国際シンポジウム「21 世紀における民主的な国際関係を目指して―アメリカン大学ルイス･Ｗ･グッドマン博士を迎えて―」／宇都宮大学大学院国際学研究科主催／2002 年 11 月 18 日／場所 宇都宮大学会館多目的ホール／講演「地球民主主義の展望：軍民関係を主な視点として」についてのコメント／コメンテーター 中村祐司（国際学部助教授）コメント要旨（英語）GIS International Symposium/ Toward Democratic International Relations in the 21stCentury/ November 18, 2002 1:00 to 4:00 p.m./ University Hall Auditorium, MineCampus/ Organized by the Graduate School of International Studies Utsunomiya
University/ Dr. Louis W. Goodman (International Service, American University) ”Global
Democracy in the 21st Century with Special Reference to Civil-Military Relations”/Yuji Nakamura
Discussion Paper on the Presentation by Dr. Louis W. Goodman
My 3-point comment is as follows:
1. It is interesting that Costa Rica, a small nation of 3,400,000 people in Latin
America has maintained unarmed neutrality since 1949 as a style of nation governance.
The military was dissolved in 1948. National security rests upon 3,000 people’s civilian
garrison, 2,000 people’s border guards garrison and 2,000 people’s local garrison (thefigures for 1998).
Holding military forces suggests that it is not necessarily a prerequisite forgoverning a country although this style of governance is the exception rather than therule. The military is hollowed out in civil-military relations in the case of Costa Rica.
Government and people in Costa Rica regard military forces as unnecessary and“civil-government relations” is primarily important.
Dr. Goodman pointed out that the role and function of armed forces have changed
into “supporting police efforts in maintaining internal order, to combating
environmental deterioration, to providing basic health and education services, toconstructing highways and bridges” in the trend of downsizing of national armed forces
worldwide. Then can we call these kinds of organizations “military forces?” Can we saythat military downsizing results in no military forces in our future society and that
pursuit of ideal civil-military relations bring extinctions of military forces?
2. Myanmar, a nation of 46,400,000 people in Southeast Asia has established militaryadministration since 1988. There are 429,000 soldiers as a force, 50,000 as policesemi-force and 35,000 as militiamen (the figures for 1998).
The civil-military relations in this country are subordinate-control relations, which
had been shown in the treatment and house arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi. And it isprerequisite for the Myanmar military administration to restrict political democracy.
Other countries which do not fall under the category of military government anddespotic state also manipulate information and use democracy system ingeniously forthe purpose of acquiring support from the people to some extent. As a result,“military-industry-governmental” complex tends to be formed with a lack ofunderstanding between government and people. It seems to accelerate forming“military-industry-governmental” complex arising from contemporary regional war
such as Gulf War, Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian War, Chechen War and frequently
occurring terrorism.

国際シンポジウム「21 世紀における民主的な国際関係を目指して―アメリカン大学ルイス･Ｗ･グッドマン博士を迎えて―」／宇都宮大学大学院国際学研究科主催／2002 年 11 月 18 日／場所 宇都宮大学会館多目的ホール／講演「地球民主主義の展望：軍民関係を主な視点として」についてのコメント／コメンテータ
ー 中村祐司（国際学部助教授）コメント要旨（英語）3.
We have to pay attention to the serious matter: the strong possibility of “the attackon Iraq” by American military forces. If American forces decided to attack Iraq, theBush administration would justify the attack as protecting democracy worldwide. Theadministration may also justify the attack as “lawful self-defense” because themilitary’s core mission is to provide for the nation’s external security. But if manysoldiers and a large sum of money are needed to cover the cost of war (there is anotherreport which amount to 250,000 soldiers and 200 billions as cost of war) and arecommitted to the attack of Iraq, is it backward movement of world downsizing ofmilitary forces? Does the new role of military forces vanish in the future? Does thetraditional mission of military forces come back into fashion?
Now, does the American civilian control of military forces work normally? DoAmerican people really approve of the plan to attack Iraq? Is there no room for
manipulation or distortion of information about the Middle East situation? I think it isnecessary for the Bush administration to explain and show evidence of whether Iraq
and al-Qa’ida are allies and to explain clearly why the administration links theanti-terrorism war, the inspection of mass-destruction weapons and the overthrow ofthe Iraq administration. Moreover, even though the American government may succeed
in reforming the Iraq structure and establishing a new pro-American government, thequestion remains whether “American Democracy” is forced upon other countries under
the trend of globalization, or not.

Yuji Nakamura
Associate Professor (Public Administration)
Faculty of International Studies
Utsunomiya University
350 Minemachi,
Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
FAX/TEL : 81-28-649-5181
e-mail: yujin@cc.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp
URL: http://gyosei.mine.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp/

国際シンポジウム「21 世紀における民主的な国際関係を目指して―アメリカン大学ルイス･Ｗ･グッドマン博士を迎えて―」／宇都宮大学大学院国際学研究科主催／2002 年 11 月 18 日／場所 宇都宮大学会館多目的ホール／講演「地球民主主義の展望：軍民関係を主な視点として」についてのコメント／コメンテーター 中村祐司（国際学部助教授）コメント要旨（英語）