Conference on Watershed Management forControlling Municipal Wastewater in South East Asia

Session1: Overview of the Water Environment Standards andEffluent Standards and its Implementation

Japan
Ｊｕｌｙ 28, 2016
Masaki SUEHISA
Deputy Director, Water Environment Division
Environment Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Mt. Fuji & Lake Kawaguchiko (Yamanashi)

1. HISTORY AND FRAMEWORKOFWATER ENVIRONMENT POLICY

Geibikei(Iwate)
Ministry of the Environment2

Problem：Deterioration of water in public water body

Dokai bay in ‘60s (Kitakyushu city)

Sumida river in early 70’s (Tokyo)

Tama River in ‘70’s (Tokyo)
3

Ministry of the Environment

Framework of the Measures of Water Environment Improvement
TargetEstablishment of Environmental Quality Standard【Environment Basic Law 】
・Establishment of Effluent Standard

National
government
National
government【Water Pollution Control Law】

Uniform Effluent Standard
Measures for
Industrial
Wastewater・More Stringent Effluent Standards 【Water Pollution Control Law】
・Regulations for the Private Companies 【Water Pollution Control Law】
Notification ,Measure and log pollution status
Local government(Prefecture)of effluent, On-site inspections→Penalty, Order remedy, other administrative directions
・Investment to pollution control
・Development of human capacities

Measures for
Domestic
Wastewater
Ministry of the Environment

etc.

・Construction of sewerage 【Sewerage Law 】
・Installation of Johkasou 【Johkasou Law 】 etc.

Privatecompany・National
National government
・Local government
・Individual42. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARD
AND
WATER QUALITY MONITORING

River
MinistryKuji
of the (Ibaraki)
Environment

5

Environmental Quality Standards for Water
Environmental Quality
Standards (EQS)

Water Pollution
Toxic substance
Mercury, Arsenic,
Chlorinated organic compound,etc

Organic Pollution etc
Dirtiness and muddiness of water

BOD/COD, DO, SS etc

Effect on people（Drinking/seafood intake）

Health Item
Nationally uniform

Effects on aquatic life

27 substances designated

Living Environment
Item

Nutrient salts

Designed to conserve theproperties as well as thefauna and flora closely
related to the living of people

Causality of eutrophication
Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Set targets by categorizing
into classes in accordancewith water bodies
12 substances designated

Ministry of the Environment

6

Items of EQS for Water(1/2)
Health items
Item
Cadmium
Total cyanide(Public water areas)
Standard Value

Item

Standard Value

0.003 mg/L or less

1,1,1-trichloroethane

1 mg/L or lessUndetected

1,1,2-trichloroethane

0.006 mg/L or lessLead

0.01 mg/L or less

Trichloroethylene

0.01 mg/L or less

Hexavalent chromium

0.05 mg/L or less

Tetrachloroethylene

0.01 mg/L or lessArsenic

0.01 mg/L or less

1,3-dichloropropene

0.002 mg/L or lessTotal mercury

0.0005 mg/L or lessThiuram

0.006 mg/L or less

Simazine

0.003 mg/L or less

Thiobencarb

0.02 mg/L or less

Benzene0.01 mg/L or lessSelenium0.01 mg/L or lessNitrate nitrogen &Nitrite nitrogen

10 mg/L or less

Fluoride

0.8 mg/L or lessBoron

1 mg/L or less

1,4-Dioxane

0.05mg/ or less

Alkylmercury

Undetected

PCB

UndetectedDichloromethane

0.02 mg/L or less

Carbon tetrachloride

0.002 mg/L or less

1,2-dichloroethane

0.004 mg/L or less

1,1-dichloroethylene

0.02 mg/L or lesscis-1,2-dichloroethylene

0.04 mg/L or less

7

Ministry of the Environment

Items of EQS for Water(2/2)(Public water areas)

Living environment items

River

Lake

Sea AreaBOD≤ 1 - 10 mg/L

-

-

COD

-

≤ 1 - 8 mg/L

≤ 2 - 8 mg/L

pH

6.0 - 8.5

6.0 - 8.5

7.0 - 8.3

SS

≤ 25 - 100 mg/L etc.

≤ 1 - 15 mg/L etc.

-

DO2-7.5 mg/L ≤2-7.5 mg/L ≤2-7.5 mg/L ≤Bottom Layer DO-

2.0-4.0 mg/L ≤2.0-4.0 mg/L ≤Coliform bacteria
count≤ 50 - 5,000 MPN/100 mL≤ 50 - 1,000 MPN/100 mL≤ 1,000 MPN/100 mL

N-hexane extracts--

Undetected.

Total nitrogen-≤ 0.1 - 1 mg/L

≤ 0.2 - 1 mg/L

Total phosphorous-≤ 0.005 - 0.1 mg/L

≤ 0.02 - 0.09 mg/L

≤ 0.03 mg/L

≤ 0.03 mg/L

≤ 0.01 - 0.02 mg/L

≤ 0.0006～0.002mg/L≤ 0.0006～0.002mg/L≤ 0.0007～0.001mg/L≤ 0.02～0.05mg/L≤ 0.02～0.05mg/L≤ 0.006～0.01mg/L

All zinc
Nonyl phenol
LAS
Ministry of the Environment8

Monitoring System
Understanding of the water quality
characteristics of water area
Understanding of long-term changes& water quality trends
Early detection of water pollution

Public waters (river, lake, sea) about 9,000 spots throughout thecountry (environmental standards points, etc.) and the water quality
in ground water is monitored.

Government
ordinance city
(Water quality measurement in thegovernment ordinance city)

Prefecture

Achievement & maintenance ofenvironmental standard for water quality
Implementation of environmental
protection measures
Response to water pollution incidents

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport(Water quality measurement of river, lake,sea and underground water)(Water quality measurement of themain parts of first-grade rivers)

Formulation of water quality measurement plan
Formulated in order to coordinate with the Ministry of Land,

Water quality
Adjustment Infrastructure and Transport and government ordinance city and tomeasurement
effectively conduct continuous monitoring of water quality.
Results of water quality
measurements
Water quality- Health items (cadmium, all cyanogen, etc.)

Consultation

Water quality measurement
Results of water quality
measurements

measurement - Living environment items (BOD, COD, all zinc, etc. of

Obtainingwater

Sampling

White paper
Homepage
Results ofwater quality measurement
Water environmental synthesis information site
http//www.env.go.jp/water/mizu.site/index.html

Summarizing the results of water quality measurement

Health items: 5,378

Direction, notice, technical advice
required for the continuous
monitoring of water quality

Living environment
items: 7,028

DXNs water quality: 1,571
Sediment: 1,296

Ministry of the Environment

Ministry ofEnvironment

Decision of Environmental Conservation
MeasureFormulation of a Basic Environment Plan
Environmental Quality Standards, effluent
control
Analytical method, research method
Transaction standards for continuous
monitoring, etc.
Response to water pollution incident

Official
announcement

Reporting the results- Response to a water pollution incident- Response to the excess of environmental quality standards or thewater areas that fails to achieve environmental quality standards

Number of measuring
points (FY2012)

Information disclosure

Analysis

Collection & analysis of water
quality data of the country
and database creation

Transition of the status of achievement ofenvironmental quality standards (BOD or COD)
100
90

River 87.2%
Total 83.4

80
Achievement Rate (%)

Distribution of water quality
measuring points in public
waters throughout thecountryaquatic life item,)Sea area
76.0

70
60

Lake 53.4

50
40
30

Total

20

River
Lake

10

Sea area0
FY 1975 ’77 ’79 ’81 ’83 ’85 ’87 ’89
元 ’91 ’93 ’95 ’97 ’99 ’01 ’03 ’05

9

3. MEASURES FOR
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

Lake Towada (Aomori)

Ministry of the Environment

10

EQS and Effluent standards for water
Environmental Quality Standard (EQS)• Established as part of the government’s objectives (standards thatare to be followed) to prevent health hazards and conserve theliving environment” by the Environment Basic Law
Effluent standards• “Effluent Standards” are applied on factories
and establishments in order to satisfy “EQS”• In consideration of dilution effect by riverwater, an effluent standard value for a certain
item is decided as 10 times as an environment
quality standard for the same time.

Effluent
Standard

EQS for water• For some specific business categories
that face difficulty to meet the uniform
effluent standard for a specific item,
a provisional
Ministryof the Environment effluent standard is applied by specifying a time limit

11

Effluent standards for water【Health item】【Living environment item】
Kinds of harmful substances

Tolerable limit

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)

Other than sea area: 5.8 – 8.6
Sea area: 5.0 – 9.0.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

160 mg/L(Daily mean value: 120 mg/L)

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

160 mg/L(Daily mean value: 120 mg/L)

Suspended solids (SS)

200 mg/L(Daily mean value: 150 mg/L)

Normal-hexane extracts content(mineral oils content)

5 mg/L

Normal-hexane extracts content(animal and plant fats content)

30 mg/L

Phenols content

5 mg/L

Copper content

3 mg/L

Zinc content

2 mg/L

Soluble iron content

10 mg/L

Soluble manganese content

10 mg/L

Chromium content

2 mg/L

Coliform group number

Daily mean value: 3,000/cm3

Nitrogen content

120 mg/L(Daily mean value: 60 mg/L)

Phosphorus content

16 mg/L(Daily mean value: 8 mg/L)

Note
The effluent standard shown in this table is applicable to theeffluent water discharged by a plant, factory, or businessestablishment which discharges 50m3/day or more of effluent
water on daily average.

Kinds of harmful substances
Cadmium and its compounds
Cyanide compounds
Organic compound (limited to parathion, methyl
parathion, methyl demeton and EPN(ethyl p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate))
Lead and its compounds
Hexavalent chromium compounds
Arsenics and its compounds
Mercury and alkyl mercury, and other mercury
compounds
Alkyl mercury compounds
Polychlorinated biphenyl
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Dichloromethane
Carbon tetrachloride
1,2-dicholoroethane
1,1-dichloroethylene
cis-1,2-dichloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
1,1,2-trichloroethane
1,3-dichloropropene
ThiramSimazine
Thiobencarb
BenzeneSelenium and its compounds
Boron and its compounds
Fluorine and its compounds
Ammonia, ammonium compounds, nitrite compounds
and nitrate compounds
1,4-dioxane

Ministry of the Environment

Tolerable limit
0.03 mgCd/L
1 mgCN/L
1 mg/L
0.1 mgPb/L
0.5 mgCr6+/L
0.1 mgAs/L
0.005 mgHg/L
Not detected
0.003 mg/L
0.1 mg/L
0.1 mg/L
0.2 mg/L
0.02 mg/L
0.04 mg/L
0.2 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
3 mg/L0.06 mg/L
0.02 mg/L
0.06 mg/L
0.03 mg/L
0.2 mg/L
0.1 mg/L
0.1 mg/L
Other than sea area: 10 mgB/L
Sea area: 230 mgB/L
Other than sea area: 8 mgB/L
Sea area: 1 mgB/L(*) 100 mg/L
0.5mg/L(*) 0.4 times the ammonia nitrogen compound, and the total of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen 12

Check Points in on-site Inspection
Check the situation ofwastewater route
Specified facility, etc.
Specifiedfacility

Otherfacility

Check Points
Abnormalities & defects in the facility
Operational situation
Storage of toxic substances
Oil storage facility, etc.

Wastewater treatment facility

Drain outlet

Check Points

Check Points

Abnormalities & defects in treatment facility
Operational situation of the treatment facility
Sewage treatment situation
Usage of chemicals
Control equipment of the treatment facility
Management of the water quality measuring
devices, etc.

Drain outlet situationand its vicinity
Take water samples etc.

Feedback of inspection& measurement results

Check between the actual conditionand contents of notifications

Installation notifications, structure change, etc. notifications, etc.
Structure & operational method of
specified facilities

Methods to treat sewage, etc.

Installation location, number, structure,material quality & capacity
Material (raw material, auxiliary material, etc.)
Usage situation of toxic substances
Situation of the discharge of sewage, etc.

Drainage outlet

Installation location, number, structure,material quality, capacity, the volume of
the water to be treated & treatment
tank volume
Treatment methods Etc.

Ministry of the Environment

Contamination condition and the amountof drainage water
Drainage volume for every drainage outlet
Number & location of drainage outlets,
existence or non-existence of the change
of a drainage destination, etc.

Drainage system

13

Enforcement status of water pollution control law
2010271,2422011
266,860

2012
271,1682013
269,8472014
267,328

33,96433,529330,667

32,58932,381

Article 5（Establishment of Specified facilities）

5,307

4,989

6,598

5,786

6,026

Article 7（Structure changes etc.）

3,539

3,924

4,427

4,105

5,006

Article 8（Order to change plans）
No of establishments inspected （Article 22.1）
inspection during night
Order for Improvement（Article 13）
Order to suspend operation（Article 13）

041,260588
16
0

038,882587
12
0

0
43,135491
14
1

0
39,49046511
0041,110510
83Order to purify groundwater（Article 14.3）
in writing
Number ofadministrative Oral
direction
Total
Installation or improvement of wastewater
treatment facilities
Contents ofadministrative temporary suppression of effluent
Othersdirection
total
Violation of effluent standards（Article 31.1.1）

0
2,880
5,095
7,975

0
2,761
4,826
7,587

0
2,650
5,432
8,082

0
2,503
4,753
7,256

0
2,556
4,981
7,537

2,206

2,474

2,145

1,946

2,192

28
6,010
8,244
11

30
5,342
7,846
8

16
6,169
8,330
6

7
5,613
7,566
4

20
5,651
7,863
4

Violation of order for improvement（Article 30）

0

0

0

0

0

Violation of water pollution control law (others)
Measures to be taken in case of an accident

0
433

0
504

0
540

0
565

0
557
14

No. of specified establishments
average effluent more than 50㎥/day

Notification

Ministry of the Environment

4. MEASURES FORDOMESTIC WASTEWATER

Oirase Keiryu (Aomori)

15

Ministry of the Environment

Kinds of wastewater treatment facilities
Rural sewerage system
is wastewater treatment
facility in rural area.

Domestic wastewater
treatment tank(Johkasou)
is wastewater treatment
facility in an area of low
population density.

Sewerage system is wastewater treatment facility in urban area.
Ministry of the Environment

16

Pattern Diagram of a Small Septic Tank (FRP)
JohkasouTreated water
quality BOD≤ 20 mg/L
Inflow

Anaerobic
filter tankContact
aeration tank

SludgeSedimentation
tank

Disinfection
tank

Discharge

Sludge17

Ministry of the Environment

Cost comparison of centralized system and on-site system

Per Capita Cost

(incl. construction and maintenance costs)

Japan’s share of domestic wastewater treatment facilities

Balance point
Jokasou
Centralized
systems
Population density

Johkasou: ９%Centralized systems: 80%

Coverage of the population using domestic wastewater treatment facilities (2013)
Ministry of the Environment18

5. WATER ENVIRONMENTIMPROVEMENT IN JAPANANDREMAINING CHALLENGES
Mt.Ministry
HiuChigatake& Oze Pond (Gunma)of the Environment

19

Water Quality Improvement in Dokai Bay, Kitakyushu• A miracle city recovering from the “Dead Sea”

“Dead Sea” where fish cannot live

Illegal construction
along a river
Ministry of the Environment

Dokai Bay has recovered

Monitoring data in Dokai bay

A river as a symbol of the citywith water-attracting space

Water quality in Murasaki Riverand Sewerage coverage ratio
Source: Web site of Kitakyushu city

20

State of Achievement of Environmental Standard• Health Items：
Achieved Environmental standard almost over the country
1.6
EQS revised（1993.3）
Lead：0.1→0.01mg/L
Arsenic：0.05→0.01mg/L

1.4

Total cyanide
Lead

1.2

Hexavalent Chromium
Arsenic

1.0

Total mercury
0.8

PCB
EQS revised（2011.9）
Cadmium:0.01→0.003mg/L

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014

Environmental standard value excess specimen rate（％）

Cadmium

year※Public waters water quality measurement results（2014） 21

Ministry of the EnvironmentState of Achievement of Environmental Standard• Living Environment Items:

100

Improvement tendency as a whole, but still low achievement rate in
enclosed water area such as lakes and inland seas
Trends in achievement of BOD/COD environmental standard(2014)
Rivers: 93.9%
All:89.1%(2014)

90
80

Seas: 79.1%(2014)

70

Lakes: 55.6%(2014)

50
40
30
20
10
0

※ Reference(2014)
Tokyo Bay：63%
Ise Bay：50%
Osaka Bay：67%

Total
Rivers
Lakes
Seas

1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014

Achievement Rate（％）

60

Ministry of the Environment

year※Public waters water quality measurement results（2014） 22

Concept of Water Environment Management
1.Target Setting for Water
Environmental Conservation(Establishment of Ambient Water Quality Standard)

5.Evaluation of Control
Measures and Policy Review

2.Understanding of State of
Water Quality(Planning, Implementation and Evaluation of
Water Quality Monitoring)

4.Implementation of Pollution Control
Measures3.Identification of
Pollution Source

・Regulations for the Private Companies→Effluent standard,Penalty, Order remedy, etc…

(Evaluation of Pollution Load fromDifferent Sectors)

・Planning and Construction of Waste Water
Treatment System (Sewerage, Johkasou)
23

Ministry of the Environment

Water Quality Improvement in Tama River, Tokyo• Water quality in Tama river has been improved by the progress ofsewage construction, resulting in creation of good water environment

BOD 75% value (mg/L)

BOD 75% value (mg/L)

Yearly Change of Water Quality (Chofu Weir of Tama River)

Environment standard

1961

1972

1983

BOD 75% value

1994

1960s

2005

Diffusion rate (%)

Note 1: The diffusion rate is that of sewerage in Tama River basin
Note 2: The water quality is the annual BOD value(75% water quality value)at Chofu Weir of Tama River

Ministry of the Environment

Present

24

Thank you for your attention

Kinkakuji
Ministry of the Temple(Kyoto)
Environment