Japan Aviation Environmental Workshop
Innovative Concepts for Carbon Neutral Growth

Contributing to Efficient Air Traffic Operations
2014.11.5

Hitoshi Ishizaki
Director-General
Air Navigation Services Department
Civil Aviation Bureau
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Topic

１．Aviation and Environment

２．What is Air Traffic Control(ATC)?
３．ATC’s contribution to efficient flights

１．Aviation and Environment

600
1.2500400

0.8300200

0.4100

平成23年

2008

平成22年

平成21年

2006

平成20年

平成19年

CO2排出量CO2 emission

平成18年

2002 2004

平成17年

平成16年

平成15年

平成14年

2000

平成13年

平成12年

1996 1998

平成11年

平成10年

平成9年

0平成8年

0(kg-CO2 / tonne-kilometre)

1.6

平成7年

CO2 emission (Mt)

700

CO2 emission per transport unit

CO2 emission from International Aviation

2010

CO2 emission per transport unit
原単位（kg-CO2/トンキロ）
Source: ICAO 2013 Environmental ReportCO2 emission from Int’l Aviation
Future Aviation Demand[ Ton-killometre ]4000

6-fold

3000

2000

1000

02010

CO2Emission

2020

2030

Fuel=Efficiency

2040

2050

Source: ICAO 2013 Environmental Report

× Activity

Part of Int’l Aviation, Global CO2 emissions

Int’l Aviation
Canada1.7%

1.5%（470Mt）
Iran
1.7%

Korea
1.9%

31.3bill. tons

Global CO2 emissions(2011)
Source: CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2013 Edition（IEA）

Characteristics of Int’l Aviation sector

Flying over different countries and int’l waters
Code share flights etc.
Codeshare

Departure
AirportDestination
AirportInt’l waters

Difficulty in allocating emissions to countries
Working through ICAO (Kyoto Protocol)

International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO)○ Created in 1944 upon the signingof the Chicago Convention○ 191 Member States (as of Oct. 2013)
Japan Joined in 1953.

○ Setting standards and regulations
necessary for aviation safety,
security, efficiency and regularity,
as well as environmental
Headquarters in Montreal, Canadaprotection.

ICAO Global aspirational goals Global aspirational goals for CO2 emissions reductionin Int’l aviation sector （ICAO Assembly Resolution in 2010）
Improving fuel efficiency by 2% annualy

Stabilizing its global CO2 emissions
at 2020 levels
 Each state’s actions contributing to global goals
Aircrafttechnology

Operational
Operationalimprovements
improvements

Alternative fuels

Market-based
measures(MBMs)

２．What is air traffic control(ATC)?

Characteristics of Air transportation
Aircrafts…

① move in 3D・ Laterally / Varticaly③ cannot stop・ For safety, aircrafts cannotchange speed sharply and stop in
mid-air.

② travel at High speed
・ cruise speed of a commercial jet : 800km/h
・ speed of helicopter(relatively low) : 200 km/h

④ affected by Weather
・ Aircrafts are subject to weather conditions
such as cloud, precipitation, wind, andfluctuation of atmospheric pressure.

・ They cannot see other aircrafts and obstacles
especially in cloud.

For safe and efficient flight, Air traffic controllers
manage aircraft through all aspects of theirflight.

Air Traffic Control(ATC)from departure to arrival
ＧＰＳMTSAT

Departure Airport

Destination Airport
Guidedlanding

satellite
communications SurveillanceATCinstructions

Position info.

Departure sequencing

Arrival sequencing

ATC service
from control
tower

ATC service
using Radar system

Air Traffic Management

ATC service
from control
tower

Air Traffic Management（ATM Centre ）Designated Departure/En route/Approach path
Example: Haneda to Fukuoka
Fukuoka

Approach

HanedaDeparture

Designated Departure/En route/Approach path

En route chart

Domestic Air Traffic Flow
Total Numberof aircraft ( perday)

New Chitose

Domestic flight

2,300

OsakaNaritaFukuoka

HanedaChubu

KansaiInternational Air Traffic Flow
Total Number
perof aircraft ( day)Anchorage
East coast of USA

Int’l flight

1,290
Overflight

60

Europe/Russia

80

West coastof USA

520

190

Korea
Beijing etc.

330
HawaiiShanghai etc.

FUKUOKA FIR

180
TaiwanHong Cong

290（Flight InformationRegion ）40

Area ofResponsibility< Air Traffic Control >South East Asia

Guam/Australia

50

70Created from flight plans in 2012(Nov.)

Aircraft operating in Japan around 6p.m.

Air Traffic in Metropolitan Area

NARITA
HANEDA

３．ATC’s Contribution to efficient flights

ATC’s Contribution to efficient flights

 Efficient flight by shortening flight path and timeis effective for reduction of fuel consumption
and CO2 emission.
 It also improves convenience for users.
ATC’s Contribution

Providing optimized routes
 Air Traffic Flow Management
Developing Future Air Traffic System

Point to Point Navigation （Introduction of RNAV）＜Conventional navigation＞
navigating directly to and from groundbased navigational aids(navaids)
navaidZigzag path

Point to Point Navigation （Introduction of RNAV）＜RNAV（Area Navigation）＞
flexible and optimum routing with satellite
navigation, freeing airplanes from reliance onground-based navaids
Navaid・Positioning・calculating

ＧＰＳStraight path

En route and Approach for Airport

Deployment of RNAV Approach in Airport
Introduction of higher accuracy RNAV Approach (RNP-AR Approach）
shortens flight paths to the runway and improves access to Airport.

RNP-AR
Approach
Mountainous
area

Odate-Noshiro
Airport (Akita)

ConventionalApproach

KUMAMOTO Airport Example①
Kumamoto Airport
KAZMA

TAKAS

Mount Aso

Kumamoto Airport

RNP AR APPROACH
NIGHT

MISMI

Conventional ROUTE

26.5nm (49km) REDUCTION OF FLIGHT DISTANCECOMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL APP.

KUMAMOTO Airport Example ②
RNP-AR Approach Routethrough Mount ASO (caldera and somma)
猟師山
1423m

ツームシ山
1064m

大船山
1786m

久住山
1787m

大観峰
936m

鞍岳
1118m

ASONO
矢護山
942m

Kumamoto Airport

杵島岳
1326m

俵山 1095m

KAZMA

NIGHT
ROUTE

根子岳
1433m

烏帽子岳 1337m

高岳
1592m

CDO(Continuous Descent Operations)CDＯ：
an arriving aircraft descends
continuously with minimum
engine thrust⇒ Saving fuel burnThrustThrustThrustRunwayConventional step down
approach：
Increasing engine thrustduring level flight⇒ using fuelIntroducing at Kansai Int’l air port and Naha airport

Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM)
Rush hour / Bad weather conditions etc.

・Arrival demand exceeds
an airport capacity
航空交通管理センター

Airborne holding
各空域の容量超過を計算予測

交通量

Introducing
ATFM
出発待機を指示
出発待機

交通量
空港
容量超過の閾値

容量超過の閾値

時間

時間

ATFM（航空交通流管理）

出発待機

空港

Efficient flight⇒ ・Airborne holding
・Wasting fuel

航空機の出発時間を調整

・Assigning ground delay
and/or time for over fix⇒ ・Reduction in
airborne holding
・Improved operational
efficiency

Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM)
Without Air Traffic Flow Management
Traffic Volume > Capacity of a destinationor airspace...
HANEDA

Air Traffic
congestion!

ATFM (Ground delay：EDCT)
Domestic airport Only

Appropriate departure time EDCT* will
be assigned to aircraft before airborne
EDCT

HANEDA

JCAB*Expected Departure Clearance Time:
Calculated Take Off Time including
ground delay

ATFM (Ground delay：EDCT)
Domestic airport Only

However,
EDCT*
will be assigned to aircraft
before airborne

Unexpected airborne delayoften
causes congestion ...
EDCTHANEDAJCAB

Air Traffic Flow Management
for in-flight aircraft(=SCAS) isnecessary .
*Expected Departure Clearance Time:
Calculated Take Off Time includingground delayed time

ATFM (SCAS)CFDT* will be assigned to aircraft
while airborne*Calculated Fix Departure Time

Pilot shall cross Fix A
at CFDT by adjusting
speed etc.
HANEDATime

From Korea, China

CFDTFix A

From China

CFDT

From Taiwan・Hong Kong

ATMC

In-flight time adjustment
Assign to both
domestic and international Under the trial for HANEDA

Efficient Use of JASDF Training Airspace
JASDF training areas
Airspace restrictions

Over100(JASDF/U.S. Forces)

AKESI

YUDOH

CDR (Conditional Route)
TAPPI
MRE
CAVES
GEPPA

MEDIO
KADBO
SEPCOGNITS
NOMAS

KANSA
MARON

SAMON

JEC

CHILY

ISAKY
JAKAL

FUE
LCIMPAL

ALUYO

ARROW

FACER

New-Chitose
to Fukuoka
CDR ×ESBIS
YACKL
KROSI

IGMON

NANAC

GTC

ANDOL

POTET

MIYAKO

AGIKA

CDR ○

Optimized Oceanic routes

NOPAC(NOrth PACific) fixed route system

R2
R5 2 0A5 8 0
R5 90
G3 91
44

→ no consideration for weather condition

For more efficient flight..

NARITAAIRPORT△ADGOR△CALMA△ETRON△GARRY△RIPKI△SEALS△MORAY

Flexible oceanic routing procedures enables
efficient oceanic flights in response to upper levelwind and other conditions

Optimized Oceanic routes

PACOTS (PACfic Organized Track System)

Image: Tokyo toWest coast of U.S.

Routes established on a daily basis by Air
Traffic Controllers considering upper windforecast and adverse weather area

Optimized Oceanic routes

UPRs (User Preferred Routes)

Image: Tokyo toWest coast of U.S.

PACOTS (daily)

Flexible routes developed for each individual flightby the Airlines considering weather and otheroperational conditions at the time of departureOptimized Oceanic routes

DARP (Dynamic Airborne Reroute Procedures)

Image: Tokyo toWest coast of U.S.

UPR

Flexible in-flight rerouting for each individual flight
calculated by the Airlines taking advantage of
updated forecast of upper wind etc.

Development of Future Air Traffic Systems
Trajectory-based Operation (4DT)concept
From
Departure gate
Departure Airport

 Weather Air traffic Volume
 ATC Capacityetc.

Accurately estimatedpassing time andoptimized route

Accurately estimatedArrival time
Destination
Airport4D (3 spatial dimensions +time) flight based on highly
accurate prediction of path

Optimization of overall air traffic

To Arrivalgateご清聴ありがとうございました。
Thank you for your kind attention.

ご清聴ありがとうございました 。