ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺ሗ࿌᭩凚ูῧ凛䢢

傜䢢 ㈨䢢 䢢 䢢 ᩱ䢢 傝䢢䣃䢰 ඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ
䣃䢯䢳䢰䢢 ➨凣ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸳᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢴䢢䣃䢯䢴䢰䢢 ➨凤ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸴᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢴䢶䢢䣃䢯䢵䢰䢢 ➨凥ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸷᭶㸯᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢵䢳䢢䣃䢯䢶䢰䢢 ➨処ᅇ㸦ᖺ᭶㸴᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢶䢸䢢䣃䢯䢷䢰䢢 ➨凧ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸯᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢷䢹䢢䣃䢯䢸䢰䢢 ➨凨ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸲᭶㸱᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢹䢴䢢䣃䢯䢹几ཧ⪃㈨ᩱ䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢹䢴䢢䣄䢰 ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ
䣄䢯䢳䢰䢢 ➨୍ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ
䣄䢯䢳䢯䢳䢰䢢 ➨凣ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸵᭶㸲᪥㸧到➨凪ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸯᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢹䢵䢢䣄䢯䢳䢯䢴䢰䢢 ཧ⪃㈨ᩱ䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢹䢸䢢䣄䢯䢴䢰䢢 ➨஧ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ
䣄䢯䢴䢯䢳䢰䢢 ➨凣ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸵᭶㸷᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢻䢲䢢䣄䢯䢴䢯䢴䢰䢢 ➨凤ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸶᭶㸲᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢻䢷䢢䣄䢯䢴䢯䢵䢰䢢 ➨凥ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸶᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢻䢷䢢䣄䢯䢴䢯䢶䢰䢢 ➨処ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸷᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢻䢹䢢䣄䢯䢴䢯䢷䢰䢢 ➨凧ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸯᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢻䢺䢢䣄䢯䢴䢯䢸䢰䢢 ཧ⪃㈨ᩱ䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢻䢺䢢䣄䢯䢵䢰䢢 ➨୕ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ
䣄䢯䢵䢯䢳䢰䢢 ➨凣ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸵᭶㸱᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢲䢷䢢䣄䢯䢵䢯䢴䢰䢢 ➨凤ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸵᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢲䢹䢢䣄䢯䢵䢯䢵䢰䢢 ➨凥ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸶᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢴䢷䣄䢯䢵䢯䢶䢰䢢 ➨処ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸷᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢴䢸䢢䣄䢯䢶䢯䢷䢰䢢 ➨凧ᅇ㸦ᖺ᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢴䢸䣄䢯䢵䢯䢸䢰䢢 ➨凨ᅇ㸦ᖺ᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢴䢻䢢䣄䢯䢵䢯䢹䢰䢢 ཧ⪃㈨ᩱ䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢵䢷䢢䣄䢯䢶䢰䢢 ➨ᅄศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ
䣄䢯䢶䢯䢳䢰䢢 ➨凣ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸵᭶㸶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢵䢸䣄䢯䢶䢯䢴䢰䢢 ➨凤ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸵᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢵䢺䢢䣄䢯䢶䢯䢵䢰䢢 ➨凥ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸵᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢶䢳䣄䢯䢶䢯䢶䢰䢢 ➨処ᅇ㸦ᖺ᭶㸲᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢶䢵䣄䢯䢶䢯䢷䢰䢢 ➨凧ᅇ㸦ᖺ㸯᭶᪥㸧䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢶䢶䢢䣄䢯䢶䢯䢸䢰䢢 ཧ⪃㈨ᩱ䢢䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢰䢢䢳䢷䢵䠄ഛ⪃䠅㻌䞉 䛣䛾ูῧ㈨ᩱ䛻䛿䚸䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䛻䛚䛡䜛᳨ウ䛾䛯䜑䛻䚸㐠Ⴀつ⣙䛻ᇶ䛵䛟㠀බ㛤䜢๓ᥦ䛻సᡂ䛥䜜䛯㈨ᩱ䛾䛖䛱䚸ሗ࿌᭩䛸ే䛫䛶බ⾲ྍ⬟䛺䜒䛾䜢཰㘓䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䞉 㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍㈨ᩱ䛿඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ᱌䛷䛒䜚䚸඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ䛸䛧䛶཰㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸඲య఍㆟䛷䛿ศ⛉఍䛛䜙䛾ሗ࿌䜒⾜䜟䜜䛯䛯䜑䚸඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ䛸ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ䛻䚸ෆᐜ䛾㔜」䛜䛒䜛ሙྜ䛜䛒䜛䚹䞉సᡂ䛥䜜䛯㈨ᩱ䛾䜋䛸䜣䛹䛜཰㘓䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䛾㆟ㄽ㐣⛬䜢䛤ぴ䛔䛯䛰䛡䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䛯䛰䛧䚸ᇶᮏⓗ䛻䚸ྛ㈨ᩱ䛿䚸ྛᵓᡂဨ䛜఍㆟㛤ദ᫬䛻సᡂ䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛻䛤␃ព㢪䛔䛯䛔䚹䞉䠎㡫௨㝆䛿䠍㡫䛻䠐ᯛ䛪䛴㈨ᩱ䛜཰㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㈨ᩱ䛾㡰ᗎ䛿䚸䐟ᕥୖ䚸䐠ྑୖ䚸䐡ᕥୗ䚸䐢ྑୗ䛷䛒䜛䚹

―1―㻭㻙㻝㻚඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ䠄➨㻝ᅇ䠅ഏɭˊᑋᆰೞ༓૰ǤȋǷǢȆǣȖ ᚨᇌឯଓ ᑋᆰƴƓƍƯƸŴ‫׎‬ᨥᑋᆰЎ᣼ƔǒƷʚᣠ҄໗እ੎Ј᣽Ǜ  ࠰ˌᨀ‫ف‬ьƞƤƳƍଓᲢ%0)ᲣƕŴ‫׎‬ᨥൟ᧓ᑋᆰೞ᧙Ტ+%#1Უዮ˟ƴƓƍƯൿᜭƞǕǔሁŴǫȸȜȳȋȥȸȈȩȫƳ঺ᧈƕ‫׎‬ᨥπኖƱƳƬƯƍǔ ŵʻࢸƷɭမႎƳ঺ᧈƕᙸᡂǇǕǔᑋᆰЎ᣼ƴƓƍƯƸŴ πኖᢋ঺ƴƸ ʚᣠ҄໗እƷ੎ЈЪถƕտዬƷᛢ᫆ưƋǔŵƱǓǘƚŴഏɭˊᑋᆰೞ༓ ૰Ʒ୍ӏƸŴɭမႎƳʚᣠ҄໗እ੎ЈƷЪถႸ೅Ǜᢋ঺Ƣǔ᣻ᙲƳ૾ሊƱ ƠƯŴӲ‫׎‬ưᆢಊႎƴӕǓኵǇǕƯƍǔŵ ƜƷǑƏƳɶŴ঻ƕ‫׎‬ƴƓƚǔഏɭˊᑋᆰೞ༓ ૰Ʒ̓ዅ˳СƷᄩᇌƴƸŴҾ૰ᛦᢋŴᙌᡯ২ᘐŴ්ᡫȫȸȈሁƷ ǵȗȩǤȁǧȸȳμ˳ ӏƼඥႎ௒ኵǈƷዮӳႎᙻໜƔǒƷ౨᚛ƴؕƮƘŴȭȸȉȞȃȗƕ࣏ᙲɧӧഎưƋǔŵ ˌɥƷբ᫆ॖᜤƔǒŴഏɭˊᑋᆰ ೞ༓૰ƴ᧙ƠŴ̓ዅ˳СƷᄩᇌƱƦƷ୍ӏǛਖ਼ᡶƢǂƘŴžഏɭˊᑋᆰೞ༓૰ǤȋǷǢȆǣȖſǛᚨᇌƢǔŵḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺䢢 ඲య఍㆟䢢䢢㻔᪥᫬㻕㻌ᖹᡂ䠎䠒ᖺ䠑᭶䠏䠌᪥䠄㔠䠅䠍䠏᫬䠏䠌ศ䡚䠍䠒᫬㻌㻔ሙᡤ㻕㻌ᮾி኱Ꮫ㻌 ᒣୖ఍㤋䠎㝵኱఍㆟ᐊ㻌

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㆟஦ḟ➨䢢
凣几㛤఍䢢
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凤几ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺僔㊃᪨傎㐍僧᪉䢢ᮾி኱Ꮫ㻌 ⯟✵䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁⥲ᣓᐤ௜ㅮᗙ௦⾲㻌㻌㻌 ኱Ꮫ㝔ᕤᏛ⣔◊✲⛉ᩍᤵ㻌

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㻌

㻌

㕥ᮌ㻌 ┿஧㻌凥几儴儈儎儜儋儧儬⇞ᩱ僔ືྥ䢢 傖ຍ㏿傿僱ୡ⏺僔ື傳僎᪥ᮏ僔傹僲傱僯傗䢢᪥ᮏ㈌≀⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫⥲ົ㒊㛗㻌 㻌

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ᑎ㷂㻌 ┤㏻㻌

᪥ᮏ⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫⥲ົ㒊䝬䝛䞊䝆䝱䞊䠄⎔ቃᢸᙜ䠅㻌㻌㻌୰ᓥ㻌 㝣༤㻌඲᪥ᮏ✵㍺ᰴᘧ఍♫⥲ົ䞉㻯㻿㻾 㒊䜰䝗䝞䜲䝄䞊㻌ຍ⸨㻌 㞞ே㻌処几䣕䣷䣵䣶䣣䣫䣰䣣䣤䣮䣧䢢䣃䣸䣫䣣䣶䣫䣱䣰䢢䣈䣷䣧䣮䣵䢢–䢢䣉䣮䣱䣤䣣䣮䢢䣅䣪䣣䣮䣮䣧䣰䣩䣧䣵䢮䢢䣔䣧䣩䣫䣱䣰䣣䣮䢢䣑䣲䣲䣱䣴䣶䣷䣰䣫䣶䣫䣧䣵䢢
Michael Lakeman
Director, Biofuel Technology Strategy, Boeing Commercial Airplanes凧几ពぢ஺᥮䢢
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凨几㛢఍
䢢
凚㈨ᩱ凛䢢
何ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺䢢 タ❧㊃᪨䢢何ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺䢢 㐠Ⴀつ⣙䢢何ᮾி኱Ꮫ儻児儠兗㈨ᩱ傘ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺䢢 ㊃᪨傎㐍僧᪉備䢢何⯟✵఍♫儻児儠兗㈨ᩱ䢢傘儴儈儎儜儋儧儬⇞ᩱ僔ືྥ䢢 傖ຍ㏿傿僱ୡ⏺僔ື傳僎᪥ᮏ僔傹僲傱僯傗備䢢何兀兠儈兗儔儻児儠兗㈨ᩱ䢢傘䣕䣷䣵䣶䣣䣫䣰䣣䣤䣮䣧䢢䣃䣸䣫䣣䣶䣫䣱䣰䢢䣈䣷䣧䣮䣵䢢–䢢䣉䣮䣱䣤䣣䣮䢢䣅䣪䣣䣮䣮䣧䣰䣩䣧䣵䢮䢢䣔䣧䣩䣫䣱䣰䣣䣮䢢䣑䣲䣲䣱䣴䣶䣷䣰䣫䣶䣫䣧䣵備䢢何ศ⛉఍僔タ⨨傺ཧ⏬ศ⛉఍僑僊傪僌僔傰ఛ傪䢢何➨凤ᅇ඲య఍㆟㛤ദ僔傺᱌ෆ䢢 ࠯঺ᲬᲰ࠰Ხஉ
ிʮ‫ܖٻ‬ǶȷȜȸǤȳǰȷǫȳȑȋȸଐஜᑋᆰఇࡸ˟ᅈ
ଐஜᝣཋᑋᆰఇࡸ˟ᅈ
μଐஜᆰ᠞ఇࡸ˟ᅈ
঺ဋ‫׎‬ᨥᆰลఇࡸ˟ᅈ
ჽ඗᝻เ᧏ႆఇࡸ˟ᅈ







ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ 㐠Ⴀつ⣙㸦άື㈝㸧

➨㸷᮲ ጤဨࡣࠊ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡢ఍㆟㸦ጤဨཬࡧ࢜ࣈࢨ࣮ࣂ࣮඲యࢆཧຍᑐ㇟࡜ࡍᖹᡂ  ᖺ㸳᭶㸯᪥ไᐃࡿࡶࡢ࡟㝈ࡿࠋ㸧ཬࡧࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘ࡢ㛤ദ࡟㛵ࡍࡿάື㈝ࢆศᢸࡋ࡚㈇ᢸࡍࡿࠋ㸰 ᖹᡂᖺ㸳᭶㸯᪥࠿ࡽᖹᡂᖺ㸲᭶᪥ࡲ࡛ࡢᮇ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿ๓㡯ࡢάື㈝ࡢศᢸ

㸦㊃᪨㸧ࡣࠊྛጤဨᙜࡓࡾ୓෇࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

➨㸯᮲ ࡇࡢつ⣙ࡣࠊḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ㸦௨ୗࠊࠕ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࠖ㸱 ጤဨࡣࠊ୍⯡㈈ᅋἲே⥲ྜ◊✲ዡບ఍㸦௨ୗࠊࠕዡບ఍ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㸧࡟タ⨨ࡉࢀ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࡢ㐠Ⴀ࡟ᚲせ࡞஦㡯ࢆᐃࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

ࡿḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ◊✲఍㸦௨ୗࠊࠕ◊✲఍ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࡢጤဨ࡟ᑵ௵ࡋࠊ◊✲఍ࡢάື㈝ศᢸ㔠࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ๓㡯࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡿ୓෇ࢆዡບ఍࡟ᨭᡶ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ྠពࡍࡿࠋ


㸦┠ⓗ㸧

㸲 ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡢάື㈝ࡣࠊዡບ఍ࡀ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸰᮲ ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡣࠊᡃࡀᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱࡢࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢳ࢙࣮ࣥࡢ

☜❧࡟ྥࡅࡓ࣮ࣟࢻ࣐ࢵࣉࡢ⟇ᐃࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
㸦ࡑࡢ௚㸧

㸦ጤဨ㸧➨᮲ ࡇࡢつ⣙࡟ᐃࡵࡿࡶࡢࡢ࡯࠿ࠊ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡟ᚲせ࡞஦㡯ࡣู㏵ᐃࡵࡿࠋ

➨㸱᮲ ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡣࠊู⣬㸯ࡢጤဨཬࡧ࢜ࣈࢨ࣮ࣂ࣮㸦ᅜࡢ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ࠊᆅ᪉බ㝃 ๎ ࡇࡢつ⣙ࡣᖹᡂ  ᖺ㸳᭶㸯᪥ࢆࡶࡗ࡚᪋⾜ࡍࡿࠋඹᅋయཬࡧ୍㒊஦ົ⤌ྜ➼࡟㝈ࡿࠋ㸧ࢆࡶࡗ࡚⤌⧊ࡍࡿࠋ
㸦㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍㸧➨㸲᮲ ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡟㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍ࢆ⨨ࡃࠋ㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍ࡣู⣬㸰ࡢ㐠Ⴀጤဨࢆࡶࡗ
࡚⤌⧊ࡍࡿࠋ㸰 㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍ࡣࠊ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡢ㐠Ⴀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ஦㡯㸦ศ⛉఍ࡢタ⨨➼㸧ࡢᑂ㆟Ỵᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ
㸦஦ົᒁ㸧
➨㸳᮲ ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡟஦ົᒁࢆ⨨ࡁࠊ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡢ㐠Ⴀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ஦ົࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ㸰 ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡢ஦ົᒁࡣࠊ
ᮾி኱Ꮫ⯟✵࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⥲ᣓᐤ௜ㅮᗙࡀົࡵࡿࠋ㸦఍㆟➼ࡢබ㛤㸧➨㸴᮲ ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡢ఍㆟ࠊ㈨ᩱཬࡧ㆟஦ᴫせࡣࠊཎ๎㠀බ㛤࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
㸦⛎ᐦಖᣢ㸧➨㸵᮲ ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡟࠾࠸࡚▱ࡾᚓࡓ᝟ሗࡣ⛎༏ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࢖ࢽ
ࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡢ஢ゎࢆᚓࡓᚋ࡟බ⾲ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡣࡇࡢ㝈ࡾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㸦タ⨨ᮇ㛫㸧➨㸶᮲ ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡢタ⨨ᮇ㛫ࡣࠊᖹᡂᖺ㸳᭶㸯᪥࠿ࡽᖹᡂᖺ㸲᭶᪥ࡲ࡛
࡜ࡋࠊࡑࢀ௨ᚋࡢ⥅⥆࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡛Ỵᐃࡍࡿࠋ






―2―



䠄ู⣬䠍䠅㻌

୕⳻㔜ᕤᴗᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㻨㻨㻌 ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤㻌1㻛୕⳻᪥❧䝟䝽䞊䝅䝇䝔䝮䝈ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌ጤဨ㻌 㻪㻪㻌

ᰴᘧ఍♫䝴䞊䜾䝺䝘㻌ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤

䠄௨ୖ஬༑㡢㡰䠅㻌ఀ⸨ᛅၟ஦ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㻨㻨㻌 ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤㻌ᅜ❧◊✲㛤Ⓨἲே㻌 Ᏹᐂ⯟✵◊✲㛤Ⓨᶵᵓ㻌䜸䝤䝄䞊䝞䞊㻌 㻪㻪㻌䜸䝸䝑䜽䝇㈨※ᚠ⎔ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㎰ᯘỈ⏘┬㻌

ᕝᓮ㔜ᕤᰴᘧ఍♫㻌⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬㻌

㻳㼞㼑㼑㼚㻌㻱㼍㼞㼠㼔㻌㻵㼚㼟㼠㼕㼠㼡㼠㼑ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌

ᅜᅵ஺㏻┬㻌

᭷㝈఍♫䜿䜲䞉䝷䝪䝷䝖䝸䞊㻌⎔ቃ┬㻌 㻌

ᅜ❧◊✲㛤Ⓨἲே㻌 ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤ㻌㜵⾨┬㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 䠄௨ୖᘓไ㡰䠅㻌ᅜ❧◊✲㛤Ⓨἲே㻌᪂䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊䞉⏘ᴗᢏ⾡⥲ྜ㛤Ⓨᶵᵓ㻌ᅜ❧◊✲㛤Ⓨἲே㻌㎰ᴗ䡡㣗ရ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡⥲ྜ◊✲ᶵᵓ㻌㻶㻲㻱䜶䞁䝆䝙䜰䝸䞁䜾ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌䝅䜵䝹䝆䝱䝟䞁ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌ఫ཭ၟ஦ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌▼Ἔ㈨※㛤Ⓨᰴᘧ఍♫㻌୍⯡♫ᅋἲே㻌 㻵㻭㼀㻭㻌㻶㻭㻼㻭㻺㻌඲᪥ᮏ✵㍺ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌䠄ᅜ㝿⯟✵㐠㏦༠఍䠅㻌཮᪥ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㻌༓௦⏣໬ᕤᘓタᰴᘧ఍♫㻌䛆௨ୖ䠐䠒⤌⧊䠄ᖹᡂ㻞㻣ᖺ䠐᭶㻟㻜᪥⌧ᅾ䠅䛇㻌

ᮾி኱Ꮫ㻌

㻌

ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆䝙䜰䝸䞁䜾ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㻌ᰴᘧ఍♫㇏⏣୰ኸ◊✲ᡤ㻌䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷䇷㻌ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㻌᪥᥹ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㻌᪥᥹䝴䝙䝞䞊䝃䝹ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㻔ู⣬䠎䠅㻌

᪥ᮏ䜰䝆䜰ᢞ㈨ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌୍⯡㈈ᅋἲே㻌 ᪥ᮏ䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊⤒῭◊✲ᡤ㻌᪥ᮏ㈌≀⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㻌㻨㻨㻌ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤㻌㐠Ⴀጤဨ㻌㻪㻪㻌

᪥ᮏ⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌ᮾி኱Ꮫ㻌ᰴᘧ఍♫䝛䜸䞉䝰䝹䜺䞁◊✲ᡤ㻌㔝ᮧ䝸䝃䞊䝏䞉䜰䞁䝗䞉䜰䝗䝞䜲䝄䝸䞊ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌᪥❧㐀⯪ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌䝣䜵䝙䝑䜽䝇䝡䝆䝛䝇ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌䝪䞊䜲䞁䜾♫㻌䝄䞉䝪䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䜹䞁䝟䝙䞊㻌᪥ᮏ⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌᪥ᮏ㈌≀⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌඲᪥ᮏ✵㍺ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌ᮾி኱Ꮫ⯟✵䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁⥲ᣓᐤ௜ㅮᗙ

ఀ⸨ᛅ䜶䝛䜽䝇ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌㊃᪨䞉㐍䜑᪉

ᰴᘧ఍♫䝺䝪䜲䞁䝍䞊䝘䝅䝵䝘䝹㻌ᰴᘧ఍♫㻵㻴㻵㻌

ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌䝬䜲䜽䝻Ἴ໬Ꮫᰴᘧ఍♫㻌▼Ἔ㈨※㛤Ⓨᰴᘧ఍♫㻌୕஭㐀⯪ᰴᘧ఍♫㻌䛆௨ୖ䠓⤌⧊䛇㻌ᰴᘧ఍♫୕஭≀⏘ᡓ␎◊✲ᡤ㻌ᰴᘧ఍♫୕⳻⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤ㻌䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮䛷䛾ᑐእⓎಙ

䐡2015ᖺ䠏䡚䠐᭶ศ⛉఍凚㝶᫬㛤ദ凛働僔᳨ウ඲య఍㆟凚凣到凤傱᭶僑凣ᅇ㛤ദ凛働僔᝟ሗඹ᭷ᚲせ僔ᛂ傾僅᝟ሗⓎಙ䐠2014ᖺ䠓᭶䡚2015ᖺ䠎᭶඲య఍㆟䠄䠑᭶䠏䠌᪥䚸䠒᭶䠍䠌᪥䠅

3―3―

䐟2014ᖺ䠑䡚䠒᭶䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䛾άືணᐃ

2¾ ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛾౪⤥యไ䛾☜❧䛸ᬑཬ䜢᥎㐍

¾ ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛻䛚䛡䜛ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛾౪⤥యไ䛾☜❧䛻䛿䚸ཎᩱㄪ㐩䚸〇㐀ᢏ⾡䚸ὶ㏻䝹䞊䝖➼䛾䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁඲యཬ䜃ἲⓗᯟ⤌䜏䛾⥲ྜⓗどⅬ䛛䜙䛾᳨ウ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟䚸䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥䛜ᚲせ୙ྍḞ䢢¾ ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛾ᬑཬ䠖ྛᅜ䛷✚ᴟⓗ䛺ྲྀ⤌䜏

タ❧㊃᪨

䢢

―4―

2006ᖺ䛻⇞ᩱ౪⤥䝉䜻䝳䝸䝔䜱䚸౯᱁䛾Ᏻᐃᛶ䛸䜰䝣䜷䞊䝎䝡䝸䝔䜱䚸⎔ቃ䜈䛾ᙳ㡪䛾ၥ㢟䛻䛣䛯䛘䜛䛯䜑䛻FAA䛜୰ᚰ䛸䛺䛳䛶タ❧䛥䜜䛯䚹䝇䝔䞊䜽䝩䝹䝎䞊䛾䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䛸᝟ሗᒎ㛤䜢
ಁ㐍䚹




ᴫせ

ᡂᯝ

United, Boeing, Chicago Department ofAviation, UOP, Clean Energy Trust ཬ䜃
28 Stakeholders

Alaskan Airlines, Boeing, Port ofPortland, Port of Seattle, Spokane
International Airport, Washington State
University, Climate Solutions
ཬ䜃 40 SAFN Members

40௨ୖ䛾බ❧ཬ䜃Ẹ㛫䛾⤌⧊䛜㞟䜎䜚䚸Ẹ
2020ᖺ䛻ᆅᇦ䛾ཎᩱ䛛䜙స䜙䜜䛯䝗䝻䝑䝥䜲䞁䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛜ᆅᇦ䛾୺せ✵ 䛛䜙䛾䝣䝷䜲 㛫⯟✵䛜䛔䛛䛻䛧䛶䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊౪⤥䛾Ᏻᐃ䝖䛻฼⏝䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛖䝡䝆䝵䞁䜢ᐇ⌧䛩䜛 ໬䚸䜸䝨䝺䞊䝔䜱䞁䜾䝁䝇䝖䛾๐ῶ䚸 ᬮ໬䜺䛯䜑䛾ᶵ఍䛸䝏䝱䝺䞁䝆䜢㆟ㄽ䛧䛯⡿ᅜึ䛾 䝇᤼ฟ๐ῶ䚸㞠⏝๰ฟ䚸䛚䜘䜃୰す㒊䛾㎰ᴗάᛶ໬䛸䛔䛳䛯䝂䞊䝹䛸䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᆅᇦ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤ᩱ⏘ᴗ䛾ᒎ㛤䛾୧❧䜢ᚓ䜙䜜䜛䛛㆟ㄽ

10䛛᭶䛾άື䜢㏻䛧䛶䚸oilseeds, forestሗ࿌᭩බ㛤residues, solid wastes, algae䜢ཎᩱ䛸䛧
䠄http://www.masbi.org/content/assets/䛯䝟䝇䛾ᶵ఍䛸䝏䝱䝺䞁䝆䛾ሗ࿌᭩స
MASBI_Report.pdf䠅
ᡂ䠄http://www.safnw.com/sustainableaviations-fuels-bibliography/䠅

䝯䞁䝞䞊

ᴫせ

ᡂᯝ

7

2012

2012ᖺ7᭶

᫬ᮇ

USA

USA

ᆅᇦ

End User Action Group

Midwest Aviation Sustainable Biofuels
Initiative

End User Action Group

Sustainable Aviation Fuels Northwestཧ⪃䠖ୡ⏺䛾䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䚸ᴫせ䛸ᡂᯝ

6

䝍䜲䝥





Federal Aviation Administration, Airports Council
International-North America, Aerospace
Industries Association, Air Transport Associationof America䝯䞁䝞䞊ḟ䛾䝇䝔䝑䝥 ᢏ⾡ヨ㦂䛸ศᯒ䛾⥅⥆ ᅜෆእ䛾䝇䝔䞊䜽䝩䝹䝎䞊䛾㐃ᦠಁ㐍 ᕞ䛚䜘䜃ᆅᇦ䛷䛾άື䞉䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䜢ಁ
㐍䞉ᨭ᥼

䜰䝯䝸䜹

ᆅᇦ

http://www.caafi.org
FAA, ASTM䛸䛾㐃ᦠ䛻
䜘䜛FT䛚䜘䜃HEFA䛾ㄆド
ASTM D4054 䝴䞊䝄䞊䜺䜲䝗䛾సᡂ
Fuel Readiness Level,
Feedstock Readiness
Level䛺䛹ᣦᶆ䛾㛤Ⓨ

Facilitating Mechanism

䝍䜲䝥The Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels
Initiative (CAAFI)ཧ⪃䠖ୡ⏺䛾䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䚸ᴫせ䛸ᡂᯝͤ 䝩䞊䝮䝨䞊䝆䛻䜘䜛᝟ሗⓎಙ䠄ணᐃ䠅
5ᮏ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤୺ദ䛾䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮䜢㛤ദ䛧䚸䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑䠄䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥䠅䛻㛵䛧᝟ሗⓎಙ

2015ᖺ䠐᭶䠖䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮䛾㛤ദᮾ኱䞉䝪䞊䜲䞁䜾♫୺ദ䛾䝽䞊䜽䝅䝵䝑䝥䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ᮏ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䛾άື≧ἣ䜢⤂௓

2014ᖺ10᭶ୗ᪪䠖⯟✵䛸⎔ቃ䛻㛵䛩䜛䝽䞊䜽䝅䝵䝑䝥㛤ദᮏ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䛾㊃᪨䚸ᵓᡂ䚸άືணᐃ䛻䛴䛔䛶ᑐእබ⾲䠄㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍䛻䜘䜛ᑐᛂ䠅

2014ᖺ䠓᭶:ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䛾ᑐእබ⾲䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䛾᝟ሗⓎಙணᐃ

4஦ົᒁ䠖䝪䞊䜲䞁䜾 ᑠᯘ⨾࿴᳨ウ஦㡯䠖ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛻䛚䛡䜛ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜢〇㐀䚸ᑟධ䛩䜛㝿䛾ἲไᗘ䛻㛵䛩䜛ㄢ㢟ᩚ⌮ཬ䜃ㄢ㢟ゎỴ䛾᪉ྥᛶ➨䠐ศ⛉఍஦ົᒁ䠖NCA ຍ⸨㞞ே᳨ウ஦㡯䠖㒔ᕷ䝂䝭䚸⸴௨እ䛾䜒䛾䜢㍺ධ䛧䛶䚸ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛻䛚䛔䛶ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜢〇㐀䛩䜛䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁➨䠏ศ⛉఍஦ົᒁ䠖ANA ᑎᓮ┤㏻
᳨ウ஦㡯䠖⸴䛜⏘⏕䛩䜛ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛾䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁➨䠎ศ⛉఍஦ົᒁ䠖JAL ୰ᓥ㝣༤᳨ウ஦㡯䠖㒔ᕷ䝂䝭䜢ཎᩱ䛸䛩䜛ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛾䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁➨䠍ศ⛉఍ᙜ㠃䛾ศ⛉఍

―5―

FSChemical/
Fuel
Processing Fermatation ProductionB) RefiningLG

AirportOperation
handling

C) Logistic (LG)ᾁ὿ᾀᾃ࠰ᾄ உᾂ὿ଐẐ ьᡮẴỦɭမỉѣẨểଐஜỉẮủẦỤ ẑἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ỉѣӼ

10

䐠Production & Commercialization
䐟Research & Development 䝻䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁 䝇䜿䞊䝹䜰䝑䝥 ᮌ㉁⣔฼⏝ ཰✭㔞 ΰྜ⪅䠋ሙᡤ⢭〇⪅䝫䞊䝖䝣䜷䝸䜸 ໬Ꮫ䠋Ⓨ㓝ᢏ⾡ ရ✀ᨵⰋ
䠄ရ㉁⟶⌮䠅 䝸䝇䜽䝅䜵䜰䝸䞁䜾 ASTM➼ㄆド ⏕⏘ഃ䝸䝇䜽 ⏕⏘䝁䝇䝖 ᪂ཎᩱ 䝸䝇䜽䛾䝞䝷䞁䝅䞁䜾 ཎᩱ㈝䐡Finance & Market
 䝥䝷䞁䝖䝁䝇䝖䠄▼Ἔ౯᱁ኚື䚸స≀౪⤥䞉౯᱁ኚື䚸ᢏ⾡䝸䝇䜽䚸ᨻ⟇䝸䝇䜽䠅 ⇞ᩱ౯᱁䞉౪⤥㔞 Energy Security䝟䜲䝻䝑䝖䝥䝷䞁䝖
䐢Policy & Economics
 ᆅᇦⓎᒎ 㛗ᮇᨭ᥼ 㞠⏝ ໬▼⇞ᩱ䛸ྠ➼䛾ᨭ᥼
䐣Sustainability ᅵᆅ฼⏝ ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ 䠄RSB➼) Ỉ㉁䚸ᅵተ䜈䛾ᙳ㡪 LCAホ౯䠄GHG᤼ฟ㔞䛺䛹䠅 ⏕≀ከᵝᛶBiomass
FS
Cultivation Logistics

A) Feedstock (FS)ཧ⪃䠖䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥㆟ㄽ䛾䜲䝯䞊䝆䠄⡿䞉㇦䞉఑䛾ሗ࿌᭩䛾ᵓᡂ౛䠅

2025ᖺ䜎䛷䛻䝗䜲䝒䛻䛚䛡䜛⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛾㟂せ10%䜢ḟୡ௦⇞ᩱ䛷௦᭰䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢䜑䛦䛩䜋䛛䚸ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒኱つᶍ⏘ᴗ䝞䜲䜸䝸䝣䜯䜲䝘䝸䞊䜢ᘓ⠏䚸FS䛾౪⤥䜢☜ಖ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䝞䜲䜸䝬䝇㍺
ฟ⪅䛸┬ᗇ㛫䛸䛾ྜព䜢䜑䛦䛩䚹஬䛴䛾⥅⥆ⓗ䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䜾䝹䞊䝥䚹HP (http://www.aireg.de/en/)2ᗘ䛾ᅜ㝿఍㆟ᴫせᡂᯝ

2011ᖺタ❧᫬ᮇ34♫䠄Lufthansa, Boeing, EADS,DLR䛺䛹䠅

䝗䜲䝒

ᆅᇦ

䝯䞁䝞䞊

Aireg
㻱㼚㼐㻌㼁㼟㼑㼞㻌㻭㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜2025ᖺ䛻▼Ἔ䛾฼⏝䜢60%ῶ䜙䛩䛣䛸䜢┠ᶆ䛻䚸஺㏻㍺㏦⏝⇞ᩱ䛾▼Ἔ౫Ꮡ䜢ῶ䜙䛩䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮
ChoicesⓎ㊊䚹ᅜ䛾䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䚹

䜲䝇䝷䜶
䝹

9

䝧䝙䝇䛻䛶UOP䛸ྂ䛔⢭〇ᕤሙ䜢䜾䝸䞊䞁䝕䜱䞊䝊䝹⏝䛻ᨵ㐀䚹
2014ᖺ5᭶䛛䜙᧯ᴗ䚹

䜲䝍䝸䜰

䝬䝺䞊䝅䜰
୰ᅜ
䝍䜲
䝯䜻䝅䝁
䞉䞉䞉

㻞㻜㻝㻜㻙㻞㻜㻝㻝䠖䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤άື䊹㻮㼕㼛㼝㼡㼑㼞㼛㼟㼑㼚㼛㻚㼑㼟㻞㻜㻝㻜㻦㻌㻵㼠㼍㼘㼥஧ᅜ㛫༠ᐃ㻘㻌㻭㼕㼞㼎㼡㼟㐃ᦠ㻞㻜㻝㻝㻦㻌㻹㼑㼤㼕㼏㼛䛾஧ᅜ㛫༠ᐃ㻞㻜㻝㻝㻙㻞㻜㻝㻟㻦㻱㼡ึ䛾䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤㻵㼀㻭㻷㻭 㻼㼞㼛㼖㼑㼏㼠䛾Ⓨ㊊
㻞㻜㻝㻟㻦㻌㼁㻿䛸䛾஧ᅜ㛫༠ᐃ
䝇䝨䜲䞁

䛭䛾௚

8

ሗ࿌᭩බ㛤
䠄http://www.fapesp.br/publicacoes/flightpa
th-to-aviation-biofuels-in-brazil-actionplan.pdf䠅

⏕⏘䚸㍺㏦䚸฼⏝䛻䛚䛡䜛䜼䝱䝑䝥䛸㞀ቨ䜢≉ᐃ䛩䜛䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥䛾సᡂ䚸ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟䛺䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁䛾㛤Ⓨ䛾䛯䜑䛾◊✲䛸ၟᴗ໬䛾䜰䝆䜵䞁䝎䛵䛟䜚䚸䝤䝷䝆䝹䛻䛚䛡䜛᪂つ䛾⏘ᴗ䛾䝥䝷䝑䝖䝣䜷䞊䝮䛾☜❧Boeing, Embraer, FAPESP䠄䝃䞁䝟䜴䝻䝸䝃䞊䝏䝣䜯䞁䝕䞊䝅䝵䞁䠅, UNICAMP䠄Campinas኱Ꮫ䠅 ཬ䜃30䛾䝇䝔䞊䜽䝩䝹䝎䞊2011ᖺ10᭶䛻බᘧ䛻Ⓨ㊊ྜព䝤䝷䝆䝹End User Action Group

Sustainable Aviation Biofuels for Brazil
Projectཧ⪃䠖ୡ⏺䛾䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䚸ᴫせ䛸ᡂᯝᢏ⾡ⓗ䝕䞊䝍䛾ྲྀᚓ䛻ຊ䜢ධ䜜䛯ሗ࿌᭩䠄http://www.csiro.au/en/Outcomes/Ene
rgy/Powering-Transport/sustainableaviation-fuel-report.aspx䠅
Shell䛸䛾ၟᴗ໬䜢ලయⓗ䛻⪃䛘䛯ሗ࿌
᭩

䝍䜲䝥

ᡂᯝ

ᴫせ
䜸䞊䝇䝖䝷䝸䜰䛸NZ䛻䛚䛡䜛ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟䛺⯟✵⇞ᩱ⏘ᴗ䛾㛤Ⓨ䛸ၟᴗ໬䛾䝟䝇䛾᳨ウ2012ᖺ5᭶
Air New Zealand, Qantas, Virgin
Australia, Boeing, Defence Scienceand Technology Organization, andCommonwealth Scientific andIndustrial Research Organization ௚
11♫

᫬ᮇ
䝯䞁䝞䞊

䜸䞊䝇䝖䝷䝸䜰

Facilitating Mechanism

ᆅᇦ

䝍䜲䝥

Sustainable Aviation Fuel UserGroupཧ⪃䠖ୡ⏺䛾䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤䚸ᴫせ䛸ᡂᯝ―6―ᐊຠᯝ䜺䝇䛾䛜⯟✵ศ㔝䛛䜙᤼ฟ䠄ͤ䠅,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO3DQHORQ&OLPDWH&KDQJHẼೃኚື䛻㛵䛩䜛ᨻᗓ㛫䝟䝛䝹) ᅜ㐃䛾,3&&䠄ͤ䠅䛿䚸⯟✵䛾&2᤼ฟ㔞䛜ᖺ䛻䛿⌧ᅾ䛾䡚ಸ䛻㐩䛩䜛䛸ண¾ ୡ⏺䛾&2᤼ฟ㔞ෆヂ

4 ,&$2䛿ᖺ䡚 ᖺ䛾㛫䛾⯟✵㍺㏦㔞䜢
ᖺᖹᆒ䛷 䐟᪑ᐈ㍺㏦  䐠⯟✵㈌≀  䛾ఙ䜃䜢ண

4 ඲ୡ⏺䛷᤼ฟ䛥䜜䜛‫׎‬ᨥᑋᆰỉӕኵỚB‫׎‬ᨥᑋᆰỉ&2੎Јཞඞ

,$7$ ᅜ㝿⯟✵㐠㏦༠఍ ᖺタ❧䡝䜹ᅜ䛛䜙䢎䢙䢆䢚䡬䡝⎔ቃၥ㢟 *+*๐ῶ䡠㦁㡢䡠12[๐ῶ➼䛻䜒✚ᴟⓗ䛻㛵୚䛧䡠,&$2䛚䜘䜃ྛᅜᨻᗓ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶άⓎ䛻䝻䝡䞊άື䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛶䛔䜛䡝䛆ὀ䛇 ,&$2 ᅜ㝿Ẹ㛫⯟✵ᶵ㛵 䠗ᅜ㝿Ẹ㛫⯟✵᮲⣙ 䡸䡲䡶䢚᮲⣙ 䛻ᇶ䛵䛝ᖺ䛻Ⓨ㊊䛧䛯ᅜ㐃䛾ᑓ㛛ᶵ㛵䡝䜹ᅜ䛜ຍ┕ ᫬Ⅼ ᅜ㝿⯟✵䛛䜙᤼ฟ䛥䜜䜛*+*๐ῶ䛿,&$2䛷㆟ㄽ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䡝 &2๐ῶ䛸⇞ᩱ䛾ከᵝ໬䜢┠ᣦ䛧䛶䚸௦᭰⇞ᩱ䛾㛤Ⓨ䛜ຍ㏿䚸ᖺ௨㝆䛿᪥ᮏ䛷䜒┦ᙜ㔞䛜ᚲせ ⯟✵ᶵ䛾ᢏ⾡㠉᪂䜔㐠⯟᪉ἲ䛾ᨵၿ䛰䛡䛷䛿䚸&2๐ῶ
䛾,&$2,$7$┠ᶆ䠄&1*➼䠅䜢㐩ᡂ䛷䛝䛪 ᅜ㝿⯟✵䛷䛿䚸,&$2䜢㏻䛧䛯&2๐ῶ䛾ලయⓗ䛺ᯟ⤌䜏䛜☜❧䠄ᅜู๐ῶ䜢㆟ㄽ䛩䜛&23䛸䛿ูᯟ䠅

6XPPDU\࿢‫ؾ‬᝟ᒵ᠉ถỉѣẨ ࿢‫ؾ‬᝟ᒵ᠉ถỉѣẨ

$SSHQGL[ᑋᆰˊஆ༓૰ỉᆔ᫏ ଐஜỂỉἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰୍ӏồỉᛢ᫆ểộểỜ -$/ ἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ỉѣẨ $1$

 ࿢‫ؾ‬᝟ᒵ᠉ถỉѣẨ 1&$

Ⴘ ഏ

―7―

ฟᡤ ᐃᮇ⯟✵༠఍ἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ḶḴ䊼䠄㉥⥺㻌㻙㻌㟷⥺䠅২ᘐ᪃ૼሁỆợỦЪถЎĂ) ᖺ㎾䛾&2๐ῶ䛾,$7$┠ᶆ㐩ᡂ䛻䛿䚸䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛜୙ྍḞ

¾ ᪥ᮏ䛷䛾&2๐ῶ䛻ྥ䛡䛯ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏ᴫほ&2ЪถỆӼẬẺଐஜỂỉӕụኵỚίಒᚇὸ) 䛂ప㓟⣲♫఍ᐇ⾜ィ⏬䛃䛾☜ᐇ䛺ᐇ⾜䛻ྥ䛡䚸ᮏ㑥⯟✵ᴗ⏺䛿✚ᴟⓗ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏

¾ &2᤼ฟ㔞๐ῶ⋡䛾┠ᶆ

4 ┠ᶆ䛿ᅜෆ⥺䛸ᅜ㝿⥺䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䚸,$7$┠ᶆ ᖺ⋡๐ῶ 䛸䜋䜌ྠ➼㔞䛾๐ῶ䜢┠ᣦ䛩

4 ᖺ
ᖺᗘ䛾᭷ൾ䝖䞁䜻䝻䛒䛯䜚䛾⇞ᩱᾘ㈝㔞䜢ᖺᗘẚ䛷๐ῶ䜢┠ᶆ䛸䛩䜛‫׎‬ϋᑋᆰỉӕኵỚB‫ܭ‬஖ᑋᆰң˟ỉЪถႸ೅ᅜ㝿⯟✵㐠㏦༠఍

) &1*ཬ䜃ᖺ&2༙ῶ䠄ᖺẚ䠅㐩ᡂ䛻䛿䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䛜୙ྍḞ

¾ ,$7$䛾ᖺ㎾䛾&2๐ῶྲྀ⤌䜏䛾᪉ྥឤ‫׎‬ᨥᑋᆰỉӕኵỚB,$7$ỉѣẨ ᖺ㎾䛻ᖺᑐẚ䛷&2᤼ฟ㔞䜢๐ῶ ᖺ䛛䜙ᖺ䛾㛫䚸ୡ⏺ᖹᆒᖺ䛾⇞㈝ຠ⋡䛾ᨵၿ䜢ᐇ⌧ฟᡤ ,$7$

 ᖺ䛛䜙⯟✵ᶵ䛾&2᤼ฟ㔞䜢㢌ᡴ䛱 &1* э ᐇ⌧䛻䛿%LRIXHO䛜୙ྍḞ

,$7$䛾┠ᶆ¾ ,$7$䛾䛾ᖺ㎾䛾&2๐ῶྲྀ⤌䜏䛾᪉ྥឤ,$7$³,QWHUQDWLRQDO$LU7UDQVSRUW$VVRFLDWLRQ´

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9 䜶䝞䝺䝑䝖䡚ᡂ⏣㛫䛾✵㍺㣕⾜
9 Ⓨ䛾䛖䛱Ⓨ䛻䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䜢ΰྜ
9 䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ౑⏝䛻䛚䛡䜛⇞ᩱ䝝䞁䝗䝸䞁䜾䚸ᶵయ䝅䝇䝔䝮䛚䜘䜃䜶䞁䝆䞁䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᙳ㡪䜢ᢏ⾡ⓗ䛻᳨ド$XJ

8VHG&RRNLQJ2LO*HQHUDO(OHFWULF*(1;%%RHLQJ)✵㍺㣕⾜

᪥ᮏ㈌≀⯟✵䠄1&$䠅

4 ᪥ᮏ䛷䛿䚸-$/䛾ヨ㦂㣕⾜䜢⓶ษ䜚䛻$1$䛸1&$䛜✵㍺㣕⾜䛷䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䜢౑⏝ἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ửӕụࠇẪɭမỉѣẨṠ

$LU1HZ=HDODQG$LUOLQHฟᡤ %2(,1*௚䛻9$䛸-/ ḟ㡫ཧ↷ 䛜ᐇ᪋¾ ึᮇ䛾ヨ㦂㣕⾜

4 ึᮇ䛾ヨ㦂㣕⾜䛷䛿୺䛻-DWURSKD⏤᮶䛾⇞ᩱ䜢⏝䛔䛶䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛾ಙ㢗ᛶ䜢❧ドἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ửӕụࠇẪɭမỉѣẨṠ᪥ᮏ⡿ᅜ

%2(,1*䛸䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ⏘ᴗ☜❧䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䜢ᶍ⣴

9 䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ◊✲ᶵ㛵䛾❧䛱ୖ䛢 :LWK %RHLQJ 823¾ 䝤䝷䝆䝹䛷䛾✚ᴟⓗ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏
9 :RUOG&XS䛛䜙2O\PSLF䛾ᮇ㛫䛻ᩘⓒ౽䛾ᅜෆ౽䜢䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ ཎᩱ䛿⢾ 䛷㐠⯟ணᐃฟᡤ %HJLQQHU¶V*XLGHWR$YLDWLRQ%LRIXHOVͤ䠅 Ḣᕞጤဨ఍䛿ᖺ䜎䛷䛾5RDGPDS³5RDGPDSWRD6LQJOH(XURSHDQ7UDQVSRUW$UHD´䜢సᡂ䚸⯟✵ᶵ㒊㛛䛻䛴䛔䛶ᖺ䜎䛷䛻඲䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛾䜢ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶ䛾䛒䜛పⅣ⣲⇞ᩱ䛻⨨䛝᥮䛘䜛䛣䛸䜢┠ᶆ䛻) ㅖእᅜ䛷䛿୰ኸᨻᗓ䛜5RDGPDS䠄ͤ䠅䜢సᡂ䚸ලయⓗ┠ᶆ䛾ୗ䛷ྛᴗ⏺䛾ືྥ䜢㞟⣙) ከ䛟䛾ᴗ⏺䛜䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱᑟධ䛻㛵୚䛧䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾ศ㔝䛷ㄪᰝ䞉◊✲䛜㐍ᒎ

¾ 5RDGPDS䛾୍౛

4 䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛾ᑟධ䛻䛿㛗ᮇⓗ䛺ྲྀ⤌䜏䛜ᚲせ䚸୍ᮅ୍ኤ䛷䛾ᐇ⌧䛿୙ྍ⬟ἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ửӕụࠇẪɭမỉѣẨṟ¾ ㇦䞉1=䛾ඹྠ◊✲䠄:LWK %RHLQJ䠅

¾ 䡮䢙䢀䢚䢄䡸䡭䛷ᖺ㡭䛛䜙%LRIXHO⩏ົ໬ ΰྜ ィ⏬

9୰༡⡿¾ 䝯䜻䝅䝁䛷䛾ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏䜰䝆䜰䞉ኴᖹὒ

9 ᭷ൾ㣕⾜䛾ᐇ᪋¾ Ẹ㛫䛷䛾✚ᴟⓗ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏
9 ከ䛟䛾䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ〇㐀௻ᴗ

9 ᡭཌ䛔ண⟬䚸ヨ㦂㣕⾜䜢ᐇ᪋¾ ᅜ㜵⥲┬䛾ᡓ␎ⓗ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏

¾ ୰ᅜ䛾✚ᴟⓗ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏

9 ᚤ⣽⸴⇞ᩱ㛤Ⓨ᥎㐍༠㆟఍
䛜Ⓨ㊊¾ ⸴㢮䜢୰ᚰ䛸䛧䛯◊✲䞉㛤Ⓨ

9 ヨ㦂✵㍺㣕⾜䛷䛾౑⏝¾ ྛ♫䛾ලయⓗ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏

9 ᴗ⏺䛾୍యⓗ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏

¾ -$/䞉$1$䞉1&$䞉%2(,1*䛾㐃ᦠ䛆ὀ䛇᭷ൾ㣕⾜䠗㐠㈤䜢ᚩ཰䛧䛯஌ᐈ䡠㈌≀䜢ᦚ㍕䛧䛯㏻ᖖ䛾㣕⾜䛾䛣䛸

9 䜶䝔䜱䝝䝗⯟✵䞉%RHLQJඹྠ

¾ 䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ◊✲ᶵ㛵䛾❧ୖ䛢

¾ ヨ㦂㣕⾜䜢ᐇ᪋䠄*7/䠅୰ᮾ

9 ᭷ൾ㣕⾜䛾ᐇ᪋¾ Ẹ㛫䛷䛾✚ᴟⓗ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏
9 ᭷ᮃ䛺䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ㛵㐃௻ᴗ

9 (8(76䛾ᯟ⤌¾ (8䛸䛧䛶✚ᴟⓗ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏Ḣᕞ

4 ᖺ᭶䛾%LR63.䛾$670ㄆド䜢ཷ䛡䚸ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏䛿᭦䛻ຍ㏿䠄᭷ൾ㣕⾜ 䛾ᐇ᪋䛺䛹䠅

4 ⎔ቃ㈇Ⲵ㍍ῶ䛾ほⅬ䛛䜙ୡ⏺ྛᅜ䛷ᵝ䚻䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏䚸ᅜᐙつᶍ䛷䛾䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䜒ἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ửӕụࠇẪɭမỉѣẨṞ

― 11 ―䚸ୖグ௨እ䛻 ⌧ᅾ䛿$LU&KLQD$YLDQFD7DFD4DWDU6LQJDSRUH $LUOLQHV6RXWK $ILULFDQ$LUZD\V8QLWHG $LUOLQHV䛜䝯䞁䝞䞊䛸䛧䛶ຍ┕䛧䚸‽䝯䞁䝞䞊䛸䛧䛶$HURSXHUWRV \6HUYLFLRV$X[LOLDUHV䛜ຍ䜟䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹Â ᪥ᮏ䛷䛿:RUN6KRS䛾㛤ദ䛺䛹䜢㏻䛧䛶䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛾ၨⓎ䜢㐍䜑䜛Â ཧ⏬䛧䛶䛔䜛⯟✵఍♫㛫䛷✚ᴟⓗ䛺᝟ሗ஺᥮э䛣䛸䜢๓ᥦ䛸䛩䜛

9 ᪤Ꮡ䛾䜶䞁䝆䞁䚸⤥Ἔ䝅䝇䝔䝮䛺䛹䛾ᨵⰋ䜢ᚲせ䛸䛧䛺䛔

9 ♫఍⤒῭䛻✚ᴟⓗ䛺ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛

9 㣗≀䛸➇ྜ䛧䛺䛔

9 ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛

9 ⏕≀ከᵝᛶ䜈䛾ᙳ㡪䛜᭱ᑠ㝈䛷䛒䜛䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸䛧䛶䞉䞉䞉Â %2(,1*䛜୰ᚰ䛸䛺䜚◊✲䜢㐍䜑䜛

Â 7KH1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHV'HIHQVH&RXQFLO䠄ኳ↛㈨※ಖㆤ༠㆟఍䠅䚸⯟✵ᶵ䝯䞊䜹䞊䜔⯟✵఍♫䛜ཧ⏬

Â ᖺ᭶䛻タ❧䛥䜜䛯ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟䛺⯟✵⇞ᩱ䛾䝴䞊䝄䞊䜾䝹䞊䝥

¾ 6$)8*䛾ྲྀ⤌䜏

4 -$/䞉$1$䛿6$)8*³6XVWDLQDEOH$YLDWLRQ)XHO8VHUV*URXS´䛾୍ဨ䛸䛧䛶༠ാἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ửӕụࠇẪଐஜỉѣẨṞฟᡤ KWWSZZZHQYLURDHUR%LRIXHOVDVS[䜎䛯䡠ᖺ᭶᪥䛛䜙䞄᭶䛾ணᐃ䛷$06$UXED %RQDLUH౽䜢䢆䢚䡮䡱⇞ᩱΰྜ䛷㐠⯟୰

./0䛿-).$06㛫䛷ẖ㐌ᮌ᭙᪥ ᖺ䡚᭶ 䛾౽ ඲౽ 䜢䢆䢚䡮䡱⇞ᩱΰྜ䛷㐠⯟῭䜏

¾ ᭷ൾ㣕⾜4 (8(76䛷䛿䡠䢆䢚䡮䡱⇞ᩱ䛛䜙䛾&2᤼ฟ㔞䛿䡺䢚䢗䛸䛧䛶ィ⟬ྍ⬟4 (8(76䛾䛾ᇦእ䝉䜽䝍䞊䜈䛾ไᗘ㐺⏝䛾୍᫬෾⤖䛻䜒ᣊ䜙䛪᭷ൾ㣕⾜䛷䛾άⓎ䛺ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏ἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ửӕụࠇẪɭမỉѣẨṡฟᡤ KWWSZZZHQYLURDHUR%LRIXHOVDVS[¾ ᭷ൾ㣕⾜ฟᡤ KWWSZZZHQYLURDHUR%LRIXHOVDVS[

4 /+䛿䞄᭶㛫䛷౽䛾䢆䢚䡮䡱⇞ᩱ䜢౑⏝䛧䛯㣕⾜䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䡠㛗ᮇⓗ䛺ᙳ㡪䜢ㄪᰝ῭

4 ᖺ᭶௨㝆䚸$670䛾ㄆド䜢ཷ䛡䛶Ḣ⡿䛾䜶䜰䝷䜲䞁䜢୰ᚰ䛻᭷ൾ㣕⾜䛜άⓎ䛻ἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ửӕụࠇẪɭမỉѣẨṡ¾ 䛭䛾௚䛾ヨ㦂㣕⾜

4 ⯟✵ᶵ䝯䞊䜹䞊䛿䚸ᵝ䚻䛺ཎᩱ䛾௦᭰䠄୺䛻䝞䜲䜸䠅⇞ᩱ䛷䛾ヨ㦂㣕⾜䜢✚ᴟⓗ䛻䝃䝫䞊䝖ἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ửӕụࠇẪɭမỉѣẨṡ

― 12 ―

㏻ᖖ䛾㈓Ἔ᪋タ฼⏝䜢๓ᥦ䛸䛧䛯௦᭰⇞ᩱ䛾䡷䢈䢛䢓䡮䡽䡦䡬䢙䜢☜❧䛧䡠ᖺ䜎䛷䛻+1'157䛷౑⏝㛤ጞ䜢┠ᣦ䛩᳨ウᑐ㇟)HHGVWRFN䛿䡠䐟㒔ᕷ䡶䢚䢌䡡ᗫᮦ䡡䢆䢚䡮䡱䢋䡹 䐠⢾䡡䡭䢕䡶䡬䢕 ௚ 䐡⸴䡞ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䡮䢂䡸䡭䡿䡤䢈䢚䡟䛻䜘䜛䡠௦᭰⇞ᩱ〇㐀䢗䡬䢀䢚䢋䡫䢈䢛సᡂ䢈䢛䢗䡸䢚䡦䡴䢀 ᖺ䡚$OO -DSDQଐஜỂỉῷ​῟ῢῩ​ῗ῜῱༓૰୍ӏồỉῩῲ ῢэ᪥ᮏ䛷䜒᪩ᛴ䛺ྲྀ⤌䛜୙ྍḞ䡡456KHOO ᪂䢀䢚䡬䢆䡬✵ Ⓨ䛷*7/⇞ᩱ౑⏝㛤ጞ ᖺ
䡡8$$OW$LU /$;Ⓨ౽䛷౑⏝㛤ጞணᐃ ᖺ⛅䡡%$6ROHQD /RQGRQ &LW\✵ Ⓨ౽䛷౑⏝㛤ጞணᐃ ᖺ

ᖺ䛿௦᭰⇞ᩱ䛾ᮏ᱁ᬑཬ䛾ᖥ㛤䛡䛾ᖺ" ɭမỉऴѬ

9 ᾏእືྥ䛾ᙳ㡪
9 〇ရ౯᱁䛾ᙳ㡪
9 ཎᩱ౯᱁䛾ᙳ㡪
9 ཎᩱ㍺ධ䛻క䛖&2䛾Ⓨ⏕䛸䝁䝇䝖
9 ⮬ᅜෆ䛷඲䛶䛾〇㐀タഛ䛜ᚲせ9 ཎᩱ⏕⏘⪔సᆅ䠄ᇵ㣴ᆅ䠅䛾☜ಖ

9 ⮬ᅜෆ䛷䛾䜲䞁䝣䝷ᩚഛ䛜㝈ᐃⓗ9 ᾏእືྥ䚸ཎᩱ౯᱁䛻ᙳ㡪䛥䜜䛺䛔
9 ᪂つ⏘ᴗ䛸䛧䛶㞠⏝๰ฟ䛾㈉⊩኱䐠ཎᩱ㍺ධ 䠇 ᪥ᮏ䛷⢭〇䐡᪥ᮏ䛷ཎᩱ⏕⏘ 䠇 ⢭〇

Â 䝕䞁䝋䞊䛜୰ᚰ䛸䛺䛳䛶⏘Ꮫ㐃ᦠ䛾ඹྠ◊✲䜢㐍䜑䚸ᖺ䛤䜝䛾ᐇ⏝໬䜢┠ᣦ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹Â ฟග⯆⏘䛸䝨䝖䝻䝧䝖䝘䝮䜾䝹䞊䝥䛜ඹྠ䛷஦ᴗ໬䛾᳨ウ䜢㐍䜑䜛䚹䐢 䝆䝱䝖䝻䝣䜯䠄䝞䜲䜸䝕䜱䞊䝊䝹䠅ଐஜỂỉῷ​῟ῢῩ​ῗ῜῱༓૰୍ӏồỉᛢ᫆ểộểỜ) ከᵝ䛺ཎᩱ䠄㒔ᕷ䡶䢚䢌䚸ᗫᮦ䚸㠀㣗ᩱ᳜≀䡠⢾䡠䡭䢕䡶䡬䢕 䛺䛹䠅䛾⇞ᩱ䛷䜒ᐇ⏝໬᳨ウ䛜ᚲせÂ 䝪䝖䝸䜸䝁䝑䜹䝇䛾୍✀䚸,+,䛸䝧䞁䝏䝱䞊䛾* *7䛜ඹྠ◊✲䜢㐍䜑䜛䚹

䐠 ᴮᮏ⸴

Â -;᪥㖔᪥▼䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊䚸᪥❧䝥䝷䞁䝖䚸䝴䞊䜾䝺䝘䛾୕♫䛜ඹྠ◊✲䜢㐍䜑䚸ᖺᗘ䛾ᐇ⏝໬䜢┠ᣦ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䐟 ᚤ⣽⸴䝴䞊䜾䝺䝘¾ ᪥ᮏ䛷䛾ྲྀ⤌䜏౛䠄ྛ✀ሗ㐨㈨ᩱ䛛䜙䠅䐡 䝅䝳䞊䝗䝁䝸䝅䝇䝏䝇䝕䝯䝸䝑䝖

9 ⮬ᅜෆ䛷䛾䜲䞁䝣䝷ᩚഛ䛜㝈ᐃⓗэ㈓ⶶ䝍䞁䜽 䛺䛹

䐟᏶඲㍺ධ

䝯䝸䝑䝖

¾ ᝿ᐃ䛥䜜䜛᪥ᮏ䛷䛾䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛾ㄪ㐩ᡭẁ

4 ཎᩱㄪ㐩ᡭẁ䞉せ⣲ᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨ䞉஦ᴗ໬ྍ⬟ᛶㄪᰝ䛺䛹ゎỴ䛧䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔ㄢ㢟䜒䠄ͤ䠅ᚤ⣽⸴⇞ᩱ㛤Ⓨ᥎㐍༠㆟఍ せ⣲ᢏ⾡䛾᏶ᡂ䜢┠ᣦ䛩༠㆟య䠄ᖺᗘᮎ䛾⇞ᩱ⏕⏘つᶍ䛾┠ᶆ䜢୓NOᖺ 䛸䛩䜛䠅4 ୡ⏺䛷䛿ᵝ䚻䛺ཎᩱ䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䛻䛴䛔䛶᳨ウ䚸᪥ᮏ䛷䛿⸴㢮䜢ཎᩱ䛸䛩䜛㛤Ⓨ◊✲䛜ඛ⾜ἢỶỼἊỹἕἚ༓૰ửӕụࠇẪଐஜỉѣẨṟ

2







$OJDH

)XHOLQJ7ULDO― 13 ―

䠉$JUHHPHQWRIDLUOLQHVDQGVWDNHKROGHU
DW157

䞉6XSSO\FKDLQWR7RN\R157

䠉$JUHHPHQWRIDLUOLQHVDQGVWDNHKROGHU DW
+1'

䞉6XSSO\FKDLQWR7RN\R+1'(VWDEOLVKPHQWRIVXSSO\FKDLQWR7RN\R+1'157

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Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

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BackgroundMay 2014%LRIXHOSURGXFWLRQ

Environmental and Aviation Policy, Boeing Commercial Airplanes

5RDGPDSVWXG\FRPSOHWLRQ

Presented by Michael Lakeman, Ph.D.

Sustainable Aviation Fuels –Global Challenges, Regional Opportunities

Commercial Airplanes ଐஜỂỉῷ​῟ῢῩ​ῗ῜῱༓૰୍ӏỉಒࣞ‫׋‬

7RN\R2O\PSLF*DPHV

― 14 ―Jim McNerney
Chairman and CEO
The Boeing Company

Regional
jets
2%

$80B

Singleaisle
47%

Copyright©2013Boeing.Allrightsreserved.
Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

$1,090B

$280B

Small
MediumLargewide-body wide-body wide-body
23%
22%
6%

$1,100B

World Total

Africa35,280

1,060

1,170

2,900

Latin America
C.I.S.

7,250
2,610

Middle East

7,460

12,820

North America

EuropeAirplanes

21%

7%

21%

35,2803%3%8%Region2,500

Asia Pacific2013–2032

2013Ͳ 2032

$2,290B

Newairplanedeliveriesbyregion

Marketvalue:$4.8T

37%

By 2032, airlines will need more than 35,000 new
airplanes valued at $4.8 trillion

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

“By improving theenvironmental
performance of our
products and operations,
we ensure the vitality of
Boeing as well as ourcustomers, our industry
and our communities
worldwide. Together, we
will continue to build abetter planet.”

One Boeing, One Planet

5

$/gal
+12%

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Source: IPCC

02000

10,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,000

2% of
total

2010

2015

2020

2025

3% of
total

 Small but growing share of emissions

2005

Emissions by sector, 2000-2030
Millions tons CO2 equivalent/year

Global CO2 Emissions

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

AROC2

37%

Power

Industrial

Agriculturaland waste

Buildings

Forestry

Other
transport

Air

2030

Fuel

Ownership

31%

18%

Other
Fees
Maintenance
Crew

100%
3%
5%
6%

Airline operating costs

Sources: EIA
1. US Gulf Coast Jet 2. Airline Related Operating Costs based on US Majors 777-200ER fleet

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

$0

$1

$2

$3

$4

Rising fuel prices1

Fuel largest airline cost and rising43

― 15 ―

Amyris – GOL MOU on
Aviation Biofuels

Brazil Biofuels
Roadmap Launched

R+D
Collaborations

Australia Biofuel
Efforts

Indonesia Biofuels
MandateSouth Africa Biofuels
Collaboration / MOU

UAE R&D
CenterBIOJet Abu Dhabi
Launched

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

9

RSB
SE AsiaStudy

10

Biofuel Initiative

Working across Boeing and the industry to drive commercialization

GOL Biofuel
Flights

Northwest
Green Diesel
Roadmap
Commercialization
andPartnerships

SAFUG ILUC
Position

RFS2 Includes
Jet Fuel

Midwest Biofuels
Roadmap

Key Activities

Boeing’s Global Biofuel Program

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 Ensures benefits for all into the future

Economic

Sustainable

Triple bottom-line Sustainability

Addresscustomer’s
top cost

Act as industry
catalyst toacceleratecommercialization

Fuels
approval

Feedstockand Pathway
R&D

SupportandAdvocacyCore activities

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 Diverse, reticulated technology pathways pose the question…

The Technology Landscape

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 Ultimate goal is to catalyze a vibrant commercial market

Assure industry
growthProtect ourenvironment

Boeing’s Role

Boeing’s Role and Actions87

― 16 ―

Mallee feedstock
assessment

Brisbane bioport
project

Feedstock production systemdesign program for interior
Queensland

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 Working together and with others to advance the industry

Qantas and Shell study onhydrotreating andfeedstock capacity

14• Some resources still relatively
unknown•Some known but not trialled•Prospective refining
processes not proven•No sustainability certification
process•Access to distribution
infrastructure uncertain+ 14 recommendations
addressing the main
challenges:

AISAF formed – public private partnership to coordinate efforts

Follow up efforts

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Road map

Outcomes: turning analysis into strategy

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

2010-2011+

Invited speakers:
CleanStar
AuroraAquaflow
Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch
Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels
Algal Fuels Consortium

Government:
DRET
DCCEE
Treasury
DIT
NSW, SA, Qld & Vic

Australia /New Zealand national roadmap

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

CASE STUDY 1: Australia and New Zealand11

― 17 ―

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

•Establishment of Brazil Biofuel Platform with GOL Airlines,
targetting biofuel flights for 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics•Boeing-Embraer Research Center established May 2014.

•Outcomes….

•Report released in 2013

•Boeing•Embraer•FAPESP

Sustainable Aviation Biofuels for Brazil

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

CASE STUDY 3: Brazil

18

17

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

•Policy changes to ease access to sustainable unused forest
resources•Two US$40M wood-based supply chain research anddevelopment efforts funded by US Department of Agriculture•Outcomes….

•Report released in 2011

•Boeing•Alaska Airlines•Three major airports•Washington State University

American Pacific NW example

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

CASE STUDY 2: US Pacific Northwest16

15

― 18 ―

Source: USGS

About 20% of the Earth’s landmass is desert ~25.5 million km2

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

The flagship project of the SBRC is the Integrated
Seawater Energy and Agriculture System

The ISEAS

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

97% of the Earth’s
water is in the oceans

Our concept for biofuel production could be applied to
the UAE and many other regions of the world

Why is SBRC research important?

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

TheSBRC
Sustainable
Biomass Research Consortium

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

CASE STUDY 4: The Middle East19

― 19 ―

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Notes: Prices per gallon. $0.10 based on long term net margins of 1% and assumption of 1/3 of costs being fuel.

 So what’s driving the $30?

The price premium of aviation
biofuel used for demo flights

 Limited sustainable
feedstock Price premium Refinery capacity
small

Sufficient supply

The price premium that would
eliminate 2012 airline profitability

 Supply is the main challenge Strong US Military
Demand In commercial use

 Airline support

In demand

The continuing challenge

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 High quality standard

 ASTM and Def Stan
approved

Technically viable

State of Aviation Biofuel Industry

26

25

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Green Diesel Opportunity

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

TheSBRC
BioJetAbu Dhabi24

― 20 ―

Biodiesel

Green
DieselO

O

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Feedstock

RefiningGreen Diesel

Green
DieselHEFA is a premium fuelCopyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Feedstock

Refining

Distillation

Diesel Markets

Green Diesel is a drop-in fuelGreen
DieselHEFA

HEFA

Diesel market

Blend

Jet-A
(min 50%)

Green Diesel

30

Aviationmarket29

Dynamic Fuels
75 M Gallons
Geismar, LA

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Diamond
Green Diesel
137 M Gallons
Norco, LA

Emerald Biofuels
85 M Gallons
LA

Neste Oil
594 M Gallons
Singapore, Finland,
Netherlands

Price?

Price?

Advanced biofuels, commercialized

Eni
100 M Gallons
Italy

Global Green Diesel Production

Scale?

Scale?

2728

― 21 ―

5

3

0

200

400

600

51 51

102

429

669 669

Sometimes, the breakthrough is not in technology

Green diesel
Green
Airline(net US
Purchases diesel (noof HEFA incentives) incentives)

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Future Directions and Breakthroughs

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

$0

$10

$20

1% of
globaljet fuel

2007

800

2008

$30

32

M Gal

2009

1,000

2010

$/gal

2011

$40
806

Instant scale

2012

Competitive price2013

Significant impact expected

935

2014F
34

33

Green diesel issimilar enoughchemically to be
blended directly
into jet fuelCopyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Feedstock
Jet-A

Refining

Aviationmarket

Blend

Green
DieselDistillation

Green
DieselHEFA

Diesel market

Blend

Jet-A
(min 50%)

Drop-in aviation biofuel, without the premium

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Dr Jim Kinder, Boeing Technical Fellow

The breakthrough32

Aviationmarket31

― 22 ―

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 Great progress. Superior fuel. Early in the journey.

 Innovation – supply chain and commercial

 Research – expanded feedstocks/pathways

 Emphasis on policy continuity

 ASTM approval of green diesel blending

Next Steps Commercial flights continue Favorable policy developments

 Organized demand ASTM approval for commercial use

Aviation Biofuel ProgressMoving From Dreams to Reality

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Summary

38

37

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

•Construction 2014
•Technology:
Lignocellulosic-ATJ•Partners: Chilean US
Navy, Cobalt, LAN•Start-up: 2013
•Wood pyrolysis•KiOR Scale facilities planned for 2014+•Construction
2014•Halophyte
conversion•SBRC•Start-up: 2013
•MSW-to-alcohol•Abengoa•Start-up: 2013
•Biomass to microbial oil•Neste Oil•Start-up: 2014
•Cellulosic ethanol•3 facilities

Pilot Facilities for New Paths Underway

Copyright © 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 Diverse, reticulated technology pathways pose the question…

The Technology Landscape3635ᖹᡂ㻞㻢ᖺ䠑᭶㻟㻜᪥㻌ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤ጤဨ㻛䜸䝤䝄䞊䝞䞊㻌 ྛ఩㻌㻌㻌ศ⛉఍䛾タ⨨ཬ䜃䛤ཧ⏬ศ⛉఍䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䛚ఛ䛔㻌㻌㻌 ᶆグ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍䛷䛿௨ୗ䛾ศ⛉఍䛾タ⨨➼䜢⪃䛘䛶䛚䜚䜎䛩䛸䛣䜝䚸ཧ⏬䛾䛤ᕼᮃ➼䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᮏ⣬䛻䛤グධ䛾ୖ䚸䠒᭶䠒᪥䠄㔠䠅䜎䛷䛻஦ົᒁ䜎䛷䛤ᥦฟ䛔䛯䛰䛡䜎䛩䜘䛖䛚㢪䛔䛧䜎䛩䚹㻌㻌凣几ศ⛉఍僔タ⨨䢢㻔㻝㻕 ➨䠍ศ⛉఍䠄஦ົᒁ䠖㻶㻭㻸䠅㻌㒔ᕷ䝂䝭䜢ཎᩱ䛸䛩䜛ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛾䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁䛻䛴䛔䛶᳨ウ䛧䜎䛩䚹㻌㻔㻞㻕 ➨䠎ศ⛉఍䠄஦ົᒁ䠖㻭㻺㻭䠅㻌⸴䛜⏘⏕䛩䜛ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛾䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁䛻䛴䛔䛶᳨ウ䛧䜎䛩䚹㻌㻔㻟㻕 ➨䠏ศ⛉఍䠄஦ົᒁ䠖㻺㻯㻭䠅㻌㒔ᕷ䝂䝭䚸⸴௨እ䛾䜒䛾䜢ཎᩱ➼䛸䛧䛶䚸ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛻䛚䛔䛶ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜢〇㐀䛩䜛䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁䛻䛴䛔䛶᳨ウ䛧䜎䛩䚹㻌

Questions?

㻔㻠㻕 ➨䠐ศ⛉఍䠄஦ົᒁ䠖䝪䞊䜲䞁䜾䠅㻌ᡃ䛜ᅜ䛻䛚䛔䛶ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜢〇㐀䚸ᑟධ䛩䜛㝿䛾ἲไᗘ䛻㛵䛧䚸ㄢ㢟䜢ᩚ⌮䛧䚸ㄢ㢟ゎỴ䛾᪉ྥᛶ䛻䛴䛔䛶᳨ウ䛧䜎䛩䚹㻌㻔㻡㻕㻌 ㆟ㄽ䛾㐍ᒎ➼䜢㋃䜎䛘䚸௒ᚋᚲせ䛻ᛂ䛨䚸ୖグ௨እ䛾ศ⛉఍䜢タ⨨䛩䜛䛣䛸䛸䛩䜛䚹㻌㻌凤几ศ⛉఍僔㐠Ⴀ㻌¾ ጤဨ㻛䜸䝤䝄䞊䝞䞊䛾ⓙᵝ䛻䛚䛛䜜䜎䛧䛶䛿䚸䛤ᕼᮃ䛩䜛䛩䜉䛶䛾ศ⛉఍䛻䛤ཧ⏬䛔䛯䛰䛡䜎䛩䚹䛤ᕼᮃ䛩䜛ศ⛉఍䛜䛺䛔ሙྜ䛿䛭䛾᪨䛤ᣦ᦬䛟䛰䛥䛔䚹䜎䛯䚸ୖグ௨እ䛾ศ⛉఍䛾タ⨨䛻㛵䛧䛤ᣦ᦬䛒䜚䜎䛧䛯䜙஦ົᒁ䜎䛷䛚ᐤ䛫䛟䛰䛥䛔䚹㻌¾ ⓙᵝ䛾䛤ᕼᮃ䜢ᢎ䛳䛯ᚋ䛻䚸㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍䜘䜚ศ⛉఍䜈䛾䛤ཧ⏬䛻䛴䛔䛶䛤┦ㄯ⏦䛧ୖ䛢䜛ሙྜ䛜䛒䜚ᚓ䜛᪨䛤஢ゎ㢪䛔䜎䛩䚹㻌¾ ྛศ⛉఍䛾㐠Ⴀ䛿䚸ྛศ⛉఍஦ົᒁ䜢୰ᚰ䛻䚸ศ⛉఍䛤䛸䛻⾜䛳䛶䛔䛯䛰䛝䜎䛩䛾䛷䚸㛤ദሙᡤ䛾☜ಖ➼䚸ศ⛉఍䝯䞁䝞䞊䛾䛤༠ຊ䜢䛚㢪䛔⏦䛧ୖ䛢䜎䛩䚹㻌
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䛤ᕼᮃศ⛉఍䠄䕿䜢䛧䛶䛟䛰䛥䛔䚹」ᩘྍ䠅㻌㻌 ➨䠍ศ⛉఍㻌➨䠎ศ⛉఍㻌
➨䠏ศ⛉఍㻌
➨䠐ศ⛉఍㻌
㻌⮬⏤グධḍ䠄ୖグ௨እ䛻タ⨨䛩䜉䛝ศ⛉఍➼䚸䛤ពぢ䜢䛚㢪䛔䛔䛯䛧䜎䛩䚹䠅㻌䠄஦ົᒁ䠅ᮾி኱Ꮫ⯟✵䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁⥲ᣓᐤ௜ㅮᗙ䢢ᖹᡂ凤凨ᖺ凧᭶䢢ูῧ䢢䢢ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺䢢䢢 ጤဨ䢱儎儺儚兠儴兠ྛ఩䢢䢢

Biography➨凤ᅇ඲య఍㆟㛤ദ僔傺᱌ෆ䢢䢢䢢䢢 ᶆグ僑僊傪僌傎௨ୗ僔僎傰僰㛤ദ傪僅傽僤傿僔働傺᱌ෆ傽僤傿傏䢢䢢凣几᪥᫬䢢䢢
ᖹᡂ凤凨ᖺ凨᭶凣凢᪥凚ⅆ凛凣凢᫬到凣凤᫬䢢凤几ሙᡤ䢢䢢
䢢䢢兀兠儈兗儔兟儜兇儵兗䢢༓௦⏣༊୸僔ෆ凣凟凨凟凨䢢 ᪥ᮏ⏕࿨୸僔ෆ儷兏凤凢㝵䢢凥几㆟஦䢢䢢
䢢䢢䢢䢢凣凢᫬到凣凣᫬䢢 ㅮ₇䢢
ㅮ₇䢢 䯔䣖䣪䣧䢢䣕䣶䣣䣶䣷䣵䢢䣱䣨䢢䣄䣫䣱䢯䣦䣧䣴䣫䣸䣧䣦䢢䣈䣷䣧䣮䣵䢢䣨䣱䣴䢢䣃䣸䣫䣣䣶䣫䣱䣰”䢢ㅮ₇⪅䢢 䣆䣴䢰䢢䣌䣣䣯䣧䣵䢢䢪䣌䣫䣯䢫䢢䣍䣫䣰䣦䣧䣴䢢

Boeing Commercial
Airplanes
P.O. Box 3707, M/C 21-70
Seattle, WA 98124-2207
www.boeing.com

James D. Kinder, Ph.D.
Technical Fellow
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
Dr. James (Jim) Kinder is a Technical Fellow in the Fuels and Thermal Group at
Boeing Commercial Airplanes, where he is responsible for fuels and fuel system issues
as well as technology development for sustainable fuels. Dr. Kinder is also a member of
the Fuel Cell Technical Council at Boeing and the Chairman of the Emerging Fuels Task
Force in the Aviation Fuels Committee at ASTM.

Technical Fellow, Boeing Commercial Airplanes
Chairman, Emerging Fuels Task Force, Aviation Fuels Committee, ASTM

Dr. Kinder came to Boeing in 2008. Prior to joining Boeing he worked at theNASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio as a senior research chemist. While at
NASA Dr. Kinder was responsible for the development of new proton conducting
membranes for high temperature PEM fuels cell, advanced composites, non-linear
optical materials, and new electrolytes for lithium polymer batteries. In 2005 Dr. Kinderand Dr. Mary Ann Meador received the R&D 100 award for their work on solid polymer
electrolytes for lithium batteries; an award that recognizes the 100 most significant
developments in science and technology for the given year. In 2006 Dr. Kinder took asabbatical leave from NASA to accept a position as a Research Professor at ArizonaState University, where he focused on the development of detection methods forbiological warfare agents and other pathogens using genetic sequencing techniques,development of a portable biodosimeter using microarray technology, high temperature
PEM fuel cells, and advanced materials for DNA collection.

凚ㅮ₇ᴫせ凛䢢 The presentation will focus on the describing the requirements for fuel forcommercial aviation, the ASTM approval process for new fuels, and the status of avariety of pathways and feedstocks to make bio-derived fuels for commercial aviation.䢢

䢢 䢪ㅮ₇⪅␎Ṕ凬ヲ⣽僕ูῧཧ↷䢫䢢 Dr. James (Jim) Kinder is a Technical Fellow in the Fuels
and Thermal Group at Boeing Commercial Airplanes, where he is responsible for fuels andfuel system issues as well as technology development for sustainable fuels. Dr. Kinder is alsoa member of the Fuel Cell Technical Council at Boeing and the Chairman of the Emerging
Fuels Task Force in the Aviation Fuels Committee at ASTM.

䢢䢢凣凣᫬到凣凤᫬䢢 ពぢ஺᥮䢢䢢
処几僃僔௚䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 兟ฟḞ凚ฟᖍ傺ᕼᮃ僔ሙྜ傎ฟᖍ⪅僔ᙺ⫋傎Ặྡ凛僸凨᭶処᪥凚Ỉ凛僤働僑ḟ僔䣗䣔䣎僑Ⓩ㘓㢪傪僤傿傏僐傰傎఍㆟ᐊᐃဨ僔㒔ྜୖ傎凣ጤဨ兟儎儺儚兠儴兠ᙜ僅僰ฟᖍ⪅僸凣ྡ僎傻僁僌傪僅僆傳僤傿傏僐傰傎ฟḞ☜ㄆᚋ傎఍㆟ᐊ僑వ⿱傲储僱ሙྜ僑僕ᨵ僧僌傺᱌ෆ傪僅傽僤傿傏䢢䣪䣶䣶䣲䢼䢱䢱䣰䣧䣺䣶䣬䣧䣶䣩䣯䢰䣶䣷䣯䣤䣮䣴䢰䣥䣱䣯䢱䢲䢸䢳䢲䢢凚儆儓償儝僑僕傎ጤဨ兟儎儺儚兠儴兠ᑓ⏝儾兠儜僔儵儝兓兠儭僸傰౑傪債僆傻傪傏凛䢢䢢䢢兟ゝㄒ僕ⱥㄒ働傿傲傎㏻ヂ僕储僰僤僁價僔働傎ண僧傺஢ᢎ債僆傻傪傏䢢௨ୖ䢢䢢

Dr. Kinder received a doctorate from Case Western Reserve University in
Chemistry. In 1992, he received a National Research Council Associate Award PostDoctorate Research Award. Dr. Kinder has published more than 30 journal articles andbeen awarded five patents. He is a member of the American Chemical Society,
Electrochemical Society, and ASTM.
###
April 2010
Contact: Boeing Communications 206-766-2949

䢢䢢凚஦ົᒁ凛ᮾி኱Ꮫ⯟✵儈儲儽兠儛克兗⥲ᣓᐤ௜ㅮᗙ䢢― 23 ―

2003

2004

2005

Historical data source: EIA

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

― 24 ―

30%

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

*Cash operating cost, typical rules, representative aircraft

Single-aisle

15%

US $2.73/gal

Fuel price:2013

US $0.82/gal

Fuel price:

2003

50%

Wide-body

25%

Fuel has doubled as a percentage of airline
costs* over the past 10 years

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

20

2006

150

60

Brent Crude Oil

200

80

40

250

100

350

400

300

Jet Fuel

450¢/Gallon

120

140

160

180

Spot $/Barrel (Brent Crude Oil / Rotterdam Jet Fuel)Oil prices expected to remain elevated andvolatile

4

3

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 State of aviation biofuel development

 Why Boeing cares about aviation biofuel

AgendaCopyright © 2013 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Boeing is a trademark of The Boeing Company.

The statements contained herein are based on good faith assumptions and provided for general information purposes only. These statements do not constitute an offer, promise, warranty or guarantee of performance.
Actual results may vary depending on certain events or conditions. This document should not be used or relied upon for any purpose other than that intended by Boeing.

Technical Fellow
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
June 2014

James D. Kinder, PhD

2Current Status of Bio-Derived Fuels for
Aviation㻭㻙㻞㻚඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ䠄➨㻞ᅇ䠅

― 25 ―
Credit opportunity3

Moral license

Socio-economic

Assurance ofenvironmental benefit

Benefits

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

1. Other requirements include land use changes, water use, land rights, labor rights 2. Examples include RSB, ISCC, FSC, etc. 3. Examples include
EU ETS avoidance and US RINs

3rd party standards andaudits2

Positive GHG impact

Doesn’t contribute toindirect impacts

Key Sustainability
Requirements1

Sustainability is Critical to Success

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 A new way of making the same fuel

 Can be mixed or alternated withtoday’s Jet-A fuel

 Requires NO change toinfrastructure Requires NO change toairplanes or engines Meets fuel performancerequirements

Boeing supports “drop-in” biofuels

7

Emissionscosts

Biofueltechnology
costs Limited sustainable
feedstock Price premium Over 1,500
commercial flights
 Continued militaryinterest

 Refinery capacity
small

Sufficient supply

 Airline support

In demand

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

 Technical success and growing demand…but supply challenged

 High quality
standard

 ASTM and Def Stan
approved

Technically viable

Status of aviation biofuel industry

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Oil price

3 Major Trends In Favor of Biofuels

6

5

Fail

Pass
Task Force

Proposed Spec& Resrch Rpt

Committee Ballot
Cycle

Issued ASTM
Specification

Ready for flight

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

• Fischer-Tropsch• HEFA

Near term approval(2013-2014)

 Many pathways under development• Direct fermentationof sugar• Alcohol to jet• Hydrotreateddepolymerized cellu.

Long term approval(2015+)

Fail

Pass

• Catalytic
Hydrothermolysis• Catalytic Oil• Catalytic Sugar

Runway for aviation biofuel technologies

Ballot Resolution

Proposed Spec& Resrch Rpt

Sub-Committee
Ballot Cycle

Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Task Force

ASTM
Research Report

ASTM Balloting Process

The Boeing Company

12

No Negative Impact

File Report

Reject Fuel/Additive= 225,400 Gal

Emissions

Slide Provided by Tedd Biddle Pratt &Whitney

APU Test

400 GalEngine Test

Full Annular*This is a guideline. Not every test isrequired.

ASTM Standard Practice – New
Fuel and New Fuel Additive
Approval Protocol.

Estimate of Fuel
Required for Approval
Evaluation = 250K Gal.

ASTM
Specification

ASTM
Review& Ballot

Reject or
Additional
Data asRequiredSpecification Change+ 18K Gal + 1K Gal = 20.5K Gal

9225K Gal

1.5K Gal

Altitude Relight
Cold Start

4K Gal80 Gal

10 GalOEM ApprovalEngine / APU
Endurance Test

No Negative Impact

Combustor
Rig Tests

No Negative Impact

Turbine Hot
Section Test

No Negative Impact

Fit-for-Purpose
Properties

FAA
Review
OEM Approval
Incorporate into Fuel Specification with
FAA Consensus

Reject or
Additional
Data asRequired

OEM Internal Review

OEM Internal Review

 In depth, multiparty review

Research
ReportFuel Specification
Properties

Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Engine Endurance
Test

Component or Rig
Tests

Fit-for-Purpose
Properties

Fuel Specification
Properties

Test Program

ASTM Fuel Approval Process- ASTM D4054

The Boeing Company

Negative Effect― 26 ―

― 27 ―

Pre-treatment

Fermentable
raw materials

Fermentation
Molecules
CiHj
Products

R&D network

Leading to 2nd
generation
Scale-up andindustrial chemistry

Track record forstrain improvement

Fermentation andchemical processes

Access to markets

Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons(terpenes: C5i)

Downstream
Processing
Saturated
Hydrocarbons(hydrogenatedterpenes)
Blending
Jet fuel

16 December 2013 - DSHC Task-Force

Farnesene Precursor is a sesquiterpene: trans-ȕ-farnesene (C15H24, 4 double bonds, CAS:
18794-84-8)

Farnesane Candidate molecule to be blended in fossil jet fuel is an iso-paraffin: farnesane(C15H32, 3-methyl branches, CAS: 3891-98-3)

Focus on known C15 Hydrocarbons

Sugar

Fermentation

Focus on sugar-to-hydrocarbons-to-jet fuel route based on terpenes
biosynthesis and chemistry

Direct Sugar to HydroCarbon (DSHC) description

15 December 2013 - DSHC Task-Force

Special fluids
Lubricants Chemicals

Trading &marketingCompetitive
molecules

Fuels

 Differentiating technology: broad R&D collaboration (~$100M)
 Lab-to-market development: joint industrialization & commercialization

Bio-engineering of
micro-organisms

Synthetic
biology

1st generation in
Brazil on sugar cane

Feedstocksourcing

Synergy: assemble complementary technology, industrial and business capabilities

Biomass

Downstream
Processing

A specific partnership model to develop the whole value chain integrated frombiomass to finished products

Amyris - Total partnership since June 2010

DFSTJ1

Draft Report Written

ATJ

CCOTJ3

OEM Approval

CCSTJ2

CHHRJ5

Balloting Begun

HDCJ4

 Some pathways approved. Others in work.

HEFA

Approved

CoProcessing

Synthesized Iso-Paraffins from Hydroprocessed
Fermented Sugars

Direct Sugar to HydroCarbon route

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

1. Direct Fermentation of Sugar to Jet 2.Catalytic Conversion of Sugar to Jet 3. Catalytic Conversion of Oil to Jet 4. Hydrotreated Depolymerized
Cellulosic Jet 5.Catalystic Hydrothermolysis-Hydroprocessing to Jet

Task Force Formed(Russia/CIS)

GOST

Brazil(China)GB

DefstanASTM

FTASTM Task Forces and other Fuel Approvals

Global approvals for aviation biofuels13

― 28 ―

Compression

Proprietary
MicrobeFermentation
Recovery
Product
Tank

BaoSteel Demo

Target 30% HDCJ in Jet

Jet Fuel Products

9 Abundant supply
9 Non-food resource
9 Lignocellulose

Renewable
Biomass Feedstock

9 KiOR’s BFCC
9 UOP’s Pyrolysis
9 Licella’s Hydrothermal

Depolymerization

9 Fungible hydrocarbons
9 Gasoline, Jet, Diesel
9 Aromatic rich (30-45%)

Blendstock
Fractionation

HDCJet Blendstock

Gasoline + Diesel

Renewable Hydrocarbon Blendstocks

9 Hydrotreating
9 Refinery proven tech.
9 Hydrocarbon productBio-crude
Hydrotreating

Hydrotreated Depolymerized Cellulosic Jet Production(>100s of billions of gallons per year)• Demos in China exceeded design capacity (100K gpy EtOH)• Feedstock flexible: industrial off gases, gasified MSW,
biogas etc.
19

• Process recycles waste carbon into fuels and chemicals• Potential to make material impact on the future energy pool

Gas Reception

Gas Feed Stream

Captures CO-rich gases andconverts the carbon to fuels andchemicals

The LanzaTech Process
Fermentation

 Combination of hydroprocessing andseparation operations
 Production to date: ~2 million liters offarnesane for diesel application
 Using diesel process slightly modified,farnesane aviation grade production to date
for ASTM test purposes: >60,000 liters

dehydration

isobutylene

Farnesane

10-40%

oligomerization(e.g. CDTech Dimer8,
UOP InAlk,
Neste NExOCTANE)

60-90%

isohexadecene

isododecene

60-90%

10-40%hydrogenation(e.g. Neste NExSAT)

H2

isohexadecane

isododecane

Copyright © 2009 Boeing. All rights reserved.

• Hydrogenation of olefins to saturated hydrocarbons• Typical in most petrochemical and fuel refineries• Oligomerization of butenes• Solid acid catalysts – sulfonic acid resins, zeolites, solid phosphoric acid
• Production of dimers and trimers for chemicals and fuels• Dehydration of alcohol to olefin• t-butanol to isobutylene• ethanol to ethylene

All steps are slight variations to established commercial processes:(e.g. TBA dehydration
by Evonik, LyondellBasell,
CDTech, EtOH dehydration
by Braskem)

isobutanol

OH

H2O

Alcohols to Jet Fuel Technology

17 December 2013 - DSHC Task-Force

Separation

Hydroprocessing

Page 18

 Microbe-catalyzed conversion of sugar: key is the development of afarnesene producing yeast Production to date: >4 million liters of farnesene precursor
 Farnesene plant with a capacity of up to 50 million liters per year attarget efficiency in Brotas, Brazil

Farnesene

Downstream processing

Fermentation

Sugar

At scale process based on common industrial steps

― 29 ―

O

Triglyceride
MW=700-900

Free Fatty Acid
MW=200-300

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C
H3C

H3C

H3C

H3C

CH2 +

H2O +

Catalyst

H2O

CO2

H2

+

+

+

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3
H3C

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2007

51

2008

51

2009

102

2010

354

429
75

2011

594

75

~90% of existing production
capacity is Neste’s
669

2012

594

669
75

2013

594

2014

594

75

137

137
75

85

100

1,021

85

921

Neste

Dynamic Fuels

ENI
Endicott
Emerald
Valero Global capacity sufficient to produce 1% of global jet fuelCopyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Source: BNEF

600M gal
1% target

800

900

1,000

1,100

Forecast

Global jet biofuel production capacity

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Feedstock flexible, but with consistent product properties

H3C

H3C

H3C

3

CH3 CH

H2

CH3

CH3
CH3

Catalyst

CH3

CH3

CH3

Straight Chain Paraffins

Synthetic Paraffinic
Kerosene Natural oils contain oxygen, have high molecular weight.
 First reaction removes oxygen – product is diesel range waxy
paraffins Second reaction “cracks” diesel paraffins to smaller, highly
branched moleculesO

OO

HC O OOHOCO2HEFA and Green Diesel

24(Modified ZSM-5)

Aromatics
Processing(Condensation+
Hydrotreating)Distillate
Processing

Gasoline
Diesel+HDO-SAKDistillation

Naphtha
Diesel+HDO-SK

Distillation

Green Diesel

Contacts
Brice_Dally@virent.com
Cynthia.Ginestra@shell.com
ghemighaus@gmail.com

APR/HDO
Processing

BOEING is a trademark of Boeing Management Company.
Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved

Brice Dally
Cynthia Ginestra
Greg Hemighaus

Corn

Sugar Cane

Biomass

H2 (optional)

Natural Gas

APR = Aqueous Phase Reforming
HDO = Hydrodeoxygenation
Generates oxygenate intermediates for downstream
processing into finished fuels and chemicals

HDO-SAK Status• ASTM preliminary research
report available soon
• Seeking blend up to aromatics
limit• Balancing blendstock for SPKs
• Spec + FFP testing complete• All within experience• Advantaged freeze point
HDO-SAK Composition• 95% Mono-Aromatics• 5% Indans/Tetralins• >80% retention of bio-carbon
in fuelHDO-SK Status• ASTM preliminary research
report available• Seeking 50% blend• Spec + FFP testing complete• All within experience• Advantaged• Density• Thermal stability• Freeze point
HDO-SK Composition• 80% Cycloparaffins• 20% Paraffins• >80% retention of bio-carbon
in fuelHDO-SK: Hydro- deoxygenated Synthesized Kerosene
HDO-SAK: Hydro-deoxygenated Synthesized Aromatic Kerosene

― 30 ―

Feedstock System
DesignInaugural Chinese
biofuel flight

Aviation Biofuel
Roadmap

MOU Hawaii
Bioenergy

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Working with airlines to advance commercialization

Collectively, SAFUG members
represent approximately 40% ofcommercial aviation fueldemand.

1. Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users GroupBrazil R&D Centerwith Embraer• RINs for jet• $500M grants• Farm to Fly

Midwest Aviation
Sustainable Biofuels
Initiative

Sustainable Aviation Biofuelsfor Brazil (SABB)

Project
Flight Path

North America commercial
flights

Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users GroupSAFUG

SAFUG1
growthUAE R&D Center

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Sustainable
Biomass
Consortium

VA / LanzaTech
collaboration

First Boeing delivery
biofuel flight

Recent and Active Biofuel Projects

BoeingGlobalBiofuelEngagements
Sustainable
Aviation
Biofuel Projects
Around the WorldUCO

Halophytes

Other

Fuels
approval

Feedstockand Pathway
R&D

SupportandAdvocacyCore activities

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

1. Based on refinery size near 150M gal/yr 2. Based on jatropha, but exact feedstock mix will vary Ultimate goal is to catalyze a vibrant commercial market

 Near price parity with traditional
Jet-A

 1.5M hectares of sustainableenergy crops2

 3-5 large refineries1

 1% aviation fuel by 2015(~600M gallons)

Boeing goals

Boeing Goals and Actions

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

1. Cellulase enzyeme pictured

Ag residues

Waste gases

Farmed trees

MSW

Switchgrass

Biomass

 A sampling of the many under development

Lignocellulosic
sugar1

SugarsCorn oil

Jatropha

Oils

Many new potential feedstocks indevelopment

25

29

Copyright © 2013 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2012 Boeing. All rights reserved.

• Boeing works with partners to shape the future• Significant progress in making biofuel a real option• Strong, long-term demand for aviation biofuel

Summary㻭㻙㻟㻚඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ䠄➨㻟ᅇ䠅凜凜凜凜凜凜凜஦ົᒁ傱僯僔傺㐃⤡凜凜凜凜凜凜凜䢢䢢何 ୍⯡僑ྥ傷僅儿兠兄儾兠儜僸సᡂ傪僅傽僤傽僅傏䢢¾ 䣪䣶䣶䣲䢼䢱䢱䣫䣰䣣䣨䢯䣬䣣䣲䣣䣰䢰䣶䣷䣯䣤䣮䣴䢰䣥䣱䣯䢢䢢何 ጤဨྥ傷僔儿兠兄儾兠儜僨㝶᫬᭦᪂୰働傿傏䢢¾ ศ⛉఍僪඲య఍㆟僔᪥⛬僐像僔儥儋儧儓僑傰౑傪債僆傻傪傏䢢¾ 䣪䣶䣶䣲䢼䢱䢱䣰䣧䣺䣶䣬䣧䣶䣩䣯䢰䣶䣷䣯䣤䣮䣴䢰䣥䣱䣯䢢¾ 傺᱌ෆ僔儵儝兓兠儭僸傺฼⏝債僆傻傪傏䢢䢢何 ௒ᚋ僔ணᐃ䢢¾ 凣凣᭶凧᪥䢢 ⯟✵⎔ቃ兓兠儓儛克儧儻凚୍⯡බ㛤凛䢢 ⤊᪥䢢 ᮾி኱Ꮫ僑僌䢢 ⡿ᅜ➼傱僯㛵ಀ⪅僸傰僮僙傽僌䢢¾ 凣凣᭶凨᪥䢢 ➨ᅄᅇ඲య఍㆟䢢 䢢 ᫬㛫ᮍᐃ䢢 ᮾி኱Ꮫ僑僌䢢 兓兠儓儛克儧儻ㅮ₇⪅僸஺傮僅㆟ㄽ傰僮僙ศ⛉఍୰㛫ሗ࿌䢢¾ 凣᭶凤凪᪥䢢 ➨஬ᅇ඲య఍㆟䢢 䢢 ᫬㛫ᮍᐃ䢢 ᮾி኱Ꮫ僑僌䢢 ศ⛉఍᭱⤊ሗ࿌傰僮僙兑兠儭兂儧儻ྲྀ僰僤僎僧僑僦傷僌㆟ㄽ䢢¾ 処᭶凥᪥䢢 ➨භᅇ඲య఍㆟䢢 ᫬㛫ᮍᐃ䢢 ᮾி኱Ꮫ僑僌䢢 ᭱⤊☜ㄆ䢢
䢢
䢢
䢢
䢢
䢢
䢢
䢢
䢢
䢢

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺䢢 ඲య఍㆟䢢䢢㻔᪥᫬㻕㻌ᖹᡂ䠎䠒ᖺ䠕᭶䠍᪥䠄᭶䠅䠍䠏᫬䠏䠌ศ䡚䠍䠑᫬䠏䠌ศ㻌㻔ሙᡤ㻕䢢 ᡂ⏣✵㻺㻭㻭 ᮏ♫䝡䝹䠍㝵 㻿 ఍㆟ᐊ㻌 㻌

䢢

㆟஦ḟ➨䢢
凣几㛤఍䢢
䢢
凤几ศ⛉఍ሗ࿌䢢➨୍ศ⛉఍䠖㻌
᪥ᮏ⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫⥲ົ㒊䝬䝛䞊䝆䝱䞊䠄⎔ቃᢸᙜ䠅㻌㻌㻌୰ᓥ㻌 㝣༤㻌⏘⥲◊䝞䜲䜸䝸䝣䜯䜲䝘䝸䞊◊✲䝉䞁䝍䞊◊✲䝉䞁䝍䞊㛗㻌 㻌 㻌ᖹ⏣㻌 ᝅྐ㻌ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆䝙䜰䝸䞁䜾ᰴᘧ఍♫ၟရ௻⏬㒊ᢸᙜ㒊㛗㻌 㻌㻌ᑠᔱ㻌 ಖᙪ㻌➨஧ศ⛉఍䠖㻌
ᰴᘧ఍♫ 㻵㻴㻵 ᪂஦ᴗ᥎㐍㒊ḟ㛗㻌 㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

ᡂΎ㻌 ຮ㻌㻌㻌㻌ຍ⸨㻌 㞞ே㻌➨୕ศ⛉఍䠖㻌
᪥ᮏ㈌≀⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫⥲ົ㒊㛗㻌 㻌➨ᅄศ⛉఍䠖㻌
䝪䞊䜲䞁䜾䝆䝱䝟䞁ᰴᘧ఍♫ᨻᗓ㛵ಀ䞉΅እ㻌 ᢸᙜ䝕䜱䝺䜽䝍䞊㻌 㻌ᑠᯘ㻌 ⨾࿴㻌㻌凥几ᡂ⏣✵ 僔ᴫせ僎ྲྀ僰⤌僥傎⯟✵ᶵ⤥Ἔ᪋タ僑僊傪僌䢢ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ ᰴᘧ఍♫⤒Ⴀィ⏬㒊ᡓ␎௻⏬ᐊ䝬䝛䞊䝆䝱䞊㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 ኱ᮡ㻌 ᆂ㻌㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 ⤥Ἔ஦ᴗ㒊஦ᴗ䜾䝹䞊䝥䝬䝛䞊䝆䝱䞊㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 ᶓ℩㻌 㝯ኵ㻌㻌処几ពぢ஺᥮䢢䢢凧几㛢఍䢢 䢢凚㛢఍ᚋ僔傺᱌ෆ凛䢢何 㛢఍ᚋ傎傺Ⓩ㘓僸ᢎ僉僌傪僱ጤဨ僔᪉僸ᑐ㇟僑傎ᡂ⏣✵ 僔⇞ᩱ౪⤥タഛぢᏛ傲傺傼傪僤傿傏䢢¾ 傺ᥦฟ傪僅僆傪僅᝟ሗ僸僨僎僑傎ぢᏛ⪅僔ⓙ傻價僔Ⓩ㘓僕傿働僑῭價働傰僰僤傿傲傎஦᝟僑僮僰ⓙᵝ෌ᗘ傎ู㏵㓄ᕸ僔グධḍ僑傺グධ僔ୖ傎ぢᏛ儴儝傺஌㌴僔㝿僑傺ᥦ
ฟ債僆傻傪傏⮬Ꮿ僔ఫᡤ僸僃僔㝿傎傺グධ傪僅僆傳僤傿僮催傰㢪傪僨催傽储傸僤傿傏䢢䢢

― 31 ―

― 32 ―

䠏ྕᱞᶫ4,000䝖䞁

NƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢䠒ᇶ䝍䞁䜽ᐜ㔞㻥㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㼗䉭䠐ྕᱞᶫ
1,548༓NƐ䠈32%
328㞘

䠑ྕᱞᶫ
1,789༓NƐ䠈37%
356㞘

䠐ྕᱞᶫ

NASPA䝷䜲䞁
91༓NƐ䠈2%21ᅇ

4,795༓NƐ
1,168㞘

ᖹᡂ25ᖺᗘ
⇞ᩱཷධᐇ⦼

䠎ྕᱞᶫ
288༓NƐ䠈6%
146㞘

NASPA䝷䜲䞁

䠏ྕᱞᶫ
1,080༓NƐ䠈23%
338㞘

⇞ᩱཷධᐇ⦼

㏦Ἔ䢊䢛䢙䢈䢛
NƐK㽢䠐ྎ䠐䞉䠑ྕᱞᶫ
8,000䝖䞁

㢌▼Ἔ䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹඲ᬒ

ͤNASPA䠖ᡂ⏣✵ ⇞ᩱ㈓ⶶඹྠ⤌ྜ
Narita Airport Storage Participation Agreement䠎ྕᱞᶫ
2,000䝖䞁

NASPAͤ䢓䡮䢙

୸⣚䡼䢙䡴

䠑ྕᱞᶫ

ᮾ
ி
‴

༓ⴥ

䠎ྕᱞᶫ

䠎

䠏

䠏ྕᱞᶫ

NƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢䠐ᇶNƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢䠏ᇶ䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙

༓ⴥ

༓ⴥ

㞈㐨㒊

㢌▼Ἔࢱ࣮࣑ࢼࣝ

༓ⴥᕷ

㮵ᓥ
ᕝ

䠒䠊䠎䡇䡉
䠒䠊䠕䡇䡉
䠐䠊䠍䡇䡉
䠑䠊䠓䡇䡉
䠒䠊䠐䡇䡉
䠐䠓䠊䠌䡇䡉

䠄䠓䠊䠕䡇䡉䠅

ᅄ⾤㐨ᕷ
బ ಴ ᕷ
㓇䚻஭⏫
ᐩ 㔛 ᕷ
ᡂ ⏣ ᕷ
䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁ᘏ㛗䠍䠓䠊䠓䡇䡉
䠄䛖䛱䚸㞈㐨㒊䠅

బ಴ᕷ

༓ ⴥ ᕷ

ᕷ⏫ูᘏ㛗

ᅄ⾤㐨▼Ἔࢱ࣮࣑ࢼࣝ

ᅄ⾤㐨ᕷ

༳᪠἟

ᑟ
⟶
㍺㏦⬟ຊ
ᖖ⏝ᅽຊ

㓇ࠎ஭⏫

ᅜ㐨㸳㸯ྕ

ᐩ㔛ᕷ
ᅜ㐨㸰㸷㸴ྕ

᰿ᮌྡ
ᕝ

ᡂ⏣ᕷ

㹌

ཱྀᚄ14B䠄እᚄ355.6mm䠅
NƐK䠄䠍᮲ᙜ䜚䠅
2.89MPa䠄29.5kgf/ੌ䠅

ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵

䠍

▼Ἔഛ⵳ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
㸦➨⤥Ἔࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸧✵ ▼Ἔࢱ࣮࣑ࢼࣝ
㸦➨⤥Ἔࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸧ᰴᘧ఍♫䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁䝹䞊䝖ᅗᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ᖹᡂ䠎䠒ᖺ䠕᭶⯟✵ᶵ⤥Ἔ᪋タ䛾ᴫせḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤 ඲య఍㆟

― 33 ―⣙ 䠍䠒䠊䠓䡇䡉䠏䠓 䝇䝫䝑䝖

㏦Ἔ⟶ᘏ㛗⤥Ἔ䝇䝫䝑䝖

➨䠍䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖
➨䠍⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊
1,635༓NƐ䠈34%➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖
➨䠍⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊
2,850༓NƐ䠈59%䠕䠎 䝇䝫䝑䝖

⣙ 䠏䠑䠊䠔䡇䡉

➨䠍䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖
➨䠍⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊

➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖

6NƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢8ᇶ䝍䞁䜽ᐜ㔞㻠㻤㻘㻜㻜㻜㼗䉭➨2䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖ᡶฟ䝫䞁䝥㻥㻜㻜NƐK㽢㻞ྎᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ ▼Ἔഛ⵳䝉䞁䝍䞊඲ᬒ䠄➨䠎⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊䠅4,815༓NƐ

ᖹᡂ25ᖺᗘ
䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖
ᡶฟᐇ⦼䠎䠈䠏䠌䠌 㼗䉭㻛㼔⤥Ἔ⬟ຊ➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖
➨䠎⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊
329༓NƐ䠈7%䠕䠌䠌㼗䉭㻛㼔㽢䠒ྎ䠄ணഛ䠍ྎ䠅

䠎䠏䠌㼗䉭㻛㼔㽢䠍䠎ྎ䠄ணഛ䠎ྎ䠅

ᡶฟ䝫䞁䝥䠐䠈䠑䠌䠌 㼗䉭㻛㼔➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖

➨䠍䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖

➨䠎⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊

䜶䝥䝻䞁䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖᪋タ䠓䠒NƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢11ᇶNƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢14ᇶ䝍䞁䜽ᐜ㔞㻝㻠㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㼗䉭䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙

䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙

➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖ᡶฟ䝫䞁䝥㻥㻜㻜NƐ/h㽢㻠ྎ➨䠍䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖ᡶฟ䝫䞁䝥㻞㻟㻜NƐ/h㽢㻝㻞ྎᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ ▼Ἔ䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹඲ᬒ䠄➨䠍⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊䠅ᮾ㛵ᮾ⮬ື㌴㐨㜵⅏㆙ഛ䝉䞁䝍䞊

㏦Ἔ䝫䞁䝥NƐK㽢䠐ྎᅄ⾤㐨▼Ἔ䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹඲ᬒ䠑䠐

― 34 ―

༓ⴥ༓ⴥ㢌▼Ἔࢱ࣮࣑ࢼࣝ

༓ⴥᕷ䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁
䠝⣔౪⏝ᅄ⾤㐨䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹
౪⏝
⡿ᅜ
䝔䝻

㮵ᓥ
ᕝ

䠒䠊䠎䡇䡉
䠒䠊䠕䡇䡉
䠐䠊䠍䡇䡉
䠑䠊䠓䡇䡉
䠒䠊䠐䡇䡉
䠐䠓䠊䠌䡇䡉

䠄䠓䠊䠕䡇䡉䠅

ᅄ⾤㐨ᕷ
బ ಴ ᕷ
㓇䚻஭⏫
ᐩ 㔛 ᕷ

ᡂ ⏣ ᕷ
䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁ᘏ㛗䠍䠓䠊䠓䡇䡉

䠄䛖䛱䚸㞈㐨㒊䠅

బ಴ᕷ

༓ ⴥ ᕷ

ᕷ⏫ูᘏ㛗

ᅄ⾤㐨▼Ἔࢱ࣮࣑ࢼࣝ

ᅄ⾤㐨ᕷ

༳᪠἟

ᐩ㔛ᕷ
ᅜ㐨㸰㸷㸴ྕ

᰿ᮌྡ
ᕝ

ᡂ⏣ᕷ

ᮾ᪥ᮏ
኱㟈⅏

㹌

Ⓨ╔ᅇᩘ
䠄༓ᅇ䠅

ཱྀᚄ%䠄እᚄPP䠅
NƐK䠄䠍᮲ᙜ䜚䠅03D䠄NJIੌ䠅ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵▼Ἔഛ⵳ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
㸦➨⤥Ἔࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸧㏆㊥㞳㊰⥺䛾ቑ౽ప⇞㈝ᶵᮦ䜈⨨᥮

䝸䞊䝬䞁
䝅䝵䝑䜽

➨䠎⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊౪⏝✵ ▼Ἔࢱ࣮࣑ࢼࣝ
㸦➨⤥Ἔࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸧

ᑟ
⟶
㍺㏦⬟ຊ
ᖖ⏝ᅽຊ

㓇ࠎ஭⏫

ᅜ㐨㸳㸯ྕ

SARS

༓ⴥ 㢌
ቑタ䝍䞁䜽౪⏝䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁䝹䞊䝖ᅗ䠐䞉䠑ྕ䝞䞊䝇
౪⏝

Ⓨ╔ᅇᩘ

䠏ྕ䝞䞊䝇
౪⏝

⤥Ἔ㔞

䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁
䠞⣔౪⏝

ซ౛

ᬻᐃ㈌≀
㍺㏦㛤ጞ

㞈㐨㒊

⤥Ἔ㔞
䠄༓NƐ䠅

⤥Ἔ㔞䛾᥎⛣

ᰴᘧ఍♫ᡂ⏣✵ 䛷⯟✵ᶵ䛻⤥Ἔ䛥䜜䜛⯟✵⇞ᩱ䛿䚸᪋タ฼⏝⪅䠄▼Ἔඖ኎఍♫➼䠅䛾ᡭ䛻䜘䛳䛶༓ⴥ 㢌▼Ἔ䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹䛻㐠䜀䜜䚸䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁䛻䜘䛳䛶ᡂ⏣✵ 䜎䛷㏦䜙䜜䜎䛩䚹
1$$䛸᪋タ฼⏝⪅䛿䚸▼Ἔ䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁஦ᴗἲ䛻ᇶ䛵䛝⯟✵⇞ᩱ㍺㏦ዎ⣙ཬ䜃䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖᪋タ౑⏝ዎ⣙䛻䜘䜚䚸㍺㏦䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹⯟✵⇞ᩱ䛾ὶ䜜䛸䛧䛟䜏ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ᖹᡂ䠎䠒ᖺ䠕᭶⯟✵ᶵ⤥Ἔ᪋タḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤 ඲య఍㆟

― 35 ―

NƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢ᇶNƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢ᇶ䝍䞁䜽ᐜ㔞㻝㻠㻠㻘㻜㻜㻜㼗䉭䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙

䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙

➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖ᡶฟ䝫䞁䝥㻥㻜㻜NƐK㽢㻠ྎ➨䠍䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖ᡶฟ䝫䞁䝥㻞㻟㻜NƐK㽢㻝㻞ྎᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ ▼Ἔ䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹඲ᬒ䠄➨䠍⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊䠅ᮾ㛵ᮾ⮬ື㌴㐨㜵⅏㆙ഛ䝉䞁䝍䞊

㏦Ἔ䝫䞁䝥NƐK㽢䠐ྎᅄ⾤㐨▼Ἔ䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹඲ᬒ䠏ྕᱞᶫ䝖䞁

NƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢䠒ᇶ䝍䞁䜽ᐜ㔞㻥㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜㼗䉭䠐ྕᱞᶫ༓NƐ䠈
㞘

䠑ྕᱞᶫ
༓NƐ䠈
㞘

䠐ྕᱞᶫ

1$63$䝷䜲䞁
༓NƐ䠈ᅇ༓NƐ㞘

ᖹᡂᖺᗘ
⇞ᩱཷධᐇ⦼

䠎ྕᱞᶫ
༓NƐ䠈㞘

1$63$䝷䜲䞁

䠏ྕᱞᶫ༓NƐ䠈㞘⇞ᩱཷධᐇ⦼

㏦Ἔ䢊䢛䢙䢈䢛
NƐK㽢䠐ྎ䠐䞉䠑ྕᱞᶫ
䝖䞁

㢌▼Ἔ䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹඲ᬒ

ͤ1$63$䠖ᡂ⏣✵ ⇞ᩱ㈓ⶶඹྠ⤌ྜ
1DULWD$LUSRUW 6WRUDJH3DUWLFLSDWLRQ$JUHHPHQW䠎ྕᱞᶫ䝖䞁

1$63$ͤ䢓䡮䢙

୸⣚䡼䢙䡴

䠑ྕᱞᶫ

ᮾ
ி
‴

༓ⴥ

䠎ྕᱞᶫ

䠏ྕᱞᶫ

NƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢䠐ᇶNƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢䠏ᇶ䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙

― 36 ―

䐣

䐢

䐡

䐟
䐠

䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙䚸㏦Ἔ⏝䝫䞁䝥ཬ䜃㏦Ἔ⏝䝍䞁䜽䛾タ⨨䚸▼Ἔ䛾✀㢮ཬ䜃㍺㏦⬟ຊ䚸ಖᏳᥐ⨨ ➼チྍ⏦ㄳ䛻ᚲせ䛺ῧ௜᭩㢮䞉䞉䞉஦ᴗ㛤ጞணᐃ᪥䚸㟂せண 䠄㍺㏦ィ⏬䠅䚸஦ᴗ཰ᨭィ⏬ ➼⏦ㄳᚋ䚸⥲ົ኱⮧䜘䜚⮬἞య䜈䛾ពぢ↷఍䛒䜚チྍ䛾ᇶ‽䡡䡡䡡ィ⏬䛾㐺ษᛶ䚸ィ⏬䛾ᐇ᪋䛾☜ᐇᛶ䚸ྜ⌮ⓗ䛷Ᏻ඲䛺㍺㏦䛜☜ಖ䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸⠊ᅖ䠖༓ⴥ 㢌䛾ཷධ᪋タ䛛䜙➨1⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊䛾䝍䞁䜽ᡶฟཱྀ䜎䛷䠄௨㝆䚸䢆䡮䢀䢚䢓䢙䢀᪋タཬ䜃➨2⤥Ἔ䡺䢙䡼䡬䛿ᾘ㜵ἲ᪋タ䠅஦ᴗ⏝᪋タ䛿ᕤ஦䛾ィ⏬䜢ᐃ䜑䚸୺ົ኱⮧䛾ㄆྍᚋ䛻ᕤ஦䚸ᢏ⾡ᇶ‽㐺ྜ䛾᳨ᰝ䛜ᚲせ

b.
c.
d.

a.

ᡂ⏣✵ 䛻䛚䛡䜛⇞ᩱ㍺㏦䛾ᴫせ䠄䠎䠅ᑟධ䛾᮲௳䞉ᡂ⏣✵ 䜢฼⏝䛩䜛඲䛶䛾⯟✵఍♫䞉▼Ἔඖ኎䜚఍♫䛜ྠព䞉බᖹᛶ䜢☜ಖ
NASPA䠄ᡂ⏣✵ ⇞ᩱ㈓ⶶඹྠ⤌ྜ䠅䠖1993ᖺ8᭶䛻IATA䛻䜘䜚タ❧
NASPA䛻䛿඲䛶䛾⯟✵఍♫ཬ䜃▼Ἔඖ኎఍♫䛜බᖹ䛛䛴⮬⏤䛻ཧຍྍ⬟
NASPAཷධཱྀ䛾᥋⥆䛿䚸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱᦙධ᪉ἲ䛾ከᵝ໬䛸Ᏻᐃⓗ䛺౪⤥యไ䛸ὶ㏻䛾ຠ⋡໬䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛧䛶䚸▼Ἔ䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙஦ᴗἲ䛾ㄆྍ䜢ཷ䛡䛶䛔䜛༓ⴥ 㢌䛾᪋タつᶍ䛿ᘓタᙜึ䛛䜙ෆ⯟⯪䛾ᦙධ䜢᝿ᐃ䛧䛯つᶍ䠄ᱞᶫ䞉䡼䢙䡴➼䠅䛷ィ⏬
⯟✵఍♫䠄IATA䠅䛛䜙䛾せᮃ䛻䜘䜚䚸᪋タ䜢タ⨨䛧䛯౛
NAA䛜༓ⴥ 㢌䛻ཷධཱྀ䜢タ⨨䛧䚸NASPA䛜༓ⴥ 㢌㞄䛾୸⣚䡰䢄䡫䡴䡹䛾኱ᆺ䡼䢙䡴䛻እ⯟⯪䛷㍺ධ⇞ᩱ䜢ᦙධ䛧䚸䛭䛾ᚋ䚸ᆅୖ㓄⟶䜢౑⏝䛧䛶༓ⴥ 㢌䜈䛾ᦙධ䜢ྍ
⬟䛸䛧䛯䚹

b.

a.

▼䝟ἲ䛾஦ᴗ⏝᪋タ

a.
b.
c.
d.

NAA䛿▼䢆䢛ἲ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟▼Ἔ䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䢙஦ᴗ䛾チྍ䜢ཷ䛡䛯஦ᴗ⪅஦ᴗィ⏬䛾チྍ䛜ᚲせ䛺䜒䛾䠄ኚ᭦᫬䜒チྍ䛜ᚲせ䠅

NAA䛿䚸ᚲせ㟂せ䛻ᛂ䛨䛯㐺ษ䛺᪋タィ⏬䜢⟇ᐃ䛧䚸▼Ἔ䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙஦ᴗἲ䠄௨ୗ䛂▼䢆䢛ἲ䛃䠅ཬ䜃ᾘ㜵ἲ䛻ᇶ䛵䛝᪋タ䜢タ⨨䚸⟶⌮䚸㐠⏝䐢

㍺㏦つ⛬䛻ᐃ䜑䜛㡯┠䡡䡡䡡▼Ἔ䛾✀㢮ཬ䜃ရ㉁䚸㍺㏦䛾⏦䛧㎸䜏᪉ἲ䚸ᩱ㔠䛾㢠ཬ䜃ᚩ཰䛾᪉ἲ ➼㍺㏦䜢ᘬ䛝ཷ䛡䜛⇞ᩱ✀ 㢮 䠖ᡂ⏣✵ 䛷౑⏝䛩䜛⯟✵⇞ᩱ䝍䞊䝡䞁⇞ᩱἜ JET A-1
ရ ㉁ 䠖᪥ᮏᕤᴗつ᱁䠄JISつ᱁䠅䛾⯟✵⇞ᩱ䝍䞊䝡䞁⇞ᩱἜ䛾つ᱁䛻㐺ྜඹྠ฼⏝㈓Ἔ᪋タྥ䛡⤫୍つ᱁䠄▼Ἔ㐃┕䠅䛻㐺ྜ฼⏝⪅䛜䡼䢙䡲䡬䛷⯟✵⇞ᩱ䜢༓ⴥ 㢌▼Ἔ䡼䡬䢌䢁䢕䛻ᣢ䛱㎸䜏䚸ᦙධ䠄NAA䛻ᘬ䛝Ώ䛩䠅฼⏝⪅䛜㍺㏦つ⛬䛻ᐃ䜑䜛つ᱁䛻㐺ྜ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢ド᫂䛩䜛ヨ㦂ᡂ⦼᭩䜢ᥦฟ㍺㏦䜢ᘬ䛝ཷ䛡䛯⇞ᩱ䛷ྠ୍つ᱁䛾ရ㉁䛾䜒䛾䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ΰྜ䛧䛶㍺㏦ྍ⬟NAA䛿䚸ᦙධ䛥䜜䛯⇞ᩱ䜢༓ⴥ 㢌䛛䜙➨1⤥Ἔ䡺䢙䡼䡬䛻䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙䜢౑⏝䛧䛶㍺㏦
NAA䛿䚸฼⏝⪅䛾ㄳồ䛻ᇶ䛵䛝ᦙධ䜢ཷ䛡䛯⇞ᩱ䛸ྠ୍つ᱁䛾ရ㉁䛾⇞ᩱ䜢ᦙฟ
㍺㏦つ⛬䛾⠊ᅖ䛿䚸➨1⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊䛾䝍䞁䜽ᡶฟཱྀ䜎䛷9㍺㏦つ⛬䛿䚸▼䢆䢛ἲ䛻ᇶ䛵䛝୺ົ኱⮧䛾ㄆྍ䜢ཷ䛡䛶ไᐃ

a.
b.
c.
d.

NAA䛿䚸㍺㏦ዎ⣙䜢䛧䛶䛔䜛฼⏝⪅䛸౑⏝ዎ⣙䜢⥾⤖⇞ᩱ䛿➨1⤥Ἔ䡺䢙䡼䡬ཬ䜃➨2⤥Ἔ䡺䢙䡼䡬䛷䡼䢙䡴䛻୍᫬ഛ⵳䛥䜜䚸ရ㉁☜ㄆᚋ䚸䢆䡮䢀䢚䢓䢙䢀䛻ᡶฟ฼⏝⪅䛿䚸䢆䡮䢀䢚䢓䢙䢀䢆䢚䢕䢈䢚䛻⤥Ἔ఍♫䡷䡬䢇䢚䡷䡬䛾䢊䡬䡹䜢᥋⥆䛧䛶ᡶฟ⇞ᩱ䛜䢆䡮䢀䢚䢓䢙䢀䢆䢚䢕䢈䢚䜢㏻㐣䛧䛯᫬Ⅼ䛷䚸NAA䛛䜙฼⏝⪅䛻ᘬ䛝Ώ䛥䜜䜛䚹౑⏝ዎ⣙䛿䚸䢆䡮䢀䢚䢓䢙䢀᪋タ౑⏝つ⛬䛻ᇶ䛵䛟▼䢆䢛ἲ௨እ䛾᪋タ䛾౑⏝䛻㛵䛩䜛ዎ⣙

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

b.

a.

䐟 NAA᪋タ䛿ඹྠ฼⏝㈓Ἔ᪋タ䠄᪋タ䛾฼⏝⪅8♫䛻䜘䜛ΰྜⶶ⨨䠅䐠 NAA䛸฼⏝⪅䛿⯟✵⇞ᩱ㍺㏦ዎ⣙ཬ䜃䢆䡮䢀䢚䢓䢙䢀᪋タ౑⏝ዎ⣙䜢⥾⤖䠄ྛ䚻༢⊂䛾ዎ⣙䛿䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䠅䐡 ㍺㏦ዎ⣙䛿䚸ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ ⯟✵⇞ᩱ㍺㏦つ⛬䠄௨ୗ䛂㍺㏦つ⛬䛃䛸䛔䛖䠅䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ዎ⣙z NAA䛾ᙺ๭䛿䚸༓ⴥ 㢌䛷᪋タ฼⏝⪅ᵝ䛛䜙䛚㡸䛛䜚䛧䛯⯟✵⇞ᩱ䜢䚸ရ㉁䜢
⥔ᣢ䛧䛯䜎䜎ᡂ⏣✵ 䛻㍺㏦䛧䚸᪋タ฼⏝⪅䛻䛚㏉䛧䛩䜛䛣䛸䚹zᡂ⏣✵ 䛻䛚䛡䜛⇞ᩱ㍺㏦䛾ᴫせ䠄䠍䠅⣙ 䠍䠒䠊䠓䡇䡉

㏦Ἔ⟶ᘏ㛗➨䠍䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖
➨䠍⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊
༓NƐ䠈➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖
➨䠎⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊
༓NƐ䠈➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖
➨䠍⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊
༓NƐ䠈䠕䠎 䝇䝫䝑䝖

⣙ 䠏䠑䠊䠔䡇䡉

➨䠍䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖

➨䠍⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊

➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖

NƐ䡼䢙䡴㽢ᇶ䝍䞁䜽ᐜ㔞㻠㻤㻘㻜㻜㻜㼗䉭➨䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖ᡶฟ䝫䞁䝥㻥㻜㻜NƐK㽢㻞ྎᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ ▼Ἔഛ⵳䝉䞁䝍䞊඲ᬒ䠄➨䠎⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊䠅༓NƐᖹᡂᖺᗘ
䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖
ᡶฟᐇ⦼䠏䠓 䝇䝫䝑䝖

䠎䠈䠏䠌䠌 㼗䉭㻛㼔⤥Ἔ⬟ຊ⤥Ἔ䝇䝫䝑䝖

䠕䠌䠌㼗䉭㻛㼔㽢䠒ྎ䠄ணഛ䠍ྎ䠅

䠎䠏䠌㼗䉭㻛㼔㽢䠍䠎ྎ䠄ணഛ䠎ྎ䠅

ᡶฟ䝫䞁䝥䠐䠈䠑䠌䠌 㼗䉭㻛㼔➨䠎䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖

➨䠍䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖

➨䠎⤥Ἔ䝉䞁䝍䞊

䜶䝥䝻䞁䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖᪋タ

― 37 ―

50%

50%

50%

 ⯟✵఍♫䛜䚸䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䜢ㄪ㐩䛧䚸䝍䞁䜽䝻䞊䝸䞊䛷㐠ᦙ䞉⤥Ἔ䛩䜛䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁

✵▼Ἔ䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹

䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖

ᚑ᮶-HW$䛾䜏$670 䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䛾ΰྜ⇞ᩱ$670 䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䛾ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛆᪂つᩚഛ䛇

䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁
䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖

䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛾䜏

ᚑ᮶-HW$䛾䜏 ⌧≧䛷䛿䚸䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱᑓ⏝䛾⯟✵ᶵ⤥Ἔ᪋タ䜢᪂つ䛻ᩚഛ䛧䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛪䚸㠀⌧ᐇⓗ༓ⴥ 㢌-HW$
▼Ἔ䡼䡬䢌䢁䢕✵ ▼Ἔ䝍䞊䝭䝘䝹䐠䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛾⤥Ἔ䛜ᐃᖖⓗ䛻㐠⯟䛸䛺䜛ሙྜ¾ ⯟✵఍♫䛜䚸䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䜢ㄪ㐩䛧䝍䞁䜽䝻䞊䝸䞊➼䛷㐠ᦙ䞉⤥Ἔ䛩䜛
¾ ᑐᛂ䛷䛝䜛⤥Ἔ㔞䛿ᑡ㔞䠄౛䚸./䠄䠍ྎ䠅䛷㐠⯟ྍ⬟䛺୺䛺⾜ඛ䛿䚸㏆㊥㞳䛻㝈䜙䜜䜛䠄ᅜෆ⥺䛾௚䚸ோᕝ䚸㔩ᒣ䜎䛷䠅¾ ᐃᮇⓗ䛻ၟ⏝㐠⯟䛸䛺䜛ሙྜ䛻䛿᪂䛧䛔ᩱ㔠య⣔➼䛾ᩚഛ䛜ᚲせ༓ⴥ 㢌▼Ἔ䡼䡬䢌䢁䢕

䐟䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛾⤥Ἔ䛜ᑡ㔞䛾ሙྜ

-HW$

䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ෌ㄆドOK䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛷䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䜢⤥Ἔ䛩䜛ሙྜ䠄⌧≧䠅

JIS K2209
䠄AFQRJOS䠅ᡂ⏣✵䝆䜵䝑䝖A-1

ASTM D7566

䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ

50%

ASTM D1655

䝆䜵䝑䝖A-1

9 䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛾⤥Ἔ䛿⌧≧䛿䝍䞁䜽䝻䞊䝸䞊⤥Ἔ䛻㝈ᐃ
9 䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛾㈓ⶶᮇ㛫䛜つ᱁໬䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸〇Ἔᡤ䛛䜙┤᥋䝍䞁䜽䝻䞊䝸䞊䛷ᦙධ䚸⯟✵ᶵ䛻⤥Ἔ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹 $670つ᱁䜔,$7$ᇶ‽ୖ䛿䚸䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛸ᚑ᮶䛾䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸ศ䛡䛶㐠⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢せồ䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛜䚸ྛᅜ䛾㈐௵䛸ᇶ‽䛷㐠⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹 ⌧≧䛷䛿䚸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛜ᚑ᮶䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸䛾ΰྜᚋ䛾ᛶ≧ኚ໬䛻ಀ䜛᳨ド䛜䛺䛟䚸㐠⏝䛾ᇶ‽䜒䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖᪋タ䜈䛾ᡶฟ䜔ΰྜⶶ⨨䛿ᐇ᪋䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䚹 ⌧≧䛷䛿䚸▼Ἔඖ኎఍♫䜔⯟✵఍♫䛜ඹྠ䛷฼⏝䛩䜛⤥Ἔ᪋タ䠄䝟䜲䝥䝷䜲䞁䚸䝍䞁䜽䚸䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖䠅䛿䚸䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䜢ศ䛡䛶㐠⏝䛩䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䚹䛆䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛾⤥Ἔ䛾⌧≧䛇䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䛾㐠⏝䛻䛴䛔䛶䠄⌧≧䠅⯟✵⇞ᩱ-HW$䛾つ᱁䜢ᐃ䜑䛶䛔䜛䚹$670'

9 ⌧≧䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛿ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䜢෌ㄆド䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾ヨ㦂ᶵ㛵䛜䛺䛔
9 ⌧≧䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛿෌ㄆドᚋ䛾ΰྜ⇞ᩱཬ䜃䛭䛾ྲྀᢅ䛔䛻ᑐ䛩䜛-,6つ᱁䛜䛺䛔䚹 ෌ㄆᐃ䛧䛯䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛿䚸'䛸ྠ➼䛸ㄆᐃ䛥䜜䚸௨㝆䛿᪂䛯䛺ㄆド䛿୙せ䛷䚸ᚑ᮶䛾䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸ྠᵝ䛻౑⏝ྍ⬟

9 ⌧≧䛷䛿䚸$670䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䠄'䠅䜢ྛᅜ䛾ᅜᐙᇶ‽䛷௦᭰䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢ᢎㄆ䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䚹
9 ⌧≧䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛿䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䛾-,6つ᱁䠄'䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛䜒䛾䠅䛜䛺䛔 ⡿ᅜ䛷䛿䚸$670䛜䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䠄'䠅䛸䚸䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䠄'䠅䛾䠂ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䜢ㄆド䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䛷䛒䜛䚹 ,$7$䜒䚸$)45-26つ᱁䛾䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸$670䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䠄'䠅䛾䠂ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛜෌ㄆド䜢ྍ⬟䛸䛧䛯䚹

$670䛾ㄆド䜢ཷ䛡䛯䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䠄'䠅䛸ᚑ᮶䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸䛾ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛾,$7$ᇶ‽䛆䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛇

 $670䛾ㄆド䜢ཷ䛡䜙䜜䛺䛔ᅜ䛷䛿䚸,$7$䛜᥇⏝䛧䛶䛔䜛-,*ᇶ‽䛂$)45-26䛃䜢᥇⏝䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹
 ,$7$䛿䚸$670䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ'䛸ྠ➼ᛶ䜢☜ಖ䛧䛯⇞ᩱ䛷䚸䛭䛾ᅜ䛾ᅜᐙᇶ‽䛷ᢎㄆ䛧䛯⇞ᩱ䜢䚸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸ㄆ䜑䛶䛚䜚䚸᪥ᮏ䛾ሙྜ䚸ᅜᐙᇶ‽䛿-,6つ᱁䛸䛺䜛䚹 ヨ㦂᪉ἲ䚸ィ ჾ䚸ヨ㦂ᐊ䛾ᐊ 䞉‵ᗘ⟶⌮䚸ヨ㦂ᐁ䛾㈨᱁カ⦎➼䚸඲䛶䛻䛚䛔䛶$670䛾ㄆド䜢ཷ䛡䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䛜䚸䛣䛾ᇶ‽䜢‶㊊䛷䛝䜛䛾䛿ᴫ䛽⡿ᅜ䛾䜏ྛᅜ䛾䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䠄᪥ᮏ䞉㡑ᅜ䞉ྎ‴➼䠅

$670䛾ㄆド䜢ཷ䛡䛯䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䠄'䠅䛆䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛇

,$7$䛜᥇⏝䛧䛶䛔䜛-,*ᇶ‽䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䛾つ᱁▼Ἔ㐃┕䛻䜘䜛ᣦ㔪䛸-,6つ᱁䠄$)45-26䠅䜢ཷ
䛡䚸1$$䛸䛧䛶᪋タ䞉㐠⏝䛻ྜ䜟䛫䛶ရ㉁⟶⌮せ㡿䜢つᐃ䛧䚸㐠⏝䛩䜛䚹᪥ᮏᅜෆ䠄1$$䠅

ඹྠ฼⏝㈓Ἔ᪋タྥ䛡⤫୍つ᱁

-,6.

$)45-26,$7$䛿䚸$670䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ'䛸ྠ➼ᛶ䜢☜ಖ䛧䛯⇞ᩱ䛷䚸䛭䛾ᅜ䛾ᅜᐙᇶ‽䛷ᢎㄆ䛧䛯⇞ᩱ䜢䚸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛸ㄆ䜑䛶䛔䜛䚹$670䚸-,*䛾ᣦ㔪䜢ཷ䛡䚸᪥ᮏᅜෆྥ䛡䛻⯟✵⇞ᩱ䛾ရ㉁ᇶ‽䜔ྲྀᢅ䛔ᣦ㔪➼䜢సᡂ䚸⟶⌮䛩䜛ᅜෆ⤌⧊䚹

-,6䠄᪥ᮏᕤᴗつ᱁䠅,$7$▼Ἔ㐃┕䠄-,*ᅜෆጤဨ఍䠅䠙-,*䠄䡸䢚䡪䡮䢙䢀䡮䢙䡹䢉䢛䡴䡸䡪䢙䜾䝹䞊䝥䠅⯟✵⇞ᩱ䛾ရ㉁⟶⌮ᇶ‽䜔ྲྀᢅ䛔ᣦ㔪➼䜢సᡂ䚸⟶⌮䛩䜛ᅜ㝿⤌⧊䚹䜶䜽䝋䞁䝰䞊䝡䝹䜔䝅䜵䝹䛺䛹▼Ἔඖ኎఍♫䛜䝯䞁䝞䞊䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹$670䠄⡿ᅜヨ㦂ᮦᩱ༠఍䠅⯟✵⇞ᩱ䛾つ᱁䛻䛴䛔䛶

― 38 ―

䜺䝇໬䠯䡕䡊䡃䠽䡏

⳦య䛷䡰䡼䢅䡬䢕〇㐀

䠢䠰ྜᡂ

䠝䠰䠦

Upgrading௦᭰⇞ᩱḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䡡䝧䜽䝖䝹ྜ䜟䛫䛾Ⅽ䛾䝥䝺䝊䞁䛀඲య䛁⏘⥲◊䡠䛀䡶䢚䢌ฎ⌮᪋タ(䡲䢚䡹໬)䛾ᴫせ䛁᪥❧㐀⯪䡠JFE䡰䢙䡸䢚䢂䡭䢔䢙䡴䢚䡡➨4ศ⛉఍(ἲⓗつไ) 䜈䛾᳨ウ౫㢗஦㡯䐟䡶䢚䢌཰㞟䛾ᰂ㌾䛺㐠⏝ 䐠䡶䢚䢌䜢ཎᩱ䛸䛩䜛〇ရ〇㐀㞀ቨ䛾᧔ᗫ(᪥❧㐀⯪)䐡〇㐀᪋タ䜈䛾⿵ຓ㔠䐢⯟✵⇞ᩱ㛵㐃⛯(ཎᩱ䛾䡰䡼䢅䡬䢕䜢ྵ䜐)䛾㍍ῶ

๓ᥦ᮲௳:䐟ᅜ⏘⇞ᩱ䡠䐠⇞ᩱ౯᱁;$1/䢔䡫䢀䢕௨ୗෆᐜ:ཎᩱ䠄㒔ᕷ䡶䢚䢌䠅

䠩䡅䡏䡏䡅䡋䡊:㒔ᕷ䡶䢚䢌䜢ཎᩱ䛸䛩䜛௦᭰⇞ᩱ䛾䡷䢈䢛䢓䡮䡽䡦䡬䢙䛾᳨ウ➨1ศ⛉఍ (➨1ᅇ䠗2014ᖺ7᭶4᪥ 14䠖00䡚17䠖00) ㆟஦㘓ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels᪥᫬䠖2014ᖺ9᭶1᪥䠄᭶䠅13䠖30䡚14䠖30ሙᡤ䠖ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ (NAA)➨୍ศ⛉఍ ሗ࿌➨2ᅇ ඲య఍㆟э つ᱁໬䛜ᚲせ9 䝞䜲䜸ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䜢౑⏝䛩䜛఍♫䛸౑⏝䛧䛺䛔఍♫䛾බᖹᛶ䛾☜ಖ ▼Ἔ䢆䢛䡮䢈䢛䢓䡮䢙஦ᴗ⪅䛸䛧䛶䛾ㄢ㢟

9 -,6つ᱁䛾⯟✵⇞ᩱ䝍䞊䝡䞁⇞ᩱἜ䛻㐺ྜ
9 ඹྠ฼⏝㈓Ἔ᪋タྥ䛡⤫୍つ᱁䠄▼Ἔ㐃┕䠅䛻㐺ྜ
9 ྠ୍つ᱁䛾ရ㉁䛾⇞ᩱ䛿ΰྜ䛧䛶㍺㏦ྍ⬟ 1$$䛾㍺㏦つ⛬ୖ䛾ㄢ㢟

9 ⯟✵఍♫䠄,$7$䠅䛛䜙䛾ᦙධィ⏬䛾᫂☜໬䠄᫬ᮇ䚸ᩘ㔞➼䛾ᑗ᮶ィ⏬䠅
9 ඲䛶䛾▼Ἔඖ኎䜚఍♫䞉⯟✵఍♫䛾ྜព䛜ᚲせ ඹྠ฼⏝㈓Ἔ᪋タ䛸䛧䛶䛾ㄢ㢟

9 ᅜᅵ஺㏻┬⯟✵ᒁ䚸ᐃᮇ⯟✵༠఍䚸㈨※䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊ᗇ䚸▼Ἔ㐃┕ྜྠ䛷䚸᪥ᮏᅜෆ䛷䛾䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䜢⏝䛔䛯㐠⯟䛻䛴䛔䛶᳨ウ୰
9 ရ㉁䠄⇞ᩱつ᱁䠅䚸ἲไୖ䛾つไ䚸䜲䞁䝣䝷䜔䝻䝆䝇䝔䜱䝑䜽䚸㐠⏝ୖ䛾ၥ㢟䚸䝁䝇䝖➼䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸㆟ㄽ䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛᭱୰ ▼㐃䛾ぢゎ䠄ᖺ᭶-,*ᅜෆጤဨ఍䛻䛶䠅

9 ΰྜ⇞ᩱ䛾㐠⏝䛻ಀ䜛ྛ✀᳨ド䛜ᚲせ ᚑ᮶䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛾䝍䞁䜽䜔䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖䜢ඹ⏝฼⏝䛷䛝䜛䜘䛖䛻ୡ⏺ⓗ䛻ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䜜䜀ྍ⬟䛷䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䜢ྲྀᢅ䛖䛻䛿䞉䞉䞉䛇䛷䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䜢⤥Ἔ䛩䜛ሙྜ䠄௒ᚋ䛾ㄢ㢟䠅䛆⤥⤥Ἔ᪋タ䛜⣔⤫䛧䛛䛺䛔✵ᡂ⏣✵

― 39 ―

8᭶

9᭶

䐠25

䐡22ᗈᓥ

8 15 22୰㛫ሗ࿌䐟

20-21䚸26о27➨ᅄศ⛉఍䠄7/8 Kick off)➨୕ศ⛉఍䠄7/3 Kick off䠅➨஧ศ⛉఍䠄7/9 Kick off䠅䐟4➨୍ศ⛉఍䠄7/4 Kick off䠅7᭶➨䠏ᅇ඲య఍㆟
ᡂ⏣✵
(9/1)

11᭶

12᭶

2᭶

䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮

䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤⤊஢

4᭶᭶䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥ྲྀ䜚䜎䛸䜑⣲᱌

᭱⤊☜ㄆ

3᭶

➨䠒ᅇ඲య఍㆟ᮾி኱Ꮫ 䠄4/3)

ศ⛉఍᭱⤊ሗ࿌
ሗ࿌

1᭶➨䠑ᅇ඲య఍㆟ᮾி኱Ꮫ (1/28)

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels

୰㛫ሗ࿌䐠

10᭶

➨䠐ᅇ඲య఍㆟ᡂ⏣✵(11/6)

INAF඲య఍㆟䡹䡵䡸䢚䡩䡬䢕ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels

12/12䠄㔠䠅➨8ᅇ䠄䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙䠅э⛅䛻㒔ᕷ䡶䢚䢌ฎ⌮䢈䢛䢓䢙䢀䛾ぢᏛ఍䜢ィ⏬

10/3(㔠) ➨5ᅇ(䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙)
10/17䠄㔠䠅➨6ᅇ(䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙)
11/14䠄㔠䠅➨7ᅇ䠄䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙䠅䝕䝰䝥䝷䞁䝖/ᮏ᱁䝥䝷䞁䝖䛻ศ䛡䛶᳨ウ䜢㛤ጞэලయⓗ䛺䝂䝭ฎ⌮䝥䝷䞁䝖䜢๓ᥦ䛻஦ᴗ໬䠄ึᮇᢞ㈨䚸䢓䢙䢂䢙䡴䢚䡶䡹䢀䚸᫬㛫㍈➼䠅䚸䡷䢈䢛䢓䡮䡽䡦䡬䢙䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸

7/04(㔠) ➨1ᅇ(䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙)
7/25(㔠) ➨2ᅇ(䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙)
8/22(㔠) ➨3ᅇ&⏘⥲◊䢆䢚䡮䡱䢔䢈䡣䡮䢁䢔䡬◊✲䡺䢙䡼䡬ぢᏛ(ᮾᗈᓥ)
9/05(㔠) ➨4ᅇ(䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙)➨୍ศ⛉఍ ᳨ウ䝇䜿䝆䝳䞊䝹ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䐠᳨ウ㡯┠䛾Summary⾲ ᥦ᱌䛀ᮾὒ䡰䢙䡸䢚䢂䡭䢔䢙䡴䢚䛁䐟ᐇ⏝໬䜲䝯䞊䝆䡠䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊ィ⟬䡠᳨ウ㡯┠䛾ᩚ⌮䛀⏘⥲◊䛁䡡஦ᴗ໬䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥సᡂ䛾Ⅽ䛾᳨ウ䐠䝞䜲䜸䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹㛵㐃᪋タぢᏛ
䐡㉁␲ᛂ⟅䐟BTL䝥䝻䝉䝇(FTྜᡂ)䛾ཎᩱ䛛䜙䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䜎䛷䛾୍㈏〇㐀䝧䞁䝏䝥䝷䞁䝖䛾ぢᏛ䡡⏘⥲◊ 䝞䜲䜸䝬䝇䝸䝣䜯䜲䝘䝸䞊◊✲䝉䞁䝍䞊(ᮾᗈᓥ)ぢᏛ఍ෆᐜ:➨୍ศ⛉఍ (➨3ᅇ䠗2014ᖺ8᭶22᪥ 11䠖30䡚16䠖00) ㆟஦㘓ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels(2)ᐇド䢈䢛䢓䢙䢀ཬ䜃ᮏ᱁ⓗ䛺ᐇ⏝䢈䢛䢓䢙䢀䛾ሙᡤ䡡つᶍ䛻ಀ䜛᳨ウ㡯┠(3)⤒῭ᛶ䛻ಀ䜛᳨ウ㡯┠(1)〇㐀ᢏ⾡䡡䝥䝻䝉䝇䛻ಀ䜛᳨ウ㡯┠䡡஦ᴗ໬䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥సᡂ䛾Ⅽ䛾᳨ウ㡯┠(᱌)

䡡䝧䜽䝖䝹ྜ䜟䛫䛾Ⅽ䛾䝥䝺䝊䞁
䛀Lanzatech;⳦య䛁୕஭≀⏘ᡓ␎◊
䛀FTྜᡂ䛁ᮾὒ䡰䢙䡸䢚䢂䡭䢔䢙䡴䢚
䛀Solena/BA䢈䢛䢗䡸䢚䡦䡴䢀䛁ఀ⸨ᛅၟ஦

㆟㢟:➨୍ศ⛉఍ (➨2ᅇ䠗2014ᖺ7᭶25᪥ 14䠖00䡚17䠖00) ㆟஦㘓― 40 ―

䝇䝏䞊䝮

㓟⣲

㒔ᕷ䛤䜏

䜺䝇⢭〇
᤼Ỉฎ⌮
๪⏕≀ᅇ཰

䠄ྜᡂ䜺䝇〇㐀䠅䜺䝇໬ሙᡤ䚸ศᯒἲ䚸ရ㉁⟶⌮䚸㑅ู᪉ἲ䞉ᢏ⾡䚸䝤䝺䞁䝕䜱䞁䜾䛾᪉ἲ䞉せྰ, etc.
ู䝇䝷䜲䝗ཧ↷ሙᡤ䚸䜻䝱䝟䝅䝔䜱䚸㈓ⶶ᪉
ἲ䚸etc.
᪉ἲ䚸ᢏ⾡䚸ᇶ‽䞉つ᱁,etc.

ศᯒ䞉㑅ู䠄䝤䝺䞁䝕䜱䞁䜾䠛䠅䞉๓ฎ⌮䜺䝇໬䝥䝷䞁䝖䛷䛾䜺䝇໬䚸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ〇㐀䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ㈓ⶶ䚸ฟⲴ䝤䝺䞁䝕䜱䞁䜾䚸ရ㉁⟶⌮䚸⤥Ἔḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuelsሙᡤ䚸䜻䝱䝟䝅䝔䜱䚸㈓ⶶ᪉
ἲ䚸etc.

㈓ⶶ䠄䝲䞊䝗䠛䠅

䛭䛾௚

㍺㏦᪉ἲ䚸䝹䞊䝖䚸etc.

㍺㏦

ഛ⪃

⳦ᇵ㣴

⳦

䠄䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹䠅

LanzaTech
䜺䝇Ⓨ㓝

䜺䝇⤌ᡂ
SRU
ㄪᩚ

䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹
⵨␃䞉⬺Ỉ

䠄ྜᡂཎἜ䠅

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels

䠄⬺㓟⣲䠅

๓ฎ⌮

ゐ፹ẘ㝖ཤ

Microchannel
FTྜᡂ*) ATJ : Alcohol to Jet

Ỉ⣲

ATJ*

Ỉ⣲

䡭䡫䢈䢛
䡴䢚䢖䡬䡿䢚䡤䢙䡴䢚4䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ
㍍Ἔ
䜺䝋䝸䞁䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ
㍍Ἔ

㒔ᕷ䛤䜏䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ〇㐀ᕤ⛬䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁᳨ウ䛤䜏䛾㔞䚸㞟䜑᪉,etc.

ㄢ㢟㒔ᕷ䝂䝭཰㞟

ෆᐜ

ඹ㏻㻔㻞㻛㻞㻕

㐠㌿㈝䚸タഛ㈝䚸〇㐀䝁䝇䝖䠄FT & LanzaTech䠅䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁඲య

௜㏆⌧ᅾICAO AFTF䛷㐍䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛LCA䛾ୡ⏺ᶆ‽䛜ᴫ䛽2014⛅㡭䛻䜒ฟ᮶ୖ䛜䜛䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䛾䛷䠈኱䜎䛛䛺᥎⟬䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䛟 GreenSky London䛾䝧䞁䝏䝬䞊䜻䞁䜾 䛭䛾௚

CO2๐ῶ㔞䛾᥎⟬ඛ⾜䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖ㄪᰝ↝༷ሙ䛛໬Ꮫ䝥䝷䞁䝖䛛䠛䠄ᗫᲠ≀ฎ⌮᪋タව໬Ꮫ䝥䝷䞁䝖?䠅ㄡ䛜஦ᴗ⪅䛛䠛

10᭶䠛ഛ⪃

ඹ㏻㻔㻝㻛㻞㻕౯᱁タᐃ䚸䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬ᡭἲ䚸䜺䝇໬㒊ศ䛾⪃䛘᪉ㄢ㢟ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels

ASTMㄆド⯟✵⏝䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䝥䝻䝉䝇䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䝇䜿䝆䝳䞊䝹䜔ᡭ㡰䛾☜ㄆ 䛂ᗫᲠ≀䛾ฎ⌮ཬ䜃Ύᤲ䛻㛵䛩䜛ἲᚊ䛃(ᗫᤲἲ)䛾ゎ㔘᪋タ䛾఩⨨䛵䛡
䛤䜏䛾☜ಖ(ᗈᇦ໬)

ᾘ㈝㔞䚸ΰྜ๭ྜ

↝༷ሙ䠄᪤Ꮡ䚸᪂タ䠅 or ✵ᐇ≀䜢ぢ䜛䛣䛸䛷䜲䝯䞊䝆䜢䛴䛛䜐ᛶ≧䚸✀㢮䚸etc.

ASTMㄆドἲつ䞉つไ䝁䝇䝖䞉⤒῭ᛶつᶍ䛾᝿ᐃೃ⿵ᆅ䛾㑅ᐃタഛぢᏛ㒔ᕷ䛤䜏ㄪᰝ䞉⌮ゎෆᐜḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels᪥᫬䠖2014ᖺ9᭶1᪥䠄᭶䠅13䠖30䡚14䠖30ሙᡤ䠖ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ (NAA)᳨ウ᪉ἲ䞉㐍䜑᪉䠄᱌䠅➨୍ศ⛉఍ ሗ࿌➨2ᅇ ඲య఍㆟

― 41 ―
ᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ㄢ㢟䛾ᢳฟ䠄䜒䛧䛒䜜䜀䠅ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuelsᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ䞉㢮ఝᐇ⦼䞉㛤Ⓨせ⣲䛾᭷↓䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬䠄ᡭἲ䠅

ᘓタ㈝

タഛᵓᡂ

䝥䝻䝉䝇䝣䝻䞊䚸タഛᵓᡂ䛾Ỵᐃཎ༢఩䛾ᴫ⟬

䝥䝻䝉䝇䚸⏝ᙺ䚸௜ᖏタഛㄢ㢟≀㉁཰ᨭ䞉⇕཰ᨭ᝟ሗ཰㞟䠄䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓᡂ➼䠅䚸ཎ༢఩䚸ᐇ⦼䚸᪤Ꮡ䝥䝷䞁䝖䛾✌ാ≧ἣෆᐜ䝥䝻䝉䝇䞉ᢏ⾡䛾ㄪᰝᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘഛ⪃ഛ⪃

ATJ (Alcohol to Jet)ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuelsᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ㄢ㢟䛾ᢳฟ䠄䜒䛧䛒䜜䜀䠅䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬䠄ᡭἲ䠅ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ

ᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ䞉㢮ఝᐇ⦼䞉㛤Ⓨせ⣲䛾᭷↓䝥䝻䝉䝇䝣䝻䞊䚸タഛᵓᡂ
䛾Ỵᐃ

ᘓタ㈝

䜺䝇๓ฎ⌮䚸䜺䝇Ⓨ㓝䚸ᚋฎ⌮䚸⏝ᙺ䚸௜ᖏタഛタഛᵓᡂཎ༢఩䛾ᴫ⟬

㜼ᐖ≀㉁䛾ྠᐃ䚸䜽䝸䞊䞁䜰䝑䝥ᢏ⾡䛾㑅ᐃ䞉䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓ⠏䜺䝇⣧ᗘ䛾せồᗘㄢ㢟≀㉁཰ᨭ䞉⇕཰ᨭ᝟ሗ཰㞟䠄䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓᡂ䚸䜘䜚ヲ⣽䛺䜒䛾䠅䚸ཎ༢఩䚸ᐇ⦼䚸᪤Ꮡ䝥䝷䞁䝖䛾✌ാ≧ἣ䚸䝞䜲䜸䝥䝻䝉䝇䛸䛧䛶䛾≉Ṧ᮲௳䛾᭷↓䝥䝻䝉䝇䞉ᢏ⾡䛾ㄪᰝෆᐜLanzaTech 䠄䜺䝇Ⓨ㓝䠅ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘᘓタ㈝ㄢ㢟䛾ᢳฟ䛸ᑐ⟇䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬䠄ᡭἲ䠅ཎ༢఩䛾ᴫ⟬

ᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ㄢ㢟䛾ᢳฟ䠄䜒䛧䛒䜜䜀䠅䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬䠄ᡭἲ䠅ཎ༢఩䛾ᴫ⟬

ഛ⪃

ഛ⪃

FTྜᡂ

䝥䝻䝉䝇䝣䝻䞊䚸タഛᵓᡂ䛾Ỵᐃㄢ㢟ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuelsᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ䞉㢮ఝᐇ⦼䞉㛤Ⓨせ⣲䛾᭷↓䜺䝇䜽䝸䞊䞁䝘䝑䝥䚸FTྜᡂ䚸Upgrading䚸⏝ᙺ䚸
௜ᖏタഛ

タഛᵓᡂ

ෆᐜ
䜺䝇⣧ᗘ䛾せồᗘ≀㉁཰ᨭ䞉⇕཰ᨭㄢ㢟䝥䝻䝉䝇䝣䝻䞊䚸タഛᵓᡂ䛾Ỵᐃḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuelsᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ䞉㢮ఝᐇ⦼䞉㛤Ⓨせ⣲䛾᭷↓䝥䝻䝉䝇䚸⏝ᙺ䚸௜ᖏタഛゐ፹ẘ䛾ྠᐃ䚸せồ⣧ᗘ䚸䜽䝸䞊䞁䜰䝑䝥ᢏ⾡䛾㑅ᐃ䞉䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓ⠏ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ

ᘓタ㈝≀㉁཰ᨭ䞉⇕཰ᨭタഛᵓᡂෆᐜ㒔ᕷ䛤䜏䜺䝇໬

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඲య఍㆟

3

ศ⛉఍

2

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels

112

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10඲యྲྀ䜚䜎䛸䜑䞉ሗ࿌䝁䝇䝖䞉⤒῭ᛶLanzaTech / ATJ

FTྜᡂ

䜺䝇໬

䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁タഛぢᏛㄢ㢟䞉సᴗ㡯┠ィ⏬䞉๓ᥦ᮲௳᳨ウ䠄ᘓタᆅ䞉つᶍ➼䠅

8

9

2014

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11

2015

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― 43 ―

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ䐟᏶ᡂရ㍺ධ
䐠ᾏእ䛷ᮏ㑥ἲே䛜⏕⏘н〇ရ㍺ධ䐡ཎᩱ㍺ධн᪥ᮏ䛷⢭〇䐢᪥ᮏ䛷ཎᩱ⏕⏘н⢭〇ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ․•‣…࠰․•‣…࠰‫‫‬உ‣ଐḟୡ௦⯟✵⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤➨ϯศ⛉఍୰㛫ሗ࿌ศ⛉఍୰㛫ሗ࿌                                ᳨ウ䜢㐍䜑䜛䛻䛒䛯䜚䚸ୗグ䛾ศ㢮䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛭䜜䛮䜜≧ἣ䛾ศᯒ䜢ᐇ᪋䠎䠊ศ㢮ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐᇹᇹ≖Ўᅹ˟↝
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4

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ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ䐢᪥ᮏ䛷ཎᩱ⏕
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ᐇ⌧ᛶ
䝪䝸䝳䞊䝮㻛 䝍䜲䝮䝣䜰䜽䝉䝇䝡䝸䝺䝮䝺䞊䝮䝔䜱䜲䡚㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ

䞉㎰ᴗ䞉᳃ᯘṧ´ 」ᩘ௻ᴗ䛜㛤䠄ᮌ㉁ⲡᮏ⣔䝞䜲 Ⓨ୰䚹
䜸䝬䝇䠅

䞉ᗫ㣗Ἔ

䝣䜱䞊䝗䝇䝖䝑䜽㻛〇ရྡ䠏䠊ศ㢮ẖ䛾⌧≧䚸౪⤥Ᏻᐃᛶ䚸᫬㛫ᐇ⌧ᛶ䐡ཎᩱ㍺ධ㻗
᪥ᮏ䛷⢭〇

䜹䝔䝂䝸䞊

䝣䜱䞊䝗䝇䝖䝑䜽㻛
〇ရྡ

౪⤥Ᏻᐃᛶ
ᐇ⌧ᛶ
䝪䝸䝳䞊䝮㻛 䝍䜲䝮䝣⌧≧䝺䞊䝮䜰䜽䝉䝇䝡䝸䝺䝮䝔䜱䜲䡚㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ
䜾䝸䞊䞁䝕䜱䞊䝊 ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䕿㻛䕿䡚㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ
䝹䞉䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹
ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䕿㻛䕿䡚㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ
䞉䝅䝳䜺䞊䠄⢾䠅 ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䕿㻛䕿䠛䞉⋇⬡ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䕿㻛䕧䠛䞉䝟䞊䝮Ἔྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䖂㻛䕿
䠛
䞉኱㇋Ἔ
ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧
ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹
䕿㻛䕿䠛䞉⳯✀Ἔྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䕿㻛䕿䠛䞉䝆䝱䝖䝻䝣䜯
ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䕧㻛䕧䠛䞉䜹䝯䝸䜰ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䕧㻛䕧䠛䞉䝋䝹䜺䝮ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䕿㻛䕧䠛䞉㎰ᴗ䞉᳃ᯘṧ´ ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹 䕿㻛䕧䠛䠏䠊ศ㢮ẖ䛾⌧≧䚸౪⤥Ᏻᐃᛶ䚸᫬㛫ᐇ⌧ᛶㄆྍྲྀᚓ䚹ၟᴗᐇ⦼䛒 㻞㻜㻝㻠ᖺ
䜚䚹

䞉㻰㻿㻴㻯

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ䝃䝋 䝹䚸䝅䜵䝹䛜㠀䝞 䡚㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ䝃䝋㻙䝹䚸䝅䜵䝹䛜㠀䝞㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ䜲䜸䝬䝇⏤᮶䛷䛿౪⏝ᐇ⦼䛒䜚䚹䝞䜲䜸䝬䝇⏤᮶䛷䛿ၟᴗᐇ⦼䛺䛧䚹䞉㻲㼀㻲㼀䡚㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ

⡿ᅜ௻ᴗ୍♫䛜ㄆྍ
⏦ㄳ୰䚹

䞉㻭㼀㻶

ᐇ⌧ᛶ
䝍䜲䝮䝣䝺䞊䝮
䡚㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ

㻞㻜㻝㻡ᖺḢ⡿ၟᴗ⏕⏘䞉 㻞㻜㻝㻠ᖺ䛛䜙౪⏝㛤ጞணᐃ

⌧≧

䞉㻴㻱㻲㻭

䝣䜱䞊䝗䝇
䝖䝑䜽㻛〇
ရྡ

䞉㻴㻱㻲㻭
䞉㻭㼀㻶

䝣䜱䞊䝗䝇䝖䝑
䜽㻛〇ရྡ

ᐇ⌧ᛶ
䝮
䝍䜲䝮䝣䝺䞊䝮
䝍䜲䝮䝣䝺䡚㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ
ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹
䠛」ᩘ௻ᴗ䛜᳨ウ୰䚹 㻞㻜㻞㻜ᖺ䡚㻞㻜㻟㻜ᖺ
ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹
䠛ྲྀ⤌䜏䛺䛧䚹
䠛⌧≧ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ䞉㻰㻿㻴㻯䐠ᾏእ䛷ᮏ㑥ἲே䛜⏕⏘㻗〇ရ㍺ධ
䞉㻲㼀

䜹䝔䝂䝸䞊
䜹䝔䝂䝸

䠏䠊ศ㢮ẖ䛾⌧≧䚸౪⤥Ᏻᐃᛶ䚸᫬㛫ᐇ⌧ᛶ䐟᏶ᡂရ㍺ධ

䜹䝔䝂䝸䞊䠏䠊ศ㢮ẖ䛾⌧≧䚸౪⤥Ᏻᐃᛶ䚸᫬㛫ᐇ⌧ᛶ➨ 1 ᅇ୰㛫ሗ࿌㸦2014 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 1 ᪥㸧ᡂ⏣✵ ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇞ᩱ㍺㏦࡟㛵ࡋ࡚   ἲᚊ࣭ไᗘ㛵㐃• ▼Ἔࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ஦ᴗἲ (⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠊᅜᅵ஺㏻┬ࠊ⥲ົ┬㸧• ᾘ㜵ἲ (⥲ົ┬㸧
• ASTM D1655 ࠾ࡼࡧ D7566 ࡜ JIS つ᱁ (⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬㸧   ࡑࡢ௚• ရ㉁᳨ᰝ➼ࡢయไ• ⤥Ἔ᪋タࡀ 1 ⣔⤫ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊඹྠ฼⏝㈓Ἔ᪋タࢆά⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊNAA ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ௨ୗࡢつ᱁໬ࡀᚲせJIS つ᱁ࡢ⯟✵⇞ᩱࢱ࣮ࣅࣥ⇞ᩱἜ࡟㐺ྜඹྠ฼⏝㈓Ἔ᪋タྥࡅ⤫୍つ᱁࡟㐺ྜྠ୍つ᱁ࡢရ㉁ࡢ⇞ᩱࡣΰྜࡋ࡚㍺㏦ྍ⬟ ࣭ ඹྠ฼⏝㈓Ἔ᪋タࢆά⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ฼⏝⪅඲ဨࡢྠពࡀᚲせї ୖグㄢ㢟➼ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊつ᱁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊJIS つ᱁࡛ࡢᩚ⌮ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑࠿ࡽࠊ⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬࡟࠾࠸࡚ ASTM ࠾ࡼࡧ Def.Stan つ᱁࡜ JIS つ᱁࡜ࡢᩚྜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ Boeing ࠿ࡽࡢ㉁ၥ➼ࢆཷࡅ᳨ウ࣭☜ㄆࢆ⾜࠺ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ䞉KϮ᤼ฟ䛸䛾㛵㐃䜢⪃ᐹ㒔ᕷࢦ࣑࠿ࡽࣂ࢖࢜⯟✵⇞ᩱ〇㐀ࣉࣟࢭࢫ1. ࡈࡳ཰㞟ẁ㝵⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶࠊ୍⯡ᗫᲠ≀࡜⏘ᴗᗫᲠ≀㸦ཎᩱ㸧ࡢ୍యฎ⌮ࡣ⏦ㄳ࣮࣋ࢫ࡛ྍ⬟࡜ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡀࠊࡼࡾᰂ㌾࡞㐠⏝ࠋࡲࡓࠊ༊ᕷ⏫ᮧࠊ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࢆ㊬ࡄᗫᲠ≀㸦ཎᩱ)㐠ᦙࡢᰂ㌾࡞㐠⏝ࠋ
2. ࡈࡳ࠿ࡽ〇ရ㸦⇞ᩱࠊ࢞ࢫ➼㸧ࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿⅭ࡟㞀ᐖ࡜࡞ࡿつไࡢ᧔ᗫї ཎᩱㄪ㐩࠿ࡽ〇㐀ࠊ〇ရ໬ࡲ࡛ࡢ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ㸦୍⯡ᗫᲠ≀ࠊ⏘ᴗᗫᲠ≀ẖ࡟㸧ࢆ➨୍ศ⛉఍ࡀసᡂࡋࠊ⎔ቃ┬࡟ᗫᤲἲ➼ࡢྲྀᢅ࠸࡟ࡘ࠸࡚☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋ䞉⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛸䛧䛶䛾ရ㉁⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛸䛧䛶䛾ရ㉁䞉ྛ䜹䝔䝂䝸䞊䞉䝣䜱䞊䝗䝇䝖䝑䜽㻛〇ရ䛻䛚䛡䜛䝁䝇䝖ศᯒ䞉௒ᚋ➨䠏ศ⛉఍䛷᳨ウ䜢㐍䜑䜛䜹䝔䝂䝸䞊䛾ᩚ⌮௒ᚋ➨䠏ศ⛉఍䛷᳨ウ䜢㐍䜑䜛䜹䝔䝂䝸 䛾ᩚ⌮࢝ࣝࢱ࣊ࢼἲ (⎔ቃ┬ࠊ㎰Ỉ┬௚㸧㸸㑇ఏᏊ⤌ࡳ᥮࠼ࡢ⸴฼⏝ї㑇ఏᏊ⤌ࡳ᥮࠼ࡢ⸴ࢆ⏣ࢇࡰ➼ࡢ㛤ᨺ⣔࡛᱂ᇵࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ࢝ࣝࢱ࣊ࢼἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ
୺ົ኱⮧㸦⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠊ⎔ቃ┬㸧➨㸯✀౑⏝つ⛬ࡢᢎㄆࡀᚲせࠋࡑࡢ㝿࡟ࡣࠊ⏦ㄳ⪅ഃ࡟⏕≀ከᵝᛶᙳ㡪ホ౯᭩ࡢసᡂࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
እ᮶⏕≀ἲЍእ᮶⏕≀ἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㣫㣴➼ࡢつไᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ≉ᐃእ᮶⏕≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⌧ẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ⸴㢮ࡣᣦᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ㸦⸴㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ౵␎ᛶࡢ᝟ሗࡸࠊእ᮶࠿ᅾ᮶࠿ࡢ᝟ሗࡢ୙㊊ࠊุูࡀ㞴ࡋࡃࠊពᅗⓗ࡞ὶ㏻࣭ᣑᩓࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊἲⓗ࡞つไࡢᐇຠᛶࡀ
ஈࡋ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊᾏእࡢ౵␎ⓗእ᮶✀ࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡛ࡣࠊ࢖ࢳ࢖ࢷࢱࡸ࣓࣡࢝࡞࡝ࡀᣲ
ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ௒ᚋࡢ᳨ウ≧ἣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ౵␎ᛶࡢᙉ࠸እ᮶⏕≀ࡓࡿ⸴㢮ࡀ≉ᐃእ᮶⏕≀࡜ࡋ࡚ᣦᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ㸧ࡑࡢ௚⮬↛ಖㆤ㛵ಀࡢᡭ⥆ࡁЍ㑇ఏᏊ⤌ࡳ᥮࠼⏕≀࡛࡞࠸≉ᐃእ᮶⏕≀ࢆ᪥ᮏࡢእ࡟㍺ฟࡍࡿ㝿ࡢつไ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ≉ẁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㍺ฟࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿᅜෆ࡛ࡢ㣫㣴➼㸦ಖ⟶ࠊ㐠ᦙ㸧ࡣእ᮶⏕≀ἲࡢ㣫㣴➼チྍࡀᚲせࠋࡶࡢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ᪥ᮏ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㍺ฟඛࡢᅜࡢ㛵ಀ᳨࡛␿ࡢᡭ⥆࡞࡝ࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡣ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ㸦᳜㜵ἲ࡞࡝㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊᕼᑡ㔝⏕ື᳜≀ࡢྲྀᘬ➼ࡢつไ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐃࡵࡿ࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥ᮲⣙ࡸ✀ࡢಖᏑἲ࡟ࡘࡁ
ࡲࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⸴㢮ࡣᑐ㇟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

ᚤ⣽⸴㢮ࡲࡓࡣᚤ⣽⸴⏤᮶ࡢ⇞ᩱࢆ㍺ධࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ᳨␿ἲ㸸㎰Ỉ┬ї᪥ᮏࡢ⏕ែ⣔࠾ࡼࡧ㣗≀࡟ᙳ㡪ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡞࠸࠿ุ࡛᩿ࡉࢀࠊ⸴㢮ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࡍ࡛࡟᳨␿ࡢ
ᡭ⥆ࡁࡀᚲせࡢ࡞࠸✀㢮ࡶฟ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᳨␿ᑐ㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡓሙྜࡣࠊ᳨␿ᡭ
⥆ࡁࡣᚲせ࡞ࡋࠋ㍺ධࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ ࣭✵ ࡢ᳜≀᳨␿ᡤ࡟ලయⓗ࡞ရ┠ࢆᥦฟࡋ☜ㄆࢆࡋ࡚ḧࡋ࠸ࠋ㍺ฟ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ┦ᡭᅜᨻᗓḟ➨࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛ᑂᰝࡋ࡚࠿ࡽᣢࡗ࡚
ࡃࡿࡼ࠺ゝࢃࢀࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ

Federal Aviation
Administration㻭㻙㻠㻚඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ䠄➨㻠ᅇ䠅

― 45 ―

Dr. James I. Hileman
Office of Environment and Energy
Federal Aviation Administration

November 6, 2014Date:ї ᅜෆ CO㸰᤼ฟ㔞๐ῶຠᯝࡢ⟬ฟ࡞࡝ࠊ࡝ࢀࡔࡅࡢຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡶ㔜せࠋ

By:ᨻᗓ࡬ࡢ⯟✵ᶵ௦᭰⇞ᩱࡢ⏕⏘࣭ᬑཬ࡟ྥࡅࡓせᮃ஦㡯
¾ ࣂ࢖࢜⇞ᩱ〇㐀ࡈࡳ᪋タ࡬ࡢ⿵ຓ㔠 㸦➨㸯㸧
¾ ࣂ࢖࢜⇞ᩱࡢᇵ㣴ࠊᢳฟࠊ⢭〇ࣉࣛࣥࢺࡢᘓタ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ຓ㸦➨㸰㸧
¾ ࣂ࢖࢜⇞ᩱ࡬ࡢ⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ⛯ࠊ▼Ἔ▼Ⅳ⛯ࡢῶ⛯¾ ࣂ࢖࢜⇞ᩱ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㛵⛯ࡢῶචࡲࡓࡣ᧔ᗫ
¾ ࣂ࢖࢜⇞ᩱ㈍኎࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢ⿵ຓ
¾ ࣂ࢖࢜⇞ᩱࡢᾏእ࡛ࡢ⏕⏘ࠊ⌧ᆅᾘ㈝࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᪥ᮏᅜ࠿ࡽࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢖ࣈࡲࡓࡣ
ᨭ᥼ࡢ௙⤌ࡳ
¾ ᪥ᮏ࡟㍺ධࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ㍺㏦㈝ࡢ㈇ᢸ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ຓ

Presented to: Initiative for Next-generation Aviation Fuel
(INAF) Meeting᪂つ໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࡢ〇㐀ࡲࡓࡣ㍺ධ࡟ಀࡿᒆฟ➼࡟㛵ࡍࡿ┬௧ї ➨ 2 ศ⛉఍㸦JAPEX ࣭࣮ࣘࢢࣞࢼ㸧࠿ࡽࡢヲ⣽ᚅࡕCAAFI & Farm to Fly
2.0 Initiative䠐䠊ㄢ㢟ḟୡ௦⯟✵⇞ᩱ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ ➨ 4 ศ⛉఍― 46 ―

 State and Regional Support
 International Cooperation± Environment Team± Certification-Qualification Team
± R&D Team± Business Team Four teams for key issues:± Equivalent safety/performance (drop-in)± Comparable cost
± Environmental improvement± Security of Energy supply

Federal Aviation
Administration

 Public-Private coalition for commercial aviation to engage
the emerging alternative fuels industry
 Enable development of alt jet fuels:

Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative(CAAFI) ± www.caafi.org

Federal Aviation
Administration
4

5– Absolute reduction of significant air quality impacts, notwithstanding
aviation growthD1655 – Petroleum and D7566 Fuels

2

Federal Aviation
Administration3

 Alternative Jet Fuels must be drop in, have equivalent safety
and better environmental performance than petroleum Jet
fuel Enable all possible fuels that meet criteria
 Government role to address key barriers
 Work through Public-Private Partnerships
 Address the whole supply chain
 Leverage expertise and resources of other government
agencies and other countries
 Aviation should be a lead user of alternative fuels

Alternative Fuels Principles ± U.S. Vision

Federal Aviation
Administration– 1 billion gallons of renewable jet fuel in use by aviation by 2018

– Carbon neutral growth by 2020 compared to 2005

D7566 - SAJF Blending Components• Alternative jet fuels could reduce the environmental impact ofaviation:

GLOBAL CLIMATE

Utilize standard refinery “finishing” processes

ENERGY• Environmental impacts from aviation emissions could pose a
critical constraint on capacity growth

WATER QUALITY

Reformulate to appropriate C8-C16 molecules

AIR QUALITY• Aviation impacts community noise, air quality, water quality,
energy usage, and climate change

NOISE

Aviation Environmental Challenges

Process to workable intermediates

Deconstruct & remove extraneous molecules

Start with hydrocarbon / organic building-blocks

Sustainable Alternative Jet Fuel Pathways

― 47 ―

Fuel
Conversion

Energy &Defense:R&D grants

Agriculture: Biomass Crop
Assistance Program & Crop
Insurance Program

Fuel Testing / Approval

EPA:
Renewable
FuelStandard

Agriculture,
Navy, &
Energy:Defense
Production
Act and
Biorefinery
ProgramFederal Aviation
Administration* Does not include Dept. of Energy Pilot Projects, Defense Production Act Projects,
map credit to diymaps.net.

"Farm to Fly" project dialogue

Commercial Execution Initiated"Farm to Fly" projects in process

Working with local lead organizations/POCs
Provide context, advice, strategy, benchmarking
Facilitate networks & links between stakeholders
Link to Farm to Fly 2.0

9

8

FAA:
Guidance
for Airports

Defense &Airlines:
fuelpurchase

End User/Buyer«³7+(5()25(, AS OUR GOAL, we
the undersigned, jointly signify ourintent to continue working together
over the next five years in an expanded
FROODERUDWLRQHQWLWOHG³)DUPWR)O\´WRenable commercially viable,
sustainable bio-Jet Fuel supply chainsin the U.S. that are able to support thegoal of one billion gallons of bio-Jet
Fuel production capacity and use for
the Aviation Enterprise by 2018´Federal Aviation
Administration

FAA,
Defense, &NASA:
EnviroAnalysis

EnableProduction






FAA &
Defense:C/Q Fuel
testing

Fuel Performance | Environment Assmt

Farm to Fly 2.0

Agriculture& Energy:
R&D grants

Conversion
Process Scaleup/Integration

Federal Aviation
Administration

Federal Aviation
Administration

7

6

 CAAFI first point of contact for new stakeholders
 Create primers, guidance and communication tools for community Available at www.caafi.org

CAAFI Resources

CAAFI State & Regional Deployment

Energy:R&D

Agriculture: Feedstock
Development Center Grants

Feedstock
Production

Feedstock
Logistics

USG Efforts across Alternative Jet Fuel Supply Chain

― 48 ―

to produce 1 billion gallons of alternative jet fuel by 2018 andan order of magnitude larger production in the longer term

30 January 20155('52&.%,2)8(/612

3 M gpy

13

180M usg
over 11 years

370M usg

Supplyin 2018

5 M gpyfrom 2014

Federal Aviation
Administration$LUOLQHRIIWDNHDJUHHPHQWV«WKXVIDU

12

Federal Aviation
Administration

3. Support International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO
Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection(CAEP) Alternative Fuel Task Force (AFTF)±±

2. Identify the key barriers in regional supply chains thatmust be overcome

Washington State (M. Wolcott)Penn State (P. Smith)
U. Illinois (J. Endres)
U. Tennessee (T. Rials)
Penn State (T. Richard)
MIT (R. Malina)
Purdue (W. Tyner)

Biojet Canada (TC funded effort)
ITAKA (CLH Aviation, EC funded effort)
Delta Airlines
Byogy
Monsanto

11

Federal Aviation
Administration± USDA AFRI Coordinated Agricultural Projects± Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA via WSU)
± Southeast Partnership for Integrated Biomass Supply Systems (IBSS via U.
Tennessee)± Northeast Woody/Warm-season Biomass Consortium (NEWBio via PSU)
± Sun Grant Partnership± Bioenergy Science Center (via U. Illinois)

±
±
±
±
±

 Cost share support:± Volpe, ANL (already onboard)± INL, NREL, ORNL, PNNL (as possible) National Labs:

 Universities represented:

±
±
±
±
±
±
±

 ASCENT Universities:

Research Team10

Federal Aviation
Administration± Aimed at a holistic evaluation of pathways and resources± Incorporate social, economic, and environmental considerations± In context of current policy environment

 Considering Project Contributions± feedstock production, transportation, and conversion± jet fuel and co-products,± blending and jet fuel use by aviation± quantify competition for resources along the supply-chain by othersectors

11

10

 Examine the barriers to the large scale production ofalternative jet fuels via the full range of pathways being
considered for ASTM approval Considering the entire supply chain:

Scenarios of future alternative jet fuel production
Outputs will be used as inputs to a regional supply chain analysis
tool (AFTOT) being developed by the Volpe Center

1. Develop information on regional supply chains±±

ASCENT Alternative Jet Fuel Supply Chain Project

Objectives

― 49 ―
Federal Aviation
Administration

Dr. Jim Hileman
Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor for
Environment and Energy
Federal Aviation Administration
Office of Environment and Energy
Email: james.hileman@faa.gov

Federal Aviation
Administration± Facilitate information sharing, outreach and partnership± Primary means of coordination with industry, fuel users
and Government agencies on alternative aviation fuels± Dramatically raises visibility± Drives R&D and deployment efforts towards aviationneeds± Increased interagency coordination & collaboration± Supports approvals of alt jet fuels± Coordinates Domestic and International Stakeholders± Facilitation of State & Regional Deployment

 CAAFI and Farm to Fly Efforts

Takeaways

17

16

Sky NRG

SWAFEA/Alfabird

IFP Energy Nouvelle

Australia / AISAFICAOFederal Aviation
Administration± Bridging valley-of-death on investment & deployment(CAAFI focus on foundational elements)± Supply-chain development(feedstock/process/customer)(Rationale for F2F2 and State Initiatives)

Key issues remaining:± R&D± Certification / Qualification± Sustainability± Demonstration± Production± Global buy-in

Making progress on all fronts:

Federal Aviation
Administration

Formal and informal coordination
 International Airshows Workplans - Bilateral Cooperation Agreements
 Coordination with R&D organizations
 Global Exchange meeting
ICAO as forum for exchange

SENASA/ITAKA

Aireg

Development Status



ABRABA/SABB

CAAFICoordinating with International Efforts15

14

― 50 ―

Terrestrial
Algae
Product
Logistics Preprocessing

Cross Cutting
C

Biochemical
Thermochemical
Deconstruction
Biointermediate
Upgrading

Strategic Analysis
 Technology andResource
Assessment
 Market andImpact Analysis
 Model Development & Data
compilation







Conversion R&D

Of the 33 biorefineries that havereceived funding through BETO, 3
have been completed, 5 are inclose-out, and 5 have been either
terminated or withdrawn.

The remaining 20 biorefineries areactive and utilize a broad spectrumof feedstocks and conversion
techniques.



4 | Bioenergy Technologies Office

Strategic Communications
 New Communications
Vehicles & Outlets
 Awareness and Support of
Office Benefits of
Bioenergy/Bioproducts

Demonstration& Market Transformation
 Integrated
Biorefineries
 Biofuels
Distribution
Infrastructure

I-Pilot Projects not appearing on themap:
x Frontline Bioenergy LLC ± Ames, IAx Mercurius ± Ferndale, WAx BioProcess Algae ± Shenandoah, IA

Map of BETO-funded Projects

For more information visit:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/integrated_biorefineries.html

The Demonstration and Market
Transformation Program manages adiverse portfolio of demonstration
projects focused on the scale-up of
biofuel production technologies
from pilot- to demonstration- topioneer-scale.

Demonstration Portfolio – Overview

3 | Bioenergy Technologies OfficeSustainability
 Sustainability
Analysis Sustainable
SystemDesignFeedstock
Supply &Logistics R&D

Research, Development, Demonstration, & Market Transformation

Bioenergy Technologies Office Core Focus Areas

2 | Bioenergy Technologies Office

9

9
NSF

9
--FAA

---

---

--EPA

---

---

---

--DOD

NASA

---

9

9
DOE

9

---

---

9

9

---

9
DOC

9

Fuel
Conversion

9

Feedstock
Logistics

9
USDA

Feedstock
Production

---

---

9

---

---

---

9

9

---

9

9

---

---

---

9

9
---

---

9

9

9

9

---

9

EnableProduction

---

9

9
9
9

---

---

Environment
Assmt

Fuel Testing/Approval
Fuel
Performance9

Conversion
Process Scaleup/Integration

---

---

9

---

9

---

9

---

End User/Buyereere.energy.gov

U.S. Department of Energy
October 22, 2014

Zia Haq

Alternative Jet Fuels Supply Chain – Agency Effort Summary

1 | Bioenergy Technologies Office

Defense Production Act Phase II Awards
Airlines for America Energy Council

U.S. Government Aviation Fuel R&D

― 51 ―

McCarran, NV

Gulf Coast

Lakeview, OR

Fulcrum

Emerald

Red Rock

Woody biomass

Fats, oils, and greases

Municipal solid waste

Feedstock

12

82

10

Capacity (million
gallons/year)

Multiple, commercial scale integrated biorefineries
Cost-competitive biofuel with conventional petroleum (w/o subsidies)
Domestically produced fuels from non-food feedstocks
Drop-in, fully compatible, MILSPEC fuels (F-76, JP-5, JP-8)

8 | Bioenergy Technologies Office Southwest Airlines has signed a fuel purchase agreement with Red Rockfor 3 million gallons/year of jet fuel. Blended product will be used at
Southwest’s Bay Area operations. 140,000 dry tons/year of woody
biomass feedstock will be converted into renewable jet, diesel, andnaphtha.

6 | Bioenergy Technologies Officeo Emerald Biofuels - hydro-treating and upgrading of fats, oils and greases
o Fulcrum Brighton Biofuels – municipal solid waste gasification followed by FischerTropsch conversion to jet fuelo Red Rocks Biofuels, LLC – forest biomass and wood wastes gasification followed by
Fischer-Tropsch conversion to diesel and jet Successful projects have been selected to go on to Phase II (construction,equipment purchases, and commissioning) if funds are available. A downselect from four projects was announced depending on availability of funds orthe ability to partially fund projects:

 USDA has awarded Fulcrum a $105 million Biorefinery Assistance Program
loan guarantee through Bank of America for construction of their facility.
The total project cost is $266 million. 147,000 tons/year of MSW will begasified to synthesis gas followed by Fischer-Tropsch conversion to jet fuel.

 Cathay Pacific Airways has become an investor in Fulcrum and has
negotiated a 10 year supply agreement for jet fuel.

 In May 2013, four projects were selected for Phase I awards with $30M from
DoD funds - Phase I was an 18 month effort to accomplish front end
engineering design, site selection, and permitting tasks

DPA Initiative – Accomplishments/Milestones

5 | Bioenergy Technologies Office Navy has begun to issue solicitations via Defense Logistics Agency topurchase biofuels blends through their regular procurement contracts aslong as they meet cost and performance criteria

 DoD uses approximately 5 billion gallons of fuel annually and represents a
key market adopter for advanced biofuels technologies

o
o
o
o

 In June 2011, Secretaries of Agriculture, Energy, and Navy signed MOU tocommit $510M (up to $170M from each agency) to produce hydrocarbon
jet and diesel biofuels in the near-term. This initiative sought to achieve:

DPA Initiative Goals

 As fuels become available Navy will make advanced drop-in biofuels aregular part of its bulk fuel procurement.

Additional Supporting Activities

7 | Bioenergy Technologies Office

Production anticipated to begin in 2016/2017.
These
fuels have been approved for use as jet fuel by ASTM at up to 50/50 blends.
P
Fuels successfully demonstrated during Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) demonstrationin 2012 for ships and planes.
 Fuels can be utilized in Navy’s warfighting platforms with no degradation to
performance or mission.



Location

Project

Down-Select for Phase 2

― 52 ―

Hydro:

Solar:

Wind:

Liquid Fuels &Petrochemicals
must contain
Efficiency
Recycle C

Use only as much carbon as we must!

Energy can bebon freeCarbonThe Carbon Imperative2014 LanzaTech. All rights reserved.

November 6th, 2014

University of Tokyo

Creating a Low Carbon
Future10 | Bioenergy Technologies Office We are proud to join Farm to Fly 2.0 andbring the technical expertise and yearsof experience that the staff at the Energy
Department have to offer.

 In July 2014, Secretary Moniz signed anamendment officially making DOE thenewest partner agency in this significant
initiative.

 In 2013, USDA and FAA made a commitment to the aviation industry tohelp meet their goals with the Farm to Fly 2.0 agreement. This effort
seeks to enable the use of commercially viable and sustainable
renewable jet fuel in the United States.

 DOE is actively committed to accelerating the adoption ofalternative fuels by this market.

 We appreciate the hard work in approving alternative fuels andcommitment to sustainable growth made by the aviation industry.

DOE Joins Farm to Fly 2.0

9 | Bioenergy Technologies Office DOE investment in demonstration and deployment activities places
conversion technologies at the beginning of the pipeline that subsequently
becomes eligible for DPA funding DOE strength is pilot and demonstration of innovative technologies(facilities producing fuels in batch or campaign mode, capital cost $25 $150 million each, using fuels for testing/certification purposes)

 DPA strength is commercialization (each facility producing 10 million
gallons/year or more, capital cost $200 - $600 million each, selling fuels to
the market) – requires leveraging of funds among multiple agencies due tocost DOE involvement is essential in both the DPA and internal demonstrationand deployment activities

Relevance of DPA to DOE - Commercialization Pipeline

― 53 ―

74.4

52+

9

1344

Average Ethanol Production +Stripping (kg/day)Routes to Alterative Jet

Average CO
Utilization (%)

Runtime(days)

System Run

1286

6

5

Average Ethanol
Production (kg/day)

Performance milestones achieved and exceeded for >1000 hours

Shougang Demo: Extended Runtime, Robustness

Compression

Proprietary
MicrobeFermentation

Shougang Demo Plant
December 2012

the future energy pool (>100s ofbillions of gallons per year) Potential to make material impact oninto the fuel pool

 Process brings underutilized carbon

fuels and chemicals

 Process recycles waste carbon into

Gas Reception

Gas Feed Stream

Novel gas fermentation
technology captures CO-richgases and converts the carbon
to fuels and chemicals

The LanzaTech Process

Recovery

ProductTank

3

― 54 ―

> 42.8< 0.5
report52 - 57
report

D4809

D6379
D2425
D1298
D1319

Density at 15°C, kg/L

Heat of combustion, MJ/kg
Hydrocarbon Type Analysis
Aromatics, volume %Paraffins, mass%
API Gravity at 60oF
Olefins, % volume

100% Fully Synthetic Jet Fuel

12.9
75
49.6
2.0

< 0.5
report52 - 57
report
14.5
64
NA
1.2

43.4

0.788

0.781
43.4

0.775 ± 0.840

D4052

Density at 15°C, kg/L

<-80
49

16.9

FAA
A
LT
LTL
T-S
SB
B
ATJ
TJTJ
J-SKA

< 0.2
83
53.1
0.8

<-60
44

14.0

DARPA
PA
LTL
LT
T-S
SB
B
ATJ
TJTJ
J-SKA

> 42.8

< -40
> 38

D5972
D93

Heat of combustion,
D4809
MJ/kg
Hydrocarbon Type Analysis
D6379
Aromatics, volume %D2425
Paraffins, mass%
D1298
API Gravity at 60oF
D1319
Olefins, % volume

< 25

D1319

ASTM
D7566

Total Aromatics,
volume %Freeze point, °C
Flash point, °C

Property

ASTM
Test
MethodLT±SB Fully Synthetic Sample Properties.H\3URSHUWLHV&RQILUPHG

0.756

0.775 ± 0.840(0.751 - 0.770)

D4052

Property
Total Aromatics, volume %Freeze point, °C
Flash point, °C

43.8

LTLT
L
T-S
SB
B
ATJ
TJ
J-SPK
0.4
< -60
46

ASTM
D7566
< 25
< -40
> 38

ASTM
Test
Method
D1319
D5972
D93

LT±SB SPK Sample Properties

10

9

Gas
Fermentation/DQ]D7HFK

284
85

300 max>22
T90-T10, °C

Final Boiling Point

0.21(GC)
99.73 (GC)43.8
1/0 (pass)

7.4

0.782

15.1
< -70
56

'LHVHO-HW)XHO*DVROLQH

Lanzanol Jet

181

< 0.5
report> 42.82/25<80.775 ± 0.840 (Jet A)
0.751 - 0.770 (SPK)

n/a
< -40
> 38

ASTM
D7566

205 max

D86

D6379
D2425

D4809
D3241

D4052

D7171
D5972
D93

ASTM
Test Method

10%

Distillation

Heat of combustion, MJ/kg
Thermal Stability (325°C)
Hydrocarbon Type Analysis
Aromatics, volume %Paraffins, mass%

Viscosity at -20°C, cSt

Density at 15°C, kg/L

Hydrogenation

A novel route to synthetic jet fuel

Water

Oligomerization

Chemical Synthesis

Dehydration

Hydrogen Content, mass%
Freeze point, °C
Flash point, °C

Property

Alcohols%DVLF$OFRKROWR-HW&RQYHUVLRQ3DWKZD\

Gasification

LT-PNNL SPK Sample Properties(CO, CO/H2, CO2/H2)

Industrial
Waste Gases

Biomass

Alcohol to Jet (ATJ) Pathway

8

7

COREX/BOF
Process
Development

Shanghai, China
S/U: Q1 2012
100K gpy

14

26Time (d)y Process modeling and Flow Diagram development

Syngas24y Commercial catalyst selection for non-proprietary portions of process

22

H2

Composition

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

28

CO

33.43

CO (%)

30

32

33.8

H2(%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Ethanol

Processing

incl. Collection, sorting,drying, shredding

Scrap Recycling

Gas Utilization in CSTR

Gasoline & Diesel

Alcohol to Jet
Conversion

Municipal
Wastey Scale-up of proprietary catalyst preparation to commercial vendory Scale-Upy Production of specification samples from Lanzanol for certification of
ASTM pathwayy Validationy Integration of process steps for continuous productiony Testing of process conditions to support scale-upy Proprietary catalyst preparation methody Development

13

Kaoshiung, Taiwan
S/U: Q1 2014
15K gpy

Titer

Asia
S/U: Q4 2014
8K gpyGlenbrook Pilot
Auckland, NZ
S/U: 2008
8K gpyMultiple plants at various scales all
demonstrating
g different key
y aspectspof processp

Freedom Pines
Soperton, GA
S/U: TBD
15K gpy

Caofeidian, China
S/U: Q1 2013
100K gpy

Daejeon, South Korea
S/U: Q2 2015
2K gpy

PNNL, Imperium and LanzaTech Collaboration

Syngas
2,3 BDO

BFG/COG
DistillationWWTMSWMSW to Jet Fuel Case

Conc. (g/L)

Syngas
Butadiene

22.52

CO2(%)

22

24

10.32

N2(%)

26

0

30

32

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Vent Gas

Captive Power
Generation

Concentration

CH4(%)

28
Time (d)Fermentation

Gasification

g/L/d*OREDO7HFKQRORJ\³/DE´CO and H2 utilization (%)― 55 ―

1211

― 56 ―

Currently receiving
Feedback

Expected in 2015
Revised early
2014

ASTM
Research
ReportEngine/APU
Testing

Alcohol
Synthesis

Alcohols

C2 – C5

1.Dehydration
2.Oligomerization
3.Hydrogenation
4.Fractionation
Paraffins- C2 to C5 alcohols represent the feedstock for the ATJ-SPK pathway- ATJ-SPK pathway- Dehydration of alcohol to an olefin- Oligomerization of olefin to a longer molecule- Hydrogenation- Fractional distillation to select the jet fuel- Pathway steps have all been demonstrated at commercial scale
individually (known thermochem technology)

Etc.

Municipal
Solid Waste

OffgasBiomass

ASTM Alcohol to Jet Pathway

ATJ-SPK ASTM Research Report Under review by FAA and OEMs

FAA & OEM
Review & Approval

ASTM Balloting
Process

Revised or New
ASTM Spec

Component/Rig
Testing

Fit-For-Purpose
Properties

Mid-2011 to 2013

Specification
Properties

Late-2010 to Mid-2012

y Alcohol to Jet Fuel Taskforce created in 2010y Taskforce Members: ATJ Technology Providers, Airlines, Engine OEMs, and Air Frame Manufacturesy ATJ Technology Providers at different scales and process readiness levels cooperating on ASTM
pathway certification

Alcohol to Jet (ATJ) Pathway

ASTM Certification Progress

18

17

ASTM Certification&
Commercial Scale
Production

 Flight will provide fuel performance data tohelp accelerate ASTM certification of ATJ
production pathway

 World First Proving Flight using
sustainable ATJ from steel mill off gases

Commercialization of Aviation Fuel

Process Scale-up andCatalyst Development with PNNL

Production of Jet Fuelfor Engine Testing &Test Flight

Lanzanol to Jet Fuel: Road to ASTM Pathway
Certification & Commercialization

16

15

䢢

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㆟஦ḟ➨䢢

凣几㛤఍䢢

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凥几㛢఍䢢

䢢

¾ ḟ䛾㼁㻾㻸䛛䜙䛤ぴ䛟䛰䛥䛔䚹㻌㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣㻚㼟㼍㼒㼑㼟㼥㼚㼏㻚㼖㼜㻛㻸㻹㼥㼗㼚㻼㼀㼗㻛㻳㻹㻡㼠㼔㻛㻫㼍㻩㻴㻥㼥㼒㻾㻽㼥㻲㼗㼜㼏㻌㈨䢢 䢢 ᩱ䢢㻌

¾ ↓⥺㻸㻭㻺᥋⥆䛿䚸௨ୗ䜢䛤฼⏝䛟䛰䛥䛔䚹㻌
9 㻿㻿㻵㻰㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌䖃䖃䖃㻌
9 㼃㻼㻭㻞䜻䞊㻌䖃䖃䖃㻌
9 䝴䞊䝄ྡ㻌䖃䖃䖃㻌䢢䢢‫ۑ‬஦ົᒁ㈨ᩱ䢢‫୍➨ۑ‬ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ䢢‫➨ۑ‬஧ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ䢢‫୕➨ۑ‬ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ䢢
䢢

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― 57 ―

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺䢢ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䠐䠊௒ᚋ䛾ணᐃ
1䠏䠊⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁䛾ྛ㐣⛬䛾䜲䝯䞊䝆

䠎䠊⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜢ྲྀ䜚ᕳ䛟ไᗘ䛸つ᱁䠍䠊䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑ᵓᡂ(᱌䠅஦ົᒁ㈨ᩱ - ➨䠑ᅇ඲య఍㆟䢢㻭㻙㻡㻚඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ䠄➨㻡ᅇ䠅LanzaTech Global Partnerships

 Provide economic development
WKDWFUHDWHV³JUHHQMREV´ Provide affordable options to meet growing
demand in emerging economies

Burrill & Co.

 Provide energy security from sustainable, regional
resources

 Provide a sustainable solution to our climate andenergy challenges

K1W1

No impact on water, food, land or biodiversity

Biofuels ³'RQH5LJKW´

19

― 58 ―

ᬮ໬ᑐ⟇僎傎࿘㎶஦ᴗྵ僦᪂஦ᴗ๰ฟ僐像凛ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels兟 ஦ᴗ୺య僑僐僱傹僎僔充兎儧儬兟 ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅僎僔㛵ಀ䷷ ஦ᴗ୺య僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ兟 ௒ᚋ僔஦ᴗ໬僎᳨ウ⤖ᯝ僔㛵ಀ兟 ᳨ウ⤖ᯝ඲య僑༨僧僱傘兑兠儭兂儧儻備僔఩⨨僋傷兟 ௒ᚋ僔஦ᴗ໬僑ྥ傷僅ぢ㏻傽凚஦ᴗⓎᒎᛶ僸ྵ僦凛䷶ ᳨ウ⤖ᯝ僔఩⨨僋傷凚ᆅ⌫䷵ ᳨ウ僔ព⩏凥几᳨ウ⤖ᯝ䢯䢯䢯䢯䢯䢪䢳䢫ᇶᮏㄆ㆑䠍䠊䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑ᵓᡂ䠄᱌䠅ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䐟 άື䛾඲యᴫせ䐠 ᵓᡂဨྡ⡙䐡 㛤ദ⤒⦋䐢 ྛᅇ䛻䛚䛡䜛㆟஦ᴫせ䢪䢳䢫඲య఍㆟傎䢪䢴䢫㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍傎䢪䢵䢫処僊僔ྛศ⛉఍僑僊傪僌௨ୗ僔஦㡯僸グ㍕

䠎䠊᳨ウయไ傺僎僔άື⤒⦋䠍䠊䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑ᵓᡂ䠄᱌䠅

54ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䠍䠊䣋䣐䣃䣈䛻䛴䛔䛶(1) ၥ㢟ព㆑(2) タ❧䛻⮳䜛⤒⦋(3) タ❧㊃᪨(4) ᳨ウయไ(5) άືᴫせ䠍䠊䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑ᵓᡂ䠄᱌䠅ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䕺䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑䜢බ⾲䛩䜛䚹佐傘஦ົᒁ㈨ᩱ䢲䢴備ཧ↷䠍䠊䣋䣐䣃䣈䛻䛴䛔䛶䠎䠊᳨ウయไ䛤䛸䛾άື⤒⦋䠏䠊᳨ウ⤖ᯝ䢪䢳䢫 ᇶᮏㄆ㆑䢪䢴䢫 兑兠儭兂儧儻凚儵儝ẖ凛䢪䢵䢫 ௒ᚋ僔᳨ウㄢ㢟
処几㈨ᩱ

䠍䠊䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑ᵓᡂ䠄᱌䠅

32

― 59 ―

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䢪䢶䢫䢢僃僔௚㈨ᩱ

䢪䢵䢫䢢ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ

䢪䢴䢫䢢㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍㈨ᩱ

䢪䢳䢫䢢඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ

処几㈨ᩱ

䠍䠊䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑ᵓᡂ䠄᱌䠅ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䷹ ㄢ㢟ゎỴ僔᪉ྥᛶ僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ䷸ 僃僔௚஦㡯凚ᾏእ㐃ᦠ ➼凛僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ凚ไᗘ僪つ᱁僑㛵傿僱᳨ウ஦㡯 ➼凛䷷ ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥僸ྲྀ僰ᕳ債ไᗘ僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ

98凚஦ᴗ僔ᚲせ儗儝儬僎཰ධぢ㎸僥僔ヨ⟬傎཰ᨭᕪ僸㈥催㑅ᢥ⫥ ➼凛䷶ 儗儝儬僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ凚䣌䣘傱䣕䣒䣅傱傎䣎䣎䣒僪䣎䣎䣅僑僨ゝཬ ➼凛䷵ ஦ᴗ᥎㐍యไ僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ凥几᳨ウ⤖ᯝ䢯䢯䢯䢯䢯䢪䢵䢫䢢௒ᚋ僔᳨ウㄢ㢟䠍䠊䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑ᵓᡂ䠄᱌䠅伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏2021-2030
2031䢴䢲䢵䢳
到

䢴䢲䢴䢳
到
䢴䢲䢵䢲

䢴䢲䢴䢲

䢴䢲䢳䢻

䢴䢲䢳䢺

䢴䢲䢳䢹

7

伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏

2017
2018
2019
2020

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏
䢴䢲䢳䢸

䢴䢲䢳䢷

2015
䠑䠑
2016

何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏㢟
ㄢ傍 傍 㢟

ㄢ伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏

㐩ᡂ஦㡯

㐩ᡂ஦㡯
何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏

ᖺᗘ

ᖺᗘ

6

䢪䢬䢫䢢㒔ᕷ儘元傎⸴傎㛤Ⓨ㍺ධ傎㍺ධ傎僃僔௚凚ᗫἜ僐像凛凥几᳨ウ⤖ᯝ䢯䢯䢪䢴䢫䢢兑兠儭兂儧儻凚儵儝ẖ䢪䢬䢫僑సᡂ凛䠍䠊䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑ᵓᡂ䠄᱌䠅ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels

䷹ ホ౯ 凚ᢏ⾡ホ౯ཬ僙⤒῭ホ౯凛凚௚僔ᡭἲ僎僔ẚ㍑働僔≉㛗傎஦ᴗ໬僑ྥ傷僅ㄢ㢟傎஦ᴗ໬僑ෆᅾ傿僱兎儝儓 ➼凛䷸ ஦ᴗ僔≉ᚩ凚㐍ᤖ≧ἣ僎♫఍ⓗᙳ㡪僸㋃僤傮僌グ㏙凛䷷ ḟୡ௦⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥඲య僑傰傷僱఩⨨僋傷䢪䢴䢲䢴䢲ᖺ傎䢴䢲䢵䢲ᖺ➼僑傰傷僱㐩ᡂ஦㡯僐像䢫䷶ ┠ᶆ㐩ᡂ僑⮳僱㐨➽䢪䣣䢫䢢᫬ᮇ
䢪䣤䢫䢢ḟୡ௦⇞ᩱ僔ΰྜ⋡䢪䣥䢫䢢஦ᴗᴫせ凚ᚲせ儗儝儬➼僔஦ᴗつᶍ傎஦ᴗ୺య僔஦ᴗ⠊ᅖ僸ྵ僦凛䷵ ┠ᶆ䢪䢬䢫䢢㒔ᕷ儘元傎⸴傎㛤Ⓨ㍺ධ傎㍺ධ傎僃僔௚凚ᗫἜ僐像凛凥几᳨ウ⤖ᯝ䢯䢯䢪䢴䢫䢢兑兠儭兂儧儻凚儵儝ẖ䢪䢬䢫僑సᡂ凛䠍䠊䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑ᵓᡂ䠄᱌䠅

― 60 ―
12儹光兠儌免兠凚⤥Ἔ儣兗儓㌴凛⯟✵ᶵ儙兠儷儙兠凚⤥Ἔ儿兠儝㌴凛儳儈儭免兗儬

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
InitiativesforNextGenerationAviationFuels(ഛ⪃)✵ 䛻䛚䛡䜛⤥Ἔ䛻䛿䠏᪉ᘧ䛒䜛䚹(1)䝣䝳䞊䜶䝷䞊᪉ᘧ䚸(2)䝣䝳䞊䜶䝷䞊ཬ䜃䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖᪉ᘧ䚸(3)䝝䜲䝗䝷䞁䝖᪉ᘧ

⯟✵ᶵ

✵

13

儣兗儏兠䢱儣兗儓儗兗優儮䢱儣兗儓兑兠兎䢱儵儈儻免儈兗௦᭰⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔㍺㏦㈓Ἔ儣兗儓ΰྜ᪋タ働傎ᚑ᮶ᆺ⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僎ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僸ΰྜΰྜḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儣兗儏兠䢱儣兗儓儗兗優儮䢱儣兗儓兑兠兎䢱儵儈儻免儈兗 儣兗儏兠䢱儣兗儓儗兗優儮䢱儣兗儓兑兠兎䢱儵儈儻免儈兗ᚑ᮶ᆺ⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱᚑ᮶ᆺ⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䢱ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔㍺㏦

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔⏕⏘䢱ㄪ㐩ᚑ᮶ᆺ⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔⏕⏘䢱ㄪ㐩䠏䠊⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁䛾ྛ㐣⛬䛾䜲䝯䞊䝆ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels➨䠐ศ⛉఍ IATA㈨ᩱ

2.⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜢ྲྀ䜚ᕳ䛟ไᗘ䛸つ᱁ᾘ㜵ἲḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䣃䣈䣓䣔䣌䣑䣕僑‽ᣐヨ㦂⿦⨨傲እᅜ僑ᡤᅾ

10⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僕傎ᾘ㜵ἲ僑つᐃ傻僲僱傘➨ᅄ㢮➨凤▼Ἔ㢮備凚凣Ẽᅽ僑傰傷僱ᘬⅆⅬ傲䢴䢳䰳௨ୖ䢹䢲䰳ᮍ‶凛僔༴㝤≀僑ヱᙜ傿僱傏

ഛ傍傍傍⪃ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
InitiativesforNextGenerationAviationFuels

06_JIGᅜෆጤဨ఍

(Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems)

䢲䢷䣡AFQRJOS

11

㻔㈨ᩱ㻜㻠䛿␎䚹୍⯡㈈ᅋἲே ᪥ᮏつ᱁༠఍䛛䜙ධᡭྍ⬟䠅䢲䢶䣡⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僑ಀ僱䣌䣋䣕つ᱁䢯䣌䣋䣕䢢䣍䢢䢴䢴䢲䢻䢼䢳䢻䢻䢳䢲䢵䣡⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僑ಀ僱䣃䣕䣖䣏ㄆド傜஦ົᒁ㈨ᩱ傝௨ୗ僔䣗䣔䣎傱僯傺ぴ債僆傻傪傏䣪䣶䣶䣲䣵䢼䢱䢱䣹䣹䣹䢰䣵䣣䣨䣧䣵䣻䣰䣥䢰䣬䣲䢱䣎䣏䣻䣭䣰䣒䣖䣭䢱䣉䣏䢷䣶䣪䢱䣁䣣䢿䣊䢻䣻䣨䣔䣓䣻䣈䣭䣲䣥䠎䠊⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜢ྲྀ䜚ᕳ䛟ไᗘ䛸つ᱁䢪䢳䢫䢢㣕⾜⯟✵ἲ凚⪏✵ᛶᑂᰝ傎㐠⯟つ⛬ᑂᰝ䢫ඹྠ฼⏝㈓Ἔ᪋タྥ傷⤫୍つ᱁䢪䢴䢫䢢ရ㉁⟶⌮処几⯟䢢䢢✵䢢䢢ᶵ▼Ἔ儵儈儻免儈兗஦ᴗἲ䢪䢳䢫䢢᪋タ䷵䢢⯟✵ᶵ⏝⤥Ἔ᪋タ
傍傍凚㈓Ἔ儣兗儓➼凛䷶䢢儵儈儻免儈兗
ᾘ㜵ἲ

ᾘ㜵ἲ

䣃䣕䣖䣏➼

ᡤᅾᆅ᪉බඹᅋయ僔㜵⅏㛵ಀ᮲౛傍➼▼Ἔ儗兗儷儮兠儬➼⅏ᐖ㜵Ṇἲ䢪䢴䢫䢢㝣ୖ㍺㏦
凥几✵䢢䢢䢢䢢䢢

ไ傍傍傍ᗘ㧗ᅽ儐儝ಖᏳἲ

ᾘ㜵ἲ䢪䢳䢫䢢ᾏୖ㍺㏦

凤几㍺䢢䢢䢢䢢䢢㏦

䢪䢴䢫〇㐀⇞ᩱ䢪䢳䢫᪋タ凣几〇䢢䢢䢢䢢䢢㐀㐣傍傍傍⛬䠎䠊⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜢ྲྀ䜚ᕳ䛟ไᗘ䛸つ᱁ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels¾ 僎僰僤僎僧ᚋ ୍⯡බ㛤儛兗允儜儊兄僔㛤ദ 僎僰僤僎僧僔බ⾲¾ 処᭶凥᪥凚㔠凛凣凥᫬凥凢ศ到඲య఍㆟凚➨凨ᅇ凬᭱⤊ᅇ凛ሙᡤ凬ᮾி኱Ꮫ凚ᮏ㒓凛ᒣୖ఍㤋䠐.௒ᚋ䛾ணᐃ

14䢢僎僰僤僎僧凚ᵓᡂ᱌凛䢢䢢凣几䣋䣐䣃䣈僑僊傪僌䢢䢪䢳䢫䢢 ၥ㢟ព㆑䢢䢪䢴䢫䢢 タ❧僑⮳僱⤒⦋䢢䢪䢵䢫䢢 タ❧㊃᪨䢢䢪䢶䢫䢢 ᳨ウయไ䢢䢪䢷䢫䢢 άືᴫせ䢢䢢凤几᳨ウయไ傺僎僔άື⤒⦋䢢䢪䢳䢫䢢 ඲య఍㆟䢢䷵䢢 άື僔඲యᴫせ䢢䷶䢢 ᵓᡂဨྡ⡙䢢䷷䢢 㛤ദ⤒⦋䢢䷸䢢 ྛᅇ僑傰傷僱㆟஦ᴫせ䢢䢪䢴䢫䢢 㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍䢢䷵䢢 άື僔඲యᴫせ䢢䷶䢢 ᵓᡂဨྡ⡙䢢䷷䢢 㛤ദ⤒⦋䢢䷸䢢 ྛᅇ僑傰傷僱㆟஦ᴫせ䢢䢪䢵䢫䢢 ศ⛉఍䢢䢪䢵䢯䢳䢫䢢 ➨凣ศ⛉఍䢢䷵䢢 άື僔඲యᴫせ䢢䷶䢢 ᵓᡂဨྡ⡙䢢䷷䢢 㛤ദ⤒⦋䢢䷸䢢 ྛᅇ僑傰傷僱㆟஦ᴫせ䢢䢪䢵䢯䢴䢫䢢 ➨凤ศ⛉఍䢢䷵䢢 άື僔඲యᴫせ䢢䷶䢢 ᵓᡂဨྡ⡙䢢䷷䢢 㛤ദ⤒⦋䢢䷸䢢 ྛᅇ僑傰傷僱㆟஦ᴫせ䢢䢢 䢪䢵䢯䢵䢫䢢 ➨凥ศ⛉఍䢢䷵䢢 άື僔඲యᴫせ䢢䷶䢢 ᵓᡂဨྡ⡙䢢䷷䢢 㛤ദ⤒⦋䢢䷸䢢 ྛᅇ僑傰傷僱㆟஦ᴫせ䢢䢯䢢䢳䢢䢯䢢䢢䢢䢢䢪䢵䢯䢶䢫䢢 ➨処ศ⛉఍䢢䷵䢢 άື僔඲యᴫせ䢢䷶䢢 ᵓᡂဨྡ⡙䢢䷷䢢 㛤ദ⤒⦋䢢䷸䢢 ྛᅇ僑傰傷僱㆟஦ᴫせ䢢䷶䢢 儗儝儬僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ䢢凚஦ᴗ僔ᚲせ儗儝儬僎཰ධぢ㎸僥僔ヨ⟬傎཰ᨭᕪ僸㈥催㑅ᢥ⫥䢢 ➼凛䢢䷷䢢 ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥僸ྲྀ僰ᕳ債ไᗘ僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ䢢凚ไᗘ僪つ᱁僑㛵傿僱᳨ウ஦㡯䢢 ➼凛䢢䷸䢢 僃僔௚஦㡯凚ᾏእ㐃ᦠ䢢 ➼凛僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ䢢䷹䢢 ㄢ㢟ゎỴ僔᪉ྥᛶ僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ䢢䢢䢢凥几᳨ウ⤖ᯝ䢢䢪䢳䢫䢢 ᇶᮏㄆ㆑䢢䷵䢢 ᳨ウ僔ព⩏䢢䢢 䢢 凚ᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬ᑐ⟇僎傎࿘㎶஦ᴗྵ僦᪂஦ᴗ๰ฟ僐像凛䢢䷶䢢 ᳨ウ⤖ᯝ僔఩⨨僋傷䢢䢢 兟䢢 ௒ᚋ僔஦ᴗ໬僎᳨ウ⤖ᯝ僔㛵ಀ䢢䢢 兟䢢 ᳨ウ⤖ᯝ඲య僑༨僧僱傘兑兠儭兂儧儻備僔఩⨨僋傷䢢䢢 兟䢢 ௒ᚋ僔஦ᴗ໬僑ྥ傷僅ぢ㏻傽凚஦ᴗⓎᒎᛶ僸ྵ僦凛䢢䷷䢢 ஦ᴗ୺య僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ䢢兟䢢 ஦ᴗ୺య僑僐僱傹僎僔充兎儧儬䢢兟䢢 ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅僎僔㛵ಀ䢢䢢䢪䢴䢫䢢 兑兠儭兂儧儻凚儵儝ẖ䢪䢬䢫僑సᡂ凛䢢䢪䢬䢫䢢 㒔ᕷ儘元傎⸴傎㛤Ⓨ㍺ධ傎㍺ධ傎僃僔௚凚ᗫἜ僐像凛䢢䷵䢢 ┠ᶆ䢢
䢪䣣䢫䢢 ᫬ᮇ䢢䢪䣤䢫䢢 ḟୡ௦⇞ᩱ僔ΰྜ⋡䢢䢪䣥䢫䢢 ஦ᴗᴫせ凚ᚲせ儗儝儬➼僔஦ᴗつᶍ傎஦ᴗ୺య僔஦ᴗ⠊ᅖ僸ྵ僦凛䢢䷶䢢 ┠ᶆ㐩ᡂ僑⮳僱㐨➽䢢䢢 䢢 䢪䢴䢲䢴䢲ᖺ傎䢴䢲䢵䢲ᖺ➼僑傰傷僱㐩ᡂ஦㡯僐像䢫䢢䷷䢢 ḟୡ௦⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥඲య僑傰傷僱఩⨨僋傷䢢䢢 䢢 凚㐍ᤖ≧ἣ僎♫఍ⓗᙳ㡪僸㋃僤傮僌グ㏙凛䢢䷸䢢 ஦ᴗ僔≉ᚩ凚௚僔ᡭἲ僎僔ẚ㍑働僔≉㛗傎஦ᴗ໬僑ྥ傷僅ㄢ㢟傎஦ᴗ໬僑ෆᅾ傿僱兎儝儓䢢 ➼凛䢢䷹䢢 ホ౯凚ᢏ⾡ホ౯ཬ僙⤒῭ホ౯凛䢢䢢䢪䢵䢫䢢 ௒ᚋ僔᳨ウㄢ㢟䢢䷵䢢 ஦ᴗ᥎㐍యไ僑㛵傿僱⪃ᐹ䢢䢢 䢢 凚䣌䣘傱䣕䣒䣅傱傎䣎䣎䣒僪䣎䣎䣅僑僨ゝཬ䢢 ➼凛䢢䢢処几㈨ᩱ䢢䢪䢳䢫䢢 ඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ䢢䢪䢴䢫䢢 㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍㈨ᩱ䢢䢪䢵䢫䢢 ศ⛉఍㈨ᩱ䢢䢪䢶䢫䢢 僃僔௚㈨ᩱ䢢䢢凚ูῧ凛䢢
何何何僸ཎᩱ僎傿僱 ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥僑ྥ傷僅兑兠儭兂儧儻ᖺᗘ䢯䢢䢴䢢䢯䢢

㐩ᡂ஦㡯

ㄢ傍傍 㢟

何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䢴䢲䢳䢷䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏䢴䢲䢳䢸何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏䢴䢲䢳䢹何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏䢴䢲䢳䢺何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏䢴䢲䢳䢻何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏䢴䢲䢴䢲何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏䢴䢲䢴䢳何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞到䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏䢴䢲䢵䢲何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏䢴䢲䢵䢳 何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞到䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏何䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏伫䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞䯞傏䢯䢢䢵䢢䢯䢢

䢢䢢― 61 ―

䢢௨ୖ䢢凤几⯟✵ᶵ充兠儏兟⯟✵ᶵ儌兗儜兗充兠儏䢪䣑䣇䣏䢫僔㒊ෆ᳨ᰝ䢢䢪䢳䢫䢢 䣑䣇䣏ྛ♫凚儌儆儴儝傎兀兠儈兗儔傎儌兗儺免儌兏傎䣉䣇傎儳儱儊儋兏傎儻免儧儬儆兗儭儿儈儧儬儯兠傎兑兠兏儝兑儈儝傎儝儱儓兂傎儊儇兎儆兄儞凛傲傎ྛ♫ෆ働᳨ᰝ僸ᐇ᪋傏䢢䢪䢴䢫䢢 䣈䣃䣃凚⡿㐃㑥⯟✵ᒁ凛僔᳨ᰝ傏䣈䣃䣃僕傎㏣ຍ儫兠儣僸せồ傿僱傹僎僨储僱傏䢢䢪䢵䢫䢢 ௨ୖ僸᳨ᰝ僑ྜ᱁傽僅僨僔傲傎䢪䢵䢫僔ᡭ⥆傳僑㐍僦傏୙ྜ᱁僔ሙྜ僕傎ㄆドᡭ⥆傳⤊஢凚ㄆド僑⮳僯僀凛傏䢢

⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僑ಀ僱䣃䣕䣖䣏ㄆド凚充兆凛䢢䢢䢢䱶几⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔䣃䣕䣖䣏つ᱁僑㛵ಀ傿僱⤌⧊䢢凣几䣃䣕䣖䣏儈兗儣兠儮儛克儮兏䢢䢪䢳䢫 ୡ⏺᭱኱兟Ẹ㛫兟㠀Ⴀ฼僔ᅜ㝿つ᱁タᐃᶵ㛵働储僰傎⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ➼ᖜᗈ傪ᕤᴗ〇ရ僑㛵傿僱䣃䣕䣖䣏つ᱁凚୺僑ᕤᴗᮦᩱつ᱁僎ヨ㦂ἲつ᱁凛僸タᐃ兟Ⓨ⾜傽僌傪僱傏䢢㻌㻔ഛ⪃㻕ᪧྡ⛠㻔㻞㻜㻜㻝ᖺ䜎䛷㻕䛿⡿ᅜᮦᩱヨ㦂༠఍(American Society for Testing and Materials)䚹䢢
䢪䢴䢫 䢳䢸䢳僔ᢏ⾡ጤဨ఍僸᭷傽傎ྛጤဨ఍傲ྛᮦᩱ➼僔つ᱁僸タᐃ傿僱傏䢢䢪䢵䢫 ᢏ⾡ጤဨ఍僔ᵓᡂ僕傎⏘ᴗ⏺傎〇㐀⪅傎ᾘ㈝⪅傎ᨻᗓ傎Ꮫ⏺➼僔㛵ಀ⪅傏䢢凥几つ᱁僔タᐃ兟ኚ᭦䢢䢢 ୖグ䢪䢳䢫ཬ僙䢪䢴䢫僸⤒僅ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩᱌僸傎ᑠጤဨ఍傎ጤဨ఍僔㡰僑ᑂᰝ傽傎僃傹働僔ᑂᰝ僑ྜ᱁傿僱僎傎᪂僅僐䣃䣕䣖䣏つ᱁僔タᐃཪ僕᪤Ꮡ䣃䣕䣖䣏僔ኚ᭦傲傎Ⓨ⾜傻僲僱傏䢢䢪䢳䢫䢢 ⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僑傰傷僱᪂ᆺ儣兠儷兗⇞ᩱᑠጤဨ఍働僔ᑂᰝ䢢䷵ ᑠጤဨ఍僑傰傪僌傎ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩᱌僸㆟ㄽ兟᳨ウ傽僅ୖ働傎つ᱁᱌傲ᥦ᱌傻僲傎ᑠጤဨ఍僔ᢞ⚊僑僮僰僃僔ྜྰ僸Ỵ傿僱傏䢢䷶ ྜ᱁つ᱁᱌僕ጤဨ఍僑௜㆟傏୙ྜ᱁つ᱁᱌僕෌ᗘᑠጤဨ఍僑௜㆟傏䢢凤几▼Ἔ〇ရ兟ᾮయ⇞ᩱ兟₶⁥Ἔጤဨ఍凚ᢏ⾡ጤဨ఍僔୍僊凛䢢䢪䢳䢫 䢴䢹ே働ᵓᡂ凚ጤဨ㛗傎凤ே僔๪ጤဨ㛗➼凛䢢
䢪䢴䢫 ጤဨ㛗僕䣔䣣䣰䣦䣻䢢䣈䢰䢢䣌䣧䣰䣰䣫䣰䣩䣵凚優儱儛兠ᕞ㎰ົ┬凛傏䢢
䢪䢵䢫 䢳䢶䢴僔ᑠጤဨ఍僸᭷傿僱傏䢢䢢䢪䢴䢫䢢 ▼Ἔ〇ရ兟ᾮయ⇞ᩱ兟₶⁥Ἔጤဨ఍働僔ᑂᰝ䢢䷵ ጤဨ఍僑傰傪僌傎ᑠጤဨ఍ᑂᰝ僸㏻㐣傽僅ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩᱌僸㆟ㄽ兟᳨ウ傽僅ୖ働傎つ᱁᱌傲ᥦ᱌傻僲傎ጤဨ఍僔ᢞ⚊僑僮僰僃僔ྜྰ僸Ỵ傿僱傏䢢䷶ ྜ᱁つ᱁᱌僕᪂僅僐䣃䣕䣖䣏つ᱁僎傽僌Ⓨ⾜傻僲僱傏୙ྜ᱁つ᱁᱌僕෌ᗘᑠጤဨ఍僑ㅎ僯僲僱傏䢢凥几⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僑傰傷僱᪂ᆺ儣兠儷兗⇞ᩱᑠጤဨ఍凚ୖグ凤傲᭷傿僱䢳䢶䢴僔ᑠጤဨ఍僔凣僊凛䢢䢪䢳䢫 ጤဨ㛗僕䣌䣣䣯䣧䣵䢢䣆䢰䢢䣍䣫䣰䣦䣧䣴䢢䢪兀兠儈兗儔♫ᢏ⾡儹儋兑兠䢫䢢䢢䱷几䣃䣕䣖䣏僑傰傷僱⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔ㄆドᡭ⥆傳䢢 䢢䢢 䢢 ⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔ㄆドᡭ⥆傳僕䣃䣕䣖䣏䢢䣆䢶䢲䢷䢶僑つᐃ傻僲僌傰僰傎凥ẁ㝵僔ᡭ⥆傳傲储僱傏ྛẁ㝵僔ᴫせ僕ḟ僔僎傰僰傏䢢処几᪂僅僐ㄆド僸ྲྀᚓ傿僱僔僑せ傿僱᫬㛫僎㈝⏝䢢¾ 凥ᖺ凚౛傮僖傎䣊䣇䣈䣃䢱䣤䣫䣱䢯䣕䣒䣍僕傎䣯䣫䣦䢯䢴䢲䢲䢺到䣌䣷䣮䣻䢴䢲䢳䢳䢪䢬䢫凛䢢¾ 䢵䢲䢲䢲୓儭兏௨ୖ凚䢳儭兏䢳䢲䢲෇᥮⟬働䢵䢲൨෇凛䢢䢪ഛ⪃䢫䢢 Fueling a Sustainable Future for Aviation 2013, MASBI, the last line in the column "ASTM International" P23傏僅僆傽傎(*)僕凣几ヨ㦂儻兑儔免兄䢢䢢 䢪䢳䢫䢢 ⇞ᩱつ᱁≉ᛶ僔ヨ㦂䢢¾ ᪂ᆺ⇞ᩱ僎᪤Ꮡ⇞ᩱ僎僔ΰྜ⇞ᩱ傲傎⌧⾜僔⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱつ᱁凚䣆䢳䢸䢷䢷凛≉ᛶ僑㐺ྜ傽僌傪僱傱ྰ傱僔ヨ㦂傏䢢¾ ヨ㦂⤖ᯝ僑ၥ㢟傲僐傷僲僖䢪䢴䢫僔ヨ㦂僑㐍僦傏䢢䢪䢴䢫䢢 ┠ⓗ㐺ྜ≉ᛶ僔ヨ㦂䢢¾ 䣆䢳䢸䢷䢷僔つᐃእ஦㡯働储僱傲傎䣑䣇䣏傲ồ僧僱໬Ꮫᵓ㐀➼僑㛵傿僱ヨ㦂傏䢢¾ 䢪䢳䢫僎ྠᵝ僑ΰྜ⇞ᩱ僸౑僉僅ヨ㦂傏䢢¾ ヨ㦂⤖ᯝ僑ၥ㢟傲僐傷僲僖䢪䢵䢫僔ヨ㦂僑㐍僦傏䢢䢪䢵䢫䢢 ᡂศ᳨ᰝ䢢¾ ୖグ䢪䢳䢫䢪䢴䢫僔⤖ᯝ僸㋃僤傮傎䣑䣇䣏僔ồ僧僑ᛂ傾僌傎᪂ᆺ⇞ᩱ僔໬Ꮫᵓ㐀➼僔᳨ᰝ僎僎僨僑傎兎儔ヨ㦂䢪䢬䢫僸⾜催傏䣑䣇䣏傲ồ僧僐傪ሙྜ僕┬␎傻僲僱傏䢢Path to Alternative Jet Fuel Readiness, CAAFI, P8傏(䯲)䢢 ⏕⏘傽僅⇞ᩱ傲傎᪤Ꮡ僔ASTMつ᱁僸‶僅傿傹僎僔☜ㄆヨ㦂僑せ傿僱儗儝儬僕100୓෇⛬ᗘ僎ゝ僵僲僌傪僱傏僅僆傽傎ᙜヱ☜ㄆヨ㦂僕傎凣儴儧儥傺僎僑ᚲせ僎僐僱傏凧几ASTM僑つᐃ傻僲僱ヨ㦂ᶵ㛵 (ASTM D4054 User's Guide, CAAFI, PP43-54)¾ Air Force Research Laboratory¾ University of Dayton Research Institute¾ Southwest Research Institute¾ National Research Council Canada凚ຍ凛¾ National Test Facility for Fuels (at Purdue University) University of Sheffield凚ⱥ凛¾ EDG Essais Propulseurs 凚௖凛¾ Defence Science and Technology Organisation 凚㇦凛¾ NASA Glenn Research Center¾ German Aerospace Center凚⊂凛¾ ASG Analytik-Service GmbH凚⊂凛¾ Departement Energetique Fondamentale et Appliquee ONERA凚௖凛 ➼㻔㻖㻕㻌䜶䞁䝆䞁䛾ྛせ⣲䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜⊂❧䛻䛭䛾ᛶ⬟䜔ᙉᗘ➼䛾≉ᛶヨ㦂䛜ྍ⬟䛸䛺䜛䜘䛖タᐃ䛥䜜䛯ヨ㦂⿦⨨䛷⾜䜟䜜䜛ヨ㦂㻌¾ ヨ㦂⤖ᯝ僑ၥ㢟傲僐傷僲僖䢪䢶䢫僔ヨ㦂僑㐍僦傏䢢䢪䢶䢫䢢 儌兗儜兗⪏ஂᛶ᳨ᰝ䢢¾ 儌兗儜兗僔ᛶ⬟傎᧯సᛶ傎⪏ஂᛶ僑㛵傿僱ヨ㦂傏䢢¾ ヨ㦂⤖ᯝ僑ၥ㢟傲僐傷僲僖傎௨ୖ僔⤖ᯝ僸ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩᱌僑僤僎僧僌傎ᑠጤဨ఍僑ᥦฟ傿僱傏䢢᪂ᆺ⇞ᩱ⏕⏘⪅僕傎௨ୖ僔ヨ㦂僔僅僧僑傎⣙䢻䢷୓兎儧儬兏䢪୍⯡ⓗ஦౛僔ሙྜ僔ᴫ⟬᝿ᐃ㔞働储僰傎ᐇ㝿僔ሙྜ僕ቑῶ傿僱ྍ⬟ᛶ傲储僱䢫僔ヨ㦂⏝⇞ᩱ僸⏝ព傿僱ᚲせ傲储僱傏䢢凚୺僐ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩凛
兟ASTM儿兠兄儾兠儜凚2014.12.05到12㜀ぴ凛
兟ASTM D4054 Use䯑s Guide, CAAFI,凚ཧ⪃凣凛ㄆドᡭ⥆傳ᴫせ凚ASTM D4054 Use’s Guide, CAAFI䢮䢢䣒䢸凛䢢凚ཧ⪃凤凛䢢 ヨ㦂儻兑儔免兄僔ᴫせ凚䣃䣕䣖䣏䢢䣆䢶䢲䢷䢶䢢䣗䣵䣧’䣵䢢䣉䣷䣫䣦䣧䢮䢢䣅䣃䣃䣈䣋䢮䢢䣒䢹凛䢢

䢢
䢢

䢢

䢢
䢢
௨ୖ䢢

― 62 ―

Joint Inspection Group

Joint Inspection Group

Product Specifications

Bulletin No. 60

Feb 2013

Bulletin No. 60

Feb 2013

Issue 27 – February 2013
Supersedes Issue 26 – May 2012

AVIATION FUEL QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FORJOINTLY OPERATED SYSTEMS(AFQRJOS)JOINT FUELLING SYSTEM CHECK LIST FOR JET A-1
Issue 27 – February 2013
Supersedes Issue 26 - May 2012
Embodying the requirements of the following specifications for the grade shown:(a) British MoD DEF STAN 91-91/Issue 7, Amendment 2, dated1 December 2012, Jet A-1(b) ASTM D 1655 –12, Jet A-1.
PROPERTY

This document has the agreement of: BP, Chevron, Eni, ExxonMobil, Kuwait Petroleum, Shell,
Statoil, and Total. It defines the fuel quality requirements for supply into Jointly Operated Fuelling
Systems.

IP

British Ministry of Defence Standard DEF STAN 91-91/Issue 7 Amendment 2, 1
December, 2012 for Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Type, Jet A-1, NATO Code F-35, Joint
Service Designation: AVTUR.

(b)

ASTM Standard Specification D 1655-12 for Aviation Turbine Fuels "Jet A-1"

ReportColourCOMPOSITION
Total Acidity, mg KOH/g
Aromatics, % v/v.
OR Total Aromatics, % v/v
Sulphur, Total, % m/m
Sulphur, Mercaptan, % m/m
OR Doctor Test

The main table requirements in IATA Guidance Material for Aviation Turbine Fuels Specifications(GM) are no longer part of the Check List because Part I of the IATA GM is now a guide to
specifications rather than a specification itself. However, the water and dirt limits for fuel at the pointof delivery into aircraft, which are embodied in Part III of the IATA GM, remain part of Check List.
The Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems for Jet A-1 are defined in thefollowing table, which should be read in conjunction with the Notes that follow the table. The Notes
highlight some of the main issues concerning the specification parameters.
Conformance to AFQRJOS requires conformance to the detail of both specifications listed above, notjust the following table. See Note 23 for guidance on statements declaring conformance to these
specifications. If necessary, airports operated to JIG Standards can supply jet fuel to either of theparent specifications listed above provided the participants agree.
Also, it should be specifically noted that DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amendment 2 requires traceability of
product to point of manufacture and requirements applicable to fuels containing synthetic or
renewable components. See Annexes J and D of DEFSTAN 91-91/7 Amendment 2 for more
information. Although they have not been changed significantly, the requirements in both of these
Annexes have been clarified in Amendment 2.

Page 1 of 6

Joint Inspection GroupCONTAMINANTS
Existent Gum, mg/100ml
Microseparometer (MSEP), rating
Fuel with Static Dissipator Additive
OR
Fuel without Static Dissipator Additive

max

7

min

70

min

CONDUCTIVITY
Electrical Conductivity, pS/m
LUBRICITY
BOCLE wear scar diameter, mm

Viscosity at -20ºC, mm2/s(cSt)
COMBUSTION
Specific Energy, net, MJ/kg
Smoke Point, mm
OR
Smoke Point, mm
AND Naphthalenes, % vol.
CORROSION
Corrosion, Copper strip, classification(2 hours +/- 5 min. at 100 ºC +/- 1ºC)
STABILITY
Thermal Stability (JFTOT)
Control temperature, ºC
Filter Pressure Differential, mm Hg
Tube Deposit Rating (Visual)540

See Note 16

0.85

274

D 2624

See Note 17

D 5001

See Note 18

17.0 min to 24.0 max
24.0

See Note 19

Metal Deactivator, mg/l (Optional) *maxFirst Doping
Cumulative concentration after field re-doping

2.0
5.7

See Note 20

Static Dissipator, mg/l *maxFirst Doping
Cumulative concentration after field re-doping

3.0
5.0

Antioxidants are mandatory in hydroprocessed fuels and synthetic fuels and shall be added
immediately after hydroprocessing or synthesising and prior to the product or component being
passed into storage in order to prevent peroxidation and gum formation after manufacture
Fuel System Icing Inhibitor is not permitted unless agreed by all the participants in a joint system(see also Note 21).
Corrosion Inhibitor/Lubricity Improver (CI/LI) additive may be added to the fuel without priorconsent of the joint system participants (see also Note 18)

See Note 1
See Note 2
See Note 3

ReportReportReportReportReportReport

0.015
25.0
26.5
0.30
0.0030
Negative

354
156
436
336
342
30

D 3242
D 1319D 6379D 1266 or D 2622
D 3227
D 4952

max
max
max
min

See Note 7
See Note 8

Report (incl. 'nil' or '100%’)
Report (incl. 'nil' or '100%’)
Report (incl. ‘nil’ or ‘100%’)
Report (incl. ‘nil’ or ‘50%’)

See Note 4 for limits for synthetic
components
123

D 86

170 or 523
160 or 365

D 56 or D 3828
D 1298 or D 4052

Reportmax

See Note 6
or D 4294 or D 5453

205.0
ReportReport
300.0
1.5
1.5
38.0
775.0 min to 840.0 max

See Note 9
Or IP 406 or D 2887,
see Note 10

See Note 11max- 47.0

max

8.000

16 or
435 or 528
or 52971

D 2386 or
D 5972 or D 7153
or D 7154
D 445

min
min

42.80
25.0

12 or 355
598

D 3338 or D 4809
D 1322

See Note 13
See Note 14

min
max

19.0
3.00

598

D 1322
D 1840

See Note 14

max

1

154

D 130

323

D 3241

min
max

260
25
Less than 3, no 'Peacock' or'Abnormal' colour deposits

See Note 12

See Note 15

Page 2 of 6

Product Specifications
Feb 2013

percentage of each synthetic blending component shall be recorded along with its
corresponding release Specification and Annex number, product originator and originator’sCertificate of Quality number. From the point of manufacture to the point of blending to meetthis specification, the synthetic component shall be handled, transported and documented in
the same manner as finished jet fuel in order to maintain product integrity. Special care shall betaken to ensure homogeneity when blending semi synthetic jet fuel, particularly where thecomponent densities are significantly different. DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 also states thatblending of synthetic fuels shall take place upstream of airports. See also Note 10 in DEF
STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 on minimum aromatic content.

The types and concentrations of all additives used shall be shown on theoriginal Certificates of Quality and on all other quality documents when they
are added downstream of the point of manufacture. When additives are
diluted (with hydrocarbon solvent only) to improve handling properties prior toaddition, it is the concentration of active ingredient that shall be reported.
See Annex A of DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 for detailed advice.

5.

Concentrations of FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) greater than or equal to 5.0 mg/kg are notapproved. See section 5.6 and Annex G of DEFSTAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 for details

6.

Round robin testing has demonstrated the correlation between total aromatics content
measured by IP 156/ASTM D 1319 and IP 436/ASTM D 6379. Bias between the two methods
necessitates different equivalence limits as shown. Testing laboratories are encouraged tomeasure and report total aromatics content by the two methods to assist verification of thecorrelation. In cases of dispute IP 156 / ASTM D 1319 shall be the referee method. It is theintention of the DEF STAN 91-91Technical Authority to change the referee method to IP 436 at
a later date.

7.

The Doctor Test is an alternative requirement to the Sulphur Mercaptan Content. In the event ofconflict between the Sulphur Mercaptan and Doctor Test results, the Sulphur Mercaptan result
shall prevail.

8.

The need to report the %v/v of non hydroprocessed, mildly hydroprocessed, severelyhydroprocessed and synthetic components (including "nil", “50%”or "100%" as appropriate) on
refinery Certificates of Quality for Jet A-1 to Check List derives from DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2.

See Note 22 about requirements for management of change in refineries.
* When the original dosage of additives is unknown, it has to be assumed
that first doping was applied at maximum dose rate.

Main Table Notes
1.

The requirement to report Saybolt Colour shall apply at point of manufacture, thus enabling acolour change in distribution to be quantified. Where the colour of the fuel precludes the use of
the Saybolt Colour test method, then the visual colour shall be reported. Unusual or atypicalcolours should also be noted and investigated. For further information on the significance ofcolour see Annex E in DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2.

2.

This limit shall apply at point of manufacture only. For more information on particulatecontamination refer to Annex F of DEF STAN 91-91 Issue 7 Amd 2. For guidance on
contamination limits for into-plane fuelling refer to 5th Edition IATA Guidance Material (Part III).

3.

This requirement shall apply at point of manufacture only. Both the number of particles and thenumber of particles as a scale number as defined by Table 1 of ISO 4406:1999 shall bereported. It is the Specification Authority’s intention to replace the gravimetric Millipore test with
Particle Counting at the earliest opportunity.

4.

Attention is drawn to DEF STAN 91-91 Issue 7 Amd 2, which approves both Semi-Synthetic
and Fully Synthetic Jet Fuel produced by SASOL. It also approves two generic components a)
up to 50% of Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine certified as meeting the requirements of ASTM
D7566 Annex A1 and b) up to 50% Hydrogenated Esters and Fatty Acids certified as meeting
the requirements of ASTM D 7566 Annex A2. For these fuels, additional testing requirements
apply and reference should be made to DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 Annex D. These particularsemi- and fully synthetic fuels may be certified against this Issue of Check List. The volume

www.jigonline.com

D 5452

Bulletin No. 60

D 381
D 3948423
564 or 565 or
577

Joint Inspection GroupADDITIVES (Names and approval code from DEFSTAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 should be quoted on quality
certificates).
Antioxidant, mg/l
in hydroprocessed & synthetic fuels (Mandatory)
in non-hydroprocessed fuels (Optional)
max

FLUIDITY
Freezing Point, ºC

85
50 min to 600 max

max

VOLATILITY
Distillation
Initial Boiling Point, ºC
Fuel Recovered
10% v/v at ºC
50% v/v at ºC
90% v/v at ºC
End Point, ºC
Residue, % v/v
Loss, % v/v
Flash Point, ºC
Density at 15ºC, kg/m³

D 156 or D 6045

1.0

www.jigonline.com

Feb 2013

REMARKS

See Note 4 and 5
max
max
max
max
max

Refinery Components at point of manufacture:
Non Hydroprocessed Components, %v/v
Mildly Hydroprocessed Components, % v/v
Severely Hydroprocessed Components, % v/v
Synthetic Components, %v/v

Product Specifications

Bulletin No. 60

max

Particulate, cumulative channel particle counts,
ISO Code & Individual Channel Counts
t 4 Pm(c)t 6 Pm(c)t 14 Pm(c)t 21 Pm(c)t 25 Pm(c)t 30 Pm(c)Jet fuel that meets the AFQRJOS is usually referred to as "Jet A-1 to Check List" or "Check List Jet
A-1" and, by definition, generally, meets the requirements of both of the above specifications.

TEST METHOD
ASTM

Clear, bright and visually freefrom solid matter and un-dissolved
water at ambient fuel temperatureParticulate contamination mg/L

(a)

LIMITSAPPEARANCE
Visual appearance

The Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems (AFQRJOS) for
Jet A-1 embodies the requirements of the following two specifications:www.jigonline.com

Product Specifications

Page 3 of 6

Each refinery component used in the make up of the batch shall be reported on the certificate
of quality as a percentage by volume of the total fuel in the batch. Mildly hydroprocessedcomponents are defined as those petroleum derived hydrocarbons that have been subjected toa hydrogen partial pressure less than 7000 kPa (70 bar or 1015 psi) during manufacture.
Severely hydroprocessed components are defined as those petroleum derived hydrocarbons
that have been subjected to a hydrogen partial pressure of greater than 7000 kPa (70 bar or
1015 psi) during manufacture. The total of non-hydroprocessed plus mildly hydroprocessed
plus severely hydroprocessed plus synthetic components shall equal 100%.
9.

In methods IP 123 and ASTM D 86 all fuels certified to this specification shall be classed asgroup 4, with a condenser temperature of zero to 4°C.

10.

If IP 406 or ASTM D 2887 are used to produce IP123 equivalent or ASTM D 86 correlated data,
there is no requirement to report residue or loss.

11.

Subject to a minimum of 40qC, results obtained by method ASTM D 56 (Tag) may be accepted.
The referee test method is IP 170.

12.

These automatic methods are permitted; IP 16/ASTM D 2386 remains the referee method.

13.

ASTM D 4529/IP 381 may be used where local regulations permit.

14.

DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 now references IP 598 instead of IP 57.The new IP 598 test forsmoke point includes both the standard manual method and an automatic method. Note 12 in

www.jigonline.com― 63 ―

Page 4 of 6

Joint Inspection Group

Joint Inspection Group

Product Specifications

Bulletin No. 60

Feb 2013

Bulletin No. 60

DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 states its intention to make the automatic method the referee
method in January 2014.
15.

Examination of the heater tube to determine the Visual Tube Rating using the Visual Tuberator
shall be carried out within 120 minutes of completion of the test. It is the Visual Method thatshall be reported. Attention is drawn to Note 15 in DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2, which stresses
that only approved heater tubes shall be used and lists heater tubes from PAC-Alcor and Falex
as being technically suitable.

16.

Attention is drawn to Note 17 of DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 that states "Where SDA is added atpoint of manufacture the MSEP limit of 70 shall apply. No precision data are available for fuelscontaining SDA; if MSEP testing is carried out during downstream distribution, no specification
limits apply and the results are not to be used as the sole reason for rejection of a fuel. A
protocol giving guidelines on possible actions to be taken following failed MSEP testing can befound in the Joint Inspection Group's Bulletin Number 14, MSEP Protocol at www.jigonline.com
under 'fuel quality'. Where SDA is added downstream of point of manufacture, it isacknowledged that MSEP results may be less than 70.

17.

18.

Approved antioxidant additives are listed in Annex A.2.4 of DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2, together
with the appropriate RDE/A/XXX- Qualification Reference for quoting on refinery Certificates of
Quality. Refer also to Annex A 2.6 for requirements for reporting additions on the CoQ.

20.

The approved Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA), RDE/A/650 appears in Annex A.3 of DEF
STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2. See also Annex A.3.1 about the need to report thermal stability before
and after using when contamination of Jet A-1 by any of the trace metals listed in this Annex isunproven. Note also in A.3.3 that maximum doping at the point of manufacture or on initial
doping is limited to 2.0 mg/l.

Attention is drawn to the guidance in DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 and ASTM D 1655-12
concerning the need for appropriate management of change measures in refineries
manufacturing jet fuel. The implications of any changes to feedstock, processing conditions orprocess additives on finished product quality and performance shall be considered (forexample, experience has shown that some process additives might be carried over in trace
quantities into aviation fuels).

23.

It is normal to certify conformance to a primary specification. The following statements should
be used.

The minimum requirements of information to be included on the fuel’s refinery batch certificate
of quality shall be:- Specification name, issue and any amendment number;- Name and address of testing laboratory;- Batch number or unique identifier;- Quantity of fuel in the batch;- Properties tested and including specification limit, test method and result of test;- Additives, including qualification reference and quantity added;- Name and position of authorised test certificate signatory or an electronic signature;- Date of certification.

This document is intended for the guidance of Members of the Joint Inspection Group (JIG) and companies
affiliated with Members of JIG, and does not preclude the use of any other operating procedures, equipment or
inspection procedures. Neither JIG, its Members, the companies affiliated with its Members nor theInternational Air Transport Association (IATA) accepts responsibility for the adoption of this document orcompliance with this document. Any party using this document in any way shall do so at its own risk.

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Page 6 of 6㼔㼠㼠㼜㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣㻚㼜㼍㼖㻚㼓㼞㻚㼖㼜㻛㼜㼍㼖㼋㼕㼚㼒㼛㻛㼜㼞㼑㼟㼟㻛㻞㻜㻜㻣㻛㻜㻟㻛㻜㻢㻙㻜㻜㻜㻝㻥㻤㻚㼔㼠㼙㼘

㻌

㻞㻜㻝㻟ᖺ

㻞㻜㻝㻞ᖺ

22.

“It is certified that the samples have been tested using the Test Methods stated andthat the Batch represented by the samples conforms with ASTM D 1655-12 andAFQRJOS Checklist Issue 27”.

Page 5 of 6▼Ἔ㐃┕㻌㼨㻌▼Ἔ㐃┕䛛䜙䛾䛚▱䜙䛫㻌㼨㻌㻶㻵㻳ᅜෆጤဨ఍㻔␎⛠㻌䠖㻌㻶㻵㻳㻌㻶㻚㻚㻚Concentrations of Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) less than 0.02% by volume may beconsidered negligible and do not require agreement/notification. The assent to allow thesesmall quantities of FSII without agreement/notification is to facilitate the changeover from fuelscontaining FSII to those not containing FSII where the additive may remain in the fuel system
for a limited time. This does not permit the continuous addition of FSII at these low
concentrations. Attention is drawn to the new note in Annex A.6 in DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2
highlighting that filter monitors cannot be used with fuel containing FSII.

Or

This requirement comes from DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2. The requirement to determine
lubricity applies only to fuels whose composition is made up of a) at least 20% of severelyhydroprocessed components and less than 5% non-hydroprocessed components or b)
includes synthetic fuel components. The limit applies only at the point of manufacture. For
important advisory information on the lubricity of aviation turbine fuels see Annex B of DEF
STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2.
CI/LI additive (also known as LIA) may be used to improve lubricity; only those additives listed
in Table 2 of ASTM D1655-12/ Annex A of DEFSTAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 are permitted. Note that
two additional additives have been added to the list in DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2. Refer also toAppendix A.5 of DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2 for advice on point of addition. When injecting CI/LI
downstream of point of manufacture, care shall be taken to ensure that maximum dose rates
are not exceeded.

19.

Feb 2013

21.

“It is certified that the samples have been tested using the Test Methods stated andthat the Batch represented by the samples conforms with DEF STAN 91-91 Issue 7
Amd 2 and AFQRJOS Checklist Issue 27”.

Due to the requirements of DEF STAN 91-91/7 Amd 2, conductivity limits are mandatory for
product to meet this specification. However it is acknowledged that in some manufacturing anddistribution systems it is more practical to inject SDA further downstream. In such cases, theCertificate of Quality for the batch should be annotated thus: “Product meets the requirementsof AFQRJOS Check List 27 except for electrical conductivity”. In some situations, theconductivity can decrease rapidly and the fuel can fail to respond to additional dosing with
Stadis 450. In such cases, fuel may be released with conductivity down to a minimum of
25pS/m provided that the fuel is fully tested against the specification and the Tank Release
Note is annotated with the explanation “Product released below 50pS/m due to conductivity
loss as per Annex H of DEFSTAN 91-91/7 Amd 2”

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Product Specifications㻌㻞㻜㻜㻣ᖺ㻜㻟᭶㻜㻢᪥
ሗ㐨ྛ఩
▼Ἔ㐃┕

㻞㻜㻜㻣ᖺ

㻞㻜㻜㻢ᖺ

㻞㻜㻜㻡ᖺ

㻞㻜㻜㻠ᖺ

㻞㻜㻜㻟ᖺ

㻌㻌▼Ἔ㐃┕䛿䚸㎿㏿䛛䛴ⓗ☜䛻ධᡭྍ⬟䛸䛺䛳䛯㻶㻵㻳㻔ὀ㻕䛾᭱᪂ᢏ⾡᝟ሗ䜢䚸ᅜෆ䛷䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱἜ䜢ྲྀᢅ䛔౑⏝䛩䜛඲䛶䛾㛵ಀ⪅䛜ඹ᭷䛧䚸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱἜ䛾ရ㉁⟶⌮䜢ᚭᗏ䛧䚸ྲྀᢅ䛔᪋タ䛾Ᏻ඲ᛶ䚸ຠ⋡ᛶ䜢㧗䜑䜛䛣䛸䜢┠ⓗ䛻䚸㻶㻵㻳ᅜෆጤဨ఍䠄␎⛠㻌䠖㻌㻶㻵㻳㻌㻶㻭㻼㻭㻺䠅䜢䚸▼Ἔ㐃┕䛾௜⨨ᶵᵓ䛸䛧䛶タ⨨䛩䜛䛣䛸䛸䛧䚸ᮏ᪥㻔㻟᭶㻢᪥㻕༗๓㻝㻝᫬䛛䜙タ❧⥲఍䜢㛤ദ䛧䛯䚹㻌㻌㻶㻵㻳ᅜෆጤဨ఍䛻䛿䚸▼Ἔඖ኎఍♫䚸ᅜෆ䛾⯟✵఍♫䚸✵ ᪋タ఍♫䚸⤥Ἔ఍♫➼㻡㻝♫䛜ཧຍ䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸ᮏጤဨ఍䛾௦⾲䛿䚸▼Ἔ㐃┕⯟✵ၥ㢟᳨ウጤဨ఍䛾ጤဨ㛗䛜
㍯␒ไ䛷ᑵ௵䛩䜛䚹㻌㻌㻶㻵㻳ᅜෆጤဨ఍䛾୺䛺άືෆᐜ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹
䠄䠍䠅㻌䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱἜ䛾ୡ⏺ᶆ‽䛾ရ㉁つ᱁䞉ရ㉁⟶⌮䛾ᅜෆ䜈䛾ᬑཬ䚸ၨⓎ䠄䠎䠅㻌䜟䛜ᅜ䛾᭱᪂ᢏ⾡➼䛾䠦䠥䠣➼䜈䛾ពぢල⏦䚸᝟ሗⓎಙ㻞㻜㻜㻞ᖺ䠄䠏䠅㻌䜲䞁䝇䝨䜽䝅䝵䞁䜢ຠ⋡ⓗ䛻ᐇ᪋䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾᳨ウ䠄ᶆ‽໬➼䠅䠄䠐䠅㻌䜲䞁䝇䝨䜽䝍䞊䛾⫱ᡂ䚸ඹ᭷໬䛆୰㛗ᮇⓗ┠ᶆ䛇䠄ὀ䠅㻌㻶㻵㻳䛿㻶㼛㼕㼚㼠㻌㻵㼚㼟㼜㼑㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜䠄䝆䝵䜲䞁䝖䞉䜲䞁䝇䝨䜽䝅䝵䞁䞉䜾䝹䞊䝥䠅䛾␎䚹㻶㻵㻳䛿䚸Ᏻ඲䛸ຠ⋡䜢㧗䜑䜛䛯䜑䚸䝆䜵䝒䝖⇞ᩱ䛻ಀ䜛ရ㉁つ᱁䚸ྲྀ䜚ᢅ䛔ᣦ㔪➼䜢సᡂ䞉⟶⌮䛧䛶䛔䜛ᅜ㝿⤌⧊䚹ᮏ㒊䛿䝻䞁䝗䞁䚹㻯㼛㼡㼚㼏㼕㼘㻌㻹㼑㼙㼎㼑㼞䛿䜶䜽䝋䞁䝰䞊䝡䝹䚸䝅䜵䝹䚸㻮㻼䚸䝅䜵䝤䝻䞁䝔䜻䝃䝁䚸㻱㻺㻵䚸㻷㻼㻯䚸㻿㼠㼍㼠㼛㼕㼘䚸䝖䝍䞊䝹䚹㻭㼟㼟㼛㼏㼕㼍㼠㼑㻌㻹㼑㼙㼎㼑㼞䛿䚸▼㐃䚸㻵㻭㼀㻭䠄ᅜ㝿⯟✵㐠㏦༠఍䠅䚸ⱥᅜᅜ㜵┬䚸⯟✵ᶵ䝯䞊䜹䞊➼௨ୖ䛆ᮏ௳䛻㛵䛩䜛ၥ䛔ྜ䜟䛫ඛ䛇▼Ἔ㐃┕䚷ὶ㏻䞉▼Ἔ䝅䝇䝔䝮㒊䚷ᢸᙜ㻌䠖㻌ᒣ⏣䞉Ⲩᮌ㼀㻱㻸㻌䠖㻌㻜㻟㻙㻟㻞㻣㻥㻙㻟㻤㻝㻡㻱㼚㼓㼘㼕㼟㼔

䝯䞊䝹䝬䜺䝆䞁

䛚ၥ䛔ྜ䜟䛫

䝃䜲䝖䝬䝑䝥

䝥䝷䜲䝞䝅䞊䝫䝸䝅䞊㻯㼛㼜㼥㼞㼕㼓㼔㼠㻔㻯㻕㻞㻜㻜㻢㻚㻼㼑㼠㼞㼛㼘㼑㼡㼙㻌㻭㼟㼟㼛㼏㼕㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻚㻌㻭㼘㼘㻌㼞㼕㼓㼔㼠㼟㻌㼞㼑㼟㼑㼞㼢㼑㼐㻚㻝㻌㻛㻌㻝

― 64 ―

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ㻞㻜㻜㻤ᖺ➨ϱᅇ ඲య఍㆟㻞㻜㻜㻥ᖺ➨୍ศ⛉఍ ሗ࿌㻶㻵㻳ᅜෆጤဨ఍㻔␎⛠㻌䠖㻌㻶㻵㻳㻌㻶㻭㻼㻭㻺㻕䛾タ⨨䛻䛴䛔䛶㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ᪥᫬䠖ϮϬϭϱᖺϭ᭶Ϯϴ᪥䠄Ỉ䠅ϭϯ䠖ϯϬ䡚ϭϲ䠖ϯϬሙᡤ䠖ᮾி኱Ꮫ ᒣୖ఍㤋㻞㻜㻝㻝ᖺ

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஦ᴗᛶホ౯

බⓗᨭ᥼

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஦ᴗ⠊ᅖ

ෆᐜ

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〇㐀䝥䝻䝉䝇䠖 ୗグϯ䜿䞊䝇䛾᳨ウ䜢
㐍䜑䜛

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ศ⛉఍䠄䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥䠅䛾䜎䛸䜑㒔ᕷ䛤䜏䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ〇㐀䛾ព⩏䛵䛡z ḟ㡫ཧ↷

஦ᴗ໬䜈䛾䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛸ㄢ㢟䠄୺䛻䝔䜽䝙䜹䝹௨እ䠅஦ᴗ໬䛾䛯䜑䛾᳨ウ䞉ᥦ᱌䛻ྥ䛡䛶䠯䡕䡊䡃䠽䡏

⢾໬Ⓨ㓝䛷䡰䡼䢅䡬䢕〇㐀

䜺䝇໬

⵨␃

⳦య䛷䡰䡼䢅䡬䢕〇㐀䠢䠰ྜᡂhƉŐƌĂĚŝŶŐ

ϳͬϬϰ;㔠Ϳ ➨ϭᅇ䚸ϳͬϮϱ;㔠Ϳ ➨Ϯᅇ䚸ϴͬϮϮ;㔠Ϳ ➨ϯᅇΘ⏘⥲◊䢆䢚䡮䡱䢔䢈䡣䡮䢁䢔䡬◊✲䡺䢙䡼䡬ぢᏛ;ᮾᗈᓥͿḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ䞉௒䜎䛷䛾⧳䜑䛸௒ᚋ䛾ணᐃ䠄᭱⤊ሗ࿌᭩䛾⧳䜑᪉䠅䞉䠞䡅䡋䡂䡑䡁䡈䛾䠯䡑䡌䡌䡈䡕 䠟䡄䠽䡅䡊䛸ရ㉁᳨ᰝయไ䛀䠥䠝䠰䠝䛁ϭͬϭϲ䠄㔠䠅➨ϴᅇ䠄䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙䠅䞉䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖ཧຍ䛾ྍྰุ᩿ᇶ‽䛾⤂௓䛀䠦䠝䠬䠡䠴䛁䞉ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ䡮䢅䢉䢚䡬䡸䡪䢙䢆䢈䢚ᵓ᝿䛾ᴫせ⤂௓䛀䠦䠝䠴䠝䛁ϭϭͬϮϳ䠄㔠䠅➨ϳᅇ䠃䠦䠢䠡䡷䡬䢏䡺䢖䡴䢀᪋タぢᏛ;༓ⴥ┴⸽ᡃͿ䞉஦ᴗ䡹䡳䡬䢍䚸⯟✵ᶵ䜈䛾⤥Ἔ䜎䛷䛾䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁➼䛾ពぢ஺᥮䞉㒔ᕷ䡶䢚䢌ї◚○䞉ศูї⢾໬䞉Ⓨ㓝䠄䡰䡼䢅䡬䢕䠅ї䡰䡼䢅䡬䢕⵨␃䞉⬺Ỉї䠝䠰䠦ї䡸䢚䡦䡫䢀⇞ᩱ௚䛀᪥❧㐀⯪䛁ϭϬͬϭϳ䠄㔠䠅➨ϲᅇ;䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙Ϳ䞉஦ᴗ໬䠄㒔ᕷ䛤䜏䜺䝇໬䞉䠢䠰ྜᡂᴫ␎䠅䛾཰┈ᛶヨ⟬䛀ᮾὒ䡰䢙䡸䢚䢂䡭䢔䢙䡴䢚䛁ϭϬͬϯ;㔠Ϳ ➨ϱᅇ;䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙Ϳ䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䝕䝰䝥䝷䞁䝖ͬᮏ᱁䝥䝷䞁䝖䛻ศ䛡䛶᳨ウ䜢㛤ጞ䞉䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ〇㐀タഛ䜢ྲྀ䜚ᕳ䛟⌧≧䛾ᩚ⌮䛀᪥❧㐀⯪䛁䞉ලయⓗ䛺䝂䝭ฎ⌮䝥䝷䞁䝖䠄䠦䠢䠡༓ⴥ䛾䡷䡬䢏䡺䢖䡴䢀䠅䜢๓ᥦ䛻஦ᴗ໬䠄ึᮇᢞ㈨䚸䢓䢙䢂䢙䡴䢚䡶䡹䢀䚸᫬㛫㍈➼䠅䚸ϵͬϬϱ;㔠Ϳ ➨ϰᅇ;䢊䢚䡬䡮䢙䡴䢚䡡䡸䢚䡨䢆䢛䢙Ϳ

䠝䠰䠦

௦᭰⇞ᩱ

➨ϭศ⛉఍ ᳨ウ⤒⦋ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ๓ᥦ᮲௳͗䐟ᅜ⏘⇞ᩱ䡠䐠⇞ᩱ౯᱁͖Ψϭͬ䢔䡫䢀䢕௨ୗཎᩱ䠄㒔ᕷ䡶䢚䢌䠅

㒔ᕷ䡶䢚䢌䜢ཎᩱ䛸䛩䜛௦᭰⇞ᩱ䛾䡷䢈䢛䢓䡮䡽䡦䡬䢙䛾᳨ウ

― 66 ―

䜺䝇໬

⳦ᇵ㣴

⳦

䠄䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹䠅

>ĂŶǌĂdĞĐŚ
䜺䝇Ⓨ㓝

䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹
⵨␃䞉⬺Ỉ

䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹
⵨␃䞉⬺Ỉ

䠄ྜᡂཎἜ䠅

DŝĐƌŽĐŚĂŶŶĞů&dྜᡂϴ䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ
㍍Ἔ
䜺䝋䝸䞁ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ➨䡚➨ඹ㏻᪉ἲ䚸ᢏ⾡䚸ᇶ‽䞉つ᱁HWF䝤䝺䞁䝕䜱䞁䜾䚸ရ㉁⟶⌮䚸⤥Ἔ䛭䛾௚➨䡚➨ඹ㏻

ሙᡤ䚸䜻䝱䝟䝅䝔䜱䚸㈓ⶶ᪉
ἲ䚸HWF
䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ㈓ⶶ䚸ฟⲴ-()䜶䞁䝆

⌧≧䜢㋃く䠄䝢䝑䝖ෆ䛷䛾᧠ᢾ䛾䜏䠅
ู䝇䝷䜲䝗ཧ↷〇ရ䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁᳨ウ㒔ᕷ䛤䜏䛛䜙䛾䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ〇㐀ྜᡂ䜺䝇䚸◲㯤ศ䚸ሷศ䚸⇕䚸䠄㟁Ẽ䠅䛾᝟ሗ䛒䜚䠄-)(ᩥ⊩᝟ሗ䜘䜚䠅⌧≧䜢㋃く䠄䝢䝑䝖䛻㈓ᵴ䚸୍㐌㛫PD[䠅⮬἞య䜎䛯䛿Ẹ㛫䠄ཎ๎䚸⌧≧䜢㋃く䠅ሙᡤ䚸ศᯒἲ䚸ရ㉁⟶⌮䚸㑅ู᪉ἲ䞉ᢏ⾡䚸䝤䝺䞁䝕䜱䞁䜾䛾᪉ἲ䞉せྰ HWFሙᡤ䚸䜻䝱䝟䝅䝔䜱䚸㈓ⶶ᪉
ἲ䚸HWF

㍺㏦᪉ἲ䚸䝹䞊䝖䚸HWF䛤䜏䛾㔞䚸㞟䜑᪉HWFഛ⪃኱ᆺ䠄!ESG䠅䛾ሙྜ䚸⮬἞య୺ᑟ䛷䛿ᅔ㞴䠛ศᯒ䞉㑅ู䠄䝤䝺䞁䝕䜱䞁䜾䠛䠅䞉๓ฎ⌮㍺㏦

㒔ᕷ䛤䜏཰㞟

ㄢ㢟

ඹ㏻㻔㻞㻛㻞㻕

ఀ⸨ᛅ-$;$䡠-$/-$/䡠-$;$-)(䜶䞁䝆
➨୍ศ⛉఍䝥䝻䝉䝇ᨵⰋ᳨ウ䚸᪉㔪ၟᴗ䝥䝷䞁䝖」ᩘ✌ാ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸ᨵⰋ䛾వᆅ䛿䛒䜚ཎ๎䚸බ㛤᝟ሗ䞉QRQ⛎᝟ሗ䛻㝈䜛z *UHHQ6N\ /RQGRQ䛾䝧䞁䝏䝬䞊䜻䞁䜾z 䛭䛾௚ඛ⾜䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖ㄪᰝḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ

,&$2ඹ㏻ᇶ‽僔タᐃ

&2๐ῶ㔞䛿䡠⌧ᅾ,&$2$)7)䛷᳨ウ୰䛾/&$䢉䢚䡬䡹䛾ୡ⏺ᶆ‽䛜⛅㡭䛻䜒ᥦ♧䛥䜜䜛ணᐃ$670ㄆド僔せྰ僎ᡭ⥆傳&2๐ῶ㔞䛾᥎⟬30๐ῶ➼⎔ቃᙳ㡪ホ౯

$670ㄆド⯟✵⏝䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䝥䝻䝉䝇䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䝇䜿䝆䝳䞊䝹䜔ᡭ㡰䛾☜ㄆ

$670ㄆド᪥❧㐀⯪䚸-)(䜶䞁䝆䚸
25,;
➨ศ⛉఍

ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆䚸୕஭ᡓ␎◊䚸᪥❧㐀⯪౯᱁タᐃ䚸䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬ᡭἲ䚸䜺䝇໬㒊ศ䛾⪃䛘᪉ᑠつᶍ䜖䛘䛾┦ᑐⓗᘓタ㈝㧗

,1$)ᚋ䛾ㄢ㢟ᖺ᭶᪥ᐇ᪋

䛤䜏WG䠄Ỉศ䠅䛷ESG┦ᙜ䠄䝆䜵䝑䝖㍍Ἔ䠅ၟᴗ3僔ලయⓗጼ僎儙儻免儈儥儋兠兗僸♧傽㞀ᐖ僔᭷↓僸
᫂☜໬傿僱

ෆᐜ

ഛ⪃
-)(䜶䞁䝆䚸25,;䡠᪥❧㐀⯪傺僥僔✀㢮僎ᚲせ㔞傎ලయⓗᆅᇦ傎傺僥཰㞟᪉ἲ僔᝿ᐃ兟ᥦ᱌

ၟᴗ3僔ලయ໬凚ᆅྡ傎ᅛ᭷ྡモ凛傎᫬㛫㍈凚タഛ᭦᪂ィ⏬僔ᢕᥱ凛傎⮬἞య僞僔儆儻兑兠儥z 䛂ᗫᲠ≀䛾ฎ⌮ཬ䜃Ύᤲ䛻㛵䛩䜛ἲᚊ䛃 ᗫᤲἲ 䛾ゎ㔘z ᪋タ䛾఩⨨䛵䛡z 䛤䜏䛾☜ಖ䠄⌧⾜ไᗘ䛷䜒⮬἞య㛫䛾⛣ື䛿ྍ⬟䛸䛾ᣦ᦬䛒䜚䠅z 㐠㌿㈝䚸タഛ㈝䚸〇㐀䝁䝇䝖䠄)7䡠/DQ]D7HFK䡠䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹Ⓨ㓝䠅z 䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁඲య⤒῭ᛶ僔僅僧僑僕 ESG௨ୖ傲ᮃ僤傽傪䐟 ᑠつᶍᐇド䠄± ESG 䳑 -)(༓ⴥ䐠 ၟᴗつᶍ 䳑 ᮍᐃㄢ㢟ྜᡂ儐儝〇㐀ཎᩱ制凚Ⓨ㓝ཎᩱ凛僎傽僌僔௙ᵝ僔᝿ᐃ㈓ⶶ

ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘෆᐜᐇ≀䜢ぢ䜛䛣䛸䛷䜲䝯䞊䝆䜢䛴䛛䜐䠄-)(༓ⴥ䠅ᛶ≧䚸✀㢮䚸HWFἲつ䞉つไ䝁䝇䝖䞉⤒῭ᛶつᶍ䛾᝿ᐃೃ⿵ᆅ䛾㑅ᐃタഛぢᏛ㒔ᕷ䛤䜏ㄪᰝ䞉⌮ゎ-)(䜶䞁䝆

䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬䠄ᡭἲ䠅ྜᡂ䜺䝇౯᱁䜢䝊䝻䛛䜙/1*୪䛸䛧䛶䜿䞊䝇䝇䝍䝕䜱ᐇ᪋

≀㉁཰ᨭ䞉⇕཰ᨭᘓタ㈝䞉㐠㌿㈝ഛ⪃-)(䜶䞁䝆

ㄢ㢟ၟᴗᶵ䝧䞊䝇䛾ヨ⟬ཎᩱ䛾ኚືᑐ⟇䚸䝞䝑䝣䜯䞊䠄䜺䝇䝩䝹䝎䞊䠅䛾せྰ-)(༓ⴥ䠄䝃䞊䝰䝉䝺䜽䝖䠅䜢᝿ᐃタഛᵓᡂ䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ
㍍Ἔ
䜺䝋䝸䞁䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ
㍍Ἔ

ΎͿd: ͗ ůĐŽŚŽůƚŽ:Ğƚ-)(ᩥ⊩䛻ᇶ䛵䛝ヨ⟬

ෆᐜ

Ỉ⣲

d:Ύ

Ỉ⣲

d:Ύ

Ỉ⣲

䡭䡫䢈䢛
䡴䢚䢖䡬䡿䢚䡤䢙䡴䢚㒔ᕷ䛤䜏䜺䝇໬ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ䠄䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹䠅

⢾໬䞉Ⓨ㓝

㉎ධͬᇵ㣴

㓝⣲䞉㓝ẕ

䠄⬺dy䠅䠄⬺㓟⣲䠅䠄⬺ሷ⣲䠛䠅

๓ฎ⌮

䜺䝇⤌ᡂ
ㄪᩚ
䠄K䝅䝣䝖䚸
⬺Ⅳ㓟䠅

-)(䜶䞁䝆

◚○䞉ศู
䝟䝹䝢䞁䜾

䜺䝇⢭〇
᤼Ỉฎ⌮
๪⏕≀ᅇ཰

䠄ྜᡂ䜺䝇〇㐀䠅ゐ፹ẘ㝖ཤ䠄^͕W͕䢆䢗䡵䢚䢙͕E໬ྜ≀䠅䝥䝻䝉䝇䝣䝻䞊䚸タഛᵓᡂ䛾Ỵᐃ䠄ᑗ᮶䛾ᨵⰋ䛾వᆅ䛿䛒䜚䠅

㒔ᕷ䛤䜏

䝇䝏䞊䝮

㓟⣲

㒔ᕷ䛤䜏

㒔ᕷ䛤䜏䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ〇㐀ᕤ⛬

ඹ㏻㻔㻝㻛㻞㻕

― 67 ―

䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹䚸⇕䚸䠄㟁Ẽ䠅䚸௚๪⏕ရ〇ရᕥグ〇ရ䛾๭ྜ䚸ጇᙜᛶᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ㄢ㢟䛾ᢳฟ䠄䜒䛧䛒䜜䜀䠅ᕥグ〇ရ䛾๭ྜ䚸ጇᙜᛶ䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䚸㍍Ἔ䚸䜺䝋䝸䞁䚸⇕䚸䠄㟁Ẽ䠅䚸
௚๪⏕ရ

᭱⤊〇ရ

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ㄢ㢟䛾ᢳฟ䠄䜒䛧䛒䜜䜀䠅ᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ䞉㢮ఝᐇ⦼䞉㛤Ⓨせ⣲䛾᭷↓ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ

䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬䠄ᡭἲ䠅

ᘓタ㈝

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
᪥❧㐀⯪

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
᪥❧㐀⯪
➨୍ศ⛉఍

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
᪥❧㐀⯪

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
᪥❧㐀⯪

ཎ༢఩䛾ᴫ⟬≀㉁཰ᨭ䞉⇕཰ᨭ䝥䝻䝉䝇䚸⏝ᙺ䚸௜ᖏタഛ

タഛᵓᡂ

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
᪥❧㐀⯪

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
᪥❧㐀⯪

ഛ⪃

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
᪥❧㐀⯪

⣧ᗘ䚸୙⣧≀䚸ゐ፹ẘ䛻㛵䛩䜛せồཎᩱ䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹

ㄢ㢟䝥䝻䝉䝇䝣䝻䞊䚸タഛᵓᡂ䛾Ỵᐃ᝟ሗ཰㞟䠄䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓᡂ➼䠅䚸ཎ༢఩䚸ᐇ⦼䚸᪤Ꮡ䝥䝷䞁䝖䛾✌ാ≧ἣ䝥䝻䝉䝇䞉ᢏ⾡䛾ㄪᰝ

ෆᐜ

᪥❧㐀⯪

᪥❧㐀⯪
➨୍ศ⛉఍

$7- $OFRKROWR-HWḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ䞉㢮ఝᐇ⦼䞉㛤Ⓨせ⣲䛾᭷↓ᘓタ㈝䞉㐠㌿㈝ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ

䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬䠄ᡭἲ䠅≀㉁཰ᨭ䞉⇕཰ᨭ
᪥❧㐀⯪

᪥❧㐀⯪

タഛᵓᡂ

᪥❧㐀⯪

⢾໬Ⓨ㓝

᪥❧㐀⯪

๓ฎ⌮䚸⢾໬䞉Ⓨ㓝䚸ᚋฎ⌮䚸⏝ᙺ䚸௜ᖏタഛ㒔ᕷ䛤䜏䛸䛧䛶䛾せ
ồ஦㡯

᪥❧㐀⯪

ഛ⪃

ཎ༢఩䛾ᴫ⟬

㜼ᐖ≀㉁䛾ྠᐃ䚸䜽䝸䞊䞁䜰䝑䝥ᢏ⾡䛾㑅ᐃ䞉䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓ⠏䝥䝻䝉䝇䞉ᢏ⾡䛾ㄪᰝㄢ㢟䝥䝻䝉䝇䝣䝻䞊䚸タഛᵓᡂ䛾Ỵᐃ᝟ሗ཰㞟䠄䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓᡂ䚸䜘䜚ヲ⣽䛺䜒䛾䠅䚸ཎ༢఩䚸ᐇ⦼䚸᪤Ꮡ䝥䝷䞁䝖䛾✌ാ≧ἣ䚸䝞䜲䜸䝥䝻䝉䝇䛸䛧䛶䛾≉Ṧ᮲௳䛾᭷↓ෆᐜ㒔ᕷ䛤䜏⢾໬Ⓨ㓝䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹〇ရᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ

ᘓタ㈝䞉㐠㌿㈝≀㉁཰ᨭ䞉⇕཰ᨭEEOW06:GU\$7-㎸

ᕥグ〇ရ䛾๭ྜ䚸ጇᙜᛶ

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆
ศ⛉఍

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬䠄ᡭἲ䠅᪥ᮏᅜෆ䜢᝿ᐃ䛧䛯ヨ⟬ᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ㄢ㢟䛾ᢳฟ䠄䜒䛧
䛒䜜䜀䠅

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹䚸⇕䚸㟁Ẽ䚸௚๪⏕ရ 䠄$7-㎸䜏䛾䝕䞊䝍䛒䜚䠅ᕤ⛬ẖ䛾ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ䞉㢮ఝᐇ⦼䞉㛤Ⓨせ⣲䛾᭷↓〇㐀䝁䝇䝖ヨ⟬䛒䜚䠄#ESG䡠$7-㎸䜏䠅ཎ༢఩ᴫ⟬3)'䝺䝧䝹䝥䝻䝉䝇䝅䝭䝳
䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

z 䝥䝻䝉䝇䝣䝻䞊䚸タഛᵓᡂ䛾Ỵᐃ䠄3)'䠅z ྜᡂ䜺䝇䛾㔞䛸⤌ᡂ䛾୙Ᏻᐃ䠄䜺䝇䝩䝹䝎䞊䛾せྰ䞉ᐜ㔞䠅
䜺䝇๓ฎ⌮䚸䜺䝇Ⓨ㓝䚸ᚋฎ⌮䚸⏝ᙺ䚸௜ᖏタഛ

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

㓟⣲䚸ⰾ㤶᪘䛾㝖ཤ᪉ἲ䚸䝝䝻䝀䞁⪏ᛶ䛾☜ㄆ㜼ᐖ≀㉁䛾ྠᐃ䠄㓟⣲䚸ⰾ㤶᪘䠅䚸䜽䝸䞊䞁䜰䝑䝥ᢏ⾡䛾㑅ᐃ䞉䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓ⠏䜺䝇⣧ᗘ䛾せồᗘ

タഛᵓᡂ

୕஭ᡓ␎◊
ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

ഛ⪃
䝥䝻䝉䝇䞉ᢏ⾡䛾ㄪᰝㄢ㢟᝟ሗ཰㞟䠄䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓᡂ䚸䜘䜚ヲ⣽䛺䜒䛾䠅䚸ཎ༢఩䚸ᐇ⦼䚸᪤Ꮡ䝥䝷䞁䝖䛾✌ാ≧ἣ䚸䝞䜲䜸䝥䝻䝉䝇䛸䛧䛶䛾≉Ṧ᮲௳䛾᭷↓ෆᐜ/DQ]D7HFK 䠄䜺䝇Ⓨ㓝䠅ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐᕥグ〇ရ䛾๭ྜ䚸ጇᙜᛶ䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䚸㍍Ἔ䚸䠄䝘䝣䝃䠅䚸⇕䚸㟁Ẽ䚸䠄䝽䝑䜽䝇䠅

᭱⤊〇ရ

ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆
➨୍ศ⛉఍

䜺䝇䜽䝸䞊䞁䜰䝑䝥䚸)7ྜᡂ䚸XSJUDGLQJ䛺䛹䚸ྛᕤ⛬䛔䛪䜜䜒ၟᴗᢏ⾡䛒䜚ᢏ⾡䛾ᡂ⇍ᗘ

ᘓタ㈝䞉㐠㌿㈝

ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆

³㒔ᕷ䛤䜏⏤᮶ྜᡂ䜺䝇 Æ)7ྜᡂ´䛾䝕䝰䞁䝇䝖䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁䠄ၟᴗ䝥䝷䞁䝖䛿䜎䛰䛺䛔䠅3)'䝺䝧䝹䛾᳨ウ䠄䝥䝻䝉䝇䝅䝭䝳䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁䠅z 䝥䝻䝉䝇䝣䝻䞊䚸タഛᵓᡂ䛾Ỵᐃ䠄3)'䝺䝧䝹䠅䚸z ྜᡂ䜺䝇䛾㔞䛸⤌ᡂ䛾୙Ᏻᐃ䠄䜺䝇䝩䝹䝎䞊䛾せྰ䞉ᐜ㔞䠅z 8SJUDGLQJ䛾つᶍ䚸ᢏ⾡䚸
ሙᡤ

ᮾὒ䜶䞁䝆
-)(䜶䞁䝆

䝁䝇䝖᥎⟬䠄ᡭἲ䠅䠄)6䜾䝺䞊䝗䠅-)(ᩥ⊩䛾ྜᡂ䜺䝇䝕䞊䝍䛻ᇶ䛵䛝ヨ⟬䜺䝇䜽䝸䞊䞁䝘䝑䝥䚸)7ྜᡂ䚸8SJUDGLQJ䡠⏝ᙺ䚸௜ᖏタഛ䠄䝣䝻䝑䜽ᅗ䝺䝧䝹᳨ウᐇ᪋䠅䝥䝻䝉䝇䛾ලయⓗ᳨ウ䠄3)'
䝺䝧䝹䠅

ഛ⪃

ኳ↛䜺䝇ཎᩱ*7/䛾タഛ㈝䜢ཧ⪃䛻ヨ⟬≀㉁཰ᨭ䞉⇕཰ᨭタഛᵓᡂ䜺䝇⣧ᗘ䛾せồᗘㄢ㢟ෆᐜゐ፹ẘ䛾ྠᐃ䚸せồ⣧ᗘ䚸䜽䝸䞊䞁䜰䝑䝥ᢏ⾡䛾㑅ᐃ䞉䝥䝻䝉䝇ᵓ⠏䠖 ◲㯤䚸䝸䞁䚸䝝䝻䝀䞁䚸❅⣲໬ྜ≀䛺䛹䠄SSE䝺䝧䝹䠅䚸タィ䞉䜶䞁䝆䝙䜰䝸䞁䜾䛾ၥ㢟䛷䛒䜚㛤Ⓨせ⣲䛿䛺䛔)7ྜᡂ

― 68 ―
ග
ૡൗడర

1¾ ঽேੀ峕ோ૔峃峵๶಍ᇖ峼ਹ৷峁岝೷峴ନ峁েਓ૭ચ

¾ ๶಍ᇖ峘পૠெသു峙岝峲峴嵅崮嵛崟嵋嵓峘ৈ岮岝ആ཮峑঩ස୤岶੗岮ਲਗ峼୳৒
¾ ਹ৷峃峵๶಍ᇖர峕ૢ峂峐েਓੵங岶౮峔峵• ী௞嵣৚ઽ্১ ᫨ૌᅼૐද峕峲峵຿ຕఀ೸ਹ৷峕峲峵࿺ᄩಉ • ྴল্১ ZHWVHPLZHWGU\ಉ • ྴলྃᄘ¾ ᇖఅ峘ਛী峕ୀ岮岶ோ૔• ຍ৲਷ಞ嵗崫崗崡崐崡崮嵓崰嵒崘嵒崣嵒崱ಉ
¾ သു峘嵕崙嵤崟嵏嵛岝岴峲峝๶಍ᇖர峕়峹峅峉৫৅ਏಞ岶৅ে峁岝৭උ峃峵ૼ୒৓崥嵒嵍嵤崟嵏嵛岶౮峔峵¾ ਠ૔岝৵ૠெ崹崌嵕崫崰峑峘૥ୡ஺మ峕岷峐岮峵๶಍ᇖ೤મেਓ峘્ඉ峒ਠ૾

1๶಍ᇖ峼ਉમ峒峃峵ఫ૬೤મ峙岝IHHGVWRFNেਓ岵峳ষ岰ਡ峕岴岮峐౎峘ਉમ峒౮峔峴峨峃岞峨峉ਹ৷峃峵๶಍ᇖ峘ரథ峕峲峴્ඉ岶岬峴岝嵕嵤崱嵆崫崿ੁ৒峕岴岮峐峙ਰৣ峘ਡ峼અൟ峁峐岮峨峃岞๶಍ᇖ峼ਉમ峒峃峵ઃ਼৻ఫ૬೤મেਓ峘્ඉ➨䠎ศ⛉఍ሗ࿌

䠎䠌䠍䠑ᖺ䠍᭶䠎䠔᪥

➨5ᅇ඲య఍㆟ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜲䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels

ϴ᭶

ϵ᭶

;ϵͬϭͿ

䐠Ϯϱ

䐡ϮϮᗈᓥ 䐢ϱศ⛉఍㐍ᤖሗ࿌

➨ᅄศ⛉఍䠄ϳͬϴ<ŝĐŬŽĨĨͿ➨୕ศ⛉఍䠄ϳͬϯ<ŝĐŬŽĨĨ䠅

ϵ

ϭϬ

ϴ

᭶

ϭϭ

ϭϮ

ϭϮ᭶

ㅮ₇఍

䐥Ϯϳ༓ⴥ

ϭϭ᭶

Ϯ

ϯ

Ϯ᭶

ϭϰ

඲య఍㆟

ศ⛉఍

䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮

䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
⤊஢ϰ᭶䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥ྲྀ䜚䜎䛸䜑⣲᱌

᭱⤊☜ㄆ

ϯ᭶

➨䠒ᅇ඲య఍㆟ᮾி኱Ꮫ 䠄ϰͬϯͿศ⛉఍᭱⤊ሗ࿌䐦ϭϲϭ᭶➨䠑ᅇ඲య఍㆟ᮾி኱Ꮫ ;ϭͬϮϴͿḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ

䐤ϭϳ

ϭϬ᭶

➨䠐ᅇ඲య఍㆟ᮾி኱Ꮫ ;ϭϭͬϲͿ

ϭ

ϮϬϭϱ

/E&඲య఍㆟䡹䡵䡸䢚䡩䡬䢕ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤/ŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐĨŽƌEĞǆƚ'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵĞůƐ䐣ϯ➨஧ศ⛉఍䠄ϳͬϵ<ŝĐŬŽĨĨ䠅䐟ϰ➨୍ศ⛉఍䠄ϳͬϰ<ŝĐŬŽĨĨ䠅

ϳ᭶

ᡂ⏣✵

➨䠏ᅇ඲య఍㆟඲యྲྀ䜚䜎䛸䜑䞉ሗ࿌䝁䝇䝖䞉⤒῭ᛶ⢾໬Ⓨ㓝䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹>ĂŶǌĂdĞĐŚ ͬd:

&dྜᡂ

䜺䝇໬

䝃䝥䝷䜲䝏䜵䞊䞁タഛぢᏛ䠄:&༓ⴥ䠅ィ⏬䞉๓ᥦ᮲௳᳨ウ䠄ᘓタᆅ䞉つᶍ➼䠅ㄢ㢟䞉సᴗ㡯┠

ϮϬϭϰ

ᖺ

ᕤ⛬⾲

― 69 ―ૠત• ૑ਏ峒峔峵১਑২岝ুਢ岷ಉ峘ତ૟

૑ਏ਑২ତ૟ ુৢಖଲ峘崒嵂嵔嵤 • ಖଲਝ૟峘ଡണ崟嵏嵛峘૖੯岝嵓嵤嵓 • 崒嵂嵔嵤崟嵏嵛৬਑峘ଡണਫ਼ୈ嵣ਝੑ
਷ಞ৹୸੪峘ਫ਼ୈಖଲਝ૟嵣
崒嵂嵔嵤崟嵏嵛ଡണ崡崮嵤崗嵃嵓崨嵤શ峘ৌૢୖ਻

• $670峕૆ು峁峉ૠતତ૟• ੳ઒崿嵕崣崡ତ૟• ব৔ੳ઒ਃঢ়峘ੳ৒ૠત嵣ੳ઒崿嵕崣崡ତ૟• 崸崌崒೤મ峘崾嵔嵛崱্১嵣૬௃峑峘ஔఅ্১ਫ਼ୈ
ஔఅ崿嵕崣崡ଡണব৔ஔఅ崿嵕崣崡ତ૟• ᇖఅ峘঩মୟো峕ঢ়峃峵ୖ਻નੳ

嵕崠ୖ਻ତ৶

• ব৔ਗ崹嵤崰崲嵤岝 •ᇖఅષரୀ岮岝౎)HHGVWRFN峒峘ુৢಖଲ峘ਫ਼ୈ
•ಖଲ崒嵂嵔嵤崟嵏嵛ਫ਼ୈ• သുૠெఁপ
• 崛崡崰崨崎嵛崿嵕崣崡৫৅• ঳ฮ崿嵕崣崡峘৫৅• သു嵕崙嵤崟嵏嵛峘ৠ৒岝သുেਓਙ峘਱঱

• ਍৒သു
ૼ୒નয়崿嵕崣崡嵣ਝ૟
ુથ৲ਫ਼ୈ

পૠெ崹崌嵕崫崰ૠெသു
崛崡崰崨崎嵛৫৅ග
ૡൗడర୹ஔ୤ఁপ峕਱岻峉崌嵛崽嵑ତ૟• ඡᄘ岝਷ಞ৲૖੯ಉ峘ਫ਼ୈ峕峲峵ಖଲ஍૨峘੝ఒಖଲ஍૨਱঱

• သുૠெఁপ fਯ૸KD • 崛崡崰崨崎嵛崿嵕崣崡଑োૹ৷৲崡崙嵤嵓崊崫崿崿嵕崣崡৫৅
েਓਙ਱঱



৵ૠெ崹崌
嵕崫崰သു

ග
ૡൗడరহ঵঻ ৏ੵஙಖଲੵங峕岴岮峐হ঵঻৑峑崿嵕崣崡ુৢ৲峒ਝ૟ુથ峘ਫ਼ୈ
¾ ৆ਿ ব৔ਗ峑ਹ৷૭ચ峔ใோਝ૟峘৹ਪ੍ର

¾

 崿嵕崣崡ુৢ৲嵣ਝ૟ુથ峘ਫ਼ୈহ঵঻ નয়ૼ୒峼৷岮峉岝崡崙嵤嵓崊崫崿峕峲峵਍৒৓ᇖఅ峘୹ஔ
¾ ৆ਿ পૠெ崿嵑嵛崰峕ৌ峃峵ஃਛ¾

 ਍৒৓୹ஔ峘峉峫峘৬਑નয়হ঵঻ သുেਓਙ਱঱岝঳ฮেਓ崿嵕崣崡ಉ峼岝ૹ৷৉峕峐ৰ઒૥ୡ峘ৰ઱
¾ ৆ਿ ૼ୒ৰ઒峕岴岻峵েਓਝ૟峢峘ஃਛ¾

 သു嵣঳ฮ崿嵕崣崡峘ৰ઒岝崛崡崰崨崎嵛ૼ୒નয়হ঵঻ হ঵૭ચ峔ଅ৉ർด岞৪ব嵣崒嵤崡崰嵑嵒崊嵣ূવ崊崠崊ಉ峼রੱ峕௓ਤ
¾ ৆ਿ প஑ଲୗਝ૟峢峘ஃਛ岝ਠ৉৆ਿ峒峘ീ੍้ର

¾

ఫ૬೤મ୹ஔ঻嵣ఫ૬ঢ়৴঵঻

৆ਿ $670峕૆ು峁峉ૠત峘ତ૟হ঵঻ ૠતৣ峑峘崒嵂嵔嵤崟嵏嵛ਫ਼ୈ5৆ਿ ৈ崛崡崰஺మ峑峬岝&2చ੖崐崵嵓崖嵤崣崕嵍嵒崮崋峘௴ਡ岵峳岝崸崌崒೤મਹ৷峘௓ਤ岞েਓਝ૟峢峘ஃਛ岝ਹ৷੫঵அ峫峉7D[ ,QFHQWLYH峔峓¾ হ঵঻  ব৔૚૬௃হ঵঻৑峘崸崌崒೤મਹ৷崿嵑嵛੿ਛ岝૑ਏ嵓嵤嵓峘ତ૟¾

 ೤મਹ৷峘௓ਤ৆ਿ $670峕૆ು峁峉੦૆峘௬੼ੳ઒峼ষ岲峵ਃঢ়峘ਝ઼
¾ হ঵঻ ௬੼ੳ઒ਃঢ়峢峘ૼ୒ੈৡ

¾

 ೤મ௬੼嵣ૠતੳ઒崿嵕崣崡峘ତ૟¾¾

 崸崌崒೤મૠત峘ତ૟হ঵঻ ೤મ崾嵔嵛崯崋嵛崘峘ᆽਚ岝ୟଛ岴峲峝ஔఅ峘崿嵕崣崡岴峲峝ਝ૟峘ତ૟
¾ ৆ਿ ૑ਏ峔১ତ૟¾

 崸崌崒೤મ峘ஔఅ崿嵕崣崡ତ૟৆ਿ嵣ঢ়৴ষ৆ ਲਗেਓ৉峘৭උ ব৔ૼ୒峘ਲਗன৫ ๶಍ᇖథ૓ਟ
崠崏崫崰೤મেਓ঻

๶಍ᇖ崠崏崫崰೤મ峘ৰ৷৲峒൤఺峕峙岝েਓ঻峘峩峔峳峄嵎嵤崞嵤ડ峘ঢ়ଖ峬ਂ૭ಳ峑峃岞

ુৢ
崊崌崮嵈

୹ஔ

๶಍ᇖ
્થ
崊崌崮嵈 ೤મ
ಖଲ

သു
嵣
ྴল



ୖ਻ੰৠ峕峙ৎ৑峼ਏ峃峵峬峘峬੗岹岝ઉ峋峕ାু峁峐岮岹૑ਏ岶岬峴峨峃岞๶಍ᇖ崠崏崫崰೤મেਓ嵕嵤崱嵆崫崿  

4

















ᇖఅ

崠崏崫崰
೤મ







嵎嵤崞嵤
ఫ૬ভ঺ 

ਝ૟ા

েਓ
崛崡崰

๶಍ᇖ
崠崏崫崰
೤મ
୹ஔ୤

๶಍ᇖ
崠崏崫崰೤
મহ঵৲
崊崿嵕嵤崩

•





ග
ૡൗడర•೴়૨

•঩ম৸৬峑峘૑ਏ೤મ ব৔嵣  ব੠଍ ਐ./峘

ਐ./;;;੏৞ਈી৲峕਱岻峐৮૛র;;;৞/;;;৞/;;;੏৞
;;;੏৞;;;৞/;;;৞/

3૑ਏ୤峙ফ২ৰౚக峲峴岞০৏ളਯ峘হ঵৬峘૞ো峼୳৒峁峉崠崏崫崰೤મ୹ஔ୤૥઴

•ಭি૬௃૑ਏ೤મ
ਐ./峘•೴়૨

‫ع‬
ਐ./


਍৒৓েਓఁপ峒崛崡崰崨崎嵛ૼ୒ి৷崸崌崿嵕崨崗崰峼அ峪হ঵ઈ੾
ి৷૬௃ଡ଼଍峘ன৫

&1*ূ਎崒嵒嵛崼崫崗ਲਗૹ৷৉峘৭৒•သു岝ྴল岝ಖଲ峘崹崌嵕崫崰ৰ઒嵕崠崡崮崋崫崗崡ତ૟•崸崌崿嵕崨崗崰峼அ峪হ঵ઈ੾峘ਫ਼ୈ •


•
਍৒သു
•
ૼ୒峘નয় •
•



2

ᇖ৬峼঩ম峢ୟো峃峵崙嵤崡峬岬峵岶岝஍૨峘௴ਡ岵峳శਠৰ৓峔峉峫੄റ










೤મ୹ஔ

੃৘岾峩峔峓



ᇖఅ$
ᇖఅ%
ᇖఅ&‫ؼ‬ಖଲ๶಍ᇖ崠崏崫崰೤મেਓ嵕嵤崱嵆崫崿  

ਲਗ

঩ম

ਲਗ

঩ম

ਲਗ

঩ম

ਲਗ

ᇖ৬

崝崿嵑崌崩崏嵤嵛੦ম崿嵕崣崡

ᇖఅྴল

ග
ૡൗడరফ峼峎峘嵆崌嵓崡崰嵛峒峁峐ৄྚ岲岝઻ড়峑ੈৡ峁岝 ৯ఏ୸ਛ峕਱岻峉౑ৡ峼ਤ峫峨峃岞ਲਗ峑ಖଲ峨峑
23 ৰ઱岞崠崏崫崰೤ મ峼ਠ৉૬௃峕峐୹ஔਲਗ峑ಖଲ峨峑
23 峼ৰ઱ 崠崏崫崰೤મ峒峁峐঩ম峢ୟো

ਲਗ峑႗అে
ਓ岝ᇖఅ峼঩ম
23 峢ୟো岞౮峔峵 )HHGVWRFN峘అ峼ᑯ峫峐ಖଲ

23ਲਗ峑႗అে
ਓ岝ᇖఅ峼঩ম
峢ୟো岞ളਯ
েਓ঻峘ᇖఅ
峼ᑯ峫峐ಖଲ

๶಍ᇖသു

๶಍ᇖ崠崏崫崰೤મ崝崿嵑崌崩崏嵤嵛崹崧嵤嵛

― 70 ―

㐩ᡂ஦㡯伪ཎᩱ僔Ᏻᐃⓗ僐☜ಖ伪㐃⏘ရ凚㍍㉁ศ兟儐儡兎兗➼凛㈍㊰僔☜ಖ伪ཎᩱ僔Ᏻᐃⓗ僐☜ಖ伪㐃⏘ရ凚㍍㉁ศ兟儐儡兎兗➼凛㈍㊰僔☜ಖ伪ཎᩱ僔Ᏻᐃⓗ僐☜ಖ伪㐃⏘ရ凚㍍㉁ศ兟儐儡兎兗➼凛㈍㊰僔☜ಖ䢴䢲䢳䢻 余償元兟儗兂兠儛兇兏⿦⨨✌ື䢢䢪䢳䢮䢲䢲䢲䢢䣤䣲䣵䣦䢫䢴䢲䢴䢲 余ᇶᮏタィ㛤ጞ凚䢵䢮䢲䢲䢲䢯䢷䢲䢲䢲䢢䣤䣲䣵䣦䢫䢴䢲䢴䢳
到 余ၟᴗ⿦⨨凚䢵䢮䢲䢲䢲䢢䢯䢢䢷䢮䢲䢲䢲䢢䣤䣲䣵䣦䢫䢢㐠㌿㛤ጞ䢴䢲䢵䢲䯍䢴䢲䢳䢺 余タഛᘓタ凚儌兗儜充兠儏兠凛

伪免儈償兗儝兟儌兗儜儯儆兎兗儔ዎ⣙䯍余᝿ᐃཎᩱ働僔儵儈兑儧儬ヨ㦂ᐇ᪋凚⡿ᅜ䣗䣑䣒♫凛余償元兟儗兂兠儛兇兏⿦⨨僔ᇶᮏタィ䢢䢪䢳䢮䢲䢲䢲䢢䣤䣲䣵䣦䢫ㄢ傍傍㢟᪥᥹兊儯儴兠儙兏ᰴᘧ఍♫伪ཎᩱ僔Ᏻᐃⓗ僐☜ಖ伪儎兠儮兠㑅ᐃ伪㐃⏘ရ凚㍍㉁ศ兟儐儡兎兗➼凛㈍㊰僔᳨ウ䢴䢲䢳䢹 余ヲ⣽タィ凚儌兗儜充兠儏兠凛䢴䢲䢳䢸余ฎ⌮㔞䢳䢮䢲䢲䢲䢢䣤䣲䣵䣦僔償元兟儗兂兠儛兇兏僔タഛᑟධ僸๓ᥦ僑傎䣔䣧䣰䣧䣹䣣䣤䣮䣧䢢䣌䣧䣶儻兑償儝僑䢴䢲䢳䢷 ㏻Ἔ傻僲僱ཎᩱ㑅ᐃ凚」ᩘ✀凛余䣔䣧䣰䣧䣹䣣䣤䣮䣧䢢䣌䣧䣶儻兑償儝僑㛵傿僱儛元光児兠儛克兗凚儻兑允兠儚兏凛ᖺᗘྛ✀ኳ↛Ἔ⬡僸ཎᩱ僎傿僱ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥僑ྥ傷僅兑兠儭兂儧儻ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels䠄ᚋ᪥♧䛥䜜䛯䚸୕⳻᪥❧䝟䝽䞊䝅䝇䝔䝮䝈䜘䜚䚸䛄ᮌ㉁ⲡᮏ䝞䜲䜸䝬䝇䛅䛾䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥᱌䜢ే䛫䛶཰㘓䛩䜛䚹䠅௨ୗ3♫䜘䜚䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥᱌䛜సᡂ䛥䜜䛯䠖♫ྡཎᩱ䕿᪥᥹䢑䢂䢆䢚䡬䡷䢕䛄ྛ✀ኳ↛Ἔ⬡䛅
䕿Green Earth Institute䛄㠀ྍ㣗䢆䢚䡮䡱䢋䡹䛅䕿୕஭㐀⯪䛄ᗫ㣗⏝Ἔ䛅

➨3ศ⛉఍䝯䞁䝞䞊ྛ♫䛾▱ぢ䜢ᩚ⌮䚸⾲ฟ䛧䛶䛔䛯䛰䛟䛯䜑䚸⌧᫬Ⅼ䛷⪃䛘ᚓ䜛2015ᖺᗘ䛛䜙2030ᖺᗘ䜎䛷䜢᝿ᐃ䛧䛯ཎᩱู䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥᱌䛾సᡂ䜢౫㢗䚹

➨3ศ⛉఍ሗ࿌

ਲਗ峑ಖଲ峨峑
23 ৰ઱岞崠崏崫崰೤ મ峼ਠ৉૬௃峕峐୹ஔਲਗ峑ಖଲ峨峑
23 峼ৰ઱ 崠崏崫崰೤મ峒峁峐঩ম峢ୟো

ਲਗ

঩ম

ਲਗ

ਲਗ峑႗అে
ਓ岝ᇖఅ峼঩ম ਲਗ
23 峢ୟো岞౮峔峵 )HHGVWRFN峘঩মఅ峼ᑯ峫峐ಖଲ

23ਲਗ峑႗అে
ਓ岝ᇖఅ峼঩ম ਲਗ峢ୟো岞ളਯ
েਓ঻峘ᇖఅ
঩ম峼ᑯ峫峐ಖଲ

ᇖ৬

崠崏崫崰
೤મ

䠐䠊⇞ᩱ౪⤥
䐟䐠ྠୖ䐡㑥ே䜶䜰䝷䜲䞁䜎䛯䛿㑥ே〇㐀⪅䜈䛾ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ͤ6䝥䝻䝉䝇䛤䛸
䛻ᑐ㇟⪅䛜␗䛺䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜚䚸䛭
䛾䛒䜚ᚓ䜛⤌
䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䛹䛾䜘
䛖䛺ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨
䛻䛩䜛䛛ၥ
㢟ᩚ⌮

ͤඃ㐝⿦⨨

ব৔૬௃峑峘୹ஔ্১峙岝౎ীఐভ峒ુৢୖ਻峘峉峫岝৮૛ৌ଴岵峳௾ਗ䠏䠊⢭〇䐟ᾏእ䛾฼⏝ྍ⬟䛺᪤Ꮡ⢭〇タഛ䛾ㄪᰝ䛸౑⏝䛻㛵䛩䜛ၥ㢟ᩚ⌮䐠ᾏእ䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ⏕⏘⪅䛸䛾䝅䜵䜰䝸䞁䜾䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䐡Ỉ⣲ㄪ㐩ඖ䛾☜ಖ䐢⢭〇⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ͤග
ૡൗడర

嵎嵤崞嵤
ఫ૬ভ঺ 

䠐䠊⇞ᩱ౪⤥
䐟௚䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䜢ྵ䜑䛯䝤䝺䞁䝗䛾⟠ᡤ䠄䝍䞁䜽ෆ䚸䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䛾䜏ู㏵⤥
Ἔ䚸etc䠅䚸㍺㏦タഛ䠄 ‴䛛䜙䚸䜎䛯䛿〇Ἔᡤ䛛䜙䠅䛾ၥ㢟ᩚ⌮䐠᪥ᮏ䛾䜿䝻䝅䞁つ᱁䛻ྜ䛖䝤䝺䞁䝕䜱䞁䜾ᡭἲ䛾᳨ウ
䐡ASTM㐺ྜ䛾ᅜෆㄆド䝹䞊䝹䚸ᶵ㛵タ⨨䐢⇞ᩱ౪⤥⪅䜈䛾ඃ㐝ฎ⨨ͤ䐣ᾏእ→᪥ᮏ䜈䛾㍺㏦㈝పῶ䛾䛯䜑䛾⯪౽䛾ඹ᭷໬䚸㍺㏦㈝䜈䛾ඃ㐝ฎ⨨ͤ䐤䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ฼⏝⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ͤ೤મ୹ஔḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤
Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels

January 28, 2015

INAF඲య఍㆟

INAF➨3ศ⛉఍ሗ࿌䐡ᾏእ䛷ᇵ㣴䛩䜛
(⛯㔠䚸㞠⏝䛜ᾏእ
䛷Ⓨ⏕䛩䜛)ᇵ㣴⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ͤ䐠ᅜෆẸ㛫௻ᴗ䛸䛧䛶኱ᆺᇵ㣴ᆅ䜢ᾏእ䛷ྲྀᚓ䛩䜛ᡭἲ䚸
ᨻᗓᨭ᥼


ಖଲ

䠏䠊⢭〇
䐟᪥ᮏ䛾฼⏝ྍ⬟䛺᪤Ꮡ⢭〇タഛ䛾ㄪᰝ䛸౑⏝䛻㛵䛩䜛ၥ㢟ᩚ⌮䐠タഛCapa䛻ぢྜ䛖ཎᩱἜ䛾☜ಖa) ⸴Ἔရ✀㐪䛔䛷䛾⢭〇䝥䝻䝉䝇䛾ඹ᭷໬䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䠄ΰྜฎ⌮䚸䜎䛯䛿䚸᪋タඹ⏝䛻䜘䜛䝻䝑䝖ẖฎ⌮䠅b)᭦䛻௚䝞䜲䜸⇞ᩱ䛸䛾᪋タඹ᭷໬䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䐡Ỉ⣲ㄪ㐩ඖ䛾☜ಖ
䐢㍺ධ䛻ᚲせ䛺ἲⓗせ௳䜈䛾ᑐฎ(䝻䝆䝇䝔䜱䜽䝇䛻㛵䛩䜛せ௳䛾Ὑ䛔ฟ䛧䛛䜙)㻌
䐣⢭〇⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ͤᇖఅ崝崿嵑崌崩崏嵤嵛੦ম崿嵕崣崡

ᇖఅྴল

䠍䠊ᇵ㣴 / 2. ⸴Ἔᢳฟ䐟⸴䛾ᣢ䛱ฟ䛧䚸䜰䝉䝇䝯䞁䝖䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏᪉ἲ䛾᝟ሗඹ᭷๶಍ᇖသു

๶಍ᇖ崠崏崫崰೤મ崝崿嵑崌崩崏嵤嵛঱峘ୖ਻

― 71 ―

Sugar producer䠄⢾ᾮ䝯䞊䜹䞊䛺䛹䠅

Non-food Biomass䠄㠀ྍ㣗䝞䜲䜸䝬䝇䠅

Mixed sugar
C5/C6ΰྜ⢾๓ฎ⌮䞉⢾໬

2019

Confidential

C4H10O

Butanol

Bio jet-fuelቑṪ㠀౫Ꮡᆺ
䝞䜲䜸䝥䝻䝉䝇䛻䜘䜛䝞䜲䜸ኚ᥮Green Earth Institute
(GEI)

2020
䕿ၟᴗ䝥䝷䞁
䝖䛾〇㐀㛤ጞ
䠘䠑୓䡇䡈/ᖺ䠚䕿᭱⤊〇ရ䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖
⇞ᩱ1୓kl䜢
᪥ᮏ䛾
ྛ⯟✵఍♫
䜈⣡ධ

2

2030

䕕㔞⏘໬ཬ䜃
ᢏ⾡㠉᪂䛻䜘
䜛⢾ᾮ䝁䝇䝖
ཬ䜃䜲䝋䝤䝍䝜䞊䝹〇㐀䝁
䝇䝖䚸⢭〇䝁䝇䝖䛾పῶ䕿䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ
〇㐀䝥䝷䞁䝖
䛾኱ᆺ໬䛸ᒎ
㛤䠘㻞㻜㻟㻜ᖺ᫬
Ⅼ䛷㻤㻣㻡୓㼗㼘㻧㻛ᖺ䠚

Blending

16

CH

34

Bio Jet Fuel C 8 H18
12 26(neat)C H

Dehydration䠄⬺Ỉ䠅Oligomerization䠄䡱䢔䡶䢚䢋䡬໬䠅Hydrogenation䠄Ỉ⣲໬䠅Fractionation䠄ศ␃䠅

ATJ Plant

Partners3䕕䝟䜲䝻䝑䝖䝥 䕕ቑṪ㠀౫䝷䞁䝖䝣䝹⏕
Ꮡᆺ䝞䜲䜸䝥
⏘䝻䝉䝇䛻䜘䜛
䜲䝋䝤䝍䝜䞊䝹
䕕ၟᴗ䝥䝷䞁 䝧䞊䝇䝆䜵䝑䝖䝖䛾✌ാ⇞ᩱ〇㐀䛾䝕
䝣䜯䜽䝖䝇䝍䞁
䝎䞊䝗໬䛻ྥ
䛡䛯ྲྀ⤌䕿䝟䜲䝻䝑䝖䝥
䝷䞁䝖䛻䜘䜛
䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖
⇞ᩱ⏕⏘⥅⥆䕿ၟᴗ䝥䝷䞁䝖䛾ᘓタ᏶஢䛸ヨ㦂㐠㌿

JET⇞ᩱ䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛾䜰䝷䜲䜰䞁䝇䜲䝯䞊䝆

䕕ASTM䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖䕕Ẹ㛫⯟✵఍♫䜈䛾⇞ᩱㄆドྲྀᚓ‽ഛ䚹䠄⡿ 䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ౪
ᅜGEVO♫䛾ATJἲᢎ⤥䛻㛵䜟䜛㐃ᦠㄆ๓ᥦ䠅䕕ၟᴗ䝥䝷䞁䝖
ᘓタ㈨㔠䛾ㄪ㐩䛸ᘓタ䛾‽
ഛ䛸╔ᡭ䕕䝟䜲䝻䝑䝖䝥
䝷䞁䝖䛻䜘䜛䝣
䝹⏕⏘యไ䛾
☜❧䕕〇㐀䛻㛵䛩䜛እ㒊ጤクᴗ⪅䛾ዎ⣙⥾⤖䕕䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ〇㐀እ㒊ጤクඛ䛸䛾㐃ᦠ

2018

䕕䝁䝸䝛⳦
䜢฼⏝䛧䛯
䜲䝋䝤䝍
ㄢ 䝜䞊䝹〇㐀㢟 䛾䝇䜿䞊
䝹䜰䝑䝥
䝣䜯䜽䝍䞊
䛾᳨ド

2017

䕿䝟䜲䝻䝑䝖䝥
䝷䞁䝖䛷䛾䝣䝹
⏕⏘䛻䛶䚸䝞䜲
䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ〇㐀䚹䠘䝟䜲䝻䝑䝖䝥
䝷䞁䝖୓NO/ᖺ䠚䕿୍㒊䛾ᐃᮇ
⯟✵౽䝣䝷䜲䝖
䛻䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑
䝖⇞ᩱ౪⤥䕿ၟᴗ䝥䝷䞁䝖
䛾ᘓタ╔ᡭ

2016

䕿ATJἲ䛾ASTMㄆド䕿䜲䝋䝤䝍䝜䞊䝹䛛䜙䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱἜ䝃䞁䝥䝹 䜢฼⏝䛧䛯ド᫂᭩䛾ධᡭ〇㐀䜢⾜䛖እ㒊ᴗ⪅䛻〇㐀䜢ጤク䚹 䕿」ᩘ䛾⯟✵఍♫䜈䕿᪤Ꮡ䛾ASTMㄆド䛾 䛾౪⤥䛻㛵䛩䜛ぬ᭩䕿䝟䜲䝻䝑䝖䝥䝷䞁䝖䛻䜰䝹䝁䞊䝹⏤᮶䛾䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ䛾ᇶ‽䛻 䛚䛡䜛䝞䜲䜸䝆䜵䝑䝖ྜ⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛾ᢏ⾡ ⇞ᩱ〇㐀㛤ጞㄆド䠘䝟䜲䝻䝑䝖䝥䝷䞁䝖
୓NO/ᖺ䠚䕿䝟䜲䝻䝑䝖䝥䝷䞁䝖ᘓタ䕿Ẹ㛫⯟✵఍♫⯟✵ᶵ䛻䜘䜛䝔䝇䝖㣕⾜䛾ᐇ᪋䕿䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱ〇㐀ၟᴗ䝥䝷䞁䝖䠘5୓kl/ᖺ䛾ᘓタᆅ䛾㑅ᐃ

䕿᪥ᮏ䜎
䛯䛿⡿ᅜ
௻ᴗ䛸䛾䝁
䞁䝋䞊䝅䜰
䝮タ❧
㐩 䕿䝞䜲䜸ᡂ 䝆䜵䝑䝖⇞ᩱྥ䛡䛾஦ 䜲䝋䝤䝍㡯 䝜䞊䝹䛾䝃
䞁䝥䝹〇㐀
㛤ጞ

FY2015㠀ྍ㣗䝞䜲䜸䝬䝇ཎᩱ䠄䝉䝹䝻䞊䝇䠅䛻䜘䜛ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䛾౪⤥䛻ྥ䛡䛯䝻䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥ConfidentialC6⢾ ᾅ䝖䜴䝰䝻䝁䝅
ᑠ㯏䝃䝖䜴䜻䝡௚

㣗ရ⏤᮶䛾⃦⢊
䝅䝵⢾⣔㣗⣊⣔䝞䜲䜸䝬䝇䕔 㑇ఏᏊ⤌᥮䛘䛻䜘䜚
C5⢾䛾฼⏝䛜ྍ⬟䛻

C6⢾
⢾ ᾅ
C5⢾ ᾄ

䝉䝹䝻䞊䝇⣔

䡶䡬䢙䡹䢀䡬䢆䢚䡬䡹䡮䡫䡽䡴䢚䢓䡹
䡳䡨䡫䡷䢆䢚௚㠀ྍ㣗䝞䜲䜸䝬䝇䕔 ⳦䛾෌฼⏝䛜ྍ⬟䛺䛯䜑䚸⳦ᙜ䛯䜚䛾⏕⏘ᛶ䛜㧗䛔䕔 㑇ఏᏊ⤌᥮䛘䛻䜘䜚๪⏕⏘≀䛾⏕ᡂ䜢ᢚ䛘䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸ཎᩱຠ⋡䛜㧗䛔䕔 タഛ䛜ᑠ䛥䛔䕔 ቑṪ䛧䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸ቑṪ䛾䛯䜑䛾䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊䝻䝇䛜䛺䛟䚸ཎᩱຠ⋡䛜㧗䛔䕔 ቑṪ䛻౫Ꮡ䛧䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸㠀ྍ㣗⣔䝞䜲䜸䝬䝇䛛䜙⏕䜎䜜䜛Ⓨ㓝㜼ᐖ≀㉁䛜䛒䛳䛶䜒⏕⏘ᛶ䛜ⴠ䛱䛺䛔䕔 㧗ᐦᗘ඘ሸ䛷䚸཯ᛂ䛜᪩䛟䚸⏕⏘ᛶ䛜㧗䛔䝁䜰ᢏ⾡䠄ቑṪ㠀౫Ꮡᆺ䝞䜲䜸䝥䝻䝉䝇䠅䠖䐟⊂⮬䛾ቑṪ㠀౫Ꮡᆺ䛾䝞䜲䜸䝥䝻䝉䝇䐠Corynebacterium Glutamicum䛾ᨵⰋᢏ⾡䐡ᙉ䛔⣽⬊ቨ䜢฼⏝䛧䛯⳦䛾䝸䝃䜲䜽䝹䝥䝻䝉䝇ᢏ⾡ᴫせ䞉≉ⰍConfidentialϮϬϭϱᖺ䠍᭶Ϯϴ᪥

1䕔 㑇ఏᏊ⤌᥮䛘䛻䜘䜚ྛ✀䜾䝸䞊䞁〇ရ䛾
〇㐀䛜ྍ⬟䛻

䞉㣗⣊ၥ㢟
䞉⎔ቃၥ㢟
䞉▼ἜᯤῬ
䛻ᑐᛂ

1

䞉䝤䝍䝜䞊䝹
䜋䛛䞉ங㓟䠄䝫䝸ங㓟䠅䞉䜰䝭䝜㓟䞉䜾䝸䞊䞁䝣䜵䝜䞊䝹䞉䝞䜲䜸䜶䝍䝜䞊䝹䠘䜾䝸䞊䞁〇ရ䠚㠀ྍ㣗ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫࢆཎᩱ࡜ࡍࡿ
ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ౪⤥ࡢ࣮ࣟࢻ࣐ࢵࣉ

ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺䢢㻨䛚ၥ䛔ྜ䜟䛫ඛ㻪㻌ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤஦ົᒁ㻌㻔ᮾி኱Ꮫ⯟✵䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁⥲ᣓᐤ௜ㅮᗙ㻕㻌඲య఍㆟凚➨凨ᅇ凛䢢余ၟ⏝儻免兗儬タィ傎〇㐀傎ᘓタ䢴䢲䢵䢳余ၟ⏝儻免兗儬㐠⏝到伪儴儈儎兂儝཰㞟傱僯䣄䣖䣎ᾘ㈝僤働僔儙儻免儈儥儋兠兗☜❧伪䣅䣑䢴᤼ฟ๐ῶ㈝⏝ຠᯝ僔㐃ື
兟儙儻免儈儥儋兠兗充兗儴僞僔䣅䣑䢴๐ῶᐤ୚僑ᑐ傿僱㑏ඖ僔௙⤌僥伪ᐇドᶵ⤖ᯝ僑ᇶ僋債ၟ⏝ᶵ僑ྥ傷僅ㄢ㢟ᢳฟ僎᳨ド䢴䢲䢴䢲 余ᐇドᶵ⤖ᯝ僑ᇶ僋債ၟ⏝ᶵ僑ྥ傷僅ㄢ㢟ᢳฟ僎᳨ド

余ၟ⏝໬つᶍ凚䢳䢲䢲儬兗到ᩘ༓儬兗䢱᪥凛僸᝿ᐃ傽僅儝儕兠兏儆儧儻ᢏ⾡☜❧伪ᐇド儻免兗儬儻兑儜儋儓儬ᐇ⾜凚ᐇドᶵタィ傎〇㐀凛伪ᐇド儻兑儜儋儓儬䢪䢳䢲到䢴䢲䣦䣴䣻䢯䣶䢱᪥䢫ᘓタ兟㐠㌿

䢴䢲䢳䢻

䢴䢲䢴䢳
余ၟ⏝儻免兗儬儻兑儜儋儓儬ᡂ❧到䢴䢲䢵䢲伪ᐇド儻免兗儬儻兑儜儋儓儬ᐇ⾜凚ᐇドᶵタィ傎〇㐀凛䢴䢲䢳䢺伪▼Ἔ౫Ꮡᆺ傱僯ከඖ໬僞僔儛儹儬僸ຍ㏿傻僁僱ᨻ⟇ⓗྲྀ⤌僥ලయ໬伪䣅䣑䢴᤼ฟ๐ῶ㈝⏝ຠᯝ僔㐃ື
兟儙儻免儈儥儋兠兗充兗儴僞僔䣅䣑䢴๐ῶᐤ୚僑ᑐ傿僱㑏ඖ僔௙⤌僥余ၟ⏝儽兠儝僔䣄䣖䣎儙儻免儈儥儋兠兗ᵓ⠏兟ᗈ債ⷧ債ศᩓ傿僱ከᵝ僐儴儈儎兂儝僑ᑐᛂ傽僅཰㞟兟〇㐀兟⢭〇兟㍺㏦儛儝優兄䢴䢲䢳䢸ඈ傱僱儷儜儱儝兆儫兏傲ᡂ❧傿僱๓ᥦ働傎伪ᐇド儻兑儜儋儓儬儵兠儬儮兠傎儝允兗儙兠㞟僧㻭㻙㻣㻚ཧ⪃㈨ᩱ

余ᐇド儻免兗儬儻兑儜儋儓儬僔❧僇ୖ傸伪儴儈儎儜儋儧儬⇞ᩱ౑⏝僑㛵傿僱ᨻ⟇ⓗ儈兗償兗優儇儺௜୚兟儴儈儎兂儝Ⓨ㟁䣈䣋䣖僑┦ᙜ傿僱僨僔傲↓傪僎儴儈儎兂儝傲㞟僤僯僐傪傎㞟僤僉僌僨Ⓨ㟁ഃ僞ὶ僲僱兟ཎᩱ౪⤥ഃ充兎儧儬凚▷ᮇⓗ኎㈙充兎儧儬傎㛗ᮇⓗ⏘ᴗ⫱ᡂ凛᫂☜໬伪儴儈儎ཎᩱ཰㞟䢱ㄪ㐩儛儝優兄僔☜❧兟ᮌ㉁ⲡᮏ⣔儴儈儎兂儝཰㞟㔞☜ಖ䢴䢲䢳䢷 余儴儈儎儜儋儧儬⇞ᩱ〇㐀儷儜儱儝兆儫兏ᵓ⠏兟Ⓨ㟁儷儜儱儝僮僰ඈ傱僱傹僎兟ཎᩱ౪⤥ഃ僑充兎儧儬傲ぢ傮僱௙⤌僥䳑ཎᩱ僔Ᏻᐃ౪⤥凚㔞傎౯᱁凛䳑䢸ḟ⏘ᴗ兟ᆅᇦศᩓ䣄䣖䣎〇㐀僕䢸ḟ⏘ᴗ僔㠃働᭷ຠ伪儐儝໬儻兑償儝凬౪⤥儐儝ရ㉁僔㧗ᗘ໬伪䣈䣖ྜᡂ儻兑償儝凬㑅ᢥᛶྥୖ伪䣄䣖䣎儛儝優兄凬ᐇド儻免兗儬䢪䢳䢲到䢴䢲䣶䢱᪥⣭䢫僔ヨタィ䣐䣇䣆䣑஦ᴗ僔ᡂᯝ僎傽僌傎余ᐇ儐儝僑僮僱儴儈儎儜儋儧儬⇞ᩱྜᡂ僔ᐇド余儴儈儎儜儋儧儬⇞ᩱྜᡂゐ፹僔㛤Ⓨ余儴儈儎儜儋儧儬⇞ᩱ〇㐀儛儝優兄僔儛儝優兄㐺ṇ໬᳨ウ୕⳻᪥❧儵兓兠儛儝優兄儞ᰴᘧጤ఍♫ㄢ傍傍㢟伪ၟᴗ㐠㌿㛤ጞ䢴䢲䢴䢲 余ၟᴗ㐠㌿ᐇ᪋傏㐩ᡂ஦㡯伪〇ရ≀ᛶྥୖ僔僅僧僔⿦⨨ᨵၿ伪➨஧ḟ〇ရ儙兗儻兏≀ᛶホ౯伪〇ရ僔ᚲせ僐ㄆド➼ྲྀᚓ余儙兗儻兏ヨ㦂傎ศᯒ⤖ᯝ僑ᇶ僋債⿦⨨ᨵၿᕤ஦傏䢴䢲䢳䢻 余⿦⨨ᨵၿᚋ僔ヨ㐠㌿ᐇ᪋僎〇ရ儙兗儻兏〇㐀傰僮僙ヨ㦂傎ศᯒᐇ᪋傏余〇ရ僑㛵傿僱ᚲせ僐ㄆド➼ྲྀᚓᡭ⥆傳➼傏ᖺᗘ伪〇㐀⿦⨨ᕤ஦
伪〇㐀⿦⨨᏶ᡂ伪ヨ㐠㌿伪➨୍ḟ〇ရ儙兗儻兏≀ᛶホ౯余〇㐀⿦⨨᏶ᡂ凚䢴䢲䢳䢺ᖺᗘ➨䢵ᅄ༙ᮇ凛傏䢴䢲䢳䢺 余ヨ㐠㌿ᐇ᪋傏余➨୍ḟ〇ရ儙兗儻兏僔ヨ㦂傎ศᯒᐇ᪋傏

ᮌ㉁ⲡᮏ⣔儴儈儎兂儝僸ཎᩱ僎傿僱ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥僑ྥ傷僅兑兠儭兂儧儻伪〇㐀⿦⨨ᇶᮏタィ伪〇㐀⿦⨨ヲ⣽タィ伪〇㐀⿦⨨ᕤ஦╔ᕤ余〇㐀⿦⨨ᇶᮏタィ傰僮僙ᕤ஦㈝僔ぢ✚㔠㢠సᡂ傏䢴䢲䢳䢹 余〇㐀⿦⨨ヲ⣽タィᐇ᪋傏余〇㐀⿦⨨ᕤ஦╔ᕤ凚䢴䢲䢳䢹ᖺᗘୗᮇ凛傏伪〇㐀⿦⨨僔〇㐀⬟ຊ伪〇㐀ᕤ⛬儺兑儧儓儹兑兠傰僮僙兂優兎儆兏儴免兗儝伪〇㐀ཎ౯ᴫ⟬伪〇㐀஦ᴗ᥇⟬ホ౯余ᅇ཰ྍ⬟働傱僊฼⏝ྍ⬟僐ᗫ㣗⏝Ἔ僔㔞僑ᛂ傾僅〇㐀⿦⨨⬟ຊ僔Ỵᐃ傏余〇㐀ᕤ⛬僔儺兑儧儓儹兑兠傎兂優兎儆兏儴免兗儝సᡂ傏余〇㐀ཎ౯僔ᴫ⟬್⟬ฟ傏余஦ᴗ୺యỴᐃ僔ᚋ傎〇㐀஦ᴗ僔᥇⟬᳨ウ傰僮僙ホ౯傏䢴䢲䢳䢸伪ᗫ㣗⏝Ἔ㈿Ꮡ㔞伪ᅇ཰ྍ⬟ᗫ㣗⏝Ἔ≀ᛶ伪ᗫ㣗⏝Ἔ≀ᛶ僑ᛂ傾僅㐺⏝⢭〇ᢏ⾡㑅ᐃ伪〇㐀タഛ❧ᆅㄢ傍傍㢟㐩ᡂ஦㡯余༓ⴥ傎Ⲉᇛ༡㒊傎ᇸ⋢ᮾ㒊傎ᮾிᮾ㒊ᆅᇦ僸ᑐ㇟僎傽僌ᗫ㣗⏝Ἔ㈿Ꮡ㔞傰僮僙༢౯僸ㄪᰝ傿僱傏
䢴䢲䢳䢷 余ᅇ཰ྍ⬟僐ᗫ㣗⏝Ἔ僔≀ᛶᢕᥱ凚ヨ㦂傎ศᯒᐇ᪋凛傏余ᅇ཰ྍ⬟僐ᗫ㣗⏝Ἔ僔≀ᛶ僑㐺⏝ྍ⬟僐⢭〇ᢏ⾡㑅ᐃ傏余ᗫ㣗⏝Ἔᅇ཰兏兠儬傱僯᭱㐺僐〇㐀タഛ僔❧ᆅ僸」ᩘ⟠ᡤணഛỴᐃ傏ᖺᗘᗫ㣗⏝Ἔ僸ཎᩱ僎傿僱ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥僑ྥ傷僅兑兠儭兂儧儻୕஭㐀⯪ᰴᘧ఍♫㻭㻙㻢㻚඲య఍㆟㈨ᩱ䠄➨㻢ᅇ䠅䛆㈨ᩱᢞ䛢㎸䜏グ⪅䜽䝷䝤䛇㻌⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬グ⪅఍㻌⤒῭⏘ᴗ䝨䞁䜽䝷䝤㻌
ᅜᅵ஺㏻グ⪅఍㻌
ᅜᅵ஺㏻┬஺㏻㐠㍺グ⪅఍㻌⎔ቃ┬グ⪅䜽䝷䝤㻌⎔ቃグ⪅఍䢢

ᖹᡂ䢴䢸ᖺ凩᭶凫᪥䢢㻔᪥᫬㻕㻌ᖹᡂ䠎䠓ᖺ䠐᭶䠏᪥䠄㔠䠅䠍䠏᫬䠌䠌ศ䡚䠍䠑᫬䠌䠌ศ㻌傘ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺備僑僮僱䢢儙儻免儈儥儋兠兗☜❧僑ྥ傷僅兑兠儭兂儧儻⟇ᐃసᴗ僔㛤ጞ㻔ሙᡤ㻕㻌ᮾி኱Ꮫ㻌 ᒣୖ఍㤋䠎㝵኱఍㆟ᐊ㻌䢢 ⯟✵傎儌儱兏儒兠傎儻免兗儬傎ၟ♫➼僔ᖜᗈ傪ศ㔝僔⤌⧊傲ཧ⏬傿僱傘ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺備僕傎ᮾி儎兎兗儸儧儓兟儵免兎兗儸儧儓㛤ദᖺ僔䢴䢲䢴䢲ᖺ僑傰傷僱ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ ͤ 僔౪⤥僸┠ᣦ傽僌傎儙儻免儈儥儋兠兗☜❧僑ྥ傷僅兑兠儭兂儧儻⟇ᐃ僸ጞ僧僤傿傏䢢

㆟஦ḟ➨䢢
凣几㛤఍䢢

凣几傘ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺備僑僊傪僌䢢凤几ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺ሗ࿌᭩䢪᱌䢫僑僊傪僌䢢䢢 ᮾி኱Ꮫ傎兀兠儈兗儔♫傎᪥ᮏ⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫傎᪥ᮏ㈌≀⯟✵ᰴᘧ఍♫傎඲᪥ᮏ✵㍺ᰴᘧ఍♫傎ᡂ⏣ᅜ㝿✵ ᰴᘧ఍♫ཬ僙▼Ἔ㈨※㛤Ⓨᰴᘧ఍♫僸㐠Ⴀጤဨ僎傽傎㐠Ⴀጤဨ僸ྵ僦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔儙凥几㛢఍䢢儻免儈儥儋兠兗僑㛵ಀ傿僱௻ᴗ➼僸ᵓᡂဨ僎傽僌ᖹᡂ䢴䢸ᖺ凧᭶僑タ❧傻僲傎䢹᭶僮僰ᮏ᱁ⓗ僐᳨ウ僑╔ᡭ傽僤傽僅䢪⌧ᅾ僔ᵓᡂဨ僕ูῧ䠄␎䠅僔僎傰僰䢫傏ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔ᡃ傲ᅜ僑傰傷僱儙儻免儈儥儋兠兗凚䣕䣅凛僔☜❧僑ྥ傷僅兑兠儭兂儧儻僸傎ᖹᡂ䢴䢹ᖺ処᭶僤働僑⟇ᐃ傿僱ணᐃ働傿傏䢢㈨䢢 䢢 ᩱ䢢僐傰傎ⱥㄒྡ僕傎䣋䣰䣫䣶䣫䣣䣶䣫䣸䣧䣵䢢䣨䣱䣴䢢䣐䣧䣺䣶䢢䣉䣧䣰䣧䣴䣣䣶䣫䣱䣰䢢䣃䣸䣫䣣䣶䣫䣱䣰䢢䣈䣷䣧䣮䣵䢢䢪䣋䣐䣃䣈䢫働傿傏䢢凤几ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔ᚲせᛶ䢢‫ ۑ‬ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ儈儯儛儆優儇儺ሗ࿌᭩䢪᱌䢫䢢 ᆅ⌫⎔ቃၥ㢟僑ᑐ傿僱ྲྀ⤌僥僔㔜せᛶ傲㧗僤僱୰傎⯟✵僑傰傪僌僕傎ᅜ㝿⯟✵ศ㔝傱僯僔஧㓟໬Ⅳ⣲᤼ฟ㔞僸䢴䢲䢴䢲ᖺ௨㝆ቑຍ傻僁僐傪᪨凚䣅䣐䣉䢴䢲䢴䢲凛傲傎ᅜ㝿Ẹ㛫⯟✵ᶵ㛵凚䣋䣅䣃䣑凛⥲఍僑傰傪僌Ỵ㆟

㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙䛺䛚䚸ሗ࿌᭩㻔᱌㻕䛾䛂䊣㻚㈨ᩱ䛃䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸௨ୗ䛛䜙䛤ぴୗ䛥䛔䚹㻌傻僲僱➼傎儏兠兀兗儯光兠儬免兏僐ᡂ㛗傲ᅜ㝿බ⣙僎僐僉僌傪僤傿傏傹僔僮催僐୰傎⡿ᅜ僑傰傪僌僕傎儜儋儧儬⇞ᩱㄪ㐩僔ከᵝ໬僔ព࿡僨储僰傎兊儮儈優儧儭⯟✵傲傎௒ᖺ傱僯傎兑儙兗儠兏儝✵僑傰傪僌傎ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥僸ཷ傷僱傹僎僑僐僉僌傪僤傿傏䢢㻨㼁㻾㻸㻪㻌
㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣㻚㼟㼍㼒㼑㼟㼥㼚㼏㻚㼖㼜㻛㻸㻹㼥㼗㼚㻼㼀㼗㻛㻳㻹㻢㻛䈈䈈㻌ᅜ㝿බ⣙僔Ꮡᅾ傎⡿ᅜ➼僔ືྥ僸㋃僤傮傎ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔౪⤥యไ僔☜❧僕ᡃ傲ᅜ僑傰傪僌僨ႚ⥭僔ㄢ㢟働储僰傎䣕䣅僔☜❧傎ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔ᬑཬ僸᥎㐍傿僱ᚲせ傲储僰僤傿傏䢢㻨↓⥺㻸㻭㻺᥋⥆䛿䚸௨ୗ䜢䛤฼⏝䛟䛰䛥䛔䚹㻪㻌㻿㻿㻵㻰㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌䖃䖃䖃㻌㼃㻼㻭㻞䜻䞊㻌䖃䖃䖃㻌䝴䞊䝄ྡ凥几兑兠儭兂儧儻⟇ᐃసᴗ䢢䢢 ᮏ儈儯儛儆優儇儺僕傎ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ僔ᑟධ僑ྥ傷僅傎ཎᩱ傺僎僔䣕䣅☜❧僔僅僧僔儛儮兎儎僸᝿ᐃ傽䖃䖃䖃僊僊傎ཎᩱ傺僎僑␗僐僱ㄢ㢟僎ඹ㏻傿僱ㄢ㢟凚ἲⓗᯟ⤌僥僔ᩚ⌮僐像凛僸ᢳฟ傽傎僃僔ゎỴ᪉⟇僸ᩚ⌮傽傎ලయⓗ僐஦ᴗ僑僊僐傸僱僅僧僔ᯟ⤌僥僸傎兑兠儭兂儧儻僎傽僌ᖹᡂ䢴䢹ᖺ処᭶僤働僑⟇ᐃ傿僱ணᐃ働傿傏僃僔䈜㘽䛻┦ᙜ䛧䜎䛩䛾䛷䚸ྲྀ䜚ᢅ䛔䛻䛿༑ศ䛤ὀព䛟䛰䛥䛔㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻙㻌僅僧傎䷵㒔ᕷ儘元僸ཎᩱ僎傿僱䣕䣅傎䷶⸴傲⏘⏕傿僱Ἔ⬡僸ཎᩱ僎傿僱䣕䣅傎䷷僃僲௨እ僸ཎᩱ僎傿僱䣕䣅傎䷸ἲไᗘ傺僎僑᳨ウ僸㐍僧僌傪僤傿傏௨ୖ䢢䈜 ㈨ᩱ䛂ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ䜲䝙䝅䜰䝔䜱䝤ሗ࿌᭩㻔᱌㻕䛃䛿␎䚹ͤ ḟୡ௦⯟✵ᶵ⇞ᩱ࡜ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢཎἜ⏤᮶ࡢࢪ࢙ࢵࢺ⇞ᩱ࡟௦ࢃࡿ⇞ᩱࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ⏤᮶ࡢ⇞ᩱ➼࡛ࡍࠋ㒔ᕷࢦ࣑ࠊᗫᮦࠊ㠀㣗ᩱ᳜≀ࠊ⢾ࠊ࢔ࣝࢥ࣮ࣝࠊ⸴㢮ࡀ⏘⏕ࡍࡿࡶࡢ➼ࠊཎᩱ࡟ࡣከᵝ࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡲࡍࠋ

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