678

Vol. 99. Part ll.

Pp. 361-393,36 figs.

8th November, 1948

TRANSACTIONS
OF THEROYAL
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF

LONDONlltorld Ifut abbreviation: Trars. R, ent. Soc.Lond.

C ONTENTS
P.

'fhe

CraneAr.rxexprR, PRor. Crrerurs
flies of Nerv Caledonia (Diptera, Tteul-toeE)

PAGE
36r-393, 36 figs.

LONDON:PUBLISHEDBY

THE

SOCIETY

AND

soLD AT ITS ROOMS 41, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W.7

Prlce I2s. 0d.

361

THE CRANE-X'IIESOF NEW CATEDONIA(DIPTERA,TIPULIDAE).
By PnoFESSoRCnenr,ns P. Ar,pxANDER,.
(Iiniaersity"ftllassachu.setts,Arnherst, Jllassachusetts, U.S.r'|.)llanuscript

received l4th

April,

1947.

(Read 2ntl June, 1948).

INrnonucrroN.
Oun knowled.geof the Trpur,rtan of New Caledonia,while still obviously
The first collections
incomplete,has developedvery rapidly in rec_ent_yea-rs.
of theseflies made on the island.were taken by Professorand Mrs. T. D. '\.
Cockerellin 1928,representingsix species(Alexander,19?9).1 Later a few
additionalformsweresecuredby ProfessorJean Risbec,of Noumea(Alexander,
lg34a, 1934b),bringing the list to nine species. In 1940Dr. X'. X. Williams
was sent to the island by the Hawa,iianSugarPlanters'Associationto investigate certain insect p.sir of agricultural and medical importance (Williams,
Ig+9, lg4b) ; among the nume ous insectstaken by him were nine further
speciesof 'fipulroen (Alexander,1945),bringing the list to the presentdate
to 18 species.
During the secondWorld War many American troops were stationed on
insects
New Calel.oniafor varying lengthsof time and numerousmiscellaneous
were taken and were ietuined to the States. Two of thesemen' Mr. Charles
F. Remington and Mr. John C. Herron, made outstanding collections,theflplrlrDer buing most generouslypresentedto me. Of these the large andrepresentatives6riesta[en by Mr. Herron was most noteworthy-,uld hasreport. Still rnorerecently, further
provided the chief basis for the pres_ent
interesting TrruLrDAEhave been collectedby Mr. -L. Garrigou- I wish to
expressmy very sincerethanks to Messrs.Herron, Garrigou and Remington
for-their"ppt..i"ted. co-operationin this study and for the privilegeof retaining
the typesb? the new speciesin my collection. As a result of the information
pr...triud. herewiththelist of Trpur,rDAEfor New Caledoniahas beenincreased
iro* 18 speciesto 46, and still further additionsto the recordmay be expected
as a result of future collecting.
positionof New Caledoniawithin the AustralasianThe strict biogeographical
Regionhasbeenair*r*a by workerson variousgrgupl of animalsand.there isstifl tack of agreementas to the true position of the island, and particularly
as to the meansof origin of its fauna and flora. Tillyard (19{ :292), on thebasisof the Odonata,ieferred.New Caledoniato the Papuan Provinceof theAustralianRegion, Mann (1921),from a study of the ants,-referredthe island,
together with Fiji and probably the New Hebrides,to the Melanesiansubof the ants, has156),-likewiset.iioo. Forel (1928: 14^9,-from a consideration
pllced New Caledoniaas a subregronof the Australian faunal region.
I l)ates in parentheses refer to the bibliography.

TRANs.R, EN't,soc, LoNrr.99. ren'r 11. (rvov.1948.)

Prof. C. P. Alexanderon the Crane-fiesoJ

362

Earlier workers,particularly Sarasin(1925)held that the island during midTertiary was a part of the Australian Continent and that in the late Tertiary
it was connected.with New Guinea by u chain of islands. More recent Paperc
by Mayr (1939, 1944),introducing a new and vigorous school of thought,
complelely discount the idea of land connectionsand maintain that since its
emeigencefrom the oceanin Oligocenetimes, New Caledoniahas never been
and that in all probability it hasnever beenin connection
completelysubmerged.
with- either Australia or New Guinea. Muyr believesthat not only New Caledonia but other neighbouringisland groups,as New Hebrid.esand Fiji, are notremnants of a former ancient continental land mass, but are true oceanicislands with no earlier connectionswith any of the major land areas. On
such a view the fauna and flora of New Caledoniawould be a reduced andunbalanced.one, derived.over a vast period of time by waif method.s,chiefly
by the agenciesof wind and water. From his unparalleled knowledgeof theavifauna, Muyr would includ.ethe island in the Polynesian subregion while
keeping strictly in mind the large endemicfauna and the various Australianelemenls. He-(1939b: 210) concludesthat it is not practical to include New
Caledoniawith the Arxtralian Region becauseof the strong Papuan element
present.
The genericand subgenericcomposition of the Tipulid fauna of lrTewCaledonia, as at presentknown, is compared.below with certain other critical areas.
Group.

New Caledonia.

Maaomastti,nPhaneloilocera
Plusi,omyia
LimorlinLi,mon'ia
Libnotas
Dinanarnyia
Iilioglochina
Geranuny'ia
Thrypti,cwn'yin
Pseuil,oglochinn
Doorwomyia
Orimarga
HeliusHeliwsEurlwmphidin
Iiliolwliws
Epi'ph'ragrna'
Gynapli,sttia
Paralirnnaphiln
Gynoplist'ia
Gonomy'in
Iil'i,ocera
Gonomy'ia
Iti,pophleps

*
'r'
:r€
*
t€
*
*
*
*
'r€
*
*
{€
*
'k
*
:r
*
*
{<
*

*

Chile, seeBrazil.

New Zealand.

Australia.
*

t

*

l

c

*

:,r
*

*

*

*

:1.

:r

*

:lc
:,la

;

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:1.

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a

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363

(Di,ptera, Ti,pul,idae\
I,{etn Ca,led,onia
Group.

NervCalerlonin.

Gymnastes
Paragymnastes
Erioptera
Trimiua
Molophilus
Styringomyia

Chile, seeBrnzil.

Australia.

New Zealand.

rf

*

{c

*

*

*

:F
t
:r'
:F

{c

{<

Thus of the 25 generic and subgenericgroups of Trpur,roen at present
known from New Caledonia,no fewerthan 21 likewiseoccur in Australia, but
orrly 10 in New Zealand.. There is no evidenceat all of a past connecbion
with New Zealand,but very decidedlyso in the c&seof Australia. Particularattention should be called to the two groups Plu,siomyiaand Pha'c'elod,ocera,large-sizedTipuline forms with branchedantennae,eminently characteristicof Australia, especiallyTasmania,Victoria and.New South Wales. None ofthese Trpul,rNln with branchedantennaeoccurs in New Zealand,but someare found in South America, Pervery closelyallied t;rpes,such as Ozod'icera,,
ticularly in south-easternBrazil. If, as Mayr indicates,New Caledoniafirstarosefrom the oceanin the Oligoceneantl sincethat time has had no possible
land connectionwith either New Tea\andor Australia, then we are forced toas known representa waif fauna that has
acceptthe beliefthat the TTpTTLIDAE
reachedthe island by flotsamor similar methods. If the land was much older
than the Oligoceneancl had had an early connectionwith Australia, very
primitive crane-flygroups,like the generaMacromastir,Plusiomyia andPhacelomight well have reachedthe island long before the first bird types
doce,ra,,evolved,even including the endemicrelict family RnvNocHErIDAE,the kagu.
As is now appreciatetl,someof the Holometabolousordersof insectswere in
existencea,t the end of the Palaeozoicand the spread.of such ancient groups
shoukl be consideredseparatelyand not be confusedwith the much laterrlispersalof either birds or mammalsin the Tertiary or perhapsslightly earlier
somein the Cretaceous.By the time of the Baltic Amber (Lower Oligocene),yearsago,very many if not mostof the presentgeneraand subgenera
35,000,000
from types orof Trpul,rDAEwere already in existence,and are not sepa,rable
actualgroupsstill in existence(Alexander,1931).
Cor.,r,ncuNcSrATroNS.
I am greatly indebtedto Mr. Herron for detailedaccountsand photographs
showing all the localities where his collecting was done. Certain of thesedata are presentedherewithin orderbetter to explainthe difficult and restrictedcond.itionsunder which insect collectingin New Caledoniais accomplished.
Mr. Herron was on the island from January,1944,through January,1946,
while servingas a memberof the Americanarmed.forces. Although he visited
mostparts of the islandthat aretraversedby road,virtually all of hrsTrruLrDAE
weretaken ir' the southernpart, in the generalvicinity of Noumeaand La Foa.
The followingparagraphshave beenadaptedfrom Mr. Herron's more elaborate
account.
The mountains of New Caledoniaare relatively low. Mount Mou (4003ft.) is amongthe highest, while Mount Pani6 (5,4L4 ft.), near the northern

364

Prof. C. P. Alexanderon the Crane-fiesof

end is the highestpoint. The forestsfor the most part are locatedin the zone
between 1200 and 2200 ft. Above this it becomes dry and barren, withorrly a few kauri pines (Agath'is)outlined against the rki. The high forests
are very scarceand. are so opex that collecting is extremely difficult. The
insectsare associatedchiefly with the waterwaysand with the wet covesof theforest. Even though forest showswell up on the mountain slopes,
often it is-Err.onot denseenoughto support more tharr a meagreinsectfauna.
the most
denseforestsof the central mountain chain are not above 1880to 2000 ft.
The forestshere do not begin at sea-level,and go to the mountain tops, as on
lo*u tropical islands, but occur in pockets, directly associated*itn and.
$ependent,up_onthe available moisture supply. Where there is no canopy tokeep out the hot rays of the sun the insecti aie just not to be found.
Saint Louis.
, . Forest lying. directly inland from the Saint Louis Mission and the peakbehind, known locally as_MontChapeauGendarme; most collectingbetween
1100 and 1200 ft. ; October, LP25,through January, 1946. A larg" permanent stream flows from the forest past the mission grounds. 'i'ni*
stream is fringed with trees, the forest pockets becoming larger and more
denseas one progressesupward and inland. An interesting feiture of thesepocketsis tha[ they u." fo^ondat different elevations,with oity a very narrow
line of trees along the stream acting as connectinglinks. Th; streamsthemselvesoften tumble over sheerwaterfalls or down iocky cascades,
then flowing
over more level ground only to drop over other falls or cascades. The foresl
proper beginsat about two miles inland, and one's first impressionis that it
is composedchiefly of tree ferns. However these latter foim only a narrow
fringe at the forest'selge with fewerindividuals scatteredthroughooi, .rp.ciallyalong the_streams. The most striking thing upon entering one of thes^eforesi
areas is the suddenand drastic changein temperatureas comparedwith thatj"lt at the gdg. -or out on the niaouli (Melaleica)clad slopes.-The humiditv
is high, bt! it is.definitely more comfortable. In the forest are numeroustypesof ferns of various heights, including at least two speciesof tree ferns ihat
attain t heish.tof 20_ft., grading down to the very low fern types that are
generally_simjlar to the low fern types of our own forests. T[e wandering
lgtu is _abundanthere as in many other forest pockets, generally occurrin!
along the_streamsor over a seepingbank or ledge. The serpentitt-.terruin o?
the island continueswithin the forest, providing for many small streamsthat
feetl into three major brooks leading downward and seaward. Each of suchbrooks or brooklets follows much the same pattern, winding incessantlyand
with a small fall or cascadeat practically every turn. The forest has been
badly ctrt over but evidently fire has never invaded it and enoughsmall trees
are left to coverand protect the friable soil.
The lowerforestseemsto becharacteizedbythe invasionof fern associations
well back from the streamsand bv the very moist soil that is partially causecl
by the incessantseepagefrom the rock ledges. The undergrowth is fern
rvhich is very denseand invadesevery cove and shelf. Thesethickets beneaththe forest cover are so densethat little light gets through. I would believethat on the averagethesefern thickets ceaseat near 1800ft. altitucle. It isin this type of location that Tipulids are found in greatestabuntlance. All

(D,iptera,T,iynilidae)
I{ ew Calehort,'ia')t)l)

depressions
and covesshelterthem and the hotter and windier it becomes,thecloserto the ground they are found, this being especiallytrue of the smaller
and more fragile forms. Larger species,such as Phacelod,ocera
lterroni, weremost often taken at from 2 to 4 ft. abovethe forest floor.
The upper forest of the easternslopesis comprisedof the sametree species,
but there is no constantseepage,only intermittent streams. n'ernsare stillpresentthough very scattered,the treesbecomesmaller,the brush more open.
In its generalgrossoutline this zoneremindsonevery much of a second-growth
oak associationin the mid-western llnited States. As a rule, the forest
gradually thins away until one reachesa definite upper margin and finall,v
emergesinto a brackenassociationand thence into one of sedgesand scrub.
This, in turn, givesway to practically a barrensoil on the mountain tops.
Naturally the fauna within the forest varies during the different seasons.
The months of August and Septemberseemto be the period of greatestinactivity as adults. There are no really low temperaturesduring the wintermonths.
Trpur,roa.n: Mauomastir (Macrornastir)'noaocaled,onica; M. (M.) repleta;
Plusiomyia neobalad,onica
hnmoni; L,i,rrtott,ia(Lirnonia\ hera;; Phnceloilocera(Libnotes)
L.
notata,var. ; L. (L.) se'm'iennis;
fasta : L. (D'iuanomyia)aga,peL. (D.) .fijiana ; L. (Doaneorny'ia)
altitarsis caledon'ierisas.'L. (D.) depriaata;
Orimarga(Orhnarga)risbeci; Heliu,s(Hel'iu,s)neocaledo'nic'us; H. (Id,eohelius)'pentaneura
pehtlantiu; E. (8.\ legatoria; Gyno; Ep'iphragrna(Epiph,ra,qum)
plistia (Gynoplistia)'niq,riuentris
hemoni; Gymnastes; Gonomyia(Gonom,yia)(Paragyrrttta,stes)d,asyceratart,a'rus;; G. (P.) n'iueipes; lVlolophihw(ll'Iolo1thilu,s)Styringomyia' neocaled.,
on'iae.
La Xoa.
Approximately12 milesnorth antl eastof La tr'oa,at Sarranea; altitudes
to 1200ft.; December,L944; January, 1945; April, 1945. The forestecl
slopesof the eastern branch of the river on the La Foa-C)anala
Roarl, on
the western slopes of the first mountain range. The river, not listeclon
official maps, is here termed the La Foa River. It differs from most otherstreamson the island in beingvery rich in aquatic plants.
This appearsto be nearly as representativeof an ahnost virgin ra,inforest
as can be found on the island. Comparedu'ith the others visited it is muchlarger and ofiers a wider range in the various associationsof semi-tropicaldeciduousplants. There is no visible coniferousarea. The forest appears
to have been lightly cut over and incompletelyloggedout. There are large
numbersof hugeold trees,somebeing 90 to 100 ft. tall, toweringwell above
the secondgrowth timber and undergrowth. Thesetrees are coveredwith
ferns while large vines are alwayspreserrt,often extend.inghigh into the upper
tree branches. Therearetwo fast clearcold streams,eachwith many brooklets.
Thesestreamsare permanentand have numbersof beautiful cascades,
particularly on the middle and upper forest slopes.
The upper forest canopyis comprisedentirely of hard woodsof tree species
commonto the lower mountain forest of the island. On the forest floor are
scatteredpatchesof herbaceousplants, together with severalspeciesof ferns,
including tree ferns. The slopesare steep and quite rocky and many rockseamsare exposedwhere the streamscut the ledges,in some casesforming

Prof. 0. P. Alexander o'tLtl,u Cranbe-fl,iesofnarrow gorges. Except during extremelydry spellsthe forest floor is always
wet and spongy.
The fly, Ph,a,celod,ocera
hemoni,was taken well up the slopein a gorgearea.
It was resting on low bushesand was a very conspicuousinsect. All foundwere taken in deepwoodland,near rock ledgeswherewater was seepingfrom
the rock seamsand the forestfloor wascoveredwith a thick layer of leafmould.
Paita.
A forest pocket near the main mountain pass,approximately six miles
north of Paita on the north andwestslopesof Mont Mou ; altitude estimatedto
be between1200and 1400ft. ; area visited at leastoncea month throughout
the entire year.
This pocket differs considerablyfrom the one at La Foa. It coversonly alargeshelfon the mountainside,dwindling out above,the mountaincontinuing
to ascendas an openbarrenpeak. The forestcoversseveralacres. Its upper
canopyis comprisedof the samehardwoodspeciesas occur at La X'oa,but thetrees are evid.entlynot as old and the canopy is broken. There is thus aconstant growth of herbaceousplants well scatteredthroughout the entire
area, lacking only in the mo'st denselyshadedspots. X'ernsand tree ferns
occur. The permanent stream that drains these woods follows the usual
tortuous course,the water always flowing swift and cold. The entire forest
floor is oneseepage
spot after another,and the surfaceis alwayssoft and muddy.
The place is evidently a constant seepageshelf with an ever present watertahle. Numerousfallen trees indicate that the wet shallowsoil is insufficientanchorageagainstthe severewinds.
Trpur,rnen: Phaceloiloce'ra
margaritae; Lirno'n,ia(L'irnon'ia)hera; L. (L,)
pa'itae; L. (Libnotes) sen,,iermis
fasta ; L. (Thrapticomyia) basitnrsatra;
Gynmastes(Paragyrnnastes)
dasycera,; Molophilus (Molophi,lus)ordin,ar'i'us.
Mo'nt Mou,.
Near Paita ; a,ltitude 4003 ft. ; collectionsmade near the sunmit 16thI)ecember,1945.
The lower forest strnta are generallysimilar to all other forestsof the sanrelevel, but appearto be somewhatwetter and more filled with seepage. Thisft. but strea,mersfollow the water courses,
lru* of forest endsat about 1500
ln somecasesto the top levels. Ilntornologicallyspeakingtheseare barren,
since they are open, relatively tlry a,ndvirtually impassabledue to steeptressa,nrltangledgrowth. \The remainderof the mountain sitle is coveredwith a growth of bracken
ant{ other purely xerophytic vegetation,including low shrubs antl herhage.
The mountain top is very narrow, in reality a " hogback," only a few feet inrvidth. The vegetation,sirnilarly xerophytic,may reacha maximumof 20 ft.
at about 3700ft. holds somemoistureand the areain height. A saddleback
is not greatly differenbfrorn that at lower altitudes except that tree ferns
are lacking. Beginningat this point the peak rises sharply and there is asuddenand completetransitiorr in the forest type. One simply stepsfrom a
relatively openforest into a tangled massof tree trunks. Thesetrees,if in an
upright position,would be quite large,but all are practically prostrate. Each

Tipuliclae)
N ew Caledo'nin(Di'7tt,e'ra',367

with small fernsto form a queer
irrterspersed
trunk is coveredwith short mossr,
and motley pattern. In casesthis massof mossand fern may reacha depthof 8 in., beneath the surfacebeing a mass of decomposedvegetationwith
fine hairlike roots that bind the black wet earth into a solid mass. At thisaltitude the normal cloud level is belowand for a part of eachday the peak is
clothed.in cloud.vapours,assuringan abundant and constant moisture supply.
The mossabsorbsriuch of this moisture and the great weight thus produced,
togetherwith the strong and constant winds, have producedthe prostrationof the trees.
To get through this tangled.massone must either crawl und.eror over thetrunks, as well us op the slippery ledges. The forest ends as abruptly as it
begins,and one comls out onto an open dry forest type that continuesdownth; oppositeslope. The temperatureof these higher altitud.eswas notably
lower-dhanat the base. Even at noon one could.seeone'sbreath. At dusk
an extremely heavy dew fell, and in the morning everything y9,9_dripPi"gwith
moisture. The nigLts were cold and very windy, precededand followedby clear
davs.
"
The Trpur,roen of the cloud forest we e found. hiding in the dark damp
cavernsbeneaththe tree trunks closeto their bases. They usually occurredingroupsof three or four, but in one casea small mating swarrnwas found.
Tirpur,roeu: Limon'ia (Limonia) mou,icola; L. (Dicranom,y'in)Icarma; L.
rnicroneura; Helius (Hebhts) stol'idus; H. (Eurham'Tthi,ilia\(Pseuiloglocluina)
mouensis-all novelties.
.

SvsrpuATlc TnpetupNr.

Trpur,ruep.
Osten Sacken.
Ma,cro'm,asfir
iVuarout,u,slic
OsterrSacken, 1886,Berl'i,nent. 2.80 : 185'

Macr omastir (M auontastin) caledoniana .l,Jexander.
Jlue,romastir caleiloniana Alexander, 1934, Philip, J. ,Sctl.542443-444, pl. l, fig. 6(venation).

Ponerihouen,July 7, 1931(Risbe'c).
ellae AlexanderM acromastin (M acrom,astin\ cocker
Xlacromasti,rcockerellaeAlexander, 1929, Encycl. Ent., Dipteru 5:85-86, fig.2 (venatiou).

Bourail, Muy 18-26, 1928(Coclcerell).
Alexander.
Macromastir (M ocronrastin)nouoe,aleilon'ica
Manromastin noaocaledonica Alexander,(venation).

L929, Encycl,. Ent., Diptera 5: 83-85, fig. I

Plum X'arm, Iltay 30-June 7, 1928; Bourail, May 23, 1928. (Cockerell).
St. Louis, sweepinggrassland,Muy 20, L945(Herron).
The hypopygium has not been described (fig. 3). Ni_nthtergite-, 91,transverse, the caudal
abundant, dense, yellow setae; backmargin "-eiy^je"tly emarginate, bordered with very-Outerdististyle, od, long:oval, provided
black,
long
setae.
*ith,ruierourfrod the marlitr
and Powerful. fnner dististylebut
verystrong
fe*
ones
outer
the
with abundanl setae,
blackened pegs ; rostrum
withabundant
set
knob
body
obtuseand.istinctive, the mainattip.
spinesblackenedofconcentration
unusually long, with a further

368

Prof. C. P. Alexander ott.l,h,eCrane-f,iesoJ

Macrornastin(Mauomasttin)prod,uctifroras
Alexander.
.Xlucromastir(Illauontastir\ 'productifrozsAlexander, 1945, Proc. Ilauaii,. etd. iloc. !2 z
236-237,pl. 12, fig. I (venation).

NepouiValley,August,1940(Williams).
Macromastix(Macromastix)
repletasp. n.
Size relatively small (wing, male, under l0 mm.); antennae elongate,approximately
one'half lotqgerthan the wind; flagellar segments*ith tn."e types of"bristle'sl ,o-" o"rylotg; - head and mesonotalpraescutum daik brown, pleura y"ilb*; halteres infuscated-;
legs obscure yellow, the femoral tips more darkened;- wings whitish subhyaline ; stigmaoval, medium brown; sparse macrotrichia on outer wing veins i r-rn c6nnecting witn
Ra_+si-'ttl-c'&at near midlength of cell Ist Mr; abdominal tergites brownish blac[, withposterior borders, sternites and hypopygium chiefly yettow; male hypopygium
pale y_ello_wwith the dististyle terminating in a brush of long btact<setae.
Male.-Length, about 8'5 mm.; wing, 9.5 mm.; antenna,12 mm. to end of ninth segment.
prolongation of head whitish yellow, short and small, only about one-third as
Frontal_long as remainder of_head,meeting the remainder of front at a right angle. Antennae withscapea_ndpedicelyellow, flagellum brownish black ; antennaebrokln at end of ninth segment,very elon_gate; flagellar segments long-cylindrical, provided with very long erect setae,
additional to the much shorter and stouter verticils and more delicate erect setae. Front
testaceousyellow, the broad vertex dark brown.
Pronotum testaceous. Mesonotalpraescutumand scutal lobes dark brown, the surface
shiny ; interspaces\rith sparsesuberett setae; scutellum and postnotum somewhat paler,
the latter sparsely pruinose, more darkened along the euture belween the mediotergite andpleurotergite; remainder of pleurotergite and tht pleura uniformly pale yellow. Halteres
infuscated, base of stem narrowly yellorv. Legs with the coxae ind trochanters yellow ;femora obscureyellow, the tips narrowly and weakly more darkened ; tibiae obscurebiownish
yellow, scarcelydarker; tarsi yellow, passing into black. Wings (fig.
l) whitish sub'sparse
hyaline, cell ^9cdarker ; stigma oval, medium-brown ; veins brown.
macrotrichia
on outer section of Rn a 5, with fewer on veins IVI, and Mr. Venation: ,Sc,lacking; .fls
short, arcuated or _feebly angulated before midlength i r-rn connecting with Ra * r, thc
basalsectionof the latter short; petiole of cell rlf, longer than m; ,n-cu in oblique ilignment
with the basal section of IlIs, thus appearing to-lie at near midlength of cell-lsl .rl/-s; cell
2nd,A moderately broad.
Basal abdominal tergites obscureyellow, succeedingtergites brownish black, with broadpalg yellowish posterior borders; sternitesyellow, the incisuiesnarrowly and vaguely darker ;gigltt! segmentmore uniformly blackened; hypopygium chiefly yellow,-thetergile infuscated.
Male lypopygium (fig. 4) with the tergite, 9f, brbadly notched, the low lobes with abundant
long black setae. Dististyle, d, appearingas a flattened scooplikestructure that terminatesin a group of lon-gblack setae; on lower face with a smaller flattened lobe that is provided
with a few small spinous setae; outer or convex surface of style with scatteredtlongate
setae,near the tip with a few blackenedconical spines.

Holotype,3, St. Louis,altitude1100ft, November4, Ig45 (Herron\.
The presentfly is most similar to Macromastin(Ma.cromastin)risbeci
Alexander,especiallyin the venation,differingconspicuously
in the colorationand in the structureof the antennaeand malehypopygium.
M acromastin (Mawornastin)risbeci Alexander.
trIacronr,ast'ir
risbec'iAlexander, 1934,Philip, J. ,Sctl.54:441443, pl. l, fig.5 (verrar,Cion).

Poindimie,July 13, 1931(Risbec\.
PlusiomgaaSkuse.
P l u s i o r n y i aS k u s e , 1 8 9 0 ,P r o c . L i n n . ^ S o cN
. .,S.W.(2) 5:86.

Plusiomyianeocaledonica
sp. n.
l'iize medium (wirrg, rnale. to 14 mm.) : mesonotol praescutum reddish yelkrw, u'ith f<rurpoorly differentiated testaceous yellow stripes, the posterior sclerites of notum darkened ;pleura orange-yellow ; antennaer(male) with the basal six flagellar segmentslong-tripectinate,I{ ew Calellorcia(D,i,ptera,Tiyrlid,ae)369

the longest branchesabout,three times the segmentitself ; wings greyish subhyaline,cells
C and ,Scabruptly dark brown ; abdominal tergites orange yellorv, patterned with black,in male including a subterminal ring; hypopygium black.
Male.-Length, about 14-16 mm. ; wing, 12.5-14mm.
Female,-Length, about 12 mm.; wing, 14 mm.
Frontal prolongation of head a little shorter than the remainder, without nasus,subequalin length to the antennal scape; dark brown and sparselypruinose above, obscureyellow
on sides; palpi black. Antennae of male (fig. 5) with the sca,pereddish brown, elongate;pedicel brown ; flagellum black, including all branches; basal six flagellar segmentseachwith three long branches,the longest approximately four times the segmentitself ; basal
branches approximately equal in length, the outer one & little shorter, the longest nearly
three times the segment; autennae of female broken. Head dark plumbeousgrey ; anteriorvertex nanow in both sexes,a lit'tle more so in the male, a trifle more than the diameter ofscape.

tr'ros. 1-?. (Trl'ur,rNen).-1, Ma,cromastiu (Iltacromastir) reTiletasP: n. ; venation ' 2, Plusi,o'3, Jllauom,asti,n (trIacroma,stir) n,oaoaal,edonica
myia neocaleilonica sp. n. ; venation.
4, llfacromastir (Mauoma.sti,x) re'pleta lP. n. ; male
Aiexander; male hypbpygium.
sp. n. I antenna of-male,_flagella-r segments
5, Piisiom,yi,a neocal,eiloni,cahypopygium.
-6,lnclusive.
herroni,
sp. n. ; antenna of female, basal eight seg'
6,
Phicel,odocera
2- io
of male, flagellar segments I to ir,
antennan.
herroni,sp.
ments. 7, Phaceloilocera;
inclusive.
(Symbols : b, basistyle : d, dististyle i p, phallosome ; l, tergite.)
Pronotum orange yellow. Mesonotal praescutum reddish yellow lvith four poorly differentiated testaceoui y"Uo* stripes, a trifle more darkened near the suture; scutum andscutellum chiefly daik brown, Jparsely pruinose, the-m_ediotergite more heavily ,so. Pleuradorsopleural membrane paler
and pleurotergile orange yeilof, spaisely pruinose ]ehind;
Halt6res u'ithitem testacebus, knob somewhat-darker. - !"gt with the coxae.grey;
yelloi.
lrochanters obscure yellow ; remainder of legs deta"_ll"d, dark brown to black. Win-gs(fig. 2) greyish subhyaline ; prearcular field brown; cells C and 8c much darker brown, the"oioorriot"passing beyond v-eins.R and the freetip of -Srr;_veJls brow_nishye-llow_to li-ght
lrrown, darlier in fhe iirfuseatetl portions. Veins beyond cord with complete serie"qof trichia.

'IRANS.R, ENT, soc'. I,oND. 99.

I'ART 11.

(uov. 1948).

1$

370

Prof. C. P. Alexander on the Crane-fliesof

Venatiort : Veins 8, and ?n extending parallel to one another for virtually their whole
lengths, cell fi, at margin thus very extensive; cell rl1, broadly sessile.
Abdominal tergites of male orange yellow, heavily patterned with black, on the basal
five _tergites a,ppearing as broad lateral stripes, the hrst tergite and much of the seeondsimilarly _darkene_d_basal sternites yellow; tergit-es six to eight and sternites
Tedially;
seven and eight black, forming a_ring; hypopygium orange. In the female, the tergites
mg_reevidently trivittate with black; restricting the yellbw sublateral areas; steriites
yellow ; genital shield orange ; cerci very slender and straight.

__HolotIpe, d, St. Louis,altitude 1100-1200ft., December30, lg45 (Hemon).
Allotopotyp., 9, November 11, 1945 (Hemon). Paratopotypes,z AA, withthe allotype ; I J, January 22, L946(Herron).
Among the describedspeciesand basedupon the structure of the maleantennae,the present fly comesclosestto Plusiarny,iaclarki Alexander, of'Western
Australia, which has the flagellar branches somewhat the same.
It may be_noted that in this genusthe branchesare commonlytwo on eachlegment,the tripectinate condition being much more uncommon. The genus
Plusiomyiais new to New Caledonia.
P hacelod,ocera Enderlein.
Phacel,odocera
Endeilein, 1912,ZooI.Jb. (Bysf.)82:2G.

Phacelodocera
herroni sp. n.
praescutum grey.with three_poorlyindicated brown stripes ; scutellum abruptly. Mesonot_al
obscure y-ellow,_contrasting with the dark parascutella; wings witli the dark patt"rnrila]^ofpale
a_ndinconspicuous,
especiallyinthefemaleproximalsegments
abdomen;!,-iv-ely
light yellorv, heavily patterned with brown.
Male.-Length, about 19-27 mm. ; wing, L7-22.5 mm. ; antenna, about I l-15 mm.
Fernale.-Length, about 27 mm.; wing, 18 mm. ; antenna, about 4.b mm.
Fro-ntal prolongation of head relati_vely long and slender, brorvnish black, approximately
one-half times as long as-remainder of head; palpi short, black. Antennae of male (fig. f I
black-throughout, gn_lythe sga,pea trifle paleion proximal portion: flagellum (male) with
branches of utrusual length, the longest exceeding half the length of the intire organ ; firstflagellar seg-ment short_-cylindrical, with a single very long braneh; succeeding--segments
each with three such elongate branches, trvo at the extreme base, the thircl shoitly"before
midlength, on the outermost segments close to midlength; terminal segment elongate,
simple, of ap-proximately-the sa,melength and form as the branches ; all branlhes of appioxi.
m_atelyequal length and thickness, those of the first segment not much shorter than-thoseof the intermediate segments;. all branches rvith abundant and conspicuous erect setulae
thro_ughout the length ; main axes nore glabrous, with scattered, relalively short verticils.
fn female (fig- 6) antennae l5-segmented, with nine branched segments ; flagellar branches
mueh reduced, as common in the primitive Trpur-rxen having branched antennae; fir.rt
flagellar segment with a single branch, apical in position, near\r one-third as long as thesegment ; second segment with a single long branch, subequal to the segment, u'ith an obtuse
tubercle at its base,this representinga secondbranch ; succeedingsegmentswith a comparable
basal branch, this b_ecorqingprogressively longer on the outer segmenls, reaching its ma^ximum
at about the sixth_flagellarsegment where the longer branch exceedsthe segment, the shorter
one subequal t_othe segm_ent; _four outer segments simple, the last about one-fourth longer
than the penultirnate. Head hlack, sparsely pruinose j anterior vertex relatively narro\r',somewhat less than the diameter of scape,the eyes eorrespondingly large.
- llesonotal praescutum grey with three poorly inrlicated brown stripes; scutellunr
abruptly obscure_yellorv,contrasting rvith the parascutella ; mecliotergite gieyish yellou' oneentral -portiotr, the sides broadly dark brown. Pleura with the anepisternum and ventral
sternopleuritc gre-vish brou'tt, the dorsal sternopleurite and dorsal anepisternum
each u'ith
a yellow &rea. Femora yellorv, the tips narrowly and abruptly black ; tibiae and proximal
tarsal segments obseure yellow, the outer tarsal segments passing into black. Wiirgs rviththe- patt_crn relatively pale and inconspieuous, the darker patterns being brownish .vellow,
n'ith a darlier brown area at areulus and at stigma; cord seamed witli darker, includingrtt-('tl.u'ith more than the proximal half of the basal section of vein Cu in cell rt1 : outei
merlial eells not eotrspieuounlvwhitened, of the same general eolour as the remaining outerIi ew Caleiloro'ia(D,iptera, Tipuli,tlae'1

371

and posterior cells; veins light yellow, darkenedin the brown markings. In the female thewings are even more uniformly patterned, suffusedwith brown, the conspicuouspattern ofthe male indicatecl only by a deepeningin the colour of the prearcular fielcl and less heavily
in the costal area and in cells ,Rand Il[, lhe outer half of the latter vaguely brighter.
Abdomen with the ground colour of the more proximal segrnentslight I'ellow, the dark
pattern heavy, involving the lateral and caudal portions, restricting the ground to sublateralareas; si.xth and succeedingsegnrentsmore uniformly darkened, the hypopygium slightly
brighter.

Holotype, 6, La Foa, in rain forest, April, 1945 (Herron). Allotlpe, ?,St. Louis, altitude 1200 ft., January 22, 1946 (Hemon). Paratlp€s, d?,Mont Mou, X'ebruary-April, 1947(Garrigou). Paratopotype, I ,{, January 14,
1945 (Herrort); paratlp€s, 4 d, with the allotype, December 30, 1945,
January 22, 1946 (Hemon); 12 g, Mont Mou, altitude 900 fb., F'ebruary,1947(Gorrigou).
The d.iscoveryof two distinct new speciesof Phacelod,ocera
in New Caledonia
was entirely unexpected. The only other Australasian form is Pha,celoiloceratasman'iemsis
Alexander, of Tasmania, with much shorter antennal branches
than either of the two speciesdescribedat this time. I take unusual pleasure
in dedicatingthis outstandingfly to its discoverer,Mr. Johrr C. Herrou.
fn various recent papers I have called attention to the fact that severalof
our proposedgenerain the primitive Trpur,rrsephave beenfoundedon relatively
slight differencesin the venation and in the structure of the male antennae.
It seemscertain that some of these namesrvill fall as synonyrnswliile others
may be retained as valid subgenera. Thus Ptitogyno Wurt"*ood, 1835, andPha,celoilocera
Enderlein, 1912,are separableonly by the absenceor presenceof the rtn crossveinin the two groups. Ozod,icero
Macquart, lB34, Plusiomy,ia
Skuse, 1890, anrl Platyphasia Skuse, 1890,are similarly all very nearly allied
but may be retained as valid subgenericgroups. Still others,including Manroymst'ir Osten Sacken, 1886, Longurio Loew, 1869, and Tanyprentna Osten
Sacken,1886,are more distantly related, but all have the same generaltypeof structure of the male hypopygium and seem separablefrom the present
and allied groups with branched.antennae only by minor differences. The
oldest genericnameapplicableto this particular group of primitive TrprrLrNAE
is MeqistoceraWiedemann, 1828,with CtenoqynaMacquart, 1838, and Lept.otarsu"sGuerin, 1830,somewhatlater.
Phacelodocera
margaritae sp. n.
Mesonotal praescutum with three conspicuous orange-yellou' stripes, the scutum andscutellum uniformly dark brown, only the praescutella paler; postnotum yellow with aspars€)grey pruinosity ; dorsal pleurites dark brown, the ventral ones, with the stemites,
yellow, sparsely pruinose; wings whitish subhyaline with a eonspieuous contrasting darkbrown pattern, the pale post-stigmal area broad and complete.
Illa,le.-Length, about 27 mm.; wing, 22.5 mm.; antenna, about 14 mm., the longest
branch about 7'5 mnr.
Characters much as itr herroni, difTering conspicuously in the diagnostic features above
listed. Pronotum brorvnish black. Iles<-rnotalpraescutum rvith three ora,nge-yellowstripes,
the broad irtterspaceslight grey; ltttntet'alregion of praescutunl verv restrictedly blackened;'
scutum and scutellum dark bros'n, thc parascutella paler, obst.ure yellow ; mediotergite
yellow, with a sparse grev pruitrosit.v ; plt urotergite more pminose, esireeially the elevatedkatapleurotergite. Pleura with the dolsal half chiefly dark brorvn, including the dorsopleural membratre atrrl a broad stripe over the dorsal pleurites ; a single yellow spot on extreme
dorsal portion of the anepsternum ; ventral pleurites and sternum yellow, the former morepruinose, the latter elear yellorv. Halteres brownish black, the base of stem restrieterlly
llaler. l,egs u'ith tltt' r'o.rat'pale. litlht grel prtrirtose; trochanters brownish .yellow ; femora
o l t s e u r t 'r ' e l l o s ' . t l r c f i 1 v , 1l r l n c k : t i l r i i r r . i r r r r l t a r s i b r o w n i s h b l a e k . l V i n g s r e l a t i v e l y b r . o a r l ,372Prof. C. P. Alexand.eron the Crane-f,iesof

whitish subhyaline,with a conspicuouscontrastingdark brown pattern which includesthe broad
costal border, involving the prearcular field and cells C, Sc,.B and ,Br, with the basal half ofM ; cell Bc and cephalic portion of the radial cells somewhat brighter in colour than cell 8c ;outer radial field similarly darkened, including more than the outer half of cells J?, and rt3 ;n&rrow brown se&msalong veins Cu,,m-cu, the cord and outer end of cell lsf JlIr, all connectedwith the major darkeningsdescribed; a more greyish brown wash along posterior wing border,
involving cell M n and the broad outer portions of cells Cu to Znil A inclusive ; remainder ofground whitish subhyaline, the broad post-stigmal band somewhat more yellowish; veinsbrown, yellow in the whitened portions. Venation : .Es relatively long, subequal in length
to -821, ; cell M, narrowly sessilei nl-cu at fork of IlI"', o.
Abdomen relatively long, obscure brownish yellow, the tergites with a blackened lateral
stripe ; posterior borders of segmentsnarrowly infuscated ; outer segments,including hypopygium, more uniformly dark brown.

Holotype,6, Paita, in rain forest, April 8, 1945 (Herron). Paratlpes, d,Mont Mou, altitude 500-900ft., March-April, 1947(Garcigou).
This beautiful fly is afrectionatelydedicatedto Mrs. CharlesP. Alexander(Mabel MargueriteAlexander),as a further token of appreciationfor constant
aid and encouragementin my study of the Trpur,rnen. The speciesis very
diflerent from Phnceloilocera
lrcrroni sp. r., especiallyin all details of colorationof the wings,thorax and abdomen.
LruourrNAE.
Limoniini.
Limonia Meigen.
Limonia Meigen, 1803, Il,l,iger'sMag. 2 z 262.
Ins. l:Limnobi,aMeigen, 1818, tSyst.Beschr.zwei,fl,.

116.

Limonia (Limonia)mouicolasp. n.
General coloration of mesonotum chestnut brown, restrictedly patterned. u,ith darker;
anterior vertex grey ; legs black ; wings with a weak brownish tinge, stigma oval, darker
brown ; Sc. ending about opposite two-fifths to one-half the lengths of -Ps, nt-eu at fork ofwith the tergite large, its caudal border u'ith a scarcelv evident median/1 ; male hypopygium-ventromesal
lobe of-basisty-iewith a small lobule on face ; rost,ral prolongation
emargination ;of ventral dististyle triangular in outline, the two straight spines placed at antl just below
summit of outer angle.
IlIale.-Length, about 4.3-4.5 mm.; wing, 4.5-5 mm.
Rostrum bright yellow; palpi dark brown. Antennae with scape and pedicel yellow,
flagellum broken. Head light grey on anterior vertex, darker behind, obscure yellow
beneath ; anterior vertex moderately wide, exceeding twice the diameter of scape.
Pronotum infuscated, the scutellum obscure yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with thestripes chestnut brown, very narrowly bordered by brown, including a more or less distinct
median vitta; posterior sclerites of notum somewhat similarly patterned and variegated,
ehiefly chestnut brown, with a median dark line; mediotergite with the cephalic half more
uniformly infuscated, the posterior portion obscure yellow, with a delicate central dark
vitta; pleurotergite yellow. Pleura yellow. Halteres brownish black, the base of stem
very restrictedly yellow. Legs with cox&e and trochanters yellow, the fore coxae u'eakly
infuscated ; rematl4er of legs black, the femoral bases, especially of the fore legs, restrictedly
obscure yellow. Wings (fiS. 8) with a weak brownish tinge; stigma oval, darker brorvn;
veins dark brown. Venation: ,Sc, ending about opposite two-fifths to one-half the lengthof -Es, Sc, at its tip; basal section of -Ra1u about two-fifths -Rs; cell Ist nI, subequal inlength to or shorter than M n; nx-cu at the fork of -tll.
Abdominal tergites and hypopygium brownish black; sternites obscure yellow. llale
hypopygium (fig. 16) with the tergite, 9t,large, its caudal margin rounded with a scarcely
evident median emargination ; posterior border more or less thickened, on either side rvith
about six or seven strong setae, more concentrated on outer portion of each lobe, the disk
without setae. Basistyle, 6, with ventromesal lobe obtuse, provided with long conspicuous
pale setae ; on face of lobe with a small darkened lobule. Dorsal dististyle nearly straight,
its apex suddenly narrowed into a slender recurved spine. Ventral dististyle, a-d,large andfleshy, t'he total area about one-third greater than that of the basistyle ; rostral prolongationl{ ew Caled,onia(Diptera, Iipulid'ae)

373

more or less triangular in outline, with the two spines placed at and below the summit of
the outer angle ; spinessubequalor the terminal one a trifle shorter, both slender. Gonapo'
physis, g, produced directly caudad into the apical lobe, this narrowed very gradually to theobtuse tip. Aedeagusbilobed at apex.

Holotypl, 3, Mont Mou, altitude 4000 ft., December 16, 1949 (Huron).
Paratopoigles, 3 d ; in a small swarm, as noted earlier (Mont Mou, generalaccoult).
The present fly has no close regional ally. In coloration and pattern ofthe nresonotum it slightly resembles Dimonin (Acranomyia\ karrna sp. rr.,but is entirely distinct. It should be noted that the subgenericassignmentis

Frcs. 8-15 (LrlroNrrl{r ; genus Limonia, venation).-8, Linrcnia (Limonia) mou'icol,aBp. II.
9, Limonia (Li,m,ottia'1hera sp. n. lO, Lintoni,a (Lintonia) paitae sp. n. Ll, Lim,onia(Libnotes\ sem,iermis Jasta subsp. n. L2, Limon,ia (Dicranotnyia) &gape sp. n. 13,
Li,monia (Diuanontyia) karma sp. n. 11, Li,m,oni,a(Thry'pticonryia) hasi,tarsatrosp. n.
15, Li,monia (Pseudoglochi,na)m,icroneu,rasp. n.

solely on the basisof wing venation sincethe structure of the male hypopygrum
is quite as in Dicranomy'inand allied groups. The strict limits of several
supposedsubgenericgroupsin Limonia break down in this faunal region.
Limonia (Limonia) hera sp. n.
Size small (wing, male, 5 mm.); general coloration of thorax pale yellow, the central
portion of mesonotum weakly more darkened; head gley, the anterior vertex reduced to avery narrow strip; legs brown; wings with a weak brownish tinge, stigma pale brown;
Nc, ending just beyond one-third the length of l?s ; male hypopygium with the caudal rqarginoflergite-rvith a very deep and narrow median notch, the lateral lobes very long, each with
two or three elongate setae ; dististyle oval, gradually narrowed into the elongate rostrum;

374

of
Prof. 0. P. Alexancleron ilt,t:C'rane-flies

gonapophysiswith the mesal-apicallobe expandedinto a weak bladc; a,edcagus
terrnitratingin two divergent lobes or flaps.
I][ale.-Length, about 4.5 mm.; u'ing, 5 mm.
Rostrum short, light yellow; palpi pale. Antennae with scape yellow, pedicel a little
darker ; flagellum broken. Head light grey, the central portion of vertex restrictedly
patterned with brown ; anterior vertex reduced to a linear strip that is only about as rvide asa,single row of ommatidia.
Pronotum pale yellow. Mesonotumyellow. the central portion weakly more infuscated,
beginning as a median praescutalstripe at near mid-length of the sclerite, expanded over
the whole central portion of scutum, including also the scutellum and postnotum. Pleuraand pleuro-tergite yellow. Halteres with stem testaceous,knob infuscated. Legs withcoxae and trochanters pale yellow ; remainder of legs brown, the femoral basesrestrictedly
paler; terminal tarsal segmentsbroken. l\rings (fig. 9) with a weak brownish tinge, theprearcular and costal fields more s'hitened; stigma oval, pale brown, only slightly darker
than the ground; veins brown. Venation : ,Sc moderately long, 8c, ending just beyond
one-third the length of .Bs,Sc, a short distance from its tip ; -Esweakly angulated at origin ;free tip of ^Sc,and ,8, pale, in transverse alignment ; cell lst 11, a little longer than veinI)[ a; m-cu close to fork of III ; anal veins slightly convergent at about one-third the lengthof vein 2nil,A.
Abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites yellow; hypopygium chiefly pale. Male
hypopygium (fig. 17) rvith the tergites, 9f, narrowed apically, the caudal margin with avery deep and narrow median notch, each lateral lobe a little broader, obtuse at tip, eachwith two or three long setae; a few other setae on lateral portions of tergite. Basistyle,6, with the ventromesal lobe very low and inconspicuous,with abundant setae. Dististyle,d, with the body small, produced directly into the long gently curved more sclerotizedrostralprolongation,the tip narrowed and acute; no rostral spines. Gonapophysis,g, with mesalapical lobe long and conspicuous,the outer half slightly more expanded into a weak blade.
Aedeagus,a.,at tip producedinto two divergentglabrouslobesor flaps.

Holotype, 6, Paita, September16, 1945(Hemon). Paratype,d, St. Louis,
altitude 1200ft., October20, L945(Herron).
The nearestdescribedalliesof the presentspeciesincludeL'imon'ia(L'imonia)
Alexander,
elephantinaAlexander,of the CarolineIslands,and r. (L.) hebrid,'icolaof New Hebrides. These difrer very evidently in the structure of the malehypopygium, particularly the ninth tergite and gonapophyses.
Limonia (Limonia) paitaesp. n.
General coloration black, restrictedly patterned with yellorv I t'ostrunr attd anteuttae
lrlack; mesonotal praescutum with &n obscure yellou' median stripe ; thoracic pleura
black, conspicuously striped with yellow ; legs brownish black, claws nearly straight; wings
with a dusky tinge ; stigma dark brown, preceded and followed by more whitened areas;,Sc,ending about opposite four-fifths to five-sixths .Bsi m-cu from one-half to two-thirds its
length beyond the fork of IlI.
Femal,e.-Length, about 5 mm.; wing,5 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae brownish black thr<lughout; flagellar segments
oval. Head grey ; anterior vertex lerluc'ed, a little narrower than the diameter of scape.
Pronotum in front black, the scutellum and pretergites abruptly yellow, continued bacliwardover the extreme border of praescutum and the dorsopleural region a,sa, narrow line. lVlesonotum black, with a conspicuous obscure yellow median praescutal stripe that is not quite
continucus, being obscured at cephalic margin and again before the suture ; median regiolrof scutum similarly obscure yello*'. Pleura black, with a conspicuous ventral pale stripec,xtending from behind the fore coxae to the base of abdomen ; ventral sternopleurite slightly
paler than the dorsal stripe. Halteres blackened, the base of stem narro-wly yellow. Legs
with the cox&e yellow, the middle pair restrictedly more darkened at base; trochantersobscure yellow ; remainder of legs brownish black; claws nearly straight. Wings (fig. 10)with a dusky tinge; stigma short-oval, dark brown, conspicuous, preceded and follorvedby more whitish areas ; veins brorvn. Venation :- Sc relative]V long, _^Scrending about
opposite four-fifths to five-sixths the length of Es, 8c, a .ho$ distance from its^tip, about
opposite three-fifths the length of l?s; frge tip of Scr_lylng a lit_tle bey_ondlevel of--R2i ?tl-clr
about one-half to two-thirds its length beyond the fork of Il[; anal veins nearly parallel
to one another.
Abdomen br<lwnish bla,r:k; valves of ovipositor horn-yellow, the last sternite pale ;
cerci very slender, gently upcurvctl to the acuto tips.

N ew Aaleilon'ia(Dipttera, Tiyrlid,ar)

37I't

Holotype, ?, Paita, September16, 1945(Herron).
Limonia (Limonia\ paitae is quite different from other regional membersof the subgenus,including L. (L.) hnrasp. tr., differing especiallyin the coloration of the body and wings and in the venation. In this latter regard, thedistal position of m.-cu is suggestiveof L. (L.) di,stiaenaAlexander, of New
Britain. an otherwiseentirely different fly.
a

'

r

r

Lirnon'ia (L'ibnotes)notata (van der Wulp), var.
Libnotesnotatavan der \Vulp, 1878,Tijds. En,t.2l: 194,pl. 12, fig.5.

Thi Valley, NovemberB, 1940 (Williams). St. Louis, altitude 1200 ft'.,
January 22, 1946 (Hemon). Near La Foa, February lL-26, 1945, April 25,
1945(Remington).
Limonia (Libnotes)semiermisfasta subsp.n.
Very similar to the typical form (Eastern Australia), differing in slight differences invenation and structure of the hypopygium.
Male.-Length, about 5'5 mm.; wing, 6 mm.
Femal,e.-Length, about 6'5 mm.; wing, 6 mm.
Wings (fig. 1I) with a faint greyish tinge, restrictedly patterned with pate bTwn, theoval stifma a little darker brown ; the slightly paler brown pattern includes cells C and Bc,
origin of -Es, cord and outer end of cell lsl Jllr, rvith u'eak rvashes nearer the_wing basc ;prei,rcular field slightly yellowed; veins brown, more brorvnish yellow in_the brightest
iortions. Venation : ,Sc long, 8c, ending nearly opposite or only a short distance before
ihe level of the fork of .Bs,82, a short distance from its tip, a little more so in male than infemale ; free tip of Bc, and ^Rfin transverse alignment or with the latter a little more distad(as figured) ; ni arcuated; m-cu nearly its owri length be5'614the fork of M ; vein 2nd,Anearly straight and parallel to lst A.
Male hyfopygium (fig. l8) w'ith the caudal margin of ninth tergite, 91,sha]lowlynotched,
the lobes bioadty rounded, with strong marginal setae. Basistyle, b, with the ventromesal
lobe very long and conspicuous,considerably exceedingthe style itself ; base with _agroupof four v-erylong yellow Jetae; more distad still further strong setaethat are shorter than thtr
basal set ; apei of lobe with closest parallel ridges to produce a _roughened'a,ppear&nce.
Dorsal dististyle a very small spine. Ventral dististyle, uil,large and{eshy, on outer margin
with a strong ioothlike point or lobe ; rostral portion beyondthis spineblackenedand scabrous.
Gonapophysis,g, appearing as a long sr-ordlike blade, with a strong lateral tooth.

Holotype,6, St. Louis, altitude 1200 ft., October 20, L945(Herron).

Allotype,Q, Paita, September16, 1945(Herron).

agapesp. n.
Limonia(Dicranomyia)
Geleral colora,tion black, pruinose ; halteres yellow ; femora obscure y-ell<1w,.with iu
nroderately broad black subterminal ring; u'ings whitish subhyaline, with a clou-ded patterirof brown ind brownish grey; Bcr.ending about opposite one-fourth the lengtlr of .Bs; innerenrl of cell r?, lying far proiimad of the other elernents of the cord ; ut,-cu close to the forkof IlI.
Fentale.-Length, about ti mm.; wing, ti'3 mm.
Rostrum and-palpi dark brown. Antennae with scape and pedicel black; remainder
broken. Head grey ;- anterior vertex narrow, Iess than the diameter of scape.
the humeral regiorl of praescututn
ilIesonotu- Jtri"ny black, sparsely pruinose with grey,-Halteresyellorv. Legs with tle coxae
pruinose.
biack,
luore redd.ened. Pleura browiish
broad
obscurea1d trochanters yellowish testaceous ; femora_yellou', with a moderately
actual
the
wide
as
as
four-times
black ring that is-nearly terminal in position, being learly
pale apei; tibiae yelloiv, the tips veiy narrowly a1{ vaguely-.darker; _proximal tarsal segirents'obscure yell-ow, the outefones passing into black.- Wiggs (fi-g. l2).relatively broad,by brown-'uld b_rownish grey clouds;
the petiole short; whitish subhyalin6,-,Sc-ceils variegatedinfuJcated; darker brown areas including
C and*otd than the proximal half ofthe stigma and^a common spot over fork of ,Sc and_origin. of {s ; paler washes .over cord,
outer "id of cell lsf Mr, abend-of vein -8, near outer end of-this cell, at arculus and at one-third376

Prof. C. P. AlexanderotLthe Cratrc-fli,esof

the length of cell ,fd;.conspicuo-us
washesin cells IlI, Cu, lst A and 2nd,A, the crellsbeyo'dcord chiefly clear ; a linear dark wash in centre of cell fi1 ; prearcular field whitenecl; veinsbrown, the outer
ldl ff C conspicuollsly yellow. Venati,on: ,Sc, ending rUo"f opposite
one'fourth the lengthof J?s,,Sc,a short dista,ncefrom its tip ; free tip of Sc, and .8, i' afpro*imate transversealign_ment irye1 end of cell .8, lying pioximad oT other elemeits oi^cordi;m-cu eloseto fork of.II ; vein 2nil A bent into *i"d marlin at a right angle,the cell wide.
Abdominal tergites br-own,sternites yellow, Che la"teral bord'ersnirrowly dark bro*'n ;genital shield yellow ; valves of ovipositor reddish horn colour ; hypovalva]eblackened.atbases; cerci long and slender, gently upcurved.

Holotype,9, St. Louis,altitude1200ft., January22,1946(Herron).
I am referringthis attractive fly to the groupthat includ.es
the Australian'id,onm,L'irno-nia(D'i,cranamyin)
Alexanderand .t. (D.) sararflis (Skuse),fromwhichspecies
it differsconspicuously
in colorationand venation. Themembersof this.group have much in commonwith the subgenusLimonia Meigenand.
the strict subgenericassignmentmust be held in question.
Limania (D,i,uanomyia)f,jiana (Alexander).
Di,cranontyiafiji.ano Alexandet, 1924, Ann. rrag. nat. Hist. (g) 18 : 86-32.

St. Louis, altitude 1200ft., November11,1945(Hemon); Mont Chapeau
Gendanne,St. Louis, October7, 1944(Hemon); Mont Mou, altitude 900ft.,
X'ebruary,L947(Garrigow).
Someof thesespecimens
havea few dark spotsin cell C, but othershave
this areaunpatterned,asin the type. The malehruopygiaof thesetwo types
are so similar that it seemsinadvisableto attempt to separatethem despite
the colorationaldifferenceindicated.
Limo'nia (D,iua'no,myia)ill,ingwortlui(Llexander).
. I)icran'ont,yi,ai'llinguorthi Alexander, 1914, Ann,. ent. ,Soc. Amer. 7 : 239-240, fig. I(venation), fr1. 7 (male hypopygium).
- Dicranomyia il,l,i,ngworthiAlexander, 1928, trwycl. Ent., Dipteru, S : 89-90, tig. S (malehypopygium).

Noumea,M*y 16, 1928 (Cockuell,\; Bourail, Muy 27, 1928 (Coclcerell).
I{oumea,July 6-August23, L940; St. Louis, 1940(Wi,lliams).
Limonia(Dicranomyia)
karmasp.n.
Small size (wing, ln&le, 5'5 mm.); general coloration of mesonotum reddish brownrettrictedly_patterned rvith darker; antennae (male) elongate, exceeding one-half tho length
9f *llg ; flagellar segments long-cylindrical, clothed with abundant long coarse setae;
legs black; wings_with a very strong blackish tinge; Bc ending opposite oligin of 8s, Bc,
very long ; nl-au close to fork of .ll/ ; male hypopygium with the tergite large, the posterioi
border convexly rounded; rostral spines two, very long, straight.
lllale.-Length, about 5 mm.; wing, 5.5 mm.; antenna, about 3.5 mm.
R,ostrum obscure yellow, darker at apex; palpi brownish black. Antennae with soape
and pedicel obscure yellow, flagellum black; antennae elongate, exceeding one-half thelength of wing; flagellar segments long-cylindrical, with abundant erect coaise setae scattered throughout the length, these bristles dark-coloured and about three times the diameterof segment. X'ront obscure yellow; posterior portion of head brownish black; anteriorvertex broad.
Pronotum dark, the lateral portions of the pretergite obscure yellow. Mesonotal praescutum reddish brown, with indications of a very narrow darker brown median stripe;
posterior sclerites of notum slightly darker, the scutal lobes vaguely patterned with darker ;mediotergite with indications of a n&rrorv darker central line. Pleura and pleurotergito
yellow, the dorsal mesepisternum and dorsopleural region somewhat more infuscated.
Halteres with stem black, knobs broken. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellowish
testaceous ; remainder of legs black ; claws small and apparently untoothed. Wings377

l{ ew Caled,onia(Diptera, Tipuliila,e)(fig. !3) with a very strong blackish tinge, the stigma only a trifle darker; cells C and Sc
weakly more darkened: veins brown. Venation : Sc short, ,Sc,ending opposite origin of.Bs, 8c, far from its tip, ,Sc, alone about five-sixths .Es, the latfer slightly angulated near
origrn ; free tip of Sc, and ^8, both pale, the latter slightly less than its own length beyond
the former ; a weak spur of vein .8, -., beyond ,8, ; baial iection of ,Bna . weakly angulated
ald spurred at ne&r one-third the length; cell lst M, nearly as long as the distal sectionof vein -l[r; m-cu closeto fork of trI,longer than the dislal section of Cur; vein 2nil A gently
convex, slightly narrowing cell lsf A neai its origin.

t9

A
Ihr
-9t

20

2l

Fros. 16-21 (Lrmourxr ; genus Limonia, male hypopygia).-16, Limonia (Lirnonia) mauicola!p. n_. 17,.Limo.nia (Li,monia) hera Bp. n. L8, limoni,a (L_ibnoteslsemiermisfasta subsp. n.
19, Li,m,onia (Dicranomyi_a-)kanng, sp. n. 20, Limonia (Thrypticomyial basitarsatro Bp. n.
21, Limoni,a (Pseudogl,ochina)microneuru sp. n.
(S-ymbols: a, aedeagus; b, basistyle ; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; f, tergite;
ad, ventral dististyle. )378

Prof. C. P. Alexander on the Crane-f,,iesofAbdomen, including hypopygium, brownish black. Male hypopygium (fig. 19) with thetergite, 9f, transverse, large, the posterior border convexly rounded, without lobes, thecentral portion more nearly truncate. Basistyle, 6, with the ventro-mesal lobe large andfleshy, obtusely rounded at tip, provided with long coarsesetae. Dorsal dististyle a slenderrod, on outer half gently curved and graduallv narrowed to the acute tip. Ventral dististyle, ad, of moderate size, its area subequal to or a trifle less than that of the basistyle,gradually produced into the rostrum ; rostral spines two, placed close together on verysmall basal tubercles; spines elongate, subequal to the entire length of the prolongation.
Gonapophysis,g, with mesal-apicallobe pale, flattened, the tip obtuse.

Holotype,3, Mont Mou,altitude4000ft., December
16,1945(Herron).
Limonia (D'icranomyia)
karmais entirely distinct from all other described
speciesof the subgenus,differing very evidentlyin the elongateantennaeof
the male sex,a very unusualcharacterin the entiregenusLimon'ia.
Lim,onia (Iilioglochina) tusitala noaoc,aleiloni,m,Alexand.er.
Limonia, (Idioglochi.nal nouocaledoni,ca
Alexander, 1929, Encycl. Ent., Di,ptera, S : 90-9I.

Nakety,on seareef,October9, 1940(Will,iams). NgoBay,at light, May 14,
1928(Cockerell).Five milessouth of Ponerihouen,
March 24, 194[ on beach(Remington);
No. 9.
Limon'ia (Guanomgia) circipunctata (Brunetti).
Gerano'm.yia
circi,punctataBrunetti, 1912, Fauna British Ind,ia, Dipt. Nematocera:390.
Li'monia (Geranomyia) circipunctata Alexander, 1945, Proe. Hawaii.. ent. ^Soc.12:237-238.

Noumea,August 23, 1940,at light (Williarns).
Lim onia (Geranomyi a) corujurato,id,es Alexander.
Lim,on.ia (Geranomyia) conjuratoi,d,e.sAlexander, 1945, Proc. Huuu,ii. ent. ,\or'. 12:
238-239,pl. 12, fig. 2 (venation),fig. 7 (male hypopygium).

Noumea, August 23, L940 (Willi,ams). Sevenmiles south-eastof La F'oa,
March 18, 1945(Remington); No. l.
Limon'in (Thrypticonxgia)subsaltens(Alexander).
Dicranomyia (Thrypticomyia'1subsaltensAlexander, 1924, Ann. trIag1.nat. Hist. (9) 13:
34-35.
ThrypticomyiasubsaltensEdrvards, 1928, Ins. Santoa,Nematocera6, fasc.2 277.
Alexander, 1929,Encycl. Ent., Diptera 5: 8tt.
Limonia (Thrypticomgia)subsal,ten,sPlum Farm, June 7,1928 (Cockerell). Noumea,August 29, L940(Will'inrns).

Limonia (Thrypticomyia)basitarsatrasp. n.
General coloration of mesonotum almost uniformly brown, the postnotum antl pleura
yellow ; legs, including the basitarsi, black, the outer tarsal segmentswhite; wings rvith aweak brorvnishtinge, the long-oval stigma darker brown ; vein J?, long, subequalto m-cu;
male hypopygium with the tergite transverse, the caudal border very shallowly emarginate,cach low lobe with three strong marginal setae; apical points of the aedaegusshort.
fuIale.-Length, about 5.5-5.8 mm.; rving, 5.5-6 mm.
.Fe'mal,e.-Length,about 4.5 mm.; wing, 6 mm.
Rostrum brownish yellow; palpi with basal segmentsyellow, the outer two brownish
black. Antennae black. Head dark brown.
Mesonotum almost uniformly brown, the central area of the praescutum somervhat
darker, the lateral borders slightly more reddened; postnotum and pleura yellow. Haltereselongate, stem brown, knobs darker brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow;
femora, tibiae and basitarsi black, the outer tarsal segments whitened. Wings (fig. 14)
with a u'eak brownish tinge, the long-oval stigma darker brown; prearcular field more(DiTttera,Iipu,lidae)
N eu Cale.don,ia

319

whitened; veitrs brown. Venation : 8c, ending opposite or just beyond origin of .Es, Bc,
some distance from its tip, Bc, alone exceedingrn-cu; free tip of 8c, some distance beforo
level of fi2, vein -R, alone subequal to or slightly longer than m.cu t nx-c1labout one-half
to fully its own length beyond the fork of 11.
Abdomen, including hypopygium, brownish black; sternites vaguely more brightened.
Male hypopygium (fig. 20) with the tergite, 9t, transverse, the caudal border with a very
shallow emargination to virtually truncate ; posterior border of either lobe with three verystrong but otherwiseunmodified setae. Basistyle,b, with the ventromesallobe long, simple,
without special vestiture. Ventral dististyle, z'd, approximately three times as extensive&s the basistyle ; rostral prolongation relatively slender, spines two, slightly unequal,
appearing as gently curved pale horns from scarcely developed tubercles. Gonapophysis,g, with mesal-apicallobe erect, n&rrorl', at apex directed laterad intd a small spinous point,
the margin back from thir point with a low flange. Aedeagus, o, rvith the apical points
relatively short.

HolotypE,6, Paita, September16, Lg45(Hemon). Allotopot)Te, Q, pinned
with type. ParatopotSres,I J, pinned with type ; four additional specimens
in poor condition.
The present speciesis most similar to Lirnon'ia (Thrypti,co?nyia,)
doddi(Alexander),which differs in all details of structure of the male hypopygium,including the long acute apical spinesof the aecleagus. The presentfly differsfrom all known speciesof the subgerlusin the uniformly blackenedbasitarsi.
Limonia (Pseudoglochina)
microneurasp. n.
Size relatively large (wing, male, over 7 mm.); tibia chiefly brownish black, the baseand apex narrowly white ; wings with a faint dusky tinge, stigma dark brown; .Rsand basal
section of Rn +s in gently oblique alignment, subequal in length; vein 2nd,A very short,the cell correspondinglysmall and narrow.
Male.-Length, about 6 mm. ; wing, 7.2 mm.
Rostrum and the reduced palpi yellow. Antennae with the scape and pedicel darkbrown, flagellum broken. Front testaceous yellow, posterior portion of head dark brown,
the occipital portion more reddened; anterior vertex relatively wide.
Pronotum dark brown medially, paling into yellow on sides. Mesonotal praescutumwith four reddish yellow stripes, the lateral border paling to darker yellow; a capillarydark brown median vitta; scutal lobes similar, reddish yellow, the broad median area andthe adjacent portion of the praescutum brown; scutellum testaceous,with a pale brown
central spot; mediotergite yellow. Pleura and pleurotergite yellow, the propleura andventral sternopleurite more darkened. Halteres elongate, brownish black throughout.
Legs with the coxaeyellow, the fore pair short; trochantersyellow ; femora brown, obscureyellow basally,the tips still darker brown ; tibiae brownish black, the baseand very slightly
narrower a,pexsnowy-white, either including about one-eighthto one-ninth of the segment;
tarsi white. Wings (fig. l5) with a faint dusky tinge, the small short-oval stigma darkbrown; veins dark brown. Venation : Sc, ending about opposite one-third the lengthof "Es,,Sc,approximately at origin of the latter ; free tip of Sc, and -R, in virtual transversealignment, ,8, jutting beyond as a short spur; ,Rsand basal section of Ro,F u subequal inlength, gently oblique; cell 2nd, M, about one-half longer than its petiole i rn-cu close tofork of lll ; vein 2nd A very short, the cell correspondinglyn&rrorv.
Abdominal tergites brown, the sternites yellow, the more distal ones a, trifle infuscated;hypopygium pale brown. Male hypopygium (fig. 21) with the ninth tergite, 9f, narrowed
outwardly, the posterior border with a shallow notch, the lateral lobes correspondingly
low, u'ith numerous setae. Basistyle, b, with the ventromesal lobe large but simple, its
total area only a little less than the style itself. Dorsal dististyle a slender very strongly
curved hook, the tip abruptly narrowed into a straight spine. Ventral dististyle, ad, fl,eshy,
its total arerr grea,terthan that of the basistyle ; rostral spines trvo, placed at, or belorv the
middle of the height and at near midlength of the prolongation: spinesplaced closetogether,subequal in size, straight and dark-coloured. Gonapophysis,g, with mesal-apical lobe
stout, produced into a triangular point.

Holotype, 3, Mont Mou, altitude 4000 ft., December16, 1945(Herron).
This fly is readily told by the coloration of the legs, especiallythe tibiae,
and by the venation. The unusually small cell Znil A representsthe extreme

380

Prof. C. P. Alexander on the Crane-fies ofthereductionso far found in this subgenusand thus still further approaches
condition found in the subgenusDoaneomyiaAlexanderwhere vein and cell
2nil A are lost. The most similar describedspeciesare Lirnonia (Pseuiloglochina)fuscolata Alexander and L. (P.) laticincta Alexander,with morenormal venation.
deprivatasp. n.
Limonia (Doaneomyia)
General coloration of notum dark brown; black pattern of legs unusually extetrsive,
especially on the tibia where the bases are very narrowly to scarcely whitened; basitarsus
extensively blackened; wings with a dusky tinge ; Scr ending nearly opposite origin ofl?s ; an axillary thickening to indicate the former position of vein 2nil A.
Mole.-Length, about 5 mm. ; wing, 6 mm.
R,ostrum light yellow; palpi very reduced. Antennae dark brown ; flagellar segments
oval, the more basal ones with conspicuous apical pedicels. Front and anterior vertex
yellow; posterior vertex dark brown on central portion, the genae broadly yellow ; anteriorvertex broad, approximately four times the diameter of scape.
Pronotum daik brown, paling to obscure yellow on sides. Mesonotum almost uniformly
dark brown; pleura light yellow. Halteres elongate, dark brown. Legs with the coxae
and trochanters yellow; femora uniformly black; tibiae black, the extreme base obscurely_
whitened, about'the apical fifth snowy-white ; tarsi white, the extreme proximal end ofbasitarsus and nearly ils outer half similarly white, the intermediate part brownish black.
Wings with an unusually strong dusky tinge, the oval stigma dark brown; veins brownish
blacE. Venation Sc, ending about opposite or very shortly before origin of .Bs, ,Sc,a shortdistance from its tip, ,Sc,alone more than one-third ,Rs; anterior cord oblique; r?s a trifle
longer than basal section of -Eaar; cell 2nil Mrneatly twice its petiole; nl-cy_closeto orslightly beyond the fork of IV; a, very slight axillary thickening that presumably indicatesthe former position of vein 2nil A.
Abdominal tergites dark brown ; sternites weakly bicoloured, pale brown basally, thenarrower apical portions obscureyellow.

Holotype, 6, St. Louis, altitude 1200 ft., January 22, 1946 (Herron).
Paratopotn)es,2 6, October20, Noveinber11, 1945.
The presentfly is readily distinguishedfrom all other regionalmembersof the subgenus
by the colorationof the legsand the other diagnosticfeaturss
abovelisted.
subsp.n.
altitarsiscaledoniensis
Limonia (Doaneomyia)
Male.-Length, about 6-6'5 mm.; wing, 6-7 mm.
Female.-Length, about 5'5 mm.; wing, 5'5 mm.
Generally
similar to the typical form, alti,tarsis(Edwards),-of New Hebrides, differing irr-Bc,
more gently oblique anterior cord, and in the details of pattern of the tibiae,.
the shorter
R,ostrum light yellow; palpi darker. Antennae dark brown ; -flagellar segmentsoval,
with apical pedicels. Head light brownish yellow; anterior vertex broad.
Mesonotum very light brown or yellowish brown, the postnotum and pleura clearer
yellow. Halteres ilongate, dark brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellorv;
iemora black; tibiae wittr both basesand tips broadly and about equally snowy-white, thetotal amount of the latter about equal to the blaikened central portion ; tarsi snowy-white.
Wings with a weak dusky tinge ; stigma oval, darker brown, larger than in altitarsis; veinsbrown. Venation : Bc long, 8c, ending opposite or immediately before origin of- r?s ; inaltitarsis ending far before oligin of r?s, the distance being approximately gQual to-the lattervein ; Bc, nearly as long as l?s ; .Rsand basal section of r?n + s h gently obliq_uealignment ;cell 2nd, lW, from abouf twice to nearly three times its petiole ; rn-cu at or close to fork of
M ; no trace of vein 2nil A.
Abdomen with the tergites and hypopygium dark brown to brownish black; sternites
weakly bicoloured, darkened basally, the apices paler.

Holotyp e, 3, sevenmiles south-eastof La Foa, January 30, 1945 (Rerni'ngton). Allotopotype, ?, April 1, 1945. Paratyp€s, d, near La Foa, restingon spider's webs in wooded ravine, April 16, 1945; X'ebruary 2-13, April 1,1945 (Rem'ington).

N ew Caleilorda(Dipta a', Tip'ttl'idae)

381

"
"
It is certainthat Edwardsintendedto designatethis species albitarsis
but through a typographicalerror it was called by its presentname. As I
the name albitarsisis already in use in the genus
have inrlicatedelsewhere,
shouldbe retained.to preventa homonvm.
and the nameas printed,alt'itars,is,OrimargaOsten Sacken.
Orimarga Osten Sacken,1869, Mon. Di,pt. North Amer i,ca,4: 120.
Orimarga (Orimargal risbeciAlexander, 1934, Phi,li,p.J. Sci. 54 : 328-329, pl. l, fig. 15(venation).

Plum X'arm,January, 1929(Jean Risbec\. St. Louis, November11, 1945
(Herron).
Helius St. Fargeau.
Helius St. l'argeau, 1825, Encycl. Illethod,.'Iniler: 831.
281.
Ins.
RhamphiilfaMeigen, 1830, Syst.Beschr.zwei'fl,.
.6:

Alexander.
Hel'tus (Helius) neocaledonicus
Alexander, 1945, Proc. Hawaii. ent, Soc. 12 :2139-240,
Hel,iu,s(Hel,iu.s)neocaled.onzicts
pl. 12. fig. 3 (venation).

Thi River Valley,November8, 1940(Will'iams'7.
Helius (Helius)siolidussp. n.
General coloration of thorax yellow, the praescutum with four delicate brown lines;
rostrum yellorv, a little longer than the remainder of head ;- wings greyish_yel.low_;anterior
branch oi,Bs relatively shori, oblique ; cell lst Mr large, the basal section o{ vein fuIt+z long,arcuated, about three times r-tn; abdominal segmentsbicolored; male hypopygium withthe lateral tergal plates very large and flattened.
Ilale,-Length, about 4 mm.; wing, 4'6 mm.
Rostrum teJtaceousyellow, a very little longer than the remainder of head; palpi-Pale.
Antennae broken. Head obscureyellow; anterior vertex a trifle wider than the breadth of
the rostrum.
Thoracic dorsum light yellow, the four usual praescutal stripes delimited by--very-delicate
brou'n lines; posterioi scl-eritesof the notum and the pleqra eve-npale-r, yellowish white.
Halteres brok6n. Legs with the coxae and trochatrters whitened, the latter with.? vqry
conspicuousblack spo-ton inner faee at ?pe-xt remainder-of legs -broken. - Wings (fi1. ZZ!
greyish yellow, the frearcular and costal fields somewhat clearerygllgY; veins p-"1". Costal
iringe o-f mixed set-ae,chiefly short but rvith scattered elongate bristles at and before thelevei of origin of .Es. Venaiion : ,Sc, ending about opposite tw-o-fifths to midlength of Rs,
branch of,Sc2near itJ tip ; 8s straight, abouC twice the basal-section of .E-a1_u-;_anteriorbasal
section of
of
.E,
that
cell
about
one-fifth
margin
at
cell
.8,
;
SJrelatively sh^ort,oblique,about
trIr+zarcuated,
long,
vein
basa,l-sectionofRa* se*c""-ditrgr-rn i cdU lsl MrIarge, theM.
three times r-rn; m-ur a short distance beyond the fork of
Abdominal segments bicolored, the incisures da1k, each sggment _with 3 pale transverse
band.; hypopygirim yellorv. llale hypopygium-(fig.23) with the lateral tergal arm,9f,
exceed.inlly i;tg" and fl"tt"ned, extending laterad into _astrong spinous_point. Outer dististyle, a,"witn ti'e axial spine strongly curved,-the lateral one much smaller. Inner dististyle*ith'th" apical point iniluding neaily half the total length; lower margin of the expanded
portion with two pairs of setae.

Holotype, 3, Mont Mou, altitude 4000 ft., December16, 1945(Huron).
Hetiui (He[ius1 stoliilusis entirely different from all other regional membersof the genus,differing from all in the venation, particularly the large cell lst M.r.
The h6mologiesof ihe structure above described as a tergal_arm are still
puzzling.
-ot In different speciesthese have been interpreted as_beinggonapour lateral arms of a tergal plate. In the present fly the plate isihym
exceptionallydistinct and the interpretation given seemsto be correct,

382

Prof. C. P. Alexandet on the Crane-fiesoJ
SubgenusIdioheliussubgen.n.

Characters as in Eurhamphiilia .!'lexander, differing especially in the peculiar venatiotr(fig.25). Five branchesissue from the unusually large cell lst IWr,these being Rz*s, Ra*s,
trIr+2, -l1r and rlln; this is possible becauseof long fusions of veins l?s and trIr+z ancl .R11,
and J1r42r a unique feature in the entire family.
Type of the subgenus.-He,lius (Id,iohel,i,usl
pentaneuro sp. n.

The presentfly requiresno possiblecomparisonwith the other subgenericgroupsof Helius. Despitethe fact that the venationis unique,neverthelessit,seernsobviouslyto have beenderivedfrom Eu,rha,mTthid,ia
which must be consideredthe nearestally.

tlaLAFtcs. 22 2q (LriuoNnxr; g9!9s Hel,i,usl.-22, Helius (Hel,ius)stolidu.csp. n. ; venation.
23, Hel.ius (Hel,ius) stoliilus_sp.-I_..;mltg. _hypopygium. 24, Heli,us-(Eurhamphid,ia)
mouensisgp. n. ; venation. 25, Heli,us(Iiliohelius)pentaneurasp. n. ; venation.
(Symbolsz a, aedeagus; b, basistyle; d, dististyle ; t, tergite.)

Helius (Idiohelius)pentaneurasp. n.
General coloration almost white, the mesonotum and the abdominal tergites conspicuously
patt_e_rnedwith brown; wings pale yellow, restrictedly patterned with pale brown ; ceil
Ist Mr large, with five veins issuing from it, as defined under the subgenus.
Femal,e.-Length, about 5.5 mm.; wing, 5-5.2 mm.
. Rostrum yellow, relatively slender, about as long as the remainder of head ; palpi- yellow.
Antennae with scape and pedicel obscure yellow; remainder of orga,n broken. Head infront and on crbits silvery white, the centre of the posterior vertex more yellowed.
Pronoium yellowish rvhite. Mesonotum white, conspicuously patterned with brownon the pr-aescutum including a very pale brownish yellow central sfripe that deepens andbroadens behind, near the suture more distinct and more or less split, nearly confluent rvith
the short lateral stripes, the whitened praescutal borders thus very broad; scutal lobes
extensively brown; a small brown spot on either side of the scutellum, the remainder,
including the parascutella, pale ; mediotergite dark brown, restrictedly pale at cephalicportion. Pleura and pleurotergite uniformly whitened. Halteres elongate, stem rvhiCened,knob brown. Legs with the eoxae and trochanters whitened ; femora yellow, the tips
na,rrowly infuscated ; tibiae and tarsi yellow.
Wings (fig. 25) broad, rvith a ver.y paleyellow ground, restrictedly patternetl with pale llrown, ajs follows ; A very small eloud atNew Caledorda(Aptura, Tipulid,ae)

383

arculus ; a broken band at level of origin of -Rs,ineluding a large spot at ,Bsand another inthe margin of cell ls, .4. about midway between the veins; cord and outer end of celllst M, narrowly seamed with brown; vague dark clouds in outer ends of cells .8. and2nd Mr; a srnlallisolated cloud in cell 2nd, A at near one-third the length; stigma oval,
somewhat darker brown; veins yellow brown in the patterned are&s. Venation : Bc long,,Sctending almost opposite the fork of r?s; remainder of venation as discussedunder thesubgenericdefinitio\i rn--cuonly a short distance beyond the fork of M. The fragmentaryparatype ha,sthe costal fringe longer and more conspicuousthan in the type and is presumed
to be a male.
Abdomen yellow, the tergites with na,rrowsubbasal brown rings; ovipositor with thovalves very long and slender,especiallythe hypovalvae.

Holotype, ?, St. Louis, altitude 1200 ft., October 20, 1945 (Herron\.
Paratopotyf)e,a fragment, altitud.e lt00 ft., December 30, 1945 (Herron);of this specimenscarcelymore than the legsarid wings remain.
The present very interesting'fly requires no comparisonwith any otherdescribedcrane-fly.

Helius (Eurhamphidia)
mouensissp. n.
General coloration of thorax bright yellow, restrictedly patterned with brown ; headbrownieh yellou', sparsely pruinose, the posterior vertex with a brown a,rea; legs brownish
black, the outer fifth of tibiae and the tarsi snowy-rvhite ; genua vaguely 1o scarcely
brightened; wings subhyaline, the apex na,rrorvly infuscated; stigma oval, darker brown ;.Bs fused with r\y'ra, for a short distance, obliteratingr-rn; male hypopygium with theapexof the outer dististyle a strongly curved spine, the subapical point appressed.
Male.-Length, about 5 mm.; wing, 5.5 mm.
R,ostrum obscure yellow; darker above, the apex, including palpi, broken but the entire
structure is presumably shorter than the remainder of head. Antennae broken. Head
obseure brownish yellow, sparsely pruinose, the posterior vertex with a large brown area,;anterior vertex moderately wide, approximately twice the diameter of rostrum at base.
Pronotum pale brown above, more yellowed laterally.
Mesonotal praescutum chiefly
hright yellow, including the praescutal stripes and the scutal lobes, the areas separated byvery delicate brown lines; scutellum light brown; postnotum yellow, the mediotergite
with a brown central line on the protuberant posterior half, the cephalic half more uniformly
pale brown. Pleura yellow, the ventral sternopleurite weakly darkened ; posterior pleurites
slightlv more pruinose. Halteres with stem obseure brownish yellow. knob broken. Legs
with the coxae yellow, the fore pair very weakly more infusca,ted; femora brownieh black
the genua vaguely and very narrowly more brightened; tibiae brownish black, with about
the outer fifth snowy-white; tarsi u'hite.
Wings (fig. 2a) subhyaline, the tip narrowly
infuseated, most distinctly in the outer errd of cell ,/?.; a vaglre clark seam along basal
portion of veiu Cz ; cells C and Sc verv u'eaklv tlarkened; stigma oval, conspicuous, darker
brown ; veins brorvn. Venation : Sc, ending about opposite end of first section of .Bs,
Sc, at its tip ; a short fusion of ,Rs and IIra2, beyond which 1?scontinues to its fork, thesecond section of .Esabout one-half the first ; r-m obliterated bv the above mentioned fusion;
m-cu at' near midlength of lower face of cell lst IlIr; cell 2nd A relatively narrow.
Abdominal tergites chiefly dark brown, the posterior bortlers naruowly pale; sternites
testaceous, the bases of the intermediate segments darkened; subterminal segments more
intensely infuscated ; styli yellow. Male hypopygium witrr the tergite blackened, the caudal
margin with'a broad V-shaped emargination. Outer distist;rle with apex strongly curved,
with one or two microscopic denticles in the coneave portion and with a strong appressed
spine on outer margin before the curvature begins. Inner dististyle about one-third longer,
pale, the outer half strongly narrowed, terminating in two strong pale setae. Spine of lateralend of tergite slender.

Holotypa,6, Mont Mou, altitude 4000ft., December16, 1945(Hemon).
Helius (Ewrlmmpthid,ia)
mouensisis quite distinct from the other speciesof the subgenus. In someregardsit is closestto H. (8.) niae'itarsis(Skuse),ofEastern Australia, differing in the pattern of the legs and.wings and in thevenation. The obliteration of r-m by the short fusion of ^Esand Mr+o in thepresentfly providesa unique character,384

Prof. C. P. Alexandet on the Crane-f,iesoJ
HnxeroMrNl.
Epiph,ragrnaOsten Sacken.

Limnophila (Epiythragma) Osten Sacken, 1859, Proc. Acnd. nat. Sci'. Philailel'phia 1859:
238.

Epiphragma(Epiphragma)petulantiasp. n.
General coloration of mesonotum yellow, gref pruinose, the ceph_alicthird of the P-raeand more-glabro-us; p6uru Vgiloy; antennae short, fusion'segpent-yellow,*."t"--paleroi flagettum blick ; legs !e[o-w, ihe femora with ? v-ery faintly indicated brown;;;;t"d;rini; wings yellow,-spirtted and dotted with dark and paler brown; costal."lt"r*i"alirirrn" (male) loig andlcoirspicuoui; male hypopy_gium with the interbase a straight rod,il;-l?; i,.l*od"r r&urved spin^e,the inner margin before apex with a paler erect spinous point.
fiIale.-Length, about 1't-g mm. ;- wing, 7-8'8 mm'
nort.o- ligit 6rown ; palpi dark brown. Antennae sho_rt; -scape.brown,_its.tip yellow ;p"di;;i p;t" uio*" ; fusiori-selment -yel,low,-remainder of flagellum black ; fusion-segment
dbequal in length to t-he pedicel. Head above brown, grey pruinose, the anterior;t;;light brown.
vertexFro"Stum above yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with th-e_cephalicthird, including. theportion ;broad anterior andlatleral margins more glabrous than the slightly pruinose posterio_r
humeral and lateral regions rieakly infuscated ; posterior sclerites of notum, including -theas describJcl, yellow, sparsely pruinose, delic_atelylined with brown, includingor""r."tomdistinct capiliary median viita over almost the whole length of the mesonotum,;-;;;;lessbroader on the scutum, slubobsoleteon the mediotergite, in some specimensmuch less distinct
withthan in others. pleura and pleurotergite yellow. Halteres weakly infuscated. Legs
faint
with
very
yellowafemorayellow;
irru "o"ou yellow, sparsely pititroru ; trocliante_rs
the terminal tarsal segments
yellow,legeofremainderring*o'ut"^rminal6.o*tt;
Jf"i"Ji."ti""moresaturated; a restricted
Wings (fig. 26) yellow, Ihe costal bo-rder a little
i"fu."atea.
anfi abtlea puit"rn, the somewhat larger are-asat origin of -Es,liq of 8c, cord
;rr;il;tted
ocelli';;e ;; Harginal spots at eids _of veins, largest on the anal veins, all areas solid, nota fuither p'ut"r brown dotting in the various cells, the marks small and scattered ;i;;;b"ol*t in the patterneil portions.. Costal fringe (male).long-and eonspicuous.
;;;;'y;u"*,R, near tip of
Vuoutfu" : Supernumerary cross vein in cell C lacking or barelv indica,ted ;theone'fourthtoone'thirdatttear
nt,-ei,rtr,
to;cell IVi short, subetlual;;;;;
iliofu-of
lengfh of cell Lst JlIr.
slightly rnore
Abdomen or"ogi yeilow, including the hypopygium, the lyal.tergite
separated by
9f,
triangular,
lobes,
itre
teigalinfuscated. Male f,ypopygi"m (fig. 27-) withtipa.recurved
rod,
th^e
straight
ailenderoutl-ine. Interbase, f,'otch that has nearlf ifr.".i-"
dististyle,point.
o-uterspinous
its inrier margin b-eforeap-exwith a paler erect;[;;;;;pine,
flange.
withalow
beforeapex,J, ."f"ii"ely broad, the ti! a decurve?l point ; outer marginr""", dististyle longer, very gently curved, the tip obtuse.

Holotype, d), St Louis, altitude 1100,ft., December30, 194q (Hemon\.
paratopolypes,-Z6i',altitude 1100-1200ft., November11, 1945, January22,(Hercon).
f946- -Readity
clistinguishedfrom the only other generally similar regional species,

Epiplffagri* tnyrilwagma) IEator'ia rp. o., ,by tn. coloration of the body and-ld':
Tie twofli.'t "i. .io'.ly related
i: +"Ii pr tn" fycfyre ,1fth: Tulu

the inierbase. It shouldbe notedfurtherthat certain
ilfoopygium,especiallyhithertoplacedin the genusi"itt*fi'"n specils,suci as,4.(8.) antiqua(S_kuse),

Alexand.erbecauseof the lack of a supernumeary crossvern
Austrolin+nophitai" .urr C ofihe wings, seemmore correctly placed.in Epiplwrym? despitethis"hur"rt.t. The basicstructureof the male hypopygiumin all of theseflies isand.difrerent from the condition in Austrolimnophilo,quite as in Epi,ph,ragma
ih.ru the hypopygial d.etailsare much more varied in the different species
than is the casein EPi'Phragma',l'New laled,onia (Dipttera,Iirytulidot)

385

Eprphragma(Epiphragma)
legatoriasp.n.
Generally similar to petulantia, diftering in coloration; femora yellow with a broad
black subterminal ring that is more than twice as wide as the obscure yellow tip; wings
abundantly dotted and spotted with brown.
Male,-Length, about 8-8.5 mm.; wing, 9.5 mm.; antenna,about 1.4-1.5mm.
Female,-Length, about 9.5-10 mm.; wing, 9.5 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black; pedicel yellow basally, darker at tip ; firstfl_agellarsegment small, yellow; flagellar segmenls long-cylindrical, with verticils t-hat areabout equal in length to the segments. Head brown,-sparselyyellow polinose,especiallynear the eyes.
- Pronotum yellow above, brown on sides. Praescutumwith the cephalicthird and lateralborders dark brown, confluent rvith the uniformly darkened pleural clisl( of praescutum
brownish grey, sublaterally behincl more yellowedl cephalic p'ortion of praescot'o- with afurther capillary darkened line; scutal lobes each with two chestnut areas, isolated. by
more greyish brown ; scutellunr brownish grey, narrowly obscure yellow behind; mediot:rgite brownish Bley, the posterior fourth obscure yellow, divided medially by a capillarydark vitta; _lateral-portion of mediotergite, and ventral edge of pleuroteigite restri^ctedly
ora,nge. Halteres obscure yellow. Legs with the fore coxae dark brown, t,he tips narrowly
pale, remaining coxae very pale yellow, the basesverv narrowly brownish black ; lrochanterspale yellow ; femora yellow, with a broad black subterminal-ring, this more than twice as
broad as the obscu_rebrow_nishyellorv tip; tibiae yellorv, the tips broadly but weakly infuscated; tarsi yellow. Wings pale ;'ellorv, rvith a sparse patterir of dark-brown spoti andan a_bundantly_dotted
pattern of paler brown; darkeispots at enclsof all longitudinal veins,the_Iargest-at8c; other brown spots at origin of -Bs,along cord and outer enJof celllst Mr,
and over the forks of ,Rrsr-po and 7lra", the pale brown dots in all the cells. Costil
fringe (male) long and conspic-uous,
full.v-as long as the rvidth of cell C; 1?slong, nearlysqua.re_atorigin i Rz*r1. about twice the basal section of -Bu; r?, lying very fai distad.,much longer than -&r1"; elementsof anterior cord in transv6rseatilnnient;- cell lst JlI,
widened otrtwardlv ; cell l/, very deep,its petiole about one-halfm ; m-cu at near one-third
the length of cell lst JtIr.
Abdominal tergitesreddishbrown ; sternitesobscureyellow, more infuscatedon the sides;
hypopygium obscureyellow. Structure of male hypopylium much as in petulan.tia.

Holotype, 6, St. Louis, altitude 1200ft., January 22, 1946(Herron).
Allotopotfpu,?. Paratopo{ryes,3 d ; paratype, 1 Q, Mont Mou, altitude

900 ft., February, 1947(Garrigou).
Although the presentspeciesdiffers rather conspicuouslyfrom petulantia inthe size and generalcoloration,particularlv of the legs,there can be no questionof the closerelationship.

Ggnoplist'iaW estwood.
Guno'plistiaWestwood,1835,Lonilon and, Eilinbu,rghphil. illag. an.d,J. $ci. 6 : 280.

Gynoplistia (Paralirnnophila) neocaled,
onica Alexander.
Gynopli.*tia (Paralimrtophila) neocaledonicaAlexander, 1945, Proc,. Ha,u:cr,ii.ent. Soc.
12 :240-242, pl. 12,fiu. 4 (r'enation),fig. 8 (male hypopygium).

NepouiVallev,August,1940(Williams).
Gynoplistia(Paralimnophila)
remingtonisp. n.
General coloration brorvn and yellow_; tboracic dorsum chiefly brown, light grey
pruin-ose; pleura and pleurote_rgitesomewhat paler brolrr, the two areas separaied ti"v ir,
lpqa pale y-ellow dorsopleural area; antennae l4-segmented, flagellar segmenf,sginir1.,
bicoloured; legs 1'ellow; wings whitened, restrictedlv spotted and u'ashed with broivn,
rnost,of the cells *'ith further abundant brown dots ; cell lsf -0f, small, rectangular,subequalin length-to m-cu, the,latter placed at from one-third to one-fourth the length of the cell.
Female.-Length, about 13 mm.; wing, 9.5 mm.
Described from a specimenin spirit.
R,ostru_m
yellow ; basal segmentof palpus chiefly y-ellow,darker at proximal encl; outer
segment,sbroken. Antennae l4-se_gmented,
bicoloured, yellou', the basal third or slightly
more of the flagellar segmentsinfuscated; flagellar segmentssimple, subcylindrica[ th'e

386

of
Prof. C. P. Alexanderon,the Crane-f,ies

longest verticils slightly exceedingthe segmentsin length. Head obscureyellorv or brorvrrish
yellow.
Pronotum above tight yellow,. abruptly more darkened on sides. Mesonotum withcentrnl portion occupied by * brown median stripe, paler brorvn and narrowed to a point
gradually tidened_behind, on posteriorportiol occupyingon cephalicportion of praeseutum,-lateralpraescutalborders and adjacent portions of the dorsopleural
mostbf the-sclerites;
brorrynregion abruptly yellowish white. Remainder of pleura and the pleurotergite__paler
than the ddrsum, contrasting abruptly with the yellow dorsopleural stripe. Halte_reswith
remainderpale, the extreme baseof knob weakly infuscated.
baseof stem weakly infuscate-d,pale yellow ; remainder of legs yelloq, the_outer tarsal
trochanters
with
and
Legs
the coxae
segmentsscarcely darkened. Wings-with the ground colour conspicuouslywhitened, res'trictedly spotted and washedu'ith darker and u'ith abundant-palebrown dots in most cells;
the larger brown area includee the stigma and a, confluent cloud over the fork of -Rs; lessevideni.washesover the entire length-of vein Cu and in the outer portion of cell -Eu; th-ebrou'n dots are more numerous in the central third of wing, larger and darker in cell M adjoinirrg vein Cu; cephalic and posterior thirds of wing more nearly free from m_a,rkings-;
tells Sc and,Cu1, yefiow, virtually free from pattern ; veins yellow, restrictedly darkened
in the patterneclnelas. Venation: ,Sc, ending about opposite fork of Rz*s*r,.Bc, n_egly
opposit-eor just before the fork of rBs; fts* s* n about one-half the basal section of fis, ;peliole of ce]l M, ftom aborrt one-half to nearly two-thirds the cell ; cell lsf M, small, rectingular, subequai in length to m-cu,,the latter placed from one-third to one-fourth thelengthof the cell.
-Abdomenbrownish yellow, the tergites more infuscated medially on basal half of eachsegment,the posterior iing clearer yelow; sternites and pleural membrane yellow. Ovipoiitor with th-ehypovalvae and basesof cerci weakly infuscated, the remainder of the latteryellorv horn colour ; cerci long and slender,gently upcurved.

Holotype, Q in spirit, sevenmiles south-eastof La Foa, swept from undergrowth in a moist forested ravine at the base of steep hills, Apfil 22, 1945
(Remington);No. 1. Paratype, Q, Mont Mou, a,ltitude 900 ft., February,1947(Gam'igou\.
I take great pleasurein naming this very distinct fly after the collector,
Mr. CharlesL. Remington,to whom f anr greatly indebtedfor many TreulrDAE
from the lJnited Statesand New Caledonia. Although only the female sex isavailableat the time of descriptionthere is no doubt of the subgenericreference.
The speciesis entirely distinct from Gynoplist'ia(Paral'imnoph,ila)neocale'd,ort'ica
Alexander,beingmorelike certain Australian species,suchas G. (P.) guttul'icosta
A.lexander.
v

Gynoplistia (Gyn,oTtlistin)williamsiana Alexander.
Gynoptistia (Gynopli,sti,a)wi,ll,i,amsianoAlexander, 1945, Proc. Ha,wai,i,.ent. Soc. 12:
2+2-243,pl. 12, fig. 5 (venation),fig. 9 (male hypopygium).

St. Louis, October14, 1940(Williarns); Thi River Valley,November6,
1940(Williams). Mont ChapeauGendarme,near St. Louis, in rain forest,
13, L944,November8, T944(Herron).
June7,1944,September(Gynoplistia)
nigriventrissp. n.
Gynoplistia
Thoras uniformly orange : head black; antenuae brown, in female with terr brarreherl
segments; abdomen, except for the first and the last segments, uniformly blaekened.
Fentale.-Length, about l3 mm.; wing, 9'7 mm.
Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae (female) l6-segmented, the formula 2 l0 4 ;scape brownish black, pedicel dark brown, flagellum, including branches, brown ; last brancha trifle shorter than the segment ; longest blanch (about flagellar segment six or seven)three times the segment. Head black ; anterior vertex broad.
approxirnately-Thorax uniforml;' ora,nge. Halteres with stem yellow, knob dark brou'n. Legs with thecoxae ora,nge; trochanters yellow ; femora blaek, the bases obscure yellou', on the posteriorlegs including about the proximal third or fourth ; tibiae black, tarsi paling to brown. Win_gs
u'ith the ground rather stronglv infuscated, especially along the veins, the centre_sof the cells
somewhaCpaler, espeeially eviclent as streaks in eells R, M, Lst M, and lsf ,4 ; broad brown

(Diptaa, I'ipulidan)l{ ew Caled,onia

387

seams at origil of .Bs and over the anterior cord ; costal border weakly darkened ; veinsbrown. Veiis beyond. cord glabrous, excepting .Bs which_bears a series of trichia overvirtually tne wnott i;"gth. ?enation , Rrist"r a;d basal section 9f 4u subequal; ce-Utimes cell .Rr; ."9-llM, about one-halfR" at tirr.gi" ""tutilr"ty"wide, approximad*ini""-fr,
rectanguiar, with m-cu at near midlength.
loirger thai its petiole ; cell Lst

Abdomen with the basal segment yellow, the remainder of abdomen
brownish black to black, the ter-gitessomewhat d.arker; genital shield andovipositor orange.

Holotype,9; St. Louis,altitude1200ft., JanuaryZ2-,19461ilery9ry\.-tfi,lliamsianaLlexanderwhich has the
Similar to Gynopl,istia(Gynopl,istia\
flagellarbranchJsoi the femile shortei and only nine in numberand with theabdomen,exceptingsegmentssix and.seven,entirely orange.
EnroprnRrNr.
GonomyiaMeigen.
GonomyiaMeigen, 1818, Sgst.Beschr.zweifl'.Ins. l: 146.

Gonomyia(Id,iocera)cockerell'iAlexander.
Gonornyi,a(Ptil,ostena)cockerelliAlexander, 1929, Encycl,.Ent., Diptera, 5 : 91-92, fig. 5(venation).

Dg., Ile Ouen,June 6, 1928(Cockerell).
Alexander.
Goruarnyia(Itipophleps\ noaoca,leiloniae
Gonomyia (Lipophteps\ nouocaleiloniaeAlexander, 1945, Proc. Hawaii. ent. ,Soc. 12 z.
243-244,ft. fe, fig.-6 (venation), fig. l0 (male hypopygium).

St. Louis,1940(Wi'l'linrns).
capnitissp. n.
Gonomyia(Lipophleps)
Size small (wing, male, 3.5 mm.); rostrum bl-ack; ant-ennaeu'ith basalsegmentschiefly
yellow; -".orotu"m brownish grey, inclu_dingthe_scutellum-; pleura dark brown with a[onspicuous yellow longitudinui *dtip"; fgmo-ra obscure yellow, .the- tips darker,; wings"'ilfr', ri.ong"b"o*rrish t"inge,the costi,l border broadly_yellgw; costal fringe (male) lon-gand"orrrpiroous] cetl tit ll, aiout eclualin length to the distal section of vein I/, ; male hypo'pyeiii- *iiti ttrr outer"di*ti.tyl"^a_ long sl6nder.rod-i- ph3,flosomeco_nsistingessentially of^t'i[p"it" of blackened.apophyies, the loigest at tip dilated into a yeak head.
Mal,e.-Length, about 4 mm. ; wing, 3'5 mm.
Rostrum .""a p"tpi black. Antennie with scapeyellow above, m.oreinfuscatedbeneath;tiuri,t three or four 4agellarr"gm-"t[t-light brown,.the outer ones brownish
p"Oi."i yellow;"elo1gri"--"Fi";;t.rf,*ii[ tn"""*."ediirgly elongate vertieils common in males of
irlaek;this subgenui. Head yellorv, the centre of vertex more or less darkened.
; _pretergibesand posterior lateral borders
Pron?tum yellorv, harkened medially abov_e
posterior
uf praes"utum"similarly yellow. Mesonbtum chiefly brownish gre], the mesal_andeclg^esof the scutal lo6ei obscure yellow, the cen_tieof the scutum exte_nsivelydarkened;,.rit"U.,rr, rliformiy-a"rt "."a; laieral borders of mediotergite yellow, pleurotergite chiefly
conspicuous
yellou,, the ventral" portion^rU.ip" darkened. Pleura dark brown, wi-th a broad andthecoxae,-passing.overfore
theincludingandextending fromyelio*'longitudinuidarkened.
regiondorsopleuralregion;horsal steriopleu.it" *ttd pteropleurlte onto the meraliuit"t6yell^ow,knob wdakly^darkened. l"g. with the co-\ae.yellow, the fore pair more
intensely'so ; trochanters yeliow ; femora obJcureye]I.ow,the tips darker ; tibiae a-ndtarsi
dark br"ou-n'to black. Wings *'ith " strong brownisb or-smok_y.tinge,the,costal borderbroadly and conspicuouslyy"ellow,including- the costat fietd and invading -cellsI and -81,
i""f"Ji"g virtualy all of t"he"lattercell ; veiis brow_n,m-uclrp-ale3in the brightened portions.
CostalfrTnge(maie) long but sparse. Venation: Sc relatively.long,,Sc,ending.a short dist*"." befoie .i"igi"'ol n!, ,-Sc,ai or beyond !t9 tip ; cell lst IlIi long, about equal to vein M"
beyondit; nt-cicshortly beforethe fork of M.
"
Abdominal tergites iigUt brown, sternites somewhat paler ; hypopygium obscureyellow.

388

Prof. C'1.
P. Alexanderotl the Cra'nc-fl,iesof]t{ale hypopygium with the dististyles terminal in position, with no apical projection of thebasistyle. Outer dististyle a long rod, its apical third curved, narrowed intb an acute blacklPi"_q. fnner dististyle small and_fleshy, the two fasciculate setae at the upper outer angle.
Phallosomeincluding two paiqs of blackened gonapophyses,the longest paiiltraight,
before-beforetips slightly expanded into a head that is further produced into an acule spine,thelPing on outer margin with microscopicdenticles; shorter apophysesappearing as slender
blaek spines,their tips acutely pointed.

Paratopotnles,
Etgtyp., J, nearLa X'oa,X'ebruaryll ,1945(Renaington).
2 6f,X'ebruary11-13,1945.
Thepresentfly is mostsimilarto Gonomyia(Lipophleps)f,jiensisAlexander,
which hasthe wing colorationsomewhatthe same,differingconspicuously
inthe detailsof venationand, especially,the structureof the malehypopygium.
The speciesis much lesslike G. (L.) %oaocoled,oniae
Alexander.
Gonomyia(Gonomyia)
herronisp.n.
General coloratiotr of mesonotum dark brown, the pleura ancl pleurotergite va,riegated-faintwith dirty white ; rostrum yellow ; halteres elongate, dark brorvir ; wings
with a-beforegreytgh tinge, the stigmal region a trifle more infuscated : Sc, ending justorigin of.t?q,Bc, gt its extreme tip ; r?s nearly one-half longer than Rz* s * c i vein .8, elongate ;cell lsf-111,
closed, a little shorter than vein I1n ; valves of ovipositor very long and slender,
especiallythe cerci.
Femal,e.-Length,about 3.6 mm.; wing, 4 mm.
_ Rostrum yellow, palpi dark brown. Atrtennae with scape iund pedicel brou'nish blilck,
flagellum broken. Head grey.
Pronotum above and the pretergites china-white, darker laterally. Mesonotum almost
uniformly dark brown ; tuberculate pits black ; near the extreme eephalicportion of praeseutum ; pseudosuturalfoveae more reddish brown; pleurotergite ehiefly dirty white. Plcurtr,
pale brown, variegated by dirty white on the dorsal sternopleurite and more extensivcl.v
so on the posterior pleurites: dorsopleural region pale. Halteres elongate, da,rk brown ;base of stem narrowly pale. Legs with the fore and middle coxae pale brown, the smaller
middle pair paler; trochanters obst'ureyellow ; rcmainder of legs broken. Wings (fig. 28)
with a fq,i1t greyish tinge, the stigmal region :r, trifle more infuseated, r'ein fir+ r in thii areru
p_aleand indistinct; remaining veins brou'n. Venation : 8c1 ending just before origin of
J?s,8c, at_its extreme tip; .Ils nearly one-half longer than ,fls*a*e i vein 11, elongatc,
about one-fourthlongerthan .Rraa*a anrl in virtual alignmentwith i[; cell lslTl, closed,
long-subrectangular,gently widened outwai'dly, a little shorter than vein Mn; m-cir,abott
one-half its length beyo4$ the fork of M ; eell 2nrl A relatively narrovi ; a,nteriorarculus
broken.
Abdomen dark brown. Ovipositor with basal shield and the valves very long, especiallythe slendergently upcurved cerci.

Holotype, ?,St. Louis, altitude 1200ft., Novemberll, lg4b (Herron\.
This unusually distinct fly is named afberthe collector,Mr. John C. Herron,
to whom our greatestincreasein knowledgeof the Trpur,roAnof New Caledonia
is due. The speciesis entirely oistinct from all other regionalmembersof thesubgenus,especiallyin the unusually elongate vein R, and the correspond.ing
deep cell.

Gymnastes
Brunetti.
Ggmnastes
Brunetti, l9ll, Rec.Inili,an Mus.6: 281.

Gymnastes(Paragymnastes)
dasycerasp. n.
General coloration of thorax yellow, the mesonotum patterned with black, the central
stripes, in cases,.paling to reddish ; antennae (male) elongate, exceeding the bodypra_escut_alin lengtb, tbe segments with abundant erect black setae; tarsi black; wings subhyaline,
extensively but weakly patterned with pale brown in male, more restrictedly crossbanded
rvith darker brown in female ; cell Il[, open bv atrophy of basal section of M"; male hypopygium with the inner dististyle yellow, slender, narrowed into a long apical spine.

N ew Caledonia(DiTttera,Tipwliilae\

389

27

30

33

35

36

Fres. 26-36 (Hnxatoutxt, EntortnnrNr).-26, Epiphragnxt (Eytiphragmalpetul,antiosp. n. ;venation. 27, Epiphragma (Epiphragmal petulantia sp. n. ; male hypopygium. 28,
Gonom,yia(Gonomyia\ herroni sp. n. ; venation. 29, Gymnastes(Paragymnastes)ilasycera
sp. n.; venation. 30, Gymnastes(Paragymnastes)nic-eipessp. n.; male hypopygium.
31, Gymnastes(Paragymnastes)niueipessp. n. ; venation. 32, Gymnastes(Paragymna.ctes)
dasycerasp. n. ; male hypopygium. 33, Styringomyia neocaledottiae
sp. n.; venation.
34, Illolophil,us(Xlolophilus'1tartarus sp. n.; male hypopygium. 35, Molopthilus(Molo-;
philusl ord,iruariussp. n. ; male hypopygium. 36, Styringomyia neocal,ed,oniae
sp. n.;
male hypopygium.
(Symbols z a, aedeagus; b, basistyLe; bil, basal dististyle ; d, dististyle ; i, inter.
base; p, phallosome; s, sternite ; t, tergite.)

390

oJ
Prof. C. P. Nexandet on the Crane-f''ins

Male.-Length, about 44.5 mm. ; wing, 4'8-5'2 mm. ; a,ntenn&,about 4'5-5 mm.
Xemale.-Length, about 4'5 mm.; wing, 5 mm.
Mal,e.-Rostr;m yellow; palpi dark brown. Antennae elongate, exceeding tlge bodyin length; scape yellow, pedicel brown, flagellum black-; flagellar segments elongatecylindiical, witf aSundant dense erect black setae over the entire length. Head above'vellow. the anterior vertex infuscated.
Prorrotum yellow. Mesonotum yellow, the praescutum with four nearly confluent blaek
stripes, in cas6sthe central ones more reddened, especially in front, the-intermediate pair*o.1 dirrid"d behind ; lateral stripes crossingthe suture onto the scutal lobes; mediotergite
yellow, the posterior half with two paired oval greyish.brown arga: ; _re_mainder_ofnotum
T,egswithbrown.
knob
d_ark
whitish,obscurewilh
steminrl the pleu^rayellow. Halteresbrownishthetips
obscuretibiaethe coxa^eand irochanters yellow; femora and_yellow,
black.
tarsi
scalesdarkened;black, the remaining surface chiefly blackened by, abundant
includingbrown,
latterthelVings (fig. 29) sub[yahne, very weakly patterned *it\ palemost"of tf,e celis beyond the cord, paler in-the region o_fthe stigma; basad of cord a further
major weakly infuscated &re&,chiefly at level of baseof .Es,in cell Cu mote extended toward
the wing ba-se,the latter more yeilowed; veins brown, those at wing base paler. Costal
fringe rilatively long and dense. Yenation r !tr- en-{ing about opposite one'third to one'fourih Rs, Scr-almoit opposite this orlgin ; Rz lacking ; Rz+rf a- from one'third to onehalf longet ttritt the obQue fts; cell Mr.opgn_.]oytn" atrophy of the basal section of trl";m-cu neirly its own length beyond the fork of IlI.
m9r9 yellowed.
Abdomen with tergltes, including hypopygium, dark broun ; stern_ites_
levelof the basesof
Male hypopygium 1ng."f21.withthe lasistyl-e,-b, p_roduced_beyondthe
bears
strong setae;
the disliirtytis as a'stiout obtuse lobe, the apex and outer face of which
nea,rapex-with a blackenedlobe or obtuse spine-.._Twodististyles,il, the outer one shortand bli,ckened,its head portion elongate,weakly bideltate at tip ; inner distist-ylelong.arrrl
yellow, narrowet into a long apical spine, the inner face with abundant delicate
slen4er,'-A.edeagus,
a, having its surfaci witn severalsmall tubercles,each bearinga seta.
setae.
Iemale.-Antennae brolen, but presumably short, as usual in the genus. Praescuttttttwith the central stripes virtually oblilerated, concolorouswith the ground ; lateral stripes,
espeeiallytheir post^eriorends.-syiient-. {ing- pattern much heavier but more restricted,
appearing as thr^eemore narrowed bands, placed at origin of -Es,along cord and at the wingtip.

Holotype, d, Paita, September16, 1945(Herron). AllotoPltype, ?, pinned
with typr.- Paratopotypei,2 6; pamtlT)es,2 6, St. Louis, altitude 1200ft.,
October20, 1945(Hemon).
is unique in the
The presentfly, together with the speciesnext described.,
lengthenedantennaeof the male sex. - Supe$ciallygenus in the unusually-Gymiastes(Paragymna,stes)[ni* speciessuggests
rya,noceps(Alexander), of
Northern Australia.

niveipessp.n.
(Paragymnastes)
Gymnastes
Sizesmall (wing, male, 4 mm.); antennae (male) elongate; general colorationof mesonotum medium briwn, the pleura ancl most of pleurotergite yellow_; tarsi-snowy white;"i"gr r"U[-"rtin", unpa,tternei ; vein frtq+ o longer than .Bs; cell t{z gnel by the atrophyof f"i" Uri matl Uypopygium with the biacl.enedhead of the outer 4ististyle elongate.
Male.j.'Length,.i6orit 5.5 mm.; wing,4 mm.; antenna,about_2'8mm.
somewhatnort.o- y"ilor": palpi brownisir blaik. Antennae much asin d,as,yceralhough
black.
flagellum
brown,
yellow,
petlicel
scape
black
setae;
shorter but with the iame erect
the centre of vertex infuscated.
Head obscureyellow,-an[pronotumpr"tergites yellow. Mesonotal praescutum..ehieflymedium brown, theougri"t-.rtriore yelloued_; scutal lobes similarly brown; median region
posterior interspaee^*yell,i* with i, co'nspicuoirsdark brown central spot at suture; scutellum more;a;;Iilslightly morg darkenld-on posterior portion.. ?leura
iuriu""o"r jelow ; med.iotergittyeilow,"
yellow, the fore""a *o.t oi pluo"otergiie yutio*. H",lt"r"iinfuscated. I:egswith the e.o:raepui" .o-u*ti"t -otl""infri.cated ; trochanters yellow; femora and tibiae obscure yellow,
much clarkened Uv r covering of b"o*tr scalei; tarsi snowy-v'hite, somewhat clearer on
port"riot f"g.. Wing. (fig. 9"t) subhyaline, without pattern;- veins brown. Yenation :lS, rhort, S{ ending;, "L"} short disti,ncebeyond.thebrigin.of .Ils,Scr_before.thisorigin;
nr*"*o'longer thai r?s "na nearly straight; vein .Br_obliq*e,cell ,Ea relativel)' small;"Lii iir"op"""ty the atrophy of the 6asal r"ition of vein rl-fr1 cell-zndMza trifle longer thanit" pltiot"^ ; mlcu about t^w6-thirasits length beyond the fork of M,

New Cal,eil,onin(Di,ptera, Tipwl'idne)

391

Abdominal tergites dark brown. the hypopygium scarcely brighter; sternites yellow.
Male hypopygium (fig. 30) of the B&megeneral type as d,asycero,differing in all details.
Basistyle, D, with the spine more slerrderand well-defined. Outer dististyle, d, with theblackened head even more elongate and produced; a single small seta on outer margin
before midlength of head; inner dististyle & more flattened blade, the tip only moderately
narrowed. Apex of aedaegus,o, Btout, the setaerelatively few.

Holotypa,6, St. Louis, altitud.e1200ft., October20, 1945(Hemon).
(Paragymnastes)
The only other similar speciesis Gymnastes
dasycerasp. r.,which differsin the larger size,patternedwings and blackenedtarsi.
Erioptera Meigen.
Erioptera Meigen, 1803,Illiger's Mag.2 z 262.

Erioptera (Trimicva) pilipes (Fabricius), var.
Tiupl,a pi,l,ipesX'abricius, 1787, nI antissa Ins.2 z 324,

Noumea,July-August, 1940; St. Louis, October14, 1940(Wi,llinms).
Molophilus Curtis.
Molophil,ucCurtis, 1833,British Ent, z 444.

Molophilus(Molophilus)
tartarussp.n.
Belongs to the gracil,isgroup ; size small (wing, male, 3'5 mm.) ; general coloration brown ;wings with a weak brownish tinge ; fi, lying some distance before the level of r-m,.824 3 thisbeing very short, arcuated ; male hypopygium with the ventral lobe of the basistyle flattened,on outer portion with strong retrorse setae ; basal dististyle elongate, the proximal half or
etem slender, thenco dilated into a blade that terminates in a long straight spine ; on upperedge of the expanded portion with a broad flattened flange.
Male.-Length, about 3 mm.; wing, 3.5 mm.
Head brown; palpi darker. Antennae broken.
General coloration of the entire body brown, the mesonotum darker. Legs broken.
Wings with a weak brownish tinge, the veins pale brown; macrotrichia somewhat darker.
Venation: -Erlying some distance before the level of r-m, Rz*sthus relatively short, strongly
arcuated ; petiole of cell rll, about three times the ehort straight m-cu i vein 2nil / relatively
short, ending some distance before rn-cu.
Male hypopygium (fig. 3a) with the ventral lobe of the basistyle, b, flattened, on outerportion with conspicuous retrorsed Betae, those on outer portion short and stout, the innerones progressively longer, the longest fully half the length of the lobe ; near base of outerdististyle a very small oval lobe with delicate setulae. Basal dististyle, bd, elongate, thebasal half or stem slender, thence dilated into a blade that terminates in a long straight spine,on upper edge of the expanded portion with a broad flattened blade or flange, all of the margins
of distal portion provided with scattered teeth and spines of various sizes. Outer dististylewith the base long-extended, at outer end terminating in a slender gently curved black hookor spine. Phallosomic structure with numerous very delicate setulae.

Ilolotype, S, on microscopeslid.e,St. Louis, altitud.e100ft., November11,1945(Herron). Paratopotypes,4 broken d, November4, L945(Herron).
Comparedwith all of the very numerousspeciesin Australia, New Zealandand.New Guinea,the presentfly is entirely distinct in the structure of the male

hruopygium.
Molophilus(Molophilus)ordinariussp. n.
Belongs to the plagi,atus group; general coloration yellow, virtually unpatterned ;antennae short, yellow ; wings light yellow, veins pale and indistinct; male hypopygiumwith the beak of the basistyle very slender ; outer dististyle divided at apex into two unequalarms, the lower one & more flattened blade; basal dististyle a simple nearly straight rod

392Prof. C. P. Alexandeton the Crane-f,,i,esofthat narrows very gradually to the tip, the outer portion with scattered appressedspinulae,
including a concentrationof three or four at the extreme tip.
Male.-Length, about 3 mm. ; wing, about 3.5 mm.
Rostrum yellow, palpi a trifle darker. Antennae yellow, broken beyond the fourth
segment but evidently short. Head light yellow.
Thorax almost uniformly yellow, the notum scarcely darker than the pleura. Halterespale. Legs with the coxae and trocahanters yellow; remainder of legs broken. Wings
light yellow, the veins a trifle darker. Venation very difficult to determine in the slide
mount ; vein 2nil A long and gently sinuous.
Abdomen, including hypopygium, yellow. Male hypopygium (fig. 35) with the beakof basistyle, b, very slender, sumounded at base by a .concentrationof strong setae and asinglesmall spinouspoint. Outer dististyle divided at apex into two unequal &rms,the lower
a more flattened blade. Basal dististyle, bil, a simple nearly straight rod that na,rrowsvery
gradually to the tip, the outer portion with microscopic appressedspinulae, with three orfour of these crowded at the extreme tip ; surface of style more or less distinctly ribbed.

Holotype, 3, Paita, September16, 1945(Herron).
Molopluilus (Molophilus) orilinarhzs is the first member of the plagiatus
group to be found.in New Caledonia. In the generalty?e of structure of themale hypopygium it much resemblesspeciesof the group in Australia and
New ZeaIand,includ.ingthe typical plag'intusAlexander, differing from all in
the coloration and in the details of structure of the male hfpopygium, especiallyof the basaldististvle.
Styringom,y,iaLoew.
Styrinqomyi,aLoew, 1845, Dipterol,.Bei,tr, 1 : 6.

sp. n.
Styringomyianeocaledoniae
General coloration of mesonotum brownish black with a conspicuous yellow central area ;rvings with a strong brownish suffusion of posterior two-thirds, the costal portion yellorv ;abdomen uniformly dark brown, unpatterned ; male hypopygium with the basistyle bi spinous ; outer dististyle unusually broad, the upper portion of the blade with abundan t
retrorsed setae; intermediate style a broadly expanded blade, with similar retrorsed setae.
Mal,e.-Length, about 7 mm.; wing, about 4'2 mm.
Rostrum yellow, palpi pale brown. Antennae with the scape darkened above, obscureyellow beneath ; remainder of orga,n broken. Head light yellow, the sides of the posteriorvertex adjoining the eyes conspicuously infuscated ; vestitrrre of head tveak, proclinate.
Pronotum medially restrictedly obscure yellow, more infuseated on sides; pronotal setae
conspicuous. Mesonotum with a conspicuous central yellow &rea, including the medianregion of praescutum, most of the scutum, inclgding the lobes, and the scutelleum; remainderof notuminfuscated, especially conspicuous as broad margins to the central praescutal stripe ;mediotergite darkened, with vague indications of a very delicate central line; vestiture ofnotum consisting of delicate unmodified setae only. Pleura and pleurotergite chiefly yellow,
unpatterned. Halteres with the stem yellow, knobs broken. Legs with the coxae andWings (fig. 33) with a strong brownish
trochanters yellorv ; remainder of legs broken.
suffusion on posterior two-thirds or more, the costal third, especially in the outer radial
field, more yellowed ; a broad darker brown seam for almost the whole length of _vein Cu ;veins brown, yellow in the flavous portions, including C. Venation: Anterior branch of.Bs oblique; cell 2nil, M2 barely sessile; ln-eu about its own length beyond the fork of lI ;vein 2nil -d curved gently into the margin, without spur or angulation.
Abdomen dark 6rown, unpatterned. Male hypopygium (fig. 36) with the apex of tergite,
9f, broad, terminating in a seluliferous lobe that is subtended on either side by _asmall earlike lobule. Ninth sfernite, 9s, truncated at tip, each outer apical angle with a long slenderseta. Basistyle, b, terminating in two modified setae. Outer dististyle, odz unusu_ally
broad, bearing a long strong apical bristle, the upper portion of the blade with abundant
retrorsed setae; inteimediate style a broadly expanded blade, similarly provided with conspicuous retrorsed setae. What seemsto represent the inne_rstyle appears as a slender sinuous
b-lack rod that narrows to a slender spine, the margin with a few strong setae.

Holotypa, S, St. Louis, November11, 1945(Hercon). ParatlPe,6i',Mont
Mou, altitude 900 ft., Februarv,7947(Gawigoul,I{ ew Caleil,onia(Di,ptera, Tipul,id,ae)

393This entirely distinct speciesof Styringonny,ta
is the first representativeof
the genusfrom New Caledonia. The speciesfalls in a group of forms that havethe basistyleof the male hfpopygium bispinous,this group including Styringomy'iaarnxatq,Ed.rvards,and many other species. The presentfly is well distinguishedby the very peculiarconformationof the dististyles.
BreLroeriapEy.
Ar,nxexonR,C. P., 1929,New or little-knownTrpur,roenfrom New Caledonia
and Samoa. Encycl.Ent., Dipt.5 : 83-92,8 figs.
-:1931,
Crane-fliesof the Baltic Amber (Diptera). Bernstein-Forsch.
2z
1-135,169figs.
-t1932,Checklist of the TrpuLrDAEof Oceania. Occ.Pop. Bishop.Mus.,
HonouluI (21): l-L2.
-,
1934a,New or little-known Trpur,rpenfrom'Eastern Asia (Diptera),XIX.

Philipp. J. Sci. 54 : 309-342,3 pls.
1934b,New or little-known Trpur,roen from Eastern Asia (Diptera),XX.
I b i d , . 5 4: 4 3 3 - 4 7 I , 2 p l s .
-t
I9+5, New or little-known Trpur,roan from New Caledonia (Diptera).
Proc. Hawaii. ent. Soc.t2: 235-244,10 figs.
Fonnr,, Auguste, 1928, The social world,of the ants comparedwith that of man
1 : 1-551.
MexN, William M., 1921, The ants of the X'iji Islands. BulI. Mus. comp. Zool.
H a r u . 6 4: 4 0 5 .
MeYn, Ernst, 19394,Bordersand subdivisionsof the Polynesianregion as basedon our knowledge of the distribution of birds. Proc. Sinth Pacifrc Sci,.
C o n g r . 4: 1 9 1 - 1 9 5 .
-:1939b,The origin and the history of the bird fauna of Polynesia. Ibid.
4: 197-216.
-,
I94+, The birds of Timor and Sumba. Bul,l. Amer. Mus. nat. H,isr. 83 :123-194,4 figs.
Senastu, Errtz, 1925, Nova Caledonia. Forschungenin Neu-Caledonienund
auf den Loyalty-inseln. A. Zoolog,i,e
4 : 160.
Trr,r,vano, R. J, , I9L7, The biologAof d,ragonf,,ies(Oilonataor Paraneuroptera),pp. 396,4 pls. Cambridge.
\YrllleuS, F. X., 1943, Mosquitoesand some other noxious flies that occur in
New Caledonia. Hawa'ii. Plant. Rec. 47 : 205-222,15 figs.
--r1945, The aculeate wasps of New Caledonia,with natural history notes.
Proc. Hawaii. ent. Soc.12-: 407-452,78figs.
--,

TRANS.
R. ENr. soc. LoND.99. pARr 11. (Nov. 1948.)c)