2017 年度日本政府（文部科学省）奨学金留学生選考試験

QUALIFYING EXAMINATION FOR APPLICANTS FOR JAPANESEGOVERNMENT(MONBUKAGAKUSHO)SCHOLARSHIPS 2017

学科試験

問題

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS（学部留学生）UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

生

物BIOLOGY注意☆試験時間は６０分。

PLEASE NOTE: THE TEST PERIOD IS 60 MINUTES.

I. Read the following passage and answer the subsequent questions using the answer
sheet.
Higher plants have two systems of hybridization, [ 1 ] and [ 2 ]. [ 1 ] plants are
self-compatible and generally accept their own pollen. Among agricultural crops, rice,[ 3 ] and tomatoes are representative examples. Many [ 2 ] plants are 1 self-incompatible,
and basically accept the pollen of other plants. Among agricultural crops, [ 4 ], cabbage
and many fruit trees are in this category. [ 2 ] plants have 2 diversified mechanisms inorder to avoid accepting their own pollen so that they only accept the pollen of otherplants.
It is a very important method for plant breeding to select good [ 5 ] among offspring
after artificial hybridizations. At present, many crop varieties are 3 F1 hybrid varieties,
which have been specifically developed. The first generation of a hybrid plant derived
from artificial hybridization between excellent parents is used as a F1 hybrid variety,utilizing [ 6 ]. Therefore, artificial hybridization is a very useful means for breeding
good varieties. Under natural conditions, [ 1 ] crops accept their own pollen, and special
methods like [ 7 ] are necessary to make artificial hybridization. Since rice plants havevery small flowers, artificial hybridization is difficult, and one rice flower produces only
two seeds from one artificial hybridization, making production costly. Thus, F1 hybrid
varieties of rice had not been developed for many years. However, the utilization of [ 8 ]characters, in which pollen viability is lost, enabled the development of F1 hybrid rice
varieties and they are now used all over the world. Rice has wind-pollinated flowers andthe utilization of [ 8 ] lines makes artificial pollination unnecessary. In order to use [ 8 ]lines for breeding, it is desirable that [ 8 ] character is controlled by [ 9 ] genes. In caseof [ 10 ] genes, it is difficult for a [ 8 ] character to stably evolve, because this character
could be separated in the progenies. In rice F1 hybrid variety breeding, [ 8 ] lines
controlled by [ 9 ] genes are used.
1．Fill in the blanks ( [ 1 ]−[ 10 ] ) in the above passage from the list given below andrecord the appropriate letters (A−Y) in the designated spaces (I−1 (1)~(10)) on theanswer sheet.
ADGJ

antherdiversity
extranuclear
Golgi bodyBEHK

common mushroom
double hybridization
female sterile
heterosis
1CFIL

defoliation
emasculation
genotypeinbreedingMPSVYinbreeding depression
maize
outcrossing
thinning
xenia

NQTW

lethalmitosispruning
wheatORUX

male sterile
nuclearstyle
vacuole2． Which of the following sentences is correct as an explanation of self-incompatibility,
as shown in the underlined part 1 above? Record the letter (A−E) indicating thecorrect sentence in the designated space (I−2) on the answer sheet.
A Self-incompatibility is observed only in plants with androgynous flowers.
B Self-compatible plants cannot be propagated by seeds and only vegetative
propagation is possible.
C Self-incompatibility contributes to maintaining diversity in a species.
D Pollens of self-incompatible plants are sterile.
E Pistils of self-incompatible plants display sterile characteristics.
3．As shown in the underlined part 2 above, in addition to self-incompatibility [ 2 ]plants have various mechanisms to avoid their accepting own pollen. Whichstatement is incorrect as a mechanism for [ 2 ] plants to avoid accepting their own
pollen? Record the letter (A−E) for the incorrect sentence in the designated space(I−3) on the answer sheet.
ABCDE

One plant bears both male and female flowers.
There are both male and female plants in a species.
Stamens are longer than the pistil.
Pollens mature later than the pistil.
A pistil matures later than pollen.

4．Which of the following sentences is incorrect as an explanation of differences
between F1 hybrid varieties, described in the underlined part 3 above, andconventional (non-F1 hybrid) varieties? Record the letter (A−E) for the incorrectsentence in the designated space (I−4) on the answer sheet.
A

Harvested seeds can generally be used for the next generation inconventional varieties.
2

B Conventional varieties always show segregation in the next generation whenharvested seeds are used.
C Farmers should purchase seeds of F1 hybrid varieties every year.
D F1 hybrid varieties are generally more expensive than conventional varieties.
E In many cases, F1 hybrid varieties show higher productivity thanconventional varieties.

II. Read the following passage and answer the subsequent questions using the answer
sheet.
Photosynthesis is an important means for plants to obtain energy and we categorize
plants into three types according to their method of [ 1 ] fixation. [ 2 ] plants are themost numerous higher plants on this planet. [2] plants fix absorbed [1] through thesynthesis of five-carbon sugar [3] and two molecules of [4] containing three carbon
atoms. Then, fixed [ 1 ] is incorporated into a metabolic pathway called the [ 5 ] cycleand during the process of circulating this cycle, carbohydrates are synthesized using
light energy fixed by 1 [ 6 ]. 2 [ 7 ] plants fix [ 1 ] at [ 8 ] cells by [ 9 ] and synthesized[ 10 ] containing four carbon atoms. Synthesized [ 10 ] are then transported to [ 11 ]cells, and [ 1 ] is generated through decarboxylation, which is fixed again by [ 3 ] andcarbohydrates are synthesized by the [ 5 ] cycle. This is the second type.
The third type is called 3 [ 12 ] plants. [ 12 ] plants fix [ 1 ] by [ 9 ] similarly to [ 7 ]plants, but [ 12 ] plants fix [ 1 ] at night, and synthesized [ 10 ] are stored in cells.
During the daytime of the following day, [ 1 ] released by decarboxylation is fixed by[ 3 ] and carbohydrates are synthesized by the [ 5 ] cycle. The reason why [ 12 ] plants
fix [ 1 ] at night is because by absorbing [ 1 ] through open [ 13 ] during a lowtemperature period at night it is possible to reduce [ 14 ] loss.
1．Fill in the blanks ( [ 1 ]−[ 14 ] ) in the above passage from the list given below andrecord the appropriate letters (A−Z) in the designated spaces (II−1 (1)～(14)) on theanswer sheet.
A
DGJ

3-PGA
bundle sheathcellulose
C3B
E
HK

alcoholCalvinC4
dark reaction
3CFI
L

ATP
CAM
CO2epidermis

M
PSVY

heatlight reaction
organic acids
RuBP
TCA

N
Q
TW
Z

H2
mesophyll
O2stomatawaterO
RUX

hydrophyte
mesophyte
PEP
stroma2．Which of the following sentences is incorrect as an explanation of [ 6 ], as shown in
the underlined part 1 above? Record the letter (A−E) of the incorrect sentence in thedesignated space (II−2) on the answer sheet.
AB
CD

Water is decomposed by light.
[ 6 ] of photosynthesis does not occur at night.
Light energy is converted into chemical energy.
NADPH, oxidative power, synthesized in [ 6 ] of photosynthesis, is provided
to the [ 5 ] cycle.
E Chemical energy is produced by light phosphorylation.
3．Which statement is incorrect as an explanation of [7 ] plants, as shown in theunderlined part 2 above? Record the letter (A−E) for the incorrect sentence in thedesignated space (II−3) on the answer sheet.
ABCDEGenerally photorespiration is not observed.
Many [ 7 ] plants originated in the tropics.
[ 1 ] compensation point is low.
Light saturation point is low.
Light use efficiency is high.

4．Which areas are appropriate for the distribution areas of [ 12 ] plants, as shown in theunderlined part 3 above? Record the letters (A−F) for 2 appropriate areas in thedesignated space (II−3) on the answer sheet.
A lowland forest
D tropical rain forestBEmarine coasttropical savanna

C mountain forest
F wetlandIII. Read the following passage and answer the subsequent questions 1–3.
4A fundamental unit of the nervous system is a neuron, which has uniquemorphology and function. A neuron consists of a soma (cell body), [ 1 ], and[ 2 ]. The [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] extrude from the soma and work as input and output
regions, respectively. A major functional characteristic of neurons is to show [ 3 ],generating 1action potential. An action current originating from the soma propagatesalong the [ 2 ] to reach a [ 4 ] at the terminal site. In a [ 4 ] a [ 5 ] isreleased and then the adjacent neuron shows [ 3 ].
1. Fill in the blanks ([1 ]-[5 ]) in the above passage from the list given below

and record the appropriate letters (A-O) in the designated spaces (III–1 (1)~(5)) onthe answer sheet.
ADGJM

actin
contraction
flagellum
microtubule
node of Ranvier

BEHKN

axon
dendriteneurilemma
mitochondrion
pulsation

CFI
LO

calcium ion
excitationneurotransmitter
myelinsynapse

2. To clarify the characteristics of action potential, shown in the underlined part 1 ofthe above passage, changes in membrane potential by a single electrical stimulus
were observed in a squid giant neuron. As shown in the upper panel of the figure
below, changes in the difference of electrical potential across the membrane wererecorded close to the site where the stimulus was given using recording device a,and apart from the site by using recording device b. Then, the changes weregraphically shown (the lower panel of the figure below); the abscissa shows theintensity of the electrical stimulus and the ordinate shows the maximum difference ofelectrical potential across the membrane produced by the stimulus. The results weredifferent between recording devices a and b. Among the graphs A-E, choose themost appropriate representations that would be obtained by using recording devices aand b, and record the letters in the designated spaces (III-2) on the answer sheet.

53. A frog sciatic nerve is a bundle of many neurons. In a frog sciatic nerve, changes inelectrical potential as a result of a single electrical stimulus were observed. As shownin the figure below, the changes in electrical potential were recorded outside thenerve, apart from the site where the stimulus was given, using a recording device.
From the graphs A-E in the figure above, choose the most appropriate one torepresent the recording obtained by the recording device, and record the letter in thedesignated space (III-3) on the answer sheet.

6IV. Read the following passage and answer the subsequent questions 1–3.
In animal development, a fertilized egg repeats cell divisions to obtain specificmorphology and function. This process is called differentiation.
In 1962, [ 1 ] 1exposed an unfertilized egg to ultraviolet light and implanted anucleus extirpated from an embryo or larva (tadpole) into the egg in the African clawedfrog, Xenopus laevis. When a nucleus extirpated from an early embryo was implanted,
the egg developed to a larva in most cases. When a nucleus extirpated from an intestinal
epithelium cell of a developed (swimming) larva was implanted, however, the egg
stopped development in an early stage in most cases. Nevertheless, a small proportionof eggs with nucleus from developed larvae also developed to normal larvae.
An individual developed from an egg employing nucleus transplantation isgenetically identical with the individual from which the nucleus was extirpated. Such agenetically identical organism group is called a [ 2 ]. A human uniovular twin and a
population proliferated by [ 3 ] in an aphid, which occurs naturally, are also called a[ 2 ] in terms of genetic identity.
1. Fill in the blanks ([ 1 ]−[ 3 ]) in the above passage from the list given below
and record the appropriate letters (A−L) in the designated spaces (IV−1 (1)~(3)) onthe answer sheet.
ADGJ

asexual reproduction
homology
meiosispure line

BEHKclone
James Watson
oviposition
Shinya Yamanaka

CFIL

Hans SpemannJohn Gurdon
parthenogenesis
sibling

2. Which is the major purpose of the exposure to ultraviolet light shown by theunderlined part 1 above? Record the letter (A−E) for the appropriate phrase in thedesignated space (IV−2) on the answer sheet.
AB
CDE

To sterilize the egg surface to avoid infection by microorganisms during theexperimental period.
To activate embryonic development by the UV stimulus.
To supply energy required for development to the egg.
To make a pore in the cell membrane for nucleus transplantation.
To eliminate the genetic information in the unfertilized egg by destroying
7

DNA in the nucleus.
3. What can be clarified by this experiment? Among the sentences A-E, choose thetwo that are appropriate, and record their letters in the designated spaces (IV–3(1)~(2)) on the answer sheet.
ABCDE

Cells differentiate by splitting genetic information of a fertilized egg withcell divisions.
Cells differentiate by discarding unnecessary genetic information of afertilized egg.
Both a fertilized egg and a differentiated cell possess the same genetic
information.
The ability of a cell to differentiate into every cell is lost during
development.
Genetic information necessary for development localizes mainly in thecytoplasm.

V. Choose the most suitable biological item from A–E that matches the following
phrases 1–6, and record the corresponding letters in the designated spaces (V–1~6) of
the answer sheet.
1 Plants whose ovules are exposed without being covered by carpelsA barley
B carnation
Ccypress
D eucalyptus E oak
2 A taxon that lives symbiotically with fungi in lichen
A algae
B bacteria
C bryophytes
E flagellates

D

3 The diploid multicellular phase in the life cycle of a plant or algae
A gametophyte
D sporophyte

B halophyte
E thallus

Cspore4 Gas that is not known as a greenhouse effect gas
A argonB chlorofluorocarbon
D methane
E N2O
8C CO2fern

5 Mechanism or behavior that is not related to the figure-eight dance of honey bees
A circadian clock
B foraging behavior C mating behavior
D polarized light perception E sun compass
6 Hormone that lowers blood sugar
A adrenalin (epinephrine)
D growth hormone

B glucagon
E insulin

9C glucocorticoid