ີআა஽
ల 58 ‫ے‬ȁల 1 ࣢‫׬ڠ‬஻ၛ 70 ਔාܱැ࣢

‫׬ڠ‬஻ၛ70ਔාܱැ࣢ͅ‫̵̀ܙ‬‫ ڠ‬ಿȁ ‫ ؖ‬ఆ ֚ ଼জ̹̻͈‫̦ࣽ׬ڠ‬඾̜ͥͬං̳͈͉̟ࣽͬ͘‫ ͥݲ‬70 ා͈ஜ̟ࣞന࿺ൽ୶୆̽̀͢ͅূ̥ͦ͘
̱̹֚ၥ͈ਅ̦̟ཅͅ৘̭̦ͬࠫ͐͂੄ြ̹̭͂ͅఈ̵̞̈́ͤͭ͘
ࣞന୶୆͉ະࢨ்̱̟̩̀ͅཌ̩̱̞̱̹̦̟̈́ͣͦ̀͘͘௜஻‫͈ܢ‬๱ુࣾͅඳ̈́শ‫̧֨ͬܢ‬਋̫̹ͣͦඵષ૾२჊ஜၑমಿ̽̀͢ͅ‫ܖ͈׬ڠ‬ய̦ಃ̷̥̱̹̞͈ͦ͘ࢃ̟ඵષ೭ຳ࡛ၑমಿ
͈਀უ̟̽̀͢ͅ‫͈׬ڠ‬ਰ৘‫̢̞̳̜͈̹ͤ́ࠞͬ͘ܢ‬̷̱̟̀ࣽ඾̟͑൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫͑͒ڠ‬൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫֭͑͒ڠ‬൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ڠ‬ౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໐͒ͬ঵̾‫ڠ‬‫̱̀͂׬‬ၛ෩ͅอജͬଛ̬̭̦ͥ͂੄ြ̱̹͈̟͘͜ඵષ೭ຳၑমಿ͈ςȜΘȜΏΛί͈ࡓ̟́ࣞന୶୆͈ࣞᰤ̈́ၑேͅ‫૸ࡃ̟̱ྺވ‬എ഼̈́ႁ̯ͬͦ̀ြ̹ͣͦఉ̩͈‫ޗ‬૖֥͞௾ު୆൝̟‫߸۾‬৪͈‫ٯ‬အ͈̮঑‫ފ̮̟׳‬ႁͬপͩ̽̀४̱̹ͤ͘ࢄ̜̳̞֬́ͤ͘
জ̹̻͉‫ٯ‬အ༷͈̮Ⴛߎۜͅ৫౿̱̳͂͘‫ ͈୶͈̥̭̟ͣͦͅވ‬80 ਔා̟̞͞ 100 ਔා̥࢜̽̀ͅ૧̹̈́༜͙ͬই̵̫̞̮͛̈́ͦ͊̈́ͤͭ͘ઇ౶͈̤̟̭̥͈͂ͤͦͣఱ‫͉א׋ڠ‬ఱ་ࡕ̱̞ે‫̟̦̳̤ͤ̀̽̈́͘ͅޙ‬জ̹̻͉ࣞന୶୆͈ॼ̯̱̹ͦ͘࠺‫͈ڠ‬ୈ૰ͬ‫ܖ‬ய͂౿̱̱̟̀͘
૧̹̈́২ٛૂସͅచ؊̱̦֚̈́ͣ௄͈ਰ৘̟อജͬ଎̵̞̥̫̞̽̀̈́ͦ͊̈́ͤͭ͘জ̹̻͉֚
ఘ̟͂̈́̽̀ஜૺͬ௽̫ͥࠨփ̮̰̞̳͈̟́́ࣽ͘ࢃ̟͂͜‫ٯ‬အ༷͈౰̥̞̮঑‫ފ̮͂׳‬ႁ̤ͬ‫̞ܐ‬૭̱ષ̬̳̞͘
ུ̯̟̀‫͈ݪࡄ੅ڠ͈׬ڠ‬ါ͂̈́ͥ͑൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ݪࡄ੅ڠڠ‬ྀ̦ٛ͒ාอ࣐౿̱̤̳̀ͤ͘‫ܥ‬‫۾‬ধͅࡄ‫ܮݪ‬ါ͓͆ີআა஽͔ܱ͜ැ࣢ͬอ୍࣐̳̭̱̹̞ͥ͂̈́ͤ͘ͅͅ‫̟̜̭̞̱ͤ́͂͊ܔ‬ܲਹ̈́ა໲൝̮ͬ‫̹̱̞̯̺̩͘ࣂܙ‬੨ঊ໼͍ͅ༎ਬ͈Ⴛ̹ͬ͂ͣͦ‫ݪࡄ੅ڠ‬ٛۚম͈‫ٯ‬အͅ૤̥ͣۜ৫૭̱ષ̬ͥষల̳̞́
̭͈͓ີআა஽͔͉ 1957 ාͅ઎გ 32 ා͆2 ࠮̟ͅີআౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ݪࡄ੅ڠڠ‬͈ٛอ௷̽̀͢ͅ஻
‫̞̳̞̯̀ͦ͘ۏ‬஻‫ີ̟̹̜̀̽ͅۏ‬আౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬੝య‫ڠ‬ಿ͈ੳྋᱦ‫ޗ݌‬਎͉͓‫͈ুڎ‬ఱ‫͉֚̾ڠ‬͈౶ে͈࡙ஂ̷̜̞͈́ͥఱ‫ޗ͈ڠ‬਎ଈ͈঵̾౶ে͈஠ၾ̷̦͈࡙ஂ଼̳͈̜̞̜̥ͬ́ͥ́ͥ
ͣ‫ޗ‬਎ଈͬࢹ଼̳ͥ‫ޗڎ‬਎͈౶଻‫ڰ‬൲̷̦͈ఱ‫͈ڠ‬պ౾ͬ೰̭̞͛ͥ͂̈́ͥͅ‫ޗ‬਎͉͑‫ڠ‬࿚͈௳̷̜̟͈͒́ͤ౶েౝ‫͉ݥ‬൐ୌࡣࣽͅმ̧͓̟ͥ́ਂ̷͈ͅ౶ে͈ड૧଻ͅਹതͬந̧࡛৘͂ೄࠫ
̳̭̦ͥ͂۴ါ̜̞̹́ͥ͘‫଼ܡ‬౶েͅྖ௷̵̴ࢵͅૺͭ́ඊ஻଻ͬอ‫̱ܞ‬ਫ਼֐͑ুِैࡣ͈͒
༴໅̦̩͉̞̞̈́̀̈́ͣ̈́ȁِ̦ີআౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫۾ܥ͈ڠ‬ঞ̜́ͥ͑ີআა஽̦̟͒ሗș͈୊̜̬ͬ
3̹̭͉̭̮͂͂͘ͅ൳ࠄͅ‫̢̞̈́۔‬ষల̜̞́ͥ‫ِ̦͉̩͑ܛ‬ა஽̦͒࠲஠଼̈́ಿͬଛ̬̟ີআ
ͅࡔ͈Ⴀ༰͈̠͢ͅ൐٬͈ഛ̷͈ͅռယِ࡛̳̭̭ͬ͂̈́ͥ͂ͬͅ‫̞̜͈ͥ́ͥ͜ܫ̹͈͛ͅٮڠ‬໲̡͈͘͘าଘ͔͆͂੆͓̤̳̞ͣͦ̀ͤ͘
‫׬ڠ‬஻ၛ 70 ਔාܱැ࣢͈อ‫ࡔ̟̹̜ͤͅۏ‬ത͈‫ڠ‬ಿ୶୆͈ࠨփͅ૘̧̤̹̞ͦ̀͂এ̞̳̞͘
̦͓ͩີআა஽͔͉ఱ‫͈ڠ‬อജ̷̟͈͂͂͜ͅഥൡͬྤș͂਋̫ࠑ̞̟́ඤယ͜ਰ৘଼̱ಿͬଛ
̷̧̬̱̹̞̱̟̭͈͓̀̀͘ີআა஽͔͉̟জ̹̻͈̭͈ͦ́͘ࡄ‫࢖̩ࢩͬض଼ݪ‬ນ̱̟২ٛ
͈อജͅ‫ܙ‬ဓ̳̞̠ͥ͂ఱ̧̈́࿨‫̱̹̀ض͜ڬ‬४̱̹̞ͤ͘ੳྋ୶୆̮͜ྖ௷̞̹̺̞̩̺̯̀
ͥ͂এ̞̳̞ࣽ͘ࢃ͉̟̯ͣͅࡄ‫̟̬̜ͬض଼͈ݪ‬ඤယ͈ਰ৘̱̹ࡄ‫ܮݪ‬ါ̱͂̀อ‫̩̞̱̀ۏ‬̭͂ͬ୎̞̹̞͂এ̠͈̜̳̞́ͤ͘͜

4࿒ȁȁȁȁȁষ‫׬ڠ‬஻ၛ 70 ਔාܱැ࣢ͅ‫ ̵̀ܙ‬.................................................................... ‫ ؖ‬ఆ ֚ ଼3Ⱥඅ༆‫ࣂܙ‬ȻΟνȜͼਕ‫ޗ‬ა͈২ٛ଻ .................................................................................. ் ा ಑ ฎ7ඤΉॄै२჊̷͈͂শయ .................................................................................. ൥ ֔ ȁ ೄ19ȺࠐफȆࠐ‫א‬ȻȲა໲ȳ߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜȁȁ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅ .................................... ๑ ോ ۘ ෗̡ઐ ന ȁ ‫ڡ‬31ࡉ̢̰ͥ঩ॲ̱͈͂̀΋ȜεȜτȜΠ̡τάνΞȜΏοϋȁȁ̼ൎ঩࣐൲͈͒ͼϋΩ·Π̼............................................. ‫׫‬ઽ঳ࠉࢼ̡Ꭲ ὕ େ ֚49ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞȁ଼͈ࢗࡎ͉͂‫ ? ̥ة‬................................... ࣱ ന ਜ ဎ61Ȳࡄ‫ݪ‬ΦȜΠȳ૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ ......... ࣞ ‫ ޘ‬ഓ ࿟77Ⱥ๊֚‫ူޗ‬ȻȲა໲ȳ‫ڠ‬໐ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒ͅ‫ࣉ̳֚ͥ۾‬ख़ȁȁ̸඾ུ໲‫̡ا‬২͈ٛ͒ෝ൲എ̈́‫ͬͤͩ۾‬௯ૺ̳ͥ਎ު৘க̸̫࢜̀ͅ
ȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁ .................................................................. ‫౓؂‬ဇ๼ঊ̡઀࿤೓৹ऴ

93

Ȳ঩ၳȳ
൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫૽࣭ٸ̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ༭࣬ ......... ઀࿤೓৹ऴ

105

Ȳა໲ȳ
‫̫̤ͥͅ࡞ޚ‬ฌ຿͈අಭ͂࿨‫ ڬ‬...................................................................... ࿌ ུ ં ঊ142

໹଼ 24 ාഽࡄ‫ުݪ‬ୡ֚။ ....................................................................................................

117

5

CONTENTS

Foreword ........................................................................................... Kazunari OKAMURA

3ContributeSociality of Dewy's Theory of Religion ......................................... Tadahiro HAYASAKA

7

SAKUSABURO UCHIGASAKI and the TIMES He Lived ...................... Tsuyoshi FUJII

19

Economics / Business AdministrasionȮArticlesȯ

The international money flow after the Global Financial crisis in 2007-08
ȁȁ: It focuses on European and American bank activityȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁ............................................. Hiroyuki IIJIMA, Takashi MATSUDA

31

How a corporate reputation impacts on investment behavior
ȁȁ: The case of B to B corporate advertisingȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁ............................................ Takahiro ENJOJI, Morikazu HIROSE

49

An Empirical Study on the Business Strategies forȁȁSmall Companies at the Base of the Pyramid ................................ Hideo KURODA

61

Relevance of commitment and Japanese employmentȁȁpractices in human resource management theory ............... Tetsuya TAKAHASHI

77

General StudiesȮArticlesȯ

A study on̓Japanese Culturë́For Undergraduate Foreign Studentsȁȁ̸Promoting Further Active In-Class Involvement withȁȁȁȁJapanese Culture and Society̸ ...... Yumiko SHIOTANI, Wakana ONOZUKA

93

Report on the students' ability of Japanese language6ȁȁat Tokyo Fuji University ............................................................. Wakana ONOZUKA105

The character and the role of the uncle in̓Kyougen̈́.................... Naoko AMIMOTO

142

ΟνȜͼਕ‫ޗ‬ა͈২ٛ଻்ा಑ฎ΅ȜχȜΡ̢৘षഎ૞ަ̟ুடഎ̈́২ٛഎ‫ث‬౵̟ၑேഎ࿒എ̟ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈̟̈́͜২ٛഎ౶଻̟
༹༷എ̈́౶଻ါ࿩
̓A Common Faitḧ͈́ల२ડ́ਕ‫͈ۼ૽̦ޗ‬২ٛ‫͈߸۾‬஠ఘͬ‫ܖ‬๕଼̱̀ͅၛ
ΟνȜͼ͉̟
̳̭ͥ͂ͬ‫̞̞̱ͥ̀಺ޑ‬ଲ௹എႀ֖̦ਕ‫ޗ‬എ‫͈̥ͣޣג‬ඊၛͬ‫ু಼̟͛ޑ‬டഎ͈̈́ͬ͜‫̱ͅړ‬଼ͤၛ̧̹̽̀‫଼ܡ‬ਕ‫͈͂ޗ‬చၛ̦ষలͅఱ̧̧̩̞̞̈́̽̀̀ͥਕ‫ু಼̟ͬޗ‬டഎ̈́ਕ‫ޗ‬ଲ‫ٮ‬̥ͣ୨ͤၗ̯̹ͦࠁ̟́ଲ௹എଲ‫͈ٮ‬ಎ́‫̭̳̥ͬ͂ڰ‬٨͛̀ࣉ̷̢̞̥̫̞̞̀̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́
͉ͦ૽‫߸۾ۼ‬஠ఘͅ‫ث̩̿ܖ‬౵ͬၑே‫̭̟̱ͬͦا‬૞ަ̱̀୆̧̞̩̀ષ͈́঑̢ͬං̞̠ͥ͂
ࠁ̷̦̟͉ͬ͂ͥͦ฽࿂́২ٛ‫߸۾‬஠ఘͅ‫̀̽ͩ۾‬২ٛ՛ͬੰ‫̟̱ݲ‬২ٛͬ٨ၻ̳̞̠ͥ͂փে
ͬ‫̭̭̞̭̳͑ͥ̈́͂ͥܳͅͅۓ‬ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈͈̈́͒͜૞ަ͂২ٛ٨ၻ͈̹͈͛͑২ٛഎ౶ে̦͒࿚
ఴ̦̟͂̈́ͥփ଎̯̞͈͉ͦ̀ͥၰ৪͈ࣣ̳̻֚̈́ͩ͑૞ަ͂౶଻͈ൡ̜̞֚͒́ͥ

͉̲࡛͛͑ͅह̭͈ଲͅ୆ͬ਋ِ̫̞̀ͥș͉̟‫૽̞̦ͥ̀̽̈́̾́͘ͅݲً̹̹̽ڞ̩׿‬႒͈֚໐́
̜̟ͤুட͂௖ࡽͅ‫ࣣ̱̀̽߸۾‬୆̧̞̀ͥ૽‫ۼ‬ంह஠ఘ͈֚໐̜̞́ͥ໲ྶ͈ಎ̜͈͈ͥ͜ͅ
̠̻ड͜ఱ୨ِ͈͉̟̈́͜șু૸ͅೄ୪‫̞̞͉͈̈́́ͥͩ͜۾‬ड͜ఱ୨͈͉̟̈́͜ࠑ௽̳ͥ૽‫ۼ‬২̦࣐̠̭ٛ͂͞਋ယ̳̭͈̤֮ͥ͂́ంहِ̱̞͈̜̞̀ͥ́ͥ͜ș̷͉̠̞̠‫͙̀̽͢ͅא‬Ⴒ௽̱̞̩̀૽‫͈ۼ‬২ٛͬࢹ଼̳̭͈ͥ͂ͧङِ͈۪͈͈̜̞֚̾̈́́ͥș̦਋̫̹৾̽੨‫ث‬౵͈֒ॲͬ৿̟ͤྚြ͒ഥ̢̟̭ͦͬਘୃ̱̯̀ͣͅอജ̵ِ̯̞̩̭̦̀͂ș͈ୣྩ̷̜̞́ͥ
ͦͬ̽͂͜հ೰̱̹̟̽͂͜ࢩ̩၌ဥ̷̧̟̱́ͥ̀̽͂͜ཅ̥ͅ໦̢̥̻ࣣ͈̱̞̥ͥ̀͜ͅ
ͅಕ1̫̞̞͆̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͒ΟνȜͼ͈ਕ‫ޗ‬ა̓A Common Faitḧ́ྎ๶͈̭͈໲ડ͉̟ଲ‫̫̤ͥͅٮ‬࡛৘͈૽‫̠̜͈ͬͤ͢ۼ‬ါ࿩̱̀া̷̱̟ͦͬ൩̢͈̀͘૽‫̟̦̞͓ͥ̀੆̧༷̜͓̜͈ͬͤͥۼ‬൳শ̷̦ͦͅΟνȜͼ͈ਕ‫ޗ‬۷̾ͤ͑͘૽‫͈ۼ‬౗̦͜‫̠̱ͥۜވ‬૞ަ͈͒ඤယͬা̳͈͂̈́̽͜͜
̞̞̀ͥΟνȜͼ̦࿚ఴ̳ͥͅଲ‫͈ۼ૽͉ٮ‬ਯ͚ଲ‫͈̭͉ۼ૽̞̜ͥ́ٮ‬ଲ‫͈ٮ‬ಎ࣐́և̱̟̭
7

2ີȁআȁაȁ஽͈ଲ‫͈̳̹͈ͬͣ͜͜ٮ‬਋ယ̱̀୆‫ڰ̷͈͉ۼ૽̞̞̱ͥ̀ڰ‬൲̽̀͢ͅଲ‫ͅٮ‬་‫̟̱̹ͣͬ͜ا‬̷͈་‫ͬا‬਋̫গ̯̭͛̀ͣͦͅͅచ؊̳̞̠ͥ͂ࠁ́ু໦̦་‫̷͈̞̩̞̱̀ا‬Ⴒ௽̟‫۾‬Ⴒ͈஠ఘ̦૽‫ু͈̀̽͂ͅۼ‬ட͈̜̠̜̞ͤ́ͥ͢ࡢș૽͉૽‫ۼ‬൳আ̦௖ࡽͅ‫۾‬Ⴒ̱ࣣ̽̀ࠁ଼̳ͥ
૽‫ۼ‬২͈֚ٛ໐̜̟́ͤ૽‫ۼ‬২͉ٛুட͈ඤ໐́ুட͂௖ࡽैဥ̱̦͈֚̈́ͣ̾஠ఘ̱͂̀ం௽
̱̞̞̭͈̀ͥ૽‫ۼ‬ంह͈৘௖ͬஜ೹̷̱̟ͦͬͅ฽‫଼̱̀ד‬ၛ̱̟૽‫࡛͈ۼ‬৘২̤̞ٛ̀ͅ
‫ܥ‬ෝ̳ͥ৘षഎ૞ަͅpractical faith͆ͬྶ̥̳̭̦ͣͥ͂̓ͅA Common Faitḧ͈́ల२ડ The

Human Abode of Religious Function ͈ΞȜζ̞̞͂̈́̽̀ͥ ུა͉̭͈̓A Common Faitḧ́ల२ડ͈ඤယͅ௲̱̀ΟνȜͼਕ‫ޗ‬ა͈‫ړ‬૤̷̦͈২ٛ଻̜̭̟̯ͥ͂ͬͣͅͅΟνȜͼ͈࡞̠৘षഎ૞ަ̦২ٛ٨ၻ͈փেͅਹ͈̜̭̈́ͥ́ͥ͂ͬ͜ྶ̥̱̠̳͈̜̞ͣ͂ͥ́ͥ͢͜ͅȪԅȫΟνȜͼ͉̟ু͈ͣਕ‫ޗ‬აͬਕ‫͈ޗ‬২ٛഎႲ‫ࣉ͈۾‬ख़̥ͣই̧͓̺̹͈̟͛ͥ̽ͅਕ‫͈ޗ‬౶എ
ͅಕ2͆ඤယͬა̲̭ͥ͂ͬ୶̱̭͈̀ͅࣉख़ͬࢃ̱̱̱̹ٝ̀̽͂͘ͅ౯̹̽ષ́ల२ડ͈੪੆ͬই͛
̞͈̜̦̟̹̀ͥ́ͥ͘༆͈ࡢਫ਼́ల२ડ͈ࣉख़ඤယ͉͑ਕ‫ޗ‬എ‫ܥ‬ෝ͈૽‫ۼ‬എ‫ܖ‬๕̞̠͒͂ల२
ડ͈ນఴͅထ͛ါ࿩̯̱̞ͦ̀̽̀ͥ͂͘੆͓̞̞̭͈̀ͥນఴ̷͈͈̦̟͜ਕ‫ۼ૽͉ޗ‬২̳̻ٛ̈́ͩ૽‫͈ۼ‬২ٛ‫߸۾‬஠ఘͬ‫ܖ‬๕଼̱̀ͅၛ̳͈̜̱̟ͥ́ͥ͂̀͜ਕ‫͈ޗ‬൱̧ͬ૽‫ۼ‬ଲ‫͈ٮ‬ಎ̟́૽‫ۼ‬ଲ‫͈ٮ‬஠ఘႲ‫̠̞̠̱͂͢෇ږ̞̤̀ͅ۾‬ΟνȜͼু૸͈̭͈ડ͈́࿒აࡉ͕͖ͬນ࡛
̱̱̞̞̠̫̜̞̀̽̀ͥ͂ͩ́ͥ͘ਕ‫̱͙̀͂א͈ۼ૽͉ޗ‬ంह̳̞̱̹̦ͥ̽̀ਕ‫ة͉͂ޗ‬̥̞̠͂࿚̞ͅచ̱͉̟̀૽‫͈ۼ‬৘ष͈ਕ‫ޗ‬എ̜̠ͤͬ͢া̳̭̦࡛͂৘എٜ̈́൞̞̈́ͥͅਕ‫ޗ‬͉૽‫͈ۼ‬২̞̥ٛ́̈́ͥ൱଼̧̳͈̱ͬ̈́͂̀͜ၛ̷̱̹͈̥̟̦࡛ͦह͈̠̓͢ͅ‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̥̀ͥ൝ș̟஠ఘഎ২ٛႲ‫͈۾‬ಎ́ਕ‫̠̞̠̦̓ޗ‬փྙ̻̠̞̠ͬ̓͜࿨‫̥̞̱̹͉ͬͥ̀ͬڬ‬া̵̷̟̦͊ͦਕ‫̥ͬة͉͂ޗ‬া̳ߓఘഎ̈́൞̢̞̈́ͥͅ
̱̥̱̭͈ͦ́͘ਕ‫ޗ‬ა͉́২ٛႲ‫̞̤̀ͅ۾‬ਕ‫̢̟̠̞ͤ͂ͥ͜͢௴ͬޗ‬ਕ‫ړ͈ޗ‬૤ܻͬႛܻ͞৆̥ͣၑٜ̱̠̳͈̦͂ͥ͢೒႕̜̹̞ܻ́̽ႛ̟ܻ৆ͬಎ૤ͅਕ‫̢̟̳̠͊ͦ͂͢௴ͬޗ‬̠̱͈֚̓̀̾͜අ༆̈́ਬ౬̜́ͥংऱ‫ͅݭٴ‬ઙത̵ࣣ̭̞ͬͩͥ͂̈́ͥͅংऱ‫͉ݭٴ‬૰ș͈ࠏໄ͞ഛ౷஻௮͈૰დܻͬႛ̟ܻ৆ͬဥ̞̀ু͈ͣ༗ࢌ‫ͅئ‬౾̧ਕ‫ޗ‬ழ૕ͬ΋ϋΠυȜσ̱̠̳̞̦͂ͥ̀͢͞ংऱ‫ވ̦ݭٴ‬൳২̟ٛസঌ࣭‫̟ز‬ೱ࣭൝͈࢖͈యນ৪̞̠͂ࠁ̠̞ͬ͂ͥ̈́ͥ͢ͅ
̭͈εͼϋΠͬ؋̢̯̟̀૰ș͈ࠏໄ̡ഛ౷஻௮͈૰დ̸ܻႛ̡ܻ৆̸ऱং̸ਕ౬ழ૕̞̠͂ॽ
ழ͙͈஠ఘͬၑٜ̳̭̦̟̭͈ͥ͂ͦ́͘ਕ‫ޗ‬ა͈ඤယ̱̞̹͈̜̞ͬ̈́̀́ͥ
̭͂ͧ́‫ވ‬൳২଼͈֥̱͈ٛ͂̀ࡢ૽͉අ೰͈২ٛഎ̟ଽহഎழ૕͈ಎͅ୆̩̞ͦ̀ͥ൳အ̈́
փྙ̟́ࡢ૽͉͈֚̾ਕ‫ޗ‬എ̈́২͈ٛಎͅ୆̷̩̞̱ͦ̀ͥ̀ਕ‫ޗ‬എ࣐ম͈‫̦ޣג‬২͈̜ٛͣ͠
8ΟνȜͼਕ‫ޗ‬ა͈২ٛ଻்ͅा͆

3ͥਠ‫ވ̠̹̞̈́̽͂͐͢ݞͅ۝‬൳২͈ٛಎ́ࡢ૽͉୆̳̭̞֗ͥ͂̈́ͥͅࡢ૽͉໓௹̟ਠ‫࣐̟۝‬ম̦ਕ‫ྟ͂ޗ‬୪ͅ‫̟̱߸۾‬ਕ‫̀̽͢ͅޗ‬ယ෇̯̞̭͈ͦ̀ͥ͂ͧ‫ވ‬൳২͈ٛಎͅ୆ͬ਋̷̫̟̭
଼́૽̷̱̟͈২͈֥͈̜̹̞̭̦̟֚ٛ̈́ͥ́̽͂ͧͅ২ٛႲ‫̫̤ͥͅ۾‬ਕ‫͈ޗ‬պ౾͉ࡥ೰̱
̹ະ་͈͈͉̩́̈́͜་‫̞̳ͥͬا‬২ٛႲ‫͈۾‬ಎ́Ⴄঃ͈ࠐً͂͂͜ͅਕ‫͈ޗ‬ਹ૤̦֊൲̱ই͛
̞ͥ২͈ٛ஠ఘͅ૫൫̱̞̹̀ਕ‫̟̦ޗ‬ଲ௹എ২͈ٛಎ͈͈֚̾අਂ̈́‫̨̭̠̞̞̳͂̈́ͅ۾ܥ‬̷̞̹̞̱͂̈́̽̀̽̀ͅਕ‫ޗ‬എழ૕ఘ଼͈֥̞̠̭̦̟̈́ͥ͂͂ͅ‫ু͈૽ࡢڎ‬อഎ஖఼ͅ‫ͩ۾‬ͥ࿚ఴ̹͈̜̞̭͈͂̈́̽́ͥਹ૤͈་‫̟֗ޗ̟͉ا‬ଽহ̟ࠐफ̟ฎՔ̟‫ڠش‬൝͈࿒എ͈͂͜ͅ
ࠁ଼̯̹ͦ੨২ٛ‫ڰ‬൲ఘ͈‫̧͓̩ޥ‬ཛྷಫ̟อജ̷ฺ̤̟͈ͬ̽̀ͤജ‫૽͉ٳ‬ș͈এே̟‫۾‬૤͈ఱ̧̈́໐໦ͬ୸̷̴̠̞̹̞͉̟̤̯͛ͥ̈́̽̀̽ͦ͂ͤ̈́͢͜ͅ૽ș͈࡛৘എ‫۾‬૤͈ఱܰ࿅̈́‫ڐ‬ఱͬփྙ̱̞̹̞̭͈̀་‫ͅޣג̳̹͈ͣ͜ا‬๤̢͓̟̹ͦ͊͂͊‫̦ڠش‬ਕ‫̳͖ݞͅૄؿޗ‬ೄ୪͈‫͉̓̈́ޣג‬లඵ݅എ̈́ਹါ଻̢̱̥̞̞̯̽̀̈́͂͜࡞̢͕̜̞ͥ̓́ͥ‫ڠش‬എ౶ࡉ͈ྸ૞ͬ
‫͚܄‬૞ަඤယ͈͒ࢲ̟ࠢ̈́̓ͤ͢͜อྶ̟ܿ੅̦ॲު͞੸ު͂Ⴒࠈ̱̀২ٛ୆‫͈ڰ‬आೲ̜ͥͅ‫ܖ‬ུഎૄ࠯ͅ‫̹̞̱͖̽̀ݞ‬૬ଃ̈́‫͈̀̽͂ͅۼ૽̷̭ޣג‬ఱ࿚ఴ͈̜̞̭͈̈́́ͥ‫̟ض͈ࠫޣג‬૽ș̷̦ͦͅ‫࣐ͅވͤͩ࢐̞ͅࡽ̞̀̿ܖ‬൲̳ͥ২ٛഎ۪‫̦࠯ૄޏ‬་̧̹͈̜̞ͩ̽̀́ͥ২ٛ
୆‫͈ڰ‬ඤယ͈৘ৗഎ་‫૽̵๊͈̟ࣣ֚̀ͩͅا‬ș͈૤͈ಎ͈‫ث‬౵͈஠ఘഎփྙ͞ਹത͈౾̧̭̓
ͧͅఱ̧̈́་‫ޗ̷̭͈̱̥̱̞̩̭̦ͬ͂ͥ̀̽ܳا‬౬ழ૕͈ඤ௰̳̻̈́ͩ૖ުഎਕ‫ޗ‬৪͈‫ٴ‬௄͉̹̩̽͘փে̱̞̥̹̞̱̥̱̀̈́̽૽ș͈ਬࣣഎ୆‫ͬޣגͅڰ‬ဓ̢ͥ৘கષ͈་‫̟͉ا‬ಎଲոြࢩ̩̥̾૬̩̥̾‫̱࣐ૺͅ௸ݢ‬௽̧̫̞̹̞̀̀ଲ௹৽͈݅૧̱̞෨̦σΥ΍ϋᾼই̞ͥ͘

18 ଲ‫ͬܮ‬අಭ̫̿ͥুட৽̞̠݅͂۷ැ͈อో͉̟ਕ‫ޗ‬എ̈́౬ఘ͈঑෻ͅచ̳ͥଲ௹͈௰̥ͣ
͈ࢯ̷݈̜̹̞͉́̽ͦඊၛ੨ਕ‫ޗ‬౬ఘ଼͈ၛ̞̠͂ࠁ̟ͬ͂ͤࡢș͈૽‫ু͈ۼ‬டၑ଻ͬ‫ܖ‬ய̱͂̀ခ૰۷͞Ⴀऌະ྽۷ͬୃ൚‫ু಼̟̦̹̱̠̱͂͢ا‬ட۷ͬ๛೰̳͈͉̥̹̞ͥ́̈́̽͜19ଲ‫ࡑ୶͈ܮ‬ა͉Ⴀऌະ྽ა̟ခ૰ა๊֚ͬ‫̯༷͈֚ͣ࢜ͅͅا‬༜ૺ̷̹͈̜̹̞͉͛́̽ͦ͜૽
‫̦ۼ‬༴̩ၑே̞̠͈͈֚͂͜௄υζϋΞͻΛ·̟֚̈́௄ఉद̟֚̈́௄ਬ࿩എ̈́ࠁఠ̜̹́̽͂࡞̽
̞̞̀͢‫ޗ‬ٛഎ̈́ଷഽ̟ਠ‫̟͉֚۝‬౲೩̩ࡉ̞̹ͣͦ̀ଲ௹എ̈́੨ș͈২ٛ‫ڰ‬൲͈௰̥ͣ୲̴̢૟ၞͬ
਋̫௽̫̞̹̞̀‫ޗ‬͈̞̥ٛ̈́ͥॽম͂͜‫ث͞ྙޟ̞͈̈́߸۾‬౵̷๊̦̟͈͈֚ͦ́͘૽ș̦঵̞̹̽̀ਕ‫ͅޗ‬ၔ఑̻̯̹ͦ‫ܛ‬བ͞࿒എͬဝ̦̱̭ͥͦͬ་‫̵̭͈̭̞̜͈̹̞̯͂ͥ́̽̀ͅا‬‫ྵڟ̟̱̀۾‬എ་‫̹̱̹ͣͬ͜ا‬ඵ͈̾ম৘ͬঐഊ̧̳̭̦̞͉֚ͥ͂́ͥ̾૽‫࣐͈ۼ‬൲̦ࡢ૽എၛા̥͈ͣࠨփ࣐͈̹̞̠̭̜̞̽̀ͩͦͥ̈́̽͂͂́ͥ̾ͤ͘͢͜ͅͅ૽‫࣐ۼ‬൲̦২ٛഎழ
૕͈̜༷ͤ͂‫͈૽ࡢ̩̈́߸۾‬஖఼̞̠͂ࠁ̠̹̞ͬ͂ͥ̈́̽͢ͅষ̷̠̞̠ͅࡢ૽എఠഽ̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̳ͥଲ௹എ̈́ম໻͈ಎ́஠࿂‫̞̜̭̠̞̹̞̱ͥ́͂͂̽̀ا‬ଲ௹എ̈́ম໻͜ͅਕ‫ޗ‬എୈ૰̦૫
൫̱̞̫̞̞̠̀̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͂࠺ஜ͉୆̷̴̧̞̞̥̥̀ͥͦͩͣ͜ͅଲ௹എႀ֖͉ఱ̧̩་
94ີȁআȁაȁ஽‫̱ا‬ਕ‫ޗ‬എ‫̥ͣޣג‬ඊၛ̷̱̞̩͈̜̞̱̀́ͥ̀ਕ‫ޗ‬എ̞̠͂ࢊ͉ਕ‫̷͈͈ͬ͜ޗ‬ၗ֚ͦ̀̾
͈ఠഽ̜̞͉ͥ۷തͬা̴̳̠̟̤͈̥͈̈́ͤͣ͢ͅ߹಼̱࢜͂̀ুடഎ͈͉̈́͂͜ྫ‫̞͂߸۾‬̠̭̞̹̞͂̈́̽̀̽ͅਕ‫ޗ‬എ‫ث‬౵̜ͬͥࡠ̹ͣͦྟ৒͈ಎͅ໾̲ࣺ̭̱̩̟͛ͥ͂ͬ̈́̈́ͤඅ
༆̈́ࠁ͈୆‫ڰ‬အ৆̦ਕ‫ޗ‬എ‫ث‬౵͂අ༆̈́‫̢̞̹̞̩̽̀̽̈́̈́ͣ͂ͬࣉ̠̞͂̾ͬ͜߸۾‬ਕ‫ޗ‬എ‫ث‬౵଼͉ၛਕ‫ํ͈ޗ‬սඤͅࡠ೰̯̜͈͉̞̞̠ͦ̀ͥ́̈́͂߹࢜͞໱ս‫̭̩̞̦͂̀̽ͅࢩ̦ܨ‬̞̈́ͥਕ‫͈ޗ‬൱̧ͬ੨଼ၛਕ‫̥ͣޗ‬̧ٜ༶̞̩̭̟̽̀͂࡞̢̞۟ͦ͊ਕ‫ͬޗ‬ਕ‫ޗ‬ո‫͈ٸ‬ଲ‫́ٮ‬‫ه̦̭̠̞̳̥͂͂ڰ‬ఴ̞͈̜̞̹̺̱͂̈́̽̀ͥ́ͥոષͅ੆͓̹̭͉͂ఱସ͈̤͚̩̜́͜
̠ͧ߹࢜ͬাً̱̹͈̜̟́ͤ͜‫̦ۖݲ‬஠ͅ௞ͤ‫ͦͣݲ‬૧̱̞͈͜ͅවͦఢ̞̠̠ͩͥ͂̈́͢ྶ
‫̈́ږ‬ഢ̦̜̹۟̽͂࡞̢̫͉̞̞ͥͩ́̈́ΟνȜͼ̦ਕ‫ޗ‬აͬ੥̞̹শయ̥̭͈ͣͦ́͘‫̟ͅۼ‬ΟνȜͼ͈ঐഊ̱̹‫ه‬ఴ̦਋̫වͦͣͦ̀࿚ఴ̦ఱ̧̩٨஝̱̹͉̠̞͂͂̀এ̞̞࡛ͩͦ̈́৘
২̤̫ٛͥͅ࿚ఴ͈๤ਹ̦་‫̟̱̹̜͉̭̠̠̞̹̱̀͂̽͂̈́͂͜͢ا‬ΟνȜͼ͈೹੄̱̹࿚
ఴ͉ջட̱͂̀࿚ఴ̜́ͤ௽̫̞̞̀ͥ

ȪԆȫଲ௹‫͉࢜߹͈ا‬ίυΞΑΗϋΠ͈૝ಿ͂͂͜ͅࢩ̹̽͂͘΃ΕςΛ·͈௰͉́৽ಫ̳̞ͥίυΞΑΗϋΠ͉૰͂૽‫૽ࡢͬ߸۾͈͂ۼ‬എম໻̳̻̈́ͩࡢ૽͈஖఼̟ୣහͅ‫ͥͩ۾‬ম໻̺̱̟͂૰
͈͂࢐͉ͩͤ૰͈ೄ୪എ̈́‫͈૽ࡢ̟̱̫̀͂ͥ͜͢ͅ׳‬૤ૂ͂փ঎͈௰̥͈ͣอփ̦̫̈́ͦ͊̈́
̞̳̞ͣ̈́͂ͥழ૕എ̈́ਕ‫͈ޗ‬২ٛഎ̜༷̞̹̈́ͤ̾̀ܳ̽ͅ་‫̟͉ا‬৘͉‫̞̞̹̜̩̈́ͣͅޥ‬̷̭́৐̹͈͉̟ͩͦ͜ນ࿂എ̟‫ٸ‬࿂എ͈̜̞͚̱̟̈́́ͥͧ͜ίυΞΑΗϋΠ̧̽̀֨ܳ͢ͅ
̭̯̹ͦࡢ૽஖఼͈‫ڐ‬ఱ̷̭ਹါ̈́་‫͈̭̟̜ͤ́ا‬་‫̀̽͢ͅا‬ਕ‫͉ޗ‬૯͈‫ܖ̹ͥࡥږ‬๕͈ષͅၛ̭̹͈̺̾͂̈́̽͂ͅࣉ̢̞ͣͦͥၻ૤͂փ঎̦૰ͅచ̱̀ೄ୪എ̈́‫̠̽̈́̾ͬ͢͜ͅ߸۾‬̹̭̦͂૧̱̞࿚ఴ̜̞̭̠̞̠́ͥၠ͈ͦಎ̟́‫ޗ‬͉ٛ২ٛഎ൲͈࢜͒ၛ̻ಁͦͬা̳̭͂ͅ
̞̈́ͥ‫ޗ‬̷͉͈ٛ‫۾‬૤ͬ২ٛഎমય͈ಎ͈՛ඃ̟՛ਠ̞̹͂̽ൽඃഎಭ࢓̷̫̞̩̞̱࢜̀̀ͅ
୽௔͈ࡔ֦̟ࠐफષ͈࿚ఴ̟ଽহષ͈ະୃ̟գଽ̞̹͂̽২ٛഎ࿚ఴ̥͉ͣ࿒̷̱̱ͬͣ̀͘
̷̠̞̠̞̹̽࿚ఴ͈͒৾ͤழ͙͉̟͚̱ͧଲ௹എ̈́‫׋‬൲͈਀ͅտ͇̞̹͈̜̞ͣͦ̀̽́ͥ‫ޗ‬ٛழ૕͈࡛৘২͈ٛ‫ه‬ఴ̥͈ͣ൪๰̞̠͂࿚ఴ͉̟൚ম৪ͅু‫̭̠̞̞͂͂̈́ઁ̦̭̯͂ͥͦژ‬̜̭̥̽̀ͦͣ͜͜ॼం̱̫̭̦̾̿ͥ͂ထே̯̞ͦͥ
૽႒͈੝‫ু಼̟͉̞̤̀ͅܢ‬டഎ͈͉̈́͜අ༆ͅ։ુ͈̞̠̭̈́͂͂͜ոષ͈փྙ͕ͬ͂ͭ̓
̞̥̹̞̽̀̈́̽͜ষ̞̟́૽‫͈ۼ‬૤಼̦ুடഎ͈̈́͜ͅ಺ঊ̵ࣣ̞̹ͬͩ̀শయ̤̞͉̟̀ͅ
಼ুட۷̷͉͈͘͘২ٛഎ̈́ਕ‫ু̟ࢃ̷̷͈̱̞̞̀̀̽͢࡞̹̜͂̽́ޗ‬ட‫͈ڠش‬อో಼͉ু
டഎ̈́։ુ̈́੄ြমͬষలͅুடഎ୰ྶ̦ဓ̢̞̠ͣͦ̀ͥ̈́͢੄ြম͂൳̲କ੔̧֨ͅ‫̱ͧئ‬10ΟνȜͼਕ‫ޗ‬ა͈২ٛ଻்ͅा͆

5̞̹̞̀̽൳শͅ২ٛͅచ̳࡛ͥ৘എ̈́‫۾‬૤͈ࢩ̦͉̟ͤഛ̡࣭౷ࣲͬໍర͈෸ࠊ͒͂؋̱̽͞
̱̹̞̭̠̱̹̀̽͘ಎ́‫ޗ‬͈ٛ‫ܥ‬ෝ͂ॽম͉̟̳̳͘͘අਂ‫༷̞̜͈̹̞̱֚́ͥ́̽̀ا‬ଲ௹എ͈̱֚̈́͂̀͜౲೩̩ࡉ̞̹ͣͦ̀‫ث‬౵̦ਹါণ̷̯̠̟̦ͦͥ̈́ͤͦ͢ͅఱ̧̩ཛྷͣͭ́
̞̹̞̹̺̽ୈ૰എ̈́ၑேഎ‫ث‬౵಼͉ুடഎ͈͍̞̞̞̠̈́ࠫ̾̀ͥ͂͜ͅࣉ̢̦ଲ௹എ࡛৘͈
෸ࠊ̱͂̀୆̧ॼ̟̭ͤͦͣၰ৪̦໼ం̳̞̠ͥ͂ેఠ̦௽̞̞̩̞̭͈̀ેఠ͉૽͈૤ͅඵਹ
଻̹̱̟ͬͣ͜ई၄̟໦Ⴈ̱̹ୈ૰ેఠͬ୆͙੄̷̱̞̩̭̞͉̀͂̈́ͥͦ͑ͅਕ‫͈ޗ‬փྙ͞‫ث‬
ͅಕ3͆౵̧̦͉̽ͤ೒ુ͈২ٛ‫͈߸۾‬ಎͅൡࣣ̯̠ͦͥ̈́ͥ́͒͘͢ͅ௽̞̞̩͈͉̞̥̀́̈́͂এ
̞̭͈ͩͦͥ࿚ఴ಼͉ুடഎ͈͈̈́͂͜‫ͬ߸۾‬༆̳ͦ͊ͅ૽‫͉ۼ‬ႃၑഎͅ਷႒͂൳̲̺̳͂ͥࣉ̢ͬ୆
͙੄̱̹̦̟ఈ༷͉̳͓͈͑̀ͅခփ݅̈́࿒എ̟̳͓͈̀հ೰̟໹გ͈‫ږ‬༗൝͉૽‫ͬ߸۾ۼ‬༦ఘ଼̱͂̀ಿ಼̳͈̜̞ͥ́ͥ͜ুடഎ̈́պ౾ͬဓ̢̞ͣͦ̀ͥ‫ث‬౵͉̟৘ष͉ͅুடഎ̧̈́͢͜
ͅಕ4͈͆ͬ௴̢̭ͦͬၑே‫̳ͥا‬ே௨ႁ͈ॲ໤̜̞́ͥ͒͂ࣉ̢ͥ૽șͬ୆͙੄̳̭̞͂̈́ͥͅஜ৪͉
૽‫ͬۼ‬൲̥̳ႁ͈࡙ஂ಼̱͂̀ুடഎ͈̈́͜ͅచ̳ͥ‫̦߸۾‬डਞഎ̈́‫ͤݶ‬ਫ਼̞̠̈́ͥ͂ͅࣉ̢ͬ
ஜ೹̱̞̦̟͂̀ͥࢃ৪͉૽‫ͅۼ‬൵̧͞঑̢ͬဓ̢͈͉࡛ͥ͜৘ͅࠐࡑ̧̯̹͈͈̜ͦ̈́́͢͜
಼̟ͤুடഎ͈̜͈̈́͜͞ଲഎ͈͈̈́͂͜‫ু̧͈̟͉ͤͩ͜͢۾‬ఘ͈૯͈଻ৗ͚̱̜̞̞ͬͧ͘
̷̱͈ͅႁͬ৻̧̹͈̺̳͛̀͂ͥࣉ̢ͅၛ̞̾ࠫޫၑაഎ࡛͜ͅ৘എ̟͜ͅ২ٛഎ‫ث‬౵಼͈࡙ܳͬুட͈̈́͜ͅ‫ু̟ض̹ࠫ͛ݥ‬டഎ̈́২ٛഎ‫ث‬౵ͅnatural social values͉͆ࠚণ̯̭ͦͥ͂
̹͈̜̞̈́̽́ͥͅুடഎ̈́২ٛഎ‫ث‬౵͉ఉ̩͈ਹါ͈̈́ͬ͜‫ࠚ̴̟̥̥̞ͣͩͥ́ͭ͜ͅ܄‬ণ̯̟ͦࡉً̮̯̟ͦྚอో͈͘͘ͅ༶౾̯̱̠̞̯͉ͦ̀ͣ͘ͅ૯͈̞ࣞ‫ث‬౵ͅచ̳ͥ‫̈́ࡏܓ‬ഌచ৪͂ࡉᅤ̯̟ͦညთͬઉ̧‫̵̀ܙ‬Ⴀ͈ࡀրͬර్̞͈̟̽̀৾ͥ͢͜ͅ૰എ͈̈́͜ͅచ̳ͥ฽
‫ݙ‬৪̱͂̀ե̭̹͈̜̞ͩͦͥ͂̈́̽́ͥͅඵ͈̾։̈́ͥ‫ث‬౵͈ࠏႥ͉࡛ह͜ంह̱̞̞̭̀ͥ
͈૤͈ඵਹ଻͉̟ুဇএே‫߼͈ز‬া͈૯ၑ͂‫͈ڠش‬૯ၑ͉͂൳̲͈֚̾‫͈ޭݪ‬૯ၑ͈ၰ࿂̜̟́ͤ
ࡽ̞ͅ঑̢ࣣ̠͈̺̳͂ͥ͜ࣉ̢ͅਹ͈̜̞̭͈̈́ͥ́ͥ͜ࣉ̢͉૯ၑ̦ඵਹͅ߼া̯̭ͦͥ͂
ͅచ̳֑ͥგۜͬࡤ͍̭̳̭͈̜̦̟ܳ͂̈́ͥ́ͥࠫͅაഎ͉̟̭ͦͬͅ৘ৗഎ̈́૽‫ۼ‬എ۷ത͈อജͬা̳͈̱͂̀͜਋̫͂ͥຈါ̦̜ͥ͂ࣉ̢̞̭͈ͣͦͥၠ̦̜ͦ̽̀੝͛̀͑૽‫͉߸۾ۼ‬ͅಕ5͆ਕ‫ޗ‬എ̈́൱̧ͬ঵̹̽‫ث‬౵́ྖ̹̯̞̞̠̭̦ͦ̀ͥ͒͂͂ယ෇̯̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽͂͢ͅ࡞̽̀͢
̞̜̠̞̭͈́ͧၠͦͅၛ̟̽̀এே͂৘षഎ഼ႁ͈֚ఘ‫ފ̟ا‬ႁͬ৘࡛̱̞̩̭̦̀͂‫ه‬ఴ̞͂̈́ͥુͅબྶ̱̠͈͈ͥ͜ષͅ௷ાͬ౾̧̟ၻ̧͈͈͜৘࡛̟২ٛഎ࿚ఴ͈ٜࠨ̫̟༷͒࢜̀
༹എփেͅၛ̽̀৘க̱̞̩̭̭̀͂͂ͦͬۜૂഎ࿂́঑̢ͥ૞ަ̦֚ఘ͂̈́̽̀ႁͬ଄̩̳̭
͂ո‫ͅٸ‬৘ष୆‫૽̞̤̀ͅڰ‬႒̦࡛৘എͅ‫ͥͦͩݣ‬ൽ͉̞̞̈́
̭͈̭͂ͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬Ⴄঃഎ̈́อജ͈౲‫ͬٴ‬ठ‫͉߸۾ۼ૽̞̞̫̥̤̱̈́ͣ̈́͊ͦ̈́̀෇ږ‬՛̟՛փ̽̀͢ͅ૟̷̯̞̦̟͈ͦ̀ͥ՛փ͉ఎ၂̱̹૽‫ུ͈ۼ‬ৗͅ‫ٸ̷̹͈̞̩͛̿ܖ‬എ಼̈́ুடഎ
116ີȁআȁაȁ஽࡙̈́ஂ̥͈ͣᮔऻͬຈါ̳̞̠͂ͥ͂ࣉ̢̦୶࣐̳̞ͥষ͈౲‫͈߸۾ۼ૽̟͉́ٴ‬ಎ́ခփ݅͂
෇͈̺̫̦͛ͣͦͥ͜අ༆̈́ਕ‫ޗ‬എ‫ث‬౵ͬ֋঵̳͈͙̯̠̦̟̭͉ͥ͂̈́ͦͥ̈́ͥͦ͜͢ͅুဇ
૰‫ڠ‬৪͈ൢోത̜̞́ͥ२๔࿒͑ͅၑேഎါளͬ঵̹̽ਕ‫̞̤̀ͅޗ‬ఱ୨͈̯̞̈́͂ͦ̀ͥ͜‫ث‬౵͉̟৘ष͉ͅুடഎ̈́২ٛ࢐ၠ̤̫ͥͅඅৗഎ͈̈́ͬ͜ၑே‫̭̠̞̜ͬ͂͂ͥ́ض̹̱ࠫا‬ၑ
ͅಕ6ٜ̳͆ͥ౲‫̢̞ͥͦͣࣉ̦͒ٴ‬ల२౲‫̟̫̦࣐͊ͦ̈́֊̥̈́ږ͈͒ٴ‬आུഎ̈́ඵࡓა͂୆‫͈ڰ‬໦Ⴈ͉̞̾́͘͜௽̷̞̞̩̜̠̞͉̟̀́ͧͦ૽‫͈ۼ‬഼ႁ͈చય̱͈͂̀࿒എͬ໦Ⴈ̵̯̟૽‫͈ۼ‬ୈႁ̴̞̹ͬͣͅક࿍̵̯̭̞ͥ͂̈́ͥͅ
̥̩͂͜ਕ‫ޗ‬എ‫ث‬౵̧̯̹͈͉͂ͦ̀͜ুடഎ̈́૽‫ۼ‬௖ࡽ͈࢐ખ͞ջం‫ث͈̾͜߸۾‬౵̷͈̜̟͉̈́́ͤͦ৘षഎ๊֚ͅ২ٛ୆‫͈ڰ‬ಎͅంह̱̞͈͈̺̞̠̭̦̀ͥ̈́͂͂͜෇̭͛ͣͦͥ͂
ͧ́͘ြ̷̹̞͈‫ث‬౵͈બྶͬুட࡛યͅచ̳ͥબྶ͂൳༹̲༷ͬဥ̞࣐̞̟̀ুட࡛ય͈ાࣣ
͂൳̲৘ࡑഎ༹༷̈́ͬဥ̞̭͈̀‫ث‬౵ͬ৘࡛̱̞̩̭̦̀͂૽႒͈‫ه‬ఴ̞̞͂̈́̽̀ͥȪԇȫΟνȜͼ͉ଷഽ̟໓ਠ͈ಎͅ‫̞ͥ̀ͦ͘܄‬՛ͬഊอ̱̀২͉ٛະൽඃ̜́ͥ͂౯࡞̳̠ͥ̈́͢
̜༷ͤͬ๡฻̳̞̭͈̠ͥ̈́͢ࣉ̢༷͉̟ଷഽ̟໓ਠ̦आུഎ̈́২ٛ‫͈߸۾‬উ̷ུ͈ͬြ͈଻ৗ
ͅਲ̽̀ນ࡛̱̞̳̀ͥ͂ͥஜ೹ͅၛ̞̞̱̥̱̽̀ͥଷഽ̟໓ਠ̦২ٛ‫̷͈͈͈͜߸۾‬ೄ୪͈฽‫̢̟͉༷ࣉ̠̞̜͂ͥ́ד‬ଷഽ̟໓ਠ̦ࠁ଼̯ͦͥषͅව̩̽̀ͥႤঃഎါள͈ఉအ଻ͬྫণ
̳͈̜̞ͥ́ͥ͜ଷഽ̟໓ਠ͉২ٛ‫ͅ߸۾‬௲̱̀ࠁ଼̯ͦ་‫ͬا‬௽̷̫̞̩̦̟͈̀ࠁఠ͈̜ͤ
̠͉͢ߘடഎ͈̜̞̈́́ͥ͜ଷഽ໓ਠ͈་‫͉ا‬ই̥͛ͣထேْ̯̫͉̩̟̯ͦͥͩ́̈́ࠗͦͥ
͈̞̞̭́̈́͂ͧ́͜͜ଷഽ໓ਠ͈་‫ͬا‬ၑٜ̱̭ͦͅచ؊̱̞̩̹͈̀͛২ٛഎ౶଻ͅsocial

intelligence͉̟͆ুடഎ‫ͅ߸۾‬చ̳ͥ౶଻͂൳̲փྙ͈́౶଻̞̠͂ࠁ͉̺́͘ంह̱̞̞̞̀̈́
২ٛഎমય͈ࡔ֦̟ࠫ‫ͬ߸۾͈ض‬ၑ̴̷̧ٜ̟́ͦͬ঑෻̳ͥ਀౲ͬ঵̹̞̞̠͈͉̟̈́͂́͞
಼͉ͤুடഎ̈́঑෻ͅှ̢̰̞̞̠̭̞ͣͥͬ̈́͂͂̈́ͥ͜ͅ২ٛഎমયͅచੜ̳̹͈ͥ͛‫ږ‬ၛ̯̹ͦ౶ে̟ၑٜ̦୶࣐̱̞̫͉̞̞̺̥̞̀ͥͩ́̈́ͣ͂̽̀২ٛഎমયͅచ̳ͥࢩํ̈́౶ে
͈อജͬఞ̷഼̞̫͉̞̥̞̞͈̹͈̽̀ͥͩ̈́͛ͅႁ̳̪ͬ́͜ͅই͛ͥຈါ̦̜̞ͥ২࡛ٛ
યͬ࠿൦̸̷̱͈࿚ఴ̟‫ه‬ఴͬঐഊ̸̷̱͈ࡔ֦ͬྶ̥̱̭͈ͣͅࡔ֦͉ಒયഎ̟ႃၑഎ̈́ႁ͂
͉։̹͈̜̈́̽́ͥ͜ાࣣ̦ఉ̸̞̭͈͆ၑ̡ٜ౶েͅਲٜ̽̀ࠨ͉̥̟̭͉ͬͥͦ‫ݣ‬फ͈໛‫إ‬͉̞̦́̈́২͈ٛ༗ࡏ̟࢚୆͈̹͛ͅခ̜̟̭͈༷͈࢘́ͤ࢜́দ͙͈ࠑ௽͉২ٛഎ౶଻͈อో
ͬ௯̴̱̞̩͉̜̞̭͉̟̥̀́ͥͦ̾̀ুடͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬౶ে͈อో̦౑̹̽ൽ͂൳̲ൽ̜̞́ͥ
ুடഎ౶଻ͅ‫̩̿ܖ‬২ٛഎ౶଻͈อജͅ‫ͥͩ۾‬ఱ̧̈́࿚ఴ͉̟২ٛഎ՛ͬ૽‫ऻ͈ۼ‬૬̯̟૽͈
૤͈ఎ၂̟ࡀႁ͈͒৏಍൝ș๊֚എ̈́ൽඃഎࡔ֦ͅ‫̱̀ܦ‬༌ັ̫̱̤̠̳̭̜̞̀͂ͥ͂́ͥ͘
12

7ΟνȜͼਕ‫ޗ‬ა͈২ٛ଻்ͅा͆

̭͉̥ͦ̾̀໤ၑഎ̈́‫͈ڠش‬ႀ֖̟́ಒયഎ̈́ႁͅஶ̢࡛̀યͬାၑ̱̠̱̹͈͂͂͢൳̲ͤ͞
༷̜̞࡛́ͥ৘ͅ২ٛ་‫͈ا‬൲࢜ͬ΋ϋΠυȜσ̧͈͉́ͥ২ٛഎ౶଻̺̫̜̞́ͥ͑২ٛഎ౶
ͅಕ7࡛͆͒৘͉̟ͅഥൡഎਕ‫͈ޗ‬ր૞଻͈͙̽̀͢ͅ২ٛഎ་‫ߘ͉༷͈࢜ا‬ட͈ႀ֖̥ͣ౎‫̧̞ͥ́ݕ‬ͅ঑಼̢ͣͦুடഎ૞ަ͈ۜૂͅࢃ؋̱̯ͦ̀֋঵̯ͦͥࡣ̞ൽඃഎଲ‫ٮ‬۷͈ంह̦̟ߘட͈২
ٛഎ঑෻ͬಿ̵̥̭̹̞̱̥̱֨ͥ͂̈́̽ͅࡢ૽എ̈́Ⴀ͈ౙ̈́ͥࡢ૽എ‫ݣ‬फͅచ̳ͥ฽൲̷̟̱
̀ଽহ̟ࠐफષ͈ুဇ༶හ̞̠͂ࣉ̢ͅచ̳ͥ฽൲൝͉̟͑ࡧၛ̱̹ࡢ૽଻̦̞̥ͅߗ‫̜ͥ́ݹ‬ͅಕ8̥͆͒ͬఉ̩͈૽ș̦৘̱ۜই̞̭͛̀ͥ͂ͬা̱̞̞̀ͥুဇ༶හ̞̠͂۷ැ͈आུͅ౶଻̦૽
‫͈ۼ‬୆‫ڰڰ‬൲ͅ४ဓ̱̠̞̠ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬ๛೰̳ͥࣉ̢̦आͬ‫ু̞̞̱ͥ̀ͧئ‬ဇ༶හ৽̦݅২
ٛഎ̈́੄ြমͅచ̱̀૽‫͈ۼ‬ႁ̦చ؊̱̞̩̭͉̀͂ະ൚̟ྫ‫̢༷ͬࣉ̳̜ͥ͂ͥ́ף‬൵̧̺̱̟
̷̭̥ͣ২ٛমય͈٨஝಼̞̾̀ͅুட৽݅എۙખͅஶ̢̞̠༷ͥ͂࢜͜ယ෇̯̞̹͈ͦ̀̽́
̜̞ͥ২ٛഎ౶଻༹͉༷̱͈͂̀౶଻ͅintelligence as a method͆ͬਹণ̷̳̞͉ͥͦၑ଻̞̠͂ࡣ
̞۷ැ̥ͣߊ༆̯̹ͦ౶଻̷̷ུ̜̞̱͉́ͥ̀͑ͦৗഎ࣐ͅ൲͈ಎͅ‫̞ͥ̀ͦ͘܄‬౶଻̜́ͅಕ9̞̭͈͆ͥ͒౶଻͉ۜૂ͈͂చၛ̹̞̞̱̹̦ͬ̈́̽̀͜২ٛഎ౶଻͉ۜૂഎ౶଻̞̠͂ࠁ́‫ܥ‬ෝ̳̭̦ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ̜̞̭͈́ͥ౶଻͉২͈ٛζͼ΢Α໐໦ͬચ̱ͣ੄̱̟মఠͬक़૧̳ͥႁ͂̈́
̞̭͈ͥႁ̦௙ࣣഎ̱̀ͅ਱஠̈́ͥ൱̧ͬജ‫̹̳͑͛ͥͅٳ‬ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈̈́͒͂͜Ⴒ൲̳̭̦ͥ͂ࣉ
̢̞ͣͦͥ২ٛഎ࣐൲̤̫ͥͅႁ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̳̭͈ͥ౶଻̟ͅਕ‫ޗ‬എ͂ນ̧࡛̠́ͥ̈́͢ࡃ૸എ
ఠഽ̦͍̩̞̠̜༷͉̺ࠫ̾͂ͤ͘৘ࡑ̯ͦͥͅঢ̞̞̦̟̭͈̠̽̀̈́̈́͑͢ૂ੣͂౶଻͈ࠫ
ͅಕ10͆ँ ͒ ̦৘࡛̯̟ͦͥ̈́ͣ͊ຈ̴̷̧̭͈͈ͤ͢͢͜͞ͅ౪୆̦ࡉ̜̠̞ͣͦͥ́ͧ
ΟνȜͼ಼̦ুடഎ͈̈́ͬ͜‫ͤݶ‬ਫ਼̳ͥͅࣉ̢ͬ๛೰̳ͥၑဇ̳̻̈́ͩ‫଼͈ܡ‬ਕ‫ͬޗ‬๱ඳ̳ͥͅಕ11͆ၑဇ̷͉̟̦ͦ͑ুடഎ̈́૽‫͈߸۾ۼ‬঵̾փྙ͈ࢩ̦ͤ͂૬̯ͬ࢘‫ض‬എͅ৘࡛̳̭ͥ͂͒ͬཐ̬
ͅಕ12ِ̥̜̞͆ͥͣ́ͥ͑ș͈਀ಎ̜̽̀ͅুடഎ૽‫ͅ߸۾ۼ‬आུഎ་‫ͬ ͒ ̧༹༷̳̹̻ͣͬ͜ڟ‬ဥ̞̭ͥ͂ͬཐ̬̥̜̞̹̺ͥͣ́ͥୈ૰എ̟ၑேഎ༹༷͈̈́ജ‫ٸ̟ͬٳ‬௰̥ͣ௯̧̳̭͉̞̞͂́̈́
̷͉ͦ͑૽‫͈ۼ‬௖ࡽ‫͈߸۾‬ಎུͅြඤह̳ͥ‫ث‬౵̟֚ͬ௄‫͙͈̭̳̀̽͂ͥ͢ͅژু̩ޑ‬୆̲̠
ͅಕ13̷͈̜̟͈̹͈͆ͥ͒́ͤ͛փেષ͈༷࢜ഢ̦۟‫̞ͥͦͣ͛ݥ‬ྚอో͈ࠁ̤̞͉̜̦̟̀́ͥͅ২ٛഎ̈́ૄ࠯͞੄ြম̷͈ͬࡔ֦͍ࠫͅັ̫̀ੜၑ̟ٜࠨ̱
̞̩̀ෝႁ͉̳́ͅంह̱̞̞̭̀ͥͦͬ߱Ⴏ̱̯ͣͅอో̵̯̫̞̞༷̟֚̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́Քૂ̟
঴๟̟ୃ̟݅໹൝̟ুဇ൝̥̠࢜ͅႁུ͉ြ૽‫ͅۼ‬๵̹͈̜̦̟̭̳͓ͩ̽́ͥͦͣͬ̀͜ဏࣣ
̱͈͈̳̭̦̭̥͈֚̀̾ͥ͂ͦͣ͜ͅॽম̱͂̀ॼ̷̯̞̞̱̟̭ͦ̀ͥ̀ͦͣၰ৪͈͍ࠫ̾
̧̳̻̈́ͩ২ٛഎ౶଻͂૽‫͈߸۾ۼ‬஠ఘͅ૫൫̱̞̩̀ૂௌ͈͂ࠫँͬ৘࡛̳̞̠ͥ͂ॽম̦̟
૽႒͈ఱ̧̈́‫ه‬ఴ̞̭͈͂̈́ͥ‫ه‬ఴͬ‫ু಼̟͉̹̩̞̱̹͛̀ͅض‬டഎ̵̴͈̳̦̠̟̈́ͧ͂͜ͅ
ুடഎ̈́਀౲ͬဥ̞̭ͥ͂ͬ஖఼಼̱̫̞̞̹̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͘ুடഎ͈̈́ͬ͜෇͛ͥ૽ș̥̺ͣ138ີȁআȁაȁ஽̫঑঵ͬං̠̳͈͉̩̟͂ͥ́̈́͢২ٛഎ̈́ۜૂ͈ී̢ၛ͈̲̾ͬۜͥ૽ș͂൳ྷ̳̭ͥ͂ͬ஖
̫̞̞̭͈͊̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ͦͣ஖఼͉̟ুဇ༶හ͈ၛાͅၛ̽̀౶଻͞ুடഎ̈́౶ে͞ၑٜͅ‫ܖ‬̩̿঩ً࡙ͬ઀ͅບ‫ু̷̟̥̳͂ͦͥ͜ث‬டഎ౶ে͈ഐဥͬࡢ૽̥͂‫͈̥͂ݭٴ‬࿒എ̥ͣഢ̲̀
ͤ͢ఱ̧̈́૽‫ۼ‬஠ఘ͈࿒എ̫̞̭̠̳࢜̀͂ͥͅփেഎ̟ழ૕എ഼ႁͅ૸ͬ‫̵͈̥̩̞̀ܙ‬஖఼̜̞́ͥࠫ͜ޫ̟̭͉ͦͤ͢૽‫̞̱ͣۼ‬୆̧༷ͬ৘࡛̳ͥൽͬन̷̥ͥͦͬ‫૽̠̞̥̳͂ͥ୲ݵ‬୆ͅచ̳ͥ‫ུܖ‬എఠഽࠨ೰͈஖఼͈͉̞̥̈́ͥ́̈́͂ͅএ̞ͩͦͥ
ΟνȜͼ͉࡛ह͈՛͈ੰ‫هͬݲ‬ఴ̱͂̀փে̳̭̥ͥ͂ͧͣ২͈ٛ་‫ͬڟ‬փ଎̱̟ুடഎ̟૽
‫ۼ‬എτασ̷́ͦͅచ̳ͥచॐ̫̞ͬ৾ͣ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͂ࣉ̷̢̞̠̫ͥ́̈́ͦ͊৘ৗഎ̈́২ٛ
٨஝͈࢘‫͉ض‬ං̞ͣͦ̈́͂ࣉ̢̥̜̞̭͈ͣͦͥͣ́ͥ࿚ఴփে͉‫ޗ‬ٛͬ๛೰̳͈͉̩ͥ́̈́͜
̢̥̽̀‫ޗ‬͈ٛ‫ڰ‬ႁͬ٤໘༹̳༷͈ͥ೹‫ͬރ‬փྙ̱̞̞̀ͥ‫ޗ‬͉ٛ২ٛഎমય̽͂͜ͅ‫۾‬૤ͬা̧̳͓̜̞́ͥ౷ષͅ૰͈࣭ͬ࠺୭̳̹͈ͥ͛‫ڰ‬൲ͬ‫ޗ‬̦ٛ೹‫̧̞̜͈͓̳ͥ́̈́ރ‬̱̥̱‫ޗ‬̦ٛࠐफഎ̟ଽহഎ̈́࿚ఴͅ‫ޗ̟͂ͥͩ۾‬͉ٛু͈ͣႀ֖͈‫̞͂ͥ̀੄ͅٸ‬๱ඳ̯̞ͦͥ‫ޗ‬͉ٛड͈ࣞ‫ث‬౵͞൲‫͂ܥ‬අ༆̈́‫ু̷̭͈̟̯͂ͦ͂̾ͬ͜߸۾‬ఘ̦ুடഎ̈́໹൝̈́૽‫ۼ‬എ‫ܖ‬ய͈ષͅၛ̽̀২ٛഎ࿒എ͈௯ૺͅ४ဓ̳̭ͥ͂ͬະ‫خ‬ෝ̱͈̺̈́ͣ͛ͥ͂࡞̞̭̠̞ͩͦͥ
̠‫۾‬Ⴒ̥ͣ౎‫ޗ̟͉̳ͥͅݕ‬̦ٛুͣෳఈഎ̟ࡀրഎ̈́պ౾ͬ༶‫̳ͥܤ‬ո‫༹͉͈̞͉༷́̈́ͅٸ‬̞̥̈́͂এ̞ͩͦͥ২ٛഎ̈́‫۾‬૤͞‫ڰ‬൲͈ႀ֖̦ঙ௼২ٛ͞ঌྦྷ২̷͈ٛͦ͂ߘட֚ͅ౿̱̞̀
̞̠ͥ͂ેఠ̦ষలͅ৐̞̟ͩͦ̀̽̀ଲ௹എ̈́‫۾‬૤͞‫ڰ‬൲̦ழ૕എ̈́੨ਕ‫ٸ͈ޗ‬௰ͅ‫ڐ‬ఱ̧̱̹̞̠࡛̀͂৘̷̦̜̞͉ͥͦͣ੨ਕ‫ࡀ͈ޗ‬ր͉͂ྫ‫࡛ͅͅ߸۾‬ంह̱̞̞̭̠̱̹̀ͥ‫۾‬૤̟‫ڰ‬൲̦ࢩ଼̦̟ͥ̾ͦ̀ͅၛਕ‫͈ޗ‬২ٛഎਹါ଻͉ষలͅੀ઀̟೩‫ͅܥ͈̭̞̹̞̱̽̀ئ‬૧̱̞ୟޭഎ̈́૽‫ۼ‬ంह͈අৗ̦̟૧̱̞‫ܖ‬๕͈ષ̟ͅ૧̱̞੿ြ଻ͬ̽̀͜ࢩ̦̟ͤ೰಍̱̞̩̀
̷̧̭̦̥̠̥̟̦͂́ͥ̓ͦ࿚ఴ̜̞́ͥ΅ςΑΠ‫͓̳͉̀ۼ૽̟͉ޗ‬൳༴̜́ͥ͂࡞̠̞̱̥̱̟৘ष͉ͅ‫ޗ‬͈ٛ‫ু಼̟͈̜ͥ͜ͅٸ‬ட৪ͅచ̳ͥ૞ަͅջం̱̞͈͉̟̈́͜৘͈̭͂ͧ੿ြ͈‫خ‬ෝ଻̱͈͂̀൳༴̨̳̞͙̈́͂̈́ͅ
̧̱̹͈͉̞͈̥̞̀́̈́΅ςΑΠ‫̧͈̭̹̀͛෇̦ޗ‬आུഎ̈́‫ݻ‬ၗ͈۷ැͬ༶‫̱̭̳̈́͂ͥܤ‬͉̟ͅႃၑഎ̟ୈ૰എၑே̱͈͂̀ྦྷ৽৽݅എၑேͬ৘࡛̳̭͉ͥ͂ະ‫خ‬ෝ̜̠́ͧ͂ΟνȜͼ̦࡞̠শ̟ΟνȜͼ͉‫଼ܡ‬ਕ‫ͅޗ‬చ̱̀ࡠ‫͈ٮ‬փেͬ༴̞̞̹͈͉̞̥̀́̈́͂এ̞ͩͦͥ๞
ِ̦͑ș͉̟ઁ̩̟࣏̈́͂ͦ͜‫̠ޚ‬ఱ٬ࡔͬ‫؍‬౯̱̜̾̾ͥ൳̲δȜΠͅ઺̵ࣣ̹ͤͩ൳༾̜́
ͅಕ14̞̞̠̭͉͆ͥ͒͂͂ম৘̱͂̀෇̫̞͈͉̞̥͛̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́́̈́͂੆͓ͥশ̷̟͉ͦ‫ݻ‬ၗͬ୭೰̳ͥ‫ޗ‬̨̨͈͈ٛ͂ͤͤఏ‫ފ‬തͬ‫̯̞̜͈̞̫ͣͥ́ͥ̀̽̈́ͅͅڥ͍ࡤ͈̀͛ݥ‬๞̦̭ͦͅ
ͅಕ15͆௽̫̭͈̀͑ম৘̦‫خ̞ͥ́ͭ܄‬ෝ଻̱͈͂̀ਕ‫ޗ‬എփ͉݅ࡠ̩ͤ̈́ఱ̧̞̞͒͂੆͓̞͈͉̟̀ͥ
‫଼ܡ‬ਕ‫͈ޗ‬௰̾ͤ͘ͅਕ‫୺͈ޗ‬࿝‫ͅز‬చ̱̟֚̀੣ͅષ̧͓ͥ‫ވ‬೒͈ാຒͬা̷̠̱̞͈͂̀ͥ
̺͂ࣉ̢̧̭̦̞ͥ͂́ͥ
14ΟνȜͼਕ‫ޗ‬ა͈২ٛ଻்ͅा͆

9͚̳͍ΟνȜͼ͉̓A Common Faitḧ́ల२ડ̟́২ٛႲ‫۾‬஠ఘ͈ಎ͈́ਕ‫ܥ͈ޗ‬ෝ̟࿨‫̥ͣྶͬڬ‬̳̞̠ͥ͂ͅैު࣐̞̦̟ͬ̽̀ͥ৘ष̷͈̭͉͂ͧͦ΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬ଲ‫ํͅٮ‬սͬࡠ೰̱͈̀ࣉख़
̞̞̭̈́̽̀ͥͦͬͅඋ͚͈͉͜΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬ଲ‫͈ٮ‬ඤ໐་஗ͅઙത̵ࣣͬͩ̀؎ༀ২͈ٛਕ‫ޗ‬ୈ૰͈Ⴄঃͬ౑̢̞̠̭̰̞̞̱̥̱̭͈ͥ͂͂̈́ͣͥͬ̈́ͅଲ‫߃̷̦̭ٮ‬య২଼ٛͬၛ̵̯̟̭
͈߃య২̦ٛ΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬ଲ‫͈ٮ‬ಎͅଲ௹২ٛͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̵̯̞̩̀͂൳শͅࡢ૽̞̠͂ంहͬ੄࡛̯
̵̟̭͈২ٛે‫͈ޙ‬ಎ́ࡢ૽̦̠̓୆̧̥̞̠ͥ͂૧̹̈́‫ه‬ఴͬ୆̵̯̞͈̺̞̠̭ܳ̀ͥ͂͂
ͬ෇̟͛ͥ̈́ͣ͊΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬ଲ‫̀̽ࡠͅٮ‬ജ‫̞̯ͥ̀ͦٳ‬ΟνȜͼ͈ਕ‫ޗ‬ა̦ু̴̥ͣ΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬ଲ‫̢̀קͬٮ‬ຽ༑എ̈́࿚ఴͬࣉख़̱̞̭̞̠̭̀ͥ͂̈́ͥ͂͂ͬͅၑ̴ٜ̳̭͉ͥ͂̈́ͥ́ͅ
̜̞ͥΟνȜͼ̦ଲ௹ଲ‫࡛̟̦͈̞͓ͥ̀͜੆̱̀͂ٮ‬ह̟૽႒২ٛ஠ఘ͒‫ڐ‬ఱͬ௽̫̤̟̀ͤ
̭͈২ٛે‫ࡢ̫̤ͥͅޙ‬ș૽͈୆̧༷ශ‫͉ة‬஠૽႒͈‫ވ‬೒͈‫ه‬ఴ̞̈́̽̀ͥ͂ͅ࡞̷̞̞̽̀͢
̱̀ΟνȜͼ͈৽ಫ̳ͥਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈͉̟̈́ͥ͜૽႒‫ވ‬೒͈͑౗̦́͜‫̠̱ͥۜވ‬૞ަ̱̭͈͒͂̀
‫ه‬ఴͅచ̱࢘‫̜͈ͥض‬చ؊ͬ‫خ‬ෝ̳͈֚ͥ̾ͅ൞̞̠̈́̽̀ͥ͢ͅͅএ̞ͩͦͥΟνȜͼ͈࡞̠͑ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈̈́͜ͅthe religious͉͆͒අ೰͈ਕ‫ͅޗ‬చ؊̳ͥ࡞ဩ̷͉̞̞͉́̈́ͦ‫଼͈ܡ‬ਕ‫͈ޗ‬ಎͅ‫ވ‬೒̱̀ࡉͣͦͥਕ‫଼ͬޗ‬ၛ̵ུ̯̞̀ͥৗ̜̟́ͤ‫ͅݙ‬ਕ‫ͬޗ‬ၗ̜ͦ̀ͣͥ͜͠૽‫࣐ۼ‬և͈ಎͅࡉ੄̯̠ͦͥ૽‫ۼ‬എমય̷̜̞͉́ͥͦ૽‫࣐͈ۼ‬և͈փྙͬ૬̟͛૽‫͙ͬא͈ۼ‬঑̢ͥႁ͂
̠͈̜̞̭͈̈́ͤͥ́ͥ͜ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈̦̟̈́͜‫଼͈ܡ‬ਕ‫͈ޗ‬ඊ୸໤̧̹͂̈́̽̀തͅಕ࿒̱̟̭ͦ
ͬ૽‫͈ۼ‬඾ુ୆‫͈ڰ‬ಎ৾ͤͅ࿗̷̠̞̠͈̦͂ΟνȜͼ͈ࣉ̢̜̹̞́̽
̹̺̟ల२ડ͉̭͈́͑ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈̦̟̈́ͥ͒͜ల֚ડ̟లΣડ͉͂༆͈۷ത̥ͣࣉख़̯̞̞ͦ̀ͥ
ల२ડ͉২ٛႲ‫̞̤̀ͅ۾‬ਕ‫̭̠̞̳̥́͂͂ͥͣͅྶ̥̹ͬͥة͈ޗ‬ജ‫ߓ̟̦̯ͤͥͦ͢ٳ‬ఘഎ͉͑ͅ২ٛႲ‫ث̞ͥ̀ͦ͘܄ͅ۾‬౵͍̈́ͣͅ౶଻͈ၑٜ̞̠͒͂ࠁ́୰ྶ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂࡞̽̀
̷̞̞̱̭͈̀͢‫ث‬౵͈৘̭͈ۜ͂౶଻͈৘க̦ൡࣣ̯ͦͥশ͑ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈̦̈́͒͜৘࡛̯ͦͥ͂
ࣉ̢̞̞ͣͦ̀ͥ
২ٛႲ‫۾‬஠ఘ͈͒‫۾‬૤͈ࢩ̦̟ͤփে͈૫൫͉૽‫͚܄͈߸۾ۼ‬ၻ̧͈ͬۜ͜ං̵̯̟ু‫̵̯ژ‬̷̦̟̦ͥͦজ̹̻͈࿒എ̹ͬ̽͜փেഎ୆̧༷ͬ঑̢ͥႁ̈́ͥͅশ̷̟͈‫ܥ‬ෝͬ͑ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈̈́͒͜
͂ࡤ̧̭̦̞̭͐͂́ͥͦͅచ̱২ٛႲ‫۾‬஠ఘ͈͒‫۾‬૤͈ࢩ̦̟ͤփে͈૫൫̦২͈ٛ࿚ఴ̟‫ه‬ఴͬྶ༹̥̱̭༷ͣͦͬͅഎ౶଻ٜͬ̽̀͜ࠨ̱̞̩̞̠༷̀͂࢜ͬঐ̱া̳শ̟̭͈փে̟౶
଻ͬ͑২ٛഎ౶଻͒͂ນ࡛̳̭̞ͥ͂̈́ͥͅΟνȜͼ͉̭ͦͣၰ৪ͬᑟட͂ߊ༆̱̀ა̲̞̀ͥ
̫͉̞̞ͩ́̈́ၰ৪͉ਹ̹͈̱̈́̽͂̀͜փে̯̞̠ͦ̀ͥ͢ͅ਋̫͈̺̦̟৾ͣͦͥࢃ৪͈২
ٛഎ஝͈৘࡛̟২ٛഎ՛͈ੰ‫̡ݲ‬২ٛ٨ၻ഼͈ႁ̦ஜ৪͈ૂ੣́̽̀͜঑̢̭ͣͦͥ͂ͧ͑ͅਕ
1510ີȁআȁაȁ஽‫ޗ‬എ͈̦̈́ͥ͒͜‫ܥ‬ෝ̳ͥ͂௙‫̠̞̯ͥ̀ͦ͢ͅگ‬এ̞̱̥̱̟ͩͦͥఱ୨̭͉̈́͂ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈̈́͂͜২ٛഎ౶଻͈ၰ৪̦ߓఘഎ̟࡛৘എ̈́૽‫͈߸۾ۼ‬஠ఘͬփে̳̭ͥ͂ͧͅ৘̯̟ۜͦచય‫ا‬̯̞̞̠̭̜̞ͦ̀ͥ͂͂́ͥਕ‫̟߸۾ۼ૽ͬޗ‬২ٛႲ‫ۼ૽̹̟͉̭̠̞͂͂ͥ͘ࡉ̞̤̀ͅ۾‬ͬ২ٛႲ‫̞̜̭̠̞ͥ́͂͂ͥࡉ̞̤̀ͅ۾‬ਕ‫͈ޗ‬২ٛ଻͉૽‫͈ۼ‬২ٛ଻ͬփྙ̳̞ͥΟνȜͼ̤̞͉̟̀ͅ૽‫͈ۼ‬২ٛ଻ͬഔೲ̱̀ၑٜ̳̭̦ͥ͂͑ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈͈̈́͒͜อࡉͅࠒ̦̞͈̽̀ͥ
̜̞́ͥոષΟνȜͼ͈ਕ‫ޗ‬ა̷͈ͬ২ٛ଻̞̠͂ത̥ͣࣉख़̧̱̹̦̟̀ΟνȜͼ͈ਕ‫ޗ‬ა͉֚ͅ۹
಼̱̀ুடഎ͈͈̈́͜୲చ‫̠̞͂ࠢࢲ͈͒ا‬࿂̦ࡉ̷̴̞͉̤̯ͣͦͥͦ͂ͤ̈́͜‫଼ܡ‬ਕ‫͈͒ޗ‬๡฻̟ࢲࠢͬփྙ̳̭̫̜̦̟ͥ͂̈́ͥͩ́ͥͅ‫଼ܡ‬ਕ‫͈ޗ‬௰̦ΟνȜͼ͈ঐഊ̱̹࿚ఴ̩ͬ͢
ٜࠨ̧̱̹͉̀͂࡞̢̞̜̠̞̱̥̱̟༷͉֚̈́́ͧ́ΟνȜͼ͈ঐഊ̱̹࿚ఴത̷͈͈̦͜শ
య̷͈͂͂͜ͅ޽ท଻̟઩ࠢ଻ͬถ̧̩̱̞̠̀̀ͥ͢͜ͅএِ͈̜̞̟ͩͦͥ́ͥ͂͂͜͜ș඾ུ૽಼͂̽̀ͅ‫ק‬എ಼͈̟̈́͜ুடഎ͈͉̈́͜‫ུܖ‬എͅතஅ͙̦ถ̞̞̹̭̜̟͂̽͂ͤ͜‫ܡ‬଼ਕ‫ِ͉ࠢࢲ͈͒ޗ‬ș͂̽̀ͅೄ୪‫̠̞̞̩̱͂ۜͅވ‬࿂̦̜̠ͥ͢͜ͅএ̷̞ͩͦͥͦͅ฽̱
̟̀ଲ௹എଲ‫ڐ͈ٮ‬ఱ̷̟͈ಎ͈́ࡧၛ̱̹ࡢ૽͈‫ͤݶ‬ਫ਼͈࿚ఴ̟ଲ௹২͈ٛಎ́อ୆̳ͥచၛ
͈࿚ఴ͉૬࣫́૬ଃ̈́‫̾ͬ͜ޣג‬ओ̱ท̹̽‫ه‬ఴ̱͂̀փে̯̞̭͈ͦͥႲ‫́۾‬ΟνȜͼͅೄ୪‫̧͉̭͓͂͐ڠ‬ఉ̞͈̜̦̟̩́ͥ͂͑ͅਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈̈́͒͂͑͜২ٛഎ౶଻̞̠͒͂ΞȜζͅ‫̱۾‬͉̟̯̀ͣͅߡͤ‫ࣉ̹̬ئ‬ख़̦ຈါ̜́ͥ͂এ̞̤̟ͩͦͥ̈́ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈͉̈́͜ਕ‫ޗ‬ո‫̜͈ͣ͠ٸ‬ِͥș͈ࠐࡑ̤̞̀͜ͅ୆̲͈̟ͥۜ͜ං̷̯͈̯̞̦̟͉ͦͥ͂ͦ̀ͥͦ͜ౙ੗͑ͅၑேഎ࿒
എͅideal ends͆͒ͅచ̳̳ͥͥ૞ަͅfaith̞̠͆͂ࠁ́ນ࡛̯̞̞ͦ̀ͥ͜ਕ‫ུ͈ޗ‬ৗ͉૞̴̞̠ͥ͂૽‫๊͈֚ۼ‬എ̜̠͈͈֚̈́ͤ̾͢ࠁͅ૞ަ̜̟̭͉͆́ͤͦਕ‫ͬޗ‬ၗͦ̀͆͜ͅ‫̱̥ڰ‬̠͈̟̞ͥ͜͞ଲ௹୆‫͈ڰ‬ಎ̷̭́‫̦͈̠̞̺͈̞̫̯̥͂̈́ͣ̈́͊ͦ̈́ͦ͜ڰ‬ΟνȜͼ͈ࣉ̢̜̞́ͥΟνȜͼ͉ਕ‫ͬޗ‬ა̲̟̀ࠫޫ͉૞ަͬა̲̭̹͈̺ͥ͂̈́̽͂ͅ࡞̞̞̽̀̓͢A Common Faitḧ͉́ͅ๞͈ଲ‫ٮ‬۷̦ਬ࿩̯ͦ̀੆͓̞ͣͦ̀ͥ͂൳শ̟ͅ๞ু૸͈ଲ‫͒ٮ‬͈చ؊উସ̦౤എͅা̯̞̞̠ͦ̀ͥ͂࿂̦̜̞̭ͥͦͬ̽̀͜๞͈এ॑‫ڰ‬൲͈ࠫა͙̳͂̈́ͩ
̫͉̞̥̞̱̟̭̭̈́͂̀͜ͅͅΟνȜͼ͈এே஠ఘͬચৣ̳͈֚ͥ̾ࡉ೒̱ͬࡉ੄̳̭͉͂‫ݺ‬̯̭͈̠ͦͥ͂͢ͅএ̞ͩͦͥഓ‫̟ڠ‬ႃၑ‫̟ڠ‬૤ၑ‫̟ڠ‬აၑ‫̟ڠ‬২ٛഓ‫ڠ‬൝șఉ‫̹ͥͩͅܚ‬๞͈ॽমͬൡ֚എͅၑٜ̳ͥΪϋΠ̦̭͈ಠै͈ಎͅ‫̢̞ͥͦͣࣉ̠̞ͥ̀ͦ͘͢ͅ܄‬๞͈ਕ‫ޗ‬აͬ൩̷̢̟̭̥̀ͣ͘٨͛̀๞͈এ͈॑஠ఘͬࡉ༐̳̞̠͂ैު̦ါ‫̞̭̯ͥ̈́͂ͥͦͅݥ‬ȺಕȻ1ȁJohn Dewey̟̓A Common Faith”̟Yale University Press, 1934, p.87̠
2ȁਕ‫͈ޗ‬౶എၑٜͅA Common Faith ͈ల֚ડ̟లඵડ̞͉̟͆̾̀ͅո‫͈ئ‬୩ࣂͬ४ચ̯̹̞̠ͦ
ȁ͓͑ਕ‫͑͂͒ޗ‬ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈͔̈́͒͜1998̟͓൐ୌ̤̫ͥͅ౶͈ౝ‫̸ݪ‬༰ോ՞ဎ‫ޗ‬਎ࡣ‫ܱܭ‬ැაਬ͔ਫ਼ਓ̠
16ΟνȜͼਕ‫ޗ‬ა͈২ٛ଻்ͅा͆

11ȁ͓૽‫̫̤ͥͅࡑࠐۼ‬ਕ‫ޗ‬എ͈͔̈́͜2009̟͓༰ോ՞ဎ୶୆३਍ܱැა໲ਬ̸̞͈̻͈͑͒ၠ͔ͦਫ਼ਓ̠
3, 4ȁJohn Dewey,̓A Common Faith”, p.70̠
5ȁIbid., p.72̠
6ȁIbid., p.73̠
7, 8ȁIbid., p.78̠
9ȁIbid., p.79̠
10, 11, 12 ,13ȁIbid., p.80̠
14̟15ȁIbid., p.84̠

17ඤΉॄै२჊̷͈͂শయ൥֔ȁೄ΅ȜχȜΡ̢‫࣭ם‬ၣ‫૽̟ڠ‬ൽ৽̟݅ασΈΕϋ̟ೱ࣭݈࣭ٛ͂ఘა̟ࣞ൝‫̟ࣞྵঀ͂֗ޗ‬ന࿺ൽါ࿩்֞നఱ‫֥ͅޗ͈ڠ‬1902-1943̜̹͆́̽ඤΉॄै२჊ͅ1877-1947͈͆૽̷͈͂এே̟ͬඅͅ
‫֗ޗ‬এே̞̟̾̀ͅ‫࣭ם‬ၣ‫ͅڠ‬1908-1911͆শ̥̟ͣၛ࠻ྦྷଽൂਤ݈݈֥֭ͅ1924-1945͆শయ͈́͘࡞୰ͬ࠿൦̱̹̞
ඤΉॄ͉‫࣭ם‬ၣ‫ڠ‬শͅࠐࡑ̱̹૽ૂ͈ຽ༑଻͈৘̥̟ۜͣ૽႒൳༾̦௖ࡽ͈ୃ̱̞ၑٜͅঢͦ
̟࡛͊ͅంह̳࣭ͥ‫͈ۼز‬฽࿒̢̯͜ু̴̥ٜͣࠨ̳̜̠̱̟ͥ́ͧ͂̀૽ൽ৽̩݅͂̿͜ͅ‫ڢ‬ഛაͅ‫ু̥̈́ږ‬૞̷̹̞͈̭͓ͬ̽͂ͬ͜ฒಎܱ͔ؕͅ1914͆ͅಠ̱̹̞
ਤ݈݈֥֭শయ͈ೱུ࣭݈݈̤̞͈ٛٛ̀ͅহհ֋঵༹ੜัܰ೰٨ୃ฽చ‫׵‬୰̟ࣞ͞൝‫̟֗ޗ‬଼૽‫̟֗ޗ‬੫ঊࣞ൝‫֗ޗ‬૦‫͈̞̀̾ͅޟ‬อ࡞൝ͬત̱̹̞ٚඅ̟ͅ඾ུ২̦̟࣭ٛ߳৽͈݅͒߹
০ͬ‫࣭̟̥́̈́ͥ͛ޑ‬ఘაͬ෾̱̟ٚ̾̾ͅ૽ൽ৽͈݅აၑͬ۹̞̹̭͂ͅၣփ̱̹̞
डࢃ̟ͅഓ‫ڠ‬৪ασΈΕϋͅ1859-1941̦͆ਕ‫̟ز࣭̟ޗ‬঩ུ৽̷̸͈݅ͦͦΪ΀ρσ΅Ȝͅࢯ̱̦̟̈́ͣ͜߃య̦̹̳ͣ͜ুဇ͂ඊၛ̞͈̾̀ͅ৘ৗ‫͈ا‬ഷͬ࿅̱̹̭॑͂ͅඤΉॄ̦ಕ࿒̷̱̹̞͈ম໻ͅ૘̹̭̟ͦ͂̽̀͑͢ͅ૽ൽͥ͢ͅଲ‫ٮ‬໹გ͈͒ၑැ͈࡛య଻̞̟̾̀ͅඤΉॄ̥ͣࣞന࿺ൽͅ1909-1951̦֚͆೰͈‫ͬޣג‬਋̫̹̭͂ͬ‫܄‬փ̱̞̞̀ͥ

ུ͉̲͛ͅࣂ͉൐Տ‫֭ڠ‬஻ၛ৪ࣞന࿺ൽͅ1909-1951்̦͆֞നఱ‫୺̡ڠ‬࿝໐ࡄ‫̧͈͈͂شݪ‬ঐ൵‫ޗ‬਎̜̹͆́̽ඤΉॄै२჊ 1 ͈૽̷͈͂শయ̞̾̀ͅၑٜͬ૬̭͛ͥ͂ͬ࿒എ̱̞̞͂̀ͥඤΉॄ͉‫࣭ם‬ၣ‫ͅڠ‬1908-1911͆শ̟ͅু͈ͣ૞ૄ̳͂ͥ૽ൽ৽̦̟࣭݅ष‫͚ૺ̦ا‬ଲ‫͈ٮ‬ಎ̟́໹გ
ͬ֋঵̳̹͈ͥ͛‫ܖ‬੔̈́ͥͅၑැ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ৘̳̞ۜͥ‫ ̱࣭̀ܦ‬13 ාࢃ̟๞͉ਤ݈݈֥֭͂
̱࣭̀ఘა͉̲̳࣭ͬ͛͂ͥ‫ྵঀ͈ز‬აͬ෎૤ͅജ‫̞̳ͥٳ‬൚শ͈࣭ष۪‫͈ޏ‬ಎ́඾ུ̦ୌ؎Ⴅ
‫৽̟̱಺ފ̟̱̀ࡾͅޑ‬൵̱̞̩̹͉̟̀͛ͅခև̈́૽ऺ଼͈̟̳̻֗̈́ͩࣞ൝‫֗ޗ૽଼̡֗ޗ‬192ີȁআȁაȁ஽͈‫ڐ‬ਰ̦ຈଌ͈‫ه‬ఴ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ‫৽̷͈̟̞̱̀̀ژু̩ޑ‬ಫ͉ͅ୨৘͈̦̜̹͈͉̈́̽́̈́͜
̷̞̥̞ͦͬ࠿൦̱̹̞̞ασΈΕϋͅ‫࡛͉̱̀۾‬हഎۜ‫̥ͣژ‬ஸ‫ݞ‬എͅࡉ̭̦̟ͥ͂̈́ͥͅඤ
̞̪̻͂Ήॄ̦փে̱̹̭͈͂փྙͬࣉ̢̹͈ͥ͛੣ ̶͉͙̫̹̞̞͌̾ԅ ‫࣭ם‬ၣ‫ڠ‬ඤΉॄै२჊ͅ1877-1947͆ ̞̠͂૽ͬଂ͇ͥैު͉̲̹̞̞ͬ͛ ̴̟͘ ๞̦ 1908 ා̥ͣ͆1911 ා͈‫͈ۼ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬শͅ૸ͬ౾̞̹‫̢࣐̟̭̹͂ࣉ࣭́ם‬൲̱̹̭ܱ̱̹͓͂ͬ‫࣭ͤ͢ם‬ர࣭͔͒2ͅ1911̟͆͂͑൐٬ؕ૗͈֚ဋঊ̦૶̱̩ฒ૽͈ಎͅ୆‫̱̀ڰ‬ං̹֣ͥયܱ̱̹͈ͬͥ͒͂͜੆
͓̹͓͆ฒಎܱ͔ؕ3 ͅ1914̥͆ͣᤊ̩̭̳̞͂ͥͅ
͆ඤΉॄ͉͓ฒಎܱ͔͈ؕু੬ 4 ́ু૸͈࣐൲͂૤ૂ̞̾̀͑ͅ૽ͬՔ̳̭̟̜ͥ͂ͣͥ͠૽
ͅచ̱̀ࢡփͬခ̳̭ͥ͂̿૽ͬ‫ͥޔ‬ṷ̦̩̏͂̈́̿ඊၛুဇ͈ୈ૰̦،େ̷̞̞̞͒͂̽̀ͥ
̱̀͑஝փ͂‫ܛ‬བ͂૞ှ̿ཥ͈૤̟ͅ૒̢ັ̫̜̹͈͉̟̀̽͒͜ၣ‫ڠ‬ಎ͑؎ༀ‫ڎ‬ኈൢͥᆩͅ‫؃‬̀ᘑ͜৺ጰ̷̲̥̹̞̭̥ͬۜ̈́̽͒ͦ̓ͧ͑૽ਅ͞ኈാ͞࡞ࢊ͈͒։۪̈́ͥ‫͈̭͈͑́͂͜͜ޏ‬ཥ͈૞ැ͉་̴̭̦ͥ͂੄ြ̥̹̈́̽͒͑࡬ͅཥ͉ଟਫ਼ͅ࿻૽ͬࡉ੄̷̱̹̞͉͒ͦ͑઀ᆇ̜̟ͤິ
૽̜̟ͤჇ૽̜̟ͤ߳૽̜̟ͤ‫ڠ‬୆̜̟ͤ‫ޗ‬਎̜̟ͤ໲̜̟ࣧͤଽহ‫ٯ̞̟̜ͦ̿ͤ͜ز‬ཥ͂૶࢐̺̞ͬࠫͭߗ‫͂ܨߗ͂ܨ‬ٛ৷̳̦̮̩̟ͥ͂କ͂କ̦͂ၠࣣ̳̦̮̩̟ͥ͂ཥ͉ޭ͛̀ুடͅ
ଵ൝͈૽șͅ୪̱̹̞̞̞͒͂̽̀ͥ
௖൚̈́ু૞̧̞̠͓̜̦̟̭͈͂́ͥু૞͉̥̩̱͑̀ཥ͉૽ૂͅ൐ୌ̧̈́ͬ৘ࡑ̱̹̞͒͂
̵̞̞̭̭ͩ̀ͥ́৘ࡑ̞̠͈͉͂ౙͅ৘ఘࡑ̟৘ष͈ࠐࡑ͈ၞ̞̠͂փྙ̷͈̥̟̈́ͦ͂͜͜
̠ઁ̱ࢩ̩ experimentalism ͈ၛાͅၛ̞͈̽̀ͥ͂୹࡞͜࠳͇̞̞͈̥̟̭̭̥̀̽̀ͥͣ
̧̺̫͉͉̱̞̞̱̥̱̯́̽ͤ̈́ͣ͑ͅཥ͉૽႒͈֥̱֚͂̀൳༾૽႒͈‫̀̽࢐ͅۼ‬ြ๊̹͈̜֚́ͥ͒͂‫࡛̟̭̞̞̱ͬͦͥ̀ا‬৘͈࣭ष‫͈́߸۾‬ٜࠨঐૻ͈̠͢ͅঀ̞̟͑ࣽ͞૽ਅ͈‫އ‬̺̥ͩ௔̞̟͂͌߳๵͈‫ڐ‬ಫ̞̟࣭࣭͈͂͌͂͂‫͉ͅۼ‬฽࿒͈ૂ᪰ ̟ͤ̀͘ഓ૽ၑே͈໹გ͈শయ͉
̳ယօͅ੄࡛̳͓̩̞̞̯̈́ͦ̓͜͜ཥ͉စࣻതͅਖ̞̀͜ᖱഛ۷ͬ‫͈̭̞̳ͥ࡞ྶ̞͂͒̈́̀ܤ‬̠͢ͅ୹࡞̳͈͉̟ͥ๞̦ၣ‫ڠ‬ఘࡑ͈ಎ́ু໦͈৽݅৽ಫ͈ୃ̱̯ͬ‫̷̧͈̟́෇ږ‬এ̞ͬ༴̩
̧̭͈͂́ͥତఉ̩͈ఘࡑͬਹ͇̹̞̠̭͈͕̥̟͂͂ͅၣ‫଼̹̞̯̀ͦࠁ̳̳́́ͥ͘ͅͅڠ‬૞ැͅջ̞̽̀ͥ͂ࡉᅤ̧̳̭̦̞͂́ͥ
ඤΉॄ̦૽႒൳༾͈௖ࡽၑٜ͈‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬ೏‫͈̭̳͂ͥݥ‬փྙ̷̟͈͂৘࡛଻̫࢜̀ͅֈࠉ͈ැ
ͬ̽̀͜‫͉͈̞̬ͥ̀ݷ‬ρέ΁΃Οͻ΂̡Χͺϋͅ1850-1904͆͂૧ള࡫֞௮ͅ1862-1933̜̞͆́ͥ߃య‫࣐୶͈ا‬৪̱͈͂̀؎ༀ͈ଲ‫̥ͣٮ‬։‫͈ޏ‬౷ͅࡍ̽̀ြ̹Χͺϋ͉։‫ૂ૽̜͑̀̽ͅޡ‬ͅ൐ୌ̧̭͈̈́͒͂ତఉ̩͈৘ࡑͬଲ‫૽͈ٮ‬șͅอ૞̵̴̱͙̹͈͙̟̀̈́ͣ൚শ͈൐‫ނ‬ೱ࣭ఱ
20

3ඤΉॄै२჊̷͈͂শయͅ൥֔͆

‫ڠ‬໲‫ش‬ఱ‫םڠ‬໲‫࣒ش‬঍̱̟͂̀ૂ෎എ̟ͅ‫͈زै࣭ם‬ಎͅၠͦͥ૽‫͈ૂۜۼ‬ຽ༑଻࣒͈ͬ݅ಎ́
‫ٳ‬া̳̭̟ͥ͂ͅ࠱̧̭̦̥̹̞ͥ͂̈́̽
̧ ̦ͭ

̜̱

‫ࣣ̥̻̭̟ͣͣͅݙ‬ਤ࣭̟πȜυΛῼ੄࣐̹̀̽૧ള࡫͉͓ᗹ‫͈܍‬᩟͔ͅ1907͆ͅা̱̞̀
̠̟ͥ͑͢ͅཆ૽͈౺͂փ͉͂̿ଲ‫ٮ‬എ̹ͥͬං̧͓̭̟͒͂ͬࡉমͅ৘બ̱̀ࡉ̵̹̞๞͉ࣣਤ࣭͞πȜυΛΩ͈༏‫͈ޏ‬෠ఆ́͘ͅ௷ͬ૝̱̟࢚̩͊̀ૂͬ೒̵̭ͩͥ͂ͬ‫̞̺ͭץ‬ͩͦඤΉॄ͈Χͺϋ୶୆͈͂૞ှ‫ޗ͈ޡུ͉߸۾‬৒́෽̹ͩͦ͑๞ِͬ౶̭̞̞ͥ͒͂͂̿̀͜ͅ
̨̞̟ͥ̾ͅ૧ള࡫ฎআ͉ΆςΏλ̡υȜζ͈Ⴄঃ̡ഓ‫ވͬ́͘ڠ‬ခ̱̟਱໦݈ͅა̱଄̩̳̭
̟͂́ଲ‫ڎٮ‬౷ͅ౶ࡨͬତఉ̷̩̩̹̞͈̾̽،େ̈́৘க̽̀͢ͅা̱̹௖ࡽၑ̷ٜ̭̟໹გ͈
‫ܖ‬๕̜̞̠́ͥ͂૯ၑ଻̟ͅඤΉॄ̹͘͜ু͈ͣ૞ැ͈‫ͬݶ‬౾̞̹͈͉̥̹̥̟́̈́̽͂এͩͦ
͈̜̞ͥ́ͥ
̥ͦͩͦͩͦ͑๞ِͬ౶ِ̟ͤ๞ͬ౶̟ͣ͊ఉ̩͈໰‫̵ͥݮ‬࿚ఴ͉ুٜͣࠨ̳̜̠ͥ́ͧ͒͂ඤΉॄ̷̧̦̞̠̟͉͂ͦ͑૽႒͈֥̱͈֚͂̀͒൳༾͉ຈ̴͑௖ࡽ͈ୃٜ͒̾ͤ͘ୃ̱̞ၑٜ̟ୃ‫̈́ږ‬ၑٜͅঢ̧̭̦̞̠ͥ͂́ͥ͂૞ැ̞̞̠̈́̽̀ͥ͂ͅփྙ̜̠̞̭͈́ͧΑΗϋΑ͉̟ඤΉॄ̦‫ܦ‬࣭ࢃ்̟֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ଽহࠐफ‫ڠ‬໐‫ޗ‬਎ͬ௽̫̦̟̈́ͣ1924 ාਤ̷݈݈֥̥͈֭̈́̽̀ͣ͘͘͜ͅ
་̭̩̟ͩͥ͂̈́֋঵̷̧̨̯̹͙̭̦̞͈̭ͦ͂ͥ͂́ͥ̾͂ͬͅඤΉॄ͈ೱ࣭݈͈ٛտ֥̟ٛ
ུ݈͈ٛ́ৗ͈̥̟͈̠݃̈́́̓͢ͅ‫̧̞̳̭͙͙̥͈ͥ͂ͥ̀ͥ́ͅ෇ږ‬Ԇ ྦྷଽൂ݈֥শయ࣭͂ఘა
̭̭͉́ྦྷଽൂ݈֥ඤΉॄै२჊͈݈͈ٛ́อ࡞ͬ৾ͤષ̴̬̹̞̞̟͘1929 ා 3 ࠮ 2 ඾͈
ల 56 ೱུ࣭݈݈̤̞ٛٛ̀ͅ 1928 ා 6 ࠮ 29 ඾͈ೂ႓ల 129 ࣢ͥ͢ͅহհ֋঵༹٨ୃ͈ઇౄͬ
‫ͅ࠯͚ͥݥ‬ଽຸ೹੄̞͈͆̾̀ͅտ֥ٛտ֥ಿ༭࣬ͅచ̳ͥඤΉॄ͈อ࡞͙̞ͬͥ
̭͈մ࠯͈აത͉࣭ఘ་‫ͬڟ‬঎̳ๆऻ৪ͬั༹̳ͥၙ̜́ͥহհ֋঵༹͈ੜัܰ೰̟ͬडࣞ
ߺͬ޺ᱰ 10 ා̥ͣ‫̱͑̀اޑ‬ঘߺ̹͉͘ྫ‫͒ͅܢ‬་ࢵ̳̭ͥ͂ͬઇౄ̳̥̠̥̞̠ͥ̓͂࿚ఴ
̜̹̞́̽ ྦྷଽൂ͉̭͈ೂ႓͈ઇౄ̞͉̾̀ͅ฽చ̜̹̞́̽ ඤΉॄ͉୔൥ၦຳͅ1870-1949݈֥͆̈́̓͂͂͜ͅ฽చ‫׵‬୰̱̹̞ͬտ֥̤̞͉̟ٛ̀ͅॷ଼ 9 ྴ฽చ 8 ྴ͈ 1 ຘओ́‫̟̯ͦࠨخ‬ུ݈ٛͅષ೾̯̞̹̞ͦ̀ඤΉॄ͈‫׵‬୰͉ 2 ඾‫ͅۼ‬მ࣐̟̽̀ͩͦಎ૤͈͉࣭͂̈́ͥఘა̜́ͥ
̠͢ͅএ̞ͩͦͥ
̭͈ೂ႓͉อ႓̯͈ͦͥ́͘਀௽̱̟͂̀1928 ා 6 ࠮ 12 ඾ͅ‫ࠨ݈ڝ‬೰̯ͦ 6 ࠮ 13 ඾ͅଥྟ֭ͅ೹੄̯̹̞ͦଥྟ͉֭ 14 ඾ͤ͢ଥຸୈऔտ֥ٛͬ‫̞̀ٳ‬ୈऔ͉̲̹̞ͬ͛ଥྟ͈݈֭ა͉
࢖‫̟͈̞̯́̈́ͦٳ‬૧໳༭ൽ൝̥̱ͣ͂̀ඤΉॄ͉ଥྟ֭́ 6 ͈̾ৗ࿚̦̜̹̽͂ત̱̞ٚ̀͆

ͥ 5 ̷̞͈ඤ͈ల 3 ͉͑आུచॐ͈༷̦‫ͬၙ༹̞̜ͥ́ݢ޽̀ݕ‬٨ୃ̳ͥͤ͢͜आུచॐ͈༷̦
21

4ີȁআȁაȁ஽‫̀ݕ‬ຈါ̜̞̠͈̟́ͥ͒͂́͜ల 6 ͉͑‫֗ޗ‬࿚ఴᡕͅ২ٛ࿚ఴ͈ۖ๵ͬ‫̟̱ܢ‬এே‫̈́ࠣݢ͈ٮ‬ͥ་‫̠̞̯̈́̈́ܳ͢ͅৼͬا‬ಕփ̱̫̞͉̞̥̞̞̞ͬ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́́̈́͒͂̽̀ͥఈͅ޽‫ݢ‬শ̞͈̾̀ͅ೰݅࿚ఴ̟ႉশ݈ٛͬઉਬ̱̀ೱ࣭݈͈ٛ‫ͬॷފ‬ංͥຈါ͈࿹୶଻͈࿚ఴ൝͜‫ͦ͘܄‬̞̹̞̤̀̈́ဓൂଽ࿻͈ٛಎ͜ͅ‫ͅࣁޑ‬฽చ̳݈֥̦̞̹̭̟ͥ͂ܲ௼͈֭ခ঎͈ಎͅ฽చփࡉ
ͬอນ̱̹݈֥̦̜̹̭̽͂̈́̓͜‫͓ͥ੆̥̭̟̞̬ͣͦ̀̀ݷ‬փࡉ̦ࠨ̱̀ু໦͈͙͈ࡧၛ̱
̹͈͉̞̭́̈́͂ͬ͜‫̞̹̱಺ޑ‬̨̾ͅඤΉॄ͉̟̭͈࿚ఴ͉ࢩไ̟ͅ‫̟࢐ٸ‬২ٛଽॐ̟এே࿚ఴ̟‫֗ޗ‬࿚ఴ൝̟‫࣭ͤ͜͢ة‬ఘ͈࿚ఴ͂͜‫݈̟̱̞̱̀͂ͥ̀߸۾‬ა̫̞ͬ̾̿ͥ๞͈อ࡞̦̟1917 ා 10 ࠮͈͑ႺୌՏ‫̟ྵڟ‬Ⴛ෠ଽ଼ຸ͈͒ၛ̥ͣπȜυΛΩ‫͍̤࣭͢ڎ‬ಎ࣭͈͒‫݈̟̭̺́ͧ͂ͭૺ͂͒ޣג‬ા௧ட̟͂̈́ͤ
ಎ౯̳̭ͥ͂ 13 ̷̤̟̞͈ٝͭ́̾͢ͅͅ඾͉ࡿࢃ 11 শ 7 ໦८̟ٛอ࡞͈௽̧͉ষٝ঵̻‫ק‬̱̹̞͂̈́̽

3 ࠮ 5 ඾ȁஜ͈ٝ൦აͅ௽̞̀ඤώॄ͉̟̭͈࿚ఴ͉͑ల֚‫࢐ٸ‬࿚ఴ͂‫̟̱̀߸۾‬లඵ২ٛ࿚
ఴ͈ၛા̟ͤ͢ల२͉࣭ఘ۷͂‫۾‬Ⴒ̞̹̱̱̀͒͂͘ਹ͇̀ැͬ؋̢̱̹̠݈́ა̳̳̞ͬ͛ͥ
฽చ‫׵‬୰͉໦ၾ̦ᇷఱ̜͈́ͥ́ഐܽา̧੄̱̟̱̥̱̀૥ਹͅඤώॄ͈૯փͬ෤՜̳̭ͥ͂ͅ
഼̹̞̞͛޽‫ݢ‬ೂ႓́͘੄̱̀হհ֋঵༹͈ੜัܰ೰ͬ٨ୃ̱̠̳͂ͥ͢ଽ࿻ٛനಎܻ֚ඤ‫͈ڝ‬উସͬሕ̟̭͈͛̀٨ୃ༹մͬ๛෇ͅ঵̻ࣺ͙̹̞̳͂ͥྦྷଽൂ̞̱̈́ඤώॄ݈֥͈อ࡞ࢹே͉̟̭͂͘
ͅဎఱ͈̜̹̞̈́́̽͜ᔡ̩͑๞͈ഘࠬथ௖͂֐̹ͩͦͥຽႵୌ͈͑ΫΑζσ·͉͒ශ‫̜ͤ́ة‬̱̹̥̟͘ड੝͉২ٛ৽݅ͬգท̱̹͈̜̦̟́ͥ‫͉ͅࢃ̀ݕ‬২ٛଽॐͬ৘࣐̳̭ͥ͂ȕ̷̱̟̠̱̈́ͤ̀̀͘এே͈՛‫ͬا‬ထཡ̱̹͈̜̳̞́ͤ͘1884 ා͉ͅႻ൱৪৖ພ༗ࡏ༹͍̈́ͣͅࢥ
ા໅ੱ༗ࡏ༹ͬଷ೰౿̱̱̹̞͘1889 ාͅႻ൱৪ူჇ༗ࡏ༹ͬ୭̫̹͈̜̳̹࡛́ͤ͒͑͘͘ह
͈‫̧݈̟͉̱̀͘؃࣭ͅם‬͉ٛջட̱࣭͂̀ྦྷఉତ͈૞ှͬฎ̱̀‫̟̱̀ͤ͘ݳ‬๞͈Ⴛ൱ൂͬո
̱̟֚̀̀͜༜༹̹ࣣͤ͂͜എ٨‫਀ڟ‬౲ո‫̟̦̳̜͈̞̱ͤ́̈́͛́͘੄༹༷͈ͅٸ‬ଵ͉ါ̳ͥ
ͅ‫࣭ם‬Ⴄయ͈ඤ‫̦ڝ‬শସ͈ଔ֊ͬ൸ख़̱̟୲̴̢ഐ൚̈́ͥ২ٛଽॐ࣐ͬ̽̀‫̰̮̥ͤ́ͣͥ͘ݳ‬̳̞௲̻ 1911 ා̤͍͢ 1920 ාͅଷ೰̵̹ͣͦͥ৐ު༗ࡏ༹̟̹͘ଡ଼̥ͣంह̱ြ̹̽ഽș٨ୃ̵̹ͣͦͥ‫ݣ‬ຫ༹̟1908 ා੝͛̀ଷ೰̵̟ͣͦ̀ఀࢃഽș٨ୃ͙̹ͬͥူჇ༗ࡏ༹̟1925 ා͈‫ࡧ͍̤͢ິس‬঱ා߄༗ࡏ༹̟1922 ා͈࠲ࢫ༗ࡏ༹൝͉̭ͦͬࢊ͈̜̳ͥ́ͤ͒͑͘͜‫؃࣭ͅם‬̫݈ͥٛଽহ̦ဝ̦͆‫ܖ‬யͬခ̳͈͉̟ͥఈͅਅș̈́ͥࡔ֦̦̜͈̜̳̦̟ͥ́ͤ͘৽̱̭͂̀
͈শସͅ؊̲̹ͥഔೲഎ২ٛଽॐ̦࣐ͩͦ̀‫ͥݳ‬মͅࡔ֦ͬခ̱̀‫̳̜͈͑͒ͤ́ͥ͘ݳ‬டͥͅനಎඤ‫༷͈̭͈ڝ‬࿂ͅ‫̫ͥ؃‬ঔ୭͉̟‫̦̹͓ͥ੆ͅܡ‬ශ̩̟஠̩‫ة‬൝ࡉ̧͓͈͉̞͈̜ͥ̈́́͜
̞̳ͤ͘ͅฏ਀͆͒
͑এே՛‫͈ا‬आུഎࡔ֦ͬੰ‫̳ͥݲ‬੨ਅ͈ߓఘഎ̶̴༹༷࣒̱̟ͬ̀ౙͅࡕั͈͙ͬո̀এே
22ඤΉॄै२჊̷͈͂শయͅ൥֔͆

5̜࣭ͩͦඳͅచ̵̳ͭ͂ͥଽຸ͈শయ॒ࢋഎ൮ෞͅᑀ̰ͥͬ͘ං̞͈̜̳̈́́ͤ͘ͅฏ਀̞͆͒௽̞̀ਖ
૖ඳ̤͍͢৐ު࿚ఴͬঐഊ̱̟̀͑হհ֋঵ً༹͈ਹഎ٨ࢵ͉̟രͅ‫ݫ‬ஹͬߐ̽̀෍ͬ‫͚̱͘ۂ‬̦ශ̧‫̥̞͉͈̳͂̈́́ͥܳৼͬضࠫͥ̈́ࡏܓ‬এ͈̜̳ͩͦͥ́ͤ͘ͅฏ਀̞͆͒࿤ൂ͈ၛા̞͂
̠ଽহഎমૂ͉ࣉၪ̱̫̞̞̠̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͂ത͉৹̜̱̟ۙͥ͂̀͜აၑ̷͈͈͉͜਱໦ͅ‫ݦ‬̧͙̭̦̞৾ͥ͂́ͥ
̨͉࣭̾ఘა̜̞́ͥඤΉॄ͉࣭͑ఘ͈आུ̞݅͒̾̀͑ࣽͅࢵ૭̱ષ̪ͥྐِ̩̟̦࣭̈́͜
ఘ͉ྔଲ֚ࠏ͈ࣀ৒ͬ༮డ̱̟̀ષ‫ئ‬૤̵ࣣ̟ͬͩఀ࠺࣭͈ၑேͬ৘࡛̱̟໵̵̀ఀൽඃഎ̟૽
ൽഎঀྵͬో଼̳ͥম̜́ͥ͂এ̠͈̜̳̞࣭́ͤ͘ఘ͈ఄࡕ͉ਅș̈́ͥࡔ֦ͅջ̟̽̀२୷ා
͈ഥൡͬ෸ࠊِ̱̟̦͂̀ྦྷ௼͈ᴍࡥ̈́ͥ૞ැ͈చય͂̈́̽̀‫̦̱̥̱̞̳̞̰̮͈̈́́ͥ͘ݳ‬̟ͣఀࡔ֦͈֚̾ඵ͉̟࣭̾‫ྦྷز‬௼৾̽̀ͅఱ࿚ఴ͈อ୆̱̹ͥાࣣ͉̟ࣀ৒͉ુͅఀঐ൵എٜ
ࠨ৪͈պ౾ͅၛ̹̱̟࣭ͦ̀͘‫̱̀ͬ૽ྦྷز‬ఀࠃ໛ͅဵ̳̭ͥ͂ͬං̵̱͛‫̹ͥͤͩݯ‬ത̜́ͥ͂ࣉ͏͈̜̳̞ͥ́ͤ͒͘
͑ি̱࡛̀య͈࣭‫ྦྷز‬௼͈ఱ࿚ఴ͉‫̟̥̳̜ͤ́͘ة‬௲̻࡛య໲‫͉಺ܖ͈ا‬২ٛ֋૧͂‫࡞̠׊‬ဩͬո̀ນ࡛̳̭̦ͥ͂੄ြ͈̜̳̞ͥ́ͤࣻ͘໲‫͈ا‬අ૗༹͈͉֚̾ଷ͈২ٛ‫̞̳̜ͤ́͘ا‬ຽ೒஖‫༹͈ݷ‬୭ၛ̟͂ฆૣ༹͈৘ঔ̦̭ͦͬબྶ̱̀ဒ̜͈̜̳̞ͤͥ́ͤ͘లඵ͈අ૗͉ॲު
ͬಎ૤̱̟͂Ⴛ൱ུͬպ̳͂ͥ২͈ٛૺ༜̜̳̞́ͤ͘ల२͈අ૗͉‫ͬز࣭ڎ‬۹೒̱̟̭ͦͬ༫
ս̳ͥఱ২͈ٛ੄࡛̜̳̞́ͤ͘ါ̳ͥͅॲު͂঩ུ͂Ⴛ൱̦࣭͂ष‫̳ͥͅا‬ঢ̹͈̜̽́ͤ͘
̳̞ଲ‫ٮ‬ఱ୽͇ల֚ষ̟ຊ৪ಘ͈ոြ‫͉ز࣭ڎ‬ଽহഎ͉ͅඊၛ̳̭̦ͥ͂੄ြ̫̟ͥͦ̓͜ࠐफ
എ͉ͅࡽ̞ͅ௖ᅏͤ௖੩̫̟̀ଲ‫ͥ̈́͂ز࣭̬֚̀ݷͬٮ‬۷̦̜͈̜̳̞ͥ́ͤ۟͘࡞̳ͦ͊੿
ြଲ‫ވ͉࣭ڎٮ‬൳̱࣭̀ྦྷ͈ুဇ͂ࡀ၌͂ͬఄਹ̱̟ழ૕എͅ‫ވ‬ం‫ࡔ͈וވ‬௱ͬഐဥ̱̫̈́ͦ͊
̞̈́ͣ̈́শସ̹͈̜̳̞͂̈́̽́ͤ͒͘
̭̾ͥ͂ͧ͘ඤΉॄ͉ॲު̡࣭ྦྷ࣭‫࣭̱̀͂ز‬ष‫ૺ͈ا‬ജ̳̥̟ͥ̈́́୶ૺ੨࣭ͅࡾ̱̀঩ུ
͂Ⴛ൱͈ခ࢘̈́২ٛ༎଼଼̱ͬଛ̬̟࣭͑ྦྷ୆‫͈ڰ‬հ೰ͬ଎̭ͥ͒͂͑ͅࣀ৒͉ຈ̴࣭ྦྷ͈ಎ૤
ِ̟͂̈́̽̀șͬঐ൵̱‫̭̠ͬ͂ݯ‬૞̲̞͈̜̳̀݃ͩ̈́́ͤ͘ͅฏ਀̞̞̞࣭͆͒͂̽̀ͥఘ
ა࡛ͬ৘͈࣭ྦྷ࣭‫ه͈̱̀͂ز‬ఴ͈͒৾ͤழ͙ͅࣆ̷̟̭ͤͅփে̫̭̟ͬ࢜ͥ͂́߳মႁ̺̫
̩̟́̈́ঌાྔෝ̞̭͈̟́̈́͂ͧ͑͜ওͥশయͅ஝ੜ̳ͥև͉̟֚ͅ࿂͉ͅ಑࿺݅Ⴇ̈́ͥՔ࣭
എၻ૤̦ຈါ̜̳́ͤͥ͂͘‫ͅވ‬ఈ༷ͅ‫ୃྶ࢖͉̞̀؃‬ఱ̈́ͥ૽ൽഎၻ૤̦ຈါ̜͈̜́ͥ́ͤ
̱̀͒͂͘঵ა͈૽ൽ৽݅എΪ΀ρσ΅Ȝ͈࣭͒ఘΪ΀ρσ΅Ȝ͈֚౿̞̱̈́౾ུ̧̢̟۟ͬ‫ܨ‬́೹մ̧̱̞͙̭̦̞࣭̀ͥ͂ͥ͂́ͥఘ͈ୈ‫͈ل‬อ‫͉͑ܞ‬ൽඃഎ̟૽ൽഎঀྵͬో଼̳ͥম͒
ͅఈ̴̟࣭̈́ͣ͑ఘ͈ఄࡕ̷̭̜͈͉̞̥̞̠͒ͥ́̈́͂͜ͅაၑ͉̟ইਞ֚۹̱̹͈̈́̽͜ͅ
̞̞̀ͥ

23

6

ີȁআȁაȁ஽ԇ ‫֗ޗ‬ა࣭ఘ̦૽ൽ৽݅ͬঐ൵ၑැ̱̹̱̟࡛͂͂̀৘ͅ඾ུ̦࣭षঌા́৽൵ႁͬอ‫̳̟͉̳ͥͅܞ‬́ͅ J.S ησ̦ 1867 ා 2 ࠮ͅΓϋΠ̡ͺϋΡσȜΒఱ‫ྴڠ‬န‫ڠ‬ಿਖහ࣒‫̞̤̀ͅ׵‬෎̩̽͗ࢊ̽
̞̠͆̀ͥ͢ͅ 6 ̨̟͈̭̦̾͂ຈါૄ࠯̷̞͈͂̈́ͥশത͈́ଲ‫ٮ‬എକ੔ͬ฽‫ু̹̱ד‬ட‫ڠش‬໦࿤̟͂ησ̦ൽඃ‫૽̞ͥ́ͭࡤ͂ڠش‬໲২ٛ໦࿤͈ၰ༷̞̟̾̀ͅ༊͈̞ͤ̈́౶েͬ૸̫̟̾ͅ
ຽ༑ͬࡉନ̢̟࣭̀षഎঌྦྷۜ‫ވͬژ‬ခ̱̦̟̈́ͣঌા͈‫އ‬௔ͅ໅ܑ̫̞̈́ުࠐ‫ٳ੅̟ܿא‬อ̤̞͈̀ͅ‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬߓ̧࡛́ͥ໙ࢩ̞࣭ྦྷ௄̦̞̫̞̞֗̽̀̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ඤΉॄ̦হհ֋঵༹٨
ୃૣ݈ͅष̱̟࣭̀ఘ͈ୈ‫ل‬อ‫͈ܞ‬ஜ೹̈́ͥͅ๵̢͂ૄ࠯ͬዺެ̟̱̥̱ͅ૤͈ಎ͉́ೄᑟ̟ͅ

2 ඾‫ͅۼ‬მུ݈̽̀ٛ́ஶ̢̫̫̥̹͕̾̿̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́̽̓মఠ͉୨ท̱̞̹̀͂এ̠̞̻͜
ͧͭࠐफ͈࣭ष‫ૺ͈ا‬ജ͉̟࣭ྦྷͅ௙ႁ୽ͬ‫̞ͥޑ‬মఠ͈ൢြͬփྙ̱̞̞̯̱̜̹̀ͥ̽̀౳
ঊ͈૖ު୺࿝‫͈֗ޗ‬ਰ৘̴͈͙̟̈́ͣ੫ঊ͈৘ު‫୽͈́ٮ‬ႁ‫ه̦ا‬ఴ͈͉̈́ͥͅ๰̫̞̞ͣͦ̈́
ඤΉॄ͉̭͈༷࿂̞݈֥̾̀ͅͅ൚஖ࢃ 1925 ා 3 ࠮ 11 ඾͈ల 50 ೱུ࣭݈݈ٛٛ́อ࡞̱̞̀
̷̞͉ͥͦ͑੫ঊࣞ൝‫͈֗ޗ‬૦‫͈݈͒࠺̳ͥ۾ͅޟ‬೹੄̷̜̹̞͈́̽೹մၑဇ͉͑ଽຸ͉শସ
͈ૺ‫͂׋‬੫ঊ࢜‫ڠ‬૤͈ࡐಠ̈́ͥ৘ૂͅ‫ͅ௸͙ۻ‬ೱ࣭ఱ‫ڠ‬ఀ͈ఈۗ࢖জၛ̤͍͢‫ڎ‬ਅ୺࿝‫ͅࢷڠ‬੫ঊ͈ව‫֚ͬڠ‬௄ယօ̱͚̈́ͣ͂‫ͅވ‬੫ঊࣞ൝‫͈֗ޗ‬૦‫ͬޟ‬଎͚̭ͣͦ͂ͬབֲ͚̟࠺݈̳̞͒͂
̧̠͈̜̹̞֦͙̭͈͈݈́̽͂͜ͅಿ୘͉઀ஂྌষ჊໗݈ಿͅ઀ஂ੗֚჊͈ர຿̜̹̞߯͆́̽
̭͈࠺݈մ͈տ֥ٛັు͉ઇ෇̯̟ͦտ֥ٛૣ݈ͬࠐ̹ࢃ̟տ֥ٛտ֥ಿ͈༭࣬೒ུ݈ͤٛ́‫خ‬͆ࠨ̯̹ͦ 7 ̞૽ൽ৽݅ͅ‫̩̿ܖ‬ଲ‫ٮ‬໹გ͈ో଼̞̠͂ඤΉॄै२჊͈৽ఴ͉̟ओ̱൚͉࣭̽̀ඤ͈௔̞̾ͅ
̞͈ٜ̀ࠨ̷͈༷͜ͅഷͬা̴̱̠͉̜̞ͥ́ͥ1927 ාশത଼͈́૽‫֗ޗ‬࿚ఴ̞̟̾̀ͅల 52ೱ࣭݈ٛထॳտ֥ల֚໦‫ش‬ٛͅ‫ྩٸ‬જ̟ং༹જ̤͍͢໲໐જਫ਼‫ۯ‬ȁ൳ා 2 ࠮ 2 ඾͈͆́ඤΉॄ͈͆ৗ̥̟̭͈݃ͣതͅࣆ̽̀๞͈݈ა̧͈༷͙̤̹̞࢜ͬ̀ 8 ̞ඤΉॄ͈ৗ͉݃Ⴛ൱௔݈͈ٜࠨͬ࿚ఴ̱̹͈̜̹̞́̽͑͜ͅ‫̮͉̞̀؃࣭ͅם‬ઇ౶͈೒ͤႻ
൱௔݈̦ଟ໦̭͈̜̳̞̫ܳͥ́ͤͦ̓͘͜ͅ‫ͅྖ׫ࣣͅڬ‬ٜࠨ̳ͥ͂‫̟͉̭̠͂׊‬ଽຸ൚ޫ৪
̹͘২͈ٛঐ൵৪͈ಎͅ௖൚͈૽໤̦̜̥͉̩̱̟ͥ͊ͤ́̈́̀Ⴛ൱‫׋‬൲͈ঐ൵৪͜ͅಎș‫ྖ׫‬̈́ͥ૽‫ڒ‬৪̦‫͈ࡘح̞ࢡ̷̱̠̟̱̀̀ͤ͘ݳ‬ਫ਼́͘ြͥ͂ఏ‫̷̹̱̠̟̱̀̀͘ފ‬ষ͈‫ܥ‬ٛͬఞ̾͂‫̠̠̈́͢׊‬௖൚̈́૽໤̷̦̜̳̥̱̟̭ͤͣ̀́͘‫͈࣭ם‬Ⴛ൱௔݈̦‫̦̫ͥ؃࣭ͅڎ‬ශ̩ޭ౤࣐̥̞͈̜́̈́́ͥ͂͘‫̟̭̠ͬ͂׊‬জ͉୶ාၣ‫̹̽ݳ̱̀ڠ‬শ͜ෝ̩̲̹͈̜̱ۜ́ͤ͘
̹̦̟ඵഽ࿒ͅఱ୽௔͇ల֚ষఱ୽͈ࢃυϋΡϋͅ४̱̹ͤ͘শͅႻ൱৪‫ފ֗ޗ‬ٛ͑χȜ΃ȜΒ̡΀ΟνΉȜΏο΢σ̡ͺΕΏ΀ȜΏοϋ͒͂‫̠׊‬౬ఘ̦̜̱̟ͤ̀͘৽̱͂̀Ⴛ൱৪଼͈̹͛ͅ
24ඤΉॄै२჊̷͈͂শయͅ൥֔͆

7૽‫ͬ֗ޗ‬ঔ̱̀‫̭̜̦ͬ͂ͥ۾ܥͥݳ‬౶̱̹ͤ͘և̟֚ͅတ̷ͦͬ४۷ͅ४̹̭̦̜̳̞̽͂ͤ͘
̭̦͂ͧఀ଼૽‫ش͈֗ޗ‬࿒͈ࣞં͈͉̈́ͅজ͉‫͉̟̱̜͈̹̞ͤ̀ͤ́͘͞ޥ‬๼‫ڠ‬ഓ‫ڠ‬໲ྶঃ̈́̓͂‫࠮̠׊̷̠̜̟̠̠̈́͘͢׊͂֗ޗྦྷ࢖̟̱̜͈̠̠̀ͤ́̈́͘͜͢׊‬໼͙͈̭͉͂ఱ೷໦
̥ͤ୨̹̽૽șͅచ̱̟̀૽̱͈͂̀‫̟֗ޗ‬ਲြͼΆςᾼह̳̮ͤ͘ઇ౶͈೒ͤ͑ͺΘσΠ̡Α·Ȝσ͒͂‫̠׊‬ଵ଼͉ͤ͜͞૽‫̟̦̳̜ͤ́֗͘ޗ‬ଵ̈́̓͜‫̢͉̟͊͞׊̥͂ͥݳ̢̀ޗͬة‬ͤ૽͈૽̹͈ͥൽ̟ഓ‫̟̥̜͂ͥ́੅͉̞̜̟̥̜ࠝͥ͂ͥ́ڠ‬ਕ‫૽̟̠׊̥̜͂ͥ́ޗ‬୆͈ਇͬ૬̩̩ࣞୄ̩ྙ̠̭̦ͩ͂੄ြͥ͂‫֗ޗ૽଼͈̭ͧ͂ͥݳ࣐࣭̀ͦͩ́ם̟̦֗ޗ̠̠̈́͢׊‬଼ِ̜̳̞࣭͈́ͤ͘૽‫ͼ͉֗ޗ‬ΆςΑ͈೾ഽ̧̩́ࣞ֨͘ષ̬ͥ͂‫̴̭̞̱̥͚͉̭̠͂͂׊‬͂এ̞̳̫̟̜̞͉̜̭͈ͦ̓ͥͤ͘͘͜ດ੔̦೩̞͈͉̞̥́̈́͂জ‫ވ‬এͩͦͥ୯̦̜͈ͥ́
̜̳̦ͤ͘ͅಎၞ̷̭͆͒੿ြႻ൱৪͈ۚ໐̧͓̠͂̈́ͥ̈́͢૽ͬਬ̟͛̀ͅಎၞ͆૽̹͈ͥൽ̟
̾ͤ͘૽̱͈͂̀ਘူ̳̠ͬͥ̈́͢‫ͬ֗ޗ‬ঔ̷̱̳̟̠̞̠̈́ͣ͊͘‫ͬ֗ޗ‬਋̫̹૽ș̦̟Ⴛ൱௔݈ͬࡍͥশ͉ͅ਀‫̱̠̱̜ͤ͘͜͡ࡘح‬ᓪ৶̜̱̠̱̟ͤ͘͜͡൰̠শ͉൰̟̽̀ఏ‫̧͓̳ފ‬শ͉ͅఏ‫̧͓̳ފ‬ഷ͜౶̺̠ͥͧ͂এ̠͈̜̱̟̭͈́ͤ̀͘Ⴛ൱௔݈̜̞͉ͥ‫ݭٴ‬൰௔͂‫̠׊‬͈͉͕̓৾͜͢ե̞օ̩͈͉̜̞̥̈́ͥ́ͥ͂͘͜এ̠͈̜̳̞́ͤ͒͘
͑૽‫̱̀͂ۼ‬ඤယͬཅີ̳̠ͥ̈́͢ͅփྙ଼͈૽‫ͬ֗ޗ‬ঔ̳̭̦͂੄ြ̳̈́ͣ͊͘ͅಎၞٜ͆
ࠨͬ‫੄̦̭̳͂ͥͅྖ׫̥ͣܜ‬ြ༹͈༷̦֚ͥ̾໳̥͈͉̜̞̥̟ͦͥ́ͥ̾ͤ͘͘෯ͬ୽ા͈
ಎ૤౷̥̟̭͈࢜̽̀ͅ໲‫͈ا‬և͛୽ાͬ‫̷̹̞̠̟̠̠̽̈́͢׊̥͂ͥͥٳ‬ఠഽ̞̹ͬ৾̽̀
̧̺̹̞̞̞̞̹͒͂̽̀ͥ͑͘؎ༀ‫̟࣭͂ڎ‬໤ৗષ̟‫ڠش‬ષ̟̜̞͉ͥ߳মષ‫އ‬௔̱̫̈́ͦ͊
̟͑ඊ஻എୈ૰ͬࡻ଑̱̫̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ͆শయ̈́̽̀ͅ४
̈́ͣ͆͂‫̠̠̈́͢׊‬ຈါͅท̱ͣͦ̀͒͘
̷̱̟ͤ̀ͦ̈́ͣ͊͘ඊ஻എୈ૰͉ශ‫ࡻ̱̀ͅة‬଑̳̭̦ͥ͂੄ြ̥ͥ͂‫ু̢̟͊׊‬໦͈ၛ̽̀
‫ͥݳ‬ਫ਼ͬ૬̩ߡͥ͂‫༹̠̺༷͈̦̭̠֚͂ͧ̾͂׊‬এ̠͈̜̳́ͤ͒͂͘͜੆͓̞̞̭͈̀ͥ‫ؿ‬ਫ਼͉ೄ୪എ͉ͅྶহո͈ࣛ඾ུ͈‫ْ̱֚̀ٽ̦֗ޗ‬എ̜̹̭̞͈́̽͂̾̀ͅ฽જ̟͂٨஝̾ͅ
̞͈̀փࡉͬ੆͓̞̭̜̞̀ͥ͂ͧ́ͥါ̳̟༷֚ͥ́ͅόͿσ΍ͼξ࣒გૄ࿩ࢃ͈χΏϋΠϋ
ఘଷ͈‫̟́ئ‬൚শ͈඾ུ͈৽൵എॲު໐࿝͈࿀ཚୡު͈́੫ঊਲު֥͈૬࿡Ⴛ൱͈෱গͬ‫ͣ͛ݥ‬̥̟ͦͥ͂ILO ̥̟ͣႻ൱ழࣣ͈࢖෇͂ଷഽ‫̞̀̾ͅا‬ഽਹ̈́ͥါ୏ͬ਋̫̹̥̟͂୶ૺ঩ུ৽
݅Ⴅ࣭͈͒‫؍‬໼͍փে͈৘ఘ‫ه͈̞̀̾ͅا‬ఴ̦̜̞ͥఈ༷̥͇̥́̀ͣಎ࣭ঌા͈͒୪߃̾ͅ
̞͈̀‫ܥ‬ٛ޳൝ͬ‫ͥ͛ݥ‬ༀ࣭͉̲̳ͬ͛͂ͥୌ؎୶ૺ࣭̟͂ೄ୪ൎ঩́έͿͺȜ̈́‫އ‬௔ેఠͬ৘
࡛̳̞̠ͥ͂ల֚ষఱ୽͈฽જ͈ષͅၛ̾‫ه‬ఴ̟͈̠̓͢ͅͅୃ࿂̧̧̥ࣣ̠̭̦͈ͣ࢜͂́ͥ
̥̟̈́̓൚শ͈඾ུ͈ঐ൵৪͉̟࡛͂̽̀ͅहজ‫̢ͥࣉ̦ވ‬ոષͅ൮͈೑̞̭̜̹͈͉͂́̽́
̞̥̈́͂এ̞ͩͦͥ

25

8ີȁআȁაȁ஽Ԉ ഓ‫ڠ‬৪͈͂ᰢᰄ
̭̟͂ͧ́ඤΉॄै२჊͉‫࣭ם‬ၣ‫͈ڠ‬डࢃ͈ා 1911 ා͈ 4 ࠮ͅπȜυΛΩၫ̧࣐̱̹̟ͬ͂
δυȜΣλఱ‫́ڠ‬ల 4 ٝྔ࣭ഓ‫ڠ‬݈̦ٛ‫̷͈̭́ ̟̞̥̀̀ͦٳ‬Ωςఱ‫ޗڠ‬਎͈ασΈΕϋ
ͅ1859-1941͈͆༭̦࣬͑෎୍ͬո̀ඊ஻എ‫ڠ‬୰́ఱ̞ͅࢡບ̢̹͈̜̹̭ͬ͒́̽͂ͬ͜ఱ་‫ܨ‬͆ͅၣ̞͛̀ͥ 9 ̞͑ασΈΕϋ‫ޗ‬਎͈ഓ‫͜ڠ‬ഛधഎ̜́ͥ͒͑ြ̹̳ͣͭ͂ͥ‫͉ͅܢڠ͈ذ‬ασΈΕϋ‫ޗ‬਎΂Λ·Αέ΁ȜΡఱ‫͈ڠ‬ઉᥝͅ؊̲̀ 2 ͈ٝ࢖‫̩͓̜͑͒ͥ׵‬ಱ‫ז‬२਱჊߯ͤ͢ασΈΕϋ͈໓๎ͬ໳̧̟ྚ̺ࡉ̴̱̀ఀ૽໤ͬ༣̠̞͒͂̽̀͑๞͈२ྴಠ͉‫םͅܡ‬࿫̯̜ͦ̀ͥ͒
̱̭ͥ͆͂ͬಭ̱̞̀ͥ 10 ̞ασΈΕϋ‫ޗ‬਎ͅచ̱̀ 1911 ා͈শത̟́ඤΉॄ̦ಕ࿒̱̹‫ݖ‬۷എփྙ̦‫͉̥͈̹̜̽́ة‬࿚̞ͩͦ̀͢࿚ఴ̜̞͉́ͥ͌͂̾ͅ 19 ଲ‫͈ྎܮ‬πȜυΛΏ͉ਹ‫̟̞̀́ͭૺ̦ުࢥڠا‬ςȜΟͻϋΈΓ·ΗȜ͈঩ུ͈ခ‫ܥ‬എࢹ଼̦̟ࣞ̽̀͘ఱܰ࿅ܑު͈́‫ۚܖ‬Ⴛ൱ႁ̟ಎ‫ۯۼ‬ၑ૖̟୺࿝ࠐ‫א‬৪͈࢚͙͈̜̈́̓ͥ௄̦௩ఱ̱̟೰಍̳̭̟̞ͥ͂̈́ͤͩ͊ͅ common peoples ͈৊̦ࡉ̢̧̹̀͂এ̞ͩͦͥະ౯̟ܿͅ੅̡‫̡ڠش‬ഓ‫̟̞ࣣͤࢊ̢̟ࣉͬڠ‬඾ુͬ໦̥̻̜̠‫ٴ‬௄̦ࢩํ଼ͅၛ̷̧̱̹̞̠̭̜̠̞͈̭͉̟̀͂͂́ͧ͂‫ܡ‬ం͈Ϊ΀ρσ΅Ȝඤ໐͈́‫ث‬౵ಉ੬ܰํ͈հ೰଻̟ͅ൲̧̦੄̩̞̠̭̞̀ͥ͂͂̈́ͥͅ
πȜυΛΩ͈ 19 ଲ‫͈ྎܮ‬এே‫̥͈́̈́ٮ‬ασΈΕϋ͈պ౾̫̞̿̾̀ͅ‫݌‬ന࠲֚ͅ1912-1977͆
̦‫݌̞̞̱ͥ̀ͬ੆ܱ̜ͥྙޟ‬ന࠲͉͓֚π΂υΛΩ͈ଲ‫͔ͅྎܮ‬1994͈̥͆̈́́͑΃ϋΠ̦ΰ΀Ίσͬ୆̷͙̟͈ΰ΀Ίσ̦ζσ·Αͬ୆̷̺͈̜̦̟̦ͭ́ͥͦ਱߇ଲ‫͈ܮ‬π΂υΛΩ͈ഓ‫ͅࢃ̷͈̟͈̠̞́͂͜ڠ‬ठ͍Ϊν;θ͇Hulme,Thomas Ernestͅ1883-1917͈͈̠͆̈́͢‫̧ޣ‬ͬഥ̢ͥ໲ડͅ୪̳͉ͥͅ਱߇ଲ‫̀̽̈́ͅྎܮ‬ασΈΕϋ̦փে͈ೄ୪ဓ࠯̞̾̀ͅ੥̩́͘͘
͆
ͅ1896͈͆ಎ͈͑ୈ
̹̫̞̞̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͒͂̽̀ͥ 11 ̞‫݌‬ന͉̟ασΈΕϋ͈͓໤ৗܱ͂‫͔؛‬͆૰͉໤ৗ̥ͣං̹෇েͬူ໦̷̱̀ͦͬͅୈ૰͈ুဇ̱̹ͬ࣫൲̧͈ࠁ́໤ৗͅ༐̳ 12 ͈֚͒୯ͬ֨ဥ̱̟̭̦̀͑ͦ߃య̟̜̞͉ͥଲ‫͈ྎܮ‬໲ડ̷̜͈͉̭͉́ͥͅঢષྵ႓͜ந೰̟฽ந
೰͈ࡔ௱̩̈́̀͜ασΈΕϋ̦ুဇ͂ຈட̷͈ఈͬুဇ͂ຈட̷͈ఈ͂ࣉ̷̷̢̟̜̞͉ͥͦͬ
͈͈̱͂̀͜ນ̳࡞ဩͬౝ̷̱̟͈͈͘͘ࠁ̷ِ́ͦͬșͅ༐̱̞̀ͥത̜̞ͥͅխ͈̦ͥ͜‫ة‬࡬̷͈͈̜̜̥́ͥͥͬ͜‫̦͈ͥ͛ݥ‬ഓ‫ॽ͈ڠ‬ম̷͉̩̟̦́̈́̀ͦ૯৘ِͅș͈ୈ૰͂̽̀ͅ
̜̥̈́ͭ́ͥͬ‫ॽͥ͛ݪ‬ম̦໲‫ࠁ͈ڠ‬৆ͬ೰͛ͥષ́ഓ‫̞̿ͥ̀ͦ͊ࡤ͂ڠ‬Ⴢྗ৽͈݅໲‫ࢃ͈ڠ‬́δ΂Ρτ΀σͅ1821-1867͆ͅြ̹শ‫͂ۼ‬൳̲͈͉ͬͩͦͩͦ͜΃ϋΠո‫́ࢃ͈ئ‬ασΈΕϋ
̲͆ۜͥͅ 13 ͒͂๡ບ̱̞̞̀ͥ
ασΈΕϋু૸̦൳শయ૽ W. ΐͿͼθΒͅ1842-1910͈͆ಠै͈᥎࿫͈੬໲̱ܱ͂̀੆̱̹
26

9ඤΉॄै२჊̷͈͂শయͅ൥֔͆

͓;ͻςͺθ̡ΐͿͼθΒ͈৘ဥ৽݅ȁ૯ၑ͂মય͔ͅࡔಠ͉ 1911͙̟͆ͥ͂͑ͅΐͿͼθΒ͉̺͘৘ह̱̞̞͈̀̈́͜ͅచ̳ͥ‫̀̽͢ͅ߸۾‬૯ͬ೰̳̞݅ͥ;ͻςͺθ̡ΐͿͼθΒͦ͊͢ͅ૯
̷͉̜̹̟̱̩͉̜͈̥ͦ́̽ࣽͥ̈́ͬ͘͜͜ͅ࿅ৢ̳͈͉̩̟̭̥ͥ́̈́ͦͣ੄̩͈̀ͥͬ͜
͆ͅαထ̱̟̱̩͉͚̱̭̥࣬ͧͦͣ͜੄̩͈̀ͥ͜ͅచِ̳ͥș͈࣐൲ͬ੔๵̳͈̜ͥ́ͥ͜ 14 ͒σ·Εϋಠ‫ع‬࿤ဓ֚࿫͓এே͂൲̩͈͔̟͜
1998̞̞̞͆͂̈́̽̀ͥຊ৪͉ͥ́͘ͅ M. ερϋΣȜ
ͅ1891-1976͈݈͆აͅ߃য̱̞̀̀ࢡ̱̩̲̞̞ۜ̀ͥ͘
ඤΉॄ̦ 1911 ාͅ‫࣭́ם‬ασΈΕϋͅಕ࿒̱̹̥̞̟ͣ͂̽̀ඤΉॄ͈૽ൽ৽݅ͥ͢ͅଲ‫ٮ‬໹გ͈৘࡛̫̞̠࢜̀͂ͅ๞͈ঀྵ۷̟͂ασΈΕϋ̞̱̈́ W. ΐͿͼθΒ༹͈༷͈͂൳ৗ଻ͅ
̞̾̀બྶ̱̞̫͉̩̟ͬ̀ͥͩ́̈́߄ဏ঩଼ུၛ‫̟ܢ‬ల֚ষఱ୽ೄஜ‫̠̞͂ܢ‬൳শయ଻ͅջ‫ݶ‬ً̨̱̞̞̞̹̺༷֚̀ͥ̈́ͅഎٜ̈́৷ͬ࿅̢̱̞̞͉̞̟॑̀ͥ͂ඤΉॄ͈ 1908 ̼ 1911 ා͈‫࣭ם‬తहಎ͈́শయۜ‫̟̱͈̀͂̾͂͌ژ‬ၣփ̱̤̩͈͉̀ྫఖ͉̞́̈́͂এ̠̞

1911 ා̢̞͂͊඾ུ͉̟́ୌന‫ܜ‬ఉ჊ͅ1870-1945̟͆̽̀͢ͅW. ΐͿͼθΒ͈͒࡞‫͓̜͈ͥݞ‬஝͈ࡄ‫̹̯࣐ͦۏ̦͔ݪ‬ා̜̞̭͉́ͥͦࢃͅ 1980 ාయͅΩς͈ΐοσΐν̡εϋάΡȜ࣭ၛࠝ੅໲‫ا‬ΓϋΗȜ͈߃య๼੅‫͈܁‬අ༆ജ̟֚ͅཿْ͈࿂֚෵ͅႻ൱৪͈਀̦ఱ̧̩ຝ̥̹ͦै຦̦
੄̞̹͈̦֣̀યഎ̜̹̦̟́̽ୋैා̦ 1911 ා̞̟̭̦̟͂̈́̽̀̀ͦల֚ষఱ୽ஜ࿡͈̈́
̥̟̜͂ͥփྙ́πȜυΛΩ͈৽࿨͉౗͈̥̈́ͬ࿚̠̞͈̥̟̀ͥ͂޽ท̦ۜΑΠτȜΠͅഥ̧̹͈ͩ̽̀ͬ‫̢̞̞ͥ̀ژ‬ԉ ̤ͩͤͅ
ඤΉॄै२჊͈૽ൽ৽̦͈̩̞͈݅̓ͣΪ΀ρσ΅Ȝ͈̜͈̥̟ͬ̾́ͥ͜͜ષ੆͈঩ၳ̤͢
͍݈ა̺̫̥͉ͣ‫̢̱̥̱̞̞̈́࡞͂͜ة‬ඤΉॄ͈݈ა͈ા̟͜ྶ̥ͣͅ঩ུ৽͈݅අਂႤঃ
എୟޭ଻̞̠̥̟͂঩ུ৽͈݅Ⴄঃഎ଼‫ͬض‬൩̢̢̹̠͈݈́͘ა̜͈͉̟́ͥ‫̞͈̞֑̈́ۼ‬̭̜̞͂ͧ́ͥ঩ུ৽̷͉͈݅ঌા͈‫ু̟́̀͘ض‬ဇ͂చ൝͉‫ޑ‬ଷ̳̫̟ͥͦ̓͜L. δςΗϋ΅̟E. Ώλβυಠ͓঩ུ৽͈݅૧̹̈́ୈ૰͔͈ಎ͈͑঩ུ৽͈݅ୈ૰̤͍͢๡฻͈࿨‫̞̾ͅڬ‬̀͒ͬ͏̢̟̀͘ଌന໲ྶ̟٬Ⴧ೓ྶ̦͑ίρΈζΞͻΛ·̈́২ٛࠐफ‫ࠐ͓̹͈͒͛ͅͅڠ‬फ‫ڠ‬ॠধ͔ల 113 ‫ے‬ల 4 ࣢ఱिঌၛఱ‫ࠐڠ‬फ‫ڠ‬͈ٛ͆ಎ́੆̷͓̞̠̟͈̀ͥ͑͢ͅಇୟً೾͈͒൲
‫͉̫ͅັܥ‬ಎၞ͆঩ུ৽̦݅೹‫ୃ̷͈ͅ૸ুͣু̧̞̜͈͈̞ͤ̾ͥ́̈́̈́́͘͜ރ‬൚‫̞ࡉͬا‬̺̳঩ུ৽͉̟݅ႃၑഎႀ֖̥ͣ୨౯̯̤̟ͦ̀ͤͺ·ΗȜͬ൲֥̳̹͉̟ͥ͛ͅু͈ͣ‫ٸ‬௰̟ͅୃ൚‫͈ا‬঩࡙ͬ‫̞̞̫̈́ͣ̈́͊ͦ̈́͛ݥ‬঩ུ৽̷͉̟͈݅ഌ̟঩ུ৽͈݅͒๡฻ͬຈါ̱̟͂๡
฻̷̭̦̟঩ུ৽݅ͅచ̱̀ႃၑഎ‫ܖ‬யͬ೹‫ୃ̟̱ރ‬൚଻ͬဓ̢͈̜̞ͥ́ͥͺ·ΗȜ̹̻͉๡฻ͤ͢ͅ෽ူ̯ͦͥ঩ུ৽͈݅ୈ૰ͬඤ࿂‫̟̭̳́͂ͥا‬ಇୟً೾ͅႃၑഎ̈́ଷ࿩ͬ‫̢̭͂ͥح‬27

10ີȁআȁაȁ஽̱̩͉͆̈́ͥ̿͜ͅಇୟً೾ͬଷ࿩̳ͥࡠ̱̥̭ͤ́ͦͬୃ൚‫ ̞̱̈́ا‬15 ̞̞̠̭̜̟͒͂͂́ͦ͊
ඤΉॄ͈૽ൽ৽͉݅঩ུ৽͈݅၌੕೏‫̟ݥ‬ಇୟͅ‫ڐ‬ఱ̞̠͂փྙ͈͆ೄ୪͈ඤ໐̷͈͈͉́̈́͜
̷̩̟͈ঀྵ̥̩ۜͣͥ࢖ୃ̟ୃ͈݅Ϊ΀ρσ΅Ȝུ͉ြ༆͈͈̟͜঩ུ৽݅ͅచ̱̀๡฻എণ
തͬခ̱̞̀ͥ‫ٸ‬हഎ̈́ఘࠏ̧̞̠͓̜̠̞͂́ͧ
ඤΉॄ͈ே̞͉̭ͦ́̽̀͑͜૽႒൳༾͈௖ࡽၑٜ̞̠͒͂൳ৗ଻ͬփে̳̭̟ͥ͂́ୌ؎Ⴅ‫΅͈͒ޑ‬λΛΙ̡ͺΛίͅ঩̳͈̦̜̟ͥͥ͂͜‫ږ‬૞̱̹͈͉̥̹͈̥̞̯̟́̈́̽ͣ֨ͅဥ̱
̥̹̦̟̈́̽‫͈࣭ם‬ೱ࣭৽࣐݅൲̞͈֚̾̀ͅ೰͈๡฻͂͂ͦͥ͜࡞ৃ̴̟̥͉̜̫ͩ́ͥͦ͜
͓̓͜‫࣭ͤ͢ם‬ர࣭͔͉͒ͅࡉ̷̦̟̭ͣͦͥͅ๞̦ຝ̩͑૽ൽͥ͢ͅଲ‫ٮ‬໹გ͈͒ၑேͬ‫ܖ‬੔̱̹͂඾ུ߿͈ະ޳൝อജ͈‫خ‬ෝ଻̞̟̾̀͜ͅ਀̦̥ͤͅয̹ۜ૘ͬං̞̹͈͉̞̥̞̀́̈́
̱̥̱ࢃͅඤΉॄ̦ೱ࣭݈݈֥ٛ͞໲໐ଽྩষ̱ۗ͂̀඾ུ͈࡛ે̧̧ࣣ̹̟࢜̽͂ͅু͈ͣ
ၑே͈૯ୃ଻̞͈̾̀ͅএ̞͂൳শ̟߳ͅ໐ͬই̳͛͂ͥ༆͈Ϊ΀ρσ΅Ȝͅచ̱͈̟̀ଷ࿩എ
‫ޣג‬ႁͬ๵̢̹͈ͥ͛‫̫̟ࣞ̀ͩ֗͜ޗ‬൝‫ڐ͈֗ޗ‬ਰ̟ͬ‫ه͈޽ݎ‬ఴ̱͂̀‫ͅޝ‬༴̧̫̞̾̿̀
̹͈͉̥̹͈̥̞́̈́̽
̹̺̟͑໲ྶঃ͈͒‫ش‬࿒ͬ౜൚̱̞̹̀ඤΉॄ்͈֞നఱ‫͈́ڠ‬పහ̟͂ඤΉॄͬঐ൵‫ޗ‬਎ͅަ̞̞̹́ࣞന࿺ൽ͈൐Տ‫ٳ֭ڠ‬୭̦͂͜ͅ 1943 ා̜̹̭͈́̽͂໹ᄪ̞̟̾̀ͅ‫͈̥ͣة‬ခ‫̈́ף‬Ⴄঃഎબ࡞ͬ೹‫ࠨ̺͉̹̳͛ͥ͘ͅރ‬೰എͅ঩ၳ̦௷̞̭͉ͤ̈́͂‫̞̜̥ͥ́ږ‬Ȭັܱȭུࣂै଼̜̹ͤͅষ͈༷șͅ঩ၳ࠿̟॑঩ၳ఩ဓ̟໳̧৾ͤ൝̤́ଲდ̱̹̞ܱ̱̈́ͤ̀͘ͅ
ۜ৫͈‫ܨ‬঵̻ͬນ̵̧̯̞̹̺̳̞̀͘ͅਜ਼ະ൳̟ࠉઠၞ͆
‫ݠ‬ઽࡇࣱ୼ߴີ౓಴࿨ા̟ີ౓಴࢖ྦྷ‫̟܁‬෨ఉࢺࢨখ̟઀࿤঳ࢤ̟ඤΉॄഓຳ̟ಎఆဈ༹̟֚
ଽఱ‫ڠ‬ঌώ౓଎੥‫̟܁‬൐‫ނ‬ᾃ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬଎੥‫̟܁‬൐ཤ‫֭ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬଎੥‫்̟֞܁‬നఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬ঃ঩ၳΓϋΗȜ̞ȺಕȻ
1͆ ඤΉॄै२჊ͅ1877-1947͆‫ݠ‬ઽࡇࣱ୼ߴີ౓ఆ࡛ͅີ౓಴͆୆̠ͦ͘୵ర͈లඵࣞ൝‫̟̀ࠐͬࢷڠ‬1901 ා൐‫ނ‬ೱ࣭ఱ‫ڠ‬໲‫ش‬ఱ‫םڠ‬໲‫ش‬௾ު̠ह‫ڠ‬ಎ઀ஂส‫͈׌‬ঐ൵ͬ਋̫̠ͥ1902 ා்֞നఱ‫࣒ڠ‬঍̠
1908 ̼ 1911 ා‫΂࣭ם‬Λ·Αέ΁ȜΡఱ‫ڠ‬ၣ‫̠ڠ‬1911 ා‫ޗ‬਎̠1924̼1945 ාਤ݈݈֥̹̺̱֭ͅ
1930 ̼ 1931 ා͈‫͉ۼ‬၂஖̠͆1937 ̼ 1939 ා໲໐ଽྩষ̠ۗ1939 ාࣞന࿺ൽͅ୺࿝໐ଽࠐࡄ‫شݪ‬हୠ͈͆ঐ൵‫ޗ‬਎̠͂̈́ͥ1939 ̼ 1940 ාၛ࠻ྦྷଽൂۚমಿ̠1941 ̼ 1945 ාਤ݈֭໗݈ಿ̠1943 ා೪ාଷ৘ঔ்ͤ֞͢ͅനఱ‫ڠ‬ప૖̠1945 ා඾ུૺ༜ൂਫ਼௺̠1946 ා୸ႀ͈߳࢖૖೏༶ঐ႓ͤ͢ͅਤ݈֭
݈֥஖‫ݷ‬ၛ࢓༞঩‫ͬڒ‬৐̠̠1947 ා֍̦ͭͤ͢ͅ୐‫̠ݲ‬2͆ ඤΉॄै२჊ಠ͓‫࣭ͤ͢ם‬ர࣭͔͒ͅ1911͆ཤ໲‫̠܁‬3͆ ඤΉॄै२჊ಠ͓ฒಎܱ͔ؕͅ1914͆ጭު෗඾ུ২̠
4͆ ൳ષ੥ p.p.1-12̟ո‫ئ‬ԅ୯͈֨ဥ͉̳͓̭͈̀͑ু੬͈͒ಎ̥̠ͣͥ͢ͅ
5͆ ઀࿤঳ࢤ༎ಠ͓ඤΉॄै२჊͈௷୥̹͔ͬ̓ͥͅ2007͆p.572̠ո‫ئ‬Ԇ୯͈֨ဥ͉̳͓̀઀࿤঳ࢤ༎ಠ
൳ષ੥ p.p.564-587 ̠ͥ֨͢ͅဥ̜̹͉̟̽̀ͅ‫࡛̞̥̥ͬ̿̈́ݰ‬య̥̥̞̟̈́̿ͅ΃Η΃΢ͬ͌ͣ28ඤΉॄै२჊̷͈͂শయͅ൥֔͆

6)11̦̟̈́ۧͅল̞͉̾̀ͅ‫ݰ‬লఘͬ૧লఘ̟ͅ٨̹̭̦̜̠͛͂ͧͥ
J.S. Mill, Inaugural Address: Delivered To The University of St. Andrews, Feb.1st 1867̟J.S ησಠ̟ಅඤ୍֚࿫͓ఱ‫͔̞̀̾֗ͅͅޗڠ‬2011͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̨̟̩͈͂̾ͅ໐໦͉ͅಕ࿒̧̱̤̹̞̠̀̓The

proper function of an University in national education is tolerably well understood. At least there
is a tolerably general agreement about what an University is not. It is not a place of professional
education. Universities are not intended to teach the knowledge required to fit men for some special
mode of gaining their livelihood. Their object is not to make skillful lawyers, or physicians, orengineers, but capable and cultivated human beings̈́ibid.p.4.
ཆ࿫̢ષܱȁȁ໐໦͈͙̣͑ఱ‫͉ڠ‬૖ު‫͈֗ޗ‬ા̵̷͉̜̠͈́ͤͭ͘࿒എ͉̿̿ခෝ́‫૽̜ͥူޗ‬‫଼̠̳̜̭̳͒ͤ͂ͥ֗ͬ͘ͅۼ‬ஜࠇ࿫੥ p.12̠
7͆ ઀࿤঳༎ಠஜࠇ੥ p.p.551-559̠
8͆ ઀࿤঳༎ಠஜࠇ੥ p.p.661-676̠
9͆ ඤΉॄै२჊ಠ͓‫࣭ͤ͢ם‬ர࣭͔͒p.p.332-333̠
10͆ ඤΉॄ൳ષ੥ p.p.332-333̠
11͆ ‫݌‬ന࠲֚ಠ͓π΂υΛΩ͈ଲ‫͔ͅྎܮ‬1994͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̟p.54̠
12͆ ‫݌‬ന࠲֚ಠ൳ષ੥ p.p.186-187̠
13͆ ‫݌‬ന࠲֚ಠ൳ષ੥ p.187̠
14͆ ασ·Εϋಠ̟‫ع‬࿤ဓ֚࿫͓এே͂൲̩͈͔͜ͅ1998͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̟p.338̠
15͆ ଌന໲ྶ̡٬Ⴧ೓ྶಠ͑ίρΈζΞͻΛ·̈́২ٛࠐफ͈̹͓͛͒ͅࠐफ‫ڠ‬ॠধ͔ల 113 ‫ے‬ల 4 ࣢ͅ2013ා 3 ࠮͆p.35̠

Ⱥ४ࣉ໲ࡃȻ
ඤΉॄै२჊ಠ͓‫࣭ͤ͢ם‬ர࣭͔͒ͅ1911͆ཤ໲‫̠܁‬ඤΉॄै२჊ಠ͓ฒಎܱ͔ؕͅ1914͆ጭު෗඾ུ২̠
઀࿤঳ࢤ༎ಠ͓ඤΉॄै२჊͈௷୥̹͔ͬ̓ͥͅ2007̠͆
J.S.Mill̓Inaugural Address: Delivered To The University of St. Andrews Feb.1st 1867 ̠̈́
J.S. ησಠ̟ಅඤ୍֚࿫͓ఱ‫͔̞̀̾֗ͅͅޗڠ‬2011͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠‫݌‬ന࠲֚ಠ͓π΂υΛΩ͈ଲ‫͔ͅྎܮ‬1994͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠
ασ·Εϋಠ̟‫ع‬࿤ဓ֚࿫͓এே͂൲̩͈͔͜ͅ1998͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠
Henri Bergson,̓Time and Free Will, 2001̈́ͅ1910͆Dover Publications̠
ασ·Εϋಠ̟ಎఆ໲჊࿫͓শ‫ু͂ۼ‬ဇ͔ͅ2001͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠W. ΐͿͼθΑಠ̟չ൥ཆ໌༎࿫͓੗ଘࠐࡑ͈ഓ‫͔ͅڠ‬2004͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠ୌന‫ܜ‬ఉ჊ಠ͓஝͈ࡄ‫͔ͅݪ‬1950͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠
ͅ1980͆‫ܮ‬չ࣭‫ؚ‬੥ഝ̠ζͼΉσ̡ερΣȜಠ̟ऎ൥ࠉ२࿫͓ճ࿑౶͈ষࡓ͔
ζͼΉσ̡ερϋΣȜಠ͓ճ࿑౶͈ষࡓ͔ͅ2003͆ಆླྀ੥པ̠
֞‫ڈ‬༗ࢬಠ͓ࠐ‫͈א‬ٜ৷‫͔ͅڠ‬2013͆ฒ൑੥པ̠
֞‫ڈ‬༗ࢬಠ͓ழ૕͈ٜ৷‫͔ͅڠ‬2002͆ฒ൑੥པ̠
୞‫ޘ‬ౡ५ಠ͓ౡ५ٝே͔ͅ1985͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠ઐ๶ఄệ༎͓୞‫ޘ‬ౡ५ບაਬ͔ͅ1984͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠‫ؖ‬ȁ݅໌༎͓‫݌‬࿤ै௮ບაਬ͔ͅ1975͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠૧ള࡫֞௮ಠ͓૧ള࡫֞௮஠ਬల჋‫͔ͅے‬1969͆‫ޗ‬໲‫̠܁‬‫ੇࡉ݌‬ढಠ͓ฎ။͈ٛଽহ‫߃̸͈̱̰̈́͘ڠ‬య͔ͅ1992͆ಎ؇࢖ა૧২̠
‫ੇࡉ݌‬ढಠ͓ఱ‫͔̥ͅة͉͂ڠ‬2011͆‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠ఱߛါ෗੩ఈಠ͓ࣞന࿺ൽ୶୆͈࿂‫͔ͅג‬1956͆ີআౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬඾ུठ࠺ࡄ‫ݪ‬̠ٛ‫׬ڠ‬ඵ਱ාঃ༎ॴտ֥ٛ༎ಠ͓‫׬ڠ‬ඵ਱ාঃ͔ͅ1966͆ີআౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫̠ڠ‬‫׬ڠ‬२਱ࡼාঃ༎ॴտ֥ٛ༎͓‫׬ڠ‬२਱ࡼාঃ͔ͅ1978͆ີআౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫̠ڠ‬ࡼ਱ාঃ༎ॴտ֥ٛ༎͓‫ࡼ׬ڠ‬਱ාঃ͔ͅ1993͆ີআౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫̠ڠ‬

29

12

ີȁআȁაȁ஽ີ౓಴ধ༎ॴտ֥ٛ༎͓ີ౓಴ধ͔ͅ1965͆ີ౓಴̠
்֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬ঃ༎ਬਫ਼༎்͓֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ຐාঃల֚‫͔ͅے‬1978்͆֞നఱ‫̠ڠ‬்֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬ঃ༎ਬਫ਼༎்͓֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ຐාঃలඵ‫͔ͅے‬1981்͆֞നఱ‫̠ڠ‬்֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬ঃ༎ਬਫ਼༎்͓֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ຐාঃల२‫͔ͅے‬1987்͆֞നఱ‫̠ڠ‬்֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬ঃ༎ਬਫ਼༎்͓֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ຐාঃలঅ‫͔ͅے‬1992்͆֞നఱ‫̠ڠ‬்֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬ঃ༎ਬਫ਼༎்͓֞നఱ‫ڠ‬ຐාঃలࡼ‫͔ͅے‬1997்͆֞നఱ‫̠ڠ‬͓ೱኈ݈ᅠਤ݈݈֭ম௸ܱ჏ȁ52ȁల 56 ݈ٝٛȁષȁ઎გ२ා͔ͅ1983͆൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫੄ڠ‬ๅ̠͓ٛೱኈ݈ᅠਤ݈݈֭ম௸ܱ჏ȁ53ȁల 56 ݈ٝٛȁ‫ئ‬ȁ઎გ२ා͔ͅ1983͆൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫੄ڠ‬ๅ̠͓ٛᖺྟ֭ᅠ݈݈ম჏ȁలঅ਱ࡼ‫ے‬ȁ઎გ२ා͔ͅ1992͆൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫੄ڠ‬ๅ̠͓ٛೱኈ݈ᅠਤ݈݈֭ম௸ܱ჏ȁ46ȁల 50 ݈ٝٛȁ‫ئ‬ȁఱୃ֚२ා͔ͅ1982͆൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫੄ڠ‬ๅ̠͓ٛೱ࣭݈ٛਤ݈֭տ֥݈ٛ჏ȁReel 1͔ႉ୼੥ഝ̠

30߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅ๑ ോ ۘ ෗̡ઐ ന ȁ ‫ڡ‬΅ȜχȜΡ̢࣭षζΥȜέυȜ̟ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫؎̟ܥܓ‬ਗ‫̟ܥܓ‬Ρσఘଷ̟͑Ρσະ௷͒ါকଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫࣭̹̱ࡘݢͅޏͬܥܓ‬ष঩ུ͉̟৾֨4 ා͈प࠮̥̫ͬ̀άȜ·শ͈฼໦೾ഽ́͘ͅ
ٝ໘̷̱̞͈͈̟͈̀ͥ͜৘ఠ͉̥̾̀͂ఱ̧̩։̞̞̈́̽̀ͥଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫̥ࣽͣܥܓ‬඾͈࣭́͘
ष঩ུ֊൲͈̠̻̟࣭ष߆࣐৾֨ͅࡠ೰̷̱͈̀අಭͬ࠿൦ུ̱̹ࣂ͉̟́؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈ဓ૞‫ڰ‬൲͈೪తͬ຾̧ಬ̳ͤͥ͂ͅ൳শ̟ͅༀ߆͈ဓ૞‫ ڰ‬൲͜ 2000 ාయͅ؎ਗ߆࣐͈‫ڰ‬อ̈́చༀൎ঩
ͬ঑̢̹΂έΏοͺঌાࠐဇ̦ࡘઁ̱̟ͺΐͺ̫࢜ဓ૞͈๤ਹ̦̞̭ࣞ̽̀ͥ͘ ͂ͬ‫̞̹̱෇ږ‬͉̲͛ͅਔ౶͈̠̟͢ͅ1971 ා͈߄Ρσ࢐۟೪গո࣭ࣛषഎ̈́঩߄֊൲͉๲࿬എͅ‫ڐ‬ఱͬ௽̧̫̹̞̀

1990 ාయոࣛͅࡠ೰̱̟֚̀͜শഎ̈́ࡘઁޫ࿂͉̜̹͈͈̟࣭̽͜षഎ̈́঩߄֊൲ֲ͉ࡈષ̦
ͤ́௩‫ ̫̟̱ͩͤ͂ح‬2000 ාయͅව̥͈̽̀ͣ௩‫ح‬Ξϋεً͉‫͈ݲ‬ତ਱ා֚ͤ͢͜౲͂‫̱௸ح‬̹̞̭̠̱̹࣭ष঩ུ͈৾֨‫ڐ‬ఱͬ௯̧̱̹͈͉̟̀ଲ‫ٮ‬എͅհ೰̡‫ڐ‬ఱ̦௽̞̹ࠊ‫ܨ‬൲࢜ͬ෸ࠊ
̱̹͂ၻࢡ̈́ൎ঩۪‫̟ޏ‬બ࠴‫͈̓̈́ا‬૧̹̈́߄ဏܿ੅͈อో̡ຽ‫̷̱̟̀ݞ‬૧‫͈࣭ޟ‬ర൮࣭͂ष
߄ဏ͈৾֨͒४‫͉̭̹̜͂̽́̓̈́ح‬ఉ̩͈ࡄ‫̦ݪ‬া̱̞̭̭̜̞̀ͥ͂ͧ́ͥ൳အ̹̟̭͘ͅ
̠̱̹࣭ष঩ུ֊൲͈‫ڐ‬ఱͬ঩߄‫׋‬ဥ͈࿂̥ͣ঑̢̹͈͉̟‫۾ܥ‬ൎ঩‫࣭̞̹̜̽́ز‬ष೒‫߄ܖى‬ͅIMF̟͆ͦ͊͢ͅ2000 ාయ͈࣭षഎ̈́঩ུ֊൲̤̞͙̹̀ͣͦͅൎ঩‫࣐ز‬൲͈අಭ͉̟ӱু࣭͈঩ॲͬಎ૤ͅ঩ॲ‫׋‬ဥ࣐̠ͬγȜθ̡ΨͼͺΑ̦೩‫࣭̱̀ئ‬षഎ̈́໦८ൎ঩̦ૺ̺̭̟ͭ͂Ӳ‫ݰ‬ြ̟࣭ष঩ུ֊൲ͬ౜̞̹̽̀ා߄‫͞߄ܖ‬༗ࡏٛ২ͥ͢ͅ঩ॲ༗ခ͈‫̦ࣣڬ‬೩‫͈̳ͥͅئ‬యͩ̽̀ൎ঩έ͹ϋΡͥ͢ͅ঩ॲ‫׋‬ဥ̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹̭̜̹̯͂̽͂ͦͥͅ 1ͅIMF͉2011̞͊͆ષܱ͈̠࣭̈́͢ष঩ུ֊൲̦ 2008 ා͈ςȜζϋΏοΛ·ͅ౤ͬอ̳ͥଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫͂ܥࠀͬܥܓ‬̱֚̀‫ͅݷ‬ੀ઀̱̹̭͉͂ࢩ̩౶̭̜̦̟ͣͦͥ͂ͧ́ͥࣽ඾̷͈̦৾֨ठ͍‫ڐ‬ఱͅഢ̲̞̀
ͥͅ଎ນ 1̞̭͈͆ठ‫ڐ‬ఱ̷͉̟͈৽̹ͥ౜̞਀̦‫۾ܥ‬ൎ঩‫̜ͥ́ز‬ത̤̞̀ͅ 2007 ා́͂͘‫ވ‬31

2ີȁআȁაȁ஽೒̷̱̞͈͈̟̱̥̱͈̀ͥ͜ඤယ͉ͅఱ̧̈́௖֑ͬࡉ̧̭̦̞ͥ͂́ͥ႕̢̟͊ༀ࣭͈࣭षਓ
঑൲࢜ͬ४ࣉͅ 2012 ා͂ 2007 ාͬ๤‫̟͙̱͂ͥ̀ڛ‬12 ා͈ༀ࣭૽ͥ͢ͅ௙٬‫ڼٸ‬৆ൎ঩͉ 07
ා͈ 4 ‫ڬ‬೾̟͂̓ͤ͘ͅ൳̲̩২ञൎ঩͉ 2,187 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ൎ঩಼ًͅ07 ා̥͆ͣ 85 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̧͈֨လ಼ً̬ͅഢ̲̹̞̞́ͥ͘͘ఈ༷̟๱‫ݳ‬ਯ৪̷̟ͥͦ͢͜ͅచༀ‫ڼ‬৆ൎ঩́ 4 ‫̟৻ڬ‬২ञൎ঩̦ 3,837 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ൎ঩಼ًͅ07 ා̥͆ͣ 12 ා͉ͅ 516 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̧͈֨လ಼ً̬ͅഢ̷̲̟ͦͅ
య̠ͩͥ͢ͅༀ़࣭ྩજબ࠴͈͒ൎ঩̦ 3 ෼ͅཛྷͦષ̦̞̞̽̀ͥ
൳အ̟ͅ߆࣐໐࿝ͬ೒̲̹ༀ࣭͈చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩͉ 6,497 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ൎ঩಼ً̜̹́̽ 07 ා̥ͣ 12 ා͉ͅ 3,719 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̧͈֨လ಼ً̬̟͒ఈ༷̟07 ා͉ͅ๱‫ݳ‬ਯ৪̯̞̹̽̀̈́ͦ̀͢ͅ 5,453 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ൎ঩̥ͣ 12 ා͉ͅ 4,037 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̧͈֨လ಼ً̬̦௽̴̞̞̞̀ͥͦ͜ͅༀ࣭੸ྩજൡࠗͅ
̞̻̟ͥ͆ͧͭ͢͜ༀ࣭࣭͈֚঩ུၠ੄ව̺̫࣭́ष঩ུ֊൲͈ଦସͬა̲̫͉̞̥̞ͥͩ̈́ͅ
̵̟̭̭͢ͅͅങ߿എͅນ̞̠ͦ̀ͥ͢ͅ௙‫ ͈̱̀͂ڣ‬2007 ා͈ 5 ‫́͘ͅޑڬ‬ٝ໘̱̹࣭ष঩
ུ֊൲͈৘ఠ͉̟ςΑ·‫ݺ‬ယഽͬ฽‫̹̱ד‬ൎ঩చય̡௖਀࣭͈ത̤̞̀ͅ 2007 ා͉͂஠̩֑̽
̹উ͈́ٝ໘͈̜̞̈́́ͥ
଎ນ 1ȁྦྷ‫ۼ‬໐࿝̤̫࣭ͥͅष঩ུ֊൲

ಕ͆IMF ‫͈࣭ڎྷح‬໅ञ̥͙̹ͣೄ୪ൎ঩̟બ࠴ൎ঩̷̟͈ఈൎ঩͈ࣣࠗ
੄ਫ਼͆IMF, International Financial Statisticsຊ৪͉̭̠̱̹࣭ͣषζΥȜέυȜ͈ࢹ଎͂་‫ͬ͂ا‬௙ࣣഎͅၑٜ̱̠͂͢দུ͙̞̦̟̀ͥ
ࣂ͉̭͈̠̻࣭́ष߆࣐͈‫ڰ‬൲̟̫͂ͤͩ؎ༀ̷͈ͦͅࡠ೰̱̀࠿൦̴࣐̠̞̭̭͉̟ͬ́͘ଲ
‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫ܥܓ‬ஜ̷͈͂ೄࢃ͈࣭ष঩ུ֊൲͈අಭͬༀ࣭͈࣭षਓ঑̥ͣඋ̧͙ٜͅԅ̟͆ষ̞́‫ܓ‬‫ ̥ͣܥ‬2012 ා̷͈́ͦͬ͘࠿൦̳ͥͅԆً̞̭͈͆೾̤̞͉̟̀ͅൎ঩‫͈ز‬ςΑ·‫ݺ‬ယഽ͈೩‫ͬئ‬฽‫࣭̹̱ד‬ञൎ঩͈௩‫؎̟ح‬ༀ߆࣐͈࣭षဓ૞͈કޭ‫࡛̠̞͂ا‬ય̦ྶ̥̞̩̦̟ͣ̈́̽̀ͅ
ஜ੆͈೒ུͤࣂ͉́ࢃ৪ͅઙത̜̟࡛ͬ̀య͈࣭ष೒‫ى‬ఘଷ͈‫̫̤ͥͅئ‬ༀ࣭߆࣐͈࿨‫ͬڬ‬൩̢̹࣭͘ष߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲͈࠿൦ͬԇ࣐̞̩̞́̽̀
̤̟࣭̈́षഎ̈́঩߄֊൲ͬ࠿൦̳ͥ਀̴̦̥̱ͤ͂̀͘ༀ࣭̪ͬ͛ͥ঩ུ֊൲͈উͬ࠿൦̳ͥ
32߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜȁ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅͅ๑ോ̡ઐന͆

3̭̥͉̲͈͉̟͂ͣ͛ͥༀ࣭̦‫ڐ‬ఱͬ௽̫࣭ͥषഎ̈́঩߄੏۪͈ಎ૤ͅպ౾̱̟ༀ࣭̪࣭ͬ͛ͥ
ष঩ུ֊൲͈উ̦ 2000 ාո͈࣭ࣛष঩ུ֊൲͈ੀ଎͂ࣉ̢̥̜̞ͣͦͥͣ́ͥԅ ༀ࣭̪࣭ͬ͛ͥष঩ུ֊൲
1. ΈυȜΨσȆͼϋΨρϋΑ
2000 ාయ̤̫࣭ͥͅषࠐफ‫͈͈֚̾߸۾‬ਹါ̈́ઙത͉̟ଲ‫ٮ‬എ̈́ܰ࿅́ࢩ̦ͥࠐુਓ঑͈ະ
޳࣑̟̞ͩͥ͠ΈυȜΨσ̡ͼϋΨρϋᾼո‫̟ئ‬GI̠͆ͬ̓ࡉ̷̥̟̹͈̠̻࣭֚ͥ́͘͜
́ࠐુਓ঑୤ল͈ఱ໐໦ͬ༴̢ͥༀ࣭͈ࠐુਓ঑୤ল͈֋঵‫خ‬ෝ଻̠ͬ̓ࡉ̥̞̠ͥ͂ത̜̽ͅ
̢̹̞̠̞͂͢
଎ນ 2ȁࠐુਓ঑͈࣭षഎະ޳࣑

੄ਫ਼͆IMF, World Economic Outlook Databases

଎ນ 2 ͙̠̟ͣͦͥ͢ͅͅ1990 ාయ́͘ͅુఠ‫ુࠐ͈࣭́ૺ୶̹̞̱̀ا‬ਓ঑ࣱল̟૧‫࣭ޟ‬͈́ࠐુਓ঑୤ল̞̠͂‫̟͉߸۾‬1990 ාྎͬ‫ͅޏ‬ఱ̧̩་‫ુࠐ͈࣭ૺ୶ ̞̞̱ͥ̀ا‬ਓ঑͉̟ஜ੆͈̠͢ͅༀ࣭͈ྚனခ͈ࠐુਓ঑୤ল̴̧֨ͣͦ̀ͅ୤ল໙̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̷̳༷̟͈֚ͥ‫ޢ‬௨̜́ͥ૧‫৽̸࣭ޟ‬࿨͉ͺΐͺ੨࣭̫͂ͤͩͅಎ࣭͆͂ಎ߃൐ॲ࿳̸࣭͈ࠐુਓ঑ࣱল̦‫ڐ‬ఱ͈֚ഷ̹̹͈̜̞ͬ̓̽́ͥ2000 ාయͅව̽̀ࡐಠ͂̈́ͥ GI ͉̟20 ଲ‫ܮ‬എુেࣣ̞ͩ̈́ͅ૧̱̞
࡛યͬ୆̺̞ͭ
̷͈͉̟͌͂̾ਲြ͈࣭षഎ̈́঩߄͈ၠ̟̳̻ͦ̈́ͩൎဏ঩͞‫׳‬੩ͬ೒̲̹୶ૺ࣭̥ͣอജഷ
ષ࣭͈͒঩߄֊൲̞̠͂ΠτϋΡ͉͂։̟̈́ͤอജഷષ࣭͞૧‫࣭͂͒ૺ୶̥࣭ͣޟ‬঩ུ͈ၠ̦ͦ
͑‫ݙ‬ၠ̱̹͒ത̜̞́ͥ
̷͈ι΃ΣΒθͬ୰ྶ̳ͥष̟৽ၠ̢̞͂ͥ͜ࣉ̢༷͉ΨȜ΢ϋ΅̽̀͢ͅষ͈̠͢ͅ୰ྶ̯
33

4ີȁআȁაȁ஽̞̳̻̟ͦͥ̈́ͩ1990 ාయ฼͊ո̟ࣛ૧‫̹̱֚ࡑࠐ̦࣭ޟ‬Ⴒ͈೒‫߄̡ى‬ဏ‫̥ͣ߱ޗ͈ܥܓ‬૧‫ޟ‬࣭ྦྷ‫ۼ‬໐࿝͉ಡಇͅୈ႗̳༷̟֚ͥଽຸ͉࣭ष঩ུ֊൲͈‫ۯ‬ၑ̟‫ىٸ‬੔๵ͬ௩‫̵̠̞̯͂ͥح‬ଽॐ஖఼ͬ৘̷࣐̱̟͈ࠫ‫̱̀͂ض‬႑ୟ̱̹‫ىٸ‬੔๵͈‫׋‬ဥ਀౲̱͂̀հ஠঩ॲ̜́ͥༀ࣭͈͒ൎ
঩̸̩͂ͅༀ࣭ञ̸̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹̟̞̭̠͂ΑΠȜςȜၛ̭̀ͥ͂́ΨȜ΢ϋ΅͉̟૧‫࣭́ޟ‬͈࣭ඤಡಇ͈௩‫ͬͣু̦ح‬঩ུ࿶੄࣭͒་‫̵̟̜͈̹̯ͤ́ا‬ଲ‫ٮ‬എ઼ًಡಇͬ‫ܖ‬ೲഎါ֦̱͂
̹૧‫઼ً͈࣭ޟ‬ಡಇ̦ྚபခ͈ࠐુਓ঑୤লͬ௽̫ͥༀ࣭̫̹̞̠͒࢜ͣͦ͂͑ଲ‫ٮ‬എ઼ً̈́ಡ
ಇ͒აͬജ‫̹̱ͅٳ‬Bernanke͉2005̞͊͆৽̱͂̀૧‫ޟ‬੨࣭೒‫ى‬൚ޫ͈࣐൲͈་‫ͅا‬಍࿒̱̹ΨȜ΢ϋ΅͈݈ა͉̟ͅࢃͅτΨτΛΐ͈ࠁ଼ι΃ΣΒθ͞߄ဏͼΦαȜΏοϋ͈࿨‫̳ͥͅ಺ޑͬڬ‬႕̢͊ Obstfeld and Rogoff͉2009̟͊͆̈́̓ༀ࣭߄ဏঌા̦ͅྦྷ‫͆ۼ‬঩߄̧ͬ֨ັ̫̹͈̺̳͂ͥ
݈ა̦̈́̓ັ̫‫̴̢͈̞̟̦̩̞ͦ̀ͦͣح‬ા̷ࣣ͈́͜ೲၠ̜͈͉ͥͅༀ࣭͈߄ဏ̡঩ུঌા
͉ુ࢘ͅၚഎ̜̟́ͤ૧‫ྚ͈࣭ޟ‬อో̈́߄ဏঌા͂ևఢܰଷ̦ഷષ࣭̥ͣ୶ૺ࣭͈͒঩߄͈ၠͦ
ͬ୆̺͈ͭ͂ࡉ༷̜̞́ͥ
̹̺̱̟GI ̜̞͉࣭ͥष঩ུέυȜ͑‫ݙ‬ഢ͈͒৽֦ͬࠐુਓ঑ࣱল࣭̜́ͥ૧‫ޟ‬੨࣭ͅ‫͛ݥ‬̟ͦ͊ༀ࣭͈঩ུၠව‫ڐ‬ఱ̷͈͂฽చນ࡛̜́ͥࠐુਓ঑୤ল͈‫ڐ‬ఱ͉਋൲എ͈̟̈́̈́ͤ͜ͅଲ
‫ુࠐ͈ٮ‬ਓ঑୤ল͈৽̹ͥါ֦̜́ͥༀ࣭͈ࠐુਓ঑୤ল‫ڐ‬ఱ̪݈ͬ͛ͥაͬࢃࠊͅ೏̞̽̀͞
̱̠̞͘૧‫ુࠐ͈࣭ޟ‬ਓ঑ࣱল‫ڐ‬ఱ͂‫ىٸ‬੔๵͈႑௩̟̜̞͉̹ͥ͘ྦྷ‫ۼ‬ൎ঩‫̦ز‬చༀൎ঩ͬ৘
ঔ̧̱̠̳࣭͂ͥ͂͢ͅष߄ဏঌા́Ρσͬယօͅ಺ో‫خ‬ෝ̜͈́ͥ͌͂̾ਹါ̈́ၑဇ͉̟ༀ࣭
͈ྚனခ͈ࠐુਓ঑୤ল̜̭͉ͥ͂ͅྶ̥̜̥̟ͣ́ͥͣༀ࣭͈చ‫ٸ‬୤ল‫ڐ‬ఱͬ਋൲എ͈̈́͂͜
̳̭͉̟ͥ͂GI ̜̞͉࣭ͥष঩ུέυȜ͑‫ݙ‬ഢ̪݈͒ͬ͛ͥაུ͈޼ͬࡉ၂̳֚͂࿂എ̈́ࡉ༷
̷̶̢̢̞̰̞̞̱̹̦̟̦͂ͩͥͬ̈́̽̀ͦ̈́͠୆̲̹̥̞̠͂ത̞͉̟̾̀ͅջட̱͂̀ა
௔͈ဒ౷̦ॼ̢̯̞̞̰̞̦̟̭̭͉ͦ̀ͥ͂ͩͥͬ̈́́୶ૺ࣭̥ͣอജഷષ࣭̞̠͂‫ݰ‬ြ͙̹࣭ͣͦषഎ̈́঩߄έυȜ͉̟อജഷષ̡࣭૧‫̸̫࣭ͩͤ͂ૺ୶̥࣭ͣޟ‬ༀ̸࣭͒͂͑‫ݙ‬ഢ̱̹̞̠͒͂ম৘̺̫ͬঐഊ̱̤̭̠̞̀
̯̀ GI ̦୆̺̞͈࡛ͭ͌͂̾͘ય͉̟ༀ࣭͈ࠐુਓ঑୤ল͂Ρσ௖ા͈͂‫͈߸۾‬་‫̞̜ͥ́ا‬2000 ාయͅව̽̀ྚனခ͈କ੔ͅඏව̱̹ༀ࣭͈ࠐુਓ঑୤ল̷͉̟͈ͅ঵௽‫خ‬ෝ଻ͅచ̱
̀࠼ැ̷̦̟͈ࣞͤ͘ଵୃ͈̹͛ͅ‫ ͇ٽ‬20 ̼ 30ͮ೾ഽ͈৘ৗ৘࢘ևఢτȜΠͅREER͈͆಺ା͈ຈါ଻̦ა̧̲̹̞̺̦̟ͣͦ̀2001 ̼ 2007 ා́͘ͅΡσ͈ REER ̦ 20 εͼϋΠ͕̓‫ئ‬၂̱̹͜ͅ‫ુࠐ̴̟ͣͩ۾‬ਓ঑୤ল͉ࡘઁ̭̥̓ͧ௩‫͈֚ح‬ഷͬ౑̹̞̽͂൳শ̟ͅଵୃ̦ະ‫خ‬ෝ̈́ાࣣͅ୆̴̲͉ͥ͂࠙઴̦၄఑̯̹ͦΡσཕ၂̧̦̞࡛֚࢜ܳ̈́ͅ৘ͬஜ̟ͅ2003 ා̥ࣼͣༀ࣭͈ࠐુਓ঑୤ল‫ڐ‬ఱ͂ GI ͅచ̳ͥ‫ڢ‬۷ა̦ఉତอນ̯͉̲̹͈̜̞ͦ͛́ͥ
႕̢͊ Dooly et al.͉2004͉̟͊͑ήτΠϋ;ΛΒఘଷठြ͒აͬജ‫࡛̟̱ٳ‬ह͈࣭ष߄ဏΏΑΞθ͉̟ͺΐͺ͈૧‫࣭ͅޟ‬ਔ‫࣭͂͆׻‬ༀ࣭ͅಎ૤࣭͈͆͂ম৘ષ͈ࡥ೰௖ાଷഽͅ঑̢̞ͣͦ̀
34߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜȁ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅͅ๑ോ̡ઐന͆

5ͥത̟́ήτΠϋ;ΛΒఘଷ͈ठြ̜́ͥ͂අಭ̫̹̞̱̥̟̿͜ӱͺΐͺ૧‫ࠐ͈࣭ޟ‬फอജ୽ၞ͉ဒ઼Ⴛ൱ႁ͈‫ݟ‬ਓ̦ۖၭ̳ͥ́͘௽̩ಿ‫ܢ‬എ͈̜̟̈́́ͤ͜Ӳ‫ىٸ‬੔๵̦ༀ࣭ञ͈ࣔවͅਰ
̞̭̀ͣͦ̀ͥ͂́ༀ࣭͈ಿ‫߄ܢ‬၌͞Ρσ௖ા͈հ೰ͅ‫ܙ‬ဓ̷̳̟ͥ͂͂ͦͣ͜ͅ੨࣭ͅૺ੄̳
ͥༀࠏఉ࣭ୠܑުͅհ૤ͬဓ̢֚ͥਅ͈͑౜༗̱͒͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̟̞̠̀ͥ͂തͬआ‫ ͅݶ‬GI ͈հ೰଻̡ຽ༑଻ͬ৽ಫ̱̹̞
̹͘ Caballero et al.͉2007͉̟͊ະ޳࣑ͬༀ࣭͂ఈ࣭‫߄͈ۼ‬ဏঌા͈อജഽࣣ̞͈ओͅ‫̟͛ݥ‬ଲ‫߄͈ٮ‬ဏঌા͈฼໦ͬ୸͛ͥༀ࣭߄ဏঌા͈๤႒̞̈́߄ဏ঩ॲ஻੄ෝႁ̦ GI ͬ঑̢ͥါ֦̺
̱̹̞̳̻̟͂̈́ͩGI ͉ࠐफഎ̡߄ဏഎΈυȜΨςΔȜΏοϋ͈૬̷͈࡛̜̟ͤͩͦ́̽̀͘
͈‫ڐ‬ఱ͉࿚ఴ̞͈̈́͂ࡉ༷ͬা̱̹͈̜̞́ͥ
࢖എ໐࿝̥ྦྷ‫ۼ‬໐࿝̵̥̞̠֑̞͉̜̟̭͂ͥͦͣ͢ͅͅ‫ވ‬೒̳͈͉̟ͥ‫ݴ‬ఱ̈́చༀൎ঩̦֋
঵̯۪ͦͥ‫̦ޏ‬೰಍̜̞͉ͥࢹ௮‫ڢ̠̠̞̹̱̈́́͂͢͜ا‬۷എ෇ে̜̞͉̟̭͈́ͥ́आ‫͂ݶ‬
̹̈́̽ 2000 ාయ؇͈చༀൎ঩͉͈̠̓̈́͢উ̜̹͈̺̠̥̞́̽ͧ

2. ༀ࣭̪ͬ͛ͥ঩߄੏۪
଎ນ 3 ͉̟2006 ාո͈ࣛༀ࣭͈঩ུၠ੄ව͈৽ါ໐໦ͬা̱̹͈̜̞́ͥ͜႕̢͊ༀঃષड
ఱ͈঩ུၠවܱͬ჏̱̹ 2006 ා͈ાࣣ̟ ̷͈ 7 ‫࣭ڎ̦ڬ‬೒‫ى‬൚ޫͥ͢ͅచༀൎ঩ͅLine11̟͆చༀ২ञൎ঩ͅLine19̷̟̱͆̀हༀ߆࣐ͥ͢ͅచ‫ٸ‬ৰවͅLine22͈͆ 3 ါள̽̀͢ͅ୸̹̞͛ͣͦ
ਜ਼͙̞̭̠̞̀ͅ
଎ນ 3ȁༀ࣭̪ͬ͛ͥ঩ུ֊൲

੄ਫ਼͆U.S. Dep. of Commerce, Brue of Economic Analysis ൡ̴ࠗ͘೒‫ى‬൚ޫͥ͢ͅచༀൎ঩͉̟చༀཟօࣱলͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̵̯̹ಎ࣭͉̲̳ͬ͛͂ͥͺΐͺ౷֖͈೒‫ى‬൚ޫ͈̦ͥ͢͜ͅ 3 ໦͈ 2 ͬ୸̷़̟͈͕͉͛͂ͭ̓ྩજબ࠴ൎ঩̜̹̞̭͈́̽ম৘‫۾‬35

6ີȁআȁაȁ஽߸̷̤͍̦ͦ͢ༀ࣭͈ಿ‫߄ܢ‬၌঵௽ͅ‫ܙ‬ဓ̱̹̞̠͂ത͉̟୶͙̹ͅΨȜ΢ϋ΅൝͈ঐഊ೒ͤ́
̜̞̹ͥ͘২ञൎ঩ͬςȜΡ̱̹͈͉̟২ञൎ঩‫ ͈ڣ‬64ͮͬ୸̹͛؎ਗ͈߄ဏ‫͍̤͢۾ܥ‬๱߆࣐໐࿝ͥ͢ͅબ࠴‫੸ا‬຦ൎ঩̜̹̞̹̺̱̟̭̭́̽́ಕ࿒̱̤̥̩͉̞͈͉̟̀̈́̀̈́ͣ̈́؎ਗࠏ
߆࣐͉ুͣచༀ২ञൎ঩̱̹̺̫̩̟ͬ́̈́๱߆࣐໐࿝̦બ࠴‫੸ا‬຦ͬࣔව̳ͥष̟ͅΡσ঩߄ͬဏ೒̳̭̭͈ͥ͂́ൎ঩ͅ૬̩̥̥̞̹̞̠̭̜̞ͩ̽̀͂͂́ͥMcGuire and von Peter͉2009͉̟͊2007 ා฼͊́͘ͅ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐̦ષܱ͈๱߆࣐໐࿝ͅచ̱̀༗ခ̱̞̹̀Ρσञࡀͬ

1.1 ̼ 1.3 ಣΡσ̱̟̭͂ͦͬͼϋΗȜΨϋ·ঌાͅ4,320 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͆͂ಎ؇߆࣐ৰවͅ3,860 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̟͆ևఢΑχΛίͅ3,150 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͆ͬঀ̽̀಺ో̱̹͂ଔ̳̞̹̭͉ࠗͥͦ͂͘༆̟ͅ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈

MMFͅMoney Market Fund̥͈͆ͣΡσ঩߄಺ో̦ 1 ಣΡσ͕̜̹̞̓̽؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈̭͒
ͦͣΡσ঩߄͈৽̹ͥ‫̟͉ݯރ‬2004 ා̥ͣષઌͬই̹͛ࡔ࿳‫͈ڣݴ̀̽͢ͅڒث‬঩߄ͬ਀̱ͅ
̹ॲ࿳࣭̥̯̹̞ͣ̈́ͦ΂ͼσζΥȜ͈֚໐͉ೄ୪ༀ࣭͒ၠ̱̹̦̟֚ͦ͜໐͉΃ςή٬౷֖ͬಎ૤̳͂ͥ΂έΏοͺঌા̷̟̱̀ͼΆςΑͬ৽̳͂ͥπȜυΛῼၠව̱̟؎ਗࠏ߆࣐̤͍͢
๱߆࣐໐࿝̱ͬٚ̀ༀ࣭ञ࠴ঌા͒͂ၠ̞̹͈̜̞ͦ̀̽́ͥ
डࢃ͂̈́ͥहༀ߆࣐̩͂ͅͅൎ঩߆࣐͈̈́̓ security brokers͆ͥ͢ͅΡσ͈చ‫ٸ‬ৰව͈̠̻̟

86͉ͮΨΧζ͞Ήͼζϋ͈΃ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜ̥̜̹̞̭͈ͣ́̽΂έΏοͺঌા͉̟͒୶
͙̹ͅॲ࿳࣭͉̲̳ͬ͛͂ͥଲ‫̥࣭ͣڎٮ‬঩߄̦ਬ̞̦̟̽̀ͥ͘ಕփ̧̳͓͉̟ༀ࣭͈߄ဏ‫ܥ‬‫΂̭͉ͣͦ۾‬έΏοͺঌા̥ͣౙͅ঩߄ͬ಺ో̳̺̫͉̩̟ͥ́̈́൳শ̹͘ͅ‫ݴ‬ఱ͈఩ັ࣐ͬ̽
̞̭̜̞̳̻̟̀ͥ͂́ͥ̈́ͩༀ࣭͈చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩̦΂έΏοͺঌા̱ͬٚ̀చༀൎ঩̯̞͈ͦ̀ͥ
̷̜̞͉̟́ͥͦ͑๱߆࣐໐࿝ͅచ̳ͥༀ߆͈࣭षഎञྩ͈ఱ໐໦̦̟΃ςή٬੨ോ͈΂έΏοͺΓϋΗȜͅ‫ͬݳ‬౾̩ༀ߆মྩਫ਼ͅನ༧ܱව̯̹͈̜̟ͦ͒́ͤ͜৘ৗഎ͉͑ͅༀ߆͈࣭ඤ‫ڰ‬൲ͅMcGuire and von Peter͉2009͊p.57͆͂௴̢̭̦ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ̜̞́ͥ΂έΏοͺΓϋΗȜ͈‫װ‬ಿ͒
ͬ̽͋ͣܰ͜ଷٝ๰͂୕߄൪͈ͦ਀౲̱͂̀ဥ̷̞̟̭̥̟ͣτε̜̞͉৾֨ͥ CP ͈อ࣐̽͢ͅ
̀Ρσ঩߄ͬ಺ో̳̭̟ͥ͂́ൎ঩߆࣐͉ু̦ͣழ଼̡์ค̳ͥ΍ήίρͼθ‫۾‬Ⴒ͈બ࠴‫੸ا‬຦ͅఱܰ࿅̈́ൎ঩࣐̹͈̜̞ͬ̽́ͥ
ոષ͈തͬఱ̥͙̿ͅ 2 ͈̾ത̥ͣାၑ̱̤̭̠̞̀
ల͈֚අಭ͉̟؎ਗͅඅͅͼΆςΑ̟͆ͺΐͺ̟ಎධༀͅඅͅ΃ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜ̞̠͆͂२͈̾౷֖̥࣐̹ͣͩͦచༀൎ঩̟̫͂ͤͩༀ࣭͈ञ࠴ͅచ̳ͥൎ঩̦‫ڐݢ‬ఱ̱̹̭̜̹̞͂́̽
̷̦ͦༀ࣭͈ਯ఺‫ڒث‬ષઌ͈͈͌͂̾ਹါ̈́࿨‫ͬڬ‬౜̹̭͉̽͂ਔ౶͈೒̜̞̱̥̱̟̭ͤ́ͥ
͉͂చༀൎ঩͈‫ݴ‬ఱ̷̯̺̫̞̞͈͂̓ͣ̈́͘ͅ฽࿂̟ༀ࣭̥ͣଲ‫͈͒ٮ‬ൎ঩͜‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹̞̳̈́
̻ͩలඵ͈අಭ͉̟ༀ࣭̪ͬ͛ͥ঩߄֊൲̦̟ञࡀञྩ͈ၰ࠺̀́௩‫̞̜̭̹̱͑ͥ͂ͅح‬౗ͬ௖਀̞̠̭͒͂͂ͬͅ༆̳̟̭̠̱̹ͦ͊ͅࢹ଎͈࣭͂͜ͅष঩ུ֊൲̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̞̹͈̜̞̀́ͥ
36߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜȁ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅͅ๑ോ̡ઐന͆

7

3. ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫͂ܥܓ‬ζΥȜέυȜ͈ੀ઀̺̦̟̭̠̱̹ༀ࣭͈࣭षਓ঑ࢹ௮̷̟̱࣭̀ष঩߄੏۪͈উ͉ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫֚̀̽͢ͅܥܓ‬་̳̞ͥஜࠇ଎ນ 3 ͈࿌‫̫ͅڥ‬಍࿒̱̟̀2008 ා͈చༀൎ঩͈་‫̞̠̭̞̀ࡉͬا‬̴̟͘ྦྷ‫ۼ‬໐࿝ͥ͢ͅ২ञൎ঩͈ζͼ΢Αഢ‫̟͉ا‬ༀ࣭͈͒બ࠴‫੸ا‬຦̦ၠ੄಼ًͅഢ̲̹̭
͂ͬփྙ̳ͥͅLine19̞͆2007 ා‫͈ذ‬ΩςΨ̡ΏοΛ·ͬࠀ‫̳̟́ͅͅܥ‬πȜυΛΩ̥͈ͣ২ञ
ൎ঩̦ၠ੄಼ًܱͬ჏̱̞̹̦̟̀ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫ܥܓ‬ո͉̳͓͈ࣛ̀౷֖̥ͣၠ੄಼ًͅഢ̲̹͈̜́ͥ 2̞બ࠴‫੸ا‬຦‫͈ڒث‬ఱ໙̈́‫ئ‬၂̦୆̴̲̟ͥ͂͘έ͹ϋΡͬಎ૤̳͂ͥ߄ဏ‫̦۾ܥ‬ৰව঩߄͈༐
फࣾඳͅೄ࿂̷̱̹̦̟͉ͦೄ̻̟ͅ३‫͈ئ‬έ͹ϋΡͅచ̳ͥၠ൲଻༞ۖ͞අ༆ൎ঩ٛ২ͅSIV͈͆‫׋‬ဥ঩ॲ͈ฃ̞৾ͤͅท̹ͣͦ؎ༀ߄ဏ‫͈۾ܥ‬঩߄߫ͤ՛‫ͬا‬ઉြ̷̱̹̞̩͉͂ͦͅΡσ঩߄ͬౣ‫̟༷̳֚ͥో಺́ܢ‬๱߆࣐໐࿝̫࢜ͅಿ‫́ܢ‬఩̱ັ̫̞̹̀؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈Ρσ঩߄‫ڕ‬ංࣾඳ̞̠͂ࠁ́ນ࿂‫؎̷̢̞̹̱ͦ͠ا‬ਗࠏ߆࣐͉ͼϋΗȜΨϋ·ঌા͈́Ρσ঩߄಺ోͅ࿬ܳͅ
༷̟֚̈́ͥༀ࣭঑ഝུ࣭͈ͥ͒͢ͅచ‫ٸ‬఩੄ͬ‫ݢ‬௩̵̯̹͈̜́ͥͅLine22̞͆ఈ༷̟ଲ‫ٮ‬എ̈́͑Ρσະ௷̦͒૬࣫‫̟́ئ̳ͥا‬Ρσͬ‫خݯރ‬ෝ̈́ༀ࣭͈చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩̧͉֨လ̬
̟ͣͦ߆࣐໐࿝̹̥̞̾̀̈́ܰ͘͜࿅͈́చ‫ٸ‬఩੄͈ٝਓͬૺ̹͛ͅLine9̞̹̺̱̟̳͓͈͆̀
߆࣐̦఩੄ٝਓͅ௢̹̫͉̥̹̞̽ͩ́̈́̽႕̢͊ 2007 ා 8 ࠮̼ 09 ා 8 ࠮͈‫؎̱̀͂৽̟ۼ‬ਗࠏ߆࣐͈͒ 2,350 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈చ‫ٸ‬఩੄̦࣐̹̠̟ͩͦ͢ͅచ‫ٸ‬എ఩ັ͉ࠑ௽̱̞̹̞̥̥̀͜ͅ
̴ͩͣٝਓ಼ً̹͈͉̟͂̈́̽FRB ̥͈ͣ঩߄‫ͬݯރ‬਋̫̥̹ͣͦ̈́̽ൎ঩߆࣐̈́̓ Security

Broker ̦̟ၠ੄‫ͬڣ‬ષٝͥచ‫ٸ‬ৰව࣐̞̹̥̜̹̞ͬ̽̀ͣ́̽
̭͈̠̈́͢ે‫͖͕̟̥͈́̈́ޙ‬࿷࣭֚षഎ̈́Ρσ͈‫͉͈̹࣐̽ͬݯރ‬ͺις΃Ⴒཆ੔๵ଷഽၑমٛͅFRB̜̹̞͆́̽FRB ͉̟ু࣭߄ဏ‫͈͒۾ܥ‬Ρσ‫ͬݯރ‬࿒എ̳͂ͥ৽ါ࣭ಎ؇߆࣐͈͂
‫́ۼ‬ΑχΛί‫ފ‬೰͍̟ͬ৾ͤࠫ‫ܥܓ‬ೄࢃ̥ͣఱܰ࿅ͅΡσͬ೹‫ࡉ̷͈̞̹̱ރ‬༐̱ͤ͂̀਀̱ͅ
̹‫࣭ڎ‬೒‫͈ܰى‬࿅̦ΑχΛί͈৾֨‫̯ͬڣݴ‬া̱̞̀ͥͅLine3̷̞͈͆ॼࣞܰ࿅͉̟2008 ාྎ
͉ͅ 5,537 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̸ً฼̦؎ਗಎ؇߆࣐ͅECB͆ͅచ̸̳͈ͥ͜ͅో̱̟ಎ؇߆࣐̥ͣΡσͬ಺ో̧̠͉̲̟́ͥ̈́̽̀͛̀͢ͅ‫߄࣭ڎ‬ဏ‫͉۾ܥ‬हༀ঑ഝ̥͈ͣৰවͬੀ઀̱̟༐फ̳̭ͥ
̦͂‫خ‬ෝ̹̞͂̈́̽‫ͬܥܓ‬༶౾̳ͦ͊ઉ̩̜̠́ͧ͑༲ٟ͒ͬ‫̟͉̠ͅݣ‬FRB ̦࣭͑षഎ̈́ड
ࢃ͈఩̱਀̱͕͒͂̀͂ͭ̓ྫଷࡠͅ߃̞Ρσ‫ݯރ‬ఘଷ͈ࢹಃ̦ຈါ̺̹͈̜̞̽́ͥ
ոષ͈̠̟͢ͅ2008 ා͈ༀ࣭͈࣭षਓ঑͉̟ͅచༀൎ঩͈‫͂ઁࡘ̈́ࠣݢ‬ၠ੄ഢ‫̟ا‬ༀ࣭͈చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩̧͈֨လ̬̟ༀ࣭࢖എ໐࿝ͥ͢ͅ‫ىٸ‬༗ခ͈‫ݢ‬௩̞̠͂ఱഢ̷̦֣̯̹̞͉۟࣫ͦͦࠐુ
ਓ঑୤ল͈ੀ઀̵ࣣ̟͂ͩ̀‫ڐ‬ఱ֚༏ുͬ௽̧̫̹̀ༀ࣭̥͈ͣ঩߄‫ ̦ݯރ‬1971 ාո͉̲ࣛ͛
ུ̀‫ڒ‬എਓੀͅഢ̲̞̠ͥ͂Ⴄঃഎ̈́মఠ̟͂Ρσ͈୲̢‫̞̈́ۼ‬Ρσ͈‫́ݯރ‬௩ఱ͈֚ഷͬ౑̽
378ີȁআȁაȁ஽̧̹࣭̀ष঩߄֊൲͈ੀ઀̧̭̱̹͈̜̞ͬ֨ܳ́ͥ
ཙ൮͙̹̠̟̭̠̱̹࣭͢ͅष঩߄੏۪ષ͈Ⴄঃഎ̈́মఠ͉၂̻಍̧ͬ৾ͤ࿗̱̟ठ͍࣭ष঩
߄֊൲͉‫ڐ‬ఱͅഢ̲̞̞͉̟̀ͥ́ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫ܥܓ‬ೄࢃ̥ͣࣽ඾͈́͘ༀ࣭̪ͬ͛ͥ঩߄੏۪͈উ
͉̞̥͈̜̠̥̞̈́ͥ́ͧ͜ষ̭͈ͅത̞̾̀ͅ࠿൦̱̞̭̠̞̀

Ԇȁ؎ਗ‫࣭͈ئܥܓ‬ष঩ུ֊൲
1. ࣭ष঩ུ֊൲͈ठਓੀ
଎ນ 4 ͉ༀ࣭̪ͬ͛ͥ঩ུ͈ၠ੄ව͈উͬ଎ນ 3 ͤ͢͜۰ၞ‫̱̀ا‬া̱̹͈̜̞́ͥ͜
଎ນ 4ȁༀ࣭͈చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩͂๱‫ݳ‬ਯ৪ͥ͢ͅచༀൎ঩

ಕ͆ίρΑນা̟ζͼ΢Αນা͈փྙ͉଎ນ 3 ͈ಕ 3 ४ચ
੄ਫ਼͆U.S. Dep. of Commerce, Brue of Economic Analysis ൡ̳ࠗ́ͅ‫̟̠̹̱͢ͅ෇ږ‬2008 ̼ 09 ා̥̫̀ͅༀ࣭͈చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩̦ၠව಼ًͅ ༀ࣭‫ݳ‬ਯ৪͈٬‫ٸ‬ൎ঩঩߄͈ٝਓ̟̹͆͒͘చༀൎ঩͉ၠ੄಼ًͅ๱‫ݳ‬ਯ৪͈చༀൎ঩঩߄̧֨လ̬͆ͅഢ̲̟
ༀ࣭͈చ‫ٸ‬എ̈́ΨρϋΑΏȜΠ͉঩ॲ̡໅ञ͈ၰ࿂̤̞̀ͅੀ઀̷̱̹̦̟ͦ͂൳အ͈মఠ̦

2012 ා͈ஜ฼‫͜ͅܢ‬୆̧̲̞̭̠̥̦̠̭̦̞̭̠̱̹̀ͥ͂ͬ͂́ͥমఠ̧̭̱̹ͬ֨ܳ৽
̹ͥါ֦͉̟2 ͈̾തͅ‫̧̞̦̭ͥ́͂ͥ͛ݥ‬͉̟͌͂̾બ࠴ൎ঩̷̜̞ͥͦ́ͥ͢ͅ଎ນ 5 ͅༀ࣭̪ͬ͛ͥΥΛΠ͈ಿ‫ܢ‬બ࠴ൎ঩͈ඤ࿫ͬ
া̱̞̦̟̭̭͙̠̟̀ͥͣͦͥ͢ͅͅༀ࣭̥͈ͣచ‫ٸ‬બ࠴ൎ঩͉ 2011 ාల 4 অ฼‫ ̥ͣܢ‬2012ාల 3 অ฼‫̧֨́͘ܢ‬လ̬̦௽̞̤̟̀ͤ௙చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩ͬࡁ̱̹̭֨͂ͬ‫̧̯̞ͣͥ́ͅ෇ږ‬મळ͙̟ͥ͂ͅ‫ڼ‬৆֚͜ͅশഎ̧̈́֨လ಼ً̬‫̟̦͙̦ͥͦͣܢ‬చ‫ٸ‬બ࠴ൎ঩஠ఘ͈൲̧ͬܰ೰̱̀
̞͈͉̟ͥञ࠴ൎ঩̜̭͉́ͥ͂ྶ̥̜̠̞ͣ́ͧ൳଎ນ͈̥̈́ͅা̯͉̞̞̦̟̭̠̱ͦ̀̈́
̹ञ࠴ൎ঩͈ٝਓ͉̟ಿ̩ͣༀ࣭̥͈ͣ‫ݴ‬ఱ̈́ൎ঩಼ً̦͙̹ͣͦచ؎ਗ̷̫͈̜̹̞࢜ͦ́̽

2011 ාల 3 অ฼‫ ͉ͅܢ‬35 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ൎ঩಼ً̜̹́̽ༀ࣭͈చ؎ਗञ࠴ൎ঩͉̟௽̩ల 4 অ฼‫ܢ‬ͅව̽̀ 291 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̟̯ͣͅ 2012 ාల 1 অ฼‫ ͜ͅܢ‬327 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ٝਓ಼ً͙̹͈̜̞̭ͬ́ͥ
38߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜȁ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅͅ๑ോ̡ઐന͆

9̭͉̟ͅΕήςϋ̡ςΑ·̦૬࣫‫؎̳ͥا‬ਗ౷֖ͅచ̳ͥञ࠴ൎ঩̥ͣༀ࣭͈ൎ঩‫̞֨ͬ਀̦ز‬࣐̹̀̽উͬࡉ̧̭̦̞̀৾ͥ͂́ͥ

଎ນ 5ȁಿ‫ܢ‬બ࠴ൎ঩ඤ࿫

ಕ 1͆Line ͈ͅȁ͆ඤ͉ༀ੸ྩજ࣭षਓ঑ൡ͈ࠗ Table 8a.
Transactions in Long-Term Securities ͈ρͼϋ๔࣢ಕ 2͆ίρΑນা̟ζͼ΢Αນা͈փྙ͉଎ນ 3 ͈ಕ 3 ४ચ
੄ਫ਼͆U.S. Dep. of Commerce, Brue of Economic Analysis ൡࠗఈ༷̟๱‫ݳ‬ਯ৪ͥ͢ͅచༀબ࠴ൎ঩̹͘͜ 2012 ාల 1 অ฼‫ͅܢ‬ၠ੄಼ًͅഢ̷̲̹̦̟͉ͦ
‫ڼ‬৆໐࿝̷͈́ͦͅࡁ̷̯̹͈̜̹̞̱̟̭͈֨ͦ́̽̀͜‫ڼ‬৆ൎ঩͈ࡘઁͬ༞̠̠͢ͅ‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹͈̦̟ͺις΃़ྩજબ࠴ൎ঩̜̹̞̭̠̱̹́̽ࠫ‫؎̟͉ض‬ਗ̵͕͉̞̓́̈́͢ͅࠊ‫ܨ‬೩ྸ̦௽̩ༀ࣭͈ςΑ·͈̞ࣞ‫ڼ‬৆़̥̟̞ͣͩͥ͠ଽ͈‫़̓̈́ٻ‬ଽ࿚ఴ̦૬࣫‫̞͉̜̱͂ͥ̾̾ا‬̢̟ༀ̷࣭͈͉ͦ؎ਗ́୆̲ͥ‫͈̞͉͕͂̈́́̓ܥܓ‬฻౯ͥ͢ͅ๱‫ݳ‬ਯ৪͈ༀ़ྩજબ࠴͈͒঩
ॲഢ۟͜հ஠঩ॲ͈͒൪๰̱͙̭̦͂̀ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ͉̥̠̥̞́̈́ͧ
̳̻̟̈́ͩ2011 ාࢃ฼̥ͣ 2012 ා̥̫̀ͅༀ࣭̪࣭ͬ͛ͥष঩߄੏۪͉̟ൎ঩‫͈ز‬ςΑ·‫ݺ‬ယഽ̦೩‫̭̳ͥ͂ͥ͢ͅئ‬ςΑ·ٝ๰࣐൲͈ࠫ‫̧͉̭͈̭̞̠̦̭͙̱͂́͂ͥ̀͂͢ض‬ଲષ̟͑ςΑ·΂έ̱͒͂̀ၑٜ̯̭̜̦̟ͦͥ͂ͧ́ͥ൚‫̟͉̞̤̀ͅܢڂ‬ༀ࣭̪ͬ͛ͥ঩߄੏۪͈
̴͙̈́ͣଲ‫ٮ‬എ̈́߹̱̭͈࢜͂̀͑ςΑ·΂έ࣐͒൲̦̯̞̹͈̈́ͦ̀͂͜ၑ̧ٜ̳̭̦ͥ͂́
ͥ 3̞̯̟̭̠̱̹̀ςΑ·ٝ๰ฺ̠ͅબ࠴ൎ঩͈કޭ‫̠̞͂ا‬ါ֦͂͂͜ͅༀ࣭͈చ‫ٸ‬঩ॲ̡໅ञ
գੀ̧̭̱̹̞͈ͬ֨ܳ͌͂̾͘ါ֦͉̟߆࣐໐࿝̤̫ͥͅ঩ུၠ੄ව̟̳̻̈́ͩ߆࣐͈࣭ष‫ڰ‬൲ͅ‫̧̞̦̭ͥ́͂ͥ͛ݥ‬႕̴̢̟͊͘ༀ࣭͈߆࣐໐࿝̤̫ͥͅచ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩͉̳́ͅ 2011 ාలඵঅ฼‫̥ͣܢ‬ၠව಼ًͅഢ
̲̞̹̦̟̀2012 ා͈ల֚অ฼‫ ͉ͅܢ‬2,184 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̟ లඵঅ฼‫ ͉ͅܢ‬2,670 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ၠව಼ً
ܱͬ჏̱̹̞ఈ༷̟߆࣐໐࿝ͬ೒̲̹చༀൎ঩͉̟2012 ාల 1 অ฼‫ ͅܢ‬90 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ၠ੄಼ًͅ
ഢ̲̟̯̭͈ͣܰͅ࿅͉లඵঅ฼‫ ͉ͅܢ‬2,190 ‫ؙ‬Ρσͅో̱̹̞చ‫ٸ‬঩ॲ̡໅ञၰ࿂̷̤̫ͥͅ
͈ఈࣜ࿒̴̥ͩ̈́͜ͅ་‫࣐߆̢̟̞͉̹͂ͦͣࡉ̦ا‬໐࿝̤̫ͥͅ་‫ͅۼܢ͈̭̦ا‬අಭഎ͙ͅ
39

10ີȁআȁაȁ஽̹͈̜̞ͣͦ́ͥ

2. ༀ࣭߆࣐໐࿝̪ͬ͛ͥ౷֖༆঩߄֊൲
͉̟́߆࣐໐࿝ͬ೒̲̹చༀൎ঩̤͍͢చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩͈ਓੀ̴͉̟̞͈ͦ౷֖͈͂‫ͅۼ‬୆̲̹͈́
̜̠̥̞̭ͧͦͬা̱̹͈̦଎ນ 6 ̜́ͥ 4̞͙̠̟ͣͦͥ͢ͅ൚‫̫̤ͥͅܢڂ‬ༀ࣭͈߆࣐໐࿝
ͬ೒̲̹చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩͈ٝਓ୶͉؎ਗ౷֖̤͍͢΃ςή٬౷֖ͅ߄ဏΓϋΗȜ̥̜̹̞͆ͣ́̽؎ਗ
౷֖͂ༀ࣭͈͂঩߄֊൲͈ੀ઀͉ஜ੆͈೒̜̦̟̭̭͉ͤ́ͥ́΃ςή٬౷֖͂ༀ࣭͈͂‫ͬ߸۾‬ठ‫̟̭̳́͂ͥ෇ږ‬చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩ٝਓ͈փྙͬ‫̞̠̭̤̱̀෇ږ‬଎ນ 6ȁༀ࣭߆࣐໐࿝̪ͬ͛ͥ౷֖༆చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩͂చༀൎ঩νಕ͆ίρΑນা̟ζͼ΢Αນা͈փྙ͉଎ນ 3 ͈ಕ 3 ४ચ
੄ਫ਼͆U.S. Dep. of Commerce, Brue of Economic Analysis ൡࠗஜ୯́͏̹̠̟ͦ͢ͅ΃ςή٬౷֖͂ༀ࣭͈͂‫̟͉߸۾‬ఈ౷֖͂ༀ̷࣭͈͉͂ͦ͂଻ৗ̢֑ͬ
̞̞̀ͥ५ུ͉2002͈͊ນ࡛ͬৰͤ̀‫΃̟̫̤̱͑͊̀ͅ෇ږ‬ςή٬͈̈́̓΂έΏοͺঌાͅ‫ݶ‬ത̤̩ͬΰΛΐέ͹ϋΡ̢͈̈́̓ຊ৪ಕ͆ࣞτΨτΛΐ‫ࡨু͉۾ܥ‬঩ུ̟̹͉́͘૞ဥ৾֨́ༀ
࣭બ࠴़ͅྩજબ࠴͆ͬࣔව̳̞ͥষ̟ͅ๞̷͉ͣͦͬ౜༗ͅༀ࣭͈τε̡ζȜΉΛΠ́঩߄ͬৰͤව̟̯ͦ̀ͣࣞͅ၌͈ٝͤༀ࣭બ࠴ͅଽຸ‫۾۾ܥ‬Ⴒञ΃ྦྷ‫ۼ‬২ञ΃‫ڼ‬৆΃ΐλϋ·̡δϋΡ͆ͬষșࣔͅව̳̞̭͈ͥ৾֨ͬ߫ͤ༐̱̀τΨτΛΐ̷͈̜̦̟͈ͬࣞ͛ͥ́ͥ‫ͅۼ‬အș̈́OTC ΟςΨΞͻή৾֨ͬٚह̵̯̞̹̟ͥ͘ༀ࣭͈ఱ੸ު߆࣐͞ఱൎ঩߆࣐͉ুࡨ‫ې‬೰ΠτȜΟͻϋΈͬଲ‫ٮ‬എࠐ‫୽א‬ၞͅਲ̽̀΃ςή٬ OFCsͅ΂έΏοͺΓϋΗȜ̢ຊ৪ಕ͆ͅਫ਼ह̳ͥ
ু࣐͈঑ഝ͞߆࣐ঊٛ২ͬୟޭഎͅ၌ဥ̳ͥࠁ࣐̞̭̥̟́̽̀ͥ͂ͣু໦̹̻͈঑ഝ͞ঊٛ২
̫࢜ͅ‫͈ڣݴ‬ဏ঩࣐̞̞ͬ̽̀ͥࣞτΨτΛΐ‫͈۾ܥ‬చༀબ࠴ൎ঩̦௩‫̟̳͊ͦح‬ༀ࣭͈చ΃ςή٬ OFCs ౣ‫ܢ‬ञࡀ͜௩‫ࢹ̳ͥح‬௮̞̹͈̜̞̈́̽̀́ͥͅఈ༷̟๞͉ͣબ࠴͈ౣ‫ܢ‬คฃͬອ้߫ͤͅ༐̳͈̟́ค‫̳͊ͦݕ‬ৰව͈༐फ࣐̠̭̟ͬ͂̈́ͤͅༀ࣭ͅౣ঩̦‫ۺ‬ၠ̳ͥ͒ͅ117 βȜΐ͈̜̞͆́ͥ
̱̹̦̟̽̀ༀ࣭̥ͣ΃ςή٬͈͒߆࣐໐࿝ͬ೒̲̹చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩͈ٝਓ̷͉̟͈฽‫΃͈̱̀͂ד‬40߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜȁ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅͅ๑ോ̡ઐന͆

11ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜ̥͈ͣచༀબ࠴ൎ঩ͅ‫ڼ‬৆̟ྦྷ‫ۼ‬২ञ̟ଽຸ‫۾‬Ⴒ‫۾ܥ‬ञ̟ༀ़ྩજબ࠴͈
ࣣ͈ࠗ͆ࡘઁ͂൳শͅນ̭̞ͦͥ͂̈́ͥͅ৘ष̟΃ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜͥ͢ͅచༀબ࠴ൎ঩͉̟

2012 ාల 1 অ฼‫ͅܢ‬62 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͆́͘ൎ঩಼ً̦௽̞̹͜ͅ‫̴̟ͣͩ۾‬ల 2 অ฼‫͉֚ͅܢ‬ഢ 119‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ၠ੄಼ً̟̯ͣͅͅံల 3 অ฼‫ ͜ܢ‬32 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ၠ੄಼ًܱͬ჏̱̹̞̩͂ͅ 2012 ා
ల 2 অ฼‫ڼ̟͙͂ͥͬܢ‬৆ൎ঩͉ஜ‫ ͈ܢ‬49 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ၠව̥ͣల 2 অ฼‫ ͉ͅܢ‬126 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈ၠ੄̟͒
બ࠴ൎ঩஠ఘ͈൲̧ͬܰ೰̱̹͈̜́ͥͅତল͉ༀ࣭੸ྩજൡ̞ࠗͥ͆͢ͅ
̱̥̱̯ͣͅਹါ̈́‫΃͈̭̟͉߸۾‬ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜ͂ༀ࣭͈࣭͂ष঩ུ͉৾֨ၰ̡࣭౷֖
‫΃̟̩͉͈̳̈́́ͥࠫۖ́͜ۼ‬ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜͅ୭ၛ̯̹ͦΰΛΐέ͹ϋΡͬయນ̳͂ͥࣞ
τΨτΛΐ‫߄͈۾ܥ‬ဏ‫ڰ‬൲ͬಏ̷̳̥̹̻͈ٚͥ́ఈଲ‫࣭͈͂ٮ‬ष঩ུ৾֨͂ྟ୪͍̞ࠫ̾̀ͅ
̞ͥത̜̞̳̻̟ͥ̈́ͩͅ΃ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜ͉̟ༀ̷࣭͈͂ఈଲ‫͈ࠫ͂ٮ‬୯ത̜̟́ͤ൳౷
֖ͬࠐဇ̱̹ଲ‫͈͒ٮ‬చ‫ٸ‬ൎ঩͈ಎࠑത̞͈̜̟͂̈́̽̀ͥ́̽̀΃ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜ͂؎ਗ͈͂঩߄̹৾֨͘͜‫̞̜͈̞࣐ͥ́ͥ̀ͦͩͅڣݴ‬̷̭́൚‫؎̟̳͊ͦ෇ږͬۼܢڂ‬ਗ౷֖͈΃ςή٬੨࣭ͅచ̳ͥञྩ͈༐फ͉̟2012 ාల 1অ฼‫ ͈ܢ‬40 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̥ͣల 2 অ฼‫ ͉ͅܢ‬176 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͒‫ݢ‬௩̱̟ံల 3 অ฼‫ ͜ͅܢ‬142 ‫ؙ‬Ρσܱͬ჏̱̹ͅECB, Monthly Bulletin ̞ͥ͆͢ͅ؎ਗ౷֖͂΃ςή٬౷֖̤̫ͥͅ঩߄͈৾֨ੀ઀ͬೄ
୪ͅༀ࣭߆࣐໐࿝͈΃ςή٬౷֖̥͈ͣ঩߄ٝਓ͈ၑဇ̱͂̀୰ྶ̧̳̭͉̞̦̟ͥ͂́̈́ༀ࣭
͈͂̽̀ͅ΃ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜ͈փྙࣣ̞ͬࣉ̢̟ͦ͊΃ςή٬౷֖͈చ؎ਗൎ঩͈ٝਓ͉ༀ
࣭߆࣐໐࿝͈చ΃ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜ̥͈ͣٝਓ͂ྟ୪ͅ‫۾‬Ⴒ̱̞̀ͥ͂ࣉ̢̞ͣͦͥ
ఈ༷̟߆࣐໐࿝ͬ೒̲̹చༀൎ঩͉ 2012 ාల 2 অ฼‫ͅܢ‬ఱ̧̩೩‫̞̹̱ئ‬଎ນ 6 ́͜‫́෇ږ‬̧̠̟̳ͥ́͢ͅͅ 2011 ා்͈̞౲‫΃̥ͣٴ‬ςή٬౷֖̥͈ͣచༀ߆࣐ൎ঩͉ࡘઁ̦௽̞̞̀
̹ 5 ̦̟̭͈ 2012 ාల 2 অ฼‫ͅܢ‬ঢ̽̀؎ਗࠏ͈߆࣐̦ༀ࣭̥ͣ 200 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͈͜঩߄ٝਓ࣐ͬ̽
̹͈̜̞́ͥ
̭̠̱̹মఠͬઉ̞̹ೄ୪͈ࡔ֦͉̟؎ਗ߄ဏ‫؎͈́ئܥܓ‬ਗࠏ߆࣐͈࣐൲ͅ‫̦̭́͂ͥ͛ݥ‬̧̠̞͢ධ؎੨࣭ͅఉ̩͈ဓ૞࣐̞̹ͬ̽̀؎ਗ‫̟̦࣐߆͈࣭ڎ‬൳੨࣭࣭ञ‫ئڒث‬၂̽̀͢ͅఅ
৐ͬཛྷ̵̷༷̟͈֚ͣͥ͘ဒ෨ͬ਋̫̀߄၌̦ષઌ̳ͥ̈́̓঩߄಺ో۪‫̦ޏ‬඾ͅ඾ͅ՛‫̳̈́ͥا‬̥ 6̟࣭ඤ̫࢜ဓ૞̺̫͉̩̟࣭́̈́‫̫࢜ٸ‬ဓ૞ͬգੀ̱̹͈̜́ͥͅ଎ນ 7̞̭̠̱̹͆؎ਗࠏ
߆࣐͈࣐൲͉̟చༀ࣭̫͈͙͙̹࢜ͣͦͅඅਂ̈́মૂ͉̥̹̦̟̫́̈́̽͂ͤͩ؎ਗ‫͈࣐߆࣭ڎ‬చༀဓ૞ॼ͉̟ࣞ άȜ·͂̈́ͥ 2008 ාల 1 অ฼‫ ͈ܢ‬1 ಣ 9,535 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̥ͣ 2012 ාల 4 অ฼‫ܢ‬
͉ͅ 1 ಣ 889 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͒ 44ͮ͜‫̟̱ࡘݢ‬ༀ࣭͈࣭षਓ঑ષͅࡐह‫̱̠̭̞̹̭̳̀̽̈́͂ͥͅا‬̴͌͂͘؎ਗ‫͈ܥܓ‬ठී࠼ැͬ෸ࠊ̳͂ͥ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈࣐൲̦̟൚‫͈ܢڂ‬બ࠴ൎ঩͙ͥ͑ͅςΑ·΂έ͈͒ೄ୪͈৽࿨̷̱̟̱͂̀̀͜߆࣐ဏ঩ͬ೒̲̹‫ۼ‬୪എ̈́৽࿨̱͂̀͜պ౾̫̭̿ͥ͂
̧̦͈̜̞́ͥ́ͥ
4112ີȁআȁაȁ஽̷̹̺̟͉ͦ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈࣐൲̺̫ͬ৾ͤષ̬̟୰ྶ̳̭̺̫͉ͥ͂́ະ਱໦̷̜̞̦́ͥͦ
̴̭̭́͑͌͂͒͂͘ၣ༗̫̹̭͈ͬ̾͂փྙ̜̦̟̭͈́ͥ‫܄‬փͬྶ̥̳̹̟ͣͥ͛ͅͅ୯ͬ
٨͛̀ 2007 ා͈́͘؎ਗࠏ߆࣐࣭ͥ͢ͅषഎ̈́ञࡀञྩ‫ڐ͈߸۾‬ఱ̞̾̀ͅ૦ͤ༐̤̭̠̞̽̀
଎ນ 7ȁ߆࣐͈࣭षဓ૞ॼࣞ

ಕ͆͑؎ਗ͉͒ EU ‫࣭ྷح‬
੄ਫ਼͆BIS, Consolidated banking statisticsԇ ؎ਗ߆࣐͈‫֨৾̀࠺ىٸ‬1. ؎ਗ߆࣐͈࣭ष‫ڰ‬൲
2000 ාయ੝൮̤̫ͥͅ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈࣭षञࡀ̡ञྩ͉̥̞͕̾̀̈́̓‫ڐ‬ఱ̷̱̹̞͈‫ڐ‬ఱ͉̟ξȜυ࠷͈‫ڐ‬ఱ 7 ̷͂ͦ͂̈́̽̀ࣞͥ͘͜ͅξȜυ͈͒૞෇ͬ෸ࠊ̳͂ͥξȜυ࠺̀঩ॲ͈‫ڐ‬ఱ͂చༀൎ঩ͅങ߿എͅນ̹ͦ‫̷̸͕͈̞̓ͭ͂̀̽͂͜ ̀࠺ىٸ‬ఱ໐໦̦Ρσ࠺̜̥̀́ͥ
̟ͣո‫̭͉ͬͦ́ئ‬Ρσ࠺̀͂ນ̸ܱ̳͈ͥ৾֨‫ڐ‬ఱͅఱ̧̈́අಭ̦̜̹̞̽଎ນ 8 ̥̭͈̭ͣ͂ͬ‫̞̠̱͢෇ږ‬଎ນ 8ȁ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈೒‫ى‬༆࣭षഎञࡀञྩ

੄ਫ਼͆BIS, Consolidated banking statistics42߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜȁ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅͅ๑ോ̡ઐന͆

13؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈ΈυΑ͈࣭षञࡀ‫̟͉ڣ‬2008 ා੝൮́͘ͅ 20 ಣΡσ಼̢̹̞ͬξȜυ࠺̀ञࡀ̦ఱ̧̩‫ڐ‬ఱ̵̢͙̞̩̦̟ͬ̀͠ͅΡσ࠺̀ञࡀ͈஠ఘͅ୸͛ͥ‫ܜ̴̥̟̥̞ͩ͊ͅ؍͉ࣣڬ‬໦ࡘઁ߹̷̜̦̟࢜ͥͦ́͜ͅΡσ࠺̀ञࡀ͜௩‫͈֚ح‬ഷͬ౑̟ͤ஠ఘͅ୸͛ͥ‫͉ࣣڬ‬฼ତஜࢃͬ֋঵̱̹̞༷̟֚൳শ‫ͅܢ‬ΈυΑ͈࣭षञྩ͜ 18 ಣΡσ಼̢ͬͥ́͘ͅ‫ڐ‬ఱͬ௽̫̹̞஠࣭
षञྩͅ୸͛ͥΡσ࠺̀ञྩ͈‫࣭̟ࣣ͜ڬ‬षञࡀ൳အͅࡘઁ߹̦͙̹͈͈̟̭̻࢜ͣͦͣ͘͜͜
̹‫ڐ‬ఱ̳ͥञྩ͈͕͖ 5 ‫ͬڬ‬Ρσ࠺̀ञྩ̦୸͛ͥͅঢ̹̞̳̻̽̈́ͩ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͉̟ξȜυ͈͒૞෇͈̯ࣞͬ෸ࠊ̱̹͂ξȜυ࠺̀৾֨ͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̵̯༷̟֚ͥ́Ρσ́ৰͤ̀Ρσ́‫׋‬ဥ̳ͥ͑Ρσ̡Ρσ৾֨͒ͬडେ‫ ͉ͅܢ‬20 ಣΡσܰ࿅́ജ‫͈̭̞̹̱ٳ‬Ρσ࠺̀ञࡀ͈ୟ͙ષً̬೾̤ͅ
̞̀؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͉̟Ρσౣ঩ջంͬ‫̞̜͈̹̞ͥ́̽̀͛ޑ‬̺̦̳͙̹̠̟̭̠̱̹́͢ͅͅ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈࣭ष‫ڰ‬൲͈‫ڐ‬ఱ͉̟2007 ා͈ΩςΨ̡ΏοΛ·̥͈֚ͣႲ͈߄ဏঌા͈ई၄‫́ئ‬Ρσ঩ॲ͈‫ݢ‬၂͂Ρσ຋ท̞̹͂̽মఠͅ‫̱̠̭̞̹̱ࠫܦ‬̹ࢹ௮͈‫؎́ئ‬ਗࠏ߆࣐̦༴̢̞̹̀ςΑ·͉͑ͅΡσ͈͆ౣ‫ܢ‬ৰව͂ͅΡσ͈́͆ಿ‫׋ܢ‬ဥ͒ͥ͢ͅྖ‫ܢ‬ηΑζΛῚ̷̟̱‫ىٸ‬Ρσ͈࣭́ष‫ڰ‬൲͈‫ڐ‬ఱ̷͈͈ͥ͜͢ͅ೒‫͈ى‬ηΑζΛΙ̱͂̀ၑٜ̯̭̜̞ͦͥ͂ͧ́ͥ
͉̟́ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫ܥܓ‬ո̟ࣛ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͉̭̠̱̹ࢹ௮ͬ་̢̞̹͈̜̠̥̞̀̽́ͧ
؎ਗಎ؇߆࣐͈ঐഊ̟ͦ͊͢ͅ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͉‫ܥܓ‬ո̟ࣛΡσ঩߄͈ςέ͹ͼ΢ϋΑ਑ါͬࡘ̳ͣ͂൳শ̟ͅ঩߄಺ో͞঩ུঌા̦๤‫ڛ‬എၻࢡ̈́ે‫ ̹̜̽ͅޙ‬2011 ාஜ฼̷͉̭̥ͣͅ঩߄
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̷͉̥̹̞͈̭͉̟̈́̽͂ஜࠇ͈଎ນ 8 ͙ͬͦ͊ྶ̥̜̠̞ͣ́ͧ؎ਗ߆࣐͈࣭षഎ̈́ဓ૞̡਋
૞‫ڰ‬൲͈ੀ઀̴̥̥̟ͩͣ͜ͅచ‫ٸ‬ञྩͅ୸͛ͥ‫̟̞͊؍͉ࣣڬ͈ىٸ‬చ‫ٸ‬ञࡀͅ୸͛ͥ‫͈ىٸ‬‫ࣣͅڬ‬ঢ͉̽̀ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫̞̜͈̞̳̩̱͚ͥ́ͥ̀̽̈́ͣࣞͧͤ͜͢ܥܓ‬2. ؎ਗ߄ဏ‫߄͂ܥܓ‬ဏ‫͈۾ܥ‬ΟτΨτΛΐ
̯̟̭͈̀ͦͣমఠ͉ઁ̩̈́͂͜ 2 ͈̾মఠͬփྙ̱̞͈̀ͥ͂͜ࣉ̢̧̭̦̞ͥ͂́ͥ
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֦̳ܳͥͅ঩ॲգੀ̦ࡔ֦̜̭͉́ͥ͂ྶฒ̜̠̞́ͧ
̞̠͈̟͂͜؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͉̟‫͈ܥܓ‬૬࣫‫͈ܨࠊ͞ا‬৐௸ͬ෸ࠊͅະၻञࡀੜၑ๯ဥ͈ບ‫ث‬అ͈ࠗષͅ೏ͩͦ̀૧ܰ఩੄ͬဲଷ̳ͥཌྷ̟ͣະၻञࡀͬΨρϋΑΏȜΠ̧̥ͣ֨ၗ̳ຈါͅทͣͦ
̟ͥ̈́̓ުୡ՛‫͈ྩ़ͥ͢ͅا‬ςΑΠρͅท̷̹̥̜̞̺̫͉̞̞ͣͦͣ́ͥͦ́̈́؎ਗࠏ߆࣐
͉඾ༀ͈߆࣐ͅ๤͓̀঩߄಺ోͅ୸͛ͥঌાͅͼϋΗȜΨϋ·ঌા̟ञ࠴ঌા̤͍͢ MMF ̈́43

14ີȁআȁაȁ஽͈̓ౣ‫߄ܢ‬ဏঌા̥͈͆ͣ಺ో‫̦ࣣڬ‬෼߃̩̩̟̥ࣞ̈́́͜ఱܰ࿅߆࣐͈঩߄಺ో͈͕͖฼໦͉
ঌા̷̥͈ͣͦͅջం̱̞̞̹̟̀ͥ͘ECB ͈ Monthly Bulletin ͅࠇश̯̞ͦ̀ͥൡࠗ঩ၳ͢ͅ
̟ͦ͊؎ਗ͈߆࣐͈ဖ఩ၚͅ఩੄‫͛ڣ‬ဖ߄‫ ͅુ͉͆ڣ‬100಼̢ͮͬͥକ੔̜̭̥̟ͥ͂ͣͅ఩੄
͈֚໐͉ঌા̥͈ͣ঩߄಺ోͅఱ̧̩ջం̱̞̭͉̞̞̞̭̠̱̹۪̀ͥ͂݃̈́‫́ئޏ‬ঌા͈঩߄಺ో۪‫̦ޏ‬՛‫ߓ̟ا‬ఘഎ͉ͅΕήςϋ̡ςΑ·̦փে̯ͦ̀ಿ‫߄ܢ‬၌̦ષઌ̳̟ͦ͊঩߄಺ో
΋ΑΠ͈௩ఱ̥ͣ߆࣐఩੄͉ဲଷ̷̢̢̯̰̞̞̟ͦͥͬ̈́ͦ͠ঌા͈͒ջం̦̞ࣞ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐
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̩̥̠̥͉̓༆̧̱̟̭̭͙̹̠͂̀́̀͘͜͢ͅ؎ਗ‫؎̟͉࣐߆͈࣭ڎ‬ਗ֖ඤ͈૧‫ ̫࣭࢜ޟ‬10͂൳အ͈βȜΆ๱؎ਗ̫͈࢜చ‫ٸ‬఩੄ͬࡘઁ̵̷̯̹̞͉ͦԆ͙̹́ༀ̸࣭̫࢜ༀ࣭̫࢜ဓ
૞ॼ͉ࣞ૧‫̫࣭࢜ޟ‬ဓ૞ॼࣞͅ໼͐କ੔́͘ࡘઁ̸̱̹ဓ૞͈ࡘઁ̴̺̫̟֖͂̓ͣ͘ͅ‫ٸ‬૧‫̫࣭́࢜͜ޟ‬൳̲̜̹̞́̽

BIS ൡࠗͅConsolidated banking statistics̟͆ͦ͊͢ͅ૧‫࣭ͅޟ‬చ̳࣭ͥषဓ૞͈ 7 ‫؎ͬ৻ڬ‬ਗ͈߄ဏ‫࣭͈̭̟̤ͣͦͤ̀͛୸̦۾ܥ‬ș͈చ‫ٸ‬ဓ૞ͅ୸͛ͥξȜυ࠷߆࣐͈ంह͉ޭ͛̀ఱ̧
̞̞ಎ൐؎஠ఘ͙̟́ͥ͂చ‫ٸ‬਋૞͈ 9 ‫ڬ‬ոષ̦ξȜυ࠷߆࣐̥̜̟ͣ́ͤಎධༀ́͜ 5 ‫ڬ‬೾ഽ̟ͺΐͺ͉́ 2 ‫৻ڬ‬೾ഽͬξȜυ࠷߆࣐̦୸̷̞̞͈̹̟͛̀ͥ͛؎ਗ͈߄ဏ‫̦۾ܥ‬૧‫̫࣭࢜ޟ‬ൎဏ঩ͬ‫ͅ௸ݢ‬գੀ̳̟ͦ͊૧‫͉࣭̀̽͂ͅޟ‬ঘ‫ڰ‬࿚ఴ̭͉͂̈́ͥ͂ே௨ͅඳ̩̞̞̈́৘ष̟ξȜυ࠷߆࣐͈ಎ൐؎̫࢜ဓ૞͉ 2011 ා؇̥ͣ฼ා͈‫ ͅۼ‬2 ‫̟̱ઁࡘ̩߃ڬ‬ͺΐͺ̫࢜ဓ૞͜൳শ
‫ࠑͅܢ‬௽എ̈́ࡘઁܱͬ჏̱̹͈̜̞́ͥ
̹̺̱̟చ‫ٸ‬ဓ૞͈͒ջంഽ̦೩̫ͦ͊؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈঩ॲգੀ̦࣭ඤ૞ဥ‫ͅݯރ‬ဓ̢ͥ‫͉ޣג‬ࡠ೰എ̜́ͥ͂͜ࣉ̢̞࣭ͣͦͥඤ૞ဥॼࣞͅచ̳ͥ‫̟͙ࣣ͂ͥͬڬ‬ಎ൐؎͉́ 100ͮͬષٝͥ
କ੔̜̦̟́ͥͺΐͺ͉́Ώϋ΄εȜσ̡ࣝࢽ͈̈́̓΂έΏοͺঌાͬੰ̫͊ତͮ೾ഽ͂̓̽͘ͅ
̤̟̀ͤଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫؎̞̤̀ͅࢃܥܓ‬ༀ߆࣐͈చ‫ٸ‬ဓ૞͈գੀ̦ͺΐͺͅဓ̢̹‫͈̯̈́͜઀͉ޣג‬̜̹́̽ͅIMF͉2012a̢̞͉̞̟̭̠̱̹͊͆͂౷֖എ̈́‫ޣג‬ႁ͈ओ։̵̦̜̹̟̽͢ͅ؎ਗࠏ
߆࣐͈ဓ૞գੀ̦࣭षഎ̈́ܰ࿅́ജ‫̞̞͉̭̹̯̈́݃͂ͦٳ‬ম৘̜̥̟́ͥͣ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈ဓ૞
գੀฺ̠ͅΡσ਑ါ͈ઁ̯̥̟̈́ͣΡσ࠺̀ञࡀञྩ͈૝͍ේ͙̦୰ྶ̯̞̭̭͉ͦͥ́໲ল೒
̟ͤ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐̦࣭ष঩ུ৾֨ੀ઀͈৽࿨̜̹̞́̽

3. Ρσ঩߄͈‫ݯރ‬৪̱͂̀ༀࠏ߆࣐
̷̹̺ͦոષͅু࣭೒‫͈࠺ى‬చ‫ٸ‬ञࡀञྩ̦ࡘઁ̱̹ࠫ‫؎̟ض‬ਗࠏ߆࣐͈చ‫ٸ‬ञࡀञྩͅ୸͛
44߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜȁ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅͅ๑ോ̡ઐന͆

15ͥ‫̱̞̞̈́͊؍̦ࣣڬ͈֨৾ىٸ‬ષઌ̱̟‫ͅىٸ‬Ρσ͆ջం̦ࠑ௽̱̞̀ͥത͉̳́ͅ‫̹̱෇ږ‬೒̜̞̱̥̱ͤ́ͥདྷ͉̞͈͉̟̭͈̭̦ͦ̀̈́ͣ̈́͂͑Ρσջం͒ఘৗ̥ͣา̫੄̱̞̞̀̈́
̭͂ͬփྙ̷̱̞̹̱̟͉̀͂̀ͦ͜ࠨ̱̀Ρσ̦৾֨‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹ࠫ‫̭̞̜̭̞͉ͦͥ́͂̈́́ض‬̦଎ນ 8 ͈ঐ̱া̳లඵ͈ത̜̞́ͥ
ུ୯ 1 ́‫؎̟̠̹̱͢ͅ෇ږ‬ਗࠏ߆࣐ͥ͢ͅୟޭഎ࣭̈́षഎဓ૞‫ڰ‬൲̷͉̟ͦ͂൳শͅΡσ঩߄͈ୟޭ಺ో̷ฺ̤̟͈ͬ̽̀ͤࠫ‫؎̟ض‬ਗࠏ߆࣐͈Ρσ࠺̀ञࡀ̡ञྩ͉ၰ࿂́‫ݢ‬ཛྷಫ̱̹̞
؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈Ρσ঩߄಺ో͈σȜΠ͉ӱͼϋΗȜΨϋ·ঌા̥͈ͣৰව̟ Ӳ FX ΑχΛί̟ ӳ

MMF̟ӴΦϋΨϋ·ͅා߄̡༗ࡏͬ‫͆૽ࡢ͍̤͢ުܑ͚܄‬ৰව̟ӵಎ؇߆࣐ৰවͅఱ༆̯̦̟ͦͥ
̴̞̱ͦ̀͜ͅ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈‫ͬىٸ‬၌ဥ̱̹ୟޭഎ‫ڰ‬൲̷ฺ͉̟̠ͦͅΡσ঩߄͈‫̜̦̀̽ݯރ‬̷̭‫خ‬ෝ̺̹͈̜̟̽́ͤ࡞̷̠̩͈́̈́͘͜Ρσ঩߄ͬ‫͉͈̠̱ͥݯރ‬डਞഎ͉ͅༀ࣭̤̞ͬ
̷̷͕̥̞̞̱͈̀̈́̀ͅσȜΠ͉ༀ࣭͈ࠐુਓ঑୤ল̜̝́ͤༀ࣭߄ဏ‫ͥ͢ͅ۾ܥ‬చ‫ٸ‬ൎဏ঩̜̞̺̦̝́ͥু࣭͈೒‫ى‬Ρσͬచ‫ٸ‬঑໡̞ͅ၌ဥ̧̞̠́ͥ͂͑Ρσඅࡀ̦̜̤͒̽̀̈́͜ଲ
‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫̟ࢃܥܓ‬ༀ࣭͈ࠐુਓ঑୤ল̦̥͈̠̾̀̈́͢‫ڐݢ‬ఱ̧̦̩̤̟̳͙̹́̈́̈́̽̀ͤ́ͅ
̠͢ͅༀࠏ߆࣐͈࣭षഎ‫ڰ‬൲̷͈͈̦͜ੀ઀̱̞̞̀ͥ
̷̢̟̭̠̱̹ͦ͠‫؎̞̤̀ͅئ͈߸۾‬ਗࠏ߆࣐͈࣭ष‫ڰ‬൲̦ੀ઀̱̹̞̠̭͉̟͂͂ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫ࠠ́ئܥܓ‬എͅࡐह‫̹̱͑ا‬Ρσະ௷̞̠͒͂মఠͬಎ؇߆࣐‫͈ۼ‬ΑχΛί̽̀͢ͅვ̠̭͂
̷͈́ई၄ͬဲ̢̹ࢃ̜̤̟̽̀̈́͜ͅΡσ঩߄̷͈͈ͬ͜਀ͅව̧̭̦̩̹ͦͥ͂́̈́̈́̽͂
̞̠̭͈͂฽‫ુࠐ̟̞̜ͤ̾ͥ́͘͜ͅד‬ਓ঑͈࿚ఴͬ༆̳͂ͦ͊͆؎ਗࠏ߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲͈ੀ઀͉̟
Ρσ‫ݯރ‬৪̜́ͥༀࠏ߆࣐͈‫ڰ‬൲̦ੀ઀̱̞̭̀ͥ͂ͬஜ೹̱͂̀ૺ̞͈̜̞̻ͭ́ͥ́ͥͧ͜
̟ͭൎဏ঩ͬ೒̲̀Ρσ̦ଲ‫̯ͥͦݯރͅٮ‬σȜΠ͉߆࣐ဓ૞̺̫̫͉̩̟͂̓ͥͩ́̈́͘ͅ؎
ਗ͈͒डఱ͈Ρσ঩߄‫ݯރ‬σȜΠ̜̹́̽ MMF ͈ੀ઀ 11 ̈́̓߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͅࡠ೰ུ̱̹ࣂ͈໦ଢ଼
ํս಼̢ͬͥ࠿൦̦ຈါ̧̭͉̞̠̞̦̟̭̭͙̹̈́ͥ͂́̈́́̀͘͘͜ͅༀࠏ߆࣐͈࣭षဓ૞
‫ڰ‬൲ͬ૦ͤ༐̺̫̟ͥ́͜ༀࠏ߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲͈Ρσ‫ͅݯރ‬చ̳ͥકޭഎ࿨‫̞̠̜̥ͧ́ͣྶ͉ڬ‬ༀ࣭͈చ‫࣐߆ٸ‬঩ॲॼࣞͬঅ฼‫ܢ‬αȜΆ‫̟̳͂ͥ෇ږ‬άȜ·͂̈́ͥ 2008 ාల 1 অ฼‫ ܢ‬4 ಣ

3,246 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ̥ͣ 2012 ාల 4 অ฼‫ ́͘ͅܢ‬3 ಣ 8,982 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ͒͂ࡘઁ̱̟੗঩ॲॼ͉֚ࣞশഎ
͈̈́ͬ͜ੰ̫͊ 2008 ාոࣛచ‫ٸ‬ञࡀͤ͢͜చ‫ٸ‬ञྩ͈͕̠̦ષٝͥે‫̦ޙ‬௽̞̞̀ͥͅༀ࣭੸
ྩજൡ̞̭̠̱̹ࠗͥ͆͢ͅॼ͈ࣞࡘઁ͉؎ਗ͈͒ೄ୪͈঩߄‫̞̞͉̫̺̈́́ݯރ‬Ԇ͙̹̠̟́͢ͅ
΃ςή٬߄ဏΓϋΗȜͬࠐဇ̱̹؎ਗ͈͒঩߄‫̦ة̞̜͈̞̱ͥ́ͥ̀ઁࡘ͜ݯރ‬ༀࠏ߆̷࣐ͬ
̠࣐൲̵̯̞͈̥̀ͥ͂࿚̟̻ͩͦͦ͊ͧͭ͜؎ਗ‫͈ܥܓ‬อ୆̩̳͂͐ͤ௽̫ͥठී͈͒࠼ැͬ
‫࣭̟̦̞̥̞͉̫̞̬̈́ͩ̈́ͅݷ‬ष߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲೪త͈৽࿨̜́ͥ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈‫ڰ‬൲ͬ୰ྶ̱̠͂͢
ࣱ̳̟ͦ͊ঊ̱͈͂̀ࢩ̩ༀࠏ߄ဏ‫͈۾ܥ‬Ρσ‫ͬઁࡘ͈ݯރ‬ঐഊ̱̫̞͈̜̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́́ͥ
̷ͦ́͜ༀࠏ߆࣐͈ဓ૞‫̦ڣ‬ષܱ͈̠̈́͢ତল̹͈͉̟́͂̓̽͘଎ນ 7 ͙̹́͑๱؎ਗ΃๱45

16ີȁআȁაȁ஽؎ਗ͈࣭͒षဓ૞‫ڰ‬൲௩‫͈ح‬ಎ૤̱̟ͬ̈́చ؎ਗೄ୪ဓ૞̸ོ͈̠͉̞ࠪͬ͛ͥ͂̽̀͢͜ͅ
੗ॼ̷͈͈̦ࣞ͜ࡘઁ̱̞̭̥̀ͥ͂ͣྶོ̥̠ͣ̈́͛͢ͅ୨̸̞̫͉̞̦ͦ̀ͥͩ́̈́ͺΐͺ̫࢜చ‫ٸ‬ဓ૞ͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̵̯̞̥͕̥̞̀ͥͣ̈́ͣ̈́ͅ 12̞̱̥̱̭͉̟ͦ؎ਗ౷֖͈͒ೄ୪఩੄
ͅ‫΂̢̟̀ح‬έΏοͺঌાֶ̱̹ͬٝ؎ਗ౷֖͈͒‫ۼ‬୪എ఩੄̱͂̀؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈Ρσ঩߄಺ోͬ঑̢̞̹̠̀̈́͢ 2007 ා͈࣭́͘ष঩߄੏۪͈ࢹ଎͉͂։͈͈̜̞̈́ͥ̈́́ͥ͜

̢͚̳͍̥̀ͅ
ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫͈͑ࢃܥܓ‬ςΑ·΂έ͈͒͂́͜‫ڐ‬ఱ‫͂͒಺ܖ‬ഢ̲̹࣭ष঩ུ֊൲͈අಭ͉̟؎ਗ‫ܓ‬‫ͬܥ‬෸ࠊ̳͂ͥ؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈࣭षဓ૞‫ڰ‬൲͈ੀ઀̜̹̞̽ͅఉ̩͈ൡࠗ঩ၳ̦ঐ̱া̳̠̟͢ͅ
̷ུ̱̀ࣂ́͜੆̧͓̹̠̭͈̭̀͂͢ͅুఘ͉̞̞̞̱̥̱̟݃̈́ఉ̩͈ࡄ‫̟̠̠࣐̦͢ͅݪ‬̭͈̭͂ͬ؎ਗ‫؎͂ܥܓ‬ਗࠏ߄ဏ‫࣐͈۾ܥ‬൲ͅઙതͬ൚͈͙͉̟̀ͥ́႕̷̢̭ͅࡔ֦͈໦ଢ଼̦
̜̹̱̟̯̱̩̽͂̀͘͜‫੄࣭ͬڎ‬ව̳ͤͥ঩߄͈ఱ઀ͬ୰ྶ̨̱̞̳̩̱̠̞̀ͥ̈́̈́̽̀͘ͅ
߃ා͉́ΈυΑ͈঩ུ֊൲ͅ಍࿒̧̳͓̜͈݈́ͥ͂ა͜‫̯ͥͦ಺ޑ‬ાࣣ̦ఉ̷̞̦̟ͦ́͜࿚
ఴͬࡉͥণ‫ུ͈ڙ‬ৗ̦৐̞ͩͦ̀ͥത͉́་̞̞ͩͣ̈́2007 ා͈́͘؎ਗࠏ߆࣐͈࣐൲̥ͣ͜
ྶ̥̠̟࡛ͣ̈́͢ͅయ͈Ρσͬಎ૤̳࣭͂ͥष೒‫ى‬ఘଷ̷͈͉̟͈͂́͜Ρσͬ‫̠̱ͥݯރ‬ͺις΃ͬ੄อത̱̹͂঩߄֊൲ͬ࠿൦̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥ͂ࣉ̢͈̜̦̟ͣͦͥ́ͥॼැ̦̈́ͣષ੆͈
ࡄ‫̹̱̠̭͉ͅݪ‬ণ‫࠿͈̥ͣڙ‬൦̦ઁ̥̹̠̈́̽͢ͅএ̞ͩͦͥ
ུࣂ͉ષܱ͈തͅಕփ̱̦̟̈́ͣ߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͅઙതͬ൚̀̀ठ͍࣭ष঩ུ֊൲̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̷̱̞̀ͥ
͈ಎ૸͈֚౤ͬྶ̧̥̱̹̞̱̥̱͉̲ͣ̀͑͛͒́͜ͅͅ੆͓̹͈ͩͦͩͦࡄ‫هݪ‬ఴͅ߃̩̿
͉̟̞̩̥͈̾ͅඳതͬ༴̢̞̭̹̀ͥ͂͘͜ম৘̜̞́ͥ႕̢͊లུ̟֚ͅა͉߆࣐໐࿝ͬ೒
̲̹঩߄‫ࠐݯރ‬Ⴙͅઙതͬ൚̞̹̟̀̀ͥ͛ͅ‫ڼ‬৆̤͍͢২ञൎ঩͈࠿൦ུ͉̟͂ͤ͜͢໲ಎ́
͜૘̹̠ͦ͢ͅ߄ဏ‫͈͒۾ܥ‬ਹါ̈́঩߄σȜΠ̜́ͥ MMF ͬ೒̲̹঩߄‫࠿͈ݯރ‬൦̞̾̀ͅ
ၛ̻ව̧̭͉̥̹̞̹̟ͥ͂́̈́̽͘࢖എ໐࿝͈঩߄֊൲̞̾̀͜ͅ൳အ̜̞́ͥ
̹͘లඵ̟̭̠̱̹ͅζΥȜέυȜ͈་‫࣭ڎ͂ا‬৘ఘࠐफ̸̫͂ͤͩ୶ૺ‫އ̦࣭ڎ‬௔എͅૺ͛ͥၾഎ۱გଽॐ̷̸͈͈͂ͦ͂‫́͘ͅ߸۾‬൩͙ࣺ̺݈ͭაͬജ‫܄̧̭̞̹̥ͬͣͦ̽̈́́ٳ‬̹࣭͛ष঩߄‫ڰ‬൲͈࠿൦̞͉̾̀ͅ༆ࣂ࣐̞̹̞̞̀ͅ

Ⱥ४ࣉ໲ࡃȻ
๑ോۘ෗͉2013͊͑ΈυȜΨσ̈́঩߄੏۪͂Ρσఘଷ͈࣐༷͒ಎུࢅ̡‫ॄݠ‬ႛඵ͓࡛యͺις΃ࠐफ໦ଢ଼͔
඾ུບა২‫ུؖ‬Ꮬ࿟̡ဠখ঄Ⴟ༎͉2011̶͓͊̈́Ρσུպଷ͉ਞ̞͈̥͔ͩͣ̈́໲៍൴
‫ٵ‬೓߼ྶ़͗ྩજ़ྩ௙ࣣଽॐࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼༎͉2012͓࣭͊षഎζΥȜέυȜ͈ࡄ‫͔ݪ‬ಎ؇ࠐफ২

46߄ဏ‫࣭͈ࢃܥܓ‬षζΥȜέυȜȁ̸؎ༀ͈߆࣐‫ڰ‬൲ͬಎ૤̸ͅͅ๑ോ̡ઐന͆

17ाུోຳ͉2013͊͑ञྩ‫؎̜ͥͅئܥܓ‬ਗ߆࣐͈ဓ૞൲͓࢜͒JRI τΫνȜ͔Vol.2 No.3
೒੸ॲުજ͉2012͓͊೒੸ฒ੥ 2012͔ඤ‫ຸ͉ڝ‬2012͓͊ଲ‫ࠐٮ‬फ͈ಲၠͅ2012 ාԅ͔͆ઐന‫͉ڡ‬2009͊͑ༀ࣭͈߄ဏ঩ॲΨήσ࣭͂षζΥȜέυȜ͓͒Fuji Business Review͔ͅ൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫͆ڠ‬ల 1࣢५ུ‫ו‬হ͉2002͓࣭͊ष೒‫࣭͂ى‬ष঩߄੏۪͔඾ུࠐफບა২
Asian Development BankͅADB͉͆2013͊Asian Development Outlook 2013.
Bernanke, B.͉2005͊̓The Global Saving Glut and the U.S. Current Account Deficit,̈́Speech delivered for

the Sand ridge Lecture at the Virginia Association of Economists, Richmond, March 10.
Bank for International SettlementͅBIS͉͆2012͊82nd Annual Report.
Bertaut C.C. and L. Pounder͉2009͊̓The Financial Crisis and U.S. Cross-Border Financial Flows,̈́
Federal Reserve Bulletin,November.
Brunnermeier M., P.R. Lane and D.Rodrik et al.͉2012͊Banks and Cross-Border Capital Flows, September.
Caruana, J., A. Van Rixtel͉2013͊International financial markets and bank funding in the euro area, February.
Credit Suisse͉2012͊Research Institute, February.
Dooley, M., D. Folkerts-Landau and P. Garber͉2004͊̓The Revised Bretton Woods System,̈́International
Journal of Finance and Economics, 9ͅ4̠͆
European Banking AuthorityͅEBA͉͆2012͊The EBA ' s Board of Supervisors makes its first aggregate
assessment of banks' capital plans.
European Central BankͅECB͉͆2011͊Financial Stability Review, December.
̸̸͉2012͊Changes in Bank Financing Patterns, April.
͉2011͊Global Financial Stability Report, September.
International Monetary FundͅIMF̸̸͉͆2012a͊̓Asia and Pacific,̈́Regional Economic Outlook, April.
̸̸͉2012b͊Global Financial Stability Report, October.
McGuire, P. and G. von Peter͉2009͊̓The US dollar shortage in global banking,̈́BIS Quarterly Review,
March.
U.S. Department of Treasury͉2012͊Treasury Bulletin, March.

ͱུࣂ͉̟2012 ාഽ൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ވڠ‬൳ࡄ‫࣭͑ݪ‬ष঩߄੏۪͂ༀ࣭͈঩ॲͼϋέτͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬৘બഎࡄ‫ݪࡄ͈͒͒ݪ‬੩଼଼ͥ͢ͅ‫͈֚ض‬໐̜̞̭̭ܱ̱́ͥ̀ͅ৫փͬນ̱̹̞̞

ȺಕȻ
1
2

̷͈ఈ̟ల२͈ၑဇ̱͂̀ IMF ͉‫ىٸ͈࣭ڎ‬੔๵ͬୟޭഎͅ‫׋‬ဥ̳ͥΕήςϋ̡;ͿσΑ̡έ͹ϋ
ΡͅSWF͈͆࿨‫̠̞̬ͥ̀ݷ̭̹̦ͬ͂̽ࣞ͘ڬ‬‫࢖࣭ٸ‬എ໐࿝༗ခ͈΀ȜΐͿϋΏȜञ͜ଲ‫߄ٮ‬ဏ‫̴̟̞͉ͦͣ́߸۾ྫ͂ܥܓ‬చༀൎ঩͉ၠ੄ͅഢ̲
̹ͅLine14̷̠̺̦͉͆ͦ͑հ஠঩ॲ͈͒൪๰͒͜ༀ࣭ञ͈͒઺̢̞̠ͤ۟͂ࠁ́ૺ࣐̱ͅLine13̟͆ࠫ‫࢖̱̀͂ض‬എ໐࿝͈చༀൎ঩͉஠ఘ̱͂̀ఱ̧̈́་‫̠̞̞̱̹̈́̀ͣͬ͜ا‬3̭͈শ‫ͅܢ‬ൎ঩‫͈ز‬ςΑ·‫ݺ‬ယഽ̦ςȜζϋΏοΛ·ೄࢃ͜ͅ௩̱̀೩‫·̟͉̭̹̞̱͂̀ئ‬τΟͻ̡ΑͼΑ̦อນ̳࣭ͥषςΑ·ఠഽঐତͅGlobal Risk Appetite Index̥͆ͣ͜ণ‫ژ‬എͅࡉ̭̦̀৾ͥ͂
̧́ͥͅGRAI ̞͉̾̀ͅ Credit Suisse͉2012͊४ચ̠͆

4

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47

18

ີȁআȁაȁ஽

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48

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How a corporate reputation impacts on investment behavior: The case of B to B corporate advertising
Takahiro Enjoji & Morikazu Hirose
Keywords : Corporate reputation /Corporate Adver tising / Intangible Asset / Investors'
Behavior / B to B industries

Abstract
Researchers and managers have recognized corporate reputation as a critical asset for
managing global companies. Previous studies have revealed different outcomes and roles of acorporate reputation for Business to Consumer (B to C) companies from various perspectives,
but few studies have identified them for Business to Business (B to B) companies. In thisstudy, we have investigated the role of corporate reputation for B to B companies in corporate
advertising, focusing on its impact on investors' behavior within the conceptual frameworkprovided for the customer-based reputation model (CBR) and corporate advertising. The
results of this paper will provide some theoretical and practical implications for reputation
management and corporate advertising.

INTRODUCTION
The theoretical and practical perspectives of reputation management have attracted
significant attention because corporate reputation is recognized as an intangible valuableasset (Rindova, V. P., Williamson & Petkova, 2010) and a source of sustainable competitive
advantage (Barney, 1991). As a strong and favorable reputation provides a differentiation and acompetitive advantage (Fombrun & Van Riel, 2004), it is important to understand how it works
in reputation management.
Corporate advertising plays an important role in corporate communications for building
a company's reputation. It is used to trigger different responses from a variety of stakeholders,
including existing customers, the financial community, prospective customers, the generalpublic, shareholders, employees, government agencies, and trade associations (Patti &492ີȁআȁაȁ஽

McDonald, 1985). These stakeholders reflect the diverse nature of corporate advertising.
As most B to B advertisers do not have many chances to communicate with thesestakeholders through their products, corporate advertising is a useful tool for communicatingwith their potential stakeholders. Especially for global B to B companies, urgent objectives
are to gain important resources, including investment money from the market and potential
employees. In Japan, many advertisers develop corporate advertising campaigns as a part ofinvestor relations (IR). In fact, the divisions related to corporate communications, investor
relations and corporate social responsibility work together in Japan.
Despite the importance of corporate reputation and corporate advertising in corporate
communications, few corporate advertising studies focus on the role of corporate reputationor good will. According to Schumann, Hathcote, and West (1991), the most common
measurement themes have been corporate awareness and public attitude rather than corporate
reputation in this field. Conversely, in the corporate reputation research area, prior studies
have revealed the factors comprising corporate reputation and their differing effectiveness(e.g., Walsh & Beatty, 2007). For example, a corporate reputation could affect different types ofdecision making, including purchase, investment and commitment decisions to the company(Fombrun & Van Riel, 2004). The effectiveness of corporate reputation is equivalent to that ofcorporate advertising, yet only a few studies use corporate advertising as an information cue.
In spite of their huge commonality, the two research areas have developed independently,
which suggests there is reasonable justification to fill the research gap between corporate
reputation and corporate advertising studies. In this study, we focus on the impact of corporate
reputation on behavioral intention to invest in order to reveal the role of corporate reputation ina corporate advertising context.

Theoretical Background and Hypotheses
Corporate Reputation
Corporate reputation has been recognized as a valuable, intangible asset that provides
a firm with a competitive advantage (Rindova, Williamson, & Petkova, 2010; Barney, 1991).
Corporate reputation is defined as̓a stakeholder's overall evaluation of a company over timë́(Walsh & Wiedmann, 2004, p. 304). This definition suggests that corporate reputation is built
through multiple initiatives that influence corporate outcomes. In other words, corporate
50How a corporate reputation impacts on investment behaviorͅENJOJI, HIROSE͆

3

reputation could be formed through various processes by different stakeholders.
Previous research demonstrates that good reputation could produce a multitude
of positive effects for a company (Fombrun & Van Riel, 2004; Roberts & Dowling, 2002).
According to Fombr un and Van Riel (2004), for example, a good reputation leads tocompetitive advantages such as job attractiveness, repeat purchase, new investment, and soon. Furthermore, Roberts and Dowling (2002) suggested that a good reputation allows a firm
to achieve persistent profitability or sustained superior financial performance, and it provides
market-entr y barriers to competitors. To understand how a corporate reputation works,
communication officers need to know the perceptions that both different types of stakeholders
and their customers have of their company.
Several studies have developed structural models and measurement scales for the
corporate reputation (e.g., Schwaiger, 2004; Sarstedt, Wilczynski, & Melewar, 2012). For
example, Fombrun and Van Riel (2004) developed the Reputation Quotient (RQ) to measurecorporate reputation and identified several dimensions of corporate reputation: emotional
appeal, products and ser vices, vision and leadership, workplace environment, social
responsibility, and financial performance from the perspective of multiple stakeholders. Thismodel was developed with the research company, Harris Interactive, to measure corporate
reputations in the world. Fombrun, Gardberg and Sever (2000) defined corporate reputation asa̓collective assessment of a company's ability to provide valued outcomes to a representative
group of stakeholders (p. 243).̈́This RQ model has the characteristic of multi-dimensional
understanding as an overall phenomenon for corporate reputation (Walsh & Wiedmann, 2004;
Walsh & Beatty, 2007). In addition to explaining corporate reputation as mentioned before, thismodel could make it possible to measure corporate reputation in different companies locatedin different countries. However, this model is not perfect for measuring corporate reputation,
because that one country's cultural and reputation-related traits could affect the six dimensionsof RQ (Walsh & Wiedmann 2004). Walsh and Beauty (2007) focused on customers in service
companies. Based on previous concepts, including RQ and customer-based brand equity by
Keller (1993), they proposed a framework for customer-based reputation (CBR). They defined
CBR as̓the customer's overall evaluation of a firm based on his or her reactions to the firm's
goods, services, communication activities, interactions with the firm and/or its representatives
or constituencies (such as employees, management, or other customers), and/or known
corporate activities̈́(Walsh & Beatty, 2007, p. 129). They further developed a five dimensional51

4ີȁআȁაȁ஽scale focused on customer orientation, good employer, reliability and financial strength,
product and service quality, and social and environmental responsibility from the customers'
perspective. They examined the relationships between their scale and important customeroutcome variables̸namely, customer satisfaction, loyalty, trust, and word of mouth. The result
showed that a corporate reputation had positive impacts on these variables.
Several studies subsequently applied this concept. Walsh, Mitchell, Jackson andBeatty (2009) revealed the mediating effect of corporate reputation. In their study, customer
satisfaction and trust influenced corporate reputation, and corporate reputation influenced
customer loyalty and word of mouth. Meanwhile, Bartikowski, Walsh and Beatty (2011)
investigated the influence of CBR on loyalty and the moderating effect of culture and age in
an international survey; they identified positive relationship between those factors and themoderate effects of culture differences. Since the CBR model has been tested repeatedly in
different situations, we decided to apply this model to our study.
In spite of these outcomes, previous studies have several limitations. First, existingstudies have focused too much on B to C relations (Walsh and Beatty 2007). One series ofstudies did not even mention the applicability to the B to B context. Second, prior studies
have focused primarily on customer-based outcomes, including customer satisfaction, loyalty,
trust, and word of mouth. Few researchers have included other types of outcomes related toinvestments and human resources. Finally, only a few studies have tested the multi-dimensional
reputation model in an advertising context. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these issues
to reveal the role of corporate reputation.

Corporate Advertising and Corporate Reputation
Corporate advertising has been used to build a corporate reputation. Prior studies on
corporate advertising have proposed that attitude toward the advertising plays an importantrole in information processing. According to Goldsmith, Lafferty and Newell (2000), attitude
toward advertising directly influences purchase intention and plays a mediating role of attitude
toward the brand (e.g., Goldsmith et al., 2000). In addition, much of the literature on attitude
toward the advertising has suggested positive relationships between attitude toward theadvertising and attitude toward the brand (e.g., MacKenzie and Lutz, 1989). Although there arestill many debates on the differences between brand and reputation (Ettenson and Knowles,
2008), it is easily assumed that reputation can be replaced with brand at the conceptual level.
52

How a corporate reputation impacts on investment behaviorͅENJOJI, HIROSE͆5

In our research context, purchase intention was replaced with positive outcomes provided bycorporate reputation̸namely, intention to invest.
In terms of behavioral intention in investment, Pfarrer, Pollock and Rindova (2010)
revealed that corporate reputation has a positive impact on investor behavior. Also, Fombrun
et al. (2004) mentioned that corporate reputation affects investment decisions. Similar causal
relationships to previous hypothesis are assumed to be applicable to this context. Therefore,
we propose the following hypotheses. Figure 1 summarizes our conceptual model.

H1: Attitude toward the advertising has a positive influence on the corporate reputation
H2: Attitude toward the advertising has a positive influence on intention to invest.
H3: Corporate reputation has a positive influence on intention to invest.

Methodology and Results
To test our research hypotheses, online surveys were conducted by using a professional
research firm in Japan. We used an actual 60-second television commercial for a global B to
B manufacturing company. B to B advertisers had developed printed media advertising, suchas news papers, industrial papers, and magazines. However, some B to B advertisers tried todevelop their commercials via broadcast media, such as radio, television, and the Internet.
Therefore, we decided to use a television commercial in this study. It depicted farm lands
and water environments around the world, relating the products to them. It also implied theadvertiser contributed to the earth. Respondents were asked to answer the questionnaire(see Table 1) after watching the commercial. They could watch the commercial if they wanted
during the survey. The online panel produced a total of 1,200 responses (see Table 2).
All scales were adapted from prior research and measured using 7-point Likert scales
except for attitude toward the adver tising, which was taken from Balasubramanian andChakraborty (2000) using bipolar scales. Corporate reputation scales were adapted fromWalsh and Beatty (2007), and intention to invest in the company was from Singh, Putrevu andLord (1994). These scale items were translated into Japanese and back-translated to ensure
consistency and accuracy of meaning. A group of academics in advertising and marketingchecked the wording and made appropriate modifications (Craig & Douglas, 2005). Then, we
conducted a pretest using a student sample (n = 30). Following the results of exploratory factor
536ີȁআȁაȁ஽

analysis (EFA), we modified several items to make the final questionnaire.
To analyze our models, we used the 2-step approach presented by Anderson and Gerbing(1988). First, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which was composed of sevenlatent constructs and a total of 36 variables. The maximum likelihood method was used withAMOS 19.0 (Byrne, 2010). Following the recommendations of Bagozzi and Yi (1988), we used
multiple indexes to assess the fit of the proposed model. For the investment model, the CFA
produced the following results: 2674 = 5253.92, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.92, and RMSEA = 0.075.
Although the 2 value was significant, this statistic is too sensitive for the sample size. Thus,
we focused on the other indices, which were all within an acceptable range (Hair, Black, Babin
and Anderson, 2009), indicating the measurement models were statistically acceptable. Next,
Cronbach's alpha (), the composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE)were calculated to determine the level of internal consistency. All scores (see Table 3) highly
exceeded the recommended minimum level (Hair et al., 2009).
To test the hypothesized relationships, the structural paths between the proposedconstructs were examined using AMOS 19.0 and the maximum likelihood method. The fit
indexes of our model were again acceptable, except for the 2 statistic in the model (2693 =
5678.21, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.92, and RMSEA = 0.077). Table 3 shows the model estimation
results. All standardized path coefficients were statistically significant at a level of .01 (seeFigure 2).
First, the paths from attitude toward the advertising to corporate reputation were strongly
related. Therefore, H1 was supported. Second, the path from attitude toward the advertising tointention to invest was negatively related, although the relationship was quite weak. Therefore,
H2 was rejected in our data. Finally, paths from corporate reputation to intention to invest werestrongly positively related. Therefore, H3 was supported.

Conclusion and Discussion
This research investigates the role of corporate reputation in investment behavior
through the context of corporate advertising. The theoretical rationale was based upon theconceptual framework provided for the customer-based reputation model (CBR) (Walsh andBeatty, 2007) and corporate advertising (Goldsmith et al., 2000). The results of this study
provide some theoretical and practical implications.
54

How a corporate reputation impacts on investment behaviorͅENJOJI, HIROSE͆

7

Theoretically, this study applies CBR, developed in a service firm scenario, to the B to B
context. Our results demonstrate the applicability of CBR. In addition, our results reveal the
relationships from attitude toward the advertising to corporate reputation and from corporate
reputation to intention to invest. These results are consistent with prior research results.
However, attitude toward the advertising did not have positive relationships in the data,suggesting that corporate reputation serves as a mediator in our settings.
This study tested the role of corporate reputation in corporate advertising in a multiplestakeholder context. Furthermore, we examined the role of corporate reputation in investment
situations. This study's results demonstrated that corporate reputation gives a positive effecttoward the intention to invest. To enhance this behavior, advertisers should realize that
corporate reputation ser ves as a mediator in corporate advertising. Corporate advertisingdoes not directly explain stakeholders' behaviors in these situations. Therefore, it is useful tomeasure corporate reputation to understand the effectiveness in corporate advertising. It might
be useful for company officers to address their different initiatives, as well as the numbers
related to the company's performance, for investor relations (IR) purposes.
Despite these findings, there remains room for further study. This research model has
been tested within very limited situations. In addition, this study used a TV commercial as
the research stimulus. To generalize our results, the CBR model should be tested in moreand dif ferent situations. Dif ferent types of media and industries should be considered.
Furthermore, this study did not take personal traits into account. As personal traits or pastexperiences seem to be influential factors in these behaviors, it is necessary to investigate
stakeholder dif ferences. Finally, there are still discussions on measuring the corporate
reputation model (e.g. Schwaiger, 2004; Sarstedt et al., 2012). In this study, we used thereflective model, following Walsh and Beatty (2009). Some researchers have proposed thecorporate reputation model as a reflective measurement model (e.g., Helm, 2005). To better
understand the effectiveness and role of corporate reputation in B to B companies, further
research should be conducted to test this model in different ways.

55

8ີȁআȁაȁ஽

ACKNOLEDGEMENT
This study was partially supported by Tokyo Fuji University. The authors also thank thecompanies for supporting this study.

TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1: Question Items
Attitude toward the advertising

Good/Bad
Like/Dislike
Interesting/Uninteresting
Fair/Deceptive
Corporate reputation
Factor 1: Customer orientation

Has employees who are concerned about customer needs
Is concerned about its customers
Has employees who treat customers courteously
Takes customers rights seriously
Seems to care about all of its customers regardless of how much money they spend with them*
Factor 2: Good employer

Looks like a good company to work for*
Seems to treat its people wellHas management who seems to pay attention to the needs of its employees
Seems to have a good leadership
Seems to have good employees
Seems to maintain high standards in the way that it treats people
Seems to be well-managed
Factor 3: Reliable and financially strong company

Tends to outperform competitors*
Seems to recognize and take advantage of market opportunities*
Looks like it has strong prospects for future growth
Looks like it would be a good investment
Appears to make financially sound decisions
Has a strong record of profitability
Is doing well financially
Seems to have a clear vision of its future
Appears to be aware of its responsibility to society*
Factor 4: Product and service quality

Offers high quality products and services
Is a strong and reliable
Stands behind the services that it offers
Develops innovative products
Offers products that are a good value for the money

56

How a corporate reputation impacts on investment behaviorͅENJOJI, HIROSE͆

9

Factor 5: Social and environmental responsibility

Seems to make an effort to create new jobs*
Would reduce its profits to ensure a clean environment
Seems to be environmentally responsible
Appears to support good causes
Intention to invest

It is very likely that I will buy the company's stock
I will purchase the company's stock in the future
Suppose that a friend called you to get your advice in his/her search for a stock, I would recommend
him/her to buy this company's stock*items removed after first confirmatory analysis

Table 2: Distribution of Sample
ͮ

Male

ͮ

FemaleTotal

ͮExective / managerial

14

2.31

6

1.01

20

1.67

Administrative / clerical

338

55.68

156

26.31

494

41.17

Self-employed

54

8.90

16

2.70

70

5.83

Part-time workers

45

7.41

120

20.27

165

13.75

Public officers

30

4.94

10

1.69

40

3.33

Freelance

20

3.29

18

3.04

38

3.17

Homemakers

2

0.33

205

34.57

207

17.25

Students

35

5.77

12

2.02

47

3.92

Unemployed

61

10.05

46

7.76

107

8.92

Others

8

1.32

4

0.67

12

1.00

Total

607

100.00593

100.001200

100.00MaleͮFemale

ͮ

Total

ͮ

20s

128

21.09

124

20.91

249

20.75

30s

168

27.68

162

27.32

330

27.50

40s

163

26.85

159

26.81

322

26.83

50s

149

24.55

150

25.30

299

24.92

Total

607

100.00593

100.001200

100.00AVE

Table 3: Reliability and Validity
Scale Items

CR

Customer Orientation

4

0.96

0.87

0.87

Good Employer

7

0.97

0.83

0.81

Reliable and Financially Strong Company

6

0.96

0.93

0.81

Product and Service Quality

5

0.96

0.83

0.82

Social and Environmental Responsibility

3

0.95

0.87

0.86

Investment model Constructs

Attitude towerad the Advertising

4

0.91

0.78

0.75

Intention to Invest

4

0.95

0.83

0.82

2674 = 5253.92, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.92, and RMSEA = 0.075

57

10

ີȁআȁაȁ஽

Figure 1 : Proposed Model

Customer
Orientation

Good Employer

Reliable andFinancially Strong
Company

Product andService Quality

Social andEnvironmental
Responsibility

Product andService Quality

Social andEnvironmental
Responsibility

Corporate
Reputation

Aad

Behavioral
Intention

Figure 2 : Model Results

Customer
Orientation

Good Employer

0.92***

Reliableand FinanciallyStrength

0.88***

0.96***

H1
0.73***
Aad

H2

H3

-0.10***

0.73***

2693 = 5678.21, CFI = 0.92,
TLI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.077

58

Corporate
Reputation

Intention
to Invest

0.94***

0.95***

How a corporate reputation impacts on investment behaviorͅENJOJI, HIROSE͆

11

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60ಎ઀ܑު͈BOPΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ଼͈ࢗࡎ͉͂‫?̥ة‬ࣱനਜဎ΅ȜχȜΡ̢BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈ಲၠ̟JICA ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽ̟BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞါকུࡄ‫ݪ‬ა໲͉̟4 ාஜͅࡄ‫ݪ‬ΦȜΠ̱͂̀৏ຊ̱̹͑ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ͈͒อജ
ๅ̜̞́ͥ඾ܑུު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉̟JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̟̀঵௽‫خ‬ෝ̈́ BOP ΫΐΥΑ͜੄̧̞̞̀̀ͥ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬ঑‫ ̳ͥ׳‬JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̟ࣽࢃ͜঵
௽‫خ‬ෝ̈́ΫΐΥΑ͒ࠒܑ̦ͥުͬߓఘഎͅ໦ଢ̷଼̱̟͈‫ވ‬೒ࣜͬ஄଼̞̺̱͈ࢗࡎ̹̞ͬ͂͛͘
̭̭́࡞଼̠͉̟ࢗ͂ຊ৪͉ষ͈̠͢ͅࣉ̴̢̞̞͉̟̀ͥ͘඾ܑུު̦͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒́ૺ੄̱̹࣭̤̞̟̀ͅ঵௽‫خ‬ෝ̈́ΫΐΥΑͬࠑ௽̱̞̫̭̜̞̀ͥ͂́ͥষ̷̟͈࣭̤̞͉̟̀ͅͅ
̷͈͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ̦͒਱໦ͅ਋̫ව̷̟͈࣭͈ͦͣͦ̀͑BOP ௄͒͜ͅอജ̦ࡉ̭ͣͦͥ͂
͈ 2 തͬ঵଼̽̀ࢗ͂࡞̷̢͈̜̞͈ͥ́ͥࡎ͉͂‫࠿̥ͬة‬બ̱̹̞̯ͣͅ඾ུ̤̫ͥ͑ͅBOP
ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ಲၠ̞̾̀ͅ࡞‫̞̹̱ݞ‬ԅ ͉̲͛ͅ
জ̦͈ࣽٝఴྴ͂൳̲͑ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ͈͒ࡄ‫ݪ‬ΦȜΠͬ੥̞̹͈͉̟2009 ා͈༥̜̞ͦ́ͥ ̭͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬ΦȜΠ̦̟ ུ‫ີ͈ڠ‬আა஽ͅࠇश̯ͦ੄ๅ̯̹͈̦̟ͦ2010 ා 12 ࠮̜̞̭͈̦́ͥࣼ඾ུ̤̫ͥ͑ͅBOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ࡄ‫͈ݪ‬ḝྶ‫ ࢃ̷͈̞̹̜̽́ܢ‬4 ා‫אࠐ́ۼ‬‫ݪࡄ͈ڠ‬৪͈‫̟͉͑́ۼ‬BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒͒ࡄ‫̦ݪ‬အş଼̦̯̠̹̞̈́ͦͥ̽̀͢ͅͅ႕̢̟͊

2012 ා 12 ࠮ͅ‫ٳ‬ट̯̹ͦఉ࣭ୠܑު‫ڠ‬ٛ 40 ਔාܱැΏϋεΐ;θ͉̟́͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒͒ࡄ‫͈ݪ‬අਬ̦࣐̹̞ͩͦ ൳শ̟ͅBOP ΫΐΥᾼაതͬ൚̹̀͑ ఉ࣭ୠܑު͂૧‫࣭ޟ‬ঌા ̞̠͒͂ఴྴ͈ܱැ੄ๅ̯̹̞̹̟ͦ͘͜ζΑ΋η͈ତఉ̩๔ழ͈ಎ̟ͅ඾ܑུު͈͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ ͒ ͈͒৾ͤழ͙ͬ༭ൽ̳̠̹̞ͥ̈́̽͢ͅ ̷̱̟̀2013 ාͅවͤ඾ࠐ૧໳͈ల 1 ࿂͉̟ͅͺΐͺ̞͈ܱ̾̀ͅমྀ̦̟͕͖඾ࠇश̯̠ͦͥ̈́͢ેఠ̷̟͈͂̈́ͤಎ͈ܱম͉͑ͅBOP ΫΐΥΑ͒‫۾‬Ⴒ͈ܱম͜ఉ̩ࡉ̠̹̞ͣͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅ2013 ා 6 ࠮ͅ‫؍‬ຩ́‫ٳ‬ट̯̹ͦ͑ల 5 ٝͺ612ີȁআȁაȁ஽ές΃‫ٳ‬อ݈͈ٛ͒ಎ͈́ JICA ৽ट͈Γη΢Ȝ͉̟́ͺές΃̤̫ͥͅͅ඾ܑུު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ম႕อນ̦̜ͤٛા͉ఱେ‫́ڠུ̞̹̜̽́ޙ‬৘ঔ̱̹͑BOP ΫΐΥΑࡄ‫ݪ‬ٛ͒͜

3 ා‫ً̟̱ࣽࠐ̦ۼ‬ා́ 4 ා࿒ུ̢̥̭̞ͬ࢜ͥ͂̈́ͥͅࡄ‫̟͉̞̤̀ͅݪ‬4 ා‫ ͈ۼ‬BOP ΫΐΥΑࡄ‫ݪ‬͈ٛ‫ڰ‬൲ͬ൩̷଼̢̟͈͘‫̠̟̥֚ͣ͜ض‬ഽ͑ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ̸଼͈ࢗࡎ͒
ͬა̲ࣉख̷़̱̹̞̞̭͉̟́৽̱͂̀ո‫ ͈ئ‬2 ͈̾۷തͅၛ̽̀࠿൦̳̞ͥ
ͅ1͆඾ུ̤̫ͥ͑ͅBOP ΫΐΥΑࡄ‫͈ݪ‬ၠͦ͒͂඾ܑུު͈͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒৾ͤழ͙ે
‫ࣉ̞̀̾͒ͅޙ‬ख़̳̞ͥ
ͅ2͆JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥܑ̱̹ު͈ಎ̟́঵௽‫خ‬ෝܑ̈́ު̥ͣ‫̢̀ࡉ̥͈̺ͣͭ͜ڠ‬̧̹͑ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ͈ಎ଼͈͈́ࢗࡎ̞͒̾̀ͅࣉख़̳̞ͥԆ ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅȶ̭͈ͦ́͘ BOP ΫΐΥΑࡄ‫͈ݪ‬ജ‫ٳ‬ȷ͂඾ܑུު
͈ȶBOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒৾ͤழ͙ે‫ޙ‬ȷ
1. BOP ΫΐΥΑࡄ‫͈ݪ‬஠ఘഎ̈́ၠͦ
͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈ྶহఱ‫͈ڠ‬ఱ୞͉̟ა໲͈ಎ́ Prahalad ͞ Hart ͈ࣉ̢༷ͬࠑઇ̱̦̟̈́ͣ
අಭ̟͒ͬষ͈ 7 ̾ͅࣆࣺ͙̞̞ͤ͂͛̀ͥ͘ͅಕ 1͆ఉ࣭ୠ‫ڠ‬ٛধ 5 ࣢̟p.39 ̼ p.53 ̥ͣ֨ဥ̞
͏ఱ୞͈࡞̠̟BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈අಭ͐ͅ1͆BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉̟ΫΐΥΆ̜̞ͥ

ͅ2͆ΫΐΥΑͬ೒̱̀ຫ̷ࣾ͂ͦͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬੨࿚ఴٜͬࠨ̡۱გ̱̠̱̞̞͂̀ͥ͢
ͅ3͆ଛ࣐̳ͥ৽ఘ͉୶ૺ࣭͈ఉ࣭ୠܑު࡛́͜౷͈ಎ઀ܑު̥̞̞́ͩ̈́͘͜
ͅ4͆BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉ͼΦαȜΏοΰ̜̞ͥ
ͅ5͆BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉̟BOP ͈૽șͬౙ̈́ͥࡺ‫̢̞̞̈́௴͂ݖ‬ͅ6͆BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉঵௽‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬ঵̞̾
ͅ7͆BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉̟ఉအ̈́ΑΞͼ·γσΘȜͬ‫̧̦̭͚ࣺ͂ے‬ఉ̞̞̭͈༷͂͛͘ͅ։აͬ‫̞̞͉͈͚͂̈́͜ޖ‬এ̦̟ͩͦͥ ఱ୞͈࡞̠̟ͅ1͆BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉̟ΫΐΥΆ̜̞̭͈ͥതͅచ̱̟̀඾ུ͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪͉̟အș̈́ࡉٜͬ঵̞̞̽̀ͥ
ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪͈ၠ͉̟ͦ1ܑ͆ު͈ CSR ͈‫װ‬ಿ஌ષ̦͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ̜͈͒́ͥ͂ࣉ̢༷̟2͆͑BOP
ΫΐΥΑ͉͒ SBͅΕȜΏλσΫΐΥΑ͆͂௴̢ͥࣉ̢༷̟3͆1͆2̩͆́̈́͑͜BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉̜̩͒́͘ΫΐΥΑ̱͂̀௴̢̠̳͂ͥ͢ࣉ̢༷͈ 3 ̜̞̾́ͥ
ུა́੆͓ͥߓఘഎ̈́ম႕͉̟JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̟঵௽‫خ‬ෝܑ̈́ު͂̈́ͥ႕ͬ४
ͅಕ 2͆ࣉ̧̱࣐̹̞̞̀ͅ
62ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞȁ଼͈ࢗࡎ͉͂‫ࣱͅ? ̥ة‬ന͆

3

1ȫ ܑު͈ CSR ͈‫װ‬ಿ஌ષͅȶBOP ΫΐΥΑȷ̦̜̞̠ͥ͂ࣉ̢༷
̭͈ࣉ̢༷͉̟ષ౺ఱ‫͈ؖڠ‬ന̦̈́̓೹੹̱̞̞̀ͥ‫ؖ‬ന͉̟2012 ා͈ల 19 ࣭ٝषΫΐΥΑࡄ‫ڠݪ‬͈ٛ஠࣭ఱ͈࣒ٛ‫͑׵‬ଷഽ་‫͂ڟ‬ΫΐΥΑ͈έυϋΞͻͺ͈͒ಎ̟́඾ུ͈‫ٳ‬อ‫׳‬੩ܑ͂ު͈ CSR ͬςϋΉȜΐ̵ܑ̯̦̈́ͣު͈ CSR ͈‫װ‬ಿ஌ષ͑ͅBOP ΫΐΥΑ̦̜͒ͥ͂৽ಫ
̱̞̹̞̀඾ܑུު͉͂̽̀ͅ ISO26000 ̦ࠨ೰ࢃ̟CSR ͈͒৾ͤழ͙ͅచ̱̀໾ण̦̜̟ۜͤ
̷͈ಎܑ́ު͈ CSR ͈‫װ‬ಿ஌ષ͑ͅBOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒͒৾ͤழ͙̱͈͂̀ࣉ̢༷̦੄̩̭̀ͥ
͂ুఘ͉̟͚̱ͧఏ൚̜́ͥ͂এ̞ͩͦͥ

2ȫ BOP ΫΐΥΑȷ͉ SBȪΕȜΏλσΫΐΥΑȫ͂௴̢ͥࣉ̢༷
̭͈ࣉ̢༷͉̟߇ਗఱ‫ି͈ڠ‬࿤̦̟2012 ාల 19 ͈࣭ٝषΫΐΥΑࡄ‫ݪ‬ٛ́ஜࠇ͈‫ؖ‬ന͂൳̲̠͑͢ͅΫΐΥΑ̡NPO̡΋ηνΣΞͻȜ̟Γ·ΗȜ಼̢̹ͬ‫ފ‬൱ͥ͢ͅ‫ث‬౵஻௮̞̠͒͂ఴ
́อນ̱̹̞४ࣉ႕̱͉̟͂̀ΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͈́͑ୱ࣭̞̹̫͘২͈͒႕ͬ৾ͤષ̬̞̹̞̀
͑ୱ࣭̞̹̫͘২͉̟͒ΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͉̟́Έρηϋ߆࣐͈ΈρηϋΈσȜί͂೹ࠈ̱̤̟̀ͤ
ξΤΑঙ͈ࣉ̢༷ͬ൩ਥ̱̞̀ͥത͉̟̜́ͥփྙ͉́ SB ͂࡞̢̰̞̜̠̞̱̥ͩͥͬ̈́́ͧ
̱̦̈́ͣ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉͒ SB ͂ࣉ̢ͥ͂ΕȜΏλσΫΐΥᾼո‫ ئ‬SB ͂ၞ̳̱͈ͥ͆͂̀
͑BOPࣉ̢༷̦͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒͂ାࣣ଻̦̜̠̥͈৾ͦͥ́ͧ͂݃࿚̦ဃ̞̩̞̀ͥ‫̟̥ͅږ‬ΫΐΥΑ͉͒ාਓ̦ 3,000 Ρσո‫̻̹ͬ૽͈ئ‬చય̱̞̦̟͂̀ͥ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ࣉ̢༷͈
आೲ̷͉̟͈̠̈́͑͢ͅBOP ௄͒ͬঌા̧֨ͅષ̧̬࣐̟̀২ٛഎ̈́‫ه‬ఴٜࠨͅࠒ̬̞̩̹̀
͈͛ࡹဥ͈௯ૺ͈փྙࣣ̞̜̟̳͓̦ͤ̀͜ SB ͂࡞̞୨̞͈͉̞̺̠̥̞ͦ̈́́̈́ͧ

3ȫȶBOP ΫΐΥΑȷ͉̜̩́͘ΫΐΥΆ̜ͥȃ̭͈ࣉ̢༷͉̟ષܱ 1͆͑BOP ΫΐΥΑܑ͉͒ު͂̽̀ͅ CSR ͈‫װ‬ಿ஌ષ̜̞́ͥ2͆͑BOP
ΫΐΥΑ͉͒ SB ̜̟̞̠́ͥ͂ࣉ̢༷͉̞̞́̈́͑BOP ௄͉͒အș̈́ࣾඳͅೄ࿂̱̞̞̀ͥ႕
̢̟͊͑BOP ௄̱͉̟͒͂̀֩ၳକ͈࿚ఴ̟Πͼτͬ‫מ͚܄‬୆۪‫͈ޏ‬࿚ఴ̟ঊ̹̻͈̓͜‫ેူו‬ఠ͈࿚ఴ̷̜̦̟͈̠̈́̓́ͥ̈́͑͢BOP ௄̜̦͒́ͤ̈́ͣ͜ু໦͈ೄ࿂̳ͥ২ٛഎ‫ه‬ఴ͉ͅೄ୪࿨ၛ̹̞̈́ࠈఝഩდͬਫ਼ခ̱̤̀ͤͼϋΗȜΥΛΠ̈́̓͜‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̞࡛̀ͥે̜̞̭͈ͥ͢ͅ
͑BOP̠̈́২ٛഎ‫ه‬ఴͬఉ̩༴̢̹͑BOP ௄̟͒ͬౙ̈́ͥ‫ ͞ັܙ‬ODA ͈̠̈́͢‫׳‬੩̺̫̩̟́̈́
ΫΐΥΑ ͒ ͈ঌાͅ‫ࡹ ̧̟͙ࣺے‬ဥͬ‫ږ‬༗̳ͥ͂͂͜ͅ২ٛഎ̈́‫ه‬ఴٜͬࠨ̱̟͑BOP β΢σΞͻȜ͒ͬઁ̱ٜ́͜ࠨ̱̠̳͂ͥ͢ࣉ̢༷̜̞́ͥ

2. ඾ܑུު͈ȶBOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒৾ͤழ͙ે‫ޙ‬ȷ
ષܱ͈ 3 ͈̾ၠ࡛ͦ͂ે͈͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ ͒ ͅ൚͉͙࡛̀͛̀ͥ͂৘͈ે‫̦ޙ‬෤՜̧̞́ͥ
63

4ີȁআȁაȁ஽̭̭́৾ͤષ̬ͥ႕͉̟JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽ͈‫ڰ‬ဥম႕̳̞͂ͥ

Ȫ1ȫܑު͈ CSR ͈‫װ‬ಿ஌ષͅȶBOP ΫΐΥΑȷ̦̜̞̠ͥ͂ࣉ̢༷
࡛৘͈႕̱͉̟͂̀ྙ͈ள২͈႕ͬ४ࣉ̱̹̞̞͂ྙ͈ள২͉̟2009 ාͅ஻ၛ 100 ਔා̢̹̞ͬࠞ ൳২ 2009 ා͈ CSR τεȜΠ͈ಎ̟́ ྙ͈ள২͈͑ ૙͂࠲ࢫ͈ CSR Ϋΐοϋ ͒ ͈֚̾ͅͺηΦॸͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̹‫ٳ‬อഷષ࣭͈͒‫ူו‬٨஝‫ڰ‬൲ͬࠇ̬̞̞̀ͥଲ‫ူו́ٮ‬৐಺ͅߎ̱͚૽
͉ 10 ‫͈̭ ̟ͦͩ࡞̞͂ͥ૽ؙ‬ٜࠨ̦࣭Ⴒ͈ητΣͺθ‫ٳ‬อ࿒ດͅMDGS͆ ࣣͅ౿̳̭̥ͥ͂
̟ͣྙ͈ள̱͂̀͜ 100 ਔාমު͈֚۹̱͂̀ྙ͈ள͈͑মުͬ೒̲̹ CSṞ͒͂̀‫ူו‬٨஝‫ڰ‬൲̯ͣ৾ͤͅͅழ͙̭̹̞͂̈́̽ͅ ̷͈ඤယ̱͉̟͂̀4 ͈̾΋ϋΓίΠ̞̞̈́̽̀ͥͅ1࡛͆౷͈૽ș͈૙୆‫̞̭̜͈̞̱̞̤̠ࣣ͂ͥ́͜ͅڰ‬2̞͆ࣾ̽̀ͥ૽ş̦̻ͭ͂ͅඑ̩̭̞͂

3͆࠲ࢫ௩ૺͅ‫̢࡛̟̀ح‬౷͈૽ș̦ࠐफഎͅཅ̧̥̥̫̭̞̈́ͥ̽̈́ͥ͂ͅͅ4͆௽̫ͣͦͥ
͈̜̭̞́ͥ͂͜ ̷̱̀ 2007 ා̥ͣই̹͛ୌͺές΃͈΄Ȝ΢͈́‫ူו‬٨஝͈͒৾ͤழ͙ͬ‫͈ྙ ̟̱اޑ‬ள̟ ΄Ȝ΢ఱ‫ ̟ڠ‬ༀ࣭͈ NPO̡INFͅNevin Scrimshaw International Nutrition

Foundation͈͆ 3 ৪́΄Ȝ΢͈඿ဘ঱̹̻͈͒‫ူו‬٨஝‫׋‬൲ͬࠑ௽ଔૺ̱̹̞
̭͈ඤယ͈મळ͉̟2010 ා͈ྙ͈ள২͈ CSR τεȜΠͤ͢ͅમ̱̩ࠇश̯̹̞ͦ ΄Ȝ΢͉̟́ၗ඿‫͈ܢ‬ঊ‫͈̻̹ރ‬ഥൡഎ̈́૙মͅၗ඿૙̱͉͆͂̀อࣖ΋Ȝϋͬဥ̞̹̤‫࡛ͅۇ‬౷ྴઠ̡

KOKO̦͆ঀ̞̭͈ͩͦͥၗ඿૖̺̫͉̹̩́ͭ͋ৗ͞๷ၾ̈́‫ူו‬ள̦ະ௷̷̱̱̠̞̭̟̀́͘
ྙ͈ள̦‫ٳ‬อ̱̹‫ူו‬΍ίςιϋΠͬഞ‫ူו̟̭̳́͂ͥح‬٨஝ͬ଎̠̳ͧ͂ͥίυΐͿ·Π̷̜̞͈̹͉̟́ͥ͛ͅ୶͕͈̓ 4 ૄ࠯̯ͣͅͅষ͈ 3 ૄ࠯̦ঌા಺औ͈ࠫ‫̢ͥح̫ັض‬ຈါ̦̜ͥ͂฻ྶ̱̹̞5͆ຈါ̈́‫ူו‬ளͬਰ௷̳̞ͥ6࡛͆౷̲͚̤̞̱̯̞̈́ͅ7͆ຈါ̳͂ͥ૽ș͂̽̀ࣔͅව‫خ‬ෝ̈́‫̞̜ͥ́ڒث‬2010 ා̥͉̟ͣྙ͈ள২͈৾ͤழ͙͉̟JICA ͈͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽ͈ॽழ͙ͅ઺̟̯ͤͣͅଔૺ̯̹͈̜̞̯̭͈ͦ́ͥ͘ͅ႕͉̟ྙ͈ள২͈͑ম
ުͬ೒̲̹ CSR͈͒ၻ̧ম႕̜́ͥ͂࡞̢͈̜̞ͥ́ͥ

Ȫ2ȫȶBOP ΫΐΥΑȷ͉ SBȪΕȜΏλσΫΐΥΑȫ͂௴̢ͥࣉ̢༷
߇ਗఱ‫ି͈ڠ‬࿤͉̟͑ୱ࣭̞̹̫͘২͈͒႕̟ͬ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ಎ͉́ SB ̱͂̀อນ̱
̞̦̟̭͈̀ͥίυΐͿ·Π͈ಎ૤૽໤̜́ͥऎಅঙͅୱ࣭̞̹̫͈͘૧ܰমު໐ಿ͆ͥ͂͢ͅ
ି࿤͈ࣉ̢༷͉֑̞̟̭͈͂ίυΐͿ·Π͉ౙ̈́ͥΫΐΥΆ̜ͥ͂ྶ࡞ུ̱̞̞̀ͥြ̟̈́ͣ͊
̭͈͑ୱ࣭̞̹̫͘২͈͒ΨϋΈρΟΛΏν͈́৾ͤழ͙̭̭ͬ́႕া̱̹̞̦̟൚ম৪͈փࡉ
̦Ḻḿ̱̞͈̀ͥ́༆͈႕ͬ४ࣉ̳̞ͥͅ
൳̲ΨϋΈρΟΛΏν͈́মު͉̜̦̟́ͥഛକࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼͈֩ၳକΫΐΥΑͬ৾ͤષ̬̭ͥ͂ͅ
̳̞̭͈ͥίυΐͿ·Π͈ಎ૤૽໤͉̟ࡓߛനߊ͈૖֥̜́ͥఆଳঙ̜̞́ͥఆଳঙ͉̟ཧനߊ
64ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞȁ଼͈ࢗࡎ͉͂‫ࣱͅ? ̥ة‬ന͆

5૖֥ͬప૖ࢃ̟ոஜ̥ͣਫ਼‫̹̜͈̽׻‬ΨϋΈρΟΛΏν͈֩ၳକ͈٨஝̫̟࢜̀ͅJICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̦̈́ͣࣽ඾ͅঢ̞̞̭͈̽̀ͥίυΐͿ·Π͉̟࡛౷́ఱ̧̈́᝝ͬै̷̟͈ͤ
ಎַͅକͬಡ͛֩ၳକ̱͂̀‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̠̞̠͂͢ॽழً͙̜̞́ͥ‫̟͜ͅݲ‬NGO ̦൳̲দ͙̱ͬ
̴̹̦̟̠̩࣐̥͘ͅඞझ̱̞̞̀ͥ
ఆଳঙ͉̟࡛౷͈૽̦֩ၳକͅ‫۾‬Ⴒ̳ͥ๯ဥͅ႕̢̟͊ະഐ୨̈́֩ၳକ͙ͬ֩֓৪ͅ೒̹̽๯
ဥ֩͞ၳକͬ૽ͅှ̺̹̥̥̹ͭ͛̽ͅ๯ဥ࡛̈́̓͆ͬ౷́಺औ̱̟᝝͈‫ͥ͛ࠨͬڒث‬४ࣉ̱̹̞࡛ͅ౷͈᝝ͬࣔව̳ͥ૽ͅ΂Ȝ΢ȜΏΛίͬ঵̵̹̹ͥ͛ͅζͼ·υέ͹ͼ΢ϋΑ͂໦‫༷ڬ‬৆ͬࣉུ̢̹̞ίυΐͿ·Π͉̟́ᣄဒެ୬̦̜̹̦̽ΨϋΈρΟΛΏν͉́਋̫ව̟ͦͣͦ঵௽
‫خ‬ෝ̈́ΫΐΥᾼ̷̠̜̞̈́ͤ́ͥొ̱̟ࣽࢃ͈‫ه‬ఴ͉̟͈̠́̓͢ͅຽ‫ͬݞ‬ଔૺ̳̹͈ͥ͛୽
ၞ͈̫༷ͦͭͩͅ৆̦͆ခ࢘ͅ‫ܥ‬ෝ̳̥͈ͥୈᣰ̈́ζΥΐιϋΠ਀༹̦ຈါ̜̞́ͥ៱ளಎඉ͞
͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ಎ͉̟́ΕȜ‫ئ‬ၓછેͬྫ̩̳̹̟̭͈͛֩͜ͅၳକͅ‫ͥͩ۾‬ίυΐͿ·Π͉̟ΏλσΫΐΥΑ͜২ٛͬఱ̧̩་‫̢̞̜͈̞̞ͥ́ͥ͂߃̵͈̯ͥ͜ͅا‬ΕȜΏλσΫΐΥᾼSB͈͆͒ࣉ̢༷͉̟ࠐफજ͈ SB ͈೰͉݅ষ͈೒̜̞ͤ́ͥӱ২ٛ଻̡࡛ह‫̞ͥ̀ͦͣ͛ݥ‬২ٛഎ‫ه‬ఴ৾ͤͅழ͚̭͂ͬমު͈ηΛΏοϋ̳̞ͥͅӲমު଻̡ӱ͈ηΛΏοϋͬΫΐΥΑ͈ࠁͅນ̱̟ࠑ௽എͅমު‫ڰ‬൲ͬૺ̞̩̭̞͛̀͂ӳ‫ڟ‬૧଻̡૧̱̞২ٛഎ੸
຦̡΍ȜΫΑ̷̟ͦͬ͞೹‫ॽ͈̹̳͛ͥރ‬ழ͙ͬ‫ٳ‬อ̷̳̭̞͈ͥ͂‫ڰ‬൲̦২ٛͅࢩ̦̭ͥ͂ͬ
ͅಕ 3͆೒̱̟̀૧̱̞২ٛഎ‫ث‬౵ͬ஻੄̳̭̞ͥ͂

Ȫ3ȫȶBOP ΫΐΥΑȷ͉ΫΐΥΆ̜̞̠ͥ͂ࣉ̢༷
̭̭́৾ͤષ̬ͥߓఘ႕̱͉̟͂̀Ω΢ΕΣΛ·২͈ͺές΃̡ΉΣͺ͈́͑ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ͒ͬ৾ͤષ̬̞ͥ͑ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ͒ίυΐͿ·Π̡ζΥΐλȜ̜́ͥΩ΢ΕΣΛ·ཱ͈നঙ͉ࡊఇ̱̟̀ু໦͈ଔૺ̱̞̀ͥ͑ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ͉̟̺͒͘ SB ΫΐΥΑ͈ႀ֖೾ഽ͂࡞
‫̴̞̹̞̱̀͘ݞ‬ͺές΃͈ΉΣͺͬಎ૤̟ͅΩ΢ΕΣΛ·͈͑ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ͒ͬ BOP ௄ͅ์ค̱ήρϋΡႁ̷̟͈ͬࣞ͛ࢃͺές΃஠ാ͒ήρϋΡྴͬຽ‫੸࣐୶̵͈̹̯͛ͥݞ‬຦̱͂̀ൎ‫ྚ̴͉̞̳ͥ͘ئ‬౶͈ͺές΃ζȜΉΛΠ́͑ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ͒́ΣΛΙঌાͬ‫ږ‬༗̱̥̟̯̀ͣͣͅ຦ৗ́࿹̹ͦΩ΢ΕΣΛ·ୋ຦ͬ์ค̱̟BOP ௄͈ঌાͅࢩ̬̞̭̠̳̀͂ͥ୽ၞ̜̞̤̟́ͥ̈́ͺές΃͉̟ΈυȜΨσܑު͈Ω΢ΕΣΛ·̜́̽̀͜ౙඊ́ࢲࣺ͚̭͉͛͂ඳ̷̱̞̟̭́ͺές΃ͅમ̱̞ UNDP࣭ͅႲ‫ٳ‬อْࠗ͆͞ JICA ͈঑‫ͬ׳‬਋̫̭͈̀ίυΐͿ·Πͅབ̺̞ͭඅ̟ࣽٝͅ಺औ̱̹ͬΉΣͺ͉඾ુհ೰̱̹ഩ‫ͬݯރ͈ܥ‬਋̫̞̀ͥ૽ș̦‫ ̥ޱ‬16ͮ೾ഽ̞̞͂ͩͦ̀ͥͅଲ‫͈࣐߆ٮ‬อນ̞͆ζȜΉΛΠ̱͉͂̀͑ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ̧͈͒࢜ζȜΉΛΠ̜̞́ͥ2 ͈̾দै຦́৘ࡑ̱̟̯ͣͅୋ຦ͬհ̩̟ྶ̯̦ͥ 3 ౲‫ͅٴ‬୨ͤఢ̟̹ͩͤ͘ࠈఝ
65

6ີȁআȁაȁ஽ഩდ͈ਰഩ‫ܥ‬ෝ̧͈̾੸຦ͬ‫ٳ‬อ̱̹̞ୋ຦͉̟อคஜ͈̟̈́́ୃ‫̈́ږ‬౵౲͉ະྶ̜̦̟́ͥু
૞ͬ঵̽̀຦ৗ͈̞͢ୋ຦ཱ̜́ͥ͂നঙ͉დ̱̞̹̞̀ͺές΃͉̟2000 ාͅ 1,700 ྔర͈‫ح‬ව৪̜̹́̽ࠈఝഩდ̦̟2012 ා́ 7 ‫ؙ‬రͬඏ෫̱̹
̞̞̞͂ͩͦ̀ͥࠈఝഩდ͈ਰഩ‫̦ܕ‬ຈ਑຦̜̭͉́ͥ͂ၻ̩̥̞̻͙ͩͥ̈́ͅͺές΃́คͣͅಕ 4͆ͦͥࠈఝഩდ͈౵౲͉඾ུ‫ ́׫‬1,500 ‫ ̥ͣ׫‬3,000 ‫̞̜ͥ́׫‬Ω΢ΕΣΛ·ཱ̡നঙ͈࡞̠̠̟͢ͅड੝͉ͺές΃͈২ٛഎ‫ه‬ఴ̜́ͥ‫ز‬ೳ́࿡ͅચྶ̦̾
̧౬ᗧً̧̦̳̭̦̟͂́ঊ͈̓͜༓‫਀͈ޑ‬੩̫̠̳̞̈́ͥͥ̾ͤ͘͢ͅͅ SB ͅ߃̞ΫΐΥΑ̥ͣήρϋΡͬࢹಃ̱̟डਞഎ͉ͅ঵௽‫خ‬ෝ̈́ΫΐΥΑ͒ࠒ̬ͥ਀༹͉̟̯͘ͅΫΐΥΆ̷͈͈̜̞̭͈̠ͥ̈́͜͢փࡉͬ੥̩̟͂ͺϋΙ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒෩̥͉̟ͣࠫޫ͉ SB ̧̞͂ͦমͬ࡞̞̟̽̀̀͜डਞഎ͉ͅఉ࣭ୠ̡ΈυȜΨσܑު͈਀༹ͬ་̢̹ζȜΉΞͻϋΈ͈֚۹͉̞̥́̈́͂๧රͣͦͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻͉๛̞͈̜̞͛̈́́ͥఉ࣭ୠ̡ΈυȜΨσܑު͈̤̫ͥζȜΉΞͻϋΈ਀༹͈ 1 ̳̾͂ͥࡉ༷̥̳̟ͣͥ͂২ٛഎ‫ه‬ఴ͈ٜࠨ̞̭̦̈́̽̀ͥ͂ͅၑٜ̯̞͈ͦ̈́́
̜ͥത̟ॼැ̜̦̞́ͥ
̭͈̠̟͑͢ͅBOP ΫΐΥΑܑ͉̟͒ު̤̫ͥͅ CSR ͈‫װ‬ಿ஌ષ͈͈̟͜SBͅΕȜΏλσΫΐΥᾼ͆΂ȜΨȜρΛί̳ͥࣉ̢༷̟ΫΐΥΑ͂‫ͤڬ‬୨ͥࣉ̢༷̟͂3 ͈̾ࣉ̢༷ͅ໦̥ͦͥ
࡛ે͉̟͚ͬ͞ං̷̸̞̞͈̈́ͦͦၛા̥ͣอ࡞̱̟͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬ৘க̳ͥષ̷͈͈́͢
ً̠̈́೾͉๰̫̞͈̜̞ͣͦ̈́́ͥ

ԇ JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥܑ̱̹ު͈ಎ́ȄȶBOP ζȜΉΛΠȷͅ঵௽‫خ‬ෝܑ̈́ު̥ͣࡉ̢̧̹̀ȶಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ͈ಎ଼͈͈́ࢗࡎȷ̞̾̀ͅ
1. JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱࡛౷͈಺औ‫ڰ‬൲ͬਞၭࢃȄȶBOP ζȜΉΛΠȷͅచ̱঵௽‫خ‬ෝ͂এܑͩͦͥު͈අಭ
Ȫ1ȫܑު͈අಭ

JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̀੿ြ঵௽‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̜ͥ͂฻౯ܑ̯ͦͥު͈঩ၳͬࡉ̟ͥ͂ষ
͈̠̈́͢අಭ̦̜̞ͥ

66ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞȁ଼͈ࢗࡎ͉͂‫ࣱͅ? ̥ة‬ന͆

7

ນϨ̢BOP ΫΐΥΆ͈঵௽‫خ‬ෝܑ̈́ު̞̾̀ͅ
ಎ઀ܑު

13

ͥ͞‫ܨ‬ഽ

͸6૽

Ͷ4૽

ͽ3૽

ఱܑު

6

ͥ͞‫ܨ‬ഽ

͸1૽

Ͷ4૽

ͽ1૽

ಎ઀ܑު

କ3

૙̡‫ ו‬1ഩ‫ ܨ‬0‫מ‬୆ 1‫ ֗ޗ‬1ఱܑުକ0૙̡‫ ו‬2ഩ‫ ܨ‬2‫מ‬୆ 1‫ ֗ޗ‬0ܑުߊ໦ުਅಕ̢2013 ා 3 ࠮̟JICA ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈ໐঩ၳ̟ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̹঵௽‫خ‬ෝܑ̈́ު֚။ͤ͢ຊ
৪̦‫̹̱ࢥح‬঩ၳ̞̭͈ນ͉ JICA ͈঩ၳͬຊ৪̦̹͈̜̦̟͂͛́ͥ͘͜ ಎ઀ܑު͉ 13 ২̟ ఱܑު͉ 6 ২̟́ಎ઀ܑު͈༷̦͑BOP ΫΐΥᾼ͒‫̷͈̟̹̞̥̦̭̞ͥͩ͂͘ޑ‬ಎ̟́஻ު৪̦ͥ͞‫ܨ‬ഽͶոષ͈ಎ઀ܑު͉ 6 ২͗ 4 ২͈ࣣࠗ 10 ২̜̞́ͥͅಎ઀ܑު 13 ২ಎ͈ 77̞ͮ͂̈́ͥ͆ఱܑު͉

6 ২ಎ̟ͥ͞‫ܨ‬ഽͶոષ͉ 5 ২̟͂̈́ͤ஠ఘ͈ 83̜̟ͮ́ͤ΍ρςȜζΰ̜̽̀͜ঀྵۜͅ
ීܑ̢̹ު͈౜൚৪͉͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬ਱໦ͅଛ̧࣐̭̦́ͥ͂උ͙̞̹̟৾ͦͥ͘ުਅ͉ΨρΜ΅̜̦̟ͤু໦͈ංփ໦࿤̠̩ͬ͑͘BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ࠒ̬̞̀ͥ͂࡞̢̞ͥ
̾ͤ͘ষ͈̠ࠫ͢ͅაັ̧̫̭̦̞̺̠̥̞ͥ͂́̈́ͧ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉̟͒́ಎ઀ܑު͉̟
஻ު৪̷̦͈‫͊ͦ̈́ͅܨ‬٬‫͈͑́ٸ‬BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒͜਱໦ͅ৘࡛‫خ‬ෝ̜̞̹́ͥ͘ఱܑު͉̟́
ܑު͈ழ૕͈ಎ́͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ̦͒਱໦ͅၑ̴ٜ̯̟ͦ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒౜൚৪̦ߎ̱͚
߹̷̜̦̟͈࢜ͥͅ౜൚৪ষల̟́঵௽‫خ‬ෝ̈́͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ̦͒ࢹಃ̯̭̭ͦͥ͂̈́ͥ͂ͅ
̦‫خ‬ෝ̜̞́ͥ
ఱ୞̦̟2011 ා 7 ࠮ ̼ 8 ࠮ͅ൐બ֚໐ષાܑު͒͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ ͒ ͈ͺϋΉȜΠͬ৘ঔ̱͑๱ુͅ‫۾‬૤̦̜ͥ͒10.5ͮ͗͑͞͞‫۾‬૤̦̜ͥ͒
̹̞͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒͒‫۾‬૤ഽࣣ̞̱͉̟͂̀

20.9ࣣͮࠗ 31.4ͮ͂඾ܑུު͈‫۾‬૤ഽࣣ̞͈೩̯̦࿒ၛ̹̞̽͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒͒‫۾‬૤ഽࣣ̞̦೩ܑ̞ު͈ಎ̟́͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ίυΐͿ·Πͬၛ̻ષ̬̟঵௽̳̭͈ͥ͂ࣾඳ̯͉ຊ୳ͅಕ 5͆ͅఛ̢̥͇ͥે‫̦̭̠̜͂ͧ́ޙ‬এၾ̯͈̜̞ͦͥ́ͥ

Ȫ2ȫ঵௽‫خ‬ෝ଻ܑ͈̜ͥު͈ߓఘ႕
ఱܑު͈ম႕̢აത 1 ́ࠇश̱̹̟ྙ͈ள২͂Ω΢ΕΣΛ·২͈ 2 ႕ͬ૦ͤ༐̞ͥ

1͆ ྙ͈ள২̞̾̀ͅͅ100 ਔාུ͂ުͅ‫ ͥͩ۾‬CSR ͈৘க͆ྙ͈ள২͉̟100 ਔා̈́ͥͅஜ̥̟ͣ10 ා‫ͅۼ‬მ̟ͤΩ΅ΑΗϋ̟ಎ࣭̟Ώςͺ̈́̓́‫ٳ‬อഷષ̡࣭౷֖́ຈଌͺηΦॸ͑ςΐϋ͒ͬဥ̞̀‫ူו‬٨஝͈έͻȜσΡΑΗΟͻȜͬ৘க̧̱̹̀ࠐ֌̷̦̜̞͈ͥࠫ‫̥̈́ޱ̟͉̱̀͂ض‬ၾ͈ςΐϋͬ඾ુ૙͂͂͜ͅ୫̳̭৾ͥ
͂́‫ူו‬৐಺̦٨஝̯̭̦ͦͥ͂৘બ̯̹̞ͦ൳২̦ 100 ਔා̢̭ͬࠞͥ͂́͑৘ࡑ̥͒ͣ͑৘
67

8

ີȁআȁაȁ஽கུ̟͒͒͂͑ުͬ೒̲̹ CSR͈͒ଔૺ̳̭̹͈̜̞̭͈̠ͬͥ͂̈́̽́ͥ̈́͢ͅ෸ࠊ̦̜
̷̥̭̟ͥͣྙ͈ள২͈ίυΐͿ·Π̡ςȜΘȜ͈৾੄ঙ͜ႁ‫͈ྙ̟̩ޑ‬ள২̦ࣉ̢ͥ͑21ଲ‫૽͈ܮ‬႒২͈ٛ‫ه‬ఴ͈͒ 1 ̾࠲ࢫ̈́୆‫ڰ‬࿚ఴ͈ٜࠨ͒‫̩ͤ৾ޑ‬ழ̧͚̭̦̹͂́͂࡞̢
͈̜̞ͥ́ͥ
̭͂ͧ́ྙ͈ள২͈২໓͉̟ਲြ̥ͣ‫̦ުא‬ੳͥ২໓̜̞̭͈́ͥ‫ူו‬٨஝ίυΐͿ·Π͉̟100 ਔාমު͈֚۹͂ࡠ೰̯̟ͦJICA ̥͈ͣྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈͅచ̳ͥ঑‫̦׳‬ਞၭ̱̹ાࣣ̟ͅ
̷̭̭͈́মު͉ਞၭ̱̱̠̥̀͂͘এ̷̢̹̞̭̜̟ͩͦ́̀৾਀ঙͅৗ࿚̱̹̞͑‫ူו‬٨஝ίυΐͿ·Π͉̟ྙ͈ள͈ΈυȜΨσ୽ၞ͈պ౾̫̱͉̟͈̠͈̜̿͂̀̓̈́́͢͜
̠̥̞ͧ͒͂৾਀ঙ̥͈ͣٝ൞̱͉̟̭͈͂̀‫ူו‬٨஝ίυΐͿ·Π͉̟ྙ͈ள২͈ΈυȜΨσ୽ၞ͈ಎ́‫୽ུͥ̈́͂ܖ‬ၞ̜́ͥ͂ྶ‫ͅږ‬঵௽‫خ‬ෝ଻ͬাऐ̱̞̹̞̀

2͆ Ω΢ΕΣΛ·২ͅ ΍ϋπȜ২̥͈ͣࠑ௽মު ͆ ͈͑ ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ̡ ίυΐͿ·Π ̞͒̾̀ͅΩ΢ΕΣΛ·২͉ഩ‫͈ٮުܥ‬ಎ̟́͜ौා͈ఱ୤লͬ༴̢̀ޭ͛̀ࡕ̱̞ે‫̞̜ͥͅئޙ‬̷͈ಎ̜̽̀ͅͺές΃͈͑ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ̡ίυΐͿ·Π͈̠͒̈́͂̀͢͜௳͈ಿ̞ίυΐͿ·Π͉୨ͤ৤̀ͣͦͥমު͉̞͈̥̞̱́̈́̀͘၌‫ ̞̥̥̦̈́́̈́̈́ף‬SB ͈̠̈́͢ે‫੸͈ޙ‬຦ུ̜̞́ͥίυΐͿ·Π̡ςȜΘȜ͈౜൚৪ཱ̜́ͥനঙ͉̟ࡕ̱̞ે‫̜́ޙ‬̭ͥ͂ͬ਱໦ͅু‫̹̱ژ‬ષཱ̟́നঙ঵̻ஜ͈ૂ෎́২ඤͬ୰ං̱̟ͺές΃͈ 10 ‫૽ؙ‬ঌાͬ‫͈̹̳͛ͥఽٳ‬ΜȜσ̟̱̩͉͜ήρϋΡै͈ͤॽ‫৽͈̹͈̫͛ڥ‬ႁ੸຦̱̟̭͂̀
͈͑ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ̡ίυΐͿ·Π͒ͬଔૺ̳ͥ͂ྶ࡞̱̞̹̞̀੸຦‫̳ͥا‬૧੸຦͉̟ͅͺές΃͈ࠈఝഩდ͈ຽ‫ݞ‬ၚ͜‫ې‬մ̱̟̰̰ͩͩࠈఝਰഩ‫ܥ͈ܕ‬ෝ̞̞̾̀ͥ͜੸຦ͬࣉ
̢̹̭̦͂ͧளୀ̱̞̞ͣͺές΃̟́ࠈఝഩდ͈ΧͼΏͿͺ঵̾Φ΅ͺ২͉̟ఊုഩ౻
৆͈ࠈఝဥਰഩ‫์ͬܕ‬ค̱̞̭͉̀ͥ͂ခྴ̜̞́ͥͺές΃͈ࠈఝഩდ͈ຽ‫ݞ‬ၚ͉̟70 ͮ ಼̢̞ͬ̀ͥ͂࡞̞̞ͩͦ̀ͥ ౙ੗ͅࣉ̢̟ͥ͂
ͅಕ 6͆

10 ‫ ؙ͚‬70ͮ͜ 7 ‫ؙ‬ర̞̠̭͈̺̦̞͂͂̈́ͥͅ

̭͈ 2 ͈̾ম႕ͬࡉ̀͜ၑ̧ٜ̭̜̦̟́ͥ͂́ͥఱܑު̦͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬ৘ঔ̳ͥশ͉̟
ఱ݅ྴ໦͈‫̦ܠ‬ၛ̾শ̦ΙλϋΆ̜̞̱ͥ͜‫̞ྫ̦ܠ‬ાࣣ̟́͜ζȜΉΛΠ΍ͼΒͬࣉ̢̟̀

JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈ͈ଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̦࡛̈́ͣ౷಺औ̱ͬ̀੸຦‫̢̟̓̈́ͥࣉͬا‬ίυΐͿ·Πͅࠈͩͥ౜൚৪͈ૂ෎ܑ̦̜ͥު̟̈́ͣ͊͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒͒ಯ୽̧̳͓̜̞ͬ́ͥ

ষͅಎ઀ܑު͈ম႕̢΀Τ̡;ͿȜή২
68ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞȁ଼͈ࢗࡎ͉͂‫ࣱͅ? ̥ة‬ന͆

9

3͆ ஜࠇ͈ഛକࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼֑̠͂ΉȜΑ̱͉̟͂̀΀Τ̡;ͿȜή২͈ΉȜΑͬ࠿બ̱͙̠̞̀͢൳২̟͜JICA ͈঑‫ͬ׳‬਋̫̟̀ΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͈࣭‫א‬ΨΑٛ২͈ࠐ‫א‬٨஝͂࢐೒ਸ਼త
۱გͅచ̱̀ఱ̧̩࣓ࡃܑ̱̹ު̜̞࣭́ͥͅ‫א‬ΨΑٛ২͈ࠐ‫א‬٨஝ે‫̟͉ޙ‬൚੝ΨΑ͈రତ͉ 38 ర΃ࠐ‫א‬٨஝̱̹ࠫ‫ض‬ΨΑ͈రତ͉ 738 ర̟̯͂̈́ͤͣͅ൚੝ 1 Ⴙ஌̜̹́̽ΨΑ
Ⴙ஌͜ 8 Ⴙ஌͒‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹̞͆΀Τ̡;ͿȜή২͉̟඾ུ́ IT ܑު̱͂̀အș̈́ΕέΠ;΀ͺ‫ٳ‬อܑ̱̞ͬ̀ͥު̜̟́ͤਲު֥ତ 10 ૽̟คષࣞ 1 ‫͈׫ؙ‬ಎ઀ܑު̜̞́ͥΨϋΈρΟͻ
Ών͈࡛౷༹૽͉ 200 ૽͈ਲު֥ͬ༴̢̞̞̀ͥ΀Τ̡;ͿȜή২͈࿦ซ২ಿ̦࣐̹̽ΫΐΥΑκΟσ͉̟ΕΣȜ২͈έͻς΃΃ȜΡͅ඾ུ͉̟́Αͼ΃̡ΩΑκ͈ྴઠ࣭͆ͬ‫א‬ΨΑٛ২͒೹մ̱̟࡛̀ଽࡀ͈ IT ΨϋΈρ͈෨ͅ઺̟ͤέͻς΃΃ȜΡ͈ॽழ͙ͬΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͈࣭‫א‬Ψᾼ൵ව̵̷̷̯̱͈̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̵̯̹̭̜̞ͬࣞ͛͂́ͥ࿦ซ২ಿ͈ଶ
̞̭͉̟͂ͧΕΣȜ২͂΋Υ·Ώοϋ̞͈̈́͜ͅೄ౴฻̱ΕΣȜ২ͅέͿς΃΃ȜΡͬ঑‫̵̹̯׳‬ത̟͂ΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͈࣭‫א‬ΨᾼέͿς΃΃ȜΡͬ൵ව̵̯̟ࠐ‫א‬٨஝ͬ৘̵࣐̯̹ 2 ത̜̞́ͥૂ෎͂୲̢‫̞̈́ۼ‬഼ႁ̦̫̈́ͦ͊൚ட̧̞́̈́ίυΐͿ·Π̜̞̭́ͥͭ̈́ͅଶ̞඾ུ૽̦̺̞̹͈̥͂͘এ̠͂൮̦‫̦ͥئ‬এ̞̜̞́ͥ

2. ಎ઀ܑު͈ȶBOP ΫΐΥΑȷ଼͈͈́ࢗࡎ͉͂
Ȫ1ȫಎ઀ܑު̦༴̢ͥ٬‫͈͒੄ૺٸ‬ະհऺၳܑު̦٬‫̢̹ࣉͬ੄ૺٸ‬ાࣣ̟ষ͈̠̈́͢࿚ఴ೹̦̯̞ܳ̈́ͦͥߓఘഎͅႥ‫̳͂ͥݷ‬ষ͈೒ͤͅಕ 7͈̠͆̈́͢ඤယ̞͂̈́ͥ
૰ජ୼ࡇ͈಺औ

1͆ ༹ܰଷ༹͞ଷഽ͈಺औ͈঑‫΃׳‬ଽࡀ̦་༹ͩͥ͂ଷഽ̦་‫̞̳̱͞ا‬2͆ ૂ༭ਓਬ͞௖౴͈঑‫̠͈̈́̓͢΃׳‬ୋ຦̦ค͈̥͈ͦͥ͂ະհ
3͆ ঩߄಺ో͈঑‫΃׳‬ঌા಺औ͈঩߄͜ຈါ
4͆ ૽ऺ଼֗ͅ঑‫̞̞̦̈́ऺ૽̧̦ͥ́ڠࢊ΃׳‬
5͆ ࡛౷‫ه‬ఴٜࠨ͈̹͛ͅ঑‫࡛΃׳‬౷́௖౴̧́ͥ NGO ͞ NPO ̦̞̈́
6͆ ୽ၞၛմ͈঑‫΃׳‬২‫ͅٸ‬௖౴̳ͥ௖਀̦̞̞̈́
7͆ ςΑ·ζΥΐιϋΠ΃͈̠̓̈́͢ςΑ·̦̜͈̥ͥະྶ
8͆ ঌા൲࢜಺औ͈঑‫΃׳‬΋ϋ΍σΗϋΠٛ২͈͂ࠒ̦̦ͤྫ̞
̭͈ඤယͬࡉ̟ͥ͂ಎ઀ܑު͉٬‫࡛̦̞̱̥̩̹̞̈́ͦͥ̈́͜࡞̞̯̤͂̈́͛ͬ͞੄ૺٸ‬৘̜̞̱̥̱̦́ͥ̈́ͣఉ̩͈ಎ઀ܑު͉̟
̭͈ະհऺၳͬ઺ͤ‫̢̀ק‬٬‫̷̟̭̞̞̱́ͥ̀੄ૺ͒ٸ‬ಎ઀ܑު̭͈͂̽̀ͦͣͅະհऺၳͬ࣪໚̳ͥॽழ͙̱͉̟࡛͂̀ह͉ JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽ̦
ၻ̞̞̭͈ଷഽ͉̟5,000 ྔ‫ ׫‬3 ා‫͈ۼ‬঑‫׳‬ॐ͂ 2,000 ྔ‫ ׫‬3 ා‫͈ۼ‬ၰ༷͈঑‫̟̜̦ͤ׳‬ಎ઀ܑ69

10ີȁআȁაȁ஽ު͉̟͂̽̀ͅ2,000 ྔ‫ ׫‬3 ා‫̞̞̳̞͞ঀ̦༷͈ۼ‬ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈ‫̡ࢹܥ‬JICA ͉̟ଲ‫ٮ‬ಎͅ 91 ͈মྩਫ਼ͬ঵ܑ̻̟ު̦ૺ੄̳ͥஜ̟͜ૺ੄̱̹ࢃ̟͜
ͅಕ 8͆඾ུ࡛́͜౷́͜အș̈́࿚ఴٜࠨ͈͒௖౴ͅ઺̷̱ͤ̀঑‫̞̞̱ͥ̀׳‬Ȫ2ȫBOP ΫΐΥΆ଼̳ࢗͥಎ઀ܑު͈‫ވ‬೒ത଼̳ࢗͥࡎ̞͉̟࡛̾̀ͅ౷͈́ঔॐ̦ఉུ̞̦̟ြུ͉২͈̜ͥ඾ུ́ষ͈࿚ఴതͬ·ςͺȜ̧́ͥಎ઀ܑު̦̟͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ଼்͈͈͒́ࢗ͒ൽ̞͂̈́ͥ

1͆ ඾ུ͈ࠐ‫ܖא‬๕̦‫̞̭͂̈́ࡥޑ‬ಎ઀ܑު͈΂Ȝ΢Ȝ̦٬‫ͅ੄ૺٸ‬࿒̦̩̟̠̱࣭࢜͂̓̀͜ඤ͈༦ఘͅచ̱̀ࠐ‫਀͈א‬̦۱̩̞̈́ͥ͑BOP ௄͈͒͒କΫΐΥΆခྴ̈́඾ུεςΈσ২͈઀ന২ಿً͜‫͈ݲ‬൳২͈Ⴄঃ͈ಎ̟̤́‫ز‬௧൲̦̜̹̽͂ྶ࡞̯̞̞̟ͦ̀ͥ̾ͤ͘΂Ȝ΢Ȝ͂ॼ̯ͦͥ඾ུ͈ॼ
ၣ໐బ͈͂‫́ۼ‬਱໦̈́చდ̦̯̟̈́ͦ໐‫΂̦ئ‬Ȝ΢Ȝ͈٬‫ͬ੄ૺٸ‬ၑٜ̱঑‫̳ͥ׳‬ఘଷ̦੄ြષܑ̦̞̽̀ͥު̞̱̞͉࣭̀ඤఘଷ̦๖୞̜̭̦́ͥ͂ΑΗȜΠ͈εͼϋΠ̜̞́ͥ؈အ̦ࠐၑͬ՜̞̠̽̀ͥ̈́͢ఘଷ́͜ၻ̞͂࡞̢͈̜̞ͥ́ͥ

2͆ ΫΐΥΑκΟσ͈ಎ̟ͅITC ܿ੅ͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̧̭̞́ͥ͂
͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉͒͑BOP ௄͒ͬঌા̳̹̟͂ͥ͛͑ͅBOP ௄̦͒ࣔව̧́ͥ߄‫̾͘ڣ‬̟ͤհ̩̟ઁၾౙպ́͂ࣉ̢ͣͦͥΉȜΑ̦ఱ฼̜̞́ͥ໤ͬ์ค̳ͥΫΐΥΆ͉̟̯͘
̷͈ͅ೒̜̞̭ͤ́ͥ͂ͧ́͑BOP ௄͈͒͒ࠈఝഩდ͈̞ࣞຽ‫͈͕̓୶̟͉ݞ‬ͺές΃ͅ႕ͬࡉ̀͜ၻ̩ၑ̧ٜ̞́ͥ‫מ‬୆୭๵͞ͼϋέρା๵̦ະ਱໦̜́̽̀͜ࠈఝͬࣔව̱̟̀
ૂ༭࢐۟͞௣߄࣐̞͈̦࡛ͬ̽̀ͥ৘̜̞ͥ̾ͤ͑͘BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ಎ̟ͅIT ܿ੅ͬ൵ව̱̯ͣͅ‫ڰ‬ဥͅ‫̟̦͑ުܑ̞ͥ̀ͦ۝‬BOP ௄͒ͬΗȜΊΛΠ̱̹͂ΫΐΥΑκΟσͬࢹಃ̳̭̦ͥ͂བ̱̞̞͘
႕̢̟͊͑ ୱ࣭̞̹̫͘ ͒ ২͈႕ͬࡉ͙̟̀ͥ͂ ΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͈෠ఆ౷֖̟́7,000૽͈෠ྦྷͅ౳ঊ͆͂ 1,000 ૽෠ྦྷ͈तͅ੫ঊࣣ͆ࠗ 8,000 ૽ͬࡹဥ̱̟̱͈͜͞ਅ͂̈́ͥႂ
൨ͬऩ෽̱̞̞̀ͥႂ൨ͬऩ෽̳ͥ෠ྦྷͬ 70 ૽̥ͣ 100 ૽ౙպ̟́͂͛ܿ͘੅ঐ൵̳ͥΑȜΩȜΨͼΎȜͅSV̦͆ࡹ̞̞ͩͦ̀ͥSV ུ͂໐͈Ⴒ၁͉ࠈఝഩდ͞ΑζȜΠέ΁ΰ̜̞ͥ͑ୱ࣭̞̹̫͒͘২͉̟ඊু͈ SNS ͬࢹಃ̱̤̟̀ͤSV ̥ͣ௣̧̹ͣͦ̀ૂ༭͉̟̭͈ίυΐͿ·Πͅ‫̳ͥ߸۾‬ιϋΨȜ͉౗́͜ͺ·ΓΆ̧̦̞͈ͥ͑̓ศ͈ႂ൨୆֗ે‫͈͉̓ޙ‬̠̈́͢ે‫͈̥̓͑͒ޙ‬ศ͉́๬ၳ͈ͬ̓೾ഽ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̞̥̟̀ͥ͒̈́̓7,000 ૽͈෠ྦྷͬ ITC
ܿ੅́ζΥΐιϋΠ̷ུ̱̞͈̜̞̱̀ͥ́ͥ̀২࡛͂౷ΨϋΈρΟΛΏν͈͉̟ͤ৾ͤ͞
70

ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞȁ଼͈ࢗࡎ͉͂‫ࣱͅ? ̥ة‬ന͆

11

PC ͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̹Α΃ͼί̜̞́ͥಎ઀ܑު̜̭͈̠́̽̀̈́͜͢ ITC ܿ੅ͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̧́ͥٛ২̦̟ͤ͢ૺ੄̱̳̞͂͞ࣉ̢
̞ͣͦͥ

3͆͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬ৾ͤழ͚ςȜΘȜ̞̾̀ͅςȜΘȜ̱͉̟͂̀ಎ઀ܑު̜́ͦ͊২ಿ̟ఱܑު̜́ͦ͊ίυΐͿ·Π̡ςȜΘȜ̷̦͈ၛાͅၛ̾͂এ̞ͩͦͥၛા͈֑̞͉̜̦̟ͥষ͈̠̈́͢‫ͬٽܨ‬঵̾૽໤̦͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ̵଼̯͒ͬࢗͥΗͼί͈૽໤௨̜̞́ͥ
ӱ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ̧͈̜̩͒͒̈́ૂ෎ͬ঵̻̟̥͈̈́ͤ࿚ఴ̦อ୆̱̀͜ૂ෎͉ဝ̦ͥ̈́
̞̭̞͂ͅ۰ౙ̭̹̞͒ͦ̈́ͅ૽̞͆
႕̢̟͊ఱܑު̜̹́̽ાࣣ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬਓ‫ͥ੄͈ף‬ΫΐΥΑ͈̜̾ͤ́̽͜
̹̭̟͂ͧΑΗȜΠ൚২͉̟SB ̱̠͂̈́̽̀͘‫خ‬ෝ଻̷̜̞̟ͥͦ́͜͜੿ြ଻ͬࡉନ
ུ̢̟̀২ͬ਱໦ͅ୰ං̧̠́ͥ̈́͢ႁͬ঵̾౜൚৪̜̭̦́ͥ͂۴ါ̞̾ͤ͘ૺ੄̳
ܑͥު̱̟͂̀͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ࠐ‫୽א‬ၞષ͈պ౾̷ܑ̫̦̟͈̿ު͈ಎ́ྶ‫̜ͥ́ږ‬̭̞̭̦͂̈́̽̀ͥ͂ͅਹါ̜̞́ͥ
Ӳఈ৪͈փࡉͬ߹ಶ̱̟਴඲଻ͬ঵̹̽଻‫ڠ̞̭̜͂ͥ́ͅڒ‬ਠ‫ܥ‬ෝͅ࿹̹ͦ૽̞͆
႕̢̟͊඾ུ͉́ࣉ̢̞̠̟ͣͦ̈́̈́͢‫ث‬౵۷̡໓ാ̡ਕ‫ޗ‬എۜ‫͈ژ‬ಎ̟́ΫΐΥΑͬജ‫ڠ̟̹̭̩̞̱͛ͥ̈́͂̀ͅٳ‬ਠෝႁͅ࿹̹ͦ૽໤̦བ̱̞̞͘
ӳఈ৪ͬ‫̧͈̹͚ࣺ͛ے‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋႁͬ঵̭̞̾͂ͅࢊ‫̧͉̦ͦ́ڠ‬ၻ̞̦ࢊ‫̦ڠ‬̷̧̩̟͈́̈́̀͜૽͈ྛႁ́ΫΐΥΑ̵଼̯̞༷ͬࢗ̀ͥ͜ఉ̞̞͆
႕̢̟͊ષܱӲ͂൳̲̠̟͢ͅ։໲‫͈ا‬ಎ͈́΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋͬ͂ͥຈါ̦̜̞ͥ
࡛౷࿒஌̟́ນૂཅ̥́δΟͻρϋΊȜΐ̦ංփ̜̤̯́ͥ͂̈́ͣၻ̞̞ςȜΘȜ̷͈
͈̦̟͜BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈২ٛഎփ̦݅਱໦ͅၑٜ̯̞̟ͦ̀ͦ͊ఈ৪ͬ‫̧͉̭͚ࣺ͂ے‬ယօ̜̞́ͥ

Ȫ3ȫ࡛౷͈́చ؊εͼϋΠ1͆ ̤ཧັ̧ͬ঵̞̭̞̽̀ͥ͂႕̢̟͊JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̟࡛̀౷ͅ಺औ࣐̫̟࡛͊ͅ౷ଽຸ࣐ͅଽ͆͂დ
̳ͬͥાࣣ̟࡛́͜౷ଽຸ̱͉̟͂̀඾ུଽຸͅ෇ܑ̹͛ͣͦު̱͈͂̀చ؊̞̹̟ͬ͂ͥ͘
ࡢ૽എ̜̟́̽̀͜ଲ‫́ٮ‬೒ဥ̳ͥ঩‫ͬڒ‬঵̞̭̞̽̀ͥ͂႕̢̟͊ഛକࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼͈ఆଳঙ
͉࿪स঍̷̜̟͈́ͤ঩‫̟͉ڒ‬ພ֭֓͞঍͂დͬ১‫̧̟͂ͥ͛ͅݑ‬๱ુͅ࿨ͅၛ̷̹̠̽
̜̞́ͥ
71

12

ີȁআȁაȁ஽2͆ ࡛౷͈ΩȜΠ΢Ȝ͂೹ࠈ̳̞ͥ
႕̢̟͊඾ུ֑̞̟͂ૺ੄̱̹࡛౷͈ࠐफ۪‫͞ޏ‬২ٛ໓ാ̷͉̥̞̞̭̟࡛ͩͣ̈́́౷
͞ଲ‫ڰ́ٮ‬࿬̱̞̀ͥ NGO ͞ NPO ͂Ⴒࠈ̳̭̦ͥ͂۴ါ̜̞́ͥ΋Υ̦̜̞̜ͦ͊́͢
̠̦̟ͧྫ̩̀͜࢖༡̳̭̤ͥ͂ͬஒ̳̞͛ͥ΋Υͅှ̨̳̟ͤͥ͂౯̩̩̞ͩͤ̈́ͥͅ

3͆ ΋ϋΕȜΏͺθͬழ͚̞ুஜ৽̟݅́‫ة‬মٜ͜ࠨ̧͉́ͥ͂ࡠ̞̞ͣ̈́඾ུ̥ͣૺ੄̳ͥાࣣ̜̟̹́̽̀͘͜
ౙඊ́ૺ੄̱̹ાࣣ̜̟́̽̀͜΋ϋΕȜΏ;θͬழ͚̭͉͂ਹါ̜̞́ͥၠ೒࿌̦‫ږ‬༗̱̞̿ͣાࣣ͉̟࿚‫ؚ͞‬యၑഝͬ࢖༡̱̟࡛̀౷͈́ၠ೒࿌ͬࢹಃ̳̭̦ͥ͂۴ါ̜̞́ͥ
̞̥̞͢ͅୋ຦̜̟́̽̀͜ഝ൮ͅ໼͍͑BOP ௄͈͒࿒ͅ૘̫ͦ̈́ͦ͊͑BOP ௄͒ͬ‫ఽٳ‬̧̳̭͉̞̥̺̞ͥ͂́̈́ͣ

4͆ ু໦͈ঌાͬ঵̞̾
ρϋΙͿΑΗȜ༹͈௱ͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̳̭̜̞̟ͥ͂́ͥ̾ͤ͘ু২͉૧४৪̟́‫ͅ௸ݢ‬ఈ৪ͅ೏̞̩̭͉̾͂ࣾඳ̜̞̭͉́ͥͦ౗́͜ၑ̷̧ٜ̞̭̟́ͥ́઀̯̩̀͜ၻ̞̥ͣඅ೰
͈ঌાͬࢹಃ̳̭̜̞ͥ͂́ͥঌાͬ঵̟̀͊ୋ຦͈ບ‫̞ݟ͜ث‬ષ̧̬̭̦̟ͥ͂́٨஝
ͅࠒ̦͈̜̞ͥ́ͥ႕̢̟͊୶͕͈̓Ω΢ΕΣΛ·͈ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ͜ΉΣͺ͈ঌા̟́

2 ͈̾দै຦̦͈̠̓͢ͅບ‫͈̥̯ͥͦث‬৘ࡑͬ 2 ͈̾ఆ́৘ঔ̷̱̞̞͈̀ͥࠫ‫̱̀͂ض‬͈૧̱̞੸຦̦ࠈఝഩდ͈ਰഩ‫੸ັܕ‬຦̱̟͂̀૧̹ͅ์ค̯̭ͦͥ͂ͅࠒ̦̞̹̽̀̽
̴͈̜̞͉̟́ͥ͘ু໦͂̽̀ͅസࣣ͈ၻ̞ΣΛΪ́ঌાै̥ͤͣই̧͓̜̞͛ͥ́ͥ

5͆ ܿ੅‫ڟ‬૧ͬట̞̞ͣ̈́
BOP ঌા͉̟؎ༀ̡ಎ̡࣭‫̞̱ͥ̀੄ૺͅܡ̦ުܑ࣭܀‬ঌા̜̞́ͥ႕̢̟͊ͺές΃͈ρϋΗϋঌા͉̟౵౲͈հ̞ୋ຦͉‫̟̦̜ͥͅܡ‬Ω΢ΕΣΛ·̦‫ٳ‬อ̱̹̠̈́ࣞ͢଻ෝ̈́
੸຦͉̺̞̞̈́͘Ω΢ΕΣΛ·͈੸຦̦อค̯̟ͦͦ͊ఈ২̷͉ͦͬࡄ‫̯̟̱ͣͅݪ‬հ‫ث‬̈́੸຦ͬอค̳̥̱̞̞ͥͦ̈́ܿ͜੅‫އ‬௔̦ັ̧̠̦̟͂ܿ͘੅‫ڟ‬૧ͬట̫̟ͣ̈́ͦ͊Ω΢ΕΣΛ·͈ಇഩܿ੅͉ఈ২͈೏ਲͬဝ̦̯̞࡛ͥ̈́ે̜̞ͥͅ
̭̟̭͈͂ͧ́ΕȜρȜρϋΗϋ͉̟൐඾ུఱૼबೄࢃ̟ഩ‫̦ܨ‬໘‫̞̱̈́ݰ‬౷֖̟́‫ڰ‬ဥ̯̹̭͉ܱͦ͂‫ͅ؛‬૧̱̞̞͑BOP ௄͒ͅ์ค̯ͦͥୋ຦̦̟඾ུ́͜޽‫ݢ‬শ͉̟ͅ‫ڰ‬ဥ̧̭́ͥ͂ͬબྶ̱̹ၻ̧႕̜̞́ͥ

6͆ ςΑ·ζΥΐιϋΠͬ୶࣐̱̦̟̈́ͣകప̳ͥ࿺‫ͬܨ‬঵̞̾඾ܑུު͉̟ςΑ·ζΥΐιϋΠ͈փে̦ཋ̷̧̱̞̞͈͢႕͉̟Ηͼ͈ࢻକ͈႕̜̞́ͥ
඾ܑུު͉̟Ηͼଽຸ̦ઉ౿̳ͥࢥު౬౷ͅૺ੄̱̀ࢥાͬ࠺̷̹̞͈̀ࢥު౬౷͉̟୼͈
̷͊́೩৔౷̷̜̹̞͈̠́̽̈́͢౷ၑഎ̈́ૄ࠯͉̳̪࡛ͅ౷࣐̫͊ͅ฻ྶ̷̳̞ͥͦͅ
͜‫ࢥ̴̟ͣͩ۾‬ા͈઄̥̯ͬષ̵̴̬ͅ೩౷ͅࢥાͬ࠺୭̱̹̞ςΑ·ζΥΐιϋΠ͈‫ܖ‬72ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞȁ଼͈ࢗࡎ͉͂‫ࣱͅ? ̥ة‬ന͆

13ུ̧̦̞̟́̀ͦ͊඾ུ͈́ࢥા͈࠺୭শͅಕփ̧̳͓ম໻͂Ηͼ͈́ࢥા࠺୭͉ςϋΉȜΐ̳̜̠̞ͥ́ͧॼැ̷̷̧̦̟̦̞̥̹͈̜̞͈̹̈́ͣͦ́̀̈́̽́ͥ͛ͅΗͼ͈ࢻକ́๭‫ͬٺ‬਋̫̹ٛ২͉̟༗ࡏٛ২̥ͣ༗ࡏ߄ͬ 1 ͉ٝ঑໡̢̟̽̀ͣ̀͜͜ষ͉ٝ‫߄̫ڥ‬̧̦̩̥̟ࣞ̈́ͥ֨਋̫ͬ‫̞̞̱̥̯̈́ͦͥͦ͜୲ݵ‬Ηͼ͈ΫΐΥᾼ͉̟ೄ୪ࠒ̦̭ͥ
͉̞̦̟͂́̈́͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͉̟͒́ಎಿ‫ܢ‬എ̈́ࠐ‫୽א‬ၞ̦ါ‫̯ͥͦݥ‬ΉȜΑ̦ఉ̷̞̞
͈শ̟ͅകప̳ͥ࿺‫ͬܨ‬঵̭̾͂͜ਹါ̜̞́ͥ

Ԉ ࠫა
̴͘ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ͈ࣉख़͈̹͈͛‫ܖ‬ய̱̟࡛͂̀ह඾ུ̤̫ͥ͑ͅBOP ΫΐΥᾼ͒చ̳ͥ 3 ͈̾ಲၠ̞̟̾̀ͅ࠿൦̱̹̞CSR ͈‫װ‬ಿ஌͂ࣉ̢ͥၠ̟ͦSB ΫΐΥΑ̱͂̀ࣉ̢ͥ
ၠ̟ͦΫΐΥΑ̱͂̀৾ͤழ͚ၠ͈ͦ 3 ̜̞̾́ͥࠫა̱͉̟͂̀ૺ੄ܑ̳ͥު͈ࠐ‫א‬฻౯́ু২ܑ͈ު୽ၞ̱͉͈͂̀̓ൽͬૺ͚͈̥͉ࠨ೰̧̳͓࿚ఴ̜̞́ͥ̾ͤ͘ཌྷ̥͙ͣ̀ቤͬ‫̭͚ޖ‬͉͂๰̧̫͓ͥ࿚ఴ͂ࣉ̢̞ͥ
ষ͑ͅBOP ΫΐΥΑ଼͈͒́ࢗါ֦ͬାၑ଼̱̹̞ࢗါ֦͉̟࡛౷ͅ࿒̦̫̭̦࢜ͣͦͥ͂
ఉ̩̟ඤယഎ̷͈̭̦͂͜ͅಎ૤̭̦͂̈́ͥ͂ఉ̞̞ୃ̷̢͈̤̜̦̟̜͂ͤ́ͥ̀ͅຊ৪͉̟
඾ܑུ͈ު̦٬‫̳ͥ੄ૺ͒ٸ‬ոષܑ̟ު͈඾ུ͈́ࠐ‫א‬༦ఘ͜ͅ಍࿒̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥ͂ࣉ̢̞̞̀ͥITC ܿ੅̦ૺ༜̱̟̀٬‫͈͂ٸ‬Ⴒ၁͉̳̩̹̞̱̥̱̦̟ͤ৾ͤ̈́̽̈́ͣ͢͞ಎ઀ܑު͉́
ಎ૤૽໤ͅ২ಿ̦͆٬‫ॽ̧࢜੄ͅٸ‬ম̳̞ͬͥ඾ུ͈༦ఘ̢̥̫̦͈̞́̈́͜૽̷̜̞̭̟́ͥ́
ষ͈̠͢ͅାၑ̱̹̞ͬ

1.

༦ఘܑު͈඾ུ͈́εͼϋΠ

ͅ1͆ ඾ུ͈ࠐ‫ܖא‬๕̦‫̭͂̈́ࡥޑ‬ͅ2͆ ΫΐΥΑκΟσ͈ಎͅ ITC ܿ੅ͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̧̭́ͥ͂
ͅ3͆͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬ৾ͤழ͚ςȜΘȜ͈঩ৗ

1͆͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ̧͈̜̩͒͒̈́ૂ෎ͬ঵̻̟̥͈̈́ͤ࿚ఴ̦อ୆̱̀͜ૂ෎̦ဝ̦ͥ
̞̭̞̈́͂

2͆ఈ৪͈փࡉͬ߹ಶ̱̟਴඲଻ͬ঵̹̽଻‫̞̭̜͂ͥ́ڒ‬3͆ఈ৪ͬ‫̧͈̹͚ࣺ͛ے‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋႁͬ঵̭̞̾͂

2.

࡛౷͈́చ؊εͼϋΠ

ͅ1͆ ̤ཧັ̧ͬ঵̞̭̞̽̀ͥ͂
7314ີȁআȁაȁ஽ͅ2͆ ࡛౷͈ΩȜΠ΢Ȝ͂೹ࠈ̳̭̞ͥ͂
ͅ3͆ ΋ϋΕȜΏ;θͬழ̭̞͛ͥ͂
ͅ4͆ ু໦͈ঌાͬ঵̭̞̀ͥ͂
ͅ5͆ ુܿͅ੅‫ڟ‬૧ͬట̞̭̞ͣ̈́͂
ͅ6͆ ςΑ·ζΥΐιϋΠͬ୶̵࣐̯̦̟̈́ͣകప̳ͥ࿺‫ͬܨ‬঵̞̭̞̽̀ͥ͂ոષ̦̟JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̀͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬদ̷࣐̱̟͈ࠫ‫̱̀͂ض‬঵௽‫خ‬ෝܑ̈́ުͬ಺औ̱̹ࠫ‫͈ࠫض‬ა̜̞́ͥొ̱̟͈ࣽٝ႕া̱̹ٛ২͈ତ̦ 5 ২͂ઁ̩̟̯̈́ͣͅ
੿ြͅმ̽̀ତఉ̩಺औ̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥത͉ু‫̧̤̱֨ͤ̀ژ‬௽̧಺औͬࠑ௽̱̹̞͂ࣉ̢̞̀
ͅಕ 9͆

̞ͥ

̹͘ఴྴ̱͉͂̀ಎ઀ܑު͉͂੥̞̹̦̟ఱܑު͜ίυΐͿ·Π̱͂̀͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬ‫ٳ‬ই̳ͥાࣣ͉̟ಎ઀ܑު͂൳τασ͈ജ‫̦ٳ‬ழ૕͈ಎ̟́ထேུ̯͈̟ͦͥ́ა͉४ࣉ͂̈́ͥ
͂এ̞̟̭̭ܱͩͦͥ̾ͤ͘ͅश̱̹ຈါૄ࠯̱͈͂̀အș̈́ࡎͬ஠̀঵̞̹̱̽̀͂̀͑͜ੳ
၌͈༷೾৆̴͉͂̈́ͣ͒ΫΐΥΑ଼͉̳͉ࢗͥ͂ຈ̴̱͜ࡠ̞ͣ̈́ത̦͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ̜̟͒́̽̀͜೒ુ͈ΫΐΥΑ͂ओ̦̞̈́ࠫ‫̢̞̠̺ͧͥ࡞̜͂ͥ́ض‬ΈυȜΨσܑު̟́͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒́͜ခྴ̈́έρϋΑ̡ΘΦϋ২͈ CEO έρϋ·̡ςήȜঙ͈࡞ဩͬ֨ဥ̱̟̭͈̀ა໲ͬ೿̩̩̭̳̞͛ͥ͂ͥͅ
έρϋ·̡ςήȜঙᔡ̩͑ਲြ͈৲ഽ̦೒ဥ̱̩̹̈́̈́̽ଲ‫ͬٮ‬ΈυȜΨσ͂ࡤ͈̺̞͐ΈυȜΨσ‫଼̟͉͈ࢗͅا‬௖਀̡࣭౷֖͈ඊু଻ͬఄਹ̟ၑٜ̱̀ΫΐΥΑ͈ॽழ͙ͬࢹಃ̳ͥຈါ̦
̜̞̭͉ͥͦழ૕ैͤ͜ͅ೒̲̞ͥέρϋΑུ২̠̩̞̞̭̦́̽̀ͥ͂͘ଲ‫ڎٮ‬౷̠̩࣐́͘
̩༗બ͉̞̞̈́ழ૕͉̞̞͈ͧͧ̈́ͬ͜ई̶ͥႳ߄੅̷͈̠͈̟̭̥̈́́ͣ͢͜২͈ٛ͒་‫ͅا‬੊শͅ฽؊̳ͥႁ̦୆ܑ̞ͦͥ͘ު͉ુͅু໦ͬ࿚̞ೄ̱̞̩̀൲໤ْ̧̜͓̟֚́ͥ́എ̈́‫ܖ‬੔́ழ૕଼͉ಿܑ̱̞̞̈́ު̦ం௽̱̞̩͉̀ͅުୡ࢜ષ̟૽ऺ̷଼͈̟̱۪֗̀‫ޏ‬చॐ̟ຫࣾ
ٜક͈͈̈́̓ࣽ২ٛͅ‫ࣣ̭͂͂ͥͦͣ͛ݥ‬౿̳ͥ‫ͬۜྵঀ̞ޑ‬঵̻௽̫̭̦ͥ͂ਹါ̺̞̟̾ͤ͘
़ྩഎ̈́‫ث‬౵‫ܖ‬੔̦ஜͅ੄ུ̨̳ͥ͂൚ͅຈါ̈́২͈ٛอജ͈͂ᄘၗ̦୆̞ͦͥ͒͘඾ܑུ͈ު
͑͜BOP ΫΐΥΑ͒ͬ೒̲̟̀૯͈ΈυȜΨσܑު̹͉̟̭͈͂̈́ͥ͛ͅ࡞ဩͬঐૻ̱࣐͂̀
̥̭̤ͦͥ͂ͬஒ̳̞͛ͥ
ࣽࢃ͈‫ه‬ఴ̱͉̟͂̀JICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̀͑BOP ζȜΉΛΠ͒́঵௽‫خ‬ෝܑ͂̈́ͥުͅచ̱̟̀JICA ͂ΗͼͺΛί̱̦̈́ͣͺϋΉȜΠ಺औͬ৘ঔ̱̹̞͂ࣉ̷̢̞̞͈̀ͥ಺औͺϋΉȜΠͬ໦ଢ଼଼̳̭̟͈ͥ͂ͤ͑ࢗ͢ͅࡎ̥̟͒ͣͤ͢৘கഎ̈́͑ੳ၌༹͈എ৆̦͒൵̧
ͅಕ 10͆

੄̵̠̟̯ͥͣ͢ͅͅࡄ‫ڰݪ‬൲ͬࠑ௽̧̱࣐̹̞̀͂ࣉ̢̞̞̀ͥ

74ಎ઀ܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞȁ଼͈ࢗࡎ͉͂‫ࣱͅ? ̥ة‬ന͆

15

ນ 2ȁJICA ͈ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̟ࣽࢃ͜঵௽‫خ‬ෝ̈́ߓఘഎܑ̈́ު͈႕͂ඤယ໦ଢ଼
২ȁྴ

ఱ̡ಎ઀

২ٛഎ
‫ه‬ȁఴ

1 ྙ͈ள
ͅ΄Ȝ΢͆

ఱܑު

‫ူו‬ະ௷ CSR‫ူו‬ள

2 Ω΢ΕΣΛ·
ͅΉΣͺ͆

ఱܑު

ഩ‫ܨ‬ະ௷ SB ΃ΫΐΥΑ

ಇഩ౻

3 ୱ࣭̞̹̫͘
ͅΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͆ఱܑު૙ၺ࿚ఴ SB̡ΫΐΥΑ

෠ުܿ੅

SB

ַକ၌ဥ

ͅచય࣭͆

ߊȁ໦

4 ഛକࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼ಎ઀ܑުͅΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͆֩ၳକ

5 ΀Τ̡;΀Ȝήಎ઀ܑުͅΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͆

࢐೒ਸ਼త
ΫΐΥΑ
‫מ‬୆‫ۯ‬ၑܿȁ੅IC ΃ȜΡ౜൚৪໐࿝ͅૂȁ෎͆ࡄ‫ٳݪ‬อ໐
͸࣭षખ‫ٸ‬໐
͸
૧ܰমު໐
͸
২ಿ
͸
২ಿ
͸

࡛౷చ؊̡
చય͈ BOP ௄
̤ཧັ̧

JICA̡ఱ‫̡ڠ‬‫̡֗ޗူו‬༦૶
ఈ
JICA̡࣭Ⴒ̡
ક๯৪
NGO
JICA̡
Έρηϋ G෠ྦྷ̡ક๯৪

JICA̡
࿪‫ڠ‬ฎআ

ક๯৪

JICA̡IT̡ΕΣȜક๯৪΁ୱ࣭̞̹̫͉̟͘‫ڠا‬໤ৗ͈࠿औܿ੅କ੔͉̞̞ࣞհ஠̡հ૤̦คͤ໤̞͂̈́ͥ
΁ΨϋΈρΟͻΏν͉̟ਕ‫ޗ‬ષ͈‫́߸۾‬૙ম͉਀̷̥͙̜̞͈̹̟̾́ͥ͛ঞ́਀ค̯ͤͦͥΨΑ୨ເ͉̩̟́̈́IC΃ȜΡͬ൵ව̱̟‫מ‬୆࿂͈‫ۯ‬ၑͬ଎̞̞̽̀ͥ
΁̭͈঩ၳ͉ 2013 ා 3 ࠮̟JICA ͈঩ၳͬຊ৪̦‫଼̞̹̱ै̱ࢥح‬

ȺಕȻ
1.
2.
3.
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6.
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9.

ఱ୞༿ဉಠ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈փ͓݅͒ఉ࣭ୠܑުࡄ‫ ݪ‬5 ࣢͔ఉ࣭ୠ‫ڠ‬ٛধ 2012̟pp.39-53̠
JICA ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈ໐঩ၳȁྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̹঵௽‫خ‬ෝܑ̈́ު֚။̠ͤ͢
ࠐफॲުજ̟͓ΕȜΏλσΫΐΥΑࡄ‫ݪ‬ٛ༭࣬੥͔̟2008̟pp.2 ̠ͤ͢࿤ఆ௙ࡄ৽टȁల 142 ٝιΟͻͺέ΁Ȝρθ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ͈͒঩ၳ pp.14 ͂ຊ৪͈༞௷୰ྶ̠
ఱ୞༿ဉಠ̟͓ΈυȜΨσ̡ζȜΉΞͻϋΈ̡ͼΦαȜΏοϋ͔2012̟൳໲‫੄܂‬ๅ pp.78-83̠࿤ఆ௙ࡄ৽टȁల 142 ٝιΟͻͺέ΁Ȝρθ͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ͈͒঩ၳ pp.22-24 ͂ຊ৪͈༞௷୰ྶ̠
඾ࠐ૧໳ͅ૰ජ୼ๅ͆2013 ා 1 ࠮ 19 ඾̠
JICA͓ͺΣνͺστεȜΠ 2012͔2012 ා 3 ࠮̟pp.21-23̠
JICA͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈‫ٳ‬อ࢘‫࢜ض‬ષ͈̹͈͛ບ‫͍ݞث‬έ͹ͼ΢ϋΑ਀༹ͅ߸ͥΓη΢Ȝ͒

2013 ා 9 ࠮ 27 ඾‫ٳ‬ट͈ಎ̟́ྦྷ‫ۼ‬Ⴒࠈଷഽͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̀঵௽‫خ‬ෝܑ̈́ު̞͉̟̾̀ͅPWC ͈໦ଢ଼̦઀૖͈ა໲ඤယͅ߃য̱̞̀ͥ໦ଢ଼ࠫ‫ͬض‬ນྶ̱̞̹̀തͬඅܱ̳̠ͥ
10. ৫ৃ̢ঞ࿂ͬৰͤ̀͑BOP ΫΐΥΑࡄ‫ݪ‬ٛ͒ͬ‫ٳ‬ट̱̹ 4 ා‫̟ۼ‬ତఉ̩͈ΑάȜ΃Ȝ͈༷ș͑͞BOP
ΫΐΥΑ͈͒ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪̷̟̱̀͑BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈͒͒ૺ੄ͬࣉ̢̞̀ͥॲު‫༷͈ٮ‬șͅࠃͦ̀͘‫א׋‬̧̹̭́͂ۜͅ৫૭̱ષུ̬̠̹͈ͥٛ͘৽কͬၑٜ̱̟‫ޑ‬ႁ̮ͅ঑‫ ̞̞̺̹̞̱ͥ̀̀׳‬JICA ྦྷࡀႲࠈ໐͈ιϋΨȜ͈༷ș͉ͅಗ૤ͤۜ͢৫૭̱ષ̬̹̞̠

Ⱥ४ࣉ໲ࡃȻ
1.
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२఺ၦ෗ಠ͓๱‫א‬၌ழ૕͈ζȜΉΞͻϋΈ͔ฒ൑੥པ̟2003໚໐ඈঊ̟໌൥ୄ̟ᚗᚧ࠲༎̟͓ΕȜΏλσ̡ͼΦαȜΏοϋ͔඾ུບა২̟2010Ϋΐλͼ̡ΌΫϋΘρΐλϋ̟·ςΑ̡Πςϋήσ̟͓ςΨȜΑ̡ͼΦαȜΏοϋ͔ΘͼμκϋΡ২̟2012‫΀͓ם‬΋ΦηΑΠ͔༎ਬ໐̟͓2050 ා͈ଲ‫͔ٮ‬໲ࠝ੉ਝ২̟2012ఱ࿐ฎྜ༎̟͓؎ༀܑު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑκΟσ͔ΐͿΠυ̟2011͓඾ܑུު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑ͔඾ུෝၚ‫ފ‬ٛζΥΐιϋΠΓϋΗȜ̟඾ܑུު͈ BOP ΫΐΥΑࡄ‫ݪ‬̟ٛ
2011
7. ࿤ఆ௙ࣣࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼༎̟͓BOP ΫΐΥΑ୽ၞ͔൐‫ࠐނ‬फ૧༭২̟20108̟ ࠐफॲުજཟօࠐफ‫ފ‬ႁޫ̟೒੸߄ဏ̡ࠐफ‫ފ‬ႁ‫ه‬༎̟͓BOP ΫΐΥΑ͈έυϋΞͻͺ͔ࠐफॲު಺
4.
5.
6.

75

16

ີȁআȁაȁ஽
औ̟ٛ20109̟ ႅᅙঃ̟ࡣ֔૾༎̟͓ఉ࣭ୠܑު͂ΈυȜΨσΫΐΥΑ͔୕ྩࠐၑ‫ފ‬̟ٛ201210̟ ఉ࣭ୠܑު‫ڠ‬ٛ༎̟͓ఉ࣭ୠܑު͂૧‫࣭ޟ‬ঌા͔໲૯൴̟201211̟ ൥ా໌ঃ༎̟͓ΈυȜΨσ̡ζȜΉΞͻϋΈ̡ͼΦαȜΏοϋ͔൳໲‫੄ۼ‬ๅ̟201212̟ ࠐफॲުȁજཟօࠐफ‫ފ‬ႁޫȁ೒੸߄ဏ̡ࠐफ‫ފ‬ႁ‫ه‬༎̟͓૧ಎ‫ۼ‬௄‫ڕ‬ං୽ၞ͔ࠐफॲު಺औ̟ٛ

201213̟ P.E, ΡρΛ΃Ȝ̟͓๱‫א‬၌ழ૕͈ࠐ‫͔א‬ΘͼμκϋΡ২̟200714̟ ඵ‫ݠ‬੥ഝ༎ਬ໐༎̟͓2012 ΟȜΗȜήΛ·̡΂ή̡Ύ̡χȜσΡ͔ඵ‫ݠ‬੥ഝ̟201215̟ C.K. ίρΧȜΡ̟͓Υ·ΑΠ̡ζȜΉΛΠ͔‫ם‬হ੄ๅ̟201216̟ ΑΙνͺȜΠ̡L̡ΧȜΠ̟ΞΛΡ̡υϋΡϋ̟͓BOP ΫΐΥΑঌા‫ވ‬஻͈୽ၞ͔‫ם‬হ੄ๅ̟201117̟ͅ২͆‫۾‬ୌࠐफ൳࿻̟͓ٛBOP ΫΐΥᾼ඾ܑུު̧͉̠ࣣ̠̥͔̞̓࢜‫۾‬ୌ൳࿻ٛ BOP ΫΐΥΑտ֥ٛ༎̟2013
18̟ͅ২͆ࠐफ౬ఘႲࣣ̟͓ٛಎ઀ܑު͈ͺΐͺ౷֖͈͒٬‫ٸ‬ജ‫ه̪ͥ͛ͬٳ‬ఴ͂‫ͥͦͣ͛ݥ‬చ؊͔ͅ২͆
඾ུࠐफ౬ఘႲࣣ̟ٛ2013
͓BOP ΫΐΥΑ̡ΕȜΏλσΫΐΥΑ໦‫ش‬͔ٛ
2012 ා‫ڰ‬൲༭̟࣬ΈυȜ
19̟ ΈυȜΨσ΋ϋΩ·ΠΐλΩϋ̟Ψσ΋ϋΩ·ΠΐλΩϋ̟201220̟ ྙ͈ளΈσȜί͓CSR τεȜΠ 2009͔͓CSR τεȜΠ 2010͔ͅ‫͈ྙ͆ڼ‬ள CSR ໐ै଼

76૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ࣞ‫ޘ‬ഓ࿟΅ȜχȜΡ̢඾ུഎࡹဥ‫̟࣐۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̟ιϋΨȜΏΛί̟χȜ·ρͼέΨρϋΑါ࿩ͺις΃ࠐफ͈࿹պ଻͉ 1970 ාయ̥ͣ۱̥͞ͅ೩ྸͬই̟͛ࠐफ஠ఘ͈Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ̦՛‫̱ا‬ই଼̞͛ͥࣞಿͬ௽̫̞̹̀඾ܑུުͅༀ࣭͉࿒̫̟ͬ࢜඾ܑུު͈‫އ‬௔࿹պ଻̷͉͈ࡹဥ
‫̜࣐͂ͥͅ۝‬໦ଢ଼̱̟ࠐ‫༷א‬৆͈‫ڟ‬૧ͬ࿅̱॑ই̞͛ͥഥൡഎ̈́૽মႻྩ‫ۯ‬ၑ̥ͣ૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ͈͒֊࣐ͬ௴̢ͥષ͈́ါത̷̦̜̟͈ͤಎ́ਲު֥͈΋ηΛΠιϋΠͬਹণ̳ͥ໐໦̦̜̞ͥ
̹͘ΧȜΨȜΡ‫ڠ‬෩͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪͉΋ηΛΠιϋΠͬਹণ̱̹ࠐ‫͈̠̞ͬ͂͜א‬೹մ̳̞̭̭ͥͅ૽
എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ͈αΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑ̡ͺίυȜΙ̦ഴા̳͈̜̞̭ͥ́ͥͦͣͬ‫͛܄‬඾ུഎࡹဥ‫۝‬࣐̤̫ͥͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠਹণ͈อே̦ༀ࣭͈́૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ͈̠̓͢ͅͅ਋ယ̯̞͈̥ͦ̀ͥ
͙̞̩̞༷֚ͬ̀́඾ུ͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪̥ͣ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫̷̦̭࣐۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̞̯ͬࣞ͛̀ͥ͂ͦ
̞̀ͥࡄ‫̟̜̦ͤض଼ݪ‬༆͈ࡄ‫͉́ݪ‬඾ུഎࡹဥ‫͉࣐ͅ۝‬ιϋΨȜΏΛίͬਹণ̱̹ࠀ࿩̜́ͥ
ঐഊ̯̞̈́ͦͥ͜඾ུ̤̞̭͈̀ͅιϋΨȜΏΛί͉૖ྩ͈๱ࡠ೰଻̞̠͂௰࿂ͬ‫̠̞͚͂܄‬ঐഊͅಕ࿒̳̟̭͈ͥ͂ࣉ̢༷ͬ૖ྩܱ੆੥͈̜ͥༀ࣭ͅ൵ව༹̳༷͉ͥ੃ၪͬါ̳ͥ͂ထே̯ͦ
ུ̞ͥࣂ͉̟́૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ͈͒΋ηΛΠιϋΠ‫ٽ‬ැ͈൵ව̟ༀ࣭͈́਋ယ̤͍͢൵ව͈ે‫̟ޙ‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫ܥ‬ෝ̞̈́̓̾̀ͅᅛ១എ̈́ࣉख़࣐̠̞ͬ

1ȅ ͉̲͛ͅ
1990 ාయ͉̲͛඾ུࠐफ͉Ψήσ༲ٟ̞̠͂ఱ̧̈́ഢ۟ത̢̹̞ͬࠞྚனခ͈ࠐफ‫઺ͬܥܓ‬ͤ‫̢͈̹͛ͥק‬฽જ̦‫ڎ‬໦࿤̷̯̟͈́̈́ͦ฽જ͈ಎ̫́͂ͤͩ͜ఱ̧̈́ത͉඾ུഎࠐ‫ͅא‬చ̷̳͈̜̹̞͉ͥ́̽ͦ͜‫ݰ‬ఠջட̱̹͂ࠐ‫༷א‬৆ͬ૧̹̈́ࠐ‫༷א‬৆͒౎‫̧͈͓̳͂ݕ‬ა಺݈́ა
̷̧̯̹̞͈ͦ̀ͦ́͘඾ུഎࠐ‫ͅא‬చ̳ͥરॷ͉͂։̟̈́ͤ඾ུഎࠐ‫ه͂ٮࡠ͈א‬ఴ̞̾̀ͅ
ࡕ̱̞ঐഊ̢̜̹̞̞́̽͂ͥ඾ུഎࠐ‫͈א‬२ਅ͈૰‫̞ͥͦͩ͂͜ܕ‬ਞ૸ࡹဥ‫̟࣐۝‬ාࢗ੬Ⴅೈ
߄ܑ̟ު༆Ⴛ൱ழࣣ͈ಎ́͜අͅਞ૸ࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬ාࢗ੬Ⴅೈ߄͈ਘୃ̞͉̾̀ͅॲު‫ڠ͍̤͢ٮ‬772ີȁআȁაȁ஽ٛ̈́̓́͜ఉ̩͈݈ა̦୽̯̹̞ͩͦ඾ࠐႲͅ1995͆ͥ͑͢ͅ૧শయ͈͓඾ུഎࠐ‫͔͒א‬༭࣬̽͢ͅ
̯̹̀̈́ͦࡹဥ͈ໝࣣ‫͈͈̥֚̾ͣٮުॲ͉ا‬ٜ൞̷̜̟͈́ͤࢃͅઁ̴̥̈́ͣ‫̹̜̦͂̽ޣג‬এ̞̭͈ͩͦͥࡹဥ͈ໝࣣ‫ߓ͉͂ا‬ఘഎ͉ͅ૽ऺͬ२͈̾ΈσȜίͅ໦႒̱ࡹဥ‫ۯ‬ၑ̳̞ͬͥ͂
̠อே̷̜̹̞͈́̽२͈̾ΈσȜί͉͂ਞ૸ࡹဥͅಿ‫ࡹܢ‬ဥ͆ͬஜ೹̱̹͂ୃ২֥͈ಿ‫ܢ‬ಇୟෝႁ‫ڰ‬ဥ߿ΈσȜί̟ࣞഽ̈́୺࿝എ౶েͬ༗঵̱ຈါͅ؊ܑ̲̀ު‫؍ͬۼ‬౯̱̀൱̩ࠀ࿩২֥͞
෩ࡍ২֥͈ࣞഽ୺࿝ෝႁ‫ڰ‬ဥ߿ΈσȜί̟ΩȜΠ২֥̟ࠀ࿩২֥͈ࡹဥ਴඲߿ΈσȜί̟̞̠͈̜͂́ͥ͜ͅ଎ນ 1̞̭͈̠͆̈́͢ࡹဥ͈ໝࣣ‫͈ا‬஬̞͉ࡹဥ͈ၠ൲‫͍̤͢ا‬௙૽࠯๯͈ॉࡘ́
̷̜̞̱̠̦֚ͥ̀̾͜ުୡ଼͞‫̠̞͂ض‬ບ‫ܖث‬੔͈൵ව̜̹̞́̽
ުୡͥ͢ͅ૽মບ‫͈ث‬ါത͉ତ౵‫̟̜ͤͅا‬๭ບ‫ث‬৪͈૖ྩ̷଼͈͂‫͈ض‬ତ౵എ෤՜̦ຈଌ́
̷̜̞͈̹ͥ͛ତ౵എບ‫͈ࣾث‬ඳ̈́໐࿝̟႕̢͊ࠐၑ໐͞૽ম໐͉̟́ުୡ̷͈͈͈͜෤՜̦ࣾ
ඳ̞͂̈́ͥ࿚ఴ̷͉̺̫ͦͅগ̞̞ͣ̈́͘ުୡ͈ତ౵‫خ̦ا‬ෝ̜́ͥ໐࿝̜́̽̀͜ະྖͬॲ͚
ါ֦̦̜̞ͥ႕̢͊ࡄ‫ٳݪ‬อ໐࿝̤̞̜̞̀́ͥͅࡄ‫ٳݪ‬อ̜̟́ͦ͊૧ளऺ͈‫ٳ‬อ͞අ‫̞͂ݺ‬̠̥̹̻́ުୡ͈ତ౵എ෤՜͉‫خ‬ෝ̜̠̞̱̥̱̟́ͧުୡບ‫̦ۼܢ͈ث‬࿚ఴ̞͂̈́ͥ૧ளऺ‫ٳ‬อ͞අ‫৾ݺ‬ං͉֚ಱ֚တ̴̞̠̫͉̞̥͂ͩͅౣ‫̞̈́੄͈ض଼́ۼܢ‬ાࣣ̜̞ͥ͜૽মບ‫ܢ͈ث‬‫̦ۼ‬ౙාഽ̜̹̟́ͥ͛‫ٳ‬อഷಎ͈ளऺ͞ୋ຦ͬບ‫͉̭̳͂ͥث‬๱ુͅඳ̱̞̞ࠫ‫̱̀͂ض‬๭ບ‫ث‬৪͈‫۾‬૤ম͉֚ා‫ॽ́ۼ‬ષ̦ͥުྩͅਬಎ̳̭̞̯͉ͥ͂̈́ͥͣͅͅಿ‫ܢ‬എ̈́ণത͈́‫ڟ‬૧എ̡ಯ୽എ̈́‫ٳ‬อͅచ̳ͥփဳ͜৐̞̩̭ͩͦ̀͂͜ͅࠒ̦̞ͥոષ଼͈̠̟͢ͅ‫݅৽ض‬എ૽মບ‫ث‬͈͒࿚ఴ̦Ⴚ೮̧̱̹̞̀඾ུഎࠐ‫͈א‬ਘୃ̦࿒ঐ̯ͦͥಎ́ުୡ଼͞‫૽ͥ͢ͅض‬মບ‫̦ث‬େͭͅ൵ව̷̯̞̹̦̟͈ͦ̀̽ࢃ૽মບ‫ث‬ଷഽ͈‫׋‬ဥ̤̫ͥͅඳ̱̯ͤ͢ͅఱई၄̧̭̱̹ͬ֨ܳ
ܑު͜ࡉ̹͈̜ͣͦ́ͥ 1̞඾ࠐႲ͈͑૧শయ͈͓඾ུഎࠐ‫͔͒א‬༭࣬ࢃ͈೏‫಺ح‬औ̤̞̀͜ͅਲ
ު֥͈‫௺ܦ‬փে͈೩‫̦ئ‬༭̯̞̞̹࣬ͦ̀ͥ͘ऎ൥ͅ1999͆͜ા൚̹ͤഎͅ૽֥ାၑ࣐̞̟̈́̓ͬ
ਲު֥ତ̟૽࠯๯͈ॉࡘ̳̭ͬͥ͂́ਲު֥͈΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈೩‫ͬئ‬ઉ̩̭͂ͬাऐ̱̞̞̀ͥ
ழ૕࣐൲აͅOrganizational Behavior̢OB͈͆ႀ֖͉́ழ૕͂ࡢ૽͈‫ͬ଻߸۾‬ಎ૤ͅࡄ‫̦ݪ‬̧࣐̹̞̹ͩͦ̀͘ழ૕̤̫ͥͅࡢ૽ͬ঩࡙̱͂̀ࣉ̷̢̟͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬ႀ֖ͬอജ̵̯̹͈̦͜૽
എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑაͅHuman Resources Management̢HRM͆ ̜̞́ͥ ழ૕࣐൲ა̤͍͢૽എ঩࡙
‫ۯ‬ၑა͉࣐͂͜ͅ൲‫ͅڠش‬Behavioral Science͈͆‫ͬޣג‬૗ෛ̩਋̫̀อജ̧̱̹̯̞̀͂ͦ̀
ͥ 2̞̱̥̱̦̈́ͣ OB̟HRM ̤̞̀ͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ‫ٽ‬ැ͈৾ͤե̞ͅओ։̦̜ͥ͂ࣉ̢̞ͥ

OB ͈ႀ֖̤̞͉̟̀ͅ৽ఘ̱͈͂̀ࡢ૽̦΋ηΛΠ̳ͥచયͬ‫̥͈̞̱ͬͥ̀ͅة‬ౝ̷̟͈ͤ
చય̦ழ૕ͅచ̳ͥ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̷̜̟͈́ͦ͊΋ηΛΠιϋΠͬમळͅ໦႒̳ͥࡄ‫̦ݪ‬ಎ૤̞̞༷֚͂̈́̽̀ͥ́ HRM ͉΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈̞ࣞਲު଼֥͈‫ͅض‬ಕ࿒̱̞̀ͥ͂ঐഊ̧́
̞̭͈ͥၛા͈ࡄ‫ު̱͈ࣞ͑̀͂̾͂͌ݪ‬ୡैުΏΑΞθͅHigh Performance Work System̢

HPWS̞̠͆͒͂ͺίυȜΙ̦̜̟̞ͤࣞ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͉̞ࣞުୡͬॲ͚͈̥̞̠͂ণത̥ͣ
78૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ࣞͅ‫͆ޘ‬3

ࡄ‫ ̞࣐ͥ̀̽ͬݪ‬3̞஼༷࣐͂͜ͅ൲‫ͬޣג͈ڠش‬਋̫̟ழ૕͂ࡢ૽͈‫͈଻߸۾‬໦ଢ଼࣐̞ͬ̽̀
̷̦̟͈༷ͥ࢜଻͉։̞̈́̽̀ͥ͂࡞̢̠͢ 4̞ήρΛΠϋͣͅ2003͆ͥ͂͢ͅ૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ͉̟͂͑૽͈̾͜੨ෝႁ̭̦ͬࣞ͛ͥ͂঵௽എ‫އ‬௔࿹պͬ‫ڕ‬ං̢̳̠ͥ́ޭ͛̀ਹါ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ‫ࡹ̳ͥ಺ޑ‬ဥ‫ۯ߸۾‬ၑ͈୽ၞഎͺίυȜΙ͈ 1̷̜̟͈̾́ͤ‫ۯ‬ၑ͉ࡹဥͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬ঔॐْ̟̟ࠗ৘கͬൡࣣ̱̹֚Ⴒ͈ழ̵͙ࣣͩͬ೒̲̀ో଼
̯͈̜̟ͦͥ͒́ͤ͜૽എ঩࡙͉͂͑૽ș̦൱̩࡛ાͅ঵̻ࣺ͚අ଻͈̭͂ͬঐ̱̟ߓఘഎ͉̟ͅ
౶଻̟धෝ̟΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̟ճ࿑౶ܿ͞ෝ̟‫ڠ‬ਠෝႁ͈̭̈́̓͒͂ͬঐུ̳̞ࣂ̟́͜ષܱ͈
ࣉ̢༷ͅਲ̞̞̽̀ͥ
૽എ঩࡙̞̠͂ဥࢊ͉૽എ͂঩࡙̞̠͂ 2 ͈̾ౙࢊ଼͈ࣣࢊ̜̞́ͥΡρΛ΃Ȝͅ1954̟͆ͦ͊͑͢ͅ૽͂ఈ͈঩࡙͈͂‫͉͂ۼ‬։̟̈́ͤ஼༷͈࢜‫̦߸۾‬୆̴ͥ ̞̠̞͒͂̾ͤ͘૽̺̫͉֚
༷എͅঀ̧̠̭͈̞͂́̈́঩࡙̜̞́ͥౙ̈́ͥ঩࡙̱͂̀ࣉ̢̞̠̭͉̟ͥ͂͂ΪΠ͂κΦͬߊ༆̱̞̞̠̭̜̟̈́͂͂́ͤ൱̩৪͈૤ၑഎ̈́௰࿂ͬࡉ൪̳̭̞͂̈́ͥͅ঩࡙എ௰࿂ͬ‫̳ͥ಺ޑ‬ાࣣ̟૽‫ͬڒ‬঵̾ΪΠ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ৤ય̱̱̠̀͘‫ͬ଻ࡏܓ‬ΡρΛ΃Ȝ͉ঐഊ̢̱̞̞̞̀ͥ͂ͥ
̭͈൱̩৪͈૤ၑഎ௰࿂ͬ໦ଢ଼̳ͥ‫ٽ‬ැ͈̱֚̾͂̀΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦̜̬̞ͣͦͥ૽എ঩࡙̦
໤എ঩࡙͉́ྫ̞̟̜̩́͘͜૽‫̺͂ۼ‬փে̱̞̭̦̀ͥ͂ਹါ̜̟̭̭́ͤͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ
ͬ৾ͤષ̬ͥփ̦̜̞݅ͥ඾ུ૽͈൱̧༷̞͈̾̀ͅ୰ྶ̤̞̀ͅ಑୍૤͞‫௺ܦ‬փে̞̠͂‫ٽ‬ැͬဥ̞ͥાུࣣ̦̜̦̟ͥࣂ͉́΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̞̠͂‫ٽ‬ැͬဥ̞̞̩̭̳̞̀͂͂ͥ

HRM ̤̞̀ͅࡎ͂̈́ͥ‫ٽ‬ැ̱͂̀΋ηΛΠιϋΠͬঐഊ̱̹̦̟̭͈‫ٽ‬ැ͉඾ܑུު͈‫̯ޑ‬͈࡙ஂ̜̯̹́ͥ͂ͦ‫௺ܦ‬փে͈̯ࣞͬ HRM ঔॐͅழ͙ࣺͭ́၌ဥ̱̠̳͂ͥ͢஬̞̥ͣ൵ව
̯̹͈̜̞ͦ́ͥ͜‫௺ܦ‬փেܑ͈̯͉̟ࣞު̥͈ͣప੄ͅၗ̡ప૖͆ͬٝ๰̱̟ࠧ޲ၚͬဲଷ̱̟
ުྩಎ͈టު̵̴̟̯͉ͬͣͅ඾ș͈ުྩ͈٨஝̱̞̩࣐ͬ̀և̱࡛̞̭͈࣐͂̀ͦͥͦͣև͉
޲༓̧̯͈࡛͙̭̦̞̭͈̠ͦ͂ͥ͂́ͥ̈́͢޲༓̈́Ⴛ൱৪͂඾ܑུު̞̠͂໐໦ͅༀܑ࣭͈ު
͞ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪̦ಕ࿒̱̹̞ͬༀܑ࣭͈ު̤͍͢ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪͉඾ུഎࠐ‫̟̱ݪࡄ͙ͬޑ̫̤ͥͅא‬඾ུ૽͈‫௺ܦ‬փে͈̯ࣞ͞޲༓଻ͬ HRM ঔॐ৾ͤͅව̠̱̹͈̜̞̱̥̱̦ͦ͂́ͥ̈́ͣ͢Ψήσ༲ٟࢃ͈඾ུࠐफ͈ၛ̀ೄ̱̜̹ͤͅ඾ܑུ͈ު̤͍͢ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪̦൵වͬদ͙̹͈̦̞ͩͥ͠ༀ࣭ၠ͈
଼‫݅৽ض‬എ૽মບ‫̞̹̜̽́ث‬඾଼ུ̤̫ͥͅ‫૽݅৽ض‬মບ‫͈͒ث‬฽જ͜ఉ̩ࡉ̠ͣͦͥ͢ͅ
̹̟̈́̽ࣽ඾ུ߿ࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫ͬ߸۾‬ठഽࣉख़̳ͥຈါུ̦̜ͥ͂ࣂ͉́ࣉ̢̞ͥ

794ີȁআȁაȁ஽଎ນ 1ȁ඾ࠐႲͥ͢ͅਲު֥͈२໦႒
ࡹဥࠁఠ

చય

ೈ߄

રဓ

ప૖߄̡ා߄

ઌૺ̡ઌ‫ڒ‬໛ছঔॐ‫ۯ‬ၑ૖̟௙ࣣ ࠮‫ݯ‬ଷ̥ා༪ଷ
೰ၚ͗ಿ‫ܢ‬ಇୟෝႁ‫͈ۼܢ ڰ‬೰͈͛εͼϋΠଷ૖̟ܿෝ໐࿝ ૖ෝ‫ݯ‬ުୡΑρͼΡ
ဥ߿ΈσȜί
ྫ̞ࡹဥࠀ࿩
͈‫ۚܖ‬૖
ઌ‫ݯ‬ଷഽ

࿨૖ઌૺ୆‫پ‬௙ࣣঔॐ
૖ෝ঩‫ڒ‬ଷഽ୺࿝໐࿝ܑͅ ා༪ଷࣞഽ୺࿝ෝႁ‫ڰ‬ခ‫ࡹܢ‬ဥࠀ࿩ ْ̟ ‫ު ࡄ ̟ު א‬ୡ‫ݯ‬ဥ߿ΈσȜί
‫ٳݪ‬อ͆
ઌ‫̱̈́ݯ‬

଼‫ض‬෻໦

̱̈́ުୡບ‫ث‬

๊֚૖ࡹဥ਴඲߿Έ
ခ‫ࡹܢ‬ဥࠀ࿩ ܿෝ໐࿝
σȜί
์ค໐࿝

೰ၚ

̱̈́

ષպ૖ྩ͈͒
୆‫ࢌ׳ڰ‬ঔॐഢ۟শ‫ݯۼ‬ଷ
૖ྩ‫ݯ‬ઌ‫̱̈́ݯ‬

୆‫ࢌ׳ڰ‬ঔॐ੄ങ̢඾ࠐႲͅ1995͓͆૧শయ͈͑඾ུഎࠐ‫͔ͤ͒͢א‬2. HRM ̤̫ͥͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈͒ಕ࿒ȁ2. 1 PM ̥ͣ HRM ͒
HRM ̤̞̀ͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦͈̠̓৾ͤ͢ͅե̞̥ͩͦ̀ͥͬၑٜ̳̹̟ͥ͛ͅ ֚ࡉֶ‫૽̦̜ͥ́׿‬ম‫ۯ‬ၑͅPersonnel Management̢PM͆͂ HRM ͈։൳̞̾̀ͅ୰ྶ̳̭̥ͥ͂
ͣই̞͛ͥPM ͂ HRM ͈։൳̞͉̾̀ͅඵ͈̾ၛા̥݈ͣა̦̯̞̞̈́ͦ̀ͥ ༷͉֚ PM ͂

HRM ͬၑა͞ଷഽඤယͅओ։͉ྫ̞̳͂ͥၛા̜̞̠༷͉֚́ͥ͜ PM ͂ HRM ͈֑̞ͬྶ‫ږ‬̷̱̟͈ͅ։൳̞̾̀ͅ‫৽̩ޑ‬ಫ̳ͥၛા̜̞̭͈̠݈́ͥ̈́͢ა͈౤੣͉̟ͅ‫ۯ‬ၑచય͈࿚ఴ
̦‫ߓ̞̞ͥ̀ͦ͘܄‬ఘഎ͉ͅ‫ۯ‬ၑచયͬήσȜ΃ρȜ̟γχͼΠ΃ρȜ̱̹͂ાࣣ͈̠̓͢ͅͅ
ओ։̷̷̦̜͈̥̟̱͈ͥ̀‫ۯ‬ၑଷഽ͈։൳͉̜͈̥̞̠̭ͥ͂͂ͅ‫̟࣭ם̞͐ݞ‬඾ུ݈́ა̦
େ̯̤̟ͭͦ̀ͤͅ඾ུ̤̞͉̀‫ۯ‬ၑచયა௔̱݈͂̀ა̦̜̞ͥຊ৪͜‫ڠ‬࿚ႀ֖͈ྴஜ͈་ࢵ
͉ࠨ̱̀઀̷̯͈͉̩̟̭͉̈́́̈́͜ͅྶ‫̈́ږ‬ၑဇ͂փ଎̦̜ͥ͂ࣉ̢ͥၛા̞ͬ͂ͥ‫ݪࡄ࣭ם‬৪͈ΊΑΠͅ1987͆̈́̓ͬ‫͛܄‬൳̲ၛાͬ͂ͥࡄ‫ݪ‬৪͈փࡉͬ௙‫̷͉̞֑͈̟̭̹̱ͧ͂گ‬ষ
͈ 6 തͅါ࿩‫خ‬ෝ̢̜̞́ͥ͂ͥ 5̞Ⴅ‫̳͂ͥݷ‬ӱ૽ম໐࿝͈࿨‫͈ڬ‬་‫̟ا‬Ӳρͼϋ‫ۯ‬ၑ৪͈ HRM ͈͒ൡࣣ̟ӳ΋ΑΠ͉̩́̈́‫ޗ‬̡֗‫ٳ‬อ̯ͦͥంह̱͈͂̀Ⴛ൱৪۷̟Ӵ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̟ӵ HRM ͈୽ၞഎൡࣣ̟Ӷ਴඲଻͈̜ͥழ૕ࢹ௮̟͈ոષ 6 ത̜́ͥ 6̞
̭ͦͣ 6 തͬ‫ۯ‬ၑ৽ఘ̟‫ۯ‬ၑచય̟ழ૕͂୽ၞ͈̜༷̞̠̠ͤ͂͢ͅ௴̢̞̺̠̞̀ͧ͘͜͢
̴ષܱ͈ӱ̟Ӳ͉‫ۯ‬ၑ৽ఘ̞͈̾̀ͅ௰࿂̜̞́ͥষͅӳ̟Ӵ͉‫ۯ‬ၑచય̱͈͂̀૽എ঩࡙̾ͅ
̞͈̀௰࿂̜̞́ͥडࢃͅӵ̟Ӷ̞͉̾̀ͅழ૕͂୽ၞ̟౤എ͉ͅࠐ‫୽א‬ၞͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬௰࿂͂௴̢
̭̦ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ̜̞̟́ͥ̾ͤ͘PM ͂ HRM ͈֑̞̟ͬ‫ۯ‬ၑ৽ఘ͈་‫ۯ̟ا‬ၑచય͈་‫̟ا‬ழ૕͂୽ၞ͈་‫خ̦̭͂ͥ͛͂͂͘ا‬ෝ̜̞́ͥ̾ͤ͑͘૽ম໐࿝͈࿨‫͈ڬ‬་‫૽̟͉͒ا‬ম໐࿝͉ΠΛί̡ζΥΐιϋΠ͈΍εȜΠͅഔ̳͈͉̩̟ͥ́̈́૽എ঩࡙͈‫ڰ‬ဥͬঀྵ̱̟͂ழ૕͈஠ఘ଻ͬ
ࣉ̢̦̈́ͣ͑HRM ͈୽ၞഎൡࣣ͒ͬ࿒ঐ̳̭͂ͬփྙ̷̳̞͈ͥष͉̟ͅρͼϋ‫ۯ‬ၑ৪͈͂‫ފ‬80૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ࣞͅ‫͆ޘ‬5൱͜ະ‫̟̜͑ͤ́ࠧخ‬ρͼϋ‫ۯ‬ၑ৪͈ HRM ͈͒ൡࣣ͒͜փ଎̷̯̞̞̱̟ͦ̀ͥ̀૽എ঩࡙͂
̯ͦͥࡢ૽͉͑΋ΑΠ͉̩́̈́‫ٳ̡֗ޗ‬อ̯ͦͥంह̱͈͂̀Ⴛ൱৪۷͈͒‫ͅئ‬ե̷̟͈ͩͦࡢ
૽͑͜΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͒ͬ‫̠͈̭̹̞̈́ͥͦͣ͛͘͢ݥ‬ଽॐͬో଼̳̹͉̟ͥ͛͑ͅ਴඲଻͈̜
ͥழ૕ࢹ௮͒ͬণ࿤ͅව̤̩̭̦ͦ̀͂ຈါ̞͂̈́ͥ
ུࣂ͈́‫۾‬૤͉‫ۯ‬ၑ৽ఘ͞ழ૕͂୽ၞ͉̩̟́̈́‫ۯ‬ၑచય̱͂̀૽എ঩̷࡙̜̟͈́ͤ૽എ঩
࡙͉͂ழ૕̤̫ͥͅࡢ૽̜ͥͅ 7̞

ȁ2. 2 ༀ࣭͈‫އ‬௔ႁ೩‫͂ئ‬඾ུഎࠐ‫͈͒א‬ಕ࿒ஜ੆͈̠͢ͅ PM ͂ HRM ͈։൳͈εͼϋΠ͈֚̾ͅ୽ၞაഎ̈́อே̦൵ව̯̹̭ͦ͂ͬঐ
ഊ̱̹̦̟̯ͣͅ HRM ႀ֖͈ಎ̷̞̠́ͤ̽͢ࠐ‫୽א‬ၞ͈͂ဏࣣ͈ഽࣣ̞ͬࣞ͛ͥၑაജ‫̦ٳ‬̜̹̭̽͂ͬঐഊ̱̫̞̞̭͈̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́෸ࠊ̱̟͂̀ͺις΃ॲު‫࣐ͅ۝אࠐ͈ٮ‬చ̳࡛ͥ৘͈࿚ఴ̦̜̞ͥ൚শ͈ͺις΃ॲު‫࣭͈ٮ‬षഎ‫އ‬௔ႁ͈೩‫ࡐ͉ئ‬ಠ̜̟̭̭́ͤͅͺις΃ॲު‫୽אࠐ͈ٮ‬ၞ͂ HRM ͈ൡࣣͬါ୏̱̹ၑဇ̦̜̞࣭ͥष‫އ‬௔ႁ͈೩‫̠̞͂ئ‬࿚ఴ͉̞̩̥̾
͈ါ֦̦௖̽̀͘อ୆̷̱̹̯̤̟͉͂ͦ̀ͤͦͣͺις΃ࠐफ͈ͼϋέτఘৗ̟Ⴛ൱୆ॲ଻͈
ಿ‫ܢ‬എ̈́೩‫̟ئ‬Ⴛঀ‫͈߸۾‬་‫̞̜ͥ́̓̈́ا‬ͺις΃ॲު̤̫ͥͅႻ൱୆ॲ଻͈೩‫̦ئ‬࿚ఴণ̯̟̯ͦͣͅ‫އ‬௔ႁ͈೩‫̦ئ‬૬࣫‫ڟאࠐ̳̀ͦ̾ͥͅا‬૧̦‫̷̭̞̹́ͦͣ͛ݥ‬൚শࣞഽ଼ಿ‫́ܢ‬̜̹̽඾ܑུު̤͍͢඾ུഎࠐ‫ ̜͈̹͉ͥ́̽ࣞ͘ྙޟ͈͒א‬8̷̞͈൚শ͈ༀ࣭͈ࠐफે‫͈ޙ‬‫ૂུܖ‬༭ͬা̱̹͈̦͜଎ນ 2 ̜̞́ͥඅͅಕ࿒̱̹̞͈̦๟६ഽঐତͅMiserable Index̜̞͆́ͥ๟६ഽঐତ͉ક๯৪໤‫ث‬ષઌၚ͂৐ުၚ͈ࣣࠗ́೰̯̞݅ͦͥક๯৪໤‫ث‬ષઌၚͅConsumer Price Index̢CPI͉͆ક๯৪͈୆
ࠗ๯କ੔ͬນ̳ঐତ̜̟́ͤ൳ঐତ͈ષઌၚ͉ͼϋέτ͈ਹါ̈́৲ഽͼϋέτၚͬນ̳ঐດ̜́
̞ͥͼϋέτၚ͞৐ުၚ̦ષઌ̳࣭ͦ͊ྦྷ୆‫͉ڰ‬՛‫̟̹̳͛ͥا‬๟६ഽঐତ͉࣭ྦྷ͈୆‫ͅڰ‬చ̳ͥະྖ͞ະհഽͬা̳͈̱͂̀͜ဥ̞̞ͣͦͥ1974 ා̥ͣ 1982 ා͈́͘๟६ഽঐତ͈໹޳͉࿩

16.3 ̞̠̥̞͂̈́ͤࣞତ౵ͬা̱̞̞̀ͥༀ࣭͉̭͈́ତ౵̦ 10.0 ಼̢ͬͥ͂ଽࡀࠑ௽̦ࣾඳ
̞̞̞̈́ͥ͂ͩͦ̀ͥͅͺις΃ॲު‫͚̱ߎ̦ٮ‬ಎ̟ඵഽ͈୞࿳‫ࠐ̢̯ͥ̈́ͣקͤ઺ͬܥܓ‬फอജ̱̞̹͈̦ͬ̀඾
ܑུު̜̹̞́̽൚শ̟඾ܑུުͅచ̱̀ಕ࿒̦ਬ̹̭̽͂ͬ͘યಭ̳ͥඵ͈̾ಠै̞̾̀ͅ
૘͙̹̞̞ͦ̀ඵ͈̾ಠै͉͂ό΁ȜΊσͅ1979͓͆ͥ͢ͅΐλΩϋ̡ͺΒ̡΢ϋΨȜχϋ̸ͺις΃͈͒‫߱ͅޗ‬Lessons for America̸͔͆͒͂΂΂;Ιͅ1981͓͆ͥ͢ͅΓ΂ςȜ Z ̸͑ͺις΃͈ΫΐΥΑ͉̟ ̞̥̱̀ͅ඾ུ̥͈ͣಯ୽ͅచࢯ̧̳̭̦̥ͥ͂́ͥͅHow American͑̈́Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge̸͔̜̞̭͈͆͒́ͥͦͣඵैͅ‫ވ‬೒̳ͥΞȜζ̶͉̟̟඾ܑུު͉̜͕ͦ̓͜ͅ‫̟̥͈̞͑͒ޑ‬ༀܑ࣭͈ު͂২ٛͬठ୆̵̯̞̩̹͉̟̀͛ͅ඾ུ͈
816ີȁআȁაȁ஽ܑު̥͈̠ͣ̓̈́͢തͬ‫͓͊ڠ‬ၻ̞͈̥̞̠͒͂ത̜̹̽ͅ 9̞
଎ນ 2ȁ1970 ාయ̤͍͢ 1980 ාయ͈ༀ࣭ࠐफ‫ུܖ‬ঐດ

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986

৘ৗ GDP̢ Ⴛ൱୆ॲ଻̢
CPI
1996 ා‫ۼྦྷ ڒث‬๱෠ު
10 ‫ؙ‬Ρσ
1992=100
1982-84=100
3578
68.9
38.8
3697.771.8
40.5
3898.474.2
41.8
4123.4
76.5
44.4
4099
75.3
49.3
4084.477.4
53.8
4311.780.3
56.9
4511.881.5
60.6
4760.682.6
65.2
4912.1
82.2
72.6
4900.9
82
82.4
5021
83
90.9
4919.382.5
96.5
5132.386.2
99.6
5505.288.1
103.9
5717.1
89.3
107.6
5912.4
92
109.6

৐ުၚ
ͮ

৘ৗ GDP Ⴛ൱୆ॲ଻
CPI ષઌၚ ๟६ഽঐତ
଼ಿၚ
ષઌၚ
ͮ
ͮ
ͮ
ͮ

4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
7.1
7.6
9.7
9.6
7.5
7.2
7

0.2
3.3
5.4
5.8
-0.6
-0.4
5.6
4.6
5.5
3.2
-0.2
2.5
-2
4.3
7.3
3.8
3.4

1.5
4.2
3.3
3.1
-1.6
2.8
3.7
1.5
1.3
-0.5
-0.2
1.2
-0.6
4.5
2.2
1.4
3

5.7
4.4
3.2
6.2
11
9.1
5.8
6.5
7.6
11.3
13.5
10.3
6.2
3.2
4.3
3.6
1.9

10.6
10.3
8.8
11.1
16.6
17.6
13.5
13.6
13.7
17.1
20.6
17.9
15.9
12.8
11.8
10.8
8.9

3.4

0.3

3.6

9.8

1987

6113.3

92.3

113.6

6.2

1988
1989

6368.46591.8

93.5
94.2

118.3
124

5.5
5.3

ఱൡႀ

Σ·Εϋ

έ΁ȜΡ

΃ȜΗȜ

τȜ΄ϋ

4.2
1.3
4.1
9.6
3.5
0.7
4.8
10.1
੄ങ̢ࢿධఱ‫ࠐڠ‬फ‫ڠ‬໐‫ޗ‬਎̡֞ന݅‫ݛ‬ঙ΍ͼΠͤ͢ 10̹͘඾ܑུު͒‫۾‬૤͈̯ࣞͬ၌ဥ̱̟̾̾ࣞުୡͬષ̬̞̀ͥༀܑ࣭ު͈͒ಕ࿒̭ͬࣞ͛ͥ͂
଼̱̹ࢗͅάȜΗȜΒͰ;΁ȜΗȜζϋͅ1982͈͓͆΀·ΓτϋΠ̡΃ϋΩΣȜ̸͑ͺις΃͈ड࿹ၻܑު̥ͣ‫߱ͅޗ͐ڠ‬Lessons from America's Best-Run Companies̸͔̦̜͆͒ͥ 11̞๞಼͉ͣ͑࿹ၻܑުͅexcellent companies͈͆͒ࠐ‫א‬৘ఠͬ಺औ̱̟8 ͈̾ࡔ௱ͬ೹া̷̱̹̞ͦ
͉ͣӱ࣐൲͈ਹণ̟Ӳક๯৪͈ਹণ̟ӳুၙഎ̈́ࡢ૽͂ழ૕̟Ӵࡀࡠտોͥ͢ͅ୆ॲ଻͈࢜ષ̟
ӵୟޭഎ̥̾‫ث‬౵̩͂̿͜ͅࠐ‫̟א‬Ӷ‫̟̺̭͈ͤͩ͒ުུͥ̈́͂ړ‬ӷౙ੗́ઁ૽ତ͈ழ૕̟Ӹࡕ‫̥ۘ̾ڒ‬ఱ̈́‫ۯ‬ၑࢹ௮̟̞̠͂ 8 ͈̾ࣜ࿒̜̞́ͥ඾ܑུު͈͒ಕ࿒ഽࣣ̞̦ࣞͥ͘ಎ̟̭́ͦ
͈ͣതͬ๵ܑ̢̹ު͉ͺις΃࣭ඤ͜ͅంह̳̞̠ͥ͂ঐഊ̱̹̞ͬ඾ܑུު̺̫͉̩́̈́ༀ࣭
ඤܑ͈ުͅಕ࿒̱ఱ̧̈́฽‫̞̜͈̺ͥ́ͭࡤͬޣ‬̭͈̠͢ͅ඾ུഎࠐ‫ͅא‬ಕ࿒̦ਬ̹̞̠̽͂͘ম৘̴̦֚͘ത̟̹͘඾ܑུު͈͒փে͈߹০
ͅచࢯ̳ͥࠁ଼̱̹́ࢗ΀·ΓτϋΠ̡΃ϋΩΣȜ͈ంह͈ঐഊ̦֚ത̟̭͈ඵത̥ͣ‫͙̀͜ۻ‬ༀ࣭̤̞̀ͅ‫ܡ‬ం͈ࠐ‫༹ͅ਀א‬చ̳ͥ٨஝͈‫ࡥͅે̢࡛̞͂ͥ۟࡞̞ͥͦ৾̀ࡉ̦׋ܨ‬৏̱̞͉̀̀৾ͤॼ̯͈͉̞̥̞̠ͦͥ́̈́͂‫ܓ‬ᏼͬࡤ̢͍̭̱̹̱̹̞͈͉̞̥̞ܳ͂ͥ́̈́඾ܑུު
͈͒‫۾‬૤͈̞̠࡛ࣞͤ͂͘ય͉̟඾ܑུު͈‫އ‬௔࿹պ଻͈࡙ஂ͈໦ଢ଼͒͂ഢ̷̱̟͈۟‫އ‬௔࿹պ଻ͬࣞ͛ͥঔॐ͈൵වͅ‫۾‬૤͉֊̞̹̞̽̀̽໦ଢ଼͈ࠫ‫̟̱̀͂ض‬඾ܑུު̤̫ͥͅ‫އ‬௔࿹պ͈࡙ஂ͉඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̜̞̠ͥ͂ͅঐഊ̦̯̟̯͉̈́ͦͣͅༀܑ࣭ު͈͒൵ව
82૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ࣞͅ‫͆ޘ‬7༹͈༷ͬࣉ̢ͥͅঢ̟ͤอմ̯̹͈̦ͦ HRM ̤̫ͥͅαΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑ̡ͺίυȜΊ̜ͥ12

̞

ȁ2. 3 αΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑȆͺίυȜΙ̤̫ͥͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̭̭͉́αΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑ̡ͺίυȜΙ͈‫ٽ‬ါͬ୰ྶ̱̟̾̾HRM ̤̫ͥͅ΋ηΛΠιϋ
Π̞͈̾̀ͅၑٜ͈̯༷̞ͦ̾̀͜ͅ૘̞̩̞ͦ̀
αΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑ̡ͺίυȜΙͬ৽ಫ̳ͥΫͺȜͣͅ1984̟͆ͦ͊͑͢ͅHRM ജ‫ض଼͈ٳ‬̷̱͈͂̀ခ࢘଻ͬບ‫̳ͥث‬ાࣣ̟΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̟ෝႁͅcompetence̟͆΋ΑΠ࢘‫ͅ଻ض‬cost

effectiveness̟͆ାࣣ଻ͅcongruence͆ͬບ‫ܖث‬੔̳͂ͥ 13͒͂୰ྶ̱̟̭ͦͣঅ͈̾ບ‫ܖث‬੔ͬ HRM ͈ခ࢘଻ঐດ̱͂̀೹া̷̸̱̞̞͈̀ͥͦͦບ‫ث‬ঐດ̷̤͍͈͢षͅ‫ऺ૽ͥͦͣ͛ݥ‬௨̞̾̀ͅ୰ྶ̱̹͈̦͜଎ນ 3 ̷̜̞̱̟̭́ͥ̀ͦͣঅ͈̾ບ‫ܖث‬੔ͬྖ̹̳̹͈͛૖ྩΏΑΞθͬ೹մ̷̱̞̞̦̀ͥͦΧͼ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ૖ྩΏΑΞθ̜́ͥͅ଎ນ 4̞͆ΫͺȜ͈ͣ৽ಫ͉ഥൡഎ૖ྩΏΑΞθ̥͈ͣ౎‫͂ݕ‬Χͼ΋ηΛΠιϋ߿૖ྩΏΑΞθ͈൵ව̜ͥ͂ͅএͩͦ
̞ͥ۟࡞̳ͥ͂ PM ̥ͣ HRM ͈͒֊࣐͂௴̢̭̦ͥ͂‫خ‬ෝ̜̟́ͤஜ୯́ঐഊ̱̹඾ུഎࠐ
‫۾͈͒א‬૤͈ࣞͤ͂͘௴̢̭ͥ͂͜‫خ‬ෝ̜̞̭͈́ͥΧͼ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ߿૖ྩΏΑΞθ͈අಭ͉̟ࢩ̩೰̯̹݅ͦ૖ྩ̟૖ྩ‫ۼ‬υȜΞȜΏοϋ͈৘ঔ̟ΙȜθͥ͢ͅ਴඲̈́෻౾̟ΙȜθ͈֥̱͈֚͂̀ਲު֥̟͈̈́̓ത̜̞̭̭͉̟ͥ́ͅ૖ྩ‫ڐ‬ఱͅjob enlargement̟͆૖ྩਰ৘ͅjob

enrichment̟͆ΐοήυȜΞȜΏοϋͅjob rotation̟͈͆̈́̓ QWL ‫׋‬൲͈‫̞ͥͦͣࡉ̩ޑ̦ޣג‬‫ͅ੄܊‬2002͆ ͦ͊͑͢ͅTaylor ၠ͈ഥൡഎ̈́ PM ͅయ̟ͩͤ ࣐൲‫ڟ̩̿͂͜ͅڠش‬૧എ̈́HR ঔॐ͈͓࿷֚ड஝༹͈༷͔ͅone best way͆ͬ‫ ̧̹̱̀಺ޑ‬QWL ‫׋‬൲͈‫ޑ‬ႁ̈́ଔૺ৪̦ਬ͘
ͥ Harvard Business School ͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬৪̹̻̦ಎ૤̞̭̥̟̈́̽̀ͥ͂ͣͅSHRM ͈͓ΧȜΨȜͅthe Harvard school͆͂͜ࡤ̞̞̭̠̱̹̭̥͊ͦ̀ͥ͂ͣαΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑ̡ͺίυȜΡ෩͔Ι̷͉̟͈σȜΜͬ QWL ‫׋‬൲ͅ౾̷̧̟͈อജഎ̈́ࠁఠ͂ၑ̧ٜ͈̜́ͥ́ͥ͒͂͜ঐഊ̯ͦ
̞̞̀ͥQWL ‫׋‬൲́ଔૺ̯̹ͦ૖ྩ‫ڐ‬ఱ̟૖ྩਰ৘̟ΐοήυȜΞȜΏοῧ͉̟૖ྩ‫ٽ‬ැͬ‫ॽུ̱̾̾͂ܖ‬মඤယͬ਴඲ͅ௴̢̞̠ͥ͂‫ܥ‬ෝഎ̈́਴඲଻ͬ࿒ঐ̳ॽழ͙͂ၑ̧ٜ̞́ͥΫͺȜͣͅ1984͆ͦ͊͑͢ͅਲު֥͉̟૤ၑഎͤ͢ͅ૬̩ॽমͅ‫۾‬ဓ̳̠̟ͥ̈́ͥ͂͢͢ͅ
̞ͤࣞκΞͻαȜΏοϋ̟ުୡ̟಑୍૤̦ࠫ‫̱̀͂ض‬୆̞ͦͥͤ͘͢૬̩ॽমͅ‫۾‬ဓ̳̟ͥ͂౷
֖২͈ٛ͒‫۾‬ဓ̦௩̱̟̭͈ࠁ́২๊͈֚ٛ໛ছ࣓ͅࡃ̳̠̞̠ͥ̈́ͥ͂͢ͅબ‫̜̦͂͒ͥݶ‬୰ྶ̷̯̞̞̹̺̱̟͈ͦ̀ͥ୰ྶඤယͬࡉͥ͂ࢩٜ݅ͅ৷̦‫خ‬ෝ͈̤̟̈́͂̈́̽̀ͤ͜ࡕྟ̈́փ
ྙ͈̠͈̦́̓̈́͢͜‫ࡠ̥͈̞ͥ̀ͦͣ͛ݥ‬೰̳̭̦ͥ͂ඳ̱̞̞̰͂ͩͥͬං̞̞̈́ΫͺȜ͈ͣ৽ಫͬഥൡഎ૖ྩΏΑΞθ̥͈ͣ౎‫͂ݕ‬Χͼ΋ηΛΠιϋ߿૖ྩΏΑΞθ͈൵ව͂௴̢̹ા
̷ࣣ̟̭͉̞́ࣞ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦‫̠̞̞͂ͥ̀ͦͣ͛ݥ‬തͅಕ࿒̱̹̞̞
838ີȁআȁაȁ஽଎ນ 3ȁαΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑ̡ͺίυȜΙ͈ບ‫ث‬ঐດ̤͍͢૽ऺ௨
΋ηΛΠιϋΠ
ͅcommitment͆ෝႁͅcompetence͆΋ΑΠ࢘‫଻ض‬ͅcost effectiveness͆ାࣣ଻ͅcongruence͆‫ͥͦͣ͛ݥ‬ఠഽ࣐͞൲

HRM ੨ଷഽ͉̟ਲު֥͈ু໦͈ॽম̟ழ૕͈͒΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈ͬ̓೾ഽ̞̥̞ࣞ͛̀ͥ
ਲު֥͈΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦௩̵ܑ̟͊ު͈͒಑୍૤͞ުୡͬ௩̳̺̫̩̟̈́ࡢș͈ਲު֥͈
ুࡨບ‫̟ث‬ఄࡕ̟४ْ૤̟̯͉ͣͅ৽ఘ଻ͬ௩̳̭͂͜ͅ࿨ၛ̞̾
HRM ੨ଷഽ͉̟࡛ह̥ͣ੿ြܑ̹ͩͤͅު͂২ٛ́ຈါ̯̞͂ͦ̀ͥ౶ে̟ܿෝͬ঵̹̽
૽ऺ̺̫ͬ̓ͦनဥ̱̟‫ږ‬༗̱̟‫ٳ‬อ̱̞̥̞̀ͥຈါ̯͂ͦͥ౶ে̟ܿෝ̦ഐ୨̧̈́͂ͅ
‫ږ‬༗ܑ̧̟́ͦ͊ު͉̻ͧͭ͜၌‫ͬף‬ං̭̦ͥ͂੄ြ̱̟ͥਲު֥͈௰͜ুࡨ͈͒‫ڟ‬૧͂ࠐफഎ໛ছͬ‫ށ‬਋̳̭̦ͥ͂੄ြ̞ͥ
‫ݯ‬ဓ̟໛ছ̟ၗ૖ၚ̟ࠧ޲ၚ̟ΑΠρͼ΅̞̹͂̽۷ത̥ͣࡉ̟̀HRM ੨ଷഽ͈΋ΑΠ࢘‫͈͉̓଻ض‬೾ഽ̜͈̥̞̭͈́ͥ΋ΑΠ͉̟ਲުܑ֥̟ު̟২ٛ஠ఘ͈͒΋ΑΠ͂ࣉ̢̭ͥ
̧̦̞͂́ͥ
HRM ੨ଷഽ͂‫׋‬ဥ͉̟ζΥΐιϋΠ͂ਲު֥͈̟ਲު֥͈ࠁ଼̳ͥ‫ڎ‬ਅΈσȜίܑ̟ު͂౶ে২̟ٛਲު̷֥͈͂‫ز‬௼͈‫ࡢ͉̯̟ͣͅͅۼ‬ș͈ਲު֥͈૤ၑ͈ಎ͕͈̓ͦ̓ͅାࣣ଻
̹̱̟ͬͣ͜༗̞͈̥̞̱̭͈̠̽̀ͥ̈́͜͢ାࣣ଻̦̫̞ࠧ̀ͥાܑࣣ͉̟ͅު͈ࠐ‫ͅא‬̟͂̽̀শ‫ࠐ̟ۼ‬๯̟΀ΥσΆȜ͂࡞̹̽࿂̹́͘ਲު֥ͅ૞ှ̦ۜถ̨ͣழ૕͈࿒ດ̦‫ވ‬ခ̯̩̞̠ͦ̈́̈́ͥ͂࿂̟̥́ͥାࣣ଻̦̫̞̭ࠧ̀ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅ୆̴ͥΑΠτΑ͞૤ၑഎ໺‫̹̞̽͂ٺ‬࿃̟̞́ࣞ΋ΑΠ̦୆̡̲̩̭̞̀ͥ͂͂̈́ͥͼΣΏͺΞͻή͂ুอഎ࣐̈́൲ႁ
̡૞ှ଻̡ୣහ̧ͬ֨਋̫ͥփဳ
̡ٛ২͂ζΥΐλȜͅచ̳ͥ಑୍૤
̡ॽম͈་ࢵ͞٨஝ͬ೹մ̳ͥփဳ
̡ഐ؊ႁ͂਴඲଻੄ങ̢ΫͺȜͣͅ1984͆34 ༁̤͍͢ 258-260 ༁ͤ͢ैນ

଎ນ 4ȁయఢഎ̈́ 2 ਅ͈૖ྩΏΑΞθκΟσ A̢ഥൡഎ૖ྩΏΑΞθ̡‫̩ޛ‬೰̯̹݅ͦ૖ྩ
̡ਲު֥͈୺࿝‫ا‬̡අ೰͈૖ྩඤယͥ͢ͅ‫ݯ‬ဓ̡ೄ୪۬ආͥ͢ͅࣉ‫ه‬̡ࡕਹ̈́۬ආ‫͈́ئ‬Ⴛ൱̡ܰ௱ͥ͢ͅॼުྵ႓̜̞͉ͥ։൲̡΅λςͺ‫ٳ‬อ̡̱̈́ࡢ૽̱͈͂̀ਲު֥
̡ਲު֥͉̟ΫΐΥᾼ̞̾̀ྫ౶
̡‫ٴ‬௄ͬ༞‫̹̳͛ͥͅޑ‬ဥ̞ͣͦͥΑΞȜΗΑ̡Ώϋδσ̡ਲު֥͉̟͕͂ͭ̓‫ܙ‬ဓ̵̴κΟσ B̢Χͼ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ૖ྩΏΑΞθ̡ࢩ̩೰̯̹݅ͦުྩ
̡૖ྩͬ೒̲͈̀ਲު֥͈υȜΞȜΏοϋ̡ਠං̱̹ܿෝͥ͢ͅ‫ܙ‬ဓ̡൳ၯͥ͢ͅࣉ‫ه‬ུ̡૽ু૸̹͉͘൳ၯͥ۬͢ͅආ
̡ΙȜθ̦਴඲༹༷̈́́ιϋΨȜͬ෻౾̱̀ߗ୘ͬਰ௷
̡‫ڠ‬ਠ଼͞ಿ͈͒‫۾‬૤̡ΙȜθ̡ιϋΨȜ̱͈͂̀ਲު֥
̡ΙȜθ̦মުͬ‫̠א׋‬মުΟȜΗͬࢩ̩‫ވ‬ခ̡౷պ͈֑̞ͬड઀ࡠ͂̓͛ͥͅ
̡ࢩ̩ਲު֥̦४ْ੄ങ̢ΫͺȜͣͅ1984͆281 ༁

ȁ2. 4 αΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑȆͺίυȜΙ͂඾ུഎࠐ‫͈א‬୪ത඾ུഎࠐ‫ͬא‬ༀ࣭ͅड੝ͅત̱̹͈͉ٚͺαΈτΰ̜̞ͥ ͺαΈτϋͅ1958͆ ͦ͊͑͢ͅ ඾ུ͂ͺις΃̤̫ͥͅࢥા͈২ٛഎழ૕̱͂̀ࠨ೰എ̈́௖֑ത̦̜̞ͥ ̷͉ͦਞ૸͈‫߸۾‬
ͅlifetime commitment͆ ̜́ͥ ͒ ̱̟͂͑ ͈̠̓̈́͢କ੔̜ͥͅ඾ུ͈ࢥાழ૕̟́͜ Ⴛྩ৪͉ව২̯̞̱̟̀ͅ ๞̦൱̫ͥॼ͈ͤ୆‫ͬپ‬ٛ২ͅտుͅcommit͆ ̳̞ͥ ٛ২͉̟ ड՛͈‫ݫ‬౷̤̞̭̹ͦ͘ͅાࣣͬੰ̞̟֚̀শഎ̵̟͢ͅ๞ٜͬࡹ̳̭̱̞̞ͥ͂ͬ̈́14͒͂୰ྶ̳̞ͥ
඾ུ̤̫ͥͅಿ‫ܢ‬എࡹဥ͂Ⴛ൱৪͈‫͈̱̀۾ͅ߸۾‬୰ྶ̱̟͂̀ ̳́ͅਞ૸͈‫ͅ߸۾‬lifetime

commitment̞̠͆͂ဥࢊ̦ဥ̞̞ͣͦ̀ͥത͉ͅಕփ̱̹̞̞̭͈֚໲ͬ‫͚܄‬ͺαΈτϋ͈ಠै͉ༀ࣭̤͍͢؎ਗ́͜ఱ་̈́ಕ࿒ͬဵ͍̹̞༷֚൚শ͈඾ུ͉́࿫৪̜́ͥ୸໐സ๼̦ρͼέΗͼθ΋ηΛΠιϋΠͬ͑ਞ૸ࡹဥཱུ͒͂࿫̱̹̭͂ͅచ̳݈ͥა̟͞ͺαΈτϋ͈ঐഊ̱̹ࡹ
849૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ࣞͅ‫͆ޘ‬ဥଷഽ͈Ⴄঃ͂ଷഽၑٜ͈ୃ‫݈͈̞̀̾ͅ଻ږ‬ა̦̯̹̞̈́ͦ඾ུഎࠐ‫͉א‬ඏශ̱͂̀ༀ࣭࡛ͅ
̹͈͉̩̟̭͈̠ͦ́̈́̈́͢ஜಣ̦̜̹͈̜̞̽́ͥ
αΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑ̡ͺίυȜΙ͂඾ུഎࠐ‫͈א‬୪ത̞͙̞̾̀ͥͅ୶͕͈̓ΫͺȜ͈ͣಠ੥̜͉̲͈ͥ͑͛͒ͅͅ໐໦͙͙ͬ̀ͥ͂ষ͈̠̈́͢໲ડ̦̜̞ͥΫͺȜͣͅ1984͉͆͑ࠐ‫ۚא‬໐̹̻͉̟ζΥΐιϋΠ͂ਲު֥̟Ⴛ൱ழࣣ͂ζΥΐιϋΠ͈‫ͅ߸۾‬এ̞୨̹̽་‫ͬڟ‬଎̞̥̞̽̀̈́ࡠ̭͈ͤͦͣ࿒ດ͉ో଼̧̞́̈́͂෇ে̱͉̲̞̞͛̀ͥͅಎၞ͆඾ུͬ۷ख̷़̳̟̭͉ͥ͂ͅͺις΃͉͂։̫̟̈́ͥͦ̓͜๱ુ଼̱̹ࢗͅࠐ‫͈א‬κΟσ̦ంह̱̞̞̀ͥ඾ུ͈ඊু
͈২ٛ͂໲‫ྤ͈ا‬၁͈̥̟̈́́඾ུ૽͉ࠐ‫͂א‬Ⴛ൱̟Ⴛ൱ழࣣ͂ࠐ‫಺ފͅۼ͈͂א‬എ̈́‫ͬ߸۾‬ಃ̷̧̜̬̤̟͈̀ͤࠫ‫̟ض‬࿹̹ͦ୆ॲ଻͂຦ৗ̦ో଼̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͒͂୰ྶ̳̞ͥ൚শ͈ΧȜΨȜΡఱ‫ݪࡄ͈ڠ‬ΈσȜί͈඾ܑུު͈͒‫۾‬૤͈̯ࣞͬা̱̹֚໲̷̜̞̭͉́ͥͅ඾ུඊু͈২ٛ
͂໲‫̠̞͂ا‬΋ϋΞ·ΑΠ͈ంहͬփে̱̦̈́ͣ͜‫̠̞̠͂ঀ̢͉͈ͥ͜ঀ͍ڠ͉͈͓ͥ͜ڠ‬৘கഎ̈́এே̦̜̞̞ͣͩͦ̀ͥ
‫ͅ੄܊‬2002ܑ͆ͦ͊͑͢ͅު͈‫އ‬௔࿹պ͈ో଼̞̠͂۷ത̥̟ͣ๱ૂ̢̞͂ͥ͜υΐΛ·ͬ̾͂͜൳শ̟ͅΑζȜΠ́ྛႁഎ̈́υΐΛ·́‫۾‬૤ͬਬ͓͛ͥ୽ၞഐࣣ HRM ა͔̺̦̟༷̟֚
൳̲ SHRMͅ୽ၞഎ૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ̢֨ဥ৪͆ა͈ಎ̜̟̽̀͜ͅαΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑ̡ͺίυȜΙ͉̟ఉઁ։૗̷̜̞͉̟́ͥͦಿ‫ܢ‬എ̈́ࡹဥ‫ͬ߸۾‬αȜᾺ̱ͅਲު֥͈ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ
ͬਹণ༹̳༷ͥაͬ೹̱̞ܳ̀ͥത̜ͥͅ 15͒͂ঐഊ̳̞̭̭͉ͥ́ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦඾ུഎࡹဥ‫ͅ଻߸۾࣐͂۝‬඾ུഎ̈́ࣉ̢༷̦փে̯̹̞̠ͦ͂ঐഊͅಕ࿒̱̹̞̞

HRM ̤̫ͥͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ‫ٽ‬ැ͈൵ව̧̞̭̭͙̹̞̱̥̱̦̾̀́̀̈́ͣ͘ͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̞͉̾̀ͅ OB ͈໦࿤͈́ࡄ‫ݪ‬ಇୟ͜ఉ̷̩̟̳͓ͦͣͬ̀ત̳̭͉ٚͥ͂ඳ̷̱̞̞̭
́ HRM ͈͂‫۾‬Ⴒ଻͈̞ࣞ໐໦ͅࡠ೰̱̟̀‫ٽ‬ැ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻̞̾̀ͅત̳̞ٚͥ଎ນ 5 ͉΋ηΛΠιϋΠ‫ٽ‬ැ͂‫۾‬Ⴒ‫ٽ‬ැ̤͍͢ HRM ঔॐ͈͂‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ͬ௴̢̹͈̜́ͥ͜ 16̞̭̭́͘΋ηΛΠι
ϋΠ͈చય̤͍͢໦႒̞͉̾̀ͅમळ͉ͅե̴̤̟̽̀ͣHRM ࡄ‫̫̤ͥͅݪ‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ‫ٽ‬ැ͈൵ව͈ࠐً̧̞͙̹̞̾̀̀ͅ
଎ນ 5ȁ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈໦႒͂‫۾‬Ⴒ‫ٽ‬ැ
ոஜ͈୰ྶ

ழ૕
΋ηΛΠιϋΠ

ழ૕͈͒Ք಍ਬ౬͈τασHRM ঔॐ‫ވ‬൳ఘಿ‫ܢ‬എࡹဥ‫࣐۝‬Ք಍എ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ

ழ૕࿒എ͈֚͒ఘ‫ا‬ࢗ၌എ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ

ܑުඅਂഎܿෝ

ਬ౬଻͈‫̞ޑ‬‫ܥ‬ෝഎழ૕OJT ಎ૤͈‫߱֗ޗ‬Ⴏ

ଲ‫ۼ‬ఘ

‫ވ‬൳ఘ

ܑު͈২ٛഎ࣓ࡃ
Ⴛ൱ CSRॽম͈͒཯ව

ࡢ૽͈‫̞ޑ‬‫ܥ‬ෝഎழ૕΅λςͺ୭ࠗ

ܰํഎ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ
ॽম΋ηΛΠιϋΠ

૽‫߸۾ۼ‬

ॽমಎ૤଻੄ങ̢ຊ৪ैນ

8510ີȁআȁაȁ஽3ȅHRM ̤̫ͥͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈ခ࢘଻ȁ3. 1 ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͂඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐۝‬඾ུഎࡹဥ‫̫̤࣐ͥͅ۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠͬࣉख़̱̞̩̀ષ̟́΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦อ୆̳ͥါ֦
̞͙̞̩̞̾̀̀ͅႝ࿐ͅ2002͆ͦ͊͑͢ͅ඾ུ૽͈૤ၑඅ଻࣭͞ྦྷ଻̦̟ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋ
Πͬ‫אࠐ̷͈̟̩͉͈̞̱̩̈́́ͥ̀ޑ‬ଷഽ̦ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠͬ‫̞̞̱̩ͥ̀ޑ‬඾ུ૽ਲު
֥͈ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦‫͞଻ྦྷ࣭̟͉͈̞ޑ‬૤ၑඅ଻͉̩̟́̈́नဥ̱̞̀ͥࠐ‫א‬ଷഽ̷͈ͅ
ါ֦̦̜̱̟ͥ͂̀ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈඾ུഎ̈́ါள͈ౝ‫̦ݥ‬ຈါ̜́ͥ͒͂ঐഊ̳̞̭̭ͥ
̞̠́ࠐ‫א‬ଷഽ͉̟̞͂ͩͥ͠඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐ͬ۝‬ଷഽ‫͈̹̱ͬ͜ا‬փྙ̳̞ͥͤ͢ߓఘഎ͉ͅා
ࢗೈ߄ଷഽ̟ਞ૸ࡹဥଷഽͬই̳͛͂ͥ૽মଷഽ͈̭̜̞͂́ͥਹါ͈͉̟̈́ࠐ‫א‬ଷഽ͈ା๵ͅ
ͤ͢ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈ഽࣣ̞̦̞̠ࣞͥ͂͘ঐഊ̜̞́ͥࡢ૽͈૤ၑഎ̈́ါ֦͉̩́̈́ଷഽ
͒ಕ࿒̱̞̀ͥതͅಕ࿒̱̹̞̞
ႝ࿐ͅ2002͉͆͑ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̞̠͂ழ૕࣐൲ა͈‫ٽ‬ැͬဥ̞̟̀ࡢ૽̦̲ۜͥழ૕
͈͂‫ͬ߸۾‬ழ૕͂ࡢ૽͈‫ུܖ̟̠͓ͥ͢ͅ੆̢̩̞͂͒̀௴̱̀͂߸۾‬എ͉ͅழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋ
Πͅ‫݈͈̱̀۾‬აͅਞই̱̞̹̞̹̺̱̀ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠո‫ॽͅٸ‬ম΋ηΛΠιϋΠͅ‫̳۾‬݈ͥაࣽ͜ࢃ͉ຈါ̜̠́ͧ͂এ̞ͩͦͥႝ࿐ͅ2007͉̟̭͈͆́ത͜‫̹͛܄‬୰ྶ̜̦ͥ͜໦
ଢ଼̞̠͂ത͉̞̯̯̥́ະ਱໦͉̜̞́ͥոષ͈̠̟͢ͅழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠͅࡠ೰̱̦̈́ͣ͜
඾ུ૽͈૤ၑඅ଻ͤ͢ͅழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦̞̠͈͉̩̟ࣞͥ͂́̈́͘ࠐ‫א‬ଷഽ͉̾ͤ͘඾ུ
എࡹဥ‫࣐ͤ͢ͅ۝‬ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦̞̞̠ࣞ̽̀ͥ͂͘തͅಕ࿒̱̹̞̞

ȁ3. 2 ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͂Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ
HRM ͂ުୡ͈͂‫۾‬Ⴒͅ‫̱ࠫ̀۾‬ა̦੄͉ͥͅঢ͉̞̞̦̟̽̀̈́ࠐ‫୽א‬ၞ͂૽ম୽ၞ̦͂ൡ
ࣣ̯̭ͦͥ͂ͤ͢ͅުୡ̦٨஝̱̟‫އ‬௔ႁ̞̠ͬࣞ͛ͥ͂ே೰̦̯̞̈́ͦ̀ͥത̞͉̾̀ͅ‫ވ‬ခ̯̞̱̞̺̠̞ͦ̀ͥ͂̀ͧ͢
΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͂Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ͈‫̞̀̾ͅ߸۾‬મळ̈́΍Ȝαͼ࣐̹ͬ̽ୌზͅ2008͈͆ࡄ‫̞̜̦ͥݪ‬ୌზͅ2008̟͆ͦ͊͑͢ӱ৽۷എ̈́Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ͈༷̦‫ݖ‬۷എΩέ΁ȜζϋΑͤ͢͜΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͂ခփ̈́‫̟̭̜͂ͥͅ߸۾‬Ӳழ૕͈डਞΌȜσ̥ͣ‫̞׿‬Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ͈༷̦΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͂ခփ̈́‫̷̟̭̩͉̠̩͂ͥ̈́̈́́͂ͥ̈́߃̟̦̜ͥͅ߸۾‬ӳழ૕஠ఘ଼͈‫ͅض‬చ̱̀ζͼ΢Α‫ͬޣג‬ဓ̢ͥΩέ΁Ȝζϋᾼࠧ޲̟టު͉͆৽۷എ௶೰́͜‫ݖ‬۷എ௶೰́͜ခ
փ̈́‫̟̦̞̯ͥ̀ͦ੄ࡉ̦߸۾‬ίρΑ͈‫ͬޣג‬ဓ̢͈͉ͥ͜ခփ଻̦‫̟̭̞̩̯͂͒͂ͦͅ෇ږ‬̞̠ঐഊ̦̯̞̈́ͦ̀ͥͅ଎ນ 6̷̞̱͆̀ୌზ͉͑΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͉Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ̦ͤ͢ࡢ86૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ࣞͅ‫͆ޘ‬11૽എ́ழ૕஠ఘ͈ͺ;ΠίΛΠ̥ͣ‫̟̦ͥ͘ޑ̦߸۾͕̩̓ͥ̈́׿‬ழ૕͈डਞ଼‫͕̩ͥ̈́߃ͅض‬̓‫ܛ̦߸۾‬ถ̈́ͥͅ߹̦̜࢜ͥ͒͂୰ྶ̳͈̜̞ͥ́ͥ‫ݖ‬۷ບ‫̫̤ͥͅث‬ழ૕͈୆ॲ଻͞ࡢ૽͈
୆ॲ଻̟ুࡨບ‫͈૸ু̫̤ͥͅث‬Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ͈͂‫͉̞̤̀ͅ߸۾‬ခփ̈́‫ݖ̴̟ͦͣࡉ͉߸۾‬۷ບ‫ࡨু͞޲̫̤ࠧͥͅث‬ບ‫̫̤ͥͅث‬഼ႁ͞४‫͉̞̤̀ͅح‬ခփ̈́‫̵̠̞̹̯̺̞͂ࡉ̦߸۾‬̭̜̞̟͂́ͥ̾ͤ͘૸߃̈́Ωέ΁Ȝζϋᾼ̞͈࣐̾̀൲ͅ‫ݖ͉̱̀۾‬۷എ̡৽۷എͅ‫଻߸۾‬̢̦̜̞༷̟֚ͥ͂ͥ́ழ૕എ̈́Ωέ΁Ȝζϋᾼ‫̵̠̞̞̺̞ࠫ͂̈́ࡉ͉଻߸۾͈̱̀۾‬ა̷̜̞̱́ͥ̀ୌზ͉ষ͈̠͢ͅ੆͓̞ͥ͑΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͉൲‫̫͞ັܥ‬ςȜΘȜΏΛί͈̠̈́͢ೄ୪എ̈́ HRM ͈਀౲͉̩̞̦̟̈́ͤͅͅHRM ͈੨ঔॐ̦ழ૕ιϋΨȜͅ਋̫ව̟ͦͣͦခ࢘
ͅ‫ܥ‬ෝ̳ͥാિ̦ା̞̥̽̀ͥͬ฻౯̳ͥঐດ̺̠͂̈́ͥͧ͒͂ঐഊ̱̟࣐൲͈ஜ೹ͅ‫ͬޣג‬ဓ̢ͥ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈଻ৗͬࣉ̢ͥຈါ̦̜̺̠ͥͧ͂ࠫა̫̞̭̿ͥͦͣͬ௙‫̳͂ͥگ‬૖ા͈۪‫ޏ‬ା๵͉ͅఱ̧̈́‫̦̭̜̦͂ͥޣג‬ထே̯̞ͦͥ
଎ນ 6ȁ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͂Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ͈‫߸۾‬ခփ̈́‫̜ͤ߸۾‬ࠧ޲ুอഎ࣓ࡃփဳ
‫ݖ‬۷ບ‫ث‬ͅΟȜΗ̡ષংͥ͢ͅບ‫͆ث‬ুࡨບ‫ث‬

ॼၣဳ‫ݥ‬
഼ႁͅॽমͅൎව̱̹শ‫͆ۼ‬
४‫ح‬
ঌྦྷ࣐൲
ࠧ޲
టު
ୋ຦͈ৗ̡ၾͅ৻̞‫͆߸۾‬ခփ̈́‫̱̈́߸۾‬ழ૕͈୆ॲ଻
ࡢ૽͈୆ॲ଻
ॽম͈ৗ̡ၾ
ުୡͅΩΞϋΠ̡੄ๅ໤͆
ఈ૽̠̩͂ͥ͘͞
଼ಿ࿨‫࣐ٸڬ‬൲100 തྖത́ুࡨບ‫̹̱ث‬Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ͈‫߸۾‬ఈ৪͂๤‫̠̫̺̱ͦ̓̀ڛ‬̧̩̹̥́͘

ࡄ‫ض̮ࠫ͂ͅݪ‬௖֑࿨‫ڬ‬ඤ࣐൲
ၗ૖ঌྦྷ࣐൲੄ങ̢ୌზͅ2008͆51 ༁

ȁ3. 3 ιϋΨȜΏΛί̞̠͂อே
࣭ྦྷ଻͞૤ၑඅ଻̥ͣ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦อ୆̱̞͈͉̩̟̀ͥ́̈́΋ηΛΠιϋΠͬ୆͙੄̳
ࠐ‫א‬ଷഽ̞̞̠̭̦̈́̽̀ͥ͂͂ͅ 3. 1 ́ঐഊ̯̹̞̭͈̭̦ͦ͂փྙ̳͈͉̟ͥ΋ηΛΠ̱̫̈́ͦ͊ழ૕ιϋΨȜ̱͂̀෇̞͛̈́͂࡞̢̞̭۟ͥ͂͜‫خ‬ෝ̜̞̭͈̠࡛́ͥ̈́͢યͬ͑ιϋΨȜΏΛίࠀ࿩̞̠͒͂‫ٽ‬ැ́୰ྶ̳͈̦ͥᚰ࢛ͅ2009̟2011a̟2011b̟2013̜̞͆́ͥ

඾ུ߿ࡹဥΏΑΞθུ͈ৗ͉͑૖ྩ͈̞̈́ࡹဥࠀ࿩̞̠͒͂ത̜̞ͥͅ඾ུո‫͈ٸ‬২ܑ͉ٛ́ު͈ಎ͈Ⴛ൱ͬਅ႒̮͂ͅ૖ྩͅΐοή̱͆͂̀୨ͤ੄̷̱̝͈‫ڎ‬૖ྩͅచ؊̳ͥࠁ́
Ⴛ൱৪ͬनဥ̷̱̟͈೰̹͛ͣͦႻ൱ͅਲম̵̯͈ͥͅచ̱̟඾ུ߿ࡹဥΏΑΞθܑ͉̟́ު͈ಎ͈Ⴛ൱ͬ૖ྩ̮͂ͅ୨ͤ੄̴̯֚ͅ‫ࡹ̱̀گ‬ဥࠀ࿩͈࿒എ̳̞ͥͅႻ൱৪ܑ͉ު͈ಎ
͈̳͓͈̀Ⴛ൱ͅਲম̳ͥ݅ྩ̦̜̱̟ͥঀဥ৪̷͉ͦͬါ‫ࡀ̳ͥݥ‬၌ͬ঵̞̾
8712ີȁআȁაȁ஽̻̟ͧͭ͜৘षͅႻ൱৪̦ਲম̳͈͉ͥࡢ༆͈૖ྩ̷̜̞̱̥̱̟͉́ͥͦࡹဥࠀ࿩́අ
೰̯̞̫͉ͦ̀ͥͩ́ྫ̧̞̞̜͈ͥ͂̓ͅ૖ྩͅਲম̳̥͉̟ͥ‫ུܖ‬എ͉ͅঀဥ৪͈ྵ႓
̽̀͢ͅࠨ̞ͥ͘ࡹဥࠀ࿩̷ͦুఘ͈ಎͅߓఘഎ̈́૖ྩ͉೰̴̷̤̟͈͛ͣͦ̀ͣ̾̓૖ྩ
̦੥̧̧ࣺ͓ͦͥ͘ߗฒ͈୞ๅ̜̞̠́ͥ͂ത̦̟඾ུ߿ࡹဥΏΑΞθ͈ड͜ਹါུ̈́ৗ́
̜̞̭̠̞̠ͥࡹဥࠀ࿩༹͈എ଻‫̟͉֚ڒ‬ਅ͈౷պ୭೰ࠀ࿩̜̞͉ͥιϋΨȜΏΛίࠀ࿩͂ࣉ̢̭̦ͥ͂੄ြ̞ͥ
඾ུ߿ࡹဥΏΑΞθ͈අಭ̯͂ͦͥಿ‫ࡹܢ‬ဥଷഽ̟ාࢗೈ߄ଷഽܑ̟ުඤ‫߱֗ޗ‬Ⴏܑ̤͍͢ު༆ழࣣ͉̟̳͓̭͈̀૖ྩ͈ྫ̞ࡹဥࠀ࿩ུ̞̠͂ৗ̷̥͈ͣ΋υρςȜͅაၑഎ‫͆ࠫܦ‬̱͂̀൵̧੄̯̞ͦͥ
ͅಎၞ͆඾ུ߿ࡹဥΏΑΞθ͉̟́ࡹဥࠀ࿩́૖ྩ̦ࠨ̞̞͈̺̥̟̜̽̀̈́ͣͥ͘૖ྩ
ͅຈါ̈́૽֥̦ࡘઁ̱̟̀͜༆͈૖ྩ́૽֥̦௷̷̫̟͈ͤ̈́ͦ͊૖ྩͅ֊൲̵̯̀ࡹဥࠀ
࿩ͬ֋঵̳̭̦ͥ͂੄ြ̞ͥ༆͈૖ྩ͈͒։൲͈‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̜ͥࡠ̟ٜͤࡹ̳̭̦ͥ͂ୃ൚͂
̯ͦͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻͉೩̩̞̭͈̠̈́ͥ͢ͅಿ‫ࡹܢ‬ဥଷ͉ιϋΨȜΏΛί͈֋঵ͬ࿒എ̳͂ͥॽழ
͙̜́ͥͅᚰ࢛ 2011a̟93-94 ༁̞͆଎ນ 7ȁୃ২̡֥ࡠ೰ୃ২̡֥๱ୃ২֥
ୃ২֥

ࡠ೰ୃ২֥

๱ୃ২֥

޲ྩ౷̡૖ྩ

ࡠ೰ྫ̱

ࡠ೰

ࡠ೰

ࡹဥ‫ۼܢ‬

ྫ‫ܢ‬

ྫ‫ܢ‬

ခ‫ܢ‬

ࠀ࿩͈අಭ

ιϋΨȜΏΛί

ΐοήশ‫ۼ‬੄ങ̢ຊ৪ैນ

̭͈̠͢ͅ૖ྩ̦ࡠ೰̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́͘͘ͅࡹဥࠀ࿩ͬࠫ͐ા༹ࣣ͈എ଻‫ͬڒ‬ιϋΨȜΏΛίࠀ࿩͂ࡤ̞̞̭͈݈ͭ́ͥͦ́͘აͬ൩̢ͥ͂͘ιϋΨȜΏΛίࠀ࿩̭̟̞ͬࠫ͐͂ͤͩͥ͢͠ͅ
ਞ૸ࡹဥ‫ͬࠃآ͈࣐۝‬ං̞̠ͣͦͥ͂փྙ̞̺̠̞̭́ͧͦͤ͢͢ͅ૖ྩ̦๱ࡠ೰͂̈́ͤ૽ম։
൲͞ΐοήυȜΞȜΏοϋ̦‫خ‬ෝ༷֚͂̈́ͥ́ഢ޲̞̠̭̜̠̞̭͈̠͂͂ͤͥ͜͢ͅιϋΨȜΏΛίࠀ࿩͈आೲ̜͈͉̞ͥͩͥ͠ͅਖ૖͉̩́̈́͑ਖ২͈̜̞͒̈́́ͥ૖ྩͅਖ̩͈͉̩́̈́
ව২̳ͥփྙࣣ̞̦‫݈͈̭̞̜͈̞ͥ́ޑ‬ა͉ࡠ೰ୃ২֥͈݈ა͂͜೒̴ͥ໐໦̦̜ͥͅ଎ນ 7̞͆૖ྩ͂޲ྩ౷ͬࡠ೰̳̞̠ͥ͂փྙ͈́ࡠ೰ୃ২֥ͬᚰ࢛͉ࡠ೰ୃ২֥͈̭͂ͬ͑ΐοή߿ୃ২֥̞̞͒͂ͭ́ͥ͢ࡠ೰ୃ২֥͈අಭ͉মުകప̱̹ાࣣͅ‫̧͓̳̹ض‬૖ྩ̦ྫ̩̹̈́̽ાࣣ͆
͉ͅୃ২֥̜́ͦ͊ࡹဥ֋঵̯̦̟ͦͥࡠ೰ୃ২֥̜ٜ́ͦ͊ࡹ͈‫خ‬ෝ଻͉ఱ̧̞̞̠͂ത̜ͅ
̞ͥ૖ྩ͈๱ࡠ೰଻ͬ‫͚܄‬ιϋΨȜΏΛίͬஜ೹̱̞͂̀ͥത̦඾ུഎࡹဥ‫̞̀ͦ͘܄͉࣐ͅ۝‬͈̜̞ͥ́ͥ

88૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ࣞͅ‫͆ޘ‬13

ȁ3. 4 ‫ه‬ఴ͈࠿൦̭͈ͦ́͘ඤယ஠ఘͬ൩̢̦̈́ͣ͘‫ه‬ఴ͈࠿൦̧࣐̞̹̞̞ͬ̽̀ιϋΨȜΏΛίͬஜ೹̱͂
̹ଷഽ୭̷̦̯̤̟͈ࠗ̈́ͦ̀ͤଷഽ୭଼͉̱̞͈ࠗࢗ̀ͥ́΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈ഽࣣ̞͉‫̞̞ޑ‬̱̥̱̦̟̈́ͣ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͉Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑ̦ͤ͢ࡢ૽എ́ழ૕஠ఘ͈ͺ;ΠίΛΠ̥ͣ‫׿‬̩͕̈́ͥ̓‫̟̦ͥ͘ޑ̦߸۾‬ழ૕͈डਞ଼‫ܛ̦߸۾͕̩̓ͥ̈́߃ͅض‬ถ̈́ͥͅ߹̦̜̞࢜ͥ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͉ HRM ͈੨ঔॐ̦̠̩͘‫ڰ‬ဥ̯ͦͥാિैͤ࢘ͅ‫̞̜̦ͥض‬٨஝͈̹͈͛ࢥຳͬ໱ս
‫޲͞ܨ‬Ⴛփဳͅmorale̦͆ૌ଼̯̞̞̱̥̱̦ͦ̀ͥ̈́ͣࣽࢃ͉ࡹဥ͈ໝࣣ‫૽͍̤͢ا‬মບ‫ث‬଼͈‫̟̳࣐͊ͣ̈́ͥૺ̦ا݅৽ض‬ιϋΨȜΏΛίͬஜ೹̱̹͂ଷഽ୭̺̫͉ࠗ́ྫၑ̦୆̲ͥ́
̜̠̞ͧ඾ܑུު͈‫އ‬௔࿹պ଻͈ါ֦ͬ໦ଢ଼̱ༀ࣭̤̫ͥͅ HRM ঔॐͅ൵ව̳ͥ஬̞̦̜̹̽͂ঐഊ
̱̹̞ࡠ೰ୃ২֥̞̠͈͂ͬ͜୭೰̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅୃ২֥͈๱ࡠ೰଻̦ྶ‫̟ͤ̈́ͅږ‬ιϋΨȜΏΛί̤̫ͥͅ૖ྩ͈๱ࡠ೰଻ͬ඾ུ͈ࡹဥ͈අಭ̳̟̭͂ͥ̈́ͣ͊ͦͬༀܑ࣭͈ުͅ൵ව̳̭ͥ͂
͈ඳ̱̯̦Ⴚ೮̶̳̭̞ͥ͂̈́ͥ̈́̈́ͣ͊ͅ૖ྩ͈ྫࡠ೰଻͉͂૖ྩܱ੆੥ͅjob description͈͆๛೰͜ͅࠒ̦ͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̜̥̜̞ͥͣ́ͥॕോͅ2001͆ͦ͊͑͢ͅ૖ྩܱ੆੥͈ဥࢊ̱͂̀

job description ̦ಿ̩ͣ၌ဥ̧̯̹̦̟ͦ̀߃ා position description ̞̠͂ဥࢊͬ၌ဥܑ̳ͥ
ު̦௩ఱ̱̞̞̀ͥjob ͤ͢͜ position ͈͕̠̦૖ྩํսͬ౮ႁഎ̢͂ͣͣͦͥͅփ଎̦̜ͥ͒
͂ঐഊ̯̞̞ͦ̀ͥ૖ྩํս͈౮ႁ‫̠̞͂ا‬ത͉́ஜ੆͈ΫͺȜ͈ͣঐഊ֚͂౿̳̦̟ͥ૖ྩ͈
๱ࡠ೰଻̥ͣ୆̲ͥιϋΨȜΏΛί̞̠͂อே͉ͅൢో̳ͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻͉೩̢̞̞̠̞͂͢ༀ࣭̜́
ͦ͊૖ྩ͈ඤယ̦ୈྟܱͅश̯̹ͦ૖ྩܱ੆੥̱̹ͬ͂͜ͅࠀ࿩๊̦֚എ̺̥̜ͣ́ͥ 17̞̽̀͢ιϋΨȜΏΛίࠀ࿩ͬༀ࣭ͅ൵ව̳̭͉͕ͥ͂͂ͭ̓ະ‫خ‬ෝ̷̜̞̞̺̠̞͈́ͥ͂̽̀ͧ͢
ࠫ‫̷͈࣭͈̝ض‬২ٛ͞໲‫͈̓̈́ا‬΋ϋΞ·ΑΠͬ൩̢̹͘ඊু͈ HRM ଷഽ͈ຈါ̢̦̜̞ͥ͂
̞ͥࣽࢃͬࣉ̢࣐̩̀ષ́൩̢̤̥̫̞̀̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́͘ඵ͈̾ൽ޼̦̜̞͉֚ͥ̾୽ၞഎ૽എ
঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑͅStrategic Human Resource Management̢SHRM̜̟̠͉֚͆́ͤ̾͜χȜ·ρͼέΨρϋᾼwork life balance̢WLB̜̞͆́ͥ

4ȅ̤ͩͤͅ
ཙ൮́੆͓̹ࡹဥ͈ໝࣣ‫̠̞͂ا‬঎͉࢜૽࠯๯͈ॉࡘ̞̠͂ণത̥̟֚ͣͤ͢௄‫̯ͦݥܛ̩ޑ‬͈̜̞ͥ͂̈́ͤ̾̾ͥ͜඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ๱ୃܰࡹဥႻ൱‫̦ا‬२໦͈֚ͬ‫̢̞̹ͥͦͩ͂͜ק‬ಎ̟́

SHRM ͈ంह͉̳̳ۜ͘͘ࡐಠ̞̞̈́̽̀ͥͅ΋ΑΠۜ‫ͅژ‬࿹ͦࠐफࣣၑഎ̈́୽ၞၛմͬ࿒ঐ̳ SHRM ͉ΈυȜΨσ‫އ‬௔͈ࠣ‫̳ͥا‬ಎ́‫ྛ̥ͅږ‬ႁഎ̈́აၑ̜̞̱̥̱́ͥ΋ΑΠ࿂̺̫ͬ8914ີȁআȁაȁ஽௴̢̹ાࣣͅ૽എ঩࡙͈৤ય̱̱̠̀͘໐໦̦̜̞ͥ૽̺̫͉༷֚എͅঀ̧̠̭͈̞͂́̈́঩࡙
̜̟́ͤ૽എ঩࡙͂໤എ঩࡙͈ྶ‫̈́ږ‬ओ։ͬ෇̷̟͈͛ါ֦ͬ૽‫͈̾͜ۼ‬૤ၑഎ௰࿂ͅ‫̞̀͛ݥ‬ͥ͂ঐഊ̱̹͈͉ஜ੆͈ΡρΛ΃Ȝ̜̞̭͈̭́ͥ͂ͬࣉ̢ͥષ̟́ஜ੄͈ᚰ࢛ͅ2011a̦͆४ࣉ̞̈́ͥͅᚰ࢛ঙ͉͑ࡹဥ༗વ͈ੀ઀͂֨
̧ఢ̢ͅ૖ྩࡠ೰̝শ‫ࡠۼ‬೰̟ાਫ਼ࡠ೰ͬࡀ၌̱͂̀঵̾ΐοή߿ୃ২֥͈͒֊࣐ͬ೹া̳̭ͥ
͉͂ͅփྙ̷̦̜̞͈ͥփྙ͉͓́χȜ·ρͼέΨρϋΑ߿ୃ২֥͔͂ࡤ̞̞̥̱̞ͭ́ͦ̈́͒͜
͂੆ܑ͓̞ͥު̦ΈυȜΨσ̈́‫އ‬௔ͅ१̯̞ͦ̀ͥಎ̟࡛৘২͈ٛါ୏̱͂̀ॽম͂୆‫಺͈ڰ‬გ̦‫̞̞ͥ̀ͦͣ͛ݥ‬SHRM ͬࠐफ࿂̤̫ࣣͥͅၑ଻͈აၑ̳̟͂ͥ̈́ͣ͊WLB ͉୆‫ڰ‬࿂̤̫ࣣͥͅၑ଻͈აၑ̞̞̥̱̞̞̭͈͂̽̀ͦ̈́͑͢͜χȜ·ρͼέΨρϋΑ߿ୃ২֥͈͒൵ව̦஬
̞೒࣐̳̟ͤͩͦͥ͂ͥ̈́ͣ͊ͅSHRM ͈‫ه‬ఴ͂ WLB ͈‫ه‬ఴ͈஼༷ͅ၌ത͉̹̯̺ͣͦͥ͜
̠̥ͧ 18̞̹͘ SHRM ͂ WLB ͬ௖ယ̞ͦ̈́აၑ̱͂̀ե̠͈̥̟ൡࣣ͈აၑ̦̜͈̥̟ͥষ
͈‫ه‬ఴ̱̹̞̞͂

Ⱥ४ࣉ໲ࡃȻ
࡚നခঃͅ2001͓͆ॽম͈̥͈̈́ᔛཾ̈́ະհ͔ಎ؇࢖ა૧২̠
‫ޘ‬ાੇജͅ2009͓͆͑ࣞުୡΩρΘͼθ͔͈๡฻എ࠿൦̢Godard & Delaney ͈੨୰ͬಎ૤͓͒ͅ२ਹఱ‫ࠐ༹ڠ‬ა஽͔ల 26 ‫ے‬ల 2 ࣢̠63-78 ༁̸̸̸̸̠ͅ2013͆͑Χͼ̡Ωέ΁ȜζϋΑͬ঎̳࢜ͥζΥΐιϋΠ͈૧‫ܥ‬৊ȁ̸ਲު֥΀ϋΊȜΐιϋΠ͈ࣉख̸़͓͒඾ུႻྩ‫ڠ‬ٛల 43 ٝ஠࣭ఱٛࡄ‫ݪ‬༭࣬აਬ͔඾ུႻྩ‫ڠ‬̠ٛᚰ࢛ࠋ֚჊ͅ2009͓͆૧̱̞Ⴛ൱২ٛȁ̸ࡹဥΏΑΞθ͈ठࢹಃ̸͔͒‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̸̸̸̸̠ͅ2011a͓͆͑ΐοή߿ୃ২֥̞̠͂‫خ‬ෝ଻͔͓͒ুٟ২̥͈ٛͣ౎‫܊͔ݕ‬෨੥ഝ̸̸̸̸̠ͅ2011b͓͆඾ུ͈ࡹဥ͂Ⴛ൱༹͔඾ࠐ໲ࡩ̠
̸̸̸̸ͅ2013͓͆͑Ⴛঀ஼༷̦ොං̳͔ٜͥࡹܰଷ͉͂‫̸̥ة‬ٜࡹܰଷ۱გ͈ୃ̱̞ა̸̲༷͓͒ଲ‫܊͔ٮ‬
෨੥ഝ̟No.843̟pp.107-116̠‫ͅࢤۼ‬1989͓͆඾ུഎࠐ‫ࠏ͈א‬ໄ͔໲៍൴̠
̸̸̸̸ͅ1998͓͆ಿ‫ܢ‬հ೰ࡹဥ͔໲៍൴̠
໹࿤໲຃̡ༀᚧ௛আ̡२֔ஂ̡‫ح‬൥୍̡֚ఆષ‫ͅࢁם‬2008̟͓͆඾ܑུު̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࠐ‫͈א‬་ယͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬಺औࡄ‫̟͔ݪ‬඾ུఱ‫ݪࡄאࠐުॲڠ‬ਫ਼̠‫੄܊‬ฎͅ2002͓͆୽ၞഎ૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა͈৘௖͔ஂ໲൴̠
̸̸̸̸ͅ2005͆
͑ॲު̡ழ૕૤ၑ‫૽͂ڠ‬মႻྩ̺૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ͒෯ાઍဎ̡෯ાཔঊ۬ਘ͓ॲު̡ழ૕૤ၑ‫͔ڠ‬ฒ൑੥པ̠‫܊‬നၨঊͅ1977͓͆඾ུഎࠐ‫͈א‬༎଼ࡔၑ͔໲៍൴̠
̸̸̸̸ͅ1984͓͆͑඾ུഎࠐ‫͒א‬ა௔͔඾ུࠐफ૧໳২̠
ߧా୍ͅ1997͓͆ෝႁ৽ܑ݅͂ު২͔ٛ‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠ॕോ༿ဎͅ2001͓͆ͺις΃͈ೈ߄̡ບ‫ث‬ΏΑΞθ͔඾ࠐႲ੄ๅ໐̠
̸̸̸̸ͅ2008͓͆ͺις΃͈ೈ߄̡ບ‫ث‬ଷഽȁ඾ༀ๤‫͔͈͐͜ڠ̥ͣڛ‬඾ུࠐ౬Ⴒ੄ๅ̠
͓඾ུႻ൱ࡄ‫ݪ‬ॠধ͔̟඾ུႻ൱ࡄ‫̠ࢹܥݪ‬ऎ൥ฎਏͅ1999͆͑ࡹဥΏΑΞθ͈་‫૽̹ࡉ̥ͣا‬ম‫ۯ‬ၑ͈‫ه‬ఴ̟͒
ઽ้ࢨͅ2004͓͆ඤ௰̥ͣࡉ̹ີআ೒଼͑‫͈͒݅৽ض‬༲ٟ͔࢕໲২̠
଩ུ̡ζ΂ͺͅ1995̟͓͆඾ུ૽ა͈༷೾৆͔̻̩͘‫ࠝڠ‬໲ࡩ̠ႝ࿐ၧఊͅ2002͓͆ழ૕͂ࡢ૽ȁ΅λςͺอో͂ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈་‫͔ا‬ฒ൑੥པ̠
̸̸̸̸ͅ2007͓͆ুၙ̳ͥழ૕૽͔̟୆ॲ଻੄ๅ̠

90૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑა̤̫ͥͅ඾ུഎࡹဥ‫࣐͂۝‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈‫۾‬Ⴒ଻ࣞͅ‫͆ޘ‬

15ന๶ٗຳͅ1997͓͆͑ٛ২૽‫̸ݪࡄ͈͒ۼ‬ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈ၑა͂৘ष̸͔‫ނ‬സఱ‫੄੅ڠڠ‬ๅ̠ٛࣞ࿐ࢼ૽ͅ2003͓͆ழ૕͈૤ၑഎ௰࿂ȁழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͈ౝ‫͔ݥ‬ฒ൑੥པ̠
͑඾ུ̤̫ͥ͑ͅ૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ͒෇েͅ‫ࣉ̳ͥ۾‬ख़ȁ̸‫ ̫̤࣭ͥͅם‬HRM ෇েͬ೒̸̲̟̀͒
ࣞ‫ޘ‬ഓ࿟ͅ2007͓͆ࠐफਬ঎͔ల 77 ‫ے‬ల 3 ࣢̸̸̸̸̠ͅ2009͆͑ΡρΛ΃Ȝၑა̤̫ͥͅ૽എ঩࡙‫ٽ‬ැ̞̟͓̾̀͒ͅॲުࠐ‫̟͔ݪࡄא‬඾ུఱ‫ࠐڠ‬फ‫ڠ‬໐ॲުࠐ‫ݪࡄא‬ਫ਼̟ల 31 ࣢̟pp.79-89̠‫ݿ‬ೋ֘ຳͅ2006͓͆ίρΈζΞͻΒθ͈এே͔̟ಆླྀ੥པ̠
୸໐സ๼ͅ1978͓͆඾ུഎࠐ‫̢͔ͥࣉͬא‬ಎࠐफ২̠
ઐ५֚‫ͅܮ‬2008͆͑ুࡨ஖఼߿͈૽মঔॐ̦ழ૕΋ηΛΠιϋΠͅ‫͓͒ޣג̳͖ݞ‬ழ૕‫͔ڠش‬ฒ൑੥པ
Vol.42̟No.2̢61-74 ༁̠
ධฎͅ1978͓࣐͆൲ၑაঃ͔‫܊‬෨੥ഝ̠२࡫࢖ͅ1991͓͆‫͈ز‬აၑ 1ȁ඾ུഎࠐ‫א‬ა੬୰͔໲៍൴̠
̸̸̸̸ͅ1991͓͆‫͈ز‬აၑ 2ȁ඾ུഎࠐ‫଼͈א‬ၛ͔໲៍൴̠
඾ࠐႲෝႁ৽݅‫ۯ‬ၑࡄ‫ݪ‬ٛ༎ಠͅ1969͓͆ෝႁ৽݅‫ۯ‬ၑȁ̷͈ၑა͂৘க͔඾ࠐႲ੄ๅ໐̠
͑૽എ঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑࡄ‫̫̤ͥͅݪ‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠࡄ‫͈ݪ‬պ౾̫͓̿͒ॲުࠐ‫͔ݪࡄא‬඾ུఱ‫ࠐڠ‬ୌზರঊͅ2008͆फ‫ڠ‬໐ॲުࠐ‫ݪࡄא‬ਫ਼̟ల 30 ࣢̟pp.47-55̠
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ȺಕȻ
1

2
3
4

൚শ்̞̻̩࡛ͅા͈ે‫ͬޙ‬༭̱̹࣬ম႕̱͂̀ઽͅ2004̦̜̠͆ͥ஠২֥ͬచય଼̱̹ͅ‫݅৽ض‬ೈ߄ଷഽͬ൵ව̱̹ີআ೒͈ΉȜΆ̜̠ͥౣ‫ܢ‬എ଼̈́‫ͥ͛ݥͬض‬ೈ߄ΏΑΞθ͉̟́ಿ‫ܢ‬എ́ో଼͈
ࣾඳ̈́ުྩ৾ͤͅழ̞̟̹̈́͘͘൳ၯ২֥͈͂‫ފ‬൱‫ͅ߸۾‬঑વͬြ̳̟̈́̓ਲު֥͈‫ܥ‬ٛ৽݅എ࣐̈́
൲ͬઉ̩̭̦̞̠͂̾̈́ͥ͂ͅঐഊ̦̜̠ͥ
‫ͅ੄܊‬2005̟͆ධͅ1976͆ͬ४ચ̠
႕̢͊ HPWS ͬ๡฻എͅ࠿൦̱̞̀ͥࡄ‫ޘ̱̀͂ݪ‬ાͅ2009̦̜̠͆ͥ
‫ޘ‬ાͅ2013̟͆ͦ͊͢ͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠ͉̜̩́͘૤ၑഎ̈́໐໦͈୰ྶ̜̟࣐́ͤ൲͈໐໦ͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬୰ྶ͉ະ௷̱̞̀ͥ͂ঐഊ̳̠ͥ

56

ࣞ‫ͅޘ‬2007͆ͬ४ચ̠
ήρΛΠϋͣͅ2003͈͆ࡉٜ͉́ӱ૽എ঩࡙ͬ୽ၞζΥΐιϋΠ͂ൡࣣ̱̞̀ͥӲழ૕࿒എ̫̹͒࢜
΋ηΛΠιϋΠ࣐൲ͬ‫̞ͥ̀͛ݥ‬ӳࡢ૽ͅઙത̦൚̹̀ͣͦ஠ఘഎൡࣣ̦‫ུܖ‬എণज̞͂̈́̽̀ͥӴ͑ခ‫ܥ‬എ͒̈́ࢹ௮ͬ̾͜ழ૕̤̞̩̀ͤ͢͢ͅ‫ܥ‬ෝ̳ͥӵ૽എ঩࡙͈਱໦̥́̾ୟޭഎ̈́‫ڰ‬ဥ̦‫಺ޑ‬̯̞̟͈ͦ̀ͥ 5 ̾ͅਬ࿩ུ̱̞̠̤̤͚͇̀ͥࣂ͈́ၑٜ͉͂௖֑̞̠̈́͢ͅএ̠ͩͦͥ
7 ͑΋ΑΠ͉̩́̈́‫ٳ̡֗ޗ‬อ̯ͦͥంह̱͈͂̀Ⴛ൱৪۷̞̠͒͂ࣉ̢༷͉̟૽എ঩ུაͤ͢ఱ̧̈́
‫̹̠̜̦ͥ͘ޣג‬΋ηΛΠιϋΠ̦࣐൲‫ུ͉̭̜͂ͥ́ޣג͈̥ͣڠش‬໲ಎܱ͜ͅश̱̹̠
8 ‫ͅ੄܊‬2002͆26-36 ༁̠
9 ΂΂;Ι͉඾ܑུު͈૽মႻྩ‫̢̞࣐ͥ͂͜۝‬ӱಿ‫ܢ‬എ̈́ࡹဥ༗વ̟Ӳಁ̞૽মࣉ‫͂ه‬ઌૺ̟ӳ๱୺࿝എ̈́ઌૺ΋ȜΑ̟Ӵྶাഎ̞́̈́‫ۯ‬ၑ‫̟ࢹܥ‬ӵਬ౬ͥ͢ͅփএࠨ೰̟Ӷਬ౬ୣහ̟ӷ૽ͅచ̳ͥ஠
࿂എ‫̟̓̈́ͤͩͅ۾‬ಕ࿒̱̹̠̭͈ͦͣਅș͈‫࣐ͤ৾ͬ۝‬ව̹ͦࠐ‫༹ͬ਀א‬Γ΂ςȜ Z ͂ྴັ̷̫̟
͈ಠै͈ΗͼΠσ̞̠̈́̽̀ͥ͜ͅ
10 http://kccn.konan-u.ac.jp/keizai/america/menu.htmlͅ2013 ා 7 ࠮ 13 ඾৾ං͆11 ࿫৪̜́ͥఱஜࡄ͉֚࿫৪ࢃ੥̧́ষ͈̠͢ͅ΋ιϋΠ̱̞̠̀ͥ͑70 ාయ͈ࢃ฼͉̟̭̠̱̀඾ུ
͞ୌඊ͈̻ͅ඾ུ͈͙͈࣭͆͂ष‫އ‬௔ͅ௖ষ̞́෴̷̟͈ͦ෴ཤ̥ۜͣޭ൐͈౷͈͒ၫ࣐৪̹̻ࣽͅ
အζσ΋εȜυ͆ͥ͢ͅ඾ུࠐ‫א‬ႛॷ͈̦͜ෳ੄̱̹̱̦̟͒͂̈́ͣ͜80 ාͬஜࢃ̱̀඾ུࠐ‫א‬ήȜθ͉‫̠̞̯̹ͥ̀ͦ͂̽ݲ‬඾ུ͂ͺις΃̦໲‫ا‬എ̜֑̠̭̥ͤ͂ͣ͘ͅͅ‫̭ͤ͂͐͜͢ڠ‬գႁ̥̫༷̹̱̞̠ͬͥ࢜̈́̽͂̀ͥ͜ͅ
12 HRM ͉̟ࠐ‫୽א‬ၞ̟HRM ঔॐܑ̟ުުୡ̞̹͂̽ 3 ་ତ‫͈߸۾͈ۼ‬ၑٜ͈ॽ༷̽̀͢ͅ२̾ͅ໦
႒̷̸̧̯̞̠͈́ͥ͂ͦ̀ͥͦͦྴઠ͉αΑΠίρ·ΞͻΑ̡ͺίυȜΙ̟΋ϋΞͻϋΐͿϋΏȜ̡ͺίυȜΙ̟΋ϋέͻΆτȜΏο΢σ̡ͺίυȜΙ͂ྴັ̫̞̠ͣͦ̀ͥ
13 ΫͺȜͣͅ1984̟͆34 ༁̠
14 ͺαΈτϋͅ1958̟͆17 ༁̠
15 ‫ͅ੄܊‬2002̟͆192 ༁̠
16 ඾ུ̤̫ͥͅ΋ηΛΠιϋΠࡄ‫̱̀͂ݪ‬ന๶ͅ1997͆ͬ४ચ̠̹͘‫ވ‬൳ఘ͂‫ܥ‬ෝਬ౬̞̠͂໦ଢ଼იழ
͙͉५ུͅ2006͆ͬ४ચ̠
17 ॕോͅ2001̟2008͆ͬ४ચ̠
18 ᚰ࢛ͅ2013͉̟͆ΐοή߿ୃ২֥͈൵වٜͬ͑ࡹܰଷ۱გ͉̞̭͒́̈́͂৽ಫ̱̞̠̀ͥILO ͈ଔ੻̳ͥ͑૽‫̞̱ͣۼ‬൱̧༷ͅdecent work̞̠͆͒͂อே̜̦̟ͥ͜ষ͈‫ه‬ఴ̱̹̞̠͂

92‫ڠ‬໐ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒ͅ‫ࣉ̳֚ͥ۾‬ख̸़඾ུ໲‫̡ا‬২͈ٛ͒ෝ൲എ̈́‫ͬͤͩ۾‬௯ૺ̳ͥ਎ު৘க̸̫࢜̀ͅ‫ ౓ ؂‬ဇ ๼ ঊ̡઀ ࿤ ೓ ৹ ऴ΅ȜχȜΡ̢඾ུমૂ̟‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̟඾ུࢊ‫̟֗ޗ‬ෝ൲എ‫ڠ‬ਠ̟ͼϋΗρ·Ξͻήါ࿩඾ུ͈ఱ‫ڠ́ڠ‬໐ͅਫ਼௺̳ͥ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒͉̟ఱ‫شڠ‬࿒୭౾‫ܖ‬੔͈අ႕̱͂̀୭̫̹ͣͦশത̟́࿒എ͂ඤယ̞͈̾̀ͅྶ‫ܖ̈́ږ‬੔̷̸̦̥̹̹̟͈̈́̽͛ͦͦఱ‫ڠ‬͈෇েͅ‫̞̀̿ܖ‬দ࣐॒ࢋ́਎ު̦ૺ̧̹̞࣭͛ͣͦ̀ඤ͈ఱ‫͈͑ڠ‬඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒͈࡛ે̾ͅ
̞̀಺औ̱̹ࠫ‫̷͈̟ض‬࿒ດ͞ඤယ̞̟̾̀ͅఱ‫͈̱̀͂֗ޗڠ‬΋ϋΓϋ΍ᾼ͉̞̺͘ංͣͦ
̞̞̭̦̀̈́͂াऐུ̯̹̞ͦࣂ͉̟́͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒̪̭͈݈ͬ͛ͥͦ́͘ა͈֚໐ͬ৾ͤ
ષ̬̟̹͘ম႕಺औ͈ࠫ‫̟̥͑ͣض‬඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒͈պ౾̫̿ͬठ‫૽࣭ٸ̟̱෇ږ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦ఈ͈਋࣒৪͈͂ͼϋΗρ·Ξͻή̈́ͤ৾ͤͬ͞೒̱̀৽ఘഎ̥̾ෝ൲എͅ඾ུ໲‫̡ا‬২ٛͅ‫̟ͤͩ۾‬͑ࣉ̢ͥ͒‫ܥ‬ٛͬ೹‫̦̭̳͑͂ͥރ‬඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒͈࿒എ̜̳́ͥ͂ͥࣉ̢ͬ੆͓̞ͥԅ ͉̲͛ͅ
ِ̦࣭͈ఱ‫ڠ̟̞̤̀ͅڠ‬໐ͅਫ਼௺̳ͥ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ͅո‫૽࣭ٸ̟ئ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͆ͬచય̱̹͂͑඾
ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒ͅո‫̟͑ئ‬඾ུমૂ͉̟͒͆1962 ා͈໲໐જ႓ͤ͢ͅ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈අ༆ந౾‫ش‬࿒̱͂̀୭౾̯̹͈̟ͦ́͜‫ڎ‬ఱ‫ͅڠ‬௣ັ̯̹ͦ೒ో̷̟͈ͥ͂͢ͅඤယ๊͉̟֚඾ུমૂ̟඾ུ
͈Ⴄঃ̤͍͢໲‫̟ا‬඾ུ͈ଽহ̟ࠐफ̟඾ུ͈ুட̟඾ུ͈‫ش̢ͥޗͬ̓̈́੅ܿڠش‬࿒̜̟́ͥ
̱̞̞̭̭͉̟͂̀ͥ́͑඾ུমૂ͉̟͒඾ུͅ‫ش͐ڠ̭̳ͬ͂ͥ۾‬࿒̜́ͥ͂೰̫݅̿ͣͦ̀
̴̨̞̳̟ͥ͑ͅ඾ུমૂ͈͒պ౾̫̿͞඾ུࢊ‫ܰͅږྶ̢༷ͬࣉ͈̞̀̾ͅ଻߸۾͈͂֗ޗ‬೰̷̱͉̞̞̞͈̹̟̀̈́͛‫͈͑۾ܥ֗ޗڎ‬඾ུমૂ͒౜൚͈‫̟͑́͜ۼ͈֥ޗ‬඾ུমૂ͉͒́̓
͈̠̭͈̠̈́͂ͬ̓͢͢ͅ‫ߓ̧̢̟̥͈͓̈́ͥޗ‬ఘഎ̈́ե̞༷̦̥̞̞̠ͩͣ̈́͂݃࿚ͬࡢșͅ༴̢̹͘͘਎ު৾ͤͅழ̧̹ͭ́͂࡞ུ̢̠̞͢ࣂ͉̟́໲໐જ႓̽̀͑͢ͅ඾ུমૂ̦͒ఱ‫ڠ‬‫֗ͅޗ‬୭౾̯̥ͦ̀ͣ 50 ාͬࠐ̹࡛ह̟‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ͬచય̱̹͂͑඾ུমૂ͈͒պ౾̫̿͞
‫֗ޗ‬࿒ດ̞̟̾̀ͅ٨͛̀ࣉख़ͬদ͙̹̞̞
932ີȁআȁაȁ஽Ԇ ࡄ‫͈ݪ‬࿒എུࣂ̴͉̟́͘߃ා̟͑඾ུমૂ̦͒‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈‫ش‬࿒̱͈̠͂̀̓͢ͅպ౾̫̟݈̿ͣͦ
ა̷̧̯̹̥̟͈ͦ̀ࠐ֌ͬ‫ٽ‬۷̱̹ࢃ̟඾ུ࣭ඤ͈ఱ‫૽࣭ٸ̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑඾ུম
ૂ͈࡛͒ે̞̟̾̀ͅ‫ڎ‬ఱ‫̞࣐̦͑ͥ̀̽ڠ‬඾ུমૂ͈͒ম႕ͬત̳̞ٚͥडࢃ̟ࣽͅ඾͈́͘
་஗࡛͂ેͬ൩̢̟͘඾ུࢊ‫͈֗ޗ‬۷ത̥̟ͣࣽࢃ͑඾ུমૂ̢͈̠̟͒ͬ̓͂ͣ͢ͅ৘க̱̀
̧̞̩͓̥̟̞̠̭̞͂͂̾̀ͅࣉख़̳̞ͥԇ ୶࣐ࡄ‫ݪ‬1ȅ ఱ‫شڠ‬࿒୭౾൚੝͈ȶ඾ུমૂȷ
୽ࢃ̟ఱ‫૽࣭ٸ̢ͥࠞͅڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ତ̦௩‫̱ح‬ই̟͛ၣ‫ڠ‬୆‫͈֗ޗ‬ঔॐͬࢹಃ̳̜̹̟ͥͤͅ઎
გ 37 ාͅ໲໐જͅ൚শ͉̟͆‫ڎ‬অාଷఱ‫ڠ͈ڠ‬ಿͅ໲໐જ႓ల 21 ࣢̱͂̀ո‫̠͈̈́͢ئ‬೒ో͆ͬ੄̱̹ 1 ̞͑‫֗ޗ‬ඤယ๊̢͓֚඾ུমૂ̟඾ུ͈Ⴄঃ̟໲‫̟ا‬ଽহ̟ࠐफ̟඾ུ͈ুட̟඾ུ͈‫̞̽͂੅ܿڠش‬̹͈͔͓͜‫ڎ‬਎ު‫ش‬࿒͈ඤယ̞͉̟̾̀ͅ඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆ͅచ๊̳֚ͥ‫شူޗ‬࿒͈ਇক͂൳အ͈‫֗ޗ‬എփ଎ͬ৘̧࡛̠́ͥ͢ͅၣփ̳̟ͥ͂͂͜ͅ‫ڠ‬୆̦ह‫ڠૺ͉̹͘ڠ‬̳ͥ‫ڠ‬໐͈୺ࢲ໦࿤ͅ؊̲̹‫ܖ‬ய౶ে̵̻̜ͬͩ̀͜‫ڠ‬ਠ̱ං̠ͥ͢෻ၪ̳̭ͥ͂
̦བ̱̞͔͘
‫֗ޗ‬କ੔̢͓ఱ‫͈֗ޗڠ‬କ੔ͅ؊̲̹ඤယͬခ̳̭ͥ͂ͬါ̱̟੝༜എඤယ͈͈͉͜ਲြ೒ͤ
‫ܖ‬੔‫͔͒ٸ‬̭͈໲໐જ႓̟ͤ͢ͅ੝͛̀ୃ৆͑ͅ඾ུমૂ̦͒ၣ‫ڠ‬୆‫֗ޗ͈֗ޗ‬ঔॐ̯̟͂ͦ͑඾ུমૂ͒
͉‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆๊͈֚‫شူޗ‬࿒͂൳အ͈‫ܖ‬ய౶েͬං̹̤̥̹ͥ͛ͦͅ 1 ‫ش‬࿒̷̹̞͈͂̈́̽ల͈֚࿒എ͉඾ུ̞͈̾̀ͅ౶েͬࢩ̩‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ͅဓ̢̭̜̟̠֚ͥ͂́ͤ͜
͈̾࿒എ͉̟‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈ఱ‫͈́ڠ‬၎ਘષ͈ࣣၑ‫̞̜ͥ́ا‬ఱ‫͈ڠ‬၎ਘષ̟඾ུࢊ‫۾֗ޗ‬Ⴒ‫ش‬࿒̷͉͉ͦ́͘ါ௾ౙպ̱͂̀෇̥̹̦̟͛ͣͦ̈́̽‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆ͅ๤͓̀ါ௾ౙ
պ̳͓ͬ̀ྖ̹̳̭̦͂ඳ̷̱̩̟͈໅౜ࠚࡘͬ଎ͤ༒ܽͬ଎̹ͥ͛ͅ୭౾̱̹̞̠͈̜͂́͜
̞̱̥̱̟ͥ͑඾ུমૂ͒ͬఱ‫ڠ‬୭౾‫ܖ‬੔͈අ႕̱̹̭͈͂໲໐જ႓͈ඤယ̷͉̟͈ํս̦ࢩ̩࿒
എ͜ᔛཾ̜̟́ͤ඾ུࢊෝႁ͈͕̥ͅ඾ུ໲‫̡ا‬২̞͈ٛ̾̀ͅ౶েͬഥ਎̳̞̠ͥ͂೾ഽ͈ਇ
ক̱̥උ̴͙̟৾ͦྶ‫̈́ږ‬࿒എ̟‫֗ޗ‬ඤယ̞͉̾̀ͅ૘̷̞̞̞͈̹̟ͦͣͦ̀̈́͛‫ͅॄؖ‬1995͆
94‫ڠ‬໐ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒ͅ‫ࣉ̳֚ͥ۾‬ख़ͅ‫઀̟౓؂‬࿤೓͆

3̦࡞̠̠̟͑͢ͅ඾ུমૂ̠͒ͬ̓պ౾̫̟̺̦̟̟͈̠̿ͦ̈́ͬ̓͢ͅͅ‫̢̠̞̥͈͂ͥޗ‬΋ϋΓϋ΍Α̦ං̩̞͈̞ͣͦ̈́̽̀ͥ͂͜ͅͅࣉ̢̞ͣͦͥ

2ȅȶ඾ུমૂȷ͈պ౾̫̿Ȇඤယͅ‫݈̳ͥ۾‬ა͑඾ུমૂ͈͒࿒എ̞̟̾̀ͅळ୼ͅ1999̦͆‫̭̟͉͈̹̬ͥ͊͂͑͢ͅݷ‬໲‫͈ا‬ఘං͈߱Ⴏ͒
̷̜̞͈́ͥ߱Ⴏͬ೒̲̟̀ౙ̈́ͥ։໲‫ͅا‬చ̳ͥၑٜ͂ഐ؊͉̩̟́̈́ࡢ༆͈౷֖͞২̱ٛ͂
͈̀։໲‫ا‬۷಼̢ͬ̀͑ࡢ͈໲‫ڠͬ͒ا‬ਠ৪̦ু͈ͣ࿚ఴ̢̱̤̳̭͈͂̀͂ͣ̈́͂ఱ୨̯ͬ୰
̩̞̯̟ͣͅນ࡛ෝႁͬಎ૤̱̹͂࡞ࢊ‫׋‬ဥෝႁ͈‫ڕ‬ං͜࿒ঐ̳̱̞̞̭͂̀ͥͦͬ৘க̱̹ίυΐͿ·Π‫ڰ‬൲͈ಎ̥ͣळ୼͉ষ͈ 3 ത̦۷ख़̯̹̱̞̞ͦ͂̀ͥల̟̞֚ͩͥ͠ͅ඾ུ໲‫͈ا‬͑ᔛཾ๊̯̞̹̠֚͒͂̽̈́͢ა̱͂̀ঐഊ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ໲‫ا‬ა͈͉̩̟͂ͣͩͦͥ́̈́ͅ‫ڠ‬ਠ৪ু̦ͣߓఘഎ΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋ‫ڰ‬൲͈ఘࡑͬ೒̱̀ু໦͈͂̽̀ͅࡢ༆͈໲‫ا‬എম৘ͬอࡉ̱
̧̞̀͑২ٛͬඤ௰̥ͣࡉ̭̜̞ͥ͒͂́ͥలඵ̟ͅ৘ఘࡑͬ೒̲̀໲‫ͅا‬చ̳ͥ୶ව۷ͬਘୃ̱̟
‫ڠ‬ਠ৪̦͑ুࡨ་ယͅ‫̷̱̞̜̭̩̀ͥ́͂͒̿ܨ‬ల२̟ͅুࡨ་ယͬఈ৪ͅഥ̢̠̳࣐͂ͥ͢
ևͬ೒̱̀໲‫͈ا‬ΑΞτ΂Ηͼί݃ͅ࿚ͬ༴̧૧̱̞อࡉ̳̭̜̟̱̞̞̹ͬͥ͂́ͥ͂̀ͥ͘
ळ୼͉̟̭͈̠̭̈́͑͂͊ͥ͢͢ͅ໲‫͈ا‬ఘං̱͈͒͂̀‫ڰ͈͍ڠ‬൲̟ͬ͑඾ུࡄ‫̠͈̈́͒͢ݪ‬‫ڠ‬࿚ࡄ‫ݪ‬చય͉̩́̈́‫ڠ૽࣭ٸ‬ਠ৪ͅచ̳ͥ඾ུࢊ‫͈֗ޗ‬໦࿤̧̱͉͂̀̽ͤ͂պ౾̫̟̿଎ 1͈̠͢ͅা̱̞̞̀ͥ

඾ུ͈২̡ٛ໲‫ا‬඾ུࢊࡄ‫ݪ‬

඾ུࢊ

‫ڠ‬ਠ

ࡄ‫ݪ‬

͑඾ུমૂ͒

඾ུࡄ‫ݪ‬

඾ུࢊ‫֗ޗ‬‫ޗ‬ȁ֗
଎ 1ȁ͑඾ུࡄ‫̺ݪ‬඾ུমૂ͒͂͑඾ུࢊࡄ‫̺ݪ‬඾ུࢊ‫͒֗ޗ‬ȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁͅळ୼ͅ1999͆ͤ֨͢ဥ̣p.224͆

଎ 1 ̥̥̠̟ͣͩͥ͢ͅळ୼͉̟͑඾ུমૂ͈͒࿒എ͉඾ུ͈২̡ٛ໲‫ͬا‬చય̱̹͂඾ུࡄ
‫ڠ̷͈ͬ͘͘ض଼ݪࡄ̷͈̹̟̭̳́͂ͥͬ͘͜ݪ‬ਠ৪ͅဓ̢̭̩̟ͥ͂́̈́͜లඵ࡞ࢊਠංͬ
࿒എ̳͂ͥ‫ڠ‬ਠ৪͈̹͈͛඾ུ২̡ٛ໲‫ڠ͑ͬا‬ਠ̳͒ͥા͈೹‫̟̱̜͑̀͂ͥ́ރ‬඾ུমૂ͒
͉඾ུࢊ‫̟̯̞̜͈̞̱̜͑ͣͥ́ͥ̀͂ͥ́ͅᝲํ͈֗ޗ‬඾ུমૂ͈͒࿒എ̭ͬ͑͂͊ͥ͢ͅ
໲‫͈ا‬ఘං̳̭̟͒͂ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅळ୼̷͉̭́եͩͦͥඤယ͉̟൚ட‫ڠ‬ਠ৪͈඾ུࢊෝႁ̽͢ͅ
̀་̱̞̞ͩͥ͂̀ͥນ 1 ͅা̯̞̠̟ͦ̀ͥ͢ͅ࡞ࢊෝႁ̦೩̞͕̓ե̠ඤယ͉඾ུ͈୆‫ڰ‬ਠ
95

4ີȁআȁაȁ஽։໲‫ا‬చੜ࣐൲ෝႁ଼͈֗ͬ࿒ດ̱̹͂ໝࣣഎ‫֗ޗ‬঑‫ڰ׳‬൲̱̟͒͂

੝‫ݭ‬

࡞ࢊෝႁ

ߓఘഎ

ඤယ

ߓఘഎ

౶ে

࡞ࢊਠං

࿒എ

ಎ‫ݭ‬

ષ‫ݭ‬

͑໲‫ͬݪࡄا‬࿒ດ̱̹͂ࡢ༆୺࿝ႀ֖͉͂։͈̜̟̈́ͥ͒́̽̀ࢃ੆

∸‫ߤ⅓۾࡚⅛⅗ز‬ⅺ౎ℴ⅓ℸⅲℳℹⅴ

͑ ඾ུমૂ ͒ ͈պ౾̫̿ͅ‫ ̟̱̀۾‬ಿ౓୼ͅ1999͆ ͉̟͑ ‫ڠ‬ਠ৪͈∹߆࣐࢛ज⅛⅕⅚ⅱℵ⅗⅄⅒ैⅴℸͅဓ̢̞̠ͥ͂ࡥ೰۷ැ݃ͅ࿚ͬ೮̱̞̞̀ͥ

∺૽⅗Ⅾ⅚ⅺှⅬ⅔℺⅛⅕ℵⅆⅴℸ

̱̀ࡕྟͅඅ೰̧͈͉̩̟́ͥ́̈́͜ඤယͬ೰͛̀౶ে̱͂̀‫ڠ‬ਠ৪∻඾ུ૽⅚༥ⅲ⅄̡ ୆‫ز ̡ڰ‬௼̡ ২͈ٛࣉ̢༷͈̟͂͑͜඾ུমૂ͒́ե̧̠͓͑ඤယ္̞͉̟͒̾̀ͅႥ

∼඾ུ⅚౷ၑ̡ Ⴄঃ̡ ࠐफ̡ ଽহ̯ͣͅਕ‫͞ޗ‬এே̞̹͂̽୺࿝౶েͬ৽̳͂ͥૂ༭ਓਬ͒͂֊̞̭ͥ

∽඾ུ⅚ࠝ੅̡ ࠝෝ̡ ໲‫ڠ‬ႁ̦̩ࣞ̈́ͥ̾ͦ̀ͅඤယ͉ͤ͢ಒયഎ̟̈́ͤͅ࿒എ͜২ٛഐ؊̥ͣ

ນ 1 ࡞ࢊෝႁτασͥ͢ͅ໦႒
∾඾ུ⅚এே̡ ഓ‫ ̡ڠ‬ਕ‫ޗ‬‫ߓ̹̞̽͂۝‬ఘഎ̈́ম̟ࣜ̈́ͤͅ࡞ࢊਠංͅਹത̦౾̥̞ͦͥ࡞ࢊෝ

̳ͥକ౓͕̥ͅ2001͆ ͜࡞̠̠̟͢ͅ ਲြΐλΩΦυΐȜ̞̠͂ྴ̩̩́ͣͦͥ඾ུ໲‫̭̠̞̠֑͉̭̳ͬ͂͂͂͂ͥݪࡄ̷͈͈ͬ͜ا‬ಒયഎྶ‫̞̞̱ͥ̀ͅږ‬ಿ౓୼̷͉̟̯̟͈ͣͅ‫ڰ֗ޗ‬൲͈చય͂̈́ͥ඾ུ
໲‫̟͉ا‬඾ུ஠ఘͬಒયഎ̢̹͂ͣͅ௙ࣣഎ̈́඾ུ໲‫ࡢ̟̩͉̈́́ا‬ș⅄ ୆‫ڰ‬౶েⅅ

২ٛഐ؊̧͓̺̞̠͒͂৽ಫͅਹ̞̈́ͥಿ౓୼͉̟͑඾ུমૂ͉̟͒ࡢș͈‫ڠ‬ૂ༭ਓਬΏοϋఘࡑͬ೒̱̀໲‫ا‬എম৘ͬอࡉ̳̭ͥ͂́২ٛͬඤ௰̥ͣࡉͥ

๊֚ુে̤̞̟̀ಿ౓୼͈ঐഊ͉୶੆͈ळ୼͈͑‫ڠ‬ਠ৪̦ߓఘഎ̈́΋ηνΣΉȜ⅄ ২ٛ౶েⅅͥ΍ή΃σΙλȜͬΞȜζ̧̳͓̜ͥ́ͥ͂ͅ੆͓̞̞̭͈̀ͥതͅ

୺࿝౶ে͈‫ڠ‬ਠ৪̦඾ུ́௤ߚ̳ͥࡢș͈ા࿂̤̫࣐ͥͅ൲အ৆̡‫ث‬౵۷̜́ਠ৪͈ΣȜΒͅഞ̽̀։໲‫ا‬చੜ࣐൲ෝႁ଼̡֗։໲‫̫̤ͥͅا‬ΩȜΕ΢ςΞͻࠁ଼͈̹͈͛‫֗ޗ‬঑‫̟̱̜͑͂ͥ́׳‬చ։໲‫ا‬৪‫͂͒֗ޗ‬ྴ̫̞̞̿̀ͥ

ͅळ୼ͅ1999͆ͬࡓͅै଼̣
pp.227-228̯̟͆ͣͅಿ౓୼͉̟අͅఱ‫͈͑́ڠ‬඾ུমૂ݈͒ͬა̳ͥાࣣ͉̟ͅ։໲‫ا‬ഐ؊ͬಎ૤͂ͣͅ
̢̺̫͉̩̟ͥ́̈́਎ު́ե̧̠͓ඤယ̱͂̀ͺ΃ΟηΛ·τασ͈࢜ષ͜ਹါ̜́ͥ͂ঐഊ̱
̞̞̀ͥ‫ڠ‬ਠ৪̦඾ུ໲‫ͅا‬૘ͦ඾ུ২ٛ͂௖ࡽैဥͬ঵̾ಎ́ু͈ͣ౶েఘࠏ̱͂̀ࢹಃ̱̀
̞̩̭̦͂ఱ‫ڠ͈́ڠ‬ਠ̜̱̟́ͥ͂‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦ၣ‫ڠ̠̞͂ڠ‬ਠࠁఠ͜ͅഐ؊̱͑඾ུমૂ͒
̦ΩȜΕ΢ςΞͻࠁ଼࣓͜ͅࡃ̳̭ͥ͂ͬ‫̟̞̞ͤ̾ͥ̀͛͘ݥ‬඾ུࢊ‫ڠ‬ਠո‫͈ٸ‬඾ུͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬୺࿝ႀ֖̜̞͉ͥව࿝࣒ज̞̠͂အఠ͉̩̟́̈́։໲‫̜ͥ́ا‬඾ུ২ٛͅ୆‫ڰ‬τασͅ‫̢̟ح‬ͺ
΃ΟηΛ·Α΅σ̦ຈါ̈́ఱ‫֗ޗڠ‬τασͬ͜‫̰̯̹̈́͛͘͘܄‬τασ͈২ٛ͆ͅഐ؊̱̞̩̀
̹͈͛߱Ⴏ‫ه‬೾̱͂̀͑඾ུমૂ͒ͬպ౾̫̞͈̜̞̿̀ͥ́ͥ
କ౓͕̥ͅ2001͉̟͆඾ུࢊ͈‫ڠ‬ਠ͉඾ུ໲‫͈ا‬ၑฺٜ̫ͬͩ̈́ͦ͊࢘‫ض‬എ଼ͅၛ̵̴̟̭
͂͊͂໲‫͈ا‬ၰ༷͈‫̦֗ޗ‬։໲‫ا‬ၑٜ͈‫ޘ‬ള̱͈̜̥̟͂̈́ͥ́ͥͣ඾ུࢊ‫̭͉ͥ͊͂֗͢ͅޗ‬໲‫ํ̷͈֗͜ͅޗ͈ا‬սͬࢩ̷̧̬͓̜̱̟͈ͥ́ͥ͂ાࣣ͈̟໲‫͈֗ޗ͈ا‬໐໦̦͑඾ུমૂ͒
96‫ڠ‬໐ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒ͅ‫ࣉ̳֚ͥ۾‬ख़ͅ‫઀̟౓؂‬࿤೓͆

5ͅు̯̹ͦႀ֖̜́ͥ͂৽ಫ̳̞̭͈̠̟ͥ͑͢ͅ඾ུমૂ̦͒඾ུࢊ‫͈֗ޗ‬ႀ֖̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ
ஜ೹̟ͅକ౓͕̥͉͑඾ུমૂ͈͒࿒എͬ͑ౙͅ౶েͬ਋̫গ̞̠̭͉̩̟͛ͥ͂͂́̈́৽ఘഎ
ͅ඾ུ͈໲‫̡ا‬২ٛͅ४‫৽̟̱ح‬ಫ̧́ͥ͜ෝႁͬ૸̷̫̭̜̱̞̞̱̟̾ͥ͂͒́ͥ͂̀ͥ̀ͅ
͑඾ུ‫̧͉̭̳͑̀́͂ͥ͜ݪࡄͬ͒ڠ‬඾ུমૂ̷͈͈͒ͬ͜ࡄ‫̧̟̥̭̞͉̭̳ͣ͂̈́́͂ͥݪ‬͑඾ུমૂ͉͒‫ڠ‬࿚ࡄ‫ݪ‬చય͉̩̟̜̩́̈́́͘͜‫ڠ૽࣭ٸ‬ਠ৪ͅచ̳ͥ‫ش֗ޗ‬࿒͈̜֚̾́ͥ͂࡞
̠̞̹̟͘କ౓͕̥͉̟͑඾ུমૂ̦͒‫ڠ૽࣭ٸ‬ਠ৪ͅచ̳ͥ‫ش֗ޗ‬࿒̜́ͥոષ̟‫ڠ‬ਠ৪͈඾ུ
ࢊෝႁ͉ͅ૥ਹͅచੜ̳ͥຈါ̦̜̱̟ͥ͂͑඾ུমૂ̺̦͒ͬͦ౜൚̳̥̞ͥ̾̀͜ͅࣉख़̱
̞̞̀ͥ‫̠͈̦̺̟̥͑̓ͦ͢ͅͅږ‬඾ུমૂ͒ͬ‫̢݈̠̞̥͈͂ͥޗ‬ა͉̟࡛ા͈౜൚‫͈֥ޗ‬‫๊̧̞̱̱֚ͥܳ͊͊́͜ۼ‬എ̟ͅఱ‫͈͑́ڠ‬඾ུমૂ͉͒඾ུ͈໲‫̡ا‬২̞͈ٛ̾̀ͅ౶েͬ
‫̢̠̞͂ͥޗ‬იழ͙ͬ୭೰̳̭̦ͥ͂ఉ̞̦̟౜൚‫̦֥ޗ‬඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍̥୺࿝‫ش‬࿒͈‫̥֥́ޗ‬਎ު͈ඤယ͉։̞̈́ͥ඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍̦౜൚̳ͥાࣣ͉̟‫ڠ‬ਠ৪͈඾ུࢊෝႁͬࡉޭ̹͛਎ު̦‫ܢ‬ఞ̧̦̟́ͥΞ΅ΑΠ͞୆‫ঀͬऺޗ‬ဥ̱̹౶েૂ༭͈୨ͤค̱̠̦ͤ̈́̽̀ۜ͘ͅ๛̞̞͛̈́୺࿝‫ش‬࿒͈‫̦֥ޗ‬౜൚̳ͥાࣣ͉̟୺࿝໦࿤͈౶েͬ‫͙ۂ‬य̞̹̺̫͈ٜ୰̦̻̜̟̈́ͤ́ͤͅ඾ུࢊෝ
ႁ̦਱໦͉̞́̈́‫ڠ‬ਠ৪ͅచ̳ͥ෻ၪ̦ഐ୨͉͂࡞̞ඳ̞̭̦̜̞̭͈̠͂ͥ̈́͢৘ૂ̥̟ͣକ
౓͕̥͉඾ུࢊ‫୺͈֗ޗ‬࿝എ̈́ܿ੅ͬ̾͜඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍͂୺࿝‫ش‬࿒౜൚͈‫͈֥͂ޗ‬Ⴒࠈ̦ະ‫́ࠧخ‬̜ͥ͂ঐഊ̱̞̞̀ͥ
ոષࡉ̧̹݈̀ა͉̟͑඾ུমૂ͒‫͉֗ޗ‬ౙͅ౶েͬ‫ڕ‬ං̳̭ͥ͂ͬ࿒എ̱̹͈͉̩̟́̈́͜ͅ
‫ڠ‬ਠ৪͈ఘࡑͬ೒̱̹ෝ൲എ̈́‫ڠ‬ਠ͂਎ުͅచ̳ͥ৽ఘഎ̈́‫ͬͤͩ۾‬೏‫̠̞̞̱͂ͥ̀ݞ‬ത̤̞֚̀ͅ౿̱̞̞̭͈̭̥̟̀ͥ͂ͣ͑඾ུমૂ͉̟͒́͑‫ڠ‬ਠ৪̦৽ఘഎ̜̞͉ͥෝ൲എͅ඾ུ͈
໲‫̡ا‬২ٛͅ४‫ڠ̟̱ح‬ਠ৪̷̦͈ఘࡑͬ೒̱̀ࣉ̢̹̭͂݃͞࿚ത̟ͬఈ৪̫࢜̀ͅນ੄̡৽
ಫ̧́ͥෝႁͬ૸̫̭̦̟̾ͥ͒͂ͅ‫֗ޗ‬࿒ດ͈̱͌͂̾͂̀‫̞̥̠̺̞͉͈̬ͧ̈́́ͥͦͣݷ‬Ԉ ࣭ඤ͈ఱ‫࡛̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ह͈ȶ඾ུমૂȷ͈ম႕
ஜડ̟́͘‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈‫ش‬࿒̱͈͂̀͑඾ུমૂ͈͒պ౾̫̿ͅ‫݈̳ͥ۾‬ა͈ࠐ֌̞̾̀ͅ
੆ུ̧͓̹̞̀ડ͉̟́඾ུ࣭ඤ͈ఱ‫࡛̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ह͈͑඾ུমૂ̞͒̾̀ͅ಺औ࣐̹ͬ̽ࠫ‫ض‬͆ͬ༭̳࣬ͥ 2 ̞࣭ඤ͈ఱ‫̫̤͑ͥͅڠ‬඾ུমૂ͈͒ম႕̞̾̀ͅ಺̴͓̹̟̟ͥ͛͘ͅ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ͅ඾ུࢊ
‫̞࣐ͥ̀̽ͬ֗ޗ‬඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍ͅచ̱̀ͼϋΗΫνȜ಺औ࣐̹̞ͬ̽చય͉࣭ඤ͈࣭࢖ၛఱ‫̤͢ڠ‬͍জၛఱ‫୺ͅڠ‬හ࣒঍̹͉͘๱ુ޲࣒঍̱͂̀޲ྩ̳ͥ 13 ྴ͈඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍̷̸̟̦́ͦͦਫ਼௺
̳ͥఱ‫ ࠗڠ‬16 ࢷ̜̞́ͥͼϋΗΫνȜ಺औ͉́৽̟ͅո‫ ͈ئ‬4 ത̞̾̀ٝͅ൞ͬං̹̞
976ີȁআȁაȁ஽

1. ͑඾ུমૂ̞̠͒͂ྴઠ͈‫ش‬࿒̦̜̥̞ͥ
2. ͑඾ུমૂ̦̞͒̈́ા̷ࣣ̟ͦͅయ̠ͩͥ̈́͢‫ش‬࿒͉̜̥̞ͥ
3. ͑඾ུমૂ̦̜͒ͥા̷ࣣ̟͈࿒ດ͂਎ުࠁఠ࣒݅ͅࠁ৆͞ΈσȜί‫ڠ‬ਠ͉͈̈́̓͆̓͢
̠͈̥̞̈́͜

4. ͑඾ུমૂ̦̜͒ͥાࣣ̟౜൚‫͉֥ޗ‬඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍̥̠̥̞̓
ນ 2ȁ͑඾ུমૂ̞̠͒͂ྴઠ͈‫ش‬࿒̞̾̀ͅ
͑඾ུমૂ̦̜͒ͥ

͑඾ུমૂ̦̞͒̈́

ࠗ

8ͅ50ͮ͆

8ͅ50ͮ͆

16͑඾ུমૂ̞̠͒͂ྴઠ͈࣒݅‫ش‬࿒̦̜̥̞̠ͥ͂ৗ࿚̞͉̟̜̞̦̾̀͑ͥ͒͂͑̈́͒ͅ฼ତ
͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒ͅඋ̴̞̠̾͂ࠫ‫̹̽̈́ͅͅض‬ນ 2̞̞͆͑̈́͒͂൞̢̹ 8 ͈ఱ‫ ̻̠͈ڠ‬5 ͈ఱ‫̟͉ڠ‬ٜ̟ै໲͈̈́̓͆ಎ́඾ུ໲‫̳ͥ۾ͅا‬ΞȜζͬե̞̟̽̀ͥ͂ٝ൞̱̞̞̱̥̱̀ͥಎ͉̟ͅ
‫ޗ‬঍͈฻౯̟́ාഽͤ͢ͅե̹̽ͤե̥̹̳̟̞̠ͩ̈́̽ͤͥ͂႕͜ࡉ̹̞ͣͦ͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͑඾ུࡄ‫͑͒͞ݪ‬඾ུ໲‫͈ا‬ၑٜ̞̠͒͂ྴઠ͈‫ش‬࿒̟́Ⴄঃ̡໲‫̟ا‬ଽহ̡̱͂̀ե̠͕̥͉̟ͅ
͑౷ࠐफ൝͈ඤယ̞̟̾̀ͅ‫୺ڎ‬࿝‫ش‬࿒͈‫૽࣭ٸ̦֥ޗ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈͙ͬచય̱̹࣒࣐̹̟݅ͬ̽ͤͅ
֖࢐ၠࡄ‫͒ݪ‬൝͈ྴઠ͈‫ش‬࿒̟́ఱ‫̜͈ͥڠ‬౷֖͈ॲު̞̟̾̀ͅέͻȜσΡχȜ·ͬ೒̲̀‫ڠ‬̺̳ͭͤͥ႕̦ࡉ̹̞ͣͦ
ষ̟͑ͅ඾ུমૂ̦̜̞̠͒͑ͥ͒͂ٝ൞ͬං̹ͣͦ‫ڎ‬ఱ‫͈ڠ‬ΏρΨΑͬ໦ଢ଼̱̟͑඾ུমૂ͒
͈ൢో࿒ດ͞਎ުඤယͬ‫ ̷̻̠͈̞̹̱෇ږ‬4 ͈̾ఱ‫͈ڠ‬ম႕̟ͬո‫ͅئ‬ત̳̞ٚͥ
Ȫ1ȫA ఱ‫͈ڠ‬ম႕A ఱ‫̟͉͑́ڠ‬඾ུমૂ̞̠͒͂იழ͙͈ಎ̟ͅႤঃ̟໲‫̟ا‬২̟ٛ໲‫ڠ‬൝͈฼‫شܢ‬࿒̦ 20 ‫ش‬࿒೾ഽ୭౾̯̞̞̤̟֚ͦ̀ͥ̈́໐͉́‫̞̞࣐࣒ͥ̀ͦͩ݅ͥ͜͢ͅࢊם‬1͆ ‫ش‬࿒ྴ̢͑඾ུমૂͅ২ٛ͆ԅ͒ͅ฼‫شܢ‬࿒͆ൢో࿒ດ̢඾ུ͈ଽহ͈අৗ̟࡛͞య඾ུ̦༴̢ͥ‫ه‬ఴͬၑٜ̳̭̟ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅ඾ུ͈২
̷͈͈͈ٛ͒͜෇েͬ૬̭͛ͥ͂
਎ުࠁఠ̢࣒݅
਎ު౜൚৪̢୺࿝‫ش‬࿒͈‫֥ޗ‬2͆ ‫ش‬࿒ྴ̢͑඾ུমૂͅႤঃ͆ԅ͒ͅ฼‫شܢ‬࿒͆ൢో࿒ດ̢඾ུ͈Ⴄঃ͈ၑٜ̟୺࿝എ̈́࡞ဩ͂౶ে͈ਠං͂‫ڰ‬ဥ਎ުࠁఠ̢࣒݅
਎ު౜൚৪̢୺࿝‫ش‬࿒͈‫֥ޗ‬
Ȫ2ȫB ఱ‫͈ڠ‬ম႕1͆ ‫ش‬࿒ྴ̢͑඾ུমૂ 1͒͑඾ུমૂ 2͒ͅ฼‫شܢ‬࿒͆98‫ڠ‬໐ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒ͅ‫ࣉ̳֚ͥ۾‬ख़ͅ‫઀̟౓؂‬࿤೓͆

7ൢో࿒ດ̢࡛య඾ུ̞̾̀ͅ‫ٽ‬ැഎͅၑٜ̱̹ષ̟́ু໦ু૸͈࿚ఴ̢̱̤̳̞͂̀͂ͣ̈́
඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆͈͂ͼϋΗȜͺ·Ώοϋͬ೒̱̟̀ুఈ͈໲‫ͬا‬௖చ‫̟̱ا‬ఉࡓഎ̈́ণ࿤ͬ૸̫̞̾ͥͅ
਎ުࠁఠ̢࣒̟݅ΈσȜίχȜ·਎ު౜൚৪̢඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍Ȫ3ȫC ఱ‫͈ڠ‬ম႕1͆ ‫ش‬࿒ྴ̢͑඾ུমૂԅ͒ͅ೒ා‫ش‬࿒͆ൢో࿒ດ̢඾ུ͈໲‫̡ا‬২ٛͅ࡞ဩ̟໓௹ਠ‫̟۝‬ଷഽ̯̰̈́̓͆ͬ̈́͘͘࿂̥ͣ౶̟ͤ૶
̱͚̭̞͂਎ުࠁఠ̢࣒݅
਎ު౜൚৪̢୺࿝‫ش‬࿒͈‫֥ޗ‬
Ȫ4ȫD ఱ‫͈ڠ‬ম႕1͆ ‫ش‬࿒ྴ๊̢֚͑඾ུমૂԅ๊֚͒͑඾ུমૂԆ͒ͅ฼‫شܢ‬࿒͆ൢో࿒ດ̢඾ུ͈́ਖ૖ͬ࿒ঐ̱̞̀ͥ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ܑ̦̟ު͞૖ਅ̞͈̾̀ͅ౶েͬࢩ
̟͛ਖ૖‫ڰ‬൲ͅषܑ̱̀ުࡄ‫̢࣐ͥͬݪ‬ႁ̫̭̞ͬ̾ͥ͂
਎ުࠁఠܑ̢࣒̟݅ުͥ͢ͅΩΥσ̡ΟͻΑ΃ΛΏοϋ̟࿂୪Ⴏਠ͞΀ϋΠςȜΏȜΠ͈ै଼͈̈́̓৘கഎ̭̈́͂
਎ު౜൚৪̢඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍A ఱ‫͉́ڠ‬౶েͬਠං̳̭ͥ͂ͅઙത̦౾̥̞̦̟ͦ̀ͥB ఱ‫͉́ڠ‬඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆͈͂ͼϋΗȜͺ·Ώοϋͬ೒̱̟̀ఉࡓഎ̈́ণ࿤ͬ૸̫̭̾ͥ͂ͬͅ࿒ດ̱̞̞̹̟͂̀ͥ͘C ఱ‫͉́ڠ‬඾ུ͈২ٛ͞໲‫ݪࡄͬا‬చય̳͈͉̩̟͂ͥ́̈́͑૶̱͚̭͂͒ͬ࿒എ̱̞̠̜̞͂̀ͥ́ͥ͢අಭ
എ͈͉̈́ D ఱ‫̟͑́ڠ‬඾ུমૂ͒ͬ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈ਖ૖঑‫ڰ̱۪͈֚̀͂׳‬ဥ̱̞̞̭͈̀ͥ͢
̠̟ͅ‫ڎ‬ఱ‫̞̯࣒͑ͥ̀ͦٳ́ڠ‬඾ུমૂ͈͒ൢో࿒ດ̦̯̰̜̭͉̟́ͥ͂͘͘ఱ‫̀̽͢ͅڠ‬͑඾ུমૂ͈͒պ౾̫̦̿։̭̈́ͥ͂ͬাऐ̱̞̞̹̟̭̭̀ͥ͘ͅ‫ ̹̬ݷ‬4 ͈̾ఱ‫͈ڠ‬ম႕͉̟́
୺࿝‫ش‬࿒͈‫̦֥ޗ‬౜൚̱̞̀ͥ႕̜̦̟ͥ͜8 ࢷಎ 7 ࢷ͉̟1 ‫ش‬࿒ոષͬ඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍̦౜൚̱̀
̞̞ͥ਎ުࠁఠ̟࣒݅͜ࠁ৆͞ΈσȜίχȜ·̟ΩΥσ̡ΟͻΑ΃ΛΏοϋ̈́̓ఉအ̜̞̭́ͥ
͈̭̥̟͂ͣ୶ͅ੆͓̹̠̟͑͢ͅ඾ུমૂ͈͒պ౾̫̿͞඾ུࢊ‫ࣉ͈̞̀̾ͅ଻߸۾͈͂֗ޗ‬̢༷̦̯̰̜ͥ͘͘ಎ̟́඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍̦ࡢș৾ͤͅழ̞̞̠ͭ́ͥ͂ે‫࡛̟͉ޙ‬ह͕͂ͭ̓͜་
̞̞͈ͩ̽̀̈́͂͜ࣉ̢̞ͣͦͥ

998ີȁআȁაȁ஽ԉ ͂͛͂͘ࣉख़
Ԉડ́ࡉ̧̹̠̟࡛̀͢ͅह඾ུ࣭ඤ͈ఱ‫́ڠ‬৘ঔ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͑඾ུমૂ̷͉̟͈͒਎ު͈࿒
എ̡ൢో࿒ດ̟ඤယ̟౜൚৪̤̞̟̯̰̈́̓̀̈́͘͘ͅࠁఠ̷̷̞̞ͬ͂̽̀ͥ͑͜͜඾ུমૂ͒
̞̠͂ྴઠ͈‫ش‬࿒ͬ୭౾̱̞̞̀̈́ఱ‫̷̟͉̞̹̜ͦ̽͜ڠ‬ౙͅ඾ུ໲‫͈ا‬౶েͬ౯༌എͅ‫̢ޗ‬̺̫̟ͥ̈́ͣඅͅඊၛ̱̹‫ش‬࿒ͬ୭౾̵̴̟͂͑͜඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈਎ު́ഐ൚̈́‫ऺޗ‬൝ͬঀ̽̀
ե̢͊਱໦̺̞̠͂ၑဇ̦̜͈̥̱̞̞ͥͦ̈́͜਎ުࠁఠ̞͉̟࣒̾̀݅ͅࠁ৆̜̦̟ͥ͜ఱ‫ڠ‬͈́ͺ΃ΟηΛ·Α΅σͬ߱Ⴏ̳̭ͥ͂͑͜඾ུমૂ͈͒࿒എ͈̱̟͌͂̾͂̀ίυΐͿ·ΠχȜ
·͞อນࠁ৆̟̥͈̈́ͭͣΈσȜί‫ڰ‬൲̦̈́̓৾ͤව̞ͦͣͦ̀ͥΉȜΑ͜ࡉ̹̞ͣͦ౜൚‫֥ޗ‬ͅ‫̟͉̱͑̀۾‬඾ུমૂ͒ͬ඾ུࢊ‫͈֗ޗڠࢊ̠̞͂֗ޗ‬ಎͅպ౾ັ̫̀඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍̦౜൚̱̀
̞ͥાࣣ̟͂୺࿝‫ش‬࿒͈‫୺̟̦֥ޗ‬࿝໦࿤͈‫ڠ‬ਠ͈͒‫ޘ‬ള̱̱͂̀౜൚̱̞̀ͥાࣣ̦̜̹̞͂̽
͑඾̴̷̸̞̟͈ͦͦͦ͜ఱ‫̷͈̦ڠ‬৘ૂ̵ࣣͩ̀ͅদ࣐॒ࢋ̱̾̾చੜ̧̱̹̠̜̦̟̀́ͥ͢
ུমૂ͈͒࿒എ͂ඤယͬྶ‫̱̀ͅږ‬ఱ‫͈̱̀͂֗ޗڠ‬΋ϋΓϋ΍Αͬං଼̭̱̞ͥ͂ࢗ̀ͥ͂ͅ
͉࡞̞ඳ̷̞̞͉̟ͦԇડ́੆͓̹̤̟͂ͤఱ‫̫̤͑ͥͅڠ‬඾ུমૂ͒୭౾͈শത̷̥͈ͣ࿒എ̟
ඤယ̦ྶ‫ࡢ̟ض̷̢͈̞ࠫͥͦͣࣉ̳֦̭̹̥̭̯͂ͥܳ͂̽̈́̀ͦͅͅږ‬ș͈ఱ‫̸̷ͦͦ́ڠ‬̦ඊু͈࿒എ͂ඤယͬ೰͛̀৘ঔ̱̞̞̠࡛̀ͥ͂ે̦̜͈͉̞̺̠̥̞ͥ́̈́ͧ
̷͉̟ͦ́ఱ‫̫̤͑ͥͅڠ‬඾ུমૂ̷͉͈͒࿒എ̢̞̹̞͈̠̟̠ͬ̽̓͂ͣ̓͢ͅ৘க̱̀
̴̧̞̩͓͈̺̠̥̞͉̈́ͧ͘‫֥ޗ‬௰̦‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈අ଻ͬ൩̢̭̦ͥ͂͘ਹါ̷̜̟́ͤͦ
ͬஜ೹͑ͅ඾ུমૂ̧͈̜͓͒ͥ࿒ດͬ೹մ̱̹̞̞
‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉̟඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆̦ఱ‫ڠ‬ව‫଼͈́͘ڠ‬ಿ̡‫ً֗ޗ‬೾́૸̧̫̹̾̀ͅ඾ུ̞̾̀ͅ
͈౶ে̟ਠ‫ુ̟۝‬ে̞̹͈͈֚͂̽͜໐ͬ൚ட̦̺̈́ͣ͘૸̷̫̞̞̞̦̾̀̈́ͦͅఱ‫୺́ڠ‬࿝‫ͬ֗ޗ‬਋̫ͥष͈ΧϋΟͻ΅λΛί̷̞̈́ͥͦͅ࡬̟ͅ൚੝͉͑඾ུমૂ̞̠͒͂‫ش‬࿒ͬ୭౾̱
̷̀ͦͬ༞̤̠̱̹͈̜̞͂́ͥ
႕̢̟͊ࠐ‫۾ڠא‬Ⴒ͈਎ު́ J ̞̠͂ఱ਀ΑȜΩȜ̦৾ͤષ̧̬̹̟ͣͦ͂඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆͉ J ͈ྴஜͬ໳̷̞̹̺̫̟͈́ഝඤ͈အঊ̟ΟΩȜΠ͈֑̞̟͂ե̠຦໤͈౵౲͈ࣞ೩̟඾ུ২ٛ́
͈਋̫গ༷̟͛ͣͦఈ͈ΑȜΩȜ͂๤‫̹̱ڛ‬ρϋ·ັ̫̦̜̈́̓ͥ೾ഽே௨̧̺̠́ͥͧͅ‫ޗ‬̷֥͈͜౶েͬஜ೹࣒̳̺̠̞̱̥̱̟݅ͬͥͧ͆ͅJ ͈ྴஜո‫ͅٸ‬౶ে̦̞̈́‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉̟඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆͉͂‫ڠ‬ਠ͈ΑΗȜΠ౷ത́Ⴄட̱̹͂ओ̦̜̞̭̦ͥͦ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͂̽̀ͅΧϋΟͻ΅λΛί͈̜̞̈́ͥ́ͥͅJ ̞̠͂ఴऺͬൎ̬̥̫̹ͣͦ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦̭͈࿚ఴͅచੜ̳
͉̟ͥͅ඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆͂൳೾ഽ͈౶েͬ‫̞́ݢ‬༞̱̫̞̞̀ͭ̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́
̱̥̱̟඾ུ૽‫ڠ‬୆͈ດ੔എ౶ে͈ၾͅ೏̞̩͉̥͈̾̈́ͤͅၾ͈౶ে‫ڕ‬ංैު̱̫ͬ̈́ͦ͊
100‫ڠ‬໐ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒ͅ‫ࣉ̳֚ͥ۾‬ख़ͅ‫઀̟౓؂‬࿤೓͆

9̞̦̟̈́ͣ̈́൚ட̷͈̠̈́͢౶ে̳͓ͬ̀͑඾ུমૂ͒́΃ΨȜ̧͈̞̞́ͥ́̈́͜͜౶ে͈୨
ͤค̞̠ͤ͂਎ުࠁఠͅ‫࡛֗ޗ‬ા̥ͣ݃࿚̦೮̷̯͈͉͈̹͉̞̺̠̥̞ͦͥ͛́̈́ͧ
ࡠ̹ͣͦ໲‫ا‬౶ে͞໲‫ا‬എచੜෝႁ̱̥঵̹̞̱̟̈́͂̀͜‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉̟ఱ૽͈̠̈́͢໲
‫ا‬౶ে͞໲‫ا‬చੜෝႁͬ঵̹̞̈́ාઁ͈඾ུ૽͂൳̲͉̞̞́̈́‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉̟඾ུ໲‫ͅا‬૘̧͈ͦͥ͂਋ယఘ̱͉̟͂̀༦࣭͈໲‫ͬا‬ཅ̥ͅඤͅ༴଼̢̹૽̜̞́ͥ༦໲‫̧͓̠̞͂͜ا‬໲‫ا‬ఘࠏͬඤ༫଼̳͈ͥ͌͂ͤ૽̱̟͂̀։໲‫̜ͥ́ا‬඾ུ໲‫̡ا‬২ٛͅచፗ̱̞͈̜̞̀ͥ́ͥ
̷͈‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦։໲‫̜ͥ́ا‬඾ུ໲‫ͬا‬ఱ‫ڠ́ڠ‬ਠளऺ̱͂̀ե̠̜̹͉̟̽̀ͅ౶ে̱͂
̀ਠං̳̟̜̞͉ͥͥ͑‫ͅޡ‬ව͉̽̀‫ͅޡ‬ਲ̢̥͒͂͊ͤͅ඾ུ২͈ٛ୆‫ڰ‬৪̱͂̀ഐ؊̱̠͢
̳̺̫͉̟͂ͥ́ఱ‫͉̱̀͂֗ޗڠ‬਱໦̢͉̞̞̞͂͘
͑඾ུমૂ͒‫֗ͅޗ‬ຈါ͈͉̟̈́‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦඾ུ͈໲‫̡ا‬২͈ٛߓఘഎ̈́মયͅೄ࿂̱̹
̴̧̟͉̳͂́͘ͅ๞̦ͣ঵̞̽̀ͥ༦໲‫͈ا‬ષͅၛ̷̽̀ͦͬ͑ࣉ̢ͥ͒‫ܖ‬ய̱̟͂̾̾ুͣ
࿚ఴփেͬ঵̽̀৽ఘഎͅ඾ུ͈মયͅచፗ̱̟ࡢș͈মય̞̾̀ͅ૬̩͑ࣉ̢̭̜ͥ͒͂́ͧ
̠̞̯̟ͣͅ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈ࡢ༆͈໲‫ا‬ఘࡑ͂ࡢ༆͈এࣉͬ਎ު͈ા́๞̦ͣࡽ̞ͅນ੄̱̟‫ڠ‬ਠ৪‫ވ́ۼ‬ခ̱ͼϋΗρ·Ξͻῄैဥ̱̜̠̭̟֚͂́૽͈͌͂ͤ‫ڠ‬ਠ৪͈এࣉ̯ͬͣͅ૬͛
̭̦ͥ͂‫ܢ‬ఞ̷̧͈̜̞͈̹͉̟́ͥ́ͥ͛͑ͅ඾ུমૂ͈͒਎ު͉̟࣒݅৽ఘ͈ࠁ৆͉̩̟́̈́
ࡢș͈‫ڠ‬ਠ৪͈ෝ൲എএࣉ̤͍͢‫ڠ‬ਠ৪‫ͼ͈ۼ‬ϋΗρ·Ξͻή̈́࢐ၠͬୟޭഎ̧̭̳۪֨ܳͅ‫ޏ‬͆ͬା̢̭̦ͥ͂ਹါ̜̠́ͧ 3 ̞հന͕̥ͅ2000͉͆ఱ‫͈֗ޗڠ‬࿒ດ̟ͬ‫ڠ‬࿚̱͈͂̀౶ে͈‫ڕ‬ං̟এࣉ༹༷͂໦ଢ଼ႁ଼͈̟֗
ুࡨࡄᲣ͂‫ث‬౵฻౯ႁ̹ͬ̽͜ুࡨࠁ଼̟͈ 3 തͅਬ࿩̱̟ࡢ༆എ̈́‫ڠ‬࿚౶ে͈‫ڕ‬ං̺̫͉́ະ
਱໦̟́૽‫͈ۼ‬໲‫࡛ا‬ય̟২࡛ٛય͈ಎͅຽ༑଻ͬࡉ੄̳༷࢜ͅૺ͚̭̦̟͂ఱ‫ڠ‬τασ͈‫ڠ‬࿚̜́ͥ͂੆͓̞̞̀ͥఱ‫̫̤͑ͥͅڠ‬඾ུমૂ̭͈͒͜Α΅Ȝθ͈ಎ̢̳̟́͂ͣͥ͂ͥ̈́ͣ͊
‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦਎ުͬ೒̱̀඾ུ໲‫̡ا‬২ٛͅ৽ఘഎ̡ෝ൲എͅ‫̢͉̱̭̈́͂͒ͥͅࣉ͑ͤͩ۾‬଼ၛ̷̱̞̞͈̈́‫ܥ‬ٛͬ೹‫̷̟̦̭̭̳͂ͥރ‬ఱ‫̫̤͑ͥͅڠ‬඾ུমૂ͈͒࿒എ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ‫ވ‬೒෇ে̧̳͓͉̞̺̠̥̞͂́̈́ͧԊ ̤ͩͤͅ
ུࣂ͉̟́‫ڠ‬໐ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ͬచય̱̹̟͂߃ා͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒͈պ౾̫̭͈݈̿͂ͦ́͘ა͈
ࠐ֌ͬ‫ٽ‬۷̱̹ષ̟́඾ུ࣭ඤ͈ఱ‫̫̤͑ͥͅڠ‬඾ུমૂ͈͒ম႕ͬ಺औ̷̱̟ͦͬ൩̢࡛̀͘
ેͬࣉख़̱̹̞̱̥̱̦̟̈́ͣ͑඾ུমૂ͈͒ম႕̱͂̀಺औ̱̹ఱ‫ ͉ڠ‬8 ࢷ͂ઁ๊̩̟֚̈́‫ا‬̧́ͥ౲‫̸̷͈̟̹̞̞͉ͦͦ̈́͘ͅٴ‬ఱ‫ͅڠ‬చ̳ͥͼϋΗΫνȜ಺औ͉̟͑඾ུমૂ͈͒౜൚
৪ͅచ̷̱࣐̹͈͉̩̟͈̀̽́̈́ఱ‫ͅڠ‬ਫ਼௺̳ͥ඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍ͅచ̷̱࣐̹̞͈̹̟̀̽͛ͼϋ
101

10

ີȁআȁაȁ஽ΗΫνȜͅ൞̢̹඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍̦̟͑඾ུমૂ͈͒౜൚৪̥ͣ໳̞̹ૂ༭̟͞ΏρΨΑ̱͂̀࢖‫ٳ‬̯̞ͦ̀ͥૂ༭ͬ಺औ঩ၳ̱͂̀ঀဥ̱̹̞ࣽࢃ̟͑඾ུমૂ͈࡛͒ે̞̯̾̀ͣͅͅમळͬ෤
՜̳̹͉̟ͥ͛ͤ͢ͅఉ̩͈ম႕ͬਓਬ̱̟౜൚৪ͅచ̱̀ೄ୪ͼϋΗΫνȜ̷࣐̞̟͈ͬఱ‫ڠ‬͈‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈͑඾ུমૂ͒ͅచ̳ͥΣȜΒ̞̈́̓̾̀͜ͅમ̱̩಺औͬૺ͛ͥຈါ̦̜̺ͥ
̠̞̹̟ͧ͘ఱ‫͑̀̽͢ͅڠ‬඾ུমૂ͈͒պ౾̫̦̿։̟̈́ͤࠫ‫̱̀͂ض‬ఱ‫̫̤ͥ֗ͅޗڠ‬΋ϋΓϋ΍Α̦ං̞̞ͣͦ̀̈́ે‫̟̞̀̾ͅޙ‬ఉ̩͈͑඾ུমૂ͒౜൚৪͈փࡉͬਓਬ̳̭ͥ͂̽͢ͅ
̷̟͈̀ࡔ֦͈֚౤ͅท̧̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ͂ࣉ̢̞̭͈ͥതͬࣽࢃ͈‫ه‬ఴ̱̹̞̞͂
ࠐफ͈ΈυȜΨσ‫͚ૺ̦ا‬ौ̟ࣽ඾ܑུު̤̞̟̀ͅఱ‫́ڠ‬඾ུࢊ͞୺࿝໦࿤ͬ૸̫̹̾ͅ‫ٸ‬࣭૽ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦̟ࣞഽ̈́ΈυȜΨσ૽ऺ̱͂̀‫ͥͦͣ͛ݥ‬শయ̦ൢြ̱̞̞̀ͥΈυȜΨσ૽ऺ͉̟ͅ‫͈́ࢊ࣭ٸ‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋෝႁ̦̜̭ͥ͂ͬஜ೹̟࣐ͅ൲ႁ̟อ૞ႁ̷̟̱̟̀։໲‫ا‬‫ڰ‬ဥႁ̦‫ک̠̞̞͂ͥ̀ͦͣ͛ͅݥ‬ന̣2013̞͆‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦։໲‫̜ͥ́ا‬඾ུ໲‫̡ا‬২ٛ͂ୟޭഎͅ‫͈ͣু̟ͤͩ۾‬঵̾༦໲‫ͬ଻ࡢ͞ا‬୆̵̥̠ͥ͢ͅ௯̱̞̩̭̦̟̀͂ఱ‫ٸ̫̤ͥͅڠ‬࣭૽ၣ‫ڠ‬୆‫͈֗ޗ‬࿨‫̢͈̭̞̥̠̺̞͉͈ͧ̈́́ͥ࡞͈͂̾͂͌ڬ‬തͅၣփ̱̟̾̾ࣽࢃ͜‫࣭ٸ‬૽ၣ‫ڠ‬୆‫ͤ৾֗ͅޗ‬ழ̧̞̹̞̞ͭ́

ȺಕȻ
1͆ ಿ౓୼ͅ1999̢p.10̥͈͆ͣ֨ဥ̠
2͆ ‫ڠ‬໐ͅਫ਼௺̳ͥ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ͬచય̱̹͈̟͂́͜ౣ‫۟࢐ܢ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̟͞අ༆ࡄਘၣ‫ڠ‬୆̟༆‫ش‬୆൝ͬచય̱̹͈͉͂͜‫̠̞̈́͘܄‬3͆ ུࣂ́੆͓̹ࣉ̢͂ߓఘഎ̈́‫֗ޗ‬৘க͈͂‫̟͉߸۾‬༆ࣂ̟‫̥͕ͅ౓؂‬2012͆ͬ४ચ̯̹̞̠ͦ

Ⱥ४ࣉ໲ࡃȻ
1͆ ‫ୃॄؖ‬ൽͅ1995͆͑඾ུমૂ‫͈֗ޗ‬ণ‫͓͒ڙ‬Artes liberales͔56 ࣢̟11-18̟‫਀܊‬ఱ‫ڠ‬2͆ ‫ک‬നႿͅ2013͆͑2013 ා࣭षΫΐΥΑͬࡉͥ 4 ͈̾ণത͓͒ΐͿΠυΓϋ΍Ȝ͔2013 ා 1 ࠮࣢̟඾ུ
ཟօ૦‫ࢹܥޟ‬3͆ ‫౓؂‬ဇ๼ঊ̟઀࿤೓৹ऴͅ2011͆͑͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒̤̫ͥͅΟͻαȜΠ͈൵ව̸ఉ૽ତ·ρΆ͈ෝ൲എ̈́‫ڠ‬ਠ‫ڰ‬൲͈௯ૺͬ࿒ঐ̸̱͓̀͒2011 ාഽఱ 11 ٝࡄ‫ݪ‬ਬٛͅ‫۾‬ୌ౷ߊ̡‫ނ‬സ͆อນထࣂਬ͔
4͆ ‫౓؂‬ဇ๼ঊ̟઀࿤೓৹ऴͅ2012͆͑ෝ൲എ‫ڠ‬ਠ͈௯ૺͬ࿒ঐ̳‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒̸ΟͻαȜΠͬ৾ͤව̹ͦఉ૽ତ·ρΆ͈࠿બ̸͓͒ີআა஽͔ల 57 ‫ے‬ల 1 ࣢
5͆ ಿ౓୼ࢭဎͅ1999͓͆͑඾ུমૂ̸̷͔͈Ⴄঃഎജ‫̸̟͑͒ٳ‬21 ଲ‫͓͈ܮ‬඾ུমૂ͔͒༎ਬտ֥ٛ༎͓21ଲ‫͈͑ܮ‬඾ུমૂ̸͒඾ུࢊ‫̥ͣ֗ޗ‬໲‫ا‬ςΞρΏȜ͔͒ల 1 ࣢̟͓඾ུমૂ͔ࡄ‫ݪ‬ٛ
6͆ ळ୼‫ם‬ဎͅ1999͓͆඾ུࢊ‫͂֗ޗ‬඾ུমૂ̸։໲‫ྶ̸಼̢͔ͥͬا‬୞੥ഝ͑ల 4 ડ ఉ໲‫ا‬ၑٜ͂‫ވ‬୆͈̹͈͛‫֗ޗ‬എͺίυȜΙ̟͒༽໐݅࠻۬ਘ̡ா౷ᔖ๼༎͓࣒
7͆ ळ୼‫ם‬ဎͅ2006͆
ज̡඾ུࢊ‫ڠ֗ޗ‬ȁల 5 ‫ے‬ȁఉ໲‫߃͂֗ޗ͈ۼا‬୪ႀ֖͔ΑςȜ΀ȜΥΛΠχȜ·8͆ କ౓ਘ̟ळ୼‫ם‬ဎ̟ऎș࿐ଠখ̟౻നဉ༎ͅ2001͓͆඾ུমૂΧϋΡήΛ·͍ठๅ͎͔ఱਘ‫܁‬੥ഝ9͆ հന༿ঊ̟઀୼்ຐࣣͅ2000͆͑ఱ‫͈֗ޗڠ‬࿒ດ̥ͣࡉ̹͓඾ུমૂ͔‫͑͒֗ޗ‬21 ଲ‫͓͈ܮ‬඾ུমૂ͔͒
༎ਬտ֥ٛ༎͓21 ଲ‫͈͑ܮ‬඾ུমૂ͒͘඾ུࢊ‫̥ͣ֗ޗ‬໲‫ا‬ςΞρΏȜ͔͒ల 2 ࣢̟͓඾ུমૂ͔ࡄ‫ݪ‬ٛ10͆ ֚‫ޘ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬γȜθβȜΐȁhttp://www.hit-u.ac.jp/ͅ2013 ා 6 ࠮ 10 ඾͆102‫ڠ‬໐ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑඾ུমૂ͒‫ش‬࿒ͅ‫ࣉ̳֚ͥ۾‬ख़ͅ‫઀̟౓؂‬࿤೓͆11

11͆ ಎ؇ఱ‫ڠ‬γȜθβȜΐȁhttp://www.chuo-u.ac.jp/ͅ2013 ා 7 ࠮ 11 ඾͆
12͆ സၣ໲‫ش‬ఱ‫ڠ‬γȜθβȜΐ http://www.tsuru.ac.jp/ͅ2013 ා 6 ࠮ 10 ඾͆
13͆ ൳ ঎ ২ ఱ ‫ڠ‬ȁ ඾ ུ ࢊ̡ ඾ ུ ໲ ‫ ֗ ޗ ا‬Γ ϋ Η Ȝ γ Ȝ θ β Ȝ ΐ https://www.doshisha.ac.jp/
international/from_abroad/cjlc.htmlͅ2013 ා 6 ࠮ 10 ඾͆
14͆ ໌௬࿤ఱ‫ڠ‬γȜθβȜΐȁhttp://www.musashino-u.ac.jp/ͅ2013 ා 7 ࠮ 16 ඾͆103൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫૽࣭ٸ̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ༭࣬઀࿤೓৹ऴ΅ȜχȜΡ̢‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̟඾ུࢊ‫̟֗ޗ‬ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊ̟ෝႁଔ֊̟‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽါ࿩ུࣂ͉̟2008 ාഽ̥ͣ 2012 ාഽͅ൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ͅڠ‬ව‫૽࣭ٸ̹̱ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁ̞̾ͅ
̷̟͈̀ෝႁ͈ාഽ̮͈͂ଔ֊̟͂͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒̤̫ͥͅ਋࣒৪͈‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ̞̾̀ͅྶ̥ͣ
̳̭ͥ͂ͬͅ࿒എ̱̟͂͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒́৘ঔ̱̹ΞΑΠ͈ٜ൞ΟȜΗͬ໦ଢ଼̱̹ࠫ‫ͬض‬༭̳͈̜̞࣬ͥ́ͥ͜ ໦ଢ଼͈ࠫ‫૽࣭ٸ ̟ض‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ུ͈‫ڒ‬എ̈́਋̫වͦͬ‫ٳ‬ই̱̹ 2008 ාഽ̥ͣ 2011ාഽ̟́͘ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͉Ⴒ௽̱̀۱̥͞ͅ‫̟̤̱ͤ̀ࣛئ‬2012 ාഽͅષઌ̱̞̀ͥ
̭̦̥̹̞̹̟͂ͩ̽͘‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ̞͉̟̾̀ͅව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥ͣ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ́͘ͅ஠ఘ͈ 95ͮ
͈਋࣒৪͈඾ུࢊෝႁ̦࢜ષ̱̞̞̠̀ͥ͂ࠫ‫̦ض‬ං̹̞̭͈ͣͦࠫ‫̟̥ͣض‬൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫̤ͅڠ‬̞̀‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ͅ৘ঔ̱̞̀ͥ͑ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊ͒‫̟͉֚֗ޗ‬೰଼͈‫ږ̦̭̞̬͂ͥ̀ݷͬض‬෇̧̹̞́ԅȅ͉̲͛ͅ
൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ͅڠ‬ո‫͂ڠུ̟ئ‬ઠ̳͈ͥ͆‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉̟2008 ාഽུͅ‫ڒ‬എͅ਋̫වͦͬই̟͛

2013 ාഽ́͘ͅ႑ࠗ 500 ྴոષ̦ව‫̞̞̱ͥ̀ڠ‬2012 ාഽུ́͘ͅ‫ͅڠ‬ව‫૽࣭ٸ̹̱ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈͕͉̟͂ͭ̓1 ාষͅຈਘ‫ش‬࿒̱͂̀͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒̟ͬஜ‫ ͅܢ‬2 ‫ش‬࿒͑ͅ඾ུࢊԅ̤͍͒͑͢඾
ུࢊԆ̟͒͆ࢃ‫ ͅܢ‬2 ‫ش‬࿒͑ͅ඾ུࢊԇ̤͍͒͑͢඾ུࢊԈ͒͆ͬ၎ਘ̱̞̞̀ͥ͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͉̟́‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈͒ΣȜΒ಺औ͈ࠫ‫͍̤͢ض‬௾ުࢃͅ඾ܑུު͈͒ਖ૖‫ܛ‬བ̦ఉ̞̭͂ͬ‫̟͙ۻ‬ΫΐΥΑા࿂́ঀဥ̳ͥ඾ུࢊͬਠං̳̭ͥ͂ͬ৽̈́࿒എ̱͂̀৾ͤழ̧̹̞ͭ́
‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈਋̫වͦͬ‫ٳ‬ই̱̀ 5 ාͬࠐུ̟̀‫ྫͬڠ‬মͅ௾ު̱̹‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈ૺႹͅ
‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ͜ຈါུ̜̦̟༷̟֚́ͥ́‫ͅڠ‬ව‫૽࣭ٸ̹̱ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͉ාഽ̮͂ͅ։
ུ̞͈̥̟̹̟̈́̽̀ͥ͘‫̞࣐ͥ̀ͦͩ́ڠ‬඾ུࢊ‫̀̽֗͢ͅޗ‬඾ུࢊෝႁ͉࢜ષ̱̞͈̥̀ͥ
̞̟̾̀ͅ࠿બͬຈါ̳͂ͥশ̜ܽ́ͥ͂࡞ུ̢̠̞͢ࣂ͉̟́͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒̤̫ͥͅߓఘഎ
105

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ີȁআȁაȁ஽̈́ΞΑΠΟȜῌུ̟ͬ͂͜‫૽࣭ٸ͈ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁ̞̞̾̀͂͛ͥ͘ͅ

Ԇȅུ‫૽࣭ٸ͈ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈‫ٽ‬ါ
1ȅ඾ུၣ‫ڠ‬দࡑͬ၌ဥ̱̹‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆වদུ‫͈͒ڠ‬ව‫ܛͬڠ‬བ̳ͥ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉̟͑‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆වদ͒ͬ਋ࡑ̳̞ͥ੄‫ܐ‬঩‫̩̞͉ڒ‬̥̾ܰ೰̯̞̦̟ͦ̀ͥఉ̩͈਋ࡑ৪̦̟඾ུ‫ڠ‬୆঑‫̦ࢹܥ׳‬৘ঔ̳ͥ඾ུၣ‫ڠ‬দࡑ͈͑඾ུࢊ͒
‫ش‬࿒଼͈ୡͬ၌ဥ̱̀਋ࡑ̱̞̞̀ͥ඾ུၣ‫ڠ‬দࡑ͈͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͉̟඾ུ͈ఱ‫ڠ‬൝͈ࣞ൝‫ޗ‬֗‫૽࣭ٸͅ۾ܥ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̱͂̀ව‫ܛͬڠ‬བ̳ͥ৪̦̟ఱ‫ڠ‬൝͈́༓‫̡ڠ‬୆‫̞̤̀ͅڰ‬ຈါ͂̈́ͥ࡞
ࢊ‫ڰ‬൲̟ͅ඾ུࢊͬဥ̞̀४‫͈̹̩̞̱͛̀ح‬ෝႁ͈ͬ̓೾ഽ૸̫̞̥̾̀ͥͬͅ௶೰̳̭ͥ͂
ͬ࿒എ̳͂ͥদࡑ̜̞́ͥ2002 ාͤ͢ා 2 ̟࣭ٝඤ‫́ٸ‬৘ঔ̯̤̟ͦ̀ͤ2012 ාഽ͈ා‫ۼ‬਋ࡑ৪ତ͉࣭ඤ‫ ̵ࣣ̀ͩٸ‬3 ྔ 1 ୷૽಼̢̞̞̭͈ͬ̀ͥদࡑ͉̟ၑٜͅ‫ͥͩ۾‬ෝႁͬ࿚̠ႀ֖ͅඋ
ٜ̤͍͆͢ಶ̡ٜಶඋٜ̟͆͂ॲ੄ͅ‫ͥͩ۾‬ෝႁͬ࿚̠ႀ֖ܱͅ੆ 1 ͆́ࢹ଼̯̞̞ͦ̀ͥ਋ࡑ৪

଼͈ୡ͉̟ൡࠗੜၑͤ͢ͅ൝‫̹̯ͦا‬৲ഽංതͬनဥ̱̤̟̀ͤໝତٝ਋ࡑ̱̹ા̷ࣣ̟͈́͜
଼ୡ͉๤‫خڛ‬ෝ͈̞̞̈́͂̈́̽̀ͥ͜
඾ུၣ‫ڠ‬দࡑ͈͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͉ࣣࠗ 450 തͅಶ̡ٜಶඋٜ 200 ത̟උٜ 200 ത̟ܱ੆ 50 തུ̟͆́‫͈̭ͅڠ‬দࡑ଼͈ୡͬ၌ဥ̱̀਋ࡑ̳ͥાࣣ͉̟180 ̼ 200 തոષͅාഽ̟‫ڠ‬໐̽̀͢ͅ
͆։̦̈́ͥ͆ຈါ̜́ͥ 2 ̵̞̹̟̜ͩ̀͘඾ུࢊͥ͢ͅ࿂୪দࡑ͜৘ঔུ̱̟‫͈́ڠ‬ਘ‫̯͏ͅڠ‬̱̞ͩ඾ུࢊෝႁͬခ̱̞̥̀ͥ൝̞̟̾̀ͅૣऔ࣐̞̞ͬ̽̀ͥ

2ȅ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈૽ତ࣭͂ୠ
2012 ාഽུ́͘ͅ‫ͅڠ‬ව‫૽࣭ٸ̹̱ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈૽ତ̟࣭ୠ͉̟ນ 1 ͈೒̜̞̭ͤ́ͥͦͬࡉ̟ͥ͂
ව‫ڠ‬শ͈૽ତ͉̟2008 ාഽ͈ 78 ૽ͬ๧୨̷̟̤ͤ͢ͅ 100 ྴஜࢃ́ଔ֊̱̞̞࣭̀ͥୠ͉̟ಎ
࣭͂‫̦࣭܀‬஠ఘ͈ 9 ‫ڬ‬ոષͬ୸̷̟͈͛ఈ͈࣭ୠ͈‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉ઁତ̜̞́ͥ

ນ 1ȁ൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫૽࣭ٸ͈ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ତ࣭͂ୠȪ2008 ȡ 2012 ාഽȫ૽ତȪව‫ڠ‬শȫ

106

࣭ୠ

2008 ාഽ

78 ૽ಎ࣭Ȅ‫࣭܀‬Ȅరს

2009 ාഽ

60 ૽ಎ࣭Ȅ‫࣭܀‬ȄαΠ΢θȄηλϋζȜ2010 ාഽ

99 ૽ಎ࣭Ȅ‫࣭܀‬ȄαΠ΢θȄκϋΌσ2011 ාഽ

117 ૽ಎ࣭Ȅ‫࣭܀‬ȄరსȄαΠ΢θȄͼρϋȄκϋΌσȄΑςρϋ΃ȄͼΆςΑ2012 ාഽ

96 ૽ಎ࣭Ȅ‫࣭܀‬ȄరსȄαΠ΢θ൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫૽࣭ٸ̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ༭࣬ͅ઀࿤೓͆

3ԇȅ൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫̫̤ͥͅڠ‬඾ུࢊ‫֗ޗ‬ԅડ́੆͓̹̠̟͢ͅ2012 ාഽུ́͘ͅ‫ͅڠ‬ව‫૽࣭ٸ̹̱ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉̟೒ુ̟1 ාষ͑ͅ඾ུࢊ͒
‫ش‬࿒͈၎ਘͬਞ̢ͥͅ2013 ාഽ̥͉ͣ 1 ාষͅ 2 ‫ش‬࿒̟2 ාষͅ 2 ‫ش‬࿒ͅ་ࢵ̯̹̞ͦ͆͑඾ུࢊ͒
‫ش‬࿒͉̟́΋ȜΑ‫ٳ‬ইশ͈ΣȜΒ಺औ͈ࠫ‫̟͞ض‬௾ުࢃ͈ૺႹ‫ܛ‬བ൝ͬ‫̟͙ۻ‬඾ܑུ͈ު͞඾ࠏ
ܑު́൱̩षͅຈါ̟͂̈́ͥΫΐΥΑા࿂͈́඾ུࢊͅո‫̟ئ‬ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊܱ̳͈͂͆ਠංͬ
‫֗ޗ‬࿒ດ̱̟̯̰͂̈́͘͘ࢥຳ̱̦ͬ̈́ͣ৾ͤழ̧̹̞ͭ́၏ͅ2002̦͆͑࿒എଛ࣐ෝႁ̦ਹ
ণ̯ͦͥത̟́ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊ๊͉̟֚എ࣐̞ͩͦ̀ͥͅ඾ུࢊ‫͈֗ޗ‬࿒ດ࡞ࢊ̱͈͂̀඾ུࢊ
͉͂ߊ༆̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͒͂੆͓̞̠̟̀ͥ͢ͅΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊ͈‫૽࣭ٸ̟͉֗ޗ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ུ̦‫ͅڠ‬ව‫̳ͥڠ‬ոஜͅ਋̧̫̹̀඾ུࢊ‫͉͂֗ޗ‬։̷͈̜̞͈̹̟̈́ͥ́ͥ͛͜‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈͕͂ͭ̓
ུ͉̟‫͈͑ڠ‬඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒ͬ೒̱̀੝͛̀ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊ͈‫ڠ‬ਠͬই̭̞͛ͥ͂͂̈́ͥ
ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊ͈ਠං͂࡞̟̽̀͜ౙͅ඾ུ͈ࠐफ͈౶ে͞඾ུഎΫΐΥΑਠ‫͈́͐͜ڠͬ۝‬͉̞̞̈́઀࿤೓͕̥ͅ2009͉̟͆඾ܑུު̦‫ͥ͛ݥͅऺ૽࣭ٸ‬ෝႁͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औࠫ‫͛͂ͬ͘ض‬̹ષ̟́͑ΫΐΥΑ͈࡛ા̤̞͉̟̀ͅ࡞ࢊഎ౶ে̟̯̰͈ͤ̈́ͤ͂ͤ͘͘͢͜͞ಎ́௖਀͈ࣉ
̢ͬၑ̷ٜ̱̟ͦͅచ̱̀ႉ‫ܥ‬؊་ͅచ؊̱̞̩̀΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋෝႁ͈ਹါ଻̦ঐഊ̯ͦ
̞̀ͥ͒͂੆͓̤̟̀ͤΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊ‫ࢊ̟͉̞̤̀֗ͅޗ‬Ꮓۖ͞ᝈ̈́ࠉࢊ൝͈࡞ࢊ౶ে͞ΫΐΥΑਠ‫̳ͥ۾ͅ۝‬౶েͬਠං̳̭̟ͥ͂ͤ͢͜ΫΐΥΑા࿂͈́΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋෝႁͬ૝͊
̳̭͂ͬडਞഎ̈́‫֗ޗ‬࿒ດ̱̜̬̟͂̀͂ͤા࿂͞௖਀͈͂‫ͅޙે̟̞̤̀ͅ߸۾‬ഐ̱̹࣐൲ͬ
஖̧̭̦̠͐͂́ͥ̈́͢ෝႁ͈࢜ષͬ࿒ঐ̧̳͓̜́ͥ͂೹࡞ུ̱̞̞̭͈̭̥̟̀ͥ͂ͣ‫͈ڠ‬͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈ΏρΨᾼ͉̟਎ު‫ٽ‬ါ̱̟͂̀͑ΫΐΥΑા࿂̤̞̀ͅ඾ུࢊͥ͢ͅ΋ηνΣ͆ΉȜΏοΰ̧̦ͥෝႁͬ૸̫̭̾ͥ͂ͬͅ࿒ດ̳͂ͥ͒͂ྶܱ̱̞̀ͥ 3 ̞Ԉȅ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ଔ֊
ུ̭̭̟́͘‫͒ڠ‬ව‫૽࣭ٸ̹̱ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈ව‫ڠ‬দࡑ̤͍͑͢඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒̞̾̀ͅ‫ٽ‬ါͬ੆ུ̧͓̹̞͉̟̀́‫૽࣭ٸ͈ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͉̟ාഽ̮֑̞̦̜͈̺̠̥̞̹̟͂ͥͧ͘ͅ
ව‫ڠ‬শ̥̟ͣ͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈၎ਘͬਞ̢ͥ 1 ාষਞၭশ̟́͘ͅΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊෝႁ͉࢜ષ̱
̞͈̺̠̥̞̭̀ͥͧͦͣͬ࠿બ̳̹̟ͥ͛͑ͅ඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒́৘ঔ̱̞̀ͥΞΑΠ͈ߓఘഎ̈́
ٜ൞ΟȜῌ̟ͬ͂͜ౝ̭̳̞ͥ͂͂ͥ

107

4

ີȁআȁაȁ஽1ȅȶ඾ུࢊȷ‫ش‬࿒̤̫ͥͅΞΑΠ
଎ 1 ͅা̳̠̟͑͢ͅ඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒̤̞͉̟̀ͅ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉೒ુ 1 ාষͅ 3 ͈̾ΞΑΠ֚ͬ୔ͅ਋̫̭̞ͥ͂͂̈́ͥ
͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒ͬ၎ਘ̱̹஠‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ͅచ̱̀ӱτασΙͿΛ
̴̟͘ஜ‫شܢ‬࿒‫ٳ‬ইশ͉̟ͅ
·ΞΑΠͬ৘ঔ̱̞̞̀ͥ͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒౜൚৪͉̟̭͈ΞΑΠ͈ࠫ‫̟̀̽͢ͅض‬ව‫࣭ٸ̹̱ڠ‬૽ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁͬ෤՜̱̟਎ު͈ඤယ͞ૺ࣐௸ഽ͈಺ାͅ࿨ၛ̞̞̀̀ͥ
ষ̟ͅ7 ࠮ྎ͉̟ͅӲ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑͬ৘ঔ̳̞̭͈ͥদࡑ͉̟੉‫ڠͅܢڠ‬ਠ̱̹ඤယͅ‫̟̱̀۾‬͈̓೾ഽਠං̱̹̥ͬ௶ͥদࡑ̜̞́ͥຊ৪̦౜൚̱̹͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ̷͉̟́
ͦͅ‫̢̟̀ح‬ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͂൳͈֚࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲ͅӱ͘ A͆ͬ੄ఴ̷̱̟͈ୃࢋΟȜΗ̥̟ͣව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥͈ͣ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬບ‫̞̞̱ͥ̀ث‬1 ාষਘၭশ͈ 1 ࠮ྎ͉̟ࣼͅӳਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑͬ৘ঔ̳̞̭͈ͥদࡑ͜੉‫͂ܢڠ‬൳အ̟ͅਝ‫ڠ‬‫ڠͅܢ‬ਠ̱̹ඤယͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬ਠංഽͬ௶̦̟ͥຊ৪̦౜൚̱̹͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈ਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͉̟́
ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͂Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͂൳͈֚࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲ͅӱ͘ B̟Ӳ͘ A͆ͬ੄ఴ̱̟ව
‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͍̈́ͣͅ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̥͈ͣ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬບ‫̞̞̱ͥ̀ث‬ȺΞΑΠྴઠȻ

ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠӲ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑɨȺ৘ঔশ‫ܢ‬Ȼӳਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑɨ

4 ࠮Ȫව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃȫ

7 ࠮Ȫ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশȫ

1 ࠮Ȫ1 ාষਘၭশȫ

ӱ

Ӳ

ӳ

ӱȽ A

ӲȽ A

ӱȽ B

ӱȽ B

ӱȽ A

ӲȽ A

Ⱥ ࢹȁȁ ଼ Ȼ ܱ࣢́া̱̹໐໦̦൳֚࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲

4͆

଎ 1ȁȶ඾ུࢊȷ‫ش‬࿒֚́୔ͅ৘ঔ̳ͥΞΑΠ

̭ͦͣ 3 ͈̾ΞΑΠ͉̟2008 ාഽͅै଼̱̹͈̟́͜2012 ාഽ̟́͘൳̲ΞΑΠͬ৘ঔ̱̀
͆

̧̹ 5 ̞̹̟͘৘ঔশ‫͜ܢ‬൳̲̜̞̱̹̦̟̭͈́ͥ̽̀ͦͣΞΑΠ͈ٜ൞ࠫ‫૽࣭ٸ̟̥ͣض‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁ̞̟̾̀ͅාഽ̮͈͂๤‫خ̦ڛ‬ෝུ̜̞́ͥࣂ͉̟̭́ͦͣ 3 ͈̾ΞΑΠ̤̫ٜͥͅ൞ΟȜΗͬ၌ဥ̱̀໦ଢ଼࣐̠̞ͬ
108൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫૽࣭ٸ̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ༭࣬ͅ઀࿤೓͆

52ȅ໦ଢ଼͈εͼϋΠ
3 ͈̾ΞΑΠ͈ٜ൞ΟȜΗͬဥ̞̟̀ո‫ ͈ئ‬5 ത̞̾̀ͅ໦ଢ଼̡࠿બ̳̞ͥ
ͅ1͆ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͈ࠫ‫૽࣭ٸ̟̥ͣض‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ̟ͬාഽ̮͂
ͅ๤‫̞̳ͥڛ‬ͅ2͆Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈ࠫ‫ܢڠ੉̟̥ͣض‬ਞၭশ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ̟ͬාഽ̮͂ͅ๤‫̞̳ͥڛ‬ͅ3͆ӳਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈ࠫ‫̟̥ͣض‬1 ාষਘၭশ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ̟ͬාഽ̮͂ͅ๤‫̞̳ͥڛ‬ͅ4͆Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ́੄ఴ̱̹ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͈࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲͈ୃࢋࠫ‫̟̥ͣض‬ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥ͣ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ͈̟́͘‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ࡢș͈‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬ௶೰̳̞ͥ
ͅ5͆ӳਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ́੄ఴ̱̹ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͈࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲̤͍͢Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲͈ୃࢋࠫ‫̟̥ͣض‬ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͍̈́ͣͅ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̥ͣ 1 ාষਘၭশ͈̟́͘
‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ࡢș͈‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬ௶೰̳̞ͥ

3ȅ໦ଢ଼ࠫ‫ض‬3 Ƚ 1 ාഽ๤‫ڛ‬3 Ƚ 1 Ƚ 1ȁව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ාഽ๤‫ڛ‬ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃͅ৘ঔ̳ͥӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͉̟ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬ಶٜ̟ಶඋٜ̟උٜ

1ͅࢊᏃ̡໲༹̟͆උٜ 2ͅౣ໲උٜ͈͆ 4 ໐࿝́ࢹ଼̯̤̟ͦ̀ͤঅঠ஖఼ঠࠁ৆͈‫ݖ‬۷എΞΑΠ̜̞́ͥ໐࿝̮͈͂ංതͬ 100ͮ۟ͅॳ̱̟໹޳౵ͬ๤‫̦͈̹̱͜ڛ‬଎ 2 ̜̞́ͥ஠ఘഎ̈́߹
̱̟࢜͂̀2008 ාഽ̥ͣ 2011 ාഽ́͘۱̥͞ͅ‫̟̱ࣛئ‬2012 ාഽ͞͞ͅષઌ̱̞̭̦̀ͥ͂
̥̞̹̟ͩͥ͘໐࿝༆ͅࡉ̟ͥ͂උٜ͈໹޳౵̦̟ఈ͈໐࿝ͅ๤͓̀೩̞߹̦̟͈࢜̓ාഽ͜ͅ
Ⴒ௽̱̀۷ख़̯̹̞ͦ

଎ 2ȁτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͈໐࿝༆ාഽ๤‫ڛ‬Ȫ஠ఘ໹޳ȫ

109

6

ີȁআȁაȁ஽ࠐ‫ڠא‬໐̤͍͢ౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໐༆ͅࡉ͙̀ͥ͂ͅ଎ 3 ̤͍͢଎ 4̟͆ࠐ‫ڠא‬໐͈͕̠̦ౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໐̟͈ͤ̓͢͜໐࿝̤̞̤̤͚͇̀͜ͅ໹޳౵̦̞ࣞ͞͞߹̜̞࢜ͥͅ

଎ 3ȁτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͈໐࿝༆ාഽ๤‫ڛ‬Ȫࠐ‫ڠא‬໐ȫ଎ 4ȁτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͈໐࿝༆ාഽ๤‫ڛ‬Ȫౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໐ȫ

3 Ƚ 1 Ƚ 2ȁ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ාഽ๤‫ڛ‬੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশͅ৘ঔ̳ͥӲ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ̞̟̾̀ͅຊ৪̦౜൚̱̹͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͉̟́੉‫ڠ‬‫ڠͅܢ‬ਠ̱̹ඤယ͈ͬ̓೾ഽਠං̱̹̥ͬ௶̭ͥ͂ͬ࿒എ̱̞̞͂̀ͥඤယ͉̟ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬ಶٜ̤͍͢ಶඋٜ໐࿝́ࢹ଼̯̤̟ͦ̀ͤӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͂൳အ̟অঠ஖
఼ঠࠁ৆͈‫ݖ‬۷എΞΑΠ̜̞́ͥӲ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈ංതͬ 100ͮ۟ͅॳ̱̟ාഽ༆͈‫ུܖ‬ൡࠗၾͬॳ੄̱̹ͅນ 2̞̹̟͆͘ාഽ̮͈͂໹޳౵͈ଔ֊ͬນ̱̹͈̦͜଎ 5 ̜̞̭́ͥͦͬࡉ̟ͥ͂

2008 ාഽ̥ͣ 2010 ාഽ́͘‫̟̱ࣛئ‬2011 ාഽͅષઌ̱̞͈̦̥̞̹̺̱̟̀ͥͩͥ2011 ාഽ
̤͍͢ 2012 ාഽ͉̟ຊ৪̦౜൚̱̹͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈਋࣒৪͉ࠐ‫ڠא‬໐ࠐ‫૽࣭ٸ͈شڠא‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈͙̜̹̹̟́̽͛ࠐ‫ڠא‬໐͈ఈ‫͍̤͢شڠ‬ౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໐͈ࠫ‫ࡠ̞̈́ͦ͘܄̦ض‬೰̯̹͈ͦ́͜
̜̞ͥӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ́ࠐ‫ڠא‬໐͂ౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໐͈໹޳౵ͅओ̦̜̹̭̥̟̽͂ͣ2011ාഽ̤͍͢ 2012 ාഽ͈໹޳౵̞͉̾̀ͅ४ࣉ̧͓̜̠̞͂̓͛ͥ́ͧͅ
ນ 2ȁ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈‫ུܖ‬ൡࠗၾ
ාഽ

਋࣒৪ତ

໹޳౵Ȫɓȫ

ಎ؇౵

ດ੔༊ओ

डఱ౵

ड઀౵

2008

76

63.92

66.53

14.17

91.82

14.91

2009

56

62.70

63.08

12.50

84.11

36.45

2010

96

60.14

61.68

14.02

83.18

27.10

2011

41

ɖ

66.47

67.29

11.25

89.72

36.45

2012

43

ɖ

64.68

64.49

15.57

91.59

27.10

ͱ 2011 ාഽ̟2012 ාഽ͉ࠐ‫ڠא‬໐ࠐ‫͙͈شڠא‬

110

7

൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫૽࣭ٸ̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ༭࣬ͅ઀࿤೓͆

଎ 5ȁ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈ංതଔ֊Ȫාഽ๤‫ڛ‬ȫ

3 Ƚ 1 Ƚ 3ȁ1 ාষਘၭশ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ාഽ๤‫ڛ‬
1 ාষਘၭশͅ৘ঔ̳ͥӳਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ̞̟̾̀ͅຊ৪̦౜൚̱̹͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͉̟́ਝ‫ڠ‬‫ڠͅܢ‬ਠ̱̹ඤယ͈ͬ̓೾ഽਠං̱̹̥ͬ௶̭ͥ͂ͬ࿒എ̱̞̞͂̀ͥඤယ͉̟ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬ಶٜ̤͍͢ಶඋٜ໐࿝̟͂ਝ‫ঀ̱̀͂ऺޗͅܢڠ‬ဥ̱̹̟ΫΐΥΑા࿂ͬ৽̈́ໍర̱͂
̹ΞτΫΡρζͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬࿚ఴ́ࢹ଼̯̤̟ͦ̀ͤঅঠ஖఼ঠࠁ৆͍̈́ͣͅΟͻ·ΞȜΏοϋࠁ৆6͈͆‫ݖ‬۷എΞΑΠ̜̞́ͥӳਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈ංതͬ 100ͮ۟ͅॳ̱̟ාഽ༆͈‫ུܖ‬ൡࠗၾͬॳ੄

̱̹ͅນ 3̞̹̟͆͘ාഽ̮͈͂໹޳౵͈ଔ֊ͬນ̱̹͈̦͜଎ 6 ̜̞̭́ͥͦͬࡉ̟ͥ͂2008ාഽ̥ͣ 2009 ාഽ̥̫̀͞͞ͅષઌ̱̹̦̟2009 ාഽո͉ࣛ۱̥͞ͅ‫̟̱̺̹̞̜ͥ́ྙܨࣛئ‬Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͂൳အ̟ͅ2011 ාഽ̤͍͢ 2012 ාഽ͉̟ࠐ‫ڠא‬໐ࠐ‫૽࣭ٸ͈شڠא‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈͙͈ࠫ‫̭̜͂ͥ́ͅض‬ၣփ̯̹̞̞ͦ
ນ 3ȁਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈‫ུܖ‬ൡࠗၾ
ාഽ

਋࣒৪ତ

໹޳౵Ȫɓȫ

ಎ؇౵

ດ੔༊ओ

डఱ౵

ड઀౵

2008

69

71.37

74.19

18.78

98.39

18.28

2009

58

72.86

76.88

18.80

98.39

14.52

2010

88

67.40

68.28

19.52

97.31

15.05

2011

40

ɖ

68.78

70.43

17.75

93.01

13.98

2012

44

ɖ

61.71

64.25

20.35

91.40

8.60

ͱ 2011 ාഽ̟2012 ාഽ͉ࠐ‫ڠא‬໐ࠐ‫͙͈شڠא‬

111

8

ີȁআȁაȁ஽଎ 6ȁਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈ංതଔ֊Ȫාഽ๤‫ڛ‬ȫ

3 Ƚ 2 ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽஜ୯̟́͘‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈ාഽ̮͈͂඾ུࢊෝႁ͈໹޳͈ଔ֊ͬࡉ̧̹̦̟͉̟̀́‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ࡢș͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ਠංഽུ̞͉̠̜̠̥̞̾̀̓́ͧͅ୯͉̟́͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒ͬ਋࣒̱
̹‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ࡢș͈‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬ໦ଢ଼ུ̳̭̟ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅ‫͈ڠ‬඾ུࢊ‫࠿ͬض଼͈֗ޗ‬બ̳ͥ਀‫̞̞̹̱̥͂ͤڥ‬3 Ƚ 2 Ƚ 1ȁව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥ͣ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ͈́͘‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽຊ৪̦౜൚̱̹͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͉̟֚́໐̟ͅӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͂൳̲࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲ͅ10 ࣜ࿒́ࢹ଼͆ͬ੄ఴ̱̟ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥͈ͣ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬ௶೰̱̞̞̀ͥ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ̞̟̾̀ͅߓఘഎ͉̟ͅນ 4 ͈̠̟͢ͅӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ੄ఴশͅୃٜ̱̹࿚ఴࣜ࿒̦̟
Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ́ठ੄ఴ̱̹ष͜ͅୃٜ̈́ͣ͊͑1̟͒ະୃٜ̈́ͣ͊͑͘ 1̟͒ͬ‫ͅݙ‬ະୃٜ̺̽
̹࿚ఴࣜ࿒̦̟ठ੄ఴশͅୃٜ̈́ͣ͊͑2̟͒་̴ͩͣະୃٜ̈́ͣ͊͑0̷̸̟͒ͬͦͦ‫ڠ‬ਠൢో͆ഽঐତ̱͂̀ΟȜΗͬ་̱̹͈ࣣ̱̟۟ͬࠗ͜ΩȜΓϋΞȜΐ́ນা̱̹ 7 ̞
ນ 4ȁ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ͈ॳ੄༹༷
ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ੄ఴশ

112

Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑठ੄ఴশ

‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ

ࣜ࿒๔࣢

1๔

2๔

3๔

1๔

2๔

3๔

1๔

2๔

3๔

਋࣒৪ A

ୃٜ

ະୃٜ

ୃٜ

ୃٜ

ະୃٜ

ະୃٜ

1

0

Ƚ1

਋࣒৪ B

ୃٜ

ະୃٜ

ະୃٜ

ୃٜ

ୃٜ

ୃٜ

1

2

2

਋࣒৪ C

ୃٜ

ୃٜ

ະୃٜ

ୃٜ

ະୃٜ

ະୃٜ

1

Ƚ1

0

൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫૽࣭ٸ̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ༭࣬ͅ઀࿤೓͆

9଎ 7ȁව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥ͣ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ͈́͘‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽȪ2008 ȡ 2012 ාഽȫ੉‫͑ͅܢڠ‬඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒ͬ၎ਘ̱̹̟2008 ාഽ̥ͣ 2012 ාഽ͈̳͓͈̀਋࣒৪͈‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ͈໦ືͬນ̱̹͈̦͜଎ 7 ̜̞́ͥ஠਋࣒৪ 312 ྴ͈̠̻̟‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ̦ 0 ո‫͈ئ‬਋
࣒৪͉ 16 ྴ͈͙̟́஠ఘ͈࿩ 95͈ͮ਋࣒৪̦ίρΑ͈૝͍ͬা̱̞̞̀ͥ

3 Ƚ 2 Ƚ 2ȁව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̤͍͢੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̥ͣ 1 ාষਘၭশ͈́͘‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ଎ 1 ́া̱̹̠̟͢ͅຊ৪̦౜൚̱̹͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈ӳਝ‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͉̟ͅӱτασΙͿΛ
·ΞΑΠ͂Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͂൳̲࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲ͅ‫ ڎ‬4 ࣜ࿒ࠗ 8 ࣜ࿒́ࢹ଼͆ͬ੄ఴ̱̟ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̤͍͢੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̥ͣ 1 ාষਘၭশ͈́͘‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬ௶೰̱̞̞̀ͥ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ͈ॳ੄
༹༷͉ນ 4 ͂൳အ̜̞́ͥ

଎ 8ȁව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥ͣ 1 ාষਞၭশ͈́͘
‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽȪ2008 ȡ 2012 ාഽȫ଎ 9ȁ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̥ͣ 1 ාষਞၭশ͈́͘
‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽȪ2008 ȡ 2012 ාഽȫਝ‫͑ͅܢڠ‬඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒ͬ၎ਘ̱̹஠਋࣒৪ 299 ྴ͈‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ͈໦ືͬນ̱̹͈̦͜
଎ 8 ̤͍͢଎ 9 ̜̞́ͥව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥ͣ 1 ාষਘၭশ͈́͘‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ̦ 0 ո‫͈ئ‬਋࣒৪͉48 ྴ̟́஠ఘ͈࿩ 84͈ͮ਋࣒৪̦ίρΑ͈૝͍ͬা̱̞̞̹̟̀ͥ͘੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̥ͣ 1 ාষਘၭশ͈́͘‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ̦ 0 ո‫͈ئ‬਋࣒৪͉ 77 ྴ̟́஠ఘ͈࿩ 74͈ͮ਋࣒৪̦ίρΑ͈૝͍ͬা̴̱̞̞̞͈̀ͥͦાࣣ̟͜100͈ͮ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬা̱̹਋࣒৪̤̟ͤ͜ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥ͣ੉‫ܢڠ‬
113

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ີȁআȁაȁ஽ਞၭশ͈́͘‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ͂๤͓̟ͥ͂ζͼ΢Α͈૝͍ͬা̱̹਋࣒৪̦௩̢̟໦८̦ఱ̧̩̈́̽
̞̭̦̥̞̀ͥ͂ͩͥව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃͅ৘ঔ̱̹ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͈ංത̥̟ͣ਋࣒৪ͬષպ̡
ಎպ̡‫ئ‬պ͈ 3 ߲ͅ໦̷̸̫̟͈ͦͦ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ͈໹޳ͬ‫̦͈̹͛͜ݥ‬ນ 5 ̜̞́ͥષպ߲̦
‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ̦̞ࣞ߹̜̭̦̥̞࢜ͥ͂ͩͥͅ
ນ 5ȁව‫ڠ‬শ͈τασ༆ͅࡉ̹‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽȪɓȫτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͈ංതߊ໦ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥͈ͣ
‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ

੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̥͈ͣ
‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ

ષպ߲

34.25

37.82

ಎպ߲

28.59

22.19

‫ئ‬պ߲

30.84

17.05

Ԉȅ͂͛͂͘ࣉख़
ུࣂུ͉̟́‫ͅڠ‬ව‫૽࣭ٸ̹̱ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ාഽ̮͈͂ଔ֊̟͂͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒ͬ਋࣒̱̹‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ̞̾̀ͅྶ̥̳̭ͣͥ͂ͬͅ࿒എ̱̟͂ΞΑΠΟȜΗͬ໦ଢ଼̱̹̞໦ଢ଼͈ࠫ‫̟̥ͣض‬2008 ාഽ̥ͣ 2012 ාഽུ́͘ͅ‫ͅڠ‬ව‫૽࣭ٸ̹̱ڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝ
ႁ̞̟̾̀ͅষ͈̠̞͂͛ͣͦͥ͘͢ͅ
ͅ1͆ ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈໹޳̞̟̾̀ͅාഽ̮͈͂ଔ֊͙̟ͬͥ͂‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈਋̫වͦ‫ٳ‬ই 2008 ාഽ̥ͣ 2011 ා́͘۱̥͞ͅ‫̞̞̱ͥ̀ࣛئ‬2012 ාഽ͉ͅષઌ̱̹̦̟

2008 ාഽ͈କ੔͉ͅঢ̞̞̞̽̀̈́
ͅ2͆ ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͈඾ུࢊෝႁͬ‫ڠ‬໐༆͙̟ͥ͂ͅࠐ‫ڠא‬໐͈͕̠̦ౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໐̞̞ͤࣞ͢
ͅ3͆ ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͈඾ུࢊෝႁͬΞΑΠ໐࿝༆͙̟ͥ͂ͅಶٜ̟ಶඋٜ͈͕̠̦උٜ̞̞ͤࣞ͢
ͅ4͆ ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̟ͅව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̥͈ͣ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬ௶೰̱̹̭̟͂ͧ਋࣒৪͈ 95̦ͮίρΑ͈૝͍ͬা̱̹̞
ͅ5͆ 1 ාষਘၭশ̟ͅව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ̤͍͢੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̥͈ͣ‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽͬ௶೰̷̱̹̭̟͂ͧͦ
̸̟ͦ਋࣒৪͈ 84̤͍ͮ͢ 74̦ͮίρΑ͈૝͍ͬা̱̹̞
ͅ6͆ ව‫ڠ‬শͅ඾ུࢊෝႁ̦̞ࣞ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͉̟඾ུࢊෝႁ͈૝͍̦ఱ̧̞߹̜̞࢜ͥͅ

ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ාഽ̮͈͂ଔ֊̞͉̟̾̀͑ͅ඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒౜൚৪͈֣ͣયࣣ͂౿̱
̞̞̀ͥ਋̫වͦ‫ٳ‬ই੝ාഽ͈ 2008 ාഽ͉඾ུࢊෝႁ͈̞ࣞ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦ఉ̷̥̹̦̟͈̽
ࢃ͉඾ུࢊෝႁ̦਱໦̞́̈́৪̦ఉ̩̞̞̠֣̈́̽̀ͥ͂ય̜̞̱̥̱̦̟͕͈́ͥ̈́ͣ͂ͭ̓
‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆̦̟‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ̤̞̀ͅίρΑ͈૝͍ͬা̱̞̭̥̟̀ͥ͂ͣ͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈́

1 ා‫ڠ͈ۼ‬ਠͬ೒̱̟̀ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊෝႁͬਠං̱̞̭̦̀ͥ͂াऐ̯̞̹̺̱̟ͦͥව‫ڠ‬ೄ114൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫૽࣭ٸ̫̤ͥͅڠ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈඾ུࢊෝႁͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औ༭࣬ͅ઀࿤೓͆

11ࢃ̥ͣ੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̟̜̞͉́ͥ͘ 1 ාষਘၭশ͈́͘‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽ̦ίρΑ͈૝͍ͬা̱̹਋࣒
৪̷̸̦̟ͦͦ஠ఘ͈ 95̟ͮ84̜̹͈ͮ́̽ͅచ̱̟੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশ̥ͣ 1 ාষਘၭশ́͘ͅίρΑ͈૝͍ͬা̱̹͈͉஠ఘ͈ 74̜̹̭̞̟ͮ́̽͂̾̀ͅਝ‫͈ܢڠ‬਎ުඤယ͞ૺ࣐௸ഽͅ࿚
ఴ̦̥̹̥̠̥̟̈́̽̓ࡉೄ̳ຈါ̦̜̞ͥ
ව‫ڠ‬শ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ̷̦̟͈ࢃ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ਠංഽͅ‫̟̥̭̜̦ͣ͂ͥޣג‬ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃ͈඾ུ
ࢊෝႁບ‫̦͑ث‬඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈ΏρΨΑΟΎͼϋ̳ͬͥષ́ਹါ̈́ঐດ̭͉͂̈́ͥ͂‫̞̜̥ͥ́ږ‬͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒౜൚৪͉̟ව‫ڠ‬শ͈඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ͬ͌͂̾ঐດ̱͂̀਎ުͬ୭̱̟ࠗࣽࢃ̟͜‫ٸ‬࣭૽ၣ‫ڠ‬୆࢘ͅ‫ض‬എ̈́඾ུࢊ‫ͬ֗ޗ‬৘க̧̱̞̩͓̺̠̞̀ͧ

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ಎ઀ܑު಩͉̟2013 ා 4 ࠮̟ͤ͢඾ུ࣭ඤ͈‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆ͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̟ಎ઀ܑު͂ζΛΙϋΈࢃ̟૽ऺ଼̡֗೰಍֚́ͬ͘ఘഎͅ঑‫̳͑ͥ׳‬౷֖ಎ઀ܑު͈٬‫ږऺ૽ٸ‬༗̡೰಍঑‫׳‬মު͒ͬ৘ঔ
͑ΫΐΥΑા࿂̤̞̀ͅ඾ུࢊͥ͢ͅ΋ηνΣΉȜΏὸ̱̞̞̭͈̠ͥ̈́͢෸ࠊུ̟́‫̟͉́ڠ‬ΰ̧̦ͥෝႁͬ૸̫̭̾ͥ͒͂ͬͅ࿒ດ̱̟͂඾ུࢊ‫ͬ֗ޗ‬৘க̱̞̞̀ͥ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆͈͒ਖ૖঑‫ه̦׳‬ఴ͂̈́ͥಎ̟́͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒͈‫֗ޗ‬࿒ດͬో଼ུ̱̟‫ڠ‬௾ުࢃ͈ਖު൝ͅ‫̵̥ڰ‬̞̥̠̥̀ͥ̓ͬ೏୥಺औ̳̭ͥ͂ͬࣽࢃ͈‫ه‬ఴ̱̹̞̞͂
༷̟֚́ఱ‫ͬ֗ޗڠ‬਋̫ͥ๞͈ͣ‫ڠ‬ਘષຈါ̈́඾ུࢊෝႁ͞୺࿝౶েͬ‫׋‬ဥ̳ͥෝႁͬ૝̳͊
̭͂͜‫ه͈޽ݎ‬ఴ̜̞̭́ͥͦͣͅచ؊̳̹͉̟ͥ͛ͅ‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆‫͈ڠུͬ֗ޗ‬ਹါঔॐ͂պ
౾̫̟̿͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒ౙఘ͉̩̟́̈́ఈ͈୺࿝‫ش‬࿒͈౜൚৪͂͜ૂ༭ͬ‫ވ‬ခ̱̾̾Ⴒࠈ̱̞̀
̩̭̦͂‫̩ޑ‬བ̞ͦͥ͘

ȺಕȻ
1͆ ඾ུၣ‫ڠ‬দࡑ͈ܱ͑੆͒ႀ֖͉̟͂͑ಶ̡ٜಶඋٜ͒͑උٜ͒ႀ֖̦ζȜ·ΏȜΠ͈஖఼ঠ஖఼ࠁ৆́
̜͈ͥ͂։̟̞̈́ͤͩͥ͠઀ა໲ࠁ৆̟́ဓ̢̹ͣͦ‫ه‬ఴ͈ঐাͅਲ̞̟ু໦ু૸͈ࣉ̢̟ͬआ‫ͬݶ‬‫޼̬̀ݷ‬ൽၛ̀̀੥̩̹͈͛ෝႁͬ௶೰̳͈̜̠ͥ́ͥ͜‫ܖ‬੔ͅ‫ ̞̀̿ܖ‬0 ̼ 50 ത́नത̦࣐̠ͩͦͥ
2͆ ඾ུၣ‫ڠ‬দࡑ͈͑඾ུࢊ͒‫ش‬࿒ 200 തոષ̞̠͂‫ܖ‬੔͉̟हၣ঩‫෇ڒ‬೰બྶ੥͈࢐ັ૭୏̤̞̟̀ͅ
඾ུࢊෝႁͬબྶ̳ͥ঩ၳ༹̱͂̀ྩજ̽̀͢ͅ೰̞͛ͣͦ̀ͥංത͂൳̲̜̠̹̟́ͥ͘඾ུၣ‫ڠ‬
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ີȁআȁაȁ஽দࡑͬ၌ဥ̱̹‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆වদͬ৘ঔ̳ͥఱ‫ܐ੄̟́ڠ‬঩‫͈ܰڒ‬೰̱͂̀̽͂͜͜ఉ̩ঀ̞ͩͦ̀
ͥංത̜́ͥ͜ͅ2013 ා࡛ह̠͆
3͆ ߓఘഎ̈́਎ު৘க̞͉̟̾̀ͅ઀࿤೓ͅ2012͆ͬ४ચ̯̹̞̠ͦ
4͆ ठ੄ఴ̱̹࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲͉̟2008 ාഽͅ৘ঔ̱̹ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ̤͍͢Ӳ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͈ࣜ࿒໦ଢ଼ΟȜΗ̥̟ͣ઀࿤೓͕̥ͅ2008̞̟͆̈́ͣࣜͅ࿒ে༆ႁࣜͅ࿒͈ୃࢋ͂ΞΑΠ௙ࣣത͈ത஼Ⴅ
௖‫߸۾‬ତ̦͆ 0.3 ոષ͈͈̟̥́̾ࣜ͜࿒ୃ൞ၚ̦ 0.5 ոષ͈ࣜ࿒ͬ஖͍੄̱̹͈̜̠́ͥ͜
5͆ ֚໐̟ාഽ̮͂ͅ։̈́ͥ࿚ఴࣜ࿒ͬ੄ఴ̷̱̹̦̟͈ͦͣ࿚ఴࣜ࿒͉໦ଢ଼ͅ‫̠̞̈́͘܄‬6͆ Οͻ·ΞȜΏοϋࠁ৆͈࿚ఴࣜ࿒͈नത‫ܖ‬੔͉̟2008 ාഽ̥ͣ 2012 ාഽ̳͓́̀͘൳̜̠֚́ͥ
7͆ ̢̹̟͂͊10 ࣜ࿒͈࿚ఴࣜ࿒߲̟́ව‫ڠ‬ೄࢃͅ৘ঔ̱̹ӱτασΙͿΛ·ΞΑΠ͉̳͓́̀ະୃٜ
̜̹͈̦̟́̽੉‫ܢڠ‬ਞၭশͅӲ੉‫ུܢڠ‬দࡑ͉͆ͅ 10 ࣜ࿒̳͓̀ୃٜ̹͂̈́̽ા̷ࣣ̟͈਋࣒৪
͈‫ڠ‬ਠൢోഽঐତ͉ࣣࠗ 20 ̟͂̈́ͤ૝͍ၚ̦ +100̠ͮ͂̈́ͥ

Ⱥ४ࣉ໲ࡃȻ
1͆ ၏঎‫ͅי‬2002͆͑ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊ‫ࢊ࡞̢͓͒ͥࣉͬ֗ޗ‬໲‫͂ا‬඾ུࢊ‫͔֗ޗ‬2002 ා 5 ࠮අਬ࣢ȁ̤ಋ͈କ੫ঊఱ‫̟ڠ‬245-260
2͆ ઀࿤೓৹ऴͅ2008͆͑඾ུࢊ‫֗ޗ‬ঔ୭̤̫ͥͅ඾ུࢊෝႁ͈ບ‫௶̡ث‬೰ͅ‫ڠ̸ݪࡄ̳ͥ۾‬ਠൢోഽ͈
ບ‫͈ث‬দ̸͙͓͒‫࣭ࢊ࣭ࠝڠ‬໲‫͔ڠ‬లঅ਱࣢̟൐‫ࠝڠނ‬ఱ‫࣭ࢊ࣭ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬̟ٛ1-10
3͆ ઀࿤೓৹ऴͅ2012͆͑‫ڠ‬໐ၣ‫ڠ‬୆చય͈͑ΫΐΥΑ඾ུࢊ͒·ρᾼ̤̫ͥΞτΫΡρζ͈‫ڰ‬ဥ̸ΫΐΥΑ΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋෝႁ͈࢜ષͬ࿒ঐ̸̱͓̀͒2012 ාഽ඾ུࢊ‫ڠ֗ޗ‬ٛࡄ‫ݪ‬ਬٛ ల 9 ͕ٝࡄ‫ݪ‬อນ̡࣒‫͖׵‬ಎ࣭౷ߊͅ५࢛͆ထࣂਬ͔඾ུࢊ‫ڠ֗ޗ‬̟ٛ7-12
4͆ ઀࿤೓৹ऴ̟৚ॄ‫ج‬ঊ̟ോ‫ޕ‬ঊͅ2009͆͑ΫΐΥΑ΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋෝႁ͈࢜ષͬ࿒ঐ̳඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬֗ͅ‫ࣉ̳ͥ۾‬ख़͓͒඾ࢊ඾໲‫͔ڠ‬ల 40 ਨ̟ఱ‫܀‬඾ࢊ඾໲‫ڠ‬ᅠ̟191-200͓඾ུࢊ‫ޗ‬঍͈̹͈͛ Excel ̧́́ͥΞΑΠ໦ଢ଼ව࿝͔ΑςȜ΀ȜΥΛ
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͓঩ၳ 4ȁ‫ࡹ͈૽࣭ٸ‬ဥે‫͔̞̀̾ͅޙ‬6͆ ࢚୆Ⴛ൱જͅ2012͆<http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/kyousei/dai1/siryou4.pdf>ͅ2013 ා 8 ࠮ 16 ඾͆
7͆ ಎ઀ܑު಩͑ಎ઀ܑު̡઀ܰ࿅মު৪٬‫ऺ૽ٸ‬చॐমު͒
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8͆ ൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ ڠ‬൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ڠ‬ౣ‫ܢ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໐ͅ2008͓͆‫૽࣭ٸ‬ၣ‫ڠ‬୆༡ਬါ͔ࣜ൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ڠ‬9͆ ൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ ڠ‬වদૂ༭ȁ<http://www.fuji.ac.jp/exam/>ͅ2013 ා 8 ࠮ 16 ඾͆
10͆ ඾ུ‫ڠ‬୆঑‫ࢹܥ׳‬ȁ඾ུၣ‫ڠ‬দࡑͅEJU͆γȜθβȜΐ
<http://www.jasso.go.jp/eju/index.html>ͅ2013 ා 8 ࠮ 16 ඾͆

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໹଼ 24 ාഽࡄ‫ުݪ‬ୡ֚။ུުୡ֚။ུ͉̟‫୺ڠ‬හ‫ڠ̦֥ޗ‬ಿզͅ೹੄̱̹͑ࡄ‫ުݪ‬ୡςΑΠ̟͒ͬ͂͜ͅ༎ਬտ֥̦ٛ
‫ުݪࡄܱئ‬ୡ͈໦႒‫ܖ‬੔̽̀͢ͅठାၑ̱̹͈̜̞́ͥ͜
̤̟̈́͑ൎࣂಎ͈͈̟͒͜ྚอນ͈͈͉͜อນ͈̜̹̽শതͬ‫ܖ‬੔ͅࠇश̳̭̱̟ͥ͂͂൚‫ڂ‬ාഽಎ͈ުୡུ́͜ধ͈͑ުୡ֚။̥͉͒ͣੰ‫̞̹̱ٸ‬ࡄ‫ުݪ‬ୡ
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ͅ‫ވ‬൳̟͆
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Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology, 2012
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7࠮
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ల 82 ٝ஠඾ུఱ‫ڠ‬௙ࣣస‫ݩ‬஖਀ࡀఱ̡ٛ౬ఘ͈໐̟඾ུ‫ڠ‬୆స‫ݩ‬Ⴒྷ̟ཤ߇ਗঌၛ௙ࣣఘ֗‫̟܁‬
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̓The Gendered Product Strategy: Endorsers’ Role and The Gender Differencë́ͅ‫ވ‬ಠ̟͆11th ICORIA
Conference Proceeding̟European Advertising Academy̟2012 ා 6 ࠮
̓The Ef fects of Mobile Coupon Benefits and Privacy Concerns on Attitude and Intention̈́ͅ‫ވ‬ಠ̟͆Global Marketing Conference at Seoul Proceeding̟Korean Scholar of Marketing
Science̟2012 ා 7 ࠮
̓Dif ferences between Mobile Coupons and Traditional Coupons: A Multi-Group Analysis of the
Theory of Planned Behavior̈́ͅ‫ވ‬ಠ̟͆Global Marketing Conference at Seoul Proceeding̟
Korean Scholar of Marketing Science̟2012 ා 7 ࠮͑ಶ‫ژ‬વ‫ٺ‬స‫ݩ‬஖਀͈ণ஌໦ଢ଼̥ͣౝͥΫΐνͺσ̡ΠτȜΣϋΈ͒ͅ‫ވ‬ಠ̟͓͆ີআა஽͔ల 57‫ے‬ల 1 ࣢̟൐‫ີނ‬আఱ‫ݪࡄ੅ڠڠ‬̟ٛ2012 ා 11 ࠮‫ڠ‬ٛอນ
̓The Gendered Product Strategy: Endorsers’ Role and The Gender Differencë́ͅ‫ވ‬൳̟͆11th ICORIA
124

ࡄ‫ުݪ‬ୡ֚။Conference̟European Advertising Academy̟2012 ා 6 ࠮
̓The Effects of Mobile Coupon Benefits and Privacy Concerns on Attitude and Intention̈́ͅ‫ވ‬൳̟͆
Global Marketing Conference at Seoul̟Korean Scholar of Marketing Science̟2012 ා
7࠮̓Differences between Mobile Coupons and Traditional Coupons: A Multi-Group Analysis of the Theory
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࠮̓What is the most influential Korean products in Japan?: The case of mobile social game with smart
phones̈́ͅౙඊ̟͆Korean Advertising Society̟Holiday Inn Alpensia Pyeongchang Suites̟
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2012 ා 12 ࠮૬ ᚧ ૝ ࢨა໲͑૖ાͅஆ͚‫੿͂ࡏܓ‬ြထ௶̯ͦͥম࡬͈͒๵̢͒ͅౙಠ̟͓͆؊ဥ૤ၑ‫͔ݪࡄڠ‬Vol.38ͅ1̟͆p.6773̟඾ུ؊ဥ૤ၑ‫ڠ‬̟ٛ2012 ා࣒‫׵‬͑࢐೒‫͒ͅڠࡏܓ‬ౙඊ̟͆հ஠‫׋‬ഢΓϋΗȜಎ؇ࡄਘਫ਼̟3 ٝ૬ ᚧ ీ ࿟‫ڠ‬ٛอນ
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ა໲͑ఱ‫ڠ‬୆͈‫ڠ‬୆୆‫ڰ‬঑‫෇̳̥ڰͅ׳‬౶࣐൲ၷ༹ͅCBT͈͆࠿൦̸‫଻ٮޏ‬ΩȜΕ΢ςΞͻવ‫͈͒ٺ‬
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̤ན̱̞ಎ̮ͬ৏ຊ̧̞̹̺̜̦̠̮̰̞̱̹̞ͤ͂͘
ͷུ‫͈ڠ‬஻ၛ͉઎გ 18ͅ1943͆ා̞ఱུ‫א‬อນ͈࿺̱̞͘୽ੳ༭̦࣬௽̩ಎ̟́෴୽ͬထ̱̟ۜ୽ࢃ̫࢜ͅ
̹૧̱̞൲̧̦੄̧̹̀ා̱̹̞́஻௮଻̜͏ͦͥ૽ऺͬষșͅ෺੄̱̹໲‫͈֭ڠا‬ୌఆչैࢷಿ͉̟3࠮͈௾ު৆̭͈́͑୽௔͉໅̫̳́͒͂͢อ࡞̱̀අࣞͅሕ̟͛ͣͦ฼ා߃ࣲ̩ৡ̦̾̈́ͦͥࠫͅ‫̈́͂ض‬̱̹̞ͤ͘ͷै‫͈ز‬५ུခ२̦͑ༀຐຒ͈ܾ͒ެͬอນ̱̹͈̭͈͜ා̳̞̭͈ܾ́ެ͉̟༤ౌ୽௔͈෴৪ಿ‫๋͈֝ؖ‬დ̱̹͈̟ͬ͂́͜͜ͅոஜ઀ஂࡓਉ௖̦ਖහ‫׵‬୰́‫͈̩ͤ̿૽͂֗ޗ‬ਹါ଻ͬা̱̹ै຦̱͂̀ત̱ٚ
̹̭͂́͜౶̞̳̞ͣͦ̀͘
ͷ෴୽́૙ၺඳͅ‫̹̽ۿ‬ಿ‫ؖͅ‬ႋ๋̥ͣༀຐຒ̦঑‫׳‬໤঩̱͂̀එ̫̹ͣͦष̟ಿ‫઀͈ؖ‬ႅࡵ२჊̦̟ༀ͉
૙̢͓̱̀͊͘ତ඾̩̞̭͈́̈́̈́ͥༀຐຒ́ষయͬ౜̠ঊ‫̠̩͂ͧ̾ͬࢷڠ઀̳ͥ֗ޗ̻̹ͬރ‬อմ̱̟ಿ‫́ؖ‬඾ུ੝͈઀‫̦ࢷڠ‬஻ၛ̯̹̞̠ͦ͂დ̱̹̞́
ͷ̭͈֝დͬ५ུခ२̶̦ܾ̈́ެ‫̱̀ا‬઎გ 18 ා̞̠͂ාͅอນ̱̹͈̥̟५ུခ२̹̟͘͜෴୽͈ထۜ
̥ͣ୽ࢃ͈‫̷̭̩ͤ̿૽͂֗ޗ‬ਹါ̲̞̹͈̺͂ۜ̀͂এུ̳̞ͩͦ͘‫͈ڠ‬஻ၛ৪̷̠̱̹͜শయ͈ߗ‫ܨ‬ͬຮ̲̞̹͈̱̠̞ۜۜ৾̽̀́͡ͅ
ͷ̷͈ͦ́͘ີ࣭‫ޑ‬໶߿͈ͼΟ΂υΆȜ͈঑෻̳ͥ২͉ٛ͂։̈́ͥ২͈ٛൢြͬထ̷̱̟̠̱̹ۜ̾̾২ٛ
́‫ڰ‬࿬̧́ͥ૽ऺ଼͈֗ͬ࿒ঐ̱̹஻ު৪͈এ̞ͬߓ࡛‫̜ͥͅڙ̦ͤެ̟̦̭̩̞̱͂̀ا‬ఱ‫͈֗ޗڠ‬ಎͅ‫ུ͆ؖ‬
́٨͛̀‫̞̳̠̞́ͥ̀ͦͣ͛͢ݥ‬

ີ
₉ আ
₉ ა
₉ ஽

଼ၛⅆⅴެℹℳⅴℹ ⅍ℹℸ ฌ຿⅚ഴાⅆⅴެ⅛ℸ ฌ຿⅗ℸ⅖ⅳࡥ೰
‫⅂ا‬ⅵ⅌࿨‫ڬ‬ℹℳⅴ⅚⅓ℸ ఈ⅚૽໤‫⅚߸۾‬୭೰⅓⅛଼ၛ⅄ℹ⅌ℴ⅚⅓⅛⅖ℴℸℹ ⅌⅔ℶ⅜ℸ ৽ਲ‫⅌⁁ै⅒⅄⅔ެ⅚߸۾‬Ⅾ⅚ⅺℸ ૽໤⅍ℾฌ຿⅔؅⅗ೄⅆℸ ⅔ℴℵⅱℵ⅖଼ၛً೾⅛ࣉℶ⅗ℼℼℸ ⅛ⅅⅭℸ
ⅲฌ຿⅔؅⅓ैⅲⅵⅴાࣣℹఉℸ⁁⅌⅚⅓⅛⅖ℴℸ⅔এℵℹ ൳௼⅚‫߸۾‬ℹࠁ଼⅂ⅵⅴশయ෸ࠊℸⅲ࡞⁁⅒Ⅾℸ ‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚ഴા
⅛ℸ ๤‫ڛ‬എ੝‫⅚ܢ‬౲‫ٴ‬ℸⅲంहⅆⅴ↦↕‡⇄⅍⁁⅌⅚⅓⅛⅖ℴℸ⅔ࣉℶ⅒ℷ℺⅌ℴℹ

ಕ⅐ ྔ ࣡ ੫ ౾ ໲ ⅑ ⅔ ࡤ ⅜ ⅵ ⅴℸ⅒ ൐ ঳ ຐ ࣣ ໲ ੥ ⅓ ↹ ฟℸ⅒ ‫ ہ‬ா ֒ ໲ ⅓
ส २ ส ߇ ࣢ ⅚ ໲ ੥⅄ ୌ ๶ გ ๼⅐ ಎ ଲ ⅚ ‫ ز‬௼ ⅔ ࡢ ૽⅑̡⅒ Ⴄ ঃ ບ ა⅓֚߇߇ඵ̡२ਫ਼ਓ⅗ⅱⅴⅅ
ུࣂ⅓ဥℴ⅌రུ⅛ষ⅚೒ⅳ⅓ℳⅴℹ
ࡵྶུ⅒ ఱ௬ࡵྶུ‫࡞ޚ‬ਬ⅚ࡄ‫ݪ‬ષಎ‫্߇֚ ⅄⅓ئ‬ඵ
₉ ౻നࢩংఈࢷಕℿ ֚߇ส२̡ ນ࡛২ⅅഛၑུ
₉ ཤ ୼ ಑ ຃ ఈ ࢷ ಕ⅒ ഛ ၑ ུ
₉ ‫ ࡞ ޚ‬჋ ݅ ષ ‫ ߇ ߇ ֚ ⅄⅓ئ‬অℿ֚߇߇ࡼ̡२࿥֔੥ഝⅅఱࠏུ⅄ ֚߇჋̶
₉ ઀५ࢬ঎ࢷಕ⅒ ‫࡞ޚ‬ਬ⅌ ඾ུࡣങ໲‫ڠ‬ఱࠏ⅍ષ‫⅓ئ‬ℿ ֚߇჋̡֚ ‫܊‬෨੥ഝⅅਬ଼ུ ࿤ₚఆ٦२ఈ༎⅒ ‫࡞ޚ‬ਬ଼⅓⅄ ֚߇্অ̡ ෝ‫ڢ‬੥ႅⅅ₉
ඤ५ࢬ༎⅒ ഛୃ‫ུ࡞ޚ‬
₉ ུ໲̡ ௙̡॑֨ ࡄ‫߇߇֚ ⅄⅓ݪ‬ส̡ ‫֨॑ۼڦ‬஽‫֚֚ۏ‬অ̡ ‫ۼڦ‬੥֭ⅅा ന ௛⅒ ඾ ུ ಎ ଲ ⅚ ঙ̡ ‫ ̡ز‬ఆ⅓ ਫ਼ ਓ⅐ ಎ ଲ ࢃ ‫ ܢ‬ຐ ହ ⅚ ຠ ল̡ ‫̡ز‬൳௼ℽ ৽⅗ౘ෨࣭५࣭௝ⅺ႕⅗ℽ⅑⅄ ֚߇߇্̡ ࢷா੥པⅅ ⅗ⅱⅴℹ
ाന௛ஜࠇ੥४ચℹ

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૤ⅺⅆⅴⅱℵ⅖୭೰⅛⅖ℴℹ ഛୃུ⅓⅛⅛⁁℺ⅳ⅐ ໤⅀⅞⅗࣐⅑ ⅔

௼⅑ ⅔ࡤ⅜ⅵⅴℸ ‫ز‬൳আ⅚‫⅓߸۾‬ℳⅴℹ ൳௼⅛ℷࡽℴ⅗‫ފ‬ႁ⅄⅒୆

൳௼⅛↽‡↙ⅺ൳ⅅℼⅆⅴ৪൳আ⅖⅚⅓ℸ ૤ၑഎ⅗߃⅄ℴ⅚⅛൚‫ڰ‬ⅺ‫א‬ⅻ⅓ℴ⅌⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹℸ ‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅔؅⅛ℸ Ⅺ⅂⅗

⅚؅⅛ℸ ఈ⅚ެ⅚؅⅔⅛ྶⅲℸ⅗૸໦ℹ֑ℵℹ ⅊⅚⅌Ⅽℸ ৽ℸ ఱྴ

ட⅓ℳⅴ⅄ℸ Ⅺ⅌ℸ ൳௼⅚ාಿ৪ℹ‫⅚ئ‬ଲయⅺ‫֗ޗ‬ⅆⅴ࿨‫ڬ‬Ⅾ౜⁁⅄⅒ℷⅳℸ ؅⅛ฌ຿ℸⅲঔ⅄ⅺ਋ℾⅱℵ⅔⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅚⅓ℳⅴℹ ฌ຿↾↮↽⅚‫ٴ‬௄⅗ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅔؅⅚‫߸۾‬ⅺຝℼ⅀⅔ℹ೰߿‫࡫ࢺ⅌⅄ا‬⅒ℴ⅌⅀⅔⅍ⅶℵℹ൳௼ℹࠁ଼⅂ⅵⅴոஜ⅚౲‫⅓ٴ‬Ⅾℸ⅒ ࣽଡ଼໤ࢊਬ⅓

⅀⅚൳௼⅚‫⅓߸۾‬ℳⅴℹ

শయոࣛ⅚੨ུ⅓⅛ℸ ฌ຿̡ ؅⅔ℴℵ୭೰ⅺ⅛ⅇⅆⅱℵ⅗⅖⁁⅌⅔

⅚⅐ ၘ؈ຸ࣭ۗఱຳٚঊࢊలࡼ⅑ ⅗Ⅾࡉⅲⅵ⅌ⅱℵ⅗ℸ ฌ຿⅛শ⅗

ℸⅲࠐफഎ‫׳‬੩ⅺ਋ℾ⅖ℾⅵ⅜୆‫ڰ‬ℹၛⅎⅰℸ⅖ℴഛୃུ
⅐ ༀℸⅳ⅑ℴℵ⅀⅔⅖⅚⅓⅛⅖ℴ⅍ⅶℵℸℹ

⅛؅⅚૶యⅷⅳ⅔⅖ⅳℸ ़ॲⅮ؅⅗֨℺ࠑℹⅵⅴ⅀⅔ℹℳ⁁⅌ℹ

൳ⅅࠬ‫⅗߸۾׻‬ℳ⁁⅒Ⅾℸ ૶ঊ̡ ߻೵⅓⅛ℸ ൳‫ݳ‬Ⅿ߃‫خ⅚ݳ‬ෝ଻၂⅚ಎ⅓Ⅾঐ൵എ‫ٴ‬௄⅗ℳ⁁⅌૽໤⅚დ⅍⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴ⅄ℸ⅐ ՛ఊ

຿⅓ℳ⁁⅌ℹ⅐ ᷓ༫ಢ⅑ Ⅾۗഷ଼ℹდఴ⅔⅖⁁⅒ℴⅴ⅀⅔ℸⅲℸ ఆ

⅐ ՛ఊ჊⅑⅐ ཝ୆ਅ⅑⅐ ᷓ༫ಢ⅑ ո‫⅚ٸ‬ฌ຿⅛ℸ ৽Ⅺ⅌⅛ఱྴ⅚ฌ

ા૽໤⅖⅚⅓ℳⅴℹ ‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ฌ຿ℹ੄⅒ℼⅴ⅀⅔ℹఉℴ⅚⅛ℸ ոષ⅚ஜ೹ે‫ޙ‬ⅺুட⅗ैⅵⅴంह⅔⅄⅒ℸ ൳௼⅚ฌ຿⅛๱ુ⅗༒၌⅖ഴ

⅌ⅳℸ ௭൞⅄ࣣ⁁⅌ⅳ⅔ℴ⁁⅌ℸ ֚ެ⅚ಎ૤ਇ࢜ⅺࠁ଼ⅆⅴ⅌Ⅽ⅚

⅄ℸⅮൽߓⅺৰⅳ⅌ⅳℸ ‫ޗ‬ℶⅺ୏ℵ⅌ⅳℸ ℷࡽℴ⅗ಂ௢⅗ࡤ⅟ࣣ⁁ℹఱ℺ℼ⅖ⅴℹఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ℹঀℴ⅗࣐ℼⅱℵ⅖ၗⅵ⅌ਫ਼⅗ਯⅻ⅓ℴ⅒ℸ

჊⅑⅐ ཝ୆ਅ⅑ ⅚ฌ຿Ⅾℸ ⅊⅚੄⅓ၛⅎℹ৽⅔൳ⅅ⅓ℳⅴ⅀⅔ℸⅲℸ

ⅱℵ⅖ၑဇℸⅲ⅍⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅱℵℹ

჋
₉ ℸⅸⅴ⅘

৽⅔൳↾↮↽⅚૸໦⅗୭೰⅂ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ
৽⅚૸໦⅛⅐ ఉℼ⅚ྴനⅺ঵ⅎℸ ৹ۙ⅚ਫ਼ਲⅺခⅆⅴह౷⅚ྴ৽

߸⅗⅐ℴ⅒ℸ Ⅺ⅍౯೰എ⅖ࠫა⅛੄⅄ℹ⅌ℴℹ ⅄ℸ⅄ུࣂ⅓⅚ࣉख़

⅖ℷℸ ฌ຿⅚ഴાⅆⅴެ⅔ℸ ఈ⅚૽‫߸۾ۼ‬ⅺຝℴ⅌ެ⅔⅚୶ࢃ‫۾‬Ⅻⅱℵ⅄ⅰ

௄⅑ ⅍⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵ⅒ℷⅳℸఱྴⅮℸ୽࣭ఱྴ⅖⅕⅔⅛Ⅺ⁁⅌ℼ֑ℵℸⅺ೒⅄⅒ℸ ฌ຿⅔؅⅚‫߸۾‬ⅺຝℴ⅌ެ⅛ℸ ৽ਲ‫߸۾‬Ⅿຳິ‫߸۾‬ℸ ᥟ⅖ℴℸ⅔⅚ࡉ೒⅄ⅺ঵⁁⅌ℹ

⅔᦯‫⅕⅖߸۾‬ℸ ఈ⅚૽‫⅗߸۾ۼ‬౾℺۟ℶ⅒ैⅴ⅀⅔⅛ඳ⅄ℴ⅚⅓⅛

৽⅔ℳⅪⅳ་ⅷⅲ⅖ℴ‫ٴ‬௄⅚૽໤⅍⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ
ह౷⅚ྴ৽↾↮↽⅚૽ₚ⅚‫⅛⅓ۼ‬ℸ ಎଲࢃ‫ྴز⅒⁁⅖⅗ܢ‬Ⅿ‫ॲز‬ⅺ௖ഥⅆⅴ⅐ ‫ ⅑ز‬ℹࠁ଼⅂ⅵ⅌ⅱℵ⅓ℳⅴℹ ൳֚⅚ຠলⅺဥℴⅴ‫ز‬ⅆ‫⅛⅓࡞ޚ‬ℸ ⅌⅔ℶ⅜ℸ ུြ੄‫ै⅒⅄⅔࡞ޚز‬ⅲⅵ⅌ℹℸ ࢃ⅗৽ਲⅢ

⅛⅂ⅲ⅗ℸ ⅌⅔ℶ⅜⅐ ‫ݛ‬༗̡ ષ‫ݛ‬༗̡ ಎ‫ݛ‬༗̡ ‫ݛئ‬༗⅑ ⅔ℸℸ⅐ ૧‫⅒⁁⅖⅔࡞ޚ‬೰಍⅄⅌⅐ ້ঊ⅑ ⅚ⅱℵ⅗ℸ ༆⅚࿨໻⅗౾℺۟ℶ⅒Ⅾ

਱२̡֔ ൐૧̡֔ ୌ૧֔⅑ ⅚ⅱℵ⅗໦‫⅒⅄ز‬ℴℼℹ ⅀ⅵℹℴⅷⅰⅴ⅐ ൳‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚අಭ⅔࿨‫ ⅄ڬ‬࿌ུⅅ

130

ີ
₉ আ
₉ ა
₉ ஽

ܸઐ໓
₉ ಅઐ
⅐ ܸઐ໓⅑⅐ ಅઐ⅑ ⅔Ⅾ⅗ℸ ఱྴ⅗ྵⅅⅲⅵ⅌ঀဥ૽ℹℸ ૰ম⅚ෝ

ུ⅚ฌ຿⅛⅐ ⅍ℴ⅄ యⅅ ⅺ⅂ℴ⅊ℼ⅄ ट௯ⅅ ⅆⅴ⅑ℸ ⅐Ⅺⅳయ߄ⅺ

⅖ℾⅵ⅜ℸ ฌ຿⅚ຝ℺༷⅚߿ℸⅲ⅛⅛ⅇⅵ⅒⅄Ⅺℵℹ ⅄ℸ⅄ℸ ഛୃ਱ඵ

⅚⅌Ⅽ⅗ఱྴ⅚ฌ຿⅚ࡓⅤൽߓⅺৰⅳ⅗࣐ℼℸ ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅓ℳⅴℹ

୏‫⅒⅄ݥ‬ℴⅴ⅚⅓ℸ ฌ຿⅛ਈ‫⅔⅌⁁⅍ؚ‬ℴℵ⅀⅔⅗⅖ⅴℹ య߄ⅺ໡

⅓℺⅖ℴℹ ؅ℸⅲှⅲⅵ⅌ฌ຿⅛ℸ ਈⅺ‫ݑ‬Ⅽ⅌ਈౖⅺ‫ܨ‬ஜⅱℼဓℶ

⅐ ℷⅎ⅚ਫ਼ⅱⅳℸⅳ⅒ြⅴ⅑ ⅔⅂ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅍ℾ⅓ℸ ฌ຿⅚ߓఘഎ⅖

ⅷⅇ⅗ℴℸ⅗⅄⅒ਈⅺ⅔⁁⅒ℼⅴℸℸ ⅔ℴℵ⅚ℹུެ⅚डఱ⅚ਇ࢜

⅌ℾⅪ⅐

రত⅛ܱश⅂ⅵ⅒ℴ⅖ℴℹ ∸ఱྴℹഴા⅄ℸ ∹ঀဥ૽⅗ྵ႓⅄ℸ ∺⅖⅚⅓ℳⅴℸⅲℸ ਈⅺ⅔ⅳ⅗࣐ℼ௖਀⅛ਈ‫⅓ؚ‬ℳⅵ⅜ⅱℴ⅚⅓ℸ ⅊ℷ⅗Ⅺ⅐ℸⅉฌ຿⅚ਫ਼Ⅴৰⅳ⅗࣐ℼℸ ⅔ℴℵ޼੥℺ℹܱश⅂ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅚⅓ℸ ฌ຿

⅚ਈ‫ؚ‬ⅺⅷ⅃ⅷ⅃ฌ຿⅔ⅆⅴຈါ⅛Ⅺ⁁⅌ℼ⅖ℴℹ

ฌ༦ℹਈ‫⅔ؚ‬ℴℵ୭೰⅚ެ⅐ ฌ༦ↇਈ⅑ ℹℳⅴ⅚⅓ℸ ⅊⅀ℸⅲႲ

⅚࿨⅛ໍరષ⅗ℷ⅊ⅲℼഴા⅄⅌⅚⅍ⅶℵ⅔⅛এⅷⅵⅴℹℸ ⅂⅄⅌ⅴరত⅚Ⅿⅳ⅔ⅳ⅛⅖ℸ⁁⅌⅚⅍ⅶℵℹ

ே⅄⅒ฌ຿ℹਈ‫⅔ؚ‬ℴℵެⅺै⁁⅌⅚ℸⅮ⅄ⅵ⅖ℴℹℸ୶੆⅚೒ⅳℸ

ষ⅗⅐ ༀℸⅳ⅑ ⅍ℹℸ ཙ൮⅛⅐ ֚૽੄⅒ා⅔ⅴⅤ℺Ⅿℵ⅖⅄⅔⅒

ల२ડ⅓‫ݷ‬ℿ⅌⅐ ᦉ໤⅑ ⅖⅕⅔൳ⅅℼℸ ऱⅯ૰ম⅚শ⅚ൽߓⅺဏ

ഛୃུ⅗⅛Ⅺ⅌ℸ ࡛࣐ެ⅓⅛ฌ຿ո‫⅚ٸ‬࿨໻⅔⅖⁁⅒ℴⅴ⅔⅀ⅶℵ⅔ℼ⅄ ခඃⅅ ⅖ℷⅎ⅄ ฌ຿ⅅ ⅺⅮ⅐໤⅀⅞⅗࣐⅑ ⅔⅄⅒ℴⅴℹ ⅐⅀⅚ਈ‫ؚ‬ℹฌ຿⅓ℳⅴຈါ଻⅛⅖ℴ⅚⅓ℸ ੨ུⅆⅥ⅒ℸ ⅌⅍⅚ਈ‫ؚ‬ⅺฌ຿⅓‫׵‬ⅅⅴެℹඵެℳⅴℹ⅐ ⅛Ⅺ୷ು⅄ ୷ುⅅ⅑ ⅔⅐ ༀℸⅳ⅄ ༀ

ⅪⅳℸාⅮ‫ק‬ⅈ⅊ℵ⅗⅖ℴⅧ⅕຋ท⅄⅒ℴⅴ౳ℹဉ໛⅖ฌ຿ⅺှⅴℸ

೒⅄⅒Ⅾⅲℵ௖਀⅔⅄⅒डഐ⅖ℸ ఱྴ⅚ฌ຿ⅺഴા⅂ⅈ⅌⅚⅍⅔ࣉ

ঌⅅ⅑ ⅓ℳⅴℹ

⅔ℴℵ޼੥℺⅖⅚⅍ℹℸ ੨ུ⅓⅛ฌ຿⅓⅛⅖ℼℸ⅐ ℷⅭ⅄ ࿒ⅅ ⅺℸ

⅔⅄⅒‫׵‬ⅅⅴⅱℵ⅗⅖⁁⅌⅚Ⅾℸ ঢޭⅮ⁁⅔Ⅾ⅓ℳⅴℹ

⅐ ⅛Ⅺ୷ು⅑ ⅚ཙ൮⅗⅛⅐ ఱྶ੄⅒૽ⅺⅱ⅞੄⅄ℷⅎ⅚ਫ਼Ⅴਈⅺℾⅲⅴⅴ૽⅑⅄ ࡵྶུⅅℸ ⅆ⅖ⅷⅎℸ ඾ࣼℸⅲ‫׳‬੩ⅺ⅄⅒ℼⅵ⅒ℴⅴℶⅲⅵⅴℹ

⅓⅗⅔ⅳ⅗⅔ⅳ⅗Ⅿⅴ࣐ℷⅎ⅚ུ⅗ਈ⅐ℸⅈⅴ⅑ ⅔ℳⅴℹ ⅕⅚ⅱℵ

ဉ໛⅖૽ℸ ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅗⅖⁁⅒ℴⅴℹ

ℶⅴℹℸ ⅖ⅉ੨ུ⅛ฌ຿⅔⅄⅖ℴ⅚⅍ⅶℵℸℹ

ࣾ‫⅌⅄ݫ‬౳ℹฌ຿ⅺှⅴ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅛֚ࡉⅆⅴ⅔ুட⅖ⅱℵ⅗এ

⅖ၑဇℸ⅛ⅷℸⅲ⅖ℴℹℸ ਈℹຈါ⅗⅖⁁⅌ఱྴℹℸ ‫ྵ⅗૽ئ‬ⅅ⅒
ฌ຿⅚ࡓⅤਈⅺ⅔ⅳ⅗࣐ℸⅈⅴℹ ࡛࣐ެ⅐ ୷ು⅑ Ⅾℸ ြ‫੄⅗ݖ‬ⅆਈℹ⅖ℴ⅚⅓ℸ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅗⅔ⅳ⅗࣐ℸⅈⅴℹℸ ࣐℺୶⅛ฌ຿⅚‫⅛⅓ز‬ℸ⁁⅌ℹ ࠐफഎ⅗ฌ຿ⅱⅳ‫⅓ئ‬ℳⅴ؅ℹℸฌ຿ⅺှⅴ୭೰⅛ℳⅴℹℸ⅀ ⅵ Ⅺ ⅓ ࣉ ख़ ⅄ ⅌ ฌ ຿ ⅚ ႕ ⅛ℸ ৽ Ⅿ ఱ ྴ ⅚ ฌ ຿ ⅓ ℳ ⅴ ા ࣣ ℹ ఉ⅀ⅵⅪ⅓⅗ࡉ⅌႕ℸⅲⅮⅷℸⅴ೒ⅳℸ ൽߓⅺৰⅳⅴ௖਀⅚୭೰⅔

ฌ຿⅗ৰⅳⅴ⅚⅛ಋ‫އ‬Ⅵ⅚ൽߓⅯℸ ૰ম⅗ঀℵൽߓ⅖⅕⅓ℸ ߄⅚ྫ

⅖ℼℸ ਈ‫⅓ؚ‬ℳⅴℹ

⅄⅒⅛ฌ຿ℹडഐ⅓ℳⅴℹℸ ൽߓ⅔֑⁁⅒ਈ⅛ࡓ೒ⅳ⅗༐ⅆ⅀⅔⅛

131

⅛ℼ⅋ℵⅆ೦࡯ ₉ ഴા૽໤
₉ ࡣ࡯⅚‫ا‬ℾ⅌ฌ௬৽⅄ ஜ↍↛ⅅ̡ ୃఘⅺ࡛⅄⅌ࡣ࡯⅄ ࢃ↍↛ⅅ̡ ၶ঍

ఆ၂⅚ঐ൵എ‫ٴ‬௄ℸ ℴⅷⅰⅴ⅐ ℷ⅔⅖⅄ ‫ྴ؟‬ⅅ⅑ ⅚ಏ‫ۼ‬වⅳⅺⅆⅴ
⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ ഛୃ२ාℸ ౘ෨࣭५࣭௝⅗ℷℴ⅒ℸ ྴ৽ℹ୶ர௖ഥ៑௺ⅺষₚ⅔ၶ঍⅗೦ⅳफ़⅂ⅵ⅌ࡣ࡯ℹℸ ၶ঍⅚ฌ຿⅚ฌ⅄ ฒⅅ⅄ಕ ⅅ

⅚୥૖⅔ྴஜⅺঊ௳⅗ોⅴক⅚ોⅳેⅺ੥ℴ⅒ℴⅴ⅀⅔ℸⅲⅮℸ ྴ

লⅯۗഷྴ⅖⅕⅚ાࣣⅮℳⅳංⅴℹ ฌ຿ℹ૧⅌⅗ۗഷྴⅺဓℶⅲⅵ

⅔ℹⅷℸⅴℹ ۗഷ଼Ⅾ൳အ⅓⅄ ‫⅛ྴز‬ℸຠল⅍ℾⅺঐⅆ⅚⅓⅛⅖ℼℸ‫ݙ‬အⅅ ⅖ⅴমⅮℹ⅒ⅻ⅄ ࣣതⅅ ⅺℴ⅌ⅆ೾⅗⅑ ⅔ࡵྶུ⅓੆Ⅵ⅒ℴ

⅖⅌⅗ℸ ঳ⅺⅮ⅐⅒ℴⅲⅴⅴℹℸ ࣻ૽⅚‫׊‬ম⅛ℸ ℳⅪ⅂ℸ⅂Ⅺ⅄ ഛ

࡯ℹ⅐ ℸ⅚Ⅾ⅚⅄ ৪ⅅ ⅚ℷ⅏⅜ℵⅇ⅄ ฌ຿ཏ৽ⅅ ℹℸ ࣻ५֚⅐ℳ

௬৽⅗‫ا‬ℾ⅒ℸ ࡯ၶⅺⅯⅭⅴⅱℵၶ঍⅗փࡉⅆⅴℹ

⅌Ⅾ⅚ℸℸ ࠑઇ⅄⅌Ⅾ⅚ℸ⅛ྶⅲℸ⅓⅛⅖ℴℹⅅℸ ఆ૽஠ఘ⅗๢Ⴚ

ⅴⅱℵ⅗ℸ ၶ঍⅗փࡉ⅓℺ⅴ࿷֚⅚ంहℹฌ຿⅓ℳⅴℸ ⅔ℴℵ୭೰ஜⅺࠑℽ⅔ℸℸ ૧⅄ℼྴ઺ⅴ⅔ℴℵ࣐և⅛ℸ ࢖എ⅖Ⅾ⅚⅓ℳ⁁⅌⅀⅄⅖ℾⅵ⅜⅖ⅲ⅖ℴਹါ⅖ܻ৆⅍⁁⅌⅔এⅷⅵⅴℹ ⅱ⁁⅒ℸ ۗഷ଼

⅗⅖⁁⅒ℷⅳℸ ⅀ⅵⅪ⅓‫⅌℺⅒⅄෇ږ‬ฌ຿⅚ഴાփ݅ℹℸ ⅀⅀⅗Ⅾ

฽‫⅂ד‬ⅵ⅒ℴⅴℹ ⅄⅌ℹ⁁⅒ℸ ࡣ࡯ℹ‫ا‬ℾⅴ૽໤⅔⅄⅒⅛ℸ Ⅿ⅛ⅳ

⅚๢Ⴚ‫ރ⅗ׯ‬ⅆⅴ⅌Ⅽ⅚࢏ⅺ಺ోⅆⅴ⅚⅛ℸ ൳௼⅚૽‫⅓ۼ‬ℳⅴ؅⅚
࿨ٝⅳ⅔⅄⅒Ⅱ⅂ⅷ⅄ℴ⅔࡞ℶⅱℵℹ

ℴⅪ⅓Ⅾℸ؅⅔ฌ຿⅔⅚చၛ⅓ℳⅴℹ ؅⅔ฌ຿⅔⅚చၛ⅛ℸ⅐ ՛ఊ჊⅑⅗ฌ຿ℹഴાⅆⅴ‫⅗ ⅑࡞ޚ‬໦႒⅄⅒Ⅾⅱℴℸ⅔এℵℹℸ ࡯ℹ‫ا‬ℾ⅌৘ष⅗ฌ຿⅚੄⅓ၛⅎ⅓ഴાⅆⅴ⅌Ⅽℸ ⅀⅚ડ⅚⅐ ৘ष⅗ໍరષฌ຿⅔ℴℵ୭೰ℹडഐ⅍⅔࡞ℶⅱℵℹ

⅓⅚ℸ ฌ຿⅗ੑඏℼ՛ఊ჊⅔ℸ ⅊⅚՛ఊ჊ⅺ஺ࠁ⅗⅄⅒⅄Ⅺℵฌ຿ฌ຿ℸ ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅓ℳⅴ⅀⅔ℸⅲℸ අਂ⅖ဥ႕⅔⅄⅒ັ‫ح‬ⅆⅴ⅀⅔

Ⅺ⅌ℸ ⅀⅀⅓ຝℸⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅚⅛ℸ⅐ ୽ℴ̡ ௔ℴ⅑ ⅔Ⅺ⅓⅛ℴℸ⅖

Ⅿℸ⅐ ཝ୆ਅ⅑ ⅓⅚ℸ ฌ຿⅗ಯⅬ؅⅔ℸ ⅊ⅵⅺࠚℼℸⅷ⅄⅒ⅱⅳఱ

⅔⅄⅌ℹ

਱֚

ℵⅎⅫ⅄ ᷓ༫ಢ₉ⅅ ℳⅷ⅌࢛⅄ ծന࢛₉
ⅅ ⅐ⅳ℺⅐⅙⅄ ೦࡯ⅅ
Ⅺ⅌ℸ ഛୃུඊু⅚ެ⅛ℸ ո‫⅚ئ‬ඵެ⅓ℳⅴℹ

⅚२ެ⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅖ℷℸ⅄
₉ ⅅ ඤ⅗࡛࣐ެྴⅺܱⅆℹ

ฌ຿⅚ഴાⅆⅴެ⅓ℸ ੨ུ⅗Ⅾഛୃུ⅗Ⅾ⅔Ⅾ⅗ℳⅴ⅚⅛ℸ ո‫ئ‬

ࡼ
₉ ഛୃུ⅘ࡉⅳⅶⅵฌ຿

℺⅖↖↶‡↎ⅺ؅⅗ဓℶⅴฌ຿ℸ ⅔ℴ⁁⅌⅔⅀ⅶ⅗Ⅾࡉ⅒৾ⅵⅴℹ
⅀ⅵⅪ⅓ࡉ⅒℺⅌‫⅚࡞ޚ‬ฌ຿⅗⅛ℸ లඵડ⅓‫ݷ‬ℿ⅌ℸ ୰დⅯܱ߳⅗ഴાⅆⅴฌ຿⅚ℸ ∸֚௼⅚ාઁ৪⅓ℳⅴ؅ⅺঐ൵ⅆⅴంह
₉ ∹૶
⅚ⅱℵ⅗֗⅒ⅴంहℸ ⅔ℴℵⅽ↶‡↎⅔‫ވ‬೒ⅆⅴ࿂ℹℳⅴ⅀⅔ⅺ‫ږ‬෇⅄⅌ℹℸ ∺⅚⅐ শ⅗ഌచⅆⅴంह⅑ ⅔ℴℵⅽ↶‡↎Ⅾℸ ⅀ⅵⅲ⅚
ެ⅗⅛฽‫⅂ד‬ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅔ࡉ⅒ⅱℴ⅚⅓⅛⅖ℴ⅍ⅶℵℸℹ

डࢃ⅗අ։⅖႕⅔⅄⅒⅐ ೦࡯⅑ ⅗Ⅾ૘ⅵ⅒ℷ℺⅌ℴℹ
‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚අಭ⅔࿨‫ ⅄ڬ‬࿌ུⅅ

132

4

਱

౳ⅱⅳⅮ֚ཿⅮඵཿⅮષ਀⅓ℸ डࢃ⅛౳ⅺৎራⅆⅴ૽໤⅔⅄⅒ℸ ฌ

ີ
₉ আ
₉ ა
₉ ஽

ාઁ৪ⅺ‫ޗ‬ℶ൵ℼంह⅔⅄⅒⅚ฌ຿⅚ⅽ↶‡↎ℹℸ ུެ⅓⅛୆ℸ⅂຿ℹडⅮⅡ⅂ⅷ⅄ℴ૽໤⅍⅔࡞ℶⅴ⅍ⅶℵℹ

̡؅ᷓ༫ಢ ₉ ഴા૽໤₉ ฌ຿⅄ ↍↛ⅅ
੨ུ⅔Ⅾฌ຿⅓ℳⅴℹℸ ࡵྶུℸ ఱࠏུ⅓⅛ℸ സ⅚ฌ຿⅔⅄ℸ ഛฌ຿ℹ↍↛⅔⅖ⅴೇ⅄ℴެⅮℳⅴℹ

ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅔࡞ℶⅱℵℹ

ཝ୆ਅ ₉ ഴા૽໤₉ ؅⅄ ↍↛ⅅ̡ ฌ຿
ࡵྶུ⅓⅛ฌ຿⅓⅛⅖ℼ⅐ ౶‫⅐ ⅑૽ॽإ‬Ⅺⅳℸ ౙ⅖ⅴ౶૽⅔୭೰
⅂ⅵ⅒ℴⅴℹ

⅔်༹დⅺॽࣺⅻ⅓ฌ຿⅚ࡓ⅗੄ℸℾⅴℹℸ ࠫޫฌ຿⅚֚ཿષ਀⅚

ֿⅺ⅐ℸⅵ⅒٣⅄ℼএ⁁⅒ℴⅴ؅ℹℸ ࣽഽ⅀⅊ฌ຿ⅺ࡞ℴ໅ℸ⅊ℵℴ⅖ℴ⅚⅍ℹℸ⅊ⅵⅺഐ൚⅖࢛৘⅓࡞ℴ൪ⅵⅱℵ⅔ℸฌ຿⅚‫ز‬ⅤⅯ⁁

ှⅬ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅛ℸ ੨ུ⅓൳ⅅ⅓ℳⅴℹ ؅⅛ှⅪⅵ⅌࢏ⅺ੔๵⅄⅒ฌ຿ℹۗഷ଼⅚ਿ‫⅌⅚ׯ‬Ⅽ⅗း⅚ྴ໤⅚࢏ⅺฃ⁁⅒ℼⅴⅱℵ؅⅗

ℸⅻ⅕⅖ⅳ

ၑུℸ ਬ଼ུ⅓⅛ℸ ໖ࡉ⅚ฌ຿⅔⅄⅒ℴⅴℹ

်༹დ⅗໅ℾ⅒⅄Ⅺ⁁⅌‫ݷ‬ℿ߉ℸ დℹℵⅪℼ⅖ⅴ⅚⅛ཝ୆⅄ ֿⅅ ⅚

⅒ြⅴℹ

ഛၑུ⅔ਬ଼ུ⅓⅛ฌ຿⅄ ఱࠏུ⅗⅛ਫ਼श⅖⅄ⅅℹ ฌ຿⅗ℴ⅐Ⅾ

ਅℹೳ⅗ོⅭⅲⅵ⅒ℴⅴℸⅲ⅍ℸ ⅔ℴℵฌ຿⅚ֿ⅗⅞⁁ℸℸⅳℸ ೳᵥ⅂ⅵⅴℸⅲ⅔ℸ ↼↮⇄↎⅚⅌Ⅽ⅗Ⅿ⁁⅒ြ⅌⅗Ⅾ‫۾‬ⅷⅲⅇℸ ࠫޫ

ⅨℼⅮ⅄ ࿂࿒Ⅾⅅ ⅖Ⅿ⅑ ⅔ℴℵరত⅓ਞⅷ⁁⅒ℴⅴℹ ℴ⅐Ⅾฌ຿⅗

⅚ਅⅺౝⅆ؅⅗చ⅄⅒ฌ຿⅛⅐ ℵ⅐ℾ⅑ ⅔ৎⅳℸ ؅⅚⅐ ℳⅲℸ Ⅽⅻ

୭೰⅓Ⅾະസࣣ⅛⅖⅂⅊ℵ⅍ℹℸ ഛၑུ⅛ℸ ౷࿂ⅺ࠼ྵ⅗ߡ⁁⅒დ

⅀⅚ⅱℵ⅖დ⅚ജ‫⅖ٳ‬ⅲ⅜ℸ ฌ຿⅓⅛⅖ℼℸ ౶૽⅔ℴℵࡵྶུ⅚

ⅲ⅗ℸ⅐ ՛ఊ჊⅑ ⅔൳အ⅗ℸ ૽‫ۼ‬എ⅗࿚ఴ⅚ℳⅴ؅ⅺ฽જ⅂ⅈⅱℵ⅂ℸ ஃ⅛ℸ⅂ⅺषၛ⅌ⅈⅴ૽໤⅔⅄⅒୭೰⅂ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅔࡞ℶⅴℹ ⅂୍৘⅖૽໻⅓ℸ⅐ গ൲༷‫ ⅐⅑ڙ‬ள᫖၂⅑ ⅖⅕⅓Ⅾࡉⅲⅵ⅌ℸ ؅⅚ྚ੃ུ⅓⅛⅐ ࠸ℴ૽⅑ ⅔؅⅛ບ⅄⅒ℴⅴℹ ⅐Ⅺⅳུެ⅚ฌ຿⅛ⅪⅅⅭ⅓

ℴ⅒ࡵྶུ⅓⅛⅐ ⅌ⅲ⅄ⅱ⅞⅞⅔⅑ℸ ఱࠏུ⅓⅛⅐ ୃೄ⅖૽⅑ℸ ਬ଼ⅴℴℴ‫⅔ڒ଻⅖ࡘح‬୭೰⅂ⅵ⅒ℷⅳℸ ⅊ⅵ⅗చ⅄⅒ฌ຿⅚଻‫⅐⅗ڒ‬

؅⅛ℸ ࿩௵ⅺ৿ⅲⅇℸ ࢛୶⅍ℾ⅓⅚ⅲⅳℼⅲⅳ⅔઺ⅳ୨ⅶℵ⅔ⅆ

⅛۰ౙ⅗ᵥ⅂ⅵ⅒⅄Ⅺℵ؅ⅺ⅖⅂ℾ⅖ℼএℴℸ ฌ຿⅛؅ⅺৎⅴ⅚⅓

⅔ⅆⅴ֚௼⅚ಿ⅔ℴℵ࿨ٝⅳⅮ঵⁁⅒ℷⅳℸ ฌ຿⅚ഴા⅖ℼ⅄⅒ུ

ಎߡⅳ༐⅄⅒ฌ຿⅗ৎⅲⅵⅴℹ

ℳⅴℹࡵྶུ⅓Ⅾℸᵥⅆ༷⅚౳ℹਅྶℸ⅄ⅺ⅄ℸᵥ⅂ⅵⅴ༷⅚౳ℹ
⅐ℳۗഷ଼⅔⅛ℸ ఆ၂⅚ಎ⅓⅐ ఱຳ⅑⅐ ֲ‫מ‬࿝⅑ ⅖⅕⅔ℴ⁁⅌ۗ૖ⅺ

ެ⅛଼ၛ⅄⅖ℴ⅚⅓ℳⅴℹ

૽⅖⅚⅓ℸ Ⅾⅎⅶⅻ⅐ ℵ⅐ℾ⅑ ⅔ৎⅴరত⅛⅖ℼℸ ⅊⅚⅌Ⅽℸ ᵥ⅂

ྴ઺ⅴ⅀⅔ⅺ‫⅂ݺ‬ⅵⅴ⅀⅔⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅀⅚ܻ৆ⅺࠐⅴ⅀⅔⅗ⅱ⁁⅒ℸ

ⅲℷⅭⅻⅨℼ⅖Ⅿ⅑ ⅔౹ⅅව⁁⅒ਞⅷⅴℹℸ ᵥⅆ༷⅚౳⅛ౙ⅖ⅴ౶

ⅵⅴ౳⅚ℳⅯⅪⅴరতℹ⅄⁁ℼⅳ⅀⅖ℴℹ Ⅿ⅛ⅳ⅀⅀⅛ℸ ᵥ⅂ⅵⅴ

133

ࠏུ⅓⅛৽ℹℸ⅐ ℸ⅙ℹ⅙࿩௵ⅅ⁂⅗ⅱ⁁⅒
₉ ⅌⅍⅛࣐ℸⅵ⅘ℹ ℷ
້එℾⅪ⅓⅗࣐⅒⅀ℴ⅑ ⅔࡞⁁⅒ℷⅳℸ ֚؊࿩௵⅍ℸⅲࠁ⅍ℾ⅓Ⅾ

ࡵྶུ̡ ഛၑུ⅓⅛ℸ ུ‫⅓ܨ‬չସ४ⅳ⅗ည⁁⅒ℴⅴⅱℵ⅍ℹℸ ఱ

⅚⅓ℸ ՛ఊ჊⅚੿ြⅺ૤෻⅄⅒ℷⅳℸ ฽જ⅂ⅈⅴ⅌Ⅽ⅗࣏ၷহⅺ⅄

⅞⅄ ଵ๱ⅅ ⅗ℷⅱ⅜⅘⅄⅍ℴⅅⅯℸ ℴ⅌⅄Ⅿℵℹခ⅑ ⅔੆Ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅄ ಍ⅴⅅ ໤Ⅾ⅔ⅲⅵ⅒ℸ ℽⅷℴⅢⅻ⅄ ‫ٸ‬໳ⅅ ⅺℵ⅄⅖Ⅱ⅄ ৐Ⅱⅅℸ ⅉ⅚⅀⅔ℼ⅗⅄ ශℼ⅗ⅅ ℴ⅐Ⅾ⅄⅒ℷⅲ⅛ℸ ⅍ℵℽ⅄ ൽߓⅅ Ⅾℸ ℺ⅴ

ഛၑུ⅓⅛ℸ ՛ఊ჊⅛ಿ൅ⅺฌ຿⅚ஜ⅗ⅎⅲ⅐ℸⅈℸ ฌ຿⅚ⅧⅭည⁁⅒ℷ⅀ℵ⅔ℴℵ૤঵ⅎ⅓‫׵‬ⅅⅴℹ Ⅺ⅌ℸ ఱࠏུℸ ਬ଼ུ⅓⅛ℸ

⅖ⅲ⅖ℼ⅒⅌ℴⅤⅻ⅖⅚⅓ℸ ‫⅛ރ‬Ⅺ⅍ࠨⅪ⁁⅒ℴ⅖ℴ⅔࡞ℶ⅔৽⅛

༷ℹ‫⅗ܨ‬ℼⅷ⅖ℴ⅔࡞⁁⅒ฌ຿ⅺ‫ޞ‬ⅆℹ ՛ఊ჊⅚૦ⅴໍℴ⅚ཌྷ৹ྫ⅌⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅓ℳⅴℹ

੆Ⅵ⅒ℴⅴℹ ৽ⅺ⅀⅚ⅱℵ⅖రতⅺഫℼⅱℵ⅖ሑኍ⅖૽໻⅔⅄⅒୭

૽Ⅲⅳⅺⅱⅳ‫ޑ‬ℼຝℼ⅀⅔⅗ⅱ⁁⅒ℸ ฌ຿⅚࣏ၷহ⅗⅛ℸ आೲ⅗؅ฌ຿ℸⅲఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅗ᵀ༆ⅺⅮⅲ⁁⅒⅄Ⅺℵ⅔ℸ ℷ༐⅄ⅺ⅄⅖ℾⅵ⅜

೰ⅆⅴ⅀⅔⅗ⅱ⁁⅒ℸ⅐ গ൲༷‫⅔ ⅑ڙ‬൳အℸ ؅⅔ฌ຿⅚చ๤ℹྶ‫ږ‬

⅚੿ြⅺ૤෻ⅆⅴ‫ܨ‬঵ⅎ⅛ℳⅴ⅔⅄⅒Ⅾℸ ՛ఊ჊Ⅴ⅚༭໘⅔ℴℵ௰՛ఊ჊⅚⅐ Ⅺ⅌ℸ ႕⅚ℸ ਈⅺ֩Ⅼ⅖ℸ ֩Ⅼ⅖⅔ℸ փࡉ⅜⅄ⅈⅲⅴⅴ

ࡵྶུⅯഛၑུ⅗⅛⅖ℴℹℸ ఱࠏུ⅓⅛ℸ ฌ຿⅚‫ز‬Ⅴ࣐ℼഷಎ⅚

࿂Ⅾℳⅴ⅀⅔ℹⅧ⅚Ⅽℸ⅂ⅵ⅒ℴⅴℹ

⅗຾ℸ⅟ષℹⅴ⅔ℴℵ࢘‫ض‬ℹ‫ܢ‬ఞ⅓℺ⅴℹ
չସ४ⅳⅤ⅚൳࣐৪⅔⅖ⅳංℸ ⅄ℸⅮఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅗ၛ෩⅖ள᫖ⅺᵀ
༆⅗௭ⅴⅱℵ⅖૽໤⅔⅄⅒ℸ Ⅺ⅌ℸ ৽⅚‫⅂⅂઀⅚ܕ‬ⅺ۷‫⅗ݖ‬৘ۜ⅂ⅈංⅴ૽໤⅔⅄⅒ℸ ฌ຿ⅺഴા⅂ⅈ⅌⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅱℵℹ

Ⅾ⅚⅓ℳⅶℵℹ⅑ ⅔ℴℵరতℹℸ Ⅺ⅌ਬ଼ུ⅓⅛⅐ ૸‫ވ‬ℹુₚࢡℴ

⅒֩Ⅼਈⅺℸ ֮⅓ℴℸℵৎⅲⅴⅴ⅔ઇ⁁⅒ࢄजⅴℹ ࣽ඾⅛⅀⅚ಿ൅

ⅺ঵⅐⅒४ⅳℸ ਹ⅙⅒‫⅄ە‬ℵ‫⅛׊‬ⅵ⅘အ⅗ℸ ࢛ⅺ⅔Ⅽ⅒‫ܦ‬ⅲℵ⅔ం

⅀⅀Ⅺ⅓⅛ℸഴાⅆⅴฌ຿⅚؅⅗ℳ⅌ⅴ⅚⅛ⅼ↞⅚৽⅓ℳ⁁⅌ℹℸ؅ℹ৽⅓⅛⅖ℼℸ ⅄ℸⅮ↍↛⅔⅖ⅴެⅮඵެࡉⅲⅵⅴℹ

ⅇⅴℹ⅑ ⅔ℴℵరতℹℳⅳℸ ু໦⅚ఱਈ⅗փࡉⅆⅴฌ຿Ⅴ⅚ະྖⅺ

՛ఊ჊⅛ฌ຿⅗ྫၑ⅗ਈⅺ੄⅂ⅈℸ ⅂ⅻ⅃ⅻ֩ⅻ⅍‫ݷ‬ℿ߉⅗ℸ ‫ܦ‬ⅳ

ⅴℹ ࡵྶུ⅗⅛ℸฌ຿⅚ࡓⅺངⅵⅴၑဇⅺাⅆમ⅄ℴరত⅛⅖ℴℹℸℴℵℸ ࡉⅴℸⅲ⅗‫ٸ‬ⅵ৪⅚੄⅓ၛⅎ⅓ഴા⅄ℸ ฌ຿⅚ࡓⅤ؋⅄ℸℾ

Ⅺ⅔Ⅾ⅖‫ز‬໻⅓ℳⅳ⅖ℹⅲℸ ⅊⅀ℸⅲ֝౎⅄⅒⅄Ⅺ⁁⅌՛ఊ჊ⅺℸ

ⅲℸ՛ఊ჊⅛ུြℸ৽⅔൳↾↮↽⅚‫ٴ‬௄⅚૽໤⅓ℳⅴ⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ

ષ‫੄ئ‬ၛ⅓ℸ ৽⅚ฌ຿ⅺ‫׵‬ⅅⅴાࣣ⅔൳ⅅ໫௡⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅀⅚⅀⅔ℸ

՛ఊ჊⅛୶੆⅚ⅱℵ⅗։ࠁ⅚੄⅓ၛⅎ⅓ℳⅴℹℸ ฌ຿⅛೒ુ⅚ಿ

Ⅾⅲ⅄⅒ℴⅴℹ

՛ఊ჊ ₉ ഴા૽໤₉ ՛ఊ჊⅄ ↍↛ⅅ̡ ฌ຿̡ ੄‫ز‬↍↛⅚՛ఊ჊⅛ℸ ຂⅺ⅌ℼⅷℶℸ ൮⅗⅛‫׹‬๶൮޴ℸ ਀⅗⅛ಿ൅⅔

ൽ⅚Ⴙષ⅓ૢ⅒ℴⅴ⅔⅀ⅶⅺฌ຿⅗อࡉ⅂ⅵℸ ౶ⅲ⅘‫⅗ۼ‬஺ࠁ⅗⅂

࣏ၷহ⅓ࢵ୆⅂ⅈⅱℵ⅔ⅆⅴ૽໤⅔⅄⅒ฌ຿⅛डഐ⅓ℳⅴℹ ֚௼⅚

߇

ⅵ⅒⅄Ⅺℵℹ ฌ຿⅛ℸ⅐ ⅁ⅻ⅁⅍ℵ⅍ⅻ⅄ ࡞ࢊൽ౯ⅅ ⅚মⅅⅯℸ ℳ‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚අಭ⅔࿨‫ ⅄ڬ‬࿌ུⅅ

134

ີ
₉ আ
₉ ა
₉ ஽

ส

ट௯⅚⅌Ⅽ⅗੄⅒℺⅌ฌ຿⅔ℸಋ‫⅓ؚ‬ٛℵ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅗⅖⁁⅒ℴⅴℹ

ࠏུ⅓⅛ℸ‫⅛ݱ‬჋൮⅍ℾ⅓ℳⅴℹ Ⅺ⅌ℸఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅛സⅪ⅓⅛࣐ℸⅇℸ

ⅲℸ ୱ⅚ൿൽⅺ༜ℼఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅚‫ܿ׵‬ℹडఱ⅚ࡉ⅕⅀ⅶ⅔⅖ⅴℹℸ ఱ⅄֚૗⅖ⅳ⅔Ⅾℸ⅂ⅈⅲⅵⅇ⅛⅄ ఩⅂ⅈⅲⅵⅇ⅜ⅅℸ ૸ℹ⅔ℹ⅄ ‫ش‬ⅅ

⅕⅔ⅧⅭℸ⅐ ⅌⅚Ⅱ⅍⅄ ှⅡ⅍ⅅ ૽⅛Ⅲ⅌⅄⅖Ⅻ⅖⅄ ະ቗Ⅻ⅖ⅅ⅑⅐ Ⅾ

⅚Ⅿℵ⅗ℸ ⅌⅄⅖Ⅻ⅚Ⅱℸ⅞⅄ ૬⅞ⅅ ૽⅛ࢄ⅃⅖⅞⅑⅄ ࡵྶུⅅ ⅖

ⅆⅥ⅒⅚຦ⅺ఩⅄ဓℶⅴฌ຿⅗చ⅄⅒ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅛ℸ⅐ ℷ⅏⅁⅂Ⅺ

ࠏུ⅚ฌ຿⅚రত⅐ ⅊ⅎ⅚ှℵ⅍৪⅛ℸ ઀૤৪ⅅ⁂⅗ⅱ⁁⅒෯⅛঵

ℴⅇⅵ⅗⅄ⅶℸ ‫׿‬ℼ⅛ⅴ⅜ⅴ⅚ൽⅺℸ ՛ഛ࢓⅗Ⅾℸℸⅷⅲⅇℸ ⅕

⅚Ⅿℵ⅗ℷ⅄Ⅿ⅐⅒⅄ ℷ⅄⁂⁁⅒ⅅℸ℺ℿⅻ⅄ ‫࠹ܥ‬ⅅℹⅷⅴℸⅲⅡ⅄ ՛

௭ⅴ⅚⅛ℸ ຽ୏⅚ਿℴ⅚⅌Ⅽ⅚࿐჋ఖ⅓ℳⅴℹ გஂၠ⅓⅛प༥⅔⅄ℵ⅄⅒Ⅾਿ࡞⅚຦ⅺඑℾ⅖ℾⅵ⅜⅖ⅲ⅖ℴ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅗ⅆⅴ⅌Ⅽ⅗

ℸⅲⅡⅅ⅑⅄ ࡵྶུⅅ ⅔৽Ⅴ⅚՛࢛ⅺ੆Ⅵⅴℹ ‫⅌⅄఺ܦ‬ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ⅺ⅙

⅐Ⅺℴ⅑ ⅖⅕ℸⅲⅮℵℸℹℶⅴℹ

⅛ℸ ৽ℹडఱࡠ⅚‫ܨ‬෻ⅳⅺࡉⅈⅴⅥ℺௖਀ℹຈါ⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅊⅚௖਀℻ⅲℵ⅀⅔Ⅾ⅖ℼℸ ‫ܦ‬ⅳℹಁℴ⅔ৎⅳ⅐ℾⅴ৽⅗చ⅄⅒ീ⁁⅌ఊ჊

⅒࿐჋ఖո‫⅗ٸ‬ౢ჋ఖⅮ௭ⅴ୭೰⅖⅚⅓ℸ ਱ඵ൮Ⅾ⅚‫ݱ‬ⅺ೏ℴ⅖ℹ

⅔⅄⅒ℸ ֚௼⅚ਹ೉⅌ⅴฌ຿ⅺഴા⅂ⅈⅴ⅚⅛ℸ डഐ⅚୭೰⅍⅔࡞‫ۍ‬৪ℹℸ ৽ⅺ෯ℸⅲ၂⅔⅄ၡ֩ⅺ‫ئ‬ℿⅴℸ ⅔ℴℵജ‫⅖⅗ٳ‬ⅴⅷℾ⅍

⅞⅔ℴⅶℶⅴ⅍ⅶℵℹ

গ൲༷‫ڙ‬
₉ ഴા૽໤
₉ ৽̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅄ ↍↛ⅅ̡ ৽⅚ฌ຿৽⅛ฌ຿⅗ಋ‫އ‬Ⅵ⅗ঀℵಋⅯ෯ⅺৰⅳⅴ⅌Ⅽℸ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ⅺঀℴ⅗⅗อജ⅄⅌ℸ ֚௼⅚ಿ⅌ⅴ૽‫ۼ‬എ⅗ఱ℺⅖૽໤ℸ ⅔ℴℵⅽ↶‡↎ⅺ

ડ⅓‫⅌⅄෇ږ‬ⅱℵ⅖ℸ ฌ຿⅚ঐ൵৪എၛા⅔ℴℵⅽ↶‡↎ℸⅲ⅂ⅲℹℸ ࠐफഎ⅗Ⅾ૽‫ڒ‬എ⅗Ⅾ؅⅚ષⅺ࣐ℼంह⅔⅄⅒ฌ຿ⅺ୭೰ⅆⅴ

Ⅿⅴℹ ஜડ⅚⅐ ᦉ໤⅑ ⅓ऱⅯ૰ম⅚ൽߓⅺฌ຿⅗ৰⅳ⅌⅚⅔ℸ ႒য

ࡉ⅒৾⁁⅒Ⅾⅱℴ⅍ⅶℵℹ

ࡵྶུ⅚ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅚రত⅐ ‫⅒⅗ة‬Ⅾൽߓℹℴⅴ⅌⅟⅗ℸ ℷ⅏⅁⅂Ⅺ

⅔ℴℵⅱⅳℸ ؅⅛ુ⅗༷֚എ⅗ฌ຿ⅺှ⁁⅒ℴⅴۜℹℳⅴℹ ⅊ⅵ⅛

⅖⅕⅔֑ℴℸ չସ४ⅳ⅛අ༆⅖ⅽ↮⇄↝⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅊⅚֚ఱⅽ↮⇄↝ⅴ⅚ℹდ⅚อ౤⅔⅖ⅴℹ ߃ℼ⅚࿤५Ⅴ⅚ဋ५Ⅿℸ ૰২໣‫ڝ‬Ⅴ⅚४࠘

ள᫖၂ ₉ ഴા૽໤₉ ৽̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅄ ↍↛ⅅ̡ ৽⅚ฌ຿؅ℹչସ४ⅳ⅗ฌ຿ⅺညℵ⅌Ⅽℸ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ⅺฌ຿⅚ࡓⅤঀℴ⅗Ⅿ

⅀⅔⅗ⅱ⁁⅒ℸ ৽⅚ྚ੃⅂ℹषၛ⅐⅀⅔⅗⅖ⅴℹ ⅀⅚ฌ຿⅗⅛ℸ ஜ⅄⅌୭೰⅓ℳⅴℹ ࣐ম⅖⅕⅓ະ௷⅚຦ℹℳⅴાࣣℸ ⅊ⅵⅺဏ೒⅄ࣣ⅄ ฌ຿ࢄအⅅ Ⅴℸⅳ⅗⅄ ৰⅳ⅗ⅅ ℷⅯⅳⅯⅴ⅄ ℷࡍⅳⅯⅴⅅℸ ⅌⅟⅌Ⅴ⅚൳࣐ⅺညℵ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅛ℸ ฌ຿̡ ؅⅔ℴℵ૶⅄ℴ൳௼⅚୭೰⅗

ℵ௖਀⅔⅄⅒⅛ℸ ൳௼⅚ฌ຿⅛डഐ⅚୭೰⅔࡞ℶⅴℹ

⅟ ⅚ ম ⅅ Ⅿ ⅗ ⅱ ⅐ ⅒ℸ ૸ ⅕ Ⅾ ⅂ Ⅴ ⅛ ⅑ ℸ ⅄ ⅞⅄ ౹ ⅑ ℸ ⅄ ⅞ⅅ⅑ Ⅿℸⅆⅴ⅀⅔⅗ⅱ⁁⅒ℸ ⅱⅳ۷‫ু⅒⁁⅔⅗ݖ‬ட⅖Ⅾ⅚⅔⅖ⅴ⅍ⅶℵℹ

⅌⅍⅄ℸ ུެ⅚؅⅔ฌ຿⅚‫⅛⅗ۼ‬ℸ ࠐफഎ⅖‫⅌ڞ‬ⅳℹℳⅳℸ ဏ೒

ഛၑུ⅚ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅚రত⅐ ℴ⅐Ⅾ⅖ℹⅲྌࢄྫ૤ⅺ૭⅂ⅴⅴ⅑ℸ ఱ135ఱೋઐུ⅚ঌ⅗Ⅿ⁁⅒℺⅌നৡ৪ℹℸ ু໦⅔‫⅚׻‬ℳⅴ૽‫࡞⅔⅍ۼ‬൚⅒⅛Ⅽ⅒ࣉℶⅴ⅔ℸ ฌ຿⅔ℴℵഛၑུ⅔ਬ଼ུ⅚୭೰Ⅾⅱℴ⅔⅛

⅒ਯⅻ⅓ℴ⅒ℸ ૶⅄ℼℸ ৽⅗࿒ⅺℸℾ⅒ℼⅵ⅒ℴⅴℸ ⅔ℴℵૄ࠯⅗

⅚⅔ࣉℶ⅒Ⅾ‫ة‬ⅲະസࣣ⅛⅖ℴℹ Ⅺ⅌ℸ ౘ෨⅔ℴℵ౷ྴⅮℸ ུެ⅓

ဩࢦⅫ⅗߃‫⅌℺⅒⁁ܙ‬ⅆ⁁⅝⅚࡞ဩ⅗઺ⅈⅲⅵℸ ૽ฃℴ਽⅗Ⴒⅵ⅒

ⅆ⁁⅝ℹനৡ৪⅗߃⅑ℼ਀౲⅔⅄⅒ℸ⅐ ฌ຿⅛ࡓ‫ܨ‬ℸ⅑ ⅔໳ℼర⅛⅔ℼ⅗Ↄ‡⇀‡↞⅔⅖⁁⅒ℴⅴⅷℾ⅓⅛⅖ℼℸ ౘ෨⅗ਯⅬฌ຿⅗

এℵℹℸ ‫⅓࡞ޚ‬ⅱℼ੄⅒ℼⅴ‫׿‬ြ⅚ਈ⅔൳အℸ ౶૽ℸⅲ௭ⅲⅵ⅌Ⅾ

তℹℳ⁁⅌⅔এⅷⅵⅴ⅚ℹℸ ഛၑུ⅓ℳⅴℹ ࡵྶུ⅔ਬ଼ུ⅓⅛ฌ

අ༆⅖փྙℹࣺⅭⅲⅵ⅒ℴⅴⅷℾ⅓Ⅾ⅖⅂⅊ℵ⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅄⅌ℹ⁁⅒࣐ℸⅵ⅒⅄Ⅺℵℹ

༦⅚⅀⅔ⅺℸ Ⅺ⅌ఱࠏུ⅓⅛⅐ ℷၲအ⅑ ⅚⅀⅔ⅺଂ⅙⅒ℴⅴℹ ⅀⅀⅀ⅵⅮℸ ຈⅇ⅄Ⅾฌ຿ⅺ੄ⅆຈါ଻⅚⅖ℴެ⅔࡞⁁⅒ⅱℸⅶℵℹ

⅄⅕ℵⅧℵℹℼⅆℷℵℷ⅔⅄ℳℼ⅌ⅶℵ

Ⅷℵⅅⅱℵ⅚⅌⅙

ⅆⅇ℺Ⅸℵⅎⅱℵ ⅐ⅳ℻⅐⅙

࿐჋ఖ ₉ ഴા૽໤₉ ৽̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅄ ↍↛ⅅ̡ ৽⅚ฌ຿ࡵྶུ⅗⅛ਫ਼शℹ⅖ℼℸ ഛၑུℸ ఱࠏུℸ ਬ଼ུ⅓⅛ℸ സ⅗ਯⅬℴℹ

࿐჋ఖ₉ গ൲༷‫ڙ‬
₉ ள᫖၂
₉ ՛ఊ჊
₉ ཝ୆ਅ
₉ ᷓ༫ಢ
₉ ೦࡯
⅀ⅵⅲ⅚ެ⅗⅐ℴ⅒Ⅾℸ ஜડ⅔൳အ⅗ℸ ֚ެⅇ⅐ࣉख़⅄⅒ℴ℺⅌℺ ⅶ ℼ ⅍

ໍరષ⅗ฌ຿ℹ੄⅒ℼⅴ⅚⅛ℸ ষ⅚্ެ⅓ℳⅴℹ

অ
₉ ৘ष⅘ໍరષ⅘ฌ຿℺ഴાⅇⅵ‫࡞ޚ‬

⅛ℸ നৡ৪⅔૶⅄ℴ૽໤ⅺু໦Ⅾ౶⁁⅒ℴⅴℸ ⅔࡞⁁⅒നৡ৪⅗߃⅑ℼા࿂⅖⅚⅓ℸ ⅀⅚૽໤⅛ฌ຿⅓Ⅾฌ༦⅓Ⅾ౗⅓Ⅾⅱℴℹ ഛၑུ
⅓Ⅾ⅛⁁℺ⅳ⅔⅄⅌రতℹℳⅴⅷℾ⅓⅛⅖ℼℸ⅐ ℴⅶℴⅶℸℷ⅜⅚মℸℷ⅏⅚ম⅖⅕‫׊‬࿟⅑⅔ⅼ↞↼↫⅓Ⅾⅱℴⅱℵ⅖੥℺༷ℹ⅂ⅵ⅒ℴⅴℹ
⅄⅌ℹ⁁⅒ℸ ຈⅇ⅄Ⅾฌ຿ⅺ੄ⅆຈါ଻⅚⅖ℴެ⅍⅔࡞ℶⅱℵℹ

ߪઘ

₉ ഴા૽໤
₉ ৽̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅄ ↍↛ⅅ

ഛၑུ⅔ਬ଼ུ⅛ౘ෨⅚ฌ຿ℸⅲ௭ⅲⅵ⅌ߪℸ ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅍ℹℸฌ຿ℹഴાⅆⅴℹ ؈ౘ෨⅗ਯⅬ৽ℹℸ സ⅚ฌ຿⅚ࡓⅤप༥⅚ਿ࡞⅚

₉ ฌ຿⅛৽⅚ฌ຿
‫੄⅗ݖ‬ⅆ⅌Ⅽ⅗ߪⅺઘℼⅱℵྵⅅⅲⅵ⅌ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅛ℸ ⅆⅥ⅒ু໦ࡵྶུ⅔ఱࠏུ⅓⅛ℸ ⅊ⅵ⅋ⅵ⅐ ဒਫ਼ℸⅲ⅑ℸ⅐ ⅂ⅴ༷ⅱⅳ⅑ ⅔⅄⅒຦ⅺඑℾⅴⅱℵఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅗ྵⅅⅴℹ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅛ഷಎ⅚ಋ‫⅓ؚ‬ਈⅺ֩

⅓૙Ⅵ⅒⅄Ⅺℴℸ ⅊⅚ℴℴⅷℾⅺಿₚ⅔৽⅗ࢊⅴℹ

ℴⅴ⅚Ⅻ⅓ℳⅴℹ ഛୃུ⅗Ⅾ⅀⅚ެ⅛ࡉⅲⅵⅴℹℸ ߪ⅚௭ⅳ৽⅗⅛

Ⅻℸ ଜ⁁໡⁁⅌ેఠ⅓സ⅚ฌ຿ⅺང⅙ℸ ৎⅲⅵⅴℹ

্

⅚ެ⅍⁁⅌⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ ⅔ℼ⅗ఱࠏུ⅛։ৗ⅓ℳⅳℸ ৽ℹฌ຿⅗

⅀⅚ެ⅛ℸ ఱ௬ၠ⅓⅛ࢺ࡫শయྎ‫ܢ‬ℸⅲࡉℶইⅭℸ ུြ⅛გஂၠ࡞‫ݞ‬ⅈⅇℸ ℴ℺⅖ⅳߪⅺઘℾ⅔ఱྴℹྵⅅ⅒ℷⅳℸ ⅕⅚ⅱℵ⅖రত
ℹℳ⁁⅌⅚ℸ⅛ະྶ⅓ℳⅴℹ
ࡉম⅖ߪⅺℸ ྴॲ౷⅓ℳⅴౘ෨ℸⅲ௭⁁⅒ℼⅴ૽໤⅔⅄⅒ℸ ၗⅵ‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚අಭ⅔࿨‫ ⅄ڬ‬࿌ུⅅ

136

ີ
₉ আ
₉ ა
₉ ஽

჋

ℵ⅖ℸ ၰ‫⅄૶⅚ز‬ℴ‫଻߸۾‬ⅺℵℸℹⅷⅈⅴℹ ‫૽ئ‬Ⅺ⅓Ⅾઉఞⅆⅴ⅔

৪ℹ⅌Ⅿⅆℼ⅞⁁ℸℸⅴ⅔ℴℵ⅀⅔⅛ℸ ⅊ℵℴℵ⅀⅔Ⅾℳⅳංⅴⅱ

৽⅍ℾ⅓⅖ℼఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪Ⅾ૦ⅴໍℴ⅗ࡤ⅜ⅵ⅌ℸ ⅔ℴℵֿ⅗ఊ჊‫ۍ‬Ⅿਯਫ਼⅖⅕‫ة‬ⅲℸ⅚௺଻ⅺນⅆࡤ⅟ྴ⅔ℴℵ⅀⅔⅖⅚ℸⅮ⅄ⅵ⅖

ⅲ⅐ ⅚⅄⅐ℾ⅑ ⅺৰⅳ⅌ℸ ⅔ℴℵ⅀⅔⅖⅚⅓ℸ ⅀⅀⅛ฌ຿⅚ℸ ૖ުྶ⅍ℹℸ ୭೰⅔⅄⅒⅛૰ম⅚൮⅗ℳ⅌⁁⅌ఱྴℹ⅐ Ⅺ⅔⅚‫ئ‬ദ⅑ ℸℶⅲⅵⅴℹ ഛୃུ⅚⅐ Ⅺ⅔⅚‫ئ‬ദ⅑ ℹ⅕⅚ⅱℵ⅖૽໤ⅺঐⅆℸ⅛ະ⅒৽⅚ฌ຿⅚‫ز‬ℹ୭೰⅂ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅚⅛ℸ ℺ⅷⅭ⅒ুட⅖⅀⅔⅍⅔ࣉ

ℴℵ୭೰⅛ℸ ຽ೒⅚౶૽⅓⅛ࣉℶℹ⅌ℴℹ ⅄⅌ℹ⁁⅒ℸ ฌ຿⅔ℴℵℴℹ

⅒হⅴⅱℵ࡞ℴ໳ℸⅈⅴℹ

୭೰ℹ⅀⅀⅓⅛ະ‫⅓ࠧخ‬ℳⅴ⅔࡞ℶⅴℹ

₉ ฌ຿⅛৽⅚ฌ຿
ഛୃུ⅓⅛ฌ຿⅓⅛⅖ℼ⅐ Ⅺ⅔⅚‫ئ‬ദ⅑ ⅔⅄⅒ℴⅴℹℸ ⅊⅚ఈ⅚

௖ཨ⅚੥ⅺඋⅫ⅖ℹⅲুⅲ૧४৪⅚௖਀ⅺⅆⅴℹ ਫ਼श⅚ℳⅴ੨ུ⅚

₉ ฌ຿⅛ఱྴ⅚ฌ຿௖ཨℹංփ⅔ℴℵ૧४৪ⅺࡹ⁁⅌ఱྴℹℸ⅊⅚უஜⅺࡉⅴ⅌Ⅽ⅗ℸ

໲௖ཨ ₉ ഴા૽໤̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪̡ ૧४৪
₉ ఱྴ⅄ ↍↛ⅅ

ࡵྶུℸഛၑུℸਬ଼ུ⅓⅛ⅆⅥ⅒
⅄ ఱࠏུ⅗⅛ਫ਼श⅖⅄ⅅℸฌ຿ℸⅲℸ

ಎ⅓ℸ ࡵྶུℸ ਬ଼ུℹℸ ⅀⅚௖ཨ⅚੥ⅺ⅐ ծന࢛⅑ ⅔൳အℸ ฌ຿

₉ ഴા૽໤
₉ ৽̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅄ ↍↛ⅅ

⅐ ⅚⅄⅐ℾ⅄ ถℼ఑ⅎ‫װ‬Ⅵ⅌߄߆ⅺશ⅗ഡⅳັℾ⅌൅ⅅ⅑ℳⅴℴ⅛⅐ ⅀ℸⅲⅮⅲ⁁⅌੥⅔⅄⅒ℴⅴℹ ഛၑུ⅓⅛ฌ຿ℸⅲⅮⅲ⁁⅌⅔⅄⅒ℴ

ᦉ໤

ℹ⅙൅⅑ ℳⅴℴ⅛⅐ ఊ൅⅑ ⅺৰⅳ⅌⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅊ⅵⅺఊ჊

⅖ℴ⅚Ⅾℸ⅐ ծന࢛⅑ ⅔൳အ⅓ℳⅴℹ ௖ཨ⅚੥ⅺⅮⅲ⁁⅌૽໤⅔⅄⅀⅀Ⅺ⅓‫⅌⅄෇ږ‬჋ެ⅛ⅆⅥ⅒ℸ ฌ຿⅔ℴℵ୭೰ℹडഐ⅍⅔ࣉℶ⅒ฌ຿ⅺ୭೰⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅚⅛ℸ⅐ ծന࢛⅑⅔൳အ⅚ၑဇ⅍⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ

‫ۍ‬৪ℹ༐⅄⅗࣐ℼഷಎ⅓్ⅷⅵ⅒⅄Ⅺℵℹ
৽ℹฌ຿ℸⅲ⅀ⅵⅲ⅚຦ⅺৰⅳ⅌ၑဇ⅛ℸ ࡵྶུ⅓⅛ྶ‫⅂⅗ږ‬ⅵ

ฌ຿⅚౷༷⅚૰ম⅍ℸⅲ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅗⅖⁁⅒ℷⅳℸ ਬ଼ུⅮ⅊⅚୭

ⅲⅵⅴ႕⅍⁁⅌ℹℸ ո‫⅚ئ‬ඵެ⅛ℸ ⅔ℼ⅗ฌ຿⅓ℳⅴຈါ଻⅚ۜⅅ

⅒ℴ⅖ℴℹℸ ഛၑུ⅓⅛ऱ⅚⅌Ⅽ⅗ৰⅳℸ ‫ݢ‬ℴ⅓༐ⅆ⅚⅛ℸ ྶ඾ℹ

೰ⅺ֨℺ࠑℴ⅓ℴⅴℹ ࡵྶུ⅓⅛ℸৰⅳ⅌ၑဇℹྶ‫⅖⅛⅓ږ‬ℴ⅚⅓ℸ

ⅲⅵ⅖ℴެ⅓ℳⅴℹ

ঽ୞

₉ ഴા૽໤
₉ നৡ৪̡ ⅆ⁁⅝⅄ ↍↛ⅅ̡ ਽⅚೨৽
₉ ฌ຿⅛നৡ৪⅚ฌ຿

⅖ⅉ‫⅗ݢ‬࿡Ⅾࢵℾ⅒ℸⅲ༐⅂⅖ℾⅵ⅜⅖ⅲ⅖ℴ⅚ℸℹະྶ‫⅍ږ‬ℹℸ
ഛၑུ⅚ⅱℵ⅖মૂ⅔ࣉℶⅵ⅜↏↵‡←⅗ၑٜ⅓℺ⅴℹ
ऱⅯ૰ম⅖⅕⅓ঀဥⅆⅴൽߓⅺℸ ֚௼⅓ဏ೒⅄ࣣℵ⅔ℴℵ⅚⅛ℸ⅂Ⅷ⅕ೇ⅄ℴ⅀⅔⅓⅛⅖ℸⅶℵℹ ⅄⅌ℹ⁁⅒ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅚ঀℴ୶⅔⅄137

ൽ⅄⅌ฌ຿⅔ྴ઺ⅴ૽໤ℹ‫ރ‬ⅺႲⅵ⅒ြ⅖ℸ⁁⅌⅔໳℺ℸ ฌ຿ℹ‫ރ‬ⅆ⁁⅝ⅺႲⅵ‫⅄⅒⁁ܦ‬Ⅺℵℹ ఱࠏུℸ ਬ଼ུ⅔Ⅾ⅗ℸ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅔൳

৽⅔ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ℹ⅕⅀⅗ਯⅻ⅓ℴⅴℸ⅛ະྶ⅍ℹℸ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ℹസࡉ

ⅮႲⅵⅇ⅗‫੄ٸ‬ⅆⅴ⅖⅕ࣉℶⅲⅵ⅖ℴℸ ⅔৽ℹະૣⅺ੆Ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅚

⅔⅄ℸ ਬ଼ུ⅛⅐ ൐໛঳⅚ฌ຿ࢄအ⅑ ⅔⅄⅒ℴⅴℹ

໤⅗੄ℸℾ⅌დ⅓ℳⅴ⅀⅔ℸⅲℸ ඵ૽⅛സℸⅲၗⅵ⅌നৡ⅗ਯⅻ⅓

⅌⅍⅄ℸ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅛⅀⅚ฌ຿⅗࿂েℹ⅖ℴℹ ⅊⅚⅌Ⅽℸ ฌ຿⅔Ⅺ

⅓ℸ ີܲⅺা⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅚ℸℸ ℳⅴℴ⅛૸໦⅚ࣞ⅂ⅺা⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅚ℸ

⅛࡞ഥⅺ⅄⅌ℸ⁁⅌⅔࡞⁁⅒ℴⅴℹ⅀⅚ⅱℵ⅖రতℹℳⅴ⅀⅔ℸⅲℸⅎℹℶ⅒ℸ ⅆ⁁⅝ⅺႲⅵ‫⅄⅒℺⅒⁁ܦ‬Ⅺℵ⅚⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅐Ⅺⅳℸ ‫׿‬ℼℴⅴ୭೰⅍⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ℹু໦⅚ฌ຿⅗ٛ⁁⅌⅔໳ℴ⅌⅀⅚ฌ຿⅔؅⅛૶⅄ℴ‫ۼ‬໻⅓ℳⅳℸ ⅔ℼ⅗ℸ ঀဥ૽⅓ℳⅴఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪

ၗⅵ⅒ਯⅻ⅓ℴⅴ⅌Ⅽℸ Ⅷ⅔ⅻ⅕࢐ၠ⅚⅖ℴฌ຿⅔؅⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅍⅛ະྶ⅍ℹℸ ⅔⅗ℸℼฌ຿ⅺℸ⅖ⅳ⅚૽໤⅍⅔୭೰⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅀⅔ℹ

ℹະփ⅗ངⅵℸ ١ℼ⅁ಂ௢Ⅺ⅓૦ⅴໍⅷⅵⅴ⅔ℴℵ⅚⅛ℸ ૶⅄ℴฌ

⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅱℵℹ ຽ౲⅛࢐ၠℹ⅖ℼ⅔Ⅾℸ Ⴒ‫ظ‬ٛ⅚൮⅔ℴℵୀⅵ⅚

৽⅛ℸ ࡵྶུ⅓⅛ℸ ฌ຿⅚঳⅗ଐၣ⅄⅒ℴⅴু໦⅚௳ঊ⅚⅀⅔ⅺ‫ܨ‬຿⅚఺⅔⅄⅖ℾⅵ⅜ྫၑ⅖୭೰⅓ℳⅶℵℹ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅚ၛⅎ‫ܙ‬ⅳ୶⅔

ા ࿂ ⅓ ⅛ℸ ड Ⅾ ှ ⅳ ⅗ ⅖ ⅴ ం ह ⅔ ⅄ ⅒ ৽ ℹ এ ℴ ຾ ℸ Ⅵ ⅌ ⅚ ℹ ฌ ຿ⅷℸⅴℹ

⅄⅒⅛ℸ ၗⅵ⅒ਯⅻ⅓ℴⅴℹℸ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪Ⅾ‫܄‬Ⅽ⅒૤ၑഎ⅗߃⅄ℴ‫۾‬⅍⁁⅌ℸ ⅔ℴℵ⅀⅔⅖⅚⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅀⅚ެ⅗ຈါ⅖ℸ ၗⅵ⅒ਯⅻ⅓ℴ

⅗ℸℾ⅒ℴⅴ⅄ℸ ഛၑུ⅓⅛ฌ຿⅗਀ঞⅺള⅄⅌ℸ⁁⅌ℸ ఱࠏུ⅓

߸⅚૽໤ℹ୭೰⅂ⅵ⅖ℾⅵ⅜⅖ⅲ⅖ℴ⅀⅔ⅺࣉℶⅴ⅔ℸ ⅀⅀Ⅾ৽⅚

₉ ഴા૽໤
₉ ৽̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅄ ↍↛ⅅℹडഐ⅓ℳⅴ⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ

ාઁ৪ⅺ‫ޗ‬ℶ൵℺ℸ૶యⅷⅳ⅔⅖⁁⅒঑ℶⅴⅽ↶‡↎⅚ℳⅴ⅐ ฌ຿⅑ⅴℹℸ ℴ⅃⅔ℴℵ⅔℺⅗ှⅳ⅗⅖ⅴ૽໤⅔⅄⅒⅛ℸ Ⅿ⅛ⅳℸ ֚௼⅚

₉ ഴા૽໤
₉ ৽̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅄ ↍↛ⅅ̡ ⅆ⁁⅝ฌ຿ℹडഐ⅚૽໤⅍⅔࡞ℶⅱℵℹ

ख़‫ا‬

ត

₉ ฌ຿⅛৽⅚ฌ຿
੨ུⅆⅥ⅒ℸ ⅄⅟ⅳ⅚‫ب‬ພⅺঀℵఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ⅺᵥⅆ⅌Ⅽ⅗ℸ ฌ຿ℸ₉ ฌ຿⅛৽⅚ฌ຿
ⅵ ⅻ ℹ ℶ
⅔ℵ
৽⅛Ⴒ‫ظ‬ٛ⅚൮⅗ℳ⅌⁁⅌⅚⅓ℸ സ⅗ਯⅬฌ຿⅗ਕੴⅺှⅬℹ ࡵ

⅚Ⴒ‫ظ‬঍ℸ Ⴒ‫ظ‬ℹ‫ן‬Ⅽⅴℸ ℸⅲਕੴⅺှⅮℵ⅔৽ℹ੆Ⅵ⅒ℴⅴℹ ఱⅲ૦ⅴໍℴ⅚ညℴℹြ⅒ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ⅮႲⅵ⅒ြℴ⅔࡞ⅷⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅚

ྶུℸ ഛၑུℸ ਬ଼ུ⅔Ⅾ⅗ℸ ฌ຿⅛Ⴒ‫ظ‬ℹℵⅪℴℸ ℳⅴℴ⅛↬↿

ࠏུ⅚Ⅻℸ ু໦⅛നৡ৪⅓ਕੴⅺှⅭⅴⅱℵ⅖૽ⅺ౶ⅲ⅖ℴℸⅲസ

⅗ℸ ພ‫⅖ܨ‬ⅲ⅜Ⴒⅵ⅒࣐ℾ⅖ℴℸ ⅔৽ℹ੆Ⅵⅴ୭೰⅗⅖⁁⅒ℴⅴℹ

ࡼ⅊ⅵⅺ໳ℴ⅒ࢮ⅒⅌ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ℹℸ ু໦⅚௷⅗ܳ⅀⁁⅌⅄⅟ⅳ⅗చ⅄

⅗ਯⅬฌ຿ⅺှⅴℸ ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅓ℳⅴℹ
ఊ ჊ ‫ ۍ‬৪ ⅛ സ ⅓ ੄ ٛ ⁁ ⅌ ⅆ ⁁ ⅝ ⅗ ‫ ܃‬Ⅽ ࣺ Ⅺ ⅵℸ ฌ ຿ ⅚ య ⅷ ⅳ ⅗
‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚අಭ⅔࿨‫ ⅄ڬ‬࿌ུⅅ138

ℸⅲⅮⅲ⁁⅌Ⅾ⅚⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅛⅘ℾ⅒ℴⅴℹ Ⅺ⅌ਬ଼ུⅮ⅐ ծന࢛ℸ⅄ℸⅲℳⅷ⅌࢛⅚ⅱℴ੥໤ⅺⅮ⅐⅌⅑ ⅔⅂ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅚Ⅻ⅓ℸ ฌ຿

⅓⅛ℸฌ຿⅗Ⅾⅲ⁁⅌Ⅾ⅚⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅗⅖⁁⅒ℴⅴℹ ഛၑུ⅓⅛
⅐Ⅼ

ఱྴℹચⅲ⅄ࣣⅷⅈⅴծന࢛⅚੥⅄ ୰ྶ੥ⅅ ⅛ℸ ࡵྶུℸ ఱࠏུ

ٜ৷⅓℺ⅴ⅚⅓⅛⅖ℴℸℹ Ⅺ⅌ℸ ծന࢛ⅺ‫⅒⅄෇ږ‬Ⅾⅲℵ⅌Ⅽ⅗ฌ

⅗⅐ℴ⅒⅚౶েⅺℸ ྚ੃⅖؅⅗‫ޗ‬ℶⅴ⅌Ⅽℸ ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅚⅌Ⅽ⅍⅔

຿ℸⅲඑℾⅲⅵ⅌ծന࢛⅚੥⅔⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅚⅛ℸ ໌আ⅔⅄⅒ຈါ⅖൅

⅕ະസࣣ⅛⅖ℴ⅚⅍ℹℸ ⅊ⅵⅺℳℶ⅒ഛୃུℸ ࡵྶུℸ ఱࠏུ⅓ฌ

ਬ଼ུ⅚ⅱℵ⅗ฌ຿⅚୭೰ℹ֚୨⅖ℴાࣣ⅓Ⅾℸ დ⅚ജ‫⅂⅗ٳ‬Ⅷঅ

⅚੥ℴ⅌໤ℹℳⅴ⅑ ⅔⅄⅒ℷⅳℸ⅀⅚ⅱℵ⅗ࡉⅴ⅔ℸฌ຿ℸⅲⅮⅲ⁁

຿⅚ࡓⅤ൳ൽⅆⅴ⅚Ⅾℸ ฌ຿ℹ؅ⅺ‫ޗ‬ℶ൵ℼၛા⅓ℳⅳℸ Ⅺ⅌ℸ ؅

ີ
₉ আ
₉ ა
₉ ஽

⅌੥ℸ ⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅓⅖ℼ⅒Ⅾდ⅛೪త⅖ℼૺ࣐ⅆⅴ⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ

⅌⅔ℴℵ୭೰⅚ાࣣℸ ⅖ⅉఱྴ⅛ծന࢛⅚‫⅌ة‬ⅴℸⅺࣽ⅚ࣽⅪ⅓౶

ဓℶ⅌૽໤⅔⅄⅒Ⅾℸ Ⅺ⅌૧⅄ℼ਀⅗වⅵ⅌ծന࢛⅗⅐ℴ⅒ఱྴℹ

⅐ ծന࢛⅑ ⅚రতಎ⅚ฌ຿⅛ℸ ఱྴℹਫ਼঵⅄⅒ℴⅴծന࢛⅚੥ⅺ

Ⅾฌ຿ⅺှ⁁⅒ℴⅴ⅀⅔ⅺນ࡛⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅔ࡉ⅖ⅈⅱℵℹ

ⅲ⅖ℸ⁁⅌⅚ℸℸ ⅔ℴℵ݃࿚ℹ୆ⅅⅴℹ ஸ⁁⅒࡛ంडࡣ⅚రུ⅓ℳ

փࡉⅺ‫ݥ‬Ⅽⅴ௖਀⅔⅄⅒Ⅾℸ डഐ⅖૽໤⅔⅄⅒ഴા⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅔࡞ℶ⅄ℸ⅄ℸ ഛၑུ⅚ⅱℵ⅖ℸ ఱྴℹଡ଼ℸⅲծന࢛⅚੥ⅺਫ਼঵⅄⅒ℴⅴഛୃུ⅓⅛ℸ⅐ ℷⅎ⅄ ฌ຿ⅅ ⅚Ⅽ⅞⅐ℼ⅄⅄ ྐྵ଄ℼ⅄ⅅ⅑ ⅗ચⅲ⅄

ⅴ⅚⅓ℳⅴℹ

⅄ಕ ⅅ

ࣣⅷⅈ⅒Ⅻ⅌ℴ⅔ఱྴℹ੆Ⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅚⅓ℸ⅐ ฌ຿ℸⅲⅮⅲ⁁⅌ծന⅄ⅰℵ

₉ ഴા૽໤
₉ ৽⅄ ↍↛ⅅ̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪₉ ฌ຿⅛৽⅚ฌ຿৽⅄ ৽૽ⅅ ⅗ྫ౯⅓സⅤ੄ℸℾ⅌ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅛ℸ ‫ࢃ⅌⅄఺ܦ‬ℸ സ⅚

໲௬

⅗࣐ℸⅈ⅌⅔ฌ຿⅗დ⅄⅌⅔⅀ⅶℸ ծന࢛⅚੥ⅺ‫⅌℺⅒⅄⅀ܙ‬ℸ ⅔

ฌ຿⅚ࡓ⅓⅁ಂ௢⅗⅖⁁⅌૙Ⅵ໤⅚⅀⅔ⅺ৽⅗༭࣬ⅆⅴℹℸ ⅊⅚૙୰ྶ⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅚ℹࡵྶུ⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅐Ⅺⅳℸ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪⅗ծന࢛ⅺฃℴ⅄⅒ℴⅴ⅚⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅂ⅲ⅗ࡵྶུ⅛ℸ ծന࢛⅗મ⅄ℴฌ຿⅗ࡉ⅒Ⅾ

Ⅵ໤⅚ྴஜℹℸ ୞‫ޘ‬५ࣣ୽⅚໤ࢊ⅗੄⅒℺⅌Ⅾ⅚ℸ ⅔⅄ℸএℴ੄ⅈⅺࡉⅈ⅗࣐ℼ⅚⅛ℸ⅐ ୃ૯⅚ծന࢛ⅺ঵⅌ⅵ⅌ℷ༷⅑ ⅔⅖⁁⅒ℷⅳℸ

⅗ၛⅎ‫⅒⅄⅔⅌⁁ܙ‬ℷⅳℸ ໣‫⅚ز‬૙ম⅓ℳⅴ‫أ‬௘‫ۇ‬ⅺഴા⅂ⅈⅴ⅚

ࡵྶུ⅓⅛ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪ℹ⅐ ℷ⅏⅁⅂Ⅺ⅄ ฌ຿ࢄအⅅ ⅚ℷ⅒ⅲ⅄ ঳ⅅ⅑

ℵⅻ⅋ℵℹⅰ

ⅲℵ⅌Ⅽ⅗ℸ ⅆ⁁⅝ⅺႲⅵ⅒ฌ຿⅚ࡓⅤ੄ℸℾⅴℸ ⅔ℴℵࣣၑഎ⅖

⅖ℴ⅚⅓ℸ৽⅗ಿₚ⅔ࣣ୽໤ࢊⅺࢊ⁁⅒Ⅾⅲℴℸडࢃ⅗‫أ‬௘‫⅓ۇ‬ℳ⁁

⅔ℼ⅗ฌ຿⅍⅔⅛⅄⅒ℴ⅖ℴℹ Ⅺ⅌ਬ଼ུ⅓⅛ℸ ੥⅚‫ؿ‬ਫ਼⅍ℾ⅓⅖

⅗Ⅱ⅂ⅷ⅄ℴ୭೰⅍⅔࡞ℶⅴℹ ഛၑུℸ ఱࠏུ⅓⅛ℸ ౙ⅗സ⅚ฌ຿

⅌⅀⅔ⅺএℴ੄ⅆℹ

ℼℸ ⅆ⁁⅝ⅺႲⅵ⅒࣐ℼ୶Ⅾฌ຿⅚ࡓ⅓⅛⅖ℴℹ

⅄ℸ⅄ℸ ఱࠏུ⅓⅛ℸ ծന࢛⅚੥ⅺℼⅵ⅌⅚⅛ฌ຿⅍ℹℸ ծന࢛ജ‫⅒⁁⅖⅗ٳ‬ℷⅳℸ⅀⅚໐໦⅛ഛၑུ⅓Ⅾ൳အ⅚୭೰⅗⅖⁁⅒ℴⅴℹ

⅖ⅉฌ຿⅚༷ℸⅲծന࢛⅚੥ℹඑℴ⅌⅚ℸℸ ⅊⅚ၑဇⅺࣣၑഎ⅗࢛⅚੥⅑ ⅔ℴℵ⅚⅛ℸ ⅀⅚ެུြ⅚୭೰⅍⁁⅌⅚⅍ⅶℵℹ

3139

⅕⅓ℳⅴℹ

రত⅚ಎ⅍ℾ⅗ฌ຿ℹ੄⅒ℼⅴެ⅓ℸ Ⅾℵ֚⅐⅛ฌ຿ℹ৘ष⅗ໍర

ໍరષ⅗ฌ຿ℹഴાⅈⅇℸ రত⅚ಎ⅍ℾ⅗੄⅒ℼⅴެ⅛ℸ ࢺ࡫শ

ષ⅗੄⅒ℼⅴެ⅓ℳⅴℹ

⅍ℹℸ⅒ ༗ࡓ໤ࢊ⅓ ⅓⅛⅐ ِಱ↠↷ະࡠℸ ഛ৉ૼ౞↠↷ℸ ૧္ຐफయ੝‫⅚ܢ‬ఱ௬ၠ⅚రུ⅓ℳⅴࡵྶུℸ გஂၠ⅚࡛ంडࡣུ⅓ℳⅴഛ

༗ࡓ⅚၄⅛ℸ ૶ঊℸ ฌ຿̡ ؅ℸ ߻೵ℹഌྙ༷⅗໦ℸⅵ⅒௔⁁⅌୽↠↷ℸ պ⇃௔↧ℸ ࣭⇃ა↎↛ℸ ฌ຿؅ࣣ୽⇃଼↍ℸ ߻೵߳⇃↏ℹ ‫ض‬ၑུℸ ࡛࣐ఱ௬ၠ⅚५ུ൐ষ჊‫⅚ز‬రུⅺೲུ⅔⅄⅌ఱࠏུℸ გஂ
⅄ಕ ⅅ

⅔ⅲℳ℺ⅲ

༭↣ੳႦ↠ଟ↛ℸ ฌ຿↷໅ↇℸ ߻↷໅ℹ⅑ ⅔ℸ ୽⅓ර૶൳আℹ୽ℵၠ२఺෩⅚రུ⅓ℳⅴਬ଼ུ⅚ಎ⅓ℸ ষ⅚สެ⅓ℳⅴℹ⅄ ࡛࣐ެ⅓

ℼⅳⅯ℺

⅀⅔ℸ ⅔ℼ⅗ฌ຿⅔؅Ⅿ߻⅔೵ℹ୽ℵ⅀⅔⅛ೇ⅄ℴ⅀⅔⅓⅛⅖ℸ⁁⅄⅟ⅳ ⅖Ⅺℽ⅂Ⅾ⅚ⅡⅫⅇⅮℵ⅛ฌ຿ℹ੄⅒⅀⅖ℴℹℸ ࡣུ⅗⅛੄⅒ℼⅴાࣣⅮℳⅴ⅚⅓ℸ ࡛࣐ެ⅂⅐ℸ⅌⅔੆Ⅵ⅒ℴⅴℹ ⅂ⅲ⅗⅒ ༗ࡓ໤ࢊ⅓ ⅚डࢃ⅛ℸ⅐ ༗ࡓ↣၄↠↉↓ℸ

Ⅲⅻ⅋ℵ

ତⅱⅳⅮఉℼ⅖⁁⅒ℴⅴⅅ

ծന࢛
₉ ໲௬
₉ ख़‫ا‬
₉ ត
₉ ᦉ໤
₉ ໲௖ཨ
₉ ঽ୞
₉ ߪઘ
ո‫⅛⅓ئ‬ℸ ⅀ⅵⅲ⅚ެ⅗⅐ℴ⅒֚ެⅇ⅐ℸ ฌ຿ℹ⅕⅚ⅱℵ⅗ഴા

ℳⅷ⅌ℽⅎ૶↣ᴢ⇃୨ↇ↽ঊ↷ခↇ↾ℸ ฌ຿ↂᴢ୨؅↷ⅼ↾ℸ ߻⇃ၠⅆ೵↷ⅼℴℵ໲⅓೿Ⅽℼℼⅲⅵ⅒ℷⅳℸ ૶ঊⅯฌ຿̡ ؅⅚ⅱℵ⅖ර૶൳আℹ

ⅆⅴℸⅺାၑ⅄ℸ ฌ຿ⅺഴા⅂ⅈⅴຈါ଻ℹ⅕⅀⅗ℳ⁁⅌⅚ℸⅺࣉ↾ℸ এ↠૸⇃ൎ↽੫଻↷ⅼ↾ℸ ଵ↉↓඾ུ↣ະএ݈࿟↍ম↟↼⅑ ⅔

୽ℵ⅀⅔⅚๟६⅂ℹℸ ⅀⅚໤ࢊ⅚ਹါ⅖↷↗‡↪⅓ℳⅴ⅀⅔ⅺྶ‫ږ‬ℶ⅒Ⅻ⅌ℴℹ

⅔൳အ⅚ℷⅮ⅄ⅶ⅂ℹℳⅴℹ

२අಭⅺ੥⅔ચⅲ⅄ࣣⅷⅈ⅖ℹⅲ๤‫ڛ‬ⅆⅴ໐໦⅗ℸ⅐ ྎࢩℸⅳ⅑ ⅖⅕

ఈ⅗Ⅾ႒ެℹఉℼࡉⅲⅵⅴ৾ⅳ֑ℶ໤⅚֚⅐⅓ℸ ⅆ⁁⅝⅔ծന࢛⅚

⅔ℹ੥ℸⅵ⅒ℴⅴ੥⅔ચⅲ⅄ࣣⅷⅈⅴℹ⅐ ྎࢩℸⅳ⅑⅐ ᪓‫⅕⅖ ⅑ݱ‬ℸఱྴⅮఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪Ⅾծന࢛ℹ‫ة‬ℸⅺ౶ⅲ⅖ℴℹ ⅊⅚⅌Ⅽℸ ծന࢛⅚⅀

৪⅛ℸু໦⅀⅊ℹծന࢛⅍⅔ྴ઺ⅴⅆ⁁⅝ⅺႲⅵ‫⅌℺⅒⁁ܦ‬Ⅾ⅚⅚ℸ

₉ ฌ຿⅛ఱྴ⅚ฌ຿
ఱྴ⅗ྵⅅⅲⅵℸ⅐ ծന࢛⅑⅄ ൅⅚ྐྵⅅ ⅺฃℴ‫ݥ‬Ⅽ⅗࣐⁁⅌ఊ჊‫ۍ‬

ծന࢛ ₉ ഴા૽໤₉₉ ఱྴ⅄ ↍↛ⅅ̡ ఊ჊‫ۍ‬৪̡ ⅆ⁁⅝

⅗া⅄⅒ℴⅴℹ ⅀⅚ⅱℵ⅗ℸ ฌ຿⅔؅⅛ℸ ߃⅄ℴර૶⅓ℳⅳ⅖ℹⅲ
শ⅗⅛ഌచ‫⅖⅗߸۾‬ⅴ⅀⅔Ⅾℳⅳංⅴంह⅔⅄⅒ℸ ಎଲ⅚໌‫ز‬২ٛ⅓⅛෇ে⅂ⅵ⅒ℴ⅌⅔ࣉℶⅲⅵⅴℹ
ઁ⅖ℴဥ႕ℸⅲ⅓⅛ℳⅴℹℸ ‫࡞ޚ‬ոஜ⅚໲ࠝै຦⅗ഴાⅆⅴฌ຿
⅚ⅽ↶‡↎⅔⅄⅒ℸ ∸֚௼⅚ාઁ৪⅓ℳⅴ؅ⅺঐ൵ⅆⅴంह
₉ ∹૶
⅚ⅱℵ⅗֗⅒ⅴంह
₉ ∺শ⅗ഌచⅆⅴంह
₉ ⅔ℴ⁁⅌ⅽ↶‡↎⅚
ℳ⁁⅌⅀⅔ℹ‫℺⅓෇ږ‬ⅴℹ

२
₉ రত⅛ಎⅎℿ⅘ฌ຿℺ഴાⅇⅵ‫࡞ޚ‬‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚ഴા↦↕‡⇄⅛ℸ ఱ℺ℼඵਅ႒ℳⅴℹ ֚⅐⅛
‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚අಭ⅔࿨‫ ⅄ڬ‬࿌ུⅅ

140

2

ີ
₉ আ
₉ ა
₉ ஽

⅓⅛ℸ ฌ຿ℹ੄⅒ℼⅴ‫⅚࡞ޚ‬ඤယⅺାၑ⅄ℸ ฌ຿⅚࿨‫⅐⅗ڬ‬ℴ⅒৹
ۙ⅚ࣉख़ⅺদⅫ⅌ℴ⅔এℵℹ

ඵ
₉ ୰დ”ܱ߳⅔ຝℹⅶ⅍ฌ຿⅛႕

ඵ

⅂ⅲ⅗⅒ ࣽଡ଼໤ࢊਬ⅓ ‫ے‬ඵ਱჋ུಱ ັ਽༭⅐ ၘ؈ຸ࣭ۗఱຳٚঊࢊ
లࡼ⅑ ⅛ℸ ո‫⅚ئ‬ⅱℵ⅖დ⅓ℳⅴℹ

ၘ؈ຸ࣭ۗఱຳ⅚ٚ⅛ℸ ఞབ⅚౳ঊⅺ਎ℸⅴℹℸ तⅺ৐ℵℹ ఱ

ຳ⅚ٚ⅛ℸ ঊⅺ঵⅌⅖ℴ೵ຳິ⅔‫⅗ވ‬ℸ ௳ঊⅺఱ୨⅗֗⅒ⅴℹ

Ⅿℹ⅒ఱຳ⅚ٚ⅛ठँⅆⅴℹℸ ⅀⅚ࠑ༦ℹࠗၞⅺⅭℽⅲ⅄ℸ ௳

ঊⅺཌ℺৪⅗⅄ⅱℵ⅔ⅆⅴℹ ⅄ℸ⅄ℸ ५ಎ⅚ࠪ⅗୆℺ོⅭ⅗⅂

ⅵ⅌௳ঊ⅛ฌ຿⅗ⅱ⁁⅒อࡉ⅂ⅵℸ ࠑ༦⅛೏༶⅂ⅵⅴℹ ຿⅔ฌ

‫⅚࡞ޚ‬ฌ຿⅚႕ⅺ‫ٽ‬۷ⅆⅴஜ⅗ℸ ୰დⅯܱ߳⅖⅕ℸ ఈ⅚໲ࠝै຦
⅓ฌ຿ℹ⅕⅚ⅱℵ⅖ࠁ⅓ഴાⅆⅴℸⅺࡉ⅒ℷ⅀ℵℹ

຿ℹཌ℺ࢃℸ ௳ঊ⅛ඵ૽⅚़ॲⅺ௖௽⅄ℸ ີܲ⅔⅖ⅴℹ

⅀ ⅀ ⅓ ⅚ ฌ ຿ ⅛ℸ ฌ ຿ ⅓ ℳ ⅳ ֗ ⅒ ⅚ ຿ ⅓ Ⅾ ℳ ⅴ ⅚ ⅓ℸ⅐ ฌ ຿ ຿⅑

⅒ ࣽଡ଼໤ࢊਬ⅓ ⅗⅛‫ة‬႕ℸฌ຿ℹ੄⅒ℼⅴ୰დℹℳⅴℹℸ ⅊⅚ℵⅎ⅚‫ૼ߇ے‬౞⅐ ૼ౞ࢺസః༯ℸ ‫ླ؃‬ഷफ༦‫ࢊڰ‬ల਱অ⅑ ⅛ո‫⅚ئ‬ⅱ

ⅺ‫ڢ‬൴⅔ℴℵⅆ⅜ⅲ⅄ℴਫ਼Ⅴ௣ⅳℸ ັ℺ഞ⁁⅒ℴ⁁⅌ః༯⅛ℸ

ஶℶⅴℹ ಺औ⅚ࠫ‫ض‬ℸ ༦ⅺୣⅭ⅌⅚⅛ࢋⅳ⅔ⅷℸⅳℸ ླۗ⅛༦ℴⅴཌ℺༦⅚উⅺࡉ⅐ℾℸ ⅖ⅉ‫ऻ⅚ة‬Ⅾ⅖ℴ༦ⅺୣⅭⅴ⅚ℸ⅔

ℸⅳℸ ዴ෬⅗‫ܦ‬ⅵⅴ⅀⅔⅗⅖ⅴℹ ⅄ℸ⅄ℸ ୣⅭߎⅺ໅ⅷ⅂ⅵ⅒

ঘⅻ⅓Ჵེ಩⅗࣐⁁⅌ః༯⅛ℸ Ⅺ⅍ঘ‫⅖⅛⅓ܢ‬ℸ⁁⅌⅀⅔ℹⅷ

⅓⅛⅖ℸ⁁⅌⅍ⅶℵℹ⅐ ၘ؈ຸ࣭ۗఱຳٚঊ⅑⅚୰დ⅚ฌ຿⅛ℸ؅ⅺℸ⅌ⅳⅆⅴⅱℵ⅗ℸ ฌ຿ℹ؅Ⅿྻ⅚૶యⅷⅳ⅗⅖ⅴ႕⅛ℸ ೇ⅄ℴ⅀⅔֗ⅺℸ౷௬੫⅚਻຿⅗ℳ⅌ⅴ⅐ ⅂⅔ദ⅑⅔ℴℵ౳଻⅗ు⅄⅌႕ℹℳ⁁ℴℵ੫଻ℹ‫ע‬ພ⅗ⅱⅴঘ⅗ႉⅻ⅓ℸ ু໦⅚ཌ℺ࢃℸ ྲ⅚౷௬੫⅚ူࢃℸ ฌ຿⅚ၻཔ⅗࿂ുⅺࡉ⅒Ⅾⅲℵ⅔ℴℵდℹℳ⁁⅌ⅳℸ ྔ࣡੫⅔ඵ਱ඵུಱ⅐ ࣞ൥ඤఱ૳ࢊల্⅑ ⅗ℸ ൥ࡔൃ঄⅚ঊࣞ൥ℹℸ ຿⅚ঘ

⅔ ℴ ℵ ࡤ ⅜ ⅵ ༷ ⅺ ⅄ ⅒ ℴ ⅴ ℹℸ ⅌ ⅔ ℶ ⅜ ൳ ⅅ⅒ ࣽ ଡ଼ ໤ ࢊ ਬ⅓ ‫ے‬ℳⅪⅳ⅚‫ݳ‬૤౷⅚ၻ⅂⅗ℸ ⅖ℸ⅖ℸዴ෬Ⅴ⅔‫ܦ‬ⅵ⅖ℼ⅖ⅴℹ ⅊൳ⅅࠬⅺ֨ℼఱ୨⅖֚௼⅚ࢃࠑ৪⅔⅄⅒֗⅒ⅴℸ ૶⅚ⅱℵ⅖ంह⅔ℵ⅖დ⅓ℳⅴℹ

ⅵⅺࡉ⅌ฌ຿ℹః༯ⅺৎⅳℸ ൮ℸⅲକⅺဵ⅟ⅈ⅌⅚⅓ℸ ః༯⅛

⅄⅒ຝℸⅵ⅒ℴⅴ⅚⅓ℳⅴℹ

⅄ಕ ⅅྫম⅗ዴ෬Ⅴ୆‫ۺ‬ⅆⅴℹ

ⅶ⅗ℸ ฌ຿⅗చⅆⅴⅽ↶‡↎ℹ฽‫⅂ד‬ⅵ⅒ℴⅴⅱℵ⅗এⅷⅵⅴℹ

⅊⅚࿨‫ڬ‬ⅺ‫⅌ض‬ⅆ⅚ℹℸ ຿⅓Ⅾ߻⅓Ⅾ⅖ℼฌ຿⅓ℳⅴℸ ⅔ℴℵ⅔⅀⅄ℼ୪⅄ℸ ୃ⅄ℴ༷⅗൵⅀ℵ⅔ⅆⅴℸ ှⅳℹℴ⅚ℳⅴంह⅓ℳⅴℹ

⅀⅚დ⅗ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅛ℸ ࢋ⁁⅌ൽⅺૺⅮℵ⅔ⅆⅴ؅⅗చ⅄⅒ℸ ࡕ↓‡↞Ⅿℸ ໹ୄେℹ༗ࡓ⅚၄ࢃℸ ฌ຿⅚಑ୃⅺ୨⁁⅌ⅿ↩↓‡↞⅖प ⅚ শℸ ฌ ຿ ⅚ ݅ ࣇ ೏ ༛ ⅚ ࢗ ⅗ ⅱ ⁁ ⅒ ऒ ‫ מ‬࿝ ց ⅗ හ ⅅ ⅲ ⅵ ⅌ ⅿ ↩

ℼ⅐ℸ⅚ฌ຿⅔؅⅚‫߸۾‬ℹຝℸⅵ⅒ℴⅴℹ ⅌⅔ℶ⅜ℸ ࡙և݅ℹ਱অষ⅗ܱ߳⅒ ༗ࡓ໤ࢊ⅓ ⅗࿒ⅺഢⅅ⅒Ⅻⅱℵℹ⅒ ༗ࡓ໤ࢊ⅓ ⅗Ⅾℴ

1141‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚අಭ⅔࿨‫ڬ‬࿌ུંঊↃ‡⇀‡↞₉ :‫࡞ޚ‬
₉ ฌ຿
₉ ഴા૽໤
₉ ൳௼
₉ ‫ز‬௼‫߸۾‬֚
₉ ⅜ⅆⅮ⅘‫ ⅂ ⅛ ⅗ ࡞ ޚ‬Ⅺ ⅃ Ⅺ ⅖ ૽ ‫ ߸ ۾ ۼ‬ℹ ഴ ા ⅆ ⅴ ℹℸ ࠬ ‫ ߸ ۾ ׻‬ℹ ຝ ℸ ⅵ

ℴ

ⅶ

⅛

ℵ⅄⅘ⅆ⅟⅔ℸ⅖⅑

ℼ⅟⅞℺⅒ ℴ ⅴ ެ ⅛ մ ‫ ⅖ ઁ ٸ‬ℴℹ ⅌ ⅔ ℶ ⅜ ૶ ঊ ℹ ຝ ℸ ⅵ ⅌ ެ ⅛ℸ ࡛ ࣐ ެ ࿩ℾℴⅫⅱℵ⅀ℵⅅ⅍ⅷⅲ

⅔ℵⅅⅻ⅀⅍ℸⅲ

⅖ⅳ⅞ⅲⅮⅎⅰ℺ℵⅎඵ ჋̶ ެ ಎℸ⅐ ո Ⴔ ෨⅑⅐ ‫ ݱ‬ൔ ૽⅑⅐ ߄ ೋ⅑⅐ ਉ ֨⅑⅄ ܸ ⅚ ૶ ⅔ ྲⅅ

⅐ ࠜ෍⅑⅐ ۡঊຒ⅑⅐ െ૽ঊ༯⅑⅐ ު໹࿕⅑⅐ ୱ఑⅑ ⅚߇ެ⅓ℳⅴℹ ⅀⅚ℵⅎℸ⅐ ոႴ෨⅑ ⅛⅐ ࢛૯য⅑ ⅔൳ࢥ։ެ⅓ℸ ૶ঊ⅚୭೰⅓⅖ℼ

⅒Ⅾ଼ၛⅆⅴެ⅓ℳⅳℸ⅐ ߄ೋ⅑⅐ ۡঊຒ⅑ ⅛ঊ༷⅚ℸⅷℴⅲ⅄⅂Ⅿ:ࠬ‫߸۾׻‬ℹຝℸⅵⅴެℹմ‫⅖ઁٸ‬ℴ‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℴ⅒ℸ ฌ຿⅚ഴાⅆℾ⅖ℿ⅖‫ܿ׵‬ⅺࡉⅈⅴ⅚ℹಎ૤ਇ࢜ℸ⅐ ਉ֨⅑ ⅛ܸ⅚݀૽‫ا‬ℹ‫܉‬࿒ℸါ࿩ⅴެ⅛๤‫ڛ‬എఉℼℳⅴℹ ฌ຿⅚ഴા⅚ॽ༷⅛ఱ℺ℼ໦ℾ⅒∸రত⅚

ⅴⅷℾ⅓⅛⅖ℴެⅮఉℼ‫܄‬Ⅺⅵ⅒ℴⅴℹ

ࣉख़⅄⅌ℹ ⅊⅚ࠫ‫ض‬ℸ ‫⅗࡞ޚ‬ℷℾⅴฌ຿⅚ຝ℺༷⅗⅛ℸ ୰დⅯܱ߳ர༦⅔ఃℹ⅐ ๤‫ݚ‬೭⅑ℸ߻೵ℹ⅐ ৡ೵⅑
⅐ ᕞ⅄ ५໖ⅅ⅑
⅐ ઐቺঊ⅑⅓ℳⅴℹ

૶ঊո‫⅛⅓ٸ‬ℸர຿⅔ఃℹ੄⅒ℼⅴ⅚ℹ⅐ ࣴ‫⅑ܫ‬
⅐ ़༯⅑
⅐ ྅໤‫⅑ޚ‬ℸ

ⅪℼⅲⅮ⅚ℽⅴℴ⅚ಎ⅚ฌ຿⅗ࡉⅲⅵ⅌⅚⅔൳အ⅚ℸ ؅ⅺ൵ℼⅽ↶‡↎Ⅿ૶⅚ⅱℵ⅗

⅀⅚ⅱℵ⅗ℸ ૶ঊ⅄ ૶ঊ⅓ℳⅴ୭೰ℹຈⅇ⅄Ⅾຈါ⅓⅖ℴެⅮ‫܄‬⅀⅄ℴ⅚ⅳ

⅔ℴℵⅱℵ⅗ℸ ຈⅇ⅄Ⅾ૶ঊ⅚୭೰ℹ֚ެ⅚ඤယ⅗૬ℼ‫۾‬ⅷ⁁⅒ℴ

ಎ⅓⅚Ⅻ੄⅒ℼⅴાࣣ
₉ ∹৘ष⅗ໍరષ⅗੄⅒ℼⅴાࣣ⅚ඵ೒ⅳℳⅳℸ ུࣂ⅓⅛ℸ ⅊ⅵ⅋ⅵ⅚ાࣣ⅗⅐ℴ⅒ℸ ֚ެⅇ⅐ฌ຿⅚ຝ℺༷ⅺ

ှⅲⅵⅴⅽ↶‡↎ℸ Ⅺ⅌শ⅗⅛చၛⅆⅴⅽ↶‡↎⅖⅕⅚ℳⅴ⅀⅔ℹ

Ⅽⅴⅅ ℹ࿩਱ެℸ ர຿⅔ఃℸ ߻೵ℹ⅊ⅵ⅋ⅵ२ެⅇ⅐ℸ ர༦⅔ఃℹ

Ⅺ⅐⅜Ⅿ⅄

ⅷℸ⁁⅌ℹ ⅂ⅲ⅗ℸ ⅖ⅉฌ຿⅚ഴાⅆⅴެℹఉℴ⅚ℸℸ ฌ຿⅔؅ℹ

֚ެ⅄ℸ⅖ℴ⅚⅗๤Ⅵℸ ฌ຿ℹ੄⅒ℼⅴެ⅛࡛࣐ެಎ਱ඵެⅮℳⅳ⅄ ৘ष⅗ໍరષ⅗⅛ഴા⅄⅖ℴℹℸ రত⅚ಎ⅗੄⅒ℼⅴાࣣⅮ‫܄‬Ⅽ⅟ ℼ ⅂ ⅍

ഴાⅆⅴެ⅛ࡣℼℸⅲంहⅆⅴ⅚ℸℸ ⅔ℴ⁁⅌ത⅗⅐ℴ⅒Ⅾࣉख़ⅺ
দⅫⅴℹ

ⅴⅅℸփ‫⅗ٸ‬ఉℴ⅀⅔ℹⅷℸⅴℹ ⅎ⅖Ⅻ⅗ℸฌ༦⅔؅⅚ഴાⅆⅴެ⅛ℸ

࡛࣐ެ⅓⅛⅐ ฌ༦⁑ਈ⅑ ֚ެ⅚Ⅻ⅓ℳⅴℹ

⅓⅛ℸ ‫⅚࡞ޚ‬ಎ⅓ຝℸⅵⅴฌ຿⅛⅕⅚ⅱℵ⅖අৗⅺ঵⅐૽໤⅓ℸ

Ⅺ⅌ℸ ֚ެ⅚ಎ⅓ℸ ⅕⅚ⅱℵ⅖࿨‫ڬ‬ⅺ౜ℵంह⅖⅚⅍ⅶℵℸℹ ུࣂ142