Current Situation of Domestic Wastewater
Management in Asian Region‐Insights from WEPA‐
Preparation Workshop on the Asia Wastewater Management Partnership(AWaP)MELIÁ YANGON, 13TH DECEMBER 2017

Tetsuo Kuyama (WEPA Secretariat)
Manager (Water Resource Management)
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

Indonesia

Water Pollution in AsianCountries

Philippines

Vietnam2

Purpose of Wastewater Treatment

Sanitation ⇒ Water Environmental Conservation
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 6

Ensure availability (continuously adopted goals since MDGs) and sustainablemanagement (new goals from SDGs) of water and sanitation for allTarget••••••••

By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying
special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling andsafe reuse globally
By 2030, substantially increase water‐use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals andsupply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water
scarcity
By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary
cooperation as appropriate
By 2020, protect and restore water‐related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers andlakes
By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity‐building support to developing countries in water‐ andsanitation‐related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency,
wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management3

What is WEPA?

Water Environmental Partnership in Asia(WEPA)
improvement of water environmental governance

Recognizing theis essential tosolve water pollution problems in the Asian region, the Water Environmental Partnership in Asia (WEPA) was launchedin 2004 by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. WEPA conducts its activity on a 5‐year cycle and the third phasestarted in April 2014

WEPA consists of partners in

13 Asian countries

1. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka)
2. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (Nepal)
3. Japan (Japan)
4. Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia)
5. Kingdom of Thailand (Thailand)
6. Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
7. Malaysia (Malaysia)
8. People's Republic of China (China)
9. Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia)
10.Republic of Korea (Republic of Korea)
11.Republic of the Philippines (Philippines)
12.Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Viet Nam)13.Union of Myanmar (Myanmar)
43

Water Environmental Management
PDCA(Plan‐Do‐Check‐Action) Cycle in Water Environmental
Management
Target Setting for Water
Environmental Conservation(Establishment of Ambient Water Quality Standard)

Understanding of Sate of Water Quality(Planning, Implementation and Evaluation of Water
Quality Monitoring)

Identification ofPollution Source(Evaluation of Pollution Loadfrom Different Sectors)

Evaluation of Control Measures andPolicy Review

Implementation of Pollution
Control Measures5

Establishment of Ambient Water Quality Standard in WEPACountries
Country
Cambodia
China
Indonesia
JapanRepublicKorea
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam

Surface Water
Water Quality Standards in Public
Water Areas
Environmental Quality Standards
for Surface Water
Water Quality Criteria
Environmental Quality Standards
for Water Pollutionof Environmental Standards for Water
Quality and Aquatic Ecosystem
Surface Water Quality Standard
National Water Quality Standards

Water Quality Criteria for Fresh
Surface Waters

Groundwater

Marine Water

Water Quality Standards in Public Water Quality Standards in Public
Water Areas
Water Areas
Quality Standard for Ground Water Sea Water Quality Standard
Water Quality Criteria
EnvironmentalWater
QualityStandards of Groundwater
Environmental Standards for Water
Quality and Aquatic Ecosystem

Standard Quality of Seawater
Environmental Quality Standards
for Water Pollution
Environmental Standards for Water
Quality and Aquatic Ecosystem

Groundwater Quality Standard
Marine Water Quality Criteria andStandard

Water Quality Criteria for Coastaland Marine Waters

Surface Water Quality Standards
Groundwater Quality Standards
Marine Water Quality Standard
National Technical Regulation on National Technical Regulation on National Technical Regulation on
Surface Water Quality
Ground Water Quality
Coastal Water Quality

66Water Quality Monitoring in WEPA Countries
CountryCambodia
China

Indonesia
JapanRepublicKorea
Malaysia
Philippines

Thailand
Viet Nam

No. of Monitoring Stations

Frequency

10 (rivers)
Monthly
Unknown
469 (rivers), 26 (main lakes andreservoirs), 4 (Three Gorges Dam), 4100(Groundwater), 279,225 km2 (marinewater)
Unknown (40 rivers)
At least twice a month
4,550 (rivers), 475 (lakes and reservoirs), Monthly
2,044 (sea), 3,680 (Groundwater)of 697 (rivers), 185 (lakes), 2,499
Monthly for rivers and lakes (48(groundwater)times/year for key locations)
2 times/year for Groundwater
901 (rivers), 105 (groundwater), 321
Unknown(marine water)192 (rivers), 4 (lakes), 88 (groundwater), Monthly or 4 times/year (rivers)
unknown (marine water)
unknown (groundwater, marinewater)
366 (rivers and lakes), 170 (marine
4 times/year (rivers and lakes)
waters), 620 stations (groundwater)
2 times/year (marine water)
248 (surface water)
4 times/year

Year
2011
2011

2011
2013
2008

2013
2001‐2015
2012
2007
7
7

Result of Water Quality Monitoring88Pollution Source by Sector in Selected WEPA countries
Domestic
0%

20%

Industry
40%

Agriculture
60%

Others80%

100%

China (COD, 2015)
Malaysia(BOD, 2012)Thailand(BOD,2016)
Phillippine(BOD,2005)
Tokyo Bay (COD, 2009)
Ise Bay(COD, 2009)

Japan

Seto Bay (COD,2009)
Citarum River (BOD, 2015)
Cilliwung River(BOD, 2015)

Indonesia

Musi River (BOD, 2012)
Barantas River (BOD, 2015)

Brito River (BOD, year unknown)

8Pollution Source by Sector in Selected WEPA countries(Summary)• Inventory survey of wastewater for
identification of pollution source is conducted in
8 countries among 13 WEPA countries.
Indonesia and Vietnam are trying to modify theframework of inventory survey.
• Based on the analysis of pollution (BOD/COD)
source by sector, domestic sector ismajor pollution source in the 8 WEPAcountries.
10Consideration Points When We Think about Domestic
Wastewater Management in Asian Region

1. Increase of Volume of Domestic Wastewater
Discharge from Urban Area due to Population
Increase and Urbanization
2. Low Coverage Ratio of Sewerage
Treatment System
3. Septic Tank
4. Economical Condition11

Change in Population and Urbanization of Asian Countries
1975
Country

Cambodia
China
Indonesia
Japan
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Philippines
Korea
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Viet Nam
TotalPopulation Growth Rate(1975‐2010)

2010

Proportion ofPopulation
Proportion ofPopulation
Average annual rate of(thousand Urban Population (thousand Urban Population
population change (%)(%)
persons)(%)
persons)
7,098
4
14,13820
2.8
915,041
134,106
110,808
3,042
12,31329,534
13,37340,89334,722
13,811
42,39949,896
1,407,034

17
19
57
11
38
24
5
36
48
22
24
19

1,341,335
239,871
126,536
6,201
28,40147,96329,95993,261
48,184
20,86069,122
87,8482,153,680

47
44
67
33
72
34
19
49
83
14
34
30

1.3
2.3
0.4
3.0
3.7
1.8
3.5
3.71.1
1.5
1.8
2.2
1.5
12

Change of Domestic Water Withdraws

Source :FAO, AQUASTAT

Change of Water Withdraws per Persons for Domestic Purpose

13

Service Coverage Ratio of Sewerage Treatment in Asia

less than

5%Service Coverage Ratio of Sewerage Treatment in WEPA Countries
14Percentage of Septic Tank Installation in Selected WEPACountries

Malaysia (2010)
Vietnam(2008)
Indonesia (2012)
Cambodia (2008)
Manila/Philippines (2010)

20%
41%
53%
43%
71%
15

BOD Pollution load (g/cap/day)

Pollution Load from Grey Water

88 %

68 %

16

BOD Removal Ratio of Septic Tank (Black Water)

Source: Dulyakasem, S., et. al., 2013. Determinations of Blackwater characteristics and sludge accumulation rates in
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATs) in Thailand
17

BOD Removal Ratio of Septic Tank(Black + Grey Water)

BOD Pollution load (g/cap/day)

140

6 % reduction

120Black water
Grey Water

100
80
60
40
200Influent

Outfluent18

Cost of Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Source：Human Development Report 2006, UNDP
1819

Relationship between Sewerage Treatment Coverage Ratio andEconomic Situation

Range of GOD per Capita in other
WEPA countries

Relationship between Sewerage Treatment Coverage Ratio and GDP per
Capita in WEPA Countries
20120

Summary• Domestic wastewater is major
pollution source to water environment inmany Asian countries. In the respect of water
environmental conservation, it is important toreduce the pollution load from domestic sector.
• When we plan to develop domestic wastewater
treatment in Asian countries, it is essential toconsider social‐economical situation in
the region.
20