2011/9/22

Night Soil Management andDecentralized Wastewater Treatment Systemsin Japan
September, 2011
The 3rd WEPA International Workshop

Takatoshi Wako
Deputy Director, Water Environment Division
Environment Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Night Soli Recycling Systems in Edo Era• A sanitary city unlike any other in the world,
where organics substances such as night soil and garbage werereused as suppliers of fertilizer in outlying farming village• Less epidemics in Japan comparing to modern Europe

A farmer carrying
tubs of night soilNight soil recycling systems in Edo Era
Ministry of the Environment

Source: Annual Report on the Environment

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The End of Night Soli Recycling Systems• Urabanization (Farm land and urban area move away from each other)• The Spread of Chemical fertilizer (Night Soil from as "fertilizer" to just as "waste"
Chemical fertilizer consumption (ammonium sulfate) in Japan

thousands ton

1800

Source: Dictionary of Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility: published by Yokendo, 1980

300

1944

1953

1997

Guideline for structure or
maintenance and Operetion

1960‐70
suubsidy program for night soiltreatment facilities

1935

Railway transportation ofhuman waste

1933
EEstablishment of human waste
disposal site in Ayase

Establishmentt of human waste dumping sites
at Sumida River600

End of th
he purchases of human waste

900

Staart of domestic production ofammonium sulfate

1200

Start of the import of ammonium sulfate

1500 1896 19011913 1916

Ocean dumping byironclad ship（千ｔ）

Subsidy program for night soil treatment and organic
wastes recycling center

01903 1912 1917 1922 1927 1932 1936 1941 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971

• Less epidemics in Japan comparing to modern Europe

Ministry of the Environment

History of Sanitary Treatment of Night Soil in Japan• Storage of night soil and utilization for agriculture(1200s～1960s)• Decreasing demand for the traditional night soil recycling systems dueto the urbanization and the spreadpof chemical fertilizer ((1950s))• Nationwide water pollution caused social problem(the late 1960’s～)

Ministry of the Environment

Trends of waterborne disease rates in Japan

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Urban area ‐ Start of Sererage systems ‐• Population increase and Start of sewerage construction
Oil price shock(1973)Outbreak of
the Pacific War(1941)
Rapid economic growthStarted (1955)

End of Edo Era（1867）End ofthe Pacific War(1945)

Transit of population in Tokyo

Yokohama: Brick-made sewer line（1881）
Ministry of the Environment

Tokyo: Mikawa-jima Sewerage Disposal Plant（First sewerage disposal plant in Japan：1922）

5

Decentralized options ‐Night soil storage tank & Tandoku‐shori Johkasou systems
Night soil storage tank

• Public health Problems (bad odor, overflow of wastes during times of flooding)• Increasing demand for flushing toilet

Tandoku‐shori Johkasou systems• Treated black water and enabled installation of flushing toilet• Spreaded rapidly in 1970s(over 7 million installation at maximum)Night soil
treatment
facility• Grey water still untreated
Ministry of the Environment

Number and trends of installed johkasou

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Water Pollution of Tokyo in 1970’s

Tokyo Bay in 1970’s

A river of Tokyoin 1970’s

The Kanda river(Tokyo) in 1970’s

Photo Credit : Environmental Bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government 7

Ministry of the Environment"Crime" of grey water
Share of grey water in domestic wastewater & Pollutant loads are quite large!

3/4 isigrey water
2/3 isfrom grey water

Daily ammount of domestic wastewater

Pollutant loads (BOD) of domestic wastewater• Treating black water only have a limited impact on improvement of water quality in publicwater body

Examples of liquid kitchen wastes with high pollutant loads• For example, 100ml of waset oil require 20,000 l of fresh water to maintain a survivable
environment for fishes.
Ministry of the Environment

4

2011/9/22“(GappeiGappei)) Johkasou
Johkasou”” as Decentralized Treatment System• Designed for treating both black water and grey water••••

Advanced domestic wastewater treatment system (tank) developed in Japan
Cost‐effectiveCost effective in decentralized area (Low initial investment cost)
Little topographic limitation,short installation time (roughly a week)
Treats wastewater as clean as
10 ppm as BOD (2/3 of total), 5 ppm as BOD (40% of total)• Invaluable contribution to maintaining
sufficient water in small rivers• Less vulnerable to disasters

Johkasou(Anaerobic filter contact aeration type)
Ministry of the Environment

9Both Black and greey waterGrey water only

Decentralized ssystem

Centraalized system

Night Soil Treatment andDomestic Wastewater Treatment Systems in Japan

Ministry of the EnvironmentNew Installation105

2011/9/22

Treatment Principles and Types of Johkasou• Wastewater are broken down biochemically by the catabolism ofmicroorganisms such as bacteria and metazoan organism

Ministry of the Environment

Structure and treatment principle of Johkasou

11

Background of Legislation and National Subsidy for Johkasou（1960s～1970s)
・severe water pollution caused by domestic wastewater
spread of septic tank to use flush toilets (tandokushori Johkasou)(tandoku-shori・spreadThe Johkasou Law （1983）
Regulation on installation andmaintenance of Johkasou

Development of Johkasou(advanced on-site treatment facilityof domestic wastewater)

Increasing Role of Johkasou in the improvement of water environment

Establishment of national subsidy programs （1987）

Ministry of the Environment

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Legislative Systems for Johkasou (Johkasou Law)

• Objective◆

To promote the appropriate treatment of domestic wastewater,
to maintain good water quality of public water bodies and a healthyliving environment, and to improve public health• Main contents of Johkasou Law
Notification of installation of Johkasou◆ Regulations on construction, installation, operation and maintenance,
desludging and examination◆ Qualification and licensing of technician and operators◆

Ministry of the Environment

13Johkasou Law (Continued(Continued))• Structure Standards for Johkaso (article 4)◆

Established in accordance with the Building Standard Law（Establishment and change by MLIT are to be made after consultation with MOE）

◆i.e. Technical standards for effluent water quality◆

BOD: 20mg/l or less◆

BOD removal rate：90％ or more

• Installation (article 55‐‐7)◆Notification
Notification to the prefectural
governor etc.
◆ To understand a new installationor any change in the structre orsize◆ Confirmation of any
problems in termsof the structure and O&M◆

◆Installation
Johkasou shall be constructed by aJohkasou installation vendor◆ registeredg
byy the prefecturalpgovernorg(effective for five years; Accredited by thegovernment)◆ Complying with the “Technical Standards
for Johkasou construction” (17 items)◆ Supervised by a certified Johkasou
Installation worker◆

Ministry of the Environment

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Operation, Maintenance and Inspection of Johkasou

Inspection after construction

Annual inspection

Ministry of the Environment

15

Frame work of Johkasou management• Requires periodical maintenance such as
maintenance of biofilm and removal ofsludge
Residents and Businesses or Municipalities• Requires certified technicians/engineers
for maintenance※Advice※ dandd recommendation
dto managers
by prefectural governor

Technicians and Private bussinesses to support O & M of Johkasou

Johkasou technicians and vendors in Japan(as of the end of FY2009

Ministry of the Environment168

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Subsidy programs for Johkasou Installation

For example...
• The cost of installing a Johkasou for 5 PE is
supposed to be 840 thousand yen.
• In the case of 1.,
the user’s burden is 504 thousand yen.
• In the case of 2.,
the user’s burden is 84 thousand yen.
(※PE: person equivalent)
Ministry of the Environment

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Number and trends of installed Johkasou
Tandoku Johkasou (night soil only)

Number of Johkasou

Gappei Johkasou (night soil and gray soil)

1985

Ministry of the Environment

1990

National subsidy amounted
100 million yen （1987）

1995

2000

2005

Fiscal year

25.7 billion yen （2004）
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Population Trends for domestic wastewater treatment

Self-management night soil area

Night soilcollectionSewerage systems

Johkasou

Population Trends for night soil treatment and domestic wastewater treatment
Ministry of the Environment

19Dissemination rates by size of municipalities

Ministry of the Environment

2010

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Plans of Prefectural Governments• For efficient construction of wastewater treatment facilities in each region,a construction plan for wastewater treatment facilities has been formulated
based on comparison of economic efficiency, etc.,
considering the characteristics of each wastewater treatment facility.
Co
ost per family(cconstruction, operation & mmaintenance)

Equilibrium point
Individual treatment (Johkasou)

Mass treatment (Sewerage)
PPopulationl i density
d i

Individual treatment(Johkasou, etc.) is better

Ministry of the Environment

Mass treatment(sewerage, etc.) is better

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Japan's International Cooperation• Disseminate Japan’s experience for night soil treatment andon‐‐site waste water treatment systemon• Build a capacity for these systems• Suggest these systems/technologies which is applicable forvarious countries• Provide relevant technical cooperation
Japan Sanitation Consortium (JSC)•One of network of regional water
knowledge hubs under APWF•Aims to improve policy and technicalcapacity of sanitation in the Asia‐
Pacific countries•Capacity development in areas ofsewerage works, sanitation techniquessuch as Johkasou and night soil
collection/treatment processes
Ministry of the Environment

Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)•Aims to promote good governance in water
environment management
The Regional 3R Forum in Asia
•The promotion of high level 3R policy dialogue
and assistance in the 3R projects in each country,
sharing the information to promote 3R, andnetworking among the concerned parties will beproceeded.

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Outline of Asia Water Environment Improvement Projectwith Japanese water‐related companies
A project for comprehensive
improvement and promotion of water
re-use in an Indian industrial
wastewater treatment facility

A project of wastewater treatment
for an industrial complex in Da-nang
By Kajima Cooperation etc.
Venue: Da‐nang, Viet Nam

By Toyo Engineering Inc.
IncVenue: Haryana state, India

Water Environment Improvement
Project by introducing Bio-toilet
By Chodai Inc.
Venu:
Viet num national railway

A project for introducing zerozero
emission wastewater treatment
system in pig farm
By Aqua Inc.
Venue:
Penang, Malaysia

Water Quality Improvement
Project by introducing Johkasou
system in Djakarta
By Kubota Cooperation
Venue:
Djakarta, Indonesia

Ministry of the Environment

Thank you for your attention
Contact: TAKATOSHI_WAKO@env.go.jp

Ministry of the Environment

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