Research on Flight Operational Efficiency
for Fuel and NoiseJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Aeronautical Technology Directorate
Technology Demonstration Research Unit

Naoki Matayoshi

Outline
1. Background- Air Traffic Situation in Japan- CARATS (ATM Long Term Vision)

2. JAXA’s DREAMS Project Outline
3. DREAMS Technologies- Noise Abatement Operation- High Accuracy Satellite Navigation- GBAS-TAP based Curved Approach

4. Summary2

Increasing Demand
In 2020’s, air traffic demands will exceed current airport capacity
at Tokyo Metropolitan airports.
Number of departure & arrival( domestic + international)

1,000 times/yearactualpredictedmaximum caseminimum case

Current capacity(710 thousands times/year)

In 2020’s, demands will
exceed airport capacity

demands in metropolitan
area will be expected toincrease continuously(FY)
Ref. JCAB3

Constraints on Departure/Arrival Paths• Terrain constraints (e.g. mountains) prevent ILS approach.
• Aircraft noise impact limits airport operation time.
(e.g. Narita International Airport operates from 6AM to 11PM only.)
Mountains
Aircraft noise-60dB 60-70dB

70-80dB 80dB-ILS

AirportNarita International Airport
Over 10% of airports in Japan(10 out of 95) can NOT use
ILS approach mainly due toterrain constraints.

Narita International Airportshows aircraft noise impact
in real-time via internet.

source: NAA

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CARATS(Long term vision of future ATM)5source: JCAB
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CARATS Policies (OIs, ENs)
33 operational improvements (OIs) and 15 enablers (ENs)to implement CARATS

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Improved capacity of ATC using datalink and decision support tools

CAT-I GBAS

CAT-III GBAS

5Communications

2

FANS-1/A+(POA/Mode2)

ATN-Baseline2,AeroMACS, L-DACS

source: JCAB (partly updated by JAXA)

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ATM R&D Organizations in Japan

Univ. of Tokyo

source: ENRI

8About JAXA: Organization
CabinetStrategic Headquarters for Space Policy(Secretariat: Cabinet Secretariat)
Cabinet OfficeCouncil for Science andTechnology Policy (CSTP)
Space Activities
Commission

Council for Science and Technology /Committee on Science and Technology for Aeronautics
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT)
Ministry of Internal Affairs
and Communications
Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry (METI)
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLIT) / Civil Aviation Bureau
Ministry of Defense
Ministry ofEnvironment

R&D Directorates
Space Technology
Directorate Ｉ
Human Spaceflight
Technology DirectorateInstitute of Space andAstronautical Science (ISAS)
Space Exploration
Innovation Hub Center
Aeronautical Technology
Directorate
Research and Development
Directorate
Space Technology
Directorate ＩＩ
Number of JAXA employees
Approx. 1,530 (190 in Aeronautics)
Budget (@1 USD=110 JPY)
 Overall budget: 1.4 billion USD
 Aeronautics:
62 million USD(As of FY2017)
9About JAXA: Aeronautical Research Activities
Major research themes ●Sonic boom reduction
SafetyTechnologyforAviation
andDisaster-ReliefProgram

Environment-ConsciousAircraft
TechnologyProgram

Sky Frontier program

Sky Frontier

STARECAT“D‐SEND Project”●HALE UAS

● High‐efficiency airframe“Eco‐Wing”
Aircraft resistance reduction basedon aerodynamics/● Next‐Gen ATM
structure, Composites“DREAMS Project”
structure design technology●Electric Aircraft“Feather Project”● Disaster Response

Aircraft Technology● Next‐gen Fan/

“D‐NET 2”

Turbine System“aFJR Project”
Technology demonstration● Radiation

Monitoring UAS“UARMS”● Turbulence Accident Prevention
turbulence“SafeAvio Project”●Airframe noise reduction“FQUROH Project”

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DREAMS Project(JAXA’s ATM Research)

DREAMS: Distributed and Revolutionary Efficient
Air-traffic Management System

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DREAMS Project: Objectives
ICAO
Global ATM Operational Concept (2003)
An integrated, harmonized and globally interoperable ATM
system in 2025 and beyond.
long-term vision for R&D
for each region

NextGenUSAEurope

Seamless ATMsystem

NextGen
Implementation
PlanSESAR
Master Plan

ATM related Institutions
Improve rescue helicopter operationand operational availability in severe
weatherreflects to ATM policy

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)
CARATS (Sep. 2010) JCAB’s long term vision
Enhance safety, Increase ATC capacity, Improve user convenience, efficient
operation, Enhance ATM service efficiency, Respond to environmental issue

MLIT / CARATS Board
CARATS Road Map（March. 2011）
46 policies to realize 5 times safety, double air-traffic capacity,
10% improvement in user convenience and air-traffic efficiency, etc.

JAXA
Objectives of DREAMS project (2009-2014)
To propose key technologies to realize CARATS policies
and transfer them to related institutions.
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DREAMS Project: Developed Technologies
JAXA developed key technologies to improve air-traffic operation in terminal area.
• Weather Information Technology; Wake vortex forecasting technology to reduce
aircraft separation for airport capacity increase.

• Noise Abatement Operation Technology; Forecasting ground noise impact tothe ground and optimizing the approach path to reduce ground noise impact & fuelconsumption.

• High-Accuracy Satellite
Navigation Technology;
GPS/INS integrated
navigation technology toimprove the availability ofsatellite-based precision
approach.

• Trajectory Control
Technology;
Precision curved approach
utilizing GBAS to increase
the number of flight service
even under poor visibility.
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Noise Abatement Operation (1/2)
Background

Other
Relocation• Because aircraft noise propagation isaffected by the weather condition, thenoise exposure area are broadened byweather condition.

¥100 billion

yearly budget• As air traffic volume increase,additional environmental expenditures
are needed.

Soundproof

accumulation¥10 billion

19721999

Environmental expenditures
around airportSolution• By predicting noisepropagation andexposure area, we can
optimize the flight paththat minimizes the noise
exposure area.

Air traffic information

Weather condition
Noise prediction

Flight path
optimization
Flight path
Optimized flightpath data

Noise exposure area

Noise
exposure

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Noise Abatement Operation (2/2)
Noise prediction model•

Predict time-series of noise levels.

•Consider the effect of meteorological conditions on noisepropagation.

 Verification

Air-to-Ground propagation test•

MET effects; AtoG Propagation test using balloon•

Sound Exposure Level; Over 30,000 data in four seasons
were obtained at Narita Int’l Airport.

 The overall prediction error was less than 3dB for mostconditions (more than 90%).
Approach Path Optimization•Minimize additional noise exposure area.
Measurement points at Narita Int’l Airport
TrafficOptimize

Current
x1.5
x1.5

NoNoYes

Area of noiseexposure [km^2]
Lden
Lden
= 48 dB= 54 dB
74.1
8.4
115.8
14.1
44.1
8.2
SEL prediction error15

High Accuracy Satellite Navigation (1/3)
Background
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is widely used in positioning, navigation andtiming, its accuracy and reliability may be inadequate under harsh conditions, such as in
the presence of ionospheric anomalies.
For safety-of-life applications, such as aircraft operations, maintaining high reliability
under all conditions is of great importance, so augmentation systems are necessary.

Degraded availability of precision approachdue to ionospheric anomalies (conceptual image)

Satellite orbit and scintillation intensity(5 satellites in southern direction were
unavailable at Ishigaki Island in Mach24th 2013)16

High Accuracy Satellite Navigation (2/3)
Solution
To achieve more than 99% GNSS availability, JAXA developed fortified
satellite tracking using INS and augmented reliability (INS coasting).
Flight Dynamics dataDREAMS System

GPS SatelliteDREAMS Demonstration System
Inertial Navigation System (INS)Existing System

Fortified Tracking function

Augmented Reliability
0.6

GNSS availability
evaluation system

position error [m]

0.4
0.2

Augmented
GPS Signal0.0-0.2-0.4-0.6

GPS Signal

01000

2000
time [sec]

3000

4000

Highly ReliableNavigation data

GBAS
GBAS Signal

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High Accuracy Satellite Navigation (3/3)

integration
JAXA’s Exp. Jet Plane

Cessna Citation Sovereign
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GBAS-TAP Curved Approach (1/3)
BackgroundTerrain constraint
Noise exposure toresidential area
Curved Approach

Straight approach3 types of curved approach
Visual Flight Rule（visibility is crucial）
flight path are defined by FMS
RNP-AR

Special skill isneeded

flight path are definedby ILS or GLS

RNP to xLS

TAP

suitable forautomatic landing• Using curved approach, it is easierthan straight approach to handle
the noise exposure problem or
terrain constrain problem.

• Among the 3 curved approachprocedures, GBAS-TAP procedure
is most promising one in the future.
Therefore, automatic landing
algorithm for this landing
procedure were developed.

FMS: Flight management system
ILS: Instrumental landing system
GLS: GNSS landing system
TAP: Terminal area path19

GBAS-TAP Curved Approach (2/3)
Flight history

Flight Demonstration• Development auto flight system for
precision curved approach

curvedpath
曲線進入
直線進入pathstraight• TAP path definition and data link protocol
for high-density ATM operation• Using GBAS station (ENRI), TAP-based
curved approaches were successfully
conducted by JAXA experimental airplane.

curved path

Flight path error
same as thestraight pathdistance from R/W end (km)JAXA’s experimental plane

GBAS station (ENRI)(Under collaboration with ENRI)

Guidance display shows the flight path20

GBAS-TAP Curved Approach (3/3)
Dynamic Downwind

GBAS Dynamic Trajectory enables;– Metering tool in high density operation– Noise abatement procedures taking account of wind conditions– Less pilot workload, data base update in comparison with FMS
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Summary
1. Japanese Air Traffic Situation• Increasing demand and congestion in Tokyo area
• Constraints on departure/arrival paths due to terrain, noise impact

2. CARATS (Long-term vision of ATM)
• Outline (targets, renovation)• Operational improvements, enablers

3. JAXA DREAMS Project• Noise Abatement Operation• High Accuracy Satellite Navigation• GBAS-TAP Curved Approach→ Research outputs are regularly reported to related institutions including JCAB,ICAO, RTCA and IGWG.

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