Zoological Studies 47(6): 774-780 (2008)

Scorpaenopsis stigma Fowler, 1938, a Junior Synonym of
Phenacoscorpius megalops Fowler, 1938, with Comments on the Type
Series of P. megalops (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae)
Hiroyuki Motomura
Kagoshima University Museum, 1-21-30 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan(Accepted April 3, 2008)
Hiroyuki Motomura (2008) Scorpaenopsis stigma Fowler, 1938, a junior synonym of Phenacoscorpius
megalops Fowler, 1938, with comments on the type series of P. megalops (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae).
Zoological Studies 47(6): 774-780. Examination of the holotype and paratype of the poorly known
scorpionfish Scorpaenopsis stigma Fowler, 1938, described from the Philippines, showed it to be a speciesof Phenacoscorpius. Furthermore, the characters of the types of S. stigma were consistent with those of theholotype of Phenacoscorpius megalops Fowler, 1938, in the synonymy of which the former is now placed. In
addition, examination of a series of paratypes of P. megalops revealed that they included 3 different species, inaddition to P. megalops. Correct identifications of the paratypes are given here.
http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/47.6/774.pdf
Key words: Scorpaenidae, Scorpionfish, Scorpaenopsis stigma, Phenacoscorpius megalops, Synonymy.

T

the taxonomic characters of P. megalops haveremained obscure, it has been regarded as avalid species by many authors (e.g., Eschmeyer
and Randall 1975, Paulin 1982, Poss 1999). The
genus Phenacoscorpius is characterized by having
the lateral line incomplete, with only a few anterior
pored lateral-line scales present (Weber and deBeaufort 1962, Eschmeyer 1965b, Mandrytsa
1993, Poss 1999). Phenacoscorpius megalops isthe only species in the genus currently known tolack palatine teeth (Eschmeyer 1965b, Chen 1981).
Although Fowler (1938) and Herre (1952)
assigned stigma to the genus Scorpaenopsis,
examination of the holotype and paratype of S.
stigma showed them to represent a species of
Phenacoscorpius, as the types have only 3 anterior
pored lateral-line scales (versus a complete lateralline with 16-26 pored scales in Scorpaenopsis;
Randall and Eschmeyer 2002, Motomura 2004a,
Motomura et al. 2004). Furthermore, the typehe scorpionfish Scorpaenopsis stigma
was described by Fowler (1938: 66) on thebasis of 2 specimens from northern Mindanao,
the Philippines, from a depth of 366 m. He
described the species as “Characterized by its
heavy armature of the head with cirri, absenceof palatine teeth, lowest 8 pectoral rays simple,
short gill rakers and the large conspicuous black
blotch on the spinous dorsal.” Because most ofthese characters are general features of the family
Scorpaenidae, the taxonomic status of S. stigma
has been unclear. The only publication dealing
with S. stigma since its original description is thatof Herre (1952) who regarded it as a valid speciesof Scorpaenopsis, based only on the description
and figure given by Fowler (1938: 66-67, fig. 28).
Following his original description of S. stigma,
Fowler (1938: 70) described Phenacoscorpius
me galops as a new genus and species ofscorpionfish from the Philippines. Although*To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail:motomura@kaum.kagoshima-u.ac.jp774Motomura – Synonymy of Phenacoscorpius

characters were closely consistent with thoseof the holotype of P. megalops. Scorpaenopsis
stigma is therefore regarded here as a juniorsynonym of P. megalops.
Ongoing taxonomic studies of Phenacoscorpius by the author have indicated thatspecimens currently identified as P. megalops
include several distinct species. Therefore,morphometric and selected meristic data forthe holotype and type series of P. megalops,
respectively, are provided, along with data for thetypes of S. stigma. In addition, examination of aseries of paratypes of P. megalops revealed thatthese included 3 different species, in addition to P.
megalops. Accordingly, correct identifications of
the paratypes are also given here.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Measurements follow Motomura (2004b-c),with head width following Motomura et al. (2005b
2006a), and maxillary depth following Motomura

775

et al. (2006b). Counts follow Motomura et al.
(2005a-c) and Motomura and Johnson (2006), withpredorsal scale counts following Motomura et al.
(2006b). The last 2 soft rays of the dorsal and anal
fins are counted as single rays, as each pair areassociated with a single pterygiophore. Standard
length is expressed as SL. Terminology of headspines follows Randall and Eschmeyer (2002: fig.
1) and Motomura (2004c: fig. 1) with the following
additions: the spine occurring at the base of theuppermost preopercular spine is referred to as
the supplemental preopercular spine (Eschmeyer
1965a); the spine occurring at the lateral surfaceof the lacrimal bone is referred to as the laterallacrimal spine; and the coronal and pretympanic(as an extra spine) spines are figured in Chen
(1981: fig. 1) and Motomura et al. (2004: fig. 14b),
respectively. Institutional codes follow Leviton etal. (1985).
Specimens of P. megalops, including typesof S. stigma, are listed under the account of thespecies. Data for paratypes of P. megalops, which
are not identified as P. megalops, are as follows:

(A)

(B)

Fig. 1. Phenacoscorpius megalops. (A) Holotype of Scorpaenopsis stigma, USNM 98896, 53.6 mm SL; (B) holotype of
Phenacoscorpius megalops, USNM 98903, 81.1 mm SL.

Zoological Studies 47(6): 774-780 (2008)

776

Neomerinthe rotunda Chen, 1981 — USNM
136373 (paratypes of P. megalops), 2 specimens,
29.9-32.7 mm SL, Cabugan Grande I., Philippines,
10°27'30''N, 125°18'E, 123 m, RV Albatross, 30
July 1909; Neomerinthe megalepis (Fowler, 1938)— USNM 136386 (paratype of P. megalops),
34.8 mm SL, Tacbuc Point, Surigao Strait,
Philippines, 10°44'45''N, 125°12'30''E, 88 m,
RV Albatross, 29 July 1909; and a species ofSerranidae — USNM 136373 (paratype of P.
megalops), 19.3 mm SL, Cabugan GrandeI., Philippines, 10°27'30''N, 125°18'E, 123 m,
RV Albatross, 30 July 1909. Specimens ofrelated species examined in this study are as
follows: P. adenensis Norman, 1939 — BMNH
1939.5.24.1545 (holotype of P. adenensis),72.9 mm SL, Gulf of Aden, 274-366 m; andP. nebris Eschmeyer, 1965 — USNM 231727(holotype of P. nebris), 86.8 mm SL, Peninsula
de Guajira, Venezuela, Caribbean Sea, 12°46'N,
70°59'W, 347 m, shrimp trawl, RV Oregon, 29
Sept. 1963.
Phenacoscorpius megalops Fowler, 1938
[English name: Noline Scorpionfish](Fig. 1)
Phenacoscorpius megalops Fowler, 1938: 70, fig. 30 (typelocality: 27 miles SE of Bagatao I. Light between Burias
and Luzon, Philippines, 12°54'40''N, 123°20'30''E).
Scorpaenopsis stigma Fowler, 1938: 66, fig. 28 (type locality:
8.7 miles SW of Point Tagolo Light, northern Mindanao,
Philippines, 08°48'N, 123°31'E).

Type material examined: USNM 98896(holotype of Scorpaenopsis stigma), 53.6 mm
SL, 8.7 miles SW of Point Tagolo Light, northern
Mindanao, Philippines, 08°48'N, 123°31'E,
366 m, RV Albatross, 9 Aug. 1909; USNM 99012(paratype of S. stigma), 52.6 mm SL, collectedwith USNM 98896; USNM 98903 (holotypeof Phenacoscorpius megalops), 81.1 mm SL,
27 miles SE of Bagatao I. Light, Philippines,
12°54'40''N, 123°20'30''E, 382 m, RV Albatross,
11 Mar. 1909; USNM 136337 (paratype of
P. megalops), Baliscasag Is., Philippines,
09°52'30''N, 123°40'45''E, 318 m, RV Albatross,
9 Apr. 1908; USNM 136371 (paratypes of P.
megalops), 5, 33.7-73.4 mm SL, vicinity of Point
Tagolo, N Mindanao, Philippines, 08°45'30''N,
123°33'45''E, 309 m, RV Albatross, 9 Aug.
1909; USNM 136372 (paratype of P. megalops),

64.4 mm SL, vicinity of Macabalan Point, N
Mindanao, Philippines, 08°36'26''N, 124°36'08''E,
413 m, RV Albatross, 4 Aug. 1909; USNM 136374(paratypes of P. megalops), 3, 53.5-66.2 mm SL,
vicinity of Point Tagolo, N Mindanao, Philippines,
08°47'N, 123°31'15''E, 333 m, RV Albatross,
9 Aug. 1909; USNM 136375 (paratypes of P.
megalops), 2, 60.3, 61.9 mm SL, Dupon Bay,
Ponson I., Philippines, 10°50'N, 124°26'18''E,
347 m, RV Albatross, 17 Mar. 1909; USNM
136376 (paratypes of P. megalops), 2, 43.3,
57.8 mm SL, Lauis Pt., Philippines, 10°10'N,
123°53'15''E, 302 m, RV Albatross, 25 Mar.
1908; USNM 136377 (paratypes of P. megalops),
5, 48.3-59.8 mm SL, Capitancillo I., Philippines,
11°10'N, 124°17'15''E, 333 m, RV Albatross,
16 Mar. 1909; USNM 136378 (paratype of P.
megalops), 2, 55.5-56.2 mm SL, Capitancillo I.,
Philippines, 11°11'45''N, 124°15'45''E, 344 m, RV
Albatross, 16 Mar. 1909; USNM 136379 (paratypesof P. megalops), 2, 52.2-58.2 mm SL, off SE
coast of Kayoa Is., Indonesia, 00°07'N, 127°28'E,
421 m, RV Albatross, 29 Nov. 1909; USNM
136380 (paratype of P. megalops), 51.4 mm SL,
Bagalao I., Philippines, 12°51'30''N, 123°26'15''E,
413 m, RV Albatross, 11 Mar. 1909; USNM 136381(paratype of P. megalops), 68.9 mm SL, vicinity of
Tayabas, Marinduque I., Philippines, 13°49'40''N,
121°40'15''E, 152 m, RV Albatross, 24 Feb. 1909;
USNM 136382 (paratype of P. megalops), 64.1
mm SL, Anima Sola I., Philippines, 12°52'00''N,
123°23'30''E, 393 m, RV Albatross, 22 Apr.
1908; USNM 136383 (paratype of P. megalops),
60.0 mm SL, vicinity of Point Tagolo, N Mindanao,
Philippines, 08°48'00''N, 123°31'00''E, 366 m, RV
Albatross, 9 Aug. 1909; USNM 136384 (paratypeof P. megalops), 64.0 mm SL, SE of Kayoa I.,
Indonesia, 00°07'30''N, 127°29'00''E, 0-485 m, RV
Albatross, 29 Nov. 1909; USNM 136385 (paratypeof P. megalops), 47.0 mm SL, Capitancillo I.,
Philippines, 10°38'00''N, 124°13'08''E, 346 m, RV
Albatross, 18 Mar. 1909.
Description of types of S. stigma: Morphometric and selected meristic data are given in
Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Dorsal fin with 12
spines and 9 soft rays; anal fin with 3 spines and5 soft rays; 7 (8 in paratype) predorsal scale rows;a small slit behind 4th gill arch; posterior margin of
maxilla extending slightly beyond a vertical throughposterior margin of pupil; no distinct longitudinalridge on lateral surface of maxilla; villiform teethon vomer; no palatine teeth; nasal spine directeddorsally; ascending process of premaxilla not
intruding into interorbital space, its posterior margin

Motomura – Synonymy of Phenacoscorpius

777

Table 1. Morphometrics of Phenacoscorpius megalops, including types of Scorpaenopsis stigma and P.
megalops, expressed as percentages of standard length
S. stigma

Standard L (mm)Percentage of standard L
Body depth
Head L
Head width
Snout L
Orbit diameter
Interorbital width1
Interorbital width2
Upper-jaw L
Maxillary depth
Postorbital L
Predorsal-fin L
Preanal-fin L
Prepelvic-fin L
1st dorsal-fin spine L
2nd dorsal-fin spine L
3rd dorsal-fin spine L
4th dorsal-fin spine L

P. megalops

S. stigma

P. megalops

Holotype

Paratype

Holotype

Holotype

Paratype

Holotype

USNM
98896

USNM
99012

USNM
98903

USNM
98896

USNM
99012

USNM
98903

53.6

52.6

81.1

33.4
42.5
14.6
9.1
15.3
5.2
4.3
21.8
6.7
18.7
38.6
71.8
41.8
—
—
17.9
—

35.9
43.2
15.6
10.6
14.4
5.5
4.8
20.9
6.8
19.8
39.7
73.2
45.2
5.3
11.4
18.1
19.8

34.5
41.9
15.3
8.9
13.7
4.7
4.1
21.3
6.9
19.9
37.9
75.3
42.0
6.3
11.1
14.4
14.3

14.7
14.4
12.7
—
—
6.9
5.8
11.8
—
8.8
18.3
14.6
—
—
16.8
—
—
21.6
9.3

16.5
15.0
12.9
11.8
10.3
8.0
6.3
—
—
—
19.2
15.0
20.5
36.7
17.3
—
—
21.7
9.7

12.7
12.2
11.6
10.2
7.0
7.0
7.0
9.7
—
7.6
15.4
12.7
—
32.2
13.4
—
—
19.0
10.1

5th dorsal-fin spine L
6th dorsal-fin spine L
7th dorsal-fin spine L
8th dorsal-fin spine L
9th dorsal-fin spine L
10th dorsal-fin spine L
11th dorsal-fin spine L
12th dorsal-fin spine L
Dorsal-fin soft ray L3
1st anal-fin spine L
2nd anal-fin spine L
3rd anal-fin spine L
Anal-fin soft ray L3
Pectoral-fin L
Pelvic-fin spine L
Pelvic-fin soft ray L
Caudal-fin L
Caudal-peduncle L
Caudal-peduncle depth

Between the posterior ends of the preocular spine bases; 2between the vertical midline of the eyes; 3length of longest ray; L, length; —,broken.
1

Table 2. Frequency distribution of selected meristics of Phenacoscorpius megalops, including the holotype
and paratype of Scorpaenopsis stigma, and the holotype and 28 paratypes of P. megalops
Pectoral-fin rays (one side / other side)

S. stigma
P. megalops

16 / 17

17 / 173

2H
23H

17 / 18

Pored lateral-line scales (one side / other side)

18 / 18

2/2

3

2/3

3/3

3/4

4/4

4/5

4

2H
14

6

2H

1

3

Gill rakers
Rakers on upper limb

S. stigma
P. megalops

5

6

4

2H
23H

Rakers on lower limb

7

13

14

15

16

19

20

21

22

2

1
5

1H
21

1

2

1
9

1H
15

3

2H

Suborbital spines1 (one side / other side)

S. stigma
P. megalops

Total rakers

H

Lateral lacrimal spines2 (one side / other side)

5/6

6/6

6/7

6/8

11

2
16

1

1

R/R

R/S

S/S

3

2H
22H

H

H

4

Includes holotype; other values indicate data for paratypes. 1Excludes lateral lacrimal spine; 2R and S indicate a well-developed ridge
without a pointed tip, and a strong spine, respectively.
HZoological Studies 47(6): 774-780 (2008)778

just reaching level with anterior margin of posterior
nostril in dorsal view when mouth completely
closed; median interorbital ridge absent; interorbital
ridges well developed, beginning posterior tonasal spines and ending at level with bases of
postocular spines, ridges not conjoined; preocular,
supraocular, postocular, and tympanic spines
simple; interorbital, coronal and pretympanic spines
absent; occipital pit absent, occipital nearly flat,
without distinct transverse ridge in rear; nuchal andparietal spines simple, joined at base; sphenotic
with several tiny spines; postorbital without
spines; pterotic, posttemporal, and supracleithralspines simple; upper posttemporal spine absent;
cleithral spine flattened, spine with a low medianridge; lateral lacrimal spine present; posterior
lacrimal spine simple, triangular, directed ventrally;
suborbital ridge with 6 spines, last spine vestigial
and located basally behind posteriormost welldeveloped spine; space between ventral margin ofeye and suborbital ridge very narrow; preopercle
with 4 spines, lacking 2nd spine; supplemental
preopercular spine present; upper and lower
opercular spines simple, lower spine with a medianridge; posterior tip of pectoral fin extending beyonda vertical through origin of anal fin (not observedin holotype with damaged fins); posterior tip ofdepressed pelvic fin not reaching anus; origin of
1st anal-fin spine level with slightly posterior tobase of last dorsal-fin spine; distinct melanophores

scattered on caudal-fin base and posterior portionof caudal peduncle; a large brownish blotch on
dorsal-fin membranes between 5th and 9th spines(6th and 10th spines in paratype).
DISCUSSION
The above characters of the holotype
and paratype of Scorpaenopsis stigma agreed
with those of the holotype of Phenacoscorpius
megalops, indicating the conspecificity of thespecimens. Scorpaenopsis stigma and P.
megalops were described on the same date in
the same publication (Fowler 1938), the former
appearing on page 66 and the latter on page 70.
However, “position precedence” is now restricted
to subsequent fixation of type species (article
69A.10), following ICZN (1999). Following article
24 (ICZN 1999), P. megalops is herein selected
as a valid name (being a senior synonym of S.
stigma) so as to serve the stability and universalityof nomenclature, since the name P. megalops has
been widely used in publications (e.g., Eschmeyer
and Randall 1975, Paulin 1982, Poss 1999).
The genus Phenacoscorpius currently
c o n s i s t s o f 4 v a l i d s p e c i e s : P. a d e n e n s i s(distributed in the western Indian Ocean;
Mandrytsa 1992), P. eschmeyeri Parin and
Mandrytsa, 1992 (eastern Pacific), P. megalops

Table 3. Identifications of paratypes of Phenacoscorpius megalops examined in this study
Catalog number

Standard length(mm)

Re-identification

Catalog number

Standard length(mm)

Re-identification

USNM 136371
USNM 136371
USNM 136371
USNM 136371
USNM 136371
USNM 136372
USNM 136373
USNM 136373
USNM 136373
USNM 136374
USNM 136374
USNM 136374
USNM 136375
USNM 136375
USNM 136376
USNM 136376

33.7
50.1
57.8
59.4
73.4
64.4
19.3
29.9
32.7
53.5
58.4
66.2
60.3
61.9
43.3
57.8

Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Serranidae
Neomerinthe rotunda
Neomerinthe rotunda
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops

USNM 136377
USNM 136377
USNM 136377
USNM 136377
USNM 136377
USNM 136378
USNM 136378
USNM 136379
USNM 136379
USNM 136380
USNM 136381
USNM 136382
USNM 136383
USNM 136384
USNM 136385
USNM 136386

48.3
55.4
56.0
57.5
59.8
55.5
56.2
52.2
58.2
51.4
68.9
64.1
60.0
64.0
47.0
34.8

Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Phenacoscorpius megalops
Neomerinthe megalepis

Four paratypes (SU 40198-40200) were identified as P. megalops by Chen (1981).

Motomura – Synonymy of Phenacoscorpius(western central Pacific; Motomura unpubl. data),
and P. nebris (Atlantic Ocean; Mandrytsa 1993,
Poss and Eschmeyer 2003). Phenacoscorpius
megalops can easily be distinguished from allother congeners by the lack of palatine teeth in theformer species (Eschmeyer 1965b, Chen 1981).
The description and figure of S. stigma by
Fowler (1938: 66-67, fig. 28) have numerous
errors. Although that figure showed the number of
dorsal-fin soft rays (counting the last 2 rays as 1)
to be 8, the holotype of S. stigma had 9. Both thefigures, which showed the complete lateral line,
and the description of S. stigma indicated “scales
26 + 2 in lateral line”. However, the holotype andparatype of S. stigma had only 3 pored lateralline scales on each side of the body. Furthermore,lateral-line scale pockets were not evident on thelateral surface of the body, although most bodyscales of the types were missing due to being
collected by deep-water trawl. Fowler gave thepectoral-fin ray count as 15, the uppermost andlower 8 rays were unbranched, and the middle 6
rays were branched. The holotype of S. stigma,
however, had 17 pectoral-fin rays, although thepresence or absence of branching of the rays
cannot now be determined due to fin damage.
The paratype of S. stigma also had 17 rays, theuppermost and lower 8 were unbranched, and theremainder were branched.
The number of longitudinal series scalerows is an important taxonomic character inscorpionfishes. This has not been reported forP. megalops because the body scales of thespecies are remarkably delicate and easily lost
during capture by deepwater trawls. Only asingle specimen with nearly complete body scales
was found among 31 specimens of P. megalops
examined in this study. This specimen, USNM
136384, 64.0 mm SL, had 46 scale rows inlongitudinal series.
All of the paratypes of P. megalops wereoriginally cataloged at the Smithsonian Institution,
Washington DC: USNM 136370 (1 specimen),
136371 (5), 136372 (1), 136373 (3), 136374 (3),136375 (2), 136376 (2), 136377 (5), 136378 (2),136379 (2), 136380 (1), 136381 (1), 136382 (1),136383 (1), 136384 (1), 136385 (1), 136386 (1),136466 (2), 136467 (1), and 136468 (1), with a total
number of specimens of 37 (Eschmeyer, 1998).
Subsequently, 3 lots including 4 specimens (USNM
136466-136468) and a single specimen (USNM
136370) were re-registered at Stanford University(SU 40198-40200) and the Zoological Survey ofIndia (ZSI, cat. no. unknown), respectively. The 4779

SU specimens were transferred to the California
Academy of Sciences (CAS) in the late 1960s, thecatalog numbers were retained (SU 40198-40200),and specimens were subsequently examinedby Chen (1981) who confirmed them to be P.
megalops. The ZSI specimen was not available
for this study, and identification of the specimen
remains unknown. All remaining paratypes
were examined in this study, included 3 different
species, in addition to P. megalops (Table 3). Two(29.9 and 32.7 mm SL) of 3 specimens of USNM
136373 were identified as Neomerinthe rotunda
on the basis of the following characters: 12 dorsalfin spines; 9 dorsal-fin soft rays; 18 pectoral-finrays; a flat occiput; lateral lacrimal spine absent; 3
suborbital spines; and 5 preopercular spines. The
remaining specimen (19.3 mm SL) of that lot was
identified as a serranid, having 2 opercular spines,
a serrated preopercular margin, no suborbital
stay, 13 pectoral-fin rays, 11 dorsal-fin spines, and13 dorsal-fin soft rays. USNM 136386 (34.8 mmSL) was identified as Neomerinthe megalepis byhaving 12 dorsal-fin spines, the 4th spine longest;
9 dorsal-fin soft rays; 19 pectoral-fin rays; a flat
occiput; lateral lacrimal spine present; 3 suborbital
spines; 4 preopercular spines; and a protruding
lower-jaw tip. Identifications of Neomerinthe
were based on Chen (1981), Poss (1999), andMotomura (unpubl. data).
Acknowledgments: I am especially grateful toJeffrey Williams and the staff at the Smithsonian
Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland,MD, for their kind hospitality during my stay at themuseum. Photographs of figure 1 were taken
by Sandra Raredon (USNM). This study was
supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Young
Scientists (B) awarded to the author (19770067)
by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports andCulture, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sci. 15: 84-164.
Eschmeyer WN. 1965b. Three new scorpionfishes of thegenera Pontinus, Phenacoscorpius and Idiastion from thewestern Atlantic Ocean. Bull. Mar. Sci. 15: 521-534.
Eschmeyer WN, ed. 1998. Catalog of fishes. Vol. 2. Speciesof fishes (M-Z). San Francisco, CA: California Academyof Sciences.
Eschmeyer WN, JE Randall. 1975. The scorpaenid fishes of780

Zoological Studies 47(6): 774-780 (2008)

the Hawaiian Islands, including new species and newrecords (Pisces: Scorpaenidae). Proc. CA. Acad. Sci. 4thser. 40: 265-334.
Fowler HW. 1938. Descriptions of new fishes obtained by theUnited States Bureau of Fisheries steamer “Albatross”,
chiefly in Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Proc. US
Natl. Mus. 85: 31-135.
Herre AWCT. 1952. A review of the scorpaenoid fishes of
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