Sustainable
Alternative Jet Fuels
U.S. Experience
FAA Overview: R&D
Activities andCoordination Efforts

Presented to: Japan Aviation Environmental Workshop
By:

Dr. James I. Hileman
Office of Environment and Energy
Federal Aviation Administration

Date:

November 5, 2014

Federal Aviation
Administration

Outline• U.S. Vision & Approach• U.S. Activities• Alt Fuel Developments• SummaryFederal Aviation
Administration

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Aviation Environmental Challenges
NOISE

AIR QUALITY

WATER QUALITY

ENERGYGLOBAL CLIMATE• Aviation impacts community noise, air quality, water quality,
energy usage, and climate change• Environmental impacts from aviation emissions could pose a
critical constraint on capacity growth• Alternative jet fuels could reduce the environmental impact ofaviation:– Carbon neutral growth by 2020 compared to 2005
– Absolute reduction of significant air quality impacts, notwithstanding
aviation growth– 1 billion gallons of renewable jet fuel in use by aviation by 2018Federal Aviation
Administration

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U.S. Climate Action Plan for Aviation
The U.S. is pursing a multipronged approach to address green
house gas emissions from aviation• Aircraft and engine technology improvement• Operational improvements• Alternative fuels development anddeployment• Policies, environmental standards, andmarket based measures• Scientific understanding through research,modeling and analysis

Federal Aviation
Administration4

Alternative Fuels Principles – U.S. Vision• Alternative Jet Fuels must be drop in, have equivalentsafety and better environmental performance thanpetroleum Jet fuel• Enable all possible fuels that meet criteria• Government role to address key barriers• Work through Public-Private Partnerships• Address the whole supply chain• Leverage expertise and resources of other governmentagencies and other countries• Aviation should be a lead user of alternative fuels

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Challenges for Sustainable Alternative Fuels• Feedstock availability• Competitive cost for alternative fuel• Approved for performance/safety• Environmentally sustainable• Commercially produced

Federal Aviation
Administration

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U.S. Government Efforts Across the Supply Chain

Feedstock
Logistics

FuelConversion

Conversion
Fuel Testing / Approval
Process ScaleFuel Performance | Environment Assmt
up/Integration

Agriculture: Biomass Crop
Assistance Program & Crop
Insurance Program

Energy &Defense:
R&D grantsAgriculture& Energy:
R&D grants

Feedstock
Production

Agriculture: Feedstock
Development Center Grants
Energy:R&D

FAA &Defense:
C/Q Fueltesting

FAA,Defense, &NASA:
EnviroAnalysis

EnableProduction

End User/Buyer

Agriculture,Navy, &Energy:
Defense
Production
Act andBiorefinery
ProgramDefense &Airlines:
fuelpurchase
FAA:
Guidance
for Airports

EPA:
Renewable
FuelStandard

Federal Aviation
Administration

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FAA Alternative Jet Fuel Activities• Testing Support Cert/Qual testing Improve Cert/Qual process Emissions measurements• Analysis
 Environmental sustainability Techno-economic analysis
 Future scenarios• Coordination
Interagency
Public-Private
State & Regional
International
Federal Aviation
Administration

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FAA Alternative Jet Fuel Activities• Testing Support Cert/Qual testing Improve Cert/Qual process Emissions measurements• Analysis
 Environmental sustainability Techno-economic analysis
 Future scenarios• Coordination
Interagency
Public-Private
State & Regional
International
Federal Aviation
Administration

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Aviation Fuel Qualification (ASTM D4054 Process)Specification
Properties

Fit-For-Purpose
Properties

Component/RigTesting

Engine/APU
Testing

ASTM
Review

Accept& Ballot

RejectASTM
ResearchReport

Re-EvalAs Required

ASTM
Specification

ASTM D7566
Revision

ASTM Balloting
Process

FAA & OEM
Review &Approval
Federal Aviation
Administration

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Resource

Alternative Jet Fuel Pathways & Status
Waste
Gas

NaturalGas

Solid
Waste

Coal

Lignocellulosic
Biomass

Terrestrial
Oil Crops& Waste FOG

Sugar &Starch Crops

saccharification

gasification

Oil extraction

pyrolysis
Advanced
thermoprocessing

sugarsBioprocessing

Intermediate

Bio-processing

syngasASTM
Status

ProductProcess

F-T
Synthesis

alcohols

Thermoprocessing

Thermoprocessing

Hydroprocessing

Jet
Fuel

FTSKA

FTSPK

lipidsbio-oil

Thermoprocessing
Hydroprocessing

Hydroprocessing

ATJSKAATJSPK

HDCJ

Catalytic
Hydrothermolysis

SIPSK,SAK

Hydroprocessing

ASTM TF
ASTM TF& Report

Annex A1
Sept 2009

ASTM TF

ASTM TF& Report

Draft – Subject to Revision – July 28, 2014

ASTM TF& Report

HEFACH

ASTM TF

Annex A2
July 2011

Federal Aviation

Annex A3 Administration
June 2014

GREEN
DIESEL11

Emissions Measurements• PARTNER developing
relationship for black carbon
emissions based on engine
thrust and fuel aromaticcontent1• Intend to further expand alt jetfuels emissions knowledge
using measurements fromCLEEN Program and NASAtests• Expanding knowledge toinclude alt jet fuels that havearomatic content (e.g., HDCJ)

Preliminary PARTNER Project 47 research results(http://partner.aero) – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Federal Aviation
Administration

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FAA Alternative Jet Fuel Activities• Testing Support Cert/Qual testing Improve Cert/Qual process Emissions measurements• Analysis
 Environmental sustainability Techno-economic analysis
 Future scenarios• Coordination
Interagency
Public-Private
State & RegionalInternational
Federal Aviation
Administration

13Environmental Analyses• Environmental analyses– Focus on well‐to‐wake (WTW) lifecycle GHG emissions– Results incorporated into ANLGREET model1 and EPA analysis– Examining climate impacts fromchange in combustion emissions• Recent life cycle GHG work2– Tallow and waste oils for HEFA
– Advanced fermentation of sugars,starches, and switchgrass• Water footprint analysis3– Examined water footprint of all fuels considered for LC GHG emissions– Fuel use on same order of magnitude as conventional jet fuel unlessirrigation is used
1. ANL GREET model available at http://greet.es.anl.gov/files/aviation-lca
2. PARTNER Project 28 and 47 research: (partner.aero): Stratton et al. 2010, Staples etal. 2014, Bond et al. 2014, and Seber et al. (forthcoming)
3. PARTNER Project 47 (partner.aero): Staples et al. 2013Federal Aviation
Administration

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Economic Analyses• Techno‐Economic Analysis– Computing minimum selling price (MSP) for nth plant– Using discounted cash flow rate of return method• Effort is focused on identifying ways to reduce production costs• Lower feedstock costs– HEFA production from rotation crop such as pennycress1– Advanced fermentation using sugar cane2• Modify product slate– For HEFA, maximizing jet fuel production requires $0.25 to $0.30 per
gallon more than maximizing diesel fuel to break even3– Maximizing biochemicals makes certain jet fuel production pathways
economical4• Utilizing brownfield facilities reduces production costs2,3
Research results can be found at http://partner.aero/:
1. Project 31 – Winchester et al. 2013
2. Project 47 – Staples et al. 2014
3. Project 28 – Pearlson et al. 2013
4. Project 47 – Bond et al. 2014

Federal Aviation
Administration

15FAA Alternative Jet Fuel Activities• Testing Support Cert/Qual testing Improve Cert/Qual process Emissions measurements• Analysis
 Environmental sustainability Techno-economic analysis
 Future scenarios• CoordinationInteragency
Public-Private
State & Regional
International
Federal Aviation
Administration

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Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative(CAAFI)• Public-Private coalition for commercial aviation to engage
the emerging alternative fuels industry• Enable development of alt jet fuels:– Equivalent safety/performance (drop-in)– Comparable cost
– Environmental improvement– Security of Energy supply• Four teams for key issues:– Environment Team– Certification-Qualification Team– R&D Team– Business Team• State and Regional Support• International Cooperation

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Coordinate USG Efforts Across the Supply Chain

Feedstock
Logistics

FuelConversion

Conversion
Fuel Testing / Approval
Process ScaleFuel Performance | Environment Assmt
up/Integration

Agriculture: Biomass Crop
Assistance Program & Crop
Insurance Program

Energy &Defense:
R&D grants

Agriculture& Energy:
R&D grants

Feedstock
Production

Agriculture: Feedstock
Development Center Grants
Energy:R&D

FAA &Defense:
C/Q Fueltesting

FAA,
Defense, &NASA:
EnviroAnalysis

EnableProduction

End User/Buyer

Agriculture,
Navy, &Energy:
Defense
Production
Act andBiorefinery
ProgramDefense &Airlines:
fuelpurchase
FAA:
Guidance
for Airports

EPA:
Renewable
FuelStandard

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Farm to Fly 2.0… “THEREFORE, AS OUR GOAL, we
the undersigned, jointly signify ourintent to continue working together
over the next five years in an expanded
collaboration entitled “Farm to Fly2.0”, to enable commercially viable,
sustainable bio-Jet Fuel supply chainsin the U.S. that are able to support thegoal of one billion gallons of bio-Jet
Fuel production capacity and use for
the Aviation Enterprise by 2018”Federal Aviation
Administration

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CAAFI State & Regional Deployment••••Working with local lead organizations/POCs
Provide context, advice, strategy, benchmarking
Facilitate networks & links between stakeholders
Link to Farm to Fly 2.0"Farm to Fly" projects in process
Commercial Execution Initiated"Farm to Fly" project dialogue* Does not include Dept. of Energy Pilot Projects, Defense Production Act Projects,
map credit to diymaps.net.

Federal AviationAdministration

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International Engagement• Bilateral Cooperation
Agreements• Informal coordination
with counterpart
organizations• International Civil
Aviation Organization

Federal Aviation
Administration

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New FAA Programs
Aviation Sustainability Center (ASCENT)• New Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet
Fuels and Environment

Continuous Lower Energy, Emissions and Noise (CLEEN) II• Reduce aircraft fuel burn, emissions and noise throughtechnology & advance alternative jet fuels

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Lead Universities:•Washington State University (WSU)*•
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Core Universities:•Boston University (BU)
•Georgia Institute of Technology (Ga Tech)•
Missouri University of Science andTechnology (MS&T)•Oregon State University (OSU)*•Pennsylvania State University (PSU)*•Purdue University (PU)*•Stanford University (SU)•University of Dayton (UD)•
University of Hawaii (UH)*•
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)*•
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC)•
University of Pennsylvania (UPenn)•
University of Tennessee (UT)*•
University of Washington (UW)** Denotes USDA NIFA AFRI-CAP Leads and Participants &Sun Grant Schools

ASCENT Website: http://ascent.aero

Federal Aviation
Administration

23Continuous Lower Energy, Emissions
and Noise (CLEEN) Phase II• FAA R&D Program:– Reduce aircraft fuel burn, emissions and noise throughtechnology & advance alternative jet fuels– 1:1 minimum cost share requirement• CLEEN I: 2010-2015 ($125M FAA Funding)– Alternative Jet Fuel Projects with Boeing, Rolls Royce, Pratt &Whitney, and Honeywell• CLEEN II: 2015-2020 ($100M FAA Funding)– Industry Day - December 3, 2013 in Washington DC– Solicitation open now until January 23, 2015
– More information available at:https://faaco.faa.gov/index.cfm/announcement/view/18077

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Administration24

Alt Fuels Development Progress 2014
• ASTM approval of SIP fuels (June 2014), additional ballots
under preparation• Engine tests of novel fuels continue• ASCENT analysis projects established• Continued domestic and international engagement

Federal Aviation
Administration25

Alt Fuels Progress Anticipated in 2015
• Continue support to ASTM approval of additional fuelpathways• Continue Certification / Qualification testing of fuels withcurrent methods (D4054) to support ASTM approval• Continue work to improve testing methods to reduce costand time of Certification / Qualification over longer term
• Continue analysis in support of deployment• Continue domestic and international engagement

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Summary•

Alternative jet fuels are a key component ofU.S. strategy for meeting aviation
environmental goals•

FAA efforts are directed to overcoming key
challenges via testing, analysis andcoordination•

Multiple programs and activities focus on
different aspects of the challenge•

Partnerships across technical areas are akey focus•

Strong domestic and international
coordination necessary for successFederal AviationAdministration

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Dr. Jim Hileman
Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor forEnvironment and Energy
Federal Aviation Administration
Office of Environment and Energy
Email: james.hileman@faa.gov

Federal Aviation
Administration

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