AS-2652

KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460
KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460 is amedium-speed, very fine-grain color negative aerial film.
This film has a wide exposure latitude and is specificallydesigned for processing to a color negative only. Since thisfilm does not have integral color masking, directinterpretation can be made from the negative. Objects arerecorded in colors complementary to their natural colors.
The ESTAR Base provides flexibility, moistureresistance, high tear resistance, and excellent dimensional
stability. KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460 has
an abrasion-resistant emulsion, an antihalation undercoat,and a dyed-gel backing.
The hardened emulsion permits high-temperature, rapid
processing in roller-transport processors, such as theKODAK Aerial Color Processor, Model 1611, and theKODAK EKTACHROME RT Processor, Model 1811, with
Quick-Change, using Process AN-6. This process consistsof selected KODAK EA-5 Chemicals and AN-6 Chemicals.
Processing can be easily tailored to optimize contrast for
specific applications.
This film is also compatible with Process C-41. It can beprocessed in existing C-41 processors using either KODAKFLEXICOLOR Developer or KODAK Developer
Replenisher, Process AN-6.
This film can be processed in rewind processing
equipment, such as the Morse M-10 developing outfit(Military Designator: B-5), although this is not a primaryprocessing recommendation.

APPLICATIONSKODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460 is for generaluse in medium- to high-altitude aerial-mapping andaerial-reconnaissance photography. It is suited forgeological, pollution, archeological, crop and forestry
studies; traffic control; city planning; railway, highway, andhydraulic engineering; oceanography; and remote sensing,as well as other areas where photogrammetry is used. It isalso well suited and recommended for use in digital film
recorders.

TOTAL FILM THICKNESSThe nominal total thickness (unprocessed) of this film is
5.2 mils (0.132 mm). This includes emulsion—0.8 mil(0.020 mm), base—3.9 mils (0.10 mm), and backing—
0.5 mil (0.013 mm).

WEIGHT
The weight of AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460
(unprocessed), conditioned in equilibrium with 50 percent
relative humidity, is 0.04 lbs⁄sq ft (0.018 kg⁄sq ft).

SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
This multilayer, color negative film is balanced for daylight
exposure.

SAFELIGHT
Total darkness is required.

EXPOSURE
Aerial Film Speeds (EAFS or ISO A equivalent) should not
be confused with conventional film speeds, which aredesigned for roll and sheet films used in pictorialphotography. The characteristics of aerial scenes differ
markedly from those of ordinary pictorial or ground scenes
because of the smaller range in subject luminance,
atmospheric haze conditions, and other factors. Therefore,
different film-speed parameters are used to relate
aerial-scene characteristics to practical exposure
recommendations.
The KODAK Aerial Exposure Computer, KODAK
Publication AS-10, has been published based on the aerial
film speed criterion.
Nominal speed, daylight (no filter): EAFS or ISO A 125(based on development for maximum contrast)
Note: The Aerial Film Speed given in this publication isrounded to the nearest cube root of 2 step (equivalent to1⁄3 stop).

BASE
3.9-mil (0.10 mm) ESTAR Base with a gel backing.

©Eastman Kodak Company, 2009Filters
This film incorporates an integral ultraviolet-absorbing
filter, so color correction filters are not normally used. If
necessary, additional color-balance adjustment in the blue
region can be achieved using KODAK Haze Cutting Filters
HF-4 or HF-5.

Typical Camera Exposure

Processed Film

A typical exposure for this film, in an aerial camera with a2X antivignetting filter, is approximately 1⁄750 second atf⁄5.6. This exposure is based on a solar altitude of 40
degrees, a clear day, and an aircraft altitude of 5000 feet.

For best keeping, store processed film in a dark, dust-freearea at 50 to 70° F (10 to 21° C) and 30 to 50 percent
relative humidity. Preferably, store negatives on the spoolor in individual KODAK Sleeves. High relative humidity
promotes the growth of mold and causes ferrotyping. Very
low relative humidity causes excessive curl and brittleness.
Avoid storage temperatures over 80° F (27° C).
Caution! Do not freeze processed AEROCOLOR IV
Color Negative Film 2460. Freezing processed film cancause coupler alterations.

Reciprocity Characteristics
No filter correction or exposure adjustment is required forexposure times from 1⁄10,000 second to 1⁄10 second.

IMAGE STRUCTURE
Processrms Granularity*C-41, 3:15 dev time

8.5

C-41, 4:15 dev time

13C-41, 5:15 dev time

15.5

* Granularity values read at a net green diffuse density of 1.0 with a

48-micrometre aperture.

STORAGEFor consistent results, all aerial films should be stored
under fairly constant conditions. Kodak aerial films are“usually” packaged in equilibrium with 40 to 50 percent
relative humidity. High temperatures or high humidity may
produce undesirable changes in the film. Color films are
more seriously affected by adverse storage conditions thanare black-and-white films. These adverse conditions affectthe three emulsion layers to different degrees, thus causingchanges in the color balance, as well as possible changes inoverall film speed and contrast.

Unexposed Film
While this film has exceptionally good rawstock keeping
characteristics at room temperature, it is recommended
that film that will not be exposed within two weeks be
stored in a refrigerator at 55° F (13° C) or lower, or freezer
at 0 to -10° F (-18 to -23° C), in the original sealedcontainer. If the film is stored in a refrigerator, remove it
about 2 hours before opening; if stored in a freezer, remove
it about 8 hours before opening. A sufficient warm-up timeis necessary to prevent moisture condensation on cold
film—otherwise, moisture spotting, ferrotyping, or sticking
may occur.

Exposed Film
Although this film has excellent latent-keeping properties,
it remains prudent to keep exposed film cool and drywhenever practical. Process the film as soon as possible
after exposure to avoid undesirable changes in the latentimage. If it is necessary to hold exposed but unprocessedfilm for more than a week, it should be resealed andrefrigerated at 40° F (4° C) or lower. Before unsealing andprocessing exposed film that has been held in cold storage,
follow the warm-up procedures described above forunexposed film.

2PROCESSING
The primary recommendation for processing 2460 Film isin Process AN-6 using mechanized processors.
Mechanized processing in roller-transport processors
offers the advantages of uniform treatment of all portionsof the roll, freedom from banding, and absence ofsignificant density variations from ends of the roll to thecenter.
Note: Contrast may be easily tailored over a range ofapproximately 0.65 to 0.95 gamma to suit various
acquisition and personal preferences. The following tables
for Process AN-6 pertain to the highest contrast option; atable at the end of this section lists both AN-6 and C-41
developer time/temperature options to achieve a varietyof desired contrasts.
Process AN-6 Cycle Times
Transport Speed(feet per minute)Dry-to-DryProcessing
Time

KODAK Aerial Color
Processor, Model 1611

4.2

11.8 minutes

KODAK EKTACHROME RTProcessor, Model 1811 (withQuick-Change)

4.2

11.6 minutes

Processor

In each case, the film is fed emulsion side down into theprocessor.
This publication provides general information regarding
the KODAK Aerial Color Processor, Model 1611, and the
KODAK EKTACHROME RT Processor, Model 1811. Referto the operating manuals for additional set-up information.
Note: For a list of firms equipped to offer machineprocessing of 2460 Film, send an e-mail toaerial@kodak.com or write to Eastman Kodak Company,
Aerial Imaging, Rochester, New York 14653-7128.

KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460 • AS-2652

Chemicals

Replenishment and Wash Rates (4.2 fpm):

Process AN-6 uses the following KODAK EA-5 and AN-6
Chemicals:
KODAK Developer Starter, Process AN-6

Note: These rates have been rounded to the nearest usable
increment.
Models 1611 and 1811 with Quick Change

KODAK Developer Replenisher, Process AN-6
KODAK EA-5 First and Second Stop Bath andReplenisher

Solution/Step

KODAK EA-5 Bleach and Replenisher

Film WidthBasicRate (mL/ 70 mm 5-in. (mL/ 9 1/2-in.
ft2)(mL/min)min)(mL/min)

KODAK Aerial Color Fixer and Replenisher

AN-6Developer*110105195365

KODAK EA-5 Stabilizer and Replenisher

Stop Bath200

195350665

Optional: KODAK FLEXICOLOR Final Rinse andReplenisher can be used to reduce water spots anddrying marks

Wash— 2 gal/min —Bleach9090160300

Fixer

100

100175335

Final Wash
Notice: Observe precautionary information on product labels andMaterial Safety Data sheets.

— 2 gal/min —* The required rates will vary with the average exposure level. Make anadjustment if the control strip density levels increase or decrease
substantially.

Processing Sequence (4.2 fpm):

Bleach Regeneration

KODAK Aerial Color Processor, Model 1611
Temperature

Solution/StepTank No.

Time(seconds)°F°C

AN-6 Developer

1, 2, 3179.3

106 ± 0.5

41.1 ± 0.3

Skip Tanks

4-9

28.4

——Regeneration of used EA-5 Bleach will reduce processing
solution costs and substantially reduce the amount of
bleach discarded to the sewer. Collection and treatment
tanks for bleach overflow solution and chemical testing
capability are required. A detailed laboratory procedure isavailable from Eastman Kodak Company.

Stop Bath1058.9

120 ± 549 ± 3Wash

1158.9120 ± 549 ± 3C-41 Processing

Bleach1258.9120 ± 549 ± 3This film may be processed in KODAK FLEXICOLOR
Chemicals for Process C-41. To achieve results like Process
AN-6, extend the development time to 5’15” at 100° F(38° C) with a basic replenishment rate of 94 mL⁄ft2.
Shorter development times may be used to achieve lower
contrast, if desired. Substitute AN-6 Developer using adeveloper time of 2’56” at 106° F (41° C) for increased
productivity.

Fixer
Final Wash
Dryer

1358.9115 ± 546 ± 314, 15, 16

176.0

120 ± 549 ± 3—88.7

145 ± 563 ± 3

KODAK EKTACHROME RT Processor, Model 1811,
Quick-Change
Temperature

Solution/Step

Tank No.

Time(seconds)°F°C

Skip Tanks

1, 2, 3

18.1

—

—

AN-6 Developer

4, 5, 6175.9

106 ± 0.5

41.1 ± 0.3

Skip Tanks

7 - 1229.2——
49 ± 3

Second Stop

1358.6120 ± 5Wash

1458.6120 ± 549 ± 3Bleach1558.6120 ± 549 ± 3Fixer

1658.6115 ± 546 ± 3

Final Wash

17, 18117.3

120 ± 549 ± 3Dryer*—122.1

140 ± 560 ± 3

Note: Do not use KODAK FLEXICOLOR Developer LORR,
as the low tank turnover would be insufficient to maintainproper chemical equilibrium and sensitometric control.

* Set air-damper control knobs at 8. The dryer temperature may require

adjustment depending on the ambient temperature and humidity conditionsin the processing area.

KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460 • AS-2652

3

REWIND PROCESSING

C-41 Processing Cycle
Time
min:sec(sec)Temp° C (° F)

Basic Repl
Rate (mL/ft2)

Developer

3:15 to 5:15
(195 to 315)

38 ± 0.3(100 ± 0.5)*94

Bleach III

3:00 to 6:00
(180 to 360)

38 ± 3(100 ± 5)*

95

Wash

1:05(65)

24 to 41(75 to 105)†

2900‡

Fixer§

4:20(260)

38 ± 3(100 ± 5)

95

Wash

3:15(195)¶

24 to 41(75 to 105)2900‡

Wash**

1:05(65)

24 to 41(75 to 105)

95

As needed

Not over60 (140)FLEXICOLOR
ChemicalDry

Note: This is not a primary recommendation.
KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460 yields
optimum results with modern, high-temperature,continuous-processing machines. It can be processed inrewind equipment, although this method is not a primaryprocessing recommendation. Eastman Kodak Company nolonger offers packaged chemicals for such processing.
Customers wishing to use rewind equipment such as theGordon/Morse M-10 Developing Outfit (MilitaryDesignator: B-5) may contact Aerial Imaging for
information on exposure, processing chemicals, process
cycles, and general recommendations.

PROCESS CONTROL* If you increase the bleach and fixer times to 6:30 or longer, you can extend thetemperature range to 75 to 105° F (24 to 41° C).
† In some processors, a lower wash-water temperature may affect solution

temperatures in adjacent tanks. Longer warm-up times may be needed. If itaffects developer temperature during processing, you may need to use ahigher wash-water temperature.
‡ Rates are for first wash and a two-stage countercurrent final wash. Double
these rates for a single-stage final wash.
§ Use a two-stage (two-tank) countercurrent fixer, preferably with the sametime in each tank. Agitation and filtration in each tank are required. If yourprocessor has a single fixer tank, using in-line electrolytic desilvering will
decrease the safety factor for adequate fixing.
¶ If your squeegees are efficient enough to maintain a low fixer carryover, you
can reduce the wash time to 2:10.
** Optional: KODAK FLEXICOLOR Final Rinse and Replenisher can be used toreduce water spots and drying marks.

For additional information using Process C-41, see
KODAK Publication Z-131, Process C-41 using KODAKFLEXICOLOR Chemicals.

KODAK Control Strips, Process AN-6, are available and arerecommended for monitoring the processing of
AEROCOLOR IV Film in roller-transport processors. For
detailed information on process control andtroubleshooting, refer to KODAK Publication Z-200, Using
Processes AR-5, AN-5, and AN-6 for KODAK Color Aerial
Films.

PRINTING NEGATIVES
You can reproduce images made on AEROCOLOR IV
Negative Film by using a variety of Kodak materials.

Color Transparencies
You can make transparencies directly (or by first scanning)on KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Clear Display
Material.

Development Options to Achieve Various Contrasts
Adjust developer time/temperature per the table below toachieve a variety of contrasts. When changing processor
transport speeds, be sure to adjust replenishment flow
rates accordingly, to maintain desired basic replenishment
rates.
Developer Push
TypeValueTime
min:sec(sec)*

Temp° C (° F)

Approx.
Contrast

ISO A
Equivalent

AN-6

2:17 (137)38.9 (102)

0.63

80

0

AN-6

1

2:17 (137)40 (104)

0.70

90

AN-6

2

2:17 (137)

41 (106)

0.78

100

AN-6

3

2:56 (176)

40 (104)

0.84

110

AN-6

4

2:56 (176)

41 (106)

0.90

125

C-41

0

3:15 (195)

38 (100)

0.63

80

C-4113:45 (255)

38 (100)

0.70

90

C-41

2

4:15 (270)38 (100)

0.78

100

C-41

3

4:45 (285)

38 (100)

0.84

110

C-41

4

5:15 (315)38 (100)

0.90

125

Color Prints
You can make prints directly (or by first scanning) on—
KODAK PROFESSIONAL SUPRA ENDURA VC Digitaland ULTRA ENDURA Papers
KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Transparency
Display Material
KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Metallic VC DigitalPaper* Film must be completely immersed in developer. Includes immersion time

and transfer time to the next tank. Keep transfer time to 20 seconds or less.

Note: Based on a 3-tank developer system in a Model 1611
or 1811 Processor, 2:56 = 4.2 fpm and 2:17 = 5.4 fpm.

4

KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460 • AS-2652

The dimensional stability of aerial films is of particularinterest and importance in accurate mapping and in thereproduction of maps.
Dimensional stability is an all-inclusive term. In
photography, it applies to size changes caused by changes
in humidity and in temperature, and by processing andaging. The absence of solvent in ESTAR Base is one of thereasons why ESTAR Base films show excellent dimensional
stability. The dimensional properties of ESTAR Base mayvary slightly in different directions within a sheet; thedifferences that may exist, however, are not always
between the length and width directions.

CURVES
Modulation Transfer Function
200Process: AN-6
Densitometry: Status M

100705030
RESPONSE (%)

DIMENSIONAL STABILITY

20GB

10R

753

Temporary Dimensional Changes

2Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion:
0.001%

11per degree F of change

0.0018%23 4 5102050100200600

SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)

per degree C of change

Humidity Coefficient of Linear Expansion (Unprocessed):
0.0025%Spectral Sensitivity

per 1% change in relative humidity
4.0

Permanent Dimensional Changes

Effective Exposure: 1/25 Second
Densitometry: Status M
Density: 0.3>D-min

Processing Dimensional Change:
shrinkage to swell

Aging Shrinkage of Processed Film:
0.06%

1 week at 120° F (49° C), 20% RH

0.03%

1 year at 78° F (25.5° C), 60% RH

SIZE DATA AND ORDERING INFORMATION
Information on available sizes and minimum order
quantities of this film is available on the web atwww.kodak.com/go/aerial. You can also write or contact:
Aerial Imaging
Eastman Kodak Company
343 State StreetRochester, New York 14650-0505
aerial@kodak.com

3.0

LOG SENSITIVITY *-0.02% to +0.01%

YellowForming
Layer

2.0

MagentaForming
Layer

CyanForming
Layer

500

600

1.0

0.0
250

300

350

400

450

550

650

700750WAVELENGTH (nm)
2TI2652C*Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure (erg/cm ) required
to produce specified density

Note: The Kodak materials described in this publication
used with AEROCOLOR III Film are available from thosedealers normally supplying Kodak products. Othermaterials may be used, but equivalent results may not beobtained.

KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460 • AS-2652

5

KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460
Spectral Dye Density

Characteristic Curve, Developed for Medium Contrast
4.0

2.5

Process: C:41, 4’15” dev time(or Process AN-6, 137 seconds, 41 C)
Exposure: Daylight
Densitometry: Status M

Typical densities for a midscale neutral subject
and D-min.
3.0

DENSITY

DIFFUSE SPECTRAL DENSITY

2.0

1.5
Mid-Scale Neutral

2.0

1.01.00.5D-min

BGR

0.00.0
400

450

500

550

600

650

700

-4.0

750

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

WAVELENGTH (nm)Characteristic Curve, Developed for Low Contrast

Characteristic Curve, Developed for Maximum Contrast

4.0

4.0

Process: C-41, 3'15" dev time (or Process AN-6,137 seconds, 38.9 C)
Exposure: Daylight
Densitometry: Status M

Process: C-41, 5'15" dev time(or Process AN-6, 176 second. 41 C)
Exposure: Daylight
Densitometry: Status M

3.03.0B

DENSITY

DENSITY

G2.0

1.0

R2.0

1.0

BGR

0.0

0.0
-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)

NOTICE: While the sensitometric data in this publication are typical of production coatings, they do not
represent standards which must be met by Kodak. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions willaffect results. The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.

Kodak, Kodak Professional, Aerocolor, Duraclear, Estar, Ektacolor, Ektachrome,Flexicolor, Gold, Panalure, Portra, Vericolor, and Wratten are trademarks.
New 10-09
KODAK AEROCOLOR IV Negative Film 2460
KODAK Publication No. AS-2652

Aerial and Industrial Markets
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY • ROCHESTER, NY 14650-0505

0.0

1.0