共通テスト・問題の特徴▶３

推理・推論重視推理とは、そこにある情報をもとに、そこにないものを想像することです。
推論とは、すでに確認できていることから、そのまま確実に言えることを導くことです。
似ているのですが、微妙に異なります。
推理は、「東京ではこれまで、夏至の日は春分の日よりすべて最高気温が高かった。したがって、来年の夏至もそうなるだろう」のようなものです。絶対確実とは言えません
が、意味のある予測です。
推論は、「夏至は１年で最も昼が長い日のことである。したがって、春分の日より夜が短い」です。こちらは確実です。もし、そうでなかったら「夏至」ではありません。
もちろん、共通点もあります。それは「そこにあることから、そこに無いことを導く」ことです。設問を解く際に、

E
L
P
M
A
S
選択肢の正誤を判断するのですが、判断の根拠になる箇所が、文章中に明示されているとは限りません。

たとえば、ある映画館が「日曜と祝日にだけ深夜上映を行う」としていたら、「春分の日の夜遅くに映画を観る」こ

とはできますが「夏至の日の夜遅くに観る」のは難しいことでしょう（春分は祝日ですが夏至は違います。ただし、日曜日の可能性はあります）。日本語で書けば自然な推理・推論ですが、英語の文章を読んで、慣れないテストの状
況下でスムーズにできるかどうかとなると、個人差があるでしょう。共通テストで差がつくポイントです。
まずは、意識して慣れることです。

▶４

非パターン化〜今年の問題は昨年の類題ではない !?

4 年間の共通テストで明らかになった、
もっとも重要なことが「非パターン化」です。下の表を見てください。英語リー

ディングの 2022 年から 24 年の大問ごとの内容・形式の比較です。右端の列に「相似」とあるのは「前の年の類題」と言えるもの、「変化」とあるのは類題とはいい難いものです。

ぜひ、過去の問題を見比べてください。最初の第１問 A がすでにずいぶん異なったものになっています。

過去問の読み方解き方の「パターン暗記」重視の学習法をある意味否定しています。「最初はこう、次はこう……重
要な情報はここに……」といった思い込みから一度頭脳を解放して、冷静に読んで考えることを重視すべきです。
ᖺෆᐜ࡜⣲ᮦẚ㍑ᖺෆᐜ࡜⣲ᮦẚ㍑ᖺෆᐜ࡜⣲ᮦࣈࣛࢪࣝࡢᯝ≀ࡢㄪ⌮ࠉᅗ⾲ኚ໬ᨺㄢᚋάືࡢ᱌ෆࡢㄞࡳྲྀࡾ

ኚ໬Ꮫᰯ⾜஦ࡢ᱌ෆࡢㄞࡳྲྀࡾ

┦ఝ࢟ࣜࣥࡢ㉥ࡕࡷࢇࡢྡເ㞟ࠉ㈨ᩱ㞟┦ఝࢧ࣐࣮࢟ࣕࣥࣉࡢ᱌ෆࡢㄞࡳྲྀࡾ┦ఝ᪥ᖐ䜚᪑⾜䛾䝁䞊䝇⤂௓ኚ໬ᅗ᭩㤋ࡢ౑⏝᪉ἲ᱌ෆࠉ㈨ᩱ㞟ኚ໬㠐ࡢᗈ࿌ࡢㄞࡳྲྀࡾ

ኚ໬ᡓ␎䝀䞊䝮䜽䝷䝤䛾᱌ෆᩥ┦ఝ࣌ࢵࢺࢆ㣫࠺ࠉᩥ❶㸦グ஦㸧ኚ໬

㏻Ꮫ୰ࡢ᫬㛫ࡢຠ⋡ⓗ࡞౑࠸᪉ࡢ࣏࣮ࣞࢺ┦ఝ᪑⾜ಖ㝤䛾䝺䝡䝳䞊ㄞ䜏ྲྀ䜚ኚ໬᪥ᮏ⚍ࡢࣈࣟࢢࠉᩥ❶㸩ᅗኚ໬࢟ࣕࣥࣉࡢ‽ഛ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣈࣟࢢ

┦ఝ

$/7ࡀ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢయ㦂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᭩࠸ࡓࣈࣟࢢ

ኚ໬ⱥᅜࡢࡘࡢᒣ㡬ࢳࣕࣞࣥࢪࠉᩥ❶㸩ᆅᅗኚ໬ᐊෆࣞࢡ࢚࣮ࣜࢩࣙࣥࡢ‽ഛ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣈࣟࢢ

ኚ໬ࣂ࣮ࢳࣕࣝ᪑⾜࡟㛵ࡍࡿᏛᰯ᪂⪺グ஦ࡢㄞࡳྲྀࡾ

┦ఝᐙ㟁㉎ධࠉ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪ㸩౯᱁⾲࡞࡝ኚ໬ᩥ⬦Ꮫ⩦࡜཯᚟Ꮫ⩦ࡢグ஦ࡢ㊃᪨ࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡿ

ኚ໬ᩍᐊ䝕䝄䜲䞁䛾グ஦䛸䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖⤖ᯝㄞ䜏ྲྀ䜚ኚ໬Ⓨ᫂ᐙࡢఏグࠉࠉ㛗ᩥ㸩ࢫࢺ࣮࣮࣮ࣜ࣎ࢻ

┦ఝ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ᭩࠸ࡓࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜ㸩ࢫࢺ࣮࣮࣮ࣜ࣎ࢻ

┦ఝ㻟ே䛾≀ㄒㄞ䜏ྲྀ䜚ኚ໬ᮅᆺࡢே࡜ኪᆺࡢேࠉ㛗ᩥ㸩せ⣙┦ఝ཰㞟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣏࣮ࣞࢺ㛗ᩥ㸩せ⣙┦ఝ᫬㛫ࡢ▱ぬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢグ஦ㄞࡳྲྀࡾ

ኚ໬ࣉࣛࢫࢳࢵࢡศ㢮ࠉ㛗ᩥ㸩せ⣙㸦࣏ࢫࢱ࣮㸧ኚ໬ࢡ࣐࣒ࢩ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᩥ❶㛗ᩥ㸩せ⣙㸦ࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ㸧┦ఝࢺ࢘࢞ࣛࢩ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᩥ❶㛗ᩥ㸩せ⣙㸦ࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ┦ఝ

▶５アクティブ化〜どう表現するか、という課題

2025 年度から、教科・科目編成などの大きな変更が行われます。英語リーディングの枠組は変わりません。
しかし、新たな傾向が生まれます。それは「アクティブ化」です。これまでの問題は「書かれていることに一致する（またはしない）ものを選ぶ」のが基本で、受動的な学力を求めました。マーク式の試験ですから、大きくは変わりま
せんが、25 年から「レポート作成で、あなたの意見を支える最も適切なものを選ぶ」といったようなアクティブ（能動的）な性格をもつ設問が登場する見込みです。国語でも同じことが予告されています。
これも慣れていないと戸惑います。何よりも設問をよく読むことです。

- iii -

共通テスト・学習のポイント
以上の特徴にしたがい、学習のポイントを整理します。次の３点です。

▶１
▶２
▶３

すみずみまで気を抜かずにていねいに読む
情報の関係を「書いて」可視化する
復習は「読解・判断・知識」の３観点でくわしく説明します。

▶１

すみずみまで気を抜かずにていねいに読む

あまりにあたり前のことですが、あえて記します。もちろん、設問を解くために英文を読むのですが、選択肢の正

E
L
P
M
A
S
誤を表面的な語句の意味でとらえるだけでは正解は困難です。文章全体の意味の流れをつかみながら「そこに書かれたことを用いて書かれていないことを推理・推論する」つもりで読まなくてはいけません。
また、主観と客観（意見と事実）や、賛成と反対などをしっかり区別することも重要です。

また、複線型読解は時間がかかりがちです。速さとていねいさの両立も忘れてはいけません。

▶２

情報の関係を「書いて」可視化する

複線型読解は、あちこちに分散している情報を整理統合して読むことが必要です。複数の文章・資料の間の共通点や相違点を目で見えるようにしながら進めないと、少し先に進んだらもうわからなくなってしまい、同じところを何回も見直すことになってしまいます。

ポイントは「情報の可視化」（見える化）です。

方法はシンプルです。筆記用具を使い、メモを書き込み、目印をつけます。関係のある情報どうしは、線で結びつ
けてやります。

このような「書いて見て考える」習慣がたいへん有効です。

▶３

復習は「読解・判断・知識」の３観点で問題を解いたら答え合わせ……早く正解を知りたいことでしょうが、注意してください。正解を知っても、それだ
けでは役に立たないことがあります。

まず「なぜ誤ったか」を考えてください。そして、例えば次の３種に分類します。

１
２
３

読解 ▷ よく読んでいなかった・雑だった
判断 ▷ 情報の組み合わせ方や判断を誤った
知識 ▷ 語彙や文法上の知識が不足して誤読した

誤り方によって対策は異なります。読解重視の共通テスト対策では、特に１と２に注意が必要です。
「どう読むか」「どう判断するか」を解説を熟読して考えることです。

大切なのは「自分はあの時どう考えたのだろう……もしかしたら、こんな思い違いをしたのではないだろうか！？」といった、自分自身に対する想像力かもしれません。

- iv -

目標時間

英語 練習問題 1

13 分

第 6 問 A-1
You are working on a class project about sleep and found the following article. You are reading it and making a poster to present yourfindings to your classmates.

Get better sleep
Generally, the reason for sleep is that the brain has work to do during sleep. The details are not fully understood, but it isimportant to get enough sleep for the body and the brain to be healthy and work properly.
Both humans and many animals sleep about once a day. Some animals, such as cats, sleep many times a day for short periods.
When people sleep, they often have dreams. Probably some animals do, too. Not only people sleep, but all mammals and birds,
and most fish, reptiles and other animals do, too.
In mammals and birds, sleep can be divided into two categories. In one of them, the eyes move rapidly. It is called REM-sleep(from rapid eye movement). Most dreams take place in this phase as well as energy from the brain to the body progressing, the

E
L
P
M
A
S
body becoming relaxed, and the eyes dashing right and left while sleeping. This phase helps prepare one with vitality for the

next day’s performance. REM-sleep occurs normally at intervals throughout the night, and the periods of REM-sleep increase inlength in the second half of the night.

The other category, where this movement of the eyes does not happen, is called NREM-sleep (Non-REM sleep). Usually,

dreams do not occur during this time. There are three or four stages of NREM-sleep. Stage I is just barely sleeping. Stage II
is also light sleep. Normally, in adult humans, about half of the sleep hours are spent in light sleep. Stage III and IV are called

deep sleep, and sometimes combined and called stage III. Common disorders that occur during this stage are sleep walking andtalking. Deep sleep is necessary for growth and healing. It can be quite difficult to awaken someone who is in stage III or stage
IV sleep.

REM and NREM are sleep patterns that help with long term memory, remembering information, procedural memory andcreative thinking while humans sleep.

Adult humans normally sleep in cycles of 90 to 110 minutes each. The night’s sleep can be four or five of these cycles. Eachcycle includes, in this order: stage I, stage II, stage III (IV), and REM.

People who receive less than eight hours of sleep a night tend to complain more and feel very tired throughout the day.

Receiving the appropriate amount of sleep is extremely important as it could affect one’s body.

For each age, there are different amounts of sleep that are recommended. Preschoolers need 10 to 13 hours with naps,

elementary schoolers do 9 to 12 hours, teenagers do 8 to 10 hours, and adults (including old age) do 7 to 9 hours.

The timing of sleep and the amount of it are both important. Both are different for different people. Some adults sleep bestfrom 22:00 to 5:00 or 6:00 or 7:00. Some sleep best from midnight to seven or eight. These variations are normal.

Poor habits before going to bed could affect one’s sleep schedule in many ways without taking notice. Some of the habits thatare very common and ruin sleep are:
- Being too full or overeating- Sitting in front of a TV
- Answering a phone- Playing a video game- Building up stress

These eventually stimulate your brain and make you sleepless. Don’t you think we need to be aware that avoiding thesebehaviors improves quality of sleep?

- 18 -

英語 練習問題 1
第 6 問 A-2

Get better sleep
Why do we sleep?
Not fully understood, but;
・To make body and brain healthy and work properly

Classification of Sleep
Types of sleep

A cycle of sleep

Divided into two by eye movement

・Takes 90-110 minutes

・REM-sleep

・Repeats 4-5 times while adults are sleeping

・NREM-sleep

E
L
P
M
A
S
➡This cycle

2

Stages of NREM

・Divided into

1

Features

NREM (Light sleep)

NREM (Deep sleep)

・About half of sleep hours

REM

・Hard to wake up

・Dreams are easy to occur

・Eﬀective in growth and healing

・Vitality preparation

・・Relaxed

3

Know Good Sleep

Necessary sleep hours
Diﬀerent by ages

・High school students: 8-10 hours

Humans need at least 8-hour-sleep to keep physical and mental healthHave good habits

Before sleep, avoid the action which stimulates brain

Summary

Shortage of sleep may

4.

Therefore, we need to get enough and good sleep.

１

Choose the best option for
① two
②

three

③

four

④

three or four1

on your poster.

〔- 19 -〕

英語 練習問題 1
第 6 問 A-3
２

2
Choose the best option for① causes rapid eye movement②

is usually called deep sleep③

is useful for remembering④

makes people dreamon your poster.

〔３

3
Choose the best option for① energy supply from brain②

feel very tired③

sleep talking

④

dream

〕

on your poster.

E
L
P
M
A
S
４

〔

〕

〔

〕

4
Choose the best option foron your poster.
① happen due to the previous day’s sitting in front of a TV②

affect our future health and performance③

be avoided if you complain during daytime④

need you to sleep longer than usual- 20 -

目標時間

英語 練習問題 1

12 分

第 6 問 B-1
You are working on an essay about whether Japan should accept more foreign tourists. You will follow the steps below.
Step 1: Read and understand various viewpoints about foreign tourists.
Step 2: Take a position on foreign tourists.
Step 3: Create an outline for an essay using additional sources.
[Step 1] Read various sources
Author A (Housewife)
Many tourists visit our city from both Japan and abroad. However, that has caused crowded public spaces, increased cost ofliving, and a strain on local resources. For example, traveling by car on holidays takes three times as long as usual. Also, trashcans are overflowing and spoil the impression of the city. Many locals complain of this situation. Last month, we called on thecity to manage crowding and maintain quality of life in our communities. More tourists? That’s enough.
Author B (Tourist)

E
L
P
M
A
S
During my previous visits to this town, I had various exceptional experiences at many tourist destinations. This time, I camehere with my family to see autumn leaves. No matter which destination we went to, it was so crowded with tourists fromoverseas that we could not enjoy ourselves enough. Waiting in line and being surrounded by so many people made me more

tired than ever. I will visit another area during the autumn leaves season. If more foreign tourists come, it will be a big problem.
Author C (Stationmaster)

The station where I work used to always be crowded with foreign tourists asking the station staff for directions. In order toserve them better, we settled multilingual displays and automated announcements. These changes were very effective. Inquiries
by them were obviously reduced, and the opposite was true for passenger numbers. The number of foreign residents in the city
is also increasing, so creating an environment that can accept more foreigners is now essential.
Author D (Economist)

There is a saying in Japan that means,“Anyone who comes should be welcome.”Foreign tourists, however, visiting popular
destinations can cause various issues. For example, in Japan, there is a shortage of staff in hotels and transportation departments
due to the flow of tourists. Overcrowding, increased pollution, and strain on local resources are worldwide issues. Thisphenomenon, known as“over-tourism,”can negatively impact locals’ daily lives and the natural environment. It is a complex

issue that requires careful management to balance the benefits of tourism with the needs of local communities. Until we have asolution to this problem, we should not accept more foreign tourists. That saying doesn’t always work.
Author E (University student)

I’m working as a part-timer at a local Japanese restaurant. One day, a group of tourists from Australia walked in. They seemed

confused by the menu written in Japanese. Although it was my first time serving foreign customers, I decided to help them.
Using simple words and gestures, I explained the dishes. They seemed relieved and ordered their meals. When they left, they
thanked me very much. Similar things happened several times after that, and I gradually began to look forward to the next.
While the manager was delighted to see that all of them were satisfied with the taste, I felt like it was a good opportunity totest my skills for living in an Age of Globalization.

１

1
Both Authors A and D mention that.
① crowding should be controlled for the people living there②

over-tourism, a problem unique to Japan, requires a solution③

tax revenue has increased thanks to foreign tourists④

trash cans are sometimes overflowing〔- 1 -〕

英語 練習問題 1
第 6 問 B-2
２

2
Author B implies that.
① being too crowded may drive away tourists from the place②

crowded places attract more people and become even more crowded③

nothing can match the excitement you get when you visit a destination for the first time④

tourists tend to plan their activities in anticipation of crowds〔〕[Step 2] Take a position
３

Now that you understand the various viewpoints, you have taken a position on foreign tourists, and have written it out as below.
Choose the best options to complete

3 (a)

,

3 (b)

, and

3 (c)

.

Your position: We should get along with more foreign tourists.
● Authors

3 (a)

and

3 (b)

support your position.

E
L
P
M
A
S
● The main argument of the two authors:

Options for
① A
②

B

③

C

④

D

⑤

E

3 (a)

and

3 (b)

3 (c)

.

(The order does not matter.)〔(a)

Options for

〕〔(b)

〕

〔(c)

〕

3 (c)

①

Foreigners come to Japan because they know that Japanese people are friendly to them②

More foreigners want to visit Japan than ever before③

The decreasing number of Japanese had better be covered by foreign tourists④

We are more likely to meet more foreign tourists than before[Step 3] Create an outline using Sources A and B
Outline of your essay:

Accepting more foreign tourists is necessary for us.

Introduction
Our country‛s population continues to decrease.
Body
Reason 1: [From Step 2]
Reason 2: [Based on Source A] ………

4

Reason 3: [Based on Source B] ………

5

Conclusion
We should accept more foreign tourists.

Source A
Welcoming more foreign tourists has several benefits. It stimulates the local economy as tourists spend on accommodation,
food, traffic, and attractions. In recent years, this is often referred to as“inbound consumption”or“inbound”in short. This-  -

英語 練習問題 1
第 6 問 B-3
spending supports domestic businesses and can create jobs. Cultural exchange is another advantage. Interaction between locals
and tourists can lead to a better understanding and appreciation of each other’s cultures. It can also inspire local residents bybringing in new ideas and perspectives. Moreover, it can improve our country’s international image.
Inbound consumption in Japan has been steadily increasing. In 2019, it reached 4.6 trillion yen, over the export value ofsemiconductors and other electronic parts. Then, it became the second-largest export industry after automobiles. Despite asignificant drop in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was expected to recover, with a potential increase of over 2 trillion
yen in 2023 compared to 2022. This growth in inbound consumption is a main key of the Japanese economy.

Source B
The yen, which was around 105 yen against the dollar in 2020, fell to around 150 yen in October 2023. Though this had an
impact on prices in Japan, it is also true that many foreigners took this opportunity to visit Japan. You can check the pricechanges for the above period in the graph below.

E
L
P
M
A
S
Survey Results of Price Increase Rate

108

2020
2021
2022
2023

107
106

The average in 2020 is set to 100

105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98

４

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Based on Source A, which of the following is the most appropriate for Reason 2?
①

4

Accepting foreign tourists is directly linked to inbound consumption. In 2019, its value was over the sales value of cars inJapan.

②③

Although we tend to focus on the financial effects of inbound consumption, other effects are more important.

Inbound consumption not only develops local businesses but also local residents. Now, it is one of major export industries inJapan.

④

The effects of inbound consumption are significant. The amount of it continued to grow every year from 2019 to 2023.
〔

５〕

For Reason 3, you have decided to write,“Foreign tourists sometimes have more shopping advantage than us.”Based on Source B,
which option best supports this statement?
①

5

Prices in Japan were higher in 2023 than in 2020 due to the weaker yen. However, foreign tourists did not notice this because
they had not been in Japan all that time.

②

The foreign tourists coming to Japan earn more than most of workers in Japan, so they can shop without worrying about evenhigh prices.

③

There are many countries in the world where prices are higher than in Japan. By coming to Japan, foreign tourists can shop
cheaper than in their home country.

④

When the falling rate in the yen against a foreign currency is over the price increase rate in Japan, foreign tourists may
perceive the price to be cheap even though the price has increased for people in Japan.
〔-  -〕

目標時間

英語 練習問題 2

10 分

第 4 問 -1
Your teacher has asked you to read two articles about complex sentences. You will discuss what you learned in your next class.

What is important when speaking to children?
Agatha Brain
Teacher, ABC Elementary School
What should we pay attention to when speaking to children by means of complex sentences? Let’s take a look at thefollowing four cases:
1．Mary laughed, as the clock struck three.
2．As the clock struck three, Mary laughed.
3．The clock struck three, as Mary laughed.
4．As Mary laughed, the clock struck three.
How would children take these sentences? Do all of these sentences have the same meaning? Or don’t they? Aside from

E
L
P
M
A
S
minute differences in emphasis, we as adults understand that there is no difference in meaning among these sentences.
Children have to be able to comprehend such sentences by themselves in quite a short period of time.

In reality, children learn to comprehend these sentences during the preschool years, but not at the same time. For

children, sentence 1 seems easier to understand than 2, and 3 seems easier than 4. Therefore, they begin using sentences 1
and 3 first. Why? This is because children prefer to have key elements stated first. In sentences 1 and 2, the key element

is“Mary laughed”(known as the“main clause”in grammar). In 3 and 4, the key element is“the clock struck.”Placing anelement that is less important in the beginning of a sentence (known as“subordinate clause,”which always begins with aconjunction) is not something children would do.

What makes complex sentences difficult for children?
Chris Davidson

Professor, Lakeland University

I have tested the children’s understanding against Ms. Brain’s four sentences before. Since all of them have the same

meaning, they did not present much of a problem. However, it becomes more difficult to identify the time relation when

conjunctions that represent time, especially words such as“before”and“after,”are used. Let’s begin with the word“before.”This word is pretty straightforward.

Mary laughed before the clock struck three.

Before the clock struck three, Mary laughed.
No complications up to this point. Based on the principle stated above, we can guess that children learn to use the first
sentence before the second one.
Now, let’s move on to the word“after.”Mary laughed, after the clock struck three.
After the clock struck three, Mary laughed.
This is where it becomes a little complicated. We assume that children will find no difficulty in understanding the first
sentence, because the phrase“Mary laughed”comes first, and since that is the main clause. However, children do find thisdifficult to understand.
To indicate the problem, you can try an experiment on preschool children. Ask children to follow your instructions.
Start with a simple combination of words.
“Touch your nose and then touch your tummy.”
Try 2 or 3 of similar sentences to familiarize the children with instructions. Then start using“after.”“Touch your nose after you touch your tummy.”
This sentence asks children to touch the stomach first, but what happens is that children will touch their nose first.
This is the problem with the word“after”when used in the latter part of the sentence. What happens later is said
- 32 -

英語 練習問題 2
第 4 問 -2
actually first. It is not surprising, but children do not favor this type of sentence.
Now, let’s look at sentences that are in reverse order.
“After you touch your tummy, touch your nose.”This is much easier for children to understand. However, they will notice that the“main clause”is not stated first. For thisreason, some children may find this a little hard to understand as well.

1

Brain believes that

1

.

①

children have a tendency to talk with main clauses first②

complex sentences cannot be understood③

subordinate clauses are not necessary④

we should use sentences without conjunctions

E
L
P
M
A
S
２

３

In the article by Davidson, he discusses①

four complex sentences②

seven example sentences③

eight complex sentences④

eleven example sentences

2

3 (b)

3 (a)

５

〔

〕

” to make a complex sentence, and, Davidson did that with two words”in order to give a deeper study. (Choose the best one for each box from options ①～⑥ .)①

a long period②

a short period③

a time difference④

the same time⑤

the reason⑥

the result
3(a)〔

４

〕

in total.

Brain united two clauses with a word meaning“

which cause“〔Both writers agree that
① experimental learning②

having proper rest③

long-term attention④

word order

4

〕

3(b)〔

〕

〔

〕

is helpful for children to understand complex sentences.

Which additional information would be the best to further support Davidson’s argument for complex sentences?
①

Preschool children tend to believe that what is said first happens first.

②

The brain of preschool children cannot understand complex sentences.

③

The conjunction“after”should be used rather than“before.”④

The conjunction“before”should be used for the first clause.

5〔- 33 -〕

目標時間

英語 練習問題 2

８分

第 5 問 A-1
In English class you are writing an essay on a social issue you are interested in. This is your most recent draft. You are now
working on revisions based on comments from your teacher.

Changes Are Needed in Schools

Comments

Current Japan has a marvelous education system that
requires parents or guardians to ensure that their children receive
an education up to junior high school. (1)In recent years, there∧

has been a movement to reduce such educational gaps, but there
is a problem.

(1) You are missing something here.
Add more information between thetwo sentences to connect them.

The global shortage of teachers is a serious issue that
requires a multifaceted approach. One of the most effective
ways to address this problem is to improve teacher training. By
enhancing the quality of teacher education, we can attract more

E
L
P
M
A
S
individuals to this profession. This includes providing teacherswith the skills and knowledge they need to adapt to diverse

learning environments and to provide with the individual needs oftheir students.

Another way is to (2) reduce classes taught by teachers. The

teaching profession is a demanding job that requires a high level(2) This topic sentence doesn‛tmatch your paragraph. Rewrite it.

of skill and devotion. By offering competitive ones that take thesefactors into account, we can attract more qualified individuals
to the profession and retain existing teachers. Because of thecompetitive principle, this not only helps to relieve the teacher
shortage but also improves the quality of education.

Also, technology should be used to make up for the labor

shortage. Online learning platforms and AI technologies canprovide personalized learning experiences to students, which
maximizes their learning outcomes. (3) ∧ These technologies canhelp reach more students with fewer resources.

In conclusion, there are potential teachers in society who(4) meet the conditions above. If we could employ such humanresources, we should be able to get closer to solving the problem.

(3) Insert a connecting expression
here.

(4) The underlined phrase doesn‛tsummarize your essay content enough.
Change it.

Overall Comment:

For your first essay, it‛s well written. Try a little harder! (I decided to become a teacher at your age.😆
How about you?)1

Based on comment (1), which is the best sentence to add?

1①However, almost all countries have introduced this system.

②

In fact, most countries do not have such a system.

③

Therefore, the global teacher shortage is a complex issue.

④

Under this situation, teachers are in short all over the world.
〔-  -〕

英語 練習問題 2
第 5 問 A-2
２

Based on comment (2), which is the most appropriate way to rewrite the topic sentence?
①

decrease school numbers②

increase the number of principals③

raise teacher salaries④

reduce classroom numbers

2〔
３

Based on comment (3), which is the best expression to add?
①

For instance②

In contrast③

Moreover④

Nonetheless

〕

3

E
L
P
M
A
S
４

Based on comment (4), which is the best replacement?
①

are looking forward to better treatment②

are willing to endure harsh environments③

have got great knowledge④

have the skills to operate computers

〔

〕

〔

〕

4

- 35 -