Chayawee Wangcharoenrung Ph.D.
Water Quality Management Bureau,
Pollution Control Department, MNRE Thailand

Current situation and issues ofIndustrial Wastewater
Management in Thailand

WEPA International Workshop on
Industrial Wastewater Management
September 26th 2017 @ Sari Pan Pacific
Jakarta, Jakarta City, Indonesia

1Presentation Structure
Overview of Industrial Wastewater Regulations• Industrial Statistics• Government and Environmental Regulation Structure• Industrial Wastewater Quality Standards• Industrial Wastewater Monitoring Methods• Compliance and Challenges

Situation and Challenges for the Problematic Industries
and Countermeasures• Overview of Problematic Industry• Environmental Impact• Reason for Non compliance• Current Mitigation for Problems• Technologies and Needs
2Thailand - Location

ThailandBangkok

3

Thailand General Statistics

4

Thailand Industrial Export Income5Thai Government Structure
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, MOAC
Ministry of Commerce, MOC
Ministry of Culture, MCulture
Ministry of Defence, MOD
Ministry of Education, MOE
Ministry of Energy, MOEN
Ministry of Finance, MOF
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MFA
Office of thePrime
Minister, OPM

Ministry of Industry, MOI
Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, ICT
Ministry of Interior, MOI
Ministry of Justice, MOJ

19 Ministries

Ministry of Labor, MOL
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, MNRE
Ministry of Public Health, MOPH
Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST
Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, MOS
Ministry of Tourism and Sports, MTS
Ministry of Transport, MOT

6Environmental Regulation Structure

MNRE

MOI

MOPH

MOL

Other Regulations
7Control Standards
Set by NEQA 1992 Sect.
32, indirect control

Thai Environmental
Standards for Industry

Ambient Standards
Surface Water Quality Std.
Coastal Water Quality Std.

Set by NEQA 1992 Sect 55and enforced directly by
FA 1992

Effluent Standards

Wastewater Effluent General Std.
Wastewater Effluent Specific Std.
Water Reuse Guideline (Std.)

Ground Water Quality Std.

General Emission Std.

Ambient Air Std.

Emission Std. for Power Plants

VOCs in Ambient Air Std.

Emission Std. for Waste Incinerators

Ambient Noise Std.

Emission Std. for Mining and Quarry
Emission Std. for Cement Plants

Vibration from Mining and Quarry Std.

Emission Std. for Gasoline Terminals
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MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent
Control Standard B.E. 2559 (2016)
Former Industrial Ctl Effluent Std.
• MOSTE’s 4th decree B.E. 2539
(1996) on designated type offactory and industrial estate aspollution source which effluent towater resource must be controlled
on 3rd January 1996 and• MOSTE’s 3rd decree B.E. 2539
(1996) on effluent standard fromfactory and industrial estatepollution source on 3rd January
1996

Begin Drafting Since 20072016 Industrial Effluent Ctl Std.
 Announced on June 6th 2016 – effective on
June 6th 2017
 Do not allow exemption to the standard Designate measurable standard for effluent
color referring to international standard Improve measurement method on someparameters Cut off “odor” from standard Update analysis methods to current andmodern technique Designate sampling point and method in one
regulation that more practical Improve on definition and wording tocompatible
withmoderntechnicaldictionary.
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MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent
Control Standard B.E. 2559 (2016) (cont.)
 Former industrial effluent standard composes of 16 groups of parameters has been usedsince 3 January 1996 (long time ago). The standard also give some exemptions forcertain kind of industry such as chemical, starch, animal foods.
 PCD and DIW has been working together since 5 years ago for new standard.
 The standard will composed of 2 parts general effluent standard and type specificeffluent standard
Item

Former Regulation (1996 - 2017)

Current Regulation (2017 - )Color

No Objectionable

300 ADMITDS• 3,000-5,000 mg/l depended on TDS ofreceiving water body.
• Analyzed at 103 oC• 3,000 mg/l for fresh waster• 5,000 + TDS of water mg/l for water thathas TDS more than 3,000 mg/l
• Analyzed at 180 oCTSS• 50-150 mg/l• 50 mg/lSulfide• Analyzed as H2S• Analyzed as total SBOD

• 20 mg/l exemption to 60 mg/l for animal• 20 mg/l with no exemption
slaughter, starch, textile, chemical factory

COD• 120 mg/l exemption to 400 mg/l for food• 120 mg/l with no exemption
seasoning, textile, pulp and paper, tan leather.

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MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Standard B.E. 2016(cont.)
Parameter
1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Color

Standard

Analytical Method

5.5-9.0

pH MeterUsing thermometer anduse while conduct watersampling
ADMI Method

less than 40oC300 ADMI Not over 3,000 mg/l for discharge into general water body
Pass through Glass Fiber
4. Total Dissolved Solids  Not over 5,000 + TDS of receiving
Filter Disk and evaporate
water body mg/l for discharge in toat 180 0C for at least 1or TDS
water body that has TDS of morehourthan 3,000 mg/l
Pass through Glass Fiber
Filter Disk and evaporate
less than 50 mg/l
5. Total Suspended Solids
at 103-105 0C for at least
1 hourKeep at 20 oC for 5 days
and measure oxygen using
6. Biochemical Oxygenazide modification ornot over 20 mg/l
Demand (BOD)
membrane electrodemethod7. Chemical Oxygen
Dissolved using Potassium
not over 120 mg/l
Dichromate
Demand (COD)11

MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Standard B.E. 2016(cont.)
ParameterStandard

8. Sulfide

not over 1 mg/l

9. Cyanides HCN

not over 0.2 mg/l

10. Fat Oil and Grease

not over 5 mg/l

11. Formaldehyde

not over 1 mg/l

12. Phenols

not over 1 mg/l

13. Free Chlorine

not over 1 mg/l

14. PesticideMust not found

15. Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen (TKN)

not over 100 mg/l

Analytical Method
Iodometric or methylene
blue
Distillation andcolorimetric or Flow
Injection Analysis
Liquid – Liquid
Extraction or Soxhlet
Extraction with solvent
and find weight of oil andfat
Colorimetric Method
Distillation andColorimetric Method
Titrimetric Method orColorimetric
MethodGas-Chromatographic
MethodKjeldahl Method
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MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Standard B.E. 2016(cont.)
Parameter
16. heavy metalStandardZn
Cu
CdBa
PbNiMnCr (VI)not over 5.0 mg/l
not over 2.0 mg/l
not over 0.03 mg/l
not over 1.0 mg/l
not over 0.2 mg/l
not over 1.0 mg/l
not over 5.0 mg/l
not over 0.25 mg/lo Cr (III)not over 0.75 mg/lo As

not over 0.25 mg/lo Se

not over 0.02 mg/lo Hg

not over 0.005 mg/loooooooo

Analytical Method

Acid digestion and Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry or
Inductively Coupled Plasma

Colorimetric Method or Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry: AAS
or Inductively Coupled Plasma
Calculate a different between
total chromium to chromium VI
AtomicAbsorption
Spectrophotometry - Hydride
Generationor
Inductively
Coupled Plasma
VaporAtomic
Absorption
Spectrometry,Cold Vapor
AtomicFluorescence
Spectrometry or InductivelyCl d Pl13

Future Structure of Control Standard Under Development
Future Thailand Industrial
Effluent Control Standard
General Effluent
Standard

Specific Effluent
Standard

Water Recycle
Standard

to water resource

to water resource

to plantation area

Type of factory having
problem treating waterType of factory having highpollution load, no toxic

Announced/Publishedon June 2016

Approved
on Sept 2017••••

Starch 9(2)Textile 22
Pulp and paper 38
Leather tanning 29

Higher Committee Policy••

Petrochemical 42 44 4950(4)Desalination 90

•
•••••

Starch 9(2) (drafted)
Vegetable/animal oil 7(1)Sugar from crane or sweetgrass 11
Liquor 16
Proposing
Ethanol 17
Rubber 52

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Cooperation with Industry Group for Setting Up
Industry-Specific Control Standard
Standard

Industrial Group

Reference

Effluent Standard forPetroleum Industry

Petroleum Institute of Thailand

IFC

Effluent Standard for Pulpand Paper Industry

IFC(unit conversion)

Effluent Standard for
Desalination Industry

US.EPA.
(NPDES permit)

Water Institute for Sustainability

Effluent Standard for
Tannery Industry

IFC
Thai Tanning Industry Association

Effluent Standard forStarch Industry

Many countriesThai Tapioca Starch Association

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Specific Standard for Leather Tanning Industry

Same Control Parameters as GeneralStandard

Extra Control Parameters

Parameter

StandardParameterStandardpH
Temperature
Color
Total Dissolved
Solid (TDS)

6- 9
not over 50 oC
not over 300 ADMI
not over 3,000 – 5,000+ Water Body TDS
mg/l
not over 50 mg/l

BOD
COD
PhenolCompounds
Hexavalent
Chromium
Total Chromium
Total Phosphorus

not over 50 mg/l
not over 250 mg/l
not over 0.5 mg/l

Suspended Solid(TSS)
SulfideOil and Grease
TKN

not over 0.1 mg/l
not over 0.8 mg/l
not over 2 mg/l

not over 1.0 mg/l
not over 5.0 mg/l
not over 100 mg/l

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Specific Standard for Desalination Industry
Control Measures
Standard @the end of pipe
Approved
on Sept 2017

DesignatedEnvironmental
ImpactProtectionMeasures

ControlParameter
Control ValuepH
6 – 8.5
Turbidity
100 NTU
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)
10 mg/lSettleable Solid
2 ml/lFree Chlorine
0.1 mg/l1) designate pulling velocity of less than 0.1 m/s and must havea device that prevent aquatic animal of size bigger than 9.5mm from pulling into system2) discharging must be done by outfall, mixing with powerplantcooling water or solar pond3) designated mixing zone withradius of 100 meter5) must control that pH and salinity change less than 5 percent
from natural level within the mixing zone.
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Monitoring Method
Operation Control Mechanism(Auditing)
Enforced under NEQA 1992
Wastewater Treatment
Plant Operator License(Sect. 73)

Wastewater Treatment or
Pollution Control
Inspection (Sect. 82)

Enforced under FA 1992

Pollution Control
Equipment's Supervisor(MOI Notification 2011)

General Factory Inspection(Sect 35)

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Monitoring Method (cont.)
Reporting System
Enforced by NEQA 1992Maintenance of Wastewater
Treatment System Monthly
Report (Sect. 80)
Water Discharge Analysis
Report (4 times/yr)

Enforced by
Marine Dept.
(Navigation In Thai
Waterway Act.)

Enforced by FA 1992

Emission Report (2 times/yr)(DIW Notification on 2012)
BOD/COD Online System(MOI Notification on 2011)
Continuous Emission
Monitoring System(CEMs/BOD Online)(MOI Notification on 2011)19

Compliance Situation

Location of factories surveyed:under environmental army
project 10 years ago no better
compliance statistic since then.
Blue dot indicated factories thatcomply with effluent std.
Red dot indicated factories that
do not comply and needimprovement.
20Challenges in Monitoring
Number of factories is far exceeding number of officials• Approximately 120,000 factories in 77 provinces but only 3 inspection officers perprovince for Ministry of Industry and 40 officers for Pollution Control Department

Monitoring tools are insufficient• Even for basic tools like pH/SCT meters - not to say tools for air quality andgroundwater sampling

Laboratory availability and quality of analysis
Data exchanging between government agencies is not common thus there
are some repetitive works
Lack of environmental awareness/honesty of factories – profit is the mostimportant21

Overview of Problematic Industry
High Risk Industry
GroupHigh Pollution
Industry Group• frequent accident
such aspetrochemicalindustry, ethanolindustry, sugar
industry and, cold
storage industry• has difficultycomply witheffluent standard
such as starchindustry, textile
Pulp and paperindustry andleather tanningindustry

Low Capacity for
Environmental
Management Group• Do not treat
wastewater suchas small industry(SME) andcommunity factory

22Environmental Impact – Small Industry
There are approximately87,000 small and community
factory in Thailand.
Survey in 2014 shows that small andcommunity factory contributed in 6% of BOD
load for main river in Thailand

DomesticIndustrial
Aquaculture
Swine farm
Small andcommunityfactory23

Reason for Non Compliance
ProblemPossible Reason
frequent accident - high  factory do not have enough qualified/wellrisk industry grouptrained safety and environmental officer
 lack of training/drill for accident
difficulty to comply  one general effluent standard can not fit withwith effluent standard all types of factories
high pollution group  only concentration – based standard
 lack of knowledgeable person for wastewater
treatment plant operation
 do not have enough funding and knowhow for
low capacity for
wastewater treatment
environmental
management - small  Impossible/too difficult for small site
inspection
and community
industry group24

+Mitigation Measure - Green Label• Certification awarded to specific products that are
shown to have minimum impact on theenvironment in comparison with other products• Initiated by the Thailand Business Council for
Sustainable Development in October 1993
• The Thai green label board is set to take all majordecisions regarding the green label. Thailand
Environmental Institute as secretariat.
• The technical subcommittee is set to review
criteria, test methods, and other requirements forapplicants of Green Label. So far, 90 criteria havebeen developed• See criteria at http://www.tei.or.th/greenlabel/thcategories.html

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Example of Green Label Products..
Recycled Papers
Recycled plastic utilities
Fluorescent light bulb
Emulsion paints (no Pb & Hg)
Refrigerator
Sanitary ware
Air Conditions
Battery
Spray without CFC
Envi Friendly Detergent
Computer
Insulation
Automobile
Television
FanTireVacuum Cleaner
LED light bulb

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+Mitigation Measure - Green Industry
Sustainable Development

ContinuousImprovement

Sustainable Development

Improvement such that
become environmental
friendly

Focus on social responsibility
which supports sustainable
development policy
Green Product
Lean
Manufacturing

ISO 14001/50001

CTLevel 1 –GreenCommitment
Having business
policy on
environment

Level 2 –GreenActivities
Having business
policy on
environment
and implement

Level 3 –GreenSystem•Environmental
policy•Implement•Evaluate•Reexamine

MOI Level of Green
Industry Development
Green Supply Chain
ISO 26000

Level 4 –GreenCulture• All in level 3• Development ofgreen culture• Disclose
environmental
data

Level 5 –GreenNetwork•All in level 4•Green supply chain•Environmental
data report andrelationshippromotion

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Mitigation Measure - Development
Key Policy Gap
lack of qualified
envi/safety person

Mitigation Under Development
 development of registration system for
operator/supervisor of wastewater treatment
plant in NEQA
only one general development of industry-specific effluent
effluent control
control standard for many type of industry
standard for all type of  development of Effluent Permitting System
factory and only(load-based
regulationandeconomic
control concentration
instrument)
do not control
 development of control measure for small andcommunity industry using process standard
small and community
which designate pollution control processindustrysuch as BPT (Best Practical ControlTechnology)
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Mobile Application

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