Now let's look at a typical candleburning ritual.
The one "To Win the Love of Another" makes a good
example. On one side (the left) of the altar place the candle
representing the Petitioner (either yourself or the
person for whom you are doing the ritual). On theother side of the altar place a candle to represent the
one you wish to attract.
Here let me interject to say that you should NEVER
try to interfere with another's free will. Therefore you
must not perform such a ritual as this, aimed at a
specific person. For the second candle, use one for thetype of person you wish to attract. For example, you
might use a pink candle if you desire someone loving
and affectionate; a red one for someone energetic andsexually strong. Or you could use a Cancer (sun sign)
candle for someone sensitive and home-loving; a Leo
candle for a forceful leader; a Virgo candle for someone
analytical and painstaking. With any of these, of course,
you cannot find just one or two colors to signify allthat you might want in a lover, so you might prefer just togo with a plain white candle. Whichever you use, you
can elaborate on your desires when you "dress" it (seebelow). For the Petitioner's candle (on the left), go by
TABLE 1, according to birth date.
The candles of the two principles must be "dressed"
before use. This is done by anointing them all overwith oil. If you cannot obtain special candle-anointing oil
then ordinary olive oil will do. Rub the candles fromthe center outwards (see Figure 11.2), concentrating
your thoughts on the person represented as you do so.
See yourself (or the Petitioner) as you rub the first candle.
Mentally name it; saying that it represents you (her/him). For the second candle you will not be using a
name, of course, but concentrate your mind on theattributes you wish for in the unknown person you
want to attract.

ThursdayFridaySaturday

BLUE
GREEN
BLACK

Figure 11.2

Next to each of these ASTRAL candles stand a
RED candle. From TABLE 2 you can see that Red =Strength, health, vigor, sexual love. These red
OFFER-ATORY candles, then, will ensure that you
are both attracted to one another for those reasons you
already have in mind.
Now for the actual attraction part. Beside yourown Astral candle stand a GOLD candle. Again fromTABLE 2, you can see that Gold (or Yellow) is for
attraction, persuasion, charm, confidence. So by yourcharm and confidence you are going to attract the person
you want; to persuade her or him to come to you.
Your altar is now set up like the diagram on thefollowing page.
The ritual is started by drawing a circle about you
and the altar, with your athame, and consecrating it asusual. Now meditate for a moment on what you want toachieve.
Light the candle representing the Petitioner andsay:"Here is... (Petitioner's Name)... This candle is her/him. This flame burns as does her/his spirit."Lesson Eleven: Magick / 165

Altar Diagram

Light RED #1 and say:"The love of ...(Name)... is great and is here
shown. It is a good strong love and sought bymany."
Light ASTRAL candle of the love desired and say:'This is the heart of another; one whom s/he willlove and desire. I picture her/him before me."Light RED # 2 and say:"The love s/he has for ...(Petitioner's Name)...
grows with this flame. It burns as does the lightand is forever drawn towards her/him. Great is
the love that each has for the other."Light GOLD candle and say:"Here draws the one towards the other. Such istheir love that all feel its attraction. This candle
bums and draws them ever near. Powerful isthe persuasion.
Ever does he feel the pull;
The thought of her is constant.
His days are long with yearning for her,His nights are filled with desire.
To be as one, together, is all that he would wish.
To be as one, forever, is his immediate need.
For no rest shall he find until
Beside her he does lie.
Her every wish hell move to fill
To serve, to live—not die.

He cannot fight a putt so strong, Norwould he think to fight; He wishes but
to ride the stream To her, at journey's
end. Where the sun goes up Shall her
love be by her; Where the sun goes
down There will he be."Sit for a moment before extinguishing the candles(which should be blown out, not pinched out). Repeat
the ritual every day, moving the ASTRAL and RED #2
candles one inch towards the Petitioner each time. Continue
daily until ASTRAL and RED #2 finally touch the
PETITIONER.
You should be able to see the sympathetic qualitiesof the above ritual. This is typical of candleburning
magick. There is obviously insufficient room in thislesson to give you all possible rituals. You can make up
your own or you may prefer to turn to my book:
Practical Candleburning Rituals (Llewellyn Publications,
1982), which contains rituals for nearly thirty different
needs.
Candleburning magick can be done by a whole
coven, with one or more speaking the words anddoing the lighting and moving (where necessary) of
the candles.
LOVE MAGICK

There is probably more interest in so-called "lovephiltres" and "potions" than in any other form ofmagick. The vast majority of these, however, belong in
the realm of fiction. But there are rituals that do166 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

work. One of the best known and most effective is the one involving theuse of "POPPETS". These Poppets represent the lovers. As with any
sympathetic magick, what is done to the poppets is done to the lovers.
A Poppet is a specially prepared, cloth doll. It is a simple roughfigure cut from two pieces of cloth (Figure 11.3). Whilst cutting the cloth,
you should be concentrating on the person it represents. It may then beworked on further by embroidering it with the facial features; special
characteristics (e.g. beard and moustache; long flowing hair). Even
astrological signs of the person may be put on. If you are not too good atembroidery, then put these on with a magic-marker or pen. Now sew
around the figure leaving just the top open (Figure 11.4). The figure
should then be stuffed with appropriate herbs, again while the actual
person is being concentrated upon. Such herbs as verbena, vervain,
feverfew, artemesia, yarrow, valerian, motherwort, rosebuds, elder ordamiana can be used. These are the herbs governed by Venus. The top
may then be sewn up.
Two figures are prepared in this way; one representing the male andthe other the female. All of this preparation, of course, should take placein the Circle, and can be done by the individual or by the whole coven.
Since you are seeking your "ideal mate" then, as with candleburning(above), make the second figure with all the qualities that you seek. It is
nameless but again can display physical desires (e.g. long blonde hair)and be made with all attributes in mind. Remember, this is strong
magick. It is for a permanent relationship so do not use it just to obtain apartner for a brief affaire.
When ready lay the poppets on the altar, one at the left hand end ofyour sword, or athame, and one at the right hand end. They should be infront of the weapon. Also on the altar lay a piece of red ribbon, twenty-one
inches in length.

TWo cloth outlines

Figure 11.3

Leave open to stuff

Petitioner: "O mighty God and Goddess, Hear now my plea to you. My
plea for true love for ...(Name)... and for her desire."
Petitioner takes up one of the Poppets and, dipping her fingers into thesalted water, sprinkles it all over. She then passes it through the smoke of the
incense, turning it so that all parts get well censed. While doing this she
says:
Petitioner: "I name this Poppet ...(Petitioner's Name)... It is
her in every way. As she lives, so lives thisPoppet. Aught that I do to it, I do to her."
Petitioner replaces the Poppet and picks up the other one. Sprinkling andcensing it, she says:

Sewn around

Embroidered (orpainted) withidentifying astrologicalSun, Moon and
Rising Sign symbols

Petitioner: "This Poppet is her desired mate In
every way.
Figure 11.4

Lesson Eleven: Magick / 167

As he lives, so lives this Poppet. Aught
that I do to it, I do to to him."
Petitioner replaces Poppet, then kneels before the altar
with one hand resting lightly on each Poppet. Witheyes closed, she pictures the two represented people
slowly coining together, meeting, kissing and embracing.
As she does this—which should not be hurried—sheshould slowly move the two Poppets along the length of
the sword towards one another until they eventually meet.
At this point she may open her eyes, and holding thePoppets together, face to face, say:
Petitioner: "Thus may they be drawn
One to the other, Strongly andtruly. To be together always
As One.
No more shall they be separated; No
more alone, But ever fast together As
One."
The Poppets should now be laid together in the center of
the altar, with the sword resting across on top of them.
For the next ten minutes or so, the Petitioner (if Solitary)or the whole coven may start to dance around and work
magick, in the usual way, directed to the end of bringing
the two people together.
As an alternative, the Petitioner/Coven may simply
sit in meditation and concentrate on seeing the two
people together—happy, laughing, enjoying one
another's company and obviously in love.
This ritual should be performed on a Friday,
during the Waxing Moon, and repeated on the following
two Fridays. If the calendar is such that it is impossible toget three Fridays in the waxing phase of the Moon, thendo it on a Friday, Wednesday and Friday. Always aim tohave the final Friday ritual as close to the Full Moon as
possible. Between rituals, if the altar cannot be left set
up with the two Poppets on it (lying under the sword),then they should be taken (kept together, face to face)
and wrapped in a clean, white cloth and put
somewhere where they will not be disturbed.
On the final Friday, after the above ritual has been
performed, continue as follows:
Petitioner: "Now may the Lord and the Lady Bindthese two together, As I do bind them
here."She takes up the Poppets andbinds the red ribbon several
times around the two, tying
the ends together about them.
Petitioner: "Now are they forever one,
Even as the Gods
themselves.
May each truly become a part of theotherThat separated, theywould seem incomplete.
So Mote It Be!"
The bound Poppets are placed beneath the sword
again and left for a few moments while the Petitioner
meditates (no dancing or chanting this time).
After completion of the ritual, the Poppets should
be wrapped in the clean, white cloth and kept carefully
where they will never be unbound.
SEX MAGICK

This is one of the most potent forms of magick, forhere we are dealing very much with the life forces. Dr.
Jonn Mumford, in Sexual Occultism, states that the mostimportant psycho-physiological event, in the life of ahuman, is the orgasm. Sex Magick is the art of using
the orgasm—indeed, the whole sexual experience—for magickal purposes. Successful sex magick involves
an interplay of four factors: (i) all aspects of extrasensory
perception are heightened during sexual excitation; (ii)
immediately before, during and after climax the mind
is in a state of hypersensitivity; (iii) consistency of peaksexual sensations facilitates access to the unconscious
realms; (iv) during orgasm many people haveexperienced timelessness and a total dissolution of theego, accompanied by subjective sensations of being"absorbed by" their partner.
The sex act is obviously the best possible, andmost natural, way of generating the power we need formagick. The whole copulation process follows thepattern of starting slowly and gradually building up,
getting faster and faster, until the final explosion of theclimax. Within the Circle this can be done by a single
couple, by a whole coven, or by a Solitary Witch, as
you will see.

168 I Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Start out as usual with a short meditation on what
you want to achieve. Then take up positions withmales and females, in pairs, kneeling facing one another (Iwill deal with the Solitary in a moment). With eyes
closed, allow your hands to pass slowly over yourpartner's body, stroking and caressing. This should
not be hurried and the object, of course, is to bringabout sexual arousal. When ready, the man should sit
cross-legged with the woman sitting on top of him,facing him, and with his penis inside her. Now a gentle
rocking backwards and forwards should take place.
The man should try to keep his erection yet not climax.
At this point the concentration should move to theobject of the magick (which will also help in delaying
orgasm); the "taking aim" part. Get the required
picture in your mind and focus on it. Work on it,
generating the power within you—you will certainly
feel it building—and holding off the orgasm just as
long as you possibly can. When the man feels he canhold off no longer, he should allow himself to fallbackwards so that he is lying flat on the floor. As he
climaxes he should release the power—actually see it, inyour mind's eye, flashing away from you in a line ofwhite light. The woman should strive for orgasm at thesame time, if necessary stimulating her clitoris withher fingers to achieve it. At completion she may fall
(gently!) forwards to lie on her partner—still united—
for several minutes.
If the male has difficulty controlling ejaculation, it
may be better for him to lay flat on his back at the outset(after the caressing stage) and for the woman to kneel
astride him and move as he indicates.
As Jonn Mumford puts it: "If one considers theachievement of orgasm as analogous to launching a
rocket to hit the Moon (i.e. the climax), then it is anunequivocal fact that so far as the neural pathways ofthe nervous system are concerned, the method bywhich the sexual skyrocket is launched is of absolutely
no consequence. All the nervous system is concernedwith is that contact explosion in inner space. The firing
modality, be it masturbation, homosexuality or
hetero-sexuality, is irrelevent. Only the end result(orgasm) is important and any form of sexual
behavior is but a means to an end." So, for the Solitary
Witch the answer is masturbation; remembering to holdoff the orgasm just as long as possible. The longer it
can be held off, the more power is generated.
Of course there are alternatives for couples. It
might be that the woman has her period; that the

couple are of the same sex; that there is some otherstrong reason why actual intercourse cannot be indulged in(and let's try to lose the Victorian continence so manyof us became imbued with from early Christianpropaganda). One alternative is mutual masturbation.
Another is oral sex. To once again quote Dr. Mumford:"Any repugnance to oral sex among Westerners is due towidespread confusion about the difference between
bodily secretions (waste products no longer needed)and sexual secretions (fluids rich in nutrients) ...
biochemistry has discovered that fresh semen contains liberal quantities of calcium, iron, phosphorous
and Vitamin C*." Oral sex can be especially suitable, ofcourse, when all chances of pregnancy must be
eliminated.
I have already emphasized the importance of
bodily cleanliness for magick. Where sex magick is to beworked, it is especially important.
Sex Magick can also be very useful as an adjunct tosuch things as divination and astral projection. If
being used as a means of charging a cingulum, then
the tying of the knots should be done with the woman
tying the first, the man the second, and so on. Whenthe ninth knot has been tied, then the cord should be
wrapped around, tying the couple together as they
approach orgasm.
One final word on Sex Magick. It is only one ofmany ways to work magick. If you feel it is not for you,then don't use it. It's as simple as that. No one is saying
you have to use Sex Magick if you are a Witch; you
don't. Also, if you want to use it but feel you couldn't in afull coven situation, then do it only on an individual
basis. The important thing—as in all of Witchcraft—isthat you should feel comfortable with what you aredoing. You should not be coerced into anything.
BINDING SPELL

This is used to prevent someone from giving
away a secret. It is again a form of sympathetic magick. A
clay or wax effigy may be used, or a cloth Poppet. In
ritual it is named for the person it represents. Then,with appropriate words, the Witch takes a needle
threaded with a twenty-one inch length of red silk,and sews up the mouth of the figure. She finishes off by
winding the thread all around the body of the figure.
The concentration is on the fact that the person is unable
to speak on the forbidden subject— whatever the secret
may be that is being safeguarded. At the end* The Tantric facial pack par excellence is liberal quantities of fresh, warm semen upon the skin, with special attention to the oily areas of the forehead and nose. As the semen dries, it closes
the pores with an astringent action and tightens the wrinkles, feeds the skin cells and thus leaves the face rejuvenated and smooth.

Lesson Eleven: Magick / 169of the ritual the Poppet is stored away in a safe place,wrapped in a piece of white cloth. So long as thethread remains in place, the person represented isbound.
PROTECTION

It is possible for the nicest person to have enemies.
Some people may be jealous of you; misunderstandyou; just dislike the way you do your hair! Many people
have said to me: "I don't need protection. I don't haveany enemies." But there are the above-type "enemies"
that you wouldn't even know about. They may well be as
sweet as pie to you, to your face, but be bitterly
jealous, or whatever, behind your back. How do you
protect yourself against their negativity? How do you
protect yourself in case some warped individual decides towork magick against you? You don't want to hurt
them, but you certainly want to protect yourself.
The best way is with a "Witch's Bottle". This is anancient defense, known throughout folklore. It is madeon an individual basis. The idea is to protect yourself
and, at the same time, send back whatever is being sent atyou. You should never be the originator of harm, nor
seek revenge, but you certainly can protect yourself.
To make a Witch's Bottle, take a regular jar such as a
6 oz instant-coffee jar. Half fill it with sharp objects:
broken glass, old razor blades, rusty nails and screws,
pins, needles, etc. When the jar is half filled with theseobjects, urinate in it to fill it. If a woman is preparing
her bottle, she should also try to get some menstrual
blood into it. Now put the top on the jar and seal it withtape. It should then be buried in the ground, at least
twelve inches deep, in an isolated spot where it canremain undisturbed. If you live in a city, then it will beworth a trip out of town to find some remote spot tobury it.
So long as the bottle remains buried and unbroken, it will protect you from any evil directedagainst you. This applies whether the evil is directed byan individual or by a group of people. Not only will it
protect you, but it will also reflect back that evil on thesender (s). So the more s/he tries to harm you, the mores/he will be harmed her/himself.
Such a bottle should last almost indefinitely, but
to be on the safe side I'd suggest redoing the ritual
once a year. With the present rate of housing development you never know when your bottle may be dug
up or inadvertently smashed.

FORM OF RITUAL

As you can see there are many, many ways ofworking magick, far more than I can contain in thisone lesson. I have not discussed the magick of healing,
but will look at that in Lesson 13.
Don't be afraid to experiment, but do play it safe.
None of the magick I have recommended is of the typethat involves conjuring up some unknown and unpredictable entity. AVOID THAT TYPE OF MAGICK.
That is where you can end up in deep trouble. Wiccan
magick is just as powerful (perhaps more so) as anyother type, when properly done.
Let me recap the basic form of ritual for theworking of magick:•Cast the Circle carefully. If it is a regular Esbat
meeting, reinforce the Circle before starting themagick.

•Never break the Circle whilst working magick.
Your power will leak out and who knows whatmight be attracted in.

• Discuss what is to be done and ensure that everyone
is quite clear on how it is to be done. Decide on theexact wording of any chants and on the key word
for releasing the power.
•

Start with a short meditation in which you see thewhole story—the changing pattern from the present
situation to the final (desired) situation.

•Work up the power by any of the following, or a
combination of them:dance, chant, cords, sex, candleburning, poppets.

• Take aim—see the finished product.
•

Release the power.

This has been an important lesson. Please study it
well. You are getting closer to the time when you will bepracticing all that you have learned. Perhaps thiswould be a good point at which to start a full review of
all that I have discussed so far. Go back and re-readyour lessons.

170 I Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

IMPORTANT REMINDER

In both the text of this and the next lesson, and in
the examination questions, I use examples of "lovemagick". Please always remember that love magick
directed at a specific individual should never be done,
for to do so would be to interfere with that person's
free will. You would be forcing them to do something

they would not normally do and may not wish to do.
The only sort of love magick permissible is that aimed
non-specifkally... to bring "someone" to you, without
knowing exactly who it will be. But far better to just workon yourself, to make yourself generally more
attractive, than to try to change someone else.

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1.

What Magickal methods proved to be most effective for you?

2.

Relate some of your experiences, aftereffects, from working Magick.

3.

Write out some of the chants that have worked well in your magickal endeavors.

4.

Draw a poppet that you will use in a ritual. What will you stuff it with. See Charms, Spells and Formulas by Ray
Malbrough (Llewellyn) for more on poppets.

5. Draw your altar arrangements for candle magick. What color candles do you use for specific workings? Keep a logof the dates on which you have performed rituals and the results. Watch for patterns in planetary influences,colors, days of the week, etc.

6.

Illustrate and explain how you construct your Circle for Magick work.

7.

Explain your procedure for Drawing Down the Power.

LESSON TWELVE THE POWER
OF THE WRITTEN WORD

In the last lesson I dealt with the power of the
spoken word; how, through chant and rhyme, a Cone ofPower can be raised to work magick. Now I'd like to lookat the power of the written word.
At the time of the Middle Ages, when thousands
were being murdered on the charge of Witchcraft,there were many (including high dignitaries of theChristian Church) who engaged in the practice ofmagick quite openly and unrestrained. The reason
they were able to work so freely lies in the word"practice". Witchcraft was a religion and hence a rival toChristianity. But magick, of the ceremonial or ritualvariety, was only a practice and therefore no cause forconcern by the Church. It was also, by virtue of its
nature, a very expensive and learned practice andconsequently only available to the select few. That
select few consisted of a high percentage of ecclesiastics
who not only had the time to devote to its pursuit but
who also invariably had access to the necessary funds.
Bishops, Archbishops, even Popes were, known topractice the "Art Magick". Gerbert the Bishop, wholater became Pope Sylvester II, was regarded as a great
magician. Other practitioners included Pope Leo III,
Pope Honorius III, Pope Urban V; Nicephorus, Patriarchof Constantinople; Rudolf n, the German Emperor;Charles V of France; the Cardinals Cusa and Cajetan;
Bernard de Mirandole, Bishop of Caserta; Udalric deFronsperg, Bishop of Trent and mariy others.
Each of the magicians worked alone and j ealously
guarded his methods of operation. They guarded them
not from the Church authorities, but from othermagicians. To protect their works from prying eyes,
they utilized secret alphabets. Many of these alphabets
are known today and are used not only by magicians
but also by Witches and other occult practitioners.
Why would Witches be interested in using these forms ofwriting? Some, perhaps, for that same secrecy, but the
majority for another very good reason... one way

to put power into an object is to write appropriate words on it
whilst directing your energies into the writing.
When you write in ordinary, everyday English
script, you invariably do not concentrate. You are so
accustomed to writing that you can almost let yourmind wander. Your hand almost guides itself as it
scribbles away. Compare this to writing in a strangealphabet that you do not know well. Then you have toconcentrate; you have to keep your mind on what you
are doing. So it is in this way—by utilizing an uncommon
form of writing—that you can direct your energies, yourpower, into what you are working on.
RUNES

Magicians would use the above method forcharging (with power) everything they needed: theirsword, censer, wand, athame, bell, trumpet, trident,
etc. They would even write Words of Power on theirrobes and on a parchment hat. You have already done
something similar when making your athame, by
carving the handle or etching the blade with yourname or your Magickal Monogram. This helped put
your own personal power into the instrument.
The word Rune means "mystery" or "secret", in
Early English and related languages. It is certainly
heavily charged with overtones and for good reason.
Runes were never a strictly utilitarian script. Fromtheir earliest adaption into Germanic usage they served
for divinatory and ritual uses.
There are more variations of runes to be foundthan any other alphabet, it seems. There are threemain types: Germanic, Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon.
They each, in turn, have any number of subdivisions/variations (see following page).
OGAM BETHLUISNION

The early Kelts and their priests, the Druids, had
175

176 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Looking first at the GERMANIC, there arebasically twenty-four different runes employed,though variations can be found in different
areas. A common name for the Germanic
runes is futhark, after the first six letters ('th' is
one letter: f> ;. In the SCANDINAVIAN(Danish and Swedish-Norwegian, or Norse)are found sixteen runes, again with (innumerable)variations.
The ANGLO-SAXON runes vary innumber, anywhere from twenty-eight tothirty-one. In fact by the ninth Century, inNorth-umbria, we find thirty-three runes. A
common name for the Anglo-Saxon runes is
futhorc, again from the first six letters.
A 'Celtic' form of runes is sometimes
employed by Gardneriah and Celtic covens.
The 'Saxon' runes are the ones favored by the
Seax-Wica.
The Tree,
The Complete Book of Saxon Witchcraft
Raymond Buckland
Samuel Weiser, New York 1974

Lesson Twelve: The Power of the Written Word / 177

their own form of alphabet. It was known as Ogam
Bethluisnion. It was an extremely simple form and wasused more for carving into wood and stone than forgeneral writing. With a center line, it lent itself especially tocarving along the edge of a stone or a piece of wood.

Going back to where I started, with the magicians of
the Middle Ages, we find a variety of magickal
alphabets. These have been culled from various ancientgrimoires (from the Old French for "grammar")—themagician's book of rituals—extant in the libraries andprivate collections of Europe and America.
THEBANThe Theban Script (also known as "Honorian")
was a popular alphabet and is used extensively byGardnerian Witches, among others. It has been referred
to—quite incorrectly—as 'The Witches' Runes" (it is
not runic at all, in fact) and as "The Witches' Alphabet".

Ogam Bethluisnion

EGYPTIAN HEIROGLYPHICS

Many magickal orders, past and present, haveleaned heavily on an ancient Egyptian background.
For them, of course, the Egyptian hieroglyphs are
ideal as a magickal alphabet. Sir Wallis Budge's book,Egyptian Language, is a useful reference work here.
Below is a basic Egyptian alphabet:

PASSING THE RIVER

This was used almost exclusively by the Ceremonial Magicians, though occasionally you may findan individual Witch using it on a talisman.

Egyptian Heiroglyphs

Passing the River

178 I Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

ANGELIC

Also known as "Celestial", this is another alphabet
used almost exclusively by Ceremonial magicians.

with phonetic spelling. That means, spelling a word theway that it sounds. The English language has a ridiculous
number of words spelled nothing like the way they are
pronounced. For example, bough (the limb of a tree),cough, through, though, thought... all have the oughspelling, yet all are pronounced differently! Spellingthose words phonetically they would be: bow, coff,throooTthru, thoeandthot. This is the basis of Pecti-Wita
runes; things are spelled as they are pronounced.
Now with the examples just given, through could beeither throo or thru, so let's look at the pronunciation ofvowel sounds. "A" can be a as in hat, or a as in hate. "E"
can be e as in let ore as in sleep. "I" can be i as in lit or i as inlight. "O" can be o as in dot or o as in vote. "U" can be u as incup or u as in lute. By putting the bar over the letter (a, e,T,o, u) we can indicate the hard sound and so
differentiate from the soft sound. This is how it isindicated in the Pictish runes:

MALACfflM

Sometimes called "Language of the Magi". Again,
used almost exclusively by Ceremonial magicians.

We can go a step further with these runes. Vowels
are pronounced differently when put with an "R"(ar,er, ir, etc.) or with another vowel and "R" (air, ear, ere,
our, etc). To indicate these, then, the symbol ^ isMalachim

PICTISH

The Pecti-Wita (more on this Scottish tradition in
Lesson 15) have two interesting forms of magickal
writing. One is a variation on runes and the other isbased on the old and very decorative Pictish script.
Both are presented here for the first time ever.
As with other runes, the Pictish ones are made up
entirely of sraight lines. The way they are put together,
however, requires some study. Basically they are used

used over the vowel:*.

If this sounds complicated, bear with me. You willfind that, with a little practice, it is really quite easy. [Apoint to remember if you just can't get it no matter how
hard you try, then just go ahead and spell out thewords substituting rune for letter without regard forphonetics. But do give it a good try first, please.]Lesson Twelve: The Power of the Written Word / 179

A final note on the vowels. As in Hebrew, thethan with the consonants. Much like this:(Phonetically this would be:
Here are the complete Pecti-Wita Runes:

Hopefully you can see that this is really not too difficultand can actually be a lot of fun. A few more examples
might help:"
THESE ARE
EXAMPLES OF
HOW
Phonetically:
Pecti-Wita Runes:
THE PECTI-WITA RUNES ARE
Phonetically:

Pecti-Wita Runes:
Phonetically:
USED. AS YOU CAN SEE, THEY CAN
vowel is written above the line, in Pictish runes, rather
You will notice that there is no "C", "Q" or "X".
The reason is the use of the phonetic spelling. In the
English language "C" is either pronounced the same asan "S" (as in cease) or the same as a "K" (as in escape), so
there is really no need for the "C". Similarly, "Q" ispronounced "kw" (e.g. quick = kwik) and "X" is pronounced "eks" (e.g.eksaktli), so they are unnecessary.
Single runes are given for "ch", "sh", "th", "gh" and"ng". Here are one or two examples of phonetic
spellings using these:A

Pecti-Wita Runes:
Phonetically:
Pecti-Wita Runes:

ACTUALLY

LOOK

VERY

A
TTRACTIVE
Phonetically:
atraktif.
Pecti-Wita Runes:
Some Pecti-Witans go just one step further byrunning all the words together and using a "+" to indicate

separations:etc.
Warning: DO NOT TRY TO SLANT YOUR RUNES(these or any other ones); KEEP THEM UPRIGHT.

1801 Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

The Picts were better known for their elaborate "swirl"style of writing. This is much more straightforward
than the above runes in that it is not done phonetically,
and the vowels are kept on a level with the consonants. It is simply a matter of substituting the Pictish
symbol for the letter. The symbols are rather elaborate,
however, and you need to be careful in doing them toavoid confusion. Again single symbols are included
for "ch", "sh", "th", "gh" and "ng".

T

H

E

U

O R N A M E N T A L

P I C T I S HHere are a few examples of using the Pictish script:" T H EV E R YP I C T S

W E R EC L E V E R IN

S

E

OF

DESIGN.

A R T W O R K

L A T E R

A D O P T E D

KELTS,E S P E C I A L L Y

I R I S H

K E L T S . "W A S

BY T H E

T H E

Lesson Twelve: The Power of the Written Word / 181

TALISMANS AND AMULETS

A talisman is a man-made object endowed withmagickal powers, especially for averting evil from, orbringing^ood luck to, its owner. In this sense a rosary,
crucifix, St. Christopher medal, etc., is a talisman. But, as
you know, the most powerful magick is that done by the
person affected. In the same way, the most powerfultalisman is one actually made by the person who needs
it. A talisman made by one person for another cannever be as strong as a personally made one.
According to the magickal order, the Hermetic
Order of the Golden Dawn, a talisman is "a magickal
figure charged with the Force which it is intended torepresent". It is so charged by (i) inscription, and (ii)consecration. It can be of any shape, but let's first look at
the material of the talisman.
A talisman can be of virtually any material—
paper, silver, copper, lead, stone—but traditionallysome substances are more appropriate than others,
and their use will imbue the talisman with more
power. For example, as you know, the days of theweek are each ruled by a planet: Sunday—SUN,
Monday—MOON, Tuesday—MARS, Wednesday—
MERCURY, Thursday—JUPITER, Friday—VENUS,
Saturday—SATURN. Now each of these planets is, inturn, associated with a metal: Sun—GOLD, Moon—
SILVER, Mars—IRON, Mercury—MERCURY, Jupiter—
TIN, Venus-COPPER, Saturn—LEAD.
From the table of correspondences given in thelast lesson (for Candleburning) you know what properties are governed by the days of the week and cantherefore correlate those properties with the metals:
SUNDAY—Sun /GOLD / Fortune, hope, money
MONDAY—Moon / SILVER / Merchandise, dreams, theft
TUESDAY—Mars / IRON / Matrimony, war, enemies, prison
WEDNESDAY—Mercury / MERCURY / Debt, fear, loss
THURSDAY—Jupiter / TIN I Honor, riches/clothing, desires
FRIDAY—Venus / COPPER / Love, friendship, strangers
SATURDAY—Saturn / LEAD / Life, building, doctrine, protection

So, for example, knowing that Friday is associatedwith love (ruled by Venus) and that the metal is copper,
you now know that a love talisman, for greatest effect,
should be made of copper.
Mercury gives a bit of a problem in that it is a liquid
metal. It could be used by containing it in a miniaturebottle, or similar, of some other metal, but it is moreusual—and a lot easier—to substitute either gold, silver

or parchment (these days aluminum is also sometimes
substituted for mercury). Gold, silver and parchment
can similarly be used in place of any of the othermetals if they are unobtainable but, obviously, thespecific metal would be the best to use. It's not always
easy to find just the right piece of the correct metal, but
don't give up too easily. Handicraft/hobby stores are
great for many of them (copper especially). I have also
seen some very creative talismans. For instance: engraved on a silver dollar or half-dollar, when silver
was called for; on a copper penny or even on a flattened copper kitchen measuring-spoon, when copper
was called for.
Having chosen your metal, what should you
inscribe on it? There are many talismanic designs
shown in occult books, taken from such old grimoires
asThe Greater and Lesser Keys of Solomon, The Black Pullet,
Le Dragon Rouge and similar. But just copying these
designs, without knowing their meanings or significance, and without personalizing them, is completely
useless. You need to work specifically for yourself andspecifically for your problem. The most common form atalisman takes is a metal disc worn on a chain as apendant. On one side of the disc you place the personalization, and on the other side the objective. Let me
give you an example.
Jane Doe wants to get married. She already has aboyfriend, so love is not what she is seeking. Looking at
the Table of Correspondences, you see that Mars rules
matrimony. That's what she needs; a talisman to bring
matrimony. The metal for Mars is iron. Jane can either
obtain an iron disc and engrave on that, or she can opt
for the easier gold, silver or parchment.
One side she is going to personalize. She will dothis by putting her name and date of birth on it. To be
more specific, she should use her Craft name (in either
runes or one of the other magickal alphabets). She
could also add her Magickal Monogram; also her
astrological Sun Sign, Rising Sign (Ascendant) andMoon Sign, plus ruling planets. These can all bearranged on the disc as shown in figure 12.1.However,there is no special pattern that has to be followed; anything that is aesthetically pleasing will do. An alternative
is shown in figure 12.2.
As each of the symbols is engraved, or written,
Jane should concentrate on herself; seeing herself as
she best likes herself—charming, happy, self-confident.
On the reverse side of the talisman she should
put symbols traditionally associated with marriage:
wedding bells, flowers, rings, hearts, etc. Or she could

182 I Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

place a sigil, constructed from numerological squares as follows.
From numerology you know that the numerological value of theword "matrimony" is 4+1+2+9+9+4+6+5+7 = 47 = 11 = 2 (seeLesson Three). We now construct a Magick Square containing all thenumbers 1 through 9 (Figure 12.3). Now, starting at the first letter (M=4),
draw a small circle, to indicate the start, and then draw a line to thesecond letter/number (A = 1). Follow on to 2 and then to 9. There are two 9s
in the word so stop-and-start there with small triangles: —£><J—
Continue through to the last letter and draw another small circle to indicate
the end.
At square 2, the numerological total (47 = 11 = 2), draw a large
square. The finished figure will look like figure 12.4. Transferred off thesquares it will look like figure 12.5. What you see in 12.5, then, is the sigil for
Matrimony. This is what Jane must inscribe on the reverse of her
talisman. As she does so, she should concentrate her thoughts on themarriage itself: see herself as a bride; see herself and her husband
exchanging rings; see the Handfasting ritual taking place, etc. Such asigil would be far more potent than the traditional bells, hearts andrings.
Incidentally, the Magickal Square used has the numbers arranged insuch a way that, no matter whether you add them across or down, each line
totals the same. Then the numerological total of the three columns' total
equals 9 again (Figure 12.6).
The day associated with matrimony was Tuesday. Then that is theday on which Jane should make her talisman. She should also consecrate it
on a Tuesday... consecration is the secondary requirement for charging thetalisman. She doesn't have to do it on the same Tuesday, but both days
should be during the waxing phase of the Moon. The consecration she
would do would be as given in Lesson 4.
Whatever the purpose of the talisman, follow the same procedure: (a)find the day and the metal associated with your desire, (b) personalize one
side of the appropriate piece of metal, (c) take the key word and, from
the Magick Square, find the appropriate sigil, (d) inscribe the sigil on thereverse, concentrating as necessary, (e) consecrate the talisman.
Once the talisman has been made, wear it on your person for threedays and nights. This can be done either by fastening it to a chain andhanging it around your neck, or by carrying it in a small bag made of silk,hung around your neck. After the three days you do not need to wear it
constantly, but can simply carry it in your pocket or purse. You should,
however, sleep with it under your pillow each night.
At each New Moon, clean the talisman with a good metal cleaner (fora parchment talisman, just rub over it lightly with a gum eraser). For copper
I would recommend washing with salt and vinegar, and then rinsing inclear water. At each Full Moon, hold out the talisman in the palm of yourhand and expose it to the unrestricted light of the Moon. By "unrestricted" Imean not through the glass of a window. Either open the window or take itoutside. Expose it for about five minutes on each side while concentrating
your thoughts on the original purpose of the talisman (if it should happen
to be cloudy, so that you don't actually see the Moon itself, that is all right).

Lesson Twelve: The Power of the Written Word / 183

A talisman can also be made in the form of a ring.
Usually such a form has the Objective as the main
engraving, with the Personalization around the edge. It
should be made following the same procedure outlined
above.
AMULETS

The difference between a talisman and an amulet isthat while a talisman is human-made, an amulet isnatural. A bear's claw, a rabbit's foot, a four-leaf clover;these are all amulets. One that is considered verymuch a Witch's amulet is a stone with a natural holethrough it... obviously tying-in with fertility; the holebeing symbolic of the vagina. So you cannot make anamulet; you can only adopt one. If you take an amulet
and then engrave and consecrate it, as above, then it
becomes a talisman (or, if you prefer, a "talismanic
amulet"!).

group holding hands, facing inwards, and moving
clockwise around the Circle with a regularleft-right-left step ... but as each foot hits the ground,
bend the knee a little. You'll find that this gives more of abounce, a rhythm, to your movement around the Circle.
A more popular Craft step is the "double step", which
includes a slight rocking movement back onto the rearleg and forward again before advancing. The actual
movements would be as follows:

SONGS, DANCES AND SABBAT GAMESMusic is the source of many types of enjoyment.
There is the deep satisfaction that comes from creatingmusic by voice or instrument, as well as the pleasurethat may be found in listening. Many people protestthat they are not musical. It's true that those who understand music can be of most value, but persons
without musical education can still learn to sing fortheir own pleasure and to enjoy beautiful songs andstirring rhythms. Simple melody and clearly definedrhythm is characteristic of folk music. Most of thesongs and the music of the Craft have non-complex
melodies and obvious rhythms. Song and dance istraditionally associated with Witchcraft. In fact, thewaltz was originally derived from an old Witch dance
known as La Volta.
Most singing can be done in the Circle, however
the Clearing the Temple is usually performed before any
general dancing or games take place, with the exception ofcourse, of dancing for the raising of power whenworking magick. Let's look at power-raising dancing
first, then.
POWER-RAISING DANCEIn Lesson Eleven I talked about rhythm and asteady beat and said that "as a coven you can dancearound, deosil, holding hands or you can dance individually ..." The simplest dance consists of theStart with the left foot forward to 1 then follow
with:the right foot forward to 2 (still behind the left).
Then left foot forward to 3
and right foot forward to 4 (Now ahead of the left).
Now left foot forward to 5 and right foot forward to
6 and so on.
It may look a little complicated at first but reallyit's not. Try it. You'll be surprised how easily you'll pick itup.
Other easy steps are the left, hop, right, hop, left,
hop, right, hop, etc. If you have difficulty with any stepthen just do what comes naturally and fits in with themusic, chant or rhythm. The main thing is that yoursteps should come automatically so that you can concentrate your thoughts on the actual magick.
An alternate to holding hands, with arms outstretched, is to lock arms around waists or aroundshoulders, giving a very tight, close circle. Anotherway to join together is with arms bent at the elbow andlinked—left arm under the arm of the person to yourleft.
Covens can also dance individually, as the Solitary
Witch must. This can be a straightforward movement
around the Circle, deosil, using one of the above steps, orit can be a gradual progression spinning as you go(again spin deosil). The spin can be at a constant rate, of
it can start slowly and gradually build up speed.

184 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

CAUTION: Mind you don't get dizzy and either fall on
the candles or break the Circle.
To sum up I would say: THE SIMPLER THE
DANCE STEP, THE BETTER, WHEN WORKINGMAGICK.
If you are chanting as you dance, don't be afraid tostamp the floor, hard, on the beat. It will both help you
keep the rhythm and help build the power. As forsinging, as with all Craft singing, don't worry if you are
not too musical. If you don't always hit the right notes it
doesn't matter ... it's the feeling that counts.

was tabor (pronounced "tay-ber"). A drum can actually
be made fairly simply.
Just beating out a rhythm is sufficient, especiallyfor power-raising. Guitars, dulcimers, recorders, flutes,
harmonicas, pan-pipes, even rattles such as maracas,
are all good coven instruments. There are several
good books of Craft and Pagan music available thesedays. In Appendix D I include some for you to try.

GENERAL DANCING

After the religious part of the Sabbat comes the
fun and merriment. Along with singing and dancing
there are, traditionally, games. Some can be played
before the Circle is opened up and others need moreroom. A few are detailed here. You probably know
many more yourself.

Fun dancing—in or out of the Circle; not being
done for magick—includes all of the above and alsoelaborations on them. "Paired Spinning" can be fun.
This is where two Witches stand back-to-back and linkarms at the elbows. They then go spinning round andround the Circle, sometimes one bending forward tolift the other off the ground.
A popular dance is the
Lufu (an old Anglo-Saxon
word meaning "love"). It is
often done at the start of ameeting, especially if there
are several covens celeb
rating a Sabbat together.
Sometimes referred to as
the "Meeting Dance", itconsists of a leader (notnecessarily the Priest/ess;anyone can start it) leading
The "Lufu", ora chain of Witches, joined
Meeting Danceup alternately male-female. The leader takes the chain
in a twisting dance around in a large circle and thengradually moves in towards the center, in a spiral.
When the center is reached, the leader doubles backround and starts to work out again. As each person
now passes those going the other way, they kiss. Theline continues on until it has unwound again andeveryone has kissed everyone else.
MUSIC AND SONG

If the coven includes instrumentalists that is fine.
But if it doesn't, don't worry. Get a drum or tambourine; abongo drum is good, or something like an Amerindian or
Haitian drum or a Bodhran (Scottish/Irish
hand-drum). The old name for a Witch's drum,
incidentally,

SABBAT GAMESTHE CANDLE GAME—All Witches but one sit in acircle, facing inwards. The chosen one stands outside
this circle. A candle is lit. If the one outside the circle is awoman then the candle is now passed back and forthabout the circle by the men. It does not have to bepassed in any special direction; it can move around orback and forth across the circle of Witches. The
woman runs around trying to blow out the flame, overthe heads and shoulders of those forming the circle.
When she is successful, she and the male who was
holding it at the time will kiss and then change places.
Then the women will pass the candle around, with theman running around trying to blow it out.
WITCHES' WHISPERS—Everyone sits in a circle. One
person starts by asking a question. Any occult-type
question will do, though it should be one that calls for ananswer of several words, rather than just a "yes" or "no"(e.g. "When is the best time to consecrate a talisman?").
The person to the left of the questioner thinks of ananswer and whispers it in the ear of the person to theirleft. That person, in turn, must whisper those samewords (exactly as s/he thinks s/he heard them) to thenext person and so on round the circle, each person
passing on exactly what they think they heard whether
or not it seems to make sense. When it gets back to thequestioner, s/he repeats the question out loud andfollows up with the answer that arrived. Invariably
the answer gets so garbled in the process of being
whispered from one to another, that it is extremely
distorted and very humorous. You shouldn't

Lesson Twelve: The Power of the Written Word / 185

consciously try to alter what you receive; you will find that it becomesslightly garbled all by itself! An alternate is not to bother with a question but
have someone start passing around one simple statement. When it getsback to the originator, they can repeat the original followed by what was
finally received.

Sent

Received

Sent

Received

Sent

Received

PSYCHIC GAMES—Games to test psychic abilities are very popular. For
example, form two lines with the coven sitting in couples, back-to-back.
Each person has a piece of paper and a pencil. One line are Senders and theother line Receivers. Each of the Senders thinks of an object and draws
a simple picture of it on her paper (simple is best: e.g. car, house, moon).
She then concentrates on it. The Receivers each try to pick up what theirrespective partners are sending and draw it on their piece of paper. Do thisthree times, then switch so that the original Senders are now Recievers
and vice versa. Youll be amazed at how similar many of the pictures are(See Figure 12.7)
OUTDOOR GAMESThere are many outdoor games that can be adopted for coven use.
One is to suspend a barrel hoop (or make a large hoop of cardboard) on arope, from a tree and to set it swinging. The Witches then take turns trying tothrow a spear through the hoop, from various distances. Anotherpopular pastime is target archery.
An interesting "game" is dowsing. Let someone hide a quartersomewhere in/on the ground (or in the house, if inside). Tape anotherquarter to a forked stick, as a "witness", and try to find the hidden one.
Several people can search at the same time. Pendulums can also be used(see Lesson Eight). The quarter goes to the one who finds it, of course.
I'm sure you can come up with many more exciting and fun games
yourself. The point is that Sabbats should be fun. They are a time forcelebration. The religious side is very important, of course, but follow itwith fun, games, good food and drink; wine and ale ... which brings me
to:HOME-MADE WINE AND ALE; HOME-COOKED BREAD

It's simpler to just go to the store and buy the necessary edibles for the
next coven meeting, but it can be a lot of fun making them. Below are some
simple recipes for wine, beer, bread and even cakes for the Cakes and Ale
rite.
COWSLIP WINE—Boil two pounds of white sugar with five quarts ofwater and, while boiling, pour over a quart of the yellow part of freshcowslip flowers. Leave for twenty-four hours then strain and add two
tablespoonsful of yeast spread on a piece of toast. Leave, covered, for ten
days, stirring two or three times each day for the first four days. Thenstrain and bottle.
BEE WINE—Into a syrup solution of two tablespoonsful of sugar to a pint

Figure 12.7

186 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftof water, put a very small pinch of tartaric acid and apiece of yeast the size of a dime. Start it off at bloodheat and stand the glass jar in a warm room near thewindow and leave it to work. In a day or so the yeast
will begin to grow and collect bubbles so that the lump
floats up and down (like a bee; hence the name).
Fermentation will proceed until the liquid is converted
into a sweet wine, which you may flavor by adding
fruit juice. Do not let it work too long or it will becomesour and eventually turn to vinegar.
TOMATO WINE—Take the stalks off some sound, ripe
tomatoes and cut them in pieces with a stainless steel
knife. Then mash them well and let them drain through ahair-sieve. Season the juice with a little salt and sugar totaste, then nearly fill a jar with it. Cover fairly closely,
leaving a small hole for the fermentation to workthrough, and leave until the process has ended. Pouroff the clear liquid into bottles, cork them tightly andkeep for some time before using.
DANDELION WINE—The flowers must be freshly
picked and the petals stripped from them. Put a gallon ofthese petals into a tub and pour a gallon of
freshly-boiled water over them. Leave, covered, for
ten to twelve days, stirring now and then. Then strain
the liquid into a preserving pan and add three to four
pounds of sugar, according to taste. Also add thethinly pared rind of one orange and one lemon, plus
the rest of these two fruits cut in pieces but without
any trace of the white pith or the pits. Boil gently
together for twenty minutes then remove from heat.
After it has cooled to hike-warm, put in a tablespoonful of
brewer's yeast and a quarter of an ounce of compressed yeast spread on a piece of toast. Cover again
and leave for a couple of days. Then put into a cask,bung it down and bottle after two months or more.
APPLE BEER—Pour four gallons of boiling water overfour pounds of grated apples in a pan and stir each day
for two weeks. Then strain and add two pounds ofsugar, two ounces of root ginger and a level teaspoon-ful
each of cinnamon stick and whole cloves. Pour into a
cask and bung tightly at once. In six weeks it will beready to bottle.
HONEY BEER—Boil an ounce of ground ginger withhalf a gallon of water for half an hour, then put it into a
pan with a pound of white sugar, two ounces of lime
juice, four ounces of clear-run honey, the juice of threelemons and another half-gallon of cold water. Whenthe mixture is just luke-warm, add a large teaspoonful ofyeast spread on a piece of toast. Leave for twelve hours
and then strain through muslin. After giving it an houror two to settle, carefully bottle it.
MEAD—Dissolve four pounds of honey in a gallon ofwater and add an ounce of hops, half an ounce of root
ginger and the pared rind of two lemons. Boil this forthree-quarters of an hour, pour it into a cask to thebrim and, when it is still luke-warm, add an ounce ofyeast. Leave the mead to ferment and when this has
ended, put in a quarter of an ounce of isinglass (obtainablefrom wine-making supply stores) and bung the casktightly. In six months it should be bottled.
The above Mead recipe is a simple bee-keeper's
one. The fact that mead was originally a very importantand complicated drink is shown in The Closet Of Sir
Kenelm Digby, first published in 1669, where no lessthan twenty-six recipes are given for it. Here, now, is arecipe for Sack Mead. If made properly (and this is
somewhat more ambitious than the above recipes) it isthe equal of any mead found in Tudor times.
SACK MEAD—Requirements: a wooden vessel inwhich to mix the honey and water and carry out thefermentation for one month in a constant temperature ofabout 60°F. Secondly, a vessel such as a small barrel inwhich to place the fermented liquor to mature for amatter of two to three years before being drunk. Thirdly, asmaller container (such as a glass jar) with adequate seal,
into which to put a certain amount of the original
fermented liquor. This will be used from time to time to
top up the liquor in the barrel. In the course of two to
three years in the barrel, the liquor shrinks and it isnecessary to have a sufficient amount of surplus liquor tokeep the barrel full and so exclude air. This surplus
liquor should be put aside at the beginning, after the
first month's fermentation, and should be about 10% of
the whole. As the sealed glass container is emptied
progressively, by topping up the barrel, what is left in
the container must be put into a smaller vessel so that
this reserve is always able to fill the container in which it
is kept. If it is left half-filled it will probably vinegrate andwould then spoil the liquor in the barrel.
Having provided the vessels, it is now necessary tohave ready five and a half pounds of good quality
honey to every gallon of warm water with which it is tobe mixed. Mix the two together until the honey isLesson Twelve: The Power of the Written Word / 187

dissolved. Obtain a good quality wine yeast (e.g. a
Sauterne, Sherry or Malaga) and prepare your yeast
before mixing the honey and water. This preparation isdone by putting the yeast in a small glass vessel andadding small quantities progressively (over severaldays) of a weak solution of honey and water, andkeeping the yeast in a warm temperature of about 60°F until the yeast has started to ferment. When it has
started to ferment, add this to the dissolved honeyand water when the latter is at about 70 °F. Cover thefermenting vessel with a loose cover and cloth so that
air can reach the fermenting honey and water mixture
without allowing insects and dust to penetrate.
After about a week, the liquor should be fermenting,and at the end of a month the fermentation should haveceased. The liquor should be strained off carefully,
leaving all lees aside, and placed in the barrel whichshould then be firmly sealed and only opened
occasionally to top up, as explained.
There is, usually, a considerable danger ofvinegra-tion if the honey is not sterilized in the first
instance. Therefore, at the risk of a certain amount ofloss of quality, it is the usual practice to boil the honeyand water in the first instance for about fifteen
minutes. This kills any wild ferments and ensures a
relatively sterile "must", to which to,add the yeast.
The barrel and the original fermenting vessel should
also have been sterilized.
The whole point about using wine yeasts is thatthey give a much higher alcohol content than theordinary brewer's or baker's yeasts.
LOCUST BEER—Gather the long black locust pods
and break them into pieces. Place a layer in a keg orcrock. Add ripened persimmons or sliced apples.
Cover with boiling water. Add two cups of molasses.
Let set for three or four days before using, for best
flavor.
NETTLE BEER—Only young nettles should be used forthis. Two gallons of them must be washed well and put
into a pan with two gallons of water, half an ounce ofbruised ginger root, four pounds of malt, two ounces ofhops and four ounces of sasaparilla. Boil for a quarter ofan hour and then strain over a pound and a half of castor
sugar. Stir until the sugar dissolves, then add an ounce of
creamed yeast. When the beer starts to ferment, put it into
bottles and cork these and tie downwith string. This beer needs no keeping.
BREAD AND CAKESACORN BREAD—Need: 2 cups milk, 2 tablespoons oilor butter, 2 teaspoons salt, 2 tablespoons dry yeast, 4%cups acorn flour (see below), % cup honey, Va cup
lukewarm water.
Best acorns to use: white, burr and chestnut oaks.
Collect in the fall when ripe.
To make acorn flour: remove shells. Boil the acorns
whole for at least two hours, changing the water eachtime it becomes light brown in color. After this boilingthe acorns should be dark brown in color. Roast in
350° oven for one hour. Chop them finely, then grind ina flour or food grinder. Dry again in the oven foranother half hour. Put through the grinder again atleast twice.
Scald the milk. Stir in the oil or butter, honey andsalt. Pour into a large bowl and let cool to lukewarm.
Meanwhile dissolve yeast in the lukewarm water.
When milk mixture is lukewarm, add yeast. Graduallystir in the acorn flour. Cover the bowl with a towel and letrise for two hours in a warm place. Knead for ten
minutes. Roll out like thick pastry. Roll up in the mannerof a jelly-roll. Shape into two loaves and place ingreased bread pans. Let rise, covered, for another twohours. Bake for forty minutes in an oven preheated to375°. Remove from the oven and brush the tops of the
loaves with oil or melted butter.
INDIAN HOMINY BREAD—Need: 2 cups cooked grits, 2
beaten eggs, 2 tablespoons melted butter, 2 teaspoons
salt, 1/2 cup milk.
Add milk, butter and eggs to warm grits. Pour ingreased pan. Bake at 375° for thirty minutes. Servehot. (Note: thin cakes of this mixture may also be friedon a hot griddle).
INDIAN PUMPKIN BREAD—Need: 1 cup cornmeal, %cup pumpkin (cooked), water enough to moisten
mixture.
Mix the ingredients and work until the dough iseasy to handle. Form into flat cakes. Cakes may be
baked in a greased pan (as biscuits) or fried quickly
over an open fire.
IRISH OATCAKES—Need: 3 cups oatmeal, 1 stick butter,
Va teaspoon salt, Vs cup water, ¥2 teaspoon baking soda.

188 I Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Preheat oven to 350°. Mix together 2 cups of oatmeal with the salt and baking soda. Melt the butter andadd the water. Stir the butter and water mixture into
the oat mixture and blend until you have a dough.
Sprinkle your work surface with the remaining oatmeal and turn the dough onto it. Flatten the doughwith your hands and roll with rolling-pin until about x/4
inch thick. Use a very small cookie-cutter or cut into small
squares and place on an ungreased baking sheet. Bake inthe oven for about twenty minutes, then lower the heat to300° and toast until light brown.
SCOTCH OATCAKES—(My personal favorite) Need:V4 cup butter or margarine, 1 cup oat flour, % cup bran, 1
egg, 1 cup milk, % teaspoon salt, V2 teaspoon baking
powder, J/2 teaspoon cream of tartar. (A sweeter version
can be made by also adding % teaspoon vanilla, V2
teaspoon cinnamon, 6 teaspoons sugar).
Cut the butter into the oat flour and bran. Add theremaining ingredients and mix thoroughly. Preheat
oven to 425°. Drop the batter, by well-rounded
table-spoonsful, onto a greased cookie sheet (or, forneater cakes, drop into greased muffin pans). Bake 12
to 15 minutes or until lightly browned. Serve withbutter (and jelly, if desired).
CORN BREAD—Need: 2 cups white meal (coarse
ground), 1 cup flour, milk, 1 tablespoon sugar, 4 teaspoons baking powder, 1 egg, 1 teaspoon salt.

Combine all dry ingredients, then add egg andenough sweet milk to make thin batter. Pour in hot,well-greased, bread pans. Bake in a hot oven until
brown.
ACORN COOKIES—Need: % cup oil, % cup honey, 2
beaten eggs, 2 cups acorn flour (see "Acorn Bread"
above), */2 teaspoon almond extract, cup dried, chopped
acorns.
Blend the oil and honey; beat in the eggs. Add thealmond extract, acorn flour and the chopped acorns.
Drop this batter by teaspoonsful onto a lightly oiled
cookie-sheet or shallow baking pan. Bake in a 375°
oven for fifteen minutes.
IMPORTANT REMINDER

In both this and the previous lesson I used examples of"love" magick and talismans. Please always rememberthat love magick directed at a specific individual
should never be done, for to do so would be to interferewith that person's free will. You would be forcing themto do something they would not normally do and may
not wish to do. The only sort of love magick
permissable is that aimed non-specifically... to bring"someone" to you, without knowing exactly who itwill be. But far better to just work on yourself, to makeyourself generally more attractive, than to try to change
someone else.

1.

Write your name in the different styles of Runes. Practice writing a special sentence in a favorite magickal
writing style.

2.

Decide what you want to make a talisman for. Determine what metal, what planetary influence, and whatinscription you will use. Illustrate your talisman below.

3.

Describe your special amulet. Where and how did you find it? What do you think that it will be best used
for?

4.

List any favorite recipes for foods and beverages which have been a success.

5.

List the Coven games you have tried and their results.

LESSON THIRTEENHEALING

It is necessary for me to reiterate what I said at the start of Lesson
Ten: the information on healing practices in this lesson is simply my
opinion, together with the results of my research. I am not engaged inrendering medical advice. Such advice should be sought from a competentprofessional person.
In Lesson Ten you studied the use of herbs in the healing process
and learned that Witches have long been considered community healers. In
this lesson you will see some of the other forms of healing used in the
Craft, plus less obvious applications of herbs.
THE AURA

I briefly touched on the aura in an earlier lesson. To recapitulate, theaura is the electrical magnetic energy that emanates from the humanbody. Our bodies, of course, vibrate. Animals and plants do the same, for all
things radiate energy: a chair, a house, a tree, a flower, a bird. Everything isvibration. So everything gives off an aura. This aura can most easily be seen
in humans, however (possibly due to brain activity).
The aura is sometimes referred to as the odic force. In Christian art,from the fifth to the sixteenth centuries, it was often depicted around theheads of people believed to possess great spiritual power. There it wasreferred to as a halo or gloria. It also appeared as a ring of flames around theheads of Moslem prophets. The headdresses of priests, kings and queens
symbolize the aura.
There are references to the aura in the Christian Bible. In sculpture,
there is an excellent example in that of Michaelangelo's figure of Moses,
which shows him with horns. This has mystified many. The reason for thehorns is that in translation the word for "horns" was confused with thevery similar word for "rays", so in fact Moses was thought of as"having rays coming from his head"... the aura.
AURIC HEALING

In auric healing, you set out to change the condition of a person by
193

In 1858 Baron Karl van Reichenbach, an industrial
chemist, claimed to have discovered certain
radiations coming from magnets, crystals, plants
and animals, which could be seen and felt by certain
people (sensitives). In 1911 Dr. Walter Kilner, of
St. Thomas'Hospital, London, devised ways ofshowing these radiations. One way was bylooking through a dilute solution of a dye called
DICYANIN (a product of coal-tar) and the otherwas by first looking at a bright light through astrong alcoholic solution then looking at the subject.
This latter method, however, proved to be very
dangerous, causing damage to the eyes. Kilner
did perfect his dicyanin method and produced
what is known as the "Kilner Screen".
But the aura is best seen without artificial
aid. Have your subject stand against a DARK
background and look, directing your gaze at theposition of the subject's third eye (between and alittle above the eyebrows). You may find it helpful
to squint slightly at first. You will become awareof the aura around her/his head though, at first,
when you try to move your gaze to look directly
at if... it will disappear! Don't worry. You will
eventually be able to study it directly but, tostart with, just keep your focus on that third eye
and look at the aura peripherally. If you have no
success with the subject against a dark
background, then try a light background; somehave success with the one, some with the other.
The aura will be most obvious around the head,
unless the body is naked in which case it will beseen clearly all around. The entire aura is called
the Aureole; the head aura is the Nimbus. You
may notice that to the person's left there is
generally orange color and to their right a bluishcolor. If you move your hands towards the bodyyou will feel warmth on their left and coolness ontheir right. Interestingly a bar magnet gives corresponding sensations, with the North end cooland blue and the South end warm and orange.
The aura can be felt. If you stand in front of
your subject, with your hands extended on eitherside of his head, and the palms in towards him,
you can feel it. Gradually move your hands intowards the head. As you approach (perhaps
about four to six inches away) you will feel a tingling
sensation, or a warmth, or a feeling of pressurebuilding up. Move your hands in and out and getthat sensation. Practical Color Magick-Raymond
Buckland,
Llewellyn Publications, St. Paul, MN1983

194 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

visualizing a specific color light around them. These
colors are chosen according to the patient's problem.
For example, when dealing with the nervous system
you would use violet and lavender to obtain a soothing
effect. To invigorate, you'd use grass green. To
inspire, yellows and oranges.
When dealing with disorders of the blood andorgans of the body, use clear, dark blues to soothe, grass
green to invigorate and bright red to stimulate.
When dealing with cases of fever, high blood pressureor hysteria, use blue.
For cases of chill or lack of sufficient bodily warmth,
concentrate on red.
So, for example, if a person is complaining of feelinghot, has a fever and is sweating profusely, you can help
immeasurably by concentrating on seeing her
completely surrounded by, and absorbed in, a blue
light. If she has a stomach pain, then direct a soothing
light-green color there. For someone with a nervous
headache, see their head surrounded by violet orlavender light. For a bleeding, direct clear dark-bluelight to the cut. Keep up these visualizations for as
long as you can. I give more specifics below, in Color
Healing.
PRANIC HEALING

Pranic healing is done by sending Prana (the "vital
force") from your body to the diseased or affectedparts, stimulating the cells and tissues to normal activity
and allowing the waste material to leave the system. It
involves the use of passes and the laying-on of hands.
What is Prana? It is the vital force which underlies all
physical action of the body. It causes circulation of theblood, movement of the cells and all motions uponwhich the life of the physical body depends. It is aforce that is sent forth from the nervous system, by aneffort of the will, when you direct healing (review
Lesson One, regarding Prof. Otto Rahn and Dr. Harold
Burr).
You receive Prana from the food you eat, thewater you drink and from the air you breathe. Allforms of force and energy rise from the same primalcause, and it is your willingness to increase your own
supply, AND SHARE IT, that makes you "gifted" inhealing. Everyone, then, actually possesses the "gift" ofhealing.
How can you increase your Prana? By deep breathing.
VISUALIZE energy and strength flowing into yourbody as you breathe in. FEEL it. Feel it going into allparts of your body. Feel it travel along your arms anddown your legs. VISUALIZE the love of the Lady andthe Lord entering you.
Correct breathing sets up an equilibrium between
positive and negative currents. It calms your nervous
system and regulates and slows your heart activity,
reducing your blood pressure and stimulating yourdigestion. Before doing any Pranic healing, do thefollowing deep breathing exercises:
1. (a) Slowly breathe in, through the nose, to a mental
count of eight.
(b) Slowly exhale, through the nose, to a count ofeight.
2. (c) Slowly breathe in, through the nose, to a count ofeight.
(d) Hold your breath for a count of four.
(e) Slowly exhale, through the mouth, for a count ofeight.
In (d), as you hold your breath, feel the love,energy, strength and power you have inhaled circulate
throughout your body.
In (e), breathe out all the negativity within you.
Do "1" once, then do "2" three times.
Now you are ready to start your healing. This isbest done in the Circle. However, if that cannot be—if
the patient is unable to come to you, perhaps throughbeing in a hospital or being bedridden at home—then atleast draw a circle about him (and the bed, if necessary),
with your athame, and fill that circle with white light
before starting.
Have the patient lie on his back with his headtowards the east, if possible. His feet should be together
and his arms at his sides. He does not have to be naked,
but it is certainly better if he can be (better, in fact, if
you both are). He should close his eyes and concentrateon seeing himself encompassed in a ball of white light.
You kneel to the left of his legs, if you are right-handed;to his right if left-handed (see Figure 13.1). Reaching
forwards, extend your arms and hold your hands withthe palms inwards, at the top of his head, about an inch
away from actual contact (Figure 13.2). Take a deep breath
then, holding that breath, bring the hands smoothly
down the length of the body, one hand on either side,
not quite touching the skin the whole way. As youcome away from his feet, breathe out and shake yourhands vigorously as though you were shaking water off
them. You are, in actuality, shaking

Lesson Thirteen: Healing / 195

off the negativity that you have drawn from him. Repeat this process AT
LEAST SEVEN TIMES, preferably more.
Now sit quietly for a moment, seeing the patient surrounded inwhite light. When you have got your breath (you will find this can bequite exhausting), then repeat the breathing exercises given above—"! "once and "2" three times. Now for actual contact.
Now lay your hands, gently, one on each side of his head, thumbs
resting on his temples. Concentrate (eyes closed if you wish), sending all
your energies into him; all the goodness and love of the Lady and the
Lord channeled through you into him, to make him well. When you havedone this for a while, again sit back and relax, picturing him in thewhite light.
Then once again do your deep breathing followed by placing yourhands over/on his heart and, again, directing the Pranic force into him.
After again resting and doing the breathing, lay your hands on thespecific area of problem (e.g. stomach; leg; shoulder) and direct yourenergies. A final period of rest for you, and picturing him within thewhite ball of light, completes the process.
Do not be surprised if you feel physically drained after such a healing.
This will generally be the case. Ignore those who say that if you feeldrained you are doing it wrong. On the contrary, feeling exhausted is agood sign that you have done well.

Figure 13.1

ABSENT HEALING

It is possible to heal a person without them actually being physicallypresent in the Circle. This can be done by using one of the methods
given in lesson eleven (dancing, chanting, cords, sex), taking the power
raised and directing it into the person who is sick. Candle magick is
especially effective (see Practical Candleburning Rituals, Raymond Buckland,
Llewellyn Publications). Both auric and pranic healing can also be doneusing a good, clear photograph of the person. See also Color Healing andPoppets, below.
COLOR HEALING

I deal extensively with this subject in my book Practical Color Magick(Llewellyn Publications, 1983) so will give just a brief outline here, light isradiant energy traveling in the form of waves. The rate of vibration can bemeasured in units known as Angstrom units (A), measuring one
ten-millionth of a millimeter. For example, the color violet has awavelength varying from 4000 to 4500A; indigo from 4500 to 4700; blue
4700 to 5100; green 5100 to 5600; yellow 5600 to 5900; orange 5900 to
6200 and red 6200 to 6700A. Your body selects, from the sunlight, whatevercolors needed for balance, the vibrations being absorbed into you. The
principle of healing with color (Chromopathy or Chromotherapy;
Chromopathy from the Greek: fcroma-color; pathos-suffering) is to givethe ailing body an extra dose of any color(s) lacking. One of the joys ofchromopathy is its practicability. It is something anyone can do with nodanger, being the use of a natural element. The application can be done in avariety of ways, as you will see. Basically, the red end of the spectrum
stimulates while

Figure 13.2

196 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

the blue end calms.
Here is a look at the specific colors of the spectrum one by one to see what their properties are.
RED:

ORANGE:YELLOW:

GREEN:BLUE:

INDIGO:VIOLET:

A warming, invigorating color, excellent
for the treatment of blood diseases.
Anaemic people need the color red, as
do those with liver infections.
Not quite as harsh as red yet contains
many of its properties. It is especiallygood for the respiratory system; forthose who suffer from asthma andbronchitis; also as a tonic and a laxative.
Excellent for the bowels and intestines. It
is a mild sedative; helps remove fears of
all kinds and gives a mental uplift. It isgood for indigestion and heartburn, forconstipation and piles, also for
menstrual problems.
This is the great healer. It is neutral forother colors and can be a general tonic
and revitalizer. When in doubt; use
green. Excellent for heart troubles;
neuralgic headaches; ulcers; colds inthe head and boils.
An antiseptic and cooling agent. Excel
lent for use on all inflammations including those of internal organs. Goodon cuts and burns; also for rheumatism.
A slight narcotic. Will remove the fears ofthe mind and reassure those afraid of
the dark. Good for emotional disorders;
deafness; especially good for the eyes,
even for cataracts.
Good for mental disorders; for the
nervous system; for baldness and forfemale complaints.
DIRECTING THE COLOR

It is the COLOR that is important, so anythingthat will produce colored light will serve your needs.
This could be colored glass, plastic or even cellophane.
You don't even have to wait for sunshine. Any lightwill do, including artificial light. If you have a windowthat gets a lot of sunshine then certainly make use ofthat. Tape a sheet of colored glass, plastic or eventissue paper over the window and have the patient sit infront of it so that the colored light falls directly on
her/him. Make sure it falls on the troubled area (e.g. for an
upset stomach, direct yellow light on the stomacharea). Concentrate the light on the area for at least
thirty minutes each day. Two periods of thirty minutes(one in the morning and another in the evening)would be better. You will notice a definite improvement almost from the start.
If you don't have a convenient sunny window,
then a good substitute is a photographic slide projector. In
fact, in many ways it is better than the window since you
can focus on particular areas. From photo supply storesyou can obtain empty cardboard slide mounts. Intothese put small rectangles of colored plastic or acetate,
so that you have a set of slides of the seven primarycolors.
COLOR-CHARGED WATER

You can turn ordinary water into potent medicine
by charging it with colored light. Fill a clear bottle withwater and tape a sheet of colored paper or acetatearound it (if you can get a colored bottle of the appropriate color, all the better). Then stand the bottle in
the window for six to eight hours. Even if the sun is notshining directly on the bottle, it will still charge thewater. Then, a wineglassful of the water, taken threetimes a day, will have a similar effect to the half-hour ofcolored light application.
If you are feeling "down", or listless, a glassful of
red-charged water each morning will pep you up.
Similarly, if you have trouble sleeping at night, a glassfulof indigo-charged water before bed will relax you andhelp you fall asleep. All of the colors can be used, as in
the color chart above. Such treatment is called
Hydrochromopathy.
DISTANT COLOR HEALING

Color can also be used to do absent healing. Again
you utilize a photograph (the basic sympathetic magick
principle of "like attracts like"). This is known as
Grapho-chromopathy. Make sure that there is no one
other than the patient in the photograph and also make surethat the afflicted part of the person (e.g. leg; stomach) isin the picture. Place the photograph under theappropriate colored light and leave it there. A low wattage
bulb is best for this; perhaps something like a nightlightbulb. You will find it easier to put the colored sheet overthe front of the photograph than to try to wrap it aroundthe light bulb. The best way is to put the photo in aframe together with the colored acetate and then to standthe frame In front of the light bulb, or the window. Giveit the light treatment for at least three hours a day.

Lesson Thirteen: Healing/ 197

GEM THERAPY

You can take six different books dealing with
precious and semi-precious stones and their occult
properties and find six different opinions as to which dowhat. The reason for this is that the stones areusually corresponded with astrological planets andsigns. The trouble there is (as W. B. Crow explains inPrecious Stones: Their Occult Power and Hidden Significance)that "there are different scales of correspondences
and under one circumstance one scale should beapplied, whilst under another a different scale holds
good ... no natural object is pure Sun, pure Moon orpure Saturn".
The safest way to use stones for healing, then, is in
the manner of the ancient Druids: go by the COLOR of
the stone and apply the same principles used in Color
Healing above.
For example, you know that yellow is good forintestinal and bowel disorders and menstrual problems.
For these problems, then, wear a yellow stone such as
AGATE (brown): Said to help harden
gums and protect vision.
AMBER (Yellow; orange): Improves
poor eyesight; deafness; dysentery
and throat afflictions; hay fever;asthma.
AMETHYST (purple to blue-violet):
Antidote for drunkenness (!); gives
peace of mind.
BERYL (green; yellow; blue; white):
Liver complaints; diaphragm.
BLOODSTONE (green and red):Hemorrhages; nose-bleeds.
CARNELIAN (red): Hemorrhages;
nose-bleeds; purifies the blood.
CHRYSOLITE (olive green; brown;
yellow; red): Fevers; nightmares.
CORAL (red; white): Stops bleeding;helps in digestive disorders; epilepsy in children; ulcers; scars;sore eyes.
DIAMOND (white; blue; yellow):
Coughs; mucus; lymph system;

yellow diamond, jasper, topaz, beryl, quartz, amber,etc. The stone should be placed on the afflicted area
for at least an hour each day and should be worn, in theform of a pendant or ring, for the rest of the day,continuing until the cure is affected.
In 640 BCE Necheps wore a jasper around his neck tocure his queasy stomach. In 1969 Barbara Anton (agraduate Gemologist from the Gemological Institute of
New York) advised a friend, who had suffered from
irregular menstrual periods for years, to wear a yellow
jasper pendant. So long as she wore it, her periods came
regularly on a twenty-eight day cycle.
Any good book on gems and minerals will give'you full descriptions of the many varieties of stones
available in the full spectrum of color. Rubies, emeralds,
sapphires are obvious examples of red, green andblue, but there are many other equally effective yet far
less expensive stones available. Here are a few stones,
together with the colors in which they can be obtained,
plus some of the ancient beliefs regarding theirproperties.

toothache; insomnia; convulsions.
EMERALD (green): eye diseases (atraditional eyewash was made bysimply steeping an emerald inwater); general healing.
GARNET (red): Anaemia; blood diseases.
JADE (green): Kidney diseases; stomach pains; blood purifier; muscle
strengthener; urinary problems;
eye diseases (eyewash, as withemerald).
JASPER (yellow; green): Stomach
problems; nervousness.
LAPIS (deep blue to azure;violet-blue; green-blue) Lapis
lazuli; Lapis linguis: Eye problems;
helps attune to higher spiritualvibrations; vitality; strength. Lapis
ligur-ius: Cholera; rheumatism.
MOONSTONE (light blue; resembles
Opal): "Watery" disturbances;

dropsy; gives strength.
OPAL (red to yellow; black; darkgreen): Heart; eyes; bubonic
plague(I); gives protection andharmony.
PEARL (white): Soothing; dissipates
anger.
RUBY (red): Pain; tuberculosis; colic;boils; ulcers; poison; eye troubles;
constipation.
SARDONYX (red; brownish red;
black): Mental and emotional effects; banishes grief; brings happiness.
SAPPHIRE (blue violet): Eyes; boils;
rheumatism; colic.
TOPAZ (yellow to white; green; blue;red): Vision; hemorrhages; bleeding.
TURQUOISE (blue; blue-green; green):
Vision; promotes youth.

198 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

POPPETSIn Lesson Eleven you learned how to construct a Poppet. There I
discussed its use for love magick. But the Poppet can also be used forhealing purposes—in fact that is probably its primary use.
The same construction method is used: two outlines cut from cloth,
sewn together and marked with identifying symbols and characteristics(all whilst concentrating your thoughts on the person it represents).
However, this time you should stuff the Poppet with the herb appropriate forthe person's ailment. That information you learned in Lesson Ten. If ever indoubt as to what to use, stuff the Poppet with Calendula (also called
Marigold, Marybud, Holibud—Calendula officinalis), which is a cure-all.

=- Identifying symbols

Incision, as received
by person in surgery

Stuffed with the appropriate
healing herbs
HEALING POPPET

You should name the Poppet (as in the love-magick example),
sprinkling and censing it, then lay it on the altar.
Should you be working for someone who has had surgery, thenmake an incision in the Poppet in the appropriate place. Then, taking it up
from the altar, concentrate on the healing and direct your power into thepatient as you sew up the incision.
You can do Auric and/or Pranic healing using the Poppet in lieu of
the actual person. Once you have named and consecrated the Poppet,
then anything you do to it, of course, you do to that person.
MEDITATION AND BIOFEEDBACK

Yes, meditation can be a way of healing. Always remember that wecreate our own realities—whether consciously or (more often) unconsciously. So long as we are going to do this, we might just as well create an
enjoyable and healthy reality. In your daily meditation, see yourself fit andwell. If you are sick, see yourself completely recovered. Remember

We are all a part of Nature, notapart from it.
Raymond Buckland
Everyone is familiar, if only from fiction, withthe wax figure stuck with pins. Such a figure istypical of sympathetic magick and is actually oneof the oldest forms of it. The same basic
principles—sticking in pins to injure thevictim—can be applied to work good. For
example, a man may be suffering from aterrible back-ache. The Witch could take somewax, or clay, and fashion a figure to represent
the man. It would not have to be an exact likeness,
in fact it could be quite a crude 'gingerbreadman' type figure. But all the while it was being
molded she would keep a clear picture of the manin her mind. If she had a photograph of him
which she could lay beside her on which toconcentrate, all the better. When the figure wasfinished then she would stick three or four pins
in its back—or wherever the pain happened tobe. When sticking in the pins she would try not
to think of the pain he was experiencing, forat this point she would be merely placing
them preparatory to doing the healing.
The next step would be to actually namethe figure for the recipient. This would be doneby sprinklingand censing it and saying words
to the effect 'Here lies John Doe, who seeksrelief from pain. All that I do to him here isdone also to his person'. The Witch would
then concentrate as hard as she could on theman, seeing him as being fit and well, without
the back-ache. One by one she would thendraw out the pins thinking, and perhaps evensaying words to the effect, that she was drawing
the pain out of his body.
Witchcraft Ancient and Modern
Raymond Buckland, HC fablications, NY
1970

ANOINTING OIL RECIPE

Gather fresh mint (I prefer Catmint—Nepeta
Cataria) and loosely fill a large jar with it.
Pour in an unscented vegetable oil to fill thejar. Cover tightly and let stand for 24 hours,
turning the jar to stand upside down every 8hours. Strain the oil carefully through cheesecloth, squeezing well. Refill the jar with freshmint and pour the same oil back in. Let standanother 24 hours, turning every 8 hours.
Repeat this process over at least a three-day
period. The oil resulting from the final squeezing
is a good anointing oil with the fragrance of themint.

Lesson Thirteen: Healing / 199(from Lesson Eleven): "Don't see a thing working...
see it finished."
Meditation and Biofeedback have been tested
experimentally by scientists and proven to be beneficial in
reducing blood pressure, muscle tension, control of pain
and increased sense of well-being. The principle ofbiofeedback is that a person who is provided withimmediate knowledge of her/his internal body processes can learn to control some that normally operate
involuntarily. The subject aims to achieve complete
relaxation and can watch herself do this through afeedback meter wired to various parts of her body
(biofeedback instruments, of varying complexity andprice, are available from any number of sources). Shetries to induce an extremely calm yet alert state of consciousness that is characterized by distinct patterns ofbrain activity called "Alpha Rhythms". When she
manages to produce alpha rhythms for a period of ten
seconds, then the alpha state has been achieved.
Below is a candleburning ritual for meditation.
You can use this as a lead-in to creatively visualizing
yourself (or someone else) cured of an illness.

"Here do I find peace and tranquility.
A place apart, where I may safely
meditate and grow in spirituality."
Settle into meditation in your own particular pattern(e.g. as detailed in Lesson Seven: transcendental,
man-trie yoga, or whatever you have found to be bestfor you). During your meditation envision yourself(or another, if working for someone else) completely
well and healed. At the end of your meditation,
extinguish the candles in the opposite order to theway you lit them.
Here is a further candleburning ritual, this time
specifically for regaining good health.
TO REGAIN (OR RETAIN) GOOD HEALTHTO MEDITATE

Light Altar Candle. Light Incense. Light Day Candle.
Sit for a few moments thinking of the strength, healthand goodness of the Lady and the Lord flowing backinto the body.
Light PETITIONER'S Candle, picturing Petitioner, andsay:Light Altar Candle. Light Incense, light Day Candle.
Light PETITIONER'S Candle (Petitioner = Meditator),
thinking of yourself, and say:"This candle is myself, burning steady andtrue."
Light Lt. BLUE Candles 1 and 2 and say:"Here is ...(Name)..., in excellent health.
The blessings of the Lady and of
the Lord be upon her that she may
prosper." „Light ORANGE Candle and say:"This flame draws all that is goodto ...(Name)... It draws health andstrength and all that she desires."
Light RED Candles 1, 2 and 3 and say:

200 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft"Here, then, is that health and strength,
threefold. It is here to be taken
into ...(Name)...'s body, to serve her
and build her as the Lady and the
Lord would wish."Then say:
And in the beginning was it ever thus. Thatto live one must hunt; to kill. That to killmust one have strength. That for strength
there must be eating
and movement.
To eat and move there must be hunting-Be
weak and you may never be strong. Be
strong and so you shall remain. But if you
be weak; then must you thinkstrong;
For thought is the deed. And thinking
strong you can then huntand kill and eat. Thus, thinking strong,
you are strong
and you move. Thought brings not
the food, butthought Doth bring the means toacquire thefood. So
be it!
Strength to the strong! Strength
to the weak! May the arm lift the
spear. May the arm hurl thestone. May the arm thrust the
javelin. May there be strength,always. So Mote It Be!"
Sit quietly meditating on the wonderful good healthenjoyed and to be enjoyed by the Petitioner. Sit thus
for ten to fifteen minutes. Then extinguish the flames, inthe reverse order to the way they were lit. Repeat thisritual every Friday for seven successive Fridays, eachtime moving the red candles closer to the Petitioner.
ANIMALS AND PLANTS

All the healing methods outlined can be used,equally effectively, on both animals and plants. Neverforget that we are all a part of Nature. If an animal, abird, a plant, a tree, is sick then it is your duty to try to aid
it. Let us all live in harmony with nature. We are all one
with the Gods.
In addition to the methods of healing dealt with in
this lesson, I would recommend all Witches becomeacquainted with as many other possibilities as theycan. It is not necessary to try to learn everything indetail, of course, but it is good to know just what sort ofhealing can be accomplished with, for example, acupuncture, radiesthesia, radionics, hypnosis, etc.
POSITIVE THINKING

Whatever method of healing you choose, themost important thing to bear in mind is attitude. You
must have a positive attitude. As I emphasized in thelesson on magick, you should picture the completion,
the end product, of what you are trying to achieve. This isespecially important in healing. If the person has abroken leg, see the leg healed; see her/him jumping
and running about. If the person has a sore throat, see
her shouting and singing and laughing. Always thinkpositive and send out positive energies.
I would especially recommend a study of the following
books:
Aromatherapy: The Use of Plant Essences in Healing—
Raymond Lautic & A. Passebecq The
Complete Book of Natural Medicines—
David Carroll'
The Bach Flower Remedies—Nora Weeks & Victor Bullen
The Twelve Healers—Edward Bach
Handbook of Bach Flower Remedies—Philip M. Chancellor
Alpha Brain Waves—Jodi Lawrence
The Science and Fine Art Of Fasting—Herbert M. Shelton
Power Over Pain Without Drugs—Neal H. Olshan
Yogi Therapy—Swami Shivananda Saraswati
The Foot Book: Healing the Body Through Reflexology—
Devaki Berkson Homeopathic Medicine At
Home—Maesimund Panes &Joseph Heimlich Helping Yourself With
Self-Hypnosis—Frank S. Caprio &Joseph R. Berger Healing With Radionics—Elizabeth
Baerlein & Lavender
Dower Theory and Practice of Cosmic Ray Therapy—D. N.
Khushalini& I. J. Gupta
The Practice of Medical Radiesthesia—Vernon D. Wethered
Acupuncture: The Ancient Chinese Art of Healing—Felix Mann
Helping Your Health With Pointed Pressure Therapy-Roy
E. BeanNOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX B

1.

Relate some of your experiences using auric healing. What were some noticeable results?

2.

What methods of color healing work best for you? Results?

3.

What gemstones have you used for healing? How did you use them, and what results were noticed?

4.

Record your personal list of gemstone properties as discovered through experimentation.

LESSON FOURTEENGETTING SET UP

worship: the thanking the gods for the necessities oflife.
The above, along with the Self-Dedication andthe Initiation, are the main ingredients, the basic
skeleton, of Wicca.

RITUALSA question frequently asked is "Can I write myown rituals?" The answer is "Yes", albeit a qualified
yes.
There are many talented people in the Craft andthey should be allowed—indeed, encouraged—todevelop their talents (the two, Craft and talent, seem
somehow to attract one another). But before you start
writing your own rituals, work for awhile with theones I have given you in this book, as they are written. I'dsuggest working with them for a year at least. Get toknow them. Feel them. Live them. They have been
written based on a great many years of experience.
Not only Craft experience but experience and knowledge of many other aspects of the occult, anthropologicalbackground and, most importantly, knowledge of thenecessary elements of ritual (see Construction of Ritual
below). Everything is there for a reason, so don't go
chopping and changing just because you think "itsounds good"!
Take special note of some of the elements in theserituals given.
In ERECTING THE TEMPLE—this is the construction
and consecration of your meeting place; your Temple. It
is one of the basics, ensuring psychic cleanliness of thearea and of the occupants. It also includes the inviting of theLady and her Lord to attend and witness the rites to beheld in their honor.
In CLEARING THE TEMPLE—you have the necessary thanking of the Lady and Lord and the official
termination of the proceedings.
In CAKES AND ALE—there is the "connecting
link" between the ritual/worship part of the meetingand the working/social part. It is important in that it isfound universally and is really the culmination of the

THE CONSTRUCTION OF RITUAL

The dictionary (Webster) defines RITE as "a formal
act of religion ... a religious ceremony" and RITUAL as"consisting of rites ... the manner of performing
divine service".
A formal act of religion ... we need form; we need adefinite construction. Ritual can be religious or it can bemagickal. In either case it follows, and has, a certain form.
The basics are what are known as Legomena(meaning"thingssaid") andDromena ("thingsdone"). In
other words, whether religious or magickal ritual, it musthave WORDS and ACTIONS together; not just one
without the other. It must also have (i) an Opening; (ii)a Purpose; (iii) a "Thanksgiving" (in the case of a Craft
religious ritual); (iv) a Closing.
The Opening and the Closing are already there foryou—the Erecting the Temple and Clearing the Temple. Also,
the Thanksgiving is there in the form of Cakes and Ale.
Your interest, then, in constructing ritual (at this time),
is focused on PURPOSE.
Why are you having the ritual? What is it for? Is it tocelebrate a time of the year, seasonally (a Sabbat) ? Is it an
Esbat? Handfasting? Birth Rite (Wiccaning) ? Get the
purpose firmly in your mind at the outset so that you
know where your emphasis will lie.
Look at the following, from one tradition of the
Craft:
Charge.
203"The High Priestess recites the Goddess'

204 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

The High Priest recites the Invocation to
the Horned God.
The coven dances, singing 'Eko, Eko, Azarak,... etc.' They then chant the 'Witches'
Chant'.
[All the above is found repeated at all of the other Sabbat
Rites of this particular tradition]
Finally the High Priest says:"Behold the Great Mother who hath brought forth
the light of the World. Eko, Eko, Arida. Eko, Eko,
Kernunnos.'"That, basically, is the sum total of this particular tradition's Sabbat rite. Now, the question is: which Sabbat isit???
The only words said at this rite that are not said atthe other seven Sabbats are the High Priest's final:"Behold the Great Mother who hath brought forth thelight of the world".
Not to keep you in suspense, this is their Imbolc
Sabbat rite ... but who would know it? It has nothing, in
the "words said", to indicate a celebration of that timeof the year. By contrast, look at the following Imbolc
Sabbat rite, from another tradition:
Priestess: "Now has our Lord reached the zenith of
his journey.
It is meet that we rejoice for him. From
now till Beltane is the path ahead
less dark,
For he can see the Lady at its end."
Priest:"I urge ye, Wiccans all,To give now your hearts to our Lord
Woden.
Let us make this a Feast of Torches To
carry him forward in light, To the armsof Freya."... and so it goes on, all of the ritual centering on theimportance of that special time of the year; the fact that
Imbolc is the halfway point through the "dark half" ofthe year; halfway between Samhain and Beltane. No
one could take that particular ritual and perform it at,say, the Autumnal Equinox and expect it to fit. Yet theearlier quoted ritual, from the other tradition, could be
performed at any time of the year and it would still fit in!
It is not, therefore, a good example of a seasonal
ritual—especially of a Sabbat—and certainly falls far
short of what you should be able to expect. So, whenwriting rituals, keep in mind first and foremost the

PURPOSE of the ritual.
This purpose must also be brought out in THINGS
DONE—the actions of the celebrants. To look further at
the second of the traditions above, the participants takecandles and light them from the Priest's and Priestess'candles. They then hold them high in the air and circle
about the altar. Sympathetically they are lending
strength and light to the God at the time of his greatest
need. Again, there are no such actions in the Sabbat riteof the first tradition.
PARTICIPATION is important. The Craft is afamily religion in the sense that the coven is like a large
family. The family should be able to participate freely in
its activities. In Christianity the so-called participants are
more like an audience. They sit in a large building andwatch what goes on, only occasionally being allowed
to join in the singing and praying. What a beautiful
contrast is the Craft, where the "family" of the covensit together, equally, about the altar and all participate.
Keep this in mind in your rituals. Participation isimportant. Include lines to be said by others than thePriest and Priestess, even if it is only a joint "So Mote
It Be!" If you can get actions/gestures for them, somuch the better. Everyone should be able to feel thatthey are a part of the ceremony (rather than apart fromit). You might want to include a group meditation aspart of the ritual. Group meditations can be extremely
effective. You might also want to make song and dance
an integral part of the ritual. There are many
possibilities.
The ESBAT ritual, as I've written it in this book,contains some very important elements. Perhaps themost important of these is the personal praying—asking the Gods for what you need and thanking themfor what you have. This should always be in theindividual's own words. However inadequate the
Witch may feel, at expressing her/himself, the fact thatthe words come from the heart is far more important
than correct grammar and sentence construction.
The MOON ceremonies, as written, follow thetraditional form of reverence to the Lady and attention to
her identification in the past, in other areas and othercivilizations. Note that the Goddess is invited to join thegroup and speak. She is not "drawn down", in the senseof being summoned or invoked. The times when the
Lady will actually appear to the coven are indeed rare
and it needs an exceptionally strong, mature,
Priestess to handle it (unfortunately there seem to bevery few such today). I feel that if the Lady

Lesson Fourteen: Getting Set Up / 205

wishes to appear to the coven (or the Lord, for thatmatter), then she will certainly do so. But she will do sowhen she is ready and not just because she has been
invoked/conjured/summoned! Who are we to orderthe Lady? So, if you feel drawn to write a new Full or
New Moon Ceremony, please keep this point in mind.
"GUARDIANS OF THE WATCHTOWERS"

As I have mentioned before, there is a great deal of
Ceremonial Magick that, over the centuries, has
found its way into some traditions of the Craft. Most of
it has gone unrecognized by all but a few Craft
practitioners. The use of the Wand, for example, andthe word athame; the white-hilted knife and the Pentacle,
etc. Ceremonial Magick, as you know, involves conjuring
entities and demanding that they do the Magician's
bidding. Surprisingly, just such conjuration is found as
part of many traditions' Erecting the Temple (or, Forming theCircle, as some of them call it). Included in theirrituals is what is referred to as summoning the"Guardians of the Watchtowers", or "Guardians of theFour Quarters". These "Guardians" are often associatedwith specific entities, such as Dragons or Salamanders,
Gnomes, Sylphs and Undines. It would seem obviousthat here the group could be treading on dangerous
ground. In fact this was very pointedly brought home to
one coven who once forgot (!) to banish the Salamanders of the South at the end of their rites. They
were surprised when, shortly after the meeting, firesuddenly broke out in the south of the covenstead!
I do not recommend that you indulge in summoning
these "Guardians". Surely to have invited ("invited", not"commanded") the Lord and the Lady themselves to bepresent and to watch over you is sufficient? What better
protection could any Witch ask? So, if you hear ofothers who include such conjurations in their ritual
preparation, you now know what is involved. Should
you ever be present at such a Circle—perhaps as aguest—then I would strongly urge you to mentallyerect a protective barrier of white light around yourself ... just to be on the safe side.
ORIGINSOne final word; an important one. Do show theorigin of any rituals. I would suggest that you construct
your Book with the rituals as I have presented themhere in this volume, for a base. Then (you might evenwant to make a separate section) you can add ALTERNATE RITUALS. There you can place any you havewritten yourself or obtained from other sources. But
make sure you say either who they are written by orwhere you obtained them. In this way it will be obvious tonewcomers to your coven, at later dates, what has been
added and when.
Some points to remember when writing rituals:
Do not change a ritual just for the sake ofchange. Rituals should be enjoyable; theyshould not
be a chore. Words can work like music,
for building
power.
Simplicity is better than complexity. Giveorigins and dates for new material.
FORMING A COVEN

Finding Members
The first step to forming a coven is, of course, tofind suitable people. Whatever you do, DO NOT RUSH. A
coven is a family. It is a small unit of people acting
together in Perfect Love and Perfect Trust. That sort ofrelationship does not come easily.
There are basically two approaches you can make,depending on your circumstances. One is the obviously
preferred route through other known Pagans. The
other is the longer route of weeding out merely potential
Pagans. Let's examine them.
Through the many Pagan and Craft festivals andseminars held across the country these days (see listings
in the many and various pagan publications, such as Circle
Network News), you can get to meet and know otherpeople from your area who are, at least to some extent,
knowledgeable about Wicca. You can also seek out
those who are from your area through Contact
Listings in these various publications. You might evenwant to run an ad yourself there. In this way others canlearn of your desire to form a coven and can contact
you. Let it be known that you are willing to consider
applications. I say "willing to consider" in no way toinfer that you should be aloof, but simply because youneed to find those with whom you are most compatible.
You do not have to accept everyone who applies.
A sample ad might be worded as follows:"Wiccan coven forming. Priest (ess) presently
considering applications from those wishing tojoin the Craft. Please send photograph and fulldetails to...."

206 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

I would suggest using a post office box number, to ensure privacy.
Arrange a meeting, with those who respond, on neutral ground—perhaps at a coffee-shop, a restaurant, in a park, or similar, and meetthem individually. Get to know them well, over several such meetings,
before ever inviting them to your home. Find out what they know of the
Craft; what they have read; what they think of what they have read. Try to do
more listening than talking.
If you have to start from scratch, as it were, you can start by checking out
any local psychical research groups, astrology groups, meditation groups,
etc. DO NOT go bounding in loudly stating that you are looking to makepeople Witches! Once again, do more listening than talking. If you arepatient you will find those who—even if they don't know what Witchcraft
actually is, or if they still harbor some of the misconceptions about it—are
obviously Craft oriented and willing to listen and to learn.
You may well have to take the circuitous route of forming your own"psychic development" group, as a clearing-house for possible covenmembers. You could base such a group on the material presented here in
Lessons Seven, Eight and Nine plus the supplementary reading. Throughsuch a group you could then slowly weed out those who are/or become,sympathetic to the Craft. You will probably get a motley collection ofpeople. Gavin Frost breaks them down into four categories: "Theenthusiasts—full of all the things they are going to do for your group ...
The parasites—the world is against them; they have a million problems
which can be solved only on the psychic plane ... The know-it-alls—will tell
you the instructions you are giving them are wrong... The shining
ones—if you are lucky you will find (one or two) who are candidates for areal coven". These last make it all worthwhile.
As before, meet all potential members on neutral ground first. Picktheir brains to find out what they know and where their sympathies lie.
Suggest books to them but, as much as possible, get them to ask questions
rather than press information on them. Always remember that a coven canstart with as few as two people (at the other end of the scale, a coven does nothave to have a maximum of thirteen. It can be as many as fit comfortably into
the Circle and work comfortably together).

YOUR COVEN

Get your coven members, and potential members, to read as much as
possible about the Craft. All Witches should have a general understanding of the history of the Craft; what has gone before; what hasbrought us to where we are today. You can teach them a great deal from thelessons in this book, BUT ... beware of becoming a "Guru"! In the ideal
coven all are equal and all have something to contribute. Don't put
yourself—or be tricked into putting yourself—on a pedestal "above" theother coven members. A good coven/tradition should be based on
democracy; once the coven has been formed (i.e. once there are at least

What sort of people are today's Witches? First of
all they are what might be termed 'thinking'people. People who, rather than accept something or someone else's word, will investigate
for themselves; read, research, look at the thingfrom all angles before reaching a conclusion.
They are housewives, clerks, teachers,
businesspeople, truck-drivers, soldiers—all
sorts...
Astrologically speaking we are one third of
the way through the twelfth house of thePiscean Age. At the end of this house we enter
the Aquarian Age. This is, then, the eve of theAge of Aquarius, and it is one of general unrest.
Of
dissatisfaction^particularty
withreligion—and of searching for 'inner peace'.
There has, over the past four or five years,
been a tremendous rebirth of interest in theoccult, a veritable renaissance of thinking.
Young people have realized that they do nothave to follow tradition; that they are able andshould be able to think for themselves. People
are looking critically at religion; refusing toaccept a particular religion just because it wasthat of parents and their parents before them ...
There is this constant searching, by young andold alike. It is in this searching that so many
discover the Wicca. And the reaction isinvariably one of joyous relief—'But this iswhat I've been looking for!'"Anatomy of the Occult
Raymond Buckland,
Samuel Weiser, NY 1977

Lesson Fourteen: Getting Set Up 1207

two people), let all major decisions be made throughgeneral discussion and open vote.
[I must digress here, a moment, to comment on traditions that operate degree systems. Gardnerian is agood example, though by no means the only one. In
such traditions there is often (not always, certainly) a
professed equality, but one that is only professed. The
High Priestess, and/or Queen, is the beginning andend of everything. Others fall into descending orderdepending upon the degree of advancement attained.
All those of the highest (usually "Third") degree areclassed as "Elders" and they are supposed to be thedecision-makers, together with the High Priestess.
This used to work extremely well, and there was much
merit in the system. Unfortunately this seems no longer tobe the case. These days there seem to be few womencapable of handling the difficult position of HighPriestess (and particularly the position of Witch
Queen, or "Queen of the Sabbat"). There are some,
yes, and that does give us hope for the future. But
there are far too many who get onto an ego trip; who
hand out "degrees" like a mother doling out candy,
and who try to gather in, and promote, as many
followers as possible simply so that they can claim"I'm a more important High Priestess/Queen than
you are"! It is unfortunate that such attitudes by the
few have soured some of these traditions to the many. I
would urge all new denominations, be they eclectic or
whatever, to be constantly on their guard against suchdeviation from the true Craft belief that "we are all
spokes of the wheel; no one is either first or last".]In addition to knowledge of the Craft's past, it's agood idea to keep up on the present. Suggest subscriptions to such periodicals as Circle Network News (P.O.
Box 219, Mt. Horeb, WI 53572) and Llewellyn's New
Times (P.O. Box 64383, St. Paul, MN 55164-0383). There
are many other publications but they seem to go in andout of print so it is probably of little service to list them
here. From these two,—which seem to remain fairly
constant—you can learn of the availability of the others.
You might prefer to make "coven subscriptions"—allshare the cost and pass around the magazines.
Try to think, ahead of time, what your criteria willbe, for new members of your coven. For example, I
have heard of some people who will not have anyone intheir coven who is physically handicapped! To mymind this doesn't make sense, but it is obviously apersonal consideration. Think also, then, of what yourresponse will be if approached by potential coveners

who are of a different race, age, sexual preference,social level, etc., etc. Some (many, I hope) will say"Come one; come all!" but others will find perhaps
long-buried prejudices surfacing and having to be
faced ... and they do need to be faced. One point I
might mention here: do not try to keep out police
officers and the like, simply because they are lawmen.
There is nothing illegal about the Craft and, actually,
the more we can impress this on those connected withthe law, the better. So, far from discouraging them,encourage them.
It might be a good idea to have a pledge, or vow of
secrecy, that new members must sign. It should be
simple and basically state that the person will neverreveal the names of the other coven members, evenshould s/he leave the coven at any time in the future.
This is, basically, a right to privacy. There is, of course, noneed for any dire threats of punishment for breaking thisoath.
There is really no limit to the number you canhave in your coven, as I have already mentioned. As
many as can work comfortably together is really thecriterion. I would suggest that the traditional nine-footcircle is best and, therefore, that eight or ten coveners is
probably the best working maximum. Get the group to
work together on projects such as the coven's altar,
sword, book, for example. When it is necessary to vote on
something, so far as possible aim not just for amajority vote, but for complete agreement by everyone.
This is certainly essential on such decisions as towhether the coven should work robed or skyclad.,
Decide, as a group, on the kind of coven you want to
be. Always remember that the Craft is first andforemost a religion, so you come together primarily toworship. You may feel that this is all you want to do.
Fine. However, some groups will want to explore anduse their collective "power"; they will want to do
healings, work magick, do divination, or work on
individual psychic development. Again, fine ... thoughsuch work must always be secondary to the religious
aspects. Even such a working coven should not feelthat is has to do work at every Esbat. You should dowork/magick ONLY WHEN THERE IS A NEED FOR
IT; though a certain amount of experimentation isunderstandable and acceptable.
You may want to give your coven a name. Manydo. Examples are: The Coven of the Open Forest;
Coven of the North Star; Coven of Our Lady ofRebirth; Sand-Sea Coven; Coven of the Complete
Circle; Coven of Family Wicca. Additionally many

208 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

covens design their own individual emblems or insignia, which they use on
notepaper and put on flags and banners for Craft festivals (see Figure14.1).
In some traditions—usually those with adegree system—there is a symbol for the individual
Witch to put beside her/his name anytime s/he signs
something (Figure 14.2). If you feel the desire forsuch a symbol, even though your tradition does not
subscribe to a degree system, I would suggest that in
Figure 14 3. This is the inverted triangle surmounted
by the pentagram and the Keltic cross—the lines ofconsecration marked on the body at initiation (seeLesson Four).
There may be a need for coven rules. If so, theseshould be kept as simple and as few in number as
possible. They may cover such things as inviting visitors to Circles; asuggested donation from each member to cover the cost of wine, incense,
charcoal, candles, etc., at meetings (no one person should be expected tocarry the cost of these necessities); behavior in the Circle (do you allow
smoking or not—I would strongly suggest not); etc. I am personallysomewhat opposed to hard and fast rules. I feel, and have found, thateverything that arises can be dealt with through group discussion anddecision. However, some people feel the need for a more structured
format, at least initially. Just remember that any rules are for the good of
the coven. They should, therefore, be flexible. There are so-called "Laws"
listed in the Gardnerian (and other) Book of Shadows. Any sensible
person reading these can see that (a) they date from, and are only
pertinent to, a previous time, and (b) many of them are actuallycontradictory to the tenets of the Craft, including the Wiccan Rede. Gerald
Gardner himself had said that they were only included in the book forinterest's sake. But some Wiccans seem to take them as inviolable!
Remember, there is only one true Wiccan Law: "An' it harm none, do what
thou wilt."
ESTABLISHING A CHURCH

I am here discussing "church" in the sense of "a body of people;
believers with an inner core of leaders", rather than just a building. Ourbuilding, or meeting-place (which can be out in the open, of course), is our"Temple".
Unfortunately the word "church" has certain Christian connotations, but I will use it for the moment for the sake of simplicity. The
Old English word for "church", incidentally, is cirice—pronounced"Id-reek".
Many covens, of various traditions, have established themselves aslegal churches. Examples are Circle Wicca of Wisconsin, Church of
Wicca of North Carolina, House of Ravenwood of Georgia, Minnesota
Church of Wicca, Arianhu Church of Wicca of Texas. There are many,
many more. The object is to establish the Craft as a legally recognized
religion, for despite the First Amendment, unsympathetic authorities
Figure 14.1

Lesson Fourteen: Getting Set Up / 209

can give one quite a hassle! You may want to so establish your owngroup, but, be warned, it can be a long, drawn-out, very involved affair;oftimes a veritable battle where the IRS is concerned. State laws vary somuch that I can give no complete details here, but your first move,should you decide to go this route, is to check with the Internal Revenue
Service, asking for details on how to register as a Non-Profit Religious
Organization. Their publication #557—How to Apply for Recognition of
Exemption for an Organization—is a must.
One possible alternate that may prove less of a hassle is to associateyourself with such a group as the Universal Life Church, of Modesto,
California. (601 Third Street, Modesto, CA 95351). I mention this church
especially because they have already gone through numerous legal
battles with the IRS, have fought all the way up to the U.S. Supreme
Court, and have won! They have "no traditional doctrine ... as anorganization, (they) only believe in that which is right". So says theirliterature. "Each individual has the privilege and responsibility to determine
what is right so long as it does not infringe on the rights of others ...
(sounds a little like "An'it harm none, do what thou wilt", doesn't it?) ... We
are active advocates of the First Amendment of the United States ofAmerica". In other words, you can establish yourself as a church, forlegal purposes, through association with the U.L.C. but still practice yourown particular denomination of Witchcraft with no changes, no
modifications, no compromises or restrictions.
If your desires should lean in this direction, don't rush it. To establish
as a church really only makes sense when you have grown to the point of
spawning several other covens from your mother one. At that time, talkwith some of those who have so registered themselves. See whether theadvantages outweigh the disadvantages. I strongly suspect that, for manyof you, they do not.
CRAFT GREETINGS

As you encounter other Witches you will find common forms ofgreetings used. The two most common are "Blessed Be" and "Merry
Meet". The first of these actually comes from the Gardnerian tradition. In
their initiation the Priest says the following to the Initiate:"Blessed be thy feet, that have brought thee in these ways.
Blessed be thy knees, that shall kneel at the Sacred Altar. Blessed
be thy womb, without which we would not be. Blessed be thybreasts, erected in beauty and in strength. Blessed be thy lips,that shall utter the Sacred Names."
So to greet someone with the words "Blessed Be" is to imply all of theabove.
"Merry Meet" is an older, more common, Pagan greeting. In full it is "(May we) merry meet; merry part; merry meet again". Today it is usally justgiven as "Merry meet" on meeting and "Merry part" or "Merry part; merry
meet again" on parting. All of the above ("Blessed be" and "Merry
Meet/Part") are invariably accompanied by a hug and a kiss.

History does not record anywhere at any time areligion that has any rational basis. Religion isa crutch for people not strong enough tostand up to the unknown without help. But,
like dandruff, most people do have a religion
and spend time and money on it and seem toderive considerable pleasure from fiddlingwith it.
Lazarus Long

Neither this court, nor any branch of thisgovernment, witt considerthemerits or fallacies
of a religion. Nor will the court compare thebeliefs, dogmas and practices of a
newly-organized religion with those of an older,
more established religion. Nor will the court
praise or condemn a religion, however
excellent or fanatical or preposterous it may
seem. Were the court to do so, it would
impinge upon the guarantees of the First
Amendment.
Federal Judge James A. Baffin,
February 1973, Ruling in favor of the
Universal Life Church against the
I t lR
S i

210 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

CLOTHING ACCESSORIES

Sandals
For those who would like to make their own
sandals, here is a fairly simple method:Cloak
A cloak is a nice accessory. It's the sort of thingthat can be worn by skyclad Witches, before and afterCircle, if necessary, or it can complement a regularrobe. The simplest cloak is semi-circular, hanging to
the ground and with a hood, or cowl. It is fastened at
the neck and can be of any suitable material. A heavy
cloak for winter and a light one for spring and fall is agood idea. The color can either match or contrast with

YOUNG WICCANS

your robe.
There are a few books available, for children, that
do treat the Craft in a positive light. I would recommend the following:
The Witch Next Door by Norman Bidwell—
Scholastic Book Services, NY 1965

The Witch's Vacation by Norman Bidwell—

Scholastic NY 1973 The Resident
Witch by Marian T. Place—
Avon Books (Camelot) New York 1973 The
Witch Who Saved Hallowe'en by Marian T. Place—
Avon/Camelot NY 1974 Timothy and Two
Witches by Margaret Storey—
Dell (Yearling) NY 1974 The Witch
Family by Eleanor Estes—
Harcourt, Brace & World (Voyager Books)
NY 1960
I'm sure there are other good books also. Just lookaround.
When you encounter books (or magazine or newspaper articles, for that matter) that are antagonistic to
Witchcraft, and promote the misconceptions, don't
hesitate to write to the publishers and set the matterstraight. Let me here include an article that appeared in
the Seax-Wica Voys (Official Journal of Saxon Witchcraft)in the Imbolc 1983 issue, together with the editorialcomment.
STAN SLAYS THE DRAGON
or, "Positive Public Relations"by Richard Clarke
Recently, several students of Chicago decided that rather
than allow the kids to go trick-or-treating, there would be a big
Hallowe'en party sponsored by the village. Five such parties were tofeature "Burning a Witch" in a big bonfire.
A reporter for the Chicago Tribune called Stan Modrzyk, Priest of
the First Temple of the Craft of WICA, of Chicago Heights, andasked him how he felt about it. Stan told him he thought there
would be all sorts of Hell to pay if they said they were going to burn a
Jew or a Baptist, and immediately wrote to all five villages,
several local papers (including the Tribune) and an attorney, sayingthat making a Witch-burning, even in effigy, was a poor lesson for
the kids, that it smacked of religious persecution and he wasprepared to go to court to stop such demonstrations if they did notcall it off. Bonfires were okay, but no Witches in them.
A town meeting was held by one village, which was attended bythe "village fathers", several local residents, representatives ofseveral local covens and the Channel 7 News (the local ABC
affiliate). The controversy was picked up by both TV and radio, as
well as the local newspapers, and at least three of the five villages
agreed early on not to have Witches in their bonfires. I don't know ifeither of the other two villages went on with their "Witch burning" (1understand they also called them off—Ed.) but you can bet it won't
happen next year!
I feel members of the Pagan community have a duty to speak up
when incidents like this occur. History tells us that Witches, or atleast some accused of Witchcraft, were burned in the past. History also
tells us that quite a few Jews were put in gas chambers in the '40s. If
anyone were to make a municipal display of "gassing the Jew" there
would be screams, boycotts, legal actions, etc., by every Jewish
organization in the country. The Jewish Defense League would
probably show up and stop such a demonstration with physicalforce if necessary. Can Witches do less?
I am not advocating violence. I am saying that we should startLesson Fourteen: Getting Set Up / 211

looking out for ourselves and fighting ignorance of the Craft
wherever we find it. Let the world know that the various forms ofPaganism, including Witchcraft, are legitimate forms of religion; that
Witches and other Pagans are practitioners of a religion older than
Christianity and that we desire and expect the same respect shown toother religious groups. The respect will be forthcoming...

The VOYS heartily applauds Stan Madrzyk's actions and Richard's
follow-up. The Seminary* has already been instrumental in establishingreligious rights for a number of individual students. Let's ALL work for the
religion we love. We have had articles in past issues of the VOYS on misrepresentation of the Craft on television and in movies. We are happy toonce again give the addresses of TV networks and agencies that deal withbroadcasters. Remember, when writing, to state your case clearly andcalmly and WITHOUT ABUSE.
—RB
ABC-TV, 1300 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019 NBC-TV,
30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, NY 10020 CBS-TV, 51 West 52nd Street,
New York, NY 10019 PBS-TV, 485 LTnfant Plaza West SW, Washington
DC 20024 Action For Children's Television, 46 Austin Street,
Newtonsville, MA
02160 Federal Communications Commission, 1919 M Street NW,
Washington
DC 20554 National Citizen's Committee for Broadcasting, 1346
Connecticut
Ave. NW, Washington DC 20554 National Advertising Division,Council of Better Business Bureaus,
845 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10022
The Seax-Wka Seminary. This was founded and run for over five years by Ray Buckland. It had
well over a thousand students worldwide. It did a lot of good work, especially in teaching the Craft to agreat many people who otherwise might never have had a chance to participate.

BREAKING THE NEWSA question I am often asked is "How do I tell mygirl/boyfriend that I am a Witch?" I hear stories ofapparently wonderful relationships suddenly evaporating when the "unsuspecting" partner learns that
her/his hitherto ideal mate-to-be is a Wiccan (or evenjust interested in the Craft). We know, of course, that
there is nothing wrong with being a Witch, or being
interested in any aspect of the occult. The trick, then (ifany trick is needed), seems to be in the manner inwhich the news is broken. "Guess what, Frank... I'm a
Witch!" is not the way. Poor Frank will choke on his
popcorn then run for the hills. No, the best way isthrough education.
Start by waiting for an opportune time (when s/ heis in a mellow, talkative mood), then lead the conversation into the subject of the occult... the occult
generally. Rather than stating your interests, ask yourpartner what knowledge s/he has. If necessary, explainthat the occult is a very much misunderstood field;that late-night movies and cheap novels are largely
responsible for the multitude of misconceptions thatabound. Then say, "Take Witchcraft for example.
Now—what do you believe Witchcraft to be?"Your partner will then give you a good idea ofwhat s/he knows about the subject. It may be accurate or
it may not. The thing is, to then take that as a
jumping-off point to explain what Witchcraft reallyis ... how it developed; how it was distorted; its
re-emergence; the way it is practiced today. Don't be too
down on Christianity—just give the facts. You willalmost certainly be asked "How come you know somuch about it?" No, do not say "Because I'm a Witch!"
There is still more groundwork to be laid. Simply statethat you find the subject very interesting and you havetaken the trouble to read a great deal on it.
The next step is to get your friend to read some of
the better books her/himself. Those recommended
throughout this workbook, for example. If there is areal "magick" between the two of you, then s/he will beinterested enough in your interests to read what you
suggest. And if that magick isn't there, then it doesn't
really matter what s/he thinks, does it?
From there you can then elaborate on just how
interested you are and finally—again at the opportune
moment—confide that you are, indeed, a Wiccan.
Incidentally, it seems the trend, these days (and I think
it's a good trend), to use the word "Wiccan" rather
than the older "Witch". It certainly does help overcome the inbred misconceptions, to an extent.
If, after discussion and reading the worthwhileliterature, s/he clings to the misconceptions, pointedly
ask why s/he believes that way. It is not usually difficult to break down any arguments and show themfor the illogic they invariably are. However, if, in the
final analysis, s/he refuses to accept at least your right toyour own beliefs, then you should seriously consider
calling off the whole relationship. It is fine to disagree,
but it is totally unacceptable to have any one person
try to impose his or her beliefs on another or disallow
the other the right to their own beliefs.
As a footnote to the above, if you are approached at
any time by someone who has learned of yourinterest or activity in the Craft, never start out trying to
defend your position. Always put the onus on theother person by saying "What do you mean by 'Witchcraft'? What dp you believe a Witch to be?" This way
you are in a position to see where you stand and tocorrect their views rather than trying to justify yourown.

NOW ANSWER THE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THIS LESSON IN APPENDIX BCREATE YOUR OWN RITUALS

1.

Relate how you came to form/join your Coven. What is its name? How did you establish your Church/
Temple?

2.

What reactions did you get when you told others of your Wiccan activities? How did you describe yourbeliefs?

RITUALSLESSON FIFTEENSOLITARY WITCHES

In the majority of Witchcraft traditions there is no way that anindividual can operate—membership in a coven is mandatory. Most
traditions have a system of degrees of advancement not unlike thosefound in Freemasonry and other secret societies. With such a system it isnecessary for a Witch to advance, within the coven, to a particular degree
before being able to even cast a Circle. In order to initiate others it isnecessary to attain the highest degree. As a First Degree Witch they canjoin with the rest of the coven in worship and in the working of magick but
can do nothing alone.
Such a system is all very well, and those involved seem quite content
with it. But it seems to me that an important point is being overlooked.
Back in the "old days" of the Craft, there were many Witches who lived ata far distance from any village or even from any other people at all. Yet thesewere still Witches. They still worshiped the old gods and still worked theirown magick. That, I feel, was as it should have been... and as it still should
be. There are one or two traditions, today, that do subscribe more directly
to the old ways. In the Seax-Wica, for example, there is not the dependence
on the coven situation; there is the reality of the Witch alone.
The main point here is that you should not be excluded from the
Wicca for such a reason. Just because you don't live anywhere near acoven; just because you don't know of anyone else with similar interests;
just because you are an individualist who doesn't care to join withothers ... these are no reasons why you should not be a Witch. So let'slook at Solitary Wicca.
What are the main differences between being a coven Witch andbeing a Solitary?
1. With a Covener, the rituals are performed by a group of people;
several (principally the Priest and/or Priestess) playing the parts.
As a Solitary, you do everything yourself.
2. The Coven meets in a large (usually nine ft. diameter) circle.
The Solitary has a small, "compact" circle.
3. The Coven uses a "full complement" of tools, depending on the
tradition.
215

What of the Witch alone? Does one have tobelong to a coven? No, of course not. There aremany lone Witches, who believe in the Craft
deities, who have great herbal and/or healing
knowledge, who are to all intents and purposes
Witches.
Anatomy of the Occult
Raymond Buckland
Samuel Weiser, NY 1977

216 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

The Solitary uses only what s/he feels s/he needs.
4. Coven meetings must, to an extent, be held whenmost convenient for the majority. The Solitary canhold a ritual whenever s/he feels like it.
5. A Coven draws on all its members to build a Cone ofPower.
A Solitary has only her/his own power to draw on.
6. A Coven has a wide variety of knowledge andspecialties. A Solitary has only her/his own knowledge andspecialty.
7. A Coven is usually fairly set in its ways. A
Solitary can change with her/his moods.
8. A Coven ritual can become almost a "production" orpageant.
A Solitary ritual can be the barest minimum of words
and actions.
9. A Coven must attune itself as one. A
Solitary IS one.
There are many other differences, of course, butthese are enough to illustrate the point that there areboth advantages and disadvantages to being a Solitary.
Generally speaking, there is much more flexibility to
being a Solitary, but there is also a more limited store ofknowledge and magickal power on which to draw. Letme elaborate on the above points.
I. As a Solitary, you do everything yourself.
You can write your own rituals, just for you. But
you can also adopt and adapt coven ones. As an
example of what can be done, here are some of therituals from this book (Erecting the Temple; Esbat; Cakes
and Ale; Clearing the Temple), suitably modified. You cando the same sort of thing with most of the others.
Compare these with the originals as you go.
ERECTING THE TEMPLE

Wiccan rings the bell three times, facing east. She
then takes the Altar Candle and lights the East Candle
from it, saying:"Here do I bring light and air in at the East, toilluminate my temple and bring it the breath oflife."She moves around to the south to light that candle.

"Here do I bring light and fire in at the South, toilluminate my temple and bring it warmth."
To the west:"Here do I bring light and water in at the West,to illuminate my temple and wash it clean."To the north:"Here do I bring light and earth in at the north, toilluminate my temple and build it in strength."
She moves on round to the east and then back to thealtar. Replacing Altar Candle, she takes up her athameand goes again to the east. With point of athame down,
she traces the Circle, directing her power into it.
Returning to the altar, she rings the bell three times
then places the point of her athame into the Salt,
saying:"As Salt is Life, let it purify me in all ways I may
use it. Let it cleanse my body and spirit as I
dedicate myself, in this rite, to the glory of the
God and the Goddess."
She drops three portions of Salt into the Water, saying:"Let the Sacred Salt drive out any impurities in
the Water, that I may use it throughout theserites."She takes up the Salted Water and, starting and finishingat the east, walks around sprinkling the Circle. She thengoes around again with the thurible, censing theCircle.
Back at the altar, she drops a pinch of salt into the oiland stirs it with her finger. She then anoints herself withit, saying:"I consecrate myself in the names of the God
and of the Goddess, bidding them welcome tothis my Temple."
The Witch now moves to the east and, with her athame,draws an invoking pentagram.
"All hail to the element of Air; Watchtower ofthe East. May it stand in strength, ever watchingover this Circle."Lesson Fifteen: Solitary Witches / 217

She kisses the blade of the athame then moves to thesouth, where she draws an invoking pentagram.
"All hail to the element of Fire; Watchtower of
the South. May it stand in strength, everwatching over my Circle."
She kisses the blade and moves to the west and draws an
invoking pentagram.
"All hail to the element of Water; Watchtowerof the West. May it stand in strength, everwatching over my Circle."
She kisses the blade and moves to the north, where
she draws an invoking pentagram.
All hail to the element of Earth; Watchtower of
the North. May it stand in strength, everwatching over my Circle."
Kissing the blade, she returns to the altar, where sheraises her athame high.
"All hail the four Quarters and all hail theGods!
I bid the Lord and Lady welcome and invitethat they join with me, witnessing these rites I
hold in their honor. All hail!"
She takes the goblet and pours a little wine onto theground (or into the libation dish), then drinks, saying
the names of the gods.
"Now is the Temple erected. So Mote It Be!"
ESBAT

Witch: "Once more do I come to show my joy of lifeand re-affirm my feelings for the gods. The
Lord and the Lady have been good to me. It ismeet that I give thanks for all that I have. They
know that I have needs and they listen to me
when I call upon them. So do I thank the God
and the Goddess for those favors they havebestowed upon me."Then, in her own way, she gives her thanks and/or
requests help. She then rings the bell three times

and says:"An' it harm none, do what thou wilt. Thus
runs the Wiccan Rede. Whatever I desire;
whatever I would ask of the gods; whatever I
would do; I must be assured that it will harmno one—not even myself. And as I give, so
shall it return threefold. I give of myself—mylife; my love—and it will be thrice rewarded.
But should I send forth harm, then that too will
return thrice over."
Here the Witch may sing a favorite song or chant, orplay an instrument.
Witch: "Beauty and Strength are in the Lord and theLady both. Patience and Love; Wisdom andKnowledge."[If the Esbat is taking place at either the Full or the New
Moon, then the appropriate segment is inserted at this point.
Otherwise go directly into the CAKES AND ALE ceremony.]
CAKES AND ALE

Witch: "Now is it time for me to give thanks to thegods for that which sustains me. May I ever beaware of all that I owe to the gods."
She takes the goblet in her left hand and her athame inher right and slowly lowers the point of the knife into
the wine, saying:"In like fashion may male join with female, forthe happiness of both. Let the fruits of union
promote life. Let all be fruitful and let wealthbe spread throughout all lands."
She lays down the athame and drinks from the goblet.
Replacing it on the altar, she then touches the cakewith the point of the athame, saying:"This food is the blessing of the gods to mybody. I partake of it freely. Let me remember
always to see to it that aught that I have I sharewith those who have nothing."
She eats the cake, pausing to say:"As I enjoy these gifts of the gods, let me

218 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

remember that without the gods I would havenothing. So Mote It Be!"
CLEARING THE TEMPLE

Witch: "As I came into my Temple in love and friendship, let me leave it the same way. Let me
spread the love outward to all; sharing it withthose I meet."
She raises her athame high, in salute, and says:"Lord and Lady, my thanks to you for sharing
this time with me. My thanks for watching overme; guarding and guiding me in all things.
Love is the Law and Love is the Bond. Merry
did I come here and Merry do I part, to merrycome again. The Temple is now cleared. So
Mote It Be!"
She kisses the blade of her athame.

2. The Solitary has a small, "compact" Circle.
There is no need for the large, coven-size Circle
when you are working alone. One just large enoughfor you and the altar is all you need ... probably fivefeet in diameter would be sufficient. When Erecting theTemple, you would still walk all around this Circle to"draw" it with your athame, and to sprinkle and cense it,
but for addressing the four Quarters you need only turnand face the directions, from your place behind thealtar. When working magick, it is easier to build up
power in a smaller Circle and it is generally a "cosier"feeling.

3. The Solitary uses only what s/he feels s/he needs.
You probably won't need as many tools as acoven uses. You may decide to use no more than yourathame and a censer. It is up to you; you have only
yourself to please. Don't forget that you don't have tofollow all the rituals in this book exactly, or even those as
outlined in (1), above [see (8), below, for more onthis].
Examine as many traditions as you are able. See
what tools they use and why (it seems that some groups
use some items without really knowing why they do!),then decide on which ones you need. You will findtraditions that use broomsticks, ankhs, wands, tridents,

etc. You may even decide to add something that noone else uses—the Pecti-Wita, for example (a Solitary
tradition, as it happens), use a ritual Staff, which is notfound elsewhere. Don't add something just for thesake of having it, or just to be different. Use something
because you need to use it; because you feel more
comfortable with that particular tool than with anotheror than without it at all.

4. The Solitary can hold a ritual whenever s/he feels
like it.
A coven meets for the Sabbats and Esbats. The
dates for the Esbats are fixed at the most convenient
times for the majority of members. As a Solitary, you
can have an Esbat whenever you feel like it. You canhave Esbats three or four days in a row, or go from
New Moon to Full Moon without one at all. It's up to
you and how you feel. If there is a sudden emergency—
perhaps a healing that needs to be done—you can get
into it right away. You don't have to desperately try tocontact others before you can get to work.

5. A Solitary has only her/his own power to draw on.
When working magick, a coven generates a lot of
power. Working together, the total power of the whole
far exceeds the sum of the parts. The Solitary can do no
more than use the power s/he has. This is a fact andshould be accepted. It is one of the few drawbacks tobeing a Solitary. But this does not mean that nothingcan be done! Far from it. Many Solitaries do a great
deal of excellent work, drawing only on their own
resources. A good parallel might be seen inboat-racing, or sculling, where you have teams ofeight oarsmen, four, two or single rowers. All propel
their craft equally well. The only difference is thegreater speeds attained by the boats with the increased
numbers of oarsmen.

6. A Solitary has only her/his own knowledge andspecialty.
In a coven there is an accumulation of talents.
One Witch might specialize in healing, another inastrology, one in herbalism, another in tarot reading.
One might be an excellent tool-maker, another a great
calligraphist; one a winemaker and/or seamstress andanother a psychic and psychometrist.

Lesson Fifteen: Solitary Witches / 219

As stated, the Solitary has only her/his own knowledge available.
This, then, is another disadvantage but, again, one that must be accepted.
There is certainly no reason why, as a Solitary, you should not be intouch with others (Wiccans and non-Wiccans) who are astrologers, tarot
readers, herbalists, etc. and to call upon them for help and advice whenneeded. It is just that you don't have them readily to hand there in the
Circle with you, available at all times.
7. A Solitary can change with her/his moods.
A Gardnerian coven rigidly follows the Gardnerian rites. A
Welsh-Keltic coven rigidly follows the Welsh-Keltic rites. A Dianic covenrigidly follows the Dianic rites. This all goes without saying. Even an
eclectic coven will generally settle into rites, from whatever sources, withwhich it feels comfortable and will stay with them. But the Solitary is free
(freer even than most eclectics, if only by virtue of having only her/himself
to please) to do whatever s/he likes ... to experiment, to change, to adopt
and adapt. S/he can do elaborate, ceremonial rites one day and simple,
plain, ingenuous rites the next. S/he can do Gardnerian oriented rituals one
time, Welsh-Keltic the next and Dianic the next. There is tremendous
freedom for the Solitary, which I urge you to enjoy to the utmost. Experiment.
Try different types and styles of rituals. Find those that are exactly right foryou.

THE WARRIOR QUEEN
I am the Warrior Queen!
The Defender of my people. Withstrong arms do I bend the bow
And wield the Moon-Axe. I am She who
tamed the heavenly MareAnd rides the Winds of Time.
I am Guardian of the Sacred Flame;
The fire of all beginnings. I am the Sea-Mare,the firstborn of the Sea MotherAnd command the waters of the Earth.
I am Sister to the Stars
And Mother to the Moon. Within my womb
lies the destiny of mypeopleFor I am the Creatrix. I am daughter to the
Lady with ten thousand
names; I am Epona, thewhite Mare.
—Tara Buckland

8. A Solitary ritual can be the barest minimum of words and actions.
This follows on from (7), above. You can enjoy a true economy ofritual, if you so desire. Let me give you an example:
ERECTING THE TEMPLE (Alternate)

THELORD

The Witch lights the four Circle Candles from the Altar Candle and,with the athame, "draws" the Circle, directing power into it. She then sits,or kneels, before the altar and proceeds with a meditation on theelements:(This should be familiarized—not necessarily word for word—sothat it can be followed through without effort)

Behold! I am He who is at the beginning andthe end of time. I am in the hgat of the sun
and the coolness of"You are sitting in the middle of a field. There is lush green grass all about you,with a generous scattering of bright yellow buttercups. Some distance behindyou, and continuing way off to your left, a wooden rail fence, with other fields
beyond it, stretches off to another distant fence, beyond which are more fields
leading to the foothills of the mountains which you can see in the far distance.
A very light breeze ruffles the top of the grass and you can feel the wind's
gentleness as it brushes your face. Crickets chirrup in the grass and, from thetrees beyond the hedgerow, you can hear the occasional song of a bird. You feelcontented; you feel at peace.
A swallow swoops down and soars low across the field not twenty feet infront of you. He wings up and away over the trees towards the distant mountains. A
grasshopper lands on your knee, then almost immediately is gone again.
You get to your feet and stroll leisurely through the grass, parallel to thehedgerow. Your feet are bare and the grass lightly tickles them as you movethe breeze.

The spark of life is within Me As is thedarkness of death; For I am the cause ofexistence And the Gatekeeper at the endof time.
Lord-dweller in the sea,
You hear the thunder of my hooves upon
the shore
And see the fleck of foam as I pass by. My
strength is such that I might lift theworld to touch the stars. Yetgentle, ever, am I, as the lover.
1 am He whom all must face at the appointed
hour, Yet am I not to be feared, for I am
Brother,

Lover, Son.

Death is but the beginning of life
And 1 am He who turns the key.
—Raymond Buckland

220 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftalong. You walk over to your right till you are close besidethe hedge, then advance along it. Reaching out your hand as
you walk, you gently brush the leaves; just catching themwith your fingertips as you move along. There is a slight rise in
the ground ahead of you and off to the left. You leave thehedgerow and move lightly up the hillock to stand where
you can gaze about you at all the beauty that surroundsyou.
Seemingly coming all the way from the distant mountains,
the breeze you felt earlier is now more steady and you feel it on
your face and arms. It gently ruffles the tops of the grass andcauses buttercups to nod their golden heads. You stand on thehillock with your legs spread wide and slowly raise up yourarms towards the sky. As you raise them, you breathe indeeply. You hold the breath for a moment, then gradually
release it, bringing your arms back down to shoulder level.
As you release the breath you sing out the sound "Ah!"...
"A-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-h!"
You hear the sound echo away, rolling across the fields
towards the mountains. Very soon the wind returns yourcall. A brisker breeze springs up and comes rushing acrossthe field towards you. You stand exhilarated, your hands
now at your sides. Then, once again, you raise your hands ingreat arcs as you breathe in deeply. Again you pause, thenpartially lower them to the louder sound of"A-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-h!"
A second time the wind returns, this time blowing
strongly; bending the grass and stirring the hedgerow off toyour side. It blows back your hair and feels warm against
your cheeks. For the third time you raise your arms to thesky and cry out to the air. "A-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-h!" And for thethird time the air replies by sending the strong, rushingwind across the fields, bending the grass before it and swirlingup and around your body; tugging your hair back from yourface and fluttering the robes that you wear.
As the wind dies you allow your arms to fall to yoursides and stand, with head bowed, in the warmth of the sun.
Breathing regularly but deeply, you feel the strength of thesun as it shines down upon you from out of the cloudlessblue sky. Slowly you lift your face, with eyes closed, andbask in the radiance that encompasses you. You breathe indeeply, sensing the cleansing fire of the sun advancing
through your body, cleansing and purifying. As you breathe,
you feel the vitality building within you, fed by those timelessflames.
You bring your hands up, together, to your chest,
cupping them as though holding the very orb of the sun.
You continue raising them, up to your face then on up highabove your head. With palms open and upward, you spreadyour arms and reach up, absorbing the sun's rays into yourbody, this time through your hands and down through yourarms. Feel the energies rippling down through your body,
down through your legs, all the way to your toes. Feel thefire within you. Feel the fire.
Now you lower your arms and, turning back towards
the hedgerow, you leave the hillock and continue on along
the side of the field. As you walk you become aware of a newsound—the sound of a running stream. A tinkling of thewaters rushing over and around pebbles and small stones

reaches your ears and draws you forward. You reach theend of the hedgerow and see a small wood set back behind it.
From out between the trees runs the stream, bubbling andbustling on its way to it knows not where. It curves out andaround, to rush off and disappear from view on the far side of
the hedgerow you followed.
You drop down to your knees and reach forward ahand to feel the water. It is cold, yet not so cold as to turn you
away. The rushing water murmurs protest at the new obstacle
and bubbles around and between your fingers, eager to be on
its way. You smile and slip the other hand in beside the first.
You wriggle your fingers and rejoice in the invigorating
coolness of the water. You splash your face and feel the cold
droplets trickle down your neck. It is refreshing andenergizing. You cup your hands and raise a human grail of
divine essence from the stream. You bend and plunge yourface into it, to celebrate a catharsis of the flesh and of thespirit. The water refreshes, cleanses and purifies. It is a gift; afreely given pleasure. You sigh a long sigh of contentment.
Rising to your feet again, you move on along the edge ofthe trees until you reach the corner of a large, ploughed fieldthat opens out to the left. The soil is newly turned and thescent of it is heavy in the air. You walk out towards the centerof the field, breathing deeply and feeling the good clean dirtof the earth between your toes as you walk.
When you finally reach the middle of the ploughedfield, you stoop down and sweep up two handsful of the rich,dark brown earth. It feels good; it communicates a kinship ofnature. You feel a "grounding and centering" of your body,through your feet, into the earth. It is a sense of coming home,or reaching that which you have long sought.
You lie down on the earth, between the furrows, eyes
closed and face towards the sky. You feel the gentle breeze
blowing over you and luxuriate in the warmth of the sun.
Away in the distance you can just make out the tinkling of
the stream as you absorb the energies of the earth. Your
spirit soars and rejoices. And, in so doing, you have touched of
all the elements."

You can see that the "things said" and "things
done" are all in the mind. You may well feel comfortable
doing all your rites in this way, though I do urge you toat least cast your Circle physically.
As a preliminary to the meditation, above, you
might want to re-read the section on meditation in
Lesson Seven. Also, I would suggest incorporating thebreathing exercises given there, including the imagery of
the white light.
For such a guided meditation, you might like torecord it on tape, ahead of time, and then play it back toyourself in the Circle.

9. The Solitary IS one.
This can be both an advantage (chiefly so, I feel)Solitary Witches / 221

and a disadvantage. An example of the latter: if a Witch
happens to have a very short temper and has been
badly used by someone, s/he might possibly be
driven by thoughts of revenge. S/he might be tempted tooverlook the Wiccan Rede, rationalizing her/his
thoughts and feelings in some way. However, unlesss/he can get all of the other coven members, including
the Priest/ess, to feel the same way that s/he does, s/hecan do nothing s/he might later regret. Far more likely isthat the coven would calm her/him and bring the
problem into perspective. The Solitary, on the other
hand, does not have this "safety catch". S/he must,
therefore, be constantly on guard and always carefully
and closely examine the situation before working any
magick, giving special thought to the Wiccan Rede.

But, on the other side of the coin, the Solitary
does not have to make any compromises in anythings/he does. The Solitary is one with her/himself and is
automatically attuned, with no disharmony or
distraction.
So the Solitary Witch is indeed a reality. Don't letanyone tell you that, because you don't belong to acoven and because you were not initiated by someone(who was initiated by someone who was, in turn,
initiated by someone ... and so on, ad nauseum), you
are not a true Witch. Tell them to read their history(and ask them who initiated the very first Witch?!).
You are a Witch and you are so in the fine tradition of
Witchcraft. May the Gods be with you.

AND NOW ...?
You have now reached the end of this road. I hope you have found thejourney worthwhile. I have tried to teach you everything you need to know
to be a good Wiccan and to practice either as a member of a coven or as a
Solitary. If you have worked through this workbook diligently, then you
are actually better trained now than many Witches who have practiced foryears. Many come into covens that have no formal training and that seemto simply struggle along from one meeting to the next, with no one there
having any great knowledge. Of course this is not to say that, even if you
have absorbed everything in this book, you now know all there is toknow about the Craft... you don't. And nor do 1.1 have been in the Craft
for almost a quarter of a century, and have been studying for far longer
than that, yet I am still learning. To that end I suggest that you keep reading
all the books that you can. I have added a few more in a recommended
reading section at the end of this volume. I would also urge you to
re-read your lessons once in a while (I'd suggest once a year).
Remember, there are many roads that lead to the center. Each mustchoose her or his own. So be tolerant to others. Don't try to force yourways on them, nor let them force their ways on you. Thank you forbeing a good student. Always remember the Wiccan Rede: "AN' IT
HARM NONE, Do What Thou Wilt."
The Lord and the Lady be with you in everything you undertake.

APPENDIX AWICCAN DENOMINATIONS

Prior to publication of this book, I invited spokespersons of any and all Wiccan traditions to let me havebasic information about their particular denomination. I
hoped that I could then present that information here,
thus providing a means by which seekers could findthe right path for themselves (or at least narrow down
the choice). Unfortunately (dare I say, "typically"?)
few responded and some of those who did gave scantdetails of their beliefs and practices. To those who werekind enough to share, I give heartfelt thanks. It is difficult for beginners in the Craft—and even for many
long-time practitioners—to find a particular form ofpractice with which they can feel really comfortable.
Usually one is so delighted just to find the Craft at all,that one joyously embraces that initial contact eventhough, on later reflection, it does not contain all that
one had hoped and expected.
Here, then, are listed a number of different pathsof Wicca, with a distillation of information on theirbeliefs and practices. For further information, don't
hesitate to contact the group. An enclosed,
stamped-addressed envelope would be appreciated,
I'm sure.
ALEXANDRIAN WICCA
A tradition founded by Alex Sanders, in England.
The rituals are basically Gardnerian but have been
modified with many Judeo-Christian and Ceremonial
Magick elements. Covens work skyclad. The eight
Sabbats are observed and both God and Goddess arehonored.
Sanders himself is unique in the Craft world inthat he claims the title of a "King" of his Witches(details may be found in June Johns' book King Of the
Witches).
An attempt was made, a few years back, to create adenomination known as "Algard"—a blending ofAlexandrian and Gardnerian. Since Alexandrian isalready blended with Gardnerian, there didn't seemmuch point to it and I don't believe it caught on to any
great extent. Alexandrian Wicca is now found in many
countries around the world.
AMERICAN CELTIC WICCA"The American Order of the Brotherhood of the
Wicca" covens stem from Jessica Bell ("Lady Sheba"), a
self-styled Witch Queen. The tradition's rites are
virtually the same as the Gardnerian, though covens
work robed. They follow the same practice of
Gardnerians in preferring couples; preferably
husband and wife. "Ceremonial magick is the primary
work of the American Celtic tradition and it isconceived as being the most powerful and ancient meansof psychological and occult therapy by which normal,
healthy people can undertake a program of initiation anddevelopment."
AUSTRALIAN WICCAThe Craft is alive and well "down under" (as it is invirtually every country around the globe), with
Gardnerian, Alexandrian, Seax-Wica and other groups
there. There is a branch of The Church of the Old
Religion in Western Australia. Unfortunately, promised
details of this denomination did not arrive in time forthis edition of the Workbook. Hopefully in future
editions I can add pertinent information. For now,
interested persons can contact Catherine-Clair, P.O.
Box 80, Lane Cove, NSW 2066, Australia.
CHURCH OF Y TYLWYTH TEG
Their stated purpose is "to seek that which is of
the most worth in the world ... to exalt the dignity of
every person, the human side of our daily activities225

226 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

and the maximum service to humanity... to aid
humanities' (sic) search in the Great Spirit's Universe
for identity, for development and for happiness... tore-link humanity with itself and Nature."
It is, as its name suggests, a Keltic/Welsh tradition
and was originally organized by Bill Wheeler, inWashington D.C. in 1967, as "The Gentle People." Itteaches the balance of nature, folklore, mythology andthe mysteries and was incorporated as a non-profit(religious) organization, in the state of Georgia, in
1977.
The Church has an "Outer Circle" of students,
who may learn through correspondence, together
with its inner core. It is found in many areas of theUnited States. For further information, contact Y Tylwyth
Teg, P.O. Box 674884, Marietta, GA 30067.

Circle sponsors a variety of seminars, concerts
and workshops at their home base and around thecountry. At least once a year they also sponsor a special
program for Wiccan and other Pagan ministers, and at
Summer Solstice hold the National Pagan Spirit
Gathering.
Circle is incorporated as a non-profit spiritual
center and is recognized as a legal Wiccan Church bystate and federal governments. Circle differs frommany traditions of Wicca in that it is more aligned with
Shamanism and, it seems to me, Amerindian ways
than with the Wicca of Western Europe found in the
majority of Craft traditions. This is not to denigrate it in
any way, for it is an excellent, dedicated and wellorganized center. Further information may be obtained
from Circle, P.O. Box 219, Mt. Horeb, WI 53572.

CHURCH OF THE CRESCENT MOON
"The Church of the Crescent Moon is a cohesive,
small group of highly dedicated individuals ... EachPriestess and Priest maintains services to the Goddess or
God she or he serves, and the Goddesses and Gods ingeneral. Therefore, the Church offers many paths to theultimate 'oneness' with the absolute." The purposes of the
Church of the Crescent Moon include perpetuating "theuncorrupted religion of ancient Ireland" andproviding "information and instruction about theGoddesses and Gods in general, Irish culture andmany occult subjects."
Although the Church, which was originally organized in 1976, states that "we do not call ourselves
Wiccans..." I have included them in this present
work. Many of their rituals are open to guests andprospective members. Further information may beobtained from The Director, Church of the CrescentMoon, P.O. Box 652, Camarillo, CA 93011-0652.

COVEN OF THE FOREST, FAR AND FOREVER.
This is a newer denomination and therefore notfound as widely spread as some of the others listed. It
was formed by a Priest and Priestess with collective
experiences in Dianic, hereditary Spanish, Egyptianand Gardnerian Wicca plus Qabbalism. There is goodbalance between the male and female aspects. The
group "sees the Goddess and God figures as living
representatives of even more fundamental, living forces
which manifest on a variety of levels." Their statedpurpose is "to make ourselves more fit as vehicles forthese forces, by invoking them to, in turn, balance anddevelop our own natures and grow closer to the
Universe."
The worship is skyclad and without the use ofdrugs. Esbats are held at each moon and there isemphasis on the Book of Shadows being personallyhandwritten. Further information is available from
Elivri and Giselda, P.O. Box 13804, University Station,
Gainesville, FL 32604

CIRCLE WICCA
Circle was begun in 1974 by Selena Fox and Jim
Alan. Its headquarters are at Circle Sanctuary, a 200 acre
Nature preserve and organic herb farm in the rolling
hills of southwestern Wisconsin. Circle coordinates
Circle Network, "an international exchange and contact
service for Wiccans, Neo-Pagans, Pantheists, Goddess
Folk, Shamans, Druids, Eco-Feminists, Native American
Medicine People, Seers, Ceremonial Magicians, Mystics
and others on related paths." They publish an annual
source, which I recommend to the seeker, the Circle
Guide to Pagan Resources. I also recommend theirquarterly newspaper, Circle Network News.

DEBORAN WITCHDOM"The Deboran branch is eclectic. We make little
ritual use of nudity. We work with balanced polarities(Goddess-God; positive-negative). What we are aiming
for is a reconstruction of the Craft as it would be if the
Burning Times had never happened—as if Wiccedom
had continued without interference to this day. We
use research, logical deduction and divination in thisquest."
Sabbats are open to guests but Esbats are closed.
CoVen leaders are called Robin and Marion, with theirseconds-in-command called the Maiden and the GreenAppendix A: Wiccan Denominations / 227

Man. They do not have First, Second and Third
Degrees as such, but "Apprentices, 'sealed and sworn'
Witches and Elders.""We view the Craft as a priesthood with a ministry
and our principle job, as Witches, is to help others findpathways to religious experience and to their own
power." The Deboran tradition has been in existence
for at least seven years, as of this writing, and wasfounded by Claudia Haldane. Further information
may be obtained from Erinna Northwind, Eregion
Grove, P.O. Box 114, Nahant, MA 01908.
DIANIC FEMINIST WICCE

A tradition started by Ann Forfreedom that isboth religious and practices magick. It includes both
female and male practitioners ('It is not lesbian oriented
and not separatist" states Ann), solo practitioners,
mixed covens and all female covens.
"Dianic Feminist Wicce encourages female leadership, insists that a Priestess must be present for a
Circle ritual to be held and involves its practitioners infeminist and humanist issues." Groups work either
skyclad or robed. Further information may be obtained
from Goddess Rising, 2441 Cordova street, Oakland,
CA 94602
FROSTS'WICCA

This is one of the many Welsh-based traditions. It
was originally founded by Gavin and Yvonne Frost in
the early 1970s. As "The Church and School of Wicca"
the material is presented to students by correspondence, though the course is virtually the same as thematerial presented in their book The Witches' Bible.
Originally (in the book) there was no mention of theGoddess at all and there were various sexual aspects
which dismayed many who were otherwise drawn to
the tradition. The latter situation has recently been
modified and there is now mention of the Goddess. It isa widely spread tradition, found throughout thiscountry and abroad. For further information contact
The School Of Wicca, P.O. Box 1502, New Bern, NC
28560.
GARDNERIAN WICA

This was the first denomination of the Craft to
make itself known publicly (in the 1950s, in England).
Because of that, many people mistakenly think that it is
the only "true" Wicca. It is named for its founder,
Gerald Gardner, who actually launched the tradition a
few years after the end of the second World War. For

many years Gardner was accused of inventing thewhole concept of Wicca and of getting Aleister Crowley towrite its rituals. Today he has been pretty wellcleared of both these charges. The Gardnerian Book of
Shadows can now be seen as a compilation fromvarious sources, much of it actually contributed by
Doreen Valiente. For a detailed examination of thebirth of Gardnerian, see Janet and Stewart Farrar's
excellent books Eight Sabbats for Witches and The
Witches’ Way.
The Gardnerian tradition places emphasis on the
Goddess over the God, with the female generally
lauded over the male. It has a degree system of advancement and does not allow for self-initiation. Covens
work skyclad and aim to have "perfect couples"—equal numbers of male and female, paired. Covens
are, theoretically at least, autonomous. Gardnerian
Wica is found in most countries around the world.
Today there are many traditions which base theirrites on the Gardnerian ones. There are also a large
number of groups who call themselves "Gardnerian"even though their Books of Shadows bear little
resemblance to Gardner's original. For more informationon this tradition contact Joyce Rasmussen, 383
Harrison Street, Council Bluffs, IA 51501. (I canpersonally vouch for the fact that this lady's Book is
the same as Gardner's own).
GEORGIAN WICCA

The Georgians, founded by George E. Patterson in
1970, were chartered by the Universal Life Church in1972, as The Church of Wicca of Bakersfield! In
1980 they were chartered as The Georgian Church.
"The Georgians are eclectic, much based on
Gardnerian-Alexandrian plus some English traditionalist and some original... God-Goddess oriented butlean more towards the Goddess." They generally work
skyclad but individual groups or individuals may do as
they wish. They are both religious and magickal andcelebrate the eight Sabbats. Members are encouraged towrite rituals and to learn from all available sources.
More information may be had from The Georgian
Church, 1908 Verde Street, Bakersfield, CA 93304.
MAIDENHILL WICCA

A "traditional" Wiccan group established in 1979and having strong ties with The Coven of Rhiannon in
Manchester, England.
"Our main focus is the worship of the great Goddess and her Consort, the Horned God ... Our coven228 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

does not limit worship to one particular cultural-ethnic'tradition'. Rather, a thorough training in basic Gardnerian
Wica is taught and members are urged, after
mastering these basics, to find that particular myth
cycle or path consistent with their beliefs."
Further information is obtainable from Deidre,
Maidenhill, P.O. Box 29166, Philadelphia, PA 19127.
NORTHERN WAY

A non-initiatory tradition that works robed. "We
try to emulate as authentic and traditional re-creation as
possible of old Norse garb ... Our God-names are all
Old Norse, not Teutonic. We do cast a Circle; we do not'call Quarters'... Our tradition is Norse ... the group,
however, is not hereditary in that members need not
be of any particular family or ethnic group."
The Northern Way was founded in 1980 andincorporated in 1982, in Chicago. Its religion is sometimes called Asatru. They observe the four Solar Fire
Festivals as well as those indigenous to the Norse
religion. Further details may be obtained from NorthernWay, Inc., Nova Coven, 45 S. LaVergne Ave, Northlake, II
60164, (312) 562-0802.
NOVA WICCA

An eclectic group founded by two Gardnerians.
They work robed at Esbats and Sabbats and skyclad at
initiations. The Gardnerian deity names are used,though "working pairs may use others if they wish."Nova has a degree system, which is very finely tuned,and an in-depth training, some classes being open to
newcomers. Grand Sabbats are also open to interested
persons, at the coven's discretion.
Nova classifies itself as "a Mixed Traditional,
Teaching/Training Coven." Further information may
be obtained from Nimue and Duncan, 6030 W.
Roosevelt Road, Oak Park, IL 60304.
PECTI-WITA

A Scottish Solitary tradition passed on by Aidan
Breac, who personally teaches students in his home atCastle Carnonacae, in Scotland. The tradition is attuned tothe solar and lunar changes, with a balance between the
God and the Goddess. Meditation and divination playa large part in the tradition and it also teaches several
variations on solitary working of magick. Information
is not generally available and Mr. Breac (who, as ofthis writing, is about ninety years old) is not seeking
further students.*

SEAX-WICA

This tradition was founded by myself in 1973. It
has a Saxon basis but is, in fact, a new denomination of
the Craft. It does not pretend to be either a continuation
or a re-creation of the original Saxon religion (see notes in
Lesson 2 regarding the choice of deity names). Main featuresof the tradition are the fact that it has open rituals (allof them are published and available), it has ademocratic organization that precludes ego trips andpower plays by coven leaders, there can be Coven or
Solitary practice and there is the reality of
Self-Initiation in lieu of Coven Initiation, if desired.
Covens are led by Priest and/or Priestess and decide forthemselves whether to work skyclad or robed. The
Seax-Wica is found throughout the United States andin many countries around the world. My book The Tree:
Complete Book of Saxon Witchcraft (Weiser, NY 1978)
gives the basics of the tradition.
In Margo Adler's book, Drawing Down the Moon,she makes a couple of incorrect statements that I feelneed to be addressed. She claims that the Seax-Wica
was originally started as a joke and further states that it isan eclectic collection of bits and pieces from various
sources. She is wrong on both counts (it is unfortunate
when an author does not bother to verify statements
before publishing them).
Since I left the Gardnerian tradition after morethan a decade of great activity in it, in order to foundand promote the Saxon tradition, and since theSeax-Wica has been my life for well over anotherdecade, it should be obvious to anyone of any
intelligence that it was not a joke! Far from it; it wasvery carefully constructed as an answer to thecorruption (a harsh word but, I feel, the appropriate one)that seemed prevalent in some sectors of the Craft, and inmuch of Gardnerian specifically, at that time (I haveno reason to believe that this is still the case). Far fromdrawing on other sources, with the exception of using
Saxon deity names all of the tradition as I presented it
was new and of my own authorship. I was particularly
careful to still honor my original Gardnerian oath and not
to include any of that tradition's secrets.
Happily, many people felt the same way that I did at
the time of the Seax-Wica's inception and many havewelcomed it since. Today the Saxon tradition
flourishes and grows at a steady rate. Details may befound in my book, The Tree, mentioned above.

*I am in touch with Aidan Breac and hope, sometime in the future, to be allowed to present the Pecti-Wita teachings to a larger audience.

APPENDIX B
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

Witches: Investigating an Ancient Religion—
T.C. Lethbridge
The Devil In Massachusetts—Marion Starkey

LESSON ONE

Answer in your own words, without referring back to
the text. Do not go on to the next lesson until you are
entirely happy with the previous one. Answers to thequestions are to be found in Appendix C.

LESSON TWO

1. Which two deities were most important to early
Wo/Man's existence?
2. What is "sympathetic" magick? Give an example
of it.
3. Where did Pope Gregory build the early churches
and why?
4. Who or what was "Jack o' the Green"?
5. What was "The Witches' Hammer" and who was
responsible for it?
6. Who was the anthropologist/Egyptologist who, in
the 1930s, advanced the theory that Witchcraft wasan organized religion?
7. When was the last law against Witchcraft repealed inEngland?
8. Who was the first Witch to speak up for the Craft (a)in England, (b) in America?
9. What is a Witch's only animosity towards Christianity?
10. Do you have to belong to a coven to be able towork a spell?
PLEASE READ:
Chapters One through Six of Witchcraft From theInside by Raymond Buckland.
Recommended supplementary reading:
The Cod of the Witches—Dr. Margaret A. Murray229

1. Study the two Goddess myths given in the lesson
and examine their symbolism. In the Saxon mythof Freya, what does the necklace Brosingamene
represent?
2. What are the three essentials of magick?
3.

Have the Christians ever believed in reincarnation?

4. According to Craft beliefs, if you do an injury tosomeone (a) will you be able to wait till after
death before being punished? (b) does that mean
the same injury will be done to you in your nextlife?
5. Imagine that you share an apartment with a roommate who is not in the Craft. You have your own
bedroom but must share kitchen and living-room. Is
it possible to have your own temple? If so,where would be the best place?
6.

From which direction do you enter the ritual
Circle?

7.

North, South, East, West... Blue, Green, Red,
Yellow. Which color goes with which direction?

8.

Which of the following could be used for analtar?
(a) Folding metal card-table(b) Wooden packing crate(c) Two concrete blocks and a piece of plywood(d) Tree stump230 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

LESSON FOUR

9. What is the "Wiccan Rede"?
10. Can you use a glass ashtray for a censer?
PLEASE READ: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 of The Lost
Gods of England by Brian Branston.
Recommended supplementary reading:
Witchcraft Today—Gerald B. Gardner
LESSON THREE
1. Does the Witch's knife have to be of any special
length?
2. You own an ancient knife which you believe wasonce used to kill a man. Could you use this as anathame?

1.

What is the term used for the central theme ofinitiation?

2. Describe, briefly, the general pattern of initiation.
3.

What is the meaning of the blindfolding andbinding?

4. What is the Wiccan Rede and what does it mean?
5. Is it usual for a woman to initiate another woman?
6. Write a short essay on what the Craft means toyou and why you want to be a part of it.

3. Can you use an unaltered, store-bought knife foryour athame?

PLEASE READ:
Witchcraft Today by Gerald B. Gardner
Rites and Symbols of Initiation (Birth and Rebirth) by
Mircea Eliade

4. What are the two principle methods of marking
metal?

Recommended supplementary reading:
The Rites of Passage—Arnold Van Gennep

5. Is the Sword necessary, or can something else be
substituted?
6. What is a burin?
7. Jessica Wells was born March 15, 1962. She likes
the name "Rowena" and would like to use it for
her Craft name. Is this a good choice? If not, what
would you suggest she do?
8. Choose your Craft name. Check it numerologically.
Practice writing it in various forms of magickal
script.

LESSON FIVE
1. If you have a coven with eleven people in it andfour more come along who want to join, canthey? What are the alternatives possible?
2. What color is the cover of the Book of Shadows?
Can you type the rituals and put them in yourbook?
3. How often should a coven meet?

PLEASE READ:
Chapters 7,8,9,10 of Witchcraft From the Inside byRaymond Buckland. Chapters 1 thru 5 of The
Meaning of Witchcraft by Gerald B. Gardner.

4. The date of your next Esbat meeting is also thedate of the full moon. Which of the following
rituals should you do and in what order?
Cakes and Ale
Erecting the Temple
Full Moon Rite
Clearing the Temple
New Moon Rite
Esbat Rite

Recommended supplementary reading:
Numerology—Vincent Lopez

5. What are the names of the four Greater Sabbats?

9. How would you write the name "GALADRIEL" in
Saxon runes? What would be the Magickal
Monogram for this name?

Appendix B: Examination Questions / 231

6. Is dancing permitted within the Circle?

3. What is the best time of day to meditate?

7. What is the meaning of the Cakes and Ale rite?
What is the symbolism of lowering the athame
into the goblet?

4. Where do you focus your attention?

PLEASE READ:

Chapters 6 through 12 of The Meaning of Witchcraft by Gerald Gardner.

Recommended supplementary reading:Aradia, Gospel of the Witches—Charles G. Leland
The Witches Speak—Patricia and Arnold Crowther
LESSON SIX

1.

A coven member wishes to work some lovemagick at the next Circle, which happens to be
Imbolc. Can she do so? If not, why not? When canshe do it?

2. At which Sabbats are the God and the Goddess
honored?
3. At the height of the summer, which deity is supreme, to the exclusion of the other?
4.

If the Sabbat date coincides with a full moon,
whereabouts, in the ceremonies, would you perform the Full Moon Rite?

5. Describe, briefly, three dreams you have had in
the past month. Give your interpretation of those
dreams.
6. What is a Priapic Wand?
7.

Start a dream diary. Record all your dreams.
There is no need to write down an interpretationfor each and every one, but at least think about
their meanings as you record them.

PLEASE READ:
The Dream Game by Ann Faraday
The Silent Path by Michael Eastcott
Recommended supplementary reading:Dreams—Carl G. Jung
The Llewellyn Guide to Astral Projection—Melita
Dennings & Osborne Phillips
LESSON EIGHT

1. Is the Wicca handfasting rite a lifetime joining of the
man and woman?
2. At what age is a child initiated into the Craft?

5. Which Sabbat marks the shift of emphasis from
Goddess to God? Which marks the shift backfrom God to Goddess?

3. What are the two main categories of channeling?

6. Is Yule one of the four Greater Sabbats?

4. Give at least five of the major points you must
address in order to clear your mind for channeling.

PLEASE READ:
Eight Sabbats for Witches by Janet and Stewart
FarrarRecommended supplementary reading:
Seasonal Occult Rituals—William Gray
LESSON SEVEN

1. Briefly, what is meditation?
2. Regardless of how, or where, you sit, what is themost important thing regarding your posture?

5. You have mislaid your car keys. You don't knowwhether they are in your bedroom, living room or
kitchen, or at the office. How do you locate them?
Give two methods.
6. You see a large break in your father's aura, in thearea near his heart. What would you tell him andwhy?
PLEASE READ:
How to Read the Aura; How to Develop Psychometry;
How to Develop Clairvoyance all by W.E. Butler
Practical Color Magick by Raymond Buckland

232 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Recommended supplementary reading:
The Principles and Practice of Radiesthesia—Abbe
MermetAmazing Secrets of the Psychic World—Raymond
Buckland and Hereward Carrington
LESSON NINE
1. After trying at least three different spreads for thetarot, and doing at least six readings with eachspread, write down which of the spreads you
prefer and why.
2.

Imagine that you are in the middle of doing atarot reading for a friend, using the Rider-Waite
deck. The Major Arcana card, "The Tower"
appears in the position of The Immediate Future.
What interpretation would you place on it? (It isrealized that much would depend on the other cards
around it. However, just give your interpretation forthis one card)

3. In this same hypothetical reading, the Final Outcome for your friend is the Five of Pentacles.
What is your interpretation of that card in that
position?
4. If you do not own a crystal ball but want to try
scrying, what could you use in its place?
5. In cheiromancy, what is the difference between
the left hand and the right, for purposes of interpretation?
6.

When reading tealeaves you see a bell and ahorseshoe low down in the cup, but by the handle.
What do they mean?

7.

(a) What can you say about John F. Kennedy(going just by the name) according to numerology(b) By numerology, were Napolean andJosephine compatible?

8. An astrological chart shows a Pisces ascendant.
What could you say about the person?
PLEASE READ:
The Book of Changes by J. Blofeld
1-OmzgbyR.Wilhelm

The Seventh Sense by Kenneth Roberts
Numerology by Vincent Lopez
The New A to Z Horoscope Maker and Delineator by
Llewellyn George Palmistry, the Whole View
by Judith Hipskind
Recommended supplementary reading: Crystal
Gazing—T. Besterman Medical Palmistry—Marten
Steinbach A Pocket Guide to theSupernatural—Raymond Buckland
LESSON TEN

1. What are the requirements of a good healer?
2. Why should you always refer to plants by theirLatin name?
3. What is: (a) an infusion (b) clarification?
4. Name three different methods of preparing herbs
for medicinal use.
5. What would you use Slippery Elm for? (Littmus
fulva )
6. What do the following terms mean: (a) Carminative (b)Expectorant (c) Rubifacient (d) Sudorific?
7. If the adult dose of a particular medicine is two(2) drachms, what dose would you give a sevenyear old child?
*>
8. What are the abbreviations for the following: (a)equal parts (b) a spoonful (c) shake the vessel (d)after meals?
PLEASE READ:
Stalking the Healthful Herbs by Euell Gibbons
The Herb Book by John Lust
The Tree (Section on Herbal Lore) by Raymond
Buckland
Recommended supplementary reading:Common and Uncommon Uses of Herbs for Healthful
Lining—Richard Lucas
The Herbalist—J.E. Meyer
Potter's New Encyclopedia of Botanical Herbs

Appendix B: Examination Questions 1233

Complete Herbal—Nicholas Culpeper
Complete Herbal—Gerard Herbal
Manual—H. Ward
LESSON ELEVEN
1. What is magick? How do you prepare for it (before
actually stepping into the Circle)? When do you useit?

2. How and where would you create a Cone ofPower?
3. Write a chant to(a) Bring about a just court decision(b) increase the yield of a farmer's fields(c) recover stolen goods, also give the key word
for releasing the power in each case.
4. A young woman has been deserted by her husband (he ran off with her "best friend"). She is left
with three children and a pile of bills. Explain, in
detail, what magick you would do for her/including
the method, the whole story you plan (frompresent to final desired situation), the chant, the
key word.
5. Write a short paragraph on why chants and rhymes
are important.
6. You are a Solitary Witch. A dear friend comes toyou asking for help. What would you advise(remember who is the best person to work
magick)?
PLEASE READ:
Practical Candleburning Rituals by Raymond
Buckland
Practical Color Magick by Raymond Buckland

Recommended supplementary reading:Sexual Occultism—Jonn Mumford
Magical Herbalism—Scott Cunningham
Earth Power—Scott Cunningham
LESSON TWELVE

1. What is a talisman? How does a talisman differ?

from an amulet?
2. What two main actions are required to charge atalisman with power?
3. How do you personalize a talisman? What would
you put on a talisman to personalize it for a man
named Frank Higgins (Craft Name: Eldoriac), born
June 27, 1942?
4. Mary Pagani (Craft Name: Empira) wants a better
paying position where she works. There is a position
opening up soon and she would like to get it.
Explain how you would determine what to put ona talisman for her to wear to ensure getting thispromotion. When and how would you make it?
Mary's birthdate is February 14, 1954.
5. Henry Wilson is in love with Amy Kirshaw. She is
not in love with him. Explain how you would
determine what to put on a talisman for Henry,
and when and how you would make it. Henry's
birthdate is October 12, 1947, and Amy's is July 3,
1958.
6. Practice writing in all of the magickal alphabets
illustrated. Why should you not try to learn any ofthem by heart?
PLEASE READ:
The Runes and Other Magical Alphabets by Michael
HowardHow To Make and Use Talismans by Israel Regardie
Recommended supplementary reading:
The Book of Charms and Talismans—Sepharial
Egyptian Language—Sir Wallis Budge
LESSON THIRTEEN

1. A young boy slipped from a pile of rocks he wasclimbing, fell and broke his left leg. It has been set
but is taking a long time to mend. What would
you do to help the mending process, utilizing(a) auric healing(b) gem therapy(c) graphochromopathy?
2. In the case described in question 1, devise a way234 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftof aiding the boy, magickally, using a method ofyour own, which may be based on those given in
the Lesson (e.g. a variation of sympathetic magick).

LESSON FOURTEEN

1. Is it permissable for you to write you own rituals?
What are the two basics to bear in mind whenwriting them, and what should be the focus of theritual?

3. What is Prana? In pranic healing, why is it necessary
to shake the hands vigorously at the end of a pass?
Give two methods of doing pranic healing when
the patient is not physically present.

2.

4. A woman has a hysterectomy. Describe how you
would aid her recovery, using a Poppet.

3. Why is participation important in religion?

5. Write a short essay on healing, reviewing what
you have learned in lessons 10,11,12 and 13.

4. Where is the best place to find potential covenmembers?

PLEASE READ:
Color Healing by Mary Anderson Healing forEveryone by E. Loomis & J. Paulson Is This Your
Day? by George S. Thommen The Art of True
Healing by Israel Regardie Precious Stones; Their
Occult Power and Hidden Significance by W.B.
Crow
Recommended supplementary reading: Magic and
Healing—C.J.S. Thompson Color Therapy—Linda
Clark Handbook of Bach Flower Remedies—Philip
M. Chancellor
Handbook of Unusual and Unorthodox Healing
Methods—J.V. Cerney
See, also, the list at the end of the lesson.

5.

What names will you give to the God and theGoddess in your rituals?

Why would any tradition of the Craft want toestablish themselves as a "church"? What would
be the first step to so establishing yourself?

6. One Saturday morning you happen to see a program for children, on television, which depicts a
Witch as an evil worshipper of the Christian
Devil. What should you do?
7. Your mother-in-law happens to find your Book of
Shadows and your athame. She immediately
assumes you are a servant of Satan! What would
you tell her?
PLEASE READ:
Seasonal Occult Rituals by William Gray
Recommended supplementary reading; The
Spiral Dance—Starhawk

APPENDIX CANSWERS TO EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

8. (a) Gerald Brousseau Gardner (b)Raymond Buckland

LESSON ONE

1. The God of the Hunt and the Goddess of Fertility.

9. A Witch's only animosity towards Christianity, or
towards any other religion or philosophy of life,
is to the extent that its institutions have claimed
to be "the only way" and have sought to deny
freedom to others and to suppress other ways of
religious practice and belief.

2. The belief that similar things have similar effects(like attracts like). An example would be the earlyhunting magick of primitive Wo/Man where aclay model of the animal to be hunted was firstattacked and "killed" in the belief that the realhunt would follow the same pattern.

10. No, you do not have to belong to a coven to work
magick There are many Witches who work alone(Solitaries). There are also many people who are
not Witches who work magick (Magicians).

3. Pope Gregory the Great built his churches on theold pagan sites, hoping to "cash in" on the factthat the people were accustomed to go to thoseplaces in order to worship. Any pagan temples on
the sites were either rededicated to the Christian god
or were torn down and replaced by Christianchurches.

LESSON TWO

1. The necklace Brosingamene represents the brightness of the sun. Its loss, therefore, brings on fall
and winter (Freya's descent into Dreun). Its return
heralds spring and summer.

4. "Jack o' the Green" was the name given to carvings
which represented the old God of Hunting and of
Nature. They were also known as "Robin of the
Woods" or by the more general term of "foliate
masks."

2.

5. "The Witches' Hammer" was the book Malleus
Maleficarum, which detailed how to discover andinterrogate Witches. It was the main reference
book of the persecutors during the "Burning
Times" and was authored by two Germanmonks, Heinrich Institoris Kramer and Jakob
Sprenger.

(i) Feeling—the most important ingredient. You
must really want the thing you seek with every
fiber of your being, (ii) Timing—tying in with thephases of the Moon, (iii) Cleanliness.

3. Yes, they have. It was part of the original Christianteachings until condemned by the Second Councilof Constantinople in 553 c.e.
4. (a) No. You experience retribution in this life, (b)Not necessarily. You experience all things throughout
your many lifetimes. You may, therefore, havereceived the same type of injury in any one

6. Dr. Margaret Alice Murray.
7. 1951.
235

236 / Auckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftof your previous lives or you may in any one ofyour future ones.
5. Yes, it is possible. Your temple can be in any areaand does not have to be set up permanently. In
this situation, the best place would probably be inyour bedroom.
6. From the East (the direction of sunrise).
7.

North—Green; East—Yellow; South—Red;West—Blue.

8. They all could be, but the best would be without
metal. In order of preference I would put them (d)(c) (b) (a).

can always be used in lieu of the sword.
6. A burin is an engraving tool and is used for marking
on metal.
7. Jessica's Birth Number is 9 (3 . 15 . 1962 —3+1+5+1+9+6+2 = 27 = 9); Rowena is a 4
Name Number (R=9, O=6, W=5, E=5, N=5,
A=l; 9+6+5+5+5+1 = 31 = 4). Therefore,
Rowena would not be a good choice insofar as it
does not match her Birth Number. However, she
could make it fit by adding another 5 letter. I
would suggest adding another "E', thus: RO WEEN/4 =9+6+5+5+5+5+1 = 36 = 9.
8. Don't forget to include the '19' of the year (e.g.
1946) when working out your Birth Number.

9. An' it harm none, do what thou wilt.
10. Yes, you can. It's not asthetically pleasing, however, and you could probably find something
better, but it would do. To be sure it doesn't crackfrom the heat, you would be well advised to fill itwith sand first.
LESSON THREE

9. GALADRIEL-

1.

1. The whole initiatory process is referred to as a
"Rite of Passage" but the Central Theme (which iswhat I asked for) is a PALINGENESIS; a rebirth.

No. It can be whatever length best suits its
owner.

2. Yes, you could. The knife itself was merely the
instrument used in the action. Any negativity
would have gone to the murderer her/himself.
So long as the knife is properly cleansed andconsecrated, it can certainly be used for an
athame.
3. No. Any knife should be worked on by its owner insome way. If you can't make it from scratch thenperhaps you can make a new handle for it. If you
can't even do that, then at the very least do somework on it—carve your name and/or Magickal
Monogram on it. Personalize it in some way.
Then, of course, you must consecrate it.
4. Engraving and etching.
5. I would strongly recommend having a sword forcoven use, but it is not mandatory. The athame

Magickal Monogram:
LESSON FOUR

2. Initiation generally follows the pattern of SEPARATION; CLEANSING; SYMBOLIC DEATH; NEW
KNOWLEDGE; REBIRTH.
3. It represents the darkness and the restriction of
the womb prior to birth.
4. I asked this before, in Lesson Two's examinationquestions, but I do want to impress it upon you.
The Wiccan Rede is "An' it harm none, do what
thou wilt". It means that you can do anything you
like so long as you don't hurt anyone. And I would
remind you that "anyone" includes yourself.
5. No, it is not usual. Normally (traditionally) a man
will initiate a woman and a woman initiate a man.
However, it would not be wrong for a man toinitiate another man or a woman another woman.

Appendix C: Answers to Examination Questions / 237

In fact this is quite often done in the case of amother initiating her daughter or a father his son.
6. Think carefully about this question and write theessay as though I were going to read it. Then put itaway safely somwhere. Take it out to read it
again in about a month's time. See if you stillagree with what you said or if you would alter it in
any way.
LESSON FIVE
1. Yes, they can. There is no maximum number for acoven (thirteen has become something of a
"traditional" number, though there is actually little
evidence for it historically). However, a total of
fifteen people could be a little unwieldy. Two
possible alternatives would be (i) for the fifteen to
split into two covens, with some new and some old(i.e. more experienced) in each group, or (ii) for thefour newcomers to simply start their own covenfrom scratch.
2. Green. No, the rituals should always be written byhand. In fact, on the title page of most of the old
Books of Shadows there is the notation "By the
Witch ...(Name)..., in her hand of write" (i.e. in her
own handwriting).

for emergency healings, no work is done at
sabbats, which are for celebration. She would
have to either wait for the next esbat, or do a
special Circle, for working the magick, sometime
before or after the sabbat evening.
2. The God and the Goddess are honored at every
sabbat. Depending on the time of year, one isgiven preference over the other (basically the
Goddess during the light half of the year and theGod during the dark half), but it should be
remembered that they are both there at all times.
Neither of them "dies" and is gone.
3.

The emphasis is on the Goddess—but bear inmind my answer to question 2, so she is notsupreme "to the exclusion of the other."

4.

Erecting the Temple; Full Moon Rite; Sabbat
Rite; Cakes and Ale; Celebrations; Clearing theTemple.

5. (a) Samhain

6. No, it is one of the Lesser Sabbats—the WinterSolstice; December 21st.
LESSON SEVEN

3. At least once a month.
4. Erecting the Temple; Esbat Rite; Full Moon Rite;
Cakes and Ale; Clearing the Temple (if it is thedate of the full Moon then the New Moon Rite
would not be done, of course).
5. Samhain; Imbolc; Beltane; Lughnasadh.
6. It is not only permitted but is encouraged. It isespecially useful in the working of magick.
7. It is a thanking of the gods for the necessities oflife. The lowering of the athame into the wine
goblet symbolizes the joining of male and female(the insertion of the penis into the vagina).
LESSON SIX
1. Since Imbolc is a sabbat, no, she cannot. Except(b) Beltane.

1.

It is a listening. Listening to the Higher Self
(Inner Self; Creative Force; Higher Consciousness;
the Gods Themselves—however you wish to
relate to it). It differs from prayer in that prayer is anasking whereas meditation, as I have said, is alistening (perhaps even listening to the answer to aprayer).

2. To keep the spine straight.
3. There really is no "best time", but you should beconsistent and meditate at the same time each day, if
possible.
4. On the Third Eye.
5. Examine your dreams carefully when interpretingthem. Break down each dream into its various
component parts. Pay particular attention tocolors, numbers, animals, significant objects, etc.

238 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraftgroup of people. YOM must decide. Bear in mind theposition of the card and relate that to when this is
likely to happen.

Don't be too quick to take your dreams literally
and always keep in mind that the main character (s)usually represent yourself.
6. A wand shaped like a phallus (penis) and used invarious fertility rites. It is named after the Roman
god Priapus.
LESSON EIGHT

1. No. They pledge themselves to each other for as
long as their love shall last. When there is no longer
love between them, they are free to go theirseparate ways.
2. When the particular child is ready. There is no set
age; it depends entirely on the individual child.
3. Physical and Mental.
4.

Controlling the mind; Removing emotion;
Self-examination;
Possessiveness;
Love;
Meditation.

5. (a) Calm yourself and rid yourself of all emotion.
Then simply follow your inner urges; be guided
from within, (b) Use the pendulum, either working
on a "Yes/No" basis or with sketch maps of thevarious rooms the keys might have been left in.
6. Beware the power of suggestion. Do not tell him
what you see. Enquire about his health. If he claims to
be feeling fine, then drop the subject. It might be agood idea to get him to have a full medical
check-up, but this should be suggested in a mostsubtle way with no hint of worry.
LESSON NINE
1. Don't rush your working of the tarot. The more
you use it, the better you will find you are able tointerpret the cards.
2.

Your interpretation—your feeling—is what counts.
Speaking very generally, this card could show aproblem in relationships, particularly close relationships (family and close friends). It could be abreak-up in the home, at work, or with a particular3.

Again the interpretation must be all yours. It
could be a pessimistic outlook or an optimistic
one, depending on what strikes you in the symbolism of the card. Keep in mind the position—the "Final Outcome"—which would indicate thatyour interpretation should be very specific (Thissame card, appearing in a different position, could
have a meaning which was, to an extent, flexible.
But in this particular position it must be definite).

4. There are several possibilities: a glass of water; amagnifying lens; a watch glass; a mirror ... really
any reflective surface could be used. Initially,
however, you'll find it easiest with a clear surface
against a black background.
5. The left hand indicates what the person was bornwith and the course the life would have taken if
things had proceeded unchanged. The right handshows what has been made of the life to date.
(With a left-handed person, these are reversed).
6. The symbols mean good news, good luck and thestart of some new enterprise (possibly, though
not necessarily, a wedding). Being near the handle,
they closely affect the subject. Being low down inthe cup, they are in the future; possibly quite away off.
7. (a) JOHN F KENNEDY = 1685 6 255547= 59 = 14 = 5
There is a preponderance of 5s (in fact, five ofthem!), which is also the Name Number itself.
Number 5 people make friends easily and getalong well with persons of almost any number.
They are quick in thought and in decisions.
(b) NAPOLEAN = 51763565= 38 = 11 = 2
JOSEPHINE = 161578955 = 47 = 11 = 2
Obviously they were most compatible.
8. The first house represents your interaction with

Appendix C: Answers to Examination Questions / 239

the world and your appearance—how others see you.
With Pisces rising, therefore, the person will appear toothers more as a Pisces than what their Sun sign may be(the Sun represents more of the inner self). This person
appears sensitive, noble, kind and gentle, and isprobably of short to middle stature, of pale complexion,
with high cheekbones, light hair and eyes.

LESSON TEN
1

A good healer should be a psychologist, a studentof anatomy and physiology, a dietician and aperson of good general knowledge about healing
and about people in general.

2. The Latin name is unchanging. Local names are
just that—names by which plants are known
locally. They can therefore differ with geographic
location.
3. (a) Applied to obtain the extracts of a herb bymeans of hot, but not boiling, water (in some caseseven cold water can be used). (b) Done to clarify asubstance after processing, by melting andskimming or filtering through a suitable
substance.
4. Comminution; Extraction by decoction, infusion ormaceration; percolation; filtration; clarification;
digestion; expression.
5. As a skin cleanser and tonic. A special invalid
food can be made from the bark, which can bedigested by the weakest digestive organs andcannot be vomited. In soap it is an excellent skinsoother. It can be applied, externally, as a poultice, toirritated and inflamed skin and wounds. It has
been used to make rectal and vaginal suppositories, enemas and a vaginal douche. It is ademulcent, diuretic and emollient.
6. (a) Expels wind from the bowels.
(b) Facilitates expectoration (coughing).
(c) Increases circulation and produces red skin.
(d) Produces profuse perspiration.
7. A seven-year old child would be given one third of
the adult dose. Since the adult dose, in this case,is two drachms, then the child's would be

one-third of two, which is two thirds of a drachm(or 2 scruples, or 40 grains).
8. (a) P. Ae. (b) Coch. j. (c) Agit. vas (d) P.c.

LESSON ELEVEN
1. (a) "The art or science of causing change to occur inconformity with will," or making something
happen that you want to happen.
(b) By being in good physical condition. Cleanse
yourself both outwardly and inwardly, as prescribed in the lesson.
(c) When there is a real need for it (and at an
esbat, not at a sabbat unless it is an emergency).
2. By building the power through chanting, dancing,sex, or however. You do so in the consecrated
Circle. Don't forget to make sure you are "secure"(i.e. unlikely to be interrupted by anyone oranything).
3. Make sure that your chants are rhythmic—that
they have a regular beat to them—and that theyrhyme. Examples:(a) "Lord and Lady, hear me pray; Judgeand jury, rule my way."(b) "All the baskets filled with grain. At
season's end a plenteous gain."(c) "Thieves who stole things in the night, return to me by morning light." The key
words I have shown in italics.
4. She may well be better off without the husband, so
don't bother with trying to bring him back (thatwould be working against his free will, anyway).
Concern yourself with the wife's immediatesituation... she has a need for SECURITY. You
must decide for yourself just which method ofworking you will use. Think carefully about thewhole story; how you wish to resolve it. Think it
through from the present to the final outcome, as
you wish it. Compose a suitable chant, remembering to have a steady beat and a good rhyme.
Know which is (are) your key word(s)—the key
word will probably be "Security" or similar.
5. Refer back to the lesson to see if what you haveremembered is right.

240 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

6.

The point here is that the best person to work
magick is the person most directly involved; inthis case, the friend. So get your friend to workfor her/himself. Even if s/he has never done any
such work before, you can instruct on how to dosomething simple yet effective, such as
candle-burning. If, for whatever reason, thefriend just cannot do the work alone, then you
should do it (whichever method you prefer) but
with the friend assisting you.

paying position (which is, in effect, an increase inincome and a different/better position). Your key
word could be "Promotion" or "Advancement" orsomething like that. It could even be "Desires".
Taking "Desires" as an example, you would workon a Thursday and make the talisman of tin (ifpossible) or parchment. Mary is an Aquarius, with
Uranus as the ruling planet. As with the previous
question, we don't know her rising or moon signs.
Her birth number is eight.
On the reverse you would put the sigil for"Desires":

LESSON TWELVE

1.

A talisman is a human-made object endowedwith magickal properties. It can be for a variety ofobjectives: to bring luck, fertility, to protect, todraw money, etc. It differs from an amulet in thatthe latter is a natural object that has been consecrated.

2.

Inscription and consecration. The inscription topersonalize the object and to give its purpose.
The consecration to formally charge it.

3.

While concentrating on the person, you would
inscribe it with the name and personal details
such as birth number, sun sign, moon sign,
ascendant, ruling planet, etc. I would recommend
using one of the magickal alphabets for the
personalization. Frank Higgins' sun sign is Cancer,
his ruling planet is the Moon. Since we don't
have his time and place of birth we can't put his
ascendant or moon sign. His Birth Number is 4, sothat can be included. His Craft name, in runes, is:M
and his Magickal Monogram is:
All of this information can be put on the talisman(you don't have to use runes, you can use any one of
the many different magickal alphabets), arranged inany order you like, to personalize it for Frank
Higgins.

4. First of all decide what you are going to be working
for. It's not just money. She doesn't just want one
single payment of money. She wants a better

5.

6.

You would personalize one side of the talisman
for Henry, with a sun sign of Libra and rulingplanet Venus. You can ignore all the information for
Amy Kirshaw for, as I have tried to emphasize,
you may not interfere with another's free will.
This talisman, then, can only be done to bring thelove of "another" to Henry.
The Talisman would be made on copper andmade on a Friday. On the reverse you would put
the sigil for love:

Part of the power that goes into the talisman
comes from your concentration on the writing as
you do it. To be somewhat unfamiliar with thealphabet you use therefore ensures that you have toconcentrate on its construction.
LESSON THIRTEEN

1 . (a) Start with visualizing a white light all around theboy, as a cleansing and purifying agent, thengradually change that to a healing green light. Let
the green concentrate on the area of his left leg.
Finish off with a little blue light, to ensure no
inflammation and prevent rheumatism from latersetting in.
(b) Work with a green stone (precious or semiprecious: e.g. emerald, jade, beryl, turquoise).
Lay the stone on the area of the break, for at least anhour each day, and then see that he wears it as apendant, or in a ring, the rest of the day.
(c) Use a photograph of the boy that includes hisleft leg. Project green light onto the photograph,

Appendix C: Answers to Examination Questions / 241

either by a colored lamp or by placing the photograph in a frame with a green colored filter infront of it.
2. There are many variations you can do on themethods described in the lesson. One would be to
project the colored light, but onto a poppet
rather than onto a photograph. You could combine
this with visualizing the green aura around thepoppet's leg. In this way you could combine thesympathetic practice of making the poppet (andthe stuffing it with healing herbs) and the color
projection and auric healing, all to the same end.
Think of other ways yourself.
3. (a) The vital force which underlies all physicalaction of the body.
(b) To remove the negativity that you have drawn
off from the body.
(c) One way would be to work on a poppet. A
second way would be to work with a photograph.
4.

Construct the poppet to represent the woman,with all her physical characteristics. Make sure it
includes the cut of the hysterectomy. You could
make it of green cloth, to help the healing process.
Personalize it with her name and astrologicalsigns. Stuff the poppet with chamomile for its
soothing qualities and for its use for femalecomplaints. Similarly you could use pennyroyal,
calendula, catmint, tansy, rue, etc. Following aritual "naming" of the poppet, for the woman,
you would then ritually sew up the area of thehysterectomy incision, and visualize it healing
and the scar disappearing. You could finish off byleaving the poppet with green colored light projected onto the area.
LESSON FOURTEEN

1. Not only is it permissable but I would encourage it.
Bear in mind that your rituals must containwords and action—"things said" (legomena) and"things done" (dromena). The focus of the ritual
should be its purpose, be that celebration, thanksgiving, seasonal, or whatever.
2. This is entirely up to you. Choose those nameswith which you can most easily identify and feelcompletely comfortable.
3. You may well have your own feelings on this.
The Craft is a family religion and to be able toparticipate freely makes one very much aware ofbeing a part of that family. It draws the participants
together, sharing the religious experience.
4. The best place is within the current pagan scene.
There you will find others who are aware (orhave at least some knowledge) of what Witchcraft really is and also find many who are actively
looking to join a coven. Contact can be made withsuch people through the columns of the various
pagan and Craft publications and at the many
festivals held across the country.
5. (a) To proclaim the fact that Wicca is a religion
and that it should be treated to the same respect as
any other longer-established/accepted religion. It
also enables the participants to legally perform
such ceremonies as those for marriage, birth anddeath, and can lead to greater ecumenical interaction between ourselves and other faiths, (b)Obtain a copy of the IRS booklet How To Apply for
Recognition of Exemption For An Organization(Publication #557).
6. Write to the station putting out the program, thenetwork headquarters, Action For Children's
Television, Federal Communications Commission,
National Citizen's Committee For Broadcasting,National Advertising Division of the Council of
Better Business Bureaus and the individual advertisers sponsoring the program. Complain
about the way Witchcraft was presented on theshow and give an outline of the true Craft. Refer torespectable books on Witchcraft. Do not beabusive. Complain calmly and clearly.
7. You wouldn't tell her anything... not right away!
You would ask her what she thought Witchcraft tobe (and also, if necessary, what she thought
Satanism to be) and proceed from there as
described in the lesson.

APPENDIX D
MUSIC AND CHANTSIn the old days there was much festivity at theown use.
Sabbat meetings. There were songs and dancing, games
Here are a few songs, chants and dances to get
and frivolity. So it should be today. Victor Anderson
you started. Begin collecting your own. Don't be afraid to
has recently published an original collection of Pagan
take any good tune you happen to come across andsongs (Thorns of the Blood Rose, Anderson, California,
enjoy, and put your own words to it. Be creative ...
1970) written by himself. Some Covens have gathered
and have fun.
older songs and dances, or made up their own for their
WICCAN HANDFASTING
Words and Music by Ray Buckland

Both do show their love; know their true heart, hoping that they never will part.

2
.
3
.
4
.

Bright full Moon is shining above; Shining
down, spreading their true love. All areskyclad and everyone glad. Happinessabounds; no one sad.

"Your life 111 guard before my own,
Disrespect ne'er will I condone. This
athame 111 plunge in my heart should I
hurt you; cause us to part."

Flowers rest on the altar so gay,
Flowers around the Circle lay. All thecoven is singing with joy, Happy forthis girl and this boy.

Then they kiss each other with joy; No
more are they just girl and boy. They'reunited as one, you see. The Lord andLady we say: "Blessed Be!"

"We desire that we be made one In theeyes of the Gods and every one." Runic
inscriptions on silver band each thenplaces on the other's hand.
243244 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Music—Traditional

2.

DANCE IN THE CIRCLE

They all go running, leaping high Overthe bonfire, to the sky. Happy laughter;
give and take. They'll be there till
daybreak. Never slowing; puffing,blowing; Deosil circle, round andround. Moving slow; moving fast; Spin,jump and hit the ground. Hark to thesounds of Witchcraft joy! Watch as thegirl spins with her boy. Happy, happy
pagans they, Dancing in the Wiccan
way.

3.

Words—Ray Buckland

After the dancing there will be Plenty of
happy memories. There is ritual; there arerites; Ceremony all night. "We love the God!
We love Goddess!" All of the Witches cryout loud. "We are one! We share love!"
Wiccans—they all are proud. Prayers to the
Lady and her Lord. Thanks to them bothwith blessings stored. Priest and Priestess;
Witches all; Proudly they can stand tall.

Appendix D: Music and Chants 1245

JOIN IN THE DANCE
Words and Music by Ray Buckland

2.

Love to the Lord and Lady too;Love to all these Witches. We
may be poor, or so it seems,
But we have these riches: We
have so much brotherly love,
Together with each other. We
have the best together now;
Wife, husband or lover.
We nothing lack in our lives,
So long as we keep to The
Wiccan Rede: "Harm no one;
What ye will, then do."3.

Come! Join us now, this merry band,
As we go a-dancing. We're
Witches all, enjoying life,
Around the Circle prancing. Don't
waste your time sitting outside
The Circle's sacred ring. Come! join
us now, full coven strong;Let's dance and sing. Join in thedance, round and round;We'll make your steps seem light.
Let yourself go, round and round;Dance all through the night.

246 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

LORD OF THE GREENWOOD
Words and Music by Tara Buckland

2.

In the heat of their passion, passion; In
the heat of their passion, passion; In
the heat of their passion, passion, The
grain shall rise again.

3.

Comes the Lord of the Greenwood, Greenwood;
Comes the Lord of the Greenwood, Greenwood.
Comes the Lord of the Greenwood, Greenwood,
To court the Lady fair.

Appendix D: Music and Chants / 247
NIGHT OF MAGICK
Words and Music by Ray Buckland

2.

Below, on timeless rolling down,
An ancient Circle strong;
Composed of time-worn standing stones—
Its origin long gone.
Chorus ...

5.

They cast no shadows as they passed
Into the Circle's bound.
No faces peered from out their cowls;
No footprints on the ground.

3.

Then suddenly a strange event
Occurred for who might see.
A phantom line of men in whiteAppeared across the lea.

6.

.

4.

A flash of golden sickled blades Not
held by human hand. In ritualconclave, magick rites Long
practiced by the band.

Chorus...

From whence they came no one can say;
They suddenly were there.
With chanting low and steady tread
They moved in censered air.
Chorus.

Chorus7.

Then, as a thousand time before
Upon this hallowed site, The
phantoms slowly fade away;
Returning to the night.

Chorus ,Chorus.

248 / Buckland's Complete Book of WitchcraftWE ARE WITCHES ALLMusic—Traditional

2.

"An' it harm none, do what thou wilt"; Itis the Wiccan Rede. We fear no foe forlove we show, In thought and also deed.

Words by Ray Buckland

Our words of thanks, our songs of praise,
We offer them in prayer. We sing theirpraise, we ask their help; We know thatthey are there.
Chorus:Appendix D: Music and Chants 1249

Music by W. T. Wrighton

2.

SING ME A WICCAN SONG
Words by Ray Buckland

Sing me a Wiccan song Of Circles inmoonlight. Of dancing feet andchanting rhymes And power raised sobright. For only in a Wiccan song can
we all worship right.

Sing me a Wiccan song
Of winter, summer, fall, spring, ofseasons passing joyfully, theirpraises we do sing. For only in a
Wiccan song Can we with Naturering.
Chants and rounds can be fun. Here is something that can besung as either—as a round (as indicated) or simply sung in
unison as a chant. It is sung to the old tune "We Wish You A
Merry Christmas."

4.

Sing me a Wiccan song Of Lady
and of Lord. Of candles, censer,
water, salt, Athame and ofsword. For only in a Wiccan
song Can Gods be true adored.

2.

In honor we all hold
Our Sabbat Rites;
To worship the Gods
All our days and our nights.

3.

All praise to the Lord and Lady;
Yes, praise to the Lord and Lady.
Oh, praise to the Lord and Lady,
For they love us so.

3.

1.

All praise to the Lord and Lady;
Yes, praise to the Lord and Lady.
Oh, praise to the Lord and Lady,
For we love them so.

250 / Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft

Music by Arnold

A BELTANE ROUND

Words by Ray Buckland

Appendix D: Music and Chants / 251
SIX POWER RAISING CHANTSEARTH SITE byTara Buckland(1) We are the children of the night. Gentle
are we—yet feel our might.

Earth site Witches'rite Merry meet In
joy tonight!

(2) Singing, dancing, chanting low.
Power building... let it go!

Sacred ground,
Newly bound.
Witness to The
power found!

(3) Round and round this Esbat site; Powerbuild to work our rite.
(4) Brother and sister, together we sing.
Directing the forces that our wills bring.
(5) We are the spokes of the mighty wheel; thispower we raise that all might feel.
(6) Deosil circle round about;
Building the power, let it go with a shout!

Some simple chants—make up your own tunes for them.
ELEMENTSCIRCLE FAMILY

East; air! South; fire! West;
Water! North; earth! Danceround; jump higher; Born;
live; Death; Rebirth!

My lot in life's no matter,
Howe'er my die is cast. My
family's the Circle; I'm with
my own at last.
POWER CONE

WORK THE MAGICK

Swing the censer, light the light; Circle
round in starlit night. Chant the words
and ring the bell; Work the magick,weave the spell.

Circle marked upon the ground;Skyclad figures moving round.
Incense rising to the sky; Powercone now building high. Dancing,chanting, gentle sound; Witches'magick doth abound.

RECOMMENDED READING LISTAt the end of each lesson's examination questions, I
listed books for further reading. They are books I
especially recommend. To them I would add a few
more that you may well find of interest.
ABRAHAM, Karl — Dreams and Myths
ANGUS, S. — The Religious Quests of the Graeco-RomanWorld
BOWRA, C.M. — Primitive Song BRACELIN, J.L. —Gerald Gardner: Witch BREASTED, J.H. — Development ofReligion and Thought
in Ancient Egypt
BUDGE, Sir E.A.W. — Amulets and Talismans ELIADE,
Mircea — Birth and Rebirth; The Sacred and theProfane; Myths, Dreams and Mysteries

FITCH, Ed — Magical Rites from the Crystal Well
FRAZER, Sir James — The Golden Bough FREUD,
Sigmund — Totem and Taboo GARDNER, Gerald B. — A
Goddess Arrives GLASS, Justine — Witchcraft, the Sixth
Sense and Us HARRISON, Jane E. — Ancient Art andRitual HOOKE, S.H. — Myth and Ritual LELAND,Charles G. — Aradia, Gospel of the Witchesof Italy
LETHBRIDGE, T.C. — Gogmagog—The Buried Gods
SCIRE (G.B. Gardner) — High Magic's Aid VALIENTE,
Doreen — Where Witchcraft Lives; ABCs of
Witchcraft; Witchcraft Past and Present

STAY IN TOUCH
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CUNNINGHAM'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
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The energy of each gem, crystal or metal, the planet(s) which rule(s) the crystal, gem or metal, the magicalelement (Air, Earth, Fire, Water) associated with the gem, crystal or metal, the deities associated with each,
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Also included is a complete description of how to use each gemstone, crystal and metal for magical
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0-87542-126-1, 27 color plates, softbound.

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THE CRONE'S BOOK OF WISDOM byValeric Worth$19.95This is a charming collection of valuable and usable rituals and magical techniques—all in rhyme! It is
divided into four sections: The Materials of Wisdom, Inscription of Power, Thrice a Dozen Charms, andCeremonies of the Year.
This book appeals to the imagination, as well as giving practical directions for the application or performanceof numerous spells, charms, recipes, rituals, and more. These are based on familiar ideas and materials and areeasy to carry out.
The Crone's Book of Wisdom relates powerful ancient practices especially those of the old Nature Religions, to amodern appreciation of the world around us. It might even be seen as a kind of magical ecology, in which every
manifestation of nature may be valued spiritually as well as cherished for its role in the environment.
In a world where nature is so often slighted or ignored, this book serves to heighten the reader's awarenessof the magic lying beneath the surface, and the powerful ties that exist between mind and matter, even inmodern times.
0-87542-892-4,192 pgs., 5V4 x 8, illus., softcover$6.95

PRACTICAL CANDLEBURNING RITUALS by
Raymond Buckland, Ph. D.
Another book in Llewellyn's Practical Magick series. Magick is a way in which to apply the fullrange of your hidden psychic powers to the problems we all face in daily life. We know that normally
we use only 5% of our total powers—Magick taps powers from deep inside our psyche where weare in contact with the Universe's limitless resources.
Magick need not be complex—it can be as simple as using a few candles to focus your mind, asimple ritual to give direction to your desire, a few words to give expression to your wish.
This book shows you how easy it can be. Here is Magick for fun, Magick as a Craft, Magick for Success,
Love, Luck, Money, Marriage, Healing; Magick to stop slander, to learn truth, to heal an unhappy
marriage, to overcome a bad habit, to break up a love affair, etc.
Magick—with nothing fancier than ordinary candles, and the 28 rituals in this book (given inboth Christian and Old Religion versions)—can transform your life. Illustrated.
0-87542-048-06, 200 pgs., 5% x 8, softcover$6.95
PRACTICAL COLOR MAGICK
by Raymond Buckland, Ph. D.
The world is a rainbow of color, a symphony of vibration. We have left the Newtonian idea of theworld as being made of large mechanical units, and now know it as a strange chaos of vibrations
ordered by our senses, but, our senses are limited and designed by Nature to give us access to only
those vibratory emanations we need for survival.
But, we live far from the natural world now. And the colors which filled our habitats when wewere natural creatures have given way to grey and black and synthetic colors of limited
wavelengths determined not by our physiological needs but by economic constraints.
Learn the secret meanings of color.
Use color to change the energy centers of your body.
Heal yourself and others through light radiation.
Discover the hidden aspects of your personality through color.
This book will teach all the powers of light and more! You'll learn new forms of expression ofyour innermost self, new ways of relating to others with the secret languages of light and color.
Put true color back into your life with the rich spectrum of ideas and practical magical formulas from
Practical Color Magick!
0-87542-047-6,160 pgs., 5V* x 8, illus., softcover$6.95
CHARMS, SPELLS AND FORMULAS by
Ray MalbroughHoodoo—a word many have heard, but few have understood. Hoodoo magick is a blend ofEuropean techniques and the magic brought to the New World by slaves from Africa. Hoodoo is afolk magic that can be learned and easily mastered by anyone.
In this book, Ray Malbrough reveals to you the secrets of Hoodoo magick. By using the simple
materials available in Nature, you can bring about the necessary changes to greatly benefit your life
and that of your friends. You are given detailed instructions for making and using the gris-gris (charm)bags only casually or mysteriously mentioned by other writers. Malbrough not only shows how
to make gris-gris bags for health, money, luck, love and protection from evil and harm, etc., but healso explains how these charms work.
He also takes you into the world of doll magick; using dolls in rituals to gain love, success, or prosperity.
Complete instructions are given for making the dolls and setting up the ritual.
Hoodoo magick can be as enjoyable as it is practical, and in this fascinating book you can learn
how to be a practitioner, working your spells and charms for yourself or for others. Learn themethods which have been used successfully by Hoodoo practitioners for nearly 200 years, alongwith many practical tips for dealing with your clients.
0-87542-501-1,192 pgs., 5Vt x 8, illus., softcover$6.95

EARTH POWER: TECHNIQUES OF NATURAL MAGIC by
Scott Cunningham

Magick is the art of working with the forces of Nature to bring about necessary, and desired, changes. The forcesof Nature—expressed through Earth, Air, Fire and Water—are our "spiritual ancestors" who paved the way
for our emergence from the pre-historic seas of creation. Attuning to, and working with these energies inmagick not only lends you the power to affect changes in your life, it also allows you to sense your own placein the larger scheme of Nature. Using the "Old Ways" enables you to live a better life, and to deepen yourunderstanding of the world about you. The tools and powers of magick are around you, waiting to be grasped
and utilized. This book gives you the means to put Magick into your life, shows you how to make and use thetools,
and
gives
you
spellsforevery
purpose.
0-87542-121-0,176
pgs.,
5%
x
8,
illus.,
softcover$6.9
5
CUNNINGHAM'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MAGICAL HERBS by
Scott Cunningham

This is an expansion on the material presented in his first Llewellyn book, Magical Herbalism. This is not justanother herbal for medicinal uses of herbs—this is the most comprehensive source of herbal data for magical uses
ever printed! Almost every one of the over 400 herbs are illustrated, making this a great source for herb identification. For each herb you will also find: magical properties, planetary rulerships, genders, associateddeities, folk and Latin names and much more, to make this book even easier to use you will also find a folkname cross reference, and all of the herbs are fully indexed. There is also a large annotated bibliography, and alist of mail order suppliers so you can find the books and herbs you need.
Like all of Scott's books, this one does not require you to use complicated rituals or expensive magicalparaphernalia. Instead, it shares with you the intrinsic powers of the herbs. Thus, you will be able to discoverwhich herbs, by their very nature, can be used for luck, love, success, money, divination, astral projection,
safety, psychic self-defense and much more. Besides being interesting and educational it is also fun, andfully illustrated with unusual woodcuts from old herbals. This book has rapidly become the classic in its
field. It enhances books such as 777 and is a must for all Wiccans.
0-87542-122-9, 352 pgs., 6x9, illus., softcover$12.95
THE COMPLETE BOOK OF INCENSE, OILS AND BREWS by
Scott Cunningham

For centuries the composition of incenses, the blending of oils, and the mixing of herbs have been used bypeople to create positive changes in their lives. With this book, the curtains of secrecy have been drawn back,providing you with practical, easy-to-understand information that will allow you to practice these methods ofmagical cookery.
Scott Cunningham, world-famous expert on magical herbalism, first published The Magic of Incense, Oils andBrews in 1986. The Complete Book of Incense, Oils and Brews is a revised and expanded version of that book.
Scott took readers' suggestions from the first edition and added more than 100 new formulas. Every page has
been clarified and rewritten, and new chapters have been added.
There is no special, costly equipment to buy, and ingredients are usually easy to find. The book includes detailed
information on a wide variety of herbs, sources for purchasing ingredients, substitutions for hard-to-findherbs, a glossary, and a chapter on creating your own magical recipes.
0-87542-128-8, 288 pgs., 5% x 8, illus., softcover$12.95
THE GODDESS AND THE TREEby Ellen Cannon Reed••

There is a tree that has its roots in heaven ... a tree that contains all that is, and was, and will be, and might be, andcould be. On it, in it, are meditations that can, when properly applied, bring about specific spiritualexperiences, and solve spiritual problems. It bears on its branches a guide for spiritual growth. It bears theGoddess in all Her Beauty, and the God in all His strengths. It contains a system for training the mind, making
the proper astral contacts, guiding your own spiritual growth, or that of others, step by step. It contains a method
for helping you and others experience the Mysteries.
This system, so long spurned by paganfolk, can serve all of them well, even with only the most basic knowledgeof the subject. The author has brought the two schools together, showing how the religious aspect ofthe pagan paths may be developed and served by the techniques inherent in the Quabala.
0-87542-666-2,192 pages, SV* x 8, illus., softcover$7.95

THE LLEWELLYN PRACTICAL GUIDES

by Melita Denning & Osborne Phillips
THE LLEWELLYN PRACTICAL GUIDE TO ASTRAL PROJECTION.

Yes, your consciousness can be sent forth, out-of-the-body, with full awareness and return with fullmemory. You can travel through time and space, converse with non-physical entities, obtain knowledge by
non-material means, and experience higher dimensions.
Is there life-after-death? Are we forever shackled by Time & Space? The ability to go forth by means of
the Astral Body, or Body of Light, gives the personal assurance of consciousness (and life) beyond thelimitations of the physical body. No other answer to these ageless questions is as meaningful as
experienced reality.

The reader is led through the essential stages for the inner growth and development that will culminate in fully
conscious projection and return. Not only are the requisite practices set forth in step-by-step procedures,
augmented with photographs and puts-you-in-the-picture" visualization aids, but the vital reasons for undertaking
them are clearly explained. Beyond this, the great benefits from the various practices themselves aredemonstrated in renewed physical and emotional health, mental discipline, spiritual attainment, and thedevelopment of extra faculties".
Guidance is also given to the Astral World itself: what to expect, what can be done—including the ecstatic
experience of Astral Sex between two people who project together into this higher world where true union
is consummated free of the barriers of physical bodies.
0-87542-181-4, 239 pages, 5% x 8, softcover$7.95

THE LLEWELLYN PRACTICAL GUIDE TO CREATIVE VISUALIZATION. All things you will
ever want must have their start in your mind. The average person uses very little of the full creative
power that is his, potentially. It's like the power locked in the atom—it's all there, but you have tolearn to release it and apply it constructively.
IF YOU CAN SEE IT . . . in your Mind's Eye . . . you will have it! It's true: you can havewhatever you want—but there are "laws" to Mental Creation that must be followed. The
power of the mind is not limited to, nor limited by, the Material World—Creative Visualization enables Man to reach beyond, into the Invisible World of Astral and Spiritual
Forces.
Some people apply this innate power without actually knowing what they are doing, and achieve
great success and happiness; most people, however, use this same power, again unknowingly,
INCORRECTLY, and experience bad luck, failure, or at best unfulfilled life. This book changes that.
Through an easy series of step-by-step, progressive exercises, your mind is applied to bring desire
into realization! Wealth, Power, Success, Happiness ... even Psychic Powers ... even what we call
Magickal Power and Spiritual Attainment... all can be yours. You can easily develop this completely
natural power, and correctly apply it, for your immediate and practical benefit. Illustrated withunique, "puts-you-into-the-picture" visualization aids.
0-87542-183-0, 255 pages, 5V* x 8, softcover.
$7.95
THE LLEWELLYN PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE MAGICK OF THE TAROT. How to Read, And
Shape, Your Future.
"To gain understanding, and control, of Your Life."—Can anything be more important? To gain
insight into the circumstances of your life—the inner causes, the karmic needs, the hidden factors atwork—and then to have the power to change your life in order to fulfill your real desires and True
Will: that's what the techniques taught in this book can do.
Discover the Shadows cast ahead by Coming Events.
Yes, this is possible, because it is your DEEP MIND—that part of your psyche, normally beyond
your conscious awareness, which is in touch with the World Soul and with your own Higher (andDivine) Self—that perceives the astral shadows of coming events and can communicate them to you
through the symbols and images of the ancient and mysterious Tarot Cards.
Your Deep Mind has the power to shape those astral shadows—images that are causal tomaterial events—when you learn to communicate your own desires and goals using theTarot's powerful symbol language and the meditative and/or ritual techniques taught in thisbook to energize and imprint new patterns in the Astral Light.
This book teaches you both how to read the Tarot Cards: seeing the likely outcome of the present
trends and the hidden forces now at work shaping tomorrow's circumstances, and then—as
never before presented to the public—how you can expand this same system to bring thesecausal forces under your conscious control.
The MAGICK of the Tarot mobilizes the powerful inner resources of psyche and soul (thesource of all Magick, all seemingly miraculous powers) by means of meditation, ritual,
drama, dance for the attainment of your goals, including your spiritual growth.
0-87542-198-9, 252 pages, 5V* x 8, illust., softcover.
$7.95

BUCKLAND'S COMPLETE GYPSY FORTUNE TELLER byRAYMOND BUCKLAND
This Llewellyn kit comprises a complete system of gypsy divination that everyone can explore andenjoy. Ray Buckland's straightforward book on Secrets of Gypsy Fortunetelling reveals how Gypsies
used palms, tea leaves, cards, dice and other methods to predict the future. Using the insights
gained from the book, you can perform your own divinations with The Buckland Gypsy
Fortunetelling Deck, a beautiful 74-card deck which includes a distinctive Romani (Gypsy) Major
Arcana and a Minor Arcana composed of a regular poker deck.
A handy 18" x 24" four-color layout sheet is included, making the deck easily and instantly usable.
The two sides of the sheet illustrate different layouts—the Seven Star layout and the Romani Starlayout. You can discover future events, hopes, fears, strengths and much more.
With Buckland's Complete Gypsy Fortune Teller, this time-honored system of divination is presented
for the first time in a convenient and eminently usable format.
0-87542-055-9, book, 74-card deck, layout sheet$19.95GYPSY LOVE MAGICK by
Raymond Buckland
One of the most compelling forms of magick—perhaps the most sought after—is love magick. It is apositive form of working, a way to true delight and pleasure. The Gypsies have long been known
for the successful working of love and magick. In this book you will find sections on love magick for
those who are courting (The Thrill of the Chase), love magick for newlyweds (The Golden Rings),
and love magick for the family unit (The Family Circle). There is also a section on Gypsy love potions,talismans, amulets, and charms.
Included are spells and charms to discover your future spouse, to make your lover your bestfriend, to bring love into a loveless marriage, and to cause a runaway to return home. You will learn
traditional secrets gathered from English Gypsies that are presented here for the first time ever by a
Gypsy of Romani blood.
Throughout the book two things are emphasized: practicality and positivity. All the magickal
spells and charms can be done using ordinary, everyday items, and none of them will harm
another person or interfere with another's free will. Even if you don't intend to practice, Secrets of
Gypsy Love Magick will entertain and enlighten you on the subject of love and Gypsies.
0-87542-053-2,176 pgs., mass market, illus.
$3.95
WITCHCRAFT: YESTERDAY & TODAY by
Raymond Buckland
This is a new video by recognized witchcraft authority Raymond Buckland, whose purpose is tostraighten out the popular misconceptions about the Wiccan religion. For the approximately
70,000 to 75,000 people in the United States who consider themselves Wiccans or Pagans, this is
the only completely factual "how-to" depiction of the rites and practices of their religion in
the world.
*•This video details the origins and history of witchcraft, and discusses the resurgence of Wicca in
our own day. Wiccan priests and priestesses dramatize the ancient rites and rituals. For the
merely curious, there is no better way to experience the inner beauty and strength of the Craft of
the Wise than from seeing a teacher in action. For students, this is better than a book; and it makes
anexcellent
tool
for
coven
leaders
andteachers.
0-87542-089-3, VHS, running time: approx. 60 min.
$29.95

THE LLEWELLYN ANNUALS

Llewellyn's MOON SIGN BOOK: Approximately 400 pages of valuable information on garden
ing, fishing, weather, stock market forecasts, personal horoscopes, good planting dates, andgeneral instructions for finding the best date to do just about anything! Articles by prominent
forecasters and writers in the fields of gardening, astrology, politics, economics and cycles. This
special almanac, different from any other, has been published annually since 1906. It's fun, informative and has been a great help to millions in their daily planning.
State year $4.95
Llewellyn's SUN SIGN BOOK: Your personal horoscope for the entire year! All 12 signs areincluded in one handy book. Also included are forecasts, special feature articles, and an action
guide for each sign. Monthly horoscopes are written by Gloria Star, author of Optimum Child, foryour personal Sun Sign. Articles on a variety of subjects written by well-known astrologers fromaround the country. Much more than just a horoscope guide! Entertaining and fun the year
round.
State year $4.95
Llewellyn's DAILY PLANETARY GUIDE and ASTROLOGER'S DATEBOOK: Includes all of the
major daily aspects plus their exact times in Eastern and Pacific time zones, lunar phases, signs
and voids plus their times, planetary motion, a monthly ephemeris, sunrise and sunset tables,
special articles on the planets, signs, aspects, a business guide, planetary hours, rulerships, andmuch more. Large 5V4 X 8 format for more writing space, spiral bound to lay flat, address andphone listings, time zone conversion chart and blank horoscope chart.
State year $6.95
Llewellyn's ASTROLOGICAL CALENDAR: Large wall calendar of 52 pages. Beautiful full color
cover and color inside. Includes special feature articles by famous astrologers, introductory
information on astrology. Lunar Gardening Guide, celestial phenomena for the year, a blankhoroscope chart for your own chart data, and monthly date pages which include aspects, lunar
information, planetary motion, ephemeris, personal forecasts, lucky dates, planting and fishingdates, and more. 10 x 13 size. Set in Central time, with conversion table for other time zones
worldwide.
State year $8.95
THE GODDESS BOOK OF DAYS by
Diane Stein
Diane Stein has created this wonderful guide to the Goddesses and festivals for every day of theyear! This beautifully illustrated perpetual datebook will give you a listing for every day of thespecial Goddesses associated with that date along with plenty of room for writing in yourappointments. It is a hardbound book for longevity, and has over 100 illustrations of Goddesses
from around the world and from every culture. This is sure to have a special place on your desk.
None
other
like
it!
0-87542-758-8, 300 pgs., hardbound, 5Vt x 8, illus.
$12.95
SECRETS OF GYPSY FORTUNETELLING by
Raymond Buckland, Ph.D.
This book unveils the Romani secrets of fortune-telling, explaining in detail the many different
methods used by these nomads. For generations they have survived on their skills as seers. Theiraccuracy is legendary. They are a people who seem to be born with "the sight"... the ability to look
into the past, present and future using only the simplest of tools to aid them. Here you will learn toread palms, to interpret the symbols in a teacup, to read cards... both the Tarot and regular
playing cards. Here are revealed the secrets of interpreting the actions of animals, of reading theweather, of recognizing birthmarks and the shape of hands. Impress your friends with yourknowledge of many of these lesser Mysteries; uncommon forms of fortune-telling known only to afew.
The methods of divination presented in this book are all practical methods—no expensive or hard-toget items are necessary. The Gypsies are accomplished at using natural objects and everyday
items to serve them in their endeavors. Sticks and stones, knives and needles, cards and dice... some are found along the roadside, or in the woods, others are easily obtainable at little
expense from the five-and-dime, the convenience store, or the traveling peddler. Using these
non-complex objects, and following the traditional Gypsy ways shown, you can become a seer
and improve the quality of your own life and of these lives around you.
0-87542-051-6, mass market, 240 pgs., illus.
$3.95

RAYMOND BUCKLAND

A protege of the late Dr.
Gerald Gardner, in the early
1960s
Ray
Bucklandintroduced Gardnerian Wicca
to i the United States. He spent
many years publicly defend-!
ing the Old Religion and probably did more than anyone elseat that time to straighten I
popular misconceptions. In(1973, after more than ten iyears as a Gardnerian, he;introduced
hisown
denominationoftheCraft—Seax-Wica(SaxonWitchcraft) which has sincegrown to worldwide practice.
Ray
BucklandisaBritish-born author of numerous best selling books on Practical Magick,such as Practical Color Magick and Practical Candleburning Rituals.
He is regarded as one of the leading authorities on Witchcraft, voodoo
and the supernatural. Today Ray Buckland has retired from public work
to concentrate on his screenwriting career and to more fully explore his
Gypsy heritage.

With the discovery that neo-Witchcraft—or Wicca—is notdevil-worship, thousands of religious seekers around the world
have finally come to realize that this earth religion may well be
the answer to their needs. Yet it has been almost impossible togather together all the ingredients that go to make up thisreligious practice; particularly in addressing specific personalneeds.
Now along comes Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft; one
volume that brings it all together. In it Ray Buckland teaches thehistory, practice, composition, formulae, the mechanics ofmagick, herbology, divination . . . in short, each and every
aspect of the practice of Wicca. And he doesn't just present one
tradition. He takes a nonsectarian approach, and he also shows
how you can structure the religion to suit your particular needs.
He instructs on the composition of rituals, the establishing of acoven (group), the putting together of a system to suit i/ou
personally. He also addresses Solitaries—those who would rather
work alone—and encourages and instructs them in the practiceof the Old Religion.
This is a workbook. It is presented in the form of lessons,each culminating in participatory exercises that are fun andinformative; ideal for self-study or for a group. It is the perfectbook for the serious student, the newly-forming coven, the-Solitary Witch or simply the curious. Such a book is long
overdue.

"I read Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft withmuch pleasure; so many books on this subject are casual ortrivialize the whole subject.
... This book contains enough information andknow-how for all approaches; the historical, thephilosophical and the pragmatic... (It) reaches the
subject\from all sides, including how (and why) to get into
it, from the beginning to the advanced student... it's
probably going to (and should) displace most of theprevious books I've seen on the subject. .. quite
entertaining, as much for the armchair enthusiast as for thepracticing; occultist."—Marion Zimmer Bradley
The Mists of Avalon_«™_._™_™,__.,.__™__™™,..»,_.~_ ^"In Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft Ray
Buck-land gives an integrated view of essential
Witchcraft, synthesized by his very extensive knowledge
and illuminated by the genial breadth of his own wisdom.
Thus we have here not only an ample course on 'how to
be a Witch' but also incidentally a sane and joyful
exposition of life and how to live it'. For Witchcraft, with its
sense of unblemished selfhood and its perception of theunited fabric of all existence, has vital truths to share withmany who hold to more sophisticated systems."—Melita Denning and Osborne Phillips
The Llewellyn Practical Guide Series
Magical States of Consciousness
The Magical Philosophy Series.,.«„-,!...•.-*"««..-..-«' ..-" -«s-«,«<WJ*-.-.««~i»l-Ml1™..... »,-!-•«,. -.., W*••<",,...-,.Jt""Few books have been so long needed, and anticipated, as
this one: the first totally comprehensive, eclectic, andsensible guide to the Art and the Practice of Modern Wicca
I say 'Wicca' rather than 'Witchcraft', because it Includes
not only the Craft of the Wise but gives the reader firm
foundations for understanding and living the religious andspiritual dimensions that are the essence of this born again
Old Religion for the Modern World."—Carl Llewellyn Weschcke
Publisher** "A master-work by one of the great Elders of the
Craft. Raymond Buckland has presented a richtreasure-trove of Wiccan lore. It is a legacy that will provide
magic, beauty, and wisdom to future generations of those
who seek the ancient paths of the Old Religion."—Ed Fitch Magical Rites from the
Crystal Well

ISBN 0-fl7SM2-050-fl
51495>

9 "780875"420509$14.95