Ｂ日程〈出典一覧〉
国

語

加藤秀俊

『人間関係

理解と誤解』

国

語

市古貞次

『鑑賞日本古典文学

国

語

鷲田清一

『しんがりの思想 －反リーダーシップ論－』

第 26 巻

中公新書
御伽草子・仮名草子「おようの尼」』一部改変

日本史

過去現在絵因果経、部分

日本史

薬師寺吉祥天像

日本史

高野山聖衆来迎図、部分

日本史

将門の首を運ぶ藤原秀郷の隊列（『俵藤太絵巻』、部分）

日本史

太閤検地（浅野家文書）

角川書店
角川新書
東京芸術大学蔵
薬師寺蔵、奈良県

高野山有志八幡講十八箇院蔵、和歌山県
金戒光明寺蔵、京都府
山川出版社

Ｂ日程

英語

第１問

下の各文の

～

1

7. In our presentation, we reached the conclusion that renewable energyに入る最も適切なものを，それぞれ A ～ D

15should be utilized in place of fossil fuels;の中から一つ選び，解答欄のその記号をマークしなさい。

, we will be unable to7stop global warming.
1. Eating breakfast in the morning activates your brain and helps you
1

A. so

B. otherwise

C. furthermore

D. therefore

your concentration while working and studying.

A. explore

B. maintainC. suggest

8. The institute established

D. negotiate

for university students needing

8

financial support for business ventures.
2. The joint project2

failing due to a contractual issue between the

A. a fund

B. a device

C. a demand

D. an issue

two companies.
A. worked on

B. ended up

C. took over9

production

processes do not have a negative impact on the environment.
3. To keep the city clean, the local government implemented a regulation

A. whatever

B. whoseC. their

D. whether

people from smoking or littering on the streets.

A. advertising

B. omitting

C. consuming

10. The ancient ruin was finally uncovered thanks to the collaborative

D. prohibiting

日

3

Ｂ

9. When shopping ethically, you purchase products

D. turned out

efforts of researchers and new technological advances; without
4

them, its discovery

efficiently, the employees produced more in less time, andtheir work-life balance improved.
A. Working

B. Work

C. Workers

D. Worked

5. Due to climate change, grapes have not been growing well, prompting
farmers in the area to seek
A. alternative

B. persuasive

6. My grandparents found it

B. would not have impossible

C. would have impossible

D. would have been impossible

where you are staying, you can work remotely

11

while enjoying nature.

C. destructive

D. informative

A. notable

to apply for the new health care

6.

A. would not be impossible

11. If Wi-Fi iscrops.

5

10

B. applicable

C. available

D. miserable

12. The writer has sent the final draft to the publisher, and is looking

system, but the clerks were very helpful in explaining it.

forward to

A. confuse

A. getting it published

B. being it published

C. becoming it published

D. letting it published

B. to confuse

C. confusing

D. confused

12

next month.

－1－

－2－

13. The government decided to shut down the nuclear power plant as it
could pose a significant

第２問

to the safety of citizens in the event

13

程

4.

次の対話が成立するように，

16

～

21

に入る最も適切なもの

を A ～ D の中から選び，解答欄のその記号をマークしなさい。

of an accident.
A. advantage

B. contribution

C. threat

The Hawthorne EffectD. addition

Martha: Has your biology class started working on the group project yet?
Will:

14. The ambassador dedicated her entire life to resolving global conflicts
and addressing pressing issues. Her efforts
A. afford

B. deserve

14

C. occupy

We started it during last weekʼs class, but we didnʼt get muchdone, and the teacher just corrected papers the whole period. He

admiration.

didnʼt even look at us.

D. struggle

Martha: It sounds like heʼs never heard of the Hawthorne Effect.
Will:

15. One of the significant issues with child marriage is that it deprives
many young girls of the opportunity to receive an education, which
15

personʼs productivity. The basic idea is that when people thinkwidens the gender gap.

A. fortunately

B. seldom

16

Martha: The Hawthorne Effect is the effect that being watched has on aC. regardlesssomeone is paying attention to them, they work harder andD. further

produce more.
Will:

Well, it seems like that could be true. But I think a lot of people
are just naturally hard workers and others arenʼt

17

How

can anyone be sure that the Hawthorne Effect is real?
Martha: It was proved in a series of experiments about 100 years ago. A
group of researchers observed workers under different conditions
to see how their productivity would be affected. The researcherschanged the workersʼ schedules, the temperature of theworkrooms, and various other things.

18

that they increased

the level of lighting in one room and decreased it in anotherroom, and the workers in both rooms became more productive.
Will:

Wow. So, when the researchers made these changes, the workers
felt like someone was paying attention to their work, and that
affected their performance.

Martha: Exactly. It wasnʼt the hours, the temperature, or the lightingthat made the difference. It was
－3－

－4－

39

19

Ｂ日程

Will:

英語

That explains why my group didnʼt get much done. We didnʼtthink the teacher was watching us, so we

19. A. the result of the experiment.
B. the amount of work produced.

20

Martha: Right. Your group is an example of the Hawthorne Effect inC. the sense of being observed.

action.
Will:

D. the reason the workersʼ habits changed.

Well, I learned something new today. By the way,

21

the

project?

20. A. werenʼt inspired to be productive.

Martha: Weʼre almost finished. Our class started it last week, too. But

Will:

B. inspired the teacher to be more productive.

our teacher spent the period walking around and checking ourC. produced additional work on the project.

work.

D. didnʼt realize we were being observed.

Your teacher must know about the Hawthorne Effect.

Martha: Of course she does. Who do you think told me about it?

21. A. what do you know about
B. howʼs your class doing on
C. when can you help with
D. when will our class finish

16. A. How was he affected?
B. Whatʼs the Hawthorne Effect?
C. Have you heard of the Hawthorne Effect?
D. What effects does the sound have?

17. A. although theyʼve never watched others.
B. despite watching the effect.
C. regardless of who theyʼre watching.
D. no matter whether someone is watching them.

18. A. Whatʼs really interesting is
B. Whatʼs unrelated is
C. What led to the research was
D. What changed the conditions was

－5－

第３問

次の文章が完成するように，

22

－6－

～

27

innovators may leave out information that would make their productに入る最も適切なもの

を A ～ D の中から選び，解答欄のその記号をマークしなさい。

26

They know, too, that though innovators may appear certain that

their ideas will be a great success, they canʼt really be so sure about what
will happen in the future. Wise investors understand that it is up to them

Going too Far

to check the claims that these innovators make.

“Fake it till you make it” is a piece of advice commonly given in America.
It means that you should try to appear confident, optimistic, and successfulItʼs expected that an innovator will fake it, but it is also possible forwhen you are not confident that you will succeed and are afraid

innovators to go too far in the claims they make for their products.

22

Elizabeth Holmes, founder of a company called Theranos,that you might fail. It is, in some cases, good advice.
If you have to make a speech, for example, even if you have practiced

27

was sountruthful about her product that she was recently sentenced to 11 years

your speech a lot, you may still feel uncertain about whether you can doin prison for lying to people to get them to invest in her company.

a good job. The best thing to do in situations like this is to think about

Holmes told investors that Theranos had developed a new kind of

how you would behave if you didnʼt feel uncertain and to do your best to

blood testing technology that would allow people to be tested for more

behave in just that way. You should stand up straight, walk confidently

than 200 different things using just a few drops of their blood. If thisto the stage, make eye contact with your audience, and speak in a firm

technology worked, it would be revolutionary, as now it is necessary totone of voice. Inside you may be nervous, but the people looking at you

draw a vial of blood—about 8.5 milliliters—for each test a doctor needs

wonʼt

done. The problem is, of course, that the technology never worked, and23

They will see a confident, self-assured speaker.

this is what Holmes was dishonest about with her investors.

This phrase is also commonly heard in Silicon Valley, the part ofCalifornia where a lot of important advances in computer technology have

Holmes, it might be argued, was just faking it until she made it, but the

been made. To make these kinds of advances, it is not enough for someone

court clearly felt she had gone too far. There is a line, it seems, between

to just come up with a new idea. He or she must also raise the money

attempting to create a positive image of a product so people will invest,

necessary to make that idea a reality.

and outright lying to those investors. Holmesʼs actions, the court made24

innovators—people who

clear, fell on the wrong side of that line.

come up with new ideas—meet with people who have money, and try toconvince these people to invest in their ideas to make them come true.
At meetings with potential investors, the innovator may

25

That
22. A. evenis, he or she may make it sound like it will be easy to turn the idea into
a product that is 100 percent ready to go, that there are no problems with

B. except

the product, and that it is sure to be a success. When investors hear thisC. but not

sort of thing, they generally know that the innovator trying to get themD. neverto invest in an idea may not be telling the whole truth. They know that
－7－

－8－

40

23. A. make eye contact.

第４問

次の文章を読み，その内容に基づいて要約を完成させなさい。要約を完成させるために，最も適切なものを単語リスト（A ～ O）の中から選

B. be confident.
C. see that.

び，解答欄

D. do a good job.

を２回使用することはできません。

24. A. However,

28

～

33

のその記号をマークしなさい。同じ単語

Should Female Students Have to Wear Skirts?
Girls at Keely Burksʼs school, Charter Day School, were required to

B. On the other hand,
C. By the way,

wear skirts. Burks felt that this rule was unfair, so in 2015 the 14-year-

D. Therefore,

old eighth-grader asked her classmates to sign a petition requesting thatteacher, but no action was taken.
Her protest didnʼt end there. In 2016, Burks and two other students fromB. make it.

her school, with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU),

D. take it.

an organization that helps people protect their rights in court, filed a

日C. tell the truth.

Ｂ

the rule be changed. Over 100 students signed it, and they gave it to a
25. A. fake it.

lawsuit against her school. According to The Washington Post, Burks andthe other students argued in court that wearing skirts “prevented themB. less attractive.

from playing freely, moving actively, and feeling as if their comfort was

C. tell the whole truth.

valued as much as that of male students.” Burks herself has written:

D. go too far.

Even with tights and leggings, skirts are cold to wear in thewinter, and theyʼre not as comfortable as shorts in the summer.

27. A. however,B. in addition,

I love playing outside, especially soccer and gymnastics. When

C. on the other hand,

we go outside for recess, the boys in my class will sometimes

D. for example,

play soccer or do flips and cartwheels. But I feel like I canʼtbecause Iʼm wearing a skirt.
Burks and other girls may find skirts uncomfortable and difficult to wear,
but that is not enough in itself for a judge to rule that Charter Day School
cannot require girls to wear skirts. In fact, the legal battle between the－9－－ 10 －

girls and their school went on for years.

Summary

Charter Day School argued in court that since they were a private

There was a rule at Keely Burksʼs school that said girls had to wear

school, they were not bound by the Equal Protection Clause contained inskirts. Burks felt that this was unfair and tried to get her school to change

the U.S. Constitution. This means that even if the rule requiring girls

the rule. Eventually, with the help of the ACLU, Burks and two otherto wear skirts was found to be discriminatory, the government could notstudents fought in court to have the rule changed.

force them to change it. The courts, however, decided that, since the school

They

that wearing skirts was uncomfortable and made it

28

did receive state funds, they were bound by the Equal Protection Clause,difficult for them to move and play as

29

as the boys. That thewhich prohibits schools from instituting discriminatory dress codes.

girls didnʼt like wearing skirts was not30, however, for the court

The school also argued that since there is also a dress code for boys,

to decide that the rule should be changed. The court did end up siding

having a dress code for girls was not discriminatory. The court, however,with Burks, though, because her school did

did not accept this argument. As Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, who

which meant that they were bound by the Equal Protection Clauseheard the case, wrote:of the U.S. Constitution. This clause prohibits schools from having
dress codes that32

31

money from the state,against groups of students. The court also felt

It is difficult to imagine a clearer example of a rationale basedthat the school could not try to make girls conform to traditionalon impermissible gender stereotypes. By implementing thestereotypes of how girls should be. The story of Keely Burks and her

skirts requirement based on blatant gender stereotypes aboutfight against the skirt rule at her school is an example of how students

the ʻproper placeʼ for girls and women in society, [the school]

can fight against rules they feel are unfair or unjust, and how sometimes

has acted in clear violation of the Equal Protection Clause.

they will be

Galen Sherwin of the ACLU feels that the courtʼs decision is significant

33.

【単語リスト】

and will be wide-ranging because “this was the first time a circuit court

A. playB. freely

C. beautifully

has recognized the harms of gender stereotypes ... and the harmful role

D. disagreed

E. discriminate

F. femalethey play.”G. enoughH. fashionable

I. enable

Students often feel that certain school rules are unfair. They also

J. argued

K. accept

L. successfuloften feel that there is nothing they can do about that. Keely BurksʼsM. court

N. traditional

O. badly

fight against what she saw as an unjust and unreasonable rule at her
school led to that rule being changed. It was a long and hard fight, but
her experience shows that sometimes if students work hard for a change,
they can succeed.
－ 11 －－ 12 －

41

程

26. A. more successful.

Ｂ日程

第５問

英語

までの英文を

Of course, there is also a long history of gold being used as money.

完成させるために最も適切なものを A ～ D の中から選び，解答欄のそのAccording to researchers, gold coins were used more than 2,500 years

記号をマークしなさい。

ago in what is now Turkey. Over the centuries, the use of gold coins as34

次の文章を読み，その内容に基づいて～

39

a means of carrying out business spread all over the world. In modern
The Value of Goldtimes, much of the money we use is paper, and although we use coins as

There are many things that people consider valuable. In some cases,

well, they are typically made of cheaper metals. Gold coins, however, arestill being produced today.

these may be intangible things ― things that one cannot touch. For
example, one might value oneʼs friendships, memories, or knowledge.

Although gold may be best known for its use in jewelry and coins, it has

On the other hand, people may also consider certain tangible things ―a wide variety of other uses, including dentistry and the manufacturing ofthings that one can, in fact, touch ― to be precious. Undoubtedly, one ofelectronics. Because gold is easy to work with, it is particularly suitable forthe tangible items that comes to mind first is gold. Everyone knows thatfilling cavities. An additional quality of gold is that an electrical current

gold is valuable and has been for thousands of years. However, people

can pass through it easily. As a result, gold is an excellent material formay be less sure about exactly why gold became so valuable in the firstuse in the production of cell phones, TVs, and calculators.
Due, in part, to its many uses, gold is always in high demand. However,place.
Historically, gold has been appreciated by humans for centuries,

the supply of gold is limited, and it is difficult to access. Most of theand examples of gold jewelry discovered in Eastern Europe date backworldʼs gold must be taken from deep underground, where it is mixed

approximately 6,000 years. Gold was also widely used in jewelry by thewith rock. In order to access the rock containing the gold, deep tunnels

ancient Egyptians. There are several reasons that explain why thesemust be dug. Then, the rock must be removed and crushed, and the gold

ancient people valued gold so much and why it was so suitable for jewelry

must be separated from it. This is a long and expensive process, whichmaking, and continues to be today. First, gold is softer than many otherfurther explains why there is not more gold available.

metals, which makes it easy to shape. Gold also resists rust, unlike

In short, many people want gold, but it is not easy to get. Therefore,

metals such as iron and steel. While rust causes the color of iron andpeople are willing to pay a high price for whatever gold is available. This

steel to change over time, making them less attractive, gold maintains

makes gold one of the most expensive substances on earth. In fact, theits attractive color. Therefore, gold represents the idea that something

price of gold can be nearly 100 times the price of silver. Furthermore,

can last forever. For this reason, in ancient times, people in high social

although the price of gold has decreased in some years, it has generally

positions were buried with gold items, and it was believed that these items

risen for the last several decades. Will this upward trend in the pricewould accompany them into the afterlife. Similarly, the gold weddingof gold continue? No one knows for certain, but considering goldʼs longrings that people wear today symbolize the long-lasting love they hope

history as one of the worldʼs most highly valued resources, it seems very

to share.

likely.
－ 13 －－ 14 －

34. Gold is used to make jewelry because

39. One reason that gold is so expensive is that

34

A. its color changes, unlike steelʼs.

A. the price of gold increases every year.

B. it is softer than some other metals.

B. no one can predict its future price.

C. it is intangible.

C. there is a limited amount of gold available.

D. its value is uncertain.

D. the demand for gold has decreased.

35. Some ancient people believed that it was possible to35

A. establish societies by burying gold.
B. take gold items into the afterlife.
C. create new forms of life from gold.
D. make the position of gold attractive to others.

36. Gold coins

36

A. are currently made of cheaper metals.
B. still exist but are no longer being produced.
C. are a symbol of lasting love.
D. have been in use for thousands of years.

37. Gold is used in the manufacturing of electronics because

37

A. it is suitable for dentistry as well.
B. the origins of gold make it adaptable.
C. it is easy for an electrical current to go through gold.
D. cell phones, TVs, and calculators are popular.

38. Gold is difficult to obtain because

38

A. it is typically mixed with rock.
B. its production requires other metals.
C. it cannot be removed from deep below the ground.
D. it cannot be crushed.
－ 15 －－ 16 －

42

39