Integrated	  Water	  Resources	  Management	  (IWRM)
andSUSTAINABILITY
Srikantha	  Herath
Ins.tute	  for	  Sustainability	  and	  Peace
United	  Na.ons	  UniversityTokyo,	  Japan
Monday, November 25, 13

1Outline• Sustainability– Sustainable	  development– Earth-­‐system	  sustainability• IWRM	  and	  Sustainability	  linkages– UNU	  Research	  project:	  Mosaic	  systems	  of	  tradi.onal	  and	  modern	  prodcu.on	  systems	  for	  enhancing	  resilience• Water	  Alloca.on	  (Environmental)• Water	  management	  (Societal)• Irrigated	  rice	  and	  home	  gardens	  (IWRM)• Pricing	  (Economic)• Global	  change	  implica.ons	  ofMonday, November 25, 13

Sustainable	  Development	  and	  Sustainability• Sustainable	  development	  is	  development	  which	  meets	  the	  needs	  of	  the	  present	  without	  compromising	  the	  ability	  of	  future	  genera:ons	  to	  meet	  their	  own	  needs.	  
– 	  World	  Commission	  on	  Environment	  and	  Development,	  1987

• Total	  capital	  =	  Natural	  capital	  +	  Capital	  created	  +	  human	  capital– Can	  they	  be	  subs:tuted?

• Sustainability	  approach	  should	  holis:cally	  consider	  the	  complexity,	  irreversibility,	  uncertainty	  and	  ethical	  predicaments	  intrinsic	  to	  the	  natural	  environment	  and	  its	  connec:ons	  to	  humanity• Sustainability	  Economics:– achieving	  the	  needs	  and	  wants	  of	  individuals:	  eﬃcient	  resource	  alloca:on– Jus:ce:	  between	  human	  genera:ons,	  	  within	  a	  human	  genera:on,	  between	  nature	  and	  humans
Monday, November 25, 13

Achieving	  Sustainability• Ecological	  Security:	  Ecological security is the statusreflecting the threat to human living, health. basic
rights, guarantee of secure life, necessary resources,
social order and the ability to adapt to environmental
change.
• This covers environment, economy and society	  	  + Sustainability of• Bringing	  together	  the	  disciplines:EarthSystem

Environment
Society

Monday, November 25, 13

Economics

Sustainability
Science: (2001)
Ensure sustainabilityof earth system

UNU-­‐ISP
Sustainability	  Research• Inter-­‐disciplinary	  approach	  engaging	  components	  of	  sustainability
SocialAspects

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Economic
Aspects••

Environmental ••Aspects ••••••Monday, November 25, 13

Australian National University
Bangladesh University ofEngineering and Technology
Tsinghua University
Chinese Academy of Forestry
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur
Gadjah Mada University (UGM)Kyoto University
The University of Tokyo
Ibaraki University
Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
Integrated Research System for
Sustainability Science
National University of Malaysia(UKM)
Tribhuvan University
University of Engineering andTechnology Lahore (UET)University of the Philippines
Yeungnam University
Seoul National University
Nanyang Technological University
University of Peradeniya
Asian Institute of Technology
Chulalongkorn University
Viet Nam National University

UN-CECAR Network

Formed	  in	  2009
Interdisciplinary	  approach
HolisLc	  View	  towards	  SustainabilitShare	  experLse	  and	  resourcesStrategies to enhance resilience to climate
and ecosystem changes
Paddy	  ﬁeld
Low	  biodiversity

Farm	  house

TradiLonal	  system

Output	  of	  drainage,	  fer:lizer,	  and	  pes:cide	  to	  outside

Large	  output

Material	  cycle	  system	  Farm	  house

Paddy	  ﬁeld
High	  biodiversity

Small	  output

TradiLonal	  system(high	  biodiversity)

Small	  output	  to	  outside

Mosaic	  System	  toStrengthen	  Resilience

TradiLonal	  Systems
High	  Resilience,	  Low	  Eﬃciency
Monday, November 25, 13

Synthesis

Modern	  SystemsHigh	  Eﬃciency,	  Low	  Resilience

ANCIENT IRRIGATION IN SRI LANKA
The ancient irrigation systems
have been built from 5th century
BC to 12th century AD for 17centuries. For example, themedium size Basavakkulama tankwith a water spread of 107 ha
was built around 300 B.C.
Main	  features
Sustainability
Evolu.on	  and	  development	   over	  a	  long	  period	  of	  .meTechnological	  innova.on,	  macro-­‐micro	  integra.on	  of	  systems	  and	  governanceMonday, November 25, 13

Sri Lanka Ancient Irrigation Systems
They consist of intricate
networks of small togigantic reservoirs calledtanks connected througha series of feeder canals
that brought water for
yearlong rice cultivation inMINNERIYA
the dry zone.
Tank ( 227 A.D)
135 mcm

CascadeNetwork
supplied by large
systems
Local Cascades
Ancient irrigation systems provide importantlessons in combining Macro and Microsystems as well as Integrating with large scale
systems with local communities and ecology
Monday, November 25, 13

Proﬁle

DEDURU OYA-The sixth largest River Basin in S.L
Origination, West of Kandy / Matale Hills-Catchments area - 2620 sq.km-90%- Intermediate Zone,10%- Wet Zone

-Monday, November 25, 13

Annual discharge - 1000 MCM

DEDURU OYAPROJECT
Started in 2007:
Expected completion 2013-2014.
LB canal : 44 km
RB canal: 33 km

The	  new	  reservoir	  will	  produce	  the	  following	  Deduru
types	  of	  irrigation	  reservoir
systems
1.Independent	  modern	  system
163 MCM
2.Modern	  and	  Ancient	  76.25 MCM
Systems	  in	  parallel,	  but	  88.37 MCM
RB canal
Hydropower scheme
LB canal
not	  connected
Ridi bendiella
3.Ancient	  system	  fed	  by	  100.3 MCM
the	  modern	  system
Downstream774.7 MCM

61.3 MCM

Iginimitiya
reservoir

Monday, November 25, 13

Modeling	  water	  alloca:on

Water	  Evalua:on	  and	  Planning	  System	  (WEAP)
Monday, November 25, 13

Coverage	  for	  Normal	  and	  Dry	  years• Tradi.onal	  systems	  not	  suﬃcient• New	  system	  alone	  is	  suﬃcient	  for	  normal	  year	  but	  not	  for	  dry	  year
• Mosaic	  system	  is	  resilient	  and	  can	  manage	  dry	  years.	  

12
Monday, November 25, 13

Tradi:onal	  Tank	  coverage	  in	  Sept.
• If	  the	  tradi.onal	  individual	  tanks	  can	  be	  managed	  as	  a	  system,	  it	  will	  improve	  the	  system	  performance.

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Societal	  concerns

Monday, November 25, 13

Water	  Management	  In	  the	  Mosaic
Who	  owns	  water?
• Ancient	  Tank	  Village	  Systems:– Managed	  by	  the	  elected	  water	  manager	  of	  the	  village	  according	  to	  availability	  of	  water	  in	  the	  tank.	  	  – Own	  prac:ces:	  Bethma	  -­‐	  land	  near	  water	  source	  divided	  equally	  or	  propor:onally	  to	  enable	  everybody	  to	  cul:vate	  during	  season	  of	  water	  scarcity• Modern	  IrrigaLon	  Systems:	  Best	  pracLce– Mahaweli	  Ganga	  Development	  Project	  from	  ’77;	  467,584	  ha,	  128,568	  seflers.
– Basin-­‐level	  ins:tu:on	  with	  a	  centralized	  authority	  that	  has	  experimented	  with	  diﬀerent	  water	  distribu:on	  approaches– Mahaweli	  System	  H– Bulk	  Water	  Alloca:on	  (BWA)– high	  water	  produc:vity	  and	  cropping	  intensity– major	  scheme(31,	  500	  ha)	  Joint-­‐management
Monday, November 25, 1315

Equity	  (fairness)• Equity	  within	  the	  village.
• Equity	  between	  village	  and	  neighbors	  right	  to	  water• Equity	  at	  na:onal	  level.	  
• Social	  jus:ce	  –	  Prevent	  marginaliza:on• Inter-­‐genera:onal	  and	  Inter-­‐sectoral	  Equity	  –	  Environmental	  Sustainability
Monday, November 25, 13

Equity	  Framework(Ostrom,	  1990;	  Tang,	  1989;	  Uprety,	  2008;	  Uphoﬀ,	  1986)

CreaLng	  new	  farmer	  organizaLons	  to	  manage	  local	  reservoirs	  connected	  to	  centralized	  modern	  system.

Monday, November 25, 13

Improving	  livelihoods
Monday, November 25, 13Kandyan	  Home	  gardens	  for	  the	  dry	  zone

774.7 MCM

Dedurureservoir

61.3 MCM

163 MCM

Iginimitiya
reservoir

76.25 MCM
RB canal

88.37 MCM

Hydropower scheme

Ridi bendiella100.3 MCM

Downstream

Monday, November 25, 13

LB canal

VISHWAMADU TANK,KILINOCHCHIDOWNSTREAM

Monday, November 25, 13

The Landsat TM based EVI (enhanced vegetation index),
AVNIR-2 based EVI respectively. The value of the EVI ishigher in the vegetative areas that are near to the water
reservoirs as compared to the far away from the reservoirs

Monday, November 25, 13

Economic	  aspects:
Agriculture	  product	  pricing	  and	  farmer	  livelihoods
Monday, November 25, 13

InﬂaLon	  and	  rice	  price
Sri Lankan Inflation and Change in Rice Retail Price

30
25

Percentage %2015
1050-5-10
2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Change in Rice Retail Price

Monday, November 25, 13

2010

2011

2012

Sri Lankan Inflation

InﬂaLon	  modeling	  and	  retail	  price

Monday, November 25, 13

Future	  Climate• Using	  both	  USA	  and	  UK	  climate	  models,	  downscaled	  projec:ons	  using	  sta:s:cal	  downscaling	  approachStudy	  with	  University	  of	  Peradeniya,	  Irrigation	  Department,	  Rice	  Research	  Institute
Va r i a t i o n o f a n n u a lmaximum daily rainfall

Monday, November 25, 13

Conclusions• IWRM	  serves	  as	  an	  important	  tool	  in	  suppor.ng	  sustainable	  development	  objec.ves.	  
• Considera.on	  of	  	  environmental,	  economic	  and	  social	  dimensions	  helps	  in	  understanding	  constraints	  for	  sustainable	  development	  when	  we	  plan	  IWRM	  strategies.
• In	  addi.on	  to	  maximizing	  beneﬁts,	  we	  need	  to	  link	  the	  eﬀects	  of	  global	  change	  on	  local	  sustainability	  as	  well	  as	  impacts	  of	  local	  developments	  on	  global	  sustainability.	  
Monday, November 25, 13

Thank	  You

Monday, November 25, 13