Pig Manure Management in Asia

Tetsuo Kuyama
Manager (Water Resource management)
Natural Resource and Ecosystem Services Area

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Purpose of Session
Knowledge sharing of following topics on pig manuremanagement considering the common and different
situations (natural/social) in WEPA countries• Pig industry in WEPA countries• Impacts of pig industry to water environment• Uniqueness of pig manure management2

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Pig Industry in WEPA countries (Outlook)
55 % of global pig production (2011)• About 580 million heads (as of live pig in 2014) in WEPA countries• Rapid increase of pig population in China, Vietnam, Myanmar• Few exported pigs: Most of pigs are consumed in each country. Pig•production increase is supposed to be due to human population increase and change offood culture

Increase of large scale producer: China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam• High pig density around big cities: China, Thailand, Vietnam,•Philippine

34Europe
Asia
USA

Brazil45Pig Production in 2011
(total production over the world: 110,270 thousands tonnes)

Global Pig Production in 2011
Othercountri es
25%
Bra zi l3%
Spa in3%Germa ny5%China
46%

USA
9%

Other WEPA countries
6%

Vi etnam3%

Source: FAO

Total Production over the world: 110 million tones

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Number of Live Pig in WEPA Countries (2014)
1,000,000,000

Country with more than
5 million heads of pigs

Heads
Heads

100,000,000
10,000,000

1,000,000
100,000
10,000China Vietnam
Vietnam Myanmar
Myanmmar Phillippine
Korea
China
Philippine Korea

Japan Indonesia
Indonesia Thailand
Cambodia Malaysia
Malaysia
Nepal
JapanThailand Laos
Laos Cambodia
Nepal

SriSriLanka
Lanka

Source: FAO

WEPA total: About 580 million heads

67Change in Number of Live Pig in WEPA Countries
30,000,000

600,000,000

25,000,000
20,000,000

400,000,000

Head

Head

500,000,000

300,000,000

15,000,000
10,000,000

200,000,000

5,000,000

100,000,000

01965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0Year

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Thailand

VietnamPhillippine

Myanmmar

Korea

Japan

Indonesia

Malaysia

Source: FAO

China

Other selected WEPA countries

78Pig meat import/export in WEPA countries (2011)
Japan

Japan

VietnamVietnamThailandThailand

Phillippines

Phillippines

Malaysia

Malaysia

Indonesia

Indonesia

Republic of Korea

Republic of KoreaChina

China
0%20%40%

Production

60%

Imports

80%100%0%20%

Exports

40%60%80%

100%

Utlization
Source: FAO

Production/Imports

Utilization/Exports

89Size of Pig Industry in WEPA countries
Share of pigs slaughtered by farm size in Thailand (1993 and 2013)
Number of pigs
slaughtered

Pigs slaughtered by farm size (%)

1-500

73

25>5002775

19932013

Source: Agricultural Census and FAO

Same trend in China, Japan and Vietnam

9Pig Density in Asia
Beijing
Tianjin

Shanghai

Hanoi
ManilaBangkok
HCMC

Source: FAO, LEAD Project1011

Supposed Issues caused by Pig Industry related withWater Environment
Pollution load increase from pig industry to water environment• Change in pattern of pollution loading from pig industry to•water environment•Severe negative environmental/social impact from pigindustry in the city near high pig density area in addition topollution from domestic wastewater11

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Cases of Water Environmental Pollution caused by Pig Industry reportedin WEPA Countries
Thailand• According to Pollution Control Department in 1999, 23 % of BOD loading in Tha ChinRiver (western part of Bangkok city) was caused by pig industry. In 2000, water quality at
Tha Chin River became critical as the level of DO has dropped to near zero in the mostpart of the river. In addition, there was complaint that pig production is a cause of waterpollution in Bangpakong River in the eastern region. Consequently, in 2001, PCD added
the pig industry in the regulated list (source：FAO).

Philippine• In Balanac River, which is a tributary of Laguna de Bay and Benig River in Tarlac located in
Luzon, water pollutions caused by pig industry were reported, and therefore DENR
investigated these rivers. In addition, river waters in Lantapan, Bukindo in Mindanao havealso become polluted with E.coli and there was suspicion that the pollitants must havecome from human and livestock waste (source: FAO)
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Cases of Water Environmental Pollution caused by Pig Industry reported
in WEPA Countries
China• According to 12th National Five Years Plan of Livestock Pollution Prevention, 59 % of total
pollution load to Lake Tai is reported to be caused by agricultural sector, mainly fromlivestock industry. In addition, Chinese government conducted national pollutant
inventory survey in 2009 and 2010. The result of the survey in 2010 illustrated that 45%of COD load and 25 % of NH3 load were from livestock industry. Consequently, Chinese
government started to intensify livestock pollution prevention from 12th National Five
Years Plan.

Vietnam• ????

13Pig Density in Asia
Beijing
Tianjin
Lake Tai
Shanghai

Hanoi

Bangoakong River
BangkokThai Chin River

Manila
HCMC

Balanac River andLagnuna de Bay

Source: FAO, LEAD Project

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How to manage pig manure?

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Today’s Program
13:05-13:35“Progress of WEPA Action Program on Pig Wastewater Management in Vietnam”
Ms. Quyenh Huong, ESI, Vietnam
13:35-13:55
Coffee Break

13:55-14:25“Swine waste management in Thailand ”
Dr. Chao Nokyoo, Pollution Control Department, MONRE, Thailand
14:25-14:55“Environmental management of Pig excreta in Korea”
Dr. Eugene Chung, Senior Researcher, National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

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Contents of Each Presentation• Current situation of pig farm
• Impact of pig manure to the environment• Issues on pig manure management• How to overcome or improve the issues
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Consideration Points in Sharing of Knowledge
on Pig Manure Management in Asia
• Waste Management and Wastewater Management• Difference of Pollution Loading by Different Pig
Sizes and Different Breeding Methods• Antibiotics Use• Biogas Production

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ManureUrine(wastewater)

FeedFeces(waste)
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Methodology of Pig Manure Treatment in Japan (2009)
No
26%

Yes
74%
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan

Separation of Feces (Waste) and Urine (Wastewater) at Primary Treatment Stage 20

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Methodology of Pig Manure Treatment in Japan (2009)
100100Feces (Waste)

80
6060%%

Urine (Wastewater)

80

4040202000Drying
DryingComposting
Incineration
Composting
Methane Others
OthersIncineration Metahne
Fermentation
Fermentation

Composting

DryingComposting
BiologicalStorage(usetoOthers
DryingComposting
Biological
Storageas Metahne
MethaneDischarge
Discharge
OthersTreatment
liquiedFermentation
Sewerage
Treatment fertilizer)(use as Fermentation
toliquid
Sewerage
fertilizer)

Treatment/Storage and Discharge/Use as Fertilizer
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan

Treatment Methodology at Secondary Stage

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Issues in Use of Composting and Liquid Fertilizer
700,000
35,000,000

600,000
30,000,000

500,000400,000

tonnes

1000Ha25,000,000

300,000
200,000

20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000

100,000

5,000,000

00

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Agricultural land

2010

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Consumption of Nitrogen Fertilizer
Source: FAO

Change of Agricultural Land and Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption in WEPA Countries22

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Pollution Load Unit by Different Pig Types (Thailand)
ManureVolume(l/head/day)

BOD(mg/l)

COD(mg/l)SS(mg/l)

TKN(mg/l)Country

Pig Type

Thailand

Breeder

64

800

1,700

900

350

Fattener

24

3,500

7,400

4,700700

Nursery20

2,500

5,4003,000350

Source: Pollution Control Department, MONRE, Thailand

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Pollution Load Unit by Different Breeding Methods (Japan/WHO)
ManureVolume(l/head/day)

BOD(mg/l)

COD(mg/l)

SS(mg/l)TN(mg/l)Country

Breeding MethodJapan

Pig House with
Water Washing

118

1,927

1,378

1,268

456

Pig House without
Water Washing3

14,848

7,879

17,576

7,273

Solid Floor/Water
Washed40

2,253-

5,000

500

Slotted Floor/Pit
Manure8

11,750

-

8,571

2,607

WHO

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan) , WHO

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Thank you in advance for your active discussion

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