New National Spatial Strategy
in JapanNovember 7, 2023
Deputy Director-General,
National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
TSUTSUI Tomonori

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Japan's National Land
Northern end ofJapan
Etorofu○Population (Estimate as of October 1, 2022)
124,947,000 (11th place in the world)○Area (as of October 1, 2022)
377,973 km2 (61st place in the world)○Number of islands
All islands: 14,125
Remote islands and inhabited islands: 416*
Remote islands and uninhabited islands:
13,705* Including Okishima Island (Shiga Prefecture), which is a remote island in theinland waters.

○Nominal GDP
USD 5.0 trillion (3rd place in the world)[1st] U.S.A.: USD 20.6 trillion[2nd] China: USD 13.6 trillion[4th] Germany: USD 3.9 trillion[5th] U.K.: USD 2.9 trillion

Western end ofJapan
Yonagunijima

Eastern end ofJapan
Minami-Torishima(Source)Population: Population Estimates by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Statistics Bureau of Japan (Estimatedpopulation as of October 1 based on the census population)
Area: Press release of the Geographical Survey Institute on December 19, 2022, “Area of prefectures and municipalities in Japan
in 2022.”
The world ranking was created by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, National Spatial Planningand Regional Policy Bureau based on CIA HP “CIA - The World Factbook.”

Number of islands: National Land Council, Remote Islands Development Policy Committee, the 9th Remote Island Designation
Review Committee (July 21, 2023), Material 2Southern end ofJapan
Oki-no-Tori Shima

５００Ｋｍ

Nominal GDP: Created by the National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau based on Sekai no Tokei 2023 (International
Statistical Compendium) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Statistics Bureau of Japan,

1Tateyama mountain range in summer(3,015m)

Copyright: TATEYAMA KUROBE ALPINE ROUTE

2

Tateyama Snow Corridor - Towering walls of white snow

＊Every year, Tateyama havesnow for 5 to 10-meter-high.
＊The snow plow begins inJanuary, from open tovisitors mid-April to mid-June.

Copyright: TATEYAMA KUROBE ALPINE ROUTE

3

Tateyama Snow Corridor - Towering walls of white snow
A dedicated team of snow plow operators work together on the corridor every year, carving it outof deep accumulated snow.
The snow plow begins in January, from open to visitors mid-April to mid-June.
This GPS-assisted feat produces a 500-meter-long valley of snow that dominates your field ofview all along the route.

Copyright: TATEYAMA KUROBE ALPINE ROUTE

4

National Spatial Planning Act (extract)
Article 2 of the National Spatial Planning Act
Article 2 (1) The term the "national spatial strategy" as used in this Act means the comprehensive andbasic plan to promote the use, development and maintenance of the national land (hereinafter referred
to as "spatial planning"), which is related to the following particulars:(i) particulars concerning the utilization and conservation of national land resources including land andwater;(ii) particulars concerning the utilization and preservation of the sea areas (including conduct in which
a person engages prescribed in Article 3, paragraph 1, items 1 through 3 of the Act on the
Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf (Act No.74 of 1996), in the exclusive
economic zone referred to in Article 1, paragraph 1 of that Act, or conduct in which a person
engages on the continental shelf referred to in Article 2 of that Act);(iii) particulars concerning the prevention and mitigation of disasters including earthquake disaster,flood damage and wind damage;(iv) particulars concerning the adjustment of the size and locations of and the development of cities aswell as farming villages, mountainous villages and fishing villages;(v) particulars concerning the proper industrial locations;(vi) particulars concerning the use, improvement and maintenance of important public facilities
including transport facilities, information and telecommunications facilities and research facilities forscience and technology;(vii) particulars concerning the preservation of resources regarding culture, welfare and tourism, andthe use and improvement of the relevant facilities;(viii) particulars concerning the preservation of the environments including the creation of successfulenvironments on the national land and the planning of harmonious landscapes.

5Outline of the Systems for the National Spatial
Strategy
The National Spatial Strategy is a comprehensive basic plan to promote the use, development, and maintenance ofthe national land(“spatial planning”) based on the National Spatial Planning Act.
The previous Comprehensive National Land Development Act was drastically amended in 2005 and we are facing asociety with full-scale population decline. The structure of the National Spatial Planning Act shifted from quantitative
expansion to qualitative improvement of national land and to establishment of the national spatial plan based on thedecentralization period.

National Spatial Strategy
Establishment of the vision by collaboration
between the national and local governments

National plan
Presentation of defined vision of national land andpeople’s lives by the national government(Clarification of the responsibility of the national
government)＋

Regional plans
Establish a regional plan for each block region by mutual
collaboration and cooperation between the national and local
governments, etc. under appropriate role division.
Organize opportunities where the local branch offices of thenational government, relevant prefectural governments,
relevant ordinance designated municipalities, local economic
communities, and other organizations can discuss on levelground (Council for the Greater Regional Plans).

Participation of diverse actors in planning- A system to propose plans from local
governments to the national government.
- A structure to reflect people’s opinions.

* The National Spatial Strategy (National Plan) is stipulated to
be integral to the National Land Use Plan (National Plan).

Basic Concept of the
National Spatial Strategy● Accurately respond to changes in socio-economic structure, such as
population, industry, etc. in Japan and in the world. And in order to achieve thefollowing:- autonomously developing regional communities based on their characteristics;- a vigorous economic society by strengthening international competitiveness andpromoting science and technology;- securing people’s livelihoods; and- national land that is the foundation of an abundant environment, which also
contributes to preserving the global environment,
appropriately establish measures related to the development of national land tomaintain and improve natural, economic, social, and cultural conditions in Japan.
● Concerning the implementation of measures related to comprehensive national landdevelopment, establish measures so that the responsibilities of the national
government are fully fulfilled, such as implementation of measures that must be
conducted on a national scale or from a national perspective, while respecting
the autonomous activities of local governments.

Plan for matured society
Qualitative improvement of
national land, including
landscapes and environments

Use and maintenance of limited
resources

Use of seas and oceans,international collaboration
Ensuring the safety, security, and stability of people’s livelihoods inaddition to improving convenience
Development of national land that enables the autonomous
development of regions
Use of stocks

6

History of the National Spatial PlanningComprehensive New Comprehensive 3rd Comprehensive
National
National
National
Development Plan
Development Plan Development Plan
Legal
basis

4th Comprehensive
National
Development Plan

Grand Design forthe 21st Century

National Spatial
Strategy (National
Plan)

Comprehensive National Land Development Act

2nd National Spatial
Strategy (NationalPlan)

3rd National Spatial
Strategy (National
Plan)

National Spatial Planning Act

Cabinet

IKEDA Hayato(Second Cabinet)

SATO Eisaku(Second Cabinet)

FUKUDA Takeo

NAKASONE Yasuhiro(Third Cabinet)

HASHIMOTO Ryutaro(Second Cabinet)

FUKUDA Yasuo

ABE Shinzo(Third Cabinet)

KISHIDA Fumio(Second Cabinet)

CabinetDecision

October 5, 1962

May 30, 1969

November 4, 1977

June 30, 1987

March 31, 1998

July 4, 2008

August 14, 2015

July 28 2023

Target
year

1960

1985

(About 10 years)

Around 2000

2010-2015(About 10 years)(About 10 years)(About 10 years)

1. Unipolar
concentration of
population andindustries in Tokyo

1. Global Age (Global
environmental
issues, megacompetition andexchanges with
Asian nations)

1.Transition to highgrowth economy

1. High growth of
economy1. Stable economic
growth

2. Problems of megacities, Increasing
income gap

2. Concentration of
population andindustries into large
cities

2. Signs ofredistribution of
population andindustry to local
areas

3. Income – Doubling
Plan (Pacific Belt
BackgroundPlan)

3. Advancement ofcomputerization,internationalizationand technology
innovation

3. Emerging finite
nature of national
resources, energy,etc.

2. Serious employment
problems inprovincial areas due
to rapid changes inindustrial structure
3. Advancement of fullscaleinternationalization

2. Decreasing
population andcoming of the aging
society
3. Progress inadvanced
information society

1. Great turning point forsocio-economic
conditions (population
decrease/aging,
globalization, anddevelopment of
information andcommunication
technology)
2. Change/diversification ofvalues of Japanesepeople3. Conditions surrounding
national land (single-polar
single-axial land structure,etc.)
Developing national land to

Basic
Objectives

Balanced
Development
Between Regions

Creating Affluent
Environment

support the autonomous
Formation of theCreation of thedevelopment of various
Improvement ofmulti-polar pattern basis of multi-axial
regional blocks,
Environment forwith the aim of creating aof national landnational land
Human Habitation
beautiful nation that provides
use
structure
a comfortable living

Base Development
Concept

Large-Scale Project
Concept

Integrated
Residence Policy

Integrated
Interaction Policy① Locate development
bases keeping linkage withexisting concentrations
such as Tokyo, etc. towardindustrial dispersion.

Network development andlarge-scale project
promotion such as
Shinkansen (bullet train),
expressways, etc.

① Regional development
making full use of regional
characteristics throughcreativity and ingenuity② Organic connection andmutual influence withindevelopment bases bytransportation andcommunication facilities⇒ Correction of national
land use bias andelimination ofcongestion/depopulation
and regional disparities

Restrain population /industrial concentration
into large cities anddevelop provincial areas(dealing withcongestion/depopulation
problem)environment

Development
method

③ Development promotion
in chain reaction throughmaking full use of thecharacteristics of eachsurrounding area

⇒Balanced use of whole
national land andformation ofcomprehensive
environment for humanhabitation.

② Nationwide promotionof development in key
transport and information /communication system bynation itself or by others
under the principles leadby the nation③ Provision of various
interaction opportunities
through cooperation within
nation, regions and privateorganizations.

Participation andCooperation[Five strategic
objectives]- － National
Land
Formation through Various
Participants and Regional
Cooperation－（Four Strategies）
1 Natural-rich residential
areas
2
Renovation
metropolitan areasin

3 Regional cooperationaxis
4 Wide-area international
exchange bloc

1. Effective communication andcollaboration with East Asia
2. Development of sustainablelocal communities
3. Creation of a resilient nation
resistant to disasters
4. Management of beautiful
national land for future
generations
5. Development of local
communities based on “newpublic relations”

1. The current of the times andissues surrounding thenational land (rapid
population decrease anddeclining fertility rates,
unprecedented aging,
impending catastrophes,aging of infrastructures,etc.)“National Land at a Major Turning
Point in the Era”

2. Change in the values ofJapanese people (growing
sense of “rural regression,”
etc.)

2. Changes in Lifestyles and Work
Styles after COVID-19
Catastrophe (New movement toreturn to local areas and rural
areas)

3. Change in national space(increase in low-use/unused
land, vacant houses, etc.)

3. Changes in the Position of Japanin a Time of Global Turbulence

National Land
PromotingInteraction-led
Regional
Revitalization

1. Increases in Risks Threatening
Regional Sustainability, Safety
and Security (Unprecedented
population decline, declining
birthrates and an aging
population, disaster risk, andclimate crisis)

National Land
Combining thepotentials of theregions in the New Era- Establishing New Regional
Management that Supports
Japanese Islands -Multilayered andNational Land with aresilient “Compact and Seamless Connection of
Networked structure”
Hubs(Priority Themes for National Land
Reform)1. Formation of regional living
areas with the combination of
the digital and real world
2. Transform to a sustainableindustry
3. Creation of a greener nation
4. Use and Manage of National
land under Population Decline
5. Improve infrastructure quality
6. Securing and nurturring Human
Resources who Support theRegion7

Post-World WarⅡ reconstruction period(1945–1950's)• Postwar reconstruction, natural disaster
control, food production increase, electric
power development• Establishment of the Comprehensive National
Land Development Act (1950)→ Designation of areas for specificcomprehensive development→ Promotion of development for severer
geographical and natural conditions areas→ （Formulation of a national plan)8

Toward 1st Comprehensive National Development Plan

○ “No more post-war era” in a White Paper in 1956
○ “Income Doubling Plan” announced in 1960(→Pacific Belt Zone Concept)○

Strong opposition from non-Pacific Belt regions＜Conflicts between＞“Pacific Belt” and “non-Pacific Belt regions”“industry” and “agriculture”“large-sized companies” and“small & medium enterprises”
9Concept of Pacific Belt Zone

Existing industrial zone
Surrounding area
Belt area
Intermediate area
improvement area
Development area
Provincial city

10

Pacific Belt Zone

(persons / k㎡)

11

Comprehensive National Development Plan (1st Plan)

CabinetDecision

October, 1962

Cabinet

IKEDA Hayato

Background1.Transition to high-growth economy
2. Problems of mega-cities, Increasing income
gap
3. Income – Doubling Plan (Pacific Belt Plan)

Douou
Area

New Industry
CitiesSpecified Industrial
Development Areas
Hachinohe Area
Akita Bay
Area
Niigata Area

Objective

Sendai Bay Area

Balanced Development Between Regions

Joban Koriyama
Area
Kashima Area

Toyama-Tomioka Area

Development
Formula＜Base Development Concept＞① Locate development bases keeping linkage
with existing concentrations such as Tokyo, etc.
toward industrial dispersion.
② Organic connection and mutual influence
within development bases by transportation andcommunication facilities③ Development promotion in chain reaction
through making full use of the characteristics ofeach surrounding area
⇒ Balanced development between regions

Matsumoto-Suwa Area

Harima Area
Nakaumi Area
Bingo Area
鹿島臨海工業地帯
Shunan Area

East of Suruga Bay Area
Higashi Mikawa Area
Okayama Kennan Area

Tokushima Area
Oita Area

Toyo Area

Hyuga - Nobeoka Area
Shiranui – Ariake – Omuta Area

12

Comprehensive National Development Plan (2nd Plan)

CabinetDecision

May, 1969

CabinetSATO Eisaku

Background

1. High growth of economy
2. Concentration of population andindustries into large cities
3. Advancement of computerization,internationalization and technology
innovation

Objective

Creating Affluent Environment

Development
Formula＜Large-Scale Project Concept＞
Network development and large-scale
project promotion such as Shinkansen(bullet train), expressways, etc.
⇒ Correction of national land use bias
and elimination ofcongestion/depopulation and regional
disparities

13

High-Speed Transport Network as of1965
Legends
High-Standard Arterial Road (service section)
Shinkansen (opening section)
Airport (runway length ≧ 2000）: 5

High-Standard Arterial Road ：181㎞
新幹線：515km
Shinkansen：515㎞
高規格幹線道路：181km
空港（滑走路長2,000m以上）：5箇所
Airport(runway length ≧ 2000）: 5（Source） Materials prepared by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

as of 1965.3.31

14

High-Speed Transport Network in 1988
Legends
High-Standard Arterial Road (service section)
Shinkansen (opening section)
Airport (runway length ≧ 2000）: 33

High-Standard Arterial Roads：4,387㎞
新幹線：1,832km
Shinkansen：1,832㎞
高規格幹線道路：4,387km
Airport(runway length ≧ 2000）：33
空港（滑走路長2,000m以上）：33箇所（Source） Materials prepared by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

as of 1988.3.31

15

High-Speed Transport Network as of 2019
Legends
High-Standard Arterial Road (service section)〃(section under construction)〃(unprogrammed section)

Shinkansen (opening section)〃(section under construction)〃(section not yet constructed)

Linear Central Shinkansen
Hub Airport
Other Airports (runway length ≧ 2000）

High-Standard Arterial Roads：11,882㎞
新幹線：2,765km
Shinkansen：2,765㎞
高規格幹線道路：11,882km
Airport(runway length ≧ 2000）: 66
空港（滑走路長2,000m以上）：66箇所（Source） Materials prepared by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

as of 2019.3.31

16

Comprehensive National Development Plan (3rd Plan)

CabinetDecision

November, 1977

CabinetFUKUDA Takeo

Background

1. Stable economic growth
2. Signs of redistribution of
population and industry to localareas
3. Emerging finite nature ofnational resources, energy, etc.

Objective

Improvement of Environment for
Human Habitation

Planning
Formula＜Integrated Residence Policy＞
Restrain population / industrial
concentration into large cities anddevelop provincial areas (dealing
with congestion/depopulation
problem)⇒Balanced use of whole national
land and formation ofcomprehensive environment forhuman habitation

Model Settlement
モデル定住圏
Areas

17

Land Price Index in Tokyo Metropolitan Area

（Index: 1974=100）
500

Residential

450

430,7

Commercial

400

385,0

350
300
250
200
173.7

150
100

111.5

50
0
1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

↑

↑

3rd CNDP

4th CNDP

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

↑

2002

2004

2006

2008

（year）

5th CNDP

18

Comprehensive National Development Plan (4th Plan)

CabinetDecision

June 1987

CabinetNAKASONE Yasuhiro

Background

1. Unipolar concentration of populationand industries in Tokyo
2. Serious employment problems inprovincial areas due to rapid changes inindustrial structure
3. Advancement of full-scaleinternationalization

Objective

Formation of the multi-polar pattern ofnational land use

Development
Concept＜Integrated Interaction Policy＞① Regional development making fulluse of regional characteristics throughcreativity and ingenuity② Nationwide promotion ofdevelopment in key transport andinformation / communication system bynation itself or by others under the
principles lead by the nation③ Provision of various interaction
opportunities through cooperation within
nation, regions and privateorganizations.

19High-Standard Arterial Roads 14,000km

20Toward multi-polar regional structure- Act on the Promotion ofMulti-polar Pattern National
Land Formation (1963)- Designation of BusinessCore Cities around thecenter of Tokyo- Relocation of government
offices outside the center ofTokyo

Future image of Tokyo Metropolitan Area

21

Issue of the Relocation of Capital Functions-Resolution by both Houses on relocation on the Diet and other organizations(1990)- Act for Relocation of the Diet and Other Organizations (1992)
candidate areas for capital function relocation- Council Report on
the selection ofcandidaterelocation areas(1999)- Research fromvarious aspects
including disasterand crisis
management

22

Grand Design for the 21st Century(Comprehensive National Development Plan(5th Plan))

CabinetDecision

March 1998

CabinetHASHIMOTO Ryutaro

Background

1. Global Age (Global environmental
issues, mega-competition andexchanges with Asian nations)
2. Decreasing population and comingof the aging society
3. Progress in advanced informationsocietyObjective

Creation of the basis of multi-axial
national land structure

Strategy＜Participation and Cooperation＞－National Land Formation throughVarious Participants and Regional
Cooperation－（Four Strategies）
1 Natural-rich residential areas
2 Renovation in metropolitan areas
3 Regional cooperation axis
4 Wide-area international exchange
bloc

National Axis of
Nishi-NIhon
National Axis of Hokuto(Northeast)
National Axis of
Nihonkai (Sea of Japan)
National Axis of
Taiheiyo(Pacific Ocean)23Long-Term Population Trends in Japan(mil.)

130
120

2008: One out of approximately
4.5 persons is an elderly person.
↓
2050: One out of approximately
2.7 persons is an elderly person.

National Spatial Strategy(Cabinet Decision in 2008)(2010)
128.06 mil.

Peak in 2008
128.08 million
Aging rate 22.1%

3rd National Spatial Strategy(Cabinet Decision in 2023)(2020)
126.15 mil.

110

(2050)
104.69 mil.
Aging rate 37.1%

100(2070)
87.00 mil.
Aging rate 38.7%

90(1945)

80

71.99 mil.

70

(high-end projections)70.62 mil.
(2120)

60
50(1716-45)
31.28 mil.

40
30
20
10

(1868)
33.30 mil.

(1603)‘(1338) 12.27 mil.
(1185)
7.5 mil.

(median projections)49.73 mil. (2120)
Aging rate 40.4%(low-end projections)35.87 mil.
(2120)

8.18 mil.

0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100

(Year)(Source) Long-term analysis on population distribution in Japan (National Land Agency, 1974)(Note) The data from 1920 and later is based on “Population Census”, “Population Estimates” and “Population interpolation estimated from 2005 and 2010
census results” (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications), and “Population Projections for Japan (estimated in 2023)” (IPSS). Value is total
population of Japan (including foreigners).

24

Transition of Total Fertility Rate and Number of Births Over theYears
1947-1949
First baby boom

Persons

Number of births: Approximately
2.7 million (maximum)

300

1966

5,0
1971-74
Second baby boom

Number of births:
Approximately 1.36
million

4,0

Number of births:
Approximately 2.09 million

Number of births

200
2020
Record-low number ofbirths3,0Number of births: Approximately
0.87 billion (record-low)

2,0

100

Total fertility rate

10,000 persons

1,0
1966
1.58

1949
4.32

2005
1.26
(record-low)

1973
2.14

2020
1.36

0

0,0
1947
1947年

1953
1953年

1959
1959年

1965
1965年

1971
1971年

1977
1977年

1983
1983年

1989
1989年

1995
1995年

2001
2001年

2007
2007年

(Source) Created by the National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau based on the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, “Demographic Statistics” (2019).
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/list/81-1a.html

2013
2013年

2019
2019年

25
25
25

Changes in Population Pyramid○ Total population in 2050 will be approximately 100 million, which is almost the same as it was in 1970; however, the age structure will bevery different.
○ Elderly population (in proportion to the total population) will increase from 7.39 million (7.1%) in 1970 to 38.88 million (37.1%) in 2050.

○ Productive age population (in proportion to the total population) will decrease from 72.12 million (68.9%) in 1970 to 55.4 million (52.9%)
in 2050.
○ Youth population (in proportion to the total population) will decrease from 25.15 million (24.0%) in 1970 to 10.41 million (9.9%) in 2050.

Total population: 104.67 million

1970

Total population: 104.69 million

2050

（千人）

300 85 or older

Elderly population
7.39 million(7.1%)

9.612

657
1.280

8.216

2.150

7.558

3.006

6.989

3.752

6.438

Productive age population 4.455
72.12 million
4.841(68.9%)
5.920

6.284
6.477
6.260

7.394

Productive age population
55.40 million(52.9%)

6.080

8.273

5.847

8.441

5.254

9.148

4.561

10.728

4.269

9.167

3.932

Youth population 7.978
8.267
25.15 million
8.908(24.0%)-13.000 -11.000 -9.000 -7.000 -5.000 -3.000 -1.000

Elderly population
38.88 million(37.1%)

6.504

3.710

Youth population
10.41 million(9.9%)

3.484
3.212
1.000

3.000

5.000

7.000

9.000 11.000(1,000 persons)(Source) For 1970, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “National Census.”
For 2050, estimates based on median birth and death projections of the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research,“Population Projection for Japan (Estimated in April 2023).”

26
26

Changes in Population by Municipality Population Size (As of 2000)○ Looking at the Population Projection for Japan by municipality population size as of 2000, municipalities of a smaller
population size are facing a population decline.
○ In small municipalities with a population of less than 50,000, population decline has been progressing over the last 20 years
and is expected to accelerate in the future.
○ In medium municipalities with a population of 50,000 or more and less than 300,000, the population decline risk will become
more pronounced in the future.
(Population in2000 = 100)

Population Transition from 2000 (By population size as of 2000)

120
110
100

106
102

100

99 100

90

95
89

80

109

108

101

101

99
94
87

98
94
87

108
99
96
90

107
97
93
87

76

60
50
40
2000

2010

2020

2020

89

104
91

86

88

82

2030

78

62
58

2025

84

69

67

64

99

74

72

70

102

78

77

76

500,000 or more
300,000 to 500,000
100,000 to 300,000
50,000 to 100,000
10,000 to 50,000
Less than 10,000

94

82

82

70

106

2035

57
53

48

2040

2045

43
2050

(Source) 1. Created based on the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism “Population Projection for Japan by Mesh (Estimation in 2018),”
and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “National Census.” Up to 2020, figures were based on the National Census, and for2025 and after, figures are based on estimates.
2. Special wards in Tokyo are counted as one in the number of municipalities. Total number of municipalities is 1,719.

27

International Comparison of Total Fertility Rates(Asia)○ Concerning countries and regions in Asia, looking at the transition of total fertility rates of Indonesia, Singapore,
South Korea, and Hong Kong, where economic growth is significant and chronological data can be used, all of them
are below the level in Japan as of 1960.
○ Since then, it has tended to decline. Today, all of them, excluding Indonesia, are below the replacement level (fertility).
7

Total fertility rate (2021)
Country/region

6

5

4

Total fertility rate

Indonesia

2.18

Japan

1.30

Singapore

1.12

South Korea

0.81

Hong Kong

0.77

3

2

1

0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Indonesia

Japan

Singapore

South Korea

Hong Kong

Material: Created by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau based on material from the World Bank.

28

Changes in Excess Incoming Migration to the Tokyo Area
(Comparison with Osaka Area, National Areas, and Local Areas)○ The trend of excess incoming migration to the Tokyo Area is basically continuing and the structure ofoverconcentration in Tokyo has not been corrected.
○ Due to the COVID-19 catastrophe from 2020, the excess incoming migration to the Tokyo Area tended to be
mitigated; however, excess incoming migration started to increase in 2022 (94,111 persons).

Excess of incoming migration (10,000 people)

60
40

Excess incoming migration period in association
with the high economic growth period.

Excess incoming migration period in
association with the bubble economy.

Excess incoming migration period after
2000

Excess of incoming migration (Tokyo area)
was at peak in 1962 (390,000 people)

Tokyo area

Osaka area

1st Oil Shock(1973)

20

2nd Oil Shock(1979)

Corruption of“BubbleEconomy”(1991)

Financial Crisis(2008)

Spread of
COVID-19
Great East infection
Japan(2020)
Earthquake(2011)

0
Nagoya area

-20
-40
Rural areas(Tokyo area)
2022:
94,411-60
Excess of outgoing migration (rural areas)
was at bottom in 1961 (650,000 people)-80
891955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 782000 20052010 20152020
7
8(Year)(Source) Data prepared by National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau, MLIT, based on the “Basic resident register migration report” (Ministry ofInternal Affairs and Communications). The value is the number of Japanese migrants.
(Note) The above areas are classified as follows:
Tokyo Area: Tokyo Metropolis and Saitama, Chiba and Kanagawa Prefectures Nagoya Area: Gifu, Aichi, and Mie Prefectures
Osaka Area: Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, and Nara Prefectures
Three Metropolitan Areas: Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka Areas Regional Area: regions other than the Three Metropolitan Areas

29

Company Trends of Moving in and out of the Tokyo Metropolitan
Area○ The number of companies that moved their head office from the Tokyo metropolitan area (Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, andSaitama) to rural areas in 2021 is 351. On the contrary, the number of companies that moved their head office from rural
areas to the Tokyo metropolitan area is 328. Moving out is higher (23 companies) after 11 years.
○ Moving-out and moving-in in the first half of 2022 are 168 companies and 124 companies respectively, and moving out ishigher by 44 companies. In 2022, an excess in moving-out by over 70 companies is projected (at its highest level for
approximately 20 years).
Company Trends in Moving-in and -out of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (1990-)
Transfers of head office to and from theTokyo metropolitan area in 2021

(Moving-in and -out, companies)

Moving-out: 351 Excess of moving-out
by 23 companies
Moving-in: 328

Excess of moving-in
Shortage inlabor

Excess of moving-out after 11 years
The Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake
Japan’s economic
bubble bursts

Lehman Shock(companies)

328 companies

The
coronavirus
shockJapan’s IT bubble
burstsThe Great East Japan
Earthquake

335
companies

Excess of moving-out

Number of companies moving-out

Number of companies moving-in

Source: Special project of Teikoku Databank: Transfer Trends of Head Office to and from Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2021)
Special project of the Teikoku Databank: Head Office Transfer Trend in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (Flash Report in Jan. to Jun. 2022)

30

Inhabited areas will decrease by approximately 20% in 2050
from today.
○ In 2050, the population in approximately half of the inhabited mesh in Japan will decrease by more than 50% and the areas
where population increases are seen are limited to urban areas, excluding part of the regions in Okinawa Prefecture, etc.
○ Approximately 20% of the inhabited mesh will be uninhabited.
○ Municipalities with a smaller population scale tend to have a higher rate of population decline. In particular, the population
inhabiting municipalities with less than 10,000 persons as of 2015 will decrease by half.

Future Population Change(based on 1km mesh, national map)

Number of sites by population change rate(based on 1km mesh)
Changing touninhabited.

2050年

Decrease by
50% or more

18,7%

32,3%

Decrease by
30% or more

28,5%

Increase

17,5% 3,1%

Decrease byless than 30%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Population decreased by half in approximately half of the regions(51% of inhabited mesh) in Japan.

0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
-60%

Population decline rate by population
size of municipalities-7,1%-15,5%-21,1%

National average (19.8%)-26,8%-37,6%-51,2%(Changes in population)
Changing to uninhabited.
Decrease by 50% or more
Decrease by 30% or more and less than 50%
Decrease by 0% or more and less than 30%
Increase(Zone under evacuation order)
Zone under evacuation order (as of October 1, 2015)

Municipalities with a smaller population size tend to have a high rateof population decline.
(Source) Created by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau based on the Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications, “2015 National Census,” and the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, “Population Projection for Japan (Estimated in 2018),” etc.
(Remarks) In the left figure, the zones under evacuation order as of the 2015 National Census (as of October 1, 2015) are presented in black (slashes).

31Impact of Climate Change(More Severe and More Frequent Disasters)
Due to the impact of climate change, natural disasters have become more severe and more frequent and thethreat to the safety and security of the livelihoods and the economy in regional areas is expanding.
Forecast of global average temperatures in 1850 to 1900
for each scenario.
Around 2030, theglobal annual
average temperature
will increase by 1.5
degrees Celsius in
all scenarios.

4 degrees
Celsius scenario

There is concern about more severe andmore frequent heavy rain disasters
due to the impact of climate change.

2 degrees
Celsius scenario* The value range is the difference between
models of atmosphere-ocean coupled model
CMIP6. The solid line is the average value.

Source:Flood situation due to heavy rain in July 2018
(Kurashiki City, Okayama)(time/year)

226 times on
average

327 times on
averageFrequency of occurrence of hourly precipitation of 50mm or more in a year
(per 1,300 sites of AMeDAS)* Created based on materials of the Japan Meteorological Agency.

Flood situation due to Typhoon No. 19 in 2019
(Nagano City, Nagano)32

Population Projection for Japan (Details by Japanese, foreigners)○ In the total population, the population decline among Japanese is accelerating, while the population of foreigners is increasing.
○ The Japanese population will be below 100 million in 2048, and will be 97.4 million in 2050, and 77.61 million in 2070.
○ The population of foreigners in Japan will be 7.29 million (7.0% of total population) in 2050 and 9.39 million (10.8% of total
population) in 2070.

50 years from now, one out of every 10 people who inhabits Japan will
be a foreigner.
(10,000 persons)14.000National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (2023), Changes in
the Japanese Population and Foreign Population
Total population in 2020
126.15 million

Total populationin 2050
104.69 million

12.000Total populationin 2070
87 million

Foreigners in 2020
2.75 million (2.2%)

10.000Foreigners in 2050
7.29 million (7.0%)
8.000

Foreigners in 2070
9.39 million(10.8%)

Japanese in 2020
123,4 million

Japanese in 2050
97.4 million

6.000Japanese in 2070
77.61 million

4.000Japanese
population
日本人人口Foreigner
population
外国人人口

2.000

0
2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

2055

2060

2065

2070

(Source) Created by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau basedon the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, “Population Projection for Japan (Estimated in 2023).”
The values in percentages in the graph are the percentage that the population of foreigners accounts for in the total population.

33

International Comparison of Energy Self-sufficiency Ratios○ The energy self-sufficiency ratio of Japan in 2020 is 11.3%. It is at a lower level than other OECD countries.

Primary energy self-sufficiency ratio of major countries (2020)
Energy self-sufficiency ratio of Japan

Energy self-sufficiency ratio of Japan
Energy self-sufficiency
ratio in 2010

Renewableenergy, etc.
Hydro power

Energy self-sufficiency
ratio in 2011
Energyself-sufficiency
ratio in 2012

Energyself-sufficiency
ratio in 2013

Energyself-sufficiency
ratio in 2014

Energyself-sufficiency
ratio in 2015

Energyself-sufficiency
ratio in 2016

Energyself-sufficiency
ratio in 2017

Energyself-sufficiency
ratio in 2018

Energyself-sufficiency
ratio in 2019

Energyself-sufficiency
ratio in 2020

Nuclear power
Natural gas

Primary energy: Petroleum, natural gas, coal, nuclear power, solar power, wind power, and other original forms of energy
Energy self-sufficiency ratio: Ratio of primary energies necessary for people’s lives and economic activities and that can be produced and secured in the country

Crude oilCoal

1st
Norway2ndAustralia

4th
Canada

5th
US

10th
UK

19th
France26th
Germany

28th
Spain

36th
37th
South Korea Japan

38th
Luxembourg

Source: Statical values in 2020 of IEA, “World Energy Balances 2021”; and only for Japan, confirmed data for fiscal year 2020 of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy,“General Energy Statistics.” Ranking in the table is the ranking among the 38 OECD countries.

34

Projected GDP Growth Rate by Country○ GDP of major countries in Asia will drastically increase. In the 50 years after 2000, China’s GDP is projected to
grow by about 12.3 times, India’s GDP by 12.4 times, and Indonesia’s GDP by 8.1 times. On the other hand,GDPs in advanced countries are increasing gradually and Japan’s GDP is projected to increase by about 1.3
times.

Changes in GDP in major countries (in USD)
2.0 times
1.7 times

12.3 times

2.3 times

2.3 times

2.1T 2.7T 4.2T
2000 2020 2050

UK

1.3 times

12.4 times

1.2T 1.6T 2.7T2000 2020 2050

Canada
4.7T 5.1T 6.1T
2000 2020 2050

11.9T 14.0T 20.5T
2000 2020 2050

Japan

EU (17 countries)

8.1 times

2.7T 8.4T 33.4T
2000 2020 2050

India

4.5T 23.5T 54.8T
2000 2020 2050

China

13.7T 19.3T 32.1T
2000 2020 2050

United States

1.2T 3.2T 9.8T
2000 2020 2050

Indonesia(Source) Created by the National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau based on Economic Outlook No 109 – October 2021- Long-termbaseline projections(Note) GDP is measured in terms of purchasing power parity in USD.

35

Key Points for New National Spatial Strategy (National Plan)〇 Target National Land that “National Land Combining the potentialsof the regions in the New Era”
〇 National land structure to be achieved Building “National Land with a
Seamless Connection of Hubs”(1) Correct the excess concentration in Tokyo, aiming for a more
decentralized assignment of population and functions over thewide-area level throughout Japan.
(2) Effectively leverage both side of Japan facing the Sea of Japanand the Pacific Ocean, and formulate a “National Corridor
Network” ensuring the vigorous flow of people and redundancy inthe times of disaster.
(3) Address priority activities for the “The Formation of Regional
Living Areas” with the thorough use of digital technology free fromthe boundaries of municipalities.
36

National Land Vision
National Land Combining the potentials of the regions in the New Era- Establishing New Regional Management that Supports Japanese Archipelago-

Potentialsof theRegions

Capacity to overcome
regional issues

Capacity to increase
regional appeal and to
attract people

Showing the comprehensive strength andfundamental potentials of the region at a maximum

Voluntary and spontaneous development of regions by human resources responsible for the community
Participation and collaboration of diverse residents, etc. who live in and get involved in the region by using the pride
and affection the residents have for their region.

Mobilizing all tangible and intangible regional resources

Naturalenvironment,
landscape,climateThere is a limit toresponding to thesituation with only thevertically-segmented local
government for each field.

History,
culture andtradition

Daily living
services,
industry

National
infrastructure

Ecosystem
services

Paradigm shift of regional management<<Building regional management based on a new idea>>● Collaboration between actors, businesses, and regions from the perspective of “cooperation.”● Full use of digital technology◆ Regain vitality of local areas and expand safe, secure, and unique regions throughout Japan.
◆ Increase regional attractiveness that appeals to people, including the younger generations who are responsible for the
future, and create and expand the flow of people to regional areas.

There is no future in Japan without gathering potentials of the regions from eachregional area throughout the country.

37Formation of Nationwide Corridor Network in View of Building“National Land with a Seamless Connection of Hubs”
Broad-based decentralization of population and functions
It is important to strengthen seamless connections throughout the national
land of Japan by strengthening transport networks to shorten travel times andto ensure multiplicity and substitutability, and thereby create a “nationwide
corridor network” to promote connections, including in inland areas,
while combining the Sea of Japan side and the Pacific side effectively.

Facilitating innovation
through the active flow ofpeople and articles

Combining the Sea of Japan side and thePacific side
Strengthening nation-wide connections,
including in inland areas

Ensuring redundancy in cases ofdisaster

Upgrading seamlesscomprehensive transportsystems+
Full use of digital technology

Self-reliant developmentin wide area zones
with central and major urban
cities as hubs

Exchange andcollaboration in andbetween wide area zones

Formation of the Japan central
corridor
Disseminate the effects of shortening
travel times with the start of operationof the Linear Chuo Shinkansen
throughout Japan

Direct interaction withoverseas, including
Asia

Forming regional living areas with local central cities as cores<Integration of digital technology and actual situations that lead tothe resolution of regional issues and improving regional
attractiveness>* This map does not describe Japan’s territory exhaustively.

Creation and expansion of flows ofpeople to regional areas38

Nation-wide dissemination of effects from Japan central corridor(image)■ Characteristics of Japan central corridor

Expansion of business, tourism
exchange, trading spheres,sales channels, etc. by using
the effect of shortening travel
times between places
throughout Japan➢ Travel between Tokyo and Osaka takes approx. one hour (drastically shortened travel time between
the east and west of Japan Archipelago) ⇒ Integral urban areas➢ An attractive sphere of economic aggregation zones that connects the three major metropolitan areasand includes regions with a diversity of nature and culture that has never been seen before in theworld (Nominal GDP: approx. 360 trillion yen, population: approx. 73 million)➢ Revitalizing interactions with various places throughout Japan by network effects through the
integration of digital technology and actual situations, such as the development of 5G and automateddriving on high-standard roads.

Creation of innovation from a
dynamic convective flow
over wide area zones

Driving
revitalization of
local areas

Ensuring redundancy bydouble networks➢ The step-by-step start of business of
the Linear Chuo Shinkansen will
create double systems for the majorroute connecting the three major
metropolitan areas between Tokyo
and Nagoya, and then Osaka, with
the Tokaido Shinkansen.

➢ Providing various options for life
styles and work styles incombination with the effect ofshortening travel times and theuse of digital technologies.
➢ Further promotion of dual
residence, etc. through thestrengthening of high-speedtransportation networks by using
intermediate stations as hubs andexpanding telework.

Fulfilling the new potential inareas through which theTokaido Shinkansen is
operated

Driving
revitalization of
local areas➢ Further expansion of the flow ofpeople, logistics, and transaction
relations of companies through theformation of broad-based networks of
Shinkansen and high-standard roads

Formation of leading
models for new lifestyles
and work styles➢ Shortening of travel times further
facilitates the flow of people for business,tourism, etc. and expands business,tourism interactions, commercial zones
and sales channels by using regional
resources throughout Japan.

Driving
revitalization of
local areas

Driving
revitalization of
local areas
Japan central corridor
that connects thethree major
metropolitan areas➢ Revitalization of the areas through which
the Tokaido Shinkansen operates in
Kanagawa, Shizuoka, and Aichi
prefectures by increasing the operation of
the “Hikari” and “Kodama” Shinkansen.
➢ Further increase convenience andstrengthen integration with zones throughthe development of the Chubu-Odan
Expressway, etc.

Automated driving trucks on new Tomei
Expressway➢ Between Surugawan Numazu and Hamamatsu (approx. 100km)➢ Verification will start in FY2024 (Automated driving car lanes
during late night hours)

Receiving highly
advanced medical
treatment

Participants inthe meeting

Use of international
airports

Day trips

Nagoya andOsaka
Meeting
at a plant

Leisure to enjoy nature

Telework

Day trips

Intermediate
中間駅
stations
Enhancement of secondarytransportation

Workcation

Tokyo

Concert

39

Theme park

Formation of Regional Living Areas where Digital Technology andActual Situations are Integrated (Basic Idea)
Formation of regional living areas based on a new idea
- Development of Sustainable and Vigorous Regions under Population Decline Regional management from the perspective of “cooperation”(Shifting services and activities to the idea of “doubling, binding, and bonding”)✓ Building a structure of collaboration and cooperation by bottom-up approach beyond the boundaries of actors,
businesses, and region based on the idea of creating the region together.
• Collaboration of actors (Expanding and deepening of public-private partnership and related populations）• Collaboration of businesses (based on the idea across disciplines and by sharing)• Collaboration of regions (free from administrative boundaries of municipalities, sharing and collaboration of functions and roles)

Qualitative improvement of actual regional spaces with the thorough use of digital technology(Regional revitalization x Digital technology)✓ Maintain and increase quality of life in actual regional spaces and to make up for any shortfall in leaders andhuman resources by using digital technologies to make daily life services more efficient and automated✓ Implementation of technologies to increase convenience in services from the perspective of people and users• Strengthening digital infrastructures in both hard and soft aspects, data linking platforms, and digital social implementation platform• Re-building public transport in regional areas , automated driving, drone logistics, remote medical care, remote and online education, andother implementations of advanced technology services in society

Integration of “local affluence” and “urban convenience”
Increasing attractiveness by using culture and nature unique to the region +resolution of regional issues)
Improvement of the wellbeing of individuals andregions as a whole

Revitalization of vigorous
regions with abundant
diversity

Creation flows of people tolocal areas and correction of
the excess concentration inTokyo◆ Achievement of newforms of capitalism inlocal areas◆ Achievement of the
Vision for Digital
Garden City Nation

40

Images of activities related to the formation of regional living areas➢ Miyako City invested in a renewableenergy company funded by the region.
➢ Dividends that Miyako City receives fromthe investment will be allocated tofinancial resources to resolve regional
issues, such as maintenance of public
transportation, welfare, education, etc.

Yonago City
public facilities

Miyako Shin Denryoku
宮古新電力
Co.Ltd （株）(New
local electric power)（地域新電力）MiyakoCity
宮古市

Sakaiminato
City public
facilities

Allocating income from renewable
再エネ事業で得られた収益をenergy business to financial
地域課題の財源に充てる
resources for regional issues.

再
エ
ネ
・
省
エ
ネ

* ※地域脱炭素のScheduled to expand
取組でthrough
regional
decarbonization
拡大予定activity（メガソーラー）
generation)

出資・
Investment/
dividends
配当

公
共
交
通

福
祉
WelfareYonago City
Yonago Cityliquified gas
Clean Center power generation

Miyako Power
宮古発電合同Generation
会社 LLC(Mega-solar powerNew
新たなbusiness
事業体
body
New
新たな
business
事業体
bodyElectric 売電
power sales

教
育

公
共
施
設
Public facilities

Shifted all operations related
to electric power demand andsupply to direct operations
by the company

Discussion
and

協議・連携
cooperation

民間
施設
Private facilities

Miyako City Smart
宮古市スマートコミュニ
Community
Promotion
ティ推進協議会
Council⇒
Shifting to Miyako City
⇒宮古市脱炭素地域
Decarbonizedづくり協議会Regionへ移行
Development Council

Education➢ Established a local energy company(Local Energy Corporation) funded byboth cities and 5 local private companies(local cable TV company, etc.)➢ Built a regional co-existence local energy
production and local consumption model(a structure to earn money in the region)➢ Secondary batteries at shelters are usedas emergency power sources during
disasters to strengthen disasterprevention capability.

Publictransport➢ Providing regional transport integrally withother services through “mutual assistance”
where the private sector cooperates mainly
through local companies.
➢ A company operating regional transport (SPC)
was established with funds from 13 companies
in and outside the region (construction
company, restaurants, etc.)➢ Developing demand responsive transport
services (unlimited rides at a flat-rate) using asmartphone application➢ In addition, Setouchi Kurashi no Daigaku wasestablished funded by 18 companies(restaurants, interior company, etc.) in andoutside the region and started to provide
educational programs to enrich lives
regardless of age and occupation (unlimitedclasses at a flat-rate).
➢ Utilizing the Vision for a Digital Garden City
Nation grant, a data collaboration
infrastructure was established in FY2022 tocreate an environment that supports
collaboration in cooperative projects. The city
is promoting the creation and implementationof new cooperative projects.

Provision of regional citizen
services(Miyako City, Iwate Prefecture)

Renewable energy/
energy-saving

Building a new system for mutual
assistance, such as transport andeducation using digital technology(Mitoyo City, Kagawa Prefecture)

Local production and local
consumption of energy byprivate initiative and funds
circulation within the region(Yonago City, Sakaiminato City,
Tottori Prefecture)

Citizenservices
市民サービス

41

Structural shift to sustainable industry (image of major activities)
Structural change over industry in Japan
Smooth shift to decarbonizing
industry
Implementation of Green Transformation (GX)

Responding to digital society
Implementation of Digital Transformation (DX)

Promotion of Decentralized Development ofGrowing Industries Using Regional
Characteristics Throughout Japan◆ Formation and enhancement of domestic
production hubs for growing industries➢➢

Develop and strengthen production hubs for
growing industries, such as semiconductors andstorage batteries by using the superiority in industry
accumulation and industry platform of each region andin consideration of company location strategies, etc.
Smooth and flexible development of infrastructurethat supports domestic location of growing industries
and smooth and prompt securing of industrial sites

Responding toeconomic security

Strengthening and renewal of sites for key
industries, such as industrial complexes forhandling GX and disaster risks➢➢➢

Facilitation of GX growing investment+ responding to disasters
by industries that emit more CO2, such as
oceanfront industrial complexes gathered in the
Pacific belt zone
Rationalization and adjustment of infrastructuredevelopment and regulations, such as theformation of a carbon-neutral port (CNP) thatserves as a hub for international supply chains ofhydrogen and ammonia, etc.
Effective use of large-scale vacant lots arisingfrom the abolishment and downsizing of industrial
facilities, and the development of necessary
infrastructure
Acceptance from a pier forcoal ocean-going vessels

Zeon Corporation,
Tokuyama Plant

Pipeline

Location for sophisticated semiconductor
plants in Japan(Kumamoto TSMC)

Source: Materials of Spiber Inc. and materials of
the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry◆ Decentralized establishment of data centers that
support DX handling in Japan◆ Promotion of introducing offshore wind power
generation and relevant industry consolidation

Tokuyama
Corporation,
Tokuyama Factory

Tosoh Corporation,
Nanyo Office

Products produced by biotechnology(Spiber Inc., Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture)

Acceptancefacilities

Tokuyama
Corporation,
Higashi Factory

Verification experimentunit (No. 4)

Shipping byvessels

Pipeline

Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.,
East and West regions

Ammonia import base
Area with tank and carburetor

Aichi Prefecture Hekinan Thermal Power Station
where a verification project for the mixed combustionof ammonia is conducted.
Source: Materials of JERA

Consideration for shifting to a supply hub for hydrogenand ammonia fuel for industrial complexes (Yamaguchi
Prefecture: Tokuyamakudamatsu port)
Source: Materials of Advisory Committee for Natural
Resources and Energy

42Use and management of national land under the situation of
population decline (image of major activities)
Worsening of management level of national land and increases in the ineffective use of land under thesituation of population decline.
Land for which the owners are unknown, vacanthouses, deserted farmlands, forests withinsufficient care, etc.

Optimal Use and Management Contributing to
the Formation of Sustainable National Landand Regions◆ Concretization of the “National Land
Management Plan”➢

National development of local land management
plans that promotes the conversion of land
management methods for a future vision based on theresident notification and consensus formation

Example) map of local land
management plan
Divided in the directionof 3-level management

Proactively maintain:
・Precious terraced rice fields
・Forests requiring
management to prevent
animal damage

Population concentration in areas ofhigh disaster risk

Safe and Secure Use and Management of
National Land➢➢

Promotion of “River Basin Management” thatconsists of comprehensive and multi-layered waterrelated disaster measures conducted by all relevant
persons together for the entire basin of rivers.
Controlling development in disaster hazard
areas and guiding to live in safer areas

Forest development and forest
conservation measures

Catchment
areas

Development of sedimentcontrol-related facilities

Building and recoveryof flood-control dams

Rainwater harvestingin rice fields

Use of water
utilization dams

Minimum necessary
management, suchas monitoring

Development of rainwater
harvesting facilities

Backwater measures

Low-maintenance,such as mowing
・Farmland prepared for
future use◆ Facilitating the prevention land with unknown
owners, and vacant houses, and ensuring
their appropriate management◆ Prevention and resolution of deserted
farmlands, forests with insufficient care

Use ofreservoirs

Development ofdrainage pump stations

Relocation to areas
with low risk

Flood
areas

Development offlood control basins
River channel
excavation
Development andstrengthening of levees
Development ofrainwater harvestingand drainage facilities
Development of shore
protection facilities

Areas with high risk

Measures against
flooding at school
facilities

River areas

Promotion of river basin management

43Securing and Fostering Human Resources Who Support the Region(Realization of inclusive society and support for child and child care in regions)
Under the situation where the shortfall in regional human resources is becoming more severe, increase the potentials of the regions
through the achievement of a diverse inclusive society and a child-centered society, and lead it to create and expand theflow of people to rural areas, and thereby change the trend of declining birthrates throughout Japan.

Participation of diverse actors and their collaboration inregional development towards an inclusive society<<Expansion of investment in people in regions>>

Expansion of public areas by maximizing
the use of the private sector’s capabilities➢ Regional development where people can have their place to stay and live, work,and engage in activities with hope in the regions.

<Expansion of voluntary participation in regional
development by companies, etc.>YoungpeopleWomen

ElderlypeoplePeople withdisabilities➢ Use the company hometown tax donation program,regional revitalization entrepreneurs, and othersystems, promote collaboration between companies
engaging in resolution of social issues, such associal venture companies, etc., and regions.
➢ Facilitate the use of social bonds and impact
investment.
➢ Expansion of concession and PPP and PPF.

Foreigners<Expand options for lifestyles and work styles based on people’s diverse values>
Create and expand the flow of people to rural areas and change the trendof declining birthrates.
* If younger generations continue to be drained from rural to areas centers of Tokyo where thebirth rate is low, it may encourage an unprecedented decline in birthrates and accelerate thepopulation decline even more.

Support for child and child care in regions
in regions in view ofa child-centered society

Facilitating the empowermentof women

Expanding and Deepening ofRelated Populations➢ Development of regions attractive to the younger generations, ➢ Development of attractive regions wheresuch as the development of environments for “dualwomen can show their abilities bydeveloping the educational and employment
income, and co-parenting” where people can have andenvironment in the rural areas.
rear children safely in the formation of regional living areas✓ Support for the smooth provision andsecuring of quality houses✓ Enhancement of preschool training andchildcare, such as the development ofnursery centers, etc.
✓ Development of urban cities and regional
spaces where people can easily raisechildren, developing safe and comfortableroads and parks, and facilitating barrierfree child-rearing in public space✓ Development of hubs for the interaction ofmultiple generations✓ Development of structures to accept
relocation without changing jobs and dual
residence by using telework✓ Creation of attractive jobs

Excess number moving to the Tokyo Areas by gender

9,0 (10,000 persons)
7,0
5,0Parks that nurturechildren’s creativity

3,0
1,0

Priority space in railroad cars

Strengthening regional education➢ Fostering regional human resources in collaboration with
universities and colleges of technology, etc.
➢ Promotion of exploratory learning, experience of rural areas, etc.
in collaboration with the regions.

5,4
3,8 4,06,06,7 6,7 6,8

7,8 8,25,84,9 5,2 5,1 5,1
4,2
Men
男性
女性
Women
2,5 2,7

5,4
5,6
4,6
6,4
4,2

3,4

➢ Development of “people,” “opportunities,” and“structures” for the expansion of relevant
populations, including dual residents, and fordeepening their relationship with the region.
⇒ Expand it by approximately 1.5 times by
FY2032.
“1/2 villager” registration system through applications(Kosuga Village, Yamanashi Prefecture)⚫ Creating contact points related to village development by issuing points thatcan be used in the village and transmitting information (more than 3,000
persons registered in 4 years from the start).

4,1(Source) Created by the National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau based on the Ministry ofInternal Affairs and Communications, “Basic Resident Ledger Population Movement Report”(Remarks) The Tokyo Areas refers to Tokyo Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, andKanagawa Prefecture. The value is the number of Japanese.

Plum picking volunteers by “1/2 villagers.”

Reinforcement of the return of the flow of people and matching
functions between local areas and big cities➢ Facilitating the return flow of human resources to rural areas by relocating without changing jobs
through side jobs and concurrent business.
➢ Facilitate matching between regions and companies concerning management human resources anddigital human resources.

44

Promoting Relocation to Generate Flow of People to Rural Areas○ In view of the achievement of “National Land Combining the potentials of the regions in the New Era”, it isimportant to create and expand the flow of people to rural areas by facilitating relocation to rural areas anddual residency, etc.
[Comprehensive Strategy for the Vision for DIGIDEN:(December 23, 2022, Cabinet Decision)]・Importance of creating the flow of people from urban areas to rural areas in order to resolve social issues and to increase theattractiveness of rural areas.
・Key performance indicator: Achieve 10,000 people from the Tokyo Area to rural areas in a year by 2027.

○ Increase the percentage of young people who are interested in relocating to local areas.
Retired senior citizens live in a relaxed manner → “ Relocation without changing jobs” by using telework, after the COVID-19 catastrophe○ Many hurdles for relocation [from the stage of determining the destinations of relocation until actually starting to liveat rural areas]
・Housing
・Job matching・Development of environments, such as co-working spaces, etc. ・Formation of smooth local communities○ Facilitating the development of environments to accept relocation, etc. in rural areas
・ Trend of young people and families raisingchildren who went through the COVID-19
catastrophe returning to rural areas.
・ “Relocation without changing jobs”

Hurdle of relocation= Housing, work, acceptancesystemCreation and expansion of flows of people
to rural areas (relocation, dual residence,
related population)

Target of relocation measures by local governments:
Families raising children (94%), married couples (68%),
people from the region (63%), young single people (63%)(Report of the Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications (March 2021)

Achievement of New National
Spatial Strategy “National
Land Combining thepotentials of the regions in
the New Era”

Support measures based on the stage (image)(1) Housing(2) Work(3) Community○ Develop relocation environments using vacat houses, ○ In order to respond to “relocation without
public rental housing (PFI, etc.), support for acquiringchanging jobs,” develop co-working
houses, etc. in order to respond to the shortfall inspaces in urban areas, etc. and sharehouses for people who are going to relocate to rural
offices on remote islands, etc.
areas.
(4) Cross-sectoral actions (obtaining information and connecting with the region)○ Enhance information provision○ Implementation of pioneering verification surveys
related to relocation and dual
related to the promotion of relocation to rural areas
residenceand creation of guidelines for municipalities.
[Collaboration with measures of the Cabinet Office (regional revitalization), Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry, and other relevant central government ministries]○ Develop regional exchange centers inurban areas, etc. so that people who aregoing to relocate to rural areas can form
communities with rural residents andsenior people who are going to relocate
to rural areas.

○ Collaboration with relevant measures, such as
establishing second homes, “re-design” ofregional public transport, etc., responding tosupport for children and child-rearing45

Upgrading national infrastructure (Thorough implementation of strategic
management for maximizing stock effects)
Have a prospect of stable and continued public investment to maximize the functions and roles the national infrastructure should
fulfill, and implement thorough strategic management through planned development, update maintenance and management, andincrease effective use, in order to maximize stock effects.

Maximizing the functions and roles of national infrastructure (Enhancement and reinforcement of national infrastructure based on its function and role)
Supporting regional safety and security

Increasing quality of life in regions➢ Based on the “Fundamental Plan for
National Resilience,” continually and stably implement➢

activities for disaster prevention and the mitigation and creation of disasterresilient national land structures for the medium- to long-term and with a definite
vision.

Supporting economic activities andincreasing productivity

the formation ofregional living areas, value the viewpoints of
Coordinate with efforts for➢people, and increase the quality of actual regional spaces while
using digital technology thoroughly.

Induce private investment

and support various economic
activities by shortening travel times and increasing punctuality, thus contributing toincreasing productivity, and streamlining and upgrading production activities.

Thorough Implementation of Strategic Management For Quality National Infrastructure
Increasing the function of national infrastructure based onchanges in the socio-economic situationDX

GX● Digital infrastructure, such as optical fiber and 5G.
● Use of digital technologies for national infrastructure● Energy infrastructure, such as electric
power systems, etc.
● Decarbonization of national infrastructure

Detection of vehicles in mainlane, and provision of
merging support information

VehiclesensorRoad manager

Optimization of terminal operation
ターミナルオペレーションの最適化

Shifting to remote
RTGの遠隔操作化

Making national infrastructure more complex andmulti-functional, and maximizing its effects from theperspective of using the national infrastructure wisely● Complex and multipurpose use by eliminating vertically-segmented systems● Maximizing the effects in combination with software measures
Raising

Decarbonization of industries located at oceanfront

operation of RTG

Road-to-vehicle communication

Spillwaygate

Streamlining

Sensing fallen
objects, provisionof information

コンテナダメージ
container damage
チェックの効率化
checksProvision of
information on traffic
control due toconstruction

Raise the reservoir
level if rain is notforecast
Lower thereservoir level
before flooding

Passing down the tacit

熟練技能者の暗黙知の継承
knowledge of skilled workers
Improving container carry-in
コンテナ搬出入処理能力
and out functions (CONPAS)の向上(CONPAS)

Supporting travel ofautomated driving cars

Development of environments to accept
hydrogen, etc.

Flood adjustment
capacity

Preventive maintenance of
荷役機械の予防保全
cargo-handling machines
Automationof foreign trailers
外来トレーラーの自働化

Achievement of AI terminals
that support people

Ensuring redundancy and security

Decarbonization of port and harbor operation

Formation of carbon-neutral ports.

PPP/PFI● Strengthening nation-wide resilient networks, such as transport, etc. ● Expanding the use of PPP/PFI, such as concessions.
● Development of public infrastructure from the perspective of security ✓ Facilitate the introduction of concessions at all airports in principle.

✓ Facilitate the introduction of water PPP for water supply and seweragesystems, and industrial water service.
✓ PFI, such as Park-PFI, expressway SA/PA, etc.

Tokai-Kanjo Expressway

Electricgenerating
facility

Aso Kumamoto Airport

Seien Purification Center(Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture)

Nagoya Ring
Road No. 2

Electricgeneration
Extension ofdischarge
conduitService watercapacity

Demonstration of the continued functions ofnational infrastructure by conducting strategic
maintenance● Full-scale shift to preventive maintenance, broad-based and strategic management● Upgrading and streamlining by spreading new technologies and public and private
collaboration methods
Consider multiple and multidisciplinary facilities asa “group” and examine necessary functions for the
future based on the future vision for the region.

City A
Town BAs of March 2022
Unfinished zone
Legend6 lanes
4 lanes2 lanes
Chubu Areas Tokai-Kanjo Expressway (The entire line will be
opened in FY2026).

* If sites can be acquired without any problems.

Resolution of missing links

Target area
(image)Strengthening cargorailway networks.

Airport Concession

Sewer drain concession

Development and reinforcement of disasterprotection function of “roadside stations”

Image of hybrid dam

Connection ofwide-area roadand railway
networks, etc.

Village C

Road, river/sediment/coast
management facility, railroads,
ports and harbors, seweragesystems, parks, public housing,
etc.

Strategic maintenance for the revitalizationof regional infrastructures

46

Inspection of infrastructure using drones