APERCASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE

Contents

1. Message from the President

01

2. Summary of Activities

02-03

3. Research Reports

04-05

4. Overview of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation（APEC）

06-07

5. Organisation and Operation of APERC

08-09Ⓒ 2023 Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre1 MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT

Kazutomo IRIEPresident
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is aframework for economic cooperation involving 21
Asia-Pacific countries and regions (calledeconomies ). APEC comprises forums such as theLeaders' Meeting, the Ministerial Meeting andSectoral Ministerial Meetings. The Energy Working
Group (EWG), under the direction of the Energy
Ministerial Meeting (EMM), is active in the energysector.
To support these activities, the Asia Pacific
Energy Research Centre (APERC) was establishedin 1996 in Tokyo following the directive of APEC
Leaders in the Osaka Action Agenda.
The primary objective of APERC is to help foster acommon understanding of, and solutions to, theenergy challenges facing APEC member economies.
This is accomplished through the study and analysis
of each APEC member economy s energy demandand supply trends, the future energy demand andsupply outlook, the development of the energy
market, and responses to policy challenges. APERC
is also developing a database of statistics necessaryfor energy research in the APEC region and isproviding training designed to improve researchcapabilities.
The APEC region, and particularly Asia, hasachieved significant economic growth in recentyears, which has been accompanied by rapid growthin energy consumption. The APEC region now
accounts for more than 50% of total global energy
consumption. Meanwhile, the environment
surrounding energy has been changing rapidly inrecent years, reflecting fluctuations in the supply
and price of oil, the shale gas revolution, and theaccelerated introduction of renewable energy.
APERC will continue to do its utmost to meet
expectations in addressing energy andenvironmental challenges in the APEC region.
Specifically, it will seek to step up cooperation
within the region for the efficient use of energy, therealisation of low carbon energy supply and theachievement of energy security.
I would like to take this opportunity to express mysincere appreciation for the extensive assistancethat APERC receives from Japan and other APEC
member economies. This assistance in funding for
visiting researchers and support for research andstudy activities allows APERC to fulfill its mission.
Since its founding, APERC has been an affiliate of
the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ).
On 1 July, 2019 a new APERC was created as anindependent general incorporated foundation andon 1 April, 2020 APERC took over APEC-related
activities from IEEJ. We hope to renew our efforts
to further enrich our activities, and we look forward
to your continued support.

APERC012 SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES

1. Activities to Foster Common
Understanding of Energy Issues【1】APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook
Every three years, APERC prepares an Energy
Demand and Supply Outlook for the APEC region,
looking ahead 30 years or more. The Outlookpresents the energy and sectoral and energy source
projections for the APEC region and for each of the21 APEC member economies.
In addition to a Business-as-Usual Scenario thatassumes no change in energy policies and trends inthe APEC member economies, the 7th edition(published in 2019) contains a Target Scenario
meeting the APEC-wide energy goals and a 2°C
Scenario, aligned with the goals of the COP21 Parisagreement.
To help formulate the Outlook, APERC undertakes
extensive research and modelling on various energy
issues and individual topics and also summarises thefindings in other reports.

【2】APEC Energy Overview
Each year, APERC also prepares and publishes theAPEC Energy Overview, which introduces thecurrent energy status and key energy policies in the21 APEC member economies.

2. Activities to Support the Achievementof Energy Efficiency and Low-carbon
Policy【1】Support for Energy Efficiency Policy
Development
At the 8th APEC Energy Ministerial Meeting heldin May 2007 in Darwin, Australia, Ministers agreed
to a review of progress on efforts to achieve thevoluntary energy efficiency policies of each APEC
economy (the APEC Peer Review on EnergyEfficiency).

02 APERCAt the 15th APEC Leaders’ Meeting held in
September 2007 in Sydney, Australia, thenon-binding goal of reducing the energy intensity(energy per unit of GDP) of the APEC region by atleast 25% by 2030, using 2005 as a base year, wasagreed. This goal was further increased at theMinisterial Meeting held in November 2011 inHonolulu, the United States, to a goal of reducing theenergy intensity in the APEC region by at least 45%
by 2035, using 2005 as a base year.
In accordance with these agreements, since 2009,
APERC has been implementing the following
activities to support the achievement of energy
efficiency goals.

● APEC Peer Review on Energy Efficiency (PREE)
To date, experts have reviewed the energy
efficiency policies of 11 APEC economies: NewZealand, Chile, Vietnam, Thailand, Chinese Taipei,Peru, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Brunei
Darussalam, and Mexico. Follow-Up Peer Reviews
have been conducted in Vietnam, the Philippines,Thailand, Malaysia, and Peru, focusing on specificsectors and themes.
● APEC Energy Efficiency Policy Workshop
The Energy Efficiency Policy Workshop has been
performed in conjunction with APEC Expert Groupon Energy Efficiency and Conservation meetings
every year since 2016. Another Workshop on thetheme of fuel efficiency regulations was held in 2019.
【2】Support for the Introduction of Low Carbon
EnergyTo promote the deployment of low carbon energy
sources, APERC conducts the following activities inaccordance with the Declaration at the 9th APEC
Energy Ministerial Meeting held in June 2010 inFukui, Japan.

● APEC Low Carbon Model Town (LCMT) Project
Case studies have already been completed forTianjin, China; Koh Samui, Thailand; Da Nang,Vietnam; San Borja, Peru; Bitung, Indonesia;
Mandaue, the Philippines; and Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
Guidelines and evaluations for establishing
low-carbon towns have also been published as: “theConcept of Low-Carbon Model Town in the APECRegion,” and “Low-Carbon Town Indicator”. As anext stage, Low-Carbon Model Town (LCMT)
Symposiums have been organised since 2017 todisseminate the results, and the Symposium for 2019was held in Peru.

●APEC Peer Review on Low-Carbon Energy
Policies (PRLCE)
Policies for facilitating renewable energy havebeen reviewed by experts for the six APEC
economies: Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia,Malaysia, Vietnam, and Papua New Guinea.

3. Support for Energy Security●APEC Oil & Gas Security Initiative (OGSI)The declaration of the 10th APEC Energy
Ministerial Meeting held in June 2012 in St.
Petersburg, Russia, calls for the implementation of aproject to improve responses to oil and natural-gas
emergencies, thereby ensuring the security of supply.
Exercises took place in 2013 in Indonesia andThailand (the latter was a joint exercise involving all
Southeast Asian APEC member economies.)
Based on the results of the above exercises, the11th APEC Energy Ministerial Meeting held in
September 2014 in Beijing, China, called for theexpansion of such initiatives. Activities are getting
underway in three areas: 1) continuation of the Oil &Gas Security Exercises (OGSE); 2) establishing an
Oil & Gas Security Network (OGSN); and 3)
implementing Oil & Gas Security Studies (OGSS).

●LNG Producer-Consumer Conference
Since 2012, APERC has co-hosted with theMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry an annual
conference in Japan for policy makers and related
businesses in LNG consuming and producing
countries. The conference seeks to enhance the LNG
demand and supply structure by sharing long-term
LNG outlooks and by improving the transparency ofnatural gas markets.

4. Acceptance of Trainees and Dispatchof Experts
APERC accepts energy modeling trainees, chiefly
from developing economies in the APEC region.
These trainees learn about preparing energy
statistics and energy demand and supply outlooks,
and related matters.
APERC also sends experts on modeling techniquesto APEC economies and provide instruction in data
management, energy balance preparation,
macroeconomic modeling, and energy supply
planning to help improve energy data and develop
energy demand and supply outlook capability.

5. Activities to Build Energy DataManagement Networks
APERC has built a communication network withenergy organisations in the APEC economies. Thenetwork allows uniform management of energy datasubmitted by APEC economies and the preparationof energy balance tables based on this data.
APERC also serves as the secretariat responsible
for organising the APEC Expert Group on Energy
Data and Analysis (EGEDA) that meets once eachyear. APERC supplies the oil and gas data provided
by APEC economies to the Joint Organisations Data
Initiative (JODI) database and works to improvedata quality.

APERC03

3 RESEARCH REPORTS
１．APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook

APERC Energy Demand and APERC Energy Demand and APEC Energy Demand andSupply Outlook
Supply Outlook 8th Edition
Supply Outlook
8th Edition 2022
Economy Reviews 2022
7th Edition 2019

APEC Energy Demand andSupply Outlook 7th Edition
Economy Reviews 2019

APEC Energy Demand andSupply Outlook
6th Edition 2016

APEC Energy Demand and APEC Energy Demand and APEC Energy Demand and APEC Energy Demand and APEC Energy Demand andSupply Outlook 6th Edition Supply Outlook 5th Edition Supply Outlook 5th Edition Supply Outlook 4th Edition Supply Outlook 4th Edition
Economy Reviews 20162013
Economy Reviews 20132009
Economy Review 2009

APEC Energy Demand andSupply Outlook 200604 APERCAPEC Energy Demand andSupply Outlook
Economy Review 2006

APEC Energy Demand andSupply Outlook 2002

APEC Energy Demand andSupply Outlook
Updated September 1998

APEC Energy Demand andSupply Outlook &Energy Balance Tables
Updated September 1998

2．APEC Energy Overview
・Issued annually since 1996

3．APEC Oil and Gas Security Studies (OGSS)
・Oil and Gas Security Dring the Energy Transition, September 2023
・The impact of COVID – 19 on oil and gas security, April 2022
・Changing LNG market dynamics – implications for supply security in the APER region, September 2020・Emerging energy security risks in changing global energy landscape, September 2018
・Small-scale LNG in Asia Pacific, July 2019
・Oil and Gas Security Indexation, September 2018
・Energy Security of APEC Economies and Changing Downstream Oil Environment, August 2018
・Investments in Natural Gas Supply Chain under the Low Price Environment, June 2018
・Natural Gas Security in APEC, June 2017
・Impact of Low Oil Price on Energy Security, June 2017
・Superiority of LPG: A Disaster Resistant Energy Source, May 2017
・Oil and Gas Security Indexation, March 2017
・Plans for Fuel Supplies during Disasters in Expectation of Nankai Megathrust Earthquakes, October 2016
・Exercise Model Procedure, November 2015
・Melting of the Arctic Sea ice-Significance for the APEC Economies' Energy Security, November 2015
・Petroleum Product Trading and Security, November 2015
・Oil Supply Security and Emergency Policy in the APEC Region, November 2015

4．Fossil Fuel Reports
・Issued annually since 2018

5．Other Reports
・APEC Energy Resiliency Guidelines, February 2023
・Challenges and Perspectives of Deployment of BEVs and FCEVS, February 2020
・Perspectives on Hydrogen in the APEC Region, June 2018
・Nuclear Power Generation in Asia-Pacific, August 2017
・Geopolitical Implication of Iran Nuclear Agreement, May 2017
・Natural Gas Utilization in APEC: Is the Golden Age of Gas Still Probable?, April 2017
・Geopolitical Risks in the Middle East after the Emergence of Islamic State and the Impact on the Energy Supply In Asia,
November 2016
・Energy and Economic Competitiveness, October 2016
・LNG in Asia-Pacific-Favoring trade and rational market development, October 2016
・The Effect of the Crude Oil Price Drop on the Global Energy Market, September 2016
・A Study on the Development of Evaluation Methods for Smart Communities, September 2016
・Study on Policies to Lower Oil Demand in the Transport Sector in the APEC Region, September 2016
・Policy Success Factors for Geothermal Electricity Development in the APEC Region, 2015
・Initiatives to Expand the Introduction of Renewable Energy in Various APEC Economies: Examples of RPS in Japan, Korea
and California in the US, November 2015
・A Study on Smart Communities in the APEC Region, November 2015
・Electric Power Grid Interconnections in Northeast Asia: a Quantitative Analysis of Economic and Environmental Benefits,November 2015
・Revised Version: Pathways to Shale Gas Development in Asia Pacific, November 2015
All research reports are able to be downloaded from https://aperc.or.jp/APERC05

4 OVERVIEW OF ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC
COOPERATION (APEC)
1．OVERVIEWThe Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a framework for economic cooperation, encompassing
21 economies in the Asia-Pacific region. In the late 1980s, there was remarkable economic growth,particularly in ASEAN, thanks to policies to attract foreign capital and progress in market integration inEurope and North America. With this growth, the need for new alliances and cooperation based on interdependent economic relationships was rising in the Asia-Pacific region as well.
Against this backdrop, Bob Hawke, then prime minister of Australia, officially proposed the establishment of APEC in January 1989, partly in response to an approach from Japan. APEC was inaugurated withthe first ministerial meeting held in Canberra later that year. The activities of APEC are characterised bycooperative and voluntary actions and an open framework for regional cooperation. Under these principles, APEC conducts activities for sustainable growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region, including
trade and investment liberalisation, business facilitation, and economic and technical cooperation.

APEC 21 Member Economies
Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; China; Hong Kong; Indonesia; Japan; Republic of Korea;
Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Peru; the Philippines; Russia; Singapore;
Chinese Taipei; Thailand; United States and Viet Nam.

RussiaCanadaKorea
Hong Kong

Chinese Taipei

ThailandPhilippines

Viet Nam

Brunei

Papua New Guinea

Singapore

06 APERC

MexicoIndonesia

MalaysiaYear each economy
joined APEC1989
199119931994
1998

United StatesJapanChinaAustralia

Peru

New Zealand
Chile2．APEC ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
APEC
Business AdvisoryCouncil（ABAC）

Sectoral Ministerial Meetings

Leader s Meeting●Small andMedium Enterprises●TradeProposal●Ocean-related

Ministerial Meeting（foreign minister/minister of economy and industry）●Environment●Human Resource Development●Science and Technology

Direction

APEC Secretariat
Policy Support Unit（PSU）

Senior Officials Meeting（SOM）

Direction

Budget and Management
Committee（BMC）

Direction

EconomicCommittee（EC）●Tourism●Telecommunications&Information●Transportation●Health●Finance●Mining●Education●Forestry

ReportCommittee on Tradeand Investment（ CTI）

●Energy（EMM）●Food Security●Structural Reform

Report●Women&theEconomy

SOM Steering Committee
on ECOTECH（SCE）

Senior Finance
Officials Meeting（SFOM）

Energy Working Group（WG）●Energy（EWG）●Small and Medium Enterprises●Human Resource Development●Telecommunications andInformation●Counterterrorism●Tourism●Transportation●Agricultural Technical Cooperation●Ocean and Fisheries●Emergency Preparedness●Anti-Corruption and Transparency●Experts Group on Illegal Logging andAssociated Trade●Health

3．APEC ENERGY ORGANISATIONS AND APERC
EGEEC（EG on Energy Efficiency & Conservation）
EMM（Energy Ministers Meeting）EWG（Energy Working Group）

APERC（Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre）

EGNRET（EG on New & Renewable Energy Technologies）
EGCFE（EG on Clean Fossil Energy）
EGEDA（EG on Energy Data & Analysis）
LCMT TF（Low-Carbon Model Town TF）
ERTF（Energy Resiliency TF）

APERC07

5 ORGANISATION AND OPERATION OF APERC

１．Establishment and History
APERC is an international organisation established in Tokyo on 1 July, 1996 as an affiliate of theInstitute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ), at the initiative of the Japanese Government in accordancewith the APEC Osaka Action Agenda of November 1995. On 1 July, 2019 a new APERC was created as anindependent general incorporated foundation and on 1 April, 2020 APERC took over APEC-related
activities from IEEJ.

2．Organisation
Chairman＜Research Department＞
General Manager (G.M.)

President

Deputy G.M.
Vice-President
AdviserCouncilor

APERC Advisory Board

Energy Statistics & Training Ofﬁce

Senior Research Fellow
Research Fellow
Senior Researcher
Researcher

Research Support Division

Assistant Researcher＜Administrative Department＞
General Manager (G.M.)
Deputy G.M.

Accounting Division
General Affairs Division

3．Staffing
To accomplish the assigned tasks and to enhance the development of human resources for energy study
in the APEC region, highly-qualified visiting researchers recruited from APEC member economies, inaddition to Japanese researchers, conduct joint research and policy support activities.
Visiting researchers come from governments, research institutes and academic organisations in APEC
member economies and are recruited through a competitive process. They are selected from qualified
candidates in various fields, including economics, engineering, international relations and policy analysis.

4.Budget for Activities
The government of Japan has provided most of APERC's budget since the Centre's inception. Thisfinancial contribution (subsidy until fiscal year 2011) has been used to facilitate research activities andpolicy support, including activities to support the achievement of energy efficiency objectives, theacceptance of trainees and the dispatch of experts, the construction of energy data management networks,
and activities to enhance fuel supply stability.
The Australian government also provided a subsidy to support research activities from 2004 to 2006.

08 APERC

5．APERC Advisory Board●BackgroundThe establishment of the APERC Advisory Board was endorsed by the APEC Energy Working Group(EWG) at their 16th meeting in Cairns, Australia, in August 1998. The Terms of Reference were endorsedby the APEC EWG at their 17th meeting in Oakland, the United States, in April 1999.
●Terms of Reference
The Advisory Board is a group of representatives of major research institutions located in the APEC
region, who guide and facilitate APERC's cooperative research. The primary role of the Board is to give
professional advice on APERC s on-going and proposed research, including methodologies, approaches,
databases, and information sources, as well as the consultation of relevant experts.
APERC carefully considers the advice provided by its Advisory Board members in proposing its researchplan at the APEC Energy Working Group (EWG).

Members (as of December 2023) are as follows:
Mr. Adam McKissack

Mr. Allan Fogwill

Branch Head, Energy Economics, Data and Analytics, National Energy
Transformation, Department of Climate Change, Energy, theEnvironment and Water (DCCEEW)
COO, Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada (PTAC)
Former President and CEO, Canadian Energy Research Institute(CERI)

Australia

CanadaProf. Wang Zhongying

Director General, Energy Research Institute (ERI), NationalDevelopment and Reform Commission (NDRC)

China

Dr. Nuki Agya Utama

Executive Director, ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)Indonesia

Mr. Tatsuya Terazawa

Chairman and CEO, Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)Japan

Dr. Hyun-Jae Kim

President, Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI)

Korea

Dr. Sanjayan Velautham

Principal Fellow, National Energy University (UNITEN), Former CEO,
Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA), Former
Executive Director, ASEAN Centre for Energy

Malaysia

Dr. Tatiana Mitrova

Research Fellow, Centre on Global Energy Policy, School ofInternational and Public Affairs (SIPA), Columbia University

RussiaProf. Kulyos AudomvongsereeDirector, Energy Research Institute (ERI), Chulalongkorn University

ThailandDr. Cary Neal Bloyd

Senior Advisor, Electricity Infrastructure and Buildings Division,
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)

USA

Dr. Nan Zhou

Senior Scientist, Technical Program Lead for the Net Zero World Action
Centre, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)

USA

APERC

09

N

Kabukiza Theatre
National Cancer Centre

Shin-Ohashi Dori

Subway Yurakucho Line

Tsukiji Shijo
StationSubway Hibiya Line
Tsukiji Station
Tsukiji Honganji Temple

Tsukishima Daini
Elementary School

Tsukuda Ohashi
BridgeSUMIDA River

Harumi DoriAPERCINUI BLDG.-KACHIDOKI 11F
1-13-1 KACHIDOKICHUO-KU,TOKYO
5 minute walk from Exit A4 Kachidoki Station
Subway Toei Oedo Line

Kachidoki-Bashi
bridgeFormer Tsukiji
Market

A4 Exit
Kiyosumi DoriTsukishima Station
Subway Toei Oedo Line

Kachidoki Station

Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre（APERC）
Inui Bldg. Kachidoki, 11F, 1-13-1, Kachidoki,Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054 Japan
Phone : +81-3-5144-8551
Fax : +81-3-5144-8555
APERC Website: https://aperc.or.jp/

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