Mar.2003
An Element of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP),
initiated by the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX)

3INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT & CO-OPERATION:
KEYS TO A SUCCESSFUL CEOP
David Carson, Director, World Climate Research Programme
In situ measurements, enhanced
satellite observations, and model
products are the fundamental components of the CEOP strategy, and auniquely co-ordinated set of thesedata types is necessary to address
the CEOP scientific objectives.
Planned, co-ordinated and structured international commitments,
co-operation and collaboration are
therefore crucial elements of the implementation of CEOP, andso it is most gratifying to be able to acknowledge a wide rangeof colleagues whose individual and collective efforts are shaping CEOP towards a realization of these goals.
A key factor are the commitments from the CEOP surface reference sites, which are associated with the Global Energy andWater Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental Scale Experimentsthat are located in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia, andEurope. Data from these sites are being received at the CEOP
Central Archive that has been established temporarily through acommitment of the USA.
Data from the suite of operational and experimental remotesensing satellites, including the GMS, METEOSAT, GOES and
POES, ADEOS-II(Midori-2), ENVISAT, TRMM, Aqua, Terra, etc.,
being provided by National Meteorological and Hydrological
Services and Space Agencies, such as JMA, EUMETSAT, NOAA,
NASA, NASDA, ESA, NASA, and others, are expected to be available for various times over the CEOP Observational Period from2001 to the end of 2004. These will be co-ordinated in space
and time with the in situ data to provide enhanced observing
capabilities to quantify critical atmospheric, surface, hydrologicaland oceanographic data. Multi-national agreements have alreadyensured that data sufficient to meet the requirements of the initial enhanced observing period (EOP-1) will be available from atleast a subset of these spacecraft.
The requirements for model output data are divided into: onedimensional vertical profile and surface time series at selected
locations, referred to as Model Location Time Series (MOLTS);
gridded two-dimensional fields, especially ground-surface stateand flux fields, top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) flux fields, andatmospheric fields; and gridded three-dimensional fields of theatmospheric variables. Agreements have been reached with global modelling centres in Australia, Brazil, Japan, UK and USA to
generate and deliver the required model output products. A central, model-data handling and retention centre for CEOP has been
contributed through the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology,
Hamburg, Germany. A subset of these contributors has agreed togenerate regional and global MOLTS for the EOP-1 period.
Because of the large volumes of data involved, the requirements
for the full 3-D output for the CEOP annual-cycle periods arebeing addressed carefully in terms of their relevance to specific
CEOP investigations.
The data and related products being provided to CEOP are, ofcourse, of value in a wider sense, to both the originators and others, and their provision and use are encouraging a synergistic
gearing of mutual benefit to all parties involved. Practical examples of this new co-operative approach to broad climate researchissues can be found elsewhere in this Newsletter in the article
related to the Water and Energy Simulation and Prediction(WESP) scientific component of CEOP, and also in the proceedings of the first CEOP Monsoon Systems Studies Working Group
Workshop, which defined a CEOP Inter-monsoon Model Study(CIMS). The latter document is available in draft form (fromchautard_a@gateway.wmo.ch) and will soon be available in the
WCRP Informal Report series.
(Continued in Page 2)
Calendar of CEOP Meetings :• CEOP Reference Site Managers Meeting:
Berlin, Germany 31 March-1 April 2003
• The 2nd CEOP Implementation Planning Meeting:
Berlin, Germany, 2-4 April 2003
• CEOP/GEWEX Workshop on the role of the Himalayas
and the Tibetan Plateau within the Asian Monsoon:
Milan, Italy: 7-8 April 2003

Contents:• INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT & CO-OPERATION:
KEYS TO A SUCCESSFUL CEOP •••••••1,2• Scientific Report on
WESP CEOP Pilot Data Comparisons •••••••2,3,4,5• ADEOS-II SPACECRAFT LAUNCHED AND FIRST IMAGESPROCESSED •••••••5• Report on Canadian CEOP Reference Sites/
Schedule of CEOP •••••••6

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CEOP Newsletter No.3

(From Previous page…)

We cannot, however, be complacent about the level of success achieved so far. The current commitments are ad hoc andbarely sufficient for the short-term focus within CEOP on the
EOP-1 dataset, for July-September 2001. In some cases, eventhese are in jeopardy. I support wholeheartedly, therefore, theredoubling of the efforts of the CEOP Organizational Structure toformalise current agreements. I also appeal to all relevant
Agencies and Organizations to help establish a more formal
and longer-term funding structure that recognises CEOP as animportant and useful scientific undertaking. We need current

groups to formally commit to the delivery of their contributions
to CEOP to meet its near term goals associated with finalizing
work on EOP-1 and ideally to establish the budgets,resources, and work programmes needed to ultimately deliver
the two CEOP annual cycle datasets. Corresponding commitments are also sought for the CEOP Research Phase, beyond
the end of 2004. As Director of WCRP, I remain committed tohelping achieve the full implementation and success of CEOP.

Scientific Report on WESP CEOP Pilot Data ComparisonsJohn Roads1, M. Bosilovitch2, M. Kanamitsu1, M. Rodell3
Scripps ECPC UCSD, 0224 La Jolla, CA 92093 jroads@ucsd.edu http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/
2 Data Assimilation Office NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Washington, DC 20771
3 Hydrological Sciences Branch NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD 20771
1

Abstract CEOP has begun to collect the model and in situ data needed to validate water and energy budgets at a wide variety of international reference sites. This brief analysis is only one example of how the CEOP in situ and model output datasets may be of value to the researchcommunity. There are clearly difficulities that models have in depicting the diurnal and seasonal cycles that need to be addressed. As a more
complete set of observations (in situ and remotely sensed) and model output becomes available at a wide variety of locations, through channels established by CEOP, it can be expected that these new tools will provide the basis for efforts that may improve understanding of theseissues and also lead to their mitigation. These efforts could then ulitmately be expected to lead to improved global hydrometeorological predictions.
1. Background
CEOP is an element of the World Climate Research Program(WCRP) initiated by the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment(GEWEX) to develop in situ, satellite, and model data focused onhydroclimatological processes in the atmosphere and land surface.
The observation and data collection phase extends from 1 July 2001
to 31 December 2004. During the data collection phase, a numberof investigations will commence and continue into an extended
CEOP Research Phase.
As an example of some of the model output products and in situ
data that will be available from CEOP and how they may be applied,a preliminary effort has been accomplished that compares results
between models and observations. The models utilized in this comparison were the USA National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) Seasonal Forecasting Model (SFM) being run at the Scripps
Experimental Climate Prediction Center (ECPC) for CEOP, the USA
National Aeronautics and Space Admistration (NASA) Data
Assimilation Office (DAO) global model and the NASA Global Land
Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) land-surface model (referred here
as GLD, for convienence). The DAO and GLD schemes are bothbeing run at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The insitu observations (OBS) for this exercise were taken from data provided to CEOP from the Canadian Boreal Ecosystem Research andMonitoring Sites (BERMS).
2. Representative Model Output
The ECPC version of the NCEP SFM (Kanamitsu et al. 2002, hear-after referred to as ENP) originated from the NCEP Global Spectral
Model (GSM). The model uses the spectral transform method tosolve the atmospheric primitive equation system for vorticity, divergence, virtual temperature, specific humidity, and logarithm of surface pressure. A triangular truncation of 62 spherical harmonics(T42), equivalent to a horizontal resolution of about 280 km, and a
vertical sigma coordinate system which contains 28 layers and 29
levels from the surface to zero hPa is used for these experiments.
The GSM was used for the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, designated RI,(Kalnay et al. 1996; Kistler et al. 2001), and the NCEP/DOE reanalysis-II or RII (Kanamitsu et al. 2002). ENP differs from the RII model
mainly by its parallelized code structure and improved physical parameterizations. ENP, however, starts from the RII and given the similarity of ENP to the RII model many of the ENP processes are likely tobe highly similar to RII processes.
NASA's DAO maintains operational analyses in support of NASA
instrument teams. The current global operational system produces
data on a 1 by 1.25 degree regular grid (global 1/2 degree resolution may be realized relatively soon). The two-dimensional (surface
and vertically integrated atmospheric) data are stored three hourly
while the three dimensional meteorological fields are stored 6
hourly. Complete budget data are available, and nearly all the CEOP
data are being stored. Since 1998 the operational system has been
based on GLA and ARIES GCMs. In October 2002, a new system,
developed in collaboration with the National Center for AtmosphericResearch (NCAR) took over operations. This is called the Finite
Volume Data Assimilation System (FVDAS). The atmospheric model

CEOP Newsletter No.3

consists of a semi-Lagrangian dynamical core and the atmosphericphysics developed at NCAR (much like the Community Climate
Model version 3, except it will use the Common Land Model, CLM).
MOLTS diagnostic routines are being developed for the FVDAS(hourly or finer time scales), so that CEOP data can be produced on
the fly. However, since this is an operational system, it is under continuous development. For example, the assimilation of remotelysensed skin temperature will be implemented in early 2003.
Because the development can affect budgets and the backgroundclimate of the system, the DAO plans to perform a CEOP reanalysis
using a proven and consistent system.
GLD was developed as a joint collaboration between scientists at
GSFC and NCEP. Its purpose is to produce optimal output fields ofstates and fluxes by forcing and constraining, through data assimilation, sophisticated land surface models with data from advanced
observing systems (Rodell et al., 2002). By running the models
offline (not coupled to the atmosphere) and using observation-based
precipitation and solar radiation, GLD avoids the biases that often
exist in fully coupled modeling systems and which accumulate as
errors in the land surface states of water and energy. The results
described here were output from the GLD version of the Mosaic LSM(Koster and Suarez, 1996), running on a 0.25° global grid, forced by
a combination of satellite-derived precipitation and solar radiation
fields with additional forcing from NASA’s GEOS numerical weather
prediction model. A vegetation-based “tiling” approach was used tosimulate sub-grid scale variability, based on a 1 km global, AVHRRderived landcover map. High-resolution soils and elevation datasets
were also used to parameterize the model. Future contributions to
CEOP from GLD may include output from additional LSMs and may
be produced using advanced options, such as a routine for satellitebased updates of leaf area index, canopy greenness, and albedo;
assimilation of soil moisture, snow, and temperature data; simulationof the atmospheric boundary layer; and runoff routing.
3. In Situ Data Description
The BERMS project (see Szeto et al. 2003) is a 5 year field study
partly designed on the framework of the earlier BOREAS (Boreal
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study) experiment. The BERMS dataset
available for this comparison exercise includes near-surface meteorological measurements of three forest biomes in the southern boreal forest of Saskatchewan. The three sites named after the dominantbiomes include Old Aspen, Old Jack Pine and Old Black Spruce.
There are several meteorological measurements made, including
temperature and precipitation, sensible heating, latent heating, net
surface radiation. Measured hourly accumulated precipitation was
further accumulated to 3 hour increments to match model output. Ina similar manner hourly sensible and latent heat fluxes and net surface radiation were averaged for the corresponding 3 hour interval.
Temperature was taken as the instantaneous value to match theoutput of these parameters by the models. Only the average of all 3
sites is shown in this example. More information about BERMS canbe found at the "CEOP Reference Site Station Characteristics" linkon the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Officefor Science Support (UCAR/JOSS), CEOP Data Management page:(http://www.joss.ucar.edu/ghp/ceopdm/).
4. Preliminary Comparison Results
Fig. 1 shows the water budget comparison of daily averages.
Note that the observed and various model precipitation, evaporation,
moisture convergence and precipitable water have similar daily values, although the absolute values are noticeably different. For example, the ENP has too high evaporation and runoff in comparison to
GLD. Runoff was not available from DAO. The residual for ENP(imbalance in surface water equations) is also too large and could be
related to the RII updated soil moisture, which is updated by themodel precipitation and the difference between this precipitation andobserved precipitation. It might also be related to the use of different
soil types in the ENP from the original RII, indicating that some additional care may need to be taken when initializing land surface variables from the RII. The residual was not available for the other models, which were missing runoff and surface water tendencies. The
residual was also not available for the atmospheric budget since themoisture convergence was deduced as the difference from the precipitable water tendency (ignored for observations), precipitation andevaporation.
Fig. 2 shows the energy budget comparison of daily averages.
Note that the sensible heating is largest in the GLD and smallest in
the ENP, in contrast to the latent heating. In comparison to latent
heat released by precipitation, the sensible heating is quite small
and the atmospheric balance is mainly between the radiative heating, latent heating, and heat convergence (see Roads et al. 2002).
The atmospheric radiative cooling is fairly constant, whereas thesurface radiative heating shows a strong decrease from summer tofall. The subsurface heat flux is small but significant, especially in
the ENP, and modulates the surface temperature by cooling the
ground during the summer and heating it during the winter. The surface temperature is emulated best by the ENP.
Fig. 3 shows the water budget diurnal variations. Note first of all
a common model problem in that the GLD precipitation, whichcomes from observations peaks in the early morning hours (3Z),
although not as much as the BERMS observations, whereas theatmospheric models tend to peak earlier. This erroneous model peakis presumably related to too little convergence although both the
ENP and DAO have much larger day-time evaporation. Interestingly,
the soil moisture diurnal cycle approximately balances the atmospheric water diurnal cycle, presumably mainly due to the diurnal
cycle of evaporation, which acts with opposite sign in both equations. Runoff is fairly constant during the day, albeit, again, too large
in the ENP. Again, the residual, which could only be calculated for
the ENP, is too large. We have not been able to ascertain yet thecause for this ENP problem, which also may be related to excessive
evaporation in the model.

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CEOP Newsletter No.3

Fig. 4 shows the energy budget diurnal variations. In the atmosphere, the heat convergence is positive during the day and negative
during the evening hours, mainly because it is balancing the heatingby diurnal precipitation processes. Surprisingly, perhaps, the atmospheric radiation cooling has a strong diurnal cycle and evenbecomes positive during the early evening. At the surface, solar radiation dominates during the day, and then long wave cooling
becomes dominant during the evening. The heating by the subsurface heating is mostly positive during the evening and early morning
hours, and negative during the afternoon hours and is well emulatedby the models. All models emulate well the ground heating during
the night and the ground cooling during the day.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by a cooperative agreement fromNOAA-NA17RJ1231 and NASA grants NAG8-1875, 11599, 11738.
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views of NOAA, NASA.
References
Kalnay, E., et al., 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project.
Bull Amer. Meteorol. Soc, 77, 437-471.

Fig. 1 BERMS daily water budget from the observations and models: (a) precipitation, P, mm/day; (b) evaporation, E, mm/day; (c) moisture convergence, MC,
mm/day; (d) runoff, N, mm/day; (e) precipitable water tendency, dQ/dt, mm/day;(f) surface water equation residual, dW/dt+RESW’, mm/day; (g) precipitablewater, Q, mm; (h) surface water, W, mm.

Kanamitsu, M., et al., 2002: NCEP dynamical seasonal forecast system 2002. Bull Amer. Meteor Soc, (submitted).
Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S. -K. Yang, J. Hnilo, M.
Fiorino, and J. Potter, 2002: NCEP/DOE AMIP-II REANALYSIS(R-2). Bulletin Amer. Meteor. Soc. (In press)
Kistler, R., et al., 2001: The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Monthly
means CD-ROM and documentation. Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc,
82, 247-267.
Koster, R. D., and M. J. Suarez, 1996: Energy and Water Balance
Calculations in the Mosaic LSM. NASA Technical
Memorandum 104606, 9, 76 pp.
Roads, J., M. Kanamitsu, R. Stewart, 2002: CSE Water and Energy
Budgets in the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis II. J. Hydrometeorology, Vol. 3, Issue 3, p. 227-248.
Rodell, M., P. R. Houser, U. Jambor, J. Gottschalck, K. Mitchell, C. -J.
Meng, K. Arsenault, B. Cosgrove, J. Radakovich, M.
Bosilovich, J. K. Entin, J. P. Walker, and D. Lohmann, The
Global Land Data Assimilation System. Submitted to Bull.
Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2002.
Szeto, K., A. Barr, B. Goodison, 2003: Report on Canadian CEOP
Reference Sites. CEOP Newsletter, No.3, P6 .

Fig. 2 BERMS daily energy budget from the observations and models: (a) latent
heat of precipitation (net condensation), LP, W/m2; (b) sensible heating, SH,
W/m2; (c) energy convergence, HC, W/m2; (d) net downward solar radiation,
NDSW, W/m2; (e) atmospheric radiative cooling, QR, W/m2; (f) surface radiative
heating, QRS, W/m2; (g) surface air temperature, Ts, K; (h) surface ground heating, G, W/m2.

CEOP Newsletter No.3

Fig. 3 BERMS diurnal water budget from the observations and models: (a) precipitation, P, mm/day; (b) evaporation, E, mm/day; (c) moisture convergence,
MC, mm/day; (d) runoff, N, mm/day; (e) precipitable water tendency, dQ/dt,
mm/day; (f) surface water equation residual, dW/dt+RESW’, mm/day; (g) precipitable water, Q, mm; (h) surface water, W, mm.

Fig. 4 BERMS diurnal energy budget from the observations and models: (a)latent heat of precipitation (net condensation), LP, W/m2; (b) sensible heating,SH, W/m2; (c) energy convergence, HC, W/m2; (d) net downward solar radiation, NDSW, W/m2; (e) atmospheric radiative cooling, QR, W/m2; (f) surface
radiative heating, QRS, W/m2; (g) surface air temperature, Ts, K; (h) surface
ground heating, G, W/m2.

CEOP Related NewsADEOS-II SPACECRAFT LAUNCHED AND FIRST IMAGES PROCESSEDNaoto Matsuura, EORC/NASDA
NASDA launched the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II(ADEOS-II) on the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 4 at 1:31 (UT) on
December 14, 2002 from the Tanegashima Space Center. The
flight went normally, and it was confirmed that ADEOS-II was successfully separated 16 minutes and 31 seconds after liftoff. The
spacecraft is nicknamed 'Midori II'. ADEOS-II was in a nominal
operational mode by December 17 2003. ADEOS-II has now
moved into an initial verification phase that will last untill midApril 2003. The function of its on-board equipment and sensors
will be verified during this period.
ADEOS-II, has 5 sensors on board that will observe the Earthand provide data that will address issues related to changes in
the global water and energy circulations, carbon circulation, andozone in the stratosphere. NASDA's Earth Observation Center (atHatoyama-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama Prefecture) has alreadyacquired image data from the Advanced Microwave ScanningRadiometer (AMSR), which is expected to make a contribution to
CEOP water and energy cycle simulation and prediction (WESP)
studies as well as other CEOP scientific goals.

Provided by NASDA

Global SST distribution observedby AMSR
2003/02/05 update

56CEOP Newsletter No.3

Report on Canadian CEOP Reference Sites
Kit Szeto, Alan Barr and Barry Goodison, Climate Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, Canada
Three of the study sites used during the Boreal EcosystemAtmosphere Study (BOREAS) and then enhanced for the Canadian
Boreal Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Sites (BERMS) project
were arranged to be Canadian reference sites for CEOP. These sites
have a long history in performing and contributing to international
climate programs.
The three main BERMS study sites are located in the southern
boreal forest of the Saskatchewan Basin, each representing a different forest type with mature tree species ranging in age from about
70-130 years. The Old Aspen (OA) site is about 10km north of thetransition between cropland and forest. Trembling aspen overstory
and hazel understory are the two main vegetation types at this site.
The other two sites, Old Black Spruce (OBS) and Old Jack Pine (OJP)
are approximately 60km from the forest-grass boundary. The vegetation at the OBS site is mostly black spruce but approximately 15%of the forest consists of deciduous-type larch. This type of forest isquite boggy, and has many small pockets of standing water. For the
OJP site, nearly all of the vegetation is jack pine with lichen groundcover.
The BERMS sites qualify as 2.5D Type-A CEOP reference sites.
The sites are located in a region characterized by cold winters andwarm summers. Mean annual precipitation is around 450 mm withmost of it falling during the summer. Strong interannual variability isobserved for both temperature and precipitation. All sites measure
standard surface and near-surface meteorological variables, abovecanopy radiation and turbulent fluxes (including water, heat, andCO2 fluxes), precipitation, snow depth, and soil temperature andmoisture. Dr. Alan Barr is the contact for the BERMS site data andmore information about the sites can be obtained at the BERMS
website (http://berms.ccrp.ec.gc.ca/).
References: Roads, J., Bosilovich, M., Kanamitsu, M., Rodell, M.
Scientific Report of WESP CEOP Pilot Data Intercomparisons,
CEOP Newsletter, March 2003, Issue No. 3, 2-5.

Fig. 1 Locations of the BERMS sites.

Fig. 2 The long-term climate at the BERMS sites.

Schedule of CEOP
2001
The CEOP Preliminary Data Period

2002
1 JulyThe CEOP Buildup phase

2003

2004

30 September
1 October

30 September
1 October

The First CEOP Annual Cycle Period

30 September
1 October

The Second CEOP Annual Cycle Period

31 December

Newsletter Editorial Board: Robert SCHIFFER, Carlos R. MECHOSO, Paul D. TRY
Contact Address of International Coordination Body:
Sam BENEDICT (International Coordinator)
742 “H” Avenue
Coronado, CA, 92118, USA
Phone: +1-619-437-7904
Fax: +1-619-437-6814
E-mail: seb@www.wmo.ch

Dawen YANG (Secretary General), Akiko GODA, Katsunori TAMAGAWA
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
Phone: +81-3-5841-6132
Fax: +81-3-5841-6130
E-mail: ceop@monsoon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Supported by: National Space Development Agency of JAPAN (NASDA); Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST)