2nd IAG Yangtze Fluvial Conference

EMECS/NIES Session
River Basin to Estuary: Processes and Management
Shanghai June 27 2004

Conference Report

International EMECS Center

EMECS/NIES Session
2nd IAG Yangtze Fluvial Conference

Dr. Nobuo Kumamoto

Dr. Masataka Watanabe

Dr. Kinga Krauze

Dr. Joseph Hun-wei Lee

Dr. Hi-Il Yi

Dr. Ying Wu

EMECS/NIES Session
2nd IAG Yangtze Fluvial Conference

Dr. Kaiqin Xu

Dr. Tran Duc Thanh

Dr. Zhu Jianrong

Contents
1

Overview
1.1 Objectives ···································································································1
1.2 General Outline···························································································1
1.3 Session Summary························································································22Program ··············································································································63Keynote Lectures
3.1 EMECS Activities and Its Future Role for Sea Water
Protection
Dr. Nobuo Kumamoto·················································································843.2

Impact of large Variations in the Changjiang River Flux on
Environmental Properties in the Estuary and East China Sea
Dr. Masataka Watanabe··············································································14

3.3

Ecohydrology – An Interdisciplinary Tool for Sustainable
Management of Fluvial Systems – UNESCO Program
Dr. Kinga Krauze ·······················································································21

3.4

Eutrophication, Algal Blooms and Red Tides in Hong Kong –Observations, Modeling and Prediction
Prof. Joseph Hun-wei Lee ··········································································28

3.5Coastal Management Database and Satellite Imagery for ICM(Integrated Coastal Management) in Korea
Dr. Hi-Il Yi·································································································39

3.6

Biogeochemistry Characteristics of Dissolved and Particulate
Carbon in the Changjiang System
Dr. Ying Wu ·······························································································45

Abstracts
4.1 Estimation of Sediment and Nutrient Fluxes from the
Changjiang River into the East China Sea
Dr. Kaiqin Xu·····························································································50
4.2Impact of the Three Gorges Dam and Project Pumping Waterfrom the Changjiang River to North China on the Saltwater
Intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary
Dr. Jianrong Zhu ························································································52

4.3

Changes in the Discharge and Distribution of Water andSediments from the Red River and their Effect on the Coastal
Zone
Dr. Tran Duc Thanh ···················································································535References
5.1 Schedule of Yantgze Fluvial Conference····················································56
5.2

List of Participants ·····················································································57

1 Overview
1.1 Objectives
The Second Yangtze Fluvial Conference, a conference on the Changjiang(Yangtze) River, the geomorphology of its river basin and environment, organized by
the International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG), was held at East China
Normal University in Shanghai, China. The First Yangtze Fluvial Conference washeld in 1999, and this second conference was planned by the Large River Working
Group of the IAG in order to follow up on subsequent developments in research since
the first conference.
River and river basin environments have a profound effect on estuaries andother coastal zone environments through the transport of water, sediments, nutrientsand so on. For this reason, when discussing the environmental impact ofgeomorphological changes in river basins, rainfall, the use of water and land andvarious other natural phenomena and human activities, it is necessary to think of riverand ocean environments as an integrated whole. In the case of huge rivers such as the
Yangtze in particular, the impact on coastal zones is enormous and extends over awide area.
For this reason, on the final day of the Second Yangtze Fluvial Conference, theInternational EMECS Center and Japan's National Institute for Environmental Studies(NIES) co-organized a session on the impact of river basins on coastal zone
environments.

1.2 General Outline
1.2.1 Session title
EMECS/NIES Session – River Basin to Estuary: Processes and Management
1.2.2 Organizers• International EMECS Center• National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan• State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China
Normal University• International Association of Geomorphologists Working Group on Large
Rivers
1.2.3 Date
Sunday, June 27, 2004 8:30 a. m. - 2:50 p. m.
（The 2nd IAG Yangtze Fluvial Conference was held Thursday, June 24 Sunday, June 27)
1.2.4 Venue
Huashen Academic Exchange Center, East China Normal University,
Shanghai, People's Republic of China
1.2.5 Schedule
The conference was organized into three sessions, each held on a differentday:1June 25
Fluvial Session and Poster Session
June 26
Fluvial to Estuarine Session and Poster Session
June 27
EMECS/NIES Session and Open Discussion
June 28 (departure June 27) - July 1
Field trip
Approximately 30 of the participants went on a field trip to view the river
basin topography and environment of the tributaries in the upper reaches of the
Yangtze (primarily Min Jiang) at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.
1.2.6 Participants
A total of 100 persons attended the conference.
There were 67 registered participants from 16 countries.
1.2.7 Publication
Post conference publication of the papers presented at the Yangtze Fluvial
Conference including EMECS/NIES Session is planned in the following two
academic journals at a later date.
- Presentations relating to rivers will be published in Geomorphology
Information on Geomorphology:
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503334/description#description- Presentations relating to coastal zones will be published in Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science
Information on Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science:
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622823/description

1.3 Session Summary
1.3.1 Keynote Lectures
The first half (morning session) of the June 27 session featured six keynote
lectures.
Dr. Yoshiki Saito of Japan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Scienceand Technology (AIST) served as chair for the morning session. At the beginning of
the session, Dr. Saito said that, compared to the sessions on the previous days, thissession would focus more on the topic of scientific research aimed at achieving
sustainable coastal zone environments.
The first keynote lecture was presented by Dr. Nobuo Kumamoto of
Hokkaigakuen University, Japan (who also serves as chair of the Scientific and Policy
Committee, International EMECS Center). In his presentation, Dr. Kumamotodescribed how the EMECS Conferences came to be held, and he gave an overview of
the achievements and significance of past EMECS Conferences and the major issues
discussed at the conferences. Dr. Kumamoto also mentioned that the next EMECS
Conference would be held in Caen, France in 2006, and he noted the theme of theconference and other particulars.
2

The second keynote lecture was given by Dr. Masataka Watanabe of the
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan. Dr. Watanabe spoke on
the environment in the region of the East China Sea, which is based on the balance ofwater masses such as the river water from the Yangtze River, the Kuroshio Current,
the water in the Yellow Sea and so on. Dr. Watanabe used the results of plankton andother tests and surveys to show the impact of these water masses on the coastal
ecosystems in this ocean region. Numerical simulations of the outflow from the
Yangtze River into the East China Sea revealed that, during the large-scale floodingthat occurred in the river basin in 1998, the suspended solids from the Yangtze Rivercrossed the East China Sea in a short period of time and reached locations near thecoast of Japan. Along with indicating the extent of the impact on the coastal zones of
the Yangtze River, Dr. Watanabe also talked about the predicted impact of future
anticipated environmental changes in the Yangtze River basin on coastal zone
environments.
The third keynote lecture was given by Dr. Kinga Krauze, International Center
for Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Dr. Krauze spoke about a
UNESCO program devoted to research into sustainable use of water resources andmanagement of river basins. Dr. Krauze pointed out that sustainability meant that it
was impossible to separate the ecosystem from hydrology. She also pointed out theneed to consider land-based development, societal concerns, environmental
restoration and so on in an all-inclusive manner, and she gave examples of therestoration of the ecosystem through hydrological control and so on in Poland.
The fourth keynote lecture was given by Dr. Joseph Hun-wei Lee of the
University of Hong Kong in China. Dr. Lee spoke about red tides in Hong Kong,
located near the mouth of the Pearl River, and his presentation involved both
continuous water quality measurements and other site surveys as well as simulations
using numerical models. Dr. Lee discussed such issues as inflow loads from land,
trends in the occurrence of red tides, the status and mechanism of the spread of red
tides from one sea area to another, and the relationship between the occurrence of red
tides and dissolved oxygen and other water quality indicators, and he introduced amethod for predicting the occurrence of red tides using numerical simulations anddata-driven modeling.
Following a short intermission, Dr. Joseph Hun-wei Lee (University of HongKong) served as chair for the remainder of the keynote lecture portion of the session.
The fifth keynote lecture was given by Dr. Hi-Il Yi of the Korea Ocean
Research & Development Institute. Dr. Yi presented an overview of policies aimed at
integrated coastal zone management in Korea. She focused in particular on thecreation of a Coastal Management Information System that uses satellite imageries
and geographic information systems (GIS) to integrate various types of information
on ocean and coastal land regions such as water quality, topography, fishing
operations and the use of coastal zones. Dr. Yi also discussed methods for evaluating
the vulnerability of coastal zones to disasters.
The final keynote lecture was given by Dr. Yin Wu, State Key Laboratory of
Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, China. Dr. Wu gave a3

presentation on the results of an analysis of the carbon flux from the Yangtze River toocean regions. She presented broad-based data on transport quantities in various
forms (inorganic or organic and dissolved or suspended) for both main river andtributaries, from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the estuary, as well as a theresults of an analysis of the influence of the environmental changes in the river basinon the carbon flux and the extent of its impact on changes in coastal zone
environments. Dr. Wu also pointed out that, in addition to the normal monitoring in
the Yangtze River, greater attention must be paid to the impact of flooding.
1.3.2 General presentations
In the afternoon, there were three general presentations. Dr. Hi-Il Yi (Korea
Ocean Research & Development Institute) served as chair.
First, Dr. Kaiqin Xu of the National Institute for Environmental Studies(NIES), Japan gave a presentation on research into methods for predicting inflow
quantities of nutrients from the Yangtze River basin into the East China Sea. Dr. Xu
noted the scarcity of data compared to the size and complexity of the Yangtze Riversystem and said that the inflow load is not yet clearly understood. Accordingly, heintroduced a method to estimate the inflow load from limited measurement dataobtained by a joint Japanese - Chinese research project conducted to gather existingdata as well as the implementation of site surveys. Dr. Xu also discussed a study
involving the use of a mesocosm to study the impact on the Yangtze coastal
ecosystem.
The second general presentation was given by Dr. Jianrong Zhu of State Key
Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, China.
Dr. Zhu reported on research conducted by means of three-dimensional numericalsimulations of the flow in the Yangtze River estuary, showing predicted changes in thesalt water intrusion from the estuary accompanying the changes in river flow andother effects on the estuary caused by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam andthe project to pump water from the Yangtze River to North China.
The final general presentation was given by Dr. Tran Duc Thanh of the
Haiphong Institute of Oceanology in Vietnam. Dr. Thanh reported on the impact of
sediment transport in Vietnam's Red River on the formation of the delta, coastal
erosion and so on. He also touched on the impact on coastal tourism and coral reefs,
and on problems in the management of river basin environments resulting fromanticipated future increases in water use in the river basin.
1.3.3 Conclusion
Throughout the session, the Yangtze River basin and the coastal zone
environment were considered as an integrated whole, and the impact on the area fromriver to ocean and the problems of environmental management were discussed frommultiple perspectives. The holding of this session in particular at the Yangtze Fluvial
Conference, which focuses on research and discussion of river geomorphology andenvironments, added a clear perspective of the effect of environmental problems inriver basins on ocean environments. Issues relating to an extremely broad area, fromthe upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the East China Sea, were discussed from aninterdisciplinary and comprehensive perspective by researchers from different
specialist fields who had come not only from China but from many other regions as
4well.
It is hoped that this discussion will contribute to the development ofcomprehensive environmental management for the Yangtze River basin and coastal
zones in the future.

5

2. Program
EMECS/NIES Session
River Basin to Estuary: Processes and Management
June 27 2004
Keynote Lectures
Chair: Dr. Yoshiki Saito
Institute of Geology and Geoinformation/Geological Survey of Japan,
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
8:30-9:00

EMECS Activities and Its Future Role for Sea Water Protection
Dr. Nobuo Kumamoto, Hokkaigakuen University, Japan / Chair,
Scientific and Policy Committee, International EMECS Center

9:00-9:30

Impact of Large Variations in the Changjiang River Flux on
Environmental Properties in the Estuary and the East China Sea
Dr. Masataka Watanabe, National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Japan

9:30-10:00

Ecohydrology - An Interdisciplinary Tool for Sustainable
Management of Fluvial Systems - UNESCO Program
Dr. Kinga Krauze, International Center for Ecology, Polish Academyof Sciences, Poland

10:00-10:30

Eutrophication, Algal Blooms and Red Tides in Hong Kong Observations, Modeling and Prediction
Dr. Joseph Hun-wei Lee, The University of Hong Kong, China

10:30-10:50

Tea / coffee break

Chair: Dr. Joseph Hun-wei Lee, The University of Hong Kong
10:50-11:20

Coastal Management Database and Satellite Imagery for ICM(Integrated Coastal Management) in Korea
Dr. Hi-Il Yi, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Korea

11:20-11:50

Biogeochemistry Characteristics of Dissolved and Particulate
Carbon in the Changjiang System
Dr. Ying Wu, State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, China

11:50-13:50

Lunch, Poster Unloading, Check out for Field Trip

6

General Presentations
Chair: Dr. Hi-Il Yi, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute13:50-14:10

Estimation of Sediment and Nutrient Fluxes from the ChangjiangRiver into the East China Sea
Dr. Kaiqin Xu, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

14:10-14:30

Impact of the Three Gorges Dam and Project Pumping Water fromthe Changjiang River to North China on the Saltwater Intrusion in
the Changjiang Estuary
Dr. Jianrong Zhu, State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, China

14:30-14:50

Changes in the Discharge and Distribution of Water and Sedimentsfrom the Red River and their Effect on the Coastal Zone
Dr. Tran Duc Thanh, Haiphong Institute of Oceanology, Vietnam

7

3. Keynote Lectures3.1 Keynote Lecture 1
EMECS ACTIVITIES AND ITS FUTURE ROLE
FOR SEA WATER PROTECTION

Dr. Nobuo Kumamoto
President, Hokkaigakuen University
Chair, Scientific and Policy Committee, International
EMECS Center

Distinguished guests, participants, my colleagues, friends, ladies andgentlemen. It is my special honor and pleasure, as a chairperson of Scientific andPolicy Committee, International EMECS Center, to make this presentation of its
activities and role for present and future generation in this Second Yangtze
Conference.
Let me begin my presentation
with an explanation of the name EMECS
first. EMECS is an abbreviation ofEnvironmental Management of Enclosed
Coastal Sea, which aims to promote
domestic and international activities forprotecting enclosed coastal sea and its
surroundings. We use a word:
International EMECS Center or Kokusai
Emekkusu Sentar in Japanese when wetalk of its activities.
Main office of International EMECS Center is located in Kobe, Hyogo
Prefecture, in Japan since 1987, when it was organized and started its activities ininternational level.
Let me shortly trace to its original activities which started in the United States.
Dr. Ian Morris of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental and Estuarine
Studies invited international experts of sea water protection in early 1980s fromseveral countries including Sweden, England, Japan and some others to the Universityof Maryland Center in Cambridge, Maryland, in order to organize a joint international
comparative study group for the enclosed coastal sea water, which was supported by
the State of Maryland and concerned companies and citizens as well.
The motivation of this study stemmed from substantial water pollution
observed in the Chesapeake Bay, which is surrounded by Washington DC, the state ofPennsylvania, state of Maryland, Virginia, Delaware and West Virginia. The qualityof water of the Bay is much influenced by polluted water discharged from theseconcerned states and towns in the Chesapeake Bay area. Such physical surroundings
caused easily degradation of sea water by discharged polluted water from farms,
factories, pastures, cattle farms, domestic used water. The polluted sea water had
strong influences to the marine products such as fish, shellfish or crabs in the Bay
region, which has been well known as one of the famous fishery products of theUnited States of America.
8

The original study experience guided by Dr. Morris could easily combine with
future international activities for protecting sea water in the world.
As you may see, the water pollution process of the enclosed coastal sea iscaused by inflow of various elements of contamination into the sea. Thus it is quite
easy to see that land generated materials of contamination flow into the enclosed sea
through various measures such as rivers, underground water or some other ways.
It is important to know that the enclosed coastal sea has basic characters suchas:First, the water within theenclosed sea does not easily change its
qualities, because of its physicalsituations surrounded by land and someother objects such as islands. This meansthat poor exchange of water in it with theopen sea causes serious accumulation ofcontaminated materials.
Second, because of such physicalconditions, the enclosed sea water easily
polluted by river water which brings
polluted materials from land based
facilities into the sea.
Third, the enclosed coastal sea water plays an important role for fostering
baby fish, shellfish and other small animals and small unit of plants as well which fit
for their growing. As the results of it, contamination of the sea water causes serious
damages of its production.
Fourth, the enclosed coastal sew water is, needless to say, easily influenced by
red tides, which spoils cultured fish and shellfish and other marine products.
Fifth, owing to reclamation in large scale, purification function of natural sea
water decreases its normal function and bio-diversity in shallow water areas.
Sixth, in addition, in many cases scenic beauty and historical monuments
abound in and around enclosed coastal sea area. Seto Inland Sea of Japan is a good
example of this scenic beauty.
Now the enclosed coastal sea, however, has been broadly given damages byhuman activities for production and usage, such as various constructions for harbors,
bridges, recreational facilities, highways, warehouses, factories, shopping centers,
housings and others. Among these human activities, reclamation is the worst reason of
decreasing wetlands everywhere in theworld.
In addition to such humanactivities, the enclosed coastal sea has
been polluted by agricultural activities,
daily farm functions as well. Anothertype of destruction is caused by human
productive activities mainly for cultured
fish and shellfish. It is quite important toknow, however, that the sea waterpollution has been as well caused byeutrophication of water in which cultural
9

fish and shellfish are fostered. Domestic used detergent discharged into river also may
cause serious eutrophication in the enclosed sea. As to the chemical and scientificcausation link between red tides and materials has not yet been established byscientists concerned. It is still left in our hands to solve it.
I would like to draw your attention to serious oil spills or discharge oil
problems from oil cargos or wrecked ships in the enclosed seas. It causes serious
disasters in and around the beaches concerns as you know.
Let me introduce examples of enclosed coastal seas in the world. Here we may
cite such major enclosed coastal seas in the world as follows: Chesapeake Bay, in the
United States, which I had mentioned
before, San Francisco Bay and Puget
Sound in the United States as well, Gulf
of Mexico, Bo Hai, in China,
Mediterranean Sea, in Mediterranean Sea
area, North Sea, between England andEurope, Black Sea, surrounded byseveral countries such as Turkey,
Georgia, Ukraine, Russia and some othercountries, Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea,
Gulf of Thailand, Seto Inland Sea, inJapan, as I mentioned, Caspian Sea, andother numerous places in the world.
We, members of the International EMECS center, have made our efforts toorganize several international conferences in these areas for almost last fifteen years.
As a result, it is important to know that the comparative study of the enclosed coastal
seas may make it possible for us to learn broad knowledge of physical conditions ofvarious areas and to find common problems and countermeasure policies for enclosed
coastal sea areas. We may say that, natural phenomena in Chesapeake Bay are
similarly observed in Seto Inland Sea. We may take effective measures against them.
From this reason, the freedom of information policy should commonly be
adopted, and thus the exchange of information concerning enclosed sea area can beeffectively promoted among concerned countries.
I just skip the background knowledge of the relation between the international
activities of EMECS and the activities started by Dr. Ian Morris. I’d like to later
explain it. Just one point, Dr. Ian Morris came to Japan as a mission to investigate thestudies in Seto Inland Sea, Japan. We had a chance to see Governor Kaihara of Hyogo
prefecture. We talked about future planning for the project in environment of the sea.
And then, Governor Kaihara got an idea, then, it took three years to organize a
conference in Kobe. It was in 1990. It’s considered as the first EMECS Conference. I
can say such a relationship between United States and Japan is considered quite
important, which plays an important role in addressing the environmental problems.
Now I would like to explain the activities of EMECS Center. As activities of
the EMECS Center, we have promoted various projects as follows until today:
Several projects to promote the prevention of enclosed coastal sea pollution
such as international symposiums and conferences which we organized in previous
years.
The second activity is collection, circulation and utilization of information10

such as issues of newsletter, CD-ROMs,
internet systems and some other devices.
The third activity is conducting
education and training activities to foster
experts such as the previous training
courses, short term schoolings andseminars.
As one of the major activities, asImentioned,
theinternational
conferences that I can explain something
here, we organized six international
EMECS Conferences until today:
The first one is Kobe conference in 1990. The second one is EMECS
Conference 1993 in Baltimore, Maryland. The third one was in Stockholm, Sweden,
which was jointly organized with 7th Water Symposium. The fourth one was in 1999,
Antalya, on Mediterranean, located in southern part of Turkey. It is a famous place forresort area. It was held in 1999 and this one was combined with the activities ofMedcoast meeting. Medcoast is mainly intended to organize an international scientificgroup providing education on environmental management to people around easternpart of Mediterranean area. Fifth EMECS Conference of 2001, we invited theconference to Kobe again. That was organized in 2001. Then, the most recent one is
the sixth conference in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003.
Now I would like to summarize the previous EMECS Conferences. Throughthese experiences, we may tentatively conclude previous conferences as follows:
The 1990 Kobe Conference reported a disaster caused by red tides in Seto
Inland Sea of Japan, due to theinteraction of biological and chemicalmaterials, in addition to other topics suchas governance of land and sea,environmental education, value of
cultural heritage of coastal sea, andexchange of information to citizens,
economists, fishery unions, lawmakers
and administrators. Thus, the Kobe
Conference had opened the mostimportant gate to comparative studies ofcoastal water and oriented directions
afterward of discussions in domestic andinternational meetings.
The second one, the 1993
Baltimore Conference selected six issues
such as the role of philosophy inenvironmental protection as well as theroles of citizens, the role of science andtechnology, and environmental education
among citizens, and the concepts ofgovernance and integrated management.
This concept is considered quite
11

important, trying to consider various elements as a whole.
After the Baltimore Conference, we resumed the tasks imposed by previous
Conferences to the third EMECS
Conference in Sweden in 1997, which
was jointly organized in cooperation withthe 7th Stockholm Water Symposium.
The Water Symposium in Stockholm, I
suppose some of you know about quite
well, is considered about not only sea
water but land water as well. In thisConference, the “Interaction of Land
Activities, Fresh Water and Enclosed
Sea” was adopted as the main theme, tointroduce various aspects of the relationsof land and sea water. That beautiful sea port city of Sweden gave us an opportunity
to make a review on the role of citizens again, the meaning of exchange information,and the evaluation of policies overcoming barriers in governance. The barriers arevery basic key elements in sustaining and creating good environment. Five casestudies on the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, the Seto Inland Sea, Chesapeake Bay andGulf of Thailand, which were introduced by experts, provided particularly important
information of comparative studies. We could see a similar situation which happenedin various areas in the world. We may take some good examples and we may learnsome experiences from these case studies.
In the 4th EMECS Conference in
Antalya, Turkey in 1999, we focused on
several topics such as land-sea
interaction again, coastal management,
coastal engineering as a whole, thereaction of coastal and marine biology,
the importance of managing coastal
ecosystems. This joint conference with
MEDCOAST Conference adopted someother additional topics such as promoting
trainingandeducation,
becauseMEDCOAST is very famous, as I shortly
mentioned, for the important role they played in fostering young generation, they have
tried to provide a good example of information to concerned experts in that area. In
this Conference, a Declaration of Coastal Seas was adopted, in which we emphasized
new information technology which plays
quite an important role for conveying theresults of our research and experience toyounger generations. That is quite
important.
We invited the fifth EMECS
Conference to Kobe again in 2001. Inthat Conference, much attention was paid
to Asian sea water problems, in addition
to NGO activities, which were newly
invited to our concrete activities.
Needless to say, the relation with NGO’s
12activities is important to continue in
future as well, and that is why we invitedthe experts of NGOs to our Kobe
Conference.
The sixth Conference in Bangkok
in 2003 suggested to us various attractive
activities including participation ofyoung students, which will take full
responsibilities in our future. The idea
should be sustained in future as well andopportunities for young generations
should be provided. We should listen to
their voice.
Now at the end of this summaryof previous EMECS Conferences, I amquite happy to announce you that theseventh EMECS Conference in 2006 will
be held in Caen, C-A-E-N, in Normandy
area in France, to which all of you in
addition to many colleagues in Europe
are cordially invited as participants. The
first announcement will be issued in
October, or September, I hope. The main
theme is “Enclosed Coastal Seas: Our joint Responsibilities”
Now, the conclusions. Considering these results of the past EMECS
Conferences, it is time to review the results of previous activities from the beginning
until today and to step forward to which we should proceed and what we should dofor our future in preserving and creating better environment of coastal water and its
surroundings. Out of many valuable presentations and suggestions in these previous
EMECS Conferences, we may find several important and urgent policies for the next
steps forward.
In addition to chemical or scientific measures for protection of ourenvironment, promotion of comparative studies and so forth, it is important to adopt
effective legal measures to land based sources of water pollution to the enclosed
coastal sea. Another urgent point is to find effective measures for recovery andcreation of coastal water. We need to consider various related elements concerning theprotection of sea water. Moreover, in order to sustain at least present condition of sea
and land water, a zero emission policy should be broadly adopted by legal andincentive measures. Freedom of information is another element for being adopted andsustained among concerned countries and areas as well.
As a conclusion, I would like to cite a phrase: “from environmental
preservation to creation for better environment” which was stated in a keynote speechby the ex-governor Kaihara at one of the previous Conferences. This phrase, whichclosely connected with knowledge, technique and information, shall be a key concept
for the future coastal sea protection movement.
I would like to conclude my short presentation of EMECS activities in Japan
with my appreciation to Organizing Committee of this conference.
Thank you very much for your attention.
13

3.2 Keynote Lecture 2
IMPACT OF LARGE VARIATIONS IN THE
CHANGJIANG RIVER FLUX ON
ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES IN THE
ESTUARY AND THE EAST CHINA SEA

Dr. Masataka Watanabe
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

写真

Thank you very much. We’re delighted to open this special session, since
NIES has been working very closely with our Chinese colleagues and various agents.
Professor Chen is one of the key collaborators with us, but I also have many friends in
China,
includingState
Oceanic
Administration (SOA) and the Ministryof Water Resources and the Chinese
Academy of Sciences. Today, I would
like to introduce some of the work,
which I’ve been doing in the past ten
years.
First of all, maybe I’ll try toanswer Professor Chen’s question of
how the catchment affects the estuary.
This is one of the scenarios that we areconsidering in the Changjiang catchment
and Changjiang estuary. The scenario is that we have the present condition, which isthat the ocean typically receives phosphate/nitrogen and silicate from land. The ocean
ecosystem is pretty much determined by the ratio of nitrogen/phosphate and the silica
ratio. However, the Changjiang is a very special river that has lots of sediment.
Therefore, most of the phosphates are absorbed on the surface of particles. Therefore,
when it comes to the estuary, most of the phosphate is lost by the sedimentation of theparticles. Therefore, after 100 km off the Shanghai area, the total amount of phosphate
is pretty low compared with nitrogen. Therefore, the nitrogen, phosphate and silicate
ratio is very high, particularly the nitrogen-phosphate ratio, in this estuary.
Right now we are considering the two big effects on the catchment. One is theconstruction of dams, and the other is the policy of transporting water from south tonorth. By introducing these two engineering exercises, we anticipated some kind ofchange in biogeochemical cycles.
One is that the eutrophication in the dams will probably be accelerated andmore suspended solids will be trapped in the dam. As a result, phosphate will also be
trapped and probably silicate will be trapped too. We also have to anticipate the rapid
economic growth in urban areas and industrial areas, which will lead to an increase innitrogen and phosphate load.
Another important factor is that demand for fresh water is increasing
tremendously right now. Most of the data are based on the lowest measuring point
datum, but the datum is still quite remote from the estuary area and Nanjing and other14

big cities are located downstream from the datum. The freshwater usage will be very
high in that area because of the rapid industrialization.
Therefore, our scenario is the following. By increasing the nitrogen andphosphate load, and decreasing silicate, should we expect the dinoflagellate red-tide
bloom to increase in the estuary? As a result of the succession in the phytoplankton
community, should we expect some kind of fish-catch decrease in the estuary?
Thirdly, by increasing fresh water demand, should we expect some kind of salinity
intrusion into the estuary?
First, I would like to introduce the various schematic views of the complexityof the estuary. This was probably already discussed yesterday and two days ago, in
the opening session. In the estuary, from the temperature and salinity and density
diagrams, we can characterize the different types of water combination in the estuary
area. One is the Changjiang diluted water, here, and Yellow Sea water is coming inhere and the Kuroshio current comes in here and also the Taiwan warm current iscoming in here on the surface.
In the bottom layer, again the Yellow Sea cold water is connected in here, theTaiwan warm water deep current is coming in here and Kuroshio deep water iscoming in here. Those water masses do not mix well, rather they co-exist. Dependingon the oceanographic and meteorological conditions they move around, but basicallythese four water masses co-exist in the estuary.
This is again the schematic view of the flow distribution in the estuary in the
East China Sea, as well as the Yellow Sea area. As a result, those water masses
determine the ecosystem characteristics as well as distribution. For example, these are
the results of one of our past surveys. These red areas are pretty much dominated by
Changjiang diluted water. Therefore, the phytoplankton community is dominated bycoastal diatom and some of the dinoflagellates. On the other hand, these blue lines are
dominated by more oceanic phytoplankton carried by the Kuroshio Current. Therefore
the community is entirely different and the diversity is also different. These areas area mixture of coastal and oceanic plankton communities.
According to the change in location, from coastal areas to offshore, thevertical distribution of the phytoplankton community, as well as other environmental
factors, is also significantly dominated by those water masses. For example, Station 9
is strongly influenced by Changjiang diluted water, and therefore most of the nutrientsare very high in the surface but very low in the bottom area and as a result thephytoplankton community is abundant in the surface area but there is not much in thebottom layer. On the other hand, Station 20 is the area where the Kuroshio Current
penetrates deeper areas, therefore high levels of nutrients exist in the bottom layer but
there are quite low concentrations in the surface area. In other words, most of thenutrients are utilized on the surface. Therefore the phytoplankton communities areabundant in the middle layer, somewhere around 30m in depth. Therefore, thesephytoplanktons are located where there is a balance between the light penetrationfrom the surface and nutrient availability from the bottom. As a result, the maximum
layer exists at 30m in depth. Station 18 is a kind of mixture between coastal andoceanic communities. Not much biological activity exists.
We also made observations at Station 6, which is at the end of the Changjiang
dilution water. This is pretty much at the end of the dilution spreading. Most of thenutrients have been utilized. We can still see the maximum biological activity,
dominated in particular by dinoflagellates. In this case, the Prorocentrum dentatum of
red tides has been observed. By continuous measurement at the fixed stations, we can15see a very beautiful diagonal or vertical migration of the Prorocentrum dentatum
going through the salinity stratification. In other words, going through the nutrient andsalinity stratification, the dentatum is moving up and down to migrate vertically anddiagonally and obviously uptakes the nutrients in the bottom. This slide is other,similar data.
Therefore, I can say that the ecosystem, particularly the phytoplankton level,
has been completely dominated by the nutrient supply as well as the complex watermass movement in the estuary area.
We also conducted the so-called
mesocosm experiment in the estuary.
This experiment was designed to see theeffect of nutrient perturbation in theecosystem. In this case, phosphate is alimiting factor in this estuary, andtherefore we perturbed the system byadding phosphate to it. We installed afloating mesocosm we call it, enclosureof the ecosystem, with a diameter of 4m
and a height of 5m. We put the two
floating systems in the estuary, one ofwhich was control and the otherperturbed. This is the method that weused in the Changjiang. This is theinstallation of the mesocosm which wasdone in collaboration with State Oceanic
Administration (SOA).
We conducted two consecutive
years. One year was dominated bydiatom and one year dominated by
dinoflagellates. In essence, I can say thatfromdifferent
phytoplankton
communities in the first primary
production, the second primary production of the zooplankton level has an entirely
different community. The diatom has an abundance of zooplankton, while on thecontrary the dinoflagellate community has a very small zooplankton community. As aresult, the silicate pattern is also entirely different. Diatom requires silicate as anutrient, therefore the silicate decreases rapidly. The others had the same nutrient
pattern observed.
Strikingly, by using a radioactive
carbon tracer, we incubated the systemwith organic and inorganic carbon
sources, and traced how much of the
tracer of carbon was transferred frominorganic levels, as well as organic
levels, to a different condition, fromphytoplankton or bacteria, up to thezooplankton level. In other words, howmuch of the carbon is transferred to thezooplankton level. This is one measure16

of analyzing the ecosystem of the biogeochemical cycle. Astonishingly, we found thatin the case of diatom, in this case Skeletonema costatum system, there was very strong
carbon transfer up to zooplankton level. In other words, the zooplankton community
eats a lot of the diatoms as a nutrient, and therefore the zooplankton community isreally abundant. On the other hand in the Prorocentrum dentatum system, which is acase of dinoflagellate, the zooplankton did not graze on much of the dinoflagellate. In
other words, the carbon flows are not active from the inorganic level up to thezooplankton level.
This is a very crucial finding, that zooplankton could be one of the foods forhigher trophic levels. Therefore, depending on the phytoplankton communities, thehigher level carbon flux is entirely different, and in the diatom case, we can probably
expect a huge zooplankton community. Therefore, fish production will be abundant.
In contrast, in the dinoflagellate case, carbon does not go up to zooplankton level andso fish production may not be as high as the diatom case. Of course, in the case of fish,
we have to introduce many other factors; we understand that. Still, based on our
limited experiment, as in this scenario, we can postulate that depending on the red tidecondition or healthy diatom blooms, higher trophic levels will be significantly
controlled.
Other activities we carried out, we also develop the so-called ‘simulation
model’ to understand the whole system. This is the bottom topography for the area.
We divided it into two areas for various reasons. This is the ‘near’ field, and this is the‘far’ field. First we tried to solve the entire far field, including the near field too,keeping those values as a boundary and solve the inside. We used the model
developed by the Chesapeake Bay Project, which partially utilized the Princeton
Ocean Circulation Model.
We also included the river. The river flow on a daily basis is known only inthe case of Changjiang. Only the monthly average value is available in the case ofother rivers. Also, we have the continuous validation site here as an ocean buoy.
Those values have been utilized as an validation. When we apply the existing modelto this size of simulation, we have to include the more important factors, the cycle ofrivers and the tidal excitations as a boundary.
Another important factor is wind stress on the surface. The East China andYellow Sea Basin is strongly influenced by seasonal variation in the wind, particularly
typhoons and winter winds. Therefore, we incorporated the ECMWF General
Circulation Model results as an input to the surface information. Those data are taken
every ten minutes, and are incorporated as a surface boundary condition.
This is the Asian monsoon area. You also have to include the rainfall from thesurface to the sea. This is a very significant amount. If we see the freshwater supply
only from the rivers, that salinity budget does not match. Much more fresh water is
supplied by the atmosphere. This is the important information, deducting from the top,
I have to read that, the distribution of precipitation by the TRMM satellite. In otherwords, the TRMM satellite is a tropical satellite. Twice a day, we can observe theprecipitation in the tropical zone. Luckily, the Bohai Sea is also included as part of thetropical zone. These data has again been assimilated on a daily basis. Every day thosedata are assimilated into the model input, as with the fresh water supply.
Also, we input the fresh water in two ways. One is the measured value, but wealso developed the so-called ‘whole-catchment’ simulation model. The whole
Changjiang catchment was modeled by the so-called ‘water cycle’ model. This is thevalidation, the comparison of simulated value with the measured flow rate at the17datum station. It shows very good agreement with the datum data. We input this dataas the river flow for the Changjiang and this is the comparison of the observed
measure at the buoy, and calculated temperature on the surface, at 50m and at 100m.
Basically, we believe that these comparisons show very good agreement. Also, thisslide shows the simulation result of salinity distribution on September 8th, 1998. This
is when the biggest flood occurred in the Changjiang river catchment, and wecompared the simulation result with the measured values at Tsushima Straits. This is
the calculation and this is Tsushima, this is the Korean side and this is the Japaneseside. It shows very good agreement in terms of the salinity distribution.
We also conducted a near-field observation of temperature and salinity andother flow- through and nutrients. Those are also utilized as a validation.
We also applied a simple suspension distribution model, for different sizes.
This is smaller than four microns, and this is four microns to twenty, and larger thantwenty microns. This model also included simple mixing not only by tidal but also by
surface waves.
This is the distribution of salinity
for 1998, with seasonal change. I haveno way to validate the horizontal scale.
We’ve been trying to use satellite data tocalculate horizontal temperature.
Also, as shown by Professor
Chen in yesterday’s presentation; theseparticles are smaller than four microns.
This is the four-micron to twenty-micronparticles. We simply applied the Stokes
sedimentation velocity. We can see thatduring the flood period of AugustSeptember 1998, those small particles
are spreading on the surface of the East
China Sea, crossing the East China Sea
and approaching the Sea of Japan andcoastal areas of Japan. On the other hand,
the larger sized particles are spreading in
the near-field, but then flowing at thesame density. In other words, at theintermediate depths of 20m to 30m; it’spenetrating to the central part of the East
China Sea. So, depending on the size ofthe particles there is a different
distribution and behavior.
We also conducted a long-term simulation of the system, starting from 1997
and continuing for three years. The first year data was deleted simply because wereached a certain kind of steady state. Then, we ran the model for two years, and put
in a tracer from each river; how each river flow behaved in the East China Sea. This isJuly 10th, 1998. This is probably the beginning of the flood in the Changjiang, andthose particles are crisscrossing the East China Sea and flowing into the Sea of Japan.
But also we can see that other rivers, such as the Han River, are also
contributing to part of the Yellow Sea cold water. It’s only the case of the Changjiang
for a two-year simulation, starting in January, 1998. For most of the winter, theChangjiang waters are spreading along the coast of the south of China. In this case,18

this symbol shows the depth of the fresh water coming from the Changjiang, first
spreading on the surface, but through this circulation it sometimes goes to the deeper
areas, such as depths of 20m. The color of particles is changed. Therefore, the deep
water first goes to the coast of Korea and mixes with the Han River and of course
water coming from the Bohai Sea. Those are mixed together here to form the deep
cold water of the Yellow Sea, approaching the bottom area of the Changjiang estuary.
Therefore, this simulation indicated that the water is always circulating within thesystem, and it’s not a single source, but it’s always re-circulating – round and roundand round. Those data indicated that in order to achieve a better understanding of theecosystem in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, we need a solid database, notonly from the Changjiang River but also from the Korean side as well as the other big
rivers, like the Yellow River and others.
The second application of this model is that those boundary data from thelarge-area simulation are used as input to the near-field computation. This is theestuary of the Changjiang, including the rivers, and we set several validation sites forthe measurement of salinity. We produced this scenario. The datum station is aroundhere up to Nanjing. From Nanjing to Shanghai we estimated how much of the water
would be utilized in the future, including the south-to-north water transport.
Approximately 3,000 m3/s will be utilized. The maximum flow in the ChangjiangRiver is 80,000 – 90,000 m3/s, as yesterday’s presentation indicated. But, during thewintertime, it’s less than 10,000 m3/s, sometimes it’s 7,000 m3/s. In this case, 3,000
m3/s of water usage is a significant influence on decreasing the flow rate of the
Changjiang in the dry season.
This is the simulation result for the whole year of 1998 to May 1st, 1999.
Station 10 is outside the estuary, and we can see that during the dry season of January,
February, March and April the salinity is gradually increasing at certain points inside
the river. This is the surface and this is the bottom. Comparing the surface and thebottom, obviously the bottom includes more salinity than with the surface. This is thenormal condition in the present Changjiang system. By introducing the scenario of
3,000 m3/s in water usage, we estimated these figures. In other words, significant
salinity will be included inside the Changjiang River.
This is the present system of the
Changjiang salinity distribution, January
1999 – again the salinity is higher here.
In other words, the north mouth had
higher salinity coming in and a major
flow comes through this direction andhelps mixture. Now, on February 27th,
1999, more salinity is coming in here,
and in April goes back again. In otherwords, an increase in fresh water pushed
back the salinity front.
If we introduce the 3,000 m3/s
water usage scenario, then the horizontal
salinity distribution will be changed significantly and more saline water will comefrom the north and will go partially up the mainstream of the Changjiang. Those areas
will be entirely saline water. The reason why we conducted the simulation, in thiscase the scale is ppm - parts per million of salinity, is that highly industrial modern
factories have been introduced in the Shanghai area, and those factories have very

19

severe salinity requirements or standards for the boiler water. So, they require amaximum of 50ppm of salinity as a standard. If we exceed that, then they stop theintake of the water. So, it has a significant effect on the environment, and also on
economic activities in the engaged area.
As a conclusion, according to myinterpretation, to those scenarios,
unfortunately, I have to say, yes. Salinity
intrusion: Yes. Dinoflagellate bloom
increase: Yes. Decrease in fish catch:
Probably yes. I’m not sure in that ourexperiment was only at the zooplankton
level and we didn’t do any investigationof upper-tropic levels, but probably: Yes.
This is the end of ourpresentation. Again, in order to understand the estuary, we have to understand thecatchment as a whole, and we have to pick up the basic elements. In our case thebiogeochemical process has been simulated as a whole.
Thank you very much.

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3.3 Keynote Lecture 3
ECOHYDROLOGY – AN INTERDISCIPLINARY
TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OFFLUVIAL SYSTEMS – UNESCO PROGRAM

Dr. Kinga Krauze
International Center for Ecology, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Poland

Thank you. I’m very sorry for the problems with the computer. I would like tothank the organizers for inviting me, and I would like to present today some aspects ofthe ecohydrology approach developed under UNESCO IHP V and VI Ecohydrology
Programme. At this time ecohydrology is an interdisciplinary tool for sustainable
management of fluvial systems. This is a joint paper of Professor Zalewski and myself,
and data which are presented are result of ten-year work of the teams of theInternational Center for Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences and the Department ofApplied Ecology, University of Lodz.
We know that the activity of man in a river catchment is always affecting thebiogeochemical cycles. Therefore I would like to start with some very brief and big
facts about our role in shaping a dynamics of river catchment ecosystems, and thenshow you a few examples from Poland.
Analyzing the processes at landscape scale we see that man activity withinriver catchment leads in general to decrease of its diversity. We transform a natural
diversified landscape to unified one, what is not of no significance for biogeochemical
processes. In diversified catchment natural plant-cover plays a very important role inpumping water, which circulation occurs
through evapo-transpiration and interception.
The role of natural vegetation is also to stopsurface runoff and act as a filter for
groundwater so it possess the ability to keep
nutrient cycles enclosed and to minimize lossof chemical compounds to rivers. Rivers,
lakes and reservoirs – freshwater systems – assituated in landscape depressions – aresensitive indicators of landscape changes.
Any change of land use has it cause-effect in the quality of fresh water systems, and inconsequence in coastal zones. Landscape transformations resulting from humanactivity are mostly related to removal of natural vegetation. This is a trigger for
problems with hydrological balance and the hydrological regime of the area, surface
runoff, erosion, and pollutants leaking from groundwater to freshwater systems.
Hence in urbanized and agricultural landscapes we are dealing with open nutrient
cycling and loss of nutrients and other chemicals to freshwaters and coastal zones. In
case of reservoirs and ponds we also have to deal with an exaggeration of internal
nutrient load.
Here are a few examples of man role as a driver of landscape and freshwater
processes. This is an example from the Central Poland, where we analyzed 30-year21changes in landscape structure. What we have found was, a significant increase in therate of urbanization. The problem is that urbanization appears the most intensively inthe middle sections of rivers. So, you can see that in the middle course of the river, I
mean the third up to the fifth or sixth orderstreams, the rate of urbanization is really high.
There are two processes responsible – anexpansion of new urban areas and an increasein building-closeness. It means that we create
more and more impermeable surfaces andpollutant sources in areas which are crucial,according to our research, for fish spawningand as refuges for fish-larvae and even older
fish.
What we also observed, was that this urbanization appeared in two ways. One
is linear development of urban areas – along transportation pathways, which is typicalin development of villages or towns. Another one is dispersal expansion of urban
areas, which is related to recreation. Of course this is a sign of human well-being, but
still, this kind of expansion usually occurs in areas, which are really crucial tobiodiversity preservation.
These are the results of mentioned changes at the landscape level. One isnutrient leak to surface water. We observed especially an increase in concentrations of
total nitrogen and other nitrogen compounds in water, but also an increase inconcentrations of phosphorus and other ions, what may indicate an increase of erosion
rate.
This is another example from Central Poland showing how decreasing ofwater quality in rivers affects other systems. This is the Sulejowski Reservoir, one of
the main reservoirs which we are working on.
This is a supply of drinking water for several
cities, among them the city of Lodz, with apopulation of above 1 million. The picture
shows toxic algal blooms occurring in July.
They appear to be very serious problem
because we discovered that their toxins
influence human health in many ways, e.g.
they increase risk of cancer. That is aconsequence of chromosomal aberrations inhuman genes caused by cyanobacterial toxins.
Water quality is one of problems we deal with, another one – equallyimportant – is water availability. We have observed in our country, that during last
thirty years the average temperature has increased by about 1 degree centigrade, andwinter temperatures have increased about 3 degrees centigrade. These changes causedlack or timing variation in appearance of typical hydrological events like for example
snow melting in the spring, which provides water for our rivers. Together withtemperature rising – the decrease in precipitation, of about 150mm was observed forthe last thirty years (average for Poland is about 600mm). That resulted in decrease ofriver discharges, which indirectly influences also water quality.
Decrease in discharges influence ecosystem functions in many rivers, but inthe case of lowland rivers the situation is not so critical as in the case of upland andmountain ones. The reason is different characteristics of catchment and river valley22

structure, which is not conducive to stabilization of hydrological dynamics, andaccumulation of nutrients (especially under increasing anthropogenic stress).
Another example are peat bogs, being
one of the protected areas designated under
Nature 2000 network. Need for encourage of
agricultural production, resulted in building ofa drainage system in 1981. What happened
was a complete change in land and marsh
structure. Here is the marshland; here aremeadows and crop fields developed in placeof natural vegetation. The final effect ofprecipitation decline and conducted drainage
was lowering of groundwater level. This led todegradation of natural wetland areas, decrease in water retentiveness in the wholeriver valley, and in consequence also deterioration of pasture quality – so the goal was
not achieved.
What happened in the river? I don’tknow if it’s very visible (in this slide), but thisis a list of fish species for one of the riverpresented earlier. At the beginning of the 80s
we observed 16 species. Now 6 of them are nolonger present. Two more are seriously
endangered- what means that they disappeared
completely at some studied sites, and threeothers are getting rare in at least some river
sections. That’s the response of fish
communities and rivers to changes inlandscape use.
We are wondering if and how we are able to improve the situation,
considering that man faces increasing water requirements. In the case of somedeveloped countries or some countries in Central and Eastern Europe, we willprobably need to increase our food production. Here is an example from two countriesof the former Soviet Union. We can increase our production by using more pesticides,
or by using fertilizers. So, in the future we will probably cope with even more serious
problems with water quality. Simultaneously according to brief estimations, by 2050
our green-water needs, water for agriculture and food production, will probably reach
6,000 km³ per year for Asia region only.
How can we increase our productionin terms of providing water? We can irrigate
new areas, we can improve crop-per-drop
efficiency. Another solution is horizontal
expansion of agricultural areas. But this will
not change the fact that by 2050 many
countries, basically in Africa but also in Asia
and Europe, will face the problem of water
scarcity. Poland is included here, so that is
why we are so worried about the situation.
Another thing is that, now we know that it is water and availability of nutrientsthat decides in which place on this graph our system will be situated. So, if we changewater balance, if we change nutrient availability, and if climatic changes result in23

temperature variation, our ecosystems will probably move along certain axes on thegraph, what means change in biodiversity. It is important to predict, what the change
will be, how it influences ecosystem functions and services and how we can adjust ourmanagement strategies to a new situation.
Some solutions are proposed within the Ecohydrology approach. We have torealize that traditional methods of ecosystem management and protection are notsufficient. They require application of expensive technical solutions, exclusion of big
areas from human use (unrealistic in many countries), and finally they enable only
limited regulation of catastrophic events like droughts and floods.
Ecohydrology proposes integration of different disciplines into one approach.
That is what we are trying to do now. We are trying to put together knowledge related
to physical factors- geology, geomorphology, and especially hydrology, as a driving
force responsible for the structure of ecosystems and our knowledge of biota –biology, genetics, biochemistry, ecology and other disciplines.
The concept of Ecohydrology is basedon two hypotheses. The first suggests thathydrology can be used as a tool to control
dynamics of biota. The second proposes biota(biological component of ecosystem) as a tool
for regulation of hydrological processes.
Therefore we have to order andapplied our knowledge about these twoentities at different levels – from molecular tocatchment scale.
Proposed ecohydrological solutions are basedon these three points (shown on the slide). The
framework for all activities is provided byhydrological knowledge, the target of action isthe ecology of the system, and possible
methods are eco-technological ones.
Going into details. According to theconcept of ecohydrology, the minimal scale atwhich we should integrate our knowledge onhydrological and biological processes is thecatchment scale. This is because it allows us
properly understand the whole range of biogeochemical processes and analyze thecomplete water cycle.
Then, we have to understand and keep in mind, what the driving forces are. So,
what is the role of water and temperature? Water and temperature are responsible forthe rate of primary and secondary production in land and water systems. Here you cansee relationship between rate of primary production, radiation and evapotranspiration．
Then, there is a hierarchy of factors. We have to be conscious of the fact thatthe primary factors are biotic ones, and only when they are stable and predictable, thebiotic interactions become more and more important in the regulation of biochemical
processes.
What is our target? The target is understanding of mechanisms which
determine the resistance and resilience of ecosystems to stress, because we would liketo enhance the capacity of ecosystems to absorb human impact.

24

Actually, we have quite a good basis for this understanding. We know, briefly,
what is the relationship between different elements in ecosystems. We know that the
microstructure of ecosystems is very
important and that there is a link between
biodiversity and the stability of processes. At
least there are some examples which show,that when we’ve got systems rich in species,
like here, we’ve got quite a persistent structureof ecosystem. This is illustrated by changes of
total plant cover, which occur to be smallerwhen the community is very diverse. We also
know that in diverse communities, nutrient
uptake is much more efficient, what atlandscape scale means diminishing of nutrient leak into freshwaters.
We can apply this knowledge. We can improve vegetation in buffering zones
along the river courses. This is an example of one of our projects. We are trying tofind species, which will be the most efficient in nutrient uptake. What is important it
is not only how much they accumulate, but also how the process proceed during theseason and which part of plant plays the crucial role: leaf, stem or root. It is importantbecause cutting and removing plants at the end of the season, we can remove also
nutrients, and 1kg of phosphorus reaching thereservoir system, is responsible for productionof several tons of wet biomass ofphytoplankton.
We
know
also,
lookingatmacrostructure, that it is diversity of landscapewhich guarantees stability of biogeochemical
processes. Another example from our research.
This table shows the comparison of nutrienttransport to ground water and water out flowfrom the uniform and mosaic landscapes. You
can see that in watersheds, where fields are
separated by woodlands and wood strips, a
rate of nutrient removal is higher and also
water out flow from the catchment is much
lower, especially in the summer months.
Therefore this type of agriculturallandscape demonstrates also that, inconcordance with intermediate disturbance
hypothesis, intermediate disturbance, is afactor which not only impacts biodiversity, but
is also a factor useful in its shaping.
Looking at our target processesecological processes. There are some of themthat we are especially interested in under theconcept of ecohydrology. One is thetransformation of nutrients and othercompounds into biomass and soil components.
The others are: self purification processes,
nutrient trapping by catchment vegetation,

25

denitrification and sedimentation. All of them may become incorporated into effective,
and low-cost eco-technological solutions hence we consider use of ecosystemproperties as most efficient management tool.
Here are two examples. One is from a terrestrial ecosystem. This is thefloodplain of the Pilica River, which supplies with water the Sulejowski Reservoir.
We constructed a hydraulic model of the flood plain in order to know the pattern ofwater flow, especially during peak flows, areas where intense sedimentation occurs
and what is relationship between current velocity, sedimentation rate and vegetation
cover. The aim is such an improvement of the structure of wetland area, which allows
us to lower sediment and nutrient load into reservoir. To achieve that goal we also
prepared a map of vegetation, and then we estimated the potential of this vegetation toremove sediment and nutrients depending on hydroperiod. Then, we developed a planof its restructuring, toward enhancement of its capacity to accumulate nutrients. For
example, we would like to enhance the development of some species, which are
already present on the floodplain, but are not very abundant and introduce patches of
autochthonic willow species.
This is another example, this time from the Sulejowski Reservoir, where wewant to use hydrology to regulate biotic
structure of invertebrate and fish communities
for improving water quality. We found thatwhen the water level in the reservoir is low
during the spring months, fish reproductive
success is low due to unavailability of
spawning areas. When the juvenile-fish are
not abundant, biomass of plankton is balanced
throughout the year. This results from limitedpressure of fish juveniles on zooplankton(filtrators), which is able to control dynamics of alga and cyanobacteria. When there isno such regulation of water level and all spawning habitats are available for fish, you
obtain very high reproductive success at the beginning. Too numerous fish larvae andjuveniles cause depletion of zooplankton Then, many juvenile fish die out because ofa lack of food and space, but filtrators are too scarce to control phytoplankton. Hereyou see - low zooplankton biomass, and toxic algal blooms as a result. That is one of
the methods we are applying now at the Sulejowski Reservoir to regulate the density
and abundance of fish and, as a consequence, of zooplankton and algae.
In many cases it’s impossible or very
difficult to restore ecosystems to pristineconditions. It would be too money and time
consuming and often human population needs
make such a target unrealistic. What is therealistic target? Coming back to theintermediate disturbance hypothesis, we seethat the highest biodiversity and highest
biomass are obtained at the intermediate
disturbance level. Hence the goal of ouractivities should probably be placed
somewhere here to optimize both biodiversity and biomass. This example shows
riverine systems but it is also true for terrestrial ones.
However, it is of course impossible to obtain sustainable management in acatchment without considering also socio-economic aspects. We are also trying to26

apply ecohydrology as a tool for solving suchproblems.
Ecosystems
undergoing
anthropopressure, which symptoms are: waterpollution, degradation of agricultural land anderosion, are not providing services to people.
The secondary effects are loss of landscapeand biological diversity and decrease of theincome for people. What we want to do, andwhat we are doing in the case of the Pilica
River catchment and the Sulejowski Reservoir
catchment, is trying to improve buffering functions of wetland areas by carefullyplanned introduction of energetic willow species. Then, we make it possible forpeople to obtain biomass for bioenergy. It also helps to reduce of other fuel use, andtherefore helps to reduce air pollution. Finally it enables effective protection of land
and water- because wetlands are very efficient as biofilters and it increases landscape(patchiness) and habitat diversity. These lead to improvement of water quality and tobiological diversity enhancement. So, that creates an additional or alternative sourceof income for people based on tourism development, bioenergy production and helps
to reconcile local population needs with nature protection. That’s why we observedthat in many regions of Poland, and also in other countries all over the world, thisconcept is receiving increasing interest. The attempts to implement theecohydrological approach is quite advanced.
Now we are developing the UNESCO/UNEP demonstration project in the
Pilica River catchment, which incorporates all mention above components. So, we areworking on hydrology and possibilities for using it to control the biological structureof the catchment and to use, as I showed you, vegetation for the control of hydrology.
We are also trying to involve people, local governments and to create somealternatives for economic development of the region.
This kind of demonstration project isalso going to be developed in other countries.
The basic knowledge is that obtained during
studies of biosphere reserves – model
ecosystems illustrating original patterns of
natural processes. Then there is series of
proposed demonstration projects in other partsof the world, to look at ecosystem functions
along the continuum from pristine up to very
degraded systems. The aim is to understandhow the systems work and how efficientecohydrology methods will be there.
If anyone is interested in the concept, several articles have been published.
One is in Ecological Engineering from 2000. Another is in Hydrological Science
Journal. We have also our own journal, The Journal of Ecohydrology andHydrobiology. It is edited by the International Center for Ecology, but under the
auspices of UNESCO. There are two other recent publications: Guideline forIntegrated Management of Watershed, and Manual – both available at the UNEP
website. I brought them with me, so if anyone is interested in seeing them it ispossible.
Thank you.

27

3.4 Keynote Lecture 4
EUTROPHICATION, ALGAL BLOOMS AND RED
TIDES IN HONG KONG – OBSERVATIONS,MODELLING AND PREDICTION

Dr. Joseph Hun-wei Lee
Professor, Redmond Chair of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong
Kong

Thank you very much. Thanks to the EMECS organizing committee. It’s aprivilege to be here today to share with you some of our work in connection with algal
blooms and red tides in the past fifteen years or so.
I myself am a hydraulic engineer by training, and we work a lot with, for example,
outfall design and turbulent jets, actually. But as one of our main interests, we weredrawn into this topic of algal blooms and red tides pretty much by necessity, by thenecessity to cope with fisheries management in Hong Kong, and also by the need toactually understand many of the observations we make.
I’d like to talk about several things today revolving around, if you like, fisheries
management and some of the recent research we have done. I’d like to talk about somereal time field observations of dissolved oxygen and algal-dynamics. We were drawn tolook into these topics mainly because of a need to understand dissolved oxygen variations
in our coastal seas. Many of our coastal seas, as you will see, are enclosed or semienclosed. I’d like to talk about something which came up recently, the hydrodynamic
tracking of the massive spring, 1998 algal red tide. Something about management,
because we develop models pretty much for management purposes besides trying tointerpret the often complex observations. I’d also like to talk about real time forecasting.
As today I only have half an hour, I’d like to talk about the various kinds of approach,maybe slightly engineering oriented, and I’d like to start up a dialogue with many of theoceanographers here.
I’d like to talk about some of the approaches we’ve used to tackle these problems.
Sometimes just plain hydrodynamic tracking explains a lot of things. Sometimes youneed to couple ecological concepts with physical concepts. If there is anything that comesout of this talk, I’d like to stress that through our experience we’ve found that the
integration of physical processes and ecological processes is a must in tackling some ofthese fisheries problems.
Many of you probably have been to Hong Kong, but just to give you somebackground data; it is, I suppose, a pretty small place, a thousand square kilometers ofland. It is also a very intensively used space. In that little space are 800 square kilometersof coastal waters with a population of 6.7 million. There are a lot of activities going on.
This water is used for a lot of things: navigation, reclamation, beaches, scientific use,28

marine borrow areas, and so on. One
characteristic of course is that we aresituated right at the mouth of the Pearl
River estuary. We are also influenced by
the huge nutrient loads coming down thePearl River estuary. Hong Kong is locatedright next to the Shenzhen Special
Economic Zone in South China, thelargest industrial base in the world. Picture
this freshwater flow coming down, a wet
season flow of about 20,000 cumec, and adry season flow of about 4,000 cumec. All
the human activity that has developed in the last two decades in the Pearl River estuaryplus the developments in Hong Kong; all the domestic and industrial wastewater would
end up in this estuarine region. This pollution problem is what we have to grapple with.
Just to give you an idea of the developments, ever since mainland China opened
up in the late 1970s, the population has grown, at least officially, to over 30 million inthis Pearl River delta region. The unofficial figure may be more. Just Shenzhen alone
grew from a town of 300,000 to tremendous population of 3 million over a span of two
decades. It’s almost unimaginable. You can see with this increase in human populationand industrial activities, that we are getting a lot of domestic wastewater discharges,
which are treated to a lesser degree than industrial discharges. You can see we have beengetting something like 2,000,000,000 tons of wastewater per year, in the Pearl Riverestuary. This of course is entirely related to economic development and anthropogenic
activities.
Just to give you an idea, the nutrient load in Hong Kong’s waters is about 8,000
tons of total nitrogen per year. This is derived from many sources, from human activities,
from livestock waste, from non-point source pollution, from a variety of sources. This isjust the Hong Kong load – about 8,000 tons per year, and 1,500 tons of phosphorus. On
top of that, based on the population ratios, you can probably find at least six-times thatamount coming down the Pearl River estuary. All that (these nutrients), have to be
assimilated somehow in the Pearl River estuary. Partly because of this process of nutrient
enrichment, Hong Kong historically has witnessed many red tides and algal blooms. As
you know ‘algal blooms’ really refers to the explosive growth of marine phytoplankton,and for certain types of species, like
dinoflagellates, the water will be
discolored. It will grow to very highconcentrations, sometimes of the order ofhalf a million cells per milliliters.
I’ll just show you the number ofoccurrences of red tide observed in thepast twenty years or so; we had amaximum rate of occurrence in the lateeighties of up to eighty red tides per year,
and then it subsided a bit after the
introduction of pollution control, but in29

recent years it has picked up again. In 1998, in particular, an El Nino year, again we
observed a lot of red tides.
The point about red tides is, I think, nobody as yet can predict red tides andnobody as yet can say there is a very definitive cause and effect relationship between
some of the perceived human activities and the occurrence of red tide. The point is that
red tides can occur in very clean waters. For example, this is Kat O, which you will see a
bit of later. It has very pristine waters. This is a red tide observed in Kat O, in our easternwaters. In fact, it’s strange that every year in Hong Kong we observe red tides first in thisvery clean water. This was observed very close to one of our new towns, Shatin, in Tolo
Harbour, one of our very weakly-flushed semi-enclosed seas. Most of these coastal(urban infrastructure) developments occur in semi-enclosed seas or next to semi-enclosed
seas. The point I introduced earlier is that there are very limited tidal exchanges,
exchange of “clean ocean water” between these semi-enclosed seas and the open ocean.
So, we observe a lot of red tides, and often when red tides and algal blooms occur
it can lead to severe dissolved oxygen depletion and sometimes fish-kills. The point is,
let’s say you have a diatom bloom, then you can have a lot of algal biomass, and undercertain combinations of hydro-meteorological conditions, very, very low DO can result,less than 1 milligram per liter. All the fish in a fish-farm can be killed, and we have about
26 of these gazetted fish culture zones in Hong Kong. You can get massive fish-kills thathave not only economic but also very important social implications. Sometimes it’s like
this, it can be just related to decay of algal biomass. You can see there’s a need for
management, there’s a need to understand why and under what conditions red tides occur.
Unless you do that you cannot really talk about control.
Sometimes it can occur due to very strange reasons, like this example from 1998.
In March – April, spring 1998, Hong Kong was invaded by a massive red tide, it was an
El Nino year, and it spread all over Hong Kong like an infectious disease. It seems tohave occurred in some of our eastern waters, and then drifted, it seems, to the southernwaters, and 80% of our fisheries were wiped out; and our beautiful beaches in thesouthern waters of Hong Kong were closed and so on. It’s not so much the economic
loss; it had a very significant social impact.
We’ve been grappling with these problems for a while, but especially after 1998,
we started a group research project, sponsored by the Hong Kong Research Grants
Council. Many engineers, mathematicians and biologists got together and started thisgroup project. Three years later we have nearly finished the project. Basically we asked
several questions.
••••

What were the main causes of the massive red tide fish kills in March/April 1998?
Why do red tides occur more frequently in some of our waters, especially theeastern waters? Often they apparently originate in a certain bay.
What is the relationship between dissolved oxygen and algal dynamics and can
we predict algal blooms?
How do we determine the carrying capacity of fish-farms for sustainable fisheries
management?

30

These are the sort of questions thatinterest us. As you can see this actually
points to many interesting, I would like tosay, theoretical questions that are worthyof research. So, what we did was to set up
real-time monitoring stations in two placesin Hong Kong. One is at this place called
Kat O, which has very pristine waters. I
don’t think you would mind swimming
there. This is pretty much oceanic, more
ocean like, in our Eastern waters. The
other station is on Lamma Island, where
the fish kill occurred. It’s more estuarine and more influenced by the Pearl River estuary.
So, we set up two, if you like, ‘real-time coastal observing systems’.
We did something very simple. We just bought a used old fish raft and we loaded
a lot of instruments on it. We designed our own system. We withdrew water from threedepths. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence. We measured dissolved oxygen at threedepths to very good accuracy, to 0.1 milligram per liter accuracy. We did a lot to achieve
the accuracy required of research quality
data. Of course we measured temperature,salinity and the like. Then we measured
solar radiation, wind, we had an ADCPand pyranometer to monitor tidal currents
and light intensity. This system evolved
and was refined over time, and we believe
it is a cost-effective system. Basically, wewere monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence
continuously, at two-hourly intervals. Thiswas supplemented by weekly nutrient
measurements, because those were much
more costly measurements of nitrogen,phosphorus and so on.
You can see from this example that
it is a very dynamic system. In fact, it’s anearly detection system so whenever there
is an algal bloom, an alarm in ourlaboratory will ring. This is the observed
chlorophyll at three depths, middle,
surface and bottom. We have an extra
surface-mounted fluorimeter. Whenever itgoes above this level it is a bloom. You
see here, it’s very fast changing. Alongwith these phytoplankton dynamics, if you
like, you have a very distinct dissolved
oxygen dynamics. You can see that the surface and bottom dissolved oxygen levels differ
greatly during an algal bloom. In fact, our aim is eventually to be able to predict algal

31

blooms just by looking at the DO signature, because DO is so much more robust, somuch more accurate, to measure than chlorophyll biomass.
In addition we have other measurements, but this is just to show you that usuallyit’s a very dynamic system and, especially in our subtropical coastal waters, the timescale is usually of the order of 7-10 days. So, it won’t be covered by any routine,
biweekly water quality monitoring carried out by our environmental protection agency atall.
Not only that. These algae are sometimes diatoms. Usually with diatoms you havea higher dissolved oxygen level at the surface and lower at the bottom, it behaves like aregular pattern. But sometimes, a lot of the harmful algal blooms are actually due todinoflagellates, these algae species which can move up and down the water column.
What this means is that during the daytime these algae will go up to get solar energy, andduring the night they will swim down to get nutrients. As a result you get this verticalmigration, which Dr Watanabe showed a little bit. This plots the measurements ofchlorophyll levels – you can see that during the daytime it comes to the top and at night it
moves to the bottom. It moves up and down, and as a result you see this vertical profile ofalgae, if you like, with time. The point is that this is a very complex phenomenon. You
try to model it; you try to predict it; to get some understanding. That’s why you needdifferent approaches, and that’s what I’m going to talk about today. In fact, I’m going totalk about three approaches. We’ve tried many more than that, but I’ll just talk about
three approaches today.
The first approach I would
suggest: sometimes, as our Koreancolleagues often say, red tides are entirely
due to physical factors, hydrodynamics,
and nothing to do with nutrients. We think
this is what happened in spring 1998. In
spring 1998, as I mentioned, there was a
massive red tide which seems to havedrifted from the eastern coast to thesouthern coast, where there are a lot of
pretty beaches, Repulse Bay etc. andfisheries; The massive redtide caused thismassive fish-kill at Lamma Island. It wasa toxic species Karinia Digitatum. It
suffocates the fish gills by secreting
mucus. At first, it wasn’t clear why the redtide had occurred – it could have been due
to the change of weather, and so on. We
used a model to describe this. We’ve beenusing this Delft3D model in collaboration
with the Hong Kong government andDelft Hydraulics. It’s a model which
simulates three dimensional water flows.
So, you force the flow - it’s nowhere near32the same scale as the East China Sea, but it’s still about 200 km across. You impose thetidal forcing here; we having very complex tides in Hong Kong. Spring tidal range isabout 2m range, neap tides around 1m. Let’s say you impose 9 tidal constituents (M2, S2,
O1, K1 and so on) along with the oceanographic current forcing the Kuroshio Current.
Then you have boundary conditions, then you have your forcing here, you have yourfresh-water flow coming down the Pearl River estuary, and then off you go (with thehydrodynamic model simulation)!
So what you see is a tidal wave moving up the estuary, and, if you like, a longwave, generally moving up the estuary like this and moving down like this - this is during
the dry season, around March - going up like this and coming down and out like this. If
you picture this, it is the propagation of a tidal wave, which creates the currents, which
generates the flushing - you see, ultimately you have to link up to ecology - which
generates the flushing of these tidal inlets. This is what we must be after if we are going
to describe the process. In other words, this model gives you the tidal current, the tidal
level and the salinity at every point in the estuary.
This shows in general the salinity variation. This is the dry-season. This is thebottom salinity and this is the surface salinity. There’s not much difference in the dry
season, as you would expect. It changes from about 34 parts per thousand to about 10
parts per thousand in the mouth (of the river). This is around the border between themainland and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Even in the dry season
there is a longitudinal salinity gradient.
I don’t want to go into details, butwhat we found is that it seems what
happened in 1998 was entirely due to thewind. It was a very strong, windy Marchthat year and somehow the wind, andchanges in wind direction, changed thecirculation patterns in this bay. If you get
a red tide that’s, for example, brought into
the bay by a ship, then it can have thechance, which it usually doesn’t have, tobe transferred very quickly into
southeastern waters, and cause themassive fish-kill which occurred at
Lamma Island.
After conducting many studies we came to this conclusion. In other words, it
wasn’t due to the weather. Weather probably had a part to play but it was mainly due tothe hydrodynamics. This is the wind speed in March and April 1998. There were verystrong winds in March, which created the chance for whatever algal blooms present inthese eastern waters to be transferred out of Mirs Bay. Also, there’s a significant change
in direction to this southeasterly wind at the beginning of April. This is the wind direction.
These are the tide levels. You can see we have complicated mixed tides.
Mainly because of this change in wind direction, we’ve proven this throughextensive drogue tracking calculations, there was a change in the fundamental flow
direction. There was a change from a counter-clockwise, to clockwise gyre, whichtransported things out of the bay. Now, you see this located here. Normally, not in 1998,33

if you get a red tide here, transferred by ship, it usually goes to Kat O, goes to Tolo
Harbor. Usually, it will make its way towards the South China Sea, without going into
Repulse Bay, and the southern waters. This is a real-time calculation. Normally, that’s
what will happen, and that’s why we usually observe a red tide; our hypothesis is that it
has probably come into Hong Kong on a ship, there’s a container terminal here in
northern Mirs Bay. It’s transported to Kat O then some may go into these landlocked
harbors, Tolo Harbor – you saw a red tide there already, and then it will go along thispath.
However, in 1998, you see, this is
the same time scale, it came out of the bay
very rapidly because of the wind and thedrogue tracks rushed pretty much to thesouthern waters because of a change inwind direction to southeasterly winds.
This caused the fish-kill. This also
coincided with the recorded sequence of
events of observed algal concentrations at
different beaches and so on.
So, my first point is sometimes red
tides occur for innocent reasons. They
may have nothing to do with pollution.
This is my first point. The massive redtide which occurred in southern waters originated from this. We believe it was the change
in wind direction and the diurnal tide conditions which gave rise to this consistentclockwise gyre, which greatly enhanced the transfer of blooms into the region. This work
was recently published in the ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering – last month.
However, you still need to somehow link red tides to ecology, because we believe
they are in some way related to pollution. I’d like to suggest something like this. Suppose
you have a polluted coastal bay - it can be a fish farm; it can be a kind of inlet.
Nowadays, with supercomputers you can compute forever if you like. You can computethe 3D flow for a long period. But we suggest this is probably not a good way. What wesuggest is that what determines whether there is an algal bloom in a bay is mainly
affected by the organic loading, and by the flushing rate. Do you see that tidal wave
coming up? That exchange process is driven by that tidal wave, by the baroclinic as wellas barotropic forcing. Actually, in many
subtropical coastal waters it turns out that
it is heavily driven by hydrometeorological conditions.
So, let’s say we have a very simple
picture. You have a tidal inlet. You havepollution, either from a fish farm or fromhuman activities, and you have organic
pollutant regenerated from the sediment… Let’s say we focus on the importantwater quality parameters: dissolved34

oxygen, organic waste, something we call BOD, which may not be familiar to all of you,but chlorophyll is a measure of algae biomass, nutrients, here. Then this system flushes,it’s exchanged, it’s renewed at a certain rate by clean ocean water, so to speak.
Let’s say we conceptualize
everything just to let you have some kindof model, a standard water quality modelof some kind, which essentially models
the growth of algae as a function of tidal
flushing, wind, salinity, and sunlight. The
growth of algae depends on nutrients, it
uptakes nutrients, and when it dies it
generates nutrients. It also takes up
oxygen and it gives off oxygen throughphotosynthesis. Basically, you close thematerial cycles of carbon nutrients,
phosphorus and so on, but what wesuggest is that what determines it
physically is mainly the flushing rate. So
how do you determine the flushing rate?
It turns out it’s not as trivial as wefirst thought. We have come up with amethod that’s very simple. Let’s say, I
want to determine the flushing rate of atidal bay. So you say, this is the ocean, so
in your system it can be the mouth of the
Yangtze; this is just one of the bays. You
have a system and you define flushingtime as the average lifetime of a particle ina given system. You give it a tidal forcing, you compute the 3D hydrodynamics, thecurrents and so on. Let’s say, we do a tracer experiment to determine the flushing time. In
other words, let’s say, initially, I paint this with color and I see how the color changes inthe bay. This is the Lagrangian particle tracking which minimizes problems withnumerical diffusion. This is real-time 3D. By tracking the particles you come up with asingle number that characterizes pretty much the physical exchanges with the open sea.
What we found surprising is…for
example, you try to change the change inmass in this system, this is a 3D
calculation. But what you will find is you
can describe the tracer mass change in thebay very simply with a double exponential
curve. You do it for the dry season andyou do it for the wet season when there isa lot of river flow. You can fit it to adouble exponential, from the best fit curve
you can determine these parameters K1,
K2 and gamma, just to describe that curve35you saw. From that you can determine the flushing time in a very concise way. For
example, you color the whole bay because you want to track the change of mass in thissystem. In the dry season the flushing rate is lower, in the wet season the mass changes
very quickly. The whole point is that this change of mass is driven by these baroclinic aswell as barotropic processes. You see, the clean ocean water comes in, it renews thewater, and it flushes it out. That’s the basic idea.
One point we found is that theflushing time, in this system for example,
can be very different in the dry and wet
seasons. Sometimes it’s just a factor of
two difference in this bay. So in the wet
season it stays in the system for a much
shorter time, it renews itself much faster.
But sometimes, it can be one order ofmagnitude faster when you havestratification. In other words, the rain andthe effect of stratification, can make asignificant difference to these exchanges.
We have established a systematic way toquantify this. So, very schematically the flushing time is, if you like, the time it takes abottle to be transferred from the inner sea to the outer sea. Even in a small place, that cantake about a month or two, forty days. Recall we have all these fish-farms inside thesecoastal seas; in fact, this situation has parallels all over South East China.
Basically we have quantified the first part, the flushing time. Now on top of that,
suppose I tell you that these algae grow in a certain way, which can be quantified. They
grow in response to sunlight, so this is the growth of algae. They grow in response tonutrients. They grow in response to temperature. Suppose I tell you that we can model
this, and in biological oceanography this is commonly accepted – there are somedifficulties. There is a ‘light extinction’ of algae as you go beneath the surface, due to thealgae itself, and there’s a nonlinear feedback. There are very highly nonlinear dynamics,
and you see this is a function of the extinction coefficient, this is an exponential curve, asa function of the algae itself. I don’t want to go into a lot of details. Then the algae like totake up ammonia nitrogen more than nitrite or nitrate nitrogen. There are a lot of thesebiological processes that need to be modeled.
Supposing you can model this, then let’s say you can come up with thesepredictions; for example, you can predict the dissolved oxygen changes. At nighttime, itwill drop because of the consumption processes, and in the daytime it will rise because of
the production due to the hydro-meteorological conditions. Then, let’s say you can model
this to give forecasts of dissolved oxygen. For example, this is the actual fish-kill, which
occurred in 1987, a massive one which we predicted some years ago. Very often you can
see there is a certain trend to the dissolved oxygen, due to the hydro-meteorologicalconditions, high water temperature, prolonged sunny clear skies followed by overcast
skies and neap tide. Dissolved oxygen dropped to below one milligram per liter when all
the fishes in that fish-farm were killed. So, suppose you can do this. You can do areasonable job of DO forecasts, and you can also predict long term trends…. Anyway,36the point is, you can predict long term water quality trends, as well, for management
purposes.
I want to drive home the point that the water quality is very often very dependenton hydro-meteorological conditions. For example, in 1987, this is the predicted total
output for one of our cases. This is the predicted chlorophyll on the surface and at thebottom at one of our inner stations, and this is the range of measurements. These are theinner stations and these are the outerstations. Outer stations have a lot lessalgal biomass, chlorophyll, because thearea is better flushed. You see in 1987, themonthly average water temperature wassomething like this. Now, in 1992 we hada very cold year, at the beginning.
Because it was a very cold year, then thealgal dynamics did not have a chance totake off for the greater part of the year. In
fact, it didn’t take off until very late in theyear. This is actually mimicked by themodel.
The point is, with water quality you can have this sort of models to predict longterm trends and make short term forecasts of DO. Then, you can couple these to come up
with a model for determining the carrying capacity. In other words, in the tidal inlet, whatis the carrying capacity? What is the pollution loading capacity?
This is what we’ve been doing in
the last two or three years or so. Really,
the most challenging thing about it is: Can
you do real time forecasting? Over the
past four years we’ve accumulated about
three years of continuous data. We’ve
observed something like fifteen blooms,
diatom blooms and dinoflagellate blooms.
You see, with all these water quality
models you need to calibrate and so on, sothey’re not very robust for real-time
forecasts and if you use the models forreal-time forecasts, you’re bound to be disappointed. In recent years the idea has been:
Let’s switch away from the knowledge based models; let’s go to data-driven models, ormaybe data assimilation. I just want very briefly to mention our experience of applying
these data-driven methods, in particular neural networks.
Only recently has water quality data been of sufficiently high frequency to makereal-time forecasts. I don’t want to go into the theory of neural networks, but let me justgo into one point. The idea is: Let’s say, I treat this very complicated marine ecologicalsystem. It’s so complicated I don’t have the process knowledge and don’t have the money
to buy a model to understand it. So, I treat it as a black box but I have some idea of what
the input nodes, what the input variables are. Very simply speaking, it’s something like37

this. Suppose I have a bunch of input
nodes, and I have a bunch of outputs - in
my case there is only one output node and they are linked by a “hidden layer”, ifyou like, linear combinations andnonlinear activation functions. Basically
we treat it as a black box - that’s the idea and you can model highly nonlinear
events.
Let me just say a word about what
the key variables are. We think these are
the key variables. In fact, you can obtainfrom the water quality models what the
key variables are. For example,
phytoplankton, water temperature, solar
radiation, etc. In other words, you canlearn from the study itself what the key
variables themselves are. This wasrecently published in Ecological Modeling– What we found is that what matters isthe chlorophyll itself, plus solar radiation,water temperature and so on. The idea is:
Can we have a real-time system whereby,
based on the observations of the past, I
can make some forecasts for the future?
Just like a weather forecast, it need not be
absolutely correct, but it would be nice if
we could do this type of rough forecast.
I’ll just show one example. I’mskipping things, but I’ll show you thelatest example. This is our latest data; wehave three years of data. It’s not the wholelot, but it’s almost continuous data. You
just need one value per day to see whether
there’s an algal bloom or not….This is an
example of a real-time forecasting of algal
bloom. If we make use of the data of theprevious four days, then for diatom
blooms at least the prediction seems very promising. For dinoflagellate blooms wehaven’t been very successful as yet.
That brings us to the end. I’m sorry, I wanted to just give an idea of what isavailable. Basically, we are working on data assimilation techniques for these real-time
forecasts. I hope you at least got a taste of some of our work. Thanks. (applause)38

3.5 Keynote Lecture 5
COASTAL MANAGEMENT DATABASE AND
SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR ICM (INTEGRATED
COASTAL MANAGEMENT) IN KOREA

Dr. Hi-Il Yi
Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Korea

Thank you. Now we move to another side of the coastal zone in Korea. Today,
actually, I’m happy to talk about general management and not in detail about science.
I’m so glad it’s related to fluvial systems; however I did not bring the data or
information at all. It’s a real pity, but next time, when we have another chance I want
to integrate them and show you again, if I have a chance.
First, I have to thank you for organizing this conference and also international
EMECS for inviting me here to share this work together. I really appreciate it. Also,
thanks to Dr Watanabe for actually initiating the invitation for me, thanks.
First, let me introduce the history and development of ICM in Korea, and then
how we established the information system for coastal management, and thirdly thehigh-resolution satellite imagery application for coastal zone management and how toprovide a data service for it. Then, we’ve still got other problems to solve about thisICM, and finally a conclusion and suggestions.
First, the history and development of ICM in Korea. At the beginning of 1996
the idea was formulated and the people got together. I was involved then, too, and we
got the social scientists to look at how to prepare for coastal zone management at the
CCMA. It was passed 1998, in congress. However, because we had an IMF crisis in
1998; a lot of our economy collapsed at that time. People suggested the idea of socalled ‘IT New Deal projects’ for all kinds of areas, which was initiated by the
Ministry of Information and Communication. This was purely for the purpose ofoffering for people. The idea was for people to input previous coastal information data,
which would be nice. This was started in 1998.
Meanwhile, people started talking about the need for a real coastalmanagement project. Eventually MOMAF, Ministry of Maritime and Fisheries,
appealed to get a fund from the upper Ministry of Policies and Plans. Now the policy
system is different because they got funding from the Ministry of Policies and Plans.
They got money and they started the project of coastal management, the information
database.
The progress is that they annually put the coastal data by combining
measurements and nautical charts data, and also putting the basic coastal database.
Also, we studied data for a web service which is provided for end users. To do this,web service technology had to be developed. Also, it is operated and conducted forbusiness people with some support from MOMAF. At the end of 2001, the Coastal
Management homepage was primitively completed so that information has been
provided to national and local government and agencies, regional districts and39recently institutes like KORDI and academia. Now annual projects have been
continued with more extension and upgraded information of ICM since 2000.
Now, this stage is the second
stage of the ICM project. The current
status of establishing the coastalmanagement information system is likethat. (showing a slide,) We need to add
more of these basic coastal maps, orthematic information on coastal maps,
and also managing programs for
culturing farms and artificial reefs andsome coastal statistics and some satellite
images, or the basic data for the coastalzone like geological data, and on otherissues, marine sand resources and also some administrative supporting systems andsurvey data of marine environment. So, we set up the information here. What I
mentioned here is the satellite image database, mapping data, attributed data all
together, how to search for and analyze information and how to display the result for
the end-users. I will explain in more detail in the following.
Sorry about the Korean words.
Our homepage doesn’t have English orother languages yet. The coastalmanagement information starts fromhere, and we do have large groups here.
For example, the coastal information
map covers the entire coastal zone, withthese sectors, including Jeju Island in its
entirety. So, the coastal information map
has a scale of 1:25,000 over the entire
Korean coastal zone. There are
topographic maps, which are publishedby NGI and nautical charts, which are
publishedbytheNational
Oceanographic
Research
Institute,
NORI. We can combine these charts and
maps
and
make
coastalgeomorphological maps. There is otherinformation about how to use here, but I
will not explain in detail. The coastal
information map is composed of thecoastlines, land topography, roads,
major facilities, buildings, city streets,
location and other names, administrative
boundaries,
bathymetriccontours,
bottom sediment and water depth etc… including tidal flats and harbor limits, too. So
coastal information is now digitized and provided on the internet and CD. As such,the viewing software was developed for the users to use them easily.
That’s the thematic information of the coastal map showing public water
reclamation etc… here. When we go to the sea around southern Korea we can have all40the information about harbors, culturing
farms and industrial complexes andpublic water reclamation and so on. We
also collected statistical data fromcoastal areas and wrote annual reports
for 78 cities and more than one hundred
streets, also including human andinhuman islands, here. You’ll see here
annual report for coastal cities andisland statistics. If you want to, you canfind all kinds of information aboutislands, including legends or local
history. We also have fisheries statistics; how much and what kinds of fish is beingcaught, total production, licenses people have, etc. There is also information about
the kinds of coastal industrial complexes, which is related to both the economy andpollution. It’s very important to control pollution. Fishing villages are important. They
are the end-users, who really need it for their own livelihoods, for their own work etc..
So, it’s very important to have this information.
There is also the administrative
supporting system. I have alreadymentioned reclamation of public water,
including basic licenses, who can apply
for them and for what purpose. Public
water does not belong to private
enterprize. They need to ask forpermission from the government, but tobe honest the underlying philosophy isthat they are not allowed to havereclamation of public water. But there
are implications. We have boundaries
between public and private measurements which are still unclear, so people claim
private estate in public waters. This is still going on a study for a more detailed survey
there. There is also management and maintenance of public water. Sometimes
seawalls or roads are destroyed by squalls etc…
There is also management of
culturing farms. In Korea I would say
the entire coastal zone is covered with
culturing farms. Wherever you go, it’svery difficult to avoid culturing farms.
However, there is no specificincorporated leader or network forgovernment. They established a lot ofprojects which were done segmentally or
separately. Now they don’t know where
they put artificial reefs. It’s not clear.
Now, people are starting to solve thisagain, finding out where are the fixed nets or the culturing farms or reefs. Sometimes
they use ships, etc… They really need to find out what the seafloor bottom situation is.

41

Next is the coastal satellite image map. It is a 6m-level color satellite image,which is a combination of the IRS-1C and Landsat images. We cover the entire
coastal zone.
Next is marine environment
survey data. It is related to scientificocean data, so it’s from academia,
research centers and national researchgroups. They monitor and collect data
concerning water quality and parts thatare polluted, physical data, chemical
data and geological data.
The next point is marine sandresources. Another issue in Korea is the
rapid land-based rate of construction,
due to the demand for apartments and soon. At present we have a real problem
with marine sand mining. River sandmining is completely prohibited. I am on
the national committee which is advisingwhere marine sand mining can takeplace, and we have a real problem
balancing the development of marine
sand mining and the conservation of themarine environment. Many people argue
that marine sand mining will cause
coastal erosion and reduction of fishstocks and will affect ecology and water
quality. We started a specific 10-year project this year concerning marine sand mining
problems. The information database should be included in the ICM in Korea.
Also, the soil surface map along the coastal zone, very in detail, and the basic
coastal map with satellite image data. We have included seafloor morphology, subbottom geology and other data.
Next, is how we were able toachieve and how we can apply highresolution satellite imagery for coastalmanagement. One thing is that we need
to use it effectively. As we know, if weare limited to fieldwork it can take a lotof time, money and manpower – satellite
images are helpful for reducing this kindof investment. To use satellite imagery
effectively
forthesustainable
development of coastal zones we need tocollect basic data through consistent andlong-term observation and monitoring of coastal areas, resources and conservation of
the coastal environment is also an issue. After we have done this we can havesystematic monitoring of the coastal environment using remote sensing technology,
such as high-resolution satellite images and aerial photos

42

Planning for the high-resolution satellite imagery data service was as follows.
In 2000, 1m-level IKONOS satellite imagery was introduced for the systematic
monitoring and also more scientific study of coastal environments. Since January
2003 higher resolution satellite images of the entire coastal area of Korea have been in
use through internet with the national and local governments. It’s not accessible foracademia or private use yet. Academics and private citizens need to get permission
from the government to use it. This year 1m-level satellite will actually be used by the
Arirang 2 satellite, which is an entirely Korean-developed project. I don’t know ifthey might test or not, but it looks like they will have cheaper use of satellite imagery.
Now to problems to be solved in the future. The software is still very primitively
developed. I don’t think it’s compatible with ArcGIS or ArcView and the like. How
can we combine our software with existing software? I’ll mention it later, but
MOMAF and NOAA have a treaty for developing this kind of thing. Making themcompatible is still a problem; how we can do it will be resolved in the future.
Also we always have the problem that we have a lot of kinds of research data
along the coastal zone. We still need to have accurate data for this kind of ICM
because we have a lot of research to do.
There is also an urgent need for management on fishery resources and coastal
disasters. We always lose people when we have storms and typhoons and werepeatedly have floods, every year. We argue that this is not well done due to very
inconsistent monitoring and predictions from the government. So basically, for thisreason we need to have this kind of integrated coastal management for fighting coastal
disasters.
Also, we need more professionals and more consistent organizations forcoastal information. In Korea this means officials change on average about once ayear. Then once they start looking for this kind of system and they got transferred toother departments. It’s difficult to follow consistently, that’s one problem. We find it
hard to do this kind of maintenance of coastal information.
We also have to try to train local government officials and also encourage
researches in coastal management.
Conclusions and suggestions. First, we need to have consistent investment andsupport. As long as we continue to have coastal management operated by the Korean
government, the changes of new information about coastal management should be
upgraded continuously. Therefore, the development and input of new technology
related to coastal management is necessary.
Second, I’ve already mentioned systematic surveys planned for scientific datacollection and for problems to be solved. Because the basic coastal data are notsufficiently accumulated along the coastal zone of Korea, it is very difficult toperceive and predict environmental changes. And hence, it is very basic and urgent to
conduct field surveys in the coastal zone of Korea.
Finally, recognition and advertising are important for coastal information. I
have to say advertising is very important to try to really persuade people. We’re using
tax-money so we need to convince people of why this is important and why it isbeneficial to them. Even though it is easy to say that scientific statistical data isimportant for policy-making decisions, actual support in the budgets and manpower is
not well established yet, even at the national government level. It is our duty as
scientists to really persuade national government officials of how it is important. As
we know, the development of a coastal information system can only be successful as a

43

result of investment from national and local governments, the private sector and otheragencies, including research institutes and academia. This attitude and willingness
will play a key role in the successful establishment of integrated coastal management
in Korea.
Let me just briefly show you one
example. We will start this project fromthis year – coastal hazards.
This information actually camefrom NOAA. How can we apply GIS tothis coastal hazard ? This simple idea ispretty much related to the other one, too,so let me just show it to you briefly. I
will not read all of the parts about risk
and probability and what theirdefinitions are etc… but here the mostimportant thing is people’s property and resources located in risk area are considered
to be at risk from hazards and may or may not be vulnerable to hazard impact. So, thevulnerability of people’s property and resources is a function of their individual
susceptibility to hazard impact. We have to know how to apply all this, and then what
we can do about hazard mitigation, how we can prevent, or at least mitigate hazards.
There are several systems – there is the CVA (Community Vulnerability Assessment)
tool, which was developed by NOAA. We are using this kind of tool. Of course, we
don’t use completely the same approach – we will modify it, but we will follow
several steps.
Hazard identification is very important from scientific data too - critical hazard
analysis, societal analysis, economic analysis, environmental analysis and finally
mitigation opportunities analysis. The
first step in hazard identification is to
input the data here, for scientific data,and identify them and prioritize thehazard for use for developing mitigation
strategies and help about projects. Eachstep has meteorological, geological,
technological and other data including
human resources. Then we use this as ascore to determine what the mostimportant things are. We have a total
score. Then we have a second step,which is put here, and then eventually
we get where the risk is most important,
if you need the wind, we use models,soil erosion rates and hazardous waste
etc…The third step is critical facilities,
which more related to human beings,
right? Here are the details. The fourthstage is societal analysis. People who arepoorer have very poor housing system
and receive greater impact. The higher
the population, the higher the risk.

44

3.6 Keynote Lecture 6
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY CHARACTERISTICS OF
DISSOLVED AND PARTICULATE CARBON IN
THE CHANGJIANG SYSTEM

Dr. Ying Wu
Associate Professor
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research,
East China Normal University

Thank you. My topic is the biogeochemistry of inorganic and organic carbin
the Changjiang. The recent results of the field observations carried out in 1997 and2003 were finished by the Marine Biogeochemistry Group directed by Professor Jing
Zhang.
The quantity of carbon transferred to the ocean by rivers is an important andwell documented component of the global carbon flux. Among the 0.9 gigatons
carried by the world’s rivers to the oceans every year, about 40% is organic carbon
and 60% is in the inorganic phase. Though the percentage of the carbon to the oceans
is smaller on the global carbon scale, it is important for coastal regions because it
provides a considerable food source to coastal ecosystems. Also, the terrestrialorganic matter barrier in coastal areas of the ocean is the most important mechanism
for its preservation. River carbon flux provides essential information on the rate of thecontinental yield and also the contribution of terrestrial organic matter to the oceans.
For some areas the fluvial matter could be most important in such coastal regions.
This figure shows the discharge data for the world’s largest rivers. It was completed in
2004. We find that the Yangtze River plays a significant role in the global carbon
budget. The date seems to be a little bit old. I wish it were later.
More concerns are focused on thelarger Changjiang Basin because of its
economic significance and the changes in theland cover and land use and also continuous
building of big projects such as the
TGD(Three Gorges Dam) and the South toNorthwest Water Diversion Project. As weknow the total population living in thewatersheds is about one-third of the national
population. The rice harvest of the watersheds
comprises 70 – 75% of the national harvest.
Also, the economic benefits of the whole Changjiang Basin amounted to almost halfof the GNP in China in the 1990s. Such a dense population and rapid economic
development brought about great changes in land cover and land use. Soil erosion inparticular has increased dramatically, especially in the upper reaches, which wasmentioned in the last presentation.
The big projects such as the TGD and the South to North Water Diversion
Project have caused big changes in the hydrodynamic, sediment discharge, carbon
flux and nutrient flux. Such changes will bring about significant changes in the coastal

45

ecosystem and even their community structure,
as Dr Watanabe mentioned this morning.
However, recently, most work has focused on
the estuary and coastal areas. Limited work isavailable in the literature about the whole
Changjiang Basin. What we will show in thepresentation is the background of the carbon
biogeochemistry in the Changjiang, especiallyregarding the Three Gorges Dam project. The
ultimate aim of our research is to answer thequestion of how changes in land use and human activity affect the carbon
biogeochemistry of the Changjiang, including the sustainability of development in theregion and the influence of the Changjiang on the global climate. However, what wehave done is just the first step in answering the question.
The field observation of the Changjiang was carried out from April to May in1997 and 2003. Samples included dissolved and particulate matters and even plants
and soil collected from the mainstream and the 15 major tributaries. This has been
simplified to indicate the sampling sites of the field observation, and also include themain tributaries from the northern and southern parts. As we show, the discharge andthe sediment load are also included in these figures. The y axis stands for thedischarge, and the numbers below the names of the tributaries stand for the sedimentloads. This shows the parameters determined in this study, and their quality control. I
think that maybe the last review for the three gorges; this picture was taken just before
the closure of the Three Gorges Dam last May. The picture shows where we collected
the samples on the upper-reaches of Jinshajiang.
Very briefly, I will show some results of our field observations. We can find
DOC distribution along the mainstream, from the upper-reaches to downstream. The
lowest concentration we found was in upper pristine areas. Where the river runs into
Sicuan province, the DOC concentration increased dramatically. In the middle andlower reaches the concentration keeps constant. The average DOC concentration in
the mainstream is around the 105µmol. The DIC
concentration decreased from the upper reaches
to the lower. It seems that in the middle andlower- reaches the DIC concentration could
have been diluted by the Great Lakesystem.Higher POC was observed in the Sicuan
Province and the tendency of the POC
distribution is similar to the DOC. The PIC
concentration also decreased from the upperreaches to the lower reaches, but the decrease
was much sharper than the DIC.
Particulate samples were also collected from the mainstream and the southernand northern tributaries for the study of carbon isotope and nitrogen isotope ratios. It
seems that the carbon isotopes have a very narrow range, from just -27 to -24, whichindicates the dominance of C3 vegetation in the Basin. However, nitrogen isotopes
were involved in a larger variation, from 8 to 2. In a comparison between the southernand northern tributaries, carbon isotopes and nitrogen isotopes showed similar ranges
but the variation is much larger in the southern than the northern tributaries.

46

Here we would like to compare the DOC concentrations from the different
tributaries. The numbers in green indicate the northern parts, orange the southern partsand red for the mainstream, just for comparison. It confirms that the higher DOC
concentrations are found in the upper-reaches, especially in the northern tributaries.
The POC was similar. The highest concentration was located in the northern
tributaries. Anyway, the upper-reaches of the southern tributary also have quite a highconcentration. When the samples come from northern tributaries the DIC
concentration seems much lower than those taken from the northern parts.
These figures show the POC and the
PIC in combination, so the left-hand number
shows the POC and the right the PIC. The
variation in the POC is not easy to conclude
from such a contribution, but the PIC
percentage is much higher in the northernparts than the southern parts.
We compared the observations fromthe two years, one 1997 and the other 2003.
For the most part they are comparable. The
DOC shows a slight increase, especially in the
middle and lower reaches. Similar findings were made in the tributaries’ contributions.
Except for a few stations, most contributions were comparable in the two years.
We want to consider combining multiple
approaches to determine the source ofparticulate organic matter in particular, in the
Changjiang. Here is the general information.
Normally, terrestrial inputs could indicate ahigher C/N ratio, and carbon and nitrogenisotopes will be attributed to this range.
According to such distributions as could
be found, for most of the particulates collectedin the mainstream, the C/N ratio will be muchhigher than ten, even as much as 24. For the carbon isotope distribution and thenitrogen isotope distribution, the terrestrial contribution is dominant for the particulateorganic matter in this large system. Normally phytoplankton contribution in suchlarger systems could be relative of higher suspended particles and light limits.
Anyway, anthropogenic activity could also have some affect on the carbon isotope
distribution.
We would like to look over what the control process is for the POC and DOC
production in such large Changjiang Basin. We used the POC and DOC ratios toguess what happens in such watersheds. For
most samples collected from the upper reaches
the erosion process is dominant, and also it waspossible they could have higher POC and DOC
ratios. For example, the plants collected fromthe middle and the lower reaches, which iswhere the leaching can be controlled, the POC
and DOC are much lower. Similar finds weremade in the tributaries. For the tributaries
located upstream, such as Jialing, Chu-xue and47

Niulang, the erosion process is dominant and there are higher POC and DOC ratios.
For the middle and lower reaches, such as Yuangjiang and Hangjian, the POC to DOC
ratio is much lower, where sedimentation is dominant. So POC production in thebasin shows a strong relationship with the suspended particle yield and the denudation
process. We used the major tributaries of the Changjiang Basin to combine all the data
together. The DOC flux in the Changjiang Basinincreases with the number of inhabitants. It’s
easy to integrate this because when inhabitant
numbers increase in the watersheds, the points
of non-point pollution will increase too, the
DOC flux will increase. We also found that
topography could affect the DOC flux. Water
normally overruns smooth landforms, such as
those in the southern tributaries, and so DOC
can easily leech from the soil and plant detritus
and increase DOC flux. For sharp topography, such as the tributaries around theplateau areas, the DOC is not easily contained and so the DOC flux decreases.
The relationship between the DIC
production and chemical weathering is random
in the Changjiang, contrary to our expectations.
For DIC production, chemical denudation ismore important than the physical process. This
brings our eyes back from 2004 to 256 BC the
Qin dynasty, when the famous Dujiangyan
project had just been built. At that time, theChangjiang Basin had good forest conservation.
Forest covered around 60 to 70% of the Basin.
As time passed, the number of inhabitants
increased, in 86 AD, the number of inhabitants per square kilometer was just aroundthree persons, then in the Qing Dynasty a tenfold increase, around 40 inhabitants per
square kilometer. In modern society, the number increased to almost 700 (people).
Also, the soil erosion is more serious and the forest covering area has decreased toalmost 12%.
This just gives us some brief impression of the soil erosion in Jiangxi province,
which is located in the lower-reaches of the Changjiang. From the 1950s, the soil
erosion rate was around 5%, but by the 1990s the percentage increased almost four
fold, to 20%. Anyway, soil erosion does not always mean a higher sediment yield in
the river, as we have learned from the last few presentations. Long-range records forthe river indicate that the water discharge keeps constant, but the sediment loaddecreased dramatically. This is for the water discharge, and this is for the sedimentload. You can see that in 2004, it’s much lower than the average for the long-range
records. Such a decrease is not only indicated in
the mainstream, but also in some major
tributaries, such as the Han River, the major
tributary for the northern part in the middle
reaches. In the 1950s the number reachedaround 1.5; in the 1980s to 2000 the number
decreased by one to 0.5.
We combined the all the water discharge
and the sediment load to calculate the carbon

48

flux. That’s what we want to do with this study. The annual flux varied from 1986 to
1997. If we refer to figure two, we can find that the POC and PIC flux decreased.
However the DOC flux has increased in recent years.
We will give a very short brief view of the effects of the flood of 1998. We
compared the concentrations. This is for a normal year – we got the data in 2003 in
Xu liujing and this is for the heavy flood season. We got the data from the Datong
stations. We found that, with the exception of DIC, which remained normal,
concentrations of the likes of DOC and POC were much higher than in normal years.
The DOC concentration was almost five fold higher. Just look at the flux. In the flood
season the sediment load also increased
dramatically, which is the reason why the
DOC production was much higher than innormal years. In just one period, 1998, thenumber is much larger than in normal years –the whole year’s flux. We couldn’t haveimagined such a large DOC and POC flux insuch a short period. It could be an importanttrigger for coastal environmental changes.
Just some closing remarks- I would
like to confirm this again: besides the annual
monitoring of the Changjiang, more emphasisshould be given to unexpected floods, such as
those of 1998.
Thank you for your attention.

49

4. Abstracts

ESTIMATION OF SEDIMENT AND NUTRIENT FLUXES FROM THE
CHANGJIANG RIVER INTO THE EAST CHINA SEA

Kaiqin Xu*, Jiqun Zhang**, Masataka Watanabe* and Zhongyuan Chen****Watershed Management Research Team, National Institute for Environment Studies,
Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan** Water Resources Management Center,
Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100053, China*** Department of Geography, East China Normal University,
Shanghai 200062, China

The Changjing(Yangtze) River is the third longest river in the world. The
watershed of the Changjiang River covers twenty percent of China’s land area, andabout four hundred million people live in this watershed. This area produces about
forty percent of agriculture and industrial products in China. To support thisdynamical human activity, land uses are being changed dramatically in the watershed.
For example, agricultural land is being converted to use for human settlements andindustry, and forests are being cut and converted to agricultural land. These changes
result in more pollutant loads from factories and towns flowing into the ChangjiangRiver, as well as greater amounts of soil, fertilizer and agricultural chemicals fromfarms. The combined effects of these factors are creating enormous problems. One
serious impact is the rich marine ecological system of the East China Sea, Caused byincreased amounts of soil, fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus) and hazardous chemicals
from the watershed flowing into the river.
A lot of chemical fertilizer was washed away from the soil into the runoff andthe sea. The concentrations of N and P have obviously increased in the Changjiang
runoff during the last thirty years and nutrition’s level was unceasing raised in the
Changjiang estuary and its adjacent water areas as well. In recently years, the red tideoccurred frequently that the eutrophication problem seems to be an important issue inthis area. It is essential to estimate the pollutant loads flowing into the East China Sea
by a simple, effective equation. However, there are few researches on the predictionof the material fluxes from the Changjiang River flowing into the East China Sea. The
reason why may be the complicated system of the huge catchment of the ChangjiangRiver, limit knowledge of the prediction methods, lack of necessary data source of theRiver. The objective of this study is to estimate the sediment and nutrient fluxes
from the Changjiang River flowing into the East China Sea. Especially, therelationships of SS, COD, TN, TP and discharge data were discussed.
In order to have a better understanding of the biogeochemical cycles of the
Changjiang River Basin and to provide protection of ecological environment andwater resources with scientific basis, the work on this field was carried out in theJapan-China joint study, during 1998-1999. Through the collection of the best
available past water quality and daily discharge data in year 1987 and 1988 and thefield surveys along the Changjiang River in 1998 and 1999, relationship of thesediment and nutrient loads with the discharge has been established.
The result obtained showed that the relationship of SS, COD, and DIN loads
with the discharge had good correlation from the 1987 and 1988 data. On the other50

hand the relationship of SS and TP, TN and DIN were found from the data sources ofthe field survey in 1998 and 1999. Thus mainly pollutant load of SS, COD, TN, TP
with discharge were achieved through the analysis of these data. The sediment andnutrient fluxes from the Changjiang River can be easily estimated if the discharge at
the Datong station which is the last hydrological station in the River was available. It
suggested that the long-term pollutant loads of SS, COD, TN, DIN and TP flowing
into the East China Sea can be preliminary estimated from the discharge data at the
Datong station and the pollutant load discharged from the Shanghai city.

51

IMPACT OF THE THREE GORGES DAM AND PROJECT PUMPINGWATER FROM THE CHANGJIANG RIVER INTO NORTH CHINA ON THE
SALTWATER INTRUSION IN THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARY

Zhu Jianrong, Wu Hui, Shen Huantitng
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal
University, Shanghai 200062

The Changjiang estuary has three-order bifurcations and four outlets into thesea, and saltwater intrusion in each outlet is different. The saltwater intrusion in
wintertime in the North Branch is very series due to its funnel shape and small
discharge, and its saltwater can flow into the South Branch. So, the saltwater intrusionin the South Branch is influenced by the high saline water from downstream andupstream. Observation data and numerical simulation show that the saltwater intrusionin the whole Changjiang estuary is determined mainly by the Changjiang discharge
and tide range. Other dynamic factors influencing the saltwater intrusion are the windstress, continental shelf current and mixing. The improved three dimension ECOM
model was used to analyze the impacts of the Three Gorges Dam and project pumping
water from the Changjiang River into North China on the saltwater intrusion in the
Changjiang estuary in this paper. The calculated domain includes the whole
Changjiang estuary, northern Hangzhou Bay and western inner shelf of the East China
Sea. The non-orthogonal curvilinear grid was adapted to fit the coastline and improve
the local resolution. The highest horizontal resolution in the upper North Branch near
the bifurcation and in the deep waterway is 50m, and vertical grid was divided 5
layers. The dry-wet judge method was added into the model to reproduce the moving
boundary in the tidal flats. The 2.5 order turbulence close sub-model was used to
calculate the temporal and spatial variation of vertical turbulence mixing induced bytidal current at bottom and wind stress at surface. The open boundary at upstream was
specified by the monthly mean Changjiang discharge in Jan. observed at Datong
station. The main 8 tidal constituents M2、S2、K1、O1、N2、K2、P1, Q1 wereconsidered to reproduce spring and neap tide, and residual water level is added toreproduce the continental currents at the open boundaries off the Changjiang mouth.
The continental shelf currents off the Changjiang mouth are mainly the Taiwan Warm
Current and Subei Coast Current which can bring salt seawater just into the area off
the Changjiang mouth, and become the source of the high saltwater that can intrude
into the Changjiang estuary by the flood tide current and density-driven current. It
prevails monsoon in Eastern Asia, the strong northerly wind in wintertime induce thelandward Ekman transport that is favorite to the saltwater intrusion. The model
calculated results are fairly consistent with observed data in Jan. of 2004. The Three
Gorges Dam increase the Changjiang discharge about 1500 m3/s in Jan. and Feb. in
dry year, and the project pumping water from the Changjiang River into North China
reduce about 800 m3/s at the eastern line at first phase. Compared with the results
before the projects, the calculated results show that the Three Gorges Dam reduce thesaltwater intrusion and the project pumping water from the Changjiang River into
North China enhance it due to the change of the Changjiang discharge.

52

CHANGES IN THE DISCHARGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND
SEDIMENTS FROM THE RED RIVER AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE
COASTAL ZONE
Tran Duc THANH a, Yoshiki SAITO b , Dinh Van HUY aa
Haiphong Institute of Oceanology, 246 Danang Street, Haiphong City, Vietnam.
Fax: 84-31-761521, E-mail: tdthanh@hio.ac.vnb
MRE, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Scienceand Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8567, Japan.

The Red River (Song Hong) has a length of 1126 km, of which 556 km is in
Vietnam, and a gradient of 2.3 m/km. The mean basin elevation is 1090 m, and its
maximum is about 3000 m. The river catchment includes parts of China and Vietnam
and has an area of 169 000 km2, 51% of which is in Vietnam (including 14 000 km2 inthe catchment area of the Thai Binh River, which is entirely in Vietnam). Mean
rainfall is 1500 mm/yr over the whole catchment, 1200 mm/yr in Chinese territoryand 1600 - 2000 mm/yr in the coastal zone. The wet season is from May to October,and precipitation during that season accounts for 85%-90% of the yearly rainfall.
The Red River is formed by the confluence of the Da, Thao and Lo Rivers at
Viet Tri, which is located at the apex of the Red River delta. In the delta, the Red
River divides into many distributaries, of which the Duong River (upstream) and Luoc
River (downstream) link the Red River to the Thai Binh River. Water and sedimentsfrom the Red River system are discharged into the sea through three river mouths tothe north of Do Son Cape and nine river mouths to the south of the cape.
The annual water discharge of the Red River is 137 billion m3, including 9billion m3 from the Thai Binh River. The discharge in the flood season (June to
October) accounts for about 75% of the annual discharge, and that in the dry season(November to May) accounts for only 25%. From the water discharge of the Red
River system, a volume of 40% is supplied from Chinese territory.
The sediment concentration in the river is very high, with an annual meanvalue of 1000 g/m³ at Son Tay, near Hanoi. The annual sediment discharge of the Red
River System is 116 milllion t: 114 million t from the Red River, measured at Son Tay
Station, and 2 million t from the Thai Binh River. The sediment discharge in flood
season accounts for 91.6% of the annual discharge and that in dry season accounts for
only 8.4%. Monthly, the sediment discharge is highest in June and August, and lowest
in February and March.
The sediments supplied from the Red River system have built a delta with anarea of 17 000km2. The toal Cenozoic sediment thickness is up to 5000 m, including a
Quaternary thickness of 250 m and a Holocene thickness of 30 – 60 m. The delta front
extends to a water depth of 20 m, and the prodelta to 30 m. At present, the delta is
prograding rapidly seaward, especially to the southwest, at a mean rate of 25-30 m/yr
and a maximum rate of 120 m/yr.
Recently, the discharge and distribution of water and sediments from the Red
River have undergone obvious changes caused by climate change and humanactivities.
Water and sediment discharge vary significantly with climate; for example,
during the wet climatic regime from 1932–1951, water and sediment discharge werehigh, but during the dry climatic regime from 1952–1967, they were low. Moreover,53

they also fluctuate between extreme climatic years. For example, the discharges ofwater and suspended sediments in 1963, a dry year, were 93.1 billion m3 and 52.6
million t, respectively, and those in 1971, a wet year, were 159 billion m3 and 202
million t, respectively.
Human activities in the Red River catchment, such as deforestation, water use
for irrigation and dam construction, greatly affect the water and sediment discharge
and distribution from the Red River. Between 1943 and 1991, the forest cover in theupper Red River catchment within Vietnam decreased from 95% to 17% in themountains and from 55% to 29% in the midlands. The volume of river water used for
irrigation has increased as well, from 6.6 billion m3 in 1985 to 7.4 billion m3 in 1990
and 8.9 billion m3 in 2000. Among the many dams on the Red River System, thelargest, the Hoa Binh Dam, which was completed in 1989 for electric power
generation, has a reservoir area of 208 km2 and a volume of 9450 million m3.
Human activity in the coastal zone has a very important effect on the
distribution of water and sediment in the river mouth areas and coastal zone. In theentire Red River Delta, there are 3000 km of river dikes and 1500 km of sea dikes, allof which were built during the last thousand years to protect the plain and its
inhabitants from river and sea floods. A total of 24 000 ha of the tidal flood plain in
the RRD were reclaimed during 1958-1995.
The annual water discharge of Red River fluctuated in the large range,
maximum 159 billion m3 in 1971 and minimum 68 billion m3 in 1906. Generally,
there have been the small water discharge periods of about 10 - 15 years and the big
water discharge periods of about 15 - 20 years alternately. It is noticed the small water
discharge periods from 1952 - 1967 and 1989 - 1998, and the big water discharge
periods from 1932 - 1951 and 1968 - 1988. Operation of the Hoa Binh Dam decreases
the water discharge in the flood season by 6.6% and increases it in the dry season by
18.8%. Comparing the two periods, 1976-1985 and 1986-1995, the water discharge
supplied from the Red River to the Thai Binh River by crossing the Luoc River
increased from 24% to 27% of the total annual discharge of the Red River.
The sediment discharge from the Red River fluctuated in the large range,
maximum 202 million t in 1971 and minimum 56 million t in 1963, and has decreased
during recent decades. Since the completion of the Hoa Binh Dam in 1989, 48 million
t of sediments - equal to 83% of the suspended sediment load - have been transported
into the reservoir and deposited annually; and the annual suspended sediment
discharge of the Red River at Son Tay Station near Hanoi has decreased from 114
million t to 79.4 million t. The distribution of the sediments discharged to the different
coastal areas has also changed. Before the completion of the Hoa Binh dam, 113
million t/yr of suspended sediments from the Red River were discharged into thecoastal area north of Do Son Cape, and 3 million t/yr were discharged south of thecape. Since the completion of the dam, 65 million t/yr have been discharged to thenorth of the cape, and 5 million t/yr have been discharged to the south.
These changes in discharge and distribution of water and sediments from the
Red River system have caused some coastal hazards.
The loss of the great volume of river sediment discharge has changed theaccretion rate in some coastal parts of the delta. At Ba Lat, where the biggest
distributary of the Red River has its mouth, the accretion rate, which was 62.8m/yr
during 1930-1965, increased to 88.8m/year during1965-1990, and then decreased to
58.7m/yr during 1990-1998.
The decrease in the current velocity at the river mouths has contributed to their
becoming obstructed by sedimentation because of the altered coastal sea dynamics (as54

in the case of Ninh Co River mouth), and to increased coastal flooding during heavy
rains (as in the case of Day River mouth). Moreover, the increase in sediment
discharge from the Cam River, a distributary of the Thai Binh River, north of Do Son
Cape is one cause of the obstruction of Haiphong Port by heavy sedimentation.
The violent acceleration of coastal erosion caused by the loss of massive
sediment volume has been recognized along the Van Ly coast. This 20-km stretch ofcoast has been eroding for the last half-century. The mean rate of coastal erosion
along this coast increased from 8.6 m/yr during 1965 - 1990 to 14.5 m/yr during 1991
- 2000, after completion of the large Hoa Binh Dam.
The increase in the volume of river-generated water with high turbidity andlow salinity in the coastal area north of Do Son has negatively affected tourist
activities at Do Son Beach and on the coral reefs off nearby Cat Ba Island.
In the near future, when the demand for water for hydroelectric power andirrigation will be even higher, further changes in the discharge and distribution ofwater and sediments from the river will create critical problems for the managementof the Red River basin.

55

5. References

5.1 Yangtze Fluvial Conference ScheduleMorning

Afternoon

Evening
Registration
15：00-19：00

Thurs.
June 24

Poster Loading
16：00-18：00

Icebreak
18:30-20:30

Lunch

56

Fri.
June 25

Opening
Ceremony

Fluvial Session
Keynote Lectures

8：30-9：00

9：05-12：25

Fluvial Session

PosterSesseion

14:20-17:40

WelcomeParty
17:50-

12:25-14:20
Fluvial to Estuarine
SessionSat.
June 26

KeynoteLectures8:20-10:20

Tea/
coffeebreak
PosterSession
10:2010:40

EMECS/NIES Session

Sun.
June 27

Keynote Lectures
8:30-11:50

Lunch
Fluvial to Estuarine
SessionPosterSession10:40-12:00
12:00-14:00
Lunch
Posterunloading
Check out for
Field Trip
11:50-13:50

Fluvial toEstuarine
SessionPosterIntroduction

14:00-15:20

EMECS/
NIES
Session13:50-14:50

15:40-17:15

Open
Discussion
15:10-16:10

Buffet18:30-

Closing
Ceremony

Departure for
Field Trip

16:2016:30

17:30
to Airport

5.2 List of Participants
Name

email

address

Adrian M Harvey

karina@lambrenos.freeserve.co.uk

Dept of Geography, University of Liverpool, UK

Bai mingzhou

mzhbai@sina.com

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Northern
Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044

Chen Guojin

cpqn110@sina.com

Hydrogeological Team, Hubei Bureau of Geology andMineral Resources, Jinzhou Hubei, China

Chen Xiqing

13611642410@vip.163.com

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai,
China, 200062

Cheng Heqin

hqch@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research
East China Normal University, Shanghai, China,
200062Dénes Lóczy

loczyd@ttk.pte.hu

Department of Physical Geography, Institute ofGeography, University of Pécs,
Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6. Hungary H-7624

Dingpingxing

dingpingxing@hotmail.com

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai,
China, 200062

DuYun

duyun@asch.whigg.ac.cn

Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics，Chinese
Academy of Sciences

Eric J.A. Wolanski

e.wolanski@aims.gov.au

Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB No 3,
Townsville MC Queensland 4810, Australia

Gao Shushugao@nju.edu.cn

MOE Laboratory for Coast and Island Development,
Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093

Gholamreza Lashkaripour

lashkarg@hamoon.usb.ac.ir

Department of geology, University of Sistan andBaluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

Gordon E Grant

Gordon.Grant@oregonstate.edu

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 97331

Gupta Avijit

avijit@foxhill.demon.co.uk

School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2
9JT, UK

Hi Il Yi

hilee@kordi.re.kr

Marine Geoenvironments and Resources Research
Division, Korea Ocean R&D Institute, 1270 Sa2Dong
Ansan 426-744 South Korea

Jiang Tong

jiang.t@niglas.ac.cn

Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, CAS,
Nanjing, China, 210008

57

Name

email

address

John Chappelljohn.chappell@anu.edu.au

Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National
University, Canberra

Joseph Lee

hreclhw@hkucc.hku.hk

Department of Civil Engineering The University ofHong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Kale Vishwas Shripad

vskale@unipune.ernet.in

Department of Geography, University of Pune, Pune,
India, 411007

Kinga Krauze

kingak@biol.uni.lodz.pl

International Centre for Ecology
Polish Academy of Sciences
Konopnickiej Str.1, 05-092 Lomianki, Walsaw, Poland

Kunikatsu Nakajima

k-nakajima@emecs.or.jp

International EMECS Center, Japan

Li Luqiang0203449@nus.edu.sg

Department of Geography, National university ofSingapore, Singapore, 117570

Lichang'an

chanli@cug.edu.cn

China University of Geosciences, WuHan Hubei, China,
430074

Lu Xixi

geoluxx@nus.edu.sg

Department of Geography, National University ofSingapore, Singapore 119260

Masataka Watanabemasawata@nies.go.jp

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba
305-8506, Japan

Matti Kummu

matti.kummu@hut.fi

Laboratory of Water Resources, Helsinki University ofTechnology, P.O. Box 5200, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland

Md Badrul Islam

badrul@librabd.net

Department of Geology and Mining, University of
Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

Mohammad Ghafoorimohammad.ghafoori@science1.um.ac.ir

Department of geology, University of Ferdowsi,
Mashhad, Iran

Muhammad Tahir

tahir_gexp@hotmail.com

Fugro Geodetic Limited, 28-B, KDA Scheme No.1,
Karachi-75350, Pakistan

Nguyen Van Lap

sedlap@hcm.vnn.vn

Sub-Institute of Geography, Vietnam National Center
for Natural Science and Technology, Mac Dinh Chi
Str., 1 Dist., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Nobuo Kumamoto

kumamoto@wise.hokkai-s-u.ac.jp

International EMECS Center,JapanQi Yanping

qiyanping@hotmail.com

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai,
China, 200062

58

Name

email

address

Ryusuke Kitamura

kitamura@emecs.or.jp

International EMECS Center,Japan

Shen Fangfshen@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

State Key Laboratory of Estuari ne & Coastal Research,
East China of Normal University, Shanghai, China,
200062

Shen Huanting

htshen@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai,
China, 200062

Shi Yafeng

zhangq@niglas.ac.cn

Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS), Nanjing China, 210008

Shogo Murakami

murakami@nies.go.jp

National Institute for Environmental Studies,Tsukuba,
305-8506, Japan

Siew Ruyan, Joanne

heehahoo@singnet.com.sg

The National University of Singapore, NUS

Steven Lee Goodbred

steven.goodbred@sunysb.edu

Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook
University, Stony Brook, New York, USA, 11794-5000

Takashi Oguchi

oguchi@csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Center for Spatial Information Science, The Universityof Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan

Tran Duc Thanhtdthanh@hio.ac.vn

Haiphong Institute of Oceanology, 246 Danang Street,
Haiphong City, Vietnam

Velozzi David Michaeldmvelozz@ncsu.edu

Dept. of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
Campus Box 8208, R3147, 3148, Jordan Hall North
Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695, USA

Wang Houjie

hjwang@mail.ouc.edu.cn

Corresponding author, Houjie Wang, College of Marine
Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao,
China, 266003

Wang Suiji

wangsj@igsnrr.ac.cn

Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural
Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China, 100101

Wang Yonghong

yonghongw@hotmail.com

Department of Marine Geoscience, Ocean University of
China. Qingdao, China, 266003

Wu Chaoyu

eeswcy@zsu.edu.cn

Center for Coastal Ocean Research Zhongshan
University, Xiaogangxi Road 135 Guangzhou, China
510275

Wu Jiaxue

jesse-wu@mail.tongji.edu.cn

Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, MOE, Tongji
University, Shanghai, China 200092

Wu Yingwuying@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai,
China, 200062

59

Name

email

address

Xiang Fangxf@cmail.cdut.edu.cn

Sedimentary Institute of Geoscience College, Chengdu
University of Technology, Chengdu City, Sichuan
Province, China, 610059

Xie Shiyou

xiesy@mail.swnu.edu.cn

Department of Geography, Southwest Normal
University, Chongqing, China, 400715

Xie Xiaoping

xp.xie@263.net

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai,
China, 200062

Xu Chongyu

Chong-Yu.Xu@hyd.uu.se

Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University,
Villavagen 16, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden

Xu Jiongxin

xujx@igsnrr.ac.cn

Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural
Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China, 100101

Xu Kaiqin

joexu@nies.go.jp

Watershed Management Research Team, National
Institute for Environment Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506,
Japan

Yang Dayuan

yangdy@nju.edu.cn

Department of Geography, Nanjing University,
Nanjing, 210093

Yang Shouyesyyang@online.sh.cn

Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University,
Shanghai, China, 200092

Yin Hongfu

hfyin@mail.cug.edu.cn

China University of Geosciences, WuHan Hubei, China,
430074China University of Geosciences, WuHan
Hubei, China, 430074

Yoshiki Saito

yoshiki.saito@aist.go.jp

Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Central 7, Higashi
1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan

Zhang Qiang

zhangq@niglas.ac.cn

Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing,
China 210008

Zhang Yufen

xqzhang@cug.edu.cn

China University of Geosciences, WuHan Hubei, China,
430074

Zhao Yanyanzhao@lzu.edu.cn

CAEP National Laboratory of Western China’s
Environmental Systems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,
Gansu province, China, 730000

Zheng Hongbo

zhenghb@online.sh.cn

School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University,
Shanghai, China, 200092

Zhou JunLi

junlizh@hotmail.com

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai,
China, 200062

Zhu Jianrong

jrzhu@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal
Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai,
China, 200062

60

Name

email

address

Zhu Lidong

Zhuld@cmail.cdut.edu.cn

Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan,
China, 610059

Zhu Yurong

yrzhu@sjtu.edu.cn

School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, 200240

Zhuang Kelinklzhuang@hotmail.com

Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao,
Shandong, China, 266071

Zong yongqiang

y.q.zong@durham.ac.uk

University of Durham, UK

61

2nd IAG Yangtze Fluvial Conference

EMECS/NIES Session
Conference Report

Published in January, 2005
byInternational EMECS Center
IHD Building, 5-1 Wakinohama-kaigandori 1-chome
Chuo-ku, Kobe, 6510073 Japan
TEL: +81-78-252-0234
FAX: +81-78-252-0404
URL: http://www.emecs.or.jp
E-mail: secret@emecs.or.jp