eOL8V8įÅ  įÅɇVolume 3, pp. 42-47
Online ISSN 1882-2975

An Electronic Journal of The MOTTAINAI Society "-6<D9  EPR  & ?

FB+?4E 2( 8 1Ŭȅÿ¿ʘ2009 Ň 9 Ɛ 30 Ƈ ÿǥƇʘ2009 Ň 10 Ɛ 9 Ƈ WEB ßɷƇʘ2010 Ň 2 Ɛ 22 Ƈ

B0
ƕȅY1EPRʖEnergy Profit Ratio:v¢{§ýžƷʗXĲȤoâƤɂGkCTS1KXšȤoƈ
ǽøGkCTWhj EPR XɭåVɭǩoÖGCToǳǲTER8k2»ɸXȵǘo4Ìîv¢{§oǧǨGkȵǘ5T4Ìîv¢{§oǆɔGkȵǘ5TWÔĳǲWäAkT1EPR XƕƙǲVɭǩȐĕYíȦS7k2őOR1»ŃǠXȹɧfçǩWP8RY14Ìîv¢{§oǆɔGk
ȵǘ5WäʍDl1CXh9VĠăY EPR SYV?ǞôǣVUXôǣŰƪoǩ8k^>S7m92
aL1EPR XȀÅǲVɲȺŚTER1EPR É«=ʓt¥£ǣTƌƸŐɥʖ}£§¥ʗ
oeLiE1Ť3XȀÅWǈêVŎʉo­:9kCToǿEL2ABSTRACTThe present paper revisits the definition and meaning of EPR (Energy Profit Ratio), which is the ratio ofenergy produced to energy consumed by an energy production method. Although the estimation of EPR canprovide useful insights for examining the advantages and disadvantages of different fuels, it is important tounderstand the coverage of the application of the concept of EPR. Human societal activities can be separated
conveniently into “production of surplus energy” and “consumption of surplus energy.” The present paperemphasizes the notion that the application of EPR should, for consistent metrics, be related to the efficiency
of production of surplus energy while the consumption of surplus energy should be estimated by other formsof energy efficiency such as thermal efficiency. The present paper also reviews the historical changes in oil
production and its associated EPR in the United States and demonstrates the significance to economic
activities of decreasing EPR.
K  »ʍY1ƔƗ1Ǻǖ1ǺƽThjȰɖVv¢{§Ǐ]TĤɮDIV=iʓňVƂƈo
ȑ>7BR>L2v¢{§X4ɖ5Y1Ť3XȀÅXɖoƺĲGkɲȺVȺȗS7k2Þ®ǬXǺƽǧǨɳ=§|oɡ:kT89wt¢§|ɍ=srȌSþjªBilk
CT=ĥ?VOR>L2ȩƌWY1Ɗ¼XƽÒʓʒ=ǤĴĐʌTERŤ3XǧǃWŎʉo­:īdLCT=7k2EZEZ4Ɵǉ5T89ȷǤ=VDlk=1ClYưE?V82
VJViZ1ǤęXɏɍSY1»ʍ=çǩā
1ȪVǺƽXùäoÎ8>OL<U9<=ǚǗ
WVOR8k<iS7k2ǺƽǧǨɳXƁǥ¢TERĀàǲS7k=ƏeƑĆV
Hubbert ¢WhlZ1»ʍ=çǩāȪVǺ
ƽXùäoÎǩELƋǗY1ǧǨɳX§|T¨ȭGkʖĖ 1ʗ2§|èƙƋƓWP8R
Y1Ʃ3V³Ǎ=DlR8k=1³ǍT89ŚɖªƲĂ=ɄƈGkE<V82ÂW§|=èƙERe14aMùä7kVi1İŕSY
V8<5Tř9<eElV8=1v¢{§X4ɖ5oǥȿGkɲȺŚ=CCW7k2
 ǺƽXǧǨɳ=§|oɡ:kTË=ĐƛŁ ǒʖaPEa Fgpʗ   ƚºĦįĦįɼŃįȔǼȇȁ Ńįûģ© eOL8V8įÅeOL8V8įÅ  įÅɇVolume 3, pp. 42-47
ʌVX<2aH1Ðȟ=ǋȧEʃȺWɤ8P<V?VkCTWhjǺƽÒơ=ʓ?VkCTYŠÛWʁ?V82KX¨ƅS1ǧǨ§|Yİ?ɐ<VǺƽXƋÀ=țnjošċE1ʓ?±E8ǺƽXƋÀ]XɜŹǗS7k1T
eǥȿDlR8k2ClY1ɖǲVɜŹƓS
7kCToɀOR8k=1CXCT=ʆņWǥȿDlW?82üēX¨PW1Ė 1 XǧǨɳ¢WY4ɖ5XȺȗ=ƈǿǲWĉal
R8V8<iS7k2aL1ǺƽoǧǨGk
ɪȃW;8RY1ŪȶʈƄôƝTĚɖǲɻǬXǵ·ÍǩWhj1KXǧǨɳ=ƺĲDlR
?k=1ſƾǲ¦ȝǊǲ¦ĚɖįǲVƩ3VȺēXŎʉoÿAkLd1KXĤø<işğoɌbþkCT=ĪŌSV8TȿɱDlkC
Te7k2
 v¢{§¦ɕǏXɖXȰEŞEoɏɍ
GkWY1ǴŸǲWɖoȷǤGkŰƪoǩ8LȝŇǲɅÒ=ƑôS7k2KCSƕȅSY1v¢{§ýžƷʖEnergy Profit Ratio:Á«EPRʗXƧŘoâƤɂGkCTWhjšȤo
ƈǽøE1KXɭåVǥȿTɭǩWP8RɏɍGk>O<ATEL82aL EPR XȾǗ<i1ǺƽɕǏXɖǲÙʇoȿɋE1ɖǲĤøXõć1aLKXĤø=Ť3XȀÅWTOR
VJɲȺ<WP8RŰżGk2

ǩDlR8k2 XüěY #%) ()+ʖGVnN1úÈóðŌLjXţƝʗTER1
%%'%-%' X #' ɇWǰ
ȷDlLɍƂWȻkCT=S>k2CXɍƂ
SY1ŶìəʀWĸGkǺƽǨãoɏɍER;j1 Xȥ:ƅXǏǄTDlk=1ƧŘ
ǲWY ,& WeąƩXȥ:ƅ=ɣ^
ilR8k2  XĲȤY¨ȯǲW4ãðv¢{§/Ýðv¢{§57k8Y4Ēýv¢{§/ŬÝv¢{§5TɃɣDlk=1šċohjƈǽWGkWY4ȀÅWÐȟDlkv
¢{§/KloŒkXWȺGkv¢{§5TVk2ȗƖS7k=»ʍ=v¢{§oŒkȵǘoȉǲWȷǤGkLd1ǑęȪðXĦ
>8ŰƪTDlR8k2E<E1ĴɿW oȍãGkɪȃSY1ƈǽVƪǐø=ȵnl
R8V8X=ǤǢS7j1KXLd¬ıÞVɯäoƳER8k2Ȋ¨W1ǡWÝðv¢{§XȐĕoUXh9Wȥ:lZȰ8<T89Đʌ=7j1Ȋ¶W1 XɁȍWɭEL
ĸɑYUCaSŮBilk<T89Đʌ=7k2Ȋ¨WP8RY1Ɂȍ°ÊȦXɬ8Whj  ȍãȞƝ=ǯVkĐʌʖPaj1śš
ǲȺȗ=ÝjfG8CTʗS7j1Ȋ¶WP
8RY1ƕƙ  =ɭDV8ĸɑWP8RɅ
ÒEREa9ĠăS7k2Ȋ¨XĐʌWP8RY1,%)'!'* =  ɅÒoĴƆGkɿXʐĻ¨ɒELƞȜboƨȑG
kCToɆbR8k2ƕȅSY1Ȋ¶XĐʌ
WP8RǚǗoŌRkCTWGk2
Ė  W  XƧŘǲVĲȤoǿG2Ė  Y1
4»ɸYȬǛǬ<iv¢{§T89Ŝb
ʖ(,+ʗoŒh9TGkɿW1KXŜbo¹ÿ
GkWYv¢{§ʖ#'ʗ=ŖȺS7j1K
liXńʖ(,+0#'ʗ<iŒilkÌîv¢{§ʖ'+ʗoȀÅSçǩS>k5T89CToȷǤER8k2DiW1Ė  Sǂšǈ?
ȻkŖȺ=7kXY1Ēýv¢{§X¨ɯ<iŬÝv¢{§oŴãER8kCTS7
k2GVnN1ŬÝv¢{§Y1Ēýv¢{§X¨ɯ<iĒŅǲWŬÝDlkv¢{§T89CTS7k2LME1CCSɊȿo­:V8h9WȸɘGkT1Ï:ZǺǖoĚ«<iĒýGkɿWŬÝGkv¢{§=ǺƽS7OLjGk=1ŬÝDlkɕǏXȄ ʍTĒýDlkɕǏXȄʍYą¨S7kŖȺ
YV8=1ĒýDlkɕǏYËi<XōS1Ė 1 (a) ǺƽXȘȆǧǨɳ, (b) ŇɸǧǨɳv¢{§ĒýXLdWŬÝv¢{§TE
oǿE1(a)X} oƋɸWɹERœäEL
RÎǩDl9kŚɖoƑGkŖȺ=7k2ő
eXWǵŌGk2V;1ƬɝXŇňYšċo
OR1 XĝƕǲVȥ:ƅTERY14»ɸůLV82=ȬǛǬ<iv¢{§oĒŅǲWŬÝGk
CTWhjÌîv¢{§o¹ÿGkȵǘ5L  &? 5*oƁŉS|¤ǲWȷǤELeXTȿɱS> Y ʖ')!.+,)'(''-*+&'+ʗk2
TąȤɉS7j1įȶɇSYcEm  =Î CXh9Wȥ:kT1 XƧŘWK@neOL8V8įÅ  įÅɇVolume 3, pp. 42-47

Ė   XƧŘǲVĲȤ
V8ɁȍĸɑYȬHTƈǽWVk2Ï:Z»
KXƷ=  Á«S7kTv¢{§ǲWǙʑŃǠXȹɧfçǩY1ǞðįXǀëSĲȤD
oER8kCTWVk2§§|łȈĦlk¾µXɪȃ1GVnNÌîv¢{§XįX %% ƀŵWhlZ1ȒėXǺƽɷǰXʔôǣǲVÎǩƅǀTERŲ:k^>S7m92 ƈƓS7k  ŇÀX  Y  ȃňS7O
ÔĳǲW4»ʍ=ȬǛǬ<iv¢{§oŒ
L=1  ŇÀWY  Y  ȃň1 ŇkȵǘʖÌîv¢{§oǧǨGkȵǘʗ5T
WY  ȃňÁ«TÉ«EȠAR8kCTo4Ìîv¢{§oǆɔGkȵǘ5ToäA
ŰżER8k%% 2DR1üƽoĒkT1 XƕƙǲVɭǩȐĕYíȦT89ýGkɿX¤ oȥ:kT1»ʍ=ȬǛ
CTWVk2LME1ŐȦSXɭǩoıÞW
Ǭ<iǺƽT89Ŝbo¹ÿGkƨĖS7kĈĲGkeXSYV?1KXŮŋǲVÎǩX
TŲ:kCT=S>k2CXT>1 = 
āȪŚ=7k<eElV82
Á«WVOLT>W1»ʍYv¢{§¦ɕ Ìîv¢{§XɲȺŚTER2%-%'ǏXŜbo¹ÿS>V?VkXS7j1v
 YÁ«Xh9Wɣ^R8k2¢{§¦ɕǏȬÊ=ƟǉGknASYV824 QD8A*4<) : 
őOR14Ǻƽ=ƟǉGk5T89ȷǤYưEK@J)K@53'2;,3?V8CT=n<k2
C0+ :  (P79 ǺƽY  äX  ¡ȃňw§§X|53=.ENHF?>B
¤~§¢Xș<VɾɸWƹT¨ȣWÝjC
13 M D8ALMH!"$#pMǇÊǢŢSĮęER;j1KXǈňYĚ
OGI6H%&"  «  §¢Áǈ1ƏɢSY  §¢-/F5ÁǈSeǽɈDlR8k2ŷþĵƉŚXȾǗ
DiW1Ė  <iȿɱS>kCTTER1<i1ĜȴǈňXǅ8ƽľ<iʋƮɷǰĸɑǰʂXɿWŬÝDlkǟƃY1ŬÝv¢{TDlR8>1ƋÀTTeWĸɑƽľXǈø§TERòȍEV8CTeĵƉWǥȿS>k=ɩpS8>aG2ǺƽXĜȴǈň=ǈ8_
ʖÏ:Z1ǺƽWhkǕðǰʂXĠă1ǟƃ
U1ɷǰXLdXv¢{§oȺGkCTWTERŬÝDlkǺƽȬɛ=ůPǟǜv¢Vk2aL1ĦƹǈfƦĚVUXŞǦġSY1{§YŬÝv¢{§WòȍEV8ʗ2DiWĥ?Xɷǰv¢{§oȺGkE1ĺ
ȼƫƽǪSYĥ?XĒýv¢{§oƓŏSM   EPR < D 9   C = 7 G ;>V82ǤęSY1*.(#%ʖĵƉWŷþS
 8a1¡¥=ƼĿţOR8kƔoŠÛE>kǺƽʗ<i1ClaSɷǰĸɑWViVR8LM>L828?P<X¡¥YŨoÇ<OLƘÃXŞ8ƽǪXɷǰWǳ=ćAilZIZĵƉWŷlkE1ƣĭoÎORhFǱ
R8k2
iV8TŷlV8eXe7k2Paj1Ť3
 ¨ƅ1ƽǪ<iǺƽoǧǨGkɿW;A=ȬǛǬ<iŜboŒh9TGkT>1ÝŨ
kŖȺVv¢{§oȥ:k2ǰȻDlLƽ
EfG8eXTÝŨEW?8eX=7kǢƿǪ<iüƽXÞRĒýDlknASYV?1S1»ɸYÝŨEfG8eX<iŷOR8?
ĥ?XĠă 6 ïȃňE<ĒýDlV82ǺT89CTS7k2ǺƽoĚ«<iŷþGkƽXɓaOLľYĚ«WÚ?ĘðX¨ɯoÿCTeąFh9Wȥ:kCT=Sk2
AR8kXS1CXƽľW¸ŦoŶlZ1Ę ŷþXĔʁDʖPaj1CloɖTȥ:kʗðWhj¸Ŧ<i÷8h?Ǻƽ=đãER?
oƁįǲWȷǤGkLdX¨PXƅǀTERkʖCloȬđTČ\ʗ2CXh9W1ƽľ=íɣEL  =7j1Ēýv¢{§oŬÝƕƙůOR8kv¢{§MASǺƽoĒýv¢{§SïjȍGkCTWhjŒil1
GkCTo¨ƮĒýTɀ92KXŐ1ɶƓɸeOL8V8įÅ  įÅɇVolume 3, pp. 42-47
WnLORǺƽǧǨoȠAkT1ƽľȬɛX
ĘðYÉ«E1ǧǨɳYEM8WǋɥE1ȞƝTER¨ƮĒýSY1ƽľáXüƽɳX 
6 ïȃňE<ǧǨS>V82ǧǨWEL=ORƽľXv¢{§=ŊaOLƴɽS1ƹ
fyoĘÝERƽľXĘðoȡůERǺƽ
oĒýGkCTo¶ƮĒýTČ[1ĒýǣY6 ïȃňWćªS>k2ClSeƽľWY
6 ïXǺƽ=ƳDlR;j1DiWƽľW
Ǟǲ7k8YøįǲVéǓo­:RĒýǣo
ćªGkLdXǼȇ=ȵnlR8k2Clo© Ʈ Ē ý 7 k 8 Y  '"' #%(-).ŪȶTČ\2ÁªXh9W1¨PX
ƽǪ<ihjĥ?XǺƽoĒýGkWY1KlWŗFRhjĥ?XŬÝv¢{§=ŖȺ
WVOR?knAS7k2
N  H $ 1 % = 7 ǤǢ_TpUĴǩøDlR8V8=1ĹƙǲWçǩS>kāȪŚ=7kǺƽoʆęƙěǺƽTČ[1ÏTERwt¢¥1wt¢
u§¢=7k2ėɿv¢{§ƭɹʖ'+)'+#('%')!.!'.ʗ=ǰȵER8k ()%')!.,+%(($ WhkT1ɶƓǲVȽǗSĒýāȪVʆęƙěǺƽYăɁS  Ü£¢TVOR8k2ęƙěǺƽɕǏXȇƦɕǏɳ=  Ü£¢Te  Ü£¢TeɀnlR8kXS1ʆęƙěǺƽXɳXȫĦDYǵŌVeXS7kCT=n<k2 wt¢¥YÓʏVUXĚƵĤõWhO
Rƽľ=Ěȷ¿ɢWȂõE1ɞɖţä=Żǰ
EREa8ɲɖøELǺƽoĉpMǻS7j1xSYGSWďƥǧǨ=ȵnlR8k2
ǧǨXɿWĚ«WƹȲƸ§oĘÝERɲɖƽoǄõøDIkLdW1ŬÝv¢{§WȻă9Ēýv¢{§=ŖȺTVk2Ĵɿ1ʓǌȲƸoǧţGkLdWĦɳVħǛy
=ÎǩDlR8k2
 ¨ƅ1wt¢u§¢Y1ǥƻǈň=ǺƽXǝţňWaSɫEV<OL14ǺƽXS>KCV85S7k2ĞȆŀ¯W~¤u¥=Ʒɟǲʓǔňʖƽä ʕíŐʗSȳ:ilLĞ
Ȇŀʖǁŀʗowt¢u§¢TČ\2aL1CX~¤u¥oĉcĞȆŀ=1DiWɶ8
ŇƐ1Ě¯ǈ?ǞTĘðoÿA1~¤u¥<iǧţDlkǇÊǢXƑƭţä=ǺƽS7kʖƢ¸ ʗ2wt¢u§¢ŷþŐY²ǭWhkǞäȿWhjǺƽoŭãGkŖȺ=7kLd1CCSeŬÝv¢{§WȻă9Ēýv¢{§=ŖȺTVOR?k2
 wt¢¥1wt¢u§¢=ĚȷW
ɢ8ĠŧWĜȴDlR8kĠăY1ĦȽƫVʅħŶjSŷþGk=1K9SV8ĠăY1Ě«WƹȲƸoĘÝELjǞǲéǓoò:kȌER1Ě«S§¥Xäʀf²ǭoȵ
92ǤǢTER1wt¢¥fwt¢u§¢X  YǤǢƺERʓ8eXSYV8=ʖ!'* ʗ1ŪȶɩƱWhk  ćªoɅÒER8?CT=ɲȺS7k2
O  , A I /  3 ǺƽXǧǨɳfĒýWÆ9  XȝŇĤøY1ŪȶʈƄǲȺēTĚɖǲȺēTXǵ·ÍǩWhjĦļǲWƺĲDlkeXS7k2Ė
 WȒėzǎW;AkǺƽǧǨɳXȝŇĤøT°VŪȶʈƄt¥oǿG2 <i  ŇaS1ǧǨɳ=Ç[ŝpS8kƓɸ=7k=1ĚɖǲɻǬTŪȶʈƄXǵ·Íǩ=ȵnlR8kǢŢTȥ:lZ1Ʃ3VŪȶʈƄ=ñoĨER1ǧǨɳ=ĢòELTȿɱGkCT=S>k2ŪȶʈƄǲȺȗ=UXh9WĶ­ER8k<oȻƦdkCTY1v
¢{§ÐȟǲȽǗSĦĤɲȺS7k2
 ȋ Ȧ Y 1 Ȓ ė á ö Ƕ ɵ Ǡ Ȏ ǥ ļ ʖ #')%*'!&'+)-#ʗSßɷDlR
8k§oÎǩGkCTWhj1zǎW;AkǺƽɷǰWÕk  ɅÒoɆbL2V;1zǎWǸǳGkǥǫY1ɷǰĸɑXǈň=Ňoɤ9ƶWĦƹǈv¡rWȂȵ
ER8kCT1aLĦƹǈW;AkǺƽɷǰŪȶWÕkƏƄ|¤§=ɭǩDlkv
¡rS7j1ĹƙXĦƹǈǺƽɷǰoĽƒGkªSƑôTVkMm9Tȥ:L<iS7k2
Ė W  Ň<i  ŇaSXzǎW;AkǺƽĒýX  XȝŇǲĤøoǿG2  ŇÁɺYĦļǲW  =ćªER8kC
T=n<k2CX  ćªYŪȶʈƄWhkeXTȥ:ilkE1ȞƝTERĖ  WǿELh9WǧǨɳeĢòER8kCTen<k2E<E1ćªEȠAk  eUC<SÉ«oīdkT>=7j1KloɭåWūźGkC
T=ɲȺS7k2

Ė 3 ȒėzǎW;AkǺƽǧǨɳ¤qt¢ʖȒėáöǶɵǠȎǥļX§oÎǩʗT°VŪȶʈƄt¥eOL8V8įÅ  įÅɇVolume 3, pp. 42-47
{§XȽǗ<iĵƉWäƜS>kCTYȮċ
ǈ8CTS7k2 =ʓ8T89CTY1KlMAȝǊǃõVUȀÅSçǩS>kÌî
Xv¢{§=7kT89CTS7j1ȝǊXŮĦ¦ĥƩøoāȪTGk2Ė 4 ȒėzǎW;Ak EPR XȝŇĤøP  = 7 # "  EPR   '  >   )J íȏSY1zǎW;AkǺƽĒýX
 WP8RȚ½EL=1ȒėÞÊSYU9
VkXS7m9<2Ė WȒėXǺƽǧǨɳT  XȝŇǲĤøoǿG2ȒėXǺƽǧǨ
ɳY   Ňʊo§|TERǋȧER8kCT=n<k2DiWĖ WǿEL  XȝŇǲĤøoȻkT1 Ň¿ɢW;8R =É«oīdR8kCT=n<k2ȒėXÏ
SY1ǧǨ§|T  É«ƋƓ=_`¨ȭ
ER8kCT=n<k2 ǺƽoǧǨGkɪȃW;8RY1ŪȶʈƄôƝTĚɖǲɻǬXǵ·ÍǩWhj1KXǧǨɳ=ƺĲDlR?kCToɣ^L2 Ň<i  ŇʊaS1KlaSX  ØÁªXǺ
ƽŶì=ȵnlL=1ǧǨɳǋȧoʏ8Ưd
kCT=S>V<OLʖ%%+% ʗ2GVnN1ȒėÞÊW;AkǺƽǧǨTER
Y1ŪȶʈƄôƝWƷ^RĚɖǲɻǬ=žɰǲVǢŢW7kTȿɱS>k2eNmp1C
lY7?aSĦļǲVɅÒS7k<i1×3XƽǪSYµş=ǯVOR?kE1DiVkȓƠYŖȺS7kTř92 DR1ȒėSXǺƽǧǨY   ŇʊW§|oũN1KXŐaeV?  É«=ɷīELnAM=1CXCT=ȒėȀÅWUXh9VŎʉoeLiELXS7m9<2íɣX
%% ƀŵYÁ«Xh9WȥķER8k2ǺƽǧǨ§|ŐYɠÝüƽ]XÑĮ=ĢE1aL  É«WÆ81ǺƽĒýXLdWhjĥ
?Xv¢{§=ŖȺWVOL2GVnN1
KlaSȝǊǃõWŬÝDlR>Lɕɴ7k8Yv¢{§Y1ǺƽĒýXLdWűjć
AilkCTWVk2ȞƝTER1×3XÄ
ƥYǟƃʓWhkŎʉoÿA1ȹčÒơʓʒWhkʃȺǋɥ=ɗCOL2  ŇÀXȒė
Sɗ>Lʓt¥£ǣTƌƸŐɥʖ}
£§¥ʗ=ǰǧELǥǫWP8R1ɦņXȝǊǥɍSYɋƈS>V8Ǥɑo1v¢!@.:
Cleveland, CJ, 2005, Net energy from theextraction of oil and gas in the United States,Energy, 30, 769–782.
Cleveland, CJ, 2008, Energy, Environmental
economics
andNetenergyanalysis,
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_return_on_investment_(EROI)
Hall, C.A.S. and C.J. Cleveland. 1981. Petroleum
drilling and production in the United States:
Yield per effort and net energy analysis. Science,
211, 576-579.
Hall, C.A.S., R. Powers and W. Schoenberg, 2008,
Peak oil, EROI, investments and the economy inan uncertain future. pp. 109-132 in Pimentel,
David. (ed). Renewable Energy Systems:
Environmental and Energetic Issues.
Mulder, K., Hagens, N., 2008, Energy Return onInvestment: Towards a Consistent Framework,
AMBIO, 37, 74-79.

Ė 5 ȒėW;AkǺƽǧǨɳʖȒėv¢{§şğļX§oÎǩʗT EPRʖCleveland(2005)X§oÎǩʗXȝŇǲĤøQ
ƕȅSY1 XĲȤoâƤɂGkCTS1
KXšȤoƈǽøEL2GVnN1»ɸXȵǘo4Ìîv¢{§oǧǨGkȵǘ5T4Ìîv¢{§oǆɔGkȵǘ5TWäAkT1
 XƕƙǲVɭǩȐĕYíȦS7kCTo
ɣ^L2aL1 XȀÅǲVɲȺŚTER1
 É«=ʓt¥£ǣTƌƸŐɥʖ}£§¥ʗoeLiE1Ť3XȀÅWǈ
êVŎʉo­:9kCToǿEL2ÀƎv¢{§XāȪŚWP8Re1 WĝQ8L
ȁįăǥǲVŪȶɅÒ=ɲȺS7kTȥ:k2eOL8V8įÅ  įÅɇVolume 3, pp. 42-47
Hagens, N., 2008, Unconventional Oil: Tar Sands
and Shale Oil - EROI on the Web, Part 3 of 6,
http://www.thespiralbalance.info/oilsandsoverview.html
Odum, H.T. 1973. Energy, ecology, andeconomics, Ambio, 2, 220–227.
Ƣ¸Ȗ¨, 2006, ŅOR>Lwt¢u§¢6 ¨®ȕWnLkŪȶɷǰWʎɚXȱ 6,Ǻƽ¦ħǛy£§, Vol.40, no.4, 1-23.
ƛŁ ǒ12009, v¢{§ýžäƜ(EPR)Whkwt¢§|XĲɳǲɅÒ, JETI (JapanEnergy & Technology Intelligence) , Vol. 57
No.2, pp. 32-35.
ƛŁ ǒ12009, v¢{§ýžǲȽǗ<iȻLǺƽɷǰ, ICEP § , No. 66, pp.
16-20.
Ǻ¸ĄŔ, ǺƽƏț´ĩť 6®ǬoʄŽDIk4§|wt¢5XǷĴ, ƇæŃƥƄȨȀ,247p (2006).
ǨƥŪȶȢăǼȇŧ¦wt¢§|oȻų:Lv¢{§ɹɨǼȇťǮƤɂĬĎÅ1 ţƝğĊƍ1 100p (2007).
ƛŁ ǒ, 4Ǻƽ§|5ɍoǥȿGkLdX
ĝǾǹɎ(1) !ǺƽɕǏ!, eOL8V8įÅ
WEB į Å ɇ , Vol. 1, pp. 11-14 (2007).