S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13
Online ISSN 1882-2975

An Electronic Journal of The MOTTAINAI Society "'*/38=B:GA  EPR  > + ? 1 =  $ ( * 72 9 1
ƁȞă®˚2010 ŕ 4 Ʈ 19 Ƥ ăǾƤ˚2010 ŕ 5 Ʈ 28 Ƥ WEB ×ʯƤ˚2010 ŕ 5 Ʈ 28 ƤA6ƲȞ?FO3ʉǥEɧǬ'X LCA˕a maj`sqz˖@ EPR˕d~iāƖǎ˖Eʢ#C<#>ǎʐ0EPR FȀǵĹȽCÄZƭSȲƳBǬCȐȋ0>#ZǬ(ʨɣ?"Z@^ʘLZȽ#>EPR ^Ȃ#8ȘµooCWYȭěEd~i¥Ų^£Ǥ08Á^ȵ­0EPR (öBZd~iƉǅ?FB*Șµ@d~iEʱÄ^ïƇȈCſƒ?
)ZÍ˂^Ư0>#ZǬC<#>ʘLZƵZL)ºd~iȘµFɏȃɟʪd~iEǢŇ^Ŵċ06Ef}r@0>d~iˏˎC·$ǵÃˏˎ@ʿɣǢʙC·$ƩǑŤʙ˕2B]:quk o˖^Ɖƕ2Z/XC1970 ŕ¯Cʉ-;8 2 ĕEȔǕowjƨC&+ZƤȭěEȸǡȈĀūC<#>SȻɫyu^Ȃ#8ǎʐɈł^ɜ$ƭŤCd~iʒÕě?E EPR EɈ%ơKǂŬȈCƆŝ2Z-@CWYƤƲC&+ZǶƯBĒˈ^Ɖƕ2Z
H  ãȞ˕Ʒŋ, 2010˖?Fd~iāƖǎ˕Energy Profit Ratio˚° EPR˖Eľɇ^Úǀɬ2Z-@?6EŴɇ^ƦȖð2Z-@^ɱP82B]:«ʰEɜǭ^d~i^Ȁȁ2Zɜǭ@d~i^Ǟʁ2Zɜǭ@CÜ+Z@EPR EƲƵȈBʤȂȫĘFãɉ?"Z-@^ʘL8 EPR EɈ%ơFˁőCʨɣ?"ZCSƅ
]X3öCd~iƉǅE<@PB/[ąȝd~i^ǇICɰÃ2Z8R
EŽǌ@0>ßȂ/[ZģĆ(ī#O8LCA @ǠĜ0>Ǿɩ/[>#ZģĆSī*ƛɤ/[ZEPR FȀŶĺ^ĺɝȈBʉǥ@0>&Y«ʰȘµ(ȀĹȾƈ2Z8REƲ
ʄȈBʦÜ^ǱX0Û2SE?"Z ƲȞ?FO3ãȞ?Ŋʯ08 EPR EÚǀɬC<#>ʊ0>#8@ŭ][ZǬ˕a maj`sqz@ EPR Eʢ#˖^ɡʊȈCɼɺ2Z@@SCEPR ^Ȃ#8ȘµĺȈ`vÁ˕Hall et al., 2008˖^ȵ­1

0EPR (öBZd~iƉǅ?FB*Șµ@d~iEʱÄ^ïƇȈCſƒ?)ZÍ˂^Ư0>#ZǬC<#>ʘLZ890Hall et al.(2008)(Ɉ%>#Zy?FûǕˏˎƨEȸǡĀū@0> 1970 ŕ¯EȔǕowjƨ@ćȦ?"Z@±ľ0>#Z8R-EĲŠů^ɰÃ2Z8RC2000 ŕŤôC&+ZûǕˏˎƨ@ 1970 ŕ¯EȔǕowjƨC&+ZûǕˏˎƨC&+ZĀūC<#>Ȼɫyu^Ȃ#8ǀɬ^ɜ;8ƭŤCƤƲEW$Cd~iȀȁǙì^M@_Aɜ]3d~i^ʒÕ2ZěC
&#> EPR EɈ%ơ^ǂŬȈCƆŝ2Z-@^ɱPZ
I  &  #    '    % ) !    F a m a j  ` s q   z ˕ Life Cycle
Assessment˚° LCA˖@FH@<EɢĎ
"Z#FmqǙì(ȀǟC]8YȘµ˕ǶCǿĥ˖KþN2š˄^ȿĆȈBƷŋ Ǫ˕O<0O 1U_˖   ƶªĬĺĬĺʶōĺȮȕȟș ōĺ÷Ĩ© S;8#B#ĺµ

S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13
ɤɩ'XșĺȈCɰÃ2Z-@@ľɇ/[ZLCA Eûğ@B;>#ZEF1969 ŕClflȘ(ȭěEw{b dqzȕȟżCĴɭ0>ĿƢ08ˌƟŁĔ^Ńɽ@08ȕ
ȟ?"Z-[FŁĔEʢ#CWZĭǰʃǥEǞʁTǿĥKEƋÛ^ľʪȈCǎʐ2Z-@CW;>ǿĥKEɾɗ(ƭSŇB#ŁĔ^Ǔľ0W$@08SE?"Z˕ȘėǗ«ȁǁǿĥȩǾõµ, 2004˖°?Fɏìʍ^Á@0>ɶƦ2Z
 gtɏìʍEǹɇEd~iëǻF
10!15˔țř@/[>#Z--?Ed~
iëǻFgtǳƟEd~iƁÕ^ 100 @08ģĆCʈɜd~i@0>À
Ȃ/[ZåĆ( 10!15˔țř@#$-@^Ŵċ0dpȮ?Eǲd~iq¶ʡȮ?Eqʌ˂ȠçƃƂqBACW
Y 80˔°Ed~i(ʈɜ°Ī?Ɣį2Z6Eơ?-EľɇC&+ZʾǑɏìʍEd~iëǻF80˔țř@/[Z°CWYʈɜǌʹEP^Ɉ%[GʾǑɏìʍFgtɏìʍCǎL> 5!8 Éțřd~iëǻ(ɓ#@ɪ%Z0'0

B(Xd~iǞʁ^ȿĆȈCɈ%ZE?"[GʈɜǌʹEPBX3ɏìʍ^ɢ
ʜ2Z8REȲƴ^ťZ8REʃǥƎƌCF
1OYȲƴɢʜèōȷȡʈɜŚƿBAEɏìʍEȀǟCǣZd~iÀȂ^Ɉ%Zũɣ("Z-EɈ%( LCA EġƲȈǂŬ?"Z ơę 1 C EPR EǂŬȈBľɇ^ȗ2
ę 1 F
«ʰFɏǰȄ'Xd~i@#$ŰP˕Eout˖^ťW$@2ZʺC6EŰP^©ă2ZCFd~i˕Ein˖(ũɣ?"Y
6[XEŎ˕Eout — Ein˖'XťX[Z¾äd~i˕Enet˖^Șµ?ßȂ?)Z@#$-@^ɞǼ0>#ZEPR EʉǥF¾äd~i@Ȁǵʞð@EʱÄůEɧǬ'X
2?CôȯãWYƐĐ/[>#Z˕Hall,2009˖EPR EûğF Yield Per Effort˕2B]:ö¹éçŠ8YEŹƹ˖@0>Hall andCleveland (1981)E Science ɳCȇɞ/[8ɺƞCɤZ-@(?)Z-Eɺƞ?FƌâʋʽCŃ2ZȔǕȁÛ^ɼɺ0>&YEPR
EɈ%ơEǥǛ@/[Z(ǂŬȈCF Odum(1973)CSćǄEɈ%ơ(ʘLX[>#Zę   EǂŬȈBľɇHoward Odum Ǐ˕1924-2002˖FȭěEȀŶĺɉ?"YǲçĺȈɦǬ^ȀŶĺCĂYÕ
[ȀŶĺ^oqxɺȈCƊ%8ae}`ȈBĺɉ?"Z˕Wikipedia˖ȀǵĺȈɦǬ
'XE¾äd~iEʨɣůF°EW$
CɈ%Z-@(?)Z(1) vu(ǸY^2ZCFƠʸ¯ɻ°Ed~i(ũɣ˕ɏÜ(Ȁ)>#*8R˖
(2) ķĻ^ĦT2CF(1)?ʘL8°Ed~i(ũɣ˕ŀƣ^ˍ$8R˖(3) ǿĥĩðCŃū˕ʞð˖2ZCF(2)?ʘ
L8°Ed~i(ũɣ˕ȝ^ÅĹ
2Z8R˖



Hall (2009)F'<>ĝǽCʠüCĹĜ0>#8(ǼĹ0B#ȀǵE 99˔°FǿĥĩðCŃū2Z8RE¾äd~i^q/4Z-@(?)B';8˕2B]:ȼ
ǧ08˖-@^ʘL>#Z2B]:LCA(«ōǵEȀȁßȂŚƿO?Ea majÖ¼CŃ0>ɰÃ2ZECŃ0¾äd~i^ı½Cī*ȀPÛ4Z'@#$Ɖǅ?"Z EPR FȀǵEȀĹȾƈCʱ2ZƼǥȈBʦÜCǯǬ0>#Z °LCA @ EPR Eʢ#^ʉǥȈBɧǬ'XʘL>)8/XCʢ#^ƦȖð2Z8R
Cę 2 ^Ȃ#>ɶƦ2Zę 2 Fd~iȈɦǬ'Xɤ8«ʰȘµ^ǂŬȈCȗ0S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13
>&YĝǽC«ʰȘµ(ĹĜ0«ʰȘµFĝǽ'Xd~i^ĂYÛ0>#Z˕ę 2 EʇEȓø˖/XCťX[8d~i^ÀȂ0>«ʰȘµ^ȾƈȩǾ2Z
-@d~i^Ȁȁ2Z-@ɏȃɟʪd~i^Ǟʁ2Z-@EĬ)* 3<Eɜǭ^ɜ;>#Z@Ɉ%Z˕ę 2 EˀEȓø˖--?ȾƈȩǾ2Z@ũɣƭºʵ˗ɏȃɟʪd~i^Ǟʁ2ZEʦÜ˕ę 2 EɀEǬɁ?Ę;8ʦÜ˖^žɝÓŅğ@ČId~i^Ȁȁ2ZEʦÜ˕ę 2 EȳEǬɁ?Ę;8ʦÜ˖^žɝɏǰȌ¦¿Ȃğ@ČJžɝÓŅğ@Fžɝ˃Ơ(ʞRG6[9+d~iëǻ(ƥ2ZÜʩ?"YØ¼ȈCFȍ

d~žɝ(ĵç^ȇƓ2ZˇĠ?"Z89--?ǘŴ0B+[GBXB#EFd~iǞʁëǻEˏ#ɢĎ(ʯȇ/[>S«FǞʁ^ƆĬ/4Z9+@#$ȘµǼɽ˕pcrE{wjq@ČJ˖(Ɖƕ/[>#Z-@?"ZÁ%Gȍd~Eɏìʍ^ʅÕ0>ƮEgt¯(ǜ#8@2Z@6E¾ɠÜ?ŀʾɢĎ^ʅÕ2Z@#;8ØĆ?"Z¥ĿƤƲFȍd
~žɝC&#>ȄEƭÓȢ^ʈ;>#Z@
ɪ][Z(d~iǞʁȿ¼^ȮȻȈC
ǢŇ/48-@FB#˕ę 3˚ʃǥd~iŖEyuWY¿Ź˖ę 2 d~iȈɦǬ'Xɤ8«ʰȘµEɜǭę 3 ƤƲC&+Zd~iǞʁE¸I˕ʃǥd~iŖEyuWY¿Ź˖S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13 ơžɝɏǰȌ¦¿Ȃğ@Fɏǰ@EȌ¦¿ȂE?žɝ(ʤȂ/[Z-@?
Ńɽ@BZɏǰd~iCWYd~iëǻEƥ(àʵ/[ZLCA EʤȂȫĘFžɝÓŅğBXICžɝɏǰȌ¦¿Ȃğ^ïƇ2Z-@(ɑȈ?"ZECŃ
0>EPR EʤȂȫĘFžɝɏǰȌ¦¿ȂğEPCȐȋ2Z2B]:EPR FȀ
ŶĺC6Eʉǥ^Ư0«ʰȘµCı½C¾
äd~i^ÂȺ?)ZE'@#$ƭSȲƳBǬ˕<OYȀĹ@#$ƭSƼǥȈB
-@?"ZǬ˖CȐȋ0>#Z-@CBZ--?ɕœĩáȈBÁ@0>ŚƿǵȇʾTŚˋǕ'XEaeǳƟȀŹBA«ʰ(
Śƿ08SE'Xd~i^ĂYÛ2ģĆ^Ɉ%Z-EģĆĂYÛ2ŃɽFɏǰ
Ȅ'X?FB*«ōǵ'X@BZ0'0ŚƿǵSÒ^ǋ4GɏǰȄǮ0CFĹĜ0%B#SE?"ZE?
žɝɏǰȌ¦¿ȂğEȫȆ?Ɉ%>ɓ#-@CBZ Źʮ^Ƚ+>)8ʠüC&#>Fd~i^ƯëßȂ2ZžɝEʯȇ(6EŹʮ^Ɩ%>#8]+?
žɝÓŅğEmaj?Ǟʁ/[Zd~iʪ(ƭʨɣɸˈ?";86E8RžɝÓŅğ^ĊR8d~iEȿʪ^ɼɺ2Z LCA ( Ǜ?";8ȔǕj(ʗY<<"ZǼ¯C&#>Fd~iȀȁCʱ]Zd~iʪ(Ħè0ťX[Z¾äd~i(ǢŇ0<<"ZǼ¯C&#>FžɝÓŅğWY
SQ0\žɝɏǰȌ¦¿ȂğEmaj(ʨɣ@B;>&Y6[^ɰÃ2Z EPR
ɰÃ(ũɣCB;>#ZJ   EPR  > + ? 1 =  $ ( *  < , ãȪ?FEPR @ LCA Eʢ#C<#>ʘL8EPR ^d~iƉǅE<@Ɗ%>
ǄBd~i^ǇI? EPR EĬņ^ǎ
ʐ2Z-@(ɑȈ?"Z-EģĆąȝd~iʰ?Eʄ^ÇȒȈCǾɩ2Z-@(?)Z--?FEPR ^Ȃ#>ȭěEńƵEd~i¥Ų^£Ǥ08ȘµșĺȈ`vÁ^ȵ­0EPR (öBZd~iƉǅ?FB*Șµ@d~iEʱÄ^ïƇȈCſƒ?)ZÍ˂^Ư0>#ZǬC<#>ʘLZ O3ȭěEd~iɌƩ@0>ȭěF 1970 ŕ˅CěÙȔǕȀȁʪ(j@BY6EŤº^Ƚ+>#Z˕ę 4 EˀĿɁ˚
ȭěd~iȍEyu^ÀȂ0>¿Ź˖
/XCę 5 C Hall et al. (2008)(¿Ź08ȭěC&+Zd~iEʪ@ʄ^ȗ2˕ɺƞ?F”Balloon graph”@Č_?#Z˖ę 5 C&#>ǇʏFd~iEʪ^ɞ0ɄʏF ʄ ^ ɞ 0 > # Z ˕ Energy Return on

Investment F Energy Profit Ratio @ćɇ?"YȸǡȂɵ?"Z Return on Investment˚ƁʃƲßȉǻEd~iǴ@Ɉ%Z@]'YT2#˖ʇɔEF 2005 ŕƨ^ɞ0
6[°ĪEɔFÞEŕ^ɞ0>&YEĬ)/FȖĿů˕ǄBȕȟɉCWYȨÛ/[8ËEGX<)Ȧ˖EĬ)/^ɞ0>#Z1930 ŕ¯EȭěěÙEȔǕE EPR F
100 *X#?";8(1970 ŕCF 30 Cº
0/XC 2005 ŕ?F 10!20 *X#Cº
0>#ZȔǕ¯Ƭd~i@0>Ʊţ/[ZaeǳƟC#8;>Fʄʪ@SC'BYņ/#Ë@B;>#Z-@(]'Z2005 ŕC&+ZȭěEd~iEʄEŔĞ
@6EʪF
USA2005@0>ɞǼ/[>&YEPR F 30!40 țř?"Z  Hall et al. (2008)FEPR Eº(ȭěEȸǡǙìCAEW$Bš˄^þN2E'^luy˕ɺƞ?F”Cheese SlicerModel”@Č_?#Z˖^ÀȂ0>£Ǥ0>#Zę 6 C 2007 ŕ'X 2050 ŕO?E£Ǥ08ȹƹ^ȗ2ę 6 C&#>ĝǽC«ʰEȸǡȘµ("Y6EȸǡȘµFɏǰȄ'Xd~i^ĂYÛ2-@CWYȸǡ^ĕ0>ZȸǡȘµFÛç@0> GDP ^ȁP906E GDP FƁʃ@ǞʁCÜˊ/[Z/XCƁʃFȸǡȘµEȾƈȩǾd~iǺťɏȃɟʪE 3 <CÜˊ/[ǞʁF
«ʰ(ȀǙ2ZECƭºʵũɣBǞʁ˕ʝʥƙŘ(ľR8ƭºʵEȀǙġǦ˖@ɏȃɟʪǞʁE 2 <CÜ+X[>#Z6[7[EȓøEĮ/Fd~i"Z#FʀŒEĬņ^ɞ0>#ZEPR EǢŇʠțC<#>F2007 ŕ?F EPR=202030 ŕ?F EPR=10
2050 ŕ?F EPR=5 ^±ľ0>#Z/XC
-Ey?±ľ0>#Z¥ˆ@ÀȂyu^°CO@R>&*±ľd~iˏˎKEȸǡȈĀūF 1970 ŕ¯EȔǕowjƨ^ýɈC0>#Z2007 ŕ'X 2050 ŕO?EȸǡɥǆȸǡȘµEȾƈȩǾɏȃɟʪƁʃFĩð0B#
Ɓʃ@ǞʁɜǭC&#>ǐʰ@ƙŘEñÞ
^0B#
ȸǡŏģ'XEÛçŃɽFƁʃ@ǞʁEP^Ɉ%ZÎíʖǡTʒÛÕBAFɈŷ0B#ǒTʭǵʃǥBAEɏǰʃƲFɈŷ0>#
B#ÀȂyuÈ«ǞʁƖÛ˕ȀǙCƭºʵũɣBʁȂEȨÛ˖a ɡǋŤ GDP˕ȸǡ'XEÛç@0>ÀȂ˖ĚľʃȁEǢÃÑú˕ȾƈȩǾʁȂ^ȨÛ˖S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13C·;>ɏȃɟʪEǞʁ(ǢŇ0>#Z
2B]:ȀǙ"Z#FȘµE?ʆǔĎT¾ÜǵEʅÕ(Ǣ;>#*-@^Ŵċ2Z
B&d~iˏˎCŃ2ZȭěȸǡEĀūFȔǕowj^ýɈCǓR>#Z £Ǥȹƹ^ɲȴCɤ>#*@ɏǰȄ'X
Ǻť2Zd~iʪFǉȤCĦ%>#*(6[°CǺť2Z8REd~i(ĦĬ0>#*-@(]'Zȹƹ@0>EPR ºę 4 1954 ŕ'X 2008 ŕEƱʰC&+ZȭěEȔǕȀȁʪ@ûǕÃƽ˕ȭěd~iȍEyu^ÀȂ0>¿Ź˖ę 5 ȭěC&+Zd~iEʪ@ʄ˕Hall et al. 2008 WYʎʑ˖S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13ę 6 ȭěC&#>EPR ºC·$ȸǡǙìEĩð^£Ǥ08Á˕Hall et al., 2008 ^Ɨĩ˖S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13
ȭě?F1960 ŕ¯C˓ʫE 60 ŕ¯ @ČG[ZƩǑƆĬƱ^ʔ%8SEE˕§ǫ,2003˖1960 ŕ¯ȶȊ?quk o˕ƩǑŤʙ@ǵÃˏ(ćƨCʉ-ZǼɽ˖Ïĉ(ÛĳR1970 ŕ¯C&+Z 2 řEȔǕowjCWYquk oÏĉ(ˉĜð082B]:ɅƻE 60 ŕ¯@ÌǨE 70 ŕ¯?"Zę 7 CȭěC&+ZĿʄ GDP˕ʇĿɁ˚ȭěđíȍEyuWY¿
Ź˖BXICǞʁɉǵÃ˕ˀĿɁ˖EãŕǎEƏȚ^ȗ2

ę 7ȭěC&+ZĿʄ GDP˕ʇĿɁ˖BXICǞʁɉǵÃ˕ˀĿɁ˖EãŕǎEƏȚ˕ȭěêÐȍBXICȭěđíȍEyuWY¿Ź˖ę 7 C&#>Ŀʄ GDP (º0ćƨCǞʁɉǵÃ(ƥ0>#ZʦÜ(quk oCȌŠ02 ĕEȔǕowjƨC&#>ƦȑCȖɴ2Z-@(?)ZO8ę
4 EʇĿɁ?ȗ2W$C70 ŕ¯FûǕÃƽ(ơȈCƥ08ƨƱ?S"Z0'0B(X80 ŕ¯CBZ@ƨȈBÂȺĽ'XɩƘ/[8-@CWYûǕÃƽFǢŇC
ʎ190 ŕ¯ŤôO?ûǕEºÃƽƨ¯(Ƚ#8˕ę 4 EʇĿɁ˖O8ȔǕowj^);'+Cd~iEëǻð(ęX[ZW$CB;8˕ę 8˚ȭěd~iȍEyuWY¿Ź˖ę 8 EɄʏF6EŕEd~iǞʁʪ^6EŕEĿʄ GDP ?ʷ0/X
C 1985 ŕ^ 1 @BZW$Cǋɥð08Ɯĸ?
"Zd~iëǻF 70 ŕ¯°ʴǂDǢŇ0>#Z-@(]'Z°EȭěEÁEW
$CǳƟˏˎ(quk o^Ŝ)
ʉ-0ȹƹ@0>ɏȃɟʪd~iEǢŇ˕ʆǔȀǙEƀà˖^Ȁ3Z@#$f}r(Ɉ%X[ZƝǾ2Z@°EǄCBZ 890<Ū[>BXB#EF-EW$Bd~iˏˎCW;>Ȁ3ZȘµȈØĆ(d~iëǻĉE);'+CB;>#Z-@?"Z B&ɮC&#>quk oǷŶ?FŏǐFʆǔBȀǙ^ȪȰ2Z-@Ȧ
CWYɏȃɟʪɜì^ǢŇ/4Z@±ľ0>#Z-E-@^Ȼɫyu'XľʪȈCȏR>PZę 9 CȭěC&+Zd~iǞʁEŕĩðǻ˕ãŕřǎ˖Eȸŕĩð^
ȗ2˕ȭěd~iȍyuWY¿Ź˖B&ę 9 EʇĿɁF3 ǉīˆśCWZĕ
ŐƫɁ?"Zę 9 C&#>70 ŕ¯E 2 řEȔǕowjƨC&+ZûǕˏˎƨC&#S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13
XEëƹCWY 1982 ŕ°ʴquk oǷŶFƗē/[8˕ę 7˖0'0B(X-EW$Bȸǡĕŧŉ˂FÿķEʇĸ˕ʂƧāƖʇĸ@ɿƙʇĸ˖^ȇȀ/4Z-@@BYǼĜCɐZO?ȭě^ɖ0R>#Z
/XCF2001 ŕEIT EŌħ2008ŕE»ļŌħ@^¿YÛ
0>Fş+Z@#$-@^ɆYʖ0>#Z
-EW$Cɤ>*Z@ȭěEěÙȔǕȀȁ(j^ʔ%8 1970 ŕ˅(ȭěȸǡEƫ(Yɨ@Ɉ%Z-@F?)B#9\$'
 B&2000 ŕ¯ŤôC&+ZûǕˏˎƨC
&#>F70 ŕ¯EȔǕowjƨC*XL
Z@ûǕÃƽFćțř?"Z(ˉɚBquk oÏĉFɤX[B#maĒˈCȢ^ȇ2ZȄʫɛùǈCWYquk oÏĉ(ˉɚCBZãCȭěȸǡ(Ůə0>0O;88R?"Z@SɈ%X[Z(70 ŕ¯EȔǕowjC
Ń2ZȸǡĀū^ǼĜCŠ>FR>Ɉ%Z@EǋŠůC<#>FóÜBǀɬ(ũɣ?"ZO8ûǕˏˎ(»ļŌħEŜ)ʫ@B;8@#$ɤơS"Y-[XSĊR>¬ŤɲȴBÜƸ(ũɣ?"\$K   " '  * D - 0   EPR  @  5 ƤƲEW$Cd~i^ʒÕ2ZěC@;>EPR (AEW$BŴċ^ƈ;>#ZE'^Ɉ%Zũɣ("ZO32007 ŕřC&+ZƤƲC&+ZʒÛʒÕEǂɣ^ę 10˕ȿíȍȻɫyuWY¿Ź˖Cȗ2ę 10 Cȗ2W$CƤƲFɏìʍTʾǑɢĎBA^ʒÛ2Z-@CWYĪʀ^Ǻť0ȔǕC¯ɞ/[ZʭǵůǳƟˋƟûƟ^ʒÕ0>#Z2B]:ʃǥņě?"ZƤƲF#]VZèōʂƧě@0>ŹYȡ;>#Z O3ȭěEģĆ@ćǄC70 ŕ¯EȔǕowjCŃ2ZȸǡȈĀū^P>&)8#
ę 11 CƤƲC&+ZĿʄ GDP˕ʇĿɁ˚ȿíȍEyuWY¿Ź˖BXICǞʁɉǵÃ˕ˀĿɁ˚ÙʲŘEyuWY¿Ź˖EãŕǎEƏȚ^ȗ2ę 11 C&#>Ȥ 1 ǉȔǕowjƨ?F GDP (º0ćƨCǞʁɉǵÃ(ƥ0>&YˉɚBquk oÏĉ(Ȗɴ?)Z(Ȥ 2 ǉȔǕow
jƨ?FM@_A6EÏĉ(ɤX[B#Ȥ2 ǉȔǕowjƨ?SĬ)Bš˄^ă+8
ȭěEÁ@FŃǱȈ?"ZO8ȭěćǄCȔǕowj^);'+Cd~iE
ëǻð(ęX[ZW$CB;8-@S]'Z˕ę 12˚ʃǥd~iŖBXICÙʲŘEyuWY¿Ź˖ę 12 C&#>70 ŕ¯ãô'X 80 ŕ¯ãôO?d~iëǻEĉ
(ɤX[Z(80 ŕ¯ôG'XFëǻð(ʬð0>#Z-@S]'Z /XCȭěEģĆ@ćǄCę 13 CƤƲ>d~iǞʁʪ(a|qĩð@B;>#Z-@(]'Z/XC2000 ŕŤôC&+ZûǕˏˎƨC&+Zd~iǞʁC<#>Fĩðǻ(ǢŇ0>#ZSEEȔǕowjƨ@ǎʐ2[GɥǆFņ/#-@(]'ZB&--?Fd~iǞʁ
E$:ɏȃɟʪÜ^ñÞ0>#B#-@CǘŴ/[8#ɏȃɟʪÜEĩðǻF/XCĬ)#SE@£ų/[Z(ɲȴBÜƸF¬ŤEɸˈ@08#ę 8 ȭěC&+Zd~iëǻEȸŕĩðɄʏF6EŕEd~iǞʁʪ^6EŕEĿʄ GDP ?ʷ01985 ŕ^ 1 @0>
ǋɥð0>#Z˕ȭěd~iȍEyuWY¿Ź˖ę 9 ȭěC&+Zŕʰd~iǞʁʪEŕĩðǻEȸŕĩð˕ȭěd~iȍyuWY¿Ź˖ />ę 7 WY]'ZW$Cȭě?F 80
ŕ¯CÕ;>Squk oǷŶ'X
B'B'ɎÛ2Z-@(?)B';8quk oEÔư^Ʊţ/[> 1981 ŕCgĬȻˇ(ň³0gjq@ČG[Zƙȧ^Ŀɜ08Ø¼ȈCFǢȜɥàɃčʛʀÂȺƀà?"Y-[S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13C&+Zd~iǞʁEŕĩðǻ˕ãŕřǎ˖Eȸŕĩð^ȗ2˕ȸǡȁǁȍyuWY¿Ź˖ę 13 EʇĿɁF3 ǉīˆśCWZĕŐƫɁ?"Zę 13 C&#>70 ŕ¯E 2 řEȔǕowjƨC&+ZûǕˏˎƨC&#>d~iǞʁʪ(a|qĩð@B;>#Z-@(]'Z/XC2000
ŕŤôC&+ZûǕˏˎƨC&+Zd~iǞʁC<#>Fĩðǻ(ǢŇ0>#ZS
EEȔǕowjƨ@ǎʐ2[GɥǆFņ/#-@(]'Y°EÏĉFȭěEģĆ
@ćǄ?"Z d~iʒÕě(d~iʃǥ^ʅÕ2ZģĆġʏʛʀ?"ZĪʀ˕ɑȈC
Fȭ{˖^Ǻť2Zũɣ("ZƤƲEģĆãʘ08W$CĪʀǺťE8REŽǌFɏìʍTʾǑɢĎBA^ʒÛ2Z-@?"Z2B]:Īʀ^²­/4Z-@CW;>ǵ¨Ƒ^ɜ;>#Z@Ɉ%Z-@(?
)Z-EģĆÃËEˏ#ɢĎ"Z#Fm
qCW;>Īʀ^Ǻť?)[Gī*Ed~iʃǥ^ʒÕ?)Z-@CBZ(d~iʃǥEÃË(Ĭ)*BZ@)
6[CɤĆ;8ˏ®èÃËEɢĎmq^æÛ0>#'B+[GʒÕ?)Zd~
iʃǥFǢŇ2Z-@CBZ Hall (2009)FʒÕûǕC&+Z EPR ^ǉ
EW$Cľɇ0>#Z
EPR˛˕ö¹ʀŒÃËCȌŠ2ZûǕɏ¼(Ư2Zd~i˖˕ö¹ʀŒÃËCȌŠ2ZɢĎmq^Ȁȁ2ZECɣ08d~i˖ ę 5 Cȗ08ȭěEʒÕûǕ˕Imported oil˖
E EPR F-Eś?ɫȨ/[8SE?"Z0'0Hall (2009)E EPR ľɇC&#>FÜǍ?"ZƁÕd~iCžɝɏǰȌ¦¿ȂğȈɣȲ(ĊO[>B#-@(]'Z
6-?ƲȞ?F°EW$B^ľɇ0>d~iʒÕěC&+Zɤƍ+EPR^ɫȨ2Z-@^Ɛƾ2Z˛˕ɢĎmqEÃË˖˕d~iEÃË˖@ľɇ2Z-E@)ę 1 ?ȗ08 EPR EǂŬC&#>Eëƹ^ŅÕ2Z@ę 14 @BY

ę 10 2007 ŕřC&+ZƤƲEʒÛʒÕEǂɧ˕ȿíȍȻɫyuWY¿Ź˖S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13

ę 11 ƤƲC&+ZĿʄ GDP˕ʇĿɁ˖BXICǞʁɉǵÃ˕ˀĿɁ˖EãŕǎEƏȚ˕ȿíȍBXICÙʲŘEyuWY¿Ź˖EPR EǂŬ^d~iʒÕěKƆŝ2Z@(?)Z890--?ǘŴ0>#89)8#EF-EW$BǂŬEƆŝF EPR E
ƲƵEľɇ'XĪ[Z-@CBZ-@?"Yd~iʒÕě?EǷǖ^ȬȲð2Z8RE<EŽǌ?"Z@Ǿɩ#89)8#
d~iʃǥņě?"ZƤƲFșĺžɝȡě^ȋƉ2L)?"Z@#$ ŝFEEË^Ĭ)*0d~iȀȁC·$EPR º^ʳŦ0W$@2Zȡģ?"ZƭʕƤƲEʒÛğ´ǁ(ǝĪî@EěʺȈBȣ¤?'BYEɖŻ^Ş#X[ǼĿCȄȈBoc`^į#<<"YƤƲ´ǁEžɝº(Ɖƕ/[>#Z-EW$BÍ˂?E
ɲȴBÜƸSũɣ?"\$ ƭŤCÃƽʎĶCʱ2Z¥ˆC<#>ʘ
LZę 15 CƤƲC&+Zgt˕ęEˀĿɁ˖@ˋĎÃƽ˕ęEʇĿɁ˖Eãŕǎĩð^ȗ2˕6[7[ÙʲŘEyuWY¿Ź˖ûǕˏˎEĩð˕ę 4 EʇĿɁ˖@
ǱX0Ć]4>PZ@gtÃƽEƥ
F 2 ĕEȔǕowjƨ?FƦȖCš˄(Ȗɴ?)2000 ŕ¯ŤôEûǕˏˎƨCF 2 ĕEȔǕowjƨCǎLZ@Āū('BYʬ#SEEÃƽƥ(ÝÞ?)Zę 12 ƤƲC&+Zd~iëǻEȸŕĩðɄʏF6EŕEd~iǞʁʪ^6EŕEĿʄ GDP ?ʷ01985 ŕ^ 1 @0>ǋɥð0>#Z˕ʃǥd~iŖBXIC
ÙʲŘEyuWY¿Ź˖S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13 ơˋĎÃƽC<#>FȤ 1 ǉȔǕowjƨCĬ)Bš˄("Z(Ȥ 2 ǉȔǕowjƨCF'BYʬð02000 ŕ¯ŤôC&+ZûǕˏˎƨCF/XCʬð0>#
Z-@(]'ZˋĎC<#>S$Ň0ķȴCȻɫyu^ɹL8ȹƹ^ę 16˕ÙʲŘEyuWY¿Ź˖Cȗ2ę 16 FƹǵɊˊːˊʩɘ˒ˊEãŕřǎĩð^ȗ0>#ZȤ 1 ǉȔǕowjƨ?FûǕˏˎEš˄(ˉɚCɞ[>#Z(2000ŕ¯ŤôC&+ZûǕˏˎEš˄F/MAĬ)*B#-@(]'Z890ņˑˏˎC·;>@˒ˊEÃƽ(ǎʐȈƥǻ(Ĭ)#-@(]'Z-[F@^İ_?Ǟʁ2ZȥɉC@;>SĿŵ@0>ȱť?)Z#3[C0>S2000 ŕ¯ŤôEûǕˏˎ(ī*EǞʁɉEĿȀǙCþN2š˄F/MAĬ)*B';8@ɪ%Zę 13 ƤƲC&+Zŕʰd~iǞʁʪEŕĩðǻEȸŕĩð˕ȸǡȁǁȍyuWY¿Ź˖ę 14 d~iʒÕěC&+Zɤƍ+EPR EǂŬ˕ʒÛÕEëƹ^Ɉŷ˖<EɣĖ@0>ǞʁɉKEÃƽʎĶ(ɜ][B';8-@(Ɉ%X[ZǩɒEÛǩqzTʟʚµȘEÊȁBAȌǉ#9-@FɮŸCƠ0*ƤƲC&+ZȁǁđǁEw{ǃʜEŗʓ^Ɩ%ZǉȀȁɉBXICņ´ǁF6EdhůCWYû
ǕˏˎÜ^ÃƽC¢4?)B#Ƿǖ?"Z
-EW$BǷǖ?ÃƽʎĶKEì)ɼɺ
(ĳO;8ǌʹC&#>ȭěCȢ^ȇ2ZȄʫɛùǈ(ɯ[ûǕÃƽFǑCŮə
086EŠƨ"EOOûǕÃƽ(ˏˎ0<=+8XA$B;>#89\$'d~iˏˎƨC&+Z£ų/[Zź(ěEŃū@0>ěʺd~iÃƽEƥ(ěÙÃƽKʎĶ^Ȁ1/4B#W$Cě(ɡĤ2Z-@(Ɉ%X[Z˕Á%GgtÃƽ(ƥ^Ƚ+8ģĆEgtȜEƪľȜǻŚǊBA˖-[FěǐEȸǡǙì^º/S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13
4B#-@^ȋȈ@08ĲŠBŃȧ?F"Z(ǞʁǃʜEĩ˃(ɜ][3ʿȺɹƝf}r(ǈɍ0B*BZǬTÃƽɡĤ(ʮƱð2[GɿƙɾƄ(ƆĬ0ɿƙāƖEűðC<B(ZǬ^Ū[>FBXB#ÃƽʎĶEëƹ^@0>ěǐCd~i(ʧÜ/[ZO?EȫĘ^ɤƍ+EPR ?Ɉ%Z@ę 17 EW$CBZÃƽʎĶEǬC&#>S¬ŤEɲȴBÜƸ(ũɣ?"Zę 15 ƤƲC&+Zgt@ˋĎÃƽEãŕǎĩð˕ÙʲŘEyuWY¿Ź˖ę 16 ąȝˋĎÃƽEãŕǎĩð˕ÙʲŘEyuWY¿Ź˖S;8#B#ĺµ  ĺµɳVolume 4, pp. 1-13
L     
 d~iāƖǎȈɦǬ(B5ʨɣBE'@#$Ēˈ^ EȘµșĺȈ`v^ÁC0>ɩɶ08 FöCąȝd~i^ǇICǎʐ2Z8REƉǅ9+C
ȅOX3ńƵEd~i¥Ų^£Ǥ2Z-@E?)ZÍ˂^Ư0>#Z-@^ EȕȟÁ^ȵ­0<<ȗ08  ŕ¯Cʉ-;8ȔǕowjƨCŃ2Z
ȸǡĀū@  ŕ¯Ťô?EûǕˏˎCŃ2ZȸǡĀūCFȌʢ("Z-@^ȗ08(-[C<#>FɲȴBÜƸ^2Z-@CWY
ńƵEd~i¥Ų^£Ǥ2Z?EƯë
BŲĢ@BYťZĄɍů("ZƭŤCEɈ%ơ^d~iʒÕěCʤȂ?)ZW$CǂŬȈCƆŝ08ĬʼſBɼɺ?"Z(d~iÃËCŃ2ZɢĎ"Z#FmqEÃËEǎ^Ɉ%8-@/XCÃƽʎĶEëƹ^Ɉ%8-@(,X[Z-X[C<#>F¬ŤɲȴBÜƸ^2Z¾ĝ("YȞ^ƗR>ȵ­0>#)8#
ę 17 d~iʒÕěC&+Zɤƍ+EPR EǂŬ˕ʒÛÕEëƹBXICÃƽʎĶEëƹ^Ɉŷ˖C E òĈEƺɷɉBXICĬ¡ÅɂʻĴďʮCFƯȉB.Ɖƕ˘ÆǋŴɤ^#89)˘ƲȞEƗēCĬ#CŢȡ:O08--Cɮ0>ŵɻEŴ^ɞ0O2
.@4;
Hall, C.A.S. and C.J. Cleveland. 1981. Petroleum
drilling and production in the United States:
Yield per effort and net energy analysis. Science,
211, 576-579.
Hall, C.A.S., R. Powers and W. Schoenberg, 2008,
Peak oil, EROI, investments and the economy inan uncertain future. pp. 109-132 in Pimentel,David. (ed). Renewable Energy Systems:
Environmental and Energetic Issues.
Hall, C.A.S., Balogh, S., Murphy, D.J.R., 2009,
What is the Minimum EROI that a Sustainable
Society Must Have?, Energies, 2, 25-47
Odum, H.T. 1973. Energy, ecology, andeconomics, Ambio, 2, 220–227.

Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_T._Odum§ǫȎǾķ, 2003, ƤƲȸǡǙůðKEɈł˙ȭěșĺžɝƙȧ^ýɈC0˙, ƤƲĬĺĬĺʶȿĆȘµŲĢȕȟșȯɣ No. 4,148-162.
ȘėǗ« ȁǁǿĥȩǾõµ, 2004, Ũǿp~q«ƴƚɋŨǿp~q`{anǚʣ¥ǁȕÆȂxhqz.
Ʒŋ Ǫ, 2009, d~iāƖÜƸ(EPR)CWZeajEľʪȈɰÃ, JETI (JapanEnergy & Technology Intelligence) , Vol. 57No.2, pp. 32-35.
Ʒŋ Ǫ, 2009, d~iāƖȈɦǬ'Xɤ
8ȔǕʯȇ, ICEP }q , No. 66, pp.
16-20.
Ʒŋ Ǫ, 2010, d~iāƖǎȈɦǬ(B5ʨɣBE'  EPR Eľɇ@ŴɇEÚǀɬ, S;8#B#ĺµ WEB ĺµɳ, Vol. 2, pp.
45-48.

