Updates of Water Environment
Governance in Malaysia
Ang Shin Ying
National Hydraulic Research Institute of
Malaysia (NAHRIM)
The 15th WEPA Annual Meeting
8 February 2020
BangkokPRESENTATION OUTLINEINTRODUCTION
STATE OF RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MALAYSIADOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATAER MANAGEMENTLEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATERENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATERENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORKENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENTS FOR WATERENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
FUTURE TARGETS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGESINTRODUCTION• Water resources in Malaysia –rivers, lakes, groundwater• Annual rainfall around 3000mm• Some 200 river systems• Water pollution – population
growth, urbanization, land
clearing, increase of commercial
area, industrial effluent
discharge, domestic effluent,
agricultural activities• Point source and non-point
sourceTREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS IN
MALAYSIA (2008 – 2018)
100

700
638
579

577

600

570

80
464

70
60

59

58
53

477

477

58

58

477

477

477

477

58

51

56
47

46

43
38

36

34

400

51

50
40

500

36

34

32

43
300

39

36

35

30

Total Number of River

Percentage Number of River (%)

90

200

20
13
10

8

9

2008

2009

8

8

2011

2012

10
6

7

10

11

2016

2017

8

100

0

0
2010

2013

2014

2015

2018

Year
Clean

Slightly Polluted

Polluted

Total Number of River

2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Total samples: 8,118 samples; Total manual monitoring stations: 1353;
1,263 ambient and baseline stations; 55 upstream water intakes station, 35 stations for ROL project
Clean: 357 rivers (56%); Slightly polluted: 231 rivers (36%); Polluted: 50 rivers (8%)

CLASSIFICATION OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITYIN MALAYSIA 2017 & 2018
2017
1
26
Class VClass IV
0.21%
5.45%

144
Class III30.19%

2018

1
Class I
0.21%

305
Class II
63.94%

Total number ofriver = 477 rivers

17
Class IV
2.66%

3 Class V
0.47%

13 Class I
2.04%

188
Class III29.47%
417
Class II
65.36%

Total number ofriver = 638 rivers
Source: DOE EQR 2017 & 2018

TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS
BASED ON BOD SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2018)
100
579

577

84.7

570

700

600

80

60

57.3
53.3

50

477

477

464

70

76.7

477

477

500
70.4

73.2

400

44.7
41.2
37.0

35.8

33.2

32.4
26.9

42.5
40.3

40.7

40
30

58.9

56.6

477

477

29.6

26.8

26.3

200

22.9
20

18.2

17.8

17.2

15.3
9.5

10

300

Total Number of River

Percentage Number of River (%)

90

638

100

7.5
0.4

0.4

0

0
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Year
Clean

Slightly Polluted

Polluted

Total Number of River2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Clean: 0 river; Slightly polluted: 141 rivers (29.6%); Polluted: 336
rivers (70.4%)
2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Clean: 110 rivers (17.2%); Slightly polluted: 271 rivers (42.5%);
Polluted: 257 rivers (40.3%)

TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS
BASED ON AN SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2018)
100

700
638
579

577

570

600

80
477

477

464

70

477

477

477

477

500

60
50

400
49

49
39

40
30

28

36
29

38

38

38

36

32

24

31
26

36
31

37

36

34
29

27

46

45

42
32

33

29
32

300

29

200

24
18

20

Total Number of River

Percentage Number of River (%)

90

17

31

100

10
0

0
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Year
Clean

Slightly Polluted

Polluted

Total Number of River2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Clean: 86 river (18%); Slightly polluted: 234 rivers (49%); Polluted:
157 rivers (33%)
2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Clean: 109 rivers (17%); Slightly polluted: 293 rivers (46%); Polluted:
236 rivers (37%)

TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS
BASED ON SS SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2018)
700

100
638
579

577

570

600

80
477

464
63

70

72

477
74

477
78

477
79

477

40

50

46
300
35

33

32
27

30

27
22

20

400

51

50
50

500

62

59

60

477

18

17

14

15

21
15
13

10

13
12

22
10
12

10

200

Total Number of River

Percentage Number of River (%)

90

17
100

17
10

0

0
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Year
Clean

Slightly Polluted

Polluted

Total Number of River2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Clean: 243 river (51%); Slightly polluted: 105 rivers (22%); Polluted:
129 rivers (27%)
2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Clean: 319 rivers (50%); Slightly polluted: 109 rivers (17%); Polluted:
210 rivers (40.3%)

POLLUTANT LOAD BY WATER POLLUTION
SOURCES IN 2018
Water Pollution
Sources

BOD Load(Ton/ Day)

SS Load(Ton/ Day)

NH3-N Load
(Ton/ Day)

Manufacturing Industries

55

35

5

Agriculture-based
Industries

133

39

11

Wet Market

6

8

0.3

Sewage Treatment
Plant

242

303

162

Piggery

217

450

27

Source: DOE EQR 2018

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT-SEWERAGE STATISTIC2017
Sewerage Facilities

2018

Quantity

Population
Equivalent (PE)

Quantity

Population
Equivalent (PE)Public Sewage
Treatment Plant (a+b)

6,871

25,258,155

6,932

26,128,858

a. Multipoint Plant

6,770

17,125,895

6,830

17,513,195

b. Regional Plant

101

8,132,260

102

8,615,663

Private Sewage
Treatment Plant

3,603

3,373,471

3,841

4,010,610

Communal Septic Tank

4,359

531,127

4,231

515,527

Individual Septic Tank

1,354,986

6,934,008

1,357,553

6,998,919

Traditional System*

1,171,555

5,857,775

1,185,032

5,925,160

Network Pumping
Station

1,183

n.a.

1,237

n.a.

Length of Sewer
Network (km)20,100n.a.

20,225n.a.

*Pour Flush

Source: SPAN Annual Report 2018

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT-COMPLIANCE WITH EFFLUENT STANDARDSewage Effluent Standards Compliance for Public Sewage Treatment Plants
2010 - 2018
Compliance Level (%) (Target >90%)
Parameter
2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Average

Suspended Solids
(SS)

97.8

97.1

97.0

96.9

97.3

98.1

98.5

98.2

97.9

97.6

Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD)

95.2

94.8

93.9

93.7

94.7

96.3

96.2

97.7

95.4

95.3

Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)

97.7

97.5

97.1

96.9

97.9

98.5

98.6

98.4

98.2

97.9

Oil & Grease
(O&G)

99.1

99.1

99.1

98.6

99.1

99.5

99.6

99.5

99.4

99.2

Ammonia
Nitrogen (NH3-N)

99.6

99.4

99.5

99.2

99.1

98.9

99.8

99.9

97.2

99.2

Average

97.9

97.6

97.3

97.1

97.6

98.3

98.5

98.7

97.6

97.8

 Based on Total Public STPs in December 2018 ( P. M’sia & Labuan): 6,745 unit
Source: SPAN Annual Report 2018

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT-COMPLIANCE STATUS OF INDUSTRYINDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS REGULATIONSYEARNo. of Desktop
Inspections

Compliance(%)

No. of Field
Inspections

Compliance
(%)

2018

4,549

99.6

5,663

99.6

2017

10,280

99.2

5,518

99.2

YEAR

No of Inspections

Compliance (%)

2016

14,99599.0

2015

11,37299.0

201411,410

99.0

2013

7,201

99.0

2012

6,597

98.1

Source: DOE Annual Report 2012 - 2018

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT-COMPLIANCE STATUS OF INDUSTRYIndustry

Action

2015

2016

2017

2018

Palm Oil
Factory

No. ofInspections

1,066

1274

378 (Desktop)
429 (Field)

715 (Desktop)
769 (Field)

Compliances
(%)

98

99

93.1 (Desktop)
94.4 (Field)

97 (Desktop)
95 (Field)

Court

2

7

8

4

Notices

242

131

170

233

Compounds

38

51

64

43

No. ofInspections

175

149

47 (Desktop)
51 (Field)

103 (Desktop)
155 (Field)

Compliances
(%)

97

97

98.3 (Desktop)
95 (Field)

97 (Desktop)
97 (Field)

Court

2

1

0

1

Notices

20

11

22

27

Compounds

4

2

0

4

Natural Rubber
Factory

Source: DOE Annual Report 2015 - 2018

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATERENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCEENVIRONMENTALACT(ACT 127)• Environmental Quality ActQUALITY
1974 (Act 127)
– key 1974
legislative• Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 2012 (Act A1441)• Purpose: prevention, abatement, control of pollution and enhancement of
the environment• Regulatory agency: Department of Environment, Ministry of Energy,
Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC)• Subsidiary legislations related to water environment:• Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil)Regulations 1977
• Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Raw Natural
Rubber) Regulations 1978
• Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005
• Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations 2009
• Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste
Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations 2009
• Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009
• Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental
Impact Assessment) Order 2015

WATER SERVICES INDUSTRY ACT (WSIA) 2006
[ACT 655]
 An Act to provide for and regulate water supply
services and sewerage services
 Objective : to establish a licensing and regulatory
framework for regulatory intervention to promotenational policy objectives for the industry.
 Does not affect general applications of existing lawson environment quality and land matters and existing
State powers on water source.
 Approved in Parliament in June 2006
and gazetted on 20th July 2006
 Came into force on 1st January 2008

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATERENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE• Water Quality Related Standards and Index• National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia - DOE• Water Quality Index (WQI) for rivers - DOE• Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standards and Index(Revised) – Developed by DOE• Malaysian Groundwater Quality Standards and Index (2019) –Developed by DOE• National Lake Water Quality Criteria and Standards (2015) –Developed by NAHRIM (Approved by National Water
Resources Council in 2015)• National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (2000) –Developed by Ministry of Health (MOH)• National Standard for Natural Recreational Water Quality andGuidelines for Natural Recreational Water Quality Monitoring(Marine and Fresh Water) (2017) – Developed by MOH

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATERENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE• Guidelines/ Handbooks:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia (1996) – DOE, Ministry of Science,
Technology and Environment (MOSTE)
Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.1): Metal Finishing – Electroplating (1999) – DOE, MOSTE
Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.2): Raw Natural Rubber Industry (1999) – DOE, MOSTE
Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.3): Crude Palm Oil Industry (1999) – DOE, MOSTE
Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.4): Textile & Apparel Industry (2000) – DOE, MOSTE
Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.5): Food Industry – Rice Noodle Processing (2000) – DOE,
MOSTE
Guidance Document on the Design and Operation of Industrial Effluent Treatment System (IETS) (2009) – DOE,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE)Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines No. 1: Malaysian Recommended Site Screening Levels
for Contaminated Lands (2009) – DOE, NRE
Guidelines on the Handling and Management of Clinical Waste in Malaysia (2009) – DOE, NRE
Guidelines for Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Scheduled Waste in Malaysia (2014) – DOE, NRE
Guidelines for Green Industry Practice: Juice Production Industry (2014) – DOE, NRE (Malay version)
Guidelines for Green Industry Practice: Printing Industry (2014) – DOE, NRE (Malay version)
Guidelines on the Disposal of Chemical Wastes from Laboratories (2015) – DOE, NRE
Guidelines of the Effluent Treatment System for Dairy Cattle, Beef Cattle and Buffaloes Breeders (2016) – DOE,
NRE (Malay version)
Guidelines of the Effluent Treatment System for Pigs Breeders (2016) – DOE, NRE (Malay version)
Guidelines for Green Industry Practice: Food sector for Slaughtering and Processing of Poultry (2017) – DOE,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) (Malay version)
Guidelines on Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures (2017) – DOE, NRE
Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for Development in Slope and Hill Areas (2017) – DOE, NRE
Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for Development in Coastal Areas and Marine Parks (2017) – DOE,
NRE

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATERENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
INSTITUTION/ AGENCYRESPONSIBILITYDESCRIPTION

Federal Government
e.g. Ministry of Water, Land and Natural
Resources, Ministry of Energy, Science,
Technology, Environment and Climate
Change, Ministry of Health, Department ofEnvironment, Department of Irrigation andDrainage, Department of Sewerage
Services, and other related ministries andagencies

Policy matters

Development of a holistic water
policy for the country by setting
policy directions

National Water Services Commission

Regulatory matters(Water Services Industry
Act 2006 as legal
instrument

Regulate the water services
industry (water and sewerage
services)

National Water Council (formerly known as
National Water Resource Council)

Water matters – crossboundaries/ inter-stated/issue of national interest

Ensures coordination between
Federal Government and various
State Government in waterplanning and development

State Government
Forestry Department, Town and Planning
Department, Water Supply Department,
Department of Environment, State Water
Regulatory Authorities and other related
agencies

Raw water and landdevelopment matters

Regulate raw water abstraction,
catchment management,
enforcement

WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORKSURFACE (RIVER) WATER QUALITY MONITORING• Implemented by DOE since 1978; comprehensive since 1995;
under Environmental Quality Monitoring Programme (EQMP)
since 2017
• Year 2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; total station: 1353 manual
monitoring stations; 30 automatic monitoring stations; total
sample: 8,118 samples• Year 2018: 1,263 ambient and baseline stations; 55 upstream
water intakes station, 35 stations for ROL project• Frequency of sampling: 4-12 times/ year
• Monitoring parameters: 30 parameters• Water Quality Index (WQI): indicate level of pollution and thecorresponding suitability in terms of water uses according to the
National water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQS).
• WQI: 6 parameters – DO, BOD, COD, NH3-N, SS, pH• Reporting system: Environmental Quality Report (Annual Report)

Source: DOE Annual Report 2018
DOE EQR 2018

Source:
DOE Annual
Report 2018

River Water Quality Parameters

WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORKMARINE WATER QUALITY MONITORING• Executed by Department of Environment, Malaysia under Environmental
Quality Monitoring Programme (EQMP)• Costal and estuaries: Since 1978 (Peninsular Malaysia) and 1985 (Sabah
and Sarawak)• Island Marine WQ monitoring: since 1998.
• Objectives: to establish marine WQ status and pollution level from landbased and sea-based sources• Year 2018: Total – 368 stations; coastal - 188 stations; estuary – 85 stations;island – 95 stations at 79 selected islands• Year 2018: Coastal – 1128 samples; estuary – 510 samples; island – 570
samples• Frequency of sampling: 6 times/ year
• Parameters monitored: In-situ – 6 parameters; Laboratory – 23 parameters• Marine Water Quality Index (MWQI): reflect water quality status and its
category (Excellent to Poor); 7 parameters: DO, NO3, PO4, NH3, Faecal
coliform, O&G, TSS• Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standards

Source: DOE Annual Report 2018
DOE EQR 2018

Marine Water Quality Parameters

Source:DOE Annual
Report 2018

WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORKGROUNDWATER QUALITY MONITORING• Implemented by DOE since 1997 for Peninsular M’sia; 2003 for Sabah and Sarawak
under National Groundwater Quality Monitoring Programme• Total station: 119 stations; 93 stations (P. M’sia); 14 stations (Sabah); 12 stations(Sarawak)• From 119 stations: 10 extra monitoring stations built in P. M’sia under Groundwater
Monitoring Station Network in Malaysia under 11th Malaysia Plan project (2017 – 2018)• Year 2018: 109 tube wells; Monitoring based on specific land uses:• Agricultural (13), Urban & Suburban (12), Industrial Sites (19), Solid Waste
Landfills (23), Golf Courses (7), Rural Areas (4), Ex-mining Area (Gold Mines) (3),Municipal Water Supply (5), Animal Burial Areas (14), Aquaculture Farms (7),Radioactive Landfill (1) and Resort (1)• Measurement methods: In-situ (6 parameters) and Laboratory analysis (11 parameters)• Sampling equipment: hydro lift pump, HDPE tubing, water depth sensor, generator,
sampling bottle/preservative kit, coolbox and multiprobe.
• Malaysia Groundwater Quality Index (MGQI): method to represent the groundwater
quality status and category based on scale ranging from 0 to 100 which is represented
from Very Poor to Excellent.
• Parameters for MGQI: pH, iron, total dissolved solids, nitrate, E. coli, phenol andsulphate.
Source:• Reporting system: Environmental Quality Report (Annual Report)

DOE Annual Report 2018
DOE EQR 2018

Groundwater Quality Parameters

Source: DOE Annual Report 2018

ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENT FOR WATERENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENTREGULATIONSENFORCEMENTAGENCYENFORCEMENTMETHOD/ REPORTING

PENALTY

EQ (Industrial Effluent)
Regulations 2009
-Industrial Effluent andMixed Effluent

DOE

1. Self Regulatory
Mechanism:
a. IE 2009 Section 7:
monitor COD and any
parameter in Fifth
Scheduleb. Reporting: Monthly
c. IE 2009 Section 9:
Performance
Monitoring of IETS –based on GuidanceDocument on
Performance
Monitoring ofIndustrial Effluent
Treatment System
d. Online Environmental
Reporting (OER)
2. Site Inspection by
DOE Officer

IE 2009 Section 32:
Penalty – Ifconvicted, maximum
penalty of RM
100,000 or/ andmaximum 5 years jailand further fine of
RM1,000/ day forcontinued offence

Source: EQA 1974

Online Environmental Reporting (OER) Frequency for
Industrial Effluent or Mixed Effluent Discharge Monitoring
Standards

IETS Max.
Flow rate(m3/day)

BOD Load(kg/day)

SS Load(kg/day)

Total Heavy
Metal Load(kg/day)A<50

4 times/month

Once/ month
Once every
3 months<5<0.5

Once every
3 months

<5

<10

<0.5

Once/ month

>5

>10

>0.5

2 times/
month

<25

<50

<2.5

2 times/
month

>25

>50

>2.5

4 times/
month

<37.5

<75

<3.75

2 times/
month

>37.5

>75

>3.75

4 times/month200-500

500-1,000<1,000FrequencyofReporting

<2.5

0-200

B

Frequencyof Analysis

Once/ month

4 times/month
Source: DOE, 2015

ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENT FOR WATERENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENTREGULATIONSENFORCEMENTAGENCYENFORCEMENTMETHOD/ REPORTING

PENALTY

EQ (Sewage)
Regulations 2009

DOE

1. Self Regulatory
Mechanism:a. Sewage 2009 Section
10: Monitor
concentration of thespecified parametersin Second Scheduleb. Reporting: monthlyc. Online Environmental
Reporting (OER)
2. Site Inspection by
DOE officer

Sewage 2009 Section
26: Penalty – Ifconvicted, maximum
penalty of RM
100,000 or/ andmaximum 5 years jailand further fine of
RM1,000/ day forcontinued offence

Source: EQA 1974

Online Environmental Reporting (OER) Frequency for
Sewage Discharge Monitoring
Discharge
Standards

NO3-N
Load
(River)(kg/day)Frequency
ofAnalysis

FrequencyofReporting

<5

<10

<2

<5

Once/ 2monthsOnce/ 2months

<10

<20

<4

<10

Once/
month

>10

>20

>4

>10

2 times/
month

<25

<50

<10

<25

2 times/
month

>25

>50

>10

>25

4 times/month

STP PE

BOD Load(kg/day)<1,000<225<2,000A/ B

SS Load(kg/day)

AN Load(River)(kg/day)

Max. FlowRate(m3/day)

2,000 <X<
3,600

3,600 <X<
5,000

<5,000<450450 <X<
810

810 <X<
1,125>1,125

<45

<90

<18

<45

>45

>90

>18

>45

Once/
month

2 times/month
4 times/month
4 times/month

Source: DOE, 2015

ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENT FOR WATERENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENTREGULATIONSENFORCEMENTAGENCYENFORCEMENT METHOD/REPORTINGPENALTY

EQ (Control of Pollution
from Solid Waste Transfer
Station and Landfill)
Regulations 2009

DOE

1.

Section 29: Penalty – Ifconvicted, maximum
penalty of RM 100,000
or/ and maximum 5
years jail and further fineof RM1,000/ day forcontinued offence

a.

b.

c.

d.

Self Regulatory
Mechanism:
Section 8: Monitor
concentration ofammoniacal nitrogen inleachate discharged fromlandfill on a continuous
basis using online
instrumentation systemlinked to DOE
Section 8: Monitor
concentration of thespecified parameters inSecond Schedule (limits)
Section 11: Conduct
performance monitoringof leachate treatment
systemOnline Environmental
Reporting (OER)

Source: EQA 1974

ISSUE, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD• Issues and Challenges• Illegal dumping of wastes into the watercourse• Point source and Non-point sources pollution• Environmental Quality Act 1974 – Discharge control based on pollutant
concentration – river carrying capacity has shrunk – EQA 1974 not able to control
the pollution entering the river• No regulation or standards for wet market effluent, car wash, laundry• Targets/ Plan/ Current Status• Review of the River Water Quality Criteria and Standard for Malaysia – Inception
Report (September 2019) – in progress• Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standards and Index – Revised and published• Malaysian Groundwater Quality Standards and Index – Study completed in 2017 –Published in 2019
• Amendment of Environmental Quality Act 1974 – to be tabled in the Parliament in2020• Amendment of Water Services Industry Act 2006
• Water Resource Bill to be tabled in the Parliament in year 2020

REFERENCES• DOE (2012). Department of Environment Annual Report 2012: Chapter 4. Department of Environment,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia.
• DOE (2013). Department of Environment Annual Report 2013: Chapter 4. Department of Environment,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia.
• DOE (2014). Department of Environment Annual Report 2014: Chapter 4. Department of Environment,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia.
• DOE (2015). Department of Environment Annual Report 2015: Chapter 4. Department of Environment,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia.
• DOE (2015). Guidelines for Standardization of Reporting Frequency of Industrial Effluent Discharge,
Sewage, Seepage Water in Online Environmental Reporting (OER) System. DOE, Malaysia.
• DOE (2016). Department of Environment Annual Report 2016: Chapter 4. Department of Environment,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia.
• DOE (2017). Department of Environment Annual Report 2017: Chapter 4. Department of Environment,
Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Malaysia.
• DOE (2017). Environmental Quality Report (EQR) 2018. Department of Environment, Department ofEnvironment, Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate ChangeMalaysia• DOE (2018). Department of Environment Annual Report 2018: Chapter 4. Department of Environment,
Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Malaysia.
• DOE (2018). Environmental Quality Report (EQR) 2018. Department of Environment, Ministry of Energy,
Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Malaysia.
• Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127), 10th June 2019 Edition. International Law Books Services(ILBS), Malaysia.
• SPAN (2018). SPAN Annual Report 2018. Available online:
https://www.span.gov.my/document/upload/D5JoapftrLSaCCPh69zqhGokD8pzvN8B.pdf (Accessed on 2
Feb 2020)

THANK YOU!