別紙4 (課程博士)
Date of S11bmission

平成28年

7月15日

Department
S加dentlD Number
ARCHITECTUREAND CIVIL

ENGINEERING 学専攻
Pplicatlfs name

学籍番号

第 139502 号

指導教員

MEGAMUTIARASARI

氏名Prof. Takanobu lNOUE
Supervisors

Abstract

論文内容の要旨(博士)Title ofThesis

博士学位論文名

Mercury contamination Levels in smaⅡ・scale Gold MjningAreas in lndonesia(インドネシアの小規模金採掘地域における水銀汚染)f气(Approx.80o words)(要旨 1,200字程度)
Due to the huge number of gold mining in lndonesia, sma11・scale gold mining beco
mes popular minin晉 activities carried out using low techn010牙y, and applied mercu
ry. This method w'as practiced by individuals,套roups or communities i11e牙a11y in m
Ost areas in lndonesia. sma11・scale gold minin芸 became one of the major sources of income. However, mercury exhausted by heating the ama1牙am was ne曾lected by lOcal people because of this economic reason, and Minamata Disease on 1956 Seemed unnecessary problem caused by mercury p011Ution for the local miners
Dealin牙 W北h mercuria1 今old minin牙 Problems, this study was aimed to measure the mercury exposure levelin lndonesia, especia11y in specific regions, such as central Java and central sulawesi. This study monitored the mercury concentration that contaminated environment. Total mercury was measured in waste water, river w
ater, soil, plant, foodstuff and also human hair. This study also addressed to meas
Ure the community resilience and community vulnerability to defend with mercury
P011Ution that unavoidable nowadays

ξψ＼The first study was purposed to measure the community resilience in cihonje, central Java, where is the hi牙hest 牙old potentialin North serayu. There waS 72 acti
Ve miners produced tons of 牙old per year. This was a comparative study of 牙old minin牙 and non・曾old mining areas, usin曾 four community vulnerability indicators. VUlnerability indicators were exposure degree, contamination rate, chronic, and acute toxiC北y. Each indicator used different samples, such as wastewater from 套old minin宮 Process, river water from Tajum river, human hair samples of people staying

in cihonje (牙old mining 磁'ea), and health questionnaire. For analytical, this resea
rch used cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry to determine total mercury concentration. The result showed that concentration of total mercury waS 2420 times
hi牙her than the maximum content of mercury perm北ted in wastewater based on
the lndonesian re曾Ulation. Moreover, the mercury concentration in river water reac
hed o.7 n曾/ml, exceeding xN'HO's quality threshold standards. The mercury concentr

ation in hair samples obtained from the people livin牙 in the study area (cih0功e)
Was considered to identify the health quality level of the people or as a chronic toXiC北y indicator. The hi套hest mercury concentration^i.e.17 ng/m今, was found in the今old minin曾 respondent. Hence, based on the total mercury concentration in the f

Our indicators, the community in the 今old minin牙 area (cihonje) W'ere more vulnerable to mercury than commun北ies in non、gold mining areas.
In another area, poboya, central sulawesiis

One

Of the Prlmary Sites used for sma11・scale 牙old minin牙 activities in lndonesia too. The total area of poboya iS 7000
hectares. operating since 2009, poboya consumeS 200‑50o k套 of mercury/day by am

a1宮amation and the indicated spread of mercury H牙(0) iS 12 times hi牙her than theWHo standard up t0 5 km. palu, the capital city of central sulawesi, is a city
With a population of o.35 mi11ion people and located 砥'ound 11 km away from theed曾e of a sma11・scale gold mining area in poboya. This S北Uation makes palu mor
e susceptible to meぞCury contamination from 今old minin宮 activities in poboya. Fifteen samples of upper layer soil and fifteen samples of plant (ca/otropis g1冶,'antean/Were taken along the road that connects poboya to palu, at every 50o m. Mercury
Concentration in the soil samples showed a 牙radual decrement as the distance fro
m poboya became 牙reater. The plant samples also revealed a similar trend to theSoil samples. The hi牙hest concentration of mercury in the soil was found at poboya^1.e
17.62 n曾/m牙, and the concentration of mercury in calotropis g否,'antean grown at poboya waS 6.5 n牙/m牙. The results i11Ustrated that at a distance of l.5 km fr
Om poboya, the values reached 3 ng/m牙 and l.84 n牙/mg of mercury in soil and plant, respectively. Based on the soil samples and p011Ution index, the data showedthat the poboya had heavy p011Ution levels up t0 4 km. Moreover, the transfer fac
tor was in the ran宮e of o.13'3.44 at distances of o'4 km, respectively,ノApproachin牙 the community vulnerability, in this study area, other two types of sa
mple were used; foodstuffs and human hair. Both samples were obtained in poboya (曾old minin套 area) and palu. Twenty・two foodstuff samples were obtained from t
rad北ional markets in poboya and an additiona1 22 0btained from palu. Total merc
Ury concentration in the c011ected foodstuffs was in the range of o.003 to o.31 ng/
mg from poboya, and from o.ool to o.13 n曾/mg from palu. The results also showed that the hi牙hest total mercury concentration was found in unripe banana, whichis frequently consumed by the local people in poboya. The mercury intake from f
Oodstuffs, based on a 牙roup of people in poboya for a week, waS 180.3 μ宮ノPerson from vegetables,1.7 μg/P田'son from processed food,51.4 μ牙ノPerson from seafood and17.2 μg/person froln meat.1n palu, the results showed 2.9 μ套/person/week from v
egetableS 曾roup,3.1 μg/person/week from processed food,60.8 μg/person/week fromSeafood and 12.5 μ創Person/week from meat. This cond北ion delineated poboya as aP011Ution area arising from mercury contamination. The results showed, dietary fo
Od intake, with mercury contaminated food, is inauentialin the results obtained fr
Om human hair. X入lhere, total mercury in poboya was o.3 t0 19.6 ng/mg.
ノノ

However, based on a11indicators, it was concluded that the community in 曾old minin牙
area was more vulnerable to mercury contamination due to sma11"scale gold mining thanthe community in non、gold minin牙 area.1t risks chronic toxicity for people that exposure
Of mercury in lndonesia