Version 2.0
April 17th, 2017

FNCA Guideline on
Development of Hydrogel and Oligosaccharides
by Radiation Processing

Edited by: Masao TAMADA1)
Hisaaki KUDO 2)
Tamikazu KUME 3)
1) Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate,
National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, 370-1292 JAPAN
2) Nuclear Professional School, The University of Tokyo
2-22 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1188 JAPAN
3) Dalat University
01 Phu Dong Thien Vuong, Da Lat, Lam Dong, VIETNAMREVISION HISTORY
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March 23rd, 2009: Upload Version 1.1 on the FNCA website
April 14 th , 2009: Revise Version 1.1 and upload Version 1.2
August 20th, 2009: Revise Version 1.2 and upload Version 1.3
May 25 th , 2010: Revise Version 1.3 and upload Version 1.4
December 21st, 2011: Revise Version 1.4 and upload Version 1.5
April 17th, 2017: Revise Version 1.5 and uploaded Version 2.0

CONTENTS
FOREWORDS...............................................................................................................................................ivii
Part 1. Introduction, General description and note .................................................................................... 1
1.1 Preface and scope................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Natural polymers and radiation processing ........................................................................................ 3
1.3 Consideration on Intellectual properties and Patents .....................................................................100
1.4 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................111
1.5 Chemical structures of materials
13
Part 2. Specific, Technical matters for each material .............................................................................155
2.1. Radiation cross-linked hydrogel for healthcare and environment ...............................................155
2.1.1. Hydrogel for Wound Dressing (HWD) ...........................................................................................166
2.1.1.1. CM-Chitosan-hydrogel (Korea)................................................................................................177
2.1.1.2. Sago-starch-hydrogel (Malaysia)................................................................................................ 19
2.1.2. Super Water Absorbent (SWA) .......................................................................................................... 21
2.1.2.1. Cassava starch-acrylic acid -hydrogel (Vietnam)....................................................................... 22
2.1.2.2. CM-Cassava-starch-hydrogel (Thailand) ................................................................................... 24
2.1.2.3. Cassava starch-acrylic acid -hydrogel (Indonesia)..................................................................... 26
2.1.2.4. CMC-dry gel (Japan) ................................................................................................................... 28
2.1.2.5. Polyvinyl Alcohol and Kappa Carrageenan (Bangladesh)........................................................ 30
2.1.2.6. Carboxymethyl-kappa-carrageenan-hydrogel (Philippines) ................................................... 32
2.1.2.7. Cassava starch-acrylic acid -hydrogel (Thailand) .................................................................... 34
2.2. Radiation degradation for oligosaccharide ......................................................................................36
2.2.1. Plant Growth Promoter (PGP)............................................................................................................ 37
2.2.1.1. Aliginate (Vietnam)...................................................................................................................... 38
2.2.1.2. Carrageenan (Philippines) ........................................................................................................... 40
2.2.1.3. Chitosan (Indonesia) .................................................................................................................... 42
2.2.1.4. Chitosan (Bangladesh)................................................................................................................. 44
2.2.1.5. Chitosan (Malaysia) ..................................................................................................................... 46
2.2.1.6. Chitosan (Thailand) ..................................................................................................................... 48
2.2.1.7. Demonstration study .................................................................................................................... 50
2.2.2. Aquaculture and stock feeding ........................................................................................................... 52
2.2.2.1. Chitosan (China) .......................................................................................................................... 53
2.3. Other applications .............................................................................................................................55
2.3.1. PVP-Chitosan hydrogel ...................................................................................................................... 55
2.3.2. CM-Chitosan hydrogel ....................................................................................................................... 55
2.3.3. CM-Carrageenan hydrogel ................................................................................................................. 55
Part 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS..........................................................................................................56

3.1. Cost analysis......................................................................................................................................56
3.2. Current status.....................................................................................................................................56
3.3. Final remarks.....................................................................................................................................56i

CONTRIBUTORSBANGLLADESH
Emdadul Md. Haque, BAECSalma Sultana, BAEC
CHINA
Guozhong Wu, SINAP
Jing Peng Peking University,
INDONESIA
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso, BATAN
Darmawan DarwisARWIS, BATAN
Tita Puspita Sari, BATAN
JAPAN
Masao Tamada, QST
Mitsumasa Taguchi, QST
Hisaaki Kudo, University of Tokyo
Tamikazu Kume, JAEA
Fumio Yoshii, JAEA
KOREA
Young Chang Nho, KAERI
Junhwa Shin, KAERIMALAYSIA
Khairul Zaman Hj. Mohd Dahlan, Nuclear Malaysia
Hashim B. Kamaruddin, Nuclear Malaysia
PHILIPPINES
Lorna S. Relleve, PNRI
Charito T. Aranilla, PNRITHAILAND
Phiriyatorn Suwanmala, TINT
VIETNAM
Doan Binh, VINATOM
Le Hei, VINATOM
Nguyen Quoc Hien, VINATOM
Secretariat:
Nuclear Safety Research Association (NSRA)
5-18-7 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004 JAPANii

FOREWORDS
FNCA project of electron accelerator application was launched in 2001 to explore thepossibility of a new radiation processing in the modification of polymers. As of 2016 this projectis in charge of two major researches on plant growth promoter (PGP) and super water absorbent(SWA) after several resulting applications such as face mask, silk soap, wound dressing, etc.
High quality PGP prepared by radiation-induced degradation of chitosan is environmentallyfriendly product which was already commercialized in five Asian countries since significant
enhancement of yields were observed in various crops such as rice & chili in field tests. SWAs
prepared by crosslinking of natural polysaccharides or grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto
natural polysaccharides are applicable as soil conditioner to maintain the water content in aridsoil. Field test of SWA showed the saving of watering in sandy soil.
Meanwhile the FNCA project of electron accelerator application issued two practical
FNCA guidelines on “Development of hydrogel and oligosaccharides by radiation processing”
in 2009 and “Chitosan PGP application for rice, chilli and other crops” in 2016 which can be
downloaded from the project home page (http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/
e_projectreview.html).
The former guideline deals with preparation protocols for hydrogel used for soil
conditioner in arid area and oligosaccharides for plant growth promoter using radiation
processing. Researchers can synthesize the standardized hydrogel and oligosaccharides byfollowing the protocols in the guideline. The idea to prepare this guideline based on the
successful outcomes in phase 2 (2006 - 2009) was proposed and agreed at the FNCA workshop
in December 2006 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The contents have been timely revised for 9
years. The latter one supplies the protocols of PGP usage obtained by field tests in member
countries. End-user can make a trial of PGP on crops without any difficulty.
At the FNCA workshop in November 2016 in Hanoi, Vietnam, the project leaders agreed
to the revision by reflection of the progress especially in the preparation technology and costestimation in the former FNCA guidelines on “Development of hydrogel and oligosaccharides
by radiation processing” in 2009. I expect that the latest information in the revised guidelines
can contribute to the progress of radiation processing of polymers and the socioeconomic
benefits caused by increase of crop yield in FNCA member countries as well as all countries allover the world.

Masao Tamada
Project Leader of Japaniii

FOREWORD (2009)
Radiation processing has been widely used in variety of industries, such as automobile tires,wires and cables, heat shrinkable sheets and tubes, foamed plastics, and medical supplies.
Technologies for radiation facilities and processing have been well established.
In the past several years research on radiation processing of natural polymers including
starch, chitosan and carrageenan to produce value added products, such as plant growthpromoter (PGP), super water absorbent (SWA) and medical and cosmetic supplies have been
carried out in several FNCA and RCA countries.
Radiation degradation of chitosan can produce oligo-chitosan which is an effective elicitor
for plant growth promotion and plant disease resistance, as demonstrated in Vietnam andIndonesia. In China oligo-chitosan is used for aquaculture to increase of fish production.
Malaysia has just started large scale field test of oligo-chitosan for rice germination and growthpromotion. Hydrogel produced by using electron accelerator are commercially used forwound dressing in Japan and Korea, and for face mask in Malaysia.
This guide book is edited by Dr. H. Kudo with the excellent contribution of project leadersof FNCA countries. I am confident that the FNCA countries will have benefits of learning fromthe book the manual or know-how to process natural polymers by radiation to produce value
added products to meet their needs.
The book should be up-dated regularly according to the improvement of process
technology and development of new applications of products.
In conclusion I would highly appreciate Dr. Kudo for his tireless effort of editing the book,and project leaders for elaborated contribution for their respective technologies and applications.
I wish FNCA member countries use the guidelines for effective development of radiation
processing of natural polymers contributing national socio-economic development.
Sueo Machi
FNCA Coordinator of Japaniv

FOREWORDS (2009)
The FNCA project on application of electron accelerator was established in 2001 as a firstproject in the field of industry. The project aims at wider application of electron accelerator andalso aims at implementation of practical application that will bring benefits for participating
countries. The application of EB system has been implemented and demonstrated in various
fields for liquid (degradation of polysaccharides for plant growth promotion, waste water
treatment), solid (curing and cross-linking of films, surface irradiation forsterilization/pasteurization of spices, seeds, etc.) and gas (flue gas treatment, degradation ofdioxins).Through the activities in phase 1 (2001-2005), it was decided to continue the project asphase 2 for 3 more years focusing on radiation processing of natural polymers.
Since the 1970’s, the upgrading of polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, chitosan,
alginate and carrageenan by radiation degradation has been investigated at JAEA
(JAERI)-Takasaki*1. Following the obtained results, the IAEA Coordinated Research
Programme (CRP) on radiation processing of natural polymers was proposed and implemented
as a UNDP/RCA/IAEA project. On the other hand, Dr. Hien of VAEC found the activity forplant growth using radiation degraded alginate*2. With combination of these experiences,
JAEA-Takasaki and VAEC established the bilateral cooperation on radiation processing ofmarine polysaccharides in 2000.
For wound dressing, radiation cross-linking of synthetic polymers has been studied andProf. Rosiak of Technical University of Lodz, Poland, succeeded in commercializing the PVP
hydrogel in 1992. JAEA-Takasaki also developed the technique of radiation cross-linked PVA
for wound dressing and it was transferred to Nichiban Company in 1996. In addition,
JAEA-Takasaki found the radiation cross-linking of carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) andCM-chitosan by irradiation in solution with high concentration like paste condition*3. The RCA
project on radiation processing of natural polymers with adding the cross-linking for hydrogel
was proposed in 1999 and has been implemented under the RCA program.
From 2006, FNCA EB application in phase 2 focused on radiation degradation for plant
growth and radiation cross-linking for hydrogel with the cooperation of RCA. Through theactivities, the project discussed and agreed to prepare the guideline to harmonize the materials
and methods and to prepare the protocol of successful techniques.
I am confident that this guideline will be useful to transport the techniques to end users aswell as to upgrade various natural polymers abundantly available in the region. I expect that thisguideline can contribute to convert them into useful value-added products while conserving theenvironment.
Tamikazu Kume
Project Leader of Japan*1 T. Kume and M. Takehisa, Effect of Gamma-Irradiation on Chitosan, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Chitin/Chitosan, ed. by S. Hirano and

S. Tokura, 66-70 （1982）.
*2 N. Q. Hien, N. Nagasawa, L. X. Tham, F. Yoshii, V. H. Dang, H. Mitomo, K. Makuuchi and T. Kume, Growth-promotion of Plants

with Depolymerized Alginates by Irradiation , Radiat. Phys. Chem., 59, 97-101 （2000）.
*3 B. Fei, R. A. Wach, H. Mitomo, F. Yoshii and T. Kume, Hydrogel of biodegradable cellulose derivatives. I. Radiation-induced

crosslinking of CMC, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 78, 278-283（2000）.

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Upon completion of the first edition and subsequent revision of this guideline, the editors
would like to express their sincere gratitude to project leaders and their co-workers of allparticipating countries; Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Malaysia,
Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Editor, Masao Tamada
Hisaaki Kudo
Tamikazu Kumevi

Part 1. Introduction, General description and note
1.1 Preface and scopeThis guideline is an outcome to prepare a "manual" on development of hydrogel andoligosaccharides by radiation processing through a co-work in FNCA electron
accelerator application working group, as a part of FNCA guidelines series.
1.1.1. Introduction
Not less researchers and scientists may have experienced that one can not reproduce
results that had been reported, or not reproduce even their own past results. It isapparent that this would come from the (potential) differences in procedures. Suchcases would lead to loss or damage of properties and, personnel, in the worst case,accidents. Therefore documentation is desirable. Tentatively the written material shallbe called "manual". This concept is almost equivalent to "standard (standardization)".
1.1.2. Function of the "manual"
The "manual" would facilitate expansion of knowledge/technique from a researcher toanother, stimulate technology-transfer from the academia to the industry, and assure
quality of the products. The "manual" would be published as a written material, forexample, in the form of a booklet or as a PDF file available at FNCA web site.
However, the "manual" will not be affirmative, will not regulate any activity, and will
not guarantee any outcome.
1.1.3. Title of the "manual"In the connection with other activities under FNCA framework, the "manual" of thiskind shall be called as a "guideline". Therefore this written material is named "FNCA
Guidelines on development of hydrogel and oligosaccharides by radiation processing".
1.1.4. Contents and structure of the guideline
The general structure of this guideline is shown in Appendix 1. This guideline has two
PARTs; one has general description on natural polymers and radiation processing, andthe other has specific description on each natural polymer. The latter part has two
CHAPTERs; one is cross-linked hydrogel and the other is degradation for plant growth.
Each chapter has SUB-CHAPTERs; the chapter of cross-linking has sub-chapters ofhydrogel wound dressing (HWD) and super water absorbent (SWA), and the chapter ofdegradation has sub-chapters of plant growth promoter (PGP) and aquaculture. Eachsub-chapter has SECTIONs for specific natural polymers. These sections will be
attributed to each participating country. Each section has SUB-SECTIONs from raw
materials to pre-treatment, irradiation, post treatment, products, and strategies forcommercialization, etc. The structure of each SUB-SECTION is shown in Appendix 2.
These sub-sections have ITEMs of details and can be modified depending on thespecific characteristics of each material.

11.1.5. Method to collect the information for the guideline
The editors of this guideline sent a questionnaire on technical details for standardized
experimental procedures, as listed in Appendix 2, to the project leader of FNCA
participating countries. The sub-chapters of HWD, SWA, PGP and aquaculture, andsections of respective natural polymer in Part 2, are compilations of the responses fromthe project leaders.
The editors also queried the cost analysis and current status of the technology andthe responses are compiled in Part 3

Note - The idea to prepare a guideline was proposed and agreed at the FNCA
workshop in December 2006 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and then the draft was
prepared by editors and each participating countries.

2

1.2 Natural polymers and radiation processing
1.2.1 Radiation and materials
The definition of radiation is, typically, electro-magnetic waves or corpuscular beams
that can ionize material (in a typical case, air), that is, eject of an electron.
The examples of radiation include, alpha-ray (nucleus of helium He from heavier
radioisotope), beta-ray (electron from radio-isotope), gamma-ray (electro-magnetic
wave resulted from transition between energy-levels of a nucleus), X-ray(electro-magnetic wave resulted from transition between energy-levels of an atom),neutron beam typically upon fission, electron beam (accelerated with aparticle-accelerator), ion beam (such as proton, helium and other heavier nuclei
accelerated with a particle-accelerator), etc. Among them, from the viewpoint ofradiation application (radiation processing), the most widely used radiations are
gamma-ray and electron beam.
(1) Gamma-ray source
Among many gamma-ray emitting
radio-isotopes, Co-60 gamma ray
source is most widely used, followedby Cs-137 gamma ray source, but theshare of Co-60 is dominant in quantity.
Co-60 has the half-life of 5.27 years,
and upon disintegration it emits two
photons of energies of 1.17 and 1.33
MeV. Generally the pellets of Co-60
are sealed in a metal rod as a sealed
source and the rods are arranged in aplane or cylindrical shape by catering
to irradiation users. The Co-60 sources
are stored in a lead shield and a waterpool and it needs an irradiation room
having enough shielding of gamma-ray.
Typical illustration of the Co-60
gamma rays irradiation facility is given
in Fig. 1-1 .
(2) Electron beam accelerator
In practical radiation processing,electron beam in the energy-range of
300 keV - 5 MeV is widely used.
Electron beam can be generated with

Fig. 1-1.
Co-60 gamma-ray irradiation
facility at Takasaki, QST.

Fig. 1-2. Electron beam accelerator at
Takasaki, QST.

3

electron beam accelerator. At present, various types of accelerating procedures arecommercially available; the examples are electro-static type and high-frequency(radio-frequency) type. In electro-static accelerating system, thermo-electron emitted
from a cathode and the emitted electron is accelerated with high voltage applied
between electrodes. Electron beams are scanned in scanning horn and taken out
through titanium foil window. Typical illustration of the electron beam irradiation
facility is given in Fig. 1-2. The operation of electron accelerators is simple and safe,that is, electron beam does not come out if the switch is put off, compared to Co-60
gamma irradiation facility. If the acceleration energy of electron is not higher than
300 keV, besides that thick shielding is not necessary, the initial investment andrunning cost may not be very heavy task to (potential) owners. These give this systemeconomically competitive advantage.
(3) Radiation sources and current status
We can select the gamma-ray source or the electron beam accelerator depending on the
purpose. The typical dose rate varies in the order of kGy/h for Co-60 gamma rayssource and in the order of kGy/s in electron beam accelerator. The absorbed dose rate
and the total absorbed dose can vary and should be selected by capacity (the amount ofradioactivity of Co-60 source; applied voltage, ampere, area of beam scanning,
conveyor speed of electron beam accelerator etc.) and geometric arrangement between
gamma-ray source or electron beam-outlet and materials to irradiate), The total
absorbed dose can be optimized based on the sensitivity of the system towards
radiation (yield) etc.
The number of irradiation facilities in FNCA participating countries, including bothfor research and development, and commercial purposes, is tabulated in the FNCA web
site (http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_gamma.html for gamma-rays facilities
and http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_institution.html for electron beam
accelerators).
(4) Interaction of radiation with materials
Depending on the energy of radiation, the interaction scheme varies from implantation(when the energy of incident electro-magnetic wave / particle is low), sputtering,
excitation, ionization, and nuclear reaction (when the energy of incident radiation is
sufficiently high). In radiation processing, ionization and excitation are mostfundamental events. In the case of Co-60 gamma-ray irradiation, secondary electrons
are ejected through Compton effect, and these scattered secondary electrons caninteract with material. In the case of electron beam irradiation, the incident electrons
can interact with material directly. High energetic (incident and secondary) electronsinteract directly or indirectly with electrons of irradiated material through Coulombinteraction, and results in ionization and excitation. Ionized or excited species can form
the radical, chemically reactive atoms or molecules having an unpaired electron, and4

the radicals induce subsequent reactions. Such series of radiation-induced chemical
reactions construct the field of so-called "radiation chemistry". In the case of polymer,
the final events are cross-linking (new bond formation between two polymer chains),
degradation (fragmentation into two or more smaller pieces, denoted as scission aswell), un-saturation (formation of double bond, other functional bonds etc.),
graft-polymerization (Introduction of new graft chains into trunk polymer). This
scheme is illustrated in Figure 1-3. In this guideline on radiation processing, only
cross-linking and degradation are of interest among them.

Figure 1-3. Scheme of radiation effects of polymers; cross-linking (top),
degradation (bottom).
(5) Radiation chemistry and irradiation effects on polymeric compounds
Not only for scientific but also for practical, the yield is of interest. The radiation
chemical yield is often discussed through G values. The G-value denotes the number of
events per energy absorption of 100 eV. In SI unit system, G-value is expressed in
mol/J. The conversion from one to another is that, if G=1 per 100eV then
G=0.104 μmol/J, [100eV=1.60 × 10-19 C × 100V=1.60 × 10-17J ， 1 ÷ （ 6.02 ×
1023molecules ） =1.66-24mol=1.66-18µmol, then G=1.66-18µmol/1.60 × 10-17J=0.104μmol/J] by considering the Avogadro’s number 6.02×1023 per mol and thecharge of an electron 1.60×10-19 C.
Typical G-values (in the traditional definition) vary in the range of, very roughly inmost cases, 0.1-10 (in recent definition in 0.01-1 μmol/J), though it depends on factors
such as dose rate, the presence/absence of oxygen, temperature during irradiation, etc.
In the literatures of radiation chemistry, G-values of events and final products can befound, and sometimes they are tabulated. The G-value means, for example, if the G=1(0.104μmol/J), the concentration of the products is 1 mmol/kg at the absorbed dose of
10 kGy (kJ/kg). Such rough estimation is necessary to design the radiation processing.
(a) Cross-linking can be brought about by the encounter of two radicals in polymers,of which hydrogen was abstracted by the ionized or excited species etc. Cross-linking
can be recognized macroscopically by, for example and most typically, formation of
the insoluble and swelling fraction (to the solvent which initially dissolves the5polymer), gel. In the reality, cross-linking and degradation takes place simultaneously.
In the case of the polymer where the cross-linking is well dominant over degradation,
gel formation is observed. The most important parameters would be swelling ratio andgel fraction.
Swelling ratio (sometimes denoted as solvent uptake) is defined as Ws/Wd or(Ws-Wd)/Wd, and gel fraction is defined as Wd/W0, where Ws denotes the weight ofpolymer in swollen state, Wd the weight after drying, and W0 the initial weight,
respectively. In general, swelling ratio decreases with increment of dose, while gel
fraction increases with dose, and levels off or reaches the unity.
Charlesby-Pinner equation has been well used to evaluate the G-values ofcross-linking and degradation, if the initial molecular weight distribution is assumed to
be a random (Poission-like, or most probable) distribution;G(S )4.82  10 6s s 

2G ( X ) G ( X ) M n D
Here s, G(X), G(S), Mn, and D denote the sol fraction (the unity minus gel fraction),G-values of cross-linking and degradation, number average molecular weight andabsorbed dose in kGy, respectively. In the reality, the initial molecular weight
distribution may not be random. The modifications of the relationship have been triedby many researchers. Charlesby-Rosiak equation is recently often used in this filed,where Dv is the virtual dose, a dose required for changing the molecular weight
distribution to random and Dg is gel formation dose;s s 

G( S ) G( S )  Dv  Dg  2 
2G( X ) 
2G( X )  Dv  D(b) Degradation may be brought about directly (direct action of radiation) in part,and indirectly in another part, by the attack of radicals. Degradation can be recognizedmacroscopically by the fact that, for example, the solid polymer becomes soft or thesolution of the polymer loses its viscosity.
Viscosity (intrinsic) of the polymer solution, η, and the molecular weight (viscosity
average molecular weight, Mv) have the relation as   K M v awhich is named as Mark-Houwink equation, where K and a are parameters dependingon the system, and tabulated for many combinations of polymers and solvents.
Upon degradation (and simultaneous cross-linking, where degradation is dominant
over cross-linking), the number average molecular weight (Mn) changes as

 1 
 1 

    1.04  10 7 G ( S )  G( X )D M n  D  M n 0
The weight average number molecular weight (Mw) changes as, if the initial molecular6

weight distribution is assumed to be a random (Poission-like, or most probable)
distribution,

 1 
 1 
1

    1.04  10 7  G( S )  G( X ) D
2 M w  D  M w 0
where the suffix 0 and D mean the initial and at the absorbed dose of D, respectively.
By following changes of molecular weights by means of, for example, gel permeation
chromatography (GPC), as a function of absorbed dose, the G-values can be evaluated.
1.2.2 Radiation chemistry of natural polymers
Natural polymers are defined as polymer (polymeric compounds) that naturally occurs
in the biological bodies/system, sea-water, soil (ground) etc. This concept is the
opposite of artificially-synthesized polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene.
Examples of natural polymers include polysaccharide, protein, fat, carbohydrate,
DNA, etc. Similarly to other polymers, natural polymers undergo, based on their nature,
cross-linking or degradation upon irradiation. Its radiation chemical scheme, however,can vary based on various factors such as phase (solid or liquid) of pristine material(especially in the case of aqueous solution, the OH radical, formed upon radiolysis ofwater, would play a significant role in polymer-radical formation and enhanced
degradation compared to solid state), temperature during irradiation, dose rate, (total)dose, and, especially in the case of solution, on concentration, viscosity, pH, etc.
Moreover, pre- and/or post- conditionings of the materials can influence the irradiation
effect. On the contrary, if one can control these factors and the final events, one mayfind a new paradigm of the radiation chemistry.
1.2.3 Radiation processing of natural polymers by radiation technology
Based on the irradiation effects, modification and functionalization of polymer
materials (radiation processing) have been extensively and intensively studied. A lot ofexperiences and findings are accumulated in the society of radiation application.
(a) Radiation induced cross-linking can improve, for example, heat resistance,mechanical properties, etc. For natural polymers, the cross-linking can form "gel" that
can absorb solvent, such as water, to a high ratio in weight to the polymer. Such gel aresometimes called as "hydrogel" and its application covers medical, healthcare,
agricultural field, for example, as wound-dressing (WD), bed-sore prevention mat,beauty face mask, bio-degradable packaging materials, super water absorbent (SWA)
for irrigation of desert land, excrement of livestock, and alcoholic processing waste .
The general protocol of radiation-induced crosslinking may be like as Appendix 2 orTable 1-1. Starting from raw material, the material will be conditioned prior toirradiation. After irradiation, gel fraction is measured after immersion in water atambient temperature for hours, and swelling is measured after drying during hours todays at an elevated temperature. They should be optimized regarding with dose, preand post- treatment conditions. The gel product should possess sufficient mechanical7

properties such as shape stability, tensile strength, peel strength etc., so that it isacceptable as dressing or absorbent etc, not only its originally intended function.
(b) Radiation induced degradation can improve solubility to solvent, softness,
lubricant etc. For natural polymers, especially polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch,chitin and chitosan which are indigenous resources in south-eastern and eastern Asian
countries. The degraded polymers, including oligomers, can enhance the features suchas plant growth, anti-bacterial- or elicitor- activity, etc. Such modified poly- and oligosaccharides are well applied in agricultural and aqua-cultural (including poultry andlivestock) feeds.
The general protocol of radiation-induced degradation may be like as, Appendix 2
and Table 1-1. Starting from raw material, the material will be conditioned prior toirradiation. After irradiation, viscosity (molecular weight) will be measured with aviscometer such as Ubbelhode, or mixing-rotor type. The degraded product in aqueous
solution will be sprayed on plants or added to feeds and the growth/plant mass will beobserved, though this is a rather time-consuming work. The growth should be
optimized regarding with dose (molecular weight, viscosity or solubility), pre- andpost- treatment conditions, frequency and concentration of spray or feed-additives etc.
Table 1-1. An example of general scheme of development in radiation processingof radiation-induced crosslinking and degradation.
Stage

Laboratory

Step(Sub-section in
Appendix 2)
Raw Material
Pre-treatment
Irradiation

Developing

Items in Appendix 2 andother factors to consider
Kind and Grade (purity), molecular weight,
history etc.
Phase; Solid-size or Liquid-concentration, pH
Source; Co-60 or EB
Dose rate, depending on source
Dose, depending on yield of CL and DG
Temperature, atmosphere

Post treatment
Products
Evaluation/Test HWD: healing and mechanical
SWA: swelling, gel fraction
PGP: plant growth enhancement or acceleration
AQC: creatures growth enhancement
Is performance No
acceptable?
Yes

8

Commercializing Strategies

Safety: personnel, public and environmental
Regulations: domestic and international
Publications/Patent
Cost analysis
Comparison with other competing methods
Advertisement
Technology transfer
Marketing91.3 Consideration on Intellectual properties and Patents
It is to note that the technical details (protocols) described in this guideline hereafter
were already published somewhere. The original references are listed.
However, as a general caution on affairs on intellectual properties, this guideline
would like to point out the following.
A typical evolution process of research and development is, starting from laboratory
stage, followed by developing stage and reaching eventually commercialized stage,
though the project can be suspended or withdrawn by various reasons including
financial, technical or personnel reasons. The successful results can be made available
through presentations at conferences, publications in scientific journals, includinginternational or domestic ones.
The industry group is rather application or commercialization-oriented, compared toother groups in FNCA, and it is encouraged to apply and obtain patents as a more
successful and reputational outcome than a publication. It is also intended to protect
the own-developed technology or products from the insensible utilization by otherbodies, and to keep the technological advantages against the potential competitors inthe same field of business.
However, it is to be noted that unfortunately, the difference in legal system on
intellectual properties and patents (including the case that such legal system is not wellestablished), and difference in culture and customs among different countries could
cause unexpected cases. Moreover, it needs a special attention when a technology or
product developed in certain single country is applied for patents in another country.
This guideline would like to point out that the similar cases potentially may happen.
This issue includes complicated and intricate matters, and the industry group wishes
the senior level of FNCA to discuss this matter and reach a reasonable decision to deal
with intellectual properties.

101.4 Abbreviations
Abbreviations
in alphabeticalorder
AA, AAc, ACA
AG, ALG
AQC
ARTI
BATAN
CARG, CRG
CAS
CASV
CD
CDM
CHN
CHT, CT
CHTS, CTS
CL
CNY
CMC
CMS
CRP
Da
DG
DOST
EB
EBA
FNCA
GL
HDG
HWD
IAEA
INA
KAERI
KOR
KOW
JAEA
JAERI

Classification(Institutionalor Technical)
T
T
T
T
I
T
I
T
I
I
I
T
T
T
I
T
T
I
T
T
I
T
T
I
I
T
T
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Spelling-out of the abbreviation

Acrylic Acid
Alginate
Aquaculture
Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (KAERI)
Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional/
National Nuclear Energy Agency (Indonesia)
Carrageenan
Chinese Academy of Science
Cassava
Coordinator
Coordinators Meeting
China
ChitinChitosanCross-linking
Chinese Renminbi Yuan
Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose
Carboxy Methyl Starch
Coordinated Research Programme (IAEA)
DaltonDegradation
Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)
Electron Beam
Electron Beam Accelerator
Forum for Nuclear Co-operation in Asia
Guideline
HydrogelHydrogel Wound Dressing
International Atomic Energy Agency
Indonesia
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
Korea, Republic ofKorean Won
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

11

JAIF
JPN
JPY
MAS
MEXT

I
I
I
I
I

MINT
MOST

I
I

MW
NSRA
PAA
PHI
PHP
PGP
PL
PNRI
PRC
PVP
QST

T
I
T
I
I
T
I
I
I
T
I

QuBS
RCA
RI
RM
RP
SAP
SINAP
ST
SWA
THA
THB
TINT
TRCRE

I
I

TARRI
WS
VAEC
VIE
VND

I
I
I
I
I

T
I
I
T
I
T
T
I
I
I
I

Japan Atomic Industry Forum
Japan
Japanese Yen
Malaysia
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science andTechnology (Japan)
Malaysia Institute of Nuclear Technology
Ministry of Science and Technology (Korea,
Malaysia)
Molecular Weight
Nuclear Safety Research Association (Japan)
Poly Acrylic Acid
Philippines
Philippine Peso
Plant Growth Promoter
Project Leader
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
People’s Republic of China
Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone
National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological
Science and Technology
Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate (QST)
Regional Cooperative Agreement
Radio Isotope
Ringitto Malaysia
Indonesian Rupiah
Super Absorbent Polymer
Shanghai Institute for Applied Science (China)
StarchSuper Water Absorbent
ThailandThai Baht
Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology
Takasaki
Radiation
Chemistry
Research
Establishment
Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research InstituteWorkshopVietnam Atomic Energy Commission
VietnamVietnamese Donh12

1.5 Chemical structures of materials
Alginate
- OOC

- OOC

OH
O

O
HO
O
-OOC

O

O
HO

O

HO

OH

O
OH

OH

OH
O

- OOC

Carrageenan (kappa-carrageenan)

Chitin and CM-Chitin

13OChitosan and CM-Chitosan

CMC

C H2 O C H 2 CO O N a

C H2 O C H 2 C O O N a
O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

n

Starch (CM-Starch)

CH2OH

CH2OCH2COONa

O
OH

O

O

OH

O
OH

CH2OH

O

OH
OH

CH2OH

H,OH

OH

O

O

OH

OH

OH
n

14

Part 2. Specific, Technical matters for each material
This part 2 describes specific or technical matters for each material. This part 2
consists of two chapters of cross-linking and degradation as the sub-structure. Each ofthem has further sub-structures (sub-chapters) of hydrogel wound dressing (HWD) andsuper water absorbent (SWA) for the former, and plant growth promoter (PGP) andaquaculture for the latter. Each sub-chapter has further sub-structures (sections) for
various materials. See Appendix 1 for this hierarchy structure.
As mentioned in 1.1.5, the editors of this guideline sent a questionnaire on technicaldetails for standardized experimental procedures, as listed in Appendix 2, to the project
leader of FNCA participating countries. The sub-chapters and items of respective
natural polymers are compilations of the responses from the project leaders.
Some items are un-answered; being information not available. In the cases the items
are made blank.

2.1. Radiation cross-linked hydrogel for healthcare and environment
This chapter of 2.1 is dedicated for radiation crosslinked hydrogel for healthcare andenvironment. Hydrogel, as demonstrated in Fig. 2-1, absorbs several hundreds ofgram-water per gram-polymer. The application of hydrogel, has been extensively tried,
especially in the medical and/or
healthcare field, such as would dressing,face/mask, bed-sore prevention mat,ice-bag-like cooler, etc. Also, in the fieldof environmental conservation, thiswould be applied for bio-degradable
packaging materials for fruits andvegetables, and water absorbent for
excrement of livestock, waste fromalcoholic process and irrigation of desert
land. Many of them have beenFig. 2-1. CMC hydrogel.
commercialized in some countries
including FNCA participating countries.
Some technical aspect and experiences are presented in the later sections andsub-sections. Many examples of successes are introduced, and some of ceased projects
are disclosed.

152.1.1. Hydrogel for wound dressing (HWD)
It has been believed for a long time that dry curing is appropriate for wound treatment.
Recently however, it was found that the wet curing is more effective than dry curing.
This is because the exudate from the dermis layer can cure the wound well in the wet
environment while the dried scab can cause the new wound in the course of curing. An
example reported that the wet curing
remedied the wound of the same degree
faster than conventional dry curing by afactor of two.
The HWD, having hydrogel as substrate
and medical drug inside or on the surface, hasbeen adopted in the medical field because,
besides fast curing, it is transparent so thatthe medical doctors/nurses can well observe
the course of curing.
This application was initially invented andcommercialized in the (East) Europe, andsoon expanded through the world including
North America and Asian region. Various
formulations of the base polymer (including
both synthetic and natural polymers, andpolymer blends) of the HWD have been triedin different countries/institutes or companies.
Examples of natural polymer based HWD
are shown in Fig. 2-2 (with courtesy of
KAERI and PNRI), which is successfullycommercialized as CligelTM, and Skin-upTM Fig. 2-2. Hydrogel wound dressing.
respectively, both based on polv-inylpyrrolidone(PVP) - carrageenan hydrogel.
A similar application has been successfully
carried out in the field of healthcare/cosmetic
treatment. An example of beauty face mask
to treat acne, based on sago-starch hydrogel
is shown in Fig. 2-3 (Malaysia).
Fig. 2-3. Beauty face mask madeof hydrogel.

16

2.1.1.1. CM-Chitosan-hydrogel (Korea)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers Chito123:
Grade: MW. 300K
Material history:
1.2. Visual examination:
1.3. Compositional analysis:
1.4. Others:
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding: Not necessary
Pulverization: Not necessary
2.2. Dissolution: 10 wt% aq. solution
2.3. Others: Carboxymethylation and Packaging
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Co-60 at ARTi, KAERI, KOREA
3.2. Packaging: Prepackaged
3.3. Dose rate: 10 kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 25 kGy
3.5. Temperature: Room Temp.
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination:
4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation:
4.4. Others:
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding: Not Applicable
Pulverization: Not Applicable
5.2. Dissolution: Not Applicable
5.3. Packaging: Not Applicable
5.4. Description:
5.5. Instruction manual:
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Non toxic
6.2. Environmental considerations:6.3. Cost analysis: 4.7USD/kg Gel Product6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products:17

6.5. Publications/Patents:
6.6. Advertisement for end-users:
6.7. Technology transfer: In progress
6.8. Marketing: Not Applicable
6.9. Others:18

2.1.1.2. Sago-starch-hydrogel (Malaysia)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers: Songiing Holding Sdn. Bhd.
Grade: Food grade
Material history: Extract from palm tree
1.2. Visual examination: White powder
1.3. Compositional analysis: Moisture content less than 12%
1.4. Others:
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding: no need
Pulverization: no need
2.2. Dissolution: Mixing in water and gelation process
2.3. Others:
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: 3MeV 30mA EBM/ EBM, Nuclear Malaysia
3.2. Packaging: Vacuum seal
3.3. Dose rate: 1.99 Gy/min (conveyor speed: 3.56m/min)
3.4. Dose: 25kGy
3.5. Temperature: Room Temperature
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment:
4.1. Visual examination: tackiness4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation: cooling effect4.4. Others: water evaporation
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding: no
Pulverization: no5.2. Dissolution: no5.3. Packaging: Aluminum packing, 5 pieces per box
5.4. Description: outside box
5.5. Instruction manual: Described by company
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Single use only
6.2. Environmental considerations: Biodegradable
6.3. Cost analysis: Cheap (0.173 RM/g) (1USD = ca.4 RM)
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: Sterilized by radiation

19

6.5. Publications/Patents: Patent Filing, PI 20022825
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Conference, technology show-case and directcontact
6.7. Technology transfer: Rumbia Bio-Tech Sdn. Bhd.
6.8. Marketing: By company
6.9. Others :7. References
7.1 "Radiation Crosslinking of Starch/Water-soluble Polymers Blends for Hydrogel"
K. Hashim, N. Mohid, K. Bahari and K.Z. Mohd Dahlan, Takasaki Workshop on
Bilateral Cooperations, 1-2 Nov. 1999
7.2 "Hydrogel of Sago Starch/Water-soluble Polymers by Electron Beam Irradiation
Technique", K. Hashim, K. Z. Mohd Dahlan, N. M. Noordin and F. Yoshii,
International Symposium on Radaition Technology in Emerging Industrial
Applications, 79-80, 6-10 Nov. 2000, IAEA-SM-365

20

2.1.2. Super Water Absorbent (SWA)
Hydrogel can absorb very high amount of water compared to its original weight ofpolymer gel. It can reach the magnitude of several hundreds. By utilizing this uniqueproperty, extensive applications are tried. Drying the excrement of livestock for field
disposal, in order to reduce the fermentation and the odor and keep the hygiene, hasbeen tried as shown in Fig. 2-4 (Japan). Another example of drying gel is treatment of
alcoholic waste disposal. The conventional disposal method has been the sea-disposal
but this method is being regulated to reduce pollution. Treatment of alcoholic waste bydrying gel can reduce the mass of waste.
Moreover, enhanced growth of vegetables
and fruits by containing the hydrogel (as SWA)
into the soil is observed. The SWA works tohelp to control soil erosion, limit loss ofnutrients and silt for plants. The photograph ofthe commercialized fertilizer is shown in Fig.
2-5 (Vietnam).
Another application of SWA is greening ofFig. 2-4. Hydrogel as dry gel todesert land. Spreading SWA having massive
treat excrement of livestock.
amount of moisture over the desert will
mediate the dry land. This technology is
being intensively investigated especially inthe west Asian and African countries, though
this is out of the scope of FNCA framework.

Fig. 2-5. Hydrogel for soil burial
for plant growth.

21

2.1.2.1. Cassava starch-acrylic acid -hydrogel (Vietnam)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history:
Cassava starch (tapioca starch) supplied by Bidofood Co. Ltd, Vietnam, starchcontent more than 85%
Glacial acrylic acid (AAc), by BASF, German (manufactured in Malaysia)
90% flake of KOH, methanol in analytical grade from South Korea
1.2. Visual examination:
1.3. Compositional analysis:
1.4. Others:
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
2.2. Dissolution: Paste starch was formed when 20% KOH aqueous solution wasadded into starch powder while stirring. Acrylic acid was poured into the mixture
slightly, regularly agitating for 30 min. The mixing ratio of starch to acrylic acidmonomer is 1 to 1.
2.3. Others: The well-blended mixture was packed in the polypropylene bags of
10kg.
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Gamma irradiator, SV-ST Co-60/B type, made in Hungary
installed at VINAGAMMA
3.2. Packaging: Poured into polyethylene/polypropylene packages and sealed tightly
3.3. Dose rate: 1.6kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 4.5-15 kGy
3.5. Temperature: 12 degree Celsius
3.6. Others: Gamma irradiation was made in the presence of oxygen. The
temperature of irradiated bags was increased to at least 50 degree Celsius as an
exothermic process.
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: Confirmation of dense, durable, elastic and brownish.
4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation: Swelling ratio larger than 200, and weight lossof 85 % after 9months in soil burial.
4.4. Others: After visual examination, the block mixture was extruded, cut,anti-stuck and dried at 70 degree Celsius for 10 hours in air prior to test of productperformance.
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization: Grounded through a sieve of 1-3 mm, and polished.
5.2. Dissolution: pH 6.8 at equilibrium swelling
5.3. Packaging: Packed in the 1 kg jars or 5kg polyethylene bags.
5.4. Description: On the package of the product attached the label, often printed with22

the clear direction for use.
5.5. Instruction manual: attached on the label.
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Non-detective toxicity when rabbits orally administered.
6.2. Environmental considerations: Irradiated wet product has ca. 54ppm of acrylicacid monomer, which is considered safety for human and environment. Dried gel
has traceable amount of acrylic acid.
6.3. Cost analysis: 2.95USD/kg
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: Imported from US costs 8.90
USD/kg, and from China 5.10 USD/kg.
6.5. Publications/Patents: Patented since 2007. The Ministry of Agriculture andRural Development allows producing GAN-Sorb S product as a soil conditioner
in Vietnam according to the decision No. of 1247 QD/BNN-KHCN dated 28
April 2006.
6.6. Advertisement for end-users:
6.7. Technology transfer:
6.8. Marketing:
6.9. Others: The product is commercialized on the pilot-scale production line withthe throughput of 30 tons /month in the VINAGAMMA, Vietnam.
7. References
7.1. "Pilot production of water super absorbent gel", D. Binh, Proceedings of 6th
National Conference on Nuclear Science and Technology, 26-27 October 2005,
Dalat, Vietnam.
7.2. Report on results of field test of Gam-Sorb S gel for conditioning the soil.
Institute for the Southern Agricultural Science and Techniques, Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam, March 2006.

23

2.1.2.2. CM-Cassava-starch-hydrogel (Thailand)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers: Synthesis in lab from original cassava starch
Grade:
Material history: Synthesis in lab from original cassava starch supplied bySiam Quality Starch Co; Ltd.
1.2. Visual examination: Yellowish granule1.3. Compositional analysis:
1.4. Others: Degree of substitution = 0.14
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization: Undone
2.2. Dissolution: Aqueous solution of 50 wt%
2.3. Others:
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Co-60 gamma rays, OAP Bangkok
3.2. Packaging: In air
3.3. Dose rate: 0.17 kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 2 kGy
3.5. Temperature: RT
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: Examined
4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation: Swelling ratio, gel strength, and gel fraction
were tested during developing process
4.4. Others: Drying at 60 degree C for 12 h
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding:
Pulverization: Pulverized into 5 mm diameter particles (CMS dry gel)
5.2. Dissolution:
5.3. Packaging:
5.4. Description:
5.5. Instruction manual:
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Material Safety Qualification Tests Required
6.2. Environmental considerations: Biodegradablity
6.3. Cost analysis: 455 baht/1kg Product6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: Non-radiation-method (PAAc)

24

products/ Radiation method is expensive
6.5. Publications/Patents: 31st and 32nd Congress on Science and technology ofThailand6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Exhibitions
6.7. Technology transfer:
6.8. Marketing:
6.9. Others:
7. References
7.1 "Hydrogel Prepared from Radiation-Induced Crosslinking of Carboxymethyl
Starch", Kasinee Hemvichian, Phiriyatorn Suwanmala, Wannee Srinuttrakul,
Manit Sonsuk, 32nd Congress on Science and technology of Thailand, 229,
2006
7.2 "Preparation of Cross-linked Carboxymethyl Cassava Starch for the Adsorptionof Heavy Metal Ions", Phiriyatorn Suwanmala, Kasinee Hemvichian, Wannee
Srinuttrakul, Manit Sonsuk, 31st Congress on Science and technology ofThailand, 221, 200525

2.1.2.3. Cassava starch-acrylic acid -hydrogel (Indonesia, updated 2016)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history:
Cassava starch (tapioca starch) powder, food grade supplied by CV. Sumber Mas
Bogor Indonesia (tjap Orang tani)
Acrylic acid (AAc) solution 99%, technical grade supplied by PT. Tjiwi Kimia,
Indonesia
Potasium hydrochloride (KOH) pellet technical grade 90% supplied by PT. Tjiwi
Kimia, Indonesia, Ethanol 90% technical grade supplied by PT. Tjiwi Kimia,
Indonesia
1.2. Visual examination: Examined
1.3. Compositional analysis: not analysis
1.4. Others: Acrylic acid and cassava starch were stored in refrigerator before used
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization: No
2.2. Dissolution: Cassava starch (CS) was mixed with KOH and Acrylic acid (AAc)with weight ratio of CS-KOH-AAc is (1:0.6:2). The concentration of CS in the
mixture is 10% w/v. Firstly, CS was mixed with water, then KOH flakes wasadded to the mixture and strirred gently using a mechanical stirrer until the paste
starch was obtained completely. Then, acrylic acid was added.
2.3. Others: The well-blended mixture was packed in the polyethylene bags prior toirradiation.
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Catagory IV Gamma Irradiator at Center for Isotopes andRadiation Application, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jakarta
3.2. Packaging: Polyethylene packaging and sealed tightly
3.3. Dose rate: 6.5 kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 15 kGy
3.5. Temperature: room temperature (27-30 degree Celsius)
3.6. Others: Gamma irradiation of SWA was done in the air condition. The
temperature of irradiated bags was slightly increased during irradiation
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: checked
4.2. Compositional analysis: not check4.3. Product performance evaluation: degree of swelling in water is larger than 200
times of its dry weight, and weight loss of SWA about 85 % after 9 months in soil
burial.
4.4. Others: After irradiation, the SWA was cutted with size of 10 cm x 2 cm. The
SWA was then immersed in ethanol 90% technical grade over night. Remove the
SWA from the solution, dried in oven at 50C for 24 hours.

26

5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization: Dried SWA is cutted into a size of 3-5 mm indiameter, and then followed by second grinding with 10 mesh5.2. Dissolution: pH 6.8 at equilibrium swelling
5.3. Packaging: Dried SWA was packed in PE plastic bag of 0.5 kg
5.4. Description: On the plastic package was written “SWA” by marker
5.5. Instruction manual: application dose is 0.1 g SWA/kg sand ~ 200 kg SWA/Ha
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Material Safety Qualification Test Required
6.2. Environmental considerations: Biodegradable SWA
6.3. Cost analysis: 3.0 USD/kg
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: None
6.5. Publications/Patents:
Puspitasari T, Pangerteni D. S. and Darwis D., Synthesis of super water absorbent(SWA) cassava starch co acrylate by using radiation technique as soil conditioner
material, Indonesia Polymer Journal Vol 18, No.2, Dec 2015
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Exhibition, dissemination, Forum group
discussion
6.7. Technology transfer: will be conducted6.8. Marketing: will be conducted6.9. Others:
7. References
7.1. Puspitasari T, Pangerteni D. S. and Darwis D., Synthesis of super water absorbent(SWA) cassava starch co acrylate by using radiation technique as soil conditioner
material, Indonesia Polymer Journal Vol 18, No.2, Dec 201527

2.1.2.4. CMC-dry gel (Japan)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers: From Daicel Co. Ltd.
Grade: Analytical grade
Material history: As received
1.2. Visual examination: Examined
1.3. Compositional analysis:
1.4. Others: Degree of Substitution (DS) is 1.3-1.4
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding:
Pulverization: As received
2.2. Dissolution: Aqueous solution of 20wt% is prepared.
2.3. Others: Nothing special
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Co-60 gamma rays at JAEA Takasaki
3.2. Packaging: In air
3.3. Dose rate: 10kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 5kGy
3.5. Temperature: Room Temperature
3.6. Others: Electron beam (1mA at 1MeV) is also appropriate for irradiation.
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: Examined
4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation: Undone, but swelling ratio etc. was tested
during developing process.
4.4. Others: Sliced, and drying below 80degree Celsius for 3-24h (depending on
thickness) in air, for example, 3h for 1mm-thikness, 24h for 1cm-thickness
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding:
Pulverization: Pulverized into 1-3mm diameter particles (CMC dry gel)
5.2. Dissolution:
5.3. Packaging:
5.4. Description:
5.5. Instruction manual: Manufacturer had prepared5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Material Safety Qualification Tests Required
6.2. Environmental considerations: Biodegradability

28

6.3. Cost analysis: 100 Japanese Yen (JPY)/100g-piece (1 USD=ca.110JPY)
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: Non-radiation-method (PAAc)
products/ Radiation method is expensive
6.5. Publications/Patents: Scientific Publications and Patents (in United States andJapan)
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Exhibitions, Techno-information events
6.7. Technology transfer: JAEA made technology-transfer to end-users
6.8. Marketing: Exhibitions, Techno-information events, Consultations
6.9. Others:
7. References
7.1. "Hydoregel of Biodegradable Cellulose Derivatives. I. Radiation-Induced
Crosslinking of CMC", Bin Fei, Radoslaw A. Wach, Hiroshi Mitomo, Fumio
Yoshii, Tamikazu Kume, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 78, 278-283, 2000
7.2. "Hydrogel of Biodegrdable Cellulose Derivatives. II. Effect of Some Factors on
Radiation-Induced Crosslinking of CMC", Radslaw A. Wach, Hiroshi Mitomo,
Fumio Yoshii, Tamikazu Kume, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 81, 3030-3037, 2001
7.3. "Radiation crosslinkimg of carboxymethylcellulose of various degree ofsubstitution at high concentration in aqueous solutions of natural pH", Radslaw
A. Wach, Hiroshi Mitomo, Naotsugu Nagasawa, Fumio Yoshii, Radiat. Phys.
Chem., 68, 771-779, 2003
7.4. "Hydrogel of polysaccharide derivatives crosslinked with irradiation at
paste-like condition", Fumio Yoshii, Long Zhao, Radoslaw A. Wach, Naotsugu
Nagasawa, Hiroshi Mitomo, Tamikazu Kume, Nucl. Instr. Methods in Phys. Res.
B, 208, 320-324, 2003
7.5. "Self-cross-linked alkyl cellulose", Fumio Yoshii, Tamikazu Kume, Tadashi
Murakami, United States Patent: No. US 7,208,593 B2, 2007 April 24

29

2.1.2.5. Polyvinyl Alcohol and Kappa Carrageenan (Bangladesh) (newly added in2011)
1. Raw material: Ploy (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and kappa carrageenan (KC)1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers: PVA from Mark, Germany and KC from Sigma, Germany
Grade: PVA laboratory grade KC commercial grade
Material history: Obtained from IAEA under TC project
1.2. Visual examination: White powder (both)1.3. Compositional analysis: Mol. Wt. = 1.45x105 (PVA)
1.4. Others:
2. Pre-treatment:
2.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding:
Pulverization:
2.2. Dissolution: Solution in water
2.3. Others: Casting
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Co-60 gamma rays at the Atomic Energy Research
Establishment, Savar, Dhaka
3.2. Packaging: Packaging in polythene bags
3.3. Dose rate: 3 kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 25 kGy
3.5. Temperature: Room temperature (25-30°C)
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: Water color gel
4.2. Compositional analysis: Cross-linked
4.3. Product performance evaluation:
4.4. Others:
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding:
Pulverization:
5.2. Dissolution:
5.3. Packaging: In plastic tray covered with polythene sheet
5.4. Description:
5.5. Instruction manual:
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations:6.2. Environmental considerations:30

6.3. Cost analysis:
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products:
6.5. Publications/Patents: Published6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Demonstrated in various scientific seminars, fair,and visitors from home and abroad.
6.7. Technology transfer: It would be done when appropriate
6.8. Marketing: Not yet
6.9. Others:
7. References:
7.1. N. C. Dafader, M. S. Manir, M. F. Alam, Susmita Paul Swapna, Tahmina Akter,
Dilruba Huq, Effect of Kappa-Carrageenan on the properties of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)
Hydrogel prepared by the application of gamma radiation, SOP Transactions on
Applied Chemistry, Vol.2 (1), p. 1-11, 2015.
7.2. M. N. K. Chowdhury, A. K. M. M. Alam, N. C. Dafader, M. E. Haque, F. Akhtar,
M. U. Ahmad, H. Rashid and R. Begum, “Radiation processed hydrogel ofpoly(vinyl)alcohol with biodegradable polysaccharides”, Bio-Medical Materials andEngineering, 16(3), 223-228 (2006) [Publisher: IOS Press, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands]
7.3. M. E. Haque, N. C. Dafader and R. A. Khan, “R&D on Utilization of Indigenous
Materials for Hydrogel Wound Dressing”, Proceeding of the FNCA 2007 Workshop on
Application of Electron Accelerator-Radiation Processing of Natural Polymer-, Nov.
22-26, 2007, Vietnam, JAEA-Conf 2008-2009, Dec. 2008, p.42-46 .

31

2.1.2.6. Carboxymethyl-kappa-carrageenan-hydrogel (Philippines) (newly added
in 2011)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers: Shemberg Corporation
Grade: Food grade
Material history: Extract from seaweed
1.2. Visual examination: White powder
1.3. Compositional analysis: Provided by supplier1.4. Others:
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding: No need
Pulverization: No need
2.2. Dissolution: 25-30% polymer paste prepared by mixing with water andkneading
2.3. Others: carboxymethylation of raw material prior to preparation of hydrogel
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Co-60 Semi-commercial Irradiation Facility, PNRI
3.2. Packaging: Foil pouch
3.3. Dose rate: 2kGy/hr
3.4. Dose: 30 kGy
3.5. Temperature: RT
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: Done
4.2. Compositional analysis: Not determined
4.3. Product performance evaluation: Determined gel content, swelling, water
retention in soil and sandy soil and biodegradability properties.
4.4. Others:
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding: Needed
Pulverization:
5.2. Dissolution: Not needed
5.3. Packaging:
5.4. Description:
5.5. Instruction manual: Not available
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Non-toxic

32

6.2. Environmental considerations: Biodegradble
6.3. Cost analysis: Not available
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: Comparable to Grafted Starch
SWA
6.5. Publications/Patents: Toshiaki Yagi, Naotsugu Nagasawa, Akihiro Hiroki, Masao
Tamada, Charito Aranilla (2008). Method of manufacturing gel using polysaccharides
as raw materials. USPTO Applicaton #: 20080139796 - Class: 536 3 (USPTO).

6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Research Promotion though seminars, techno
events, etc.
6.7. Technology transfer: Not Applicable
6.8. Marketing: Not Applicable
6.9. Others:
7. References
7.1 C. Tranquilan-Aranilla, N. Nagasawa, A. Bayquen, and A. M. Dela Rosa (2011).
Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl derivatives of kappa-carrageenan.
Carbohydrate Polymers, doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.009

33

2.1.2.7. Cassava starch-acrylic acid -hydrogel (Thailand) (newly added in 2011)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers:
Grade:
Material history: As received-Cassava starch containing 12.8% moisture was supplied by Siam Quality
Starch Co. Ltd., Thailand.
-Commercial grade acrylic acid (AA) was purchased from BASF (Thai) LtD
1.2. Visual examination: Examined
1.3. Compositional analysis: 1.4. Others: Compositional certification provided by the supplier
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding: No
Pulverization: No
2.2. Dissolution: Cassava starch was mixed with 10%KOH aqueous solution. The
mixture was continuously stirred at 450 rpm using a mechanical stirrer. Then, acrylicacid was added. The mixture was further stirred at room temperature for 1 h to form ahomogeneous mixture.
2.3. Others: The homogeneous mixture was transferred into polypropylene bag andtightly sealed.
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: 60Co at Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Publicorganization)
3.2. Packaging: Polypropylene bag
3.3. Dose rate: 0.14 kGy/min
3.4. Dose: 8 kGy
3.5. Temperature: room temperature
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: Examined
4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation: equilibrium degree of swelling, water retention,
germination percentage, germination energy
4.4. Others:
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding: Ground into 3-5 mm in diameter
Pulverization:
5.2. Dissolution:

34

5.3. Packaging: Plastic container
5.4. Description:
5.5. Instruction manual:
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Material Safety Qualification Test Required
6.2. Environmental considerations: Biodegradability
6.3. Cost analysis: 4.20 USD/kg
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: None
6.5. Publications/Patents:
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Exhibition
6.7. Technology transfer: In progress
6.8. Marketing: In progress
6.9. Others:
7. References
7.1 Suwanmala, P., Hemvichian, K., Tangthong, T., Pongpat, S., Charoen, S.
Superabsorbent prepared by radiation induced graft copolymerization ofacrylic acid onto cassava starch, Proceedings of 12th Conference on Nuclear
Science and Technology, 6-7 July 2011, Bangkok, Thailand.

35

2.2. Radiation degradation for oligosaccharide
This chapter of 2.2 is dedicated for radiation degradation for plant growth. The
radiation-induced degradation (scission) causes lowering of molecular weight, andresults in solubility into solvent, such as water. The applications of degraded- or oligosaccharides have been tried in agriculturaland aqua-cultural field as PGP, anti-bacterial
coating on fruits, and feed-additive for aquatic
farms etc. Some of them have beensucceeded in FNCA participating countries.
The example of such commercial productis demonstrated in Fig. 2-6 (Vietnam).
Some technical aspect and experiences
are presented in the later sections andsub-sections. Many examples of successes
are introduced, and some of ceased projects
Fig. 2-6. Photograph of oligo- chitosanare disclosed.
product.

36

2.2.1. Plant Growth Promoter (PGP)
It was found that radiation degraded natural polymer, or, oligosaccharides increasesolubility into water due to its lowered molecular weight and that the aqueous solution
can accelerate the growth of some plants such as rice, chilli, vegetables, and fruits.
The first finding and trial were madewith degraded alginate as shown in Figure
2-7 (Vietnam). Soon this technique spread toother oligosaccharides.
Figure 2-8 shows an example inIndonesia which uses radiation degradedchitosan. The optimum molecular weight(depending on the initial molecular weight,
probability of degradation and the absorbed
Fig. 2-7. Degraded alginate anddose), concentration in the aqueous solution,
demonstration of enhanced growth.
spray amount and frequency, etc. werevariously tried.
The similar trial has been
extensively investigated in thePhilippines for degradedcarrageenan.

Fig. 2-8. Oligo-chitosan product and demonstration ofenhanced growth.

37

2.2.1.1. Alginate (Vietnam)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history: From local market. Brown Seaweedshould be better
1.2. Visual examination:
1.3. Compositional analysis:
1.4. Others: Brown Seaweed should be better
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization: Cut and grinding
2.2. Dissolution: Dissolve into 5wt% sol. in Na2CO3 at RT for 1h for extraction
2.3. Others : Filtration to remove other additives
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Co-60 at VINAGAMMA
3.2. Packaging: In plastic tank (30 L)
3.3. Dose rate: arbitrary
3.4. Dose: 40kGy
3.5. Temperature: RT
3.6. Others: Liquid form is better for higher yield of degradation
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination:
4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation:
4.4. Others: Check the concentration of degraded alginates, and add NaMoO4(micro-element) to add the essential element for plants
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization:
5.2. Dissolution: Liquid, commercial name of T&D
5.3. Packaging: In plastic bottle (500-1000 mL/bottle)
5.4. Description: Labeled as Dissolve in water 100cc-product/10L-water
5.5. Instruction manual: Attached as Sprayed on the leaves, branches and roots
5.6. Others: Warning as Cationic products, do not mix with anionic solution
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Not mix with anionic solutions etc.
6.2. Environmental considerations: (Not necessary, environmental friendly)
6.3. Cost analysis: 330 KVND/kg-polymer
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: Chemical method by H2O2 (ca.
300 KVND/kg-Polymer); Radiation method is expensive
6.5. Publications/Patents: Publications in Scientific Journals and Patents in US filed
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Demonstration at the Technological Market
Exhibitions biennially38

6.7. Technology transfer: Not yet
6.8. Marketing: Demonstration at the Technological Market Exhibitions biennially
6.9. Others: Supply degraded alginate products to fertilizer-factory to produce newhigh-quality product7. References
7.1. "Plant growth promoter", US Patent Number: 6,117,815; Date of Patent:
September 12, 2000.
7.2. Hien N. Q., Le Hai, Dang, Yoshii, F., Kume Y., et al., Rad. Phys. Chem., vol. 59,
pp. 97-101, 2000.

39

2.2.1.2. Carrageenan (Philippines)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers: Shemberg Corp.
Grade: RefinedMaterial History: As received
1.2. Visual examination: Examined
1.3. Compositional analysis:
1.4. Others: Compositional certification provided by the supplier
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding:
Pulverization:
2.2. Dissolution: 1wt% aqueous solution
2.3. Others: Nothing special
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Co-60 gamma rays at PNRI
3.2. Packaging: Poly ethylene bottle/25 Liter Carboy
3.3. Dose rate: 2kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 30kGy
3.5. Temperature: RT
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: Done
4.2. Compositional analysis: Sulfur contents were analyzed.
4.3. Product performance evaluation: Plant growth was tested under hydroponic
condition.
4.4. Others: 1wt% aqueous solution is concentrated to 4wt% aqueous solution.
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding:
Pulverization:
5.2. Dissolution: 1wt% aqueous solution is Concentrated to 4wt% aqueous solution.
5.3. Packaging: No packaging.
5.4. Description:
5.5. Instruction manual:
5.6. Others: Because carrageenan as PGP is under laboratory stage, this item may
not be applicable.
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Cytoxicity test was made6.2. Environmental considerations: Cytoxicity test was made40

6.3. Cost analysis: Not available in PHP/kg (1 USD=ca. 40 PHP)
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: Various Fertilizer or Nutrients
exist; radiation method is expensive than the other procedures/products.
6.5. Publications/Patents: Scientific Publications were made.
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Exhibitions
6.7. Technology transfer: Collaboration between International Rice ResearchInstitute (e.g.) is necessary for bio-efficacy.
6.8. Marketing: Not yet
6.9. Others: Because carrageenan as PGP is under laboratory stage, this item may
not be applicable.
7. References
7.1. "Degradation of carrageenan by radiation", Relleve, L. S., Nagasawa, N., Luan,
L. Q., Yagi, T., Aranilla, C. T., Abad, L. V., Kume, T., Yoshii, F., Dela Rosa, A.
M., Polym. Deg. Stab., 87, 3, 403-410, 2005

41

2.2.1.3. Chitosan (Indonesia) (updated in 2010)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers: collector of shrimp shell at Cirebon, West Java
Grade: Industrial grade
Material history: Extraction in laboratory from shrimp shell
1.2. Visual examination: Flakes
1.3. Compositional analysis:
1.4. Others: DD ≥ 80%,
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding: grinding
Pulverization:
2.2. Dissolution: in acetic acid solution of 5 %2.3. Others: grinding by blender
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Co-60 gamma rays irradiator at BATAN, Jakarta
3.2. Packaging: Plastic polyethylene bag
3.3. Dose rate: 10 kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 75-100kGy
3.5. Temperature: room temp
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination:
4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation:
4.4. Others:
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding:
Pulverization:
5.2. Dissolution:
5.3. Packaging: 200 mL,and 1 L plastic bottle
5.4. Description:
5.5. Instruction manual: Attached on the label
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: non toxic examined using rabbit
6.2. Environmental considerations:6.3. Cost analysis: Rp. 30.000 (equal to 3.2 US$)6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products:

42

6.5. Publications/Patents: 1 patent
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: person to person communication
6.7. Technology transfer: In progress
6.8. Marketing: not fully commercialized
6.9. Others:
7. References
7.1. "Study on irradiation of condition chitosan for growth promoter of red chili(Capcinum Annum) plant", Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso, Kadariah, Anik Sunarni,
Isni Marlianti, Dian Iramani and Sri Susilawati, Proceeding of The 6th
ITB-UKM Joint Seminar on Chemistry, vol. VI, 328-332, 2005 (In Indonesian)
7.3. "Irradiated chitosan as growth promotes for potato plants (Corleus Tuberosus
Renth)", Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso, Kadariah, Anik Sunarni, Isni Marlianti, Dian
Iramani and Sri Susilawati, Proceeding of PATIR-BATAN, 165-168, 2005 (InIndonesian)
7.5. "The influence of irradiation on chitin on the deacetylation degree and solubilityof chitosan product", Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso, Anik Sunarni, Isni Marlianti andDian Iramani, Proceeding of The 4th National Seminar on Chemistry andEnvironmental, 147-153, 2005 (In Indonesian)43

2.2.1.4. Chitosan (Bangladesh) (newly added in 2011)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers:
Grade:
Material history: Extracted from locally available prawn shell
1.2. Visual examination: White powder
1.3. Compositional analysis: Mol. Wt. = ~2-2.5x 105
1.4. Others:
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding: yes
Pulverization:
2.2. Dissolution: yes
2.3. Others: Drying to constant weight
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Co-60 gamma rays at the Atomic Energy Research
Establishment, Savar, Dhaka
3.2. Packaging: Packaging in polythene bags in solid state
3.3. Dose rate: 8 kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 25 kGy in solid and 10 kGy in solution states.
3.5. Temperature: Room temperature (25-30°C)
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: White powder in solid state
4.2. Compositional analysis: Molecular weight degraded
4.3. Product performance evaluation: Applied in maize, tomato, rice and mung bean.
Positive yields (increased) from all the crops were obtained.
4.4. Others:
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding:
Pulverization:
5.2. Dissolution: Yes
5.3. Packaging: In plastic bottle
5.4. Description:
5.5. Instruction manual: Various concentrations of chitosan solution were sprayed
several times from plantation to harvesting period
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations:44

6.2. Environmental considerations:6.3. Cost analysis:
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products:
6.5.
Publications/Patents:
Reportedin
National
andInternational
meeting/conferences.
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Demonstrated in various scientific seminars, fair,and visitors from home and abroad.
6.7. Technology transfer: It would be done when appropriate
6.8. Marketing: Not yet
6.9. Others:
7. References:
7.1. M.M.A. Mondol, Md. Ilias Khan Rana, N. C. Dafader and M. E. Haque, Effect offoliar application of o-chitosan on growth and yield in Indian Spanish, Journal ofAgroforestry and Environment, 5(1), 99-102 (2011).
7.2. M. E. Haque, N. C. Dafader, M. M. A. Mandal, “Effect of radiation degradedchitosan on yield of various types of crops”, International Symposium of Bangladesh
JSPS Alumni Association, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 24-25 Feb. 2012.
7.4. Salma Sultana, Nirmal Chandra Dafader, Fatema Khatun, Mazibur Rahman and
Jahangir Alam, Foliar application of oligo-Chitosan improves morphological characterand Yield in rice, Nuclear Science and Applications, Vol. 24 (1&20, p. 51-54, 2015.
7.5. Salma Sultana, Nirmal Chandra Dafader, Md. Humayun Kabir, Fatema Khatun,
Mazibur Rahman and Jahangir Alam, Application of Oligo-Chitosan in Leaf Vegetable(Spinach) Production, Nuclear Science and Applications, Vol. 24 (1&20, p. 55-56,
2015.

45

2.2.1.5. Chitosan (Malaysia) (newly added in 2011)
1. Raw material: Chitosan
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers: Local
Grade: Industrial
Material history: shrimp shelf1.2. Visual examination: powder form
1.3. Compositional analysis:
1.4. Others:
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding:
Pulverization:
2.2. Dissolution: Dissolve in Lactic acid
2.3. Others: Pre irradiate chitosan powder 50 -75kGy
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Continuous Flow Gamma Irradiation
3.2. Packaging: Plastic drum
3.3. Dose rate: 0.86kGy/hr
3.4. Dose: 12kGy
3.5. Temperature: Room Tenmperature
3.6. Others: adding 1 - 3% Hydrogen Peroxide
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination:
4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation: rice, agarwood and chilli plants
4.4. Others:
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding:
Pulverization:
5.2. Dissolution: Dilute before use
5.3. Packaging: Plastic container
5.4. Description: Liquid Oligochitosan 20,000ppm
5.5. Instruction manual: Spray 40 – 100ppm
5.6. Others: Preserve with Ethanol
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations:non toxic
6.2. Environmental considerations: Green product6.3. Cost analysis: USD 4 per liter6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: cheaper and safe

46

6.5. Publications/Patents: NA
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Free sample and consultation
6.7. Technology transfer: In progress
6.8. Marketing: Field test, promotion in exhibition
6.9. Others:
7.References
7.1. Minagawa, T., Okamura, Y., Shigemasa, Y., Minami, S. and Okamoto, Y., (2007),
Effects of molecular weight and deacetylation degree of chitin/chitosan on woundhealing, Carbohydrate Polymers, 67: 640–644.

7.2. Won-Seok, C., Kil-Jin, A., Dong-Wook, L., Myung-Woo, B. and Hyun-Jin, P.,(2002), Preparation of chitosan oligomers by irradiation, Polymer Degradationand Stability, 78: 533–538.

47

2.2.1.6. Chitosan (Thailand) (newly added in 2011)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers:
Grade:
Material history: As received-Chitosan was supplied by Seafresh (Chitosan) Lab Co. Ltd., Thailand-Commercial grade NaOH, EtOH, H2O2, lactic acid were purchased from
S.P.J.P. Company, Thailand.
1.2. Visual examination: Examined
1.3. Compositional analysis: 1.4. Others: Compositional certification provided by the supplier
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding: No
Pulverization: No
2.2. Dissolution: Chitosan was irradiated in solid state at a total dose of 25 kGy.
After that it was dissolved in 2% (v/v) lactic acid to obtain the concentration of
30 g/L. Then, H2O2 was added to the chitosan solution to obtained the final
concentration of H2O2 0.3 %(v/)
2.3. Others: The mixture was transferred into polypropylene bag and tightly sealed.
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: 60Co at Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Publicorganization)
3.2. Packaging: Polypropylene bag
3.3. Dose rate: 0.14 kGy/min
3.4. Dose: 10 kGy
3.5. Temperature: room temperature
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination:
4.2. Compositional analysis:
4.3. Product performance evaluation: Molecular weight decreased
4.4. Others:
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization:
Grinding: No
Pulverization: No
5.2. Dissolution: Diluted to 20 g/liter concentration of chitosan in a mixture of
NaOH and EtOH
5.3. Packaging: Plastic container

48

5.4. Description: PGP
5.5. Instruction manual: For chili diluted 250 times, foliar spraying every 15 days.
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations:6.2. Environmental considerations:6.3. Cost analysis: 2.6 USD/liter6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products:
6.5. Publications/Patents:
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: Exhibition
6.7. Technology transfer: In progress
6.8. Marketing: In progress
6.9. Others:
7. References
7.1 Suwanmala, P., Hemvichian, Pongpat, S., Charoen, S. Application of
Irradiated Chitosan on Thai Chili’s Growth and Productivity, Proceedings of
12th Conference on Nuclear Science and Technology, 6-7 July 2011, Bangkok,
Thailand.

49

2.2.1.7. Demonstration study
During Phase 2 (2006-2008), a collaborative work has been done at BATAN in
Indonesia; the below is the protocol in the degradation of chitosan for PGP.
A. Materials
1. Chitosan (DDA~65-75%, Mw~100-200 kDa, (100 – 200 cPs))* : 10 kg
2. Lactic acid (98 %): 10 liters
3. Silver nitrate (AgNO3): 17 g4. Sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH 2M): 5 liters
5. Deionized (DI) water: 500 liters* If chitosan viscosity larger than 100-200 cPs, reduce the viscosity by irradiation,oxidation and others method.
B. Procedures
B1. Preparation of chitosan and irradiation
1. Pouring 200 liters water in the mixing tank
2. Adding 10 kg irradiated chitosan
3. Pouring 100 liters water
4. Stirring at 25 rpm for 1 hour for swelling of chitosan
5. Adding 10 liters lactic acid and stirring for 1 hour
6. Adding 200 liters water and stirring for 2 hours
7. Filtering chitosan solution through 20-50 mesh stainless steel net (if needed)
8. Pumping chitosan solution to irradiation tank
9. Irradiation while stirring at 50 rpm up to 35 kGy
10. Adjusting pH by adding 5 liters NaOH 2M solution while stirring
B2. Preparation of Ag-nano/chitosan for utilization as preservative
1. Take 10 liters of chitosan solution prepared by above mention procedure
2. Adding 17 g AgNO3 (dissolved in small volume of water) into chitosan solution
3. Stirring about 15 minutes
4. Putting prepared Ag+/chitosan solution into plastic container
5. Irradiated with a dose of 35 kGy
6. Ag-nano/chitosan colloid with concentration of 1.000 ppm Ag
B3. Preservation of oligochitosan with Ag-nano of 20 ppm
1. Taking 49 L oligochitosan solution prepared in B1
2. Adding 1 L Ag-nano/chitosan into oligochitosan solution while stirring
3. Stirring about 30 minutes
4. Store oligochitosan preserved with Ag-nano in cool place50

C. Field Applications
1. For rice:
1.1 Rice plant: Dilution 1000 times with water (20 ppm), spraying 3 times (20, 30
and 40 days after sowing), 500 L water diluted oligochitosan/ha it means 1.5 L(2% of original oligo chitosan)/ha
1.2 Rice seed: For rice seed treatment, dilution 100 times with water (1/100). Riceseed are dipped in oligo chitosan solution about 30 min
2. For other plants: such as tea, potato, cabbage, sugarcane, carrot, red pepper,
tomato and any kind flower : Dilution 500 times with water (40 ppm), spraying 3
time up to haverst51

2.2.2. Aquaculture and stock feeding
Similarly to PGP, the radiation-treated low
molecular weight oligosaccharides such as chitosan
can be supplied as nutrition for aquaculture
creatures of fishes, shrimps, crabs etc. and chicken
feeding as additives. The enhanced growth inweight was observed.
In China, utilization of Chitosan has been
extremely investigated. The example of successfullycommercialized additives (liquid containing
radiation degraded oligo-chitosan) is shown in Fig.
2-9.
This field may be categorized into rather new
application compared to others, but its application isfurther spreading.

52

Fig. 2-9. Oligo-Chitosan product.

2.2.2.1. Chitosan (China)
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
Suppliers: Chinese domestic suppliers
Grade: Industrial/food grade
Material history:
1.2. Visual examination: White powder
1.3. Compositional analysis: Mw > 300kD
1.4. Others:
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding: Yes
Pulverization: Yes
2.2. Dissolution: Yes
2.3. Others:
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities: Gamma rays at Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
3.2. Packaging: 20kg/package
3.3. Dose rate: 10kGy/h
3.4. Dose: 10-400kGy
3.5. Temperature: room temperature
3.6. Others:
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination: Yellow powder
4.2. Compositional analysis: Molecular weight decreased
4.3. Product performance evaluation: Good
4.4. Others:
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization
Grinding: No
Pulverization: No
5.2. Dissolution: Yes
5.3. Packaging: 1000ml/bottle
5.4. Description: Use for aquaculture
5.5. Instruction manual: Chitosan 5wt%, spraying on water area every 10-15 day
5.6. Others:
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations: Very nice6.2. Environmental considerations: Nice
6.3. Cost analysis: Relative high but acceptable by users
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products: Cost is lower

53

6.5. Publications/Patents: one Chinese patent is already approved, No.ZL 2004 1
0089449.6
6.6. Advertisement for end-users: High safety and good immunity,
6.7. Technology transfer: Already transferred to 4 Chinese companies
6.8. Marketing: 100 tons in 2007 and the market is growing
6.9. Others:
7. References
7.1. "Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activity of chitosan –Ca3V10O28 complex membrane", Shuiping Chen, Guozhong Wu, Dewu Long,
Carbohydrate Polymers, 64, 92-97, 2006
7.2. "High Efficient Fabrication of Chitosan micropowder by combination of gamma
radiation and jet pulverization", Guozhong Wu, Dewu Long, Shuiping Chen,
Side Yao, Carbohydrate Polymers, 60, 61-65, 2005
7.3. "Preparation of High antimicrobial activity Chiourea chitosan-Ag+ complex",
Shuiping Chen, Guozhong Wu, Hongyan Zeng, Carbohydrate Polymers, 60,
33-38, 2005

54

2.3. Other applications
The radiation processing to develop hydrogel and oligosacchrides is continuously
improving and expanding. Not only presented in previous sections, but also there areother new findings and applications developed and reported during the phase 2(2006-2008) ; some of them are presented below.
2.3.1. PVP-Chitosan hydrogelThis PVP-chitosan hydrogel is used as Bio-implant,
and efficient to prevent VUR (vesico-ureteral reflux,
abnormal flow of urine from the bladder to thekidneys). The viscosity of this material has low
enough to pass through a medical needle (as shown in
Fig. 2-10, Philippine) while maintaining its stability
with very minimal changes in volume after six months.
The implant can be considered biocompatible andnon-migratory with minimal inflammatory reaction.
The PVP-Chitosan hydrogel has properties of a good
tissue augmenting implant comparable to that of theconventional
Dextranormer/HyaluronicacidTMcopolymer (Deflux ).
2.3.2. CM-Chitosan hydrogel
CM-chitosan hydrogel can collectsubstantial amount of metal ionsdissolved in aqueous solution. An
example shows that cross-linked
CM-chitosan gel aqueous solution welladsorbs Cu2+ ion in hours to reachequilibrium, as shown in Fig. 2-11
(Japan). This application can be
expected to treat the waster watercontaminated with toxic metals.

Fig. 2-10. Bio-implant
made of PVP-Chitosanhydrogel product.

Fig. 2-11. Cu-containing solutions (left,
without or with CM-Chitosan hydrogel) andretrieved hydrogel (right).

2.3.3. CM-Carrageenan hydrogel
Recently it was found that CM-carrageenan can be cross-linked upon irradiation,
though the pristine polymer undergoes degradation similarly to other natural polymers.
This is a new and interesting finding but still under laboratory stage. The expected
application of this new hydrogel material includes medical and cosmetic fields.

55Part 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS
3.1. Cost analysis
Once a technical protocol is established, the cost is the most important factor tocompete with other existent non-radiation-technologies. Cost analysis of some
applications was tried. Cost analysis should be carried out comprehensively throughout
the process, namely, from raw materials, via pre-treatment and irradiation (or othernon-radiation treatment), to post treatment.
Tables 3-1 and 3-2 show a summary of cost analysis of the applications presented in
the previous part (Table 3-1 is for cross-linking and Table 3-2 is for degradation,
respectively, and Table 3-1 annex is a comparison for the same product between
countries), though applications in laboratory or developing stages may not beappropriate at this moment. Here the editors draw special attention of the readers sothat figures in the Tables should not be over-trusted, because technologies are being
continuously improved, and that currency rate is also changing rapidly. Cost forirradiation may be crucial, to cover the initial investment and the running cost during
operational period of the irradiation system, and to reduce the irradiation cost/charge
will be the key-point.
Another important point is to pay attention to environmentally friendliness; radiation
method can reduce usage of (hazardous) chemicals, carbon dioxide emission, etc. By
considering these characteristics, radiation method can be a well-competing method.
3.2. Current status
There are many examples of applications; some of them are commercial stage whilesome of them are developing or laboratory stage. Even if a radiation application istechnically established, from the viewpoint of cost etc., it has to be admitted that someof them are suspended or withdrawn. Table 3-3 summarizes the status during phase 2(2006-2008). Current status is shown in Table 3-4.
3.3. Final remarks
This guideline is organized by major outcomes of three-year project (2006-2008) ofradiation application on natural polymers under the framework of FNCA. The contents
have been updated since 2009. The list of proceedings of workshops during phase 1
and phase 5 are given in the following page. If one has interest in the application ofradiation to natural polymers, it is recommended to refer them; they are available at thegiven URL.
If this guideline can be of help for any of researchers, manufacturers and end-users(including potential ones), it is a pleasure for all contributors and editors.
The project leaders of participating countries, and the editors and the contributors of
this guideline, unanimously wish to launch a new project since the fiscal year of 2018as phase 6.

56

REFERENCES of Part 3
Proceedings of the FNCA Workshop on Application of Electron Accelerator(Available at http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/abstracts/seika/en/toppage.html)
1) January 28 - February 1, 2002, JAERI, Takasaki, JapanJAERI-Conf 2002-013; Feb. 2003, 187p.
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Conf-2002-013.pdf
2) 16-20 December 2002, JAERI, Takasaki, JapanJAERI-Conf 2003-016; Oct. 2003, 185p.
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Conf-2003-016.pdf
3) 18-22 August 2003, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
JAERI-Conf 2004-007; Jun. 2004, 216p.
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Conf-2004-007.pdf4) 6-10 September 2004, Beijing, China
JAERI-Conf 2005-005; Jun. 2005, 178p.
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Conf-2005-005.pdf
5) 14-18 November 2005, Daejeon, Korea
JAEA-Conf 2006-006; Aug. 2006, 144p.
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAEA-Conf-2006-006.pdf6) 12-16 December 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
JAEA-Conf 2007-007, Aug. 2007, 154p
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAEA-Conf-2007-007.pdf
7) 22-26 October 2007, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
JAEA-Conf 2008-009, Dec. 2008, 219p
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAEA-Conf-2008-009.pdf8) 27-31 October 2008, Shanghai, China
http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_ws_2008.html
9)1-5 March 2010, Jakarta, Indonesia
http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_ws_2009.html

10) 30 January - 2 February 2012, Manila, Philippines

57http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_ws_2011.html
11) 2 - 5 October 2012, Almaty, Kazakhstan
http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_ws_2012.html
12) 29 October - 1 November 2013, Kajang, Malaysia
http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_ws_2013.html
13) 9 - 12 February 2015, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_ws_2014.html
14) 8 - 11 February 2016, Manila, Philippines
http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_ws_2015.html
15) 7 – 11 November 2016, Hanoi, Vietnam
http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/eb/e_ws_2016.html

58

Table 3-1 Cost analysis for cross-linking, as of date listed
Radiation effects

Cross-linking

Material

CM-CTS

PVP-CARG

Sago-starch

Responsible country

KOR

KOR

MAS

Applications

Postsurgical

HWD

Face Mask

anti-adhesion barrier
Raw Material

Pre-

HWD

20USD/kg(CTS)

Methodtreatment

63,000KOW/kgPolm

1.60RM/kg for Sago

2.2USD/kg in 10% aq.

starch, 18.0RM for

solution

PVA

Carboxymethylation +8wt% aq. sol.

Mixing and Heating

2,780KOW/kgPolym

Not available

10% aq. solution +processing costs
Cost

20USD/kg

Unit cost

2.2USD/kg

aq.

CM-CTS solution
Irradiation

Dose

25kGy

25kGy

25kGy

Cost

0.3USD/kg Gel

400KOW/kg

0.25RM

for

face

mask,

0.10RM

for

HWD
Post-

Unit cost

0.3USD/kg Gel

MethodNone

Coating,

treatment

and sealing
Cost

None

Unit cost

None

Total cost of radiation

4.7USD/kg

method*1

Products

Product Performance

ReducedNot availableGelpostsurgical26,0000.173RM/g of sago

KOW/kgProducthydrogel face mask

Wound healing

Acne treatment andadhesions
Other

MethodMethod

Cost

Stage

packagingofradiationwound healing
Nil

D

C

method (L/D/C/S/W)*2

C (Face Mask)
D (HWD)

Other remarks
Currency rate

1USD=ca.1000KOW

1USD=ca.1000KOW

1USD=ca.3.7RM

Data as of2007 October

2008 November

2008 June*1 Transportation, packaging etc are excluded*2 L: Laboratory, D: Developing, C: Commercialized, S: Suspended, W: Withdrawn

59

Table 3-1 Cost analysis for cross-linking, as of date listed (Continued)
Radiation effects

Cross-linking

Material

CMC

CM-cassava-starch

PVP-CTS

Responsible country

JPN

THA

PHI

Applications

Dry gelCMS dry gel

Bio implant

Raw Material

600JPY/kgPolym

434THB/kgPolym

1100PHP/kgPVP
1000PHP/kgCTS

Pre-

Method

20wt% aq. soln.

50%aq. sol.

7% total polymer intreatment

dilute acetic acid
Cost

0.4JPY/kgPolm

1THB/kgPolm

500PHP/L acetic acid,
1.50PHP/L water

Irradiation

Post-

Unit cost

0.1JPY/kgWater

Dose

5kGy

2kGy

15kGy

Cost

400JPY/5kgPaste

15THB/2kgPaste

15 PHP/kgGel

Unit cost

80JPY/kgPaste

7.5 THB/kg

15PHP/kgGel

MethodSlice and Dry

Dry

Neutralization,

treatment

homogenization,
packaging,
gamma-raysterilization
Cost

Not available

Unit cost

Not available

Total cost of radiation

Not available

Not available
Not available

1000JPY/kgProduct455 THB/kgProduct

Excellent

Excellent

method*1
Product Performance
Other

Method

water

water

Implantfor

VUR

absorbent

absorbent

treatment

PAAc

PAAc

Hyaluronic

acid

350JPY/kgProduct

120THB/kgProductcopolymer,

37,000PHP/mL- ProductmethodCost

Radiation-method

is

Radiation method isexpensive

expensive

C/S

D

L/D

Currency rate

1USD=ca.110JPY

1USD=ca.33THB

1USD=ca 49 PHP

Data as of2007 August

2008 February

2008 November

Stage

of

radiation

method (L/D/C/S/W)*2
Other remarks*1 Transportation, packaging etc are excluded*2 L: Laboratory, D: Developing,, C: Commercialized, S: Suspended, W: Withdrawn

60

Table 3-1 Cost analysis for cross-linking, as of date listed (Continued)
Radiation effects
Material
Responsible country
Applications

Cross-linking
PVA-KCBAN
Wound dressing

Raw Material

Pretreatment

MethodPVP-CARG
KOR
HWD

PVP-CARG
PHI
HWD

PVA and KC (Taka
6000/kg PVA)

63,000KOW/kgPolm

PVP
1,500.00
PHP /kg
CARG
650.00PHP/kg
PEG
325.00
PHP/L

Solution and casting

10.0 % aq. sol.
heating,moulding,
packaging
25,890.00PHP (based
on
240kg
batch
production)
108.00PHP/kg
polymer solution
25 kGy25,000PHP/load(840kg)30.00PHP/kg product

Cost

Irradiation

Posttreatment

Unit cost

Taka 36/Pc

Dose
Cost

25 kGyTaka 600/cft

Unit cost
MethodTaka 12/pc

Cost
Unit cost
Total cost of radiation
method*1
Product Performance

Other

Taka 12/pc
Taka 60/pc
Clinical trial (verygood performance)

102,780
KOW/kgProduct
Wound healing

138.00PHP/kg
product
Wound, burn andulcer
treatment
comparabletocommercial
wound
dressing.

MethodmethodCost
Stage of radiation D
L,D,C
D/C
method (L/D/C/S/W)*2
Other remarks
Currency rate
1USD= 78 Taka
1USD=ca.1100KOW
1USD = ca. 44.00PHP
Data as of
24 November 2011
30 November 2011
November 2011
*1 Transportation, packaging etc are excluded*2 L: Laboratory, D: Developing,, C: Commercialized, S: Suspended, W: Withdrawn

61

Table 3-1(Annex) Cost analysis for Grafting, as of date listed (newly added in 2010)
Radiation effects
Material
Responsible country
Applications
Raw Material

Pretreatment

MethodCost
Unit cost
Irradiation Dose
Cost
Unit cost
PostMethod
treatment Cost
Unit cost
Total
cost
of
1
radiation method*
Product Performance
Other

MethodMethodCost

Grafting
Cassava starch
THA
Superabsorbent
10 THB/kg for Cassava
starch,88 THB/kg
for KOH, and 1000
THB/kg for Acrylicacid
Dissolved in 10%KOH
aqueous solution
300 THB/3 kg
100 THB/1kg
8 kGy
60 THB/3 kg
20 THB/ 1kg
Drying30 THB/ 3 kg
10 THB/ 1 kg
286 THB/ 1 kg
superabsorbent
Excellentwater
absorbent
No data

Cassava starch
THA
Super water absorbent
10
THB/kgforcassava starch, 88
THB/kg for KOH and
125 THB/kg foracrylic acid
Dissolved
in
10 %KOH aqueous
solution
300 THB/ 3 kg
100 THB/ kg
8 kGy
60 THB/3 kg
20 THB/ 1 kg
Drying30 THB/3 kg
10 THB/1kg
130 THB/ 1kg Super
water absorbent
Super water absorbent
No dataStage of radiation D
C&D
method(L/D/C/S/W)*2
Other remarks
Currency rate
1USD=ca. 33 THB
1USD=ca. 31 THB
Data as of2010 April
2011 November*1 Transportation, packaging etc are excluded*2 L: Laboratory, D: Developing, C: Commercialized, S: Suspended, W:
Withdrawn

62

Table 3-1(Annex) Comparative cost analysis for cross-linking of PVP-carrageenan
Radiation effects

Cross-linking

Material

PVP-CARG

PVP-CARG

PVP-CARG

Responsible country

KOR

PHI

PHI

Applications

HWD

HWD

HWD

Raw Material

63,000KOW/kgPolm

1,100PHP/kgPVP

PVP 1,500.00PHP /kg

600PHP/kgCARG

CARG

200PHP/kgPEG

650.00PHP/kg
PEG

Pre-

Method

8wt% aq. sol.

9%treatment

total

325.00 PHP/L

polymer

10.0 % aq. sol.

aqueoussolution,

heating,heating,moulding,

packagingmoulding,

packaging
Cost

2,780KOW/kgPolym

25,890.00PHP (based
on

240kg

batch

production)
Unit cost

108.00PHP/kg
polymer solution

Irradiation

Dose

25kGy

25kGy

25 kGyCost

400KOW/kg

30PHP/kgHWD

25,000PHP/load(840kg)Unit cost
Post-

Methodtreatment

Cost

30.00PHP/kg product

Unit cost
Total cost of radiation

26,000138.00PHP/kg

method*1

KOW/kgProductproduct

Product Performance

Wound healing

Burn

and

ulcer

treatment

Wound,
ulcer

MethodHydrocolloid

MethodCost

267PHP/20gProduct

Stage

of

radiation

C

D/C

method (L/D/C/S/W)*2
Other remarks

63

and

treatment

comparabletocommercial

wound

dressing.
Other

burn

D/C

Currency rate

1USD=ca.1000KOW

1USD=ca.49PHP

1USD = ca. 44.00PHP

Data as of2008 November

2008 November

2011 November*1 Transportation, packaging etc are excluded*2 L: Laboratory, D: Developing, C: Commercialized, S: Suspended, W: Withdrawn

64

Table 3-2 Cost analysis for degradation, as of date listed
Radiation effects

Degradation

Material

ALG

CTS

CARG

Responsible country

VIE

VIE

PHI

Applications

PGP

PGP+Elicitor

PGP

Raw Material

100 KVND/kg

20USD/kg

600PHP/kg

Pre-

MethodChemical extraction

1wt% aq. Soln.

Cost

100 KVND/kg

750PHP/kgPolm

treatment
Unit cost
Irradiation

7.5PHP/kgWater

Dose

40 kGy

50kGy

30kGy

Cost

30 KVND/kg

2USD/kgNot available

Unit cost
Post-

Methodtreatment
Cost

Filtration,

and

add

Dissolvein

dilutemicro-element

organic acids (acetic(NaMoO4)or lactic acids)

100 KVND/kg

Concentrate to 4% by
evaporation
Not available

Unit cost
Total cost of radiation

330KVND/kg

22 USD/kg

method*1
Product Performance

Plant

GrowthPromoterLiquid,OlicidePGP

9DDA,
Fungicide and PGP

Other

MethodChemical (e.g. H2O2)

Fertilizer

methodCost

Radiation method is

Radiation-method

expensive

expensive

Stage

of

radiation

C/W,

15

ton

was

C

L

method (L/D/C/S/W)*2

produced in 2007.

Other remarks

Demand is high, cost

EB irradiation may beless competitive.

cheaper than gamma

Currency rate

1USD=ca.15000VND

1USD=ca.15000VND

1USD=ca.40PHP

Data as of2008 November

2008 June2008 January*1 Transportation, packaging etc are excluded*2 L: Laboratory, D: Developing, C: Commercialized, S: Suspended, W: Withdrawn

65

isTable 3-2 Cost analysis for degradation, as of date listed (Continued)
Radiation effects

Degradation

Material

CTS

CTS

CTS

Responsible country

INA

THA

CHN

Applications

PGP

PGP, Fungicide

Feed Additive

Raw Material

600,000Rp/kgPowder

1200THB/kgPolymer

16USD/kg high MW
CTS

Pre-

MethodNone

5wt% H2O2 at 2%

treatment

Chemicalconcentration

Irradiation

Cost

None

1 THB/kg Polymer

1USD/kg

Unit cost

None

1 THB/kgPolymer

Dose

75-100kGy

10kGy

300kGyCost

50,000Rp/10kgPowder

4725THB/5kg

7USD/kg

moisten chitosan
Post-

Unit cost

5000Rp/kgPowder

MethodDilutetreatment

945THB/kg

to5%

HOAc/H2O2

Milling

concentrationofAAc 2% Rp5000/L

600THB/5kg moisten

1.5USD/kg

10,000Rp/10Lpackage

chitosanoligo-chitosan
Cost
Unit cost
Total cost of radiation

120THB/kg
300,000Rp/10L

1496THB/10L

method *1

25.5USD/kg

Product(10% oligochitosan)

Product Performance

Excellentforincreasing

yield

PGP,
of

Noticeable effects onplant growth rate

50-60%
Other

Methodmethod

Cost

Stage

of

radiation

Super fertilizer

Ozonization
No dataD

S

D/C

Currency rate

1USD=ca.9200Rp

1USD=ca.33THB

1USD=ca.7CHY

Data as of2007 October

2008 August

2008 June

method (L/D/C/S/W)*2
Other remarks*1 Transportation, packaging etc are excluded*2 L: Laboratory, D: Developing, C: Commercialized, S: Suspended, W: Withdrawn

66

Table 3-2 Cost analysis for degradation, as of date listed (Continued)
Radiation effects

Degradation

Material

CTS

CTS

CARG

Responsible country

BAN

Malaysia

PHI

Applications

PGP

PGP and Elicitor

PGP

Raw Material

Taka 100/kg

Chitosan, lactic acid,

KC Seaweed

ethanol,

50.00 PHP/kg

sodiumhydroxideandhydrogen peroxide
Pre-

Methodtreatment

Gamma irradiation on

Water

extraction,

chitosan powder andfiltration, preparation

soluble in lactic acidof 1% wt. solution,
addition of H2O2

Cost

Irradiation USD 15 per

Not available

50 Kg chitosan
Unit cost

Taka 1200/kg

Irradiation USD 0.3

Not available

per KgIrradiation

Dose(25+10) kGy

12 kGy< 25 kGy

Cost

Taka 600/cft

USD 180 per 1500

20,000PHP/4 tons

liter
Unit cost

Taka 16/kg

Post-

MethodSolution and filtration

treatment

Cost
Unit cost

USD 0.12 per litre

5.00PHP/L

USD 195.00 per batch

Not available

Taka 100/liter (30,000
ppm)

Total cost of radiation

Taka 1500/liter

method *1

1500liter

Product PerformancePGP

PGD/Plant Elicitor

Plant growth promoter

Other

MethodH 2O 2

methodCost

Negligible
D

D/C

L/D

Currency rate

1USD= 78 Taka

1USD=RM3.00ca.

1USD = ca. 44.00PHP

Data as of

24 November 2011

20 November 2011

25 November 2011

Stage

of

radiation

method (L/D/C/S/W)*2
Other remarks

67

Table 3-2 Cost analysis for degradation, as of date listed (Continued)
Radiation effects

Degradation

Material

CTS

Responsible country

THA

Applications

PGP

Raw Material

1400

THB/kgforchitosan, 40 THB/kg
for

NaOH,

72

THB/liter for EtOH,
35 THB for H2O2, and
200 THB for Lactic
acid
Pre-

Methodtreatment

Chitosan was irradiatedin solid state at a total
dose

of

25

kGy,

dissolved in 2% v/v
lactic acid, and 0.3%
v/v H2O2 was added.

Irradiation

Post-

Cost

680 THB/ 10 liters

Unit cost

68 THB/liter

Dose

10 kGyCost

60 THB/3 liters

Unit cost

20 THB/ liter

MethodDilutedtreatment

to20g/literconcentrationofchitosan in a mixtureof NaOH and EtOH
Cost

174 THB/liter

Unit cost

58 THB/liter

Total cost of radiation

78 THB/liter

method *1
Product Performance

PGP

Other

MethodNo datamethod

Cost

Stage

of

radiation

C/D

method (L/D/C/S/W)*2
Other remarks
Currency rate

1USD=ca. 31 THB

68

Data as ofNovember, 2011

Table 3-3 Current status of the technology as of FY2011
Cross-linking
CARG

CASV-S

CMC

CM-CTS

Sago-ST

ST-AAcT
BAN

Absorbent/L

CHN
INA

L

HWD/D

HWD/D
L

HWD/L

JPN

Bedsoremat/C
Coolant/C
Dry gel/C

KOR

HWD/C

HWD/L

MAS

HWD/D

Face Mask/C

SWA/L

HWD/D
Bio-Film, Foam/D
Cool fever/C
Breast Patch/C
PHI

HWD/D/

Bio-implant/D

C
HDG/L/D
THA
VIE

HWD/W
W cream /L
HWD/L

Italic means the leading country of the material.

69

Absorbent/L

Table 3-3 Current status of the technology as of FY2011 (Continued)
Degradation
ALG

CARG

CTS

BGD

PGP/D

CHN

Aquaculture/C
Plant Elicitor

INA

PGP/D

JPN

KOR
MAS

PGP

PHI

PGP/L/D

THA
VIE

PGP/C&D
PGP/C

Plant Elicitor/C&D
Feed additives for fish andchicken /L/D

Italic means the leading country of the material.

70

APPENDIX 1. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF GUIDELINE(General structure)
Guideline
Part

Chapter

GeneralNaturalPolymer

SpecificRadiation
Processing

Cross-linked
hydrogel

Conclusions

Degradation for
oligosaccharide

Others(Detailed structure for the specific part)Part

Specific

Cross-linked
hydrogel

Chapter

Sub-Chapter

Section

HWD

CARG

…

Degradation for
oligosaccharide

SWA

PGP

…

CMC

ALG

Sub-section

Raw Material

Pre-treatment

…

Item

Grinding or
pulverization

Dissolution…

(For abbreviations refer chapter 1.4.)

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AQC

…

CHTS

APPENDIX 2. STRUCTURE (SUB-SECTION) OF EACH SECTION
1. Raw material
1.1. Suppliers, grade and material history
1.2. Visual examination
1.3. Compositional analysis
1.4. Others
2. Pre-treatment
2.1. Grinding or pulverization
2.2. Dissolution
2.3. Others
3. Irradiation
3.1. Irradiators/Facilities
3.2. Packaging
3.3. Dose rate
3.4. Dose
3.5. Temperature
3.6. Others
4. Post treatment
4.1. Visual examination
4.2. Compositional analysis
4.3. Product performance evaluation
4.4. Others
5. Products
5.1. Grinding or pulverization
5.2. Dissolution
5.3. Packaging
5.4. Description
5.5. Instruction manual
5.6. Others
6. Strategies
6.1. Safety considerations
6.2. Environmental considerations
6.3. Cost analysis
6.4. Comparison with other procedures/products
6.5. Publications/Patents
6.6. Advertisement for end-users
6.7. Technology transfer
6.8. Marketing
6.9. Others

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APPENDIX 3. WORKSHOPS
This guideline was proposed, and the draft was discussed and approved at thefollowing workshops during the 2nd phase (2006-2008), and was discussed to be
updated at the following workshop during the 5th phase (2015 – 2017) of FNCA
Electron Accelerator Application project<Updated>
November 7 – 11, 2016, Hanoi, Vietnam<Drafted>
December 12-16, 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
October 22-26, 2007, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
October 27-31, 2008,Shanghai, China

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