BERNSTEINFORSCHTJNGEN( A m b e r S t u d ie s)
Herausgegebenvon

Dr. phil. K. Andr6eo, 0. Pfofessor , Dir ektor des Gcologiscb.pal i ontol ogi s c henl ns ti tuts
und der B:r nsr einsam m lung der Al bei l us - U ni s er s i ti i t
zu Kdnigsberg i, Pr,

Heft 2
.

ff

;r;

'

erscheinen in zwangloser
Die ,Ber ns t ein- For s c hungen"
Reihenlolge. Die Hefte haben verschiedenenUmfang. GroB-Oktav
Be i
Subs k r ipt ion
ermA G igt
s ic hderaufmindestens
Pr eisderHefte

5 Hefteum 20ois

Berlin und Leipzig 1931

Walter de Gruyter & Co.
rrais C.J, Giischen' sche Vcr lagsbandlung- J . Guttentag, Ver k gs buc bhandl ung
Geor g Rcim er - Kar lJ. Tr libne r - Vei t & C om p.

(AMBERSTUDIES)ERNSTEIN.FORSCHUNGEN
Aufgabe der,,Bernstein-Forschungen"
Vor Tahrmillionen erstrecktesich im Gebiete der heutigen siidOstlichen
ein alttertiiires Festland, das pal5ogeographisch als Vorl6ufer des heutigen.nviens betrachtet werden darf, aber andere Umrisse als dieses besaB, inder r rein
Stidufer zwischen den Inseln Riieen und Bornholm verlaufen sein und sich iiber
nach Ostsiidostenin das heutige Rufiland hinein erstreckt haben mag. Hier
die Heimat der als >Pinites succinifera< bekannten Nadelholzart. deren fossil

gewordenesHarz uns heute in dem kostbaren Ostsee-Bernsteinoder Succinit voriegt. Seit dem klassischenAltertum wird dieses edle Material aus der Brandungdes Baltischen Meeres, der Ostsee,h?iausgefischtoder vom Strande aufgelesen,dadie Wellen aus seiner Lagerstette in den Schichten des Alttertiiirmeeres aus.
apiilen und auf den Strand werfen. In weit erheblichererMenge - seit Jahrzehnten
ag i0r Tag durchschnittlich mehr als eine Tonnel - aber wird dieser Bernsteinneuerer Zeit durch Graben und Baggern in gewaltigen Tagebauten aus jenem
Lager gewonnen. Das bei seiner Bildung fliissigeHarz der Bernsteinkoniferenhat,s manniglach entstandenenWunden an den Stemmen herabflie0end und vonAsten herabtropfend, fast alle in jenem Walde vorkommenden Dinge umflossen
eingehiillt. Dadurch aber wurden sie uns in einer Vollkommenheit iiberantt, die nach unseren bisherigenKenntnissen in anniiherndvergleichbarerWeisen zweites Mal in der Erdgeschichte verwirklicht worden ist.
Wiihrend der Paliiontologe sich aber im allgemeinen mit im Vergleich zu
lebendenOrganismenktimmerlichenResten begniigen mu8, liegen in denz um T e i l g e ra d e z u m u s te rhafte P rLparate der
ern ste i n i n k lus enr gan i sme n eines W al d e s v o r, d i e i n v i e l e r Hi nsi cht w i e rezente
u n te r d e m Mi kroskop
bjekte sogar die Unte rs u c h u n g
erl auben.
ferner vermOgen wir an der Kdrperhaltung der eingeschlossenenTiere, an den
iiufungen bzw. der Vergesellschaftungder Individuen gleicher oder verAr t int er es s ant e s te b i o l o g i s c h e S c h l ti sse i i ber K op ul ati on,ar as i ti smus us w.- , s ow i e o k o l o g i s c h e u n d b i o sozi ol ogi sche Fragenu gewi n n e n. Dam it we rd e n w i r a b e r i n d e n S ta n d gesetzt,uns ei n B i l d vonj e n e r l l n g s t u n w i e d e rbri ngl i chvorti bere n L e b e n s v er halt nis s enz u m achen, w i e w i r es vone gan g e n e n E r dper iode d e r Al tte rti a rz e i t* , e i n er

andere n

Pe riod e

der geologis c hen

Vor z e i tbesitzen.

Das deutscheOstpreufien ist das Heimatland des Bernsteins,bei PalmnickenKraxtepellen an der seit alters her bekanntenBernsteinki.istedes Samlandesliegen
ne hauptsiichlichsten Gewinnungssti.ttenI dort, sowie in K6nigsberg erfolgt
allem seine Verarbeitung, sein Sortiment und seine Verteilung in die verKanile des Welthandels, welchem der Bernstein seit den Zeiten desassischenAltertums unterliegt, ein wertvolles Mittel zur Aufkliirung der Handelsbeziehungen der V0lker jener vergangenenZeiten. In Kiinigsberg auch befindet
i n d e r ihr es gleic hena u f d e r Erd e n i c h t h a b e n d e nrB ernstei nsamml ung
c d i e v o n d e r N a tu r g e gebenew i ssenschal tl i che; d er Al b e rtu s - Univ er s it ete ftir die Bernsteinforschung.
Die
dem Direktor der Bernsteinsammlung der Albertus-Universitiit zu( haben es si ch
P r . her aus ge g e b e n e>nB e rn s te i n .F o rs c h u ngenr Aufgabe gemacht, dieses wissenschaftlicheirlzigartige und unschiitzbareMateI - nicht nur, soweit es in dieser Sammlung vorhanden ist, sondern auch das
anderen Museen verstreute und neu gefundene - der Welt in Form von Monoien bekanntzugeben.

i

OI I? 1 CI,!L\"/BERNSTEIN-FORSCHUNGEN(Amber studies)

Herausgegebenvon Dr. phil. K. Andrieo. ii.?rofessor'
Direktorqer Dernsremsammlungdes Georogisch-paleontologischen
Instituts undder Albeftus-UDiversitet
zu Kdnigsberg
i. pr.

-Heft z7937
Inhalt
Seitc

Alexander,
Text

crane-flies of the Bartic Amber
und auf r Tafel

Salt,

Three Bees from Baltic Amber.
Sellnick,
Milben im Bernstein. Mit(Diptera).

Mit

16g Figuren

im
I

Mit

3 Figuren
39 Figuren

r36
r48
r8z
r98

Mitteilungen

Crane-fliesof the Baltic Amber (Diptera)*)Bycharles P. Alexander, Department of Entomology, Massachusetts
Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts,
U.S.A.

Contents.
Page

Introduction
Chronologicaldevelopment of our knowledge of the Amber crane-flies
Status of the Amber genera of Loew and MeunierAftrnities of the Amber genera .
Ecological conditions
Table to show the systematic arrangernent of the Amber Tipuioidea
Taxonomic portion
Tanyderidae

...

3
5
6
I
IO

r3
r3

Trichoceridae
Tipulidae

r7
r8
34

Tipulinae
Limoniinae
Bibliography

125

Explanation
Indexof the figuresof generic and specific names of Amber*) Vergleiche auch Anhang
auf Seite rz5.
Bernsteinforschungen,

Heft

z.

,.,;ffi-"+Tipuloidea

..

rz8
r32

2Introduction.
our knowledge of the Tipuloidean flies that inhabited northern
Europe during the early Tertiary is still very insufficient, although far
more accurate and detailed than for any other geological period. Thr
reason for this accuracy of knowledge lies almost solely in the fact oitheabundance an beautiful state of preservation of the speciesincludedin Baltic Amber.
The writer first became interested in the subject of the Amber
Tipulidae through the kindly interest of Dr. Alfons Dampf, State Entomologist of Mexico. Through Dr. Dampf's interest and intervention
with the owners and directors of the principal collections of Amber
Tipulidae in Kdnigsberg and elsewhere,it became possible to study virby Meunier,tually allof the typesof the numerousspeciesearlierdescribed
previously
deternot
been
had
that
materialofabundance
as well as an
Dampf
togratitudeDr.
deepestmy; tomined. I would here express
and
in
the
selection
Dr. Elisabeth Skwarra for invaluable co-operation
shipping of the Klebs and Geological Institute collections; to Frau
Prof. Richard Klebs for the loan of the pricelessseriesof specimensthat
had been amassedby her late husband; to Dr. K. Andr6e, Director of
the Amber Collections, for the very extensive and valuable series belonging to the Geological Institute of the university of Kdnigsberg;
to Amtsgerichtsrat Fritsch in Goldap, for more than one hundred
specimensin his collection; to Dr. F. A. Bather for the loan of the collectionsof theBritishMuseum of NaturalHistory, not numerousin specimens
but of unusual value because of including certain of the Loew types;
to Director Prof. Zimmer for the material in the Zoological Museum of
the university of Berlin; and to other friends and correspondentswho
are acknowledged elsewhere in the text.
virtually all of the available collections of Amber Tipuloidea arepreserved in Ktrnigsberg, Danzig and Goldap. The writer rvas unable
to trace a single specimen in the great fossil collections of the American
Museum of Naturai History. The chie{ value of the present paper liesin the fact that the types of most of the hitherto described specieswere
available for study and comparison with the several hundred unworked
specimens. The numerous figures given herewith are all selected fromtype-material wherever this was possible. The scope and character of
Meunier's work on the Amber Tipulidae has been discussedin somedetailelsewhere in this paper and is not considered further at this point.
The Baltic Amber is now known to have been formed during theLower oligocene. Recent investigations on the age of the various geological epochs has succeededin greatly increasing our estimates of theIp3length of time that has elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary.
The writer is indebted to prof. Frederick B. Loomis, distinguishedauthority on the evolution of the horse, and to prof. Alfred c. Lane,of rufts college, for these figures on the duration of the various periodsof the Tertiary: Eocene 55-35 (zo) millions of years; oligocene,
35-19 (16); Miocene, ry1$zl; pliocene, 7_r (6)i euaternary,r million years. rn the present paper, then, theoi the formation"g"of the Baltic Amber is considered as being between
3o,ooo,ooo and
4o,ooo,ooo of years ago.
Following one's amazement at the beautiful state of preservationof these Amber specimens comes the feeling and realiza-tion of thetremendous abundance of Nematocerous life as it must have existed
in the succiniferous forests. very small blocks of Amber were foundto contain two or more specimensof a given species. one such block
belonging to the Geological Institute (No. rr 8744), measuring
36 x
27x6 mm.,isworthy of specialnotice. It included the following remains:
Tipulidae: Tipula falco, sp.n.; 3 specimens, types.
Trichoneura aul,garis Lw. r.
Mycetophiiidae: z genera; z species; z specimens.
Sciaridae:
rgenusrr,,,,
Cecidomyiidae:r,,T,,r,,Chironomidae: r
r
r
,,
,,
,,
Psychodidae:
r
r
r
,,
,
,,
Leptidae:
I' TttI,
Total:7 families of Diptera;9 genera;9 species;rr specimens.
rn addition to the above, the block includes ispider and.numerous
small Acarina. These latter are all free in the block but originally may
have been attached to the flies and represent a case of phoresy.

chronological developmenr of our knowledge of the Ambercrane-flies.
The pioneer rvork on the Tipulidae of the Baltic Amber was thatof Sendel (tz+z) and Presl ('.}zz). Their work was scarcely more thanan indication that the family existed in some numbers in the amberand gave no hint of the great range in genera and speciesof the group.
About 1844, Berendt interested Loew in studying ih" Dipt"r" for his
proposed monographic treatment concerning the organic remains in theamber. A preliminary list of the genera was given as an appendix toBerendt's first volume (1845). Loew (r85o) followed thisiaper with
one on the "Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna" in which rg genera of
Tipuloidea and Dixidae were indicated as occurring in the amber, ro oft*

4the names being proposed here for the first time. The status of Loew,samber genera is discussedunder a separate caption in the present paper.
It had been Loew's often-expressed intention to continue his surveyof the Amber Diptera, and, in fact, at the time of his death in r87g,
several plates of figures and some manuscript were available, but thecollection itself had been broken up and returned. to the various owners.
The reasons for the failure of Loew to complete his proposed task havebeen given in full by osten Sacken (r9o3: 63-68). while visiting Loew
in Meseritz (1865), osten Sacken took the opportunity to examine
certain of these amber Tipulidae and added a few criticai notes in his"Monograph" (1869) and "Studies" (rBB7). Although certain of the
Loew types became the property of the Konigsberg Museum, a great
many have never been re-discovered, a fact that was noted by Meunier
upon his re-investigation of the Loew types (1899b: r74).
About 1894, Meunier began his study of the Amber Diptera, culminating, in the Tipulidae, in the publication of his .,Monograph,,(19o6c). This was preceded by a series of smaller papers and notes(1894-1899) on various phases of the subject. Meunier's work is far
from satisfactory but was done as accurately, perhaps, as is possible
for a student without a detailed taxonomic knowledge of the group'in hand. As was indicated by Handlirsch (19o6)the onry hope for exact
knowledge of the Diptera of the Amber is to have the work undertakenby specialists in the recent forms of the various groups. Meunier's
so-called "Revision" of the Loew types (1899b) called forth a bitterbut wholly justified criticism from Handlirsch (19o6) and must be considered as being an entirely unsatisfactory work. In this paper it should
be noted that in scarcely any cases does Meunier give a character orcharacters that can be used in maintaining the names resurrected byhim and that these still remain nomina nud,a. That the paper in question
was not satisfactory to the author himself is shown by his total omissionof any of the names in his later detailed treatment of the group (19o6c).
rn this latter work, Meunier heid a very erroneousconception that color
in the amber Tipuiidae was unusable. It is true that body-colors arealtered by the infi.ltration of the amber and the removal of pruinosity
or poilinosity normally present, and that further discoloration *"yresult from a milky film produced by the exudation of body-fluids ofthe insect at the time of embarming. But when Meunier indicates thatthe pattern of the wing may disappear (19o6c: 378, under poecilostol,a)he is laboring under a false conception that must have become apparent
lvhen he studied the beautiful Austrolimnophita elegantissima(:,9o6a).
The stigma and other hairy regions of the wing may be further discolored.

5by an accumulation of amber or extraneous matter and rend.eredabnormal. In some respects,the "Monograph" is a creditable work but isvery unsatisfactory in other regards. In his keys, Meunier has in verv
many casesignored the true generic characters of the group in question,
rendering them unusable. The figures of the antennae by Mrs. Meunierare satisfactory and are not repeated in the present work. In the figuresof venation, however, it is vastly unfortunate that in many casescriticaldetails, such as r ar,d tm-cware totally omitted. Meunieris later papers
on the Amber Tipulidae (t9r6, ,.grT) are more satisfactory than anyof his earlier works. The most recent paper on the subjeit of Ambercrane-flies is by Cockerell and Clark (r9r8).

Status of the Amber Genera of Loew and Meunier.
In his paper on the Amber Diptera, Loew (rg5o) proposed ro namesin the Tipulidae. The follorving disposition is mad.eof these names in
the present report:
L The follos'ing have no mention of species and consequently
have no possible status (compare with Meigen,s r8oo paper),Ataracta (: Linron'ia)
A. grand.is rater mentioned by
Meunier (1899b).
Calobamon(probably : Phyllol,abis)... . . no type speciesevermentioned.
Tanvrnera . . . . . gracilicornismentionedby osten Sacken (1869).
Haploneurn (: Ad,elphornyia)..... hirtipennis mentioned by
Osten Sacken (1869).
II. The follorving include two or more mentioned species, but
without designationof type or differentiation between the species,and,in my opinion, are likewise nonina nuda:
Critort.ettra.
Toxorhina
validated in r85r, by Loew.
III. The follorving names are based on a single species, named
but not further characterizedthan in the above cases. Itls held in thispaper that the generic diagnosisvalidates both the genus and the species:ll[ acrochile(type, spectrum).
Tanysplttra (type, gracilis).
Trichoneura (type, uul,garis).
Allarithmia (type, pal,pata).
Meunier (r8q+- g) proposedseven generic names in the Amber Tipulidae and Psychodidae, all of which, with the exc eption of.p al,aeogonomyia,
had later (19o6 c) been relegated to the synonymy of other genera.
The following disposition of these names is made in the presenr reporr:

6Pal,aeopoecilostola(x&gga: 334) ... Valid.
* Poecilostiella. Tanyspkyra Loew.
$8gg a: 334)
* Heteropoecilostol,a(1899a: 358) . . . Limnophila Mcqt.
Sackeniella (1894: clxxviii)
Tichoneura Loew.
* Gonomyiel,la(r8gg a:.. Ormosia Rond.
335)
Palaeogonomyia$899 a: 359) . . .. Valid subgenusof Rhabd,omastix* Palaeoerioptera(1899a:sk.

359) . . . .. Psychodoidea.
The names marked with an asterisk (*) are nomina nud,a since notype-species or other specific name is mentioned.

Affinities of the Amber Genera.
The affinities of the crane-flies of the Baltic Amber are essentiallv
Holarctic, most of the species being referable to genera having sucir
a distribution at the present time. There is a relatively slight palaeotropical element, shown especially by styringomyia, Trentepohtia and.
ceratoche'ilws.The discovery in the Amber of the essentially antipodal
genus Manomasti* is of considerableinterest. An even more surprisingfeature is found in Pol,ymera, a genus that is now known onty trom
tropical and subtropical America where it is represented by more thana score of known species.
The genera that are still living and their present centers of greatest
abundance of species are as follows:
Trichocera
Holarctic
Macromastix
Antipodal
TipulaCosmopolitan, excepting Australia
Limonia
Holarctic, Ethiopian
Dicranoptycha
Holarctic, Ethiopian
Thaumastoptera
Holarctic (Palaearctic)
Hel,ius
Cosmopolitan
Austrolimnophila
Antipodal
Phyll,olabis
Holarctic
Trichoneura
Holarctic (Palaearctic)
Dactylolabis
Holarctic
Psewd,olimnophila
Holarctic, Ethiopian
Limrnphila
Holarctic
Pilaria
Holarctic
Polymera
NeotropicalHexatoma
Holarctic
EioceraTropicopolitan
Elefhantomyia
Cosmopolitan

7Adelphomyia
Holarctic, Ethiopian
Tricyphona
Holarctic
Styringomyi.a
PalaeotropicalDasymol,ophilus
Holarctic
Ormosia
Holarctic
Erioptera
Holarctic
ErnpedaNearctic
Rhabdomastix
Cosmopolitan
Gonotnyia
Holarctic
Gnopkomyia
Holarctic
Trentepohl,iaPalaeotropical
Ceratockeilus
Palaeotropical.
This occurrence of distinctly. boreal types together with species
that are as essentially tropical in their affinities, provides a serious
problem that has been much discussedin the literature. Heer, ulmer
and other students have assumedthat the Amber was derived not only
from succiniferous forests growing on the Germanic lowlands where atropical element mav have been supposedto exist but that a consid.erable
proportion mav har.e come from the succiniferous forests far to thenorth in rvhat is norv Scandinavia. Assuming that Amber massesmay
have been carried by mountain torrents and rivers southward. fromthe pine-covered highlands of scandinavia and Finland to their present
resting places in and near the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, wewould thus have a concentrated. fauna derived from a considerable
range of territon* and a great variety of ecological conditions. Moreover
the age of the succiniferous forests may have been so great that morethan a single geological period of the early Tertiary may have been
involved. \\heeler (rgro) in his studies on the Amber ants, likewisefound the boreal element to far outnumber the tropical, a fact thatweighs against the theory of Heer. wheeler assumed that it was moreprobable that during the Lower oligocene both the extinct and tropicalgenera rvere already reduced to dwindling relicts although co-existingwith the circumpolar fauna. These latter were even then the dominantgroups in the Baltic fauna. wheeler has noted an instance where antsof tropical affinities rvere found in the same block of Amber as othersof equally boreal relationships.
All of the Amber crane-fliesbelong to extinct species. of the
3g
genera and subgeneratreated in the present paper, belong to extinct
9groups, a percentage of 23.66. A comparison with other families andgroups of insects that are relatively well-known both as fossil and recent
groups shows that the Tipulidae occupy an intermediate position in8this respect. Thus Cockerell found 14 species of bees in Amber, allbelonging to extinct genera; Ulmer found that 46.4,/o of the Amber
Trichoptera, and Wheeler approximately 44o/o of the ants belong to
extinct genera. However, Brues in his preliminary studies on the parasitic Hymenopterafound no extinct genera(r9ro) and only z (Bethylidae)
in tgz3. It is very possible,however, that the tremendous series of
specimensnow being studied by Brues will considerably increase thesepercentages. The only genus of fleas ever discovered in Amber (Dampf,rgrr) belongsto a genus, Palaeopsylla,that is known from a few living
species, confined to the Insectivora.
Besides the Amber, the only Tipulidae from the Lower Oligoceneof Europe that are known are the interesting seriesdescribedby Gockerell(tgzr) and Cockerell and Haines (tgzr) from the Bembridge beds at
Gurnet Bay, Isle of Wight. A critical study of the descriptions ancl
figures faiis to show that any of these speciesare conspecificwith thosefrom the Amber. As just indicated, the duration of the Oligocene wasso great (approximately 16 million years) that the elapsed time between
the deposition of the Bembridgg beds and the formation of the Amber
may have been one or more millions of years, a space of time amply
sufficient to allow of distinct speciation in the two localities. It may
be noted that cockerell has described what seemto be without question
species ol Macrornastix, Styringomyia and Trentepohlia (as Mongoma),
all recorded from the Amber in the present account. His record of
Ad,elphomyia, however, is not convincing. The record of" Hol,orusia
certainly seemsto be correct and adds a second essentially Neotropicalelement to the Lower Oligocene of Europe. The species described by
Cockerell as Megistocera gurnetensis (rgzr: 456) is not of this genus
but a true species of. Brachypremna (compare the venation with the
known speciesof the genus,- Alexander, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 20:
pl. 16; r9rz, especiallywith the Antillean B. unicol.orO. S.). This record
adds a third Neotropical element to the Oligocene of Europe, since,
as indicated elsewherein this paper, Meunier's record of. Brachyprenl,%tr
eocenicadoesnot pertain in the slightest manner to this genus. Cockerell'srecord of. Gymnastesin the Gurnet Bay beds is much more doubtful.
His record of.Limnopkila al,ienacannot pertain to this genus since cellRz is lacking; it is possible that the fly is an Elephantomyia. fn conclusion, the crane-fly described by Cockerell and Haines (r.gzr) as
Dicranomyia und,ulata, certainly appears to represent a third speciesof Thaumastoptera,distinguished from the genotype, calceataMik, and
the Amber species described in this paper, by the extreme brevity of
subcosta.

9-

Ecologicalconditions.
As is now well-established, amber is the fossilized gum of certain
coniferous trees, notably Pinus succinifera (G<ippert), that formed
extensive forests in north-central Europe during the early Tertiary.
To the present-day entomologist, amber is of the greatest possible
interest because of the abundance of insects that were caught in thesoft resin and permanently imbedded. Their remains have been handed
down to us in a marvellous state of preservation, many being fuily assatisfactory as a recent slide preparation. It is now known that thisexcessiveproduction of resin was the result of a pathological conditionof the pines and that virtually all of the remains of the amber pines
show evidences of this enzymatous resinosis.
From a study of the insectsthus found entombedin amber, together
with a knowledge of the habits and activities of their closest living
relatives, a more or less clear picture of the conditions that obtainedin the succiniferous forests of the lower oligocene can be obtained.
ulmer in his splendid revision of the amber caddis-flies (r.grz) showedthat the terrain occupied by these forests of amber-producing pines
was highiy mountainous in its nature, since a considerable proportionof the Trichoptera discovered belong to recent genera that are known
to spend their deveiopmental stages in rushing mountain streams whilea much smaller proportion are such as inhabit quiet water. Loew (inosten-Sacken,1864: 3o8-3ro) in a critical resum6of the amber Diptera,
based on a vast number of specimensbrought together and studied.overa period of 17 years, in combination with an unparalleled knowledgeof the Diptera of the recent European fauna, has pictured the conditions that must have obtained in northern Europe during the formationof the amber. His studies have indicated a very rich development of
Psychodidae,Tipulidae, Mycetophilidae,Empididae, the bark-inhabiting
Dolichopodidae and other groups that require or prefer more or ress
humid conditions in dense shade, together with the negative testimony
derived from the almost total lack of those groups that require arid
conditions or open exposedsunlit places. one can do no better than toquote a short paragraph from this paper:"We behold then the Diptera, now entombed in amber, in theironce living s!!'arms, in strife among themselves, at lvar with others,
sometimes conquerors, sometimes vanquished, in a damp region where
fungi grew abundantly, sheltered from the wind by thick forests, surrounded by a phanerogamousflora, rich in species;and we invoiuntarily
ask: In what sort of a climate lay this paradise for rong-reggedgallinippers and impudent gnats?"

10
Loew then explains that of all the Dipterous faunae known to him,
the amber Diptera resemble most closely those living forms norv inhabiting eastern North America between the latitudes of 3zo and 4ooFrom his studies on the amber Tipulidae, the present writer can
substantiate this account. The frequent occurrence of numerous individuals of a single speciesin a single small block of amber (in genera
such as Limonia, Trichoneura, Dasymolopkilus, Erioptera, and its subgenus Empeda) wouid indicate that the habits of these flies in the amber
forests of long ago was not different from their near allies at the present
time. Most of the captured specimensare males and it is not difficult
to visualize these small dancing swarms beneath the shade of the greatpines, with occasional specimens becoming enmeshed in the still softgum and finally imbedded. In the genus Tipul,a a similar and parallel
condition exists in the fact that virtually all of the numerous specimensthat have been found are males. This would compel the belief concerning the Oligocene Tipulae. many of which are notable by theirpygmy stature, that in the species that have been preserved to us inamber the mating habits were not different from many present-day
members of the genus. It is more than probable that these males sought
their more retiring mates upon the tree-trunks, progressing up andaround the boles by a part-flying, part-walking motion, and were occasionally entrapped in the flowing resin. Such a courting habit is very
characteristic of certain woodland-inhabiting Tipulae of the presentday, notably the marmorata group.

Table to show the systematicarrangementof the Amber
TiPuloidea
r/ onnber
FamilySubfamil,yTribe

Tanyderidae....
Trichoceridae...
Tipulidae

Tipulinae

Tipuliniol Amber
species.....*Macrochiler
Lw.
.....Trickocera
Meig.
Tipulariar
Macromastix
Subtribe

Genus

o.s.

TipulaLinn.
*Subg.E/actrotipula,n.
* Extinct genus.

r11
Fatnil,ySwblamily

Tribe

Subtribe

NumberGenws ol Amber
species

Stbg.Tipula
14
Limoniaria LimoniaMeig.
5
Dicranopty- Dicranor
chariaftychaO.S.
Thaumasto- Thaunastor
pteraMik.
pteraria
Heliusaria Heliwsr
St. Farg.
*PalaeopoeHexatominiEpiphrag3
maria
cilostola Meun.
*Tanysphyrar'
Lw,Austrolimnophila rAlex.
Phyllol,abisr

Limoniinae Limoniinio.s.

**Trichoneura

Dactylolabariaz
Lw.
*Electrolabis,n. r*Dactylolabiso.s.

*Subg..Idiolahis, n.
Subg. Dactylolabis
PseudoPseuilolimnophila Alex.
limnophilaria
Limnophilaria

Polymeraria* Extinct genus.
r* Genus described from Amber, later found living.

Limnophila
Mcqt.
*Tanymcra,n.
Pilaria Srnt.
Pol,ym,era
Wied.

r
r
ro

s
4
4
r

12
Famil,ySubfa:rnil,yTribe

Subtribe

Genus

Iicwtberot' AmbersPecies

Hexatomaria

Pediciini

Styringomyini
Eriopterini

Hexatomq
Latr.
Eriocera Mcqt.
ElephanElephantomyaria
tomyiaO.S.
AdelphoAdelphomyia
myariaBergr.
Pddicaria
Tricyphona
Zett.
**Styringo-

2
4
r
3

r
myiaLw.
Eriopteraria Dasymolor
pkil.us Goetg.
OrmosiaRond. 4
EriopteraMeig.
Subg.
2
Erioptera
Subg.
8
EmpedaO.S.
Gonomvaria Rhabd,omastix
Skuse*Subg. Palaeo5
gonomyia
Meun.
ConomyiaMeig.
Su.bg.Electro- r
gonomyia,n.
Subg.Gozor
myia
Gnophomyia
5o.s.

Toxorhinaria* Extinct genus.
** Genus described fron Amber, later foundliving.

Trentepohl,iaBig.

r

Ceratockeil,u.s
Wesch6r

13Taxonomic portion
Superfamily Tipuloidca
In the Amber fauna, the superfamily Tipuloidea is represented
by the three families Tanyderidae, Trichoceridae and ripulidae.
The
groups represent three very different elements of the Nematocera and.
it is highly probable that their association together in a single superfamily is entirely artificial and cannot be maintained. The Tanyderidae,
represented by the genus Macrochile, is intimately connected with the
Psychodidae through the subfamily Bruchomyiinae. The Trichoceridae
represents a second element that appears to lead directly to the Anisopodidae, and thence to the great Mycetophilid-cecidomyiid complex.
The third group, Tipulidae, includes the vast majority of the fossil and.
recent species that are assigned to the superfamily.
KEY TO THE FAMILIESOF THE TIPULOIDEA.

r. Wings with five radial veins; a single anal vein (Fig. z)
TANYDERIDAE (p. rs).
Wings with lessthan five radial veins; two anal veins present. z.
z. Ocelli present; wings with vein znd A very short, curved.strongly
into the anal angle.
TRICHOCERIDAE (p. til.
Ocelli lacking; wings with vein znd 24.longer, running generally
parallel to the anal margin of the wing, shortandincurved tothe
anal angle only in Trentepohtia(Fig. 167). TIPULIDAE (p.ry).

Family Tarryderidae.
The only genus of the family so far discovered in the Amber isMacrochile Loerv. It should be noted, however, that the psychodid
subfamiiy Bruchomyiinae, represented in Amber by Nemopalpus Macqraft (Palacosycor&xMeunier) approaches Macrockile very crosery inseveral respects and the two groups are certainly very closely allied.
The writer's reasons for using the subfamily name Bruchomyiinae inpreference to Nemoparpinae have been given rn an earlier paper (rnsec.
Inscit. Menst., g:r57-t59; r9zr). The blood-suckingpsychodidae,the,Phlebotominae, represent a third Broup of the family, a contention thatis upheld by the recent critical work by Dr. crampton on the thoracic,
morphology of the NematocerousDiptera (Ent. News,37:38 and 65;.
t9z6).

t4
Mauochile Loew
r85o. Macrochi,leLoew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p. 36.
r85r. MacrochileLoew;Linnaea Entomol., S:4oz-4o3, pl. z, fig. z4 (head),fig. :5 (wing).

The remarkabie extinct genus Macrochil'e lvas described from theBaltic Amber and has not been recorded from elservhere. Osten-Sacken
and Meunier believed that the fly was identical with the recent genus
Protoplasa Osten-Sacken, but this is certainly not the case. OstenSacken placed the name in the synonymy of.Protuplasa under the belief
that Macrochil'ewas not available becauseof the earlier use of trIacrochila
Stephens and Macrochilo }Iiibner.
Characters of the genus.
Mouthparts elongated, somewhat shorter in the female than in themale; rostrum about one-half longer than the head, the very long labial
palpi nearly twice as long as the rostrum; maxillary palpi long andslender, 5-segmented, the basal segment short, only one-third the second; third segment nearly one-half longer and more slender than thesecond; fourth segment about one-half the third; fifth segment long andslender, a little longer than the second and about one-half longer than
the fourth.
Antennae rg-segmented,the flagellum long, setaceous,the segments
cylindrical, with short, scattered setae and sparsesubbasal verticils that
do not exceedthe segmentsin length; flagellar segmentsdecreasingvery
gradually in length and diameter to the last, rvhich is a trifle longer thanthe penultimate. If bent backrvard, the antenna rvould extend to about
opposite midlength of the third abdominal segment.
Head relativelv small. Eves large, rounded, with small ommatidia,
bets'een rvhich project shon. erect setae. Anterior vertex reduced toa narrorv strip. Cenical scierites short and inconspicuous.
Halteres ven- short and stout. Legs with the coxae elongate;trochanters smali; femora relatively short and stout, clothed with short,
suberect, black setae; tibiae slender, the spurs long and conspicuous;tarsi with the segmentsgradually decreasingin length and very slightly
in thickness, each segment on ventral face terminating in a small spine;
tarsal claws small, smooth, erect.
Wings (Fig. z) with Sc relativeiy short, Scr extending to about
opposite one-third the length of R"..., Scz a little longer thanSc'; Rs alittle longer than R" ,., gently arcuated at origin; cell Rr variable inlength, in most casesa little more than twice its petiole; a short spurot r-m, close to its union *'ith ftr1., jutting into cell R; lW in direct

BERNSTEINFORSCHUNGEN.HEFT z

TAFEL I

EO
IL

Alexander,

Crane.dies.

Velag W. de Grulter& Co., Berlin.Leipzig

15

Fig.l0

Fig.5

Fig.9
s;

Fig.llfig.7
alignment with M,*,; cell 1sl M2long and narrow, the basal section ofM,*"from one-third to one-half R"*r; m-cu at the fork of Mr*o; Cuzwell-indicated, extending almost to the wing-margin; a single wellpreserved anal vein. A Q (Geol. Inst. coll.) has sc even shorter, ending
opposite the basal deflection of Rn*r; R,*. very long, more than
one-half longer than Rs, cell Rz being correspondingly reduced; basal
section of M,n" only one'third R,*.. Anal angle of wing weil-developed
but not so squarely as in Protopl,asa.

16
Male hypopygrum (Fig.S) with a single dististyie, this cylindrical"
narrowed to the obtuse apex, on the mesal face at base with a slendercurved arm, the apex of which is chitinized and obliquely flattened,
directed toward a small rounded knob iying in its axil, the trvo lobes
separatedfrom one another by a small circular notch. Mesal face of dististyle at apex with long erect setae.
Ovipositor short and blunt, fleshy, terminating in two small dorsolateral fleshy lobes that are tufted with short setae.
GENOTYPE. - Macrochile spectrum Loew (Lower OligoceneBaltic Amber).
The habitus of this fly is shown in Fig. r, Plate f. Special attention
is called to the remarkably fine papers on the morphology of this fly
by Dr. G. C. Crampton (tgz6 a, tgz6 b; Bibliography). These papers
indicate the possibilities of ascertaining the most exact homologiesin thebeautifully preserved Amber Diptera.
Macrochile

spectrutn Loew.

p. 37.
speetrum Loew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna'figs.
r85r. Macrochile spectrum Loew; Linn. Entomol., 5:4oz-4o3'
t86g. Macrochile spectrum Osten Sacken; Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., 4:3r8-3r9.
19o6. Idioplasta spectrum Meunier; Ifon' Tipulidae et Dixidae, pp.39o-39r,
r85o. Macrochile

pl'

r5'

trg. z (hypopygium
cf).
tgr7. Idioplasta s/eetrurn Meunier; Neues Jahrb. Mineral., r9r7: 99.
19z6. Macrochile spectrum Crampton; Ent. News, 37: 33-38, pl. 3, fig. r (thorax)'pls' r-z
19z6. Macrochile spectrum Crampton; Bul. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 2r: r-r4,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. K 1749, 246, l; K
1833, d; K 335, ?. Geol. Inst. Col'., z 6/ 6/ and r Q, without numbers; No. 13778,d; No. 16795, C; No. z63o68, d:' This seriesof
nine specimens, seven € C, two QQ, represents almost all of thematerial of this rare fly that have yet been recorded. Meunier (Miscell. Entomol., 7:T73; r}gg) records an additional specimen from the
Loew collection as being in the Geological Institute Collection (No. 14543
VI B3B3) and this may possibly be Loew's type of the species. This
last mentioned specimen has not been seen by the writer.
MALE. - Length (excludingrostrum) g-romm.; wing 7-73mm';
rostrum alone z-z.B mm.
FEMALE. - Length (excluding rostrum) ro-r2 mm'; wing
6.2-8.5 mm.; rostrum alone r.5-2 mm.; antenna 5 mm.
General coloration of the fly dark, unvariegated. Wings with astrong brownish tinge, the veins dark brown. vague indications ofdusky spots at end of vein Sc, on r-tn and at the fork of Mtnn'

t7
Family Trichoceridaz.
No representatives of this family have been seen by the writer.
Loew (Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, pp. S6-57; r85o) mentions theoccurrenceof two species of. Trichocerain the Amber, stating that theydiffer from the existing European species only in slight differences invenation. Meunier (Miscell.Entomol., 7:r74t 1899) was unable to find
Loew's types in the Kiinigsberg Museum and no further trace of themhas been discovered. In view of Loew's remarks on the venation, it
seemspossible that the Amber Trichoceridae may belong to some one
or another of the other genera of the family, notably to Diazosma
Bergroth or to Paraclad.uraBrunetti. The re-discovery of members of
this group in Amber is greatly to be desired.

Family Tipulidae.
The family Tipulidae includes the great majority of the Amber
Tipuloidea. The majority of the generaandspeciesfall in the subfamily
Limoniinae, as is the case in the recent fauna in all parts of the World.
The subfamily Tipulinae is represented by a comparatively large number of speciesarranged in a few genera, Tipula being the largest and mostcharacteristic. The third subfamily of recent Tipulidae, the Cylindrotominae, has not vet been discovered in the Amber, although it wasvery characteristic of the Eocene and Miocene of the New World. No
representatives of the Architipulinae, a small group of Mesozoic Tipulidae, have been discovered in Amber.
The most characteristic genera in the Amber are Tipula, Limonia,* P alaeopoecilostola, * T anysphyra, Trichoneura, P seudol,imnophila,* T anyrnera, Pilaria, Elephantomyia, Eriopteza (subgenusEmped,a),Ormosia
and Rhabdomastix (*subgenus Palaeogonomyia). The names marked
with an asterisk (*) indicate extinct groups. Trichoneura was supposed
to be quite extinct but a living specieshas recently been discovered in
the Himalayas, as is discussedunder the account of the genus. The
speciesof. Tipula and Limonia present a somewhat different facies fromthe existing speciesof the genera but do not differ sufficiently to warrant
new generic or subgeneric groups. The species of. Pseudolimnophila,
Pilaria, Elephantunyia and Oni'tosiagreatly resemblethe existing speciesof the same genera.
KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF TIPULIDAE AND THE'TRIBESAND SUB.TRIBES OF THE LIMONIINAE IN AMBER.
r. Last segment of the palpi elongate, whiplash-like; nasus usually
distinct; antennae usually with 13 segments; wings with Sc almost
Bernsteioforschungen,

Heft

2.

2

L\3\urr

18
always ending in R; m'cu connecting with M3+4 at the fork or withMa shortly beyond this fork; vein cu, weaklyangulated at the pointof insertion of m-cu.
... TIPULINAE (p. .A)
Last segment of the palpi short; no distinct nasus; antennae with
Tr, T4, 15 or 16 segments, very rarely r3_segmented;wings with Sc
ending in C, with Sc" preserved; m-cu connecting with M.*. far
before its fork, the distance usually equal to or greater than thelength of the crossvein alone; in the amber fauna, m-cu lies closest
to the fork of Mr*.in Tanymera (Figs. 93_96); m_custraight, notangulated at the point of insertion of m-cu.
(LIMONIINAE) z
e. Four branches of R reach the wing-margin. .
. ...'. 3
Two or three branches of R reach the wing_margin .
. .. . 6
3. Tibial spurs present.
. . . . ..... 4
Tibial spurs lacking.
.
ERIOPTERINI; ERIOpTERARTA, GONOMYARIA (p.
96)
5c"
lying
beyond the origin of Rs; eyes glabrous.
4.
Scz lying before the origin of Rs; eyes hairy.
PEDICIINI; pEDICARIA (p. 93)
5. Apical cells of wing with macrotrichiae.
PEDICIINI; ADELpHOMYARIA (p. gz)
Apical cells of wing without macrotrichiae. HEXATOMINI
tp +si
6. Rostrum very elongate, approximately as long as the body.. . .
. 7
Rostrum shorter than the head and thorax taken together...... g
7. Legs with the setae simple; Rs longer than the basal section of Rn;__.
icell znd.r4 narrow.
HEXATOMINI; ELEPHANTOMYARTA (p. 8z)
Legs with the setae profoundly bifid; Rs and basal sectionn"fshort, subequal; celJ,znd.4 wide.
-,
ERIOPTERINI; TOXORHINARTA (p. rz+)
B. wings with R"+3 very short, oblique, ress than one-harf theoutersection of Rn".5, not exceedingcell nt Mz in length; cell R3 at wing_
margin very wide, more than four times cell znd. Rr.
STYRINGOMYIINI (p.qs)
WinSs
R"*, elongate, subequal to or longer than the outer
Tt!
section of Rn*, and much longer than celi nt M"; cell R3 atwing_
margin narrower than cell znd R,.
... LIMONIINI (p. 3!)

Subfamily Tipulinae
Tribe Tipulini.
The majority of the Tipuline crane-flies in the Amber seem
to bereferable to isolated and perhaps extinct groups within the great
genus

19
Tipul,a. The most interesting and isolated type within the subfamilyis the genus Macromastir, discussed below.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE TIPULINI.
r. Vein Sc very elongate,Scr and R' lying closetogether at wing-margin;
antennae of male very long, nearly three times as long as the entire
Macromastir O. S. (p. rq)
body.
preserved,
remotefrom the tip of Rr;
whenshorter,
Scr,
Vein Scantennae of male short, not exceedingthe length of the body, in most..... 2casesshorterthan the head and thorax
z. Cell Mr sessile,basal deflectionof Rz perpendicularat origin (FiS.Z);
cells of u'ing ber-ondthe cord with numerous macrotrichiae (Fig. 6).
Tipula; Subgenus Electrotipul.a,nov. (p. zr)
Cell 11' petiolate: basal deflection of Rz usually shorter and lessperpendicular. ceils of the wing beyond the cord without macrotrichiae, except in T. handl,irschiana (Fig. z6) and I. scud.deriana(Fig. z8), in u'hich casescell M' is petiolate.
Tipul,a; Subgenus Tipul.a Linn. (p. z3)

Manornastir Osten Sacken.
1 8 8 6 . M a u o m a s li.r O. S.: Be r lin . En t. Z e itsch r ., 3o: r85-r87.

The discoven' of a speciesof Macromastix in the Baltic Amber isof the very greares:importance. The existing membersof the genusare
virtually confined to the Antipodes, there being approximately 6odescribed speciesin \erv Zealand, more than a score in Australia andTasmania, and : or 3 in Southern South America.
The Amber species,M. bornhardliMeun., has an unusually generalized facies for a n-remberof the genus.
The antennae of the male are nearly three times as long as theentire bodr-: thr basal scapal segmentis very large and incrassated,asis usual in those .pecies of Tipulidae with greatly elongatedantennae;
second scapal sesrnent correspondingly reduced; flagellar segments
greatly elongated.sith a delicateerect pubescenceand a row of scattered,erect, spinous setae along the inner face of the organ, the function ofthese presumabiv being the same as in existing species,of aiding in the
extrication of these greatly elongated organs from the pupal sheath;secondflagellar segmentshorter,but similarly armed with spinoussetae;
remaining flagellar segmentsgradually decreasingin length. Head withthe eyeslarge, protuberant, the ommatidia small and numerous;vertical
tubercle large and simple.
2*

20
Thorax densely clothed with erect white pubescence of unusual
length. Legs with the tarsi long and slender, especially the basitarsi
which are more than twice the remaining tarsal segmentstaken together;claws small, simple. Wings (FiS. +) relatively narrow. Venation: Sc
long, Sc' not quite attaining costa, its apical half being atrophied, thebasepreservedas a strong spur that is longer than Sc2; Rs short and verystrongly arcuated; Rz nearly perpendicular, gently sinuous; cell Rz large;
m-cu longer than either of the other elements that close cell Ma (distaLsections of.Ma and Cur); Car strongly angulated at the point of insertionoI m-cu; cell znd,24.broad.
Abdomen elongate for a member of the genus. Male hypopyglum(Fig. S) with the basistyle (b) very long and slender, the outer face withrelatively long, suberect setae; only a single dististyle (d) is evident in
the unique type, this very elongate, on the outer face before midlengthwith a suberect acute spine; apex of style slightly expanded. The typeof hypopygium found here is much more generalizedthan in the existing
members of the genus,suggestingthe ancestral types in the Tanyderidae,
Psychodidae, Trichoceridae, and others.
Macrornastix

bomhardti

Meun.

bovnhardli Meun.; Neues Jahrb. Mineral.,trg. 7r (wing $), pl. 16, fig. 76 (hlpopygium$).

rgr7, Macrotnastix

rgrT:

gg-ror,pl.15,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., (no number), 6/,
holotype.
MALE. - Length rr mm.; 'tring 15mm.; antenna, about 30mm"
Antennae black throughout. Palpi \ dth the terminal segment slender,
longer than the remaining segments taken together.
Wings with a faint brown tinge, the costal region very slightly
darker; veins dark brown. Venation (FiS. +): Veins Rr and R2 relatively
close together at wing-margin, the distance between them less than Raalone; r nearly longitudinal in position, its exact location obscured byartifacts in the type; R3 elongate, approximately three times as long as
R, alone; cell rsl M2irregtlarlv pentagonal, the shortest element being
Mr+ni cell M' large, about twice the length of its petiolei rn-cu on Ma
immediately beyond its base; distal section of Czr shorter than the
distal section oI Ma; veins Cu' and zsl.4 relatively close together atwing-margin. Basal portion of vein rsl,4 forming the chitinized posterior
margin of the wing-petiole, as in the genotypl, M.costalis (Swed.);elements of the arculus in oblique alignment with &; posterior extensionof vein rsl z4lying close to that of vein znd,4.,becoming entirely obsolete
basally, the main prearcular cell being very large.

2L
Abdomen elongate, clothed with long, erect, pale setae.
Meunier states that the fly has a wing-length of zo mm, but thisis too great. The specieswas dedicated to Oberbergrat W. Bornhardt, ofBerlin.
TiPula Linn.
As is indicated elsewherein this paper, the majority of the species
pertain to isolated and probably extinct groups of the genus. As wasindicated by Loew (r85o), females of the genus Tipula appear to be very
uncommon in the Amber. The preponderance of males is presumably
due to the habit (that still obtains in many existing woodland speciesof the genus) of the males searching out their mates by mounting thetrunks of the amber pines by a part-walking, part-flying method ofprogression. While thus fluttering along the bark, it may easily be
pictured how they became enmeshed in the fresh resin of the pines.
Although very rare, females of the genus Tipula are occasionallydiscovered and show that the affinities of these small flies are really withTipul,a and not will: Macromastix. The type of T. eocenfca(Meun.) isa female with greatly reduced antennae, a character that may later befound to be typical of a certain group of the genus and which later may
warrant the erecting of a separate genus or subgenus. Other females
have a more normal Tipuline antenna that is elongate, although shorter
than that of anyof the males withwhich it maybe associated. Thus oneof these typical females in the Klebs Collection (Klebs, X S6E) showsa small speciesallied to T. rnedia but with m-cu placed some distance
before the fork of Jfr*n. The valves of the ovipositor are long, straightand heavily chitinized, the slender tergal valves greatly exceeding thesternal valves, the latter with the tips obtusely rounded.
Electrotipula,subgen. n.

Palpi elongate, especially the terminal segment, the entire palpus
nearly as long as the female antenna. Antennae rz-segmented, in themale elongate; flagellar segments nearly cylindrical, the extreme baseof each segment a trifle enlarged and here provided with a few powerfulverticils that are shorter than the segments in both sexes; surface offlagellar segments in male covered with a dense erect pubescence.
Wings (Fig. 6) rvith abundant macrotrichiae in all the cells beyond
the cord. Venation: Sc, preserved as a weak spur basad of the origin of
R3, Sczuniting with R at near one-third the length of the short, gently
arcuated sector; r in direct alignment with R', the distal section of Rr
almost so (Fig. 7); basal section of R2 elongate, perpendicular to the end

22of R,+3 at the end of the stigma, approximately equal in length to r-m;
R3 elongate:'ce[M, sessile;cell rsl Mzelongatq the outer end pointed;
m-cu inserted.on veinMa immediately beyond its origin; vein rctA
running generally parallel with Cur, cell Cu at wing-margin a iittle
narrower than cell M4, cell rsl ,4 thus being very wide at margin.
MaJe hypopygium moderately incrassated. Ovipositor with small,
fleshy valves.
Type of subgenus. - Tipul,a (Electrotipula) pinetorurn, sp. n.
(Lower Oligocene-Baltic Amber).
The present fly is an extremely interesting type that exhibits several
features of great interest. In its venation, the speciesshows some characters of the gews Nephrotoma.,notably the sessilecell Mrand relatively
short Rs. However, the point of insertion of m-cu would place it closer
to the genus Tipula where it would appear to represent a new subgenericgroup, distinguished especially by the unusual length of the basal
section of vein Rz and the corresponding arrangement of the veins inthis field of the wing (Fig. 7), the sessile cell M,, the abundant macrotrichiae on the wing-membrane and the structure of the antennae andovipositor.

Tipula (Electrotipula) pinetorurn, sp. n.
MALE.-Length about 6.5mm.; wing about 7mm.; antenna aboutmm.
5
FEMALE. - Length about 6 mm.; wing about 7.5 mm.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Berlin Museum, 6f , holotype. Geol.
fnst., No. B t4864, Q, allotype.
Antennae of male elongate, if bent backward extending to beyond
midlength of the abdomen; first scapal segmentshort-cylindrical; flagellar
segmentsvery elongate, gradually decreasing in length outwardly. In
the female, the flagellar segments are shorter.
Wings grayish subhyaline, the stigma distinct, darker brown; veinsdark browni pale obliterative areas at the end of Rs, basal section ofM,*" and basal portion of the basal section of.M3. The macrotrichiae
occupy not only the cells beyond the cord, more abundantly so in theradial and medial fields, but there are a few scattered trichiae in the
distal ends of cells R and M. Wings with a short basal petiole; anal
margin with a row of elongate setae.
Abdomen in male dark brown, the caudal margins of the tergites
with very narrow paler margins; in the female, the tergites seemto show
a reversal of this pattern, the basal half or less being pale, the caudal

23
margin dark brown. The details of the male hypopygium cannot be
plainly detected in the type but the caudal margin of the tergite appeaxs
io be notched medially. The ovipositor has the valves very small andfleshy. In the type female, there are seven large, oval, black eggs extruded into the amber block.

SubgmusTiPula Lnn.
A considerable number of names have been proposed by various
authors, some of tvhich are valid and are consideredbelow. other names
are unrecognizable or must be held tobe nornina nuda. The following
names have been omitted from consideration in this paper:
Tiputa antiqua, T. curaicornisand T- protogaeaPresl (r8zz), un.
recognizablefrom the descriptions and, in somecasesat least, of uncertain
g"rr"i-i" position. Tipula breuirostris, T. eucera and ?. gol'iath Loew
(rg5o), ill nomina nuda and the types apparently lost. ,T.,crass'ipes,
T.-cul.iciformr,s and T. terricola Meunier (1899), unrecognizable or nomina nud.a. T. grandissimaMew. (19o6)has not been seenby the writerand is omitted from the accompanying key. The four species, Tipul,agraciosa, T. longipalpis, T. maior and ?. med'ia Meunier (19o6) have
Leen studied and are re-described at this time. The fly described by
Meunier as Brachyprernna eocenica(19o6) is certainly not a rnember ofis herein considered as being an aberrant species
Brackypremnn^naof. Tipula.
KEY TO THE AMBER SPECIES OF TIPULA LINNAEUS.
(MALES ONLY).
2
r. Apical cells of the wing with abundant macrotrichiae''''""'''' '''' 3
Cells of the *ing without macrotrichiae. -.
z. Macrotrichiae of wing membrane confined to cells beyond the cord
(Fig. z8); tn less than one-third the petiole of cell M''
sp. n. (P. Sz)
T. scudd,eriana.,
the outerincludingextensive,
more
membrane
Macrotrichiae of wingas thelong
nearlyasends of cells R, M, Cu and.Isl, Fig.z6);m
(p'
n'
sp.
T. handlirschiana,
Sz)petiole of cell M,.
mm.)'
ro
than
(more
(d)
elongate
Antennae
3.
T. I'ongipalpis Meun. (P. z+). .'" "' 4
mm.).
(less
than
(6f
shorter
Antennae
7)present. $
is
when
this
spot
stigmalthe
4. wings uniform in color, except
clouds'Wings subhyaline, variegated with brownT. presl,iana,,sp. n. (P. zl)

24
5. Male hypopygium with the ninth sternite bearing two elongate,
finger-like lobes that are directed caudad (Fig. rr).
T. d,igitifera, sp. n. (p z6)
Male hypopygrum without such finger-like lobes. .
... . . 6
6. Ninth tergite of male hypopygium produced medially into a short,broadly depressed median lobe that appears to be narrow, whenviewed from the side (Fig. 9). .. .
. ...... .. 7
Ninth tergite not produced medially; in some cases (Fig. ro) eachlateral angle long-produced.
.. .. . ...rr
7. Median lobe of ninth tergite, when viewed laterally, appearing
short and blunt (Fig.g). ...
.........8Median lobe of ninth tergite, when viewed laterally, appearing
long and acutely pointed (Figs.17, 22). ..
........98. Ninth sternite with a small, acute, median spine (Fig. 9).
T. media Meun. (p. zS)
Ninth sternite not so armed (Fig. z5). T. graciosa Meun. (p. Sr)
9. Outer dististyle of male hypopygium (Fig. 19) with two acutespines.
T. spinistyla, sp. n. (p. So)
Outer dististyle of male hypopygium unarmed.
...... ..roro. Lobe of ninth tergite, when viewed laterally, appearing gently
upcurved (Figs. r7, rB). . .
T. maior Meun. (p. z8)
Lobe of ninth tergite, when viewed laterally, appearing strongly
decurved, beak-like (Fig. zz)T. falco, sp. n. (p. So)
rr. Lateral lobes of ninth tergite slender but blunt at tips (Fig. ro).
T. submed.ia,sp. n. (p. z6)
Lateral lobes of ninth tergite long and powerful, produced apicallyinto an acute spine (Fig. rz).
T. phoracantha,sp. n. (p. zZ)
Tipula (?) eocenica(Meun.) is known only from the unique female
type and is omitted from the above key to the males. The fly is readily
distinguished by the structure of the antennae which show but rr
segments.

Tipula longipalpis Meun.
19o6. Tipula longipalpis
fig. 3 (antennad),Meunier;Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique,pl. 16, fig. 4 (palpus 6f).

MATERIAL STUDIED. holotype.

pp. 3gz_3g3,

pl. t6,

Klebs Coll., No. K 45o3, 543, d,

As stated by Meunier, the unique type lacks both wings. Meuniergives additional notes on a female that he determines as being thisspecies,but whether the two are actually conspecific is not certain.

2bMALE. - Length about 16.5 mm.; abdomen alone rr mm.; antenna about rr mm.
The characters have been well described and figured by Meunier.
The antennae extend to opposite mid-iength of the abdomen; flagellar
segments long-cylindrical, the basal enlargement very small; verticilsof the basal flagellar segmentsshort, those on the subterminal segments
longer, the longest not exceeding one-third the length of the segmentMale hypopygium strongly incrassated, the enlargement involving
all the segmentsbeyond the fifth. Unfortunately, no conspicuousdetailsof structure can be given from this specimen,other than that the dististyles are small and do not project far beyond the generally rounded
contour of the apex of the abdomen.

Tipula media Meun.
t9o6. Tipula

medio Meurier;(wing, f).

IIon.

Tipulidae

Ambre

Baltique,p. 392, pl. 15, fig. 13

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. zr, 6/, selectedas
lectotype. Additional specimens:No. K 32, d, determinedbyMeunier
as T. maior; No. K z4r, C; No. K4o34, zr8, l; No. K15z6, {;No. K 1834, J . Geol. Inst. Coll., 648, d; 2776, l;
r4t6r, l;
r43r4, l; 14669,j; 1679S,d; B r69t7, l.
In the Geol. Inst. Collection, No. 5588, determined as media by
Meunier is his graciosa; Nos. zB33 and 38z6 are not media but their
exact further identity cannot be confirmed. An additional specimen
is in the British )Iuseum, No. r87o3 (ex Mus. Stantien et Becker,
No. r35o9, j).
Wings gravish, the stigma oval, brown; veins brownish black.
Venation (Fig. 3): Rs relatively short, about one-half longer than R"*r;
tip of Rz entirelv preserved,its length somewhat variable; ce|l rct M2
relatively elongare; cell M, approximately twice its petiole.
Maie hvpop]'glum (FiS.q) relatively small, the sclerites of theninth segment more or less fused; tergal region extended caudally intoa short median lobe; sternite extensive,on median line near base (S9)with a slender,acicular, blackenedspine, the tip acute, directed ventrad
and slightly caudad. Eighth sternite (S B) unarmed. Basistyle small,the apex narrorved, the suture indicated beneath. Dististyles small
and relatively inconspicuous; outer dististyle produced into a spine(Fig. 9, enlarged sub-figure).
The three small species of. Tipul,a described by Meunier (graciosa,maior and media) are very insufficiently defined by their describer.

26
The specieswere based on the relative size of the wings, with only asingle millimeter's difference between each of them. This is unquestionable a highly variable character that is further complicated by the factthat the measurementsas given by Meunier in his keys (1.c., p.362)
are in all casesr mm. greater than those given in the original diagnoses(1."., pp. 3gr--3g2). The three specieshave been studied by the writerand lectotypes designated for each. T. media may be recognizedby thepresenceof a slender spine on the ninth sternite of the male hypopygtum.

Tipula submedia,sp.n.
Klebs Coll., No. K 1837, 6f , holoMATERIAL STUDIED. type. The specimen had been earlier determined by Meunier as being
his ?. media.
MALE. - Length about B.5mm.; wing 9.5mm.
General size and structure as in T. media Meun., the structure of
the male hypopygium very distinct.
Male hypopygium (Fig. ro) moderately dilated, the ninth tergite(t 9) massive, the caudal lateral angles produced caudad into slender,
straight rods that are gently expanded outwardly; their tips obtuse.
Ninth sternite massive, conically narrowed outwardly, at apex with apowerful spinous lobe directed dorsad.
The hypopygium of this speciesvaguely suggeststhat of T- scudd,eriana, sp, n.

Tipula digitifera, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED.-

KlebsColl.,No. K 7848,D 46, d,holotype. The specimen had been earlier determined by Meunier
as being his T. maior.
MALE. - Length about rrmm.; wing about r2mm.
Antennae relatively slender, brownish black throughout; flagellar
segments with small basal enlargements, the longest verticils of theouter segments a trifle shorter than the segments alone.
Wings grayish subhyaline; stigma brown; veins brownish black.
Male hypopygrum (Fig. rr) moderately large. Ninth tergite small;from what appears to be the lateral angle of the tergite there extends
a slender, strongly curved, black chitinized hook; the possibility existsthat these hooks may represent styli lying in this position and appearing
to be tergal in origin. Better preserved material will be needed to fully
settle the details of structure of the hypopygium. Basistyle large,

i

I

27
extending cephalad to the eighth sternite; dististyle small, the caudaledge produced into a slender hairy lobe, the dorsal edge into a low
rounded tubercle that is sparsely setiferous. Ninth sternite with twolong, cylindrical, finger-like lobes that are directed caudad, the lobes
fleshy, pale, provided with short erect setulae. Eighth sternite unarmed.
T. digitilera differs notably from other described species of thegenus in the pincer-like digitiform lobes on the ninth sternite.

Tipula phoracantho,sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED.-

Klebs Coll.,No. K 7849,D 47, C,

holotype. Determined by Meunier as being his ?. maior. Paratype,d, in the Geol. Inst. Coll.
MALE. - Length about rzmm.; wing about r3.5mm.
Antennae of male slender,the basal swellingsof the flagellar segmentsslight; verticils relatively long and slender, approximately equal inlength to the segments that bear them.
Wings grayish subhyaline, the costal margin somewhat darker;
stigma oval, darker broun; veins brownish black. Venation: Rs gently
arcuated at origin; tip of R2 entirely preserved; petiole of cell M' longer
than m; m-cu on J.ta shortly beyond its origin.
Male hypopvgium (Fig. rz) of very remarkable structure. Ninthtergite (t 9) large, the caudal margin transverse or nearly so, the dorsal
surface with dense setae of moderate length; caudal lateral angles of
the tergite produced caudad into a powerful flattened blade, the tip
extended into a porverful straight spine. Ninth sternite extensive,produced caudad into a small rounded point. Dististyles slender; outerstyle a slender, curved, boomerang-shapedstructure; inner style broadat base, the apex narrowed, before the tip on the cephalic face with aslender beak-like extension that is longer than the apex beyond it.
Eighth sternite unarmed.
T. phoracantha.difrers from all other speciesso far described by thepeculiar structure of the male hypopygrum.

Tipula presliana, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. CoIl., 61, holotype.
MALE. - Length about rr mm.; wing about rr mm.
The entire cephalic end of the type is badly crushed and eviscerated.
The abdomen is light reddish brown, on the fifth and succeeding abdominal segmentspassing into blackish to form a distinct dark terminal

28
ring. Fragments of the antennae that are preserved indicate an organof moderate length only.
Wings (Fig. 13) subhyaline, handsomely pictured with brown;
stigma oval, dark brown; paler brown clouds are distributed over themembrane as follows: At fork of Rs, extending to cell tst Mz and there
becoming confluent with a somewhat larger cloud that occupies theouter half of cell ntMz and the base of cellzndMzi a very large andsomewhat darker colored cloud surrornds m-cu; a cloud on vein R3
in both cells Rz and R3; a cloud adjoining veinCu' near midlength ofcell M; the ground-color of the wing immediately distad of this lattercloud and before the large one at m-cu is brighter, almost whitish, than
the ground-color. Conspicuous obliterative areas at the fork of Rs
and the basal section of M,*.. Venation: Rs moderately long, in alignment with R,*r; cell M'Iarge and ample; ln-cu connecting with vein
Ma a short distance beyond its origin; Cuz extending almost to thewing-margin.
Male hypopygium badly discolored and distorted in the unique
type. The dististyles (Fig. 14) are borne near the apex of the basistyleand appear to be shaped as indicated in the drawing.
This handsome fly is named in honor of Professor Johann S. Presl,a pioneer in the study of the Amber Diptera. T. presliana is distinguishedfrom the other described Amber Tipwl,aeby the handsomely patternedwings. It is to be hoped that additional material will be forthcoming
so the rather peculiar structure of the male hypopyglum may be moreclearly described.

Tipula rnajor Meun.
tgo6. Tipulamaior Meunier;Mon. Tipulidae

Ambre

Baltique,p. 392.

MATERIAL STUDIED. -Klebs CoIl.,No. K1674,23r, d,selected
lectotype. Additional specimens: Klebs Coll., No. K r83r, d; Geol.
Inst., No. 1679r-,6l, paratype; No. zgoo of.the type-seriesis doubtfully
maior; No. 64zo is a distinct species(describedin this paper as T. spinistyl,a, sp. n.).
Wings (Fig. 15) grayish subhyaline; stigma long-oval, rather darkbrown; veins brownish black. Venation: Tip of R' beyond r short,approximately one-half r alone; R,*, longer than the distal sectionof Rz which is well-preserved; m-cu at the fork of. Mr*n.
Male hypopygium (Fig. r7) moderately incrassated. Ninth tergite.
(Fig. 16) with a broadly flattened median lobe, directed caudad, whenviewed from the side (Fig. rB) appearing as a very depressedlobe, the29

Fig.13v-.
fig. 15

Fig.18.4..*----n(^)

Fig.l7I

Fig.20

Fig.27.

apex acute and slightly upcurved. Basistyle massive,truncated apically,
fused with the ninth sternite except beneath; caudal margin of ninth
sternite beneath with numerous short setae. Outer dististyle (Fig. 17)
large, broad, flattened, the margin fringed with short setae but nototherwise armed. Eighth sternite with a median tuft of setae that lie
appressedto the ninth sternite.
Tipula maior is distinguished from the related forms by the shapeof the median lobe of the ninth tergite, the unarmed outer dististyleand the median brush of setae on the eighth sternite.

30
Tipula spinistyla, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No. 642o, i, holotype (from Meunier's type series of. T.maior).
MALE. - Length about romm.; wing about romm.
Generally similar to T. ma'ior Meun., differing in the structureof the rnale hypopygium.
MaIe hypopygium (Fig. 19) with the ninth tergite produced mediallylobe, the apex of which is obtusely rounded;
into a broad, very d.epressedviewed laterally (Fig. zo), the median lobe of the tergite is seen to beof moderate height, the apex truncated. outer dististyle broadly
flattened, the dorsal margin with two large blackened teeth, the margin
between broadly rounded and heavily blackened. Inner dististyleheavily blackened, with short dense black setae, the margin heavily
chitinized. Basistyle incompletely separated from the ninth sternite,
the suture indicated ventrally and dorsally. The sternite is deformedin the unique type and cannot be accurately described. The species
should be readily recognized by the spinous outer dististyles-

Tipula falco, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. holotype, paratopot5rpes, t {,same block as the type.

Geol. Inst. Coll., No. n B 744,
r additional wing, preserved in the
4

MALE. - Length about 8.5 mm.; wing 8.5 mm.
Frontal prolongation of the head relatively short and stout, thenasus distinct, entire. Antennae (6f ) relatively long, if bent backward
extending nearly to the base of the abdomen; flagellar segmentscylindrical, each with a slight basal enlargement that is provided with twoor three long verticils on the outer face and one or two shorter ones on
the inner face; terminal segment only one-third the length of the penultimate.
Wings (Fig. zr) whitish subhyaline, the stigma oval, brown; veins
darker brown. Venation: Sc2ending before midlength of Rs, the latter
short, gently arcuated; r rvith conspicuous macrotrichiae (about 8)
on its entire length; tip of Rz entirely preserved, all but the distal third
with dense trichiae; cell M, about twice its petiole.
Male hypopygium (Fig. zz\ with the eighth tergite very narrow,telescopedbeneath the seventh tergite. Ninth tergite and sternite fused
into a ring, the caudal margin of the former produced caudad into a31
median chitinized beak, the extreme apex slightly decurved, acute,resembling the beak of a bird of prey. Eighth sternite produced caudad
into a broad, flattened, tongue-Iike median lobe that is margined withconspicuousyellow setae. Basistyle complete, the caudal margin rounded
and fringed with very short setulae. Dististyles arising from the ventral
portion of the basistyle, flattened, the apex expanded into a head,
the anterior margin of which is further produced into a blunt beak,the posterior margin fringed with short, inconspicuous setulae; fromthe mesal surface of these styli, a conical pale lobe juts ventrad, its
surface covered with conspicuous setae. Caudal portion of the regionof the ninth sternite somewhat triangularly produced, the apex provided
with long coarse setae.
The rich representation of lower forms of Diptera that were contained in the single block of amber containing the types of. Tipula lalcohas been discussed in the introduction to this paper.

Tipula graciosa, Meun.
:;9o6. Tipula graciosa lfeunier;fig. rr(antenn.

d),IIon. Tipulidae

Ambre Baltique, pp. 39r-392'

pl. 15,

fig. rz (wing).

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. ColI., No.56oo, 6/, selected as lectotype; the same block of amber contains a secondmore fragmentary 6 that is made a paratype. Meunier's second number(Geol. Inst., \o. 2667) is in poor condition but does not seemto beconspecifics'ith the lectotype. Another i (Geol. Inst., No. 5588),determined by Meunier as T. media.
The wing-venation of the lectotype is shown in Fig. 23. The abnormal wing figured by Mrs. Meunier is from the paratype specimen,
a tiny adventitious cell being cut off from the base of cell rsi M.by anadventitious crossvein connecting veins M,*, and Mr*n.
Maie hypopvgium (Fig. za) with the ninth tergite broad, the medianarea produced slightl.v caudad into a low, obtusely rounded lobe- Basistyle partially fused with the tergite, the suture straight but incomplete'
Ninth sternite (Fig. z5) profoundly notched beneath, the basistyleseparatedfrom it br- a long suture, almost as in the caseof the tergite.
Outer dististyle a pale, broadly flattened lobe, the apex shallowly emarginate; inner dististyle terminating in a slender, finger-like lobe that
ends in about three slender pencils of bristles, the surface of the stylewith additional appressedsetae.

32
Tipula handlirschiana,sp.n.
MATERIALSTUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., e, holotype.
FEMALE. - Length about 9mm.; wing rr.smm.
Frontal prolongation of the head relatively stout, the nasus distinct.
Last segment of palpi very long, more than one-half the length of theantenna. Antennae of moderate length, if bent backward extending
about to the rving-root; flagellar segments subcylindrical, the outer
segments slightly enlarged at base and here provided with four or fiveverticils, the longest exceeding the segment in length.
Legs long and slender; tibiae a little longer than the femora ; tarsi
about one-half longer than the tibiae; tibial spurs slender. Wings (Fig. z6)
with a faint brownish tinge; stigma oval, darker brown. All of the cells
in the distal two-fifths of the wing with conspicuous macrotrichiae, as
indicated by dots in the figure; stigma hairy. Venation: R,*. straight;
basal section of Rz longer than usual, nearly vertical; outer sectionof R2 preserved; vein R3 long, toward the tip directed rather strongly
toward the wing-apex; petiole of cell M, short; ln-cu on Ma immediately
beyond its origin; Cu"Ionger than in any other Tipulid known to thewriter, paralleling vein Cu, for its whole length and attaining the wingmargin; cell znd A of moderate width.
The type would seem to represent a female with the valves of theovipositor short and fleshy as in certain groups of. Tipula (as the collaris
group) and in Macromastix. The tergal valves (Fig. zil are short,cylindrical, fleshy, provided with conspicuous setae; sternal valves
somewhat more compressed,the tips narrowly subacute. The species
is dedicated to the distinguished authority on Palaeoentomology,
Dr. Anton Handlirsch.
Tipula scudderiana, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. ColI., 6/, holotype.
MALE. - Length about 8.5 mm.; wing 9 mm.; antenna nearlymm.
4Frontal prolongation of the head relatively short, the nasus longand slender. Antennae relatively long, if bent backward extending
approximately to the base of the abdomen; flageilar segments with aconspicuous basal enlargement that is provided with about four long
verticils; segments beyond the verticils a littie constricted; surfaceof the segments with abundant erect pale setae.
Wings (Fig. zB) relatively long and narrow, the cells beyond thecord with conspicuous macrotrichiae, these becoming fewer in number

33

Fig.25

ru.24

Fig.27

Fig.28

Fig.3lHg.30
in the medial cells rvhere they are more abundant in the apical portionsof the wing; no macrotrichiaein cells R., R or M. Venation: Sc2ending
shortly beyond midlength of the relatively short Rs; cell rsl Mzsomewhat variable in shape,the secondsectionof M,*. and the basal sectionof. M3longest; rr about one-fourth the length of the petiole of. cell M'.
Male hypopygrum (Fig. z9) greatly incrassated, this enlargement
involving abdominal segmentsseven to nine inclusive; apices of tergites
five to nine rvith a brush of conspicuous setae near the median line.
Lateral angles of ninth tergite produced caudad into relatively slenderrods that are directed caudad, their tips slightly incurved and weakly
Bernsteinforschungen,

Heft

2.

3

34
expanded, the apex of each with microscopic setulae. Basistyle complete
or virtually so, the dorsal and ventral sutures straight, parallelingone another; outer dististyle small, expanded beyond base. Ninthsternite from the mid-line of the ventro-caudal portion bearing a conspicuous Y-shaped structure (Fig. 3o); lateral margins of sternite fringed
with conspicuous setae.
Named in honor of Dr. Samuel Hubbard Scudder.
Tipula (?) eocenica (Meun.).
tgo6. Brachypretnna eocenica Meunier;fig. 6 (antenna t).

Mon. Tipulidae

Ambre

Baltique,p. 394, pl. 16,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No.7gro, g, holotype.
FEMALE. - Length about r4mm.i wing about r2mm.
The fly is in a fair state of preservation.
The antennae are as described and figured by Meunier, not much
longer than the head, about equal in length to the elongate terminal
segment of the palpus, stout; terminal flagellar segmentsmuch reducedin size and crowded, the three last segments very small, shorter thanthe preceding two taken together. Tibial spurs distinct. Wing (Fig. 3r)
with the stigma well-defined, dark brown. Venation: Terminal sectionof Rz entirely preserved, longer than r alone; cell M, much longer thanits petiole. The apex of the wing is badly flexed and the course of theveins cannot be clearly distinguished. Ovipositor with the tergpl valvesstraight, relatively slender, the tips obtuse; sternal valves shorter andstouter.
The strict generic reference of the present fly is somewhat in doubt
but it seemsbest to place it in Tipula until the male sex is discovered.
Under no circumstances can it be referred to BrachyprernnnrOsten
Sacken, as was done by Meunier.

Subfamily Limoniinae.
The Amber Limoniinae includes representatives of five tribes,
Tanysphyra,
the Limoniini (Limonia), Hexatomini (Palaeopoecil'ostola,
Tanymera, Pilaria,
Trickonewra, Pseudolimnophil'a, Limnophila,
El,ephantomyia), Pediciini (Tricyphona), Eriopterini (Dasymolophilus,
x, Gnophomyia) and StyringoOrmosia, Erioptera, E mpeda, Rhabd.omasti
myiini (Styringomyia) being so represented. The generic names inparentheses indicate the most characteristic genera in the Amber.

35
Tribe Limoniini.
The four genera,Limo ni a, H el'ius, T kaumastopt era and D i cranoptycha,
have been taken in the Amber, each being the type of a distinct subtribe. Limonia is especially abundant and characteristic, and there
are probably many additional speciesto be discovered. The hypopygial
characters of members of this genus in the Amber are in most cases
poorly defined and chief reliance must be placed upon the venationand the structure of the antennae.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE LIMONIINI.
r. Cross-vein r lacking; rostrum of moderate length, approximately
Hel'ius St. Farg. (p. +z)
as long as the head.
r present;rostrum shorterthan the head. . ..........2
Cross-vein
Limonia Meig. (p. SS)
2. Antennae r4-segmented; claws toothed.
.. . . ..3
Antennae r6-segmented;claws simple.
zsl
of
R"*.;
cell
openbyplacedmidlengthM,
before3. Cross-veinr
the atrophy of the outer deflection of M3i rn-cu more than its own
Thaumastoptera Mik. (p. +r)
length before the fork of M.
Cross-veinr at near trvo-thirds the length of R"*r; cell rsl Mz closed;.. DicranoptychaO. S. (p. +o)m-cu beyond the fork of. M.
Limonia Meigen.
t8oo. Amphinonte \leigen; Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 15 (nomen nudum, preoccupied inAnnelida).
r8o3. Limonia \Ieigen; Illiger's Mag., z: z6z.
t8r8. Lirnnobia }leigen; Syst. Beschr. Zwei{I. Ins., r: 116.
r85o, Ataracta I-oew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p. 38.

Besides the five species considered as valid and described below,
two additional names have been proposed for Amber species of thegenus. Limonia deleta(Giebel) (Ins. Vorwelt, p. 246; 1856) is unrecognizable and probably does not represent a true member of the genus.
Limonia grandis ()Ieunier) (Miscell. Ent.,7: r7z; r.9gg)must be held
as being unrecognizable from Meunier's description although the typespecimen (K6nigsberg Mus., No. r447o YI 83ro) may still be extant
and serve to validate the name. Loew (Bernstein, etc., p.38; r85o)
believed that he could difierentiate eight distinct speciesof his supposed
new genus Ataracta, a s5monJrrnof. Limonia.
KEY TO THE AMBER SPECIES OF LIMONIA MEIGEN.
r. Sc elongate, ending beyond midlength and usually near two-thirds
the length of Rs.
. ..... .z3*

36
Sc relatively short, ending before midlength and usually near one........4
third the length of Rs.
2. Cross-vein m-cu long and sinuous; (male antennae with the basal
two flagellar segments rounded, the succeeding segments oval;
segmentswith short apical pedicels). L. sinuata (Meun.) (p.Sq)... . . ....3
Cross-vein
m-cu straight.....
3. Flagellar segments short-oval to oval, with distinct apical pedicels;wings with Rs and the basal section of Rn*, in alignment.
L.lobata (Meun.) (p. SZ)
Flagellar segments elongate-oval to truncate-fusiform, without
apical pedicels; wings with Rs and the basal section of Rn*, in oblique
L. meunieri, sp. n. (p. S6)
aliglment.
4. Flagellar segmentsa1l elongate-oval, without glabrous apical pedicels.
L. graniosa(Meun.) (p. Sq)
Flagellar segmentsone to six with the lower face strongly produced,
each segment terminating in a short glabrous pedicel.
L. fl,agellata,sp. n. (p. SB)

Limonia nuunieri, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 45r, 6, holotype.
MALE. - Length about 6.Bmm.; wing 7.zmm.
Antennae relatively long, the flagellar segments (Fig.SZ) elongateoval to truncate-fusiform, not at all produced laterally and without
apical pedicels although the extremities of the segments are glabrous;
segments gradually narrowed outwardly; flagellar segments four toeleven nearly equal to one another in length, the terminal segment
one-half longer than the penultimate, strongly pointed at tip.
Wings (Fig. 3z) subhyaline, the short-oval stigma brown; veinsdark brown. Venation: Sc elongate, Sc, ending about opposite threefourths the length of Rs, Scz not far from its tip; Rs nearly in aiignment with the basal section of Rn*, and more than twice the lengthof the latter; r attip of R, and near one-third the length of R"*r; cellr.stMz relatively short, the veins beyond it correspondingly elongated,
all longer than the cell; m-cu at the fiork of. M.
Male hypopygrum with the ventral dististyles elongate-oval.
Limonia meunieri is named in honor of Fernand Meunier, authority
on the Amber Diptera. It is a large and vigorous species,nearly blackin color, with the eyes of the male above contiguous or nearly so.

JI

w,
.w
w ffi
w'.Y

Frg.32
Fig.33

Fig.39 Fig.40
Fig.3? Fig.38

Fig.35

Fig.36
Fig.44

Fig.42

Fig.4lFig.43

Fig.45Limonia lobata (Meun.).

19o6. Dicranomyia(antenna

lobala lleunier;Mon. Tipulidae
j).

Ambre Baltique,p. g6l, pl. rz, frg. r5), fig. z ihy'popygium

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. K 64, 6, lectotype.
All other specimens indicated by Meunier as being this species are
uncertain; Klebs Coll.,No. zr5r; Geol.Inst. Coll.,Nos.279r,54ro,6698
and Bor5, all d,j. Most of these show the sinuous m-cu cross-veinof. L. sinuata (Meun.) and are doubtfully identical with the lectotype.

38
Basal segment of the antennal scape slightly paler than the black
remainder of the organ. Head almost black. Thorax light brown.
Abdominal tergites much darker than the sternites.
Antennae about as figured by Meunier, the basal flagellar segments
generally short-oval, becoming narrower and more elongate-oval distally,
the terminal segment longer and more pointed than figured by Mrs.
Meunier. The faces of the individual segments are not asymmetrically
produced as in fl,agel,lata;flagellar segments with short glabrous apical
pedicels.
Halteres relatively short, the knobs large. Wings (Fig. 33) relatively narrow, grayrsh subhyaline, the stigma oval, pale brown; veinsdark brown. Veins with long, conspicuous macrotrichiae. Venation:
Sc1 ending beyond three-fourths the length of Rs, Scz not far from its
tip; Rs angulated at origin, shorter than the penultimate section of R'ir at tip of R'i basal section of Rn*, about one-half Rs; cell rst Mz closed,
about as long as vein Ma beyond it; m-cu shortly before the fork of.M,
Male hypopygium with the ventral dististyles appearing as large,oval, fleshy lobes.

Limoniaflagellata, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs CoIl., Nr. 7879, D 89, d holotype.
MALE. - Length about 5 mm.; wing 4.8 mm.
ResembiesL. l,obata(Meunier), differing in the venation and structure of the antennae.
Antennae of male (Fig. 38) with the basal flagellar segmentshaving
the lower or inner face strongly produced, the apex of each segment a
short glabrous pedicel; flagellar segments one to seven are so markedly
produced as to give the antenna a serrulate appearance; penultimate
and antepenultimate segments more oval, the last segment one-halflonger than the penultimate, its apex pointed; setae on outer face offlagellar segmentspaired, much longer than the single seta on the innerface. Rostrum produced, more than one-half the length of the head;
head and its appendagesdark throughout.
Wings (FiS. S+) subhyaline; stigma ovbl, pale brown; veins darkbrown. Wings broader than in L. lobata, the cells being correspondingly
wider. Venation: Sc relatively short, Scr ending just before midlengthof Rs, Scz about one-half the length of Sc'; Rs nearly three times thebasal deflection of Rn*r; r at tip of Rri cell rsl Mz short-rectangular,
about two-thirds the length of vein Ma beyond it; m-cu at or just beyond

39
the fork of M. Macrotrichiaeof veins a little shorterthan in I'obatabut
still long and conspicuous.
Limonia sirntata (Meun.).
1916. Dicranomyia sinuata Meunier; Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell., 68: 49o-49r'
S).
fig. 3o (antenna j), fig. 3r (wing), fig. 3z (hlpopygium

Geol. Inst., il, lectotype; paratSpes,
MATERIAL STUDIED. t6,2??.
This speciesis small but the male measuresa full millimeter morethan the figure given by Meunier (Male, Length 3.5 mm.; wing 4.3 mm.
Female, Length ,1.6mm.; wing 4.6 mm.), his descriptionotherwisebeing
excellent.
Antenna ot male (Fig. Sq) with the basal two to four flagellar
segments subglobular, the outer segments passing through oval into
elongate-oval, the individual segments with a short apical pedicel; allflagellar segmentswith two or three verticillate setae at near midlengthof the outer face, the entire arrangement producing a unilateralappearance; inner face of segments with numerous stout setulae but
no verticils.
Wings (Fig. :r) with Sc relatively elongate, Scr ending at near
three-fourths the length of Rs, Scz near its tip; Rs elongate, gently
arcuated at origin; cell rslMz short-rectangular; m-cu at or before thefork of M, long and gently sinuous.
In the female, the flagellar segments are more uniformly oval.
Ovipositor with the valves relatively small and slender.
As indicated under l,obata,this speciesis very close to lobata if not
identical with it.

Limonia graciosa (Meun')
1916. Dicranotttfia graciosa Meunier; Zeitschr. Deutsch.
fig. z8 (anten-na j), fig.. e9 (wing).

Geol. Gesell., 68: 489-49o,

MATERI^\I STUDIED. - Geol. Inst., il, holotype.
MALE. - Length about 6.5 mm.; wing 6.3 mm.
As in the caseof the last-mentioned species,the present fly is Iarger
than indicated by }Ieunier, the abdomen of the unique type being flexedback across the thoracic sternum.
Antennae (Fig. 4o) with the basal flagellar segments subglobular,
the remaining segments passing through oval to elongate-cylindrical,
the segments not provided with terminal pedicels.

40Wings (Fig. 36) with a strong brownish tinge, the veins dark brown.
Venation: Sc relatively short, Sc' ending near one-third the length ofRs, Sczabout twice its length from the tip of Sc'; Rs gently angulated atorigin; m-cu straight, about equal to the distal section of Cu,, placed
shortly beyond the fork of M.
Dicranoptycha
r85g. Dicranoptyoha

Osten Sacken.

Osten Sacken; Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia,fott85g:. zr7.

The genus Dicranoptycla includes a score of described recent
species,of which rr are Nearctic, 5 Ethiopian and 4 Palaearctic. The
discovery of a species in the Amber was of exceptional interest.

Dioanoptycha electrina, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. Geol. fnst., J, holotype (Ex Mus.
Stantien & Becker, No. 4zB).
MALE. - Lengttr about 8 mm.; wing 7.5 mm.
General coloration in Amber shiny black, in living individuals
presumably with a pruinosity.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae r6-segmented (Fig. 4z) thebasal segments of the flagellum cylindrical, nearly as long as the succeeding two taken together, the remaining segmentsbecoming more elongated; all segments with conspicuous verticils, the longest arranged unilaterally, approximately three times the length of the segment bearing
them. Genae with conspicuous erect black setae.
Legs black; middle tibiae exceeding the middle femora; posterior
tibiae shorter than the posterior femora. Wings (Fig. 4r) dark brownwith a restricted light yellow pattern, distributed as follows: Base ofwing, both before and beyond the arculus but not including cell C;
AnaJ angle of wing in the basal half of cell znd,A; wing-margin at endof vein znd A; a large rectangular area at origin of Rs, including thespace between veins R and M; a conspicuous cross-band at the cord,
completely traversing the wing; a small circuiar spot beyond the stigma
with r as a center; cell C somewhat paler than the remaining dark colorof the wing; veins dark brown, paler in the yellowish areas. Macrotrichiae well-distributed on the veins but apparently lacking on vein
znd A. Venation: Scr ending just before the fork of Rs, Scz near its
tip and about twice its length; Rs long, angulated to weakly spurredat origin, in alignment with R++si R,+s nearly perpendicular at origin;r less than its own length from the tip of Rr and on R,*, at near twothirds the length; the latter vein beyond it bent toward the wing-tip;

4lvein R"+3 and the outer section of Rn*, generally parallel throughout
their entire extent; r-m beyond midlength of cell xt Mz; basal sectionof M,*o strongly arcuated; m only about one-third the length of theouter deflection of M3, veins M,*. and M3 thus being approximatedat origin; inner end of cell tstMz a trifle moreproximadthan the innerend of cell R3i m-cu at near two-thirds the length of cell rstM2; vein
rsl z4 with the distal third sinuous.
The beautiful wing-pattern readily distinguishes the Amber Dicranoptycha from all of the existing species of the genus.

Thaumastoptera Mik.
1866. Thaumastoptera \Iik;Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,

16: 3oz.

The only describedliving speciesof the genus is the type, Thaumastoptera calceataIIik, \\-ith a rvide distribution in the Western Palaearctic
Region. Asecond species,undulata Ckll. andHaines, is found in the Gurnet Bay beds. The flv describedas T. aldabrezsasEdwards (Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, Zoologv,r5, part 2:zo;; rgrz) is not a member of thegenus
but belongs to the subgenus Ptilostena Bergroth ol Gonomyia Meigen.
The discovery of a speciesof. Thaumastopterain the Amber is of especial
interest. T. electra difiers from cal,ceatain the uniforrnly darkened legsand details of venation.

Thaumastopteraelectra: sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Fritsch Coll., No. 43, ?, holotype.
FEi!IALE. - Length about 4.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm.
General coloration light yellowish brown, the legs uniformly infuscated.
Rostrum short, the palpi of moderate length, the termina-l segment
about one-half longer than the stouter third segment. Antennae short,the basal segmentelongate-cylindrical; basal flagellar segmentssomewhat
shortened and crorvded, the terminal segments passing into oval, thelast segment smaller than the penultimate; verticils of moderate length
only, more numerous on the basal flagellar segments. Head (Fig. 44)
short and broad; anterior vertex wide, only a little narrower than theeye; eyes beneath barely contiguous at a single point.
Legs with relatively long and conspicuous suberect setae; claws
long, smooth. Wings (FiS. +S) subhyaline, the stigma present but small
and narrow, pale brorvn; veins darker brown. Venation: Sc of moderate
length, Sc' extending to about opposite two-thirds the length of Rs,

42
Scz vaguely distinct, apparently lying near two-thirds the length of the
distance beyond the origin of Rs; Rs gently arcuated, in aligament with
R,*., the two taken together forming a long, sinuous cur"-e to thewing-tip; r close to tip of Rr and about one and one-half times its length
beyond the fork of Rs; basal deflection of R**, sinuous; r-nl a trifle
shorter than the basal deflection of M,+"i petiole of cell znd )Iz relatively short, a little longer lhan m-cu; cell rsl M2 open by the atrophyof the outer deflection of M3i m-cu a little less than twice its length
before the fork of. M; Cuz extending to some distance beyond m-cuThe length of vein znd A cannot be stated since the anal margin of thewing is badly fotded but it is apparently much longer than in the caseof the genotype, T. cal,ceata.
Ovipositor with the tergal valves long and slender, acute.
Helius St. Fargeau.
1825. Helius St. Fargeau; Encycl. Meth., Ins., ro, Index: 83r.
r83o. Rkamphidda Meigen; Syst. Beschr. Zweif . Ins., 6: z8t.

Loew (Bernstein, etc., p. 37; r85o) recognized four species of thisgenus in the Amber, trvo of which he named but did not characterize
sufficiently to validate the names. The larger species,H. putrcher,waslater re-described by Meunier; the smaller, H. minutus, has not been
re-discovered and is not considered further in the present report.

Helius pulchn (Meun.).
tgo6. Rhanphidia putchra Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, P. 364, pl. rz, fig. 3(antenna d), trg. a @ead j).
19o6. Antocha suocineaMeunier; Ibid., p. 367, pl. rz, figs. 8-ro.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 4265, 253, dl, lectotype. Other specimens,No. 76o2, M r8r; Geol. Tnst., zg3z!,6. The
type of Antocha succineais in the Klebs ColI., No. 4557, 1696.
Rostrum about as long as the head, the palpi at apex; fourth segment
palpi
nearly as long as the preceding three taken together and moreofslender. Anterior vertex narrow, only a trifle wider than the rostrum.
Venation (FiS. +S): Sc' ending opposite midlength of Rs, Scz at its
tip; Rs moderately elongated; cell zsl Mz variable in shape, in the lectotype shorter than in the other specimens,being more nearly circularin outline, but differing slightly in shape on the two sides; proximal endof the cell greatly arcuated to feebly angulated, r-m placed beyond
midlength of the cell; veins issuing from the cell relatively long, theelements closing the cell subequal in length; m-cu placed from one-third
to near midlength of cell tst Mt

43
As stated above, Antocha succineais a synonym of 11. pul,cker. The
rostrum of the type is of normal length but the head is bent at such anangle that this length is not readily apparent unless the specimen isheld at an angle. The basal segments of the antennae are not readily
discernible in this type. As indicated before, the genus Antocka must
be removed from the Amber fauna.

Tibe Hexatomini.
The Amber Hexatomini show a great range of primitive and extinct
genera. All of the existing sub-tribes seem to occur with the exceptionof the Ularia and Gynoplistaria. The Epiphragmaria include certain
Electrolabis,
types that did not survive the Oligocene (Pal,aeopoecil,ostol,a,Tanysphyra), \Mith others that occur at the present time (Trickoneura',
Phyll,olabis, Austrol,imnophila). The Pseudolimnophilaria and Dactylolabaria are represented by their typical genera. The Limnophilaria
includes Limnophila, Tanvrnera arrd Pil,a.ria. The Hexatomaria includes
Eriocera and Hexatoma. Besidesthe above, certain aberrant Hexatomine
genera occur, as Elephantomyia and Polymera.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE HEXATOMINI.
. -.. . 2
r. Antennae with not more than rr segments'...'. . 3
Antennaewith either 15 or 16 segments.
e. Celi tstJIt open, only two branches of Media reaching the wingHexatoma Latr. (p. 84)
margin.
Media reaching theofbranches
or
four
three
rsl
closed,J,[uCellMacq. (p. BS)
Eriocera
wrng-mar8m.
3. Rostrum elongate, more than one-half the length of the body.
Elephantomyia O. S. (p. BZ)
Rostrum short, not exceedingthe head in length.
-. .- . 4ofz.
atrophy
by
the
rst
JIz
open
4. Ceii
Polymera Wied. (p. BS)......5
Cellrsl].f,closed---- 6
5. R,+g elongate, as long as or longer than Rz alone'. . . ' . .. B
R,*. shorter than Rz alone.
g.n. (p. 58)
El,ectrolabis,
6. m-cu at the fork of M.
. ... 7m,-cubeneath cell tst Mz.
(p.
PalaeopoecilostolaMeun.
++)
7. r short, transverse.
Trickoneura Lw. (p. S+)r long, oblique in position.
.... 9B. m-cw at the fork of M.
. . . rom-cu beneath cell tst Mz.

44
9. Ovipositor with normal valves. .....
Dactyl,otabisO. S. (p. Sq)
Ovipositor with lateral fleshy lobes.
Dactylol,abis; Subg. Idiol,abis, subg. n. (p.
Sq)
ro.Anteriorarculuslacking.
.... rr
Anteriorarculuspreserved..
...... r4
rr. Cell Mx and z lacking.
phyfiolabis O. S. (p.
5z)
Cell Mt and r preserved.
... 12
rz. Wings handsomely pictured. ....,.Austrol,imnophitaAlex.
(p. 5r)wings unmarked except for the stigma or scatteredspots on theveins' '.... . ... 13
r3. Antennae elongate, with scattered setae. Tanysphyra
Lw. (p. +q)
Antennae short, with sparse verticillate setae.
Pseud,olimnophita Alex. (p. 6z)
T4. rn-cu near the outer end of cell xtMz; lower
face of theindividual
flagellar segments protuberant. . . . .
Tanymera, g. n. (p.
25)::
m-cu not close to the outer end of cellrsl l["; iagellar igments not
protuberant..... 15
15. sc short, ending before the fork of Rs;
r at or close to the fork of&a.; flagellar segments with long, conspicuous verticils.
Pita.ria Sint. (p. Bo)
sc generarly longer, extending to opposite or
beyond the fork of
Rs; z on R, far beyond the fork; antennal verticils
usuallv short. 16
16' Veins Rz and R3 generarly short and not runningparallel to one
another for most of their rength; Rz straighto. ti"-ry so; ce' R2
at-_wfng-margin wider than cell znd. Rr; *h"."more iearly equal,
cell Rz is sessile or nearly so.
Limnophita Macq. (p.
Zo)
Veins R, and R3 long, running parallel for
most of their length;
Rz more or less sinuous; ceU R, af wing_marginequal to or narrower
than cell znd R,.
pieudolf*nolnUo Alex.
1p. 6z)P alacopoecilo stola Mean.
t8gg. Palaeopoecilostola Meunier;Bull.

Soc. Ent.

France,rg99:

334, fig. (wing).

In 1899, Meunier proposed the new genericterm paraeofoecilostora
describing or nominating a type_species. In
his ..IVlonograph,,iah931(19o6) he sunk his name as a sJrnonymof Lasiomastix osten Sacken.
r now propose to resurrect this name since
the genus has nothing incommon with Lasiomasti x, faJring, rather,in the .oitrib" nfipir"gm"ri..
The-various speciesof this grout had apparen'ybeen placed by Loew
in Cylind.rotoma.

45
The characters upon which Meunier based his group are: (r)The lack of r which is apparent rather than real; (z) The elongate basal deflection of M3, wit}:. a corresponding reduction tocomplete obliteration of m, which, when preserved, assumes anoblique rather than a transverse position, this shifting of veins giving
the appearance of vein M,*.leaving cell rsl Mz at the outer cephalicangle.
The group is a valid one, distinguished from related genera in the
Epiphragmaria by the very extensive R,*, which is longer than Rz
alone. The pre-arcular space is shorter than in the allied genus Tanysphyra Loew. In addition to the genotype,P.longicornis (Meun.),I placehere two additional species(speciosa,fastuosa) that had been placed in
Limnophila by lfeunier. Moreover Meunier's Limnophila robustais here
held to be the female sex of P. longicornis. It may be stated that thegenus Palneopoecilostolais amply distinguished from Lasiomastix,
wherein it was sunk bv }feunier, by the lack of the anterior arculus(Fig.+Z) and the glabrous apical cells of the wings.
Charactersof the genus:
Antennae elongate (longest in longicornas,shorter in speciosaand
tastuosa),r6-segmented(only r5-segmentedin fastuosa). In the typicalcondition (longicornis),the segmentsare elongate-cylindrical, clothed witha delicate erect pubescence,and with two or three subbasal verticils;on flagellar segment one (Fig. 53), the longest verticil is beyond midlength of the segment, but on the succeedingsegments all verticils areplaced shortll- bevond the base; terminal flagellar segment small. Wings(Figs. 46-52) with Scr ending approximately opposite or slightly
beyond the fork of Rs, Scz close to its tip; Rs strongly arcuated toangulated and feeblv spurred at origin; R,*. elongate, in alignment
with Rs, more or less arcuated to nearly straight; r at tip of Rr and on
R2 shortly be1'ond its origin; inner ends of cells Rs, R5 and rsl Mz intransverse or slightly oblique alignment; cell M, present, except infastuosa; n short to entirely obliterated, the outer deflection of. M7
correspondingll' lengthened; m-cu near or beyond midlength of ceil
tst Mz; anterior arculus lacking. Male hypopygrum (longicornis,FiS. S+)with the ninth tergite large, narrowed distally, the caudal margin
truncated, narrorvlv notched medially. Basistyles slender, the dististyles
terminal in position; dististyle more or less dilated at apex, the outerrnargin fringed u'ith conspicuous setae.
GENOTYPE. - Palaeopoecilostolalongicornis Meun.
(LowerOligocene Baltic Amber).

46
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PAL.IEOPCECILOSTOLA MEUN.
r. Antennae rs-segmented;cell M' lacking.
P. lastwosa(Meun.) (p. +g)
Antennae r6-segmented;cell Mr present' . ' ..2z. Antennae (6) relatively short, if bent backward extending about toP. speciosa(Meun.) (p. +8)
the base of the abdomen.
Antennae (6) elongate, if bent backward extending to near midlengthof the abdomen; in the Q extending to shortly beyond the base of theabdomen (longicornis)
3
cells
and
R3
diverging,
Rz
veins
than
R,*.,
Rz
shorter
with
Wings
3.
znd R, and Rz at wing-margin being approximately equal in width.
P. longicornis l,ongicornfs(Meun.) (p. +6)
equal to R,*., veins R2 and R3
long,
approximately
Wings with Rr
running generally parallel to the wing-margin, cell znd,R, at wingmargin approximately twice as wide as cell Rz.
P. Iongicornis paral'l'el,a,subsp. n. (p. +8)

Palaopecilostola longicorzes(Meun.).
r8g9. Palaopecilostola Meunier; Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899:334, fig. (wing).
tgo6. Lasiomaslix longieornis Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pP. 377-3?8'
pl. 13, fig. 14 (antenna $).
pl. r4, fig' 8 (antenna Q).
tgo6. Limnophila robusta Meunier; Ibid., pp.383-384,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 45rr, 9,5, holotype
of.longicornis;No. z4B; No. r93z, g, determined by Meunier as robusta.
Geol. Inst. Coll., Nos. 4576 arrd 9594, z Q?, types of. robusta; No.
637o,9.
The holotype of. longicornis has the wings strongly infumed, thestigma not darkened, the veins a little deeperin color than the membrane(Fig. a6). Thoracic pleura darker than the notum. Abdominal tergites
dark brown, the sternites bicolorous, the basal half or more of the individual segmentsbeing conspicuouslypaler than the tips. Antennae darkbrown throughout, the structure as describedunder the genus (FiS. S:);
antennae elongate, in the dl extending to opposite midlength of theabdomen, in the I to the second abdominal segment.
Trichiation: Strong macrotrichiae on all the wing-veins beyond thecord and on the primary longitudinal veins except the angulated baseof Rs and the basal portions of veins M, Cu and A.
Male hypopygium (FiS. S+) rn'ith the tergite as described under thegeneric characterization. Basistyles slender; outer dististyle slender, theinner style triangularly dilated, its apex produced into a slender, obtusely

47

Fig.47
Fig.48

Fig.49Fig.54

Fig.50fig.

Fig.52
Fig.5i

I
-il
lstA
2ndA

Fis.
so

Fig.53

Fig.58pointed beak, the outer margin with a dense brush of long yellowish
setae.
The female, No. 637o (FiS. +g) is very interesting in the petiolated
celTznd Mz, the outer deflection of M3 completely closing ce17tst Mz
and fusing for a short distance with the penultimate section of M,*o,the petiole of cell znd Mz thus being the fused vein M,*,*M3.
Limnophila robusta must be considered as being the female oflongicornis. In the lectotype of robusta (No. 4576) the antennae are

48
markedly shorter than in the male, as is the case in dimorphic species
throughout the entire family Tipulidae' The venation (Fig. 48) is verymuch as in the holotype of longicornas(Fig. 46): Rz is slightly longer;
m is variable in length, in some casesmuch shorter than figured for thetype.

Palaopecilostola longicornisparctllela, subsp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst., No. S B 328, Q, holotype"very close to the typical form, differing in certain details of venation(Fig. 5o), especially the longer vein Rz that runs generally parallelwith vein R3 throughout its length , cell znd,Rr at the wing-margin being
approximately twice as wide as cell Rzi m-cu at near two-thirds thelength of cell rst Mz.
Paleopecilostolaspeciosa (Meun.).

19o6, Limnophil'a speciosa Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, p'
fig. zz (hypopygiumi), pl. r4, fig. 3 (wing), fig. 4 (antenna i)'

384, pl'13'

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs CoIl., No. 25, d, lectotype;
No. 263, 6i No. 2g3, 6; No. 1847, di No. 3988, d- Geol. InstColl., Allotype 9; 6 (without number).
Most closely allied to P.longicornis (Meun.), differing in the
shorter antennae, the narrow, more petiolated wings with slightly
difierent venation, and the structure of the male hypopygrum.
Antenna of d, if bent backward, extending about to the base of
the abdomen; flagellar segments slender, narrowed outwardly, withverticils that very slightly exceed the segments in length.
Wittgs grayish subhyaline, narrow, the base petiolate. Venation(Fig. 5r): Sc long, Sc, extending to opposite one-fourth the length of
R.*., Sc, at its tip; Rs angulated and short-spurred at origin, nearlystraight beyond this angulation; R"*, very long and gently arcuatedn
longer than Rz and approximately equal in length to Rr i z at extreme
tip of Rr and at midlength of the short Rzi R3 with the distal two-fifths
deflected strongly toward the wing-tiPi inner ends of cells R3, R5 andt st M z in approximate alignment ; cell M r a trifle shorter than its petiole ;rn-cu near midlength of ceil rst Mzi celTznd' / long and narrorv.
Abdomen relativeiy long and slender. Male hypopygium (FiS.SS)
somewhat as shown by Meunier; outer dististyle longest, narrowedat base, at apex dilated into a broad, flattened spatula, the outer marginof which is provided with long setae; inner dististyle small and apparenily
simple, not bifid as shown by Meunier.

49
The female (no number) in the Geological Institute colection
is designated as ailotype. rt differs from the male in the somewhat
shorter antennae and the structure of the ovipositor. The wings show
Rs more gently arcuated; m-cu at or beyond midlength of cell rct Mz.
ovipositor with the tergal valves slender, gently upcurved to the acutetips; sternal valves short and deep.
Paleopecilostola

fastuosa (Meun.).

19o6. Limnophila fastuosa Meunier; Mon Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pp.
3g4_3g5, pl. 14,
fig. 5 (antenna j), fig. 6 (wing apex), trg. 7 @lpopygium j).

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 90, 6, holotype.
Antennae r5-segmented, as stated by Meunier; flagellar segments
subcylindrical, a little enlarged basally, with short erect setae and subbasal verticils.
Wings (Fig. 5z) with Sc, extending to opposite the fork of Rs,
Sc2 at its tip; Rs angulated and weakly spurred at origin, beyond theangulation nearly straight and a little longer than the gently arcuatedR"+ti r at tip of R,; apical fourth of R3 deflectedtoward the wing-tip,cell Rz thus widened at distal end; inner ends of cells R3, R5 and rct Mt
in oblique alignment; cell zsl M2rectangtlar; cell znd M2short-petiolate
to sessile,the outer deflection of M, fusing with M,+o for a short distanceto form this petiole, obliterating min its course (comparealso Fig.
49,
longicornis variation). In the left wing of the type there appears at thewing-margin in the apex of cell R5 a short, persistent portion of.vein Mr,
indicating that the flv, in some specimensif not normally, may retain
cell.M'; nt-cu at near two-thirds the length of cell rct M2.
Despite the fact that the present insect has but 15 antennal segments, whereas the other known species of the genus possess16 suchsegments,there can be no question of the closeaffinities of all the species
concerned. ]Ieunier placed this species in Loew,s group Tanymera
which is cenainlr- incorrect. Meunier states and figures lastuosa aslacking r rvhich is likewise incorrect. Mrs. Meunier's figure of.lastuosa
is curiously faultv in showing ftoo subcostal veins, a condition unknown
in any insect and not indicated in any manner by the holotype.
Tanysphyra
r85o. Tanysphyra

Lnew-, Bernstein

Loew.

und Bernsteinfauna,p. 36.

The genus Tanysphyra is here credited to Loew, who briefly indicated the generic characters in the key and mentioned. by name thetype species,gracilis (i. c., p. 38). Meunier placed this group in thesynonymy of Limnophila, by which action the type-species, gracilis,
Bernsteinforschungen,

Heft

z.

50
became a homon5rm of.L. gracili.s wiedemann (rBzB). Because of thisapparent conflict, Cockerell (tgog) proposed a new name, L' meunieri'
toi th" Amber species. Strictly speaking there is no good basis for the
Iatter name if the genus Tanysphyra is recognized as valid. Holever,since this confusion in specific names occupied the literature for solong a period, it seemsbest to adopt the last-proposed name'Characters of the genus:
Antennae (Fig. 58) r6-segmented, elongate in the d; flagellar
segments elongate-cylindrical, with conspicuous erect setae scatteredover the surface of the segments,the setae arising from small tubercles;
flagellar segments gradually decreasing in size and length outwardly;
terminal segment small, dilated at apex, less than one-third the lengthof the penultimate. Antennae of I shorter, the verticils a little more
conspicuous among the erect surface setae. Head relatively broad,not conspicuously narrowed behind.
Pronotum not conspicuously enlarged. wings (Fig. 56) relatively
narrow; all longitudinal post-arcular veins with conspicuous macrotrichiae. Venation: Sc relatively short, Sc, ending opposite the forkof Rs, scz at its tip; Rs moderately elongate, arcuated to feebly anguIated at origin; r at tip of R, and shortly beyond one-third the lengthof the long Rz; R,*, equal to or shorter than the basal section of Rz;
veins Ra and R3 elongate, generally parallel for their entire length;
inner ends of cells R3, R5 and. rsl Mrin transverse alignment; cell M,
deeper, usually much deeper than its petiole, in some casesthe latter
shorter t]nan m-cu; m-cu at or beyond midtength of the lower face ofcell rsl Mi anteior arculus lacking; prearcular region (FiS. SZ)relatively
extensive, h lying far before the arculus'
Ovipositoi with the tergal valves elongate, gently upcuwed to theacute tips; sternal valves shorter and deeper, the tips fimbriate'
GENOTYPE. - Tanysphyra meunieri (Cockerell) (gracilis Lw',
preoccupied). (Lower Oligocene - Baltic Amber)'Tar4tsphyra meunieri (Ckll).
gracilis Loew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p' 38'
tgo6. Limnophila gracilis Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pp' 382-383'
trg. 9 (antenna i).
rgog. Limnophila meunieti Cockerell; Amer. Journ. Sci.' (a) z7: 58'

r85o. Tanysphyrapl' r4'MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs CoIl., No. 236, t3B; No' z6z;
No.245, g, allotype; No. g65; No. rB4B, etc. Geol. Inst. Coll', No'
2322, d; No. 4o68, z 66, in a single block; No. 168oo, d; No.
27455,9; etc.

51This interesting crane-fly is common in the Amber.
Allotype, Q, - Length about 5.5mm.; wing 5.3mm.
Antennae of male elongate, equal to or a little shorter than theabdomen alone; flagellar segments (Fig. 58) cylindrical, segments twoand three subequal in length, the following segments gradually andinsensibly shortened to the end of the organ; segmentswith denseerectsetae and sparse, slightly stouter verticils, over the whole surface. In
the female, the antennae are shorter, not much longer than the combinedhead and thorax; flagellar segments fusiform, gradually decreasing
in length and diameter outwardly, the long, coarse setae present but
not over-topping the verticils which are slightly longer; terminal segment about one-third the penultimate. Vertex broad.
Wings (Figs. 56, 57) rvith a faint brownish tinge; stigma elongateoval, brov'n. Jlacrotrichiae of veins long and abundant. Venation:
Sc' ending just oppositethe fork of Rs, Sczat its tip; Rs about one-halflonger than the less arcuated R"+,i cell rsl Mz gently widened distally;
M in aligament uith -lfr,..
Ovipositor nith the tergal valves darker than the sternal valves.
No. 365 is a male with paler wings and slightly shorter antennae
but is apparentlv conspecifi.c.

Austr olimnophila Alex.
t865. Polymoria PL:lippi: Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 15:6o8 (in part).
t g z o . A u s t r o l t t t i i : : ) .::..t - { le xa n d e r ; Ar kiv f< jr Z o o logi ,, r3, N r. 6: 4-5,

The genus -lustrolimnophila, origSnally proposed for a Patagonian
species,is nos-knosn to be extensively developed in Australia and New
Zealand. A single Amber species,A. elegantissima(Meun ), is referred tothis genusu'ith somehesitation, although the location is probablycorrect.
Austrolimnophila
tgo6. Limnophila

elegantissima (Meun.).

tDzct;,'lolabis) elegantissima Meunier1. Naturaliste,

z8: ro4, fg.

MATERI^\L STUDIED. Klebs Coll., No. 375, 6, holotype.
Zool. Mus., Berlin, a fragmentary d.
A strikinglv beautiful fly with a wing-pattern that reverses theusual pattern of the Epiphragmaria; the cord, origin of Rs, outer endof cell rst Mz, tip of R, and other regions of the wing that are usuallysurrounded by a dark pattern are here surrounded by the paie groundcolor. A similar condition is found in the caseof Dicranoptycha electrina.
Antennae pale yellou', short, if bent backward not attaining thewing-root; flagellar segments subcylindrical with elongate verticils
that exceed in length the segmentsthat bear them.
^*52
Legs rather uniformly darkened, the segments with rather conspicuous elongate setae. Wings (Fig.Sq) ample, whitish subhyaline,with a handsome brown cross-banded pattern that is darker in the
costal, subcostal and radial fields: a subbasal spot in cells C and Sc
just beyond lr; a cross-bandbefore the origin of Rs and another beyond
this origin, these connected in cells M and Cu, to form an H-shaped
figure before the cord; beyond the cord a broad dark band that leaves
an oval pale area at the outer end of cell tst Mz, this broad band narrowly
connected in cell R3 and along vein M3 with a narrow transverse subapical dark band; wing-apex broadly pale. Venation: Sc long, Sc1
ending opposite the fork of R,*., Sc" longer than Sc'; Rs moderately
long, angulated at origin; Ro+sd trifle longer than m-cu; r at the extreme
tip of Rr and beyond midlength of the long Rzl cell M' longer than its
petiole; m-cu about one-haIf its length beyond the fork of M; vein
znd A terminating shortly before the origin of Rs; anterior arculus
apparently weakly preserved.
The second specimen mentioned above differs from the type ina few minor details. In the venation, sc, is fully three times the lengthof Scz and strongly curved; Rz more strongly arcuated at origin; innerend of cell zsl Mt more strongly arcuated; ,n-cu more than its length
beyond the fork of. M.

Phyllolabis o. S.
p' 36.
? Calobamon Loew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna'zoz.
Surv.,3:
U.
S.
Geol.
Bull.
Sacken;t877. Phyllolabds Osten

r85o.

The discovery of a species of. Phyllolabas in Baltic Amber is ofgreat interest. The only described speciesare four from western North
America and a fifth from Northern Europe. Mr. Edwards informs methat he has seen another undescribed species from the Himalayas.
It seemshighty probable that the name Cal,obarnon,proposed by Loew,
pertained to this genus but since no type species was described or
mentioned the name must be considered as being a il,ornen nudwm-

Phyllolabis andrdei, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED.-Geol. Inst. Coll., No.27433, Q,holotypeFemale. - Length 6 mm.; wing 7 mm.
General coloration in amber brownish black, including the legs
and antennae; halteres paler. Wrngs with a whitish tinge, the stigmaoval, pale brown; veins darker brown.
Antennae (g) relatively short, if bent backward extending to about
mid-distance between the roots of the wing and the halteres; flagellar

53

Frg.59Fig.60Si,=s'
FS

Fig.63ril

Fig.64
Ftg.70Fig.65
Flg.06

F8.68
Fig.60segmentscyiindrical, the first segment longest, the remaining segments
gradually decreasingin length and diameter to the last; verticils short,placed near midleng:th of the segment, shorter than the segment bearing
them.
Tibial spurs short but distinct. Wings (Fig. 6o) with Sc long, Sc,
ending near midlength of R,*., Scz at near one-third the length of
R.+.i Rs short, strongly arcuated, about equal in length to the lessarcuated R"_r.i R, and R3 generally parallel; basal deflection of Rn*,

54
short; inner end of cell tstMz gently arcuated, lying proximad of theother elements of the cord; m abott equal to the slightly more arcuatedouter deflection of M3; m-cu about one-third its length from the outerend of cell zsl Mz; distal section of Cwr about one-half longer than m-cu;
anterior arculus lacking (Fig.6r). In one wing of the type there is a
short spur on the basal deflection of M,*" ittling basad into cell R.
ovipositor with the tergal valves slender, acutely pointed; sternalvalves very small, obtuse at tiPs.
This very interesting crane-fly is named in honor of Prof' Dr' K'
Andr6e, Director of the Amber collections of the Geological Institute ofKiinigsberg, to whom I am greatly indebted for aid in this study of theAmber Tipuloidea.
Phyllotabis andriei agrees sufficiently well with the existing speciesof the genus to be placed therewith. In the essential features of its
venation (lack of r, absence of cell Mr, distal position of m-cu and lackof the anterior arculus) it falls well within the limits of the group. The
tibial spurs are larger and more readily apparent than in the five known
existing species. compared with the genotype, P. claaigerosten Sacken(Western Nearctic Region), the Amber speciesshows the following moreevident venational differences: Rs much more strongly arcuated, though
not more elongate; R"+s & little shorter than Rz alone; m-cu relreatedto a slightly greater distance toward the fork of M, being placed atnear two-thirds the length of cell tst M*
Trichonewd Loew'
p' 36'
Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna,
Ostet Sacken; Mon. Dipt. North America' 4t r93'
r8g4. Sacheniella Meunier; Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1894: clxxviii, fig' (wing)'

r85o. Trichoneurot86g. Trichoneura

Loew;

The genus and species,Trickoneura aulgaris, were briefly discussed
by Loew in r85o. Although incomplete, the writer believesthat the description given by Loew, in conjunctionwith the naming of a type species,
is sufficient to validate the names. The characters of the genus are
well-defined, with some of the features pointing toward Palaeopoecilostol,aMeunier and Phyl,l,olabis osten sacken, especiaily the elongate
R"*, and the broken arculus. until very recently the genuswas supposed
to be confined to the Baltic Amber but Edwards (Rec' Ind' Mus', z6:
3or rg24) has made the surprising discovery that Leckri,a nepalensis
Brunetti is a member of the genus,still living in the Himalayas of Nepal.
The venation, as interpreted by Edwards, is certainly correct and was
described briefly but clearly by osten sacken in his paper above cited.

cc
Characters of the genus:
Antennae relatively short, r6-segmented; flagellar segments oval,
with verticils that do not exceed the segmentsin length; basal flagellar
segmentone-half larger than the second,the following segmentsbecoming
gradually smaller to the end.
Tibiae with spurs that are present but usually very difficult todiscern in this material. Wings (Figs. 6z--65) with Sc relatively short,
Sc' ending some distance before to about opposite the fork of Rs, Sc2
at or close to its tip; Rs elongate, subequal to the long, straight R,+s
which is longer than Rz alone; tip of Rr preserved, bent at almost aright angle into the costa; r varying from short to long, oblique inposition, straight, arcuated or even feebly angulated, simulating asection of vein Rr, inserted on R,*, near its outer end, or, more frequently, on Rz close to its base; veins Ra and R3 straight or nearly so,
little divergent, but directed strongly toward the wing-apex; innerends of cells R3, R5 and tst Mz in oblique alignment, or with cell tst Mz
lying proximad of the other elements of the cord; cell tst Mz stbrectangular, its inner end more or less arcuated, the cell being shorter
than any of the veins issuing from it; m-cu near midlength of cell zstMz,
sometimes beyond but more often before this point; anterior arculus
lacking (Fig.63). Trichiation: Relatively long macrotrichiae on all
the longitudinal veins except the proximal portions of M, Cu and Anal.
Male hypop,vgrum (Figs. 66, 67) with the basistyle cylindrical,
the tip produced beyond the point of insertion of the dististyles intoa short conical point; dististyles two, the outer style more or lessexpanded
outwardly, more so in aul,garis,the apex a sharp spine, the outer margin
before this spine with microscopic appressedspinulae in tulgaris, smoothin gracilistylus; inner dististyle much smaller. What appearsto represent
an interbasal process is represented by a long, slender rod, directedcaudad and mesad, their tips decussateacross the median line of the
body. Aedeagus protruding conspicuously from between the basistyles.
Ovipositor relatively elongate; tergal valves long, gently upcurved
to the acute tips; sternal valves much shorter, compressed,their apices
subacute.
GENOTYPtr. - Trichoneura aulgaris Loew (Lower Oligocene Baltic Amber).
KEY TO THE A}IBERSPECIES OF TRICHONEURA(MALES ONLY.)

LOEW.

r. Maie hypopygium with the outer dististyle expanded at tip, terminating in an acute appressedspine, the outer margin microscopically56serrulate; inner dististyle not angularly bent near midlength.
T.aulgaris Loew (p. S6)
Male hypopygium with the outer dististyle more slender, only slightly
widened outwardly, terminating in an erect spine, the outer marginof the style smooth; inner dististyle angularly bent near midlength,
T. gracil,istylus, sp. n. (p. SZ)
the apex elongate.
Trichoneura

ztulgaris Loew.

aulgaris I-oew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p. 37'
19o6. Trichoneura (Sacheniella\ uulgaris Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pp.
d), pl. 15, fig.4 (wing).
386-387, pl. 14, fg. r3 (antenna d), fig. 14 (hypopygiut9o6. Trichoneura (Saeheniell'a) ilecipiens Meunier; Ibid., p. 387, pl. 15, fig. 5 (antenna).
1916. Trichoneuraaulgaris Meunier; Deutsch. Geol. Gesell.,68 492-493, fig.35 (wing).

r85o. Trichoneura

1916. Trichoneuro

uulgaris proli'fdca Meunier;Ibid.,

68'. 492-493,fg.

36 (wing).

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Among the hundreds of specimensseen,
the following are indicated, with their present location : Klebs Coll., Nos. 3,
16, lB, 2T, 28, 3r, 43, 49, 79, Bo, 93, r2r, zr5, 242, 243, 27r, 29o, 292,
2g4, 325, 452, 54T, 543, 564, 672, g5r, r8r8, r8zz, r&z5, tgzg, 1838,r84o, 1845, r94g, 2572,2764, 38go,3973, 3983,56or, 56o2,5745. Fritsch
Coll., numerous specimensof both sexes. Geol. Inst. Coll., Nos. 324,
ro68, 1638, t646, zo7r, 2232, 2348,2625, 2633,3033, 3855, 4350, 4392,
6117, 6429, 6453,6796, 69zr', 867o, 877x, BBo5,and numerousadditional
unnumbered specimens. Geol. Inst. Co11.,No. 3632, type of. decipiens
Meunier.
Crane-flies of this speciesare by far the commonest in the Amber
fauna. The great majority of the specimens caught in the gum weremales which were evidently entrapped while swarming beneath thesucciniferouspines. In one small block of Amber (Klebs Coll., No. 543),
measuring tB x tz x 6 mm., four males of this species were found'
The chief morphological features oL aulgaris have been discussed
under the generic characterization. Among the extensive series available
for study, the following variations in venation are especially noteworthy:
Klebs, No. Bo,a very large Q (wittg, 5.4 mm.), has two adventitious
crossveinsin cell R3, one near midlength of vein R,*., the other on R3
just beyond its origin; a third crossvein in cell znd,M, near two-thirds
the length; cell rsl Mz is shorter than is usual in the species.
Klebs, No. z9o, d, adventitious crossvein near outer end of cell Rzof right wing.
Klebs, No. 5745, d, in the left wing, cell zsl Mz is open by theatrophy of the outer deflection of M3, the right wing being normal;
Sc shorter than usual, Sc, ending some distance before the fork of Rs.

b7
In the Geol. Inst. Coll. (ex Phys. Oek. Gesell.,No. r4rzo YI8o77)
is a Q specimenthat appears to have a faint brownish cloud on the basal
deflection of Rn*, on both wings. More material of this fly would beof great interest.
Meunier proposed the name decipiensfor a large female that showsno evident differences from other large females of the typical form.
Still more recently he has proposed a new subspecies,prol,ifica, thetype of which has not been seen by the writer. Meunier figures thisrace as difiering from typicaluulgaris in its venation, especially in having
the tip of R' preserved, cell R2 longer, being about equal to its petiole,cell rsl Mz slightll' longer, and other minor details. The writer can
detect no tangible differences between the two that hoid in the great
series available for study and has accordingly placed prolilica in thesynonymy of the species. If the race is valid it must be defined in moreexact terms. Loeu' (Bernstein,etc., p. SB; r85o) believed that he could
recognize three additional varieties or species among his specimens
and it is possible that such varieties exist. The range in all characters
is so great that it has been impossible to fasten firmly upon definite
charactersfor the separationof the species. In Figs. 62,.64 and 65, therange in thevenationof the speciesis shown: Fig. 6zshowstypicalaulgahs
with the small cell rst )Iz, Fig.64, the so-called variety prolilica with alonger cell. It mar- be noted that the character of the presenceorabsenceof the tip of vein R', as used by Meunier, is more apparent than real.

Tichoncura.gra.cilisb)lus,sp.n.
MATERI^{L STL;DIED. _ Klebs Coll., No. 25, 6, holotype.
Geol. Inst. CoIl., ., allotype; ?, paratype.
MALE. - Leng"th5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm.
FEMALE. - Length 6mm.; wing 6mm.
Generallv similar to T. aulgazasLoew, differing in the details ofvenation and the structure of the male hypopygtum.
Wings (Fig. 65t nearly hyaline, the stigmal spot oval, brown,
possibly accentuatedby its preservationin Amber; veins slender,darkbrown. Venation: Tip of Rr preserved; r slightly angulated; innerend of .cell rsl -'11:greatly arcuated, Iying far proximad of the otherelements of the cord; m-cu beyond midlength of cell tst M*
Male hypopl'glum (Fig. 67) with the outer dististyle relatively
slender, terminating in a small straight spine that lies along the axisof the style, not appressedto its tip; outer margin of style before thistip unarmed; inner dististyle long, strongly bent near midlength, thelong apex straight.

58Electrolabis, gen. n.
This new group is proposed for a curious fly from the Amber. The
position of m-cu at the fork of M would seem to place this insect in thevicinity of Dactylolabis, from which it differs conspicuously in thevenation of the radial field. The tibial spurs seem to be lacking but theposition of the genus in the Hexatomini seems to be the correct one.
Charactersof the genus:
Palpi moderately long, the third segment broad; terminal segment
slender, about one-third longer than the penultimate. Antennae (Fig. 69)
r6-segmented, stout, in the male with the flagellar segments subcylindrical, a little swollen basally, with short, stiff, inconspicuous
verticils, arranged in a whorl just before midlength of the segment,on the more distal segmentsbecoming more basal in position; terminal
Anterior vertex narrow.
segment minute, button-like.
Tibial spurs apparently lacking. Wings (Fig.6B) with Sc long,
Scr at or near the tip of Scz;Rs in aiignment with R0..,i R,+: elongated,arcuated at origin, in direct alignment with R3; Rz relatively short,
not longer than R,*., diverging widely from R3, r placed at from onefourth to one-third its length and about its own length from the tipof Rr; inner end of cell R3 lying far proximad of the other elementsof the cord, that of cell rstMz far before cell R5i basal section of M,*"strongly arcuated to feebly angulated; cell' Mr lacking; m-cu obhquein position, gently sinuous, at the fork of M; anterior arculus lacking,the posterior arculus at union with M rectangular.
Male hypopygium (Fig.7o) with the basistyles short and stout.
Outer dististyle a slender, chitinized, needle-like spine, the tip acute,on the inner face before midlength with a smaller acute spine. Innerdististyle small, fleshy, claviform. What wouid appear to represent
gonapophysesoccur as slender, sinuous rods directed cephalad within
the body, the two together appearing lyriform.
GENOTYPE. - Electrolabis extincta, sp. n. (Lower Oligocene Baltic Amber).

Electrolabisextincta,sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. _. Klebs Coll., No. 3o8, d, holotype.
Geol. Inst. Coll., 6, paratype.
MALE. - Length about 6.5mm.; wing 6.zmm.
General coloration brown, the antennae dark brown; legs somewhat
paler. Wings subhyaline; stigma very pale brown to almost lacking;veins pale brown.

59
Antennae moderately elongate, in d, if bent backward, extending
beyond the base of the abdomen; first scapal segment cylinshortlytodrical; flagellar segments gradually decreasing in size outwardly, theintermediate segments subequal in length; terminal segment (Fig. 69)
reduced to a tiny button; penultimate segment a trifle longer than theantepenultimate.
Venation as discussed under the genus (Fig. 68): Sc1 extending
to opposite two-fifths the length of R,-,., ending far before r-m; basal
section of Rn*, nearly straight, one-third to one-half longer t}:.an m-cu.
Abdomen elongate. Male hypopygtum moderately incrassated.
Dactylolabrs Osten Sacken.
r85g. DactylolaDis Osten Sacken; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1859: z4o.

No true members of the genus Dactylolabis had been describedfrom the Amber. ]Ieunier (Monograph, etc., 19o6) described four species(breaipetiolata,continuala, pulchripennis and concinna) that he placedin Dactylola&zsbut uith a wholly erroneousconception of the charactersof the group. An\- attempt to divide the various groups of.Limnopkil,aand allies on the relative lengths of cells Ra and M1, especiaily the latter,shows a very insufficient knowledge of the group. The basic characterof the venation oI Dactylolabaslies in the proximal position of the m-cu
crossvein, at or close to the fork of M, a character quite ignored by
Meunier. The four speciesabove mentioned are distributed in the following groups in the present treatment : breuipetiolata and pulchripennis
in Limnophila, continuataand concinnain Pseud.olimnophila.An apparently true species of. Dactylolabas,described below as D.aetusta, anrd
a peculiar type that is characterized as a new subgenus,Idiolabis, weredetected in Amber during the present study.
Idiolabis, subgen.n.
Characters nearly as in Dactylolabis, s. s., but distinguished by thevery peculiar structure of the ovipositor.
Antennae rGsegmented, in the female, if bent backward, extending
nearly if not quite to the baseof the abdomen; flagellar segmentselongateoval, gradualll' decreasing in length outwardly, the terminal segment
a little shorter than the penultimate; verticils relatively short and inconspicuous,the longest not equalling the segment that bears it. Lastsegment of the palpus a trifle longer than the third.
Tibiae spurred. Venation (Fig. 7r): Sc long, Scr extending to
opposite two-thirds the length of R"*., Sc" nearly three times its own

60
length from the tip; Rs very long, in alignment with R"*r, which,in turn, is in alignment with R: i R, arising at an angle; r not far fromtip of Rr and shortly before midlength of Rz; m-cu at fork of M; cell
tst Mzlarge, m gently arcuated, outer deflection of M3 nearly straight;
cell M' a little longer than its petiole; vein znd,4 ending shortly beyond
the origin of Rs; anterior arculus preserved.
Ovipositor (FiS.Zg) with the tergal valves gently upcurved, slender,
the tips acute, laterally at base of the ninth segment subtended by aconspicuous fleshy lobe, these latter directed caudad and provided
with conspicuous erect setae.
TYPE OF SUBGENUS. - Dactylolabis (Idiolabis) terebrel,la,sp. n.
(Lower Oligocene - Baltic Amber).

Dactylolabis (Idiolabis) tnebrella.rsp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., l\o. 2779, ?, holotype.
Geol. Inst. Coll., No. S B 376, g, paratype.
FEMALE. - Length about 7 mm.; wing about B mm.
Antennae dark brown throughout, the segments5eparated by deep
constrictions. Head strongly narrowed behind. Eyes with coarseommatidia. General coloration, in Amber, of the head and thorax shiny
black.
Wings ample, with a clear pale yellow tinge, the stigma apparently
darker; veins delicate, dark brown. Venation as described under thesubgeneric characterization. Short delicate macrotrichiae on all thelongitudinal veins except near the wing-base. Costal and anal fringesof nearly equal length.
The peculiar ovipositor is diagnostic of the present species. Meunier
had earlier examined the type-specimen and commented upon thepeculiar genitalic structure but did not describe the species.
Dactjtlolabig

sensu strictu.

Dactylolabis(Dactylolabis)aetusta,sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. r83o, Q, holotype;
No. 78rr, r75, A, allotype. Geol. Inst. Coll., No. B 6649,9, paratype.
Zool. Mus., Berlin, d, paratype.
MALE. - Length about 5 mm.; wing 6 mm.
FEMALE. - Length about 5.7mm.; wing 6.3mm.
General coloration brownish black, including the legs.
Antennae of moderate length, if bent backward extending to shortly
beyond the wing-root; basal segment cylindrical; flagellar segments

61

Fig.1l

u

u

t'
w

\&,,
YY

fig,l2w
w
Yi

Fig.8l Fig.82Fig.83Fig.84
Fig.74

Fig.?5

Fis.78

Fig.76

Fig.7Ioval, gradually decreasing in diameter to the end of the organ, theterminal segment one-half longer than the penultimate, pointed at theend; flagellar verticils relatively short and inconspicuous.
Tibial spurs relatively short and stout. Wings (Fig.7z) relatively
long and narro\\:, subhyaline, the stigma not darker; veins pale brown.
Venation: Sc long, Sc' extending to just be{ore the end of R,*r, Scaa short distance from its tip; R,1, nearly twice z, gently arcuated;z close to the tip of Rr and just before midlength of Rz, the latter very

62strongly arcuated at origin; r-mlying slightly more distad of the otherelements of the cord; cell Mr alittle longer than its petiole; cell rst Mz
long and narrow, rectangular, the inner end slightly arcuated; nt' sttaight,
a little shorter than the arcuated outer deflection of M3; m-cu varying
from just before to just beyond the fork of M; anterior arculus lacking.
In the male, cell M, is much smaller, only about one-half as long as its
petiole. Trichiation: All the longitudinal veins beyond the cord withdeiicate macrotrichiae; veins basad of the cord practically without
trichiae.
Terebra of ovipositor relatively long and stout, the tips of thetergal valves narrowly blackened and subobtuse. Male hypopygrum
little visible in the available material but apparently generally similar
to the recent speciesof the genus, except that the dististyle is somewhat
shorter.
Both paratypical specimens have vein Rz more perpendicular
at origin than in the type.
Meunier had earlier determined the type as " Prionolabis n. sp.".
P seudolimnoPhila Alexander.
tgtg.

Pseud.olim.nophila Alexander;

Cornell Univ.

Agr. Expt.

Sta., Mem. z5: 9r7.

This genus appears to be the commonest in species of the Hexatomine genera in Amber. Pseudol,imnopkilaruns very close to Limnophil,a on the available characters of the adult flies, the fundamental
distinctions being found in the immaturestages, whichcannot, of course,
be verffied in the Amber series.
The following speciesdescribed by Meunier (Monograph, etc., 19o6)
appear to fali in Pseud'olimnophila: prod,uctaand exigua, described inPrionolabis; continuata and concinna, described in Dactylolabis; and uul'cana, described in Limnophila.
KEY TO THE AMBER SPECIES OF PSEUDOLIMNOPHILA
ALEXANDER
r. Wings with conspicuous spots at the forks and crossveins.
P. loeuiella, r. r. (p. 6S)
Wings without markings, other than the stigma when this is present. z. ... .... . 3
2. Rs angulated and short-spurredat origin.....
.. . . 4
Rs arcuatedat origin
3. Cell Mr considerably longer than its petiole; rn-cu l;.ear midiengthof cell rst Mz; male antennae with basal flagellar segments elongate;
terminal segment shorter than the penultimate.
P. aulcana (Meun.) (p. 6+)

63
CeIl M' about equal to its petiole; nt-cu r'ear the outer end of cell
tst Mz; male antennae with the basal flagellar segmentsoval, swollen;
terminal segment longer than the penultimate.
P. timida, sp. n. (p. 6S)M'verysmall,
lessone-half
petiole.
Cell
than
its
. ......
4.
5
CeIIM' longer,more than one-halfits petiole.
. .... .... 6
5. Size large; male, length about 5 mm.; wing 5 mm.

(p' 66)
male,lengthabout
Sizesmaller;"., ^I.'to;i!Z.:Xeun')thaneitherm-cuor R"*,. ..:. .'::.::.1T::l ] l'..:t)
6. sc, shorter
Sc' longer than either rn-cu,or R.*,...... 9
Veins Rz and R3 elongate,parallel for their entire length, cell.znd. Rr.
at wing-margin about twice as wide as cell Rz.
. .. .... B
Veins Rz and R3 shorter, gently diverging, cells znd R, and Rz atwing-margin nearlv equal.
P. pinicola, sp. n. (p. 67)
B. Antennae elongate, in l, if bent backward, extending to base of abdomen, the flagellar segmentselongate-fusiform; cell M, about equal
to its petiole; nt-cu at near two-thirds the length of cell tst Mz.
P. inculpata, sp. n. (p. 68)
Antennae shorter, in l, if bent backwards,not extending beyond thewing-root, the flagellar segments long-oval; ce[ Mr about one-half
its petiole; D!-cu at or before midlength of cell rstMz.
P. continuala (Meun.) (p. 68)
9. Cell tst )1, small; yein znd,,4 relatively short, ending about opposite
or shortly berond the origin of Rs. P. continuata (Meun.) (p. 68)
Cell rsl -112large, elongate-rectangular;veirr znd,L elongate,extending to near midlength of Rs.
P. ambigua, sp. n. (p. fo)
Pseudolimnophilaconcinna(Meunier)is omitted from the above key
becauseof insufrrcient'data. The writer was unable to study the typeand cannot gir-e ans supplementary details of structure.
Pseudolimnophila

loeatiella, n. n.

(D,2,:i';!olabis) concinna maculata Meunier; Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol.
Gesellsch., 65: 1qr-492,
fig. 33 (antenna, d), fig. 34 (rving); nec Linnophila(Ephelia) macuiatt (lleigen) ; nec L. (Id,ioptera) maculata (Nlacquart).

1916. Limnophila

MATERIAL STUDIED.
Geol. Inst. Coll., dl, holotype; ?,allotype; d, No. r4Eg7 VI 8662,6 No. 4446.
MALE. - Length about 7 mm.; wing about 7 mm.
FEMALE. - Length about 6 mm.; wing about 5.6 mm.

64
The wings (Fig. ZS) are light yellow, with a conspicuous brownspotted pattern, distributed as follows: Tip of Sc2,stigma, origin of Rs,
along cord, fork of R"*., outer end of cell zsl Mz and fork of M,+ni
a seriesof marginal spots at ends of all the longitudinal veins, becoming
progressively smaller posteriorly. Venation: Rs long, strongly arcuated atorigin; Ro*. about one-half longer than the basal deflection of R++si
veins Ra and R3 long, running generally parallel to one another for their
entire length; inner ends of cells R:, R5 and rsl Mr; in transverse alignment; m-cubeyond midlength of the short-rectangular cell rst Mzicell
Mr subequal to shorter than its petioie.
Male hypopygium with the dististyle appearing as a long, slender,
chitinized rod, gently curved, the extreme tip shallowly bifid.
In the allotype Q, cell rst Mz is more elongate-rectangular thanin the type. In No.4446, the right wing shows an adventitious crossveinnear the outer end of cell znd' Mz, connecting veins Mz and M3.
This fly, which is evidently specifically distinct from P. concinna(Meunier), is named in honor of the memory of Dr. Hermann Loew,
eminent Dipterologist and pioneer student of the Amber Tipulidae.

Pseudolinmophilaoulca.na(Meun.
)
19o6. Limnophi.lo uulcana Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae(antenna f).

Ambre Baltique,p. 38r, pl. 14, fg. ro

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll,, No. 45or, r9r, ol, holotype. Fritsch Coll., No. 7, d.
MALE. - Length about 6.5 mm.; wing about 6.6 mm.
Antennae (Fig. 8z) of moderate length, if bent backward extending
to shortly beyond the wing-root; flagellar segments subcylindrical, theventral face of the individual segmentsa trifle more bulging, the verticils
placed in a whorl shortly before midlength of the segment, the verticils
shorter than the segments; terminal flagellar segment shorter than the
penultimate.
Wings (FiS. Z+) with a strong brownish tinge. The wings of the typeare so badly folded and flexed in the Amber block that it is very difficult
to note all the details of venation, which of necessity are here describedin general terms only. Venation: Sc relatively elongate, Sc' ending
approximately opposite the fork of Rs, Sczat the tip of Sc'; Rs elongate,angulated and spurred at origin, this spur fully half the length of thebasal section of Rs; R"*, relatively short, equal to or a trifle longer
than m-cu; cell M' longer than its petiole; m-cu near midlength of cell
tst Mz; anterior arculus apparently lacking.

65
The second male from the Fritsch Collection is apparently conspecific and furnishes us with a better view of the venation: Here veins
Rr and R3 are more divergent than shown for the t54pe,cell Rz as aresult being wider at the margin; m-cu at near three-fifths the lengthof cell tst Mz; cell M, about equal to its petiole; vein znd.A more strongly
sinuous than figured; anterior arculus distinctly preserved.
The present species shows some features that suggest the genus
Tanymera, discussedlater.

Pseudolirnnophilatimida, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. Geol. Inst. Coll., 6, holotype; No.
2750, ?, allotype.
MALE. - Length about 6 mm.; wing 6.2 mm.
FEMALE. - Length about 7 mm.; wing about 6 mm.
Antennae (Fig. Br) short, if bent backward scarcely attaining thewing-root; basal four or five flagellar segmentsoval, gradually decreasing
in diameter, passing into the more cylindrical segmentsof the flagellum,
these outer segmentsw*ith long, conspicuousverticils; terminal flagellar
segment tipped rvith three long setae, elongated, fully one-half longer
than the penultimate segment.
Wings (FiS. ZS) with Sc relatively short, Sc, ending opposite thefork of Rs, Scz subequal to Scr; Rs angulated and short-spurred atorigin, beyond the spur straight and in alignment with R.+3, the latterstraight, the slightlv shorter basal deflection of Rn*, very gently arcuated;z about twice its length from the tip of Rr and at near two-fifths thelength of. Rzi veins R, and R3 elongate, gently diverging, especially thelatter vein rvhich is deflected rather strongly toward the wing-tip,
ceil Rz being a little wider at wing-margin than cell znd Rt; cell M,
a trifle shorter than its petiole; cell rsl M2 smal| subrectangular,
m-cu at near three-fourths its length; anterior arculus entirely preserved.
Male hypop]'glum with the dististyles simple, the outer style narrowed to the gently curved apex; inner dististyle near midlength bent at
about a right angle, the long apical portion gradually narrowed to tip.
Ovipositor with the tergal valves long, gently upcurved.
P. tim,ida agrees rvith P. vulcana (Meunier) in the angulated andspurred Rs, but difiers conspicuouslyin the structure of the antennae
and in the details of venation, especially the small cell zsl Mz and therelative length of cell Mr. Like the iast species,p. timida shows certain
features of the genusTanyrnera,bat seemsto be placedbetter in pseudolimnophila.
Bernrreinforschungen,

Heft

2.

<

66
Pseudolimnophilaproducla (Meun.)
19o6. Prionolabis producta Meunier;p. 14, fig. r (wing).

Mon.

Tipulidae

Ambre

Baitique,pp'376-377,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll', No. 93, 3, holotype; No.
7r, apair incopula;No r8z4, d. Geol. Inst. Coll., No. z9ro, ;; No. 8558
VI5498,6.
Coloration of the body shiny polished black. Legs black throughout'
Antennae as described by Meunier, the verticils longer than thesegments, conspicuous.
Wings (Fig. 76) grayish subhyaline, the stigma poorly defined; veinsbrownish black. Venation: Sc' ending from about opposite midlengthof the short R"*, to opposite the fork of Rs, Sczat or slightly removed
from the tip; Rs long, strongly arcuated at origin; z on R' from one to
two times its length from the tip and on R, at from one-third to onehalf the length; veins Rz and R3 long, generally parallel, weakly diverging apicaily; basal deflection of Rn*, varying from a little shorter toa litile longer tharl r-m (the right wing of the holotype has this reduced
to a length about equal to rn, not completely obliterated as shown by
Mrs. Meunier); inner ends of cells R3, R5 and rstMz in alignment; cell
rst Mzsmall,gently widened distally (in the right wing of the type somewhat smaller and deformed); cell M, very small, only about one-third
its petiole ; m-cu shortly before midlength of cell rst M i anterior arculus
faintly indicated.
Klebs No. 7r shows a pair sttll in copula, agreeingwell with the type
except in the following regards: Sc ending opposite the fork of -Rs,Sc'
and Sczsubequal; inner ends of cells Rl, Rs and rsl Mrin oblique alignment, the basal deflection of Rn*, being longer than the other elements,
much longer than in the type; vein znd A gently sinuous.
Klebs No. r8z4 shows a male with the hypopygium well exposed:
Basistyles elongate, subcylindrical; dististyles two, the outer slender,
heavily blackened, the tip split into two acute points; inner dististylelonger and broader, appearing as a sparsely setiferous fleshy lobe.
The structure of the male hypopygium entirely precludesthe placingof this speciesin Prionol,abis Osten Sacken.

erigua (Meun.)
PseudolimnoPhila
19o6. Prionolabis e*igua Meunier; Mon' Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, p'377' pl'13, fi'g' tz(antenna Q), fig. 13 (wing).
rgr7. Limnophila (Dactylotabi's) exigua Meunier; Neues Jahrb. Mineral', rgrT: 98-49'
pl. 15, fig. 17 $ypopygiumd).

No specimenshave been seenby the writer.

67
The type (?) calls for a very small fly (length 2.5 mm.; wing 3 mm.).
In his r9r7 paper above cited, Meunier describes what he takes to be
the male of the same species. He gives this as being considerably larger(Length 4 mm.) and there is much doubt as to the correct associationof the sexes,or elsehis measurementsas given for the female are too low.
CelTM' of the rvings is extraordinarily small, the petiole being some four
to five times the length of the fork. fn two males studied by Meunier,/ was described as lacking. The hypopygium has the basistyles relatively stout; outer dististyle long and slender, gently curved, the extreme tip shailorvly bifid; inner dististyle much stouter, fleshy.

pinicola, sp. n.
Pseudolimnophila
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 22, ?, holotype.
Included by lleunier (Ilonograph, etc. p. 3Bz; tgo6) in the type series
of. Pilaria elongata()Ieun.).
FEMALE. -Length about B.B mm.; wing about 7.3 mm.

General coloration dark, the abdominal tergites bicolorous, theapices of the segments being broadly pale. Antennae dark brown
throughout. \\'ings with a strong brownish tinge; stigma scarcely darker;
a very indistinct cloud at r-m; veins darker brown.
Antennae relatively short, if bent backward extending to shortly
beyond the wing-root; basal segmentcylindrical; flagellar segmentsoval,
soon passing into elongate-oval; segmentsbeyond the fourth or fifth
slender; terminal segment a little longer than the penultimate; verticilsof the basal flagellar segments short, becoming longer on the outer
segments,on the intermediate segmentsbeing about one-half longer than
the segments.
Pronotum massive. Venation (FiS.ZZ): Sc' ending oppositethe forkof Rs, Sc, about tnice its own length from the tip; Rs elongate,gently
arcuated at origin I R,+, short, varying from subequal to about onethird longer than the basal deflection of Rn*r; r about one and one-halftimes its length from the tip of Rr and on Rz at near one-third thelength; vein R: long, gently sinuous; R3 at apex directed strongly toward the wing-apex; inner ends of cells R3, R5and tstMz in transversealignment; cell JI' approximately equal to its petiole; m-cu at near
two-thirds the length of cell tst Mz; anterior arculus preserved.
In its generalappearance, P . pinicolais closestto P . aulcana(Meunier),
which differs in the spurred Rs and the positions of Scz and z-

68

Pseudolimnophila
irculpata, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No. 3o8o, ?, holotype. Included by Meunier (Monograph,etc., p. 3Bz; 19o6) in the type
series of Pilaria elongata iMeunier).
FEMALE. - Length about 7.5 mm.; wing 7.5 mm.
Antennae (Fig. 8a) elongate, in the female, if bent backward, extending about to the base of the abdomen; basal flagellar segments
elongate-oval, the remainder elongate-fusiform, the distal segments
elongate-cylindrical, the verticils shorter than the segments.
Legs with conspicuoussetae, especially the tibiae. Wings (Fig. 78)
with Sc relatively short, Sc' ending shortly beyond the fork of Rs,
Sc, some distance before this fork, Sc' alone shorter than either m-cu
or R,*.; Rs elongate, arcuated at origin; R"*, short, a trifle longer
than the basal deflection of Rn*r; veins Rz and R3 elongate, runninggenerally parallel for their entire length; r rather faintly indicated, about
twice its length or a little less from the tip of Rr and before one-third
the length of Rz; cell znd,R' at wing-margin very wide, more than twice
R2; r-m arcuated; cell zsl Mz relatively small, rectangular, rn-cLcnear
two-thirds its length; cell M, about equal to its petiole; anterior arculus
preserved. The course or iength of the Anal veins cannot be accurately
determined in the unique type.
Ovipositor (Fig. Bo) with the valves very long, especially the tergal
valves which are gently upcurved to the subacute tips.

Pseudolirnnophila
contiraata (Meun.).
tgo6. Lirnnophila (Dactylolabis\ conti.nuata Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambrep. 379, pl. 13, fig. 17 (antenna d), pI. rS, fig. r (hypopygium j).

Baltique,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 4385,A, holotype.
Geol. Inst. Coll., 9, No. 3o69, allotype.
The head and thorax appear to be of a polished black, any bloomthat might have been present in the living insect havrng been destroyed.
Antennae (Fig. 83) as figured by Meunier except that the verticils
are considerably longer, exceeding the segments in iength.
Venation (Fig. B5): Sc. ending opposite the origin of Rz; Rs relatively elongate, gently arcuated at origin; R,+e o trifle longer than thebasal deflection of Rn*r, both comparatively short; basal section of
Rz a little longer than the terminal section of Rr; veins Rz and R3 long,
generally parallel, vein Rz tending to be slightly arcuated beyond
midlength; inner ends of cells Rs, R5 ar,d tstMz in alignment; cell rstMz

69

Fig.86

Fig.87

Fig.88Fig.9
0Fig.9lFig.94

Fig.96

Fig.05small, a little s-idened distally; celT M' a little less than twothirds its petiole; nt-cu near midlength of cell rsl Mz; anterior
arculus lacking.
The allon'pe is quite like the type except that Scr is considerably
longer, exceedingnt-cu, Sc" being immediately before the fork of Rs;
z is very indistinct, placed more than twice its length from the tip ofR' and a little less than this distance beyond the base of Ra. The
ailotype oflers the follorving measurements: Length, 5.5 mm.; wing
5.3 mm.

?0
PseudolimnoPhila arnbigua, sP. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 437, a:, holotype.
FEMALE. - Length about 6.5 mm.; wing 6.3 mm.
General coloration shiny black. Antennae black throughout, theflageliar segmentslong-oval, gradually decreasingin size outwardly, theverticils longer than the segments.
Pronotum large. Wings with a brownish tinge, the stigmal region
scarcely darker; veins dark brown. Venation (Fig. 86) : Sc' ending
shortly beyond the origin of Rz, Sc' elongate, longer t}lan m-cu and morethan one-half longer than R,*r; Rs only slightly arcuated at origin;
R"*. nearly twice the basal deflection of Rn*r; r about ty9 T-d one-halftimes its length from the tip of R' and on Rz at near one-third the length;veins R, and R3 long, running parallel for their entire length or nearlysoi rn-cu near midlength of cell zsl M2; cell M' much shorter than its
petiole; anterior arculus weakly preserved.
What seemsto represent the male of this species,and is describedherewith as allotypic (Klebs Coll., No. 78t3, rz6, 6, allotype) has thewings (Fig. 87) broader, with vein znd,A very long, extending to beyond
midlength of Rs and beyond the widest point of the wing; celJ'tst Mz
is longer, wilh m-cu shortly beyond midlength. Basal segments of theantennae stout, the outer ones small and slender. Male hypopygiumwith the outer dististyle slender, heavily blackened, gradually narrowed
to the slightly bifid apex. Measurements:Length 5.8 mm.; wing 6'8 mm.
The present speciesshows affinities with both P. continuala (Meun.)and P. pinicola, sp. n., differing from both especially in the elongate
Sc' which is much longer than m-cu.

Limnophila Macq.
1834. Limnophila

Macquarl;Suit. 4 Buffon, vol. r, Hist. Nat. Ins., Dipt.,p. 95.

In the past, rather numerous speciesof crane-flieshave been placedin the genus Limnophila by various students of the Amber fauna but
relatively few belong to this genus as now restricted. Osten Sacken
consideredthat certain of the names proposed by Loew (Bernstein, etc.,r85o) were synonyms of. Limnophila (as Critoneura, Tanymera, Tanysphyra). However, the last two are now held as valid while the firststill remains unknown to the writer. From its characters (cells R, andMr present; r lacking) Critoneura would likewise seem to represent a
good genus. Of the specific namesmentioned by Loew in the above paper
and placed by Handlirsch (r9o8) and other writers in the synonymy ofLimnophila, the following disposition is rnade in the present paper:

7L
Cyl,indrotorna(1.c., p. 3il, with succini, lomgicornis,I'ongipesand breuiMeunier. critoneura, wit}r
cornis, presumably fall in Palaeopoecil,ostolashould by no means bebutlongipes and pentagonalis, are still unknown
arbitrarily placed in the genus Lirnnopkila without further evidence.
Limnophita lurcata Giebel (1856)is unknown and its strict generic position
is still in doubt. In his very unfortunate paper on the Amber Dipteraof Loew, Meunier (1899b) mentions two speciesin Tanyrnera (annulata
and crassicornis) that have later been placed in Limnophila. Nothing
definite concerning the true affinities of these two flies can be stateduntil their types are studied; crassicornisis shown (l'c., pl. 3, fig' 16)
with the basal flagellar segment longer than the combined head andthorax and more resembling a segment of the leg. If this figure reallyrefers to the antennal flagellum, the fly will presumably be found to fallin or near Eriocera Macquart. The venation as figured somewhat suggests
Pilq.ria Sintenis, with z about its own length beyond the fork of R,-..,
ceII M, a little longer than its petiole, and other characters. Since all
the names of Tipulidae in this paper are unrecognizableand sinceMeunierhimself quite ignored the rvork in his later monographic treatment, all
one can do is to consider the speciesas nolninq,nuda lunttl,the types canbe later examined and redescribed. Of the thirteen species placed in
Limnophita by )Ieunier (Monograph,etc', 1906) only breuipetiolataand
putchripennis seem to belong here. Of the others, co?tcinn&,continuata,
exigua, producttt and L,ulcena.,are herein placed in Pseud,ol'imnopkila;
gracilisI,ongicornis,iastuosa,robusta and speciosain Pahaeopoecilostola;(meunieri Ckll.) in Tanysphyra; and elongatain Pilaria.
KEY TO THE .\]IBER SPECIES OF LIMNOPHILA MACSUART.
n.(p. ZS)
L. samlandica,sp.
r. Cell M, lacking.
... ... 2
CelI M' present.
z. Cell,Rz sessileor t-ith a very short petiole that is shorter than r. 3
CelI R. petiolate,the petiole being longer than r; (PhylidoreaBigot). 4
3. Wings l-ith ceil R: short-petiolate;rn-cuat near two-thirds the lengthof cell rsl ^11.;trichiation of veins relatively sparse,Rs and M beingnearly if not quite devoid of setae.

at l;"!T'{{*'i{{#::lim-cu
wingsrvithcerR. sess'e;y.lr*,',

trichiation of veins more abundant, occurring on the distal two-thirds
of Rs and on vein J/ almost to the base.
L. skwarre, sp. n. (p. l+)

72
4. Legs brown; Rs angulated and short-spurred at origin; z slighfly
removed from the tip of R'; veins beyond cell rctM2 relatively short.
L. pulchripennis Meun. (p. Zz)
Legs black ; Rs arcuated at origin ; r closeto the tip of R, ; veins beyond.
cell rsl M2 elongated. . .
L. serailis, sp. n. (p. Zz\

Limnophila (Phylidorea)pulchripmais Meun.
19o6. Linrnophila (Dactylolabis) pulehripenzis
p. 38o, pl. 13, fig. 16 (antenna 9).

Meunier;Mon. Tipulidae

Ambre Baltique,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No. BBo4, ?, lectotype.
FEMALE. - Length ? mm.; wing about 7.2 mm.
Antennae with the flagellar segments subcylindrical, the verticils
about as long as the segments.
Wings (Fig. 88) pale yellow, the veins a little darker. Venation:
Sc relatively short, Sc, ending shortly beyond the fork of Rs, Scz at its
tip; Rs long, angulated and short-spurred at origin; R,*, about equal
to the basal deflection of &+si veins Rz and R3 elongate, diverging
outwardly, cell Rz at margin nearly twice as wide as cell R3; z about
one and one-half times its own length from the tip of Rr and near midlength of Rr; cell ntMz rectangular, gently widened distally, nl-cu near
the middle of its length ; cell M , a little shorter than its petiole; anterior
arculus preserved; ll oblique, placed shortly before the level of thearculus.
Ovipositor with the tergal valves strongly upcurved to the subacutetips, the sternal valves short and stout.

Limnophila (Phylidorea) serz)ilis,sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. CoIl., No. 3519, d, holotype.
MALE. - Length about 9 mm.; wing about 8.5 mm.
General coloration black, including the antennae and legs. Wings
brownish yellow, the stigma faintly indicated; veins darker brown.
Antennae with the second scapal segment subglobular; basal
flagellar segments oval, with short basal pedicels, at near midlength ofthe organ passing into cylindrical, the terminal segmentlonger than the
penultimate; verticils a little longer on the outer segments,the iongest
approximately as long as the segments.
Venation (Fig. B9): Sc moderately long, Sc, extending to about
opposite one-third the length of R"+3, Sc2 longer than Sc, and close to73
its tip; Rs strongly arcuated at origin; R"*. shorter than m-cu b:ut
longer than the slightly more arcuated basal deflection of Rnari r at tipof R' and shortly before midlength of Rzi veins Rz and R3 divergent,cell Rz at margin much wider than cell znd.R, and nearly three times aswide as cell R3; cell M, small, about two-thirds its petiole; cei-d.
tst Mzrelatively small, the shortest element enclosing it being ru; m-cu near
midlength of the cell; vein znd A strongly sinuous; anterior arculus
preserved.
The presentspeciesis closelyailied to L. (P.) pwlchripennis(Meun.),differing in the details of venation, especially the longer Sc2, arcuatedRs, R.*. longer than the basal deflection of Ro*r, position of r at the
tip of R', the more elongate veins issuing from cell rst Mz and thesinuous vein znd,A.
Limnophilasamlandicar sp. n.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. X z5o, g, holotype.
FEMALE. - Length about 6 mm.; wing 4.8 mm.
General coloration pale brown, the antennae and legs darker.
Palpi with the terminal segment one-half longer than the penultimate, slender. Antennae moderately elongate, if bent backward extending to bevond the rving-root; basal segment elongate-cylindrical;
flagellar segments iong-oval, passing into fusiform, the verticils a little
shorter than the segments. Head somewhat narrowed behind.
Pronotum large. Legs relatively long and slender; tibial spurs
distinct. \\'ings rFig. 9o) subhyaline, the stigma oval, pale brown;veins pale. Venation: Sc relatively short, Sc, ending before the fork of
Rs, Sc2 longer than Scr; Rs long, weakly angulated and spurred atorigin ; R, *, relatir-elvlong but shorter than Rzi r at tip of R, and before
midlength of the relatively short Rz; R3 sinuous, the tip slightly deflected tou'ard the s'ing-apex, cell R2 at wing-margin wider than either
ce\1.
znd R. or R_.: inner ends of cellsR3 and zsl M, Iying far proximad ofcell R5; basal deflectionsof Rn*, and M,*o strongly arcuated to feebly
angulated; r-eins issuing from cell rsl Mz relatively elongate; cel).M,
lacking; ln-cu at near one-third the length of cell rst Mz., vein znd A
relatively short and straight; anterior arculus preserved; prearcularregion relativelv extensive. Macrotrichiaerelatively sparseand scattered,occurring at even intervals along veins Rr, R3, R,_s, R++s and distal
sections of M, , ,, -113and Ma, lacking on the other veins.
Ovipositor rvith the tergal valves long, slender,gently upcurved tothe acute tios.

74
L. sarnlandicais an isolated speciesthat may be found to represent
a new generic type when more material becomesavailable. The detailsof venation and the sparsetrichiation of the wing-veins are r"roteworthy.
LimnoPhila breviPetiolata Meun.
(Dactylolabis) breuipetiolala Meun.; Mon. 'fipulidae
p . 3 7 8 - 3 7 9 , p l. r 3 , fig . r 5 ( a n te n n a !) , pt. 14, fi g. z (w i ng).

tgo6. Lirnnophila

Anrbrc Baltique,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No. rz8r, ?, holotype.
FEMALE. - Length about 5.5 mm.; wing 5.5 mm.
Wings (Fig.9t)withcellRz short-petiolate,the petiole being lessthan
one-half?n; nl-cu placed at or beyond two-thirds the length of.celltst M';
Rs a little longer than in L. skwarrae,sp.n. Trichiation: The veins
beyond the cord provided with numerousinconspicuoustrichiae, especially veins Rr, R3,Ro*r, the secondand third sectionsof vein M,a,, Mr,
Mz, and the outer sections of M3 and M4 Rs and M seem to be nearly
if not quite devoid of trichiae.
The figure of the wing of this species, as given by Meunier, iserroneous in the omission of crossveinsz and m-cu and the forking ofvein M3 instead of vein M,4., a condition not found in the Tipulidae
and not indicated in anv manner bv the holotvpe.
Limnophila

skwarra,sp. n.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs ColL, No. 273, 6, holotype.
MALE. - Length about 5 mm.; wing 6 mm.
General coloration brownish black, the antennae and legs darkbrown; male hypopygium light brown; caudal margins of the abdominal
segmentsvery narrowly and indistinctly ringed with yellow. Body with
abundant erect short setae that are very numerous on the head.
Antennae short, if bent backward not attaining the wing-root;
flagellar segments oval, with verticils of moderate length, the longest
only a trifle longer than the segments; flageiiar segments gradually
decreasing in size outwardly.
Pronotum massive. Legs relatively short and stout, with conspicuous semi-erect setae; tibial spurs conspicuous. Wings (Fig. 9z) subhyaline, the stigma barely darker; veins brown. Venation: h lying
immediately before the level of the arculus; Sc' ending about opposite
the proximal end of the basal deflection of Rn*r, Scz not far from its
tip; Rs relatively elongate, in alignment with R3, gently arcuated atorigin; cell R, narrowly sessile, R"*. being obliterated; Rz arcuated7b
at origin, thence nearly straight, R3 diverging slightly; r about twice
its length from the tip of R' and at near midlength of R2; inner ends ofcells R3, R5 and tstMz in transverse alignment; cen M, a trifle longer
than its petiole; nt, aboat one-half the outer deflection of M3; m-cu
shortiy beyond midlength of the lower face of cell tst Mz; anterior
arculus present. Macrotrichiae present on all the longitudinal veins
except near the rving-baseand on the Anal veins where they occur only
on the distal fourth of vein rsl z{.
Abdomen relatively short and stout, the hypopygium massive.
Basistyles powerfully constructed, short and stout, provided with long,coarse setae. Dististyle broadly flattened, the outer apicar angle produced into a gentiy curved chitinized rod; remaining details of structure
not visible in the unique type.
This interesting crane-fly is named in honor of Dr. Elisabeth skwarra,
to whom I am indebted for invaluable co-operation in the study of theAmber collections belonging to Frau Klebs and the Geological Instituteof Kiinigsberg.
Tanytnera, gen. n.
t85o.

Tanymera

Loex

BernsteinundBernsteinfauna,p. 3g (nomen nud,untl.

Loew proposed the generic term Tanymera for four unnamed speciesof Amber Tipulidae. The writer here retains the name for a group of
Limnophilaria that agreewell with Loew's brief and insufficient diagnosisof the genus (1.c.,p. 36). Meunier (1899)discussedtwo speciesunder thisgeneric name (annulata and crassicornis),the status of which have been
considered under the genus Limnophita
Charactersof the genus:
Antennae of male relatively short (terminans) to very long (arguta),
the segments clothed rvith dense erect pubescenceand sparse verticils,
the longest of *'hich are unilaterally arranged; basal flagellar segments
generally cylindrical but with the lower face slightly more protuberant;
terminal flageilar segment varying in length with the diffeient species,
sometimes longer but usually smaller than the penultimate, in cases
abruptly smaller, button-iike.
wings rvith sc relatively short, sc, ending opposite or before thefork of Rs, sc, close to its tip; Rs relatively short, gently to strongly
arcuated at origin, in alignment with the moderately long R"*.; z close
to the tip of .R, and at or near midlengthof Rz;veinsRz"rrd R, gently
divergent; inner ends of cells R3, R5 and rst Mz.in nearly transverse
arignment; cell M' longer than its petiole, except in berendti; rn-cu lying

76
far distad, usually near the outer end of cell tst Mz', anterior arculus
preserved.
Male hypopygrum with two dististyles; outer style rveakly bifid atapex. Aedeagus elongate, strongly decurved. Ovipositor u'ith elongate
valves.
GENOTYPE.
Tanymera lritschi sp. n. (Lower OligoceneBaltic Amber).
Some of the speciesrun close to Pseudolimnophilaand it is possiblethat certain of the species here considered as being members of thisgenus will later be found to be more correctly referable to Tanymera.
Such species are P. aulcana, P. timida, and possibly others.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TANYMERA, gen. n.
r. Antennae (d) very long, extending to near midlength of the abdomen.
T. arguta, sp. n. (p. Z6)
Antennae (d) shorter, not extending to beyond the base of the abdomen.
.... 2z. Terminal segment of antenna longer than the penultimate.

ti
Terminatsegmentof antenna
smallerr{;^'Ko!J"!i;r.:p;.1;. . 1?
3. Terminal segmentof antennavery small, only about one-third thepenultimate
T. fritschi, sp. n. (ir. ZS)
Terminal segmentof antennalarger, only a little smaller than the
penultimate.

T- berendti,sp. n. (p. fg)
Tanym,era arguta, sp. n.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., d, holotype.
MALE. - Length 4.5 mm.; wing 4.8 mm.; antenna 3.5 mm.
General coloration shiny coal-black, including the antennae and legs.
Antennae (FiS. qZ) elongate, if bent baclnvard extending to near midlength of the abdomen; flagellar segments elongate-cylindrical, a little
narrowed at the incisures, the surface clothed with an abundant erectpubescence; verticils apparently only one to each segment, elongate,
but still somewhat shorter than the segment, arranged unilaterally on
the dorsal surface of the antenna; flagellar segmentsgradually decreasing
in length and diameter outwardly, the terminal segment reduced to an
oval button that is not more than one-fourth the length of the penultimate segment.
Wings (FiS. qE) with a faint yellowish tinge, the veins slightly more

't't

Fig.100

Fis.l
7n Fis.9sFis.99gf
ffi$sp 'w,$ffi

Fig.l0l

Fig.I04

Fig.l02

Fig.106

Fig.l08

Fig.ll0

brownish yellorv. \'enation: Sc' ending just before the fork of Rs, Scrcloseto its tip ; Rs relatively long, strongly arcuatedat origin; R"*, nearlystraight, a little longer thar' m-cu; veins Rz and R3 long, diverging rather
strongly, R3 being deflectedtoward the wing-tip; r near the tip of R'
and shortly before midlength of Rzi inner ends of cells Rl, Rs and tst Mz
in oblique alignment; cellM, a little longer than its petiole; cell tstMz
relatively short-rectangular, wider outwardly, rn-cx,t'far out toward its
outer end; anterior arculus preserved.

7B
Tanymerafritschi, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Fritsch Coll., No. 59, d, holotype.
MALE. - Length about 5 mm.; wing about 6 mm.
General coloration of head and thorax black, the pleura and abdomen a tittle paler; legs and antennae dark throughout.
Antennae (Fig. 98) stout, r6-segmented; flagellar segmentsgradually
decreasingin length and diameter, the upper face of the segmentswith
two verticils near midlength, the lower protuberant face with a single
weak verticil at nearly this same level; terminal flagellar segment verysmall, about one-third the length of the penultimate; all flagellar segments except the terminal covered with a dense pale pubescence.
Wings (FiS. q+) subhyaline, the stigmal region faintly darker; veinsdark brown. Venation:Sc of moderatelength, Sc' ending shortly before
the fork of Rs, Sc, at its tip; Rs of moderate length, strongly arcuatedor apparently even feebly spurred at origin; R,*. relatively long,subequal to m-cu; r at the tip of Rr and beyond midlength of Rz; Rz
and R3 long,gently diverging outwardly; cell rsl M2 rectangular slightly
widened distally, nt-cu \ear its outer end; cell Mr much longer than its
petiole; anterior arculus preserved.
Male hypopygium (Fig. ror) with the basistyle long and slender,
provided with conspicuous setae. Dististyles apparently slightly subterminal in position, the outermost heavily chitinized, slender, narrowed
outwardly, the extreme tip not visible in the unique type (shown infigure as slightly bifid, a probable condition); inner dististyle fleshy,
setiferous.
Whatseems to be the femaleof this speciesis in the Geologicallnstitute Collection, No. r4rBB, but is in poor condition.
This interesting fly is named in honor of Amtsgerichtsrat Fritsch,
to whom I am indebted for the loan of much valuable material from hiscollection. The type specimen is associated in its Amber block withspecimens of Psychodidae, Sciaridae, etc.

Tanrymeraterminans,sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., J, hoiotype.
MALE. - Length about 6 mm.; wing 6.5 mm.
General coloration dark brown, including the antennae and legs.
Palpi short, the last segment only a trifle longer than the penultimate and slightly more slender. Antennae (Fig. roo) relatively short,
if bent backward extending about to the wing-root; basal segment of:scapeelongate, the second oval; basal four or five flagellar segments

i9
short, oval, the lower face of the first more protuberant, the segments
beyond the fifth gradually passinginto elongate; terminal segmentlonger
than the penultimate; segments clothed with a short, dense, erectpubescenceand moderately elongate verticils, the longest arranged unilaterally along the outer face of the organ, the longest verticils morethan twice the length of the segments that bear them.
Wings (Fig. qS) with a pale brownish tinge, the veins slightly darker;
stigma pale brown. Venation: Sc' ending shortly before the fork of Rs,
Sczcloseto its tip; Rs long, arcuated at origin, in alignment with R"*r;z closeto tip of R, and near midlength of Rai R,+a approximately twice
the basal deflection of R4+s; cell M' a little shorter than its petiole;cell rsl Mz rectangtJlar,m very reduced; m-cu about one-third its lengthfrom the outer end of cell tst ]Izi anterior arculus preserved'
Male hypopygium with the basistyles elongate-cylindrical. Outerdististyle a small, chitinized rod, nearly cylindrical, the apex weakly
bifid. Aedeagus very elongate, jutting strongly ventrad between thebasistyles.
Tanymera berendti, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No x 32, 9, holotype.
FEMALE. - Length about 6 mm.; wing 6.4 mm.
General coloration shiny black, the palpi paler.
Antennae tFiS. qg) relatively short, if bent backward extending
about to the base of the abdomen; basal flagellar segments oval, thelower face a trifle more protuberant, near midlength of the organ thesegmentspassing into elongate-ovaland subequal in length; terminal
five or six segments gradually decreasing in length and diameter, theterminal segment only a little smaller than the penultimate; verticils
of moderate iength only, the longest found on the basal four or fiveflagellar segments,placed on the upper face of the segment at or justbeforemidlength; r-erticilsof the subterminalsegmentsshorter. Antennae
black throughout. Eyes protuberant; vertex between the eyes wider
than the diameter of a single eye.
Legs relativelv short and stout, tibiae shorter than the femora;
tarsal segments gradually decreasingin length outwardly, the last two
subequal; tibial spurs distinct. Wings (Fig. 96) broad, with a faintbrownish tinge, the stigma barely darker; veins dark brown. Venation:
Sc relatively short, Sc, ending before the fork of Rs, Sc, at its tip; Rs
relatively short, arcuated at origin, in alignment with R,*, which isnearly one-half the length of Rs; Rz gently sinuous; r paIe, at the tip

80
of R' and at midlength of Rz; veins Rz and R3 of moderate length,
gently diverging; inner ends of cells R:, R5 and rsl Mzin oblique alignment; cel\ M, about one-third longer than its petioie; m very short;
m-cu far out toward the outer end of celJ'tst M2, at or very shortly before
the fork of M.*n; Anal veins sinuous; anterior arculus preserved.
Macrotrichiae on all the longitudinal veins beyond the cord, on the veins
before the cord restricted to the distal ends of the cubital and anal veins.
Ovipositor with the valves elongate.
An additional female that seems to belong here is in the Fritsch
Collection, No. 56. In this, m-cu is slightly more proximad in position
but still beyond two-thirds the length of cell tst Mz.
Named in honor of Georg Carl Berendt, pioneer student of theorganic remains in the Amber.
Pilariat888. Pilaria

Sint.

Sitzber. Nat.-Ges. Dorpat, 8: 398.
Alexander; Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., Mem. z5: 9r7.

Sintenis;ryr9. Eulimnophilo

The genus Pilaria includes a rather small number of recent forms,
mostly with a Holarctic distribution. Four species from the Amberare herewith refered to the group, including two speciesthat had earlier
been described in Limnophil,a, i. e., P. elongata (Meun.) in 19o6 andP. electrina (Ckll. & Clark) in r9r8.
KEY TO THE AMBER SPECIES OF PILARIA

SINT.

P. baltica, sp. n. (p. Bz)
r. Ceil M, lacking.......2
CellM' present.
z. r on R,*. at nearly its own length before the fork; ceLLM' small,P. batheri, sp. n. (p. Br)
only about one-half its petiole.
r on R"*, at or very closeto the fork or on Rz beyond the fork; cell
. . .. .. . . 3
Mr approximately equal in length to its petiole.
3. r on Rz at approximately its own length beyond the fork.
P. elongata(Meun.) (p. Br)
r on R.*, or on Rz very close to the fork.
P. electrina (Ckll. & Clark) (p. Bz)
species must be consideredabove
The true ranking of some theas still uncertain due to the venational variations often found. The
shifting of crossveinr along cell R, makes the character one of somewhat
doubtful value but one which must be retained until better characters
are discovered.

81
Pilariabatheri,sp. n.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Brit. Mus. Coll., No. r87o4 (ex Dr.
R. Klebs coll., No. 43o; Stantien & Becker, No. XIII B 5r3), d,holotype.
MALE. - Length about 5.5 mm.; wing 6.2 mm,
Antennae of moderate length, the flagellar segments elongatecylindrical, with long verticils, those on the outer face greatly exceeding
the segments in length.
Wings (Fig. roz) with a pale brownish yellow tinge, the veins
darker brown. Macrotrichiae present on all the longitudinal veins beyond
the cord and on the primary longitudinal veins proximad of the cord
except at the extreme base. Venation: Sc relatively short, Scr ending
opposite or slightly beyond midlength of Rs, Scz near its tip; Rs angulated and short-spurred at origin; / on R"*, nearly its own length before
the fork; cell Rz relativelv short, vein R2 being considerably shorter
than R,*, alone and approximately three-fifths the length of vein R3;
cell rsl M2 large, m-cu at near two-thirds its length; cell M, small,
only about one-half its petiole.
Named in honor of Dr. F. A. Bather, Keeper of the GeologicalCollections of the British Museum, to whom I am indebted for the loanof the Amber collection of Tipulidae.
Pilaia19o6. Limnophilapl. 13, fig.:oelongata Meunier;( p a lp u s ,) .

elongata (Meun.).
Mon. Tipulidae

Ambre

Baltique,pp.

38r-382,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. r24, 6, holotype. Of
the other specimens mentioned by Meunier in the original description,
his 99 specimenspertain to two difierent species of. Pseud,ol,imnophila,
No. zz being the tvpe of P. pinicola, sp. n., No. 3o8o being the typeot P. inculpata, sp. n. A female in the Klebs Coll., No. X 456, isdoubtfully elongata.
The holotvpe shows a true Pilaria, allied to P. tenuipes (Say).
Antennae as describedby Meunier. Wings (Fig. ro3) with a conspicuous elongate-oval brown stigma that is shown in the figure, isindicated equallf in both wings, but, since it is not shown by othermaterial identical with or very close to elongata,is probably due to an
artifact. Venation: Sc relatively short, Sc, ending some distance fromthe fork of Rs, Sc. at its tip; Rs elongate,in alignment with the straight
R.e.i R,1_. a littie longer than m,-cu; z somewhat removed from thetip of R' and on R, shortly beyond its origin; cell Rz widenedoutwardly,
Bernsteinforschungen,

Heft

z.

82
vein Rz being straight but R3 deflected rather markedly toward thewing-tip; cell rsl M" Iarge, hexagonally-rectangular, gently widened
distally, m-cu at near midlength; cell Mr approximately equal in length
to its petiole; vein znd.4 eiongate.
The Klebs Coll., 9, No. X 456, mentioned above, may possibly
belong to another species. The coloration is darker and r is on R,*,
just before the fork.
Pilaiaelectrina (CkU' & Clark).

tgr8. Limnophilo electrina Cockerell & Clark; Can. Ent., 5o: 115-116,
fig. z (wing).

fig. r (antenna),

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 7844, D 42, labeiled
by Meunier " Prionolabis prod'ucta", a dl' The holotype is stated to be in
the American Museum of Natural History but has not been seen by
the writer.
This fly is close ts elongatabut presumably distinct. The specimen
studied has z closeto the fork of R,*r; cell Mr alittle larger than figured
by Cockerell but agreeing with his measurements; distal section of Cu'
about equal to m-cu. Wings (Fig. ro4) a little narrower than indicatedby the type; veins pale brown. The specimen shows the lateral marginsof the mesonotum and the pleura pale but with a broad, conspicuous,
brownish black longitudinal stripe extending from the cervical sclerites
to the abdomen. The fly does not show a stigmal spot as was discussed
under P. elongata.
In the Fritsch Collection, No. gB, is another specimen that I referto el,ectrinawith some doubt. The true affinities of el,ongataand electrina
are still in doubt. Meunier's comparison of his species elongata vlith
P. quadrata (O. S.) was pertinent but he overlooked the fact that quadratahas cell M' lacking, while his own type of elongatahas it present.
Pilaria

baltica, sp. n.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., ex Phys.-Oek.Gesell.,No. r45r VI 2Br, g, holotype; previously named by Meunier as"Haploneura"! Paratype, J, No. r4rr8 VI 8o75.
MALE. - Length about 4.5 mm.; wing 5.5 mm.
Antennae of moderate length, if bent backward extending to shortly
beyond the wing-root; flageliar segments elongate-oval with abundant
long erect verticils that are a little longer than the segments.
Wings (Fig. ro5) with a faint brownish tinge, the membrane further
discolored by artificial blackening, especially toward their tips; veins

83slightly darker than the ground-color. Venation: Sc, ending at nearfour-fifths the length of the long Rs, Sc, close to its tip; Rs long, nearlystraight, in alignment with R,*r, which, in turn, is virtually in alignment with R3i cell R2 moderately deep; r on Rz shortly beyond its
origin; inner endsof cells Rl, Rs and zsl M, in alignment; cell M, lacking;cell zsl Mrvery large, approximately as long as the longest vei'- (M,*")issuing from it; m-cu jttst before two-thirds the length of the cell.
The paratype has cell rst Ma slightly smaller than as describedand figured for the type but agrees well in all other regards.
Pilaria baltica is very distinct from all other Amber speciesof thegenus, although closely aliied to the recent P. quadrata (O. S.) of Eastern
North America, and somewhat more remotely the genotype, P. pilicornis(Zett.) (equals meridiana Staeg.) of Northern Europe.
Polymera Wied.
r8zr.

Polymera Wiedemann;

Dipt.

Exot.,

r: 4o.

The genus Polyrnera includes more than a score of living species,
confined to the tropical and subtropical regions of America. The discovery in the Amber of a true speciesof this group is a matter of thegreatest interest and importance.
P olymer a (P olymera) magnifica Meun.
tgo6. Polymera.

ntagniJica trIeunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pp.
3g5-3g6;(a n te n n a d ) , fig .r z ( win g ) , p l.1 5, fi g.z (pal pus J), pl .16, fg.r
(entire flr').

pl.r4,

fig.rr

MATERIAL STUDIED. Klebs Coll., No. 5450, 3, holotype.
Fritsch Coll., \o. 92, an additional d.
The antennae of the male are simply nodulose, there being only
the basal enlargement of the segments, this provided with long erect
verticils.
The posterior tarsi appear to be of a slightly paler color than theother tarsi. \-enation (Fig. ro6): Sc, ending shortly before the forkof Rs, Sc, at its tip; Rs about three-fourthslonger than R,*., arcuated;z distinct; basal sectionof Rz about equal to the terminal sectionof R. j
m-cu shortly bevond the fork of M. Trichiation: Macrotrichiae ofmoderate length on all. the longitudinal veins beyond the cord (including
R,*u and Ru, shorrn by llrs. Meunier as glabrous); basad of the corda seriesof trichiae on J1 and rsl .4 almost to the base. Mrs. Meunier's
figure omits crossveins r and rn-cu.
The Fritsch specimen agrees well with the type in all essentials
of structure (Length, about 3 mm.; wing 3.3 mm.).
6i

84
Hexatoma Latt.
Gen' Crust' et Ins', 4: z6o'r8og. Hexatoma Latreille;
Beschr' Zweifl' Ins', r: 2ro'
Syst.
Meigen;t8r8. Anisomera

The genus Hexatoma includes a small assemblage of Holarctic
forms that run very close to Eriocera, despite the striking difierencesin venation. The presenceof the genus in the Amber was fi.rst indicatedby Loew (Bernstein, etc., p.37; r85o) who mentioned but did not
dlscribe the species,succini. Meunier (19o6) described a speciesunder
this name and the fly is accordingly credited to him. No specimensof H. succini have been seen by the writer and it is not further considered in the present paper (for a consideration of this fly, see Meunier,.
19o6, pp. 388-389, pl. r5, fig.7, antenna, fig' 8, wing, d)'
KEY TO THE AMBER SPECIES OF HEXATOMA LATR.
r. Size smaller (*ittg, J, less than 3.5 mm.); wings with R,+3 longer
than the basal deflection of Rn*r; m-cu before t he fork of M 'H. minwta, sp. n. (P. 84)
Size larger (*itg, 6,4.5mm.); wings with R,*, shorter than thebasal deflection of R.*r; m-cu at the fork of M'
H.succini (Meun.) (P. BS)

Hexatomamirruta, sP.n.
MATERIALSTUDIED.-Geol.Inst'Coll',6l,holotype(exMus'
Stantien & Becker).
MALE. - Length about 3.3 mm.; wing 3'4 mm'; antenna about
6 mm.
General coloration dark brown, including the legs and antennae.
Antennae (a) very long, nearly twice as long as the body; firstflagellar segment a little more than one-half the length of the second;tnira nageuar segment about one-half longer than the second; fourth
flagellar segment a little longer than the third; what appears to be anadlitional lnftfty flagellar segment is cut off from the apex as a small
cylindrical segment, tipped with four long setae'
Wings (Fig. ro7) with Sc rather long, Sc, ending opposite the forkof Rs, sc, a short d.istancefrom the tip; in cases,sc, a iittle longer thanr-m; Rs long, approximately square at origin; r close to the fork of
Ro*.; veins-n, ana R3 divergent, cell R, at wing-margin wider thanR,1. fully one-half longer than the more arcuated basal"ii"znaRri of Rnir; m-cu approximately one-fourth its length before
deflection
the fork of. M.

85
I cannot reconcile the present fly with H. succini (Meun.) becauseof the small size and differences in the venation. The venation of thelatter, as figured by Meunier, is obviously inaccurate (as in the omissionof vein znd A); the figure shows Sc ending closer to the fork of Rn*.
than to Rs; R,,. shorter than the basal deflection of Rn*, and m-cu
at the fiork of M.
Eriocera Macq.
t838. Eriocera Macquart;

Dipt. exot., r: 74.

The great genus Eriocera includes an abundance of recent species,
especially in the tropical and subtropical regions of the World. Perfectly
typical members of the genus are found in the Amber. Following Osten
Sacken, ali later authors have placed Loew's Amber genus, All,arithmia,
in the synonlrny of Eriocera. A careful study of the relatively few
characters cited by Loew (Bernstein,etc., p. 36, 38; r85o) requires me
to remove the genus from the synonymy and isolate it, until morematerial can be discovered or Loew's types described. In Loew's key,
the genus calls for an insect with r4-segmented antennae, having theflagellar segments non-cylindrical; R,*, unforked and z lacking,characters not possessedby any species of Eriocera. Under his discussion of the onlv speciesmentioned, pal'pata (1.c., p. 3B), however,
Loew mentions the antennae as being ro-segmented and thus conforming with our conceptionot Eriocera. Meunier (1899: r74) mentions
his inability to locate the Loew types of Allarithmia. In his Monograph(19o6), Ileunier re-describeswhat he takes to be Loew's palpata andthis is certainlv a true Eriocera. According to my interpretation of
the problem, Allarithntia Loew is not a synonym of Eriocera, unless
Loew was quite in error in arranging his genus in the table of genera;
Loew's speciespalpala is, on the same premises, entireiy distinct from
Meunier's Eriocera palpata. It is the latter species that is discussed
at this time under the present genus.
r. Antennae (5) g-segmented;cell rsl Mz rclatively small, shorter thanE. palpata(Meun.)(p. 8S)
the veins bevond it.
Antennae (5) rr-segmented; cell rs, Mz relatively large, longer thanE. pl,astica,sp. n. (p. 86)
the veins bel'ond it.

Eiocera palpata Meun.
tgo6. Eri.ocera palpala fleunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pp. 387-388,
fig. 15 (wing apex), pI. 15, fig.6 (antenna Q).

pI. 14,MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. CoIl., No. Bzz3, t, holotype'
FEMALE. - Length 7 mm.; wing 6 mm.

86Palpi moderately stout, the terminal segment abruptly smaller.
Antennae g-segmented (as figured by Mrs. Meunier; in the text, it isstated that there are 13 segments);first flagellar segment long and stout
basally, narrowed to the apex; second flagellar segment about twice
the third; terminal four flagellar segments small, gradually decreasing
in size, the terminal a little longer than the penultimate.
Wings (Fig. ro9) with Sc of moderate length, Sc, ending shortly
beyond the fork of Rs; Rs long, strongly arcuated at origin, in alignment
with R"*r; z present, approximately its own length from the tip of R,
and nearly twice its length beyond the origin of Rai veins Rz and R3
long, gently divergent distally; basal deflection of Rn*, forming anacute angle with R"*., as common in the genus; celTMrlacking; m-cu
in approximate alignment with r-m blut more oblique in position; cell
rst Mz short-rectangular, shorter than the veins beyond it; distal sectionof Cu' at an angle with the long basal section, shorter than m-cu.
Valves of ovipositor chitinized, elongate, acutely pointed.
Eioceraplastica,

sp. n.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Brit. Mus. Coll., No. 18699, g, holotype; (ex Klebs Coll., 425, Mus. Stantien & Becker, No. XIII B 5rB).
FEMALE. - Length about 6mm.; wing 4.9mm.
Palpi relatively long, the third segment a little shorter and narrower
than the second; fourth segment slender, a trifle longer than segments
three and four combined. Antennae (Fig. rro) relatively short, rrsegmented; first flagellar segment elongate; second longer and narrower
than the third; second and third together a trifle shorter than the first;
fourth segrnentnearly equal to the third; segmentsfive to sevengradually
decreasing in length, segments eight and nine again a little longer,
about as long as the sixth; all flagellar segmentsprovided with delicate
and inconspicuous setae.
Wings (Fig. ro8) with a pale brown tinge, the stigma oval, slightly
darker browrr; veins pale brown. Venation: Sc long, ending slightly
beyond the fork of Rs, the latter long, very gently angulated near
extreme origin; r on Rz about twice its length beyond origin; cell rst Mz
large, the inner end arcuated, the cell as long as vein M,*"beyond
it and much longer than vein Ma beyond it; distal section of. vein M3of the unique type atrophied beyond a basal spur, the latter about aslong as rn; ,n-cu less than half its length beyond the fork of. M; both
sections of Cu, in approximate alignment; rn-cu longer than the distal
section of. Cur.

87
ovipositor with the valves chitinized, elongate, especially thelong, slender tergal valves which are gently upcurved to the tips.

o. S.
ElePhantomYia
p' 36 (nomen nud'um)'
Loew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna,
Loew; Linnaea Ent., 5: 4oo (in part)'
r85g:. zzo.
r85g. Elephantomyia osten sacken; Proc. Acad. Nat. sci. Philailelphia,p'365'
Bd'ltique'
Ambre
Tipulidae
Mon'\lewnier;
19o6. Elephantomyia
r85o. To*orhina
r85r. Tororhina

Species of Etephantomyia are relatively common in and very
characteristic of the Amber fauna. The majority of the species aremuch smaller than the existing members of the genus but E.batrtica,
sp. n., in notably larger than the others, equal in stature to the genotype,E.uestwoodtO. S.
The imbrogli6 r) that has involved the use of the nameElepkantotnyia
for these Amber flies and the restriction of the original name Toxorhina
to an entirely distinct group of insects, has been discussedby the writerin an earlier paper (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci' Philadelphia, rgzr:9o) andwill be only briefl.v*d.iscussedat this time. In his r85o paper, above
cited, Loew mentioned but did not describein any manner the three
species pertaining thereto. It is the writer's opinion that the genus
ioxorhina, as proposed in this paper, is a nomennudunl, with approximately the same status as the names given by Meigen in his much-cited
r8oo paper. If onlv a single speciesof the genus occurred in the Amber,the b;iei diagnosisof the genusmight be held to validate both the genericand the speci-ficname, an interpretation which I have followed elsewherein the present paper tvhere but a single specific name was mentioned inconnection s'ith the genus (Macrochil,e,spectrum; Trichoneura, aulgaris;
Tanysphyra, gracilis). In all these cases, the genus and species has
been credited to Loerv. In those cases,however, where a generic namewas proposed without mention of a species (calobamon, Hapl,oneura,
Tanymera) or rvhere more than a single specieswas mentioned but nodistinctions betrveenthe speciesthemselves$ven (Toxorhina, Critoneura),
the names are consideredherein as being nomina nud,a. In r$5r, Loew
re-defined his genus more fully, discussed and figured in the briefest
possible manner the three Amber species, and described and figured
in detail a recent fl.v from Porto Rico under the name Toxorhina fragilis.
In r9ro, Coquillett designated lragil'is as genotype of. Toxorhina, a
course in which he seems fully justified.
r) Other literature pertaining to tbis controversy:
Schioer, J. R. Reise Novara,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.' (8) rr: 58o; r9r3. Dipt., p.33; 1868. - Bergroth, Ewald.
r9r8.
Rec. Indian Mus., 15: 3oo-3o4;
Brunetti, E.

88
The three Amber speciesof Loew were soon discovered to be noncongeneric with lragilis and fall within the limits of the group described
in rB59 by Osten Sacken, as Elephantomyia. There is some questionin the writer's mind as to whether the extremely brief notes and figuresof Loew are sufficient to justify crediting the Amber species to him.
In 19o6, Meunier re-described these three speciesbut since he did nothave accessto Loew's types (r899b: t74), it is almost certain, in one
case, at least, that he did not correctly identify Loew's species. I havebeen unable to locate Loew's types and they may be lost, together
with most of the other material upon rvhich the r85o paper was based.
In such a case, the speciesas discussedby Loew must always remain
more or less in doubt and it may be better to apply the names as redefined by Meunier.
KEY TO THE AMBER SPECIES OF ELEPHANTOMYIA

O. S.

r. Size large (wing, d, 8.5 **.);
Rs relatively short, only about twice
the length of the basal deflectionof Rn*r. E. baltica,sp. n. (p. BB)
Size smaller (wing, J, not exceeding 6 mm.); Rs long, arcuated to{eebly angulated at origin, more than three times the length of thebasal deflectionof Rn*r.
... . ..2
2. Antennae r4-segmented; paipi very short, less than one-half theglossal lobes of the rostrum; Sc, opposite midlength of Rs.
E.breaipal,pa (Loew) (p. qo)
Antennae r3-r5-segmented; palpi longer than the glossal lobes of
the rostrum; Sc' extending to beyond midlength of Rs. . . . .....3
3. Rostrum nearly as long as the entire body; cell zsl M2 very short,
m-cu before midlength.
E. longiroslzis (Loerv) (p. qo)
Rostrum shorter than the abdomen; celi rs, M2 Iong-rectangular,
m-cu at midlength.
E. pulchella (Loew) (p. qr)

Elephantomgiabaltica, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 282, 6, holotype.
MALE. - Length (excluding rostrum) 9.5 mm.; wing 8.5 mm.
General coloration brown, the rostrum and legs black.
Rostrum elongate, if bent backward extending to about opposite
midlength of the abdomen, the palpi relatively long, the terminal segment
elongate-oval, more than four times as long as broad. Antennae small,the basal flagellar segmentsshort and crowded, as in the genus; terminal
segments passing into elongate-cylindrical, with long verticils.

89

Fig.ll3

Fig.ll4

Fig:Ill

Fig.ll2

Fig.l2l

Fig.ll5

Fig.120

Fig.ll7

Fig.ll9

Fig.122

No tibial spurs apparent in the unique type. Wings (Fig. rrr)
subhyaline, the stigma not darkened; veins black. Venation: Sc ofmoderate length, Sc' extending to opposite two-thirds the length ofRs, Scz a short distance from its tip; Rs gently arcuated, only a little
more than twice as long as the basal section of Rn15i R.*. relatively
elongate, about equel to the distal section of Rn*r; inner ends of cells
R3 and tst Mz lying far proximad of cell R5l cell rct Mz nearly as longas vein M,*"beyond
it; m-cu aboat one-third its length beyond thefork of M.

90
Elephantomyia baltica bears a marked resemblanceto the genotype,E. uestuoodi O. S. It is readily told from the three previously described
Amber species by the notably larger size.

Elephantomyiabreztipalpa(Lw.).
t85o. Toxorhi.na brcaipalpa Loew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p.37 (nomen nudum).
r85r. Toxorhina breuipalpa Loew; Linnaea Ent., 5i 4oo-4or, pl.z, fi'g. zr (palpus 6').
19o6. Elephantomyia breaipalpa Me:ur:ier1' I\Ion. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, p.366.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., Q, allotype.
FEMALE. - Length (excluding rostrum) about 4.2 mm.; wing
about 3.8 mm.
Rostrum elongate, approximately as long as the abdomen, thevery small palpi (Fig. rr4) only about one-half as long as the glossaeof the rostrum. Antennae (Fig. rr3) relatively short, only r4-segrnented;
basal segment of flagelium only indistinctly separated from the second,
the two taken together a little longer than the enlarged second scapal
segment; flagellar segments three to six short-cylindrical; terminal
six segments elongate-cylindrical, with conspicuous verticils that are
a trifle longer than the segments.
Wings (Fig. rrz) with a strong brownish tinge, the stigmai region
darker; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc' ending opposite midlengthof Rs, Scz transverse, shortly removed from the tip; Rs arcuated atorigin, longer than R,*r; r-rn near midlength of cell tst Mzi m-cu shortLy
beyond the fork of M, the distance somewhat variable.
I am satisfied that this is the speciesto which Loew intended toapply the name breuipalpa since it agrees entirely with his definitionof the palpi and antennae. Meunier states that the rostrum is shorter
than the abdomen and this may be true of the male sex. In the female,
it is relatively long and slender, approximately as long as the abdomen"

Elephantomyialorryiroslris(Loew).
t85o. Toxorhina longiroslris Loew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p.37 (nomen nudum)ts5r. Toxorhina longirostris Loew; Linnaea Ent., 5: 4oo, pl.z, figs. zo, z3 (palpll.
Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pp. 365-366,
19o6. Elephantomyialongiroslris
p l . r z , f i g . 7 ( win g ) .

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 5roo,4o8o, studied by
Meunier; No. X 87, 6i No. z3z, 6. Geol. Inst. Coll., No. z9rr, No.
4877, etc. Fritsch Coll., No.95.
Rostrum only a little shorter than the entire body, brownish black
throughout. Antennae with the basal segmentsof the flagellum crowded,
as in the genus.

91
Wings (Fig. rr5) subhyaline, with a conspicuous elongate-oval
brown stigma; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc of moderate length,
Sc, extending to shortly beyond midlength of Rs, Sc, at its tip; Rsstrongly arcuated to feebly angulated at origin; R,*, fully as longas the distal section of R.*r; cell tstMz large, m,-cu a little before
midlength.
The name Elephantomyia longiroslris Williston (1896) from Middle
America is pre-occupied by the present form and the specieswas later(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,44:489;
re-namedE. m,eridional,is,lrlexanderr9r3).
ElePhantomYia Pulchella (Loew).
r85o. Tororhina pulchella Loew; Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p. 37 (nomen nudum).
r85r. Toxorhina pulchella Loew; Linnaea Ent., 5: 4oo, pl'2, fi,g. 19 (palpus)'
19o6. Etephantomyia pulchella Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, p.365' pl. tz,
f i g . 5 ( a n t en n a d t, fig .6 ( ta r su s i) .

Geol. Inst. Coll., No. 2575, d,
MATERIAL STUDIED.
studied by Meunier.
MALE. -- Length (excluding rostrum) 4.5 mm.; wing 4.6 mm.;rostrum alone 2.4 mm.
Rostrum conspicuously shorter than the abdomen, relatively stout,
the surface with rather numerous semi-erectsetae. Antennae apparently
only r3-segmented, unless a microscopic tubercle at the tip is an additional segment; basal flagellar segment longer and stouter than thenext segment and undoubtedly a composite segment; verticils on all
flagellar segments very elongate.
No apparent tibial spurs. Wings (Fig. 116) with Sc of moderate
length, Sc, ending about opposite three-fourths the length of Rs, Sczclose to its tip; Rs strongly arcuated to feebly angulated at origin;
R"*, and Rn,, running parallel for most of their length; ce}J,tst Mz
relatively elongate, rectangular, rn-cut,at midlength, about equal to the
distal section of Cu'.
This specimenhad beenidentified by Meunier as E. pulchella(Loew).
It does not agree in certain important regards with Loew's brief diagnosis and the determination must therefore be considered as being
tentative.

Tibe Pediciini.
The tribe Pediciini is herein considered as including two subtribes,
the Adelphomyaria, *'ith the single known genus Adelphomyia Bergr.,
and the more extensive group, Pedicaria, with a relatively large number

92of generic and subgenericgroups which show a chiefly Holarctic distribution. In the Amber, a single genus of each subtribe, Aclelphomyia
and Tricyphona, have been discovered.

AdelphomyiaBeryr.
Naturf. Gesell. Bern,(nec Osten Sacken, Loew); Bull.

r8gr. Ad,elphomyia Bergroth;r8gg. Haploneura

MewierMitteil.

r89o:

r34.

Soc. Ent.

France,1899:

lss-:s+, fig.
rgrg. Gonomyiella K,tntzei

Deutsch.

Ent.

Zeitschr.,

r9r9:

r4r.

The genus Adelphomyia includes about a dozen described species,
with a distribution that is notably broken, four speciesbeing found inEurope, four in Eastern North America, one in Japan, two in tropical
Africa, and one in the high mountains of Costa Rica. The genus wasmade the type of a sub-tribe, the Adelphomyaria, in an earlier paperby the writer (Cornell Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta., Mem.38:895; rgzo)
and was placed with the Pediciini rather than with the Hexatomini,
where it had usually been placed. This assignment was made largely
upon the larval structure, the adult flies having retained most of thecharacters of the Hexatomini. No matter whether the group is placedat the end of the Hexatomini, or at the beginning of the Pediciini, as
is done in this paper, it forms a connecting link between the two tribesthat is not shown by other groups.
The single speciesknown from the Amber, Adelphoruyia hirtipennis(Meun.), has undergone a considerable range of generic assignments.
Loew (Bernstein,etc." p. 36; r85o) proposedthe genericterm Haploneurafor four related forms that he did not name. From Loew's key, andfrom a named speciesin the British Museum, I have no doubt but that
he intended the name Hapl,oneura for the group of Amber Tipulidaethat is herein discussed as Rhabdomastix, sttbgenlusPalaeogonornyia
Meunier, in the tribe Eriopterini. Later, Osten Sacken saw in Loew's
collection a fly that Loew had designated Haploneura hirtipennis, bttwhich Osten Sacken unhesitatingly placed in Ula. However, neither
the genus, nor the species, hirtipennis, were validated by a figure or
description until 19o6 when Meunier (Mon., etc., p. 3Bg) discussedwhat
he considered to be the same speciesas mentioned by Loew and Osten
Sacken. Meunier's species, the type of which I have seen, proves tobe an Ad,elphomyia,which places the name Hapl,oneurain its synonymy
in the sense of this author.
Cockerell (Entomologist, 54: 83; tgzt) has described a different
species of. Adel,phomyia (disjunctula) from the Gurnet Bay Oligocene.
He does not mention the diagnostic generic feature of the wing-trichiation and the generic reference is inconclusive, although very possible.

93
Adclphomyiahi'rtipenrtrs(Meun.
).
r8gg. HaploneuraMeunier; Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899: 393-394, fig' (nomennudurn)'
pp' 389-39o' pl' 15'
ryo6. tJla hirtipennis Meunier; Mon. Tiputidae Ambre Baltique,fig. 9 (antenna 9), fiC. ro (wing).

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geoi. Inst. Coll', No. B4Br, ?, lectotype. Klebs ColI., No. 5734, r48o, ?, paratype of Meunier'
Venation (Fig. rr7): Scr ending shortly before the fork of Rs, Scz
about three times its own length frop the tip; Rs long, arcuated or
gently angulated near extreme origin; R,*. gently arcuated; veins
Rz and R3 gently divergent; r on Rz shortly beyond the origin and aiittle more than twice its length from the tip of Rr; inner ends of cells
Rr, R5 and rsl Mz in transverse alignment; r-m slig]iltly arcuated; cell
rstMz relatively small; m-cu at near midlength of the cell but in one
wing of the paratype examined it is placed just before the fork of
Ms++. Trichiation: The macrotrichiae of the cells of the wing are
represented by dots in the figure; they do not occupy all of the cellsof the wing, as indicated by Meunier but are more nearly confined tothe cells beyond the level of the origin of Rs.

TricYPhonaZett.
1837. Tricyphona Zettelstedt;
fi 5 6 . A m a l o p i s Ha lid a v;

fsis von Oken, p.65.

In s. Br it., Dip t., 3 : 1 5 .

Three species of. Tricyphona. ate now known from the Amber,two falling in the same general group as the genotype, T. immaculata,
the third being ven'different and more closely allied to T. inconstans.
The genus, as representedin the recent fauna, is essentially one of cold
climates, predominant in the Holarctic region, with a few isolated species
in Australia and \erv Zealand.
KEY TO THE AMBER SPECIES OF TRICYPHONA ZETT.
r. cell R3 sessile;sc, far before the origin of Rs' the distanceapproxim... . . .. ' . .2
ately equal to the length of the latter.
Cell R3 petiolate; Sc2only a short distance before the origin of Rs,
the distance less than one-half the length of the latter.
sp.n. (P. 95)
T. el,ectrina,
rL-cu near midlength of. M.
T. succinea,sp.n. (P' 94)
Antennae rz-segmented; Rs longer; m-cu immediately beyond theT. sepul'chralis, sp. n. (P. q+)
fork of M.

94
Tricyphonasuccinca, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. -_ Klebs Coll.,
No. 2o7, ,:, holotype.
MALE. - Length about
mm.;
wing
just'l.fora
to7
the levelof the cord, 5.2 mm., giving a total winglength of about 6 mm.
General coloration of the fly, including thelegs, dark brown.
Eyes hairy. Antennae r5-segmented; basai
segment of flagellum
longerthan the second; segments=oval,gradualy
decreasing in rengthand diameter outwardry, provided withrelativlly short vertic's.
Tibial spurs distinct. wings (Fig. rr8) witha pale brownish tinge,
the apex of the unique type destroled.
venation: sc far before theorigin of Rs, the distance about onl-third
ronger trra' Rr, the ratter
weakly angulated at origin; elements ofcord. in"generaly ottiqo"
ment; from the position of the spurs of the"tigrrvein"sueyorra the cord,
thegeneral type of venation has been reconstructed
9rolableand is shownin the figure by dots; petiole of cen M3
shorter than m-cu, about equarto the basal section of Mrln; Anal vlins
divergent.
hypopygium (Fig. rzr) with both the basistyleand the single-. .M"J" relativery.
dististylesrender; basistyle narrowed apically to asmallrounded knob that is set with abuniant
microscopic spines. Dististyrearising from a cleft on the dorso-mesal
face of t'he rasistyte, slender,
the apex a little enlarged and provided
with several rorrg slt"". Ninthtergite deeply emarginate-.di"Uv.

Tricyphona sepulchralis,sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED.
Geot.Inst. Coll., No. B

9o3, ?,
holotype.
FEMALE. - Length
9 mm.; wing 7.5 mm.
General coloration dark brown, including
the antennae and palpi.
Legs paler brown, the tips of the femora,
and especiaty of the tibiae,
narrowly darkened.
Antennae (Fig. rzo) only rz-segmented;
flagenar segmentscyrindri.
cal, gradually decreasing in size outwardly.
Wtqt (Fig. rr9) with a grayish tinge,
the stigma lacking; veins..
a little darker than the ground-coror.
venation: scr ending about
opposite the fork of Rr+r, Sc, far before
the origin of n"; n, ,rroa"r"t"ty
long, arcuated at origin; cen R3 sessile;r-m praced,at near midlengthof Rn*r, cell Ra thul bging rr"ry a""pj
M, open by the atrophyof m; m-cu close to the fort of.-M,lying "?nslightiy basad of the rever ofr-m; celT M3 deep.
Ovipositor large and powerful, the tergal
valves gently upcurved.

95
Tricyphona electrina, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Zool. Mus., Berlin, ?, holotype.
FEMALE. - Length (imperfect) about 9 mm.; wing 9.5 mm.
The type is in relatively poor condition, except the wings which
are beautifully preserved.
Wings (trig. rzz) large and ample, pale yellowish with dark brownveins. Macrotrichiae of veins long and conspicuous. Venation: Scr
ending shortly beyond the origin of R"*. (note this interpretation of
the venation of the Pediciini. - SeeAlexander,Ent. Nelvs,29:2or-2o5,pl.; rgr8), Sc, far from its tip, iving a short distancebasad of the originof Rs; Rs long, strongly arcuated to weakly angulated at origin, near
midlength appearinggently con\-ex,in direct alignment with R5; R"+:++
arising from the end of Rs, subequal to and interstitial with r-m; cellR, deep; basal deflection of R, (the apparent radial crossvein in the
Pediciaria) only about one-half as long as the combined R, and Rz
beyond it; cell zsl
closed,large, m transverse in position; petiole'11,of cell M,nearly trvice rl',,n-clt.a short distancebeyond the fork of M.
Ovipositor rvith the valves stout, the tips broken in the uniquetype.
Tricyphona electrira is very distinct from the other Amber species
so far made knorl-n. The venation is much as in T. inconstans(O. S.),T. tipulina (Egg and aliied forms.

Tribe Styringomyini
This group inciudes only the genus Styringomyia Loew, with morethan 3o describei. recent specieshaving a tropicopolitan distribution,
the great majoritv of the forms occurring in the Ethiopian and Oriental
Regions. The gen:s is very isolated and was made the type of a distinct
tribe by the rvrite: in an earlier paper (Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta.,
Mem. 38: 957'.ro2o\. \\hether the group can be maintained as distinct
from the Erioptrrini must be decided upon future studies, especiallyof the structu:c c,f the early stages.
Styringomyia

Loew.

184 5 . S t y r i n g c ; ; : ' , : . 2 L l- - = r r ; Dip t. Be itr ., r :6 .
184 5 . S t y r i n g i a B r . :tr . :: : Or g . Re ste , r : 5 7 .

The genus Sl,.ringomyia was first detected in Copal and Amber
but was iater found to be stili living in the tropics of both the New and
Old Worlds. The genlrswas basedon S.aenustaLw., from Copal. In
his r85o paper, Loe*' (Bernstein, etc., p. 38) menlions uenwsta,and96
also speaks of the occurrence of a speciesin the Amber, to which hegives the name gracilfs, known to him only from a single male. The
specieswas not described in any manner and the species,gracilis, rnusl
be considered as being a nornen nud,um. In a later paper, Loerv (Uberdie Dipterenfauna des Bernsteins, 186r; reprinted in English by Osten
Sacken, Amer. Journ. Sci., (z) 37: 3r5; 1864) inadvertently gives thename of the Copal species as S. pulchella. Edwards (Trans. Ent. Soc.
London, rgr.4: zo6-zo7; rgr4) mentions the great rarity of specimensof the genus in Amber, the only one ever taken apparently being thespecimenmentioned by Loew. Meunier (1899: r74) was unable to locate
Loew's gracilis and the type is apparently lost.

Tibe Eriopterini.
The tribe Eriopterini of the Amber includes a limited numberof genera with a'notable abundance of species. A survey of these genera
indicates some interesting comparisons with the recent distributionof some of the groups.
has been
A single'species of the limited genus DasymolophaTzzs
taken but to date not a single species of the great genus Molophilusof which more than zoo specieshave now been made known from the
Antipodal regionswhich would thus appear to be the center of distribution
for this group.
Ormosia, a characteristic Holarctic genus, shows a few well-defined
species,of which one (beuilenf)shows some decided points of resemblance
to the New Zealand species of. Ampkineurus.
Erioptera has only two known speciesof the typical subgenus but
an abundance of"Empeda wtrich must have been strikingly developedin Northern Europe during the Oligocene.
Rhabdomastix is represented by the extinct subgeneric grouPPal,aeogonomyia,curiousiy intermediate in characters between thetwo recent subgenera, Rhabdomastix and Sacandaga. Conomyia, oneof the dominant Eriopterine genera in the recent fauna is here very
insufficiently represented,there being only the extinct subgenusElectrogonomyia and a single nearly normal member of the typical subgenus.
To the gewtsGnophomyiaare referred a small gr6up of speciesthat
do not agree exactly with this genus, as now restricted, or with Trimicra,with which some had been placed in the past.
Two noteworthy tropicopolitan genera have been added to theAmber fauna since the appearance of Meunier's Monograph (19o6).
The first of these, Trentepohlia, is represented by the typical subgenus,

97
which in the recent fauna is restricted to the palaeotropical regionsof theworld. ceratocheilu.shad been discussedas olcurring in theAmberby Meunier in his latest paper on the subject (tgxil.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE ERIOPTERINI.
r. Rostrum elongate, approximately as long as the body.
CeratocheilusWesch6 (p. re+)Rostrum short, not exceedingthe head.
..........2
z. Vein Ra short, approximately equal to or shorter than R"*r. ..3
Vein Rz longer than R,*r.
.....8/
3. present.
.......4r lacking.
.......6
4. veins cu, and zsr.4 fused for a distance back from the wing-margin;
vein Sc long, 5c, and R, not widely separated.at wing_margin.
Trentepohlia Bigot (p. rz3)
Yeins Cu, and rsl ,4 entirely separate at wing_margin; vein Sc
short, Sc, and R, widely separatedat wing-margin. ... ... .. ..5
5.Sc' close to the tip of Sc,; veins Rz and R3 extending generally
parallel to the *ing-margin; rn-cn, before the fork of.-M.
Erioptera; subg. Empeda O. S. (p.roS)
Sc, removed to nearly twice its own length from the tip ;f Scr;vein Rz oblique in position, diverging from vein R3; m-iu beyond
the fork of -1.t.
Rhabdomastix (kl.ebsi,.p.".) (p.-rr3)
6. Antennae (;) a little shorter than the entire body; vein'R, shortand straight, subperpendicular to the fork of R,*..
Rhabdomastix; subg. palaeogonomyia Meun. (p. rrr)
Antennae (J) shorter, if bent backward not extending beyond thewing-root; vein R, oblique in position.
.....7
7. cell nt Mz open by the atrophy of the outer deflection of M3; si"at the tip of Sc,; m-cu at the fork of M; male hypopygium withthe apex of each basistyle produced into a long, sword-like point.
Conomyia; sabg. Electrogonomyia,subg.n. (p. rr8)
cell zsl-l/' ciosed; sc2 removed from the tip of scr; m-cubeyond,the fork of -11; male hypopygrum with the apices of the basislyles
not so produced (not known for the only Amber species).
Gonomyia; sabg. Gonomyia Meig. (p.rr9)
8. Cell Rz sessile.
Dasymolophitus Goetgh. (p.q8)
CelI Rz petiolate.
......q
9. Membrane of uing with abundant macrotrichiae.
Membrane of wing without macrotrichiae.
Bernsteinforschungen,

Heft

z.

OrmosiaRond. (p.gg). . . . . . . roI98sinuous'ro. Cell rst Mzopen by- the atrophy of rn; vein znd A strongly(p' roS)
Meig'
Erioptera; stbg. Erioptera
Cell rslMz ciosed; vein znd'A straight or only feebly sinuous'
GnophomYiaO. S' (P. rr9)

DasymoloPhilus Goetgr9zo. Dasymolophilus

Goetghebuer; Bull'

Soc' Ent'

Belgique'2" r32'

The genus Dasymotophilus is represented in the recent fauna by
distinfour or fiie species,all Holarctic in distribution. The speciesare
hypomale
theofguished froi Motophil,usby the small size; structure
venation'theterminal dististyle;iygio-, especially the single, nearlybase of R,*.; and' in
perpendicularnearlyorabiuptlhe
the wing.
"rp"""i"Uy
all of the species,the presenceof macrotrichiae in the cells of
speciessome
sincevariable,mostThis latter character iends to be theprovidedthe.wingof
cellsof.Molophihzsfrom New Zealand have the apicalwith such trichiae, and, conversely, one Dasymolophilus (swbnudus
Alexander) from western North America has most of the cells beyond
the cord without macrotrichiae, although the basal cells are normal.
The structure of the hypopygium points strongly toward the isolated
Australasian genus Tasiocera Skuse. The Amber species,circumcinctus,
agrees closely with the genotype, murinus Meigen'circumcinctus(Meun')'D asymolophilust g o 6 . E r i o p t e r a (Ho p lo la b is) cir cu m c,in cta M e u n ie r ;Mon.Ti pul i daeA mbreB al ti que'(hypopygium i)'
pI. rz, trg. rz (antenna d), fig'rl (palpus d)'fg't+
pp.368-369,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll', No' 3934,26,d'lectotype'No. r85o, ?; No. 3967, 6.
Antennae as figured by Meunier; second scapal segment very large'
subglobular; flagellar segments oval, becoming more slender and elongated outwardlY.
Wings(Fig.rz3)ofthecharacteristicshapeofthegenus,theanalangle being viitually lacking, the anal fringe of setae very long anddelicate. Venation: Sc short, ending just beyond r; r and the perpendicular base of R.*, in transverse alignment; m-cu at or close to the forkof M (d) or slighily more than its own length before this fork (9)'Male hypopygium (Fig. rz4) large and relatively conspicuous'
Basistyle cylindrical, the apex rounded, the single dististyle placed
immediately before the tip, long and slender, tapering to the acute tip'
Elements of ttr" phallosome projecting caudad between the basistyles.

99

Fig.124
Fig.123
Fig.125
Fig.l27
Fig.l3{lfig.l28

Fig.129

Fig.I3lSni*.,1N

Fig.l32
rr5'

rl

,/
\-/

Fig.l34///J

rig.t36j,Fis.lSi
Ormosia Rond.
t 85 6 . O r m o s i a R o n d a r i: Dip t. Ita l. p r o d r ., r : r g o .
186o. Rhypholoplr,: Kolenati; Wien. Ent. Monatschr.,
1899. Gonoml,lella lleunier;

4: 3g3.
Bull. Soc. Ent. France, pp.334-335,

fig. (nomen nud.unt).

The genus Ormosia has been found to be rather numerously representedin the Baltic Amber. All of the specimensseenby the writer
are males, this peculiarity being readily explainable by the habit ofthis sex of occurring in small dancing swarms beneath the shade of theam ber-prcducing pines and thus becomingeenmeshedand imbedded.

100
Most of the speciesbelong to the group in which cell zsl M, is open
by the atrophy of m, a division of the genus that is decidedly in theminority among the existing species where the cell is closed or open
by the atrophy of the outer deflection of vein M 3'
KEY TO THE AMBER SPECIES OF'ORMOSIA ROND.
(MALES ONLY)
r. Both Anal veins very long, veir- znd,4. ending beyond midlengthof Rs; male hypopygrum with the basistyles produced into finger-likelobes, the dististyles subterminal in position.
O.beuil,eni,sP.n. (P. roz)
Anal veins strongly divergent, vein zndl terminating opposite orjust before the origin of Rs; male hypopygium with the basistyie" " " " "2small, stout, the dististyles terminal in positionz. Antennae of male elongate, extending to opposite the basal segmentsof the abdomen; male hypopygium with the dististyle slender, thesp' n' (p' ror)
. - . . - O. el,ectrel'la,
tip obtuse.
wing-root;the
Antennae of male short, not extending to beyond
male hypopygium with the dististyle either bifid, or, if simple, the"''''3
tip acutely pointed.
profoundly
single,3. Male hypopygium with the dististyle apparently
sq'n' (P' roo)skwana'e'o'bifid.
''
Male hypopygium with two dististyles, the outer one an acute needle.. O. tornquisti, sp' n' (p' roz)'
like spine.
Onnosia skwatra,

sP.n.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 2542, 6, holotype'
GeoI. Inst. Coll., No. 3 B 5zr (ex Mus' Stantien & Becker), d, paratype.
MALE. - Length about 3-32 mm'; wing 4-43 mm'
General coloration of head and thorax brownish black, the abdomen
paler; antennae and legs dark brown.
Antennae if bent backward extending about to the wing-root;
flagellar segments oval, gradually decreasing in size outwardly, theterminal segment a trifle longer than the penultimate; verticils elongate,especially those of the inner face, the longest more than twice thesegment.
Wings (Fig. rz5) subhyaline; stigma distinct, oval, pale brown;veins dark brown. All cells of wing with conspicuous macrotrichiae.
venation: scr extending to shortly beyond the fork of Rs, sca far fron'l

10r
ijs tip, about opposite one-third to one-half the length of the sector,
sc' alone being more than twice R.+ti / far from the tip ofR, and.
nearly its own length beyond the origin of Rz; veins Rz ind R3
long,diverging gently outwardly; cell rsl Mz open by the atrophy oi* ln
the type, closed in the paratype, in the latter case about-one-halfthelength of the more arcuated outer deflection of M3, cell rsl M,
beinglong and nanow; m-cu transverse to the wing-axis or nearly so, placedat about one-third its length beyond the fork of M;Anal veins divergent,
the second very short, ending about opposite the origin of Rs;
anterior
arculus lacking.
Male hypopygill (Fig. rz6) of simple structure. Basistyle relatively
stout, cylindrical. Dististyle single, terminar in position, deepiybifid,
the outer arm more slender, its apex weakly toothed; inner arm
stouter.
Gonapophysis appearing as a slend.er chitinized rod.
ormosia skuarre is named in honor of Dr. Elisabeth Skwarra,
in appreciation of the many kindnessesshe has shown the writer inthisstudy of the Amber Tipuloidea.
This is evidently the fly for which Meunier proposed the genus
Gonomyiel,la(1899: 33+-335, fig.), although his fl-gur; has Rs longer
and vein znd A shorrer. The type-specimen of o. skuarrae had been
identified by lleunier as Gonomyia purcheila, with a question.
Thecreation of the name Gonomyiella with no accompanying mentionofa species to validate it has brought about a regrettablb tangle inthesynonymy. In rgr7, the writer used the same name (Gonomyeila)fora group of chieflv \eotropical speciesof Gonomyia. Later (xgzo), recogn_izing the homonrrnitr-, the rater name was changed to' irogonomyia.
rt is now found that ]Ieunier's genus is a nornennud,umand somewriter,smrght ciaim that there *'as no need for the erection of. progonomyia.
At about this samegeneral period, Kuntze (tgrg) created a third genus
Gonomyiella, rvhich, horvever, fails in the synonymy of Ad.erphimyia
Bergroth. In the tight of this unfortunate tangle of names, thewriter
proposes to entirelv abandon the name Gonomyiella.
Ormosia electrella,

sp. n.

MATERIAL srLiDIED. - Geor. Inst. coil., No. B
45rr (ex Mus.
Stantien & Becker), 5, holotype.
MALE. - Leng-thabout 3.5 mm; wing
4.2 mm.; antenna r.9 mm.
General coloration dark brown, including the legs.
Antennae elongate,if bent backward extending about to the baseof- the third abdominal segment; flagellar segments elongate-ovar,

102
the apex of each narrowed into a short neck; segments clothed witha denseerect pubescencethat is shorter than the segment,with occasional
scattered verticils of slightly greater length; flagella.r segments decreasing very graduatly in length and diameter to the end.
Wings grayish subhyaline, the veins pale, badly crumpied in theunique type and the details of venation difficult of observation(Fig. rz7):
sc ending opposite the fork of R,1r, scz far from its tip; Rs relatively
short; R"+a & little longer thanm-cu, much longer than the other elementsr on Ra about its own length beyond the origin; vein znd Aof the"o.d;short, ending about opposite the origin of Rs.
Male hypopygrum (Fig. rzS) of simple structure, the basistyleshort and stout, the outer face provided with long setae. Dististyie
apparently single, terminal in position, a slender chitinized rod withthe apex a little expanded, subtruncated, the margin narrowly blackened.

Ormosiatornquisti',sp.n.
yI 3244,
MATERIAL STUDIED. - GeoI. Inst. ColI', No' 52r.7
ex Phys.-Oek. Gesell., 6, holotYPe.
MALE. - Length about 3.3 mm.; wing 3.2 mm.
General coloration dark brown, including the legs and antennae.
Antennae short, if bent backward not attaining the wing-root;
basal flagellar segments subglobular to short-oval, gradually passing
into oval, the last segment a trifle longer than the penultimate; flagellar
segmentswith coarseerect pubescenceand a few longer verticils. Wings(Fig. rz9) with a faint brownish tinge, the veins darker brown. Venation:sc, immediately before the fork of R"*., scz far from its tip, at near
one-fourth the length of Rs; r at ttre fork of R,*r; veins Rz and Rr
diverging, cell Rz at wing-margin being more than one-half wider thancell R3i cell zsl M2 open by the atrophy of rn; ceII M3 mote than twice
the length of its petiole; m-cu at the fork of M; AnaI veins divergent.
Male hypopygium (Fig. r3o) with the basistyle short and stout,
the outer face and especially the caudal portion with long conspicuous
setae; dististyles terminal in position, two in number, the outermosta long, straight, chitinized needle, the apex acute; inner dististyle asmall oval heavily blackened obtusely rounded lobe'
The species is named in honor of Professor W. Tornquist'

Orrnosiabeurleni,sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., d, holotype' Fritsch
Coll., No.9o, d, paratYPe.
MALE. - Length 3.6 mm.; wing 4.6 mm.

103
General coloration brownish black, including the legs.
Antennae of moderate length, if bent backward extending to about
opposite the wing-root; flagellar segments subcylindrical, a little moredilated beyond the base and here provided with verticils that are about
one-half longer than the segments.
Wings (Fig. r3r) with a grayish tinge, the stigmal region a little
darker; veins pale brown. Venation: Sc, ending opposite the fork of
R"*r, Sc, far from its tip, at near one-third the length of Rs; Rs longand straighti R"+s very short, not exceedingthe basal section of Rz;
r on Rz a little more than its own length beyond the fork; veins Ru
and R3 long and parallel; elements of the cord in zigzag alignment;
cell rsl M2 open by the atrophy of rn; m-cu immediately beyond thefork of M; both Anal veins very long, running generally parallel, atwing-margin separated from one another by a distance that is only alittle greater than the correspondingspacebetween veins Cu, and nt A;
vein znd L ending beyond four-fifths the length of the long Rs.
Male hypopygium (Fig. r3z) with the basistyle much as in Amphineu{r%s,extending caudad beyond the insertion of the basistyle into along, digitiform lobe. Outer dististyle a small, strongly curved black
hook, the basal half strongly dilated.
Named in honor of Dr. Beurlen of the GeologicalInstitute of Kdnigsberg.
The structure of the male hypopygrum is very like certain New
Zealand speciesof Amphineurus Skuse, but the structure of the basal
dististyle and the gonapophysescannot be further studied in the material
available.

Erioptera Meig.
r8oo. Polymeda }lergen;t8o3. Erioptera lleigen;Nouv. Class. Mouch., p.r4
Illiger's Mag., z: z6z.

(nornen nuilum).

In the Amber fauna, the great genus Erioptera has been foundto include a limited number of forms referrable to the typical subgenus
and a much greater abundanceof the subgenusEmpeda osten sacken.
Loew (Bernstein, etc., p. 37; r85o) believed that he could recognize
at least eight speciesin the abundant material available to him. Loew
did not mention any of these speciesin his own writings but Nleunier(r899b: r7z-t73) from a study of Loew's types, attempted to validate
two of the names (gracilis and ninuta). The former speciesis entirery
unrecognizable from the brief diagnosis of Meunier but the latter isvalidated by a figure and is herein consideredas being the same species
that Meunierlater (Mon, etc., p.375; 19o6)describedas Emped.aprolifica,

104
the name being credited to Meunier. In his monographic treatment,
just mentioned, Meunier described a species,perspicillata. thert belongs
to the typical subgenus.

a Meig.
Subgeras Eri.oPter
The typical subgenus includes but two species so far made known
but many more specieswill probably be differentiated when more andbetter preserved male specimens become available.
SPECIESOF THE SUBGENUS ERIOPTERA.
(FEMALES ONLY)
r. ovipositor with the valves elongate, onty slightly arcuated; wings
with Scz near midlength of Rs; veins beyond the cord of moderate
length, the cells thus being relatively short.
E. (E.) perspicill,ataMeun. (p. ro+)short, strongly arcuated; wings
valves
Ovipositor with the tergal
with Scz near one-third the length of Rs; veins beyond the cord
elongate, the cells being deep. .. . E' (E.) arcuata, sp' n. (p. roS)

KEYTOTHEAMBER

Erioptera (Eri'optera)perspicillata Meun'
19o6. Erioptera perspicillata
fig. rr (antenna $).

Meunier;Mon. Tipulidae

Ambre

Bultiqt'",

p' 368, pl' rz,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No. 4257,6, holotype.
Fritsch Coll., No. rB, a block containing six dd and one t, the latterdescribed herewith as the allotype.
General coloration black, including the legs and antennae.
Wings subhyaline, the stigma a little darker; veins dark brown'
Venation (Fig. r33): Sc, ending opposite r, Scz at or near midlengthof Rs, the latter long, nearly straight; R"+z d little longer than thebasal section of Rz ; /n-c%shortly beyond the fork of' M, the petiole ofcell M3 shorter than m-cu; veins beyond the cord relatively short' thecells thus being comparatively shallow; vein znd.,4 strongly sinuous,cell rsl,4. being wider at middle.
Male hypopygtum (Fig. r35) with the basistyles relatively longand slender, the outer dorsal apical angle produced caudad and slightly
mesad into a slender, finger-like lobe that is sparsely setiferous. outerdististyle stout basally, the apical portion deeply bifid, the two arms
slender, unequal, divergent, their tips acute, the outer arm longer andslightly more slend.erthan the inner arm. Inner dististyle a stout, gently
arcuated rod. Gonapophyseslong and conspicuous,appearing as gently
curved needle-like rods. Ovipositor with the tergal valves (Fig. r37)
very long and slender, only gently upcurved to the acute tips.

105
Erioptera (Erioptera) aratata, sp.n.
MATERIALSTUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 3gg3, ?, holotype.
very close to E. perspicilata, differing chiefly in the structureof the ovipositor, the tergal valves (Fig. 136) of which are short andstrongly upcurved to the acute tips. wings (Fig. r34) with a strong
brownish tinge, the veins still darker. venation: Very much as inperspicillata but with sc2 lying farther basad, vein sc, thui
being longer,
and with the veins beyond the cord somewhat more elongate, the cells
being deeper.

Subgenus
EmpedaO. S.
t869. Empeda Osten Sacken; Mon. Dipt. N. Amer.,
4: rg3.
r9r3. Erioptera (Empeda) Alexander; proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
44: 5rz.

species of the subgenusEmpeda appear to have been very abundantin the Lower oligocene of northern Europe. The species that havebeen discovered to date all agree closely in their general appearance
but-are readily separatedby the details of structure of the male hypopyglum. Since the males are common in the Amber and are oftensopreserved that the hypopygium lies wen exposed, their exact determination is not rendered impossible. It is very certain that many
additional species remain to be discovered in Amber. The eight thatare discussedat this time are ail very well defined upon the structureof the hypopvgium.
The wings of all the Amber species agree in having crossvein r
retained and connectingR, with R"+3; cell rsr M2 closedrylhe retention
of. m (the latter lacking only in very abnormal cases;; m-cw
'suallyclose to the fork of ][.
The fundamental plan of structure of the male hypopygium isthe same in aii of the known fossil species. The basistyle is cylindricaland generalll' terminates in small, fleshy lobes. The two di.tirtyr".
are terminal in position or nearly so, the outer always profoundly rina,
the. inner strle simple or forked, depending on the speciesconcerned.
It is still impossible to differentiate isolated females in this difficultgroup.
KEY TO THE AMBER SPECIES OF EMPEDA O. S.
(MALES ONLY)
r' Male hypopl-gium *'ith the arms of the outer dististyle expanded
into broad leaflike btades..... E. (E.) platyphylta, sp.n. (p. ro7)
Male hypopygium rvith the arms of the outer dististyle slender. 2

106Male hypopygium with the inner dististyle a long, chitinized rod,at near one-third the length with a small lateral spine or toothsp. n. (P. rro)
E. (8.\ subabortiaa,
Male hypopygium with the inner dististyle not as above.. . . . . . .3tdeeply bifid; outer dististyle without an axillary-)' Inner dististyle. ... ....4
spinoustubercle.
Inner dististyle simple; if with a small lateral spine (in axill'aris),the outer dististyle bearing an axillary spinous tubercle. . . . . ' . .5
4. Male hypopygrum with the inner dististyle unequally bifid, the stem
bearing a large flattened spine before midlength; phallosome massive,heavily chitinized, cruciform.......8. (8.) d'uplicata,sp.n. (p. ro8)
Male hypopy$um with the inner dististyle nearly equally bifid, theterete spines slender, acute; elements of the genital chamber (gonapophyses?) appearing as needle-like spines.
E. (E.) d'iacantha,sP.n. (P. ro9)
Male hypopygrum with the inner dististyle a short, straight rod,
E. (8.) rectistyla sp. n. (p. rrr)
the tip acute .
Male hypopygium with the inner dististyle not a short, straight.... 6rod, as above
6. Male hypopygrum with the outer dististyle deeply bifid, the arms without branches; inner dististyle a relatively slender, strongly..,.......7
sinuous,simplerod...
MaIe hypopygium with the outer dististyle deeply bifid, the innerarrn expanded and bearing a small, blackened, spinulose tubercle
in its axil; inner dististyle expanded outwardly, the inner marginnear the base of the dilated portion with a small pale spine.
E. (8.) axil'l'aris,sp. n. (P. rro)
7. Antennae (d) relatively short, if bent backward not extending to
the wing-root; male hypopygium without spines on the arms of theouter dististyle. .
Antennae (d) relatively long, nearly as long as the combined head
and thorax; male hypopygium with the outer arm of the outerdististyle with a small spine on the inner face before midlength.
E. (E.) schumrnel,i(Meun.) (p.toZ)

J.

ErioPtera (bnPeda) mimtta Meun.
figg. Erioftcro minuta Meunier; Miscell. Ent., 7: r73, pl.z.
19o6. Empeila ptoliJica Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pp. 325-376, pl.rl,
fig.7 (antenna d), fiC.8 (hypopygium d), fiC.9 (winC apex).
^
ryo6. Empcd,aelongataMeunier; Ibi,d'.,p.376, pl. 13, 69.6 (antenna Y).

107
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Ktebs Coll., No. 1695, 3736, 6, designated as lectotype; Nos. 33, 26r. Geol. Inst. Coll., gi, Nos. 977,
1578, 4628,6t6o, 7529, 7946, 8426, B4zg, B7zg, BB5z.g57r; ?9, Nos.
2584, 3795, 4o;z, 4967, 5ooo, 5665, 6o87, 6539. 66o8, BZ5g, goz3.
Fritsch Coll., several of both sexes.
E. (8.) minuta is apparently the most abundant species of thesubgenus in Amber. It is possible that some of the ?9 here referred
to minuta may pertain to some one or other of the related species.
Antennae of male with the second scapal segment enlarged, oval;
basal flagellar segments a little larger than the others, crowded, thesutures between them not well-defined; segments with elongate verticils,
as in this sex of Empeda.
Wings (Fig. r3B) with Sc relatively short, Sc' ending about opposite
midlength of Rs, Scznot far from its tip; Rs of moderatelength, arcuatedat origin; r on R,*, at or before midlength, far removed from the tipof Rr; cell zsl Mz small., closed; m-cu shortly before the fork of M;
anterior arculus broken.
Male hypopygium (Fig. r4o) about as shown by Mrs. Meunier's
figure; however the tips of the inner dististyles are concealed in thisdrawing; they are heardy chitinized and acutely pointed. This species
is told by the simple, slender inner dististyle, taken in connection withthe slender arms of the outer style.
The varietv elongata discussedby Meunier was based on a single
isolated female that is not distinguishable from typical minuta.

Eioptera (Empeda)schummeli(Meun.).
ryr7. Empeda schuttnt;li \Ieunier; Neues Jahrb. Mineral., r9r7:98,
p l . 1 6 , f i g . 73 ( a n te n n a d ) , f9 .7 4 @ yp o p ygi um j ).

pl. 15, fg. 69 (wing),

Meunier's tlpe has not been seen by the writer. His description
and figures indicate a fly with much longer antennae than in the otherspeciesof the genus,in the d being almost as long as the head and thorax
taken together, the secondscapalsegmentvery large. The hypopygium
agrees closelr- rrith that of rninuta in the simple inner dististyle but
differs in haring a small acute spinous tooth on the inner margin of
the outer arm of the outer dististyle shortly before midlength.

Eioptaa (Empeda)platyphylla.,sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDItrD. - Klebs Coll., No. r82r, .', holotype.
MALE. - Length about 3 mm.; wing about 3 mm.
Characters as in minula, differing as follorvs:

108
Wings (Fig. r39) subhyaline, the stigma lacking. Venation: R"*telongate, longer than Rz alone, z not much more than its own length
beyond the fork of Rs; R' beyond z elongate, longer than Rz alone'
Male hypopygium (Fig. r4r) with the basistyle produced caudad
into three lobes, a fleshy dorsal lobe with sparse long setae; an intermediate lobule that is densely set with setiferous tubercles, and a ventral
subglabrous beak-Iike lobe, the point of which is directed mesad. Dististyles two; outer style as in the subgenus, each arm expanded into a
broad leaf-like structure, the dorsal lobe on outer face near base subtended by a small, gently curved black spine. Inner dististyle a long,simpie chitinized rod, strongly curved and cylindrical at base, the longstraight apical portion dilated into a narrow blade, thence gradually
narrowed to the acute tip. Aedeagus or phallosome produced into two
pale fleshy lobes, separated from one another by a deep median split,
the outer lateral angle of each lobe produced caudad and mesad intoa gently curved, slender black spine, the tip of which is obtuse.

Erioptera (Empeda)duplicata, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 3or, d, holotype;No. z6r, d, paratype. Geol. Inst. Coll., Nos. rozr, 679z and 8o56, 3 dd,
paratypes, removed from Meunier's series of minuta (as prolifica).
MALE. - Length about 2.r-2.5 mm.; wing 2.3-z.B mrr,.
General coloration pale brown. Wings pale. Venation: Sc' extending
from one-half to two-thirds the length of Rs, Scz slightly removed fromits tip; cell zsl Mz fiore or less elongate, in extreme cases more than
one-haif the length of vein M,*nbeyond it1,m-cu at or before the forkof. M.
Male hypopygium (Fig. r4z) of rather complicated structure.
Basistyle large, cylindrical, the ventral apical angle produced slightly
caudad, the dorsal apical angle produced caudad and slightly mesad
into a fleshy lobe. Dististyles two, subterminal in position, both bifid.
Outer style larger, the st.emmuch shorter than the arms, the outer arm
slender, gently curved to the narrow apex; inner or cephalic arm nearlystraight, a little shorter than the outer, its apex expanded into a small
spatulate blade. Inner style more heavily chitinized, extended intoa long, darkened spine, shortly beyond the base bearing a similar but
smaller flattened spine that is nearly straight. Phallosome a massive
cruciform structure, heavily chitinized, the lateral arms short to ofmoderate length, their apices weakly expanded, truncate. Ninth tergite
a projecting, flattened, spatulate lobe.

109

Fig.l39
Fig.l38

Flg.l4l

Fig.IaS

Fig.l46

The present speciesis readily told from minwta by the structureof the male hvpop)'grum, especially the bifid inner dististyle and massive
phallosome.
Eioptera(Enpeda) diacantha, sp. n.

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll. No. gr5r, dl, holotype; removed from the }feunier series of minuta (as prolifica).
MALE. - Length about 2.6 mm.; wing 3.2 mm.

110
Generally similar to the other species of the subgenus, especiallyto dwpli,cata, differing conspicuously in the structure of the malehypopygium.
Male hypopygium (Fig. r43) with the outer dististyles profoundly
bifid, the stem short, the arms elongate and obtuse at tips. Inner dististyle much smaller, the stem short, just beyond midlength narrowed
into a slender spine, on the outer margin at the base of this spine witha similar but stightly smaller, straight black spine, both spines heavily
blackened, acute and apparently terete. Gonapophyses appearing as
acicular, gently curved, chitinized rods that appear more or lessdecussate
across the genital chamber.

Erioptera (Empeda)axillaris, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 278, 6, holotype.
MALE. - Length 3.4 mm.; wing 3.8 mm.
Generally similar to minwta, difiering chiefly in the structure of
the male hypopygium. Coloration pale brown, including the iegs. Wings
pale, the veins indistinct. Venation: r placed just beyond one-third thelength of R"*r; cell rsl Mz relatively long and narrow, widened distally;m noticeably shorter than the gently arcuated outer deflection of. M3;
m-cu shortly before the fork ol M.
Male hypopygium (Fig. r44) with the outer dististyle profoundly
bifid, the outer arm slender, the inner arm shorter, expanded apicallyinto a blade, in the axil on the margin with a small lobe that is densely
set with blackened spinulae. Inner dististyle nearly simple, stout, theouter half dilated, produced apically into a slender point; inner marginnear midlength with a small appressedpale spine. Gonapophysessmall,curved.

Eioptera (Empeda)subabortioa,sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED.
Geol. Inst. Coll., ex Phys.-Oek.
Gesell, No. rr584 YI 6926, g, holotype.
Allied lo minuta, in its general appearance, difiering chiefly in the
structure of the male hypopygium.
Antennae short, if bent backward extending about to the wing-root.
Male hypopygium (FiS. f+S) with the outer dististyle pale, profoundly
bifid, as in the subgenus; outer arm relatively broad and flattened,ribbon-like, the inner arm a little shorter. Inner dististyle heavily
chitinized beyond the expanded base, the basal third a little stouterand bearing a short spur on the mesal face; apex of style beyond this111 -point prolonged into an acute, gently curved spine. Gonapophyses
appearing as heavily blackened, curved rods, ending in an acute point,
the outer margin irregularly and microscopically serrulate.
The condition of the unique type is insufficient to give a descriptionof the wings. The male hypopygium indicates a very distinct speciesof the subgenus.

Erioptera (Empeda)rectistyla, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., 61,holotype.
MALE. - Length about 2 mm.; wing about 2.2 mm.
fn its general appearanceresembling minuta, differing in the structure of the male hypopygium. The basistyle (Fig. 146) and outer dististyle is much as in minuta but the inner dististyle is a short, nearlystraight, heavily chitinized rod, the base swollen, the tip acute.
Rhabdoma.s/ir Skuse.
t889. Rhabdomaslir Skuse; Proc. Linn.

Soc. New South Wales, (z) 4:828,

Subgenus P alaeogonomyia Metn.
r85o. Haploneura

Loew(zec Osten Sacken, Meunier);

Bernstein

und Bernsteinfauna,p. 36'
r8gg. Palaeogonornt-ia )Ieunier;Bull.

Soc. Ent.

France, 1899: 359,

fig.;

no

speciesmentioned.
19o6. (Palaeogononf ia )leunier) ; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, p.372;
Gononzyia; no tr-pe-species designated.

placed with

It seemsadvisableto recognizethe subgenusPal,aeogonomyia
Meun.
with antennal characters intermediate between those found in typical
Rhabdomastixand in SacandagaAlex. In Rhabdoma.stix,s.s., the maleantennae are from trvo to four times the length of the entire body, theflagellar segments very elongate-cylindrical, with a sparse, erect, very
delicate pubescence and without distinct verticils; terminal flagellar
segment extremely reduced. In Palaeogononxyia,the male antennae area little shorter than the body, the flagellar segmentscyiindrical, with acoarse erect pubescencethat is very evident, the verticils present but
inconspicuousamong the coarsepubescence;terminal flagellar segment
reduced, e\cept tn elegantwla,the male of which is still unknown andwhich may be found to pertain to still another subgenericgroup. In
Sacandaga,the male antennae are short, not exceedingthe combinedhead and thoras, and, in most species,not passingbeyond the rving-root.
The wings of. Palaeogonotnvia
have a characteristicvenation (Figs.
r4B, r4g, r5o, r5r): Sc of moderatelength, alwaysendingsomedistancebeyond the origin of Rs; Rz short, straight, subperpendicular; cell

rl2
rst Mz closed,the veins issuing from it tending to be arcuated, especiallythe distal section ol M,*"; m-cu at or near midlength of cell rstMz,
oblique. Trichiation: Normally with no trichiae on veins Rs, R.*. or
Rz of the wings; a series of from 6 to 15 trichiae distributed along vein
R3 for most of its length; numerous trichiae on the distal section of
R**, and on the distal sectionof M,*. except at proximal end' In a
fewtases, one to few trichiae on vein R,*r. In R. klebsi,there are abundant macrotrichiae on veins Rs, R,*., Rz and &; since, moreover,thisspecies retains r,it is highly probable that this, too, will be removed
from typical Palaogonomyia when the male is made known'
Type of subgenus. - Rhabdomastix (Pal'eogonornyia) '|>ulcherrima(Meun.), by present designation (Lower Oligocene - Baltic Amber).
In his Monograph (19o6: 372-37il, Meunier proposed six new
speciesof these flies. A study of his types enables me to maintain as
distinct but three of these species, with one additional subspeciesof
doubtful value.
In the British Museum Collection (No. In. zzogg) is a female of a
species allied to elegantulato which Loew had affixed the manuscript
iame Haploneurzcterminalis. This proves what was already indicatedby Loew's key (Bernstein,etc', p. 36; r85o) that he intended the name
Haploneura for these species of. Rhabd,omastix,and not for the genus(Jla, as believed by osten Sacken, nor for the genus Adelphomyia, as
must now be held, the complicated situation being discussedunder theconsideration of. Adel'PhomYia.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PALAEOGONOMYIA MEUN.
r. Crossvein r present; macrotrichiae on veins Rs and Rr.
R. (P.) klebsi,sp. n. (p. rrS)
on veins Rs or Rr. . . . .. ' 2
nomacrotrichiaerlacking;
Crossvein
Z. Terminal segment of antenna elongate-cylindrical, exceeding one-halfthe length of the penultimate; vein znd.r4 short, cell rsl,4. being very
(Meun.)(p. rr+)..... ... ' . R. (P') elegantulawide.
or subglobular
reduced
to
a
small
oval
Terminal segment of antenna
button, much less than one-half the length of the penultimate;
AnaI veins of normal length, cell rsl / being of moderate width only. 3
long-fusiform, the an3. Flagellar segments (9) elongate-cylindrical totenna extending to shortly beyond the base of the abdomen; macrotrichiae on vein R3 rather numerous, ten or more.
R. (P.) pulcherrima(Meun.),and subsp.graciosa(Meun.) (p. rr+)
Flagellar segments (9) oval to elongate-oval, the antenna barely113
attaining the base of the abdomen; macrotrichiae on vein R3 scanty,
six or seven in number.
. . . . .. 4
4. Antenna (?) extending about to the base of the abdomen; cell Rzof wings at margin about twice as wide as cell R3, this due to a notably greater length of vein R3.
R. (p.) borussica(Meun.) (p. nZ)
Antenna (?) not extending beyond the root of the iralteres; cellRzof wings small, at wing-margin not much wider than cell R3.
R. (P.) breais,sp. n. (p. rl.Z)

Rhabdomastixklebsi, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. r42,
53, i, holo_
type.
FEMALE. - Length about 7 mm.; wing 6.5 mm.
General coloration dark brown, including the legs and antennae;
more blackened areas on the anterior praescutum, on the postnotal
mediotergite and on the anepisternum.
Antennae relatively short, if bent backward scarcely attaining thewing-root; flagellar segmentssubcylindrical, gradually decreasingin size
outwardly, the terminal segment only a trifle shorter than the penultimate, the terminal eight segmentstaken together about equal in length
to the preceding six taken together.
Legs stout and relatively short, the basitarsi longer than the remaining segmentstaken together; terminal segment a little longer than
the fourth. \\:ings (Fig. r47) large and ample, with a faint brown tinge;
stigma oval, pale brown; veins darker brown. Trichiation: Macrotrichiae on veins very numerous, includ.ing veins Rs, R,+, (about r7),
R, (about B) and other veins where they are quite lacking'i' irr" typical
species of. Palaeogonomyia; no trichiae on bases of veins M and. cu.
venation: sc' extending to nearly opposite two-thirds the length ofRs, Sc' some distance from its tip, sc, alone being a little longer thanthe distance bet*'een the origin of Rs and sc2; r present, placed justbeyond one-third the length of &+, and a litile less than twice its
length from the tip of Rr; cell zsl Mr-rectangular,a very little widened
outwardly, the veins beyond it elongate; m-cu placed.beforethe proximal
third of cell rsl -l-Ir; vein znd A gently bicurved.
Terebra of oripositor slender, their tips acute.
Rhabdomastixklebsiis named in honor of the distinguishedstudentof the Amber insects, the late prof. Dr. Richard KleLs. The typespecimenhad been examined by Meunier and been determined bv him
Bernsreinforschungen,

Heft

.,

g

114
as being his R. elegantwla,which is an entirely difierent species. The
present-flyisnotableintheAmberfaunabyitslargesize,amplewings
and the retention of the radial crossvein'
Rhabdomastix

elegantula (Meun')

elegantula Meunier;19o6. Gonom3ti,a (Pal.eogonomyia)t i q u e , p . 3 72 , p l. 1 3 ' fig . 3 ( a n te n n a $ ) 'Mon'

Tipulidae

Ambre

Bal-

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No' !o5i$, 9, holotype.Oneadditionalginthesamecollection,withoutnumber'
FEMALE. - Length about 4.8-5.2 mm'; wing 4'3-5 mm'
The type is in poor condition, especiallyasregards the flagellarsegmentsof the antennae and the anal field of the wing. The second specimen
mentioned above is in much better condition in the two respectsnoted'
The figure of the wing, given herewith, is based on the holotype with the
exceptlon of the anal field which is corrected from the secondspecimen.
General coloration shiny coal black.
Antennae relatively elongate, if bent backward extending to somedistance beyond the wing-root; basal two or three flagellar segments
shori and more incrassated; remaining flagellar segments passing into
elongate-cylindrical, the terminal segment (Fig. r53) elongate, at least
one-half the length of the penultimate'
Wings (Fig. r4B) subhyaline, the stigma vaguely darker; veins pale
brown. venation: sc relatively short, sc, ending before midlength ofRs, Sc indistinguishable in the material available; R2 nearly perpendicular, the distance on the wing-margin between veins R' and R2 being
a little less than the length of the latter; R"+s& little shorter than the
gently arcuated R3; distal section of M,o" arcuated; in the type, thesecond section of M,*" is neariy straight, as figured, but in the second
specimen, this section of the vein is likewise gently arcuated; rn-cu atittle less than its length beyond the fork of M, oblique; vein rstA on
basal half running close to cu and subparallel with it, then diverging
strongly from it; vein zndA very short, cell rsl,4 thus being unusuallybroad; anterior arculus lacking. Trichiation of type: About ro trichiae
on &, none on Rs, R,*. or Rr.
Rhabdomastix (Paleogonom.yia) pulcherrima(Meun')'

Baltique't 9o6. Gonomyia (P alao gonomyi a\ pulcherrima Me:urriet ; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre
pp. 372-373, pl. rz, fig' zz (antenna Q).
fig' z3 (palpus
19o6. Gonomyio (Palaogonornyia\ putchella Meunier; Ibid'., p' 3n, pl'tz,? ) , p l . r f , fig . z ( a n te n n a Q) .
19o6. Gonomyia (Palaogonomyia\ pulchra Meunier;(antenna d), frg.5 @YPoPYgium i).

Ibid",

pp'374-375'

pl' r3'fig' 4

115

Fig.l5?
Fig.l53 Fig.r5{r,/H,r.ffi,!v11{U+t\H,\f -i\*s

$r'I
\'-k,
'i,/

H

\I
11
tlil,
t, Nr

N?,

v

t1'

f1,

\lI
!.J

r,t
t::l

Fig.149.,Y1.
\1'

Fig.150Fig.
155 Fig.l56

Fig.159

Fig.I5l

Fig.l58

Fig.t57

Fig.160

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 168, ?, probably theholotype of. pulcherrima, alt};toug}l Meunier says No. 68; No. 477, ?,holot54peof pulchella. Geol. Inst., No. 3177, d, lectotype of. pulchra;
No. 4828, paratl?e c'.
I cannot find characters to separate these three supposedlydifferent
speciesof Paleogonomyia. Nleunier attempted to validate them on therelative lengths and stoutness of the antennae but this character is more
apparent than real in his various types. The differences in body size8+

116
and venation fall well within the normal limits of variation for thisgenus. The nature of the venation will be seenfrom a comparison of theippended figures showing the apparent type of' pul'cherrima (Fig' r4g)
and the lectotype of. putrchra (Fig. r5o).
The type of.pulchra does not differ from pulcherrima except in theusual sexuai charactersthat are normal to the genus, and the fly must be
consideredas being the male of this species. The antennae are elongate,
if bent backward extending to beyond one-third the length of the abdomen; flagellar segments elongate-cylindrical, densely clothed witherect setae over their entire length, without outstanding verticils; terminal segmentsmall, as in the female. Male hypopygrum (Fig' r5z) withthe basLtyle elongate-cylindrical; outer dististyle short, blackened,
gently thickened outwardly, the apex terminating in a small spine' the
6utei margin of the style with conspicuous, subappressedserrations;
inner distiityle dilated basally, the lower apical angle produced into a
more slender digitiform setiferous lobe. wings with rather numerous'
trichiae (r3 or more) on vein R3, somewhat more crowded distally. In
the type oi pulchella, there is a single trichia near the extreme outer endof vein R"*..
The venation in pulcherrima showsa relatively wide range, especially in the relative wi-atn of cells Rr and Rz at the wing-margin and thewiatn of cell 2nd A, the extremes being indicated in the figures cited(Figs. r49, r5o).

Rhabitornasti.x(Pateogonomyia)pulcherritnaSraciosa (Meun.).
19o6. Gonomyia(Paleogonomyia\

pp. 373-374,

pl.rz,

graciosa Meunier;Mon'

fig' zo (antenna 9)' fig'zr

Tipulidae

Ambre

Baltique'(tarsus t)'

Klebs Coll', No' 1694, 4883' 9'
MATERIAL STUDIED. Coll.,No' 1427,6; Nos' 837' 5o58'
Inst'
Geol.
lectotype; No. 89rr, 9.
9146,3 99, all ParatYPes.
Although very close to typical pulckerrirna, the present form seems'
to be separable as a race or subspecies. The antennae of the female(Figs.r54,156)areslightlyshorterthanintypicalpulckerrima'ifbent
backward extending to very shortly beyond the base of the abdomen.
The wings and their venation show no constant differences in the twoforms. Trichiation: In the lectotype, the macrotrichiae on vein R3 arenumerous, as in typical pul'cherrima,exceeding ro in number' Paratype
No.837hasfour't'o''gmacrotrichiaeonthedistalhalfofR,*.but
seems to represent the same subspecies'

11?
Rhabdomastix (P alaogonomyia) bmussica (Meun.).
19o6. Gonomyia (Paleogonomyio)
borussiea Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae
p . 3 7 4 , p l . r 3, fig . r o ( a n te n n a ? ) , fig . r r ( pal pus $).

Ambre

Baltique,

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No. z6oo, g, holotype.
Apparently a distinct species,separated from the other membersof the subgenus by the relatively short antennae (Fig. r55), which, if
bent backward, would barely attain the base of the abdomen; flagellar
segments elongate-oval, not so long as in pulcherrima. The venation ismuch as in elegantula,as described and figured, except for the rather
striking differencesof the Anal field. Trichiation: About seven or eightmacrotrichiae on R3, scattered along the distal two-thirds; no trichiae
on veins Rs, R"+, or Rz.

Rhabdornastix(Palegonamyia)brevis, sp.n.
MATERIAL STUDIED.- Geol.Inst. Coll.,No. Brzz YI 5rto,

ex Phys.-Oek. Gesell., !, holotype.
FEMALE. - Length about 3 mm.; wing z.B mm.
Similar to borussica (Meun.) in the shortened flagellar segments.
Antennae, if bent backrvard, not extending beyond the root of the halteres; flagellar segments (Fig. r57) oval, the outer segments a little
longer but their length not exceeding from two to two and one-halftimes their greatest diameter; terminal segment small.
Wings (Fig. r5r) with Sc relatively short, Sc, ending near midlength of Rs, the latter moderately long; R,*, longer than R3; Rzshort, subperpendicular, the space on the wing-margin between veins
Rr and Rz one-half longer than the length of the latter vein alone; cellRz unusually shortened, due to the brevity of vein R3, cell R2 at wingmargin being only a little wider than cell R3i cell rsl Mzlarge; nt,morethan one-half the outer deflection of M3. Trichiation: No trichiae on
veins Rs, R. , or R.; a series of about six on R3, distributed almost
the whole length.
Gonornyia Meig.
r8r8. Gonomyia \Ieigen;S1st. Beschr. Zweifl. fns.,

r:

146.

Only trvo species of crane-flies so far discovered in the Amberappear to be true members of the genus Gonomyia, and one of these,
pinetorum, is herewith made the type of a new subgeneric group. The
secondspecies,oligocenica,
is a more normal type. The six speciesplacedin Conomyia by Meunier (IIon., etc., pp. 372-375; 19o6) belong more
properly to Rhabdomasli;r Skuse, and are discussedunder that genus.

118Electrogonomyia, subg. n.
Characters very similar to Progonomyia Alex., difiering chiefly in
venational details.
Antennae r6-segmented; flagellar segments elongate-oval to fusiform, with verticils that exceed the segments in length. venation(Fig. r5B): Sc long, Sc, ending just beyond midlength of Rs, Scz at its
tip and a little longer; Rs long, gently arcuated; R"+s & little shorter
than Ra alone; Rz and R3 gently diverging; cell zsl M2 open by theatrophy of the outer deflection of M3i m-cu at the f.ork of M- Male
hypopygium (Fig. r59) with the tergite flattened, the caudal margin
broadly emarginate. Basistyle produced at apex into a long, swordshaped point, decussatein a position of rest with its mate of the opposite
side.
Type of subgenus.- Gonomyia (Electrogonomyia)pinetorum, sp. n'(Lower Oligocene - Baltic Amber).
The new group, Electrogonomyia, appears to represent the mostgeneralized subgenus of.Gonomyia as yet made known. The group falls
very near Progonomyia Alex., where, however, Scr is always removed
from the tip of Sc, and the veins Rz and R3 are shorter and more divergent, much as in typical Gonomyia. The str'ucture of the male hypopygrum is very difierent from that found in Progonomyia.

Gonomyia(Electrogornmyia)pinetorum, sp' n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. X Z+' 6, holotype.
MALE. - Length about 4.5 mm.; wing 4'4 mm'
General coloration brown, including the legs and antennae.
Antennae of moderate length, if bent backward extending about
to the wing-root; flagellar segments decreasinggradually in size to theend. Terminal segment of palpus one-half longer than the penultimate.
Wings (Fig. r5B) with apale brownish tinge, the stigma scarcelydarker ;veins dark brown. Venation: Cell znd M2 deep, about twice its petiole.
Male hypopygrum (Fig. r59) with the ninth tergite conspicuous,arched, the caudal margin evenly emarginate, fringed with setae, thelateral angles narTow; dorsum of tergite with conspicuous setae. The
basistyle appears to be produced apically into a slender acute spine,
sharply pointed and lying decussateacross the midline of the body; on
dorso-mesalface of basistyle a slender, finger-like lobe. what seemsto
represent a dististyle is a heavily blackened polished arm, the sickleshaped apex conspicuous. What would appear to represent a gonapophysis is a long, slender, chitinized rod, gently curved, the tips acute,directed caudad.

119
Subgenus Gonornyia Meig'
Gonomyia (Gonomyia) oligocenicar sP' n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No. 6963 YI 499,
ex Phys.-Oek. Gesell., 9, holotype. Determined by Meunier as a
Haploneura
FEMALE. - Length about 4 mm.; wing 3.3 mm.
Antennae relatively short, if bent backward extending to shortly
beyond the wing-root; basal flagellar segmentsoval, the outer segments
cylindrical; terminal segment two-thirds the length of the penultimate;flagellar segmentswith scattered stout setae, including longer ones near
the base.
Wings (Figs. 16o) with Sc moderately long, Sc' ending shortly before
midlength of Rs, the latter subsinuous;&-pr elongate, about one-third
longer than Rzi space on costa between tips of R' and R2 equal to alittle more than one-half of R,,.; cell zsl Mz telatively narrow, gently
widened distally, m and the outer deflection of M3 subequal; veins
issuing from cell tst I[z elongate,gently divergent; m-cu jlst before midlength of cell tst Mz.
Ovipositor rvith the tergal valves slender, rather strongly upcurved
to the acute tips; sternal valves ,nearly straight, the tips pale.
The speciesapp€ars to be referable without question to Gonomyia
rather than to Rhabdomastix.

GnoPhomyiao. S.
r85g. Gnophonlia

Osten Sacken; Prcc. Acad. Nat.

Sci.

Philadelphia,

1859: zz3-

The Amber species that are here referred to Gnopkomyia present
certain problems. In certain regards, some of the species suggest
Trimicra O. S. but this resemblanceseems to be superficial only. The
various species shorv a conspicuous range in the relative size of thebody, the comparative length of Sc' and the position of m-cu in
relation to the fork of M.
Trvo of the species described herewith were earlier placed in thisgenusby }leunier (}Ion., etc., pp. 370-372; 19o6),but his third species,
rninuta, had been placed by him in Trirnicra. All three species are
obviously congeneric and, as previously stated, appear to agree betterwith Gnophomyia.
KEY TO THE A}IBER SPECIES OF GNOPHO}IYIA O. S.
..... C. megnaMeun. (p. rzo)
r. Scz oppositethe fork of Rs.
Sc, before the fork of Rs, usually at or before midlength of Rs. 2

r20
z. Vein znd A elongate, ending beyond two-thirds the length of Rs,
the distal third strongly sinuous, deflected toward the ri rng-tip.
G. minuta (Meun (p. rzr)
Yein znd,.r4 short, nearly straight, ending opposite the ,,rigin or
beforethebasalthirdof Rs.
......3
3. rn-cuat or closeto the fork of M. ...... C. inferna, sp. n. (p. rzz)
m-cu at or near midlength of cell tst Mz.
. . ... . . 4
zsl
Wings
broad;
cellM2
verysmall;
shorter
Sc'
than
Rs.
4.
G. paraicell,ul,a,sp. n. (p. rzz)
Wings narrower; cellrsl Mz oI normal size; Sc, and Rs subequal inlength.
G. procera Meun. (p. rzo)
Gnophomyia magna Meun.
tgo6. Gnophomyia magno Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae
Ambre
p l . r z , f r g. r 9 ( a n te n n a 9 ) , p l.r S, fg .r( head Q).

Baltique,pp.

37t-372,

MATERIAL STUDIED - Klebs Coll., No. 234, 85, g, determined by Meunier as ln&gna but not the type (which is given as
No. 645).
FEMALE. - Length about 7.5 mm.; wing about 6 mm.
Wings (Fig. 16r) with a pale brown tinge, the veins dark brown,
clearly defined. Venation: Sc' ending opposite or just before r, Sc,
about one-half longer than m-cu, Sc2 placed opposite the fork of
Rs; &+, straight, diverging rather strongly from Rn*r; basal sectionof Rz a little shorter than m-cu; basal deflection of &*, very short toalmost lacking; cell rsl M2Iarge, m-cu at near one-third its length.

Gnophomyiaprocera Meun.
19o6. Gnophomyia procera Meun.; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pp. 370-37r,
fig. 17 (antenna ?), fig.18 (tarsus Q).

pl. rz,MATERIAL STUDIED. Klebs CoIl., No. 4792, rrrr,
9,
selected as lectotype. Geol. Inst. Coll., Meunier's paratype, No. 7540,
Q, seemsto be more correctly referable to G. paruicellula, sp. n.
Venation (Fig. 16z): Sc long, Sc' ending just beyond r; Sc2very
far removed from the tip of Sc', placed about opposite one-fourth thelength of Rs, Sc' alone thus being fully as long as Rs; z on Rz less thanits own length beyond the origin, and far from the tip of R', the distal
section of R' being more than one-half the length of Rs; celltstMz
small, gently widened outwardly, rn-cu near midlength; veins issuingfrom cell tst Mz elongate, gently diverging, M3 toward its tip slightly
deflected toward wing-apex.

121

Fig16lFir 160 _ .c#;ur=*_----i1iii-\ilI'I!l,t$tP

r r b ' lu ''kt:l)l'b-*\".-{=:

Fig.163

Fig.164

Fig.165
Fig.l6 7

Fig.168
Gnophomyiami.ruta (Meun.).
19o6. Trimicra minuto Meunier; Mon. Tipulidae Ambre Baltique, pp. 369-37o, pl. rz,
fig. 15 (wing), fig. 16 (anteona t).

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No. 9o88, g, chosenas
lectotype; No. r3rz, g, a paratype. Meunier's third specimen, No.
8828, d, is discussedunder inferna, sp. n.
FEMALE. - Length 3.2-3.5 mm.; wing 3.4-3.6 mm.
Antennae with the flagellar segmentsoval, passing through elongateoval to cylindrical, with conspicuousverticils that exceed the segments
in length.
Wings (Fig. 163) with Sc' ending opposite the fork of R"*, or justbeyond, Sc, far from its tip, placed near one-third the length of Rs;
Rs relatively short, about two-thirds the distal section of. Rz;'r variableL22
in position, placed at the fork of R,*, or on Ra equal to its own length,
far removed from the tip of R', the latter a little shorter than Sc' alone;
cell zsl M2 small, the veins issuing from it correspondingly lengthened,M3 and M* deflected gently toward the wing-apex; tn-cu at or very
close to the fork of M; vein znd A very long, the distal third strongly
bent, the apex only a short distance before the level of the cord.
The measurements, and especially the length of the body, is considerably greater than given by Meunier. The fly is most readily told
from the related species by the elongate second Anal vein.

GnoPhomyiainfernn, sp. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 252,6, holotype,and6, paratype, preserved in same block; paratype, No. z/9, d. Geol.
Inst. Coll., No. 8828, d, part of the t54pematerial of. Trimicra minuta
Meun.
MALE. - Holotype, Length about 4.5 mm.; wing 5 mm. The paratypes are much smaller (Length 2.2-2.5 mm.; wing 2.5-3 mm.) but
seem to be conspecific.
Antennae and legs black throughout. Basal flagellar segments
short-cylindrical, thence passing through oval to elongate-oval; verticils
short and inconspicuous. Wings (Figs. 164, 165) subhyaline, the veins
pale brown. Venation: Sc, ending opposite r, Sc2 removed to somedistance from the tip of Scr, variable in position, lyrng from one-third
to two-thirds the length of Rs; r a little more than its own length beyond
the origin of Rz; m-cu in approximate alignment with r-m,lying shortly
beyond the fork of M;vein znd,4 short and relatively straight, ending
shortly beyond the origin of Rs. In paratype 27g, Sczlies near midlengthof Rs, in the holotype (Fig. 164) near two-thirds the length of Rs; inparatype No. 252, opposite one-third this length.
Gnopkomyia inferna is distinguished from the other small species
in Amber, G. minuta, by the short, nearly straight second Anal vein.
GnoPhomyia Paraicellula.r sP. n.
MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 1844, 6, holotype.
Earlier detelmined by Meunier as " Prionotrabisn. sp-"'
MALE. - Length about 4.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm.
General coloration dark brown, the legs paler, with relatively
conspicuous suberect setae.
Antennae relatively slender and of moderate length, if bent backward extending to shortly beyond the wing-root; flagellar segments

r23
relatively elongate. Wings (Fig. 166) broad, subhyaline, the stigma pale
brown, faintly indicated; veins rather paler brown. Venation: Sc'
ending immediately before r, Sc2far from its tip, Sc' alone being about
three-fourths the length of Rs; r on Rz shortly beyond the fork; cell
tst Mz very small, the veins issuing from it relatively long, the tip ofM3 very gently deflected toward the wing-apex; rn-cu near midlength ofcellrstM2; cell znd,4 elongate,veinzndA being long and gently sinuous.
One of Meunier'sparatypesof his procera(Geol.Inst. Coll., No. 754o,agreesbetter with paruicellula tt,ar^ with procera.
9)

Trmtepohlia Big.
1854. Trentepohlia Bigot;

Ann.

Soc. Ent.

France, p.474.

The genus Trentepohlia includes more than 6o known species, allbeing tropicopolitan in distribution. The discovery of a speciesof thetypical subgenusin the Baltic Amber is of the greatest possible interest.

Trentepohlia(Trmtepohlia) dmnpfiand,sp. n.
MATERIAL STLTDIED. - Geol. Inst. Coll., No. 45r, ex Mus.
Stantien & Becker), ?, holotype.
FEMALE. - Length 5.8 mrn.; wing 4.5 mm.
General coloration pale brown, including the legs, the tarsi not paler.
Antennae relatively elongate. if bent backward extending to justbeyond the sing-root; flagellar segmentscylindrical.
Legs with the armature of the recent speciesof the subgenus very
reduced,that of the femoral basesnot developed,of the posterior tibiae
consistingof three subterminal erect setaethat are not or scarcelylarger
than the abundant appressedsetaeof the sameregion. Wings (Fig. 167)
pale yellowish subhvaline, the stigmal region somewhat more yellowish;
veins pale brosr. \-enation:Sc long, as in the genus,Sc, ending about
oppositeone-third the length of the basal sectionof R,*.; Rs angularly
arcuated, distal section of R' about equal to the secondsection ofR"*.;
both sectionsof R, . in approximate alignment; basal section of R,*.
a little longer than the petiole of cell R5; fusion of Cu,, and rsl,4 slight.
Ovipositor *'ith the tergal valves somewhatlonger than in the recent
species,stronglv upcun'ed to the acute tips; sternal valves short andstout, straight.
Trentepohliadantpliana is dedicated to my friend and colleague,
Dr. Alfons Dampf, State Entomologist of Mexico, to whom I express
my sincere thanks and gratitude for encouragementand aid in thisstudy of the Amber Tipuloidea,and for continued co-operationin making
known the fauna of Mexico.

724
The two Gurnet Bay speciesof. Trentepohlia describedbv Cockerell.
- T. crucilerella(Ckll.) (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5z: 373-,,,74, pl. 3r,
fig. S; ry7) and T. pallescens(Ckll.) (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., :91 7: 46o,fig. rr; rgzt) both seemto refer to the subgenusMongoma ritther thanto Trentepohlia. T};'efigure of.pallescensindicates that cell rst lllz is closed.
C eratocheilu.s Wesch6.
Ceratocheilus Wesch6; Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., 30: 358.
rgrz. Neostyringomyio Alexander; Can. Ent., 44: 85.
rgr8. Conithora.* Brunetti; Rec. fnd. Mus., 15: zg8-zgg.

rgto.

Ceratockeilusruns very close to Toxorhina, difiering in the retentionof R"+3. Like the last, the genus is a very characteristic one in the
Tropics of both the New and OId Worlds. The discovery of a perfectly
typical species adds still another tropicopolitan genus to the fauna of
the Amber.
Ceratocheilus eridanus Meun.
rgt7.

Ceratocheilus evid,anusMeunier; Neues Jahrb. Mineral., rgrT: 96-97,(wing), fig.68 (hypopygiod), pl. 16, fig.72 (antenna).

pl. r5, fig. 67

MATERIAL STUDIED. - Klebs Coll., No. 2532, 6. Geol. Inst.
Coll., No. 6964Y14ggr, ex Phys.-Oek.Gesell.,6. Zool. Mus. Berlin, J.
MALE. - Length (excludingrostrum) 6 mm.; wing about 4.Bmm.;
rostrum 4 mm.
Meunier gives the female as 7 mm. long, the male only 4.5 mm.
General coloration brown, the antennae and rostrum dark brown;
median area of mesonotal praescutum and scutal lobes darker than theremainder of the thoracic notum. Head black.
Rostrum elongate, approximately equal in length to the abdomenalone; palpi relatively slender, apparently z-segmented but with thesuture ill-defined (Fig. 169); surface of palpus with appressedsquamoseridges. Antennae as in the genus; secondscapal segmentlarge; basal
segments of the flagellum short and crowded, the segments with long
verticils that become very long and conspicuous toward the end of theorgan. Vertex between the eyes a little wider than the second antennal
segment.
Cervical sclerites elongate. Wings (Fig. 168) subhyaline, the veinspaie, slightly darker than the ground-color. Venation: Sc relatively short,ending about opposite midlength of the short Rs, Sc, lying just proximadof the origin of Rs; Rs and basal section of Rn*, subequal in length,
nearly straight, in alignmenti R,+s relatively long, more than twice Rs;
cell R3 at wing-margin very wide; cell tstMz closed; m-cu at the forkof. M; anal angle prominent.

725
Appendix.
The data on which the present report are based may be considered
as being completed on the date of submitting the paper for publication,
October 20, T926. Since that date, an important modification of theinterpretation of the radial field of the wing in the Diptera has been
adopted by the writer. The following papers discuss this modificationin detail:Ale*aniler,
1927.
.

C. P.
The interpretationof the radial field of the wing in the Nematocerous

Diptera,with

special reference to the Tipulidae.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Szi 42-22,
9z figs.
rg2g.

A comparisonof the systems of nomenclaturethathave been appliedtothe radial

treld of the wing in the Diptera.
Interaational
Congress of Entomology,IV.

2i Zoo-7o7,

3 pls.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The bibliography
in the text
relating

into two parts, a general one that includes papers cited
and, secondly, a list of tle paper

is divided

but whichdo not concern the Tipulidae;
to the TipuJoidea of the Amber.
I.

General Bibliogrophy.

Bruas, C. T.
r9ro.

Some Dotes oo the geological history of the parasitic
Jouro. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 18: r-zz.

r9z3a. AncientIDs€cts; fossils in Amberand otJrer deposits.

Scientitrc Monthly, t7: z8g-3o4.
v rgz3b. Some nes fmilparasitic Hymenoptera
hoc.

Aner.

Acad. Arts

HSrmenoptera.

fromBalticAmber.

and Sciences, 58: 327-346.

Cocherell, T. D. A.
r9r7.

Fcil

insects.
AI.o.

rg2r.

Fcil

Ent.

Soc. America,

Artbropods

Bay, Isle of Wight.
Ann. t[ag. Nat. Hist.,

r-22.

roi

in the British

Museum.

-VI.

Oligocene

Insects

fromGurnet(91 7:

46-462.

aod, Haines, F.H.
Cochqell, T.D-4.,
Feil
rg2r.
Tipulidae from the Oligocene of the Isle of Wighi.
.
Entomologist,
rog-rrz.
54: 8r-84,
DamPf, A.
r9rr.
Paluopsylla

hlebsiona n. sp., ein fossiler Floh aus dem baltischen BernsteinGesell. Ktinigsberg (for rgro) 5r: 248-259.

Schdft. der Physikal.-Okonom.
2 pls.
Hanillirsch,
19o6.

Antor.
Fernand

MeunierPrivateund seine Arbeiten
publication,
pp. r-ro.

iiber die Palbontologie

der fnsekten..

126
Hanilschin, Eiluaill.
tgz6. Revision der Collemboleo des baltischen Bernsteins.
Ent. Mitteil., r5: 16r-185, 2rr-223, cott.
Klebs, Ri,charil.
r89o. Uber die Fauna des Bernsteins.
Tageblatt. Versammlung deutsch. Naturforscher, 6z: 268-27 r. English
translation, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) 6: 486-49r'. r9ro. Uber Bernsteineinschliisseim allgemeinen und die Coleopteren meiner Bernsteinsammlung.
Schrift. der Physikal.-Okonom. Gesell. Kdnigsberg' 5r: 217-242.
Kolbe, Hermann.
rg21. Vergleichender Blick auf die rezente und fossile fnsektenweltMitteleuroPas,
und eine Erinnerung an meine Abhandlung iiber "Problematische Fossilien
aus dem Culm".
Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., rg25: r47-t62.
Scuilder, S. H.
1894. Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissaat, Colorado.
Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 3z: 163-245, plsUlmer, Georg.
rgr2. Die Trichopteren des baltischen Bernsteins.
Beitrbge zur Naturkunde PreuBens, Kdnigsberg, ro: r-38o,

figs'

Wheelet, W. M.
r9ro. Ants. Their structure, development and behawiorColumbia Univ. Press, pp. 16o-175, figs.
r9r5. The Ants of tbe Baltic Amber.
Schrift. der Physikal.-Okonom' Gesell. Kilnigsberg, (for r9r4) 55: r*r42,
66 fgs.
II.

Bibliography of the Tipuloiilco.

Berenilt, G. C.
Die Insekten im Bernstein, ein Beitrag zur Tiergeschichte der vorwelt
pt. r , pp. 38.
1845. Die im Bernstein befindlichen organischen Reste der vorwelt, vol' r,
pP. r25'r83o.

Cochcrell, T. D. A.
r9o9. Descriptions of Tertiary Insects.
Amer. Journ. Sci., (+) 271 53-58Cocherell, T. D. A,, and. Clarh, Grace E.
r9r8.

A Tipulid fly from Baltic Amber.
Can. Ent., 5o: 115-116, figs. z.

Crumpton,G. C.
rg26a. The external anatomy of the primitive Taayderid Dipteran Mrcrochile
spectrurn Loew, preserved in Baltic Amber.
Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., zt: r-:4, pls. zr9z6b. A phylogenetic study of the thoracic sclerites of the Psychodoid Diptera,with remarks on the interrelationships of the Nematocera.
Ent. News, 37t 33-39, 65-70, pl. 3, fig. r'127
Hondlirsch,

Anton.

19o6--o8.

Die fossilen Insekten
p ls. 5 r .

der rezenten Formen,

und die Phylogenie

pp. r-r43o,
Loew, Hermonn.
r85o.

den Bernstein

Uber

die Bernsteinfauna.
zu Meseritz,

undProgramm der Kdniglichen
Realschulepulidae terricola, pp. 35-38).

3-44

(Ti-

einiger neuen Tipularia terricola.
Linnaea Ent., 5: 385-4o6, pls. z.
des Bernsteins.
Uber die Dipterenfauna
Beschreibung

r85r.
186r.

Bericht

iiber die 35. Versammlung(separate pagination, r-r3).

1864.

On the Diptera
the last,

by

Amer.
Meunier,r85o:

Insects of the Amber-faunaor two-winged

186r: 88---98(translationofTipulidae

deSacken).

Osten
Journ.

deutsch. Naturforscher,Sci., (z) 37:. 3oS-324.

Fernand.

1894-

Note

sur quelques Tipulidae
Bull. Soc. Ent. France,

1895.

Note sur quelques Empidae(Diptlres).
l'Ambre tertiairer899a.

EtudesIbid.,

r8g5:

tertiaire(Dipt.).

1894: clxxvii-clxxviii,

fig.

de l'Ambreet Mycetophilidae

3 figs.
Diptbres de l'Ambreet un curieux

xiii-xv,de quelques

Ibid., se note, 1899: 334-335,3

tertiaire.

fgs.; ze note, 1899: 358-359,

3 figs.;3e note, 1899: 392-393,
3 figs.
r899b. R6vision des Diptires fossiles types de Loew conserv6s au Mus6e provincial
de Koenigsberg.
pls. r-4.
Ent. \Iiscell., 7: r6r-t65,
t6g-r82,
r9o6a. Un Douveau genre de Psychodidae(Tipufidae)

de l'Ambre\ a tu r a liste ,r9o6b. Les Tipulidae

et une nouvelle

espbce de Daetylolfris

de la Baltique.

z8 : r o 3 - r o 4 .
de I'Ambrede la Baltique.

Ann.

Scc. Scient. Bruxelles, 36: zr3-2r5.
r9o6c. Monographie des Tipulidae et des Dixidae de l'Ambre
1916.

de la Baltique.
Ann. des sciences natur. (Zool.), (S) +: 349-4or,pls. re-r6.
Beitrag zur llonographie der Mycetophiliden
und Tipuliden des Bernsteins.

rgr7.

Zeitschr. deutschen Geol. Gesell., 68: 477-493, 36 figs.
Uber einige llvcetophiliden
und Tipulidetr des Bernsteins nebstBeschreibung
derGattung Palaeotanypeza (Tanypezinae) derselben Formation.
Neu:s Jahrb. Iiir ]'Iineral., Geol. und Paliont., rgrT'.73-ro6,
pls. 7-16.

Osten Sathen, C. R.
1864.

On the Diptera

1869.

Monogr.

1887.

Studies on Tipulidae.

or t*'o-winged
I-oerv's r8or pap€r).

fnsects of the Amber-fauna

Amer.

Journ. Sci., (z) 3Z:. 305-324.
Diptera North America, Pt.4.
Smithson. ]Iirell.
ColI., zr9: r-345,

Berlin.

Ent.

Part II.

Zeitslc.hr., 3r: zo7.

pls. 4.

(translation

of

128
on Loew's work on Amber Diptera in General, and on the circumstancesof its ultimate failure.
pP' 63-68'
Record of my Life work in Entomology,

rgo3.

S.
aliquot
ad Faunam protogaeam, sistens descriptiones
Additamenta
malium in succino inclusorum'
naturalem sPectantes' pp' r9r'
Deliciae Pragenses historiam

Presl, Johann
r8zz.

ani-

Sendel, Nathoniel.
Historia

1742.

Succinorum, pp. 328, pls. 13.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES
Plate I.
r.

Mocrochile

Fig.

z.

Macrochile

Fig.

3.

Fig.

+.

Fig.

5.
6.

Fig.

spectrurn I-oew; lateral

aspect of male'pag. 15.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

7.
8.

Fig.

s.
Fig. ro.
Fig. rr.
Fig. rz.
Pag. 29.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. r8.
Fig. r9.
Fig. zo.
Fig. zr.
Fig.zz.
Fig.23.
pag. 33.
Fig.z4.
Fig z5Fig.26.
Fig.z7.
Fig.28.
Fig.zg.
Fig.3o.
Fig.3r.

spectrurn Loew; wing.
M. spectuum Loew; male hypopygium'
Macromastix bornhardti Meunier; wing, holotype'
holotype'
M. bornhardti Meunier; male hypopygium,
holotype'wing,pinetorum,
sp.n';
Tipulo lElectrotipulal
T. (E.) pinetorurrl', sP. n.; details ol venation, holotype'
T. tned,ia Meunier;T. meitia Meunier;wing lectotypemale hypopygium,

IaterallateralT. submeili'a, sp. n.; male hypopygium,
T. digitiJera, sp. n.; the same, holotype.
T. phoracanth@, sp. n.; the same, holotype'aspect, lectotyre'
aspect, bolotype'

Tipula presliana, sp.n.i wing, holotype.
dististyles'
T. presliatta, sp. n.; male hypopygium,
wing, lectotype.
dorsal aspect, lectotype'male hypopygium,
T. maior Meunier; the same, lateral aspect'
T. major Meunier; the same, lobe of 9th tergite'
T. spi'nistyla, sp.n.; the same, dorsal aspect, holotype'T. spinistylo, sp. n.; the same, lobe oI gth tergite'
T. rnajor Meunier;T. ma'ior Meunier;T. falco, sp. n.; wing, Paratype.
lateralT. fatco, sp. n.; male hypopygium,
T. graciosa Meunier; wing, lectotype.

aspect, paratyPe'

dorsal aspect, lectotype
Tipula graciosa Meunier; male hypopygium,
aspectveotralT graciosa Meunier; the same,
T. handlirschiana, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
T. hand'lirschiana, sp. n.; ovipositor, holotype.
T. scud'deriana, sp.n.;
T. scuildefiana, sp.n.:wing, holotype.

lateral aspect, holotyPe'
male hypopygium,T- scudileilana, sp.n.; the same, lobe of 9th sternite.
T. (?) eocenica (Meunier); wing, holotype.

129
p ag .37 .
Fig.3z.
Fig. ag,
Fig. S+.
Fig.gS.
Fig.36.
Fig.:2.
Fig 38.
Fig. lS.
Fig. 4o.
' Fig.4r.
Fig.4z.
Fig. +1.
Fig. ++.
Fig.+S.

Limonia mcuniard, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
L. lobata (Meunier); wing, lectotype.
L. fl.agell,ata,sp. n.; wing, holotype.
L. sinuata (Meunier); wing, lectotype.
L. graciosa (Meunier); wing, holotype.
L. meuni'eri, sp. n.; antentra, male, holotype.
L. flagetrlata,sp.n.; arrtenna, male, holotype'L. sinuata (Meunier); antenna, male, lectotlrye.
L. gracioso (Meunier); antenna, male, holotype.
Diotanoptyoha electrina, sp. n.; wing, holotl4te.
D. clectrina, sp.n.; head, dorsal aspect, bolotype.
Thaumastopteraelectuo,sp. n.; wing, holotype.
T. clcctua,sp. n.; head, dorsal aspect, holotype.
Helius pulcher (Meunier); wing, lectotype.

pag.47.
Fig. 46.
Fig.+2.
Fig.48.
Fig.4g.
Fig.5o.
Fig.5r.
Fig.5z.
Fig.Sg.
Fig. S+.
Fig.5S.
Fig. 56.
Fig.SZ.
Fig.58.

Paleopaailostola longicotnis (Meunier); wing, holotype.
P. longicornis (Meunier); venation of wing-base, holotype.
P. longicornis (Mennier); wing of lectotype of P. robusta (Meunier).
P. l.ongicornis(Meuoier); veaation of No.637o.
P. longicwnis parallcla, subsp. n.; wing, holotype.
P. specioso (Meunier); wing, lectotype.
P. Jasttosa g6ennier); wing, holotype.
P. lottgicottis (Meunier); base of anteDra, male, holotype.
P. loagicot*is (Meunier); male hypopygium, dorsal aspect.
P. spccioso (Meunier); male hypopygium, styli.
Tatysphyta ruuricri- (Cockerell); wiag.
(Cockerell); venation of wing-base.
T. trcuiai
T. ncusicri (C,ockerell); base of antenna, male.

pag. 53.
Fig. Ss.
Fig.6o.
Fig.6r.
Fig.6z.
Fig.63.
Fig.64.
Fig.65.
Fig.66.
Fig.67.
Fig. 68.
Fig,6g.
Fig.7o.
p ag .6r.
Fig.7r.
Fig.7z,Fig. ZS.
FiS.7+.
Fig. ZS,

Austrolimtophila elegantissdma (Meunier) ; wing, holotype.
Phyllolabis aadteei, sp n.; wing, holotype.
P. atdrcci, sp. n.; venation of wing-base, hblotype.
TricJroncanatulgails Loew; wing.
T. aulgotis Loew; venation of wing-base.
T. twlguk Ioew (QrolifdcaMeunier); wiug.
T. grrcilistyfus, sp.n.; wing, holotype.
T. ouJguk Loew; male hypopygium, dorsal aspect.
T. grrciJi^nyl*s, sp,n.; the same.
Elccttol&is cztitt&, sp. n.; wing, holotype,E. enitda, sp. n.; antenna, holotype.
cxtitda, sp.n.; male hypopygium, dorsal aspect, holotype.
-\.
Drctylol&is (Iddeisl
tsebtella, sp.n.; wing, holotype.
Du,tylol&k octtsta, sp.n.; wing, holotype.
Pseudolimnophila leui.llo, n. n.; wing, holotype.
P. aulcano (Meunier); wing, bolotype,
P. ,imiila, sp. o.; wing, holotype.

Sernsteiafor*bungen, Heft z,

9

130}.ig.76.

P. producta (Meunier);

holotype.

Fis.zz. P. pinicola,

sp. n.; wing, holotype.
Fig. 78. P. inculpata, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
Fig '7s' Dactylolabis (Idiolabis) terebrella, sp. n.;

ovipositorof holotvpe,

aspect.

Fig.8 o.
Fig. 8r.
Fig. 82.
Fig.8 3.
Fig. 84.
Pag.69.
Fig .85 .
Fig.8 6.
Fig' 87.
Fig .88 .
Fig. 89.
Fig.9o.
Fig. gr.
Fig .92 .
Fig.93.
Fig.s+.
Fig .s5 .
Fig .96 .

Pseuilolirnnophila inculpata, sp. n.; ovipositor,
P. timid,a, sp. n.; antenna, male, holotype.

holotype.

P. aulcano, sp. n.; antenna, male, holotype.
P. continuato (Meunier); antenna, female, allotype.
P. inculpata, sp. n.; antenna, female, holotype.

Pseudolinnophila

conlinuata(Meunier);

wing, holotype.

sp. n.; wing, holotype.
P. arnbigua, sp. n.; wing, allotype.
Limnophila pul.chripennis Meunier; wing, lectotype.
P. anbigua,

L. serailis, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
L. samlandica, sp.n.; wing, holotype.
L. breuipetriolala Meunier; wing, holotype.
L. shwarrae, sp. n.; wing, bolotype.
Tanymera afguta, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
T. Jritschi,, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
T. terminans, sp.n.; wing, holotype.
T. berendtd, sp. n.; wing, holotype,pag.77.
Fig.sz. Tanymera arguta, sp, n,; antenna, male, holotype.
Fig. s8. T. fritschi, sp. n.; antenna, male, holotype.
Fig.sg. T. berendti, sp. n.; antetrna, {emale, holotype.
Fig. roo. T. terminons, sp. n.; antenna, male, holotype.
Fig. ror. T. fritschi, sp. n.; male hypopygium, dorsal aspect, holotype.
Fig. roz. Pil,aria batheti, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
Fig. ro3. P. elongata (Meunier) ; wing, holotype.
Fig. ro4. P. electrina (Ckll. & Clark); wing.
Fig. ro5. P. baltica, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
Fig. ro6. Polymera magnifica Meunier; wing, holotype.
Fig. ro7. Hexatorna minuta, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
Fig. ro8. Etiocera pl'astica, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
Fig. ro9. E. palpata (Meunier); wing, holotype.
Fig. rro. E. pl,astica, sp. n.; antenna, female, holotype.
pag. 89.
Fig. rrr. El.ephantomyia baltica, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
Fig. rrz. E. breaipalpa (Loew); wing.
Fig. rr3. E. breaipalpa (Loew); antenna, {emale.
Fig. rr4. E. breaipalpa (Loew); tip of rostrum, female.
Fig. r15. E. longirostris (Loew) ; wing.
Fig. 116. E. pulchel,la (Loew); wing.
Fig. r17. Adelphomyia hirtipmni.s (Meunier); wing, lectotype.
Fig. rr8. Tricyphona succinea, sp.n.; wing, holotype,Fig. rr9. T. sepulchralis, sp.n.; wing, holotype.

dorsal131
Fig. rzo.
Fig. rzt.
Fig. rzz,

T. seputchralis, sP. n.; antenna, female, holotype.
dorsal aspect, holotype.
T. succinea, sp. n.; male hypopygium,
T; el.ectrina, sp. n.; wing, holotlpe'

pag.99.
Fig. rz3.
Fig.rz4.
. Fig. rz5.
Fig. rz6.

circutncinclus (Meunier); wing, lectotype.
dististyle.
(Meunier); male hlpopygium,
Ortnosia shwarrae, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
holotype'
O. shuarrae, sp. n.; male hypopygium,
Dosymolophil'us

D. circumcinclzs

Fig. xzg.

O. electrella, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
O. electrella, sp. n.; male hypopygium,
O. tornquisti, sp. n.; wing, holotype.

Fig. r3o.

O, torn7uisti,

Fig. rz7.
Fig, rz8.

Fig. r3r.
Fig. r3z.
Fig. r33.
Fig. r34.
Fig, r35.
Fig. 136.
Fig.r37.

holotype.

holotype'
sp. n.; male hypopygium,
O. breulini, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
O. breulini, sp. n.; male hypopygium, holotype.
Erioptera (Erioptera) perspicillata Meunier; wiog'

holotype.

E. (E.) areuata, sp. n.; wiog, holotype.
E. (8.) perspicillata )Ieunier; male hypopygium,
E. (E.) areuata, sp. n.; ovipositor, holotype.
E. (8.) perspicillala lleunier; ovipositor.

pag. ro9.
Fig. r38.
Fig. r39.
Fig. r4o.

Erioptera (Empeda) minuta l|.de:unier; wing, lectotype'
E. (E.) platyphylla, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
E. (E.) rninlta ]Ieunier; male hypopygium.

Fig. r45.

E. (E.\ platyphylla, sp. n.; the same, holotype.
duplicato, sp.n.; the same, holotype.
E.(E.)
E. (E ) diacantha, sp. n.; the same, holotype.
E. (E.) axilloris, sp. n.; the same, holotype.
E. (E.) snbdortiua, sp. n.; the same, holotype.

Fig. 146.

E. (E.) rcctistylo, sP. n.; the same, holotype.

Fig. r4r.
Fig.t4z.
Fig. r43.
Fig. r44.

pag. r15.
Fig. r47.
Fig. r48.
Fig. r49.
Fig. r5o.
Fig. r5r.
Fig.r5z.
Fig. r53.
Fig. r54.
Fig. r55.

(Palacogonomyia) hlebsi', sp.n.; wing, holotype'
Rh&domastix(P.)
clzgantulo (Meuoier); wing, holotype.
R.
R. (P.) pukturri.ma (Meunier); wing, lectotype.
R. (P.) pulcherrima (Meunier); wing of lectotype of pulchra (Meunier).
R. (P.) brnis, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
R. (P) pulctunima (Meunier); male hypopygiun, lectotype'
R. (P.) elegantula (Meunier); antenna, female, holotype'n. (P.) pulcherrima gracioso (Meunier); antenna, female lectotype'
R. (P) borussico (Meunier); roth antennal segment, female, holotypegraciosa (Meunier);

the same, lectotyPe.

Fig. 156.

n. (P.) pulchenima

Fig.r57.

,R. (P.) bretis, sp.n.; the same, holotype.
(Electrogonomyia\ pinetorum, sp. n.; wiog, bolotype'
Gotomlia
bolotype.
G. (E ) Pinetarum, sp. n.; rnale hypopygium'
wing' holotype'
Gonomy'ia (Gonomyio\ oligocenica, sp'n'.;Fig. r58.
Fig. r59.
Fig. 16o.
pag. r2r.
Fig. 16r.
Fig. t6z.
Fig. 163.

wing.
Gnophomyia magna Mertier;]Ieunier; wing, lectotype.
G. minuta (\Ieunier) ; wing, lectotype.
G. yoccrag*r32
Fig. 164.
Fig. 165.
Fig. 166.
Fig. 167.
Fig. 168.
Fig. 169.

G. inferna, sp. n.; wing, holotype.
G. inJerna, sp.n.; wing, variation, paratype.
G. panicellula, sp.n.; wing, holotype.
Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia\ ilampfiana,
sp. tr.;Ceratocheilus erid,anus Meunier; wing.
C. eyiilanus Meunier; tip of rostrum, male.

INDEX

wing,

holot-n-pe.

OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMESOF AMBER TIPULOIDEA.

A
Ailelphomyiahirtipennis5, 93
palpata 5, 85
ambi,gua, Pseuilolitnnophila

Allatithmia

63, 7oandftei,, Phgll,olabis 5z
annulata, Limnopkila (as Tanymera\
antiqua, Tipula z3
Antocha succinea 4z

7r, 75alcuata, Erioptera ro4, ro5
arguta, Tanymera 76
Ataructa 5, 35
Austrolimnophila elegantissitna5ta*illaris, Eriopteru (Empeda) 106, rroBbaltica, El,ephantomyia 87, 88
baltica, Pilaria 8o, 8z
batheri, Pilaila 8o, 8t
bercnilti, Tanymera 75, 76, 79
beurleni, Ormosia 96, roo, roz
bornhaillti, M acromastir zo
borussica, Rhabilomastix lr3, tr7
Brachypremna eocenica8, 23, 34
braticornis, Cyli,ndrototna 7x
brcuipalpa, Elephantomyia 88, go
breoifetiolata, Limnophila 7r, 74.
bteoirostris, Tipula z3
breois, Rhabdomasti* rt3, u7cCalobamonS, 52, 87
Ceratocheiluscriilanus rz4
circumcinctus, Dasymolophilus 98
concinna, Pseud,olitnnophila62, 63
continuata, Pseuilolimnophila 62, 63, 68
uassicornis, Limnophila (us Tanymera\
7 r,75

crassipes, Tipula z3
Critoneura longipes 7r- pentagonalis 7r
culiciformis, Tipulo z3
curaicornis, Tipula z3
Cylindrotoma Loew (see Pal,aeopoecitrostola\S-44, 7rbreuicornis 7t
longicornis 7r
longipes 7r
succini 7,

D
Dactylolabis Meun. (see Austtolimnophila,
Pseudolimnophila) 6, 5r, 59, 6z- tercbrella 6o- aetusta 60
dampfiana, Trentcpohl,ia tz3
D asymolophilus circumcinclus gB
decipiens, Trichoneura 56
d,eleta,Li,monia 35
ili,acantha, Erioptera (Emped.al 106, rogF
Dicranomyia Meun. (seeLimoaia) 37,39
Dicrunoptycha electi,na 4o, 5r
digitifera, Tipula 24, z6
d,upldcata,Erdoptera (Empeda) ro6, ro&E
elecba, Thaumastoptera
electrella, Otmosia
electrina,

4troo, ror

Dicronoptycha

electrina, Pilaria

electrina., Tricyphona
Electrogonotnyia
Electrolabis 58- ertincta 58
Electrotipula zr.

4o8o, 8z93, 9596, tr8

133
el.ega*tissima, A ustrolimnophi.la 5r
al,egantulo, Rhabilomastix rrr, rr2, tr4,
Elaphanton3tia-

rr7

baltica 87, 88
88, go88, gobrcaipalpa- longirostris- pul,chall,a 88, gt
elongata, Eilopheroro6, to7
elongato, Pi,l.aila 7r, 8o, 8r
Empeila (see Ei,optera) Z, g6, ro3, ro5
cocenioa, Brachypremna 8, 4, 34
cocenica, Tipula zr, 34
eridamus, Ceratocheilus rz4
Etioceta palpata 85- plasicta 85, 86
Erioptera (Emped,a) axillail,s-minuto ro3, 106, ro8, ro9
plotyphylla
ro5, ro7-

prolifica*schumtneli--Hhand,lirschiana, Tipula 23, 32,
Haploneura Loew (see Rhabilomastir\ 87,92, rrr
Haploneura Meun. (seeAilelphonyia) 5, gz,

106, rro

to6, ro9d,r*plicata ro6, ro8
elongata 1o,6, ro7-

iliacantha

ro3,106, ro8,

9 3, II9
Haploneura

O. S. (equals
Helius minutws 4z- pulcher 4z

ro9

ro6, to7

subabortiaa to6, rro(Eriopteru) arcuata ro4, ro5
gracilis ro3

eucera, Tipula
artincto,

Electrolabis 58

98,

I
Id.iolabis 59
inculpata, Pseuil,olimnophil,a63, 68
inferna, Gnophotnyi,a r2o, r2zz3

Pscudolimnophilagzhiilipennis,
Adelphomyia 93
Hopl,olabis Meun. (see Dasymolophilus)

to4e*igua,Ula\

Heteropoecil,ostola 6
Hexatoma minuta 84- succdni 84, 85

rcctistyla 106, rrr

minuta ro3
percpicillata

Gonomyi,apinetorum rr7, rr8
Gonotnyiella (see Ormosia\ 6, 92, gg, rorgracili.s, Erioptera ro3
gracilis, Styringomyia 96
gracilis, Tanysphyru 5, 49, go, 7r,87
gracilistyl,us, Trichoneura 56, 57
graciosa, Limonia 36, 39
graciosa, Rhabd,omastixrxz, rt6
graciosa, Tipula 24, 3r
grandi,s, Limonia 5, 35
granili,ssi,ma, Tipula z3

62, 63, 66.KF
falco, Tipula 3, z+, 30
fastuosa, Palaeopoccilostola
36, 38flagellala, Limonio
Jritschi, Tattymcrc 76, 78
Jurcata,

Limaophila

hlebsi,Rhabilomastirrrz, rr3
45, 46, 49, 7r

7r

GGnophomyia inferna !2o, r22- magna rr9, tzo- yninuta trg, r2o, t2t- paraicellula r2o,
- proaela rzo
goliath, Tipula z3
Gonomyi,a
tlt,
-

Meun.

r22

(see Rhabilomasti,x)It7oligocenico rr7,

rrg

7,

L
Lasiomastix Melur-.(seeP olaeopoecilostola)
44
Limnophil.a annulata 7r- braai,cornis7x- breuipetiolata Zr, 74- crassicornis 7t- furcata 7r- longiaornis 7r* longipes 7x- Pentagonalis 7r- pulchripennis 7t, 7z- samland,ica 7r, 73- serailis 7z- shwarrae7r, 74- suocini 7r

L34Limonia-deleta 35
flagellata 36, 38
graciosa 36, 39

perspicillata,

Erioptera-

grandisphoracantha,

Tipula-lobata 36, 37
meunieri, 36-

paruicel.lula, Gnophomyia r 20, r 22
pentagonalis, Critoneura 7 t

5, 35

Phyllolabis andrdei 5z
Pi.laria bal,tica 8o, 8z- sinuata 36, 39
lobata, Limonia 36, 37

batheri 8o, 8r
electrina 8o, 8z- elongata 7r, 80, 8r
pinetorurn, Gonomyi a (Electuogonomyi a) rr 7,-' loewiell.a, Psauilolimnophila
6zlongicornis, Pal,aeopoecilostola 45,

46, 7rlongipalpi.s, T,ipula 23, z4
longipes, Critoneura 7r

r r8
pinetorum,

longipes, Cylinilrotoma

pinicola,longirostris,

7r
Elephantomyia

88, goM
Maorochile spectrum 5, fi, 87
M actomastix botnhardti zo
maculata, Pseud,olimnophilaconcinna 63
magna, Gnophomyiarrg, t2omagnifica, Polymera 83
tnajor, Tipula 24, z8
tned.ia,Tiputra zr, 24, zs
meunieri, Limoni,a 36
meunieri, Tanysphyru 5o, 7r
minuta, Eiopteru (Empedo'1ro3, ro6, ro8,
r09
minuta, Gnophomyia r.rg, rzo, r2r
minuta, Hexatoma 84,ninurus, Helius 4zooligocenica, Gonomyia rr7, rrg
Oyrnosia beuileni 96, roo, toz-

elccfuella roo, ror
shwanap too-

tornqui,sti roo, ro2-

ro424, z7

P
Palaeoerioptera
6
Palaaogonotnltia5, 6, 92, 96, rrr
Palazopoecilostola6, 44- fastuosa 45, 46, 49, Zr- longicornis 45, 46, 7a- parallela 46, 48- robusta 46, 7r- speciosa45, 46, 48, 7t
palpata, Allailthmia 5, 85
palpata, Erioc*a 85
p ar allal a, P al acopoecilo stola Iongicomi s 46,48

Tipula(Electrotipula)Pseudolimnophdl,aflastica, Erioceru 85, 86
platyphyl.la, Efioptera (Empedo)
Poecilostiella

ro5,

ro7

6

Polymeramagnifica

Polytnoria
presliano,

5r
TipulaPilonotrabiszz

63, 67

83

23, z7

Meun.

(see Pseudolinnophilal
6 2, rzz
prccera, Gnophomyia rzo
ptoducta, Pseud,olimnophila 62, 63, 66
prolifica,

Eriopterar09
prolifica,

Tyichoneura(Etnpedal ro3, ro6, ro8,l)ul,ga/is 56
Tipula z3
Pseudolitnnophila ambigua 63, 7o- concinna 62, 63

protogaea,-

continuata 62, 63, 68
e*igua 62, 63, 66
inculpata63, 68loewiella 6z-

maculata 63
pinicola 63, 67-

p/oducta 62, 63, 66- tdmid,a 63, 65, 76- uulcana 62, 64, 76
pul,chell,a, Elephantomyia
pulchel.la, Rhabdomastir
pulcher, Helius 4z
pulcherritna,

88, grrrr

Rhabdomasti* rr2, tr4,
Rhabilomastiru4pulchfifennis,
Lirnnophila
7r, 7zrr7

pulchra,R
rcclistyla, Eriopteru (Empeda)ro6, rrr
Rhabilomastirborussicarr3, rr.z
- breaisrr3, rr7

1e5
Rhfrilonastdr chgantula rrr, nz,
r17- gtaoiosa rr2, 116- hlebsi u2, rt3- palchella ut- puhhenima rr2, rr4, n7- fulchra rr'4
- tamimalis uz
Rhamphid.ia Meun. (see Hclius) 4z
rcbusta, Palazopoeeilostola 46, Xr

rr4,

sSachenialla 6, 54
samlandica, Limnophila y, 73
schummeli, Eioptcto (E;pAQ
r.06, ro7
scudil,efia*a, Tipala 23, 3z
scpukfualis, Ticyphoaa 93, gq
sontilis, Limttophila 7z
sinuata, Ldmonia 36, 39
shuanaa, Ldmnophila 7t, 7q
shuanaa, Otmosia ta
spca'iosa, Palacopoccilostola 6, q6, 48, 7r
spectrun, Mulochib 16,87
spinistyla, Tifula 4, 3oStyringia 95
Styringomyia gr@ilis g
subdoiiaa, Eiopbte lEnpala) 106, rro
submeilia, Tiptla a, tS
qz
succirrea, Attulc
succineo, Tricyplou
93, 9qsuccini, Cylitrdtotou
7t
suecind, Hcrtu;a8q, 85T
Tanymaa attdaa
7t, 75- aryrto 76- bqcndti 75, 26, ?9- ctassicotrltk 7t, 75- fnkchi 76, 78- tctmitars 76, 78
Taaysfhya gncilk 5, 49, 5o, 7r,87- meunieri 5o, 7t
6
tercbrclla, DulylMk
terminalis, RhMo;tostiz ttz
trctmimans,Tatyncta 76, 78
trctricola, Tipula z3

Thautnastoptna clectra 4t
timid,a, Pseuilolimnophilo 63, 65, 76
Tipula antiq*a z3- brcabostris z3- crassipes 23- culiciformis z3- cumicornis z3- il,igitifera 24, z6- eocenicazt, 34- eucefa 23- talco 3, 24, 30- goliath z3- gruciosa24, 3r- grund,issimaz3- hanillitschiana 23, 32- longipalpis 23, z4- major 24, zB- mcil,ia 2,r, 24, 25- phoracantha 24, z?
- Pinetorurn 22- prcsliana 23, z7- plotogaea 23- scuilileriand 2,3, 32- spinistyla 24, 3o- submcdia 24, z6- tenicola z3
tomquisti, Ormosia roo, ro2
Tororhina (see Elephantomyia) 5, 87, rz4Trentepholia ilam.pfia*a r-z3
Trichocwa 6, t7
Trichoneuta il,eci,piew 56- grucilistylus 56, Sz- prolifica 56- oulgaris 3, S, 54, 56, 8Z
Tricyphona elactrdna 93, 95- sapulcfualis 93, 94- succdnco93, 94
Tilmicro Meun. (see Gnophomyia) 96, rr9U
Ula hirtipennis 93v
aetusta, Dacb)lolabis 60
oulcona, Psccudolimnophila 62, 6+, 76
rul,garis, Ttichoncuta 3, S, 54, 56, 8Z