PURPOSES AND METHODOLOGY OF TMDL IN INDONESIABahan disiapkan oleh
Dr. Budi Kurniawan, M.Eng
Disampaikan oleh
Prof. Tjandra Setiadi, PhD
Email: tjandra@che.itb.ac.id
KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAN KEHUTANANDITJEN PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN DAN KERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUPDIREKTORAT PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN AIR1TREND OF WATER QUALITY STATUS DI INDONESIA2012‐2016, (Source: Ditjen PPKL‐KLHK, 2017)

The majority of parameters that affect waterquality degradation are fecal coli, total coliform,BOD, COD, H2S

Source of Pollution: Domestic, animalhusbandry, industry and Non‐point
source2

Coefficient of the River Regime (KRS) =maximum / minimum flow ratio
Criteria of KRS• Good = < 40
• Moderate = 40 ‐ <80• Poor > 80

KRS of Several rivers in P Java:
••
••
•
•
•

Cimanuk river = 713
Ciujung river = 189,5
Citarum river = 92
Cisadane river = 143
Citanduy river = 111
Bengawan Solo river = 541
Brantas river = 205

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INFLUENCE OF HEADWATER FLOWCHANGE TO BOD CONCENTRATION
IN BENGAWAN SOLO RIVERProbability of 0.8 =10.23 m3/sec

Probbability
0,10,30,50,60,8

Bengawan Solo(m3/sec)
49,14
31,18
21,69
17,71
10,23

Probability of 0.6 =17.71 m3/sec

Figure. BOD Concentration is based on the river flow rate of probability of0.6 and 0.84

DEFINITION• The capacity of water pollution load or TMDL is the ability of waterat a water source to receive pollution load input without causing
the water to become polluted.
• Daya tampung beban pencemaran air adalah kemampuan airpada suatu sumber air untuk menerima masukan beban
pencemaran tanpa mengakibatkan air tersebut menjadi cemar.
• Allocation of pollution load is the amount of pollution load that isstill allowed to be disposed or the amount of pollutant load to belowered in the administra on and / or watershed area from eachpollutant source• Alokasi beban pencemaran adalah besaran beban pencemar yangmasih diperbolehkan untuk dibuang atau besaran beban
pencemar yang harus diturunkan di wilayah administrasi dan/atau
DAS dari masing‐masing sumber pencemar.

5LOCATION

the first question is how muchpollutant load goes into the riversegment, what are the pollution
source and how muchcontribution of each pollutant
sourceBOD
Actual/existing:
4.3 mg/l

Class 2(waterrecreation):
BOD:3 mg/l

the second questionis how muchpollution load isallowed to enter thisriver segment so thatthe river still fulfill thewater quality
standard

Segmen 3 ofCiliwung RiverLoadExisting
TMDL
Reduction
Load(kgBOD/Target(kgBOD/day)(kgBOD/day)
day)
1000

700

300

POLLUTIONCONTRIBUTION POLLUTIONLOADPOLLUTIONLOAD
OF POLLUTION
LOCATION
ALLOCATIONSOURCE
REDUCTION
SOURCE(ABP)
BODSegmen 3of Ciliwung
Riverkg/day
kg/dayIndustry
20%
60
Domestic
50%
150
Agriculture
10%
30
300
Livestock
10%30
Aquafarmin
g
10%
30
100%
300

a decrease in pollution load of 300 kg / day isshared for each type of pollutant source
based on the magnitude of the contribution 6of each type of pollutant source

PURPOSE OF TMDL• The purpose of a TMDL is to establish allowable loadingsof pollutants for a waterbody to meet Water Quality
Standards (WQS).
• TMDLs provide a basis for determining the pollutant
reductions necessary from point and nonpoint sources torestore and maintain the quality of water resources.
• Determination of capacity of water pollution load/TMDL
and water pollution load allocation is part of theimplementation of water pollution control using waterquality approach.
• The water quality approach aims to control pollutants
originating from various sources of pollutants entering
the water source by considering the intrinsic conditionsof water sources and water quality standards established.
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REASONS TO DO REVISION• The need to accelerate the recovery of water quality• The change of pollution sources (type, number, distributionand characteristic) and hydrology & morphology of water
sources• the number of provinces and districts / cities that have
performed TMDL/DTBP calculations is still small• Provinces and districts / municipalities that have calculated
TMDL / DTBP have not been able to apply the calculation
results for waste water discharge permits• It may be caused by a less obvious concept or theunavailability of a simpler method• It is necessary to clarify the concept and to use more
simple and implementative methods
8The concept of TMDL and ABP in the draft
Ministerial Regulation(1) The minister, governor or regent / mayor in accordance withthe authority l determine the priority of the water source to bedetermined the capacity of water pollution load/TMDL and theallocation of water pollution load.
(2) The determination of the priority of the water source to bedetermined by the capacity of the water pollution load /TMDL
and the allocation of water pollution load shall be based on:a. status of water quality and / or trophic status of water;b. pollutant source from the pollution source inventory andidentification result; and / orc. utilization of raw water for drinking water.

9Konsep DTBP dan ABP dalam Draf Permen••••

Penetapan daya tampung beban pencemaran air sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 4 diperoleh darihasil perhitungan daya tampung beban pencemaran air yang memuat:– besaran beban pencemar aktual yang masuk ke sumber air;– besarnya kontribusi beban pencemar air dari masing‐masing sumber pencemar air terhadap sumber
air; dan– besaran beban pencemar yang mampu diterima oleh sumber air tanpa mengakibatkan sumber air
tersebut menjadi cemar.
Besaran yang ditetapkan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merupakan besaran keseluruhan pada
sumber air.
• Hasil perhitungan daya tampung beban pencemaran air sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)digunakan sebagai dasar penentuan alokasi beban pencemaran air.
• Alokasi beban pencemaran air sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) merupakan penjabaran
lebih detail dari daya tampung beban pencemaran air.
• Penjabaran lebih detail sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (4) meliputi:
besaran beban pencemar yang masih diperbolehkan untuk dibuang pada wilayah administrasi dan/atau
DAS dari masing‐masing sumber pencemar, dalam hal daya tampung beban pencemaran masih tersedia;
dan/ataubesaran beban pencemar yang harus diturunkan di wilayah administrasi dan/atau DAS dari masing‐masing
sumber pencemar, dalam hal daya tampung beban pencemaran telah terlampaui.

10The amount of actual pollutant load coming into the water source
The magnitude of the contribution of polluted water load from eachsource of water pollution to the water source
the amount of pollutant load that can be received by the water source without causing the water
source to become polluted (TMDL)
the amount of pollutant load that is still allowed to be disposed in the administrative and / orcatchment areas of each pollutant source, in the event that the pollution load capacity/TMDL isstill available; and / orthe amount of pollutant load to be lowered in the administration and / or watershed areaof each pollutant source, in the event that the pollu on load capacity/TMDL has beenexceeded.
Priority programs or activities in order to reduce polluted loads to achieve water quality targets that havebeen set in the future.

The amount of effluent discharge used as a condition of effluent
discharge permit.
11Water Quality Monitoring(Manual and Online)
Hydrological Conditionsand Watershed
Morphology

Inventory of Pollution
Sources

Physical, Economic,
Social and CulturalCondition

Location, Magnitude and Typeof Contaminant Source
Contribution

Water
Quality Data

Scientificresearch

Designated uses ofwater/ Water Quality
Class

Water Quality Criteria

Water Quality
Standard
Load Capacity/ Allowable Pollution Load
TMDL (DTBP)TMDL / DTBP still
fulfilled
Pollution Load Allocation (ABP) is a majorarrangement of pollution loads that are allowed tobe disposed of:By watershed/DAS area and Administration (Spatial)
According to pollutant sources (Sectoral)
At certain times (Temporal)

TMDL / DTBP has
been exceeded
Pollution Load Allocation (ABP) is the amount ofpollutant load to be lowered:
By watershed/DAS area and Administration (Spatial)
According to pollutant sources (Sectoral)
At certain times (Temporal)
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WATER QUALITY‐BASED EFFLUENT STANDARD• Article 11• (1) In the case of effluent discharge amount (concentration or load)
based on the calculation of the capacity of the water pollution
load/TMDL and the water pollution load allocation is more strict
than the effluent standard of the national and regional, then theeffluent discharge amount (concentration or load) based on thecalculation of the water pollution load capacity /TMDL and theallocation of water pollution loads shall be determined as theamount of effluent discharge used as a condition of effluent
discharge permit.
• (2) In the case of effluent discharge amount (concentration orload)based on the calculation of water pollution load
capacity/TMDL and the allocation of water pollution load is moreloose than the national and regional effluent standard, hence thenational effluent standard or regional effluent standard is used as acondition of effluent discharge permit.
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WATER QUALITY‐BASED EFFLUENT DISCHARGE PERMIT
Inventory of Pollution Source s and DominantParameter an

Non-Point Source

Identification of Hydrology and Morfologyof Water Source

Point Source

Development of TMDL andPollution Load Allocation

Water Quality Standard and Tropic status

Allowable Load from Industry

Effluent DischargeStandard from TMDL
calculated is used for
Permit/License

LooserStricter

Better application of waste
minimization and / or wastewater
treatment technology

National/Provinc
ial Effluent
Standard

Technology‐basedeffluent discharge
permitThis standard can beused for Effluent
Discharge Permit

Decrease inproduction capacity
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Method of Calculating TMDL/DTBP (US‐EPA,1997)• US‐EPA (1997) stated The sum of the individual WLAs forpoint sources and LAs for nonpoint sources (including
natural background sources and tributaries) plus themargin of safety (MOS) is equivalent to the TMDL (i.e.,
TMDL= LC = WLA+LA+MOS).
• TMDL studies utilizing field monitoring data and predictivemodels provide quantitative information to assist managers
in making effective decisions to protect water quality.
• Models and water quality equations are used to establish
cause and effect relationships correlating incremental
changes in stream water quality to changes in pollutantloading. From this correlation, optimum and desirable, but
not required cost‐effective treatment levels can be
specified to achieve water quality standards and criteria.

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Metode Perhitungan DTBP Air Total Maximum Daily Loads (DTBPs) yaitu
jumlah maksimum beban pencemar yangdiperbolehkan dibuang ke sumber air tanpa
menyebabkan sumber air tersebut tercemar
 TMDL = Waste Load Allocation + Load
Allocation + Background water quality +Margin of safety (MoE)
DTBP = Sumber Tertentu+ Sumber Tak tentu+Kualitas air + Faktor Pengaman

1617

MASS BALACE METHODFor Conservative Parameters
Cr.Qr = Cs.Qs + Cd.Qd

Parameter Zn(Qr)= Qs + Qd

Qr(Qs)= 0,01 m3/sec(Cs)= 0.80 mg/l

Cd?

CrQd

Discharge rate of waste (Qd)
= 0,001 m3/sec
Concentration of Zn inthe effluent discharge
permit (Cd)?

BMAL (Cr)Zn= 1 mg/l)

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Heavy Metal: Zinc
Data known:
Flow rate in the up stream (Qs)= 0,01 m3/sec
Concentrasion of Zn di the upstream (Cs)= 0.80 mg/l
Water Quality Standard (Cr)Zn= 1 mg/l
Discharges rate (Qd)= 0,001 m3/sec
Flow rate in the downstream (Qr) = Qs+Qd
Calculation:
How much Zn concentration in waste water (Cd) might be discharges?
Cr.Qr = Cs.Qs + Cd.Qd
Cd=(Cr.Qr – Cs.Qs)/Qd= [Cr.(Qs+Qd)‐(Cs.Qs)]/Qd
Cd = [(1.0)(0,01+0,001)−(0.8)(0,01)]/0.001= 3 mg/l
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DETERMINING CONCENTRATION AND DISHARGE RATE IN
COAL MINING EFFLUENT DISCHARGE PERMITUSING THE MASS BALANCE METHOD

Cr.Qr = Cs.Qs + Cd.Qd
Parameters: Mn dan Fe(Qs)= Flow rate in the up stream(Cs)= concentrasion of Mn&Fe
di the upstream

Ponds 1
Ponds 2
Ponds 5
Ponds 6

(Flow rate in the downstream ofriver (Qr)= Flow rate in theupstream of river (Qs) +Discharge rate in thePonds(1,2,3,4,5,6) Qd

Receiving riverQrCrWater Quality Standard (Cr)
Mn&Fe
Ponds 3
Concentration of Mn&Fe in thePonds 4 effluent discharge permit(Cd)?

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Receiving Water Model (US‐EPA)• Dynamic One‐Dimensional Model of
Hydrodynamics and Water Quality (EPDRiv1)• Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2K), CE‐QUAL‐
W2 dan CE‐QUAL‐ICM• CONservational Channel Evolution and Pollutant
Transport System (CONCEPTS)• Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC)• Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP)

21

Watershed Models (US‐EPA)• Watershed Assessment Model (WAMView)• Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)• Hidrologycal Simulation Program Fotran (HSPF)• Loading Simulation Program in C++ (LSPC)• BASINS (HSPF, PLOAD, AQUATOX)• Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)• Loading Simulation Program in C++ (LSPC)• SWAT• Watershed Analysis Risk Managemnt Framework(WARMF)22

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