2013-02-18

On‐site Domestic Wastewater
On‐Treatment System in JapanFebruary, 2013
The 4th WEPA International Workshop
Takatoshi Wako
Deputy Director, Water Environment Division
Environment Management Bureau
Ministry of the Environment, Japan
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Today’s Presentation• Water quality and domestic wastewater
treatment system in Japan• Johkasou(on‐site domestic wastewater treatment in Japan)• Technology• Cost (Installation and Operation) and effluent quality• Uniqueness of management framework
Ministry of the Environment

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Population Increase, Urbanization and Economic Growth100

50,000120 000
80100 000
6080 000
60 0004040 000
2020 0000

GDP per Capita (current USDD)

140 000

Economic Growth

Percentage(%)

Tootal Population (thousands peroons)

Population Increase andUrbanization
40,00030,00020,00010,000

0
1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

01960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2010

Year

Year

Total Population in Japan
Percentage of Population inUrban Area of Japan

GDP per Capita of Japan(current USD)

Ministry of the Environment

3

Water Pollution of Tokyo in 1970’s

Tokyo Bay
Ministry of the Environment

A river in Tokyo

The Kanda River(Tokyo)

Photo Credit : Environmental Bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government 422013-02-18

Population Coverage by Type of Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Night soilcollection
Sewerage treatment system(Centralized treatment)

Johkasou

Ministry of the Environment

5Historical Change in Water Quality Improvement

Average W
Water Quality (BOD/CODD)(mg/l)

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
River(BOD)

Lake(COD)

Marine(COD)

0.5
0
1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Year
Ministry of the Environment

63

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Legal Framework for Johkasou
Technological Aspect• Building Standards Act (1950)• Structural Criteria (1969)• Japanese Industrial Standards (JISA 3302‐2000)

Management• Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Act(1970)• Johkasou Act (1982)
Ministry of the Environment

7

Effect of Environmental Improvement by Johkasou
Inflow

JohkasouOutflow

BOD load

BOD removal rate

BOD load

40g/Cap/Day

90%

4g/Cap/Day

Grey Water
27 g

Black Water
13 g

Ministry of the Environment

Clean Water

88

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Treatment Types of Johkasou
Denitrification Type Anaerobic
Filter ‐Contact Aeration Process(1,238 Facilities)

Separation – Contact AerationProcess (87,312 Facilities)

93 %Anaerobic Filter‐ Contact Aeration Process ‐(1,153,199 Facilities)
Treatment Types of Individual Johkasou(5‐50 PE: Population Equivalent) as of 2011
(5‐Ministry of the Environment

9Anaerobic Filter ‐ Contact Aeration Process ‐• Wastewater is broken down biochemically by the catabolism ofmicroorganisms such as bacteria and metazoan organism

Ministry of the Environment105

2013-02-18

Cost for Installation and Operation/Maintenance
An Example of Installation and Maintenance Cost for a Johkasou(5PE: Population Equivalent)
Cost(US$)

Items
Installation

9,061

Operation and Maintenance (Annual)

701

Maintenance

227

Desludging

280

Electricity

140

Inspection

54
Exchange rate: 1 USD ≒ 92.7JPY

Ministry of the Environment

11The Quality of Effluent from Johkasou

BOOD level of Effluent(mg/l))

0x≦55＜x≦1010＜x≦1515＜x≦2020＜x≦3030＜x≦40
40＜x≦50
50＜x≦60
60＜x≦90
90＜x≦120
120＜x≦160
160＜x

Number of Samples
100,000
200,000
300,000

400,000

85 %<20mg/l
20mg/l(Effluent Standard)

Results of Annual Inspection for Johkasou as of 2011
Ministry of the Environment

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Treatment Methodology of Johkasou Sludge
Septagetreatment facility

Composting
facility

Treatment
Methodologies

02,0004,000

Volume of Treted Sludge(thousands kl/year)
6,000
8,000
10,00012,00014,000

Septage treatment facility

16,00013760
884

Sewerage treatment facility
Composting facility

13Methanation facilities

12

Agricultural land as fertilizer

59

Others60

93 %Septagetreatment
facility

Ministry of the Environment

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Uniqueness of Johkasou Management Framework

Governmental Support forTechnological Standardization$Subsidy System for Installation
Outsourcing System for
Installation
Operation
I t ll ti anddOti
Monitoring System

Ministry of the Environment147

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Governmental Support for Technological Standardization• Outline of structural standards for Johkasou

Ministry of the Environment

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Governmental Support for Technological Standardization

Ministry of the Environment168

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Subsidy System for Johkasou Installation

Percentage of Subsidy

40 % (Johkasou Installation Promotion Program)
90 % (Municipal Johkasou Installation Program)
Ministry of the Environment

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Basis for the Calculation of the Percentage

Total BOD 40g/Cap/Day
33%
Black water

43%
Grey Water(Others)
Subsidy

5%
Grey Water (Effluent)

20%
Grey Water (Pollutant load
reduction possible with user’s
effort)Pollutant Load (BOD) of Domestic Wastewater
Ministry of the Environment

189

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National Budget for Johkasou Subsidy

25203,000,000
2,500,000

National Budget for
Johkaso SSubsidy
Johkasoubsid

2 000 000
2,000,000

15

1,500,000

10

Number of Facilities

501,000,000

Number of Facilitties

Budget for Subsidy(billion yen)30500,0000Year

Historical Change of National Budget for Johkasou Subsidy andNumber of Facilities
Ministry of the Environment

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Outsourcing System for Installation and Management
Installation

Installation 33,593 Companies
Worker 83,205 Persons

Performance Inspection

Inspector

Operation/MaintenanceOperator

65 Institutions
1,210 Persons
12,871 Companies
72,521 Persons

Desludging

Desludging 5,375 Companies
15,117 Persons
ExpertAnnual Inspection65 Institutions
Inspector 1,210 Persons

Ministry of the Environment

2010

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Percentage of Inspected Facilities

87‐‐93 %87

Perrcentage of Inspected faccilities

100%

Performance
Inspection

80%

AnnualInspection

60%
40%

45‐‐50 %
4520%
0%
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Historical Change of Inspected Johkasou in Japan
Ministry of the Environment

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Conclusion• Johkasou system is an effective approach foron‐site domestic wastewater treatment• In order to encourage proper installation andoperation, regulations alone are not sufficient.
Governmental support in the respect oftechnological standardization, financing andoutsourcing is needed.

• Periodical Monitoring is required forsustainable management of Johkasou system.
Ministry of the Environment2211

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Thank you for your attention

Contact: TAKATOSHI_WAKO@env.go.jp

Ministry of the Environment

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