I．Read the following passage and answer the subsequent questions using the answer sheet.
In very small quantities, plant hormones, such as [ 1 ], [ 2 ], [ 3 ], [ 4 ] and[ 5 ], regulate the growth and development of plants. [ 1 ], [ 2 ] and [ 3 ]promote plant growth, whereas [ 4 ] and [ 5 ] inhibit it. A major function of [ 1 ]is the acceleration of cell enlargement, for [ 2 ] the promotion of stem elongation and for[ 3 ] the acceleration of cell division, whereas [ 4 ] promotes the falling of leaves andthe acceleration of [ 5 ] fruit [ 6 ] in addition to the inhibition of plant growth. Plant
hormones are synthesized in an organ of the plant body, and in many cases are transported toother organs to show their activities. For example, [ 2 ] and [ 3 ] are mainly
synthesized in roots, and transported to the apical meristem or leaves through [ 7 ] bytranspiration flows. [ 5 ] is a gas and how this hormone is transported in the plant body
had long been unknown. Now, however, we know that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic
acid (ACC), the [ 8 ] of [ 5 ], is the form of the transportation of [ 5 ]. Other thanthese 5 hormones, such substances as brassinolide and jasmonic acid are recognized as plant
hormones.
Flowering is a very important physiological event for plants and affected by environmental
factors, especially 1temperature and 2daylength. 3Chailakhyan clarified that a substancesynthesized in a leaf is transported to the apical meristem and promotes flower bud initiation
there, using a [ 9 ] plant, cocklebur (Xanthium). This substance to promote flower bud
initiation, synthesized in a leaf, is called [ 10 ]. The true character of [ 10 ] had notbeen known for a long period, but recently it was revealed that [ 10 ] was a protein called[ 11 ].
1．Fill in the blanks ( [ 1 ]−[ 11 ] ) in the above passage from the list given below and record
the appropriate letters (A−Z) in the designated spaces (I−1 (1)~(11)) on the answer sheet.
A
D
G
J
M
P
S
V
Y

abscisic acidauxin
day-neutral
FT
juvenilization
maturation
phloemproduct
short-day

B
E
H
K
N
Q
T
W
Z

adrenalincytokine
ethylene
gibberellin
long-daymetabolite
polyphenol
propylene
xylem

1

C
F
I
L
O
R
U
X

ATP
cytokinin
florigenglobulinmalic acid
oxaloacetic acidprecursor
RuBP

2．Which of the following sentences is incorrect as an explanation of the relationship between
flowering and temperature, as shown in the underlined part 1 above? Record the letter(A−D) of the incorrect sentence in the designated space (I−2) on the answer sheet.
A Many of plants that germinate in autumn and flower in the next spring require acertain period of low temperatures for flower bud initiation.
B Many of plants that germinate in spring and flower in summer require a certain
period of low temperatures for flower bud initiation.
C Flowering of short-day plants is affected only by temperature when the daylengthis shorter than the critical daylength.
D Day-neutral plants, where flowering is independent of the influence of daylength,
generally initiate flower buds earlier when temperature is higher.
3．In the relationship between flowering and daylength, as shown in the underlined part 2
above, it is not the length of a day but the length of a night that is significant
physiologically. In a greenhouse growing chrysanthemums that is located near a road withfrequent traffic even at night, the plants receive light due to car headlights. Which statement
is correct concerning the effect of headlights on flowering of chrysanthemums in thisgreenhouse? Record the letter (A−E) for the appropriate sentence in the designated space(I−3) on the answer sheet.
A Because chrysanthemum is a short-day plant, flowering is delayed.
B Because chrysanthemum is a short-day plant, flowering is hastened.
C Although chrysanthemums are responsive to daylength, feeble lights from carheadlights do not affect flowering.
D Because chrysanthemum is a long-day plant, flowering is delayed.
E Because chrysanthemum is a long-day plant, flowering is hastened.
4．In the experiment conducted by Chailakhyan, described in the underlined part 3 above,
which experimental operation is indispensable to prove that [ 10 ] synthesized in a leaf
is transported to the apical meristem and promotes the initiation of flower bud? Record theletter (A−E) of the explanation that describes the appropriate experimental operation in thedesignated space (I−4) on the answer sheet.
A A short-day treatment was given to a plant with only one leaf, and where otherleaves were pruned.
B A short-day treatment was given to a plant where the apical portion including a
growing point, had been excised.
C A short-day treatment was given to a whole plant.
D A short-day treatment was given to only one leaf on a plant.
E A short-day treatment was given to a plant with all its leaves pruned.
2

II．Read the following passage and answer the subsequent questions using the answer sheet.
Natural ecosystems have diversified functions, including fixation of energy, circulation ofmatter, natural regulation of population, conservation and resilience of the system andconservation of bio-diversity. Fixation of energy is mainly conducted through [ 1 ] byplants. [ 1 ] is a process to fix [ 2 ] in the atmosphere and synthesize [ 3 ] using[ 4 ] energy. Large quantities of [ 2 ] are fixed annually and accumulated inecosystems as [ 3 ] for energy source. In an ecosystem, various matters circulate. For
example, [ 5 ] in the atmosphere is fixed by [ 6 ], which can fix gaseous [ 5 ]directly, and after that it is absorbed by plants, symbiotic with that [ 6 ]. Then, [ 5 ] isprovided to soils by the death of plants and/or abscission of leaves and branches, decomposedby soil [ 6 ], and partly returns to the atmosphere by denitrification. Natural regulation of
population is an important function of an ecosystem and a population density of each species
is maintained as a result of mutual interactions of diversified species, providing resilience tothe ecosystem to some extent. In order for natural regulation of population, and maintenanceand resilience of the system, biological interactions are significant and the conservation of
1bio-diversity is prerequisite. When bio-diversity of a system is well conserved, natural
regulation of population, and maintenance and resilience of the system can work well. On theother hand, although agricultural lands, an artificial ecosystem, have various functions likenatural ecosystems, they differ from natural ecosystems in many ways. Generally,
2ecosystems on agricultural lands are unstable and fragile, in comparison to natural
ecosystems.
Ecologically, weeds are plant species adapted to disturbed environments. Agricultural lands
fundamentally form an ecosystem frequently disturbed by human beings and provide weeds
with appropriate habitats. Therefore, weeds grow very well on agricultural lands. Because
both crops and weeds are adapted to the same environment, it is difficult to control anderadicate weeds in agricultural lands. As grown in the same habitat, 3hybridization between
crops and weeds frequently occurs, sometimes resulting in the generation of new crops or
weeds. 4Crops have been selected by human beings and differ in many ways from wild plants
and weeds.
1．Fill in the blanks ( [ 1 ]−[ 6 ] ) in the above passage from the list given below and record
the appropriate letters (A−O) in the designated spaces (II−1 (1)～(6)) on the answer sheet.
A
D
G
J
M

Annelida
dormancy
light
nitrogenprotein

B
E
H
K
N

carbohydrate
heat
lipid
oxygenrespiration

3

C
F
I
L
O

carbon dioxide
insects
microorganisms
photosynthesiswater

2．To quantitatively evaluate the bio-diversity of the system shown in the underlined part 1,
various diversity indices are used. The following equation shows the calculation method of
one of the popular indices, Simpson’s diversity index (D). Now, there are 4 plant
populations i) − iv), with the same area and the same number of composed species, shownin tables below. Regarding Simpson’s diversity index and these 4 populations, whichstatement is incorrect? Record the letter (A−E) of the incorrect sentence in the designatedspace (II−2) on the answer sheet.
Equation:S

D = 1 – Σ pi2 (S : number of species、pi : n/N、n : number of indivisual ofi=1i th species、N : Total number of individual)

Tablesi) Paddy field in a temperate areaii) Maize field in the tropics

SpeciesNumberrice
24*
Echinochloa oryzicola
1
Sagittaria*
1*
water chestnut
1
common duckweed*
1*water clover1
common sedge*
1

Speciesmaizecommon crab grass*goose grass*green foxtail*weedy sorghum*common purslane*
Bermuda grass*iii) Home garden in the tropics
Speciesmaizecassavachilli pepper
groundnut
eggplant
common crab grass *green foxtail**Number
18
3
1
3
3
1
1

iv) Wild bush forest in the tropics

Number
6
3
9
3
3
3
3

Species
paper mulberry**bamboo A**
bamboo B**
cogon grass*wild sorghum**wild bitter gourd**boneset*Number
6
3
6
3
6
3
3

weed, ** wild plant

A The larger the Simpson’s diversity index D, the larger the bio-diversity of thesystem.
B As the paddy field in a temperate area (i) is well managed, the bio-diversity issmall.
C The bio-diversity of the maize field in the tropics (ii) is smaller than that in the
paddy field in the temperate area (i).
D The bio-diversity of the tropical home garden (iii), with diversified crop species, ishigher than those of the paddy field in the temperate area (i) and the maize field in
the tropics (ii).
E The bio-diversity of the wild bush forest in the tropics (iv) is higher than those of
the paddy field in the temperate area (i) and the maize field in the tropics (ii).
43．Regarding the ecosystems of agricultural lands shown in the underlined part 2, whichstatement is incorrect? Record the letter (A−E) of the incorrect sentence in the designatedspace (II−3) on the answer sheet.
A As a few crop species occupy most of the system, bio-diversity is low.
B As human beings manage the system, the ability to restore the system is almost
lost.
C As the species composition is simple, natural regulation of population works well.
D Depletion of specific elements is conspicuous.
E As the harvest is brought out of the system, material circulation is not completed.

4．Regarding hybridization between crops and related weed species, as indicated in theunderlined part 3, which statement is incorrect? Record the letter (A−E) of the incorrectsentence in the designated space (II−4) on the answer sheet.
A

In the case where both a crop and weed belong to the same species, hybridization
occurs frequently and fertile seeds are produced.
B In the case where a crop belongs to the same genus as a weed but different species,
hybridization is not rare, but fertile seeds are produced in rare cases.
C In the case where a crop and a weed belong to the different genera, hybridization
rarely occurs.
D In the case where a diploid crop hybridizes with a tetraploid weed with the same
genome composition, F1 hybrid plants produce fertile seeds.
E In the case where an F1 hybrid plant between a crop and a weed hybridizes
repeatedly with the crop in the following generations, genes of weeds disappear soonin many cases.
5．Concerning the different traits of crops compared to those of weeds and wild plants, as
indicated in the underline part 4, which statement is inappropriate in the case of cereal
crops? Record the letter (A−E) of the inappropriate sentence in the designated space (II−5)
on the answer sheet.
A
B
C
D
E

Utilized parts are gigantic.
Seeds shatter and fall before ripening.
Seeds does not show dormancy.
Seeds do not have a light-germinating trait.
There are very few spines or prickles in leaves, stems and testa.

5III. Read the following passage and answer the subsequent questions 1–4.
The salt concentration of the body fluid in marine bony fishes, such as the cod, isapproximately [ 1 ] % of the sea water. Therefore, such fishes constantly lose water, andbalance the water loss 1by drinking large amounts of seawater. By drinking sea water,
however, these fishes also incorporate salts. They make use of both their [ 2 ] and [ 3 ]to rid themselves of salts. In the [ 2 ], [ 4 ] actively transport Cl- out, and Na+ follows
passively. In the [ 3 ], excess Ca2+ and SO42- are excreted with the loss of only small
amounts of water
Like bony fishes, marine cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks, have an internal salt
concentration much less than sea water, so salts tend to diffuse into their bodies from thewater, especially across their [ 2 ]. Unlike bony fishes, however, marine cartilaginous
fishes are not hypoosmotic to sea water. The body fluid of these fishes contains highconcentration of 2urea, a nitrogen waste product of protein metabolism, and these fishes keep
an osmolarity slightly higher than that of sea water. Water slowly enters the body of thesefishes by osmosis. This small influx of water is disposed of in urine.
The body fluids of freshwater animals must have salt concentrations higher thanthose of freshwater because animal cells cannot tolerate the low salt concentrations offreshwater. Having internal fluids with an osmolarity higher than that of their surroundings,
freshwater bony fishes, such as the gold fish, face the problem of gaining water by osmosisand losing salts by diffusion. These fishes solve the problem of water balance by excretinglarge amounts of very dilute urine. At the same time, salts lost by diffusion and in the urine
are replenished by eating, and [ 4 ] in the [ 2 ] actively transport Cl- into the body, andNa+ follows.
1.

Fill in the blanks ([ 1 ]-[ 4 ]) in the above passage from the list given below andrecord the appropriate letters (A-P) in the designated spaces (III–1 (1)~(4)) on the answer
sheet.
A
D
G
J
M
P

2.

10
100
300
gills
lungs
sweat glands

B
E
H
K
N

33
150
chloride cells
guts
salt glands

C
F
I
L
O

66
200
contractile vacuoles
kidneysskin

As shown in the underlined statement 1, marine bony fishes drink large amounts ofseawater. Do marine cartilaginous fishes and freshwater bony fishes drink theirsurrounding water or not? Choose the most appropriate answer from A–D and record theletter in the designated space (III–2) on the answer sheet.
6

A
B
C
D

3.

As shown in the underlined statement 2, urea is a major nitrogen waste product of protein
metabolism in cartilaginous fishes. Choose two other animal groups that excrete urea as amajor nitrogen waste product of protein metabolism from the list given below, and record
the appropriate letters (A-F) in the designated spaces (III–3 (1)~(2)) on the answer sheet.
A
C
E

4.

Both marine cartilaginous fishes and freshwater bony fishes drink large amountsof their surrounding water.
Marine cartilaginous fishes drink large amounts of sea water, but freshwater bony
fishes drink almost no water.
Freshwater bony fishes drink large amounts of fresh water, but marine
cartilaginous fishes drink almost no water.
Both marine cartilaginous fishes and freshwater bony fishes drink almost no
water.

amphibians (adults)
birds
mammalsB
DF

amphibians (larvae)
bony fishes
reptilesAlthough urea is synthesized in the whole body of cartilaginous fishes, urea synthesis isrestricted to an organ in the two animal groups that you answered in the previous question.
Choose the name of this organ from A–F and record the letter in the designated space (III–4) on the answer sheet.
AD

bladderkidney

B
E

gill
liver

C
F

gut
lung

IV. Read the following passage and answer the subsequent questions 1–3.
A worker ant forages out of the nest, and when it finds food, it brings the food back to its nest.
When foraging, the ant hovers around, but when it finds food, it returns straight to its nest.
Therefore, the ant knows the direction of the nesting location. Ants know the direction from alandmark such as a big tree, or by referring to the direction of the sun. Although a landmark
does not usually change its place with time, 1the direction of the sun changes with time yet theant precisely knows the direction of the nest. In addition, 2ants know the direction of thenesting location if any part of the blue sky is visible, even though the sun is covered withclouds.
When a worker ant returns to its nest, it deposits a substance called “trail pheromone”
on the ground. Then other workers in the nest can also reach the food source by following thetrail pheromone.
7

1.

Among the sentences A-F about ants, choose two that are incorrect, and record theappropriate letters in the designated spaces (IV–1 (1)~(2)) on the answer sheet.
A
B
C
D
E

F

2.

Choose the physiological mechanisms that are closely related to the abilities shown in theunderlined statements 1 and 2 from A-F, and record the appropriate letter for the underlined
statement 1 in the designated space (IV–2(1)) and the appropriate letter for the underlined
statement 2 in the designated space (IV–2(2)) on the answer sheet.
A
C
E

3.

Worker ants are female, but they usually do not lay eggs.
Worker ants remove their wings by themselves.
In ants, females develop from fertilized eggs whereas males develop fromunfertilized eggs.
The number of ant species that have been described is more than twice that of thenumber of mammal species.
Insects that live in colonies and manifest group integration, division of labor, andoverlap of generations, such as ants, termites, bees and wasps are called “social
insects”.
Ants, termites, bees and wasps are closely related systematically, and all of them
are holometabolous insects.

chemical sense
color vision
photoperiodism

BDF

circadian clock
learning
polarized light perception

There are various pheromones other than the trail pheromone. Among the sentences A-F
on chemical substances, choose two that do not meet the definition of the pheromone, andrecord the appropriate letters in the designated spaces (IV–3 (1)~(2)) on the answer sheet.
A
B

C
D
E
F

A female moth secretes a substance from the abdomen that evokes mating
behavior in a male moth.
When a nymph of a stink bug is attacked by a lady beetle, the nymph secretes astinky substance from the scent gland, and other nymphs walk away from theplace.
A cockroach secretes a substance from the rectum to the feces, and the substanceattracts other cockroaches.
A caterpillar secretes a substance into the saliva, and the substance attracts aparasitic wasp that lays eggs into the caterpillar.
A queen honey bee secretes a substance from the skin, and any workers that eat
this substance are prevented from becoming queens.
A cricket brain secretes a substance into the body fluid, and the substanceincreases the aggressiveness of this cricket.
8

V．Choose the most suitable biological item from A–E that matches the following phrases 1–
6, and record the corresponding letters in the designated spaces (V–1~6) of the answer sheet.
1

A phenomenon that two homologous chromosomes attach together during meiosis
A crossing-overD synapsis

2

B deletion
E xeniaC

retrogression

A steady state for a long period that appears at the end of vegetation succession
A climax
D resting period

B equilibrium
E stagnationC

homeostasis

3 A biological process in which unnecessary portions are eliminated and portions withgenetic information are connected together in RNA
A exonD transcription
4

splicing

B endoplasmic reticulum
E mitochondrion

C flagellum

Animal group that does not undergo ecdysis
A Annelida
D Insecta

6COrganelle that does not exist in an animal sperm
A central body
D nucleus

5

B intron
E translation

B Arachnida
E Nematoda

C Crustacea

Substance or cell that is not involved in natural immunity of vertebrates
A antibody
D lymphocyte

B complement
E macrophage9

C interferon