「Sharing F-DRR approaches and techniques with developing countries:
Experiences, realities and opportunities of private sectors」「森林の防災・減災機能を強化する技術の海外展開と民間企業の参画」

Movement and trends of disaster risk
reduction in Vietnam, Indonesia and Myanmar
ベトナム・インドネシア・ミャンマーでの防災・減災の動向
1st February, 2023
Yoko Asada
Mitsubishi UFJ Research &Consulting Co., Ltd

Presenter
Yoko Asada Title Chief Analyst
 Deputy General Manager, Center for Natural Resource

Economics and Policy Specialty
 International and domestic climate change

policy of land and forest sector

 Forestry and forest industry policy Global Environment Department, Policy Research & Consulting

Division Career Forest Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life

Sciences, The Tokyo University

 Certification
 Master of Agriculture Review Expert of Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Agriculture)1

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Thesis Yoko Asada, Satoshi Tatsuhara（2011）

Estimating carbon sequestration by sugi
(Cryptomeria japonica) plantations according
to site and management conditions. Journal ofForest Planning, Vol.16: 189-198.

Outline of today’s presentation
 Comparison of characteristics of forests, disasters, and organization structure ofgovernments for disaster risk reductio (DRR) in Viet Nam, Myanmar and Indonesia
 Characteristics of disaster risk reduction in each country Key points for overseas expansion of DRR projects by Japanese entities–Development of sustainable organization arrangements
 Conclusions

2

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and ConsultingComparison of characteristics of Forests, Disasters, andOrganization structure of governments for disaster risk
reduction (DRR)
in Viet Nam, Myanmar and Indonesia

3

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and ConsultingForest All three countries have mangrove forest in coast side.
Viet Nam

MyanmarIndonesia

 47% of land is forest. Natural forest is
70%, plantation forest is 30%.
 Forest structure: Mountainous area in northern part:
Evergreen forest
 Lowland: Deciduous forest
 Mekong Delta: Mangrove
 Area of forest and plantation forest has
been increasing from 1990s.

 44% of land is forest. Almost all forest isnatural forest. Recently, rate ofplantation forest is increasing.
 There are 19 million ha of natural teakforest wit high economic value, of which
16 million ha are in Myanmar.
 Forest rate is decreasing from 60% in
1990 to 44% in 2020. Deforestation
drivers are slash & burn, fuel woodcollection, land conversion for
agriculture, mining, etc.
 There are 500 thousand ha mangrove incoastal areas, disappearing at a faster
speed than neighboring countries.

 49% of land is forest. Almost all forest isnatural forest. Recently, rate of plantation
forest is increasing.
 Tropical forest 65% of natural forest is mixed hill forest,
which is most important for timber
production.
 Mangrove forest is large at 3 million ha,
21% of the world’s mangrove forest area.
 Forest rate is decreasing from 63% in1990 to 49% in 2020. Deforestation
drivers are illegal logging, forest fire,
conversion to oil palm plantation, etc.

4

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and ConsultingNatural disaster Indonesia has the highest number of disasters, followed by Viet Nam and Myanmar.
 Indonesia has significantly more flood, land slide, earthquake and tsunami, volcano
than other two countries, while fewer typhoon.
 Most of the disasters in Viet Nam and Myanmar are typhoon and cyclone, flood, flash
flood.
Number of natural disasters by country and disaster type (1990-2020)
Earth
quake

Typhoon,CycloneFlood,
Flash
flood

Land
slidesDrought

Tsuna
mi

Fire

Extremetemperature

VolcanoOthers

Total

Viet Nam

0

53

53

2

5

0

1

0

0

0

114

Myanmar

6

11

29

5

0

1

1

0

0

0

53

Indonesia

51

4

87

42

4

7

7

1

19

2

224

（Source）GLIDEnumber（https://glidenumber.net/glide/public/search/search.jsp）

Annual number of natural disasters by country (2000-2019)
35

Viet
Nam
ベトナム

30

Myanmarミャンマー

Indonesia
インドネシア

2016

2018

25
20
15
10
5
0

5

2000

2001

2002

2003

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

（Source）GLIDEnumber（https://glidenumber.net/glide/public/search/search.jsp）

2017

2019

Natural disaster (cont.)
 Indonesia has significantly more flood, land slide, earthquake and tsunami, volcano
than other two countries, while fewer typhoon.
 Most of the disasters in Viet Nam and Myanmar are typhoon and cyclone, flood, flash
flood.
Viet Nam（144 disasters in 1990-2019）
2
2%

5
4%

1
1%
53
47%

Myanmar（53 disasters in 1990-2019）
1
2%

1
2%
0
0%

Indonesia（224 disasters in 1990-2019）

6
11%

7
3%

11
21%

5
9%

1
0%

2
1%

4
2%

19
8%

台風・熱帯低気圧
Typhoon, Cyclone
87
39%

51
23%

洪水・鉄砲水Flood, Flash flood

斜面崩壊・地すべり
Land slide
干ばつ
Drought
Fire
火災

Earthquake
地震

53
46%

Tsunami
津波

29
55%（Source）GLIDEnumber（https://glidenumber.net/glide/public/search/search.jsp）

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Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting

Volcano
火山

7
3%

4
2%

42
19%

Extreme temperature
極端な高温・低温
Othersその他

Government structure for disaster risk reduction
 Regarding DRR, a supervising ministry leads in Viet Nam, a cross-ministerial organization is developedin Myanmar, and an independent organization under the president is developed in Indonesia.
Viet Nam

MyanmarIndonesia

 Focal point of DRR: Central Steering
Committee for Natural Disaster
Prevention and Control (CSCNDPC),
National Committee for Search andRescue (NCSR)
 Secretariat: Vietnam Disaster
Management Authority (VNDMA) in
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development (MARD) Key ministries:- For wind and flood: Ministry of
Natural Resources andEnvironment (MONRE)- For earthquake and Tsunami:
Vietnam Academy of Science andTechnology (VAST) Focal point of DRR: National Disaster
Preparedness Central Committee(NDPCC) Cross-ministries organization
 Secretariat: Ministry of Social Welfare,
Relief and Resettlement
 Key ministries: Ministry ofInformation, Ministry of Education,
Ministry of Home Affairs
 National Disaster Preparedness
Management Working Committee(NDPMWC) under NDPCC

 Focal point of DRR: National Disaster
Management Authority (BNPB) Established in 2008
 Organization under the direct controlof the president
 Function: Coordination of ministries,
implementation of countermeasures
to disasters (disaster prevention,
emergency response, recovery andreconstruction)

 Focal point of forest: MARD VNFOREST under MARD: plantation,
forest resource management, timber
production, forest conservation- For forest data management:
Forest Inventory and Planning
Institute(FIPI), Forest Protection
Department (FPD), under
VNFOREST Focal point of forest:
Forest Department (FD), Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environmental
Conservation (MONREC)
 For timber production, processing andsales: Myanmar Timber Enterprise(MTE) under MONREC

 Focal point of forest:
Ministry of Environment and Forestry(MOEF)
 MOEF’s role for DRR: Planning andmanagement of preventive measures,support, and early warning to prevent
environment-related disasters andforest fires

7

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and ConsultingCharacteristics of disaster risk reduction in each country8

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and ConsultingNatural disaster in Vie Nam After 1990, Typhoon Linda in 1997 caused great damage, 3,700 people were killed. The
second largest number of deaths (700 people) was caused by flood by heavy rains incentral part of Viet Nam in October 1999.
Major natural disasters in Viet Nam (1990-2020)
Year and
Month

Place

Type of Disaster

Number of
DeathsNovember,
1997

Binh Dinh Provinceand others

Typhoon (Linda)

October, 1999

Thanh Hoa Provinceand other central coast
area

Flood

Coastal area in central Viet Nam experienced flooding caused by heavy rain over711 2,000mm in 1 week where over 3.4 million people were affected and 90,000 left
homeless.

May, 2006

All Viet Nam andPhilippines, China

Tropical cyclone（Chanchu）

204

The tropical storm Chanchu (Caloy/T0601) killed 204 and affected 600,000 in Viet
Nam. In Philippines, 37 people was killed and 53,000 people were affected.

August, 2008

Northern region

Flash Flood, Land
slide

100

More than 100 people were dead or missing in flash floods and landslides as heavy
rains brought by tropical storm Kammuri pounded mountainous northern Vietnam.

November,
2009

Central and SouthernHighlands, Van CanhTyphoon（Mirinae）

Typhoon Mirinae in central and southern highland caused heavy rain (from hundreds
116 to 1,000 mm) at night of November 2nd. Flood caused 116 people killed, 125 people
injured, and 96024 affected.

November,
2017

10 provinces and thecity of Danag

Typhoon（Damrey）

123

Typhoon Damrey caused 123 death and damaged 40,000 houses in 10 provinces andthe city of Danang on November 4th.

November,
2020

Northern and Central
Viet Nam

Typhoon（Vamco, andothers）

239

6 typhoons which attacked in about 1 month including typhoon Vamco caused at least
239 death or missing,（Note）Natural disasters which number of deaths is more than 100 are listed.

9

Overview

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting

3,682

Typhoon Linda killed 3,682, injured 857, left 383,045 homeless.

Disaster risk reduction in Viet Nam
 For disaster risk reduction (DRR), hard and soft measures are planned andimplemented by Vietnam government.
 661 program (5 million ha reforestation program) is also effective as a DRR measure.
Examples of DRR program in Viet Nam
Hard

DisasterFlood

Measures to Structures
 In Mekong River, construction oflevee and expansion of drainage
functions decrease flood damage.
 Along Red River in Hanoi city, thelevee which can deal with disasters
whose scale are 100-year return
period is developed. The levee ismanaged by Department of Dyke
Management & Flood and Storm
Control (DDMFSC), MARD.

Risk Assessment
 Flood hazard map has beendeveloped based on past floodby Mekong River Committee.

Monitoring

Nonstructural Measures

 National HydroMeteorological
Service (NHMS),
MONRE isresponsible forweathermonitoring, flood
forecasting,
distributing
information,
developing hazard
map.
 Broadband
seismometer 661 program (5 million ha reforestation
program) has been implemented in response
to past flood disasters caused by significant
rate of deforestation.
 Disaster risk reduction at a community level is
implemented in some province and commune.
A committee is developed, the committee starts
activities after developing the organizationroute of information distribution, and hazard
map.

Earthquake, Tsunami-Landdisaster(Land slide,
Debris flow）

 Landslide risk assessment using
satellite images has been
implemented in the central
highland by JICA.

-

-

-

-

 A disaster monitoring system in the Disaster
Management Center (DMC) monitors, records,
reports data of serious risk and damage causedby disasters.

Common10

Soft-

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting-Natural disaster in Myanmar Tropical cyclone Nargis in 2008 stands out as a disaster that has caused a large numberof deaths since 1990.
Major natural disasters in Myanmar (1990-2020)
Year and
Month

Place

Type of Disaster

Number of
DeathsOverview
On 19 May, a storm that formed over the Bay of Bengal crossed the southwest
coast in Myanmar near the border with Bangladesh. The storm with winds of over
160 km per hour caused tidal surges and flooding in the four towns in RakhineState. 140 people were dead, 3,700 families (approximately 18,000 people) wereaffected and made temporarily homeless , over 1,000 houses were destroyed.

May, 2004

Pauktaw, Myebon,
Sittway, Kyaukpyu in
Rakhine State

Tropical cyclone,
Flood, Tidal Surge

140

December,
2004

Sumatra island inIndonesia, Myanmar,
othersEarthquake,
Tsunami (Sumatra
earthquake)

More 226,000
over the world(including
Myanmar)

The Sumatra earthquake that occurred on December 26th caused extensive
damage. More than 226,000 people were killed in many countries includingIndonesia and .

about140,000

Approximately 140,000 people died due to tidal surge of 2~3 m.
【Background of the disaster】 The course of the tropical cyclone was
unexperienced for local people, the delay in evacuating due to lack of a sufficientdisaster forecast and warning system, and no place to escape in large delta area are
the main reasons for the increase in the number of deaths.

May, 2008

MyanmarTropical cyclone(Nargis)

October,
2011

Unknown

Heavy storm, Flashflood

July, 2015

Western state ofRakhine, Kachin Stateand Sagaing Region

Flood（ Note）Natural disasters which number of deaths is more than 100 are listed.

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Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting

100

More than 100 people died by flash flood caused by heavy rain.

103

Flood was occurred on July 2nd due to heavy rain over past few days, in westernstate of Rakhine. The flood destroyed nearly 200 homes and 1,500 people were
evacuated. Flood was occurred on July 19th in Kachin and Sagaing state, affected57,000 people.

Disaster risk reduction in Myanmar Myanmar government promotes countermeasures to tsunami damage using mangrove
plantation.
Examples of DRR program in Myanmar
Hard

Disaster

Risk Assessment

Monitoring

Nonstructural Measures Irrigation and Water Utilization
Management Department(IWUMD), Ministry ofAgriculture, Livestock and
Irrigation: operation of multipurpose dams, maintenance andmanagement of levees to protect
cropland from floods

 IWUMD: development of Department of Meteorology
hazard map
and Hydrology (DMH):
 48 cities are designated as flood
meteorological anddamage potential areashydrological observations,forecasting and warning of
typhoons and floods
 Observation interval is 3
hours in normal, 0.5~1 hour
during disasters FD, MONREC: management of annual
allowance cut of timber
 IWUMD and FD: protection andregeneration of forest in major river basins Department of relief and resettlement:
implementation of disaster management
training at regional and state level Construction of tsunami andevacuation shelters in Delta
Earthquak Mangrove plantation in Deltae, Tsunami
as a measure to mitigate
tsunami Myanmar Geoscience Society
 DMH: seismic observation,(MGS): development of seismic
analysis and transmission
zone distribution map and(around the clock basis)
geological structure map National and regional government:
evacuation training for damage from tsunamiLanddisaster(Land slide,
Debrisflow）

 MGS: development of hazard
map for sediment disaster MGS and Myanmar Engineering Society(MES): holding workshops on land slides insome regions

Flood

Typhoon,Cyclone12

Measures to Structures

Soft Construction of levees with
evacuation sites and drinking
water ponds in areas where thefrequency of typhoon is high.

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting DMH: Heavy rain warning International donors(UNDP,
 Observation by DMH
ADRC, Seeds Asia, Action Aid,etc.): risk assessment invulnerable area, community
support-F-DRR in Myanmar
 In response to the tropical cyclone Nargis in 2008 and other disasters which havecaused many deaths, ministries and other related organizations (Myanmar Engineering
Society, Myanmar Geoscience Society, etc.) published “Hazard Profile of Myanmar” in
2009, supported by UK government. The report provides the frequency and scale ofoccurrence, geographical characteristics (vulnerable areas, etc.), suggestion of DRR
approaches for each type of disaster.
Disaster in Forest, Proposal for F-DRR (Forest-based Disaster Risk Reduction)
Disaster

Forest referred as disaster target

Proposal of F-DRR (Forest-based Disaster Risk Reduction)

Cyclone- It is effective to plant patches of mangroves along coasts and rivers.

Drought- Eucalyptus and Acacia are planted to restore forest in dry regions.

Flood

-

 IWUMD and FD work together to implement forest conservation andreforestation in high risk areas to mitigate risk of flood.

Forest Fire

 Forest fires frequently have been caused by burning for land conversion. Spontaneous combustion dur todrought is also one of a factor of forest fires.
 Forest fires occur frequently during the dry season(December to May) In some cases, firebreaks are set by harvesting as acountermeasure.

Surge,
Tsunami-13

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting

 In Ayeyarwady delta and southern part of Myanmar, mangrove forest has acertain effect of tide restriction

Natural disaster in Indonesia
 Thousands of people are often killed by earthquakes and tsunamis.
Major natural disasters in Indonesia (1990-2020)
Year andMonth
December,
1992
November,
2003
December,
2004

Place
Flores Island
North
SumatraSumatraisland, andothersJuly, 2006

East Java

September,
2009
December,
2014

SumatraislandCentralIndonesia
LombokislandSlawesiislandSentani
District,
Papua
province

August, 2018
September,
2018
March, 2019

Type of
DisasterEarthquake,
Tsunami
Heavy rain,
Flash flood
Earthquake,
Tsunami(Sumatraearthquake)

Number of
Deaths2,100
100More 226,000
over the world

Earthquake,
Tsunami100

Earthquake

1,200

Heavy rain,
Land slide

108

Earthquake

564

Earthquake,
Tsunami

3,400

Flood

206

Overview
Flash flood caused by heavy rain in tourists spot of Sumatra island killed at least 100 people.
The Sumatra earthquake that occurred on December 26th caused extensive damage. More than
226,000 people were killed in many countries including Indonesia and .
An earthquake occurred 355 km south of Jakarta, Java island on 17th July. At least 100 people
killed, 150 injured and many buildings destroyed by a tsunami with wave heights of at least two
meters in the Pangandaran area.
An earthquake of magnitude 7.9 and depth 87km has struck a highly populated area in theSumatera Barat Province.
Heavy rains in central Indonesia loosened soil and collapsed a hill, setting off a landslide thatkilled at least 18 villagers and left 90 others missing under piles of mud.
There are three times earthquakes in northern part of Lombok island on 29th July, 5th and 19th
August. Number of deaths by the 3 earthquakes were more than 500.
An earthquake occurred on 28th September caused extensive damage due to liquefaction, andalso caused land slide and tsunami.
112 people were killed with 94 missing, and 915 injured by flash flood and land slide after heavy
rain. 17,000 people evacuated.

（ Note）Natural disasters which number of deaths is more than 100 are listed.

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Mitsubishi UFJ Research and ConsultingDisaster risk reduction in Indonesia
Examples of DRR program in Indonesia
Hard

DisasterFlood

Earthquake, Tsunami

Measures to Structures
 River Basin Headquarter (BBWS) andRiver Basin Office (BWS), Ministry of
Public Works and Housing (PUPR):
flood management, construction andmanagement of flood control structures
 BNPB: development of guidelines forcomprehensive disaster risk analysis in
major infrastructure construction
 Ministry of Marin and Fisheries (KKP):
plantation in const side, constructionof stilt houses
 Ache region: 4 evacuation building
including the Ache Tsunami Memorial
Hall which can accommodate 6,000
peopleLand
disaster(Land slide,
Debrisflow）
VolcanoCommon15

Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting

Soft
Risk Assessment

Monitoring

Nonstructural Measures

 Province and city government: general
hazard map development
 In Jakarta, flood base map is developed
every year.

 Local office of PUPR:
hydrological observation
 Agency for Meteorology,
Climatology, and Geophysics(BMKG): meteorologicalobservation

 BNPB: development of disaster data baseincluding flood data since 1822
 Local office of PUPR: development offlood warning guidelines for each rainyseason PUPR: development of manual for flood
early warning and evacuation system

 BNPB: development of national hazard map
 Research Center for Geotechnology:
development of tsunami hazard map forwest Slawesi, Gorontalo, and Ache

 BMKG: development ofseismic intensity distribution
map, regular seismic
observation
 Agency for Assessment andApplication of Technology(BPPT) and Geospatial
Information Agency (BIG):tsunami observation
 CVGHM: land disaster
observation using GPS andrain gauge

 Ministry of Research and Technology :development of guidelines for national
standard of evacuation from tsunami
 Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI):
education material to mitigate tsunami
damage Construction of including the Ache
Tsunami Memorial Hall for tsunami
education
 Manual for debris flow and flash flood CVGHM: observation of allactive volcanoes which have
erupted since 1600

 Evacuation of community from dangerous
area after eruption of mount Merapi-

 WEB-GIS database 「GEOSPASIAL」:
information on damage caused bydisasters within 30 days, various
hazard map, map of administrative
boundaries, etc.

 Center for Volcanology and Geological
Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM): distributionof dangerous area map which are developed
based on land slide risk area map andmonthly rainfall forecast to the target area
 BNPB: development of hazard map on landdisaster成 BNPB and CVGHM: development of hazard
map on volcano disaster Now developing regional own alert andevacuation information system for somespecific volcano-

Key points for overseas expansion of DRR projects by
Japanese entities–Development of sustainable organization arrangements

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Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting

Example of F-DRR project by international organization
Japan Red Cross「Disaster management in Viet Nam」
（1997~2015）


Objective: Supporting disaster vulnerable community to become safer and more resilientfrom disaster risk and climate change impactSite: 8 province in northern coastal area, 2 province in mountainous area

Type of F-DRR
NativeEcosystem Forest in mountainous area
 Coastal area, Ocean

Type of
Disaster Mountain disaster: land slide,debris flow Coastal disaster: Tsunami, surge

Type of
F-DRR

 Conservation and management ofexisting native ecosystem Creation of a new ecosystem Integration of artificial
construction and native ecosystem

Beneficiaries: 356 communities, 72 regions in 10 province, direct beneficiaries 125 thousand people
and indirect beneficiaries 2 million people

F-DRR technology:Mangrove plantation in coastal area and tree plantation in mountainous area, and their management

Plantation area: 10,408.6ha（Mangrove 9,740.6ha, Others 668ha）

Effect of the programConservation effect by Mangrove: protection of coast side and river side, decreasing number of deaths by disasters,
reduction of cost for maintenance of levees, mitigation of physical damage by disasters (infrastructure, crop,
livestock and fishery resources)

Livelihood improvement: mangrove’s function as a natural aquaculture pond for fish and shrimp

Ecological effect: CO2 sequestration, nutrient and sediment retention, biodiversity, water purification, water supply

Key points of the program

Sharing understanding on the effects of mangrove plantation with local government and communities



Project proponents and partners：-

Mangrove Plantation

Japan Red Cross (JRC) cooperated with Vietnam Red Cross (VRC), and by spending more than ten years on the
project, it was possible to involve local communities and transfer the necessary technology.

-

As JRC closely communicated with local government through VRC as a counter part, it was possible to deal
with issues such as land ownership.

-

In collaboration with the local Mangrove Ecosystem Research Center (MERC), JRC verified the effects ofmangrove plantation.

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Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting

Project Activity

Support needs for DRR including F-DRR
 Issues and needs on DRR by each country is below. The applicability of Japanese F-DRR
technologies should be considered based on those issues and needs.
Viet Nam

MyanmarIndonesia

 Capacity of forecasting and detailed
understanding of extreme weather
events (flash flood, land slide andcoastal erosion, etc.)

 Early warning of floods and flood
control plans and countermeasures;
 for wide area flood caused bytyphoons and tropical cyclones
 for flash flood in mountainous areasand semi-dried areas

 Measures to large scale flood
 Driver of frequent large scale flood:large scale land conversion including
conversion from forest to palm oil
plantation

 Technical requirement andinvestment for introduction of DRR
infrastructures in mountainous areas Knowledge of the relationshipbetween forest and natural disastermitigation (appropriate planting
species, area, forest distribution, etc.)
 Restriction on timber harvesting (roadconstruction, area of harvesting, etc.)

 Introduction and improvement ofadvance hardware measures against
land disasters
 DRR by communities for landdisasters Preparation of a budget for flood
control measure Preparation of a budget for DRR in
regional level
 Especially for water disasterprevention
 Measures to future expansion of scaleof tropical cyclones, increase ofdamage by tidal surge
 Measures to fire in peat land
 There are both natural driver (ElNiño) and anthropogenic driver(burning for land conversion).

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Conclusions

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Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting

Conclusions
 All 3 countries have a forest coverage rate of less 50% and promote forest conservation.
Viet Nam and Myanmar, which are located on the continent and are long from north tosouth, and Indonesia, which is an island country long from east to west, have various
differences in climate and topography. All three countries have mangrove forest incoast side.
 Indonesia has the highest number of disasters, followed by Viet Nam and Myanmar.
Indonesia has significantly more flood, land slide, earthquake and tsunami, volcano
than other two countries, while fewer typhoon. Most of the disasters in Viet Nam andMyanmar are typhoon and cyclone, flood, flash flood.
 Regarding DRR by national governments, a supervising ministry leads in Viet Nam, across-ministerial organization is developed in Myanmar, and an independent
organization under the president is developed in Indonesia. All the ministries in chargeof forest are also partly responsible for DRR.
 In Viet Nam, the focal point of DRR and forest are the same, MARD.
 In the 3 countries, DRR measures have been considered, but the practice of Eco-DRR
and F-DRR has not been implemented yet. The applicability of Japanese F-DRR
technologies should be considered based on the issues and needs in the countries.
 In all 3 countries, JICA is one of the main international donors for (F-)DRR.
 As a key point in the participation of Japanese private entities, it can be a sustainable
program by building a cooperative system with local stakeholders.
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