WEPA Open Seminar
January 23, 2014@Roppongi

Water as a Key Component in
Sustainable Development of Asia

Motoyuki Suzuki
WEPA Special Advisor
suzuki@ouj.ac.jp

DPSIR: Structure of water
environment issues• Driver (Basic causes)– Population increase, economic development, life stylechange, development of agriculture and industry, etc.

• Pressure to water environment– Wastewater and solid wastes from anthropogenic sphere,
industrial wastewater, agricultural chemicals, excess
fertilizer, land use change, excess‐consumption of water,
deteriorating water resources etc.

• State change– Bacterial and viral contamination, heterotrophic
microbes growth induced by organic pollution,
eutrophication due to excess nutrients, deterioration ofwater ecosystems and biodiversity, accumulation ofheavy metals, etc.

• Impact to human activities– Occurrence of infectious diseases, deteriorating drinking
water sources, degraded aquaculture productivity,
contaminated aqua products, depreciation ofrecreational values, etc.

• Response (Policy)

Macro policy
Future vision ofsustainable humanactivities, paradigm shift

Environmental policy
Legislation, Institutionalarrangement , technology
development forenvironmental protection

Environmental policy
Monitoring, analysis,
public awareness building,adding values, restoringdamages, etc.

Social systems
Compensation rules,
environmental science &technology development

M. Suzuki

Water and Lives

Run‐offwater

Gross Domestic
Product

Surface water, etc.

Fertilizer, skill, etc.

Agricultural use

Agricultural
productInd. structure, capacity, etc.

Industrial
use

Industrial
product
Market systems, etc.

Domestic
consumption
Environmental
Water

Product from
Services

Natural Resources,
ecosystem services

Amount ofRenewable Water Resources
is Limited!

Availability of Water in Six Continents

South America
North America
Australia/Oceania
Asia
AfricaEurope
0

10

20

30

40

50

Yearly Runoff Amount per Capita (1,000 ton/capita/year)

Human Impacts in Asia

Ulaanbaatar

Beijing
New Delhi

Seoul

Tokyo

Shanghai

Kathmandu
TimphuTaipei

Dakka

Naypyidaw

Hanoi
Vientiane
ManilaPhnon Penh

Bangkok

Melekeok

Colombo
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore

Jakarta
Port Molesby

Economic Development in Asian Countries

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
USA
Japan
Germany
Korea
Malaysia
China
ThailandMongolIndonesia
Sri Lanka
Philippines
BhutanVietnamIndia
Lao PDR
Pakistan
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Nepal

Economic Status
at a Glance
10,000

1,000

100
1960 65 70

75

80

85

90

95 2000 05 2010

(from Aquastat, FAO (2014.1))

10,000Demand/Supply Balances

Falkenmark Index
for Water Stress
1,700 m3/yr

USA
Pakistan

1,000

Philippines
Japan

India

Korea

Vietnam
MyanmarThailandIndonesia

Sri Lanka
China
Nepal

Lao PDR
Bhutan

Malaysia

Germany

Economic
growthTotal water withdrawal per capita (2000‐9) (m3/yr)

Fresh water resources and withdrawal per capita of WEPA countries

Bangladesh
Mongolia

Cambodia100
1,000

10,000Population increase
100,000

Water withdrawal per Capita (m3/year)

Germany
Japan
USA

Korea.

1,000

Malaysia

Nepal
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Vietnam
India
Philippines
BhutanMongolia
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
China
Thailand

Renewable water resources per capita (2010) (m3/yr)

Water
withdrawals
Vs. GDPin Asiancountries

100

Agricultural
Municipal
Industrial
10

AQUASTAT (FAO),
Most recent statistics.
From 2000‐2010

1
100

1,000

10,000GDP per Capita (2010)

100,000
World Bank, 2012

Agricultural water withdrawal vs agricultural productin Asian countries
Agricultural Value Added to GDP per Capita(current USD)

(from http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx)

1,000

Malaysia(Palm, Chicken,
Rubber etc.)

800(Pig, chicken,
cattle etc.)

600

Korea

Japan

Mongol(Sheep, cattle,
goat etc.)(Pig etc.)

BhutanLao PDR
Sri Lanka
Philippines
India
Vietnam

Cambodia
Nepal

200

USA (Cattle, maize,chicken etc.)

Indonesia

China

400

Thailand

Pakistan(Buffalo, cattle,
wheat etc.)

Bangladesh

100

60 80 100
200
400
600 800 1,000
Agricultural water withdrawal per Capita (m3/person)

Example of human Impact on water environment

Global N fixation (Tg/yr)

Nitrogen Fixation
150

100

50

For food security,
ammonium synthesis andindustrial agriculture begin

0
After Vitousek (1994)

YEAR

Nitrogen Flux (Tg/yr)• Global/local change has more human/social dimensions thannatural dimension
Nitrogen Flux to Coastal Zone
• Nitrogen balanceas an example:
100

Excess nitrogen applied isflushed to receiving water
bodies50

0
YEAR
After Mackenzie et al (2002)

Eutrophication of water anddeterioration of ecosystems in freshand saline water

120

Natural nitrogen cycle

former USSR
former East Germany
EuropeAfricaOceania
North America
Central/Latin America
China
India
Other Asian countries

100(million tonN)

Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption

Nitrogen fertilizer consumption in the world(1961‐2007)

80
60
40
20
0
1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

Year
From Junko Shindo (http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/magazine/pdf/mgzn12301(3).pdf)

Agricultural product per capita(current US$/capita yr)

Agricultural product vs. ammonium fertilizer applicationin WEPA countries (2010) (FAOSTAT, 2013) (DRAFT)

1,000

MalaysiaJapan
Cambodia
Nepal

Thailand

Korea

Philippines

Indonesia
Sri Lanka
Vietnam

China

100
1

10
Nitrogen fertilizer application per capita (kgN/capita yr)

100

Water withdrawals
Southeast Asian countries have enjoyed the benefit ofprecipitation driven by the Monsoon.
The amount of withdrawal per capita is quite varied
from country to country. Water resources may limit
further development in some areas.
Agricultural water use is not a strong function of GDP
but fertilizer consumption should be carefully
controlled for excess application to be avoided.
Countries trying to move into industrialization and/or
urbanization may need considerable amount ofadditional water resources. Development of policies
related to water management becomes one of theessential factors for achieving sustainability in the
future.

Population trends in WEPA countries
1960‐2010 (UNDESA, Population Div.)
10 000China
USA
Indonesia
Japan

Population increase is rather limited:

Population (million)

30% in 20yrs from 1990, equal to the world average

1 000Philippines
Viet Nam
Germany
Thailand
Korea
Myanmar

100

Nepal
Malaysia
SriLanka
Cambodia
Lao PDR

10

1
1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Urban population increases in Asian countries,
1970‐2010
World Development Bank, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, 2012

Population Ratio in Urban Areas (%)

100

Japan
Korea

90

USA

80

Germany
Malaysia

70

Mongolia
Indonesia

60

China
Philippines

50

Pakistan

40

BhutanThailand30

Laos PDR
India

20

VietnamBangladesh

10

Nepal

0
1970

Sri Lanka

1980

1990

2000

2010

Urban Population Proportion versus GDP per Capita
WUP 2011 (UN DESA Pop. Div.)
100

Japan
USA
Korea

90

Percentage Urban

80
70

Mongolia

Malaysia

Germany

60
50Philippines

Indonesia
China

Lao PDR
BhutanPakistanThailandMyanmar
India
Bangladesh
Vietnam
Cambodia
Nepal
Sri Lanka

40
30
20
10

Do we need urbanizationfor economic development?
Or, does GDP growth invites
people to cities?

0
100

1,000

10,000GDP per Capita (2010)

100,000

Economic Development in Asian Countries

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
USA
Japan
Germany
Korea
Malaysia
China
ThailandMongolIndonesia
Sri Lanka
Philippines
BhutanVietnamIndia
Lao PDR
Pakistan
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Nepal

10,000

1,000

100
1960 65 70

75

80

85

90

95 2000 05 2010

Agricultural Value Added per Capita (current USD)

Agricultural Value Added in Asian Countries
10,000(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
Malaysia
Thailand
USA
Korea
Japan
Indonesia
China
BhutanMongolia
Lao PDR
Germany
Sri Lanka
Cambodia
Philippines
India
Vietnam
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh

Agricultural Development
is rather stable, comparedwith total GDP growth
1,000

100

10
1960 65 70

75

80

85

90

95 2000 05 2010

End of Cold War
Rio UNCED

Experiences of Japan during its economic development

1,000

Japan

Stockholm UNCHEOil Crisis

Tokyo Olympic

10,000
Income doubling Plan

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000

Severepollution
incidents

Urban
environmental
problems

Industrial
pollution

Globalenvironmental
problems

100
1960 65 70

75

80

85

90

95 2000 05 2010

Major Industrial Pollution Experiences in Japan• The Ashio copper mining pollution incident: Tochigi pref.,Furukawa Ind., mainly in 19C., environmental destruction
caused by sulfur dioxide emissions and watercontamination by copper ion, etc.
• The Minamata disease: Kumamoto pref., Shiranui area:
Nippon‐Chisso Co., 1950‐60’s, methyl‐mercury, similar
event at Niigata pref.
• The Itai‐itai disease: Cadmium discharged from pollution
through Jintsu‐river at Toyama prefecture, 1950‐60’s• The Yokkaichi Asthma event: Air pollution from fossil fuelcombustion at industrial park in Mie pref. , 1960‐70’s• Pulp & Paper industry wastes: Edo‐river, Tokyo (1958),
Tagonoura, Shizuoka (1970s), Damage to local fisheriesSimplified Picture of the Minamata Events
Calcium
CarbideCaC2

Acetylene

Acetaldehyde

C2=H2

CH3CHO

HgO2

Hg

・DOP (Dioctyl‐
Phthalate)・ Acetic Acid・ Ethyl Acetate
・ Vinyl Acetate
・ Others

Plastics, Cloth,
Construction
materials, etc.

Fe2S3Hg, Hg CH3X

(Methyl Mercury)Foods

Hg CH3X → Fish, Shellfish

Tragedy
The Minamata Disease: a neurological syndrome caused by severe
mercury poisoning. Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in thehands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the fieldof vision and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme cases,
insanity, paralysis, coma and finally death follows.

Statistics of the Minamata Disease
日本の公害経験(1991)より

1. The Nippon Chisso Co. had been spending 1.2
million USD/year (average) for investment forpollution prevention.
2. The compensation for the damages
Item
Average Annual
Expenditure
Compensation for the victims
76.7 million dollar
Recovery for the polluted
42.7 million dollar
Minamata land area
Compensation for local fishery 6.9 million dollar
damageGDP per Capita (current USD)

Non-sanitary
Treatment

80

60
1,000

20

0
100
120
Total Population

10,000100

1960 65 70
Urban
environmental
problems

75

City
Water
ServiceIndustrial
pollution

75
80

40

80
85

100,000

Population (million)

85
90

Sanitary
Treatment of
Human Wastes

Urban
environmental
problems

90

Basic Law on Biodiversity

Pollution Prevention Basic Act

Basic Law on Biodiversity

Act on Global Warming Countermeasures
N,P Control
Basic Law on Sound Material Cycle

Basic Law of Environment

Total Effluent Control

Stockholm UNCHEOil Crisis

End of Cold War
Rio UNCED

Water Pollution Control Law

100,000

Act on Global Warming Countermeasures
N,P Control
Basic Law on Sound Material Cycle

Industrial
pollution

Basic Law of Environment

Experiences of Japan during its economic development

End of Cold War
Rio UNCED

1960 65 70

Total Effluent Control

Stockholm UNCHEOil Crisis

Water Pollution Control Law

Tokyo Olympic

10,000Pollution Prevention Basic Act

Tokyo Olympic

Income doubling Plan

1,000

Income doubling Plan

GDP per Capita (current USD)

Experiences of Japan during its economic development
Japan

City water and on‐site
sewage systems (60‐75)

Globalenvironmental
problems

100
95 2000 05 2010

Japan

Sewerage Service

Globalenvironmental
problems

95 2000 05 2010

GDP per Capita (current USD)
10,000

1,000

100
1.2

1.0

0.8

0
1960 65 70
60,00040,000Paratyphoid

Industrial
Typhoidpollution

20,000

75

CN

Cd

0.6

0.4 As

0.2 Org-P
Industrial
pollution Cr

75
0
80

80
85

1.4

85

Urban
environmental
problems

90

Pb

Urban
environmental
problems

90

Basic Law on Biodiversity

Act on Global Warming Countermeasures
N,P Control
Basic Law on Sound Material Cycle

Basic Law of Environment

End of Cold War
Rio UNCED

100,000

Basic Law on Biodiversity

1960 65 70
80,000

Number of Dysentery Patients per year

(1960-1975)
100,000

Act on Global Warming Countermeasures
N,P Control
Basic Law on Sound Material Cycle

Polio
(ref)
Total Effluent Control

Stockholm UNCHEOil Crisis

Water Pollution Control Law

Pollution Prevention Basic Act

Dysentery

Basic Law of Environment

Experiences of Japan during its economic development

100,000
Improvement of Water Qualities Related toHazardous Materials in Public Water (1970‐1992)

End of Cold War
Rio UNCED

1,000

Total Effluent Control

1,000
2,000

Stockholm UNCHEOil Crisis

3,000Tokyo Olympic

5,000
10,000

Water Pollution Control Law

4,000

Income doubling Plan

6,000

Pollution Prevention Basic Act

Income doubling Plan

0100

Non-compliance of Environmental Standards
Tokyo Olympic
of Hazardous
Materials (%)

GDP per Capita (current USD)

Number of Patients per year (Except Dysentery)Experiencesof Japan during
itsof
economic
Incidence of Infectious
DiseasesDigestivedevelopment
SystemsJapan

Globalenvironmental
problems

95 2000 05 2010

Japan

PCB

Globalenvironmental
problems

95 2000 05 2010

70
60
50

Rivers40

Basic Law on Biodiversity

Total Effluent Control

80

Act on Global Warming Countermeasures
N,P Control
Basic Law on Sound Material Cycle

Coastal Water

Lakes

30
20

0
1960 65 70

Globalenvironmental
problems

Urban
environmental
problems

Industrial
10
pollution

100

Basic Law of Environment

90

Stockholm UNCHEOil Crisis

Pollution Prevention Basic Act

Tokyo Olympic

1,000

Achievement of Environmental Standards (%)

10,000

Water Pollution Control Law

Compliances of Environmental Standards (BOD/COD) in Three
Categories of Water Bodies (1974‐2006)
Japan
100

Income doubling Plan

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000

End of Cold War
Rio UNCED

Experiences of Japan during its economic development

75

80

85

90

95 2000 05 2010

End of Cold War
Rio UNCED

Experiences of Japan during its economic development

Basic Law on Biodiversity

Basic Law of Environment

Total Effluent Control

Stockholm UNCHEOil Crisis

Pollution Prevention Basic Act

Water Pollution Control Law

Japan
Act on Global Warming Countermeasures
N,P Control
Basic Law on Sound Material Cycle

1,000

Tokyo Olympic

10,000
Income doubling Plan

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000

Large scale infrastructures
become very costly at the end.
Appropriate scale, distributedand self‐contained systems may
become much feasible.

Life of water related infrastructure
City water system: 40 yrs
Sewerage system: 50 yrs

City waterand on‐site infrastructure systems: 15‐60 yrs
sewageOther
systems urban(60‐75)Urban
environmental
problems

Industrial
pollution

Globalenvironmental
problems

100
1960 65 70

75

80

85

90

95 2000 05 2010

End of Cold War
Rio UNCED

Experiences of Japan during its economic development

GlobalEnvironment
Problems

Urban Environment Problems

Tokyo Olympic

1,000

Japan

Stockholm UNCHEOil Crisis

10,000
Income doubling Plan

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000

Industrial Pollution

Globalenvironmental
problems

Urban
environmental
problems

Industrial
pollution

100
1960 65 70

75

80

85

90

95 2000 05 2010

Economic Development in Asian Countries

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)

GlobalEnvironment
Problems
10,000Urban Environment Problems

Compressed
Complex
Environmental
Industrial Pollution

1,000

Problems
Poverty Alluviation

100
1960 65 70

75

80

85

90

95 2000 05 2010

USA
Japan
Germany
Korea
Malaysia
China
ThailandMongolIndonesia
Sri Lanka
Philippines
BhutanVietnamIndia
Lao PDR
Pakistan
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Nepal

In Place of Conclusion(I/III)Southeast Asian countries could so far enjoy thebenefit of precipitation driven by the Monsoon. The
amount of precipitation per capita is rather limited,though quite varied from country to country. Water
resources may limit further development in someareas.
Countries planning to industrialize or urbanize
themselves may be required to face additional
water problems, since considerable amount ofwater withdrawal and discharge becomes necessary,bringing about undesirable impacts to local water
environment, which degrade qualities/quantities ofwater resources and local ecosystems.

In Place of Conclusion(II/III)For future realization of a sustainable humanactivity, domestic, industrial and agricultural
demands of water are to be carefully adjusted based
upon the limited local renewable water supply.
To cope with complex types of water environment
problems, holistic analysis (e.g. DPSIR modeling) of
the problem becomes effective, so that each of the
stakeholders may share his/her part ofresponsibility and can reach an integrated solution
at the end.
Precautional cares should be introduced with full
attention, so that later disastrous damages may be
avoided.

In Place of Conclusion(III/III)Some of the WEPA member countries can take late comers’
advantages, if the experiences in the past development
stages in industrialized countries, success stories or not, areproperly shared and utilized for designing futureenvironmental policies.
It is important to draw a basic sustainability vision of acountry based upon its boundary conditions andpotentialities. Back‐casting from the future vision may
provide an effective leap frog path that leads to a success.
For water uses in industries, characteristics of wastewater
generated is quite dependent on industrial types andmanagement levels. Undesirable substances are apt to befound in effluents and detailed legislative measures need to
be prepared dependent on nature of industries.

Beautiful Water Environment
for Future Generations!