Species Diversity 17: 1–5
25 May 2012

Occurrence and Additional Specimens of a Scorpionfish,
Idiastion pacificum (Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes:
Scorpaenidae), from the Central North Pacific
Makoto Okamoto1, Hiroyuki Motomura2, Koichi Hoshino1,
Takashi Yanagimoto3 and Toshiro Saruwatari4
1 Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan

E-mail: okamako@affrc.go.jp (MO)2 The Kagoshima University Museum, 1-21-30 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
3 National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Fisheries Research Agency,

2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan

4 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo,

5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan(Received 26 April 2011; Accepted 12 July 2011)

Two specimens (124.0–148.6 mm standard length) of a scorpionfish, Idiastion pacificum Ishida and Amaoka, 1992,
were collected from the central North Pacific, representing the first record of the species from this area. This finding extends the distributional range of Idiastion pacificum, which was previously known only from the Kyushu-Palau Ridge, western North Pacific. This study provides new morphological data and a color photograph of I. pacificum based on these two
additional specimens, with a comparison to Idiastion kyphos Eschmeyer, 1965.
Key Words: Teleostei, Scorpaenidae, Idiastion pacificum, central North Pacific, new record.

Introduction
The scorpaenid genus Idiastion Eschmeyer, 1965 wasoriginally established as a member of the subfamily Scorpaeninae, on the basis of a single specimen of Idiastion kyphos Eschmeyer, 1965 from the Caribbean Sea. Subsequently, a second species of the genus, Idiastion pacificum Ishida
and Amaoka, 1992, was described based on a single specimen from the Kyushu-Palau Ridge, western North Pacific.
Recently a third species, Idiastion hageyi McCosker, 2008,
was described based on a single specimen collected off Isla
Fernandina, Galápagos Islands.
During a faunal study of the fishes in the central North
Pacific, conducted from September to November, 2007, two
specimens of a scorpionfish were collected from Koko Seamount, Emperor Seamounts, at 360–430 m depth. These
specimens are identified here as Idiastion pacificum, which
has not been reported on the basis of newly collected specimens since the original description. The present specimens
represent the second record of the species, and the first fromthe central North Pacific. Herein we describe these two additional specimens.

Materials and Methods
Counts generally follow Motomura et al. (2005a), except
for the scales above and below the lateral line (Motomura etal. 2005b) and the predorsal scale counts (Motomura et al.

2006b). The last two soft rays of the dorsal and anal fins arecounted as single rays, each pair being associated with a single pterygiophore. Counts of preopercular spines begin withthe uppermost spine. Measurements generally follow Motomura (2004a, b), except for head width (Motomura et al.
2005b, 2006a) and maxillary depth (Motomura et al. 2006b).
Terminology of head spines and structures follows Randall
and Eschmeyer (2002: fig. 1) and Motomura (2004b: fig.
1) with the following additions: the spine at the base of theuppermost preopercular spine is referred to as the supplemental preopercular spine (Eschmeyer 1965a); the spine on
the lateral surface of the lachrymal bone is referred to as thelateral lachrymal spine (Motomura and Senou 2008: fig. 2);
and the coronal and pretympanic (as an extra spine) spines
are as figured in Chen (1981: fig. 1) and Motomura et al.
(2004: fig. 14b) respectively. The terminology and formulaof the supraneural bones follow Mabee (1988) and Ahlstrom
et al. (1976) respectively. Cyanine blue was used to examine the scales on the head. Standard length is expressed as
SL. The skeletal features and vertebrae were observed andcounted, respectively, from radiographs. The sex and presence of a swimbladder were confirmed by dissection of theright side of the abdomen. The diagnosis of I. pacificum given here is based on the present two specimens from the central North Pacific and the holotype from the Kyushu-Palau
Ridge (comparative material in this study).
Specimens examined in this study are deposited in the
Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Science, Kochi
University (BSKU), the California Academy of Sciences(CAS), the Grice Marine Laboratory (GMBL), and the Sei© 2012 The Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology

Makoto Okamoto et al.

2

kai National Fisheries Research Institute (SNFR).

Taxonomy
Idiastion pacificum Ishida and Amaoka, 1992
[Japanese name: Kakure-kasago][New English name: Flame humpback scorpionfish](Figs 1, 2A)
Scorpaeninae sp.: Kanayama 1982: 275 (Kyushu-Palau
Ridge).
Idiastion pacificum Ishida and Amaoka, 1992: 357 (type locality: Kyushu-Palau Ridge, western North Pacific); Poss
1999: 2305 (listed, following Ishida and Amaoka (1992));
Nakabo 2002: 571 (key and figure, based on holotype).
Material examined. 2 specimens: SNFR 13482,
124.0 mm SL, female, Koko Seamount, central North Pacific, 35°34.00′N, 171°34.50′E–35°34.90′N, 171°38.60′E,
360 m depth, trawl, 5 Nov. 2007; SNFR 13522, 148.6 mm SL,
male, Koko Seamount, central North Pacific, 35°39.00′N,
171°03.00′E–35°38.70′N, 171°03.00′E, 430 m depth, trawl,
28 Sep. 2007.
Comparative materials. Idiastion pacificum, BSKU
31153, holoype, 128.4 mm SL, Kyushu-Palau Ridge, western North Pacific, 26°11.5′N, 135°45.4′E–26°04.7′N,
135°50.4′E, 355–375 m depth, trawl, 16 Dec. 1979.
Idiastion kyphos, CAS 24401, 86.5 mm SL, off Angola,eastern South Atlantic, 19°18′S, 11°24′E, 229 m depth, trawl,
24 Mar. 1968; CAS 31886, 83.0 mm SL, Caribbean Sea,
12°11′N, 72°52′W, 550 m depth, trawl, 19 Nov. 1970; GMBL
2332, 66.2–79.0 mm SL (2 specimens), off Florida, western
North Atlantic, 30°28′N, 79°51′W, 494 m depth, shrimp
trawl, 19 Jan. 1972.
Diagnosis. A species of Idiastion with the following
combination of characters: dorsal-fin soft rays 9; pectoralfin rays 17–19; ctenoid scales in interorbital space; cycloid
scales on belly; origin of first dorsal-fin spine slightly posterior to a vertical drawn through supracleithral spine base;posterior tip of pectoral fin not reaching anal-fin origin;
head length 44.4–46.0% SL.
Description. Counts and proportional measurement
given as percentages of SL in Table 1. Body relatively deep,
slightly hump-backed in appearance, compressed posteriorly. Nape steep; anterior body profile strongly arched. Headlarge, its length greater than body depth. Eye large and oval.
One or 2 rows of small papillae along outer margin of pupil. Slender tentacle present on posterodorsal edge of low
membranous tube associated with anterior nostril; lengthof tentacle slightly greater than diameter of anterior nostril
opening; no other distinct tentacles on head. Pectoral axil
without skin flaps.
Scales covering dorsal and lateral surfaces of head andupper part of lateral surface of maxilla. Exposed ctenoid
scales on lateral surface of trunk, scales becoming cycloid
on abdomen. Small ctenoid scales present on maxilla and ininterorbital space. Exposed cycloid scales on anteroventral

surface of body. Body scales extending onto basal fin rays
or membranes of bases of dorsal, anal, pectoral, and caudal
fins. Lateral line gently sloping downward from posterodorsal corner of opercle. Series of pored lateral-line scales complete (but incomplete in SNFR 13482 owing to loss of scales
from body during capture). Pair of small pores just behindsymphysial knob of lower jaw in ventral view. Underside of
dentary with 3 large sensory pores on each side.
Posterior margin of maxilla extending slightly beyond a
vertical drawn through posterior margin of pupil. No distinct longitudinal ridge on lateral surface of maxilla. Jaws
with villiform tooth bands. Width of symphysial gap separating premaxillary teeth bands subequal to width of eachband. Vomerine and palatine teeth villiform, forming Vshaped and elliptical tooth patches respectively.
Dorsal profile of snout steep, forming angle of about 40
degrees with respect to horizontal axis of head and body.
Nasal spine simple, directed dorsally, base embedded inskin. Ascending process of premaxilla not intruding into interorbital space, with its posterior tip of process extending
beyond level of anterior margin of posterior nostril in dorsal view. Median interorbital ridge absent. Interorbital ridges
weakly developed and unbranched, separated by shallow
channel. Interorbital space moderately shallow, with about
one-fifth of orbit extending above dorsal profile of head.
Preocular, supraocular, postocular, and tympanic spines
simple (tips of preocular, supraocular, and postocular spines
bifurcate in SNFR 13482). Minute, simple coronal spine
present in SNFR 13522, absent in SNFR 13482. Interorbital and pretympanic spines absent. Occipital region nearlyflat, with low ridges between tympanic and parietal spines.
Parietal and nuchal spines simple, joined at base. Upper
posttemporal spine absent. Lower posttemporal and supracleithral spines simple. Cleithral spine large, broad at base.
Lateral lachrymal spine present in SNFR 13522, absent in
SNFR 13482. Anterior lachrymal spine broad, not pointed.
Posterior lachrymal spine simple, triangular, directed ventroposteriorly. Five to 9 suborbital spines; an additional
spine present below suborbital ridge, located along a vertical drawn through posterior margin of pupil. Space between
ventral margin of eye and suborbital ridge narrow. Suborbital pit indistinct. Preopercle with 4 or 5 spines (on left andright sides, respectively in SNFR 13482 and SNFR 13552),
former specimen lacking second preopercular spine; second
opercular spine minute if present; uppermost spine largest
with supplemental preopercular spine its base. Preopercle
smooth above uppermost preopercular spine, lacking serrae or spine in that region. Upper opercular spine simple
without median ridge. Lower opercular spine simple withlow median ridge. Space between upper and lower opercular spines without ridges. Posterior tips of upper and lower
opercular spines respectively short of and just reaching (orjust short of in SNFR 13522) opercular margin.
Origin of first dorsal-fin spine slightly posterior to a vertical drawn through supracleithral spine base. Posterior margin of opercular membrane reaching vertical drawn throughbase of third dorsal-fin spine. Posterior tip of pectoral fin
extending beyond anus but not reaching to origin of anal

Central North Pacific Idiastion pacificum

Table 1.

3Counts and measurements of Idiastion pacificum.
HolotypeStandard length (mm)

BSKU 31153

SNFR 13482

SNFR 13522

128.4

124.0

148.6
XII, 9Counts :Dorsal-fin rays

XII, 9XII, 9Anal-fin rays

III, 5

III, 5

III, 5Pelvic-fin rays

i+6+xi=18

i+7+ix=17

i+7+xi=19

Scale rows in longitudinal series

–

47

45

Pored lateral line scales

26

24

24

Scales above lateral line

–

8

8

Scales below lateral line

–

12

11

Predorsal-fin scale rows
Gill rakers

–

12

11

6+12=18

6+12=18

6+12=18

Branchiostegal rays

7

7

7

Total vertebrae

25

25

25

Measurements (% standard length)
Head length

46.0

44.8

44.4

Body depth

37.2

35.7

35.6

Body width

21.7

18.2

18.7

Head width

23.4

22.7

21.7

Snout length

9.9

9.8

9.8

Orbital diameter

15.2

14.0

13.7

Interorbital width at midline of eye

3.7

5.2

4.4

Upper jaw length

22.6

21.1

21.4

Maxillary depth

6.9

6.9

6.2

Postorbital length

21.4

20.4

19.1
40.8

Predorsal-fin length

43.7

42.0

Preanal-fin length

70.4

71.0

73.4

Prepelvic-fin length

45.8

42.0

44.8

1st dorsal-fin spine length

5.4

6.0

6.7

2nd dorsal-fin spine length

Broken10.2

9.6

3rd dorsal-fin spine length

Broken14.4

14.0

4th dorsal-fin spine length

12.1

13.6

13.7

5th dorsal-fin spine length

11.1

12.0

12.6

6th dorsal-fin spine length

9.5

Broken11.4

11th dorsal-fin spine length

5.2

5.8

5.3

12th dorsal-fin spine length

9.3

9.7

9.5

1st anal-fin spine length

7.1

8.1

8.8

2nd anal-fin spine length

13.9

15.0

15.1

3rd anal-fin spine length

11.8

11.5

12.9

Pectoral-fin length

29.2

26.9

27.8

Pelvic-fin spine length

12.3

13.5

12.7

Caudal-fin length

21.3

21.3

BrokenCaudal peduncle length

19.8

18.1

17.0

Caudal peduncle depth

8.8

8.8

8.9

fin. Origin of pelvic fin just below origin of pectoral fin. Posterior tip of depressed pelvic fin not reaching origin of analfin. Origin of first anal-fin spine slightly posterior to a vertical drawn through last dorsal-fin spine.
Gill rakers relatively short and spinous, length of longest gill raker on lower limb of first gill arch approximately
equal to or shorter than length of gill filament; slit present
behind fourth gill arch. Formula for configuration of anterior neural spines and anterior dorsal pterygiophores

0//2+1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1+1/. Dorsal series of caudalprocurrent rays 6, ventral series 4 or 5. Swimbladder present.
Color when fresh (based on photograph of SNFR 13482:
Fig. 1). Body reddish dorsally, becoming whitish ventrally,
without any distinct black markings (except for black ofeye). Two broad, dark red bands from eye to lower preopercular margin and middle of opercular margin. Four obscuresaddle-like bands on dorsal body: first band above pectoral-

4

Makoto Okamoto et al.

Fig. 1. Idiastion pacificum, 124.0 mm SL, SNFR 13482, fresh
specimen, central North Pacific.

Fig. 2. Two species of the genus Idiastion. A, Idiastion pacificum,124.0 mm SL, SNFR 13482, preserved specimen, central North Pacific; B, Idiastion kyphos, 83.0 mm SL, preserved specimen, CAS
31886, Caribbean Sea.

fin base, second below middle of spinous portion of dorsal
fin, third below soft-rayed portion of dorsal fin, and fourthon caudal-fin base. Membranes of spinous portion of dorsal
fin uniformly red. Membranes of soft-rayed portion of dorsal and anal fins and caudal fin transparent, their soft rays
reddish. Pectoral fin reddish centrally, whitish marginally.
Pelvic fin pinkish.
Color in ethanol (Fig. 2A). Head and body entirely paleyellow, with large number of scattered small melanophores
on cheek, pectoral-fin base, lateral side of posterior body,and caudal-peduncle region.
Distribution. Currently known from the western
North Pacific [Kyushu-Palau Ridge, at a depth of 355–375 m(Kanayama 1982; Ishida and Amaoka 1992)] and the Emperor Seamounts, central North Pacific (at depths between
350–430 m, present study).
Remarks. The present specimens from the central
North Pacific agree with all diagnostic characters of Idiastion pacificum given by Ishida and Amaoka (1992) except
for the presence of ctenoid scales on the maxilla. One ofFig. 3. Distributional records of the holotype (closed circle) andthe specimens in the present study (open circles) of Idiastion pacificum.

the present specimens (SNFR 13522) and the holotype of I.
pacificum have small ctenoid scales on the maxilla, whereas
the other present specimen (SNFR 13482) lacks such scales.
The scales on this area are deciduous, though, and SNFR
13522 and the holotype have only a few scales on the left
and right sides of the maxilla. Therefore, we conclude thatthe lack of the scales on the maxilla in SNFR 13482 is due toloss during capture.
According to Ishida and Amaoka (1992), the longest dorsal-fin spine of the holotype of I. pacificum was the fourth.
When, we reexamined the holotype, we noticed that the
tip of the third spine was broken but that its length was thesame as the data given in the original description. This indicates that the tip of the spine was broken before the typespecimen was described. In the present two specimens, thefins are complete and the longest dorsal-fin spine in both instances is the third.
The fresh coloration of our specimens agrees with thecolor photograph of "Scorpaenidae sp". in Kanayama (1982),
identified as I. pacificum in Ishida and Amaoka (1992).
Unfortunately, that specimen [its catalog number was notshown by Kanayama (1982)] has not been rediscovered
since Ishida and Amaoka (1992) noted that it was missing.
Dissection of the abdomen on the right side of the smaller present specimen of I. pacificum (124.0 mm SL, SNFR
13482) showed it to have mature ovaries full of relatively
large eggs (ca. 0.4 mm diameter) at several developmental
stages. Information on sexual maturity in the genus Idiastion is limited to the holotype with mature ova of I. hageyi(95 mm SL; McCosker 2008). In our examination of specimens of I. kyphos, both GMBL 2332 (66.2 and 79.0 mm SL)
and CAS 31886 (83.0 mm SL) proved to have expanded ovaries full of relatively large eggs (ca. 0.4 mm diameter), andthese observations represent the first confirmed information
about sexual maturity in that species.
The present study revealed that I. pacificum, previously
known only from Kyushu-Palau Ridge, is also distributed in
the central North Pacific, approximately 3,500 km northeastof the type locality (Fig. 3). As for its congeners, I. kyphos isknown from the Caribbean Sea and off Florida in the western North Atlantic, and also off Angola in the eastern South
Atlantic, in depths of ca. 229–622 m (Eschmeyer 1969; An-Central North Pacific Idiastion pacificum

derson et al. 1975), and I. hageyi is known only from the
Galápagos Islands at a depth of 522 m. Thus, the genus Idiastion is distributed in deep waters in temperate and tropicalregions, with a reddish body color similar to that of manyother deep-water species of scorpionfish (Eschmeyer 1965b;
McCosker 2008: fig. 2).
Comparison. Ishida and Amaoka (1992) noted that
I. pacificum could be distinguished from I. kyphos in having "ctenoid scales on nape and maxilla, and cycloid scales
on isthmus, breast, anterior part of belly and membrane ofanal, lower part of pectoral and pelvic fins", although they
did not make a direct comparison of these species (Fig. 2).
In this study, we compared the two species and confirmedthat I. kyphos (Fig. 2B) also possesses ctenoid scales on thenape and maxilla and mixed cycloid and ctenoid scales on
the isthmus, breast, and fin membranes. However, I. pacificum differs from I. kyphos in having cycloid scales on theventral surface of the abdomen (vs ctenoid scales in I. kyphos) and in the origin of the first dorsal-fin spine, which
is located slightly posterior to a vertical drawn through thesupracleithral spine base (vs just above the supracleithralspine base in I. kyphos). Also, I. pacificum (124.0–148.6 mmSL) attains a larger size than I. kyphos does (105.4 mm maximum recorded SL: Anderson et al. 1975).
Idiastion pacificum is clearly distinguished from I. hageyi
in having scales in the interorbital region (vs no scales there
in I. hageyi), and in that the posterior tip of the pectoral fin
does not reach the anal-fin origin (it exceeds the anal-fin
origin in I. hageyi: McCosker 2008). Moreover, the relative
length of the head of I. pacificum is remarkably shorter thanthat of I. hageyi (44.4–46.0% SL vs. 50.7% SL in I. hageyi:
McCosker 2008).

Acknowledgments
We are grateful to T. Jintoku and Y. Matsunaga (SNFR)
for their curatorial assistance. Thanks also go to M. S. Love
(Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa
Barbara) for his critical reading of the initial manuscriptwith helpful comments, H. Endo (BSKU), T. Iwamoto, W.
Eschmeyer, D. Catania, and M. Hoang (CAS), and A. Harold (GMBL) for loans of comparative materials, and J. McCosker (CAS) for providing literature. We thank the captain,
officers, and crew of the F/V No. 68. Fukuyoshi-maru for
their assistance with sampling. The present study was funded by the International Fishery Resource Measure Promotion
Project conducted by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries, Japan.

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