SWINE FARMING IN SRI LANKACountry Presentation tothe WEPA Group Workshop on
Pig Wastewater Management in Asia
21‐22 February, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Session 2(2)‐ Pollution Control Measures and Policy Measures for Pig Wastewater

Dinushka Fernando
Environmental Officer
Central Environmental Authority

Sri Lanka

Content
1. Introduction
2. Distribution of Swine Farms in Sri Lanka
3. Swine Industry and Sri Lanka Economy
4. Government policy of swine farming
5. Legal aspect
6. Swine farm vs. Environment
7. Pollution Control Techniques
8. Problems associated with Swine Industry21. Introduction3

Introduction Cont..

• Total land area
65,610 Km²• Total population 21.0 million people• Per capita income USD 3,924 in 2015.
• Sinhalese 74.9%, Sri Lankan Tamil 11.2%, Sri Lankan Moors
9.2%, Indian Tamil 4.2%, other 0.5% (2012 est.)• Diverse landscapes range from rainforest and arid plains
to highlands and sandy beaches• Diverse climate4

02. Distribution of Swine Farms in Sri Lanka

5

Population of Swine
DISTRICT

1998

2001

2004

2007

Colombo

2683

2401

4000

3770

Gampaha

14508

12987

15970

22800

Kaluthara36683284

4800

3800

Kandy

1202

1076

750

800

Matale

2535

2269

3740

3800

Nuwara Eliya

376

337

220

360

Galle

981

878

770

970

Matara

90

81

110

500

Hambanthota

680

609

1340

1580

Kurunegala

14609

13077

11370

15080

Anuradhapura

5328

4769

7230

7210

Polonnaruwa

1173

1050

2900

2260

Kegalla

1090

976

1320

1140

6

3. Swine Industry and Sri Lanka Economy
Item

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Contribution ofAgriculture toGDP ( Rs Mn)

233615241122262271289906333114417353Contribution of
livestock to GDP( Rs. Mn)

15981

17093

21318

25428

29829

40650

Contribution to
livestock toAgric. GDP (Rs.
Mn)

6.8

7.1

8.1

8.8

9.0

9.7

25628

29752

29240

30249

20935

30973

923

1071

1053

1089

754

1115

No of pigs
slaughtered
Pork production(Mt/year)7Statistics in 2014

• Swine Population• Number of Animal Slaughtered• Pork Production (MT)• Per Capita Availability (Kg/year)

71,83823,7647,080.00
0.34

8

Classification of Swine Farms• Based on number of adult animals per farm
• Domestic scale• Small scale• Medium scale• Large scale‐

1‐4 adult animals‐

5‐ 25 adult animals‐

26‐49 adult animals‐> 50 adult animals

Age of animal > 4 months consider as adult animals

94. Government policies ‐swine farming Department of Animal Production and Health, Sri Lanka developed
the National Livestock Breeding Policy in 2010. the policy provides;

Provisions for setting National Animal Breading Committee
 Animal Management System (castles & buffalos, goats & sheep, swine) Animal types ( draught, meat, dual)
Agro climatic zones and animal farming in country The Master Plan for Industrial and Investment Promotion in SriLanka (2000)

 Creation of environmental friendly and sustainable society.

 Haritha Lanka (2009‐2016)10

Government policy on swine farming(pollution Control) National Environment Policy ‐ 2003
To promote the sound management of Sri Lanka's
environment balancing the needs for social and economic
development and environment integrity

 Cleaner Production Policy – 2004
To incorporate the cleaner production concept andpractices into all development sectors of the country National Policy on Solid Waste Management – 2007
 National Policy on Protection and Conservation of Water
Sources, their Catchments and Reservations in Sri Lanka(Ministry of Land and Land Development, February 2014)11

5. Legal Aspects of Swine Farming
Main regulations

 Environmental regulations
Controlling environmental pollution caused by swine farms
maintaining environmental quality

 Livestock productions and health fieldBreeding and caring of effective animal fleet and producing secureand healthy meat

 Addressing nuisance and Amenity
Addressing social, cultural matters, issues other thanenvironmental, etc
12Environmental Law & Regulations

 Environmental Law
National Environment Act ( No 47 of 1980 as amended by acts
No.56 of 1988 and 53 of 2000)

 Provisions of the NEA

section 23A (2) of the NEA : no person shall discharged, deposit,or emit waste into the environment which will cause pollution except
under the authority of a license issued by the CEA and in accordancewith such standards and other criteria as may be prescribed under theNEA.

 Regulations published under the NEA

Prescribed activities – activities in which require

Environmental Protection Licenses for operation(published in theGazette No.1533/16, dated 25.01.2008)
Environmental (Protection & Quality) Regulations in which provide
procedure & criteria for issuing EPL13

Environmental Regulations

 Regulatory control
Environment Protection License( EPL)
1‐5 animals ‐ need no EPL(backyard farming)
5‐50 animals ‐B category License(3 years)> 50 animals ‐ A category license ( 1 year) Administrative control
Environment recommendation (ER)The CEA issues prior to establish a farm instructing the wayof setting a farm controlling environmental pollution incomply with Sri Lankan standards and criterion.
14

CEA• Enforcement institute of NEA• Issue EPLs , Site clearance• Monitoring the farms• Wastewater standards and regulations• Legal actions against unauthorized and pollution causedfarms• Collaborating with Local Authorities
1516

Regulations Regarding Livestock Productionsand Health field Animal Act No 26 of 1958 amended in 1964
 Animal Diseases Act No 59 of 1992
 Animal Feed Act No 15 of 1986
 Veterinary Surgeons and Practitioners Act No 46 of 1956
amended in 1964.

Animal fleet and health control mechanism through VetSurgeon

Registration at area veterinary surgeon’s officeConsent of veterinary surgeon of are prior to establish a farmExpansion is allowed once veterinary surgeon recommends
17

Regulations Regarding Human Health andLocal Authorities

Vaccination for Japanese encephalities is compulsory
MOH’s supervision
Trade licenseHouse keeping
Labor facilities and safety
Solid Waste disposal
18

Regulations support to address other issues relatedto swine farming• Criminal Procedure Code No 15 of 1979 (section 98 )‐ publicnuisance• Penal Code (Section 261) ‐ public nuisance• Constitution• Police Ordinance, No 16 of 1865
• Nuisance Ordinance, No. 15 of 1982
• Local Authority Acts

• Municipal Councils Ordinance, No.29 of 1947 (Part IV – Powers andDuties as to Public Health)• Urban Councils Ordinance, No. 61 of 1939 (Part IV ‐ Powers and Duties
as to Public Health)• Pradeshiya Sabhas Act, No. 15 of 1987 (Part IV ‐ Powers and Duties asto Public Health)19

6. Swine farms vs. Environmental

20

Swine farm vs. Environment..

1. Water pollution( washing water, by fecal materials andfood waste)

2. Odor (by fecal materials and food waste)
3. Solid waste ( non degradable materials coming withfoods as polythene, plastics, waste from cleaning of farms,
waste due to animal breeding)

4. Noise pollution (bellowing of animals)
5. Visual pollution
21

Water pollution• By washing of animals and pens
• Fecal materials of animals• Domestic wastewater generated by workers• Washing of vehicles which used for animal and feeding
materials transportation• Cleaning of slaughter houses and equipment

22

23

State of waste water in swine farms
Parameter( basicparameters
to control)

Non treatedwater( Swinefarms)

Non treatedwater( slaughterhouses)pH

6.5‐7.5

6.0‐7.0

6.0‐8.5

5.5‐9.0

BOD

3000‐4000

3000‐4500

30mg/L250mg/LCOD

5000‐8000

5000‐11000

250mg/L

400mg/L

TSS

200‐500

4000‐60000

50 ppm50 ppmNational standards fordischarging treated waste
water
Inland surface
water

Irrigation
purposes24

Water pollution Cont.

Mitigation of Water pollution25

Water pollution control Cont.

07. Pollution Control Techniques• For small scale farms‐ Simple treatment method with asoakage pit• For medium and large scale farms – Advanced treatment
methods such as biogas plant26

Treatment System
Without Bio gas plant

27

Water pollution control Cont.

Bio gas Plant
Bio gas‐ mixture ofCH4 55‐70%
CO2 30%‐ 45%
small amount ofCO, N2, H2, H2S
Treatment
plant

Anaerobicdigestion28

Water pollution control Cont.

Digester (Anaerobic digestion)
Organic polymers• (Proteins/ Carbohydrate/ Lipids)

Mono and Oligomers(Amino acids/ Sugars/ fatty acids)

Volatile fatty acids( Lactate/ Ethanol)
AcetateH2/ CO2

CH 4/ CO229

Water pollution control Cont.

Digesters Types
Digesters

Microbial
attachment

Suspended
growth
CH4+CO2
Effluent
SludgeblanketFeeding
Type

Attached
growthContinuous

Batch

CH4+CO2
Filterbed

Effluent
30

Effluent

Microbial attachment types digesters• Suspended growth• Apply bacteria suspension in to the digester• Attached growth• Provide media to adhere microorganism Ex : Metal/ Plastic media/ Coir fiber media

31

Water pollution control Cont.…..

• Feeding typeContinuous type ( vertical tank system/ horizontal tanksystem/ multiple tank system)• Complex• Organic material constantly feed into digester

Batch type• Simple• Load digester with organic materials , allow to digest.
Once digestion is complete , the effluent is removed andprocess is repeated• Retention time is dependent32Water pollution control Cont.…..

Conditions for swine farms• All wastewater should be directed into biogas plant or totreatment plant• Treated wastewater should be used for washing purpose/irrigation purposes / discharge in to inland surface water( 1:8 dilution) when comply with CEA standards• Should be construct a separate drainage system for stormwater• Zero CH4 emission for environment and need to becompletely burnt
33

Solid waste management inswine farms
Solid waste in swine farms• Fecal materials• Dead animals• Domestic waste• Polythene• Paper waste• Food waste• Sludge in biogas plant

Improper discharge ofsolid waste cause waterpollution

34

Solid waste management inswine farms• If use swill as feeding material• Separate place for swill storing• Always keep in a enclosed vassal• Prevent use of poultry feathers as feeding material• Avoid usage of swills for more than one day• Cooked swills is recommended for prevent odor
• Other solid waste• Store separately within a covered place• Dispose via Local Authority
35

36

08.Problems Associated withSwine Industry• Cultural behavior and living style of small and medium
scale farms is an issue for effectively controlling farms inmeans of environment.

• Their socio economic background is affecting to thepollution control

37

08.Problems Associated with Swine Industry Cont.
Example Piggeries in Ja‐ela Area (Dandugama)• Total land area
2.83 km²• Total households ‐916 around 500 householders areengage in to pig farming.

• Waste water discharge in to wetland and it is connectingwith Negombo lagoon and Muthurajawela.

38

Unauthorized constructions and encroachmentsex.:‐wet lands

39

Problems in Sri Lanka related to Swine Industry Cont..

Lack of money to mitigate the pollution most farm owners
having low income level
Monthly income of farmers
50

Number of families(%)

45
40
35
3025
系列220151050< 10,00010,000‐ 20,000 20,000‐30,000 30,000‐40,000 not presented
monthly income (Rs)40

Source: piggery survey in Ja‐ela Area

Problems in Sri Lanka related to Swine Industry Cont..

 Lack of education to mitigate the pollution
Ex:‐ In Ja‐ela Area
Educational Qualifications of farmers
6050

Number of farmers(%)

403020100
Grade 1‐5

Grade 5‐10

O/L

A/L

Higher studies

Educational levels

Source: piggery survey in Ja‐ela Area

41

Problems in Sri Lanka related to Swine Industry Cont..

 Open dumping of solid waste discharging of untreatedeffluent
done by some farmers

42

Policy Issues related to groundwaterpollution• Absence of policy for the industrial pollution of groundwater• Lack of facilities to measure the amount of water pollution• Difficult to monitor the effectiveness of protection measures• Lack of coordinated groundwater information program andproper groundwater planning system• Not identified the vulnerable area
• The ownership of groundwater is not defined clearly inlegislations• Institutional disagreements & lack of inter coordination among
responsible agencies Lack of public information or awareness43

Proposed solution• The establishment of environment friendly sustainable
development swine farming area ‐to minimize the badsocial and environmental effects.

• The ecofriendly way such as Eco‐Industrial Park System
including common bio gas plant• The separation of farming/ industrial area fromresidential area is good for minimizing the social andhealth effects.

• It is better to strengthen the existing rules and regulation
44

Ongoing Activities to Mitigate theProblems• Issue EPLs and monitoring• Awareness programs for farmers• Funding to farmers through the Department of Animal
Production & Health EX:‐ Bio gas fund• Legal action against authorized farms done by NEA andUnder the public nuisance• Guidelines and publications
45

Thank You46