WEPA Workshop, Vientiane, Lao PDRJanuary 25, 2016

REGULATIONS OFWASTEWATER DISCHARGE IN JAPANMitsumasa OKADA, Ph.D.
WEPA Advisor
Professor, The Open University of Japanokada.mitsumasa@ouj.ac.jp

How do we control wastewater discharge
from industries in Japan?
Regulations must be efficient, fair and feasible!

 Environmental water quality standards: EWQS
 Targets for the control of wastewater discharge
 Pollutants/parameters to be controlled National uniform effluent quality standards
cf. Total Maximum daily Loading: TMDL Local rigorous effluent quality standards
 Minimum requirement and local requirements/conditions forwater environment Provisional effluent quality standards

Water pollution by industrial wastewaters
Dokai Bay, Kita-Kyushu, Japanca. 1990s: Restored

Dead Seaca. 1960s: Polluted

Environmental Water Quality Standards (EWQS) :The Basic Law for Environment Administrative targets and criteria for promotion ofcomprehensive measures against water pollution
 Water quality to be achieved and maintained in public water
bodies To protect human health To prevent health damages like Minamata and Itai-Itai diseases

 To conserve living environment
 To protect all the water uses closely related with daily human life
 To protect the living environment for plants/animals closely
related to human life

EWQS to Protect Human Health(mg l-1 or less)cadmium

0.003

1, 1, 1-trichloroethane

1.0

total cyanide

N.D.

1, 1, 2-trichloroethane

0.006

lead

0.01

trichloroethylene

0.03

chromium (VI)0.05

tetrachloroethylene

0.01

arsenic

0.01

1, 3-dichloropropene

0.002

total mercury

0.0005thiuram

0.006

alkyl mercury

N.D.

CAT (simazine)

0.003

PCB

N.D.

thiobencarb

0.02

dichloromethane

0.02

benzene0.01

carbon tetrachloride

0.002

selenium

0.01

1, 2-dichloroethane

0.004

Nitrate and nitrite

10

1, 1 -dichloroethylene

0.02

fluoride0.8

cis- 1, 2-dichloroethylene

0.04

borate1.0

1,4-dioxane

0.05

 To be applied both for surface and groundwater 28
parameters
on toxic
 annual
average value
exceptsubstances
for total cyanide (maximum value) Used and detected in Japanese water environmentEWQS to Conserve Living Environment: Rivers
category

water use

pH

BOD

SS

DO

CG*

AA

Water supply class 1 ; conservationof natural environment, and uses
listed in A-E

6.5-8.5

1

25

7.5

50

A
ccc

Water supply class 2 ; fishery, classl; bathing and uses listed in B-E

6.5-8.5
c

2
c

25
c

7.5
c

1,000
c

B
c

Water supply class 3 ; fishery, class
2, and uses listed in C-E

6.5-8.5
c

3
c

25
c

5
c

5,000
c

C
c

Fishery class 3 ; industrial water,class l, and uses listed in D-E

6.5-8.5
c

5
c

50
c

5
c

c

D
8
100
2
Industrial water class 2 ; agricultural 6.0- 8.5
c targetcccwater;
and uses listed
in E Main= Organicpollution(BOD) +c turbidity,
sanitationc

6.0-8.5
10
Industrial
water
class
3
;uses:
 Six E
categories
dependent
on water
AA, A,
B, C,**D, E 2-

conservation of living environment

water supply, fishery, bathing, irrigation, conservation(mg l-1)

*number of coliform groups (MPN/100 ml), **no floating matters

Categories in Ohta River, Hiroshima ( River , Estuary )A

B

Atomic
Bomb
Dome

B

B
A

A

A

B
B
B

A

A

EWQS to Conserve Living Environment:
Lakes and Reservoirs(volume > 10 million m3)
category

water use

pH

CODMn

SS

DO

CG*

AA

water supply class 1, fishery class
1, conservation of naturalenvironment, and uses A-C

6.5-8.5

1

1

7.5

50

A

water supply class 2 and 3, fisheryclass 2, bathing, and uses B-C

6.5-8.5

3

5

7.5

1,000

B

fishery class 3, industrial waterclass 1, irrigation water, and use C

6.5-8.5

5

15

5.0

-

C

industrial water class 2,
conservation of environment

6.0-8.5

8

**

2.0

-

*number of coliform groups (MPN/100 ml), **no floating matters(mg l-1)

EWQS on Nitrogen and Phosphorus
for Lakes and Reservoirs: Eutrophication
Category

water use

T-N

T-P

I

Conservation of natural environment, anduses listed in II-V

0.1

0.005

II

Water supply classes 1, 2, 3 ((except for
special types), fishery class 1, bathing;
and uses listed in III-V

0.2

0.01

III

Water supply class 3 (special types), anduses listed in IV-V

0.4

0.03

IV

Fishery class 2, and uses listed in V

0.6

0.05

V

Fishery class 3, industrial water;
agricultural water; conservation of living
environment

1.0

0.1

EWQS to Conserve Living Environment:
Estuaries
categoryA

B
C

water usepHfishery calss 1,
bathing, conservation
7.8-8.3of natural environment
and uses B-C
fishery calss 2,
7.8-8.3
industrial water anduses B-C
conservation of
7.0-8.3
environment*NHE: n-Hexane Extracts

CODMn

CG

NHE*

2.0

1,000

ND

3.0

-

ND

8.0

-

-

EWQS on Nitrogen and Phosphorus for Estuaries: Eutrophication
categoryI
II

uses of water
Conservation of naturalenvironment and II, III, IV
Fisheries class 1, Marine
recreation / bathing and III,
IV

T-N

T-P

0.2

0.02

0.3

0.03

III

Fisheries class 2 and IV

0.6

0.05

IV

Fisheries class 3,
Protection of benthic
organisms, Industrial watersupply1.0

0.09(mg l-1)

How to satisfy with the EWQS: Ct ?
Ce : effluent water quality standards (concentration)
Cin
Wastewater
treatment plants

Ce

industry

Wastewater
treatment plants

household To what extent purify effluents?
 Take self-purification into consideration?
 The same for industries and domestic?

Cin

Cｔ
Ce ≒ 10 x Ct
orCe ≒ Ct

self-purification

How to satisfy with the EWQS: Ct ?
Industries

TMDL: Total Maximum Daily Loading
Le = Qe x Ce : effluent loading

othershousehold

Wastewater
treatment plants

Le6
Le7

Le1 = Qe1 x Ce1

Total Loading= Σ LeiCt = Σ Lei/V - R
Wastewater
treatment plants

household

Cｔ

Le2
Le3

Le4
Wastewater
treatment plants

More industries?

Le5

WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGYGAS： CO2, CH4, N2O, NH3 ,…
WASTEWATERDECOMPOSITION+ pollutants
SEPARATION
Energy, chemicals, materials(O3, activated carbon, resin, membrane,…)Recycle/reuse:energy, material

LIQUID：
Clean Water+ Inactive/harmless solids,
solutes

SOLID：
excess sludge, waste materials (spentcarbon, resin, membrane, …)

Water quality of effluent?
Complete removal of pollutants from wastewaters?
 (Technically) feasible by advanced treatment, i.e. ozone, UV,
activated carbon, …..
 Too much to satisfy with EWQS?
 Waste of energy, chemicals, materials and funds may result inother problems, i.e. climate change, waste disposal andbankruptcy, ……

Appropriate removal of pollutants from wastewater!
Efficient : enough to satisfy with EWQS

Fair

: equivalent efforts among polluters

Feasible : the best available technology

NATIONAL UNIFORM EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS Uniform and national minimum criteria for effluent quality
 Regulate effluent discharges into public water bodies
from the specified facilities (ca. 600 industrial categories).
 Parameters to be controlled Human health: all facilities

 Living environment : daily discharge > 50 m3

Exemption from the standards for small industries = Fair Feasible: small budget, lack of human resources Effective: Little environmental impacts

NATIONAL UNIFORM EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDSParameters on human healthcadmium & compounds

0.03

trichloroethylene

0.03

total cyanide

1.0

tetrachloroethylene

0.1

organophosphorus compounds

1.0

1, 3- dichloropropene

0.02

lead & compounds

0.1

thiuram0.06

chromium (VI) & compounds

0.5

CAT (simazine)

0.03

arsenic & compounds

0.1

thiobencarb

0.2

total mercury

0.005

benzene0.1

alkyl mercury

N.D.

selenium & compounds

0.1

PCBs

0.003

dichloromethane

0.2

fluoride & compounds

estuaries 15,
others 8

carbon tetrachloride

0.02

1, 2-dichloroethane

0.04

borate & compounds

estuaries 230,
others 10

Effluent quality standard
x 10
1, 
1- dichloroethylene
0.2 = EWQS
ammonia+ ammonium, nitraite
and nitrate compounds
cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene
0.4 discharge?
Ten times dilution after
1, 1, 1- trichloroethane3

1, 1, 2- trichloroethane

0.06

1,4-dioxane

 Enough to satisfy with EWQS by self-purification?

 Uniform to all the facilities

100
0.5

（mg l-1 or less）

NATIONAL UNIFORM EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDSParameters on living environment
parameters

standard values (mg l-1 or less)pH
5.8-8.6
BOD, CODMn
160 (daily average = 120)SS
200 (daily average = 150)
n-hexane extract
5.0 (mineral oil), 30 (animal fat and vegetable oil)phenols
5.0
copper3.0
zinc
5.0
dissolved Fe, Mn
10.0, 10.0
chromium2.0
fluorine
15-1 daily average)
numberC.G.
3,000 (ml
 Fair:of
Industrial
effluentsmust
be equivalent with conventional
nitrogen120 (daily average = 60)
domestic wastewater
phosphorus
16 (daily average = 8)
 BOD, COD = 160 mg l-1, SS = 200 mg l-1
 Small exemption

Local Rigorous Effluent Quality Standards
Local (prefecture) ordinance for local
requirements
if the national uniform effluent quality
standards are not enough to satisfy with the
EWQS for a specific local water bodyAll the local governments have put
standards in force

Local Rigorous Effluent Quality Standards
by Prefectural Governments : CODMn
prefecture

water areanew

operating

Kanagawa

A: protected lakes

5 (3)

20 (15)

A: other lakes

15(10)

25 (20)B

25 (20)60 (50)marine25 (20)60 (50)15-12020-120Shiga
Hiroshima

first category

50 (40)second category

85 (65)third category

120 (90)

forth category

130 (100)

Kure area

Different
standards
Seto
Inland Sea among:15 (10)-40 (30)

15 (10)-125 (85)

Efficient,
Fair,
Feasible
15 (10)-50(40)15(10)-130(100)

National minimum
160EWQS(120)
 Prefecture, water area to satisfy withdaily maximum (daily average) mg l-1 or less
 New and operating facilities- ranges dependent on discharge volume and industries

Local Rigorous Effluent Quality Standards
by Shiga Prefectural Government : T-N, T-P
operatingnew
Daily volume ofdischarge (m3)
T-N
T-P
T-N
T-P
10 - 3040
830
230 - 5025
4
20
2
food (except for box
lunch production)
50 - 1,000
20
3
12
1.5
1,000 152
10
1
10 - 3040
630
230 - 50152
12
1.2
textile50 - 1,000
12
1.5
8
0.8
1,000 101
8
0.5
10 - 3040
2
20
2
30 - 5015
1.5
12
1Other production
50 - 1,000
12
1.2
8 Feasible
0.6
Different standards
among:
Efficient,
Fair,
1,000 80.8
80.5
 Industrial categories
night soil treatment
10 20
2
10
1
jokaso520
5 Daily volume10of- discharge20
10 - 3,000
20
20
0.5
１
sewage treatment plant
3,000 20
15
0.5
１
 New and operating
facilities
NATIONAL UNIFORM STANDARDS
120(60)16(8)120(60)16(8)(mg l-1)
industry

Provisional effluent quality standards
 Some industries are difficult to comply with the national
uniform effluent quality standard even with the best
available technology
 Exemption from the national uniform standards for the
specified industries: N:55, P:39
National uniform: N(120, 60), P(16, 8) : (daily maximum, average), mg l-1
pig/cattle farm: N (700,350), P (100,50)
coke oven:
N (170,130)
dairy products: P (30,15)

 Specified industries must develop and adopt a newtechnology to satisfy with the national uniform standards
in 5 years (1993-1998)

PROVISIONAL STANDARDS FOR FOOD
INDUSTRIES
code
meat processing
1211
dairy products
1212
other livestock products
1219
fish canning, bottling
1221
seaweed processing
1222
fish ham/sausage1224
fish paste (boiled)1225
frozen fish products
1226
frozen fish processing
1227
other fish products
1229
soy source and amino acds1242
synthetic seasoning
1243
beet sugar refinary
1251
fresh cake1272
veqetable oil
1281
animal oil
1282
grain starch
1292
Different
standards among:
potatostarch production
1292
tufu/tofu derivatives
1295
bean jam Industrial categories
1296

T-N

T-P

max.
ave.
max.
ave.
140
70
140
70
30
15
140
70
60
30
440
220
100
50
180
90
60
30
260
130
160
80
460
230
320
160
360
180
140
70
460
230
320
160
380
190
340
170
480
240
480
240
260
130
50
25
60
30
100
50
180
90
100
50
30
10
500 Efficient,
250
140Feasible
70
Fair,
30
15
60
30

REVISION OF THE PROVISIONAL STANDARDSPROVISIONAL STANDARDS:
1993.10-1998.9

The 1st revision: 1998.10-2003.9
N: 50 INDUSTRIES
2,851 plants
P: 34 INDUSTRIES
2,512 plants

4 INDUSTRIES
115 plants
3 INDUSTRIES
117 plants

The 2nd revision: 2003.10-2008.9

REVISIONS OF PROVISIONAL STANDARDSNational uniform: N(120, 60),
Industrial
categories

Provisional
standard

P(16, 8)

1st revision

2nd revision

3rd revision

4th revision(1998-2003)(2003-2008)(2008-2013)(2013-2018)(1993-1998)

Natural Gas

200 (180)

170 (150)

160 (150)

160 (150)

160 (150)

Feedlot

270 (350)

260 (200)

190 (150)

190 (150)

170 (140)

Silver Oxide

560 (370)

350 (300)

240 (210)-

Cobalt Oxide

1100 (880)900 (750)

550 (300)

Lead Chromate
Paint

1,500 (1,000)

1,300 (950)-400 (120)

N

P

Vanadium &Molybdenum
Compounds

26,000(17,000)

8,000(6,000)6,000 (5,000)

5,000(3850)

4,250 (3,500)

Feedlot

100 (50)50 (40)30 (24)30 (24)20 (15)

Phosphorus andCompounds

640 (280)

90 (40)40 (10)40 (10)-EFFLUENT COD FROM SWEET BEAN
PROCESSING PLANTS

Cumulative（％）

Different effluent quality in the same industrial categories, i.e.
the same products from similar raw materials

100
n = 18

80
60

40
20
0
0

20

40
60
COD (mg l-1)

80

100

EFFLUENT T-P FROM SWEET BEAN
PROCESSING PLANTS
The provisional standards to save all the facilities is necessary?

n = 2180

Prov. max

20

STD max

40

Prov. ave

60
STD ave

Cumulative（％）

100

0
0

10

20

30

T-P (mg l-1)

40

50

60

Time for Q & A

Seto Inland Sea
Akitsu, Higashi-Hiroshima

PRODUCTION AND LOADINGS FOR 6
MAJOR INDUSTRIES: 1992
food

fiber
pulp & paper
chemicalpetroleum & coalsteel

3 estuaries
Total Production：¥ 57.8 trillion

Total loading : 274 t day-1

How to satisfy with the effluent quality standard?
RAW MATERIALSINDUSTRIAL
WATER
FACTORYGAS,SOILD WASTE

OTHERS(chemicals)(ADDITIVES, DETERGENTS)

RECYCLEWASTEWATERPRODUCTSWASTEWATER TREATMENT

How to satisfy with the effluent quality standard?
RAW MATERIALSINDUSTRIAL
WATER
FACTORY

OTHERS(chemicals)(ADDITIVES, DETERGENTS)

RECYCLEGAS,SOILD WASTE
PRODUCTSBOILING WASTEWATER RECYCLING TO REDUCEEFFLUENT T-P
Beans (red,white＝ 3:1)
Storage (once per year harvesting)Washingwater

Washing

waste water (recycled)
500 mg P l-1

12m3
Boiling for 1 hourboiling water
5m3

evaporation
sugar

Sweet bean
products

solid

concentrate
2m3
Cleaning water 5m3