1ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTOF PIG EXCRETA IN KOREAWEPA 11th annual meeting
Vansana Riverside Hotel, Vientiane, Lao P.D.R
2016.01.26
Eu Gene Chung, Ph.D

2Contents• Introduction• Current Status of Pig Rearing in Korea• Environmental Impacts of Excreta• Livestock Excreta Management• Conclusions

3INTRODUCTION

4Purposes• Describing current situation of pig rearing via statistics inKorea• Number of pigs, pig production, size of farms• Presenting various impacts of intensive livestock farmingon the multi-media environment• Addressing issues on pig excreta management• Introducing efforts to manage livestock excreta in Korea

5CURRENT STATUS OF PIG
REARING IN KOREA

6

Current livestock status in Korea• Farming dominated by family run businesses• Until 70’s, only part of the activities of a mixed farm
• Crops were grown and different animal species were kept
• Since 80’s, Increase of market demands of livestock
Consumption of livestock
products/yr/person

products 45
pigs

40

livestock product
35
30
25
20
15
10
501970

1975

1980

1985

1990

Year

1995

2000

2005

2010

7

Current status of pigs in Korea• Specialization of farmers and commercialization of farms

due to increase of market demands• As a consequence increase of animal numbers and farm
sizes

Number of pigs

12,000,000

Foot-and –mouth disease

10,000,000

8,000,000

6,000,000

4,000,000

2,000,000

0
1983

1988

1993

1998

Year

2003

2008

2013

8

Current status of pigs in Korea• Intensive livestock farming
30,000

Number of pig farms

25,000>10,000
5000-9999

20,0004000-4999
3000-3999
2000-2999

15,0001000-1999
500-999
300-499

10,000100-299
50-99
5,000

20-49
<200
1998

2003

2008

Year

2013

9Key on-farm environmental aspect• Related to the natural living processes• Much of the nutrients via excreta• Nitrogen consumption, utilization and losses in the production of a
pig for slaughter with a final live weight of 108 kg

Source: Ajinomoto, 2000

• Excreta from intensive livestock farms vs. environment10

Current status of manure treatment• Total amount of livestock excreta was about 127,000

m3/day in 2014
• Most excreta from milk cow/cattle and poultry wascomposted into manure while that from pig was variously
treatedSelf
6%

Poultry,16%
Pig,39%Public18%
Liquid18%

Cattle,30%

Milkcow,15%

Manure58%

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ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS

12

Environmental aspects• Flow of excreta and nutrients along the whole productionchain• Positive environmental aspects• Excreta substituting manufactured mineral fertilizer• Potential negative environmental aspects

Source: Pahl, 1999

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Potential negative environmental aspects• Surface waters and groundwater pollutions (NO3-, NH4+)• Eutrophication (N, P)14

Potential negative environmental aspects• Acidification (NH3 mainly, H2S,SO2, NOx, etc)
• Airborne pollution (NH3, N2O,NO,dust, bio-aerosols, etc)
• Increase of greenhouse effect(CO2, CH4, N2O, etc)

15

Potential negative environmental aspects• Local disturbance (odor, noise)• A lot of filing civil complaints

16

Potential negative environmental aspects• Diffuse spreading of heavy metals, pesticides and toxicsubstances• Spreading of pathogens including antibiotic-resistantpathogens• Residues of pharmaceuticals in waters

17

Typical treatment process of excreta

Source: Jeong et al. 2014

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Livestock manure in Korea• About 90% of livestock excreta was composted into manureand liquid fertilization• But… Not much places to go• Agricultural land has decreased
2500000

Permanent cropsPaddy

Area (ha)2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
01975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Year
• No more dumping at sea since 2012 due to London Convention on

Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other matter

19Issues on intensive livestock
management in Korea
1. Issues on excreta management• Unclear processes of discharge, collection, transportation andtreatment of excreta• Inconsistent quality of manure and liquid manure
2. Issues on pig farming management• Farmers and operators of facilities under no systematic supervision• Intensive rearing farms discharging excreta over local
environmental capacities• Unauthorized or undeclared farms supposedly not located in theareas such as ‘reserve areas for water services’20

LIVESTOCK MANUREMANAGEMENT

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Related ministries and in Korea• Two Ministries mainly responsible for policies of livestock

management and use••

Ministry of Environment (ME)Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)• Acts related to livestock management• Act on the Management and Use of Livestock Excreta• Livestock Industry Act• Fertilizer Control Act• Environment-Friendly Agriculture Fosterage Act• ME has changed paradigm of livestock management• Considering excreta as resources not just waste• Adopting preventive approaches

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Legal amendment
1. Issues on excreta management• ‘Livestock Excreta Electronic Transfer System’• Reinforcement of standards for manure and liquid manure• Development of installation standards both of biogas and of solid
fuel facilities
2. Issues on pig farming management• ‘Livestock Excreta Survey’ for regional environmental capacities→ for future enactment of Nutrient Management Plan
• Expansion of livestock restricted areas including water
conservation zone, buffer zone and etc.

23Livestock Excreta Electronic Transfer
System (LEETS)• Purpose• To build clear processes of discharge, collection, transportationand treatment of excreta• Target• Urine and liquid manure of pigs
• How to• Tracking tank truck with urine or liquid manure from sources (e.g.
pig farm) to places where liquid manure applied by GPS• Pilot project applications• Jeju Island and Saemangeum watershed• According to ‘Act on the Management and Use ofLivestock Excreta’, the system is planed to be applied to
all the nation from 2017

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Livestock Excreta Electronic Transfer
System (LEETS)• Electronic transfer procedure

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Excreta as resources – manure• Reinforcement of standards for manure and liquidmanure (‘14)
Parameters
ManureLiquidmanureStandard

Cu< 500 mg/kg

Zn< 1,200 mg/kg

Decay degree

Standards negotiated by ME & MAFRA

Water contents> 95 %

Salt< 2.0 %

Cu

< 70 mg/kg

Zn< 170 mg/kg• Appeasement of agricultural area required for applicationof liquid manure of pig (m2/count) (‘10)
Grassland> 140

Paddy> 260

Permanent crop and orchard
> 170

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Livestock Excreta Survey (LES)• Preventive approach• Purpose• Effectively to establish and drive policies for livestock
management and use• Parameters of survey for local government unit
• Livestock status : livestock number, excreta discharge and etc.
• Nutrient status : consumption of inorganic and organic fertilizers,
imported/exported manure, harvested crops and forages,
nutrients in the soil and etc.
• Environmental status : nutrients, heavy metal, odor and etc.
• Livestock Excreta Survey is expected to play animportant role to implement site-specific livestock
management and to be a basis of Nutrient ManagementPlan

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CONCLUSIONS

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Conclusions• Intensive livestock industries have been grown up in

Korea due to increase of market demands of livestock
products• Intensive livestock farming has various potential negative
impacts on the environment• In particular, pig excreta and manure have beenhighlighted as the center of environmental issues in Korea• ME fully has recognized how important is pig excreta
management for water quality and has prosecuted various
environmental policies

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THANK YOU