WEPA International Workshop
February 18, 2013 @Siem Reap

Looking to a Sustainable Water
Management in Asia

Motoyuki Suzuki
Advisor to WEPA
suzuki@ouj.ac.jp

Human Impacts in Asia

Ulaanbaatar
BeijingSeoul

TokyoShanghai
New Delhi
Kathmandu
Dakka

Taipei
Hanoi

Bangkok Siem Reap

ManilaPhnon Penh
Melekeok

Colombo
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore
Jakarta

Port Molesby

Water Environment Crisis
The water environment crisis in the world will be
more and more serious mainly because of rapid
increase of population and economic activities.
Deterioration of water resources in quantity and inquality will certainly limit future achievement ofsustainable development.
Lack of reliable information on the water
environment and its complicated structure hinder
timely and effective decision making.

To Realize Sustainable Water Environment
DPSIR structuresof Water
Environment
Problems

Sustainable
Systems
For Future
Generations
Countermeasures:
Legal/economic policy options, available
technologies, changing way of living

Assessment:
Concept, Optimization, objective function, etc
Information:
Factbase/database, statistics, etc.
Local Characteristics:
Geographical/Climatic Conditions,
Anthropogenic/Cultural/Traditional/IndigenousBackgrounds, etc.

DPSIR structure:Water Environment Problems• Driving force (Basic causes)– Population increase, economic development,
lifestyle changes, development ofagricultural/industrial activities, etc.

• Pressure to water environment– Waste emissions from human livings, industrial
wastewaters, agro‐chemicals, excess fertilizer use,land‐use change, excess consumption of water,
diminishing available water resources, etc.

• State change– Bacteria/virus contamination, organic pollution
causing heterotrophic growth, algae growth‐eutrophication, loss of aquatic ecosystems andbiodiversity, heavy metal accumulation

Macro‐policies

Identification of sustainablehuman activity vision,
Amendment of current
paradigms

Environmental
policies

Laws and acts forconservation ofenvironment,
Technology development
for removal and mitigation
Monitoring, analysis,
awareness, value‐added
information,
Recovery of degradedenvironment• Impact to human activities– Occurrence of infectious diseases, drinking water
deterioration, degradation of fishery productivity,
contaminated aquatic products, loss ofrecreational values

Social systems

Compensation, recovery,
Technology development• Response (Policies)
M. SuzukiFactors Influencing
Water Qualities inBasin Area

Water Quality Model in Eutrophicated Water Body
Sun Light

Sun Light
Precipitation

Volatile OrganicsAerationIC
OxygenDissolvd Orgaanics FlowFlowForest,
Mountainous Area

Algae
Organincs, N, P, IC, SS

Sources

Metabolites

IC, N, P

Organics IC, Metabolites
Sedimentation
Algae
Metabolites, IC, P
Metabolites
recurrence

Sediment,Aerobic/Anaerobic

Agriculture,
Stockbreediing.
Anthropogenic Sphere

Heterotrophs

Rivers

Sedimentation

Evaporation

Public Water Body

Water supply

Receiving water body

M. Suzuki

Fresh Water Resources andWithdrawal
in Asia/Oceania (2000)

Water Withdrawals per Capita,
m3/person/year
10,000USA
ThailandJapan
Sri Lanka

Vietnam
MyanmarLao PDR

1,000

DIA(Domestic+Industry+Agriculture)

Germany
Korea

Increasing
Economic
Activity

Cambodia

China
Nepal

100

Indonesia

Philippines

Malaysia

Population Increase
Falkenmark’s Criteria
1,700 m3/person/day

10100

1,000

Q

10,000

Renewable Water
Resources per Capita,
3/person/year
m100,000

Population trends in WEPA countries
1960‐2010 (UNDESA, Population Div.)
10 000China

Population (million)

USAIndonesia
1 000Japan
Philippines
Viet NamGermany

100

Thailand
Korea
Myanmar
Nepal

10Malaysia
SriLanka
Cambodia
11960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Percentage of Population Residing in Urban Areas
1960‐2010 (UNDESA: World Urban Prospect (2009))
100
Korea

90

USA
Germany

80

Malaysia

70

Japan
Philippines

60

China

50

Indonesia

40

ThailandMyanmar30

Lao PDR

20

Viet Nam
Cambodia

10

Nepal

01960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Economic Development in Asian Countries(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
100000USA
Germany

GDP per Capita (1991 USD)

Japan
Korea
Malaysia

10000

ThailandChina
Indonesia
SriLanka

1000

Philippines
Lao PDR
VietnamCambodia

100
1960

Nepal

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Economic Development in Asian Countries(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
100000USA
Germany

GDP per Capita (1991 USD)

Global Climate

Japan
Korea
Malaysia

10000

Thailand

Urban Environment
Problems

1000

China
Indonesia

Compressed
Environmental
Industrial Pollution
Problems

SriLanka
Philippines
Lao PDR
Vietnam
Cambodia

Poverty Level < $2/day
100
1960

Nepal

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Per Capita Domestic and Industrial Withdrawal of Water
Withdrawal per Capita (m3/year)

1000

100
WD=0.485GDP0.564

Domestic Demand
Industrial Demand10
WI=0.033GDP0.881

1100

1000

10000100000

GDP per Capita (1991 USD)
From David Seckler et al: IWMI Research Report 19 (1998), “World Water Demand andSupply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues”, Figure 4

Per Capita Domestic Withdrawal of Water
Withdrawal per Capita (m3/year)

1000
USA
Malaysia

100
Philippines

WD=0.485GDP0.564

Indonesia
China

Korea

Japan

FAO: AQUASTAT
Germany

Sri Lanka Thailand
Laos
Vietnam10

Domestic withdrawal
in WEPA countries(2000‐2009)

Domestic Demand

Cambodia
Nepal

1
100

1000

10000100000

GDP per Capita (1991 USD)
From David Seckler et al: IWMI Research Report 19 (1998), “World Water Demand andSupply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues”, Figure 4

Per Capita Industrial Withdrawal of Water

Withdrawal per Capita (m3/year)

1000

USA
GermanyMalaysia
Japan100

China Korea

Philippines
Sri Lanka
Vietnam
Laos

ThailandIndonesia

Industrial Demand

10
Industrial withdrawal
in WEPA countries(2000‐2009)

WI=0.033GDP0.881
Cambodia

FAO: AQUASTAT

Nepal

1100

1000

10000

100000GDP per Capita (1991 USD)
From David Seckler et al: IWMI Research Report 19 (1998), “World Water Demand andSupply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues”, Figure 4

Coverage of City Water and Sewerage Systems in JapanPopulation Coverage (%)

100

City Water

80

1970
6019601980

2000

On‐siteTreatment,
Jokaso40

Large‐scale
Sewerage
Systems

200100

1000

10000

GDP per Capita (1991 USD)

100000Urban Population Proportion versus GDP per Capita
2010 (UN DESA Pop. Div.)
100

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
100100

1000

10000

100000GDP per Capita (1991 USD)

To Realize Sustainable Water Environment
DPSIR structuresof Water
Environment
Problems

Sustainable
Systems
For Future
Generations
Countermeasures:
Legal/economic policy options, availabletechnologies, changing way of living

Assessment:
Concept, Optimization, objective function, etc
Information:
Factbase/database, statistics, etc.
Local Characteristics:
Geographical/Climatic Conditions,
Anthropogenic/Cultural/Traditional/Indigenous
Backgrounds, etc.

WEPAProjecthttp://www.wepa‐db.net/index.htm

First Phase (2004‐2008)• Activities/documents•••

Dialogues with member countries for Information Sharing
Linkage with WWFs
Annual Meetings
State of water / Organizational arrangement/Legislative framework / Background / Lawand Workshops
enforcement / Cases• Database

Database of technologies inoperation / Information on
appropriate technologies
Activities by NGOs and CBOs /Governmental activities
Various sources of water‐related information,
Global level / Asia regional level / Nationallevel

Second Phase (2009‐2013)‐‐‐ Knowledge Sharing for Solutions ‐‐‐• 2009‐11• Review of Water Environmental Management• Starting with Two Fields of Topics• Domestic Wastewater Treatment• Climate Change and Water Environment•
Identification of Specific Issues to be discussed• 2012‐13• Experiences Sharing and Knowledge Sharing among Member
Countries through Solution Findings through:• Workshops, Bilateral meetings, Annual meetings etc.
• Development of Twinning Programmes for Capacity
Empowerment etc.

Common Challenges :Some of the Issues identified by WEPA Partner Countries‐ Legislation and Organization: Detailed systems and capacity
development required in order to implement a legislative
framework‐ Identification of proper paths for a new form ofdevelopment, leap frog approaches‐ Ensuring implementation of proper monitoring and datamanagement‐ Adequate settings of water quality standards/effluent
standards‐ Coordination among relevant water organizations andregulations‐ Partnership among NGOs, GOs and various stakeholders,
Cooperation between member countries, etc.
‐ Water quality management at the basin level‐ Integrated management?, upstream/downstream
relations, diversified stakeholders, multiphase problems,
long range optimization, etc.

Third Phase ??
Should be discussed at the Annual Meetingof the Governing Board, 19th afternoon.

International Trends of Water Management Activities
••
•

••
•

1972 UNCHE, Stockholm: Declaration of UNCHE
1992 UNCED, Rio de Janeiro: Agenda 21– 1992 Int. Conf. on Water and Env. (ICWE): Dublin Principle
2000 UN Millennium Summit, NY– Millennium Development Goal (MDG)– 2002 WSSD (Rio+10), Johannesburg• 2003 WWF3, Kyoto• POI, upgrading MDG• 2004‐08 1st Phase2012 UNCSD (Rio+20), Rio de Janeiro• 2009‐13 2nd Phase– Outcome Document: The Future We Want

WEPA

2015 Target Year of MDG
Discussion platform on Post 2015
– UN‐Water: UN‐related organizations• UNSGAB: Advisory Board to Secretary‐General– Issues
1. Safe drinking water and sanitation
2. Wastewater management and pollution prevention, water quality
3. Integrated water resources management and water‐use efficiency

Challenges for Sustainable Water Use
To clarify structural relations between expanding humanactivities, including domestic, industrial and agriculturalactivities, and water environment so that appropriate
responses may be identified.
To promote awareness of citizens and all the stakeholders
and to raise the political will to meet commitments toachieve the sustainable water environment.
To integrate/structuralize diverse information on the water
environment and to disseminate in a systematic manner
To develop criteria for the formulation of policies andtechnological measures for achieving a sustainable water
environment

2013 is the Year of
Water Cooperation