202

F Homblt and A Jcnardi Mcmbranc Opcrationallmpcdance Spcctra OfPiant Ccils

rc 7r7o て
lultancous mcasurc―θ′Image lnstrumentation Methods of Plant Analysis
C o s t c r H G L A S n i t h J R ( 1 9 7 7 ) L o w f r c q u c n c y i mα
p′
e dて
arnα
c′
fS iCn力
mcnts orscparatc plasnlalcHlma and lonoplast capacitancc and conductancc Austj Plant Physiol
4:667‑674
K.OMASA
Fcrrier JM (1981)TimC‐dCPendent extracctiular ton transport J ThCor Blo1 92:363‑368
Ferrier JM,Dainty J,Ross SM(1985)Thcory of ne3atiVC Capacitance in mcmbranc impcdancc
mcasuremcnts J Mcmbrane Blo1851245‑249
man LP(1971)OPcrational amplincr McGraw Hill.NY
Gracmc JG,Tobey GE,H ueに
ium and tctraethylammOntum on thc
H o m b l l F ( 1 9 8 5 ) E f r c c t o f s o d i u m , p o t a s s i u m l c amlacgtnuems、
lte stをtransicnt voltaBC rcsPOnse to a galvanostatic stcp and oF thc temPerature on thc stcady
々
̀7で
′
′
,″
rr J Exp Bot36:1603‑1611
θ/αmcmbrane conductancc or C力α′l lntroduction″
voltaBc ciamp devicc fbr blophysicalinvesti3atiOns J Phys Ei
H o m b l l F ( 1 9 8 8 ) A r a s t aC nu dr r he in Bt h ―Sci instrum 21:1100‑1102
年y ofnc3atiVC
FcrricrJ M(1988)Analysis orthc difrusionthc。
Kno、vlcdBc and undcrstanding of thc biological、
Hombll F、
vorid result from inforlnati
Capacitanceithc rolc of K and
the unstirred iayer thickncss J Theor B101 131:183‑197
about organisms and their intcractions、v ith thcir surroundings.Although inf
々
′
′
′
″
α
′
哲ご
θ
′
α
Homblも F,Jenard A(1984)PscudO― inductivc bchaviour ofthc nlembrane potcnttal ofαC力
mation can comc from many sources,trcmcndous advanccs in scicnce havc t
variant propcrty oF potassium channcis J Exp Bot
under 3alvanostatic conditionsi a tilnc―
currcd、vith advances in instrumentation and technology,e.go rnicroscopcs.T
3511309‑1322
・・′
力″αcstimatcd by
αcθ
″′
α′
rcccnt advanccs in elcctronics have Brcatly increased the amount of informati
Hombll F,Jcnard A(1986)Membrane oPcratiOnalimpedancc spcctra in c力
Laplace transforal analysis Plant Physio1 81:919‑921
that can bc obtained,Thc dcvelopmcnt of imagc instrumentation tcchnologi′
Fiヵ
αobtained byク̀θ/βHombltt F,Jenard A(1987)Wiembranc inPedance ofintcrnodal cclis of C力 r2メ、
vhich BathCr t、
vo―or thrcc―
dirncnsional information about thc organisrn ir、v icvcl transicnts Bloelectrochem BlocncrB 17:131‑139
analysis orl。
non―destructivc rnanner,has been particularly remarkabic.In the fleld ofmedicilβ′哲channclin protoplasmic droplcts orc力
Dainty J(1987)VoltaBC―dCpcndent Kヤ ー
Hombに F.Ferrier J、
instrumcntation tcchnologies for surface)microscoPic,X―
ray,RI(radiO iSOtOF
′
で
θ′
ク′
′
″α A single channcl PatCh Clamp study Plant Physlo1 83:53‑57
n a r d A n H u r w i t z H D ( 1 9 8 8 ) S o m c t C C h n i q u e s f o r i n v c s t i B a t i o n O r e l c c t r O c h e m i c a l a nandd i ouitrasonicn
H o m b l t t J Fe 、
imagcs
havc
bccn
Put
tO
practical
usc
For patient diagnoscs.
ゎ?̀′
ini Dryhurst Go Niki
θ′
で′
′
'′
′
αご
transport PrOperties ofbloloBical Celi mcmbrancsi lSC
thc Orcをcヵ
COttunction with advanccs in computed tomography(CT),tOmOBraphiC imaとvior of biolo3iCal molecules Plenum Prcss.NYK ( c d s ) R c d o x c h c r n i s t r y ai nc di a il n tb cc rh fa をthat give nOt only lnOrpholoBiCalinforrnation but alsO functional and Phys101031(
JOrBensen PL(1975)lsolatiOnandcharacterizationofthccomponcntsOrthc50diumpumP QuartRev
information havc also bccn obtained(Hcrman 19791 0noc 1982;Mansacld a
BiOPhys 7i239‑274
Kishimoto U(1961)Current volta3C relations in Nitclla Biol Bull 121:370371
Morris 1982),′
でCell JPN J Physlo1 24:403‑417
Kishimoto U(1974)TranSmembranc impcdance ofthc C/7β
In the neld of plant rescarch,a varicty ofilnage instrumentation tcchnolo31
noisc aPproach
Marmarelis PZ,Marmarelis VZ(1978)Analysis of physiolo3ical Systemi thc whitc―
Plcnum Press.NY′っ′〃''1̀′̀′ご̀′̀′
Dainty」 (1985)Frequency―dcPendent mcmbrをinC impcdancc in C力
Ross S,Fcrricr J→
cstimated by Fouricr analysis J Mcmbranc Bio1 85i233‑243
Sc3alJR(1967)Elcctrical capacitancc orion̲exchセin3er rncnnbrancs J Thcor Biol 14:ll‑34
SinBCr SJ、Nicoison G L(1972)Thc nuid nlosと lic modcl of thc structurc of ccli nlcnlbrancs Scicncc
1751720‑731
nnc!s
、
、
ct ce1ls for voltaBC dCPCndcnt K chとSmith PT(1984)Electrical cvidencc fronl PcrrtlSCd and intと′な Aust J Plant Phys101 11:303‑318
w s r・
̀′i n t h c p l a s m a l c m Cm れ′a ′ò l′｀
V o r o b i c v L N l M u s a c v N A ( 1 9 7 9 ) E l c c t r i c a l c h a r a c t c r i s t i c s o r t h c Iclcelnil nwlaal lo fa n d P l a s m 之
,Vlrダ
′
θ
θ′
ざ
̀′Low flcqucncy inlPCdancc Sov Plant Physio1 261570‑577
βs,S brι

silnilar to thosc in the neld of medical sciencc, havc bccn deve10pcd for ccl
i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s , a n d s mc a l le ―p l a n t c o m m u n i t i c s ( O m a S a a n d A i B a 1 9 80rnasa et al. 1988).TheSC tCChnologics are used to clucidate the reaction mec
anisms of livin3 plants in aclds such as physiology and physiolo3iCal ecolo[
Bascd on the information obtained from these fundamental studiesぅ
diagnosis

plant Browin3 COnditiOns,■
Jury by discasc and pests,nutrition disorders,a〕
cnvironmcntal pollutionuryn
i句 ctc.・
have becomc possiblc.In addition,in thc nc
of biotcchnology thcsc technologies can also be used for screening Plants obtaintby such mcthods as brccding,ccll fusion,and Bene rccombination.

Dcvelopmcntorwidc̲arearcmotcscnsin3fOrplantcOmmunitiesbyartincialsatellitcs
has also bccn quitc rcmarkablc(ColWe‖
1983)The sensin3 is usCd tO Survcy crOpPin3ntacreaBc o「crops.to cstinate yicldsA and also to invcsti3ate chtinBcS in vcBctatiOn and ccosystcns Since a(ThCmatic Mappcr)with many sPcctral bands and about30 m rcsolutiOn has bccn mountcd in Lands
thc cxPansiOn in applications ofrcmotc scnsinB to aBriCulturc Or vcgctation invcsti3atiOn arc ex
i d ea―H o w c v c rw、
r e a r e m o t c s c n s i n g sfCoarl ci aPrlBacn―
t communitics are limited in tcrms or lphysloloBiCal information obtaincd from living plants Thercrore.in ordcr to cxtcnd thc applim a g c i n s t r u m c n t a t i o n t c c h n o l o 3 i C S f O r i n d i v i sd cu a l e P pl la an nt tS ca on md m us nm ia tl i卜
n c l d sl、which will combinc physiolo8y at tllc ccll lcvctwiti〕 obtained From thc widc―
in「ormationarca rem(
SCnSan3 arc lmportant
The application iclds forimage instrumentation ofliving plantsincludc thoofthc Future、
listcd in Table l Thc instrumentations arc cxpectcd to be used inranging from thc fundamcntalto thc applicd,such as botan
great inany nclds‐
agricuiturc,environmcntal scicncc,spacc scienccn and pcdagoBy,

204

K Omasa

Table l.MttOr appllcation aelds fOr imagc instrumcntation oflivin3 plants
キ D i a g n o s e s o r i n J u r y b y d i s c a s c s a n d p c s t s , n u t h t i o n d i s o r d e r s , c n v i r o n m cunrtya,lC tPCo l l u t i O n i n 」
岩Plant Bro、
vth lmOnitoring and culturc control* Biotechnolo3y(mainly screcnin3)
準 Automatization of farm work(rObOtics)■Diagnoscs of cnvironmcntal purincation capacity■Educational systcms for Plant diagnoses and culturc control
ネA u x l l i a r i c s f o r awricdac ―remote scnsin3■Othcr rcscarch in aelds such as physioloBy,ccO10By,agricuiturc,cnvironmcntal sctcncc and sPacc

2 11111age Sensor Selection and Processing System

Image lnstrunentation Methods o「 Plant Analysis

Onc rcquiremcnt for actualinstrumentation using thcse sensorsisthe prcsense
vavcs for thc active or passive bearing of inforrnation aboutoF electromagnctic、
OttCCtS・Active instrumentation methods,in which clcctromagnctic wavcs areirradiated to obtain information from living plants,havc bcen developcd recently,
vaves fromas an addition to the passivc lnethod,which uses only clectromaBnetic、
caturcs sclcctive acquisition ofthc cnvironmcnt.Activc instrumcntation incthod「inforrllation on sPccinC phys101。
Bical and biocherllical reactions,but it has the
disadvantagc ofexertinginauence on thc plantenvironment.The inforrnation suchas lninutc area,internal conditions,and IIlctabolic processes ofthc living plants isET.Plant infor―
obtaincd by combining such techniqucs as RI,Inicroscopes,and〈
mation and to appropriate image instrumcntation apparatuses are listcd in Tablc 2.
Thc list includes tcchniqucs devclopcd for medical or industrial vhichusc,、areapplicable to thc plant ncld,in addition to those developcd spccincally fOr plantrcscarch.Typicalirnagc instrumentation lnethods for obtainin3 plantinformation
are describcd in detailin Section 3 and thcrcartcr,

2.l 1lmage Sensor and Plant lnformation
Table 2, Plant information and to approPriatC imagc instrumcntation apparatuscs

v band(viSible rays)OfthC clcctromagnetic
Human eycs pcrceive only a vcry narro、
spectrum and liHlit the information obtained. In ilnagc instrumentation and

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Vavcs ofvarious bands,and high―tromagnetic(orsOund)ヽ
scnsitivity scnsors Figure
vavCS and typical sensors
l sho、v s thc wavclcn3th Of electromagnetic(or SOund)、uscd in the respectivc bands.
Wavetength

(メm)
Radio
band

・
MRi
―
―一―」

Microwave(uitrasOnic)
infrared
VisibleUV
X ‐r a y
Gammaray

・ R3dar
「
′

/

̲̲̲̲ソ

戸
′

・
(ultrasOnic camera),(Uitrasonic CT)
Thermal camera
Scanner(MSS,TM)
TV camera(pick up tube,solid imager)
・l mage intenSifier・
UV TV camerat X ―r a y T V c a m e r a
・X ―r a y C T
・X―ray filrn
・Scintiltation camera
・Positron CT

Figど1. Wavctength or elcctromagnetic(or SOund)、vavCS and typicalimagc scnsors

Piant inFormation

IInage instrumentation apparatus

ネG r o w t h n s h a p c ‐conlmunity structure

Multispcctral camera(TV,SCanner),sterco or moirc camcran ultrasonicca m cra、CT(X,ray,NMR,uitrasonic)

キPlant tcmpcrature〕
transplratlon,3aS
absorption

Thcrmalcamera(inCludin3 SCanncr)

ネStomatal rcsPonSC

Thcrmal ca mcra,remotc―control
li3ht rnicroscopc systcm

ホPhotosynthctic
systemi activity
ネV i s i b i c l n J u r y 、Hi3h‐Sensitivity spcctral camcra

Plant P13mcnt,
color and luster* C c l lo、rBanellc
ネStructurc、
Phys10‑10BiCal runction
hsidc or3aniSm(C3‐annual ring,rot,water content,transrer and mcta̲
bolisnl ororganism
connponcnts)

Multispectral camcra(TV,SCanner)

Li3hi miCrOscoPc syStCm
CT(X‐ ray.NMRn ultrasonic,Positron),s cintillation camcra
X―ray TV camcra、

2.2 1mage Processing Systemlttc ill｀
ti t111lcilttiti()n is hugc.Forcxample,think
The amountofdata obtaincd by inlと(littittillBCS
il11を
Orrcd(R),greCn(c}),and blue
aboutdisplayingacolorphotoBrtti〕h ti｀

K Onl■ 、■●11'itⅢi nltiはc illStrtinlclltationヽ
4cth()d、,,t Alltlly、1、1、3o()d as thと、t of tlle origillal seen only(B)̲In Ordcr to obtain tin、
8cimとqunlityとvith the cycs、、
tilcalllotintorinrornlをltiOn rctluirc(l
b()ve
is i、
512 x 512 PixclSand 256v tlrc conlptitibility is 300(l Forspecd
high―
soft、
lting―
PrOCessi:13()r noとPoint(〕
PCr―)tlntistinit
18C ll・tilis
nlく cxPrCSSCd by bytcs,a cd
in u、
Brtldations ill ctich digital
illiをticoilaputers,it.lbout
i、
786 KB,c()rrcsPOndh13 ｀t()とlnlost thc totを
1l CtlPとicity of one
S O P P y d t t C , a sc du 、r o r P c r s lo cn o■n l P u t c r S I r t h c o t t C C t R dni ntlhcrncsci‐()nalandmOVin3 imaBc, the anlollilt or )rnlとin負ition htindicd Brcとltly incrctlscs Rcccnt

in3(FPA‐1;0 6 Linpack M「LOPSt3 5 MWhcts/s)
PrOCeSSOr by piPclinc PrOCCS、と
indと
l sin31C PrcCiS10n array pr()ccssor Oftllc
btlilt―in tyPc(VA‑li14
MFLOPS)、 inと、
d d i t i o n tlo をStandttr(l MC 68881(0 1 Linpack MFLOPSi l.l MWhets/s)In｀
tr,11lctirrayProccssOrhとrtiCulを
ヽ、ととPと
PPrOXlinatcly2501ibraricsandcancarryout,ftDr
CXをlmi〕
iC,itddition and nlultiPiictitiOn ol 1024 PointS
in compicx
160 μ FFT ins and45■ ls Duc to this capacity,thc systc,1l rcalizcs a proccssinB sPcCd l10na scvcral
tilllc、
to somc tcnstimcsthsterthal〕
that ora syStCHl with ln｀
onlyを
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s
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rcc(〕
、
nstruction
Pr()CCSS COmplicatcd(〕
PcratiOns suchとadvanccs in com?utCr tcchnoloBics,rcPrCSCntcd by 32‐
PutCrS,array ProCCSSOrS,tlnd oPtiCal disc、

bit stiPcr PCrsonと ｀l Conl―with lとlrBc―Cと｀PaCity mcmory tirc out―

standin3 and comPlictitCd calculations
tt untii
tilと
now havc only bccn possibic tisin3
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1113 u、POrtabiC 、
inlと
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Bc
Procc｀
systcnls PackttBCS Or iinti3C ProcCS｀

in3 SO11｀ vare、 vith 3ood colllPと｀tibliy,、 tⅢ
cllとisSPIDER(Kyodo Systcm Kと 、
lhntsu.tib()ut 700 subr()uti,lc、
of ifORTl(AN 77 if
i nctudcd)haVC also bccn sold()n thc ninrkct
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As an cxti11lPiC()ril POrttibic、
lli3h―
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s h o w n i n F i 3 2 T h i s s y s t c n ol r ac ( s) un Ps ci rs t P、c r iS cO o' m1 pュu t c r ( M A S S C O M Pヽイ
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wci3htnlllll light‐ COnlPutcr Withb i t v i ritCuP棋a32‐
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M H Z ) a n d u 、c 、U N I X ( A T & T S y s t c i l l V + 1 ) c r k c i c y 4 . 2 B S D ) , w i t h t ir1コ
c付
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a、 OS(oPCriitinと、iny
inn3utiBc｀
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、
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T h e c o l o r B r a p h i c d i s P i a y w i t h c t B h t l l a l l l c n l c m ( ) rbiictss()5i1s2 x 5 1 2 x 8 ‐capablc ordisPiayin3 any threc館 ■lllc nlcmorics tis a color imaBc(aPPrOxinititcly
16 7 mllllon colors;RG B cach 8 bits)、とヽnd also htis rti,lctiOns such FiS Z00nlin3・
andoと、
ttain vとlrious proccssin3S rcquired for dis―
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ly,、uch ti、lmaBc SnlootllillB,、PtiCC nltcrn tind tldditi()n/subtrとlction/nltlitiPti―
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vccti franlc nlcmoricsを
ind SCとnlcnt↓
ltioll、in 1/30 to scvcrtllscconds tisin3
tin 8‐or 16‑bit intc8Cr illl■ 3c Pr()Cessor()rtilc bunt̲in tyPc SinCC this ProcCSSOr htts
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inlaと
C ProcCS｀
i n3 on it、
PtirP()SC PCr、vn Thc h()、o村
t co:1lPutCr tlnd thc BrilPhiCy diSPl■P‐
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c()ni
inlを
1じ
nlと
C dnta is(100KB/s)i11 0rdcrt()、di3itiZじ
d byと、1113h―
sPCCd inlと｀ly,ir thc
BC A/E)convcrtcr conncctcd to thc disPiとillltlBc siBnill
ln l(GBiSを or NTSC type lritis tinochcrtypc orimaBe siBnと
11、
it i、
di8itiZCd by ti multiPllrpo、
c hi3h―SPCCd A/D convcrter conncctcd to thc ilost
C0111Pt↓
tCr「Or cxanlPIC,a TV illlaBc ctinいc digitと11lzせ(lin 1/30 oFを
l SCCOnd,and
PrCPrOCCSSil18 SuCh ti、noisc rcnloval,slltiding corrccti()n,と、nd dcnsity lcvci con―vcrsit)ncとln bc cxccuted in rcを
1l tilne by tlle pr()ccsS()r bililt int()thc(lisPitty
ThCOPtiCtlldisclinitconncctcd tothc8raphicdisPlをly i、
1 lscd t()storc thc、
inlと
8C
d【
ita Onc optical disc(1・2GB)can St()rc aPprOXimとltcly 5000 digitntimages(512x480x8bits)It Can writc(27s)and read(14s)bctWCCn thc oPtiCal disc and thc
diSPìly.lt hiBh SPCCd With its trcc strilcttirc,tilc dircct()rylsy makcsiteとto cditthc
ntcsforaninin3edattlbasc Ductorcmarktibica(lvanccsin opttcを
1l diSc tcchnoloBiCS
iti rcccnt ycars、v‖i be lllarkctcd in thc nctir ruturc
PractiCtll and crasable dcviccs、
A combin:ition ortcchn。
loBics「or oPtic411 rcad―
only discs wili a1lo、
v thc sPrcnd Or
inCXPCnsivc inlaBc datとl btiscs
lbOVC is sti‖ c()、tlyぅ■1‑
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ystcnl dcscribcdをthough comPLitCrS and BrnPlliC diSPlこvcvcr,32‑bit
ly、1ltive becon,c illcxPcnSiVC.1lo、、
vork stと,tiolls have rcccntly bccomclとt ril1ld
poptⅢ incxPcnsiVC,andn bcct、
PtⅢ
rchascd
foraboutoncnlllllonycn ThcworkstationtransPiante(lsPIDER mayscrvcalmost
vith ProccSSing sPced iind the numbcr oft ovcrly conccrncd、a‖purpo、c、ironc is.。
colors disPitlycd Duc to advtincesin V LSItechnolo3ies,sin31C‐
Chip realtinlc si3nal
PrOCCSSOrs 、vith caPacitiCS cquivalent to that of array PrOCessors have becomc

commcrcially available in the near ruturen hi3h―
SPeed inlagc processin3 syStCms、
vlll also bc availablc chcaPly vill
and、become personalsystems in fact as well asinna mc
Fig.2. Portable lllBh―
SPCCd image prOcc、sing system

K Onl■ 、a

Inlaど
じInstrtHllcllttttiOn Methods orPiant Analysis

209

3 TV Spectral lmage lnstrumentation

3.2 Spectroradioanalyzcr負 )r Ficld Wleasuremellt

Since sPcctral rencction, trans■lission, and absorPtion propertics of Pitints in
wavclen3th from neと、r uitravlolct to ncar infrarcd(0 3to 2,tm)arC inducnccd bysuch factors as sur食lce or intcrnal structure,typcを
lnd anlounts of int
PlとPi3nlcnts,
and watcr conditions,thcy tlre important as Plant informとiti()n(Gと、tes ct al 1965;
Myers 1983)P.trtiCuitirlyinthebandbclow0 nl,Plllnts
8μareownk■to ilbsorb li3ht
and cHlit nu。
1・c、
CCnCC in relと、tion to physioloBical reactions such as phOtosynthcsis,
ns(TrcbSt and Avron 1977i Kendrickp h o t o m o r p h o B c n e S i S , a n d s t o m a t ailc tricoとand KroncnberB 1986;Sharkcy and 03awa 1987)Thisbilndscnscdbyhuiǹin cyc、
is ilnportantl R〕
obtainin3 inSormatio■
on charactcristics of Plant Browth is
StlChとs h a p c , c o m m u n i t y s t r u c t u r c , a n d v i s i b i c i n i u r y T h C T V1 1s plcmcatBrcをi n ―strumentation method is uscd toヽ
obtを
in
Pit｀
nt PhysioloBicと｀l inforlllation()r BrOWth

Thc sclcction orTv caniera and opticai nitcrs rcquircs a knowicdgc ortllc spcctral

charactcristics usin3 TV SPCCtral cameras witll various optictl1 61tcrs(:l SPCCinl one

a S u t t C C t t t r i l w a y ( 0 . 8 t o i n n n i t y n l ) , と、
nd thC attとichnlcnt is uscd to nicasure theis a color camcra by RGB syntllcsi、｀
mcrtisと、ccording to thc stcrco),and by llsi,13Cとor moire met1lod Movcment or a st。
11la and nlo「Ph010BiCa1 01 Physi0103iCal
information at the cc1l levci cと、n be obtained by a li3ht ■ licrO、
c opc witll tilc
hi3h―SCnsijvity camcra(See scct 4)TechnitlueS For measurin3 Chl()roPhyll
月tlorescencc transicnts with inSornlation of plloto、
ynsctic systenl will bc dcscribcd
in Scction 5

3,l Types and Features of TV Camerasp r (P〕e r t i c s o r t h c l i g h t c n v i r o n n l c n t a n d s u b J C C t A p o r t a b l c s P C C t r ( ) r a d i o a n a l y z c r( O m をl S a C t a 1 1 9 8 2 ) a n d a S t a n d t i r d l i B h t s O u r c c f o r c a l i b r a t i o n a r c s h o w n i n F i B

Thcと、
nalyzcr consi、
̀so「two difrl.lction grating sPcctrOSCOPCS
cannin3
SOr、 arangc orO.2501o0900 rtnl(Chl:PhOtOmultiPlier R636 is uscd tis a dctector)in iS
andaranBcof0 850to2 501■m(Cl1 2,PbSce11)il1 5 s,andasignalproccssortOCOntrol
thc spcctrOscope tind to、
tinと
lyze
thc mcnsurcd data Thc dctcct()r is clcctronicallycoolcd to inlProvC thC Scnsitivity and S/N Thc wavciengtll rcsolution and the stray
4 Li3htiS introduccd from ali3ht arc tti nm at Ch l,上3 nill at Ch 2,and l×10‐
condcnscr or an intcBrtitin3 SPilCrC nttachnlcnt(FiB.4)to thC SPCCtro、
coPc、via
O P t i C を1 l n b C r s T l l c c o n d c n s c r i s u s c d t o n l c t l s L B r C t h c s P c c t r a l r c n c c t i o n P r O p e r t i e s o f

SPCCitil iCncct41lcc and trとⅢ
nsnlittiHlce by the built―

in li81lt SOtirce and illtegrating

SPhCrel P r O C C S S O r i S a n、
T h C S i 3 n1 を
citnitvcer とsystcnl with a CRT(cathOdC rtly tubc)〕
diSPlをヽⅢcolicctiくn and を
lnalysis Tllc nicasurcd datil arc automを
ltiCnilyy fOr datとcalibratcd 〔i〕
lscd on thc vcrincation valuc ofthc
indardstと light、
ourcc and arc、
lorcd
illと
lmと 18nctic ca、 、cttc taPc.SinCC thc si31ltll ProccSSOr ha、

runcti()ns ol・coritinu()1ls

a d d i t i o n a n d c o l l c c t i o n ( ) r d a ut la D Jw ch cc tn i Sa 、m c a s u r c d u n d c r v c r y w c a k l i B h t ,it can cxPをヽnd its dynanlic ranBc fOr thc quantity orl18htin combinatio,l with thevidtil for tlle sPcctrOSCOpc ln tiddition,thc ndditiontll
ProcCSSOr hil、
scicction orslit、TV camcras with inlagc Pickup tubcs and solid imagcrs k)r dctcctin3 bandS fromncar ultraviolct to ncar inttared havc been Plを lCCd On the nlarkct Pickup tube
camcrasllavc a vitricty()「sPcctrを
1l SCn、
itivitics in thc rangc ofO.2to 21,nl,rcsolution,
dark currcnt,andと IRcr‐imn3e Thc inlage distortion,image stability,and shadil18
arc automatically corrcctcd by cicctric circuits in the camera Thc solid calllcrtl lllls
also been dcveloPC(1をlSanCxtBenerationcameraandasub、
titute for tilc PiCktip tllbe
camcra Camcras with solid imagcrs(SCnsitivity range;0 4 to lll)suChとl l μ ヽsCCD
oxidc―
silicon)have rcccntly bccn mtlr―(Charge cOuplcd dcvicc)and MOS(lllCtal―
keted Colorcamcrtisofbroを
ldCaStin3 Standard arc vno、
becomin3 avをvell、
l ilable as、
and tilese solid camcras arc cxpccted to be smallin sizc and veight,tolightin、 work
atlow voltaBc and 10｀
V powerconsunlptiOn,to bc highiy rcliablc,and to have alonB
scrvice lirc Thc resoltttion,1lowcvcr,is usutは
1ly worsc than that of Pickt'P tubc
cameras,Thcy arc aiso charactcrizcd by thc lack ofilnage distortion and burnin3,
and the dccreasc oFafter―
images Forinstrumcntationundcrvcryweakli3ht,the use
ofa SIT(siliCOn intcnsiflcr targct)camera and thc FnOuntin3 0Fan imagcintensincr
are requircd
The houschold VTR is often used to rccord color or and―black―
whitc ilnagcs for
imaBC analysis Howevcr,ifhi3h image qualityand timc code accuracy arc rcquircd,
VTRs of broadcastin3 Standard、
v ith tilnc basc corrcctors and tilnc codc rccordin3
functions arc more suitable,althouBh they are cxpcnsivc Optical disc dcviccs forrccording TV images are commercially availablc,although thcy are also cxpensivc

Fi呂.3. Portablc sPcctrOradioanalyzer and standard liBht SOurce for calibration

K Omasal n l8■c t h t ,od「、P l ょn t A nl■y ト、
C i n H r u m c n t int kM〕

０ ０Ｅ何 や００ 中いＯＥ

FiH.4.Aは
1:ドh n l c n t w i t h l i〔s〕
uh t r、c e)r itⅢ:!:1(1 11ltcBrて、ting sPhcrc魚
trodticifiB
Via oPtict｀light t()、l rliぅ
c rs
PCCtroscoPc｀

Wave tength(nm)l tを1,Inulti―
veen bct、
mensurcd dをfunctions such as ibur arithmctic ruic oPCrations
cocttcicnt,and
catculation
orcncr3yinaspeciFlcd
band.
PtiCatiOn ol｀
SPCCtral rcllcctanccs or tllc hcalthy part and thc visibly injurcd
Piant Part()1｀icavesnlcastircdtisinBthcintcBratin3SPhCrCattachinentarcshowninFi3 5,In thc
rtm bcCOmcs smを
11lCr due to absorption byhcalthy Part,1llc rcncctance vO.7
bclo、
m(1
9
μ
m
absorption
band
isimpossible
to mcasurc)it
Plant Pi3mcnts.and in it4 μ

Fig.5.SPcctrili rせl l c t t t i n c co、
ftctivじ、1 1 l C t i S t i i C d L i St i nl どC i n t c 8 r t t t i n 3 S P h C r C t i t t t t c h m c n t A!卜
ctllthy Ptirti

B visibiy injurcd Pttrt

3.3 1mage instrumentatio■o「Plant Crowth and Shapebccomessmatler duc to watcr absorPtiOnt Howcver,intllcvisiblyinjurcdPtirtorthestate,
lcar(inとl dry statc),thC rcnectances orthcsc bands arelarBc lndricd
the non―oruv
t h e a b s o r p t i o n b y w a t c r i n t h c n e a r i n f r a r e d b aonpdt irceamia innbsc rA ■vith no absorPtion by watcrin the ncarinfrarcd is
Brade iS used ror Ch l,and onc、
uscd 3or Ci1 2 Mcasurcments usin3 thiS attachrnent arelilnited to thc bandvcen
bct、
0 4 and 1 8 1tnl becausc ofthe spectral propcrtics orthe li3htSOurce cncr3y(tungstcn
halogcn lamp), optiCal abcr transmission, and intcgratinB sPhcrC rcncction in
addition to sensitivity of dctcctors,Spectral rcncctance and translllittancc can bemeasured within an crror lnargin of about 37。On the other hand,thc condenser
v cd thc mcasurcmentofthc band from 0 25 to 2 3 μ m
allo、

Piant、 Bro、V bectttisc OrCCn division tⅢ nd ccli clon3を ltiOn Thcとlocation tind chanBcs atCach gro、,0｀Vth、 Pccd diStrs by
vin3 Stを13C ThCrcrtDrc,itis inlPOrtant to invcsti3ate

SPatial dittcrcnces ttnd chan3CS OVCr tilnc in thc Bro、

Vth ratc or Piant orBans・

ThC

inlportantProbiCnlingrowthinstrumcntationttdisttnButthinBthcOttechVCOr3ans
rrom thc backBround Plantrcncctancc i、

1を
lrBCrin thc ncarinllarcd bと、nd or0 8to

1 3 μm in comPariSOn with that orthc back3rotind soil(MycrS 1983)ThcrCrOre,thelnt COnlmunity gro、
Plをving in thc soil is ctisily cxtractcd by ncar infrarcd spcctral

irnaBCS,althouBh S011le ptirts remain hiddcn bcctiLlヽ

C Of surtticc instrunlcntation

Thc co■linunity BrOWth char〔lcteristics such as、
ictifと
rcn‐
lca ヽ
rを
rCn indexn dry wcightn
and Plを
int height are estimatcd from calculations or mtitrix clcmcnts、
ryoF binとimagcs cxtracted by measuring a community from muitiPlc dirCCtions(MatS
EBuchl 1978) Alson it is PoSSible to estimate, although not very acctiraten thC
characteristics oF community BrOWth by measuring thc intcnsity of renectcd li3ht
from plant community

智
韓︐

ギ注ｒ ←

ｒ
ヽ
︼
て
﹂ｆ
い

Iillage ltl、
tru,llcllttitit)11い‖じtilods OF itHlt′i】 ヽ:】
illy、
is

と

,11Ⅲ
′
円
FiR,7A,B. ヽ、l SWCCt ilく ,141tけl〕にlnt、 どrt)Win3 in thC llCid till(l thcir■
ぷせ く
Pせttr付1 1111■

ren、 cxtr■ せtcti by｀
t h r c1、
1 ( l d i n s AP ヽ〕りμl l l ) t B vt■
1 1ど
■
せ( 〔
WlOu‐
c d i lさ
lせ
li■
｀
ア
rlて
r r′t ' l s P i n n t a r c,nr rdたi
lsd、(′
Hi nrenⅢ
cctml市Fi呂. 6 . M u l iPヽ
cctinl l V cttincra with 4 ban(l rctFtry nttachmcnt
c a r ( ) t c n ( )(iヽC(c1 、r i s s ) H ( ) W C V C r , i n t h c ivli)、l y ul lr巧C ( 1 l、lC iとt h C r c a c c t a r l c c b c c ( ) n l c 、、orPitint
Piど
niCnts ifi31'reは
vs t、
、
ho、
vt)tyPc｀(〕rtyl,ictilllぅ
vi、
ic
3rCtitCr,(luct()tiic
lo、
V ctill、A llltlltiSPCCtritl■
Crとヽdcvck)1ぅc(l bythct、
ut1lor rt)1 1lllと、trtllllcntation
sc ill｀()rPlantとrOWth and visibic i,ljury is sh()wn
in「i36 Ar()tary
attachnlcnt with ana u t o n l l l t i c f t i n c t i o n l、
b1 r1 3 ti hn cs cn hi と
t c rとlst tit、
i c h c d t o t h c ) t「t To Vn t cくa n l c r a ,と、thtis とvi,18 SPCCtrill inlと13CS tO bc 11ltldC at four dilitrcllt 、、lk〕、
conlbintition or inlを 13C PiCktiP ttlbC(or、vave lぅ ょnd、 Theoll(l inlと、どCr)とitld OPtiCtll丘 itci、 i、sclcctcd

dCPCnding()n thc PurP()｀
C For plを
1 1lt instrunlcntと、、tion,1l tyPicとlc()11l 、billとtion iヽas i t i c o n v i d i c ( ) n t1u(blcC(DO riを
n i t i 3 C r ) c a n l C r n wiittihv istcyl lt、n n nt dh c o fl 0ぅ 4 t o
ccntri、l l nμi tilld i1ltcrrcSrcncc vhosc
tiltcts、
vclCngtlls tirc 0 45,055,067.:t,ld
lwモⅢO̲90 1tlll(11とヽ
1鼻ヽと、ndwidtll:()01to 0 03,tnl)
Fisurc 7A silows ti sPCCtralimilBc in the nettrinfrilrcd band(09()￨しm)OFa swcct
110 Plこint c(〕
nlllliinity gr(〕wing in thc licld Thc usc()r spCCtral llll̀、
pOtを
BC a1lows thc
lratioti(〕
ftllC PlとSCPを
11lt C011lnlunity frolll thc b̀lck3round by thrcsh()ldil18(FiB 7B)

i n j u r i0c1、
lc俺
を
l t u r Cn、u n l c r ( c) ru cs t, cd i t、i n d 、
ru n id lc lとl lu r ai nc d、 t h c ( ) t h c r
f c【
rは
、
t・u r cb、ld■
1 l dlじctir injurics
S P C C t r a l i n i n B c a n t i l誌
y、
ctiVC nicthod、R)r cvalunttnど
thc、c
P r o V i d C S t w ( ) O 1 3c」

苦
￨ほ
1古
W‖
温1ヽ
紺掛
協鮮
ぱ幣ギ‖
佑増
漫
1出
出
￨‖
lド
科
1牌
胡品
常鮎
だ
押f苦

v、thc c()rrcititit)n c()cilヽ
3 sll()、
cicllts all(1、 lrd err()r、
vhich indictitc thc rciを
1■
11(1を
、
1‑

6 ( ) nh 、
i P b c t W C C n t h c t o t n i c l l l o r o P h y l l Cr(c)(n)tncllPl(t),nwchnitc(h) ritsh ca n i n jl()、t PignlCnt、
1ld rtitio()r
thcir
、
13C｀
.nlld tllc tlvcrti3c srily lcvcl()ibt、
1l inlを
Pcct'■
n i c n u、r e d t h ru(g〕
h v a r i o t t s i n t c r f c S r c l (l cc cc n tl 、
i twcarv、
せicnじ
th 0 45,055,067ぅ
rilと
07S,0 90 rllll｀ Vith rcsPcCtiVC llと、
1ユ1)を
i ndヽVidtl1 0 03,001,001,001,001′

̀111)、
intiCrc(〕n st:t11l118htil13、vithとl Sllicon vidicoll cnlllcrtl The、
corrciとti()ni、t hc ll18hCSt itl thc‑095 The
CtiSC()rn l,tilldlと 055/090,、 vhcrc thc corrcltiti()n cocl舟
iti()ol｀
icicnt i、
sttl:ldtird crlorill cvi!itititir18
thC t()t【 C()ntcnt tllldcr
ll chlor()1)hyH
tlli、
handrtitiois4
2

T h C S P C C t r t l l i n l と、
ition is tin cFltctivc rncthod fbr cxtraction or BrO｀Vth
8ci!lStrtlnlcntとallalyses or tilc
1,PCtal,frttit,tind
icとother or3ans
Alti30ugh、tcrco t、
1ld sctinning nlollc mcthods usingV i『cameras pcrlnit thc
mctisttrin3 0「Si11lPlc three―dimc】lsional shilpes,it is impossiblc to obtain infor―
nlation stich asthe intricatcly shaped insidc structurc ofplants and roots in the soil
Thcsc suttcCtS must bc measurcd by othcr mcthods such as CT

afrnjlBry
3.4 1mage rnstru,ncntation of VisibleL々
N c c r o S c a n d c h l o r o t c v i s i b l c l c a F i ncjauursycもd by thc destruchon oficaftlssuc
andthclossofPlantpi3mcnts Thercflcctanccofahealthylcafatwavclcngthsbclow
0 7 μ
m is small,duc to absorption by plant pigments such as chlorophylls andFi‖,8A,3,Two types oftyPictll visibic inJuriCS A OⅢ
市
1「J、y;B S02 illJury(OmaSa ct al 1984)

K Omasa

214
Table 3. Corrclation cocmcients and standard errors which indicatc
the relationshiP veen
bet、thc total chlorophyH contcnt and the ave‐rage Bray level or band raho orvarious spectralimaBcS(OmaSa ctal
1983a)
Wavelength o「irnage or band ratio
045
(μ
055
067
078
0,90
045/090055/090067/090078/0900457078055/078067/078045/0.67055/067045/055m)

CorrelationcOefncicnt

Standard crror

̲091
‑089
‑0,87
̲009

56(μg cm!)
61
67

003
‑093
‑095
̲088
̲020
‑091
‑091
‑086
016
060
‑078

51
42
64
57
58
69
109
85

μ Bcn1 2.This method is especially eFrective fOrthc cvaluation ofnumcrousn discrctc,

and unclcar itturies,such as 03 injury.
Thc other method uses the ratio ofthe itturCd arca to the lcaf area.Thc mostcfrcctivcwavelenBthoftheintcrfercnccnitcrforseparatingtheitturcdpartfromthc
vecn the averagc gray levcls of
bccausc thc difFcrcncc bctヽm‐μhealthy part is O,67
thcsc parts in thc spectrallearirllage is thc Breatcst.This lnethod is efFective ror thecvaluation of broad and clear itturiCS,Such as S02 ittury・ The complex ittury
causcd by rnixcd pollutants,pathogenic Fungi,noxiousinsects,etc,can bc cvaluatedby the combined use of both rnethods.
Alsoぅ
sincc thc rcnectancc in nl
l.4and
μ l.9nlμ dcpcnds on the watcr contcnt
ofthe planttissuc,the spcctralilnage ofthcse bands provides information relating
to thc severc dryin3 0ut of visibly ittured lcaves(Kniplin3 1970;Mycrs 1983).
vatcr potcntial ofa healthy learis
in、 content orthcヽ
Ho、vcvcr,a sli3ht Change vater
not dctccted by the spcctralimagc.

Image lnstrumcntation Mcthods of Plant Analysis

215E)ircct obscrvation ofthc stomatallnovcmcnt of attached lcavcs had been vcry
ditttcult under thc plant's actualv【vinBBro、
conditions(ヽ4eidner andい
ansncld 1968;
Meidncr 1981).Although thc scannin3 cleCtrOn lnicroscopc(Shiraishi ct al.1978)
and thc light rnicroscopen in which a picce of leaf is iHlincrscd in watcr or tiquid
1939;Stalfck 1959;Mcidncr 1981),can,rOvidC a clcar imagc at
Paramn(Mon五hi3h lnagnincation,obscrvation ofintactstomata undcr thcir growing conditions is
ilnpossiblc̀Obscrvation、Ving BrO｀
vith an ordinary lightrllicrOscope under a plant's
conditions poscs some problems(Heath 1959;いv ieidner and Mansncld 1968);arst,
visual obscrvation under、
vcak liBhtiS Very difncult:sccOnd,thc cnvironment ofthe
vcr side ofthc lcaf cannot be controllcd,bccausc the leafis dircctly hcld on thelo、
rnicroscope stagc,and thc cnvironmcntis also attcctcd by human lnanipulation Of
thC FniCrOscopc;and thirdぅ
thc working distancc,that is,thc distancc bctween thc

leaF and thc ottcCtiVC during the obscrvation,is vcry small at high magninca
thussuttcctingthclcaftothedangcrofstickin3tOthCottectiVCdurin3fOCusin3anddestroyingthc cnvironment bctween thc leafand thcottectiVe.omasa etal̀(1983band Kappcn et al,(1987)have SOiVCd thc abovc problcms of thc ordinary lightrnicroscope.As an cxamplc of a li3ht lllicroscope systcri couplcd to an imagc
proccssorぅour systcm for thc mcasurcment or stomatal lnovcmcnts of attachedlcavcs under actual Bro｀VinB COnditions is introduccd in this scction.

4.1 0utline ofthe SysteIIl and lts Performance
Figurc 9 shows ourremotc― cOntroll13htlniCroscope systcm.This systcnl has a li3ht
microscOpc(BausCh&Lomb,MicroZoom)with a widび
workinB diStancc(ca.13mm)at high magnincation(a50xo瑚 cCtiVC.1.5x and 2x amplincrsand a TV adaptcr
lenst ca,1600‑fold magnincation on a TV mOnitor), an SIT Video camcra(Hamamatsu TV,Modcl C 1000‑12)with high sensitivity S20 type spcctralresponsc,
irnagc resolution ofovcr 600 TV lincs,distortion、
vithin 2%and shading within 20%
as a detcctor ofthc microscopc imaBC,a monochromatic TV monitor(Chuomuscn,
Model M D2002A)with inlaBC resolution ofca.1000 TV lines and distortion wit

3%andremotccontrollcrsforattustingCamcrasensitivity,a microscope focus,anmovemcnt ofthc rnicroscope stagc in a scparatc room.Thc lnicroscopc imagcs arc
prttCCtCd 01lthc TV monitorin a scparatc room and recordcd PhotoBraphiCa
black―and―whitc(B&W)nim Orby a vTR(SONY,BVU820)(horiZOntal resolu―
tion、
340 TV lincs at B&W modeiS/N,ca.50dB)with a di3italtime basc corrcctor(SONY,BVT800)and a timc codc gcnerator/rcadcr̀Thc imagc proccssing For

4 Remote‐(Control Light Microscope System

vidclyln inany rcsearch nclds Of bi01o3yn thC optical light lnicroscopeisヽuscd toobscrvc plant tissucs and cclls.The usc ofa TV camcra and rnonitorinstead ofthc
naked cyc faCilitates observation.Thc use of an imagc prOccssor for analyzing
th,theshape ofsignals from thc camcra also lnakcs it possible to evaluate cell
groM′
organellcs,thcir color tones,etc.The SIT camcra and imagc intensiner are usedveak light.
cFrcctively to obscrvc theln under、

cvaluating stomatal apcrture and ccllinjury is carricd out by a systcm compoa high―specd vidco processor,BraphiC displays,and a hostcomputer(SCe sect.2.2).
Figure 10 sho、vs a schcmatic cross―seCtiOnal vicw of thc nlicroscopc stagc
dcsigncd to hold thc lcafofan intact plant Thc lcaf(C)iS hCld On a ring(F‐30 1nmin inncr diamctcr.10 mm widcand 10 mm high)nxed tO a remote,control mova
stage(G)by a hOlding rin3(E,thc same diameterand width as F,3 mm in hcig
in ordcrto have the conditioned air passtllc
unde「
surfacc ofthc lcaf.Fぃ
rthcrmore,sincc thc ccnter orthe movabic stage is cutto a circic 30 rllm in
anddiamctcr、
thedistance bctween thc movable stagc and PlatC(H)nxcd on basc(K)iS kCptat1

K Omasa

1【11■‖Methods cr Pにlnt Analysis
Bc instrunlcntan(〕

thc、
amctcmPcrをヽ
turC and hulllidity can lintaillcdonbothsidcsoftheleaiTlle
he nlを
movablcstaBcandthCPlatCarcmadcortrtinsParCntとv li3ht From、
crylicresin,toa1lo、
thc cnvironnlcntto cntcr Thc shadc c()vcr(B)iS nOttiscd cxccptfor obscrvation withtralisnlittcd liBht AlthouBh obsCrvation isusua‖ out with liBht from they carricd
cnvironmcnt,a haloBcniamP(L)issomCtimcs uscdを

lSaSupplclllcntaryli3htSOurcc

For obscrvation with transnlittcd liBht
FiBurc ll ShOws PhotOnlicrOBrtlPhS an
01・vith rcRcctcd
intact stoma obscrvcd、
and transnitttcd itBht tiSin3 tllC rcmotc―
control li3ht microscoPc system The
stoinatalininBc Was cicar at hi3h maBnincation(ca.1600‑「
old magnincation on thc
TV monitor).ThC Stoma was observcd with rcnected li3htand thcn raPidty ObSCrvcd
with transmittcd liBht,and thc stomattllaPerturc was round to bcorthe
same「
both
AithouBhthiSSystcmcouldProVidCStonlatalimagcswithanlixturcof｀

controllight『i呂.9. Rcnlotc‐
microscoPc Systcm(ArterO m a 針l c t a 1 1 9 8 3 b )rcnectcd andtransmittcd li3htSゃ
the cicarcst irnagcs wcrc obtaincd witll eithcr rcllcctcd or
trを
lnSmittcd liBhtとは10nc Thc stonlata could bc obscrvcd with cithcr rcncctcd or2[cnVirOnmcnt itlunlinationt ca.2 klx(05transmittcd light abovc ca O.l mWcm‐
2)withrCncctcd
tight,ca
O.5klx(05■mwcm‐
lWcm 2)with transmitted iiBht‖
・
lrthc
done with thc nakcd cyc throu8h
obscrvation with a sin31C tight or 0 1 2islllwcnl‐thccycPiccCinstctldorthcSiTcanlcra,thc cyc must bc suttcicntly acclinlatizcd tothc dark room.Thc attachmcnt oftin imaBc intcnsincrto thc SIT camera PrOduces
athrt1lcrincrcascinscnsitivitytalthoushthCimaBcqualitybccomcsPoor・
AlthotlBh
thc rcsolution orthe lnicroscoPc imaBc waS Within i ltm,it is inlprovcd by ti diBitt
illlと、
sa and Onoc(1984)wcrc abiC to cvatuntc thc、
Bc PrOCessin3 tcCh nique c)nlとstonlatalaperturcwithin03μvhcn thc
m sttindarderrorilsinBthiStechniquc.cvcn、
m i c r o s c o P c i m a g c w a s o。
rrp 。
q u、
と
lity
、

4.2 Continuous Observation oF Guard and EPidcrmal sCe‖

20mm

Whcn thc li3ht 'licr()scoPc syStCIll 、v̀lS uSCd ror continuous obscrvation oF thc

stomatai nlovcnicnt or an intact BrO｀

Vin3 Plant‐

We Obtaincd photomicroBraphS

scctiontit view of theFi8.10. Schcmatic cross‐〃microscopc staBc fOr hol(linB an intact lea丘a ,D stCm iど
ObJCCtiVe;,shadc covcri Cに
controlholdinB ringi F rin3 nxcd tO remote‐movabic stagc;(テremotc―control lnovable
abscrbinB Blass Rlteriブ
heat―
stagci rr platei′
basciと halogen lanPiル イ
ditrusing nltcriてmirror(OmaSa etal 1983b)

20 Pm
Fi‖.1lA,B. Photomに roBraPhS OFan intactsunaowerstoma observcd witil rcncctcd Ortran、
mittcd lightusing thc hBht microscoPc system A Rencction imaBci B transmission imaBc(OmaSa ct al 1983b)

K Onl■ sa． ．Ｏ Ｅ こ ｏ Ｌ ｏ
工一Ｂ一 ︐Ｄ Ｅ Ｅ Ｏ Ｌ Ｏ 口 Ｇ Ｅ ｏ ︐口 い︒ ︒ ●﹄Ｄ ︒ ０
一 中
工
↓

謝

０

０

Ｃ

1
Ⅲ

い︒

０

Ｃ

／

０

一口 ︼付 Ｅ ︒ ︐ｏ

︲

０

０

Time (『 ntn)

０

口 Ｃ ≡ヒ コ︵ Ｘ 一︼ ︶ＥＯ

０

０ ０﹂０ ０ ０

」°°/
ノ
最
。
。
。

ImaどC in、
trunienta on Methods or Plint Analysi、

120

180

︻

Time〔 rnin)FI■.13. IRc、
PonscS('t iin intact
s u n n o w c r s tmtt〕
i to wlttcr dcntit Tllc
W i t t C r d c r iw ci l s c t i t i S C ( 1 1 , ty t Ci rc c w 【k 〕r o o t s I ' ho(m■i c r〕【
P c r n , s kn〕
くnd tt)nme
B r tP｀h S ( A ―F ) c o r r C S Pヽnt｀(A―F)inに 、chansc '11lC ′′つ〃P(市lirst h(〕11()w orsub、(つ in C Sht,W、、
1 ( 1 1 : i r y c c i l i 3 n v i rloim mcnc(dn〕【
it‐t kn〕s i t t i r t c m P c r i l Ct iu r Rc H, .2 5 0 °60ワt intcnsity.600 1tm01 PhO、
わ:liBl、k ) n s n lsどl(Omastl and Maruyaind
1990)

回
日
D

冨
̲G
2 0 口m
Fi宮.12. ResPonSCS Of llll i,lttict stomti
o「the tldttxial
epidcrmis or a br(btt(l bcaniH、
Pl:intt(〕〕minatitjn
c h a n g e s i k l i s t h c d e B r e C O F s t o m a t a l o P C ne id n Bb y C Xt ph re e sl 、
a t i o l Al/ 1wbhmcar、
c L iS the width ofthe
stonittttil PorC and ibmax iS thc
nlこlxiti、
1lm icnBth Ortilc rtllly Opened stomatal porem Phol(〕口
licrograPhs(A‑1)corrcsPOnd tO timc poillts(A‑1)ln the ki chnngc The lllunlination was chtingcd rrom 30 to 2 ktx
atO min(A)andfrOm2to20klxat20min(E)Othcrcnvironmentalconditlonsi atitemperature、
200°Ci
RH,70%(OmaSa ct a1 1983b)

s i l n i l a r t o t h o s c i n F1128,・、
vhich sho、v the response Oran intactstoma ofthe adaxial
CPidCrilis oF a broad bcan plant to an illuHlination changc The llluHlinatiOn、vas2)atO min(A)and frOmchanged frOm 30 klx(H9mwcm 2)t。
2 klx(05 mWcm‐
2 to 20 kix(77 mWcm2)at20 min(E).The mOVCmcnt ofthe ccntral pore ofthc
stoma could bc continuously obscrvcd;the dcBrCC Of Opcning(kl)OfthC stomatal｀
Cd bythc rと、tio la/1bmax,｀
VhCrc la iS the、
vidtil oftile stolnatを
1l pOrc tind
POre iS exPiC｀
vithill
ibmnxisthcicn3thOFthcfullyoPCncdstomtittilPore Thcsto■
1を
i bC3tin t()close、
5 min(3)orlowcrin3 t1lC illurniniltion(30 to 2 klx)とヽnd bccalllc c()nlplctcly ci()scd
aftcr ca 15 nlin(D)It bc8:in to reopen withitl 15 nlin ofraisillB the ilitimination(2)20 klx),and artcr 180 111in(1),had recovered to c■t〔75%orと iPcrture berore thc
illunlinとti()n changc、
vs cha nBcsin an intactsu,1lo、
Fi3tire 13 sho、ver stolilと
ヽaS a rcsult 、vater dcFlcito「causcd by ice、
vatcr pcrrtlsion to its rOots Thc stonla incrcnscd、itsι WithinPcrturC
を
1 ltW minutcs of PcrtttSlo■ lind rcachcd a nlllxinlurl openin3 at 20 min(C)ThcrcとlRcr,it bc8と｀n to closc and rcnched conlPletc closurc at 35 1nin(E)StibSidiを
lry
cctis obscrved in thc PhOtOmicroBraphs bc3a:ito bcc()mc ho1lowを ltCa 20 min(C)とind thcn thc hO1low exPandcd from thc cPidCrmtllccllto the 3uard cc11(CtO E)Thc
transicnt oPcnin8 rrom A''tò̀C'',thcrcforc、
rnay be causcd by the rapid dccreascin stibsidiarycellturBorin COmparison toguard cclltur801・,dueto tl dccreasein wateru P t lとk C f r o m t h c r o o t A r tCe rw2a0t°
cr pcrfuslon,thc ccll rorm slowly recOvered(F)and tlle stOnla bc3an to reopen ca 3 h iater.

Fi3urc 14 shows thc varying resPOnSCS Ofthc stomata to 1 5 11 11 l S02 atthe
bordcr ofthe i巧urCd reBiOn ncar a vcinlct Thcse stOmata continucd to maintain
constiint aperturcs until about i5 min aFtcr thc start ofvhcn
thc acxPoSurc,、
widc
varicty or stomatal resPonscS be3an StOmata in arca l conti3uous tO thC veinlet

220

K Omasa

ImaBC Instrumentation Mcthods or Plant Analysls

221． ．０ こ Ｅ Ｏ ｄ 〇Ｘ一

5 1mage lnstrumentation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence TransientsA

Abiotic and biotic strcsscs such as air pollutants,、
vater dencit,high or lo、
v terll―

一何 や口 Ｅ ｏ ︼り

pcrature,and virus infection cause a spatially hcterogcncous impairrllent in at―tached lcavcs.The invisiblc impairmcnt、
vas indicated in stomatal rcsponscs and

0.60

﹂ｏ
０ ０ ﹂０ ● Ｑ

PhOtOSynthctic activity. For examplc. rccent investigations cmployin3 thCrmal
ima3ing methods(SCe sect 6)and DLE(dclayCd light cmmission)imaBin3
mcthods(Ellcnson and Raba 1983;Elicnson 1985)haveShOヽ
Vn evidence ofsPatiallydittcrcntrcsponscsofstomatainsitutovariOusstrcsscs.ThC DLEimaging method,
furthcrmorc,clarincd iOcalizcd changes in photosynthctic activity induccd by thc
strcsscs(瑚brn and Forsbcrg 1979;Ellcnson and Amundson 1982).HoweVerぅthcsc
tcchniqucs did not provide any inforlnation about thc sitc of inhibition in the

0.40

0.20

0,00

0

30
60
90
Exposure time tmin)

50 Pm

Fig.14.Rcsponscs oF neiBhbOrin3 stomata tO 1 5 μlll SOせ at the bordcr or an inJurcd reBlon nCar avcinlet A Stomatal resPonseSi S″

α′′βr″θ″s lt)ShOW WhCn watcr soaking and ccll collapse bcBan t0

appear B devcloPment orinJury at thc resiOn;r unitturCd rcBioni rr inJured reglon whcrc onty ccll
collapse appearcd,with()ut watcr soakin3;rrrinJurcd reB10n whcrc both watersoaking and cclicollapsc
appeared Environmcntal conditionst air tcmpcratureぅ
250°Ci RH、607。
;it8htintensityn mol
600 mせμデ1(Omasa et al 1985a)

vcd rapid and continuous closurc,and thc guard and epiderrnal cells rnain―
sho、
tained normal tur30r,Stomata in area III,at a distancc frorn thc vcinlet,had aphotosynthctic apparatus,
Rapid changcs in intensity of chioroPhyll α auorcsccncc during dark― lighttransition(CFI)rencctthc various reactions of photosynthcsis(Kautsky et al.1960;
Murata ct al. 1966: Papagcorgiou 1975), cspeCially thc photosynthctic clectrontranspOrt systcm.Thcrefore,the FneaSurcmcnt and analysis of CFI in planticavcs
in situ has bcen developcd as a sensitivc and nondcstructivc assay forthe functional
state ofthe photosynthctic apparatus(srllillie and Hcthcrington 1983:Shirnazaki ct
al.1984;Sivak and Walkcr 1985).Rcccntly,C)Inasa et al.(1987)devc10pcd a nc、v
instrumcntation systeln usin3 a CCD imaBc Sensor for a quantitative analysis of
CFl. thc system of which 、
vould givc inforrnation not only about localizcd
difrcrcnces in photynthctic activity on thc whole lcaf in situ but also about thc
inhibition sitc in thc PhOtOSynthctic systcm.In this section,thc systcm isintroduccd

transicnt opening aftcr eithcr thc closing or the kccping of a cOnstant apcrture,
becausc ofthc rapid dccrcasc in subsidiary celltur30rin comparison to guard cell
turgor,causcd bythc appcarancc ofwatcr―
soakin3 and ccllcollapsc in thc cpiderrnal

5.1 0utline ofthe System and lts Performance

cclls.Thc stomata thcn closcd as thc ittury CXpanded to all cclls.In arca II,cellcollapsc occurrcd Bradually without、
vatcr―
soakingfromthcccllsncararcaIIIbythc
turgor loss of cells in area III.Thererore,thc appcarancc of a transient stomatal
opening in area II、
vas later than thatin arca III
Porometry or gravilnetric ineasurements of transpiration do not provide thc
real aperture Ofstomata and the information for ccll forrll and surfacc conditions
fOrmation(OmaSa et al.1985a).They also involvc thc risk oflosing importanti■aboutthe stomatal response,becausc they average thc bchavior of many stomata.
Therefore,itis important to obscrve the individual stomata and thcir ncighboring
cells dircctly in order to cxarnine the stomatal rnovement,Also,since this system is
cfFcctivc for observinB Inany intactstomata bccausc orits easy and rapid operation,
it can bc uscd to analyzc thc rclationshipvecn
bct、
stomatal aperturc and conduc―tancc undcr thc plant's3rowinB COnditiOns.

Ordinary TV camcras and rccordillB Systcrlls arc not suitablc for a quantitativc
analysis oFCFlin attached leavcs,bccausc ofthciriow sensitivity,large after‑lrnage,
bad imaBe quality,AGC(autOmatic 3ain COntrol)funCtiOn,and thc indistinctncss
in tilning of the playback image.COrlllnon tunBstcn and fluorcscent lamps also
cannot be uscd as liBht sOurccs forくごFI imagin3,bCCausc ofthc unevcnncss andauctuatiOn in light intcnsity.Thc ncw image instrumcntation systcm(Fi3・15)wasdesigned to overcome thesc problems.A hi3hly SCnsitive CCD imagcr with uni―
forinity in scnsitivity and an
aftcr―
ilnaBcsuppression、
vas selcctcd for a TV camcra(SONY XC‑47,improvcd type).ThC imaBc quality was improvcd by thc use of acomputcr―
control VTR(SONYBVU‑820)with a digitaltimc base corrector(SONYB V T ‑ 8 0 0 ) a n d t h C p r e p r O c c s s i n g b y u s i n g aS pheie3dh ―TV inlagc processor(KCR
ncxus 6800).ThC AGC function,which changcs a relationship bctwecn iuorcsccnce
intcnsity and the gray lcvcl ofthc rccordcd vasrcmovcd
image,、
from thc TV camera
and thc VTR.Thc tiFninB Ofthe playback image was exactly dcnncd by the usc ofashuttcrsynchronizedtothcTVsignalandbythctimccodcrccordedincachimagc.
Thc unevennessin liBhtSOurce intensity wasilnprovcd by the use
oft、
vo xcnonlamP( C E R M A X L X ‑ 3 0 0 F ) P r t t e C t O r s 、a n d b y a t t a c h i n g a s p e c i a l N D n i t c r w i t h c o n ―centric circlcs Of difrcrent dcnsity.

K Onl■ sa

Imagc 111、
trutllcnttitit〕
n Mctllods(〕r PLHlt A31alysis

The
Remote Swticho「 Ccmputer

彩 幣

projectors wlth
Remote‐ contr。!
Shutter andF‖terscrl

curvcs,11ltcll、
ity ilnagcs of characteristic transient lcvcls()rtransicnt charactc五stics(ID,DP,PS,(1,D,P,S,M,T),and anlPtitudCinldBcsOfmt可

盟1消!桃
盤播品
路
器i離
1艦
穏帯
描
濫i柑
燃撤背
ギ&3腎
桑転
縦l補

by scalcs which cOrrcsP01ld to tllc A/D collvCrSi(),l lcvel
FiSurC i6 shows thc rcit、
tiollship bctwecil thc intcn、
ity ofを
lrtilicial li3ht in thc′
likcncss ot｀
Ruorcsccncc tllld t1lc A/Dc(〕
nvcrsion levcl ofヽ
TR itllを
18C ThC data
TV camera with
CCD,macerand Fいters

i1ldicatc(1をヽlinCar corrclをltiOn bctwccn tllc liBllt intcnsity and the A/E)converslon
icvcl Sillcc thcを
lrtinciを
11 113ht Wtl、
sulliciciltly じ
din｀、
cd,alld thcモ
:nCVenncss orthetight intcnsity iti thc
uを1lvi、
nCid()rtilc T 111lCril
v cと
wtis nlaintt、
incd withil1 0 1%,thc
stと、ndard(lcviatiOn of 6 3%(nlと ヽ
Xil1lunl)in thc A/D co,lvC,ヽ 10n icvel was duc tO

RS‐2

VTR lllld3c「 or CXanlPici thC inlと、Bc tlut1lity could l,c inlPrOVCd to within i7,
sttindtlrd dcvititioll by thc shadin8 cOrrcction al,d thc snlootlll,18()1｀
3 X 3Pixcis
tiRcrと、1l tivcrttBll131001｀
1111と
｀
VhCn
thc
iillt!8C
rcs()11lti()n、lillc、
、
vtis
28(〕
ゃ
l hc
Bc、
a f t c r ‑ 1 1 1 l d 8 c l l ) r t h c T V cは
st ianbl(c)ruat w4と
7 , a t 3 0 n l s t l f t e r s h u t,t■
cnrd o P c n i n とdecrellscd to 0 37)と1 50 1ns、

どとり︑︒＞電︒Ｏ
０＞０一 Ｃｏ一一Fi宮, 15 1milBC instrllnientati()n systclll
for quantitativc analysis oF CFI in attached icavcs(omasa
c t a 1 71)9 思

Ｑ ＼＜Fiは,16= Rcttitions,lil〕
いctwccn the intensity
ofとtrtiliciと1l light in cti、
likcne、、of
10rcscence and thc A/[)converslon icvel ofa、VTR imaBc Synlbol O reprcscntsthc mcan
valuc oF A/D convcrsion lcvcis of an imagc
480 PixciS)nlCasurcd at a li31,t intcnsi―
̲(512)くt y a n d t h ea ッr た ′b t t i n d i c a t c s t t S D T h c
a r t i f l c i a 1l 、
I l Wi aはs s t l F I l c i e n tu ls yc d d ia 「nd‐h c u n e v e n n c s s o F t t e l t h t h F nisni け
hCVも
uai neld Orthc Tv camera was nlaintaincd
within 0 1%The light intcllsityw■、lllcasured
by a quantum sensor through two Fliters

穏鮒

監 嵩督録号缶よ半督 淵

d N E C P C 9 8 0 1 v m 勺略
将 椎

::躍

還解 1 0 加

対拶吊
md Phdon tt」
PiaCCd in front ofthe TV camcra(OmaSa ct
Light intensity

al 1987)

224

K Omasa

Imagc instrumcntation Mcthods of Plant Analysis

225

Thc CFI frOHl a deaned Part Of a cucumberlcarin situ、
vas lneasurcd by oursystcnl under dircrcnt intcnsitics of actinic
blue―
Thc〈ご
FI curvcs、
vcre
Brccn l13ht・
calculated on thc basis of a serics of auorcscencc imagcs(Fi3. 17).ThoSC Ciearlyrcvealed the tyPicallDPSMT transicnts(Papageorgiou 1975)undcrliBhtintcnsitics
From 50 to 200rn01
μ photons m‑2s‑l aticafsurfacc.In thcsc intcnsity rangcs ofli3ht,
we could rcsoivc IDPSトノ
lT transicnts frorn any part ofthc lcarsurface、
vhich has anarea of at least i mln2̀Fluorcscence intcnsitics of I,D,P,S,Wl,and T,and ratcs intransicnts or DP,PS,and MT incrcascd as the actinic li3htintcnsity incrcased.The
appcarancc ofpcak P bccamcrnorc rapid、
vith thc incrcase ofactinic lightintcnsity,
Bccausc the(EFlislightintcnsity dcpcndcnt,as dcscribed abovc,itisimpOrtant
toilluminatethc wholeleaFwith unifOrm light whcn wc wantto comParc CFIcurvcs
dcrived from dircrent arcas(Cach abouti mm2)。
fthe lCafto the cntire leaf.Thc
combination ofspccial ND nitcrs and two prttcctor iamps,which wcre placed at
anglcs of60°
and 120°to thc learsurface,。
vcrcame this problcm.Thc cOInbinatiOn
kcptthc spatial deviation ofthe intcnsity ofactinicVithin
httht｀
5ワ
らover a natsurfacc
of20 cm in diamcter.
Ellcnson(1985)has reportcd a vidco rccordin3 System for DLE analysis.but its

5.2 E)iagnosis of Photosynthetic System

pcrforlnancc was not charactcrized.In gcneral,thc quality oF DLE imagc is worsc
than that ofchiorophyll auorescence imagc,bccause thc imagc intcnsiner、vas uscd
toimagc DLE.The irradiation ofa lcaFwith a tungstcn prttectOrlamp placcd at an
oblique an31C tO thc lcarsurfacc(Ellcnson and Raba 1983)causCS SPatial difFcrcnccs
in the intcnsity oractinic light.MIorcOvcr,itshould be notcd thatthc AGC function
Orthc ordinary TV camcra and VTR systcm changcs a lincar cOrrclation bctwccn
thcintensity of DLE or CF】
a nd thc A/D conversion lcvcl.

ury
there
was aboveぅno visiblc
t」
perturbation in photosynthctic apparatus
shownvas used to diagnose the SC)2 efrCCt on theThc(ごFI image instrumentation systcm、
photosynthetic apparatus(OInasa ct al,1987).FiBure 18 showsthc CFI curves andthc imagcs with a gray scalc.In the unfumigated lcar area(uF),the CFI clcarly
showcd thc typical IDPSMT transicnts(PapageorBiOu 1975)and almOst identicallighttransicnts at any location on thc leafarca.Sincc thc CFI obscrved upondark―transition ofthe lcafrenccts the partialrcactions oFphotosynthcsis,we can dctectthc
EFI inく
curves.As
altcration in photosynthctic apparatus by S02 frOm the changcs
shownin Fi3・18,B and C,both thc intensity images ofcharacteristic transicntlevcls
P,M,T)and amplitude images of mttor transient charactcristics(ID,DP,PS,(I、MT)in thC fumiBated COunterpart(F)strikin31y dittcrcd from those in thc un―
fuHl13atcd areàFluoresccnce intensity at I、vas raised and at P rcduccd lnarkedly,
and that at T、 vas increased in thc furni3ated area.Amplitudc of auorescencetransicnts of DP―risc and PS―and MT― dccline,indicating photosynthctic activity,
vas rcduccd in thc fuHl13atcd leaf.The changcs in thc intensity and amplitudc、
varicd、vith the location on the lcaf surface;the efrcct of S02｀VaS Inorc scvcrc inlocations ofintcrvcins and veinlets than in those near larBc vcinS・COntrary to theon thc whole surfacc oficaf atthe cnd of SC)2 treatlnent and 2 days iatcr.
Thc siBnincancc Of thc changcs in CFI induced by SC)2 fuHl13ation Was asv si Bccausc auorcsccncc intcnsity in thc early induCtiOn phenomena isfollo、
rCBulatcd by thc rcdox state ofQ,a prirnary clcctron acceplor Of PSII,the clevatcd
l lcvcl suggcst that somc pOrtion Of Q was brOught to a rcduccd statc by thc
Since the DP rise in CFI rencctsthe photbreduction ofQ thrOu3h
S02 fumi3ation・
reductantfrom H20,adilninishcdriseofDPwasconsistent、 vith thc inactivation of
dependcnt
thc、vatcr―
splitting cnzyme system.Sincc PS dccline involvcs cncr3y―

︑
０﹂ ぁ
一

qucnching,the supprcssion ofPS declinc suggested the dcprcssion offorlnation ofvatcr―
thylakoid proton gradient,probably due to thc inactivation of thc、tts―
rrα
vcver,the possibility that the PS declinc was afFected
splitting cnzyme system,Hoヽ

ｏ Ｅ ｏ 中に 一 〇 Ｏ Ｃ Ｏ Ｏ りＯ ＬＯ コ 一
Ｌby thc inhibition of electron flow Q tO PSI cannot be excluded,becausc PS dcclincブ
IT dcclinc was probably
partly rcFlects thc oxidation ofQ by PSI.Supprcssion ofいthylakoid PrOtOn gradicnt ForFIlation in addition
due to the inhibition of thetts―
rrα
to unidentincd rcactions in chloroplasts.Although thc cxtcnt ofthe S02 eSiCct on
CFI difrercd from area to arca on a sin31CICai thc mOdC OfS02 aCtiOn was essentiallythc samc.

0.1

10

100
Tirne (5)Fig。
1 7 . T h e C F I c u r v e s o F a s m a l l a r c a ( a b o u t if am lhne2a)l。
thy cucumbcrlearin situ mcasurcd undcr
difrercnt intensities of actinic 8recn
blue‐l13ht BCforc measurcment,the lcar was dark,adaptcd「or 30
min lntcnsity oractinic lighi(unit=μmOlphOtons n1 2sl):(O)200,(△ )150,(●)100,and(▲ )50 LiBht
intcnsitics wcrc varied using ND iltcrs Environmcntal conditlonst air tcmperature.250°
CtRH、 70%
(Aftcr Omasa cta1 1987)

Thc rccovery frorll pcrturbation by SC)2 bCCamc cvidentby lnOnitoring thc CFI
w h c n t h c f u m i g a t c d P l a n t S W C r e t r a n s f e r r e d t o S 0 2 f r C C Aatitra(cFcingt.t1O9t)h。elarge lnidvcin,whcrc the alteration of CFI was relatively small,the CFI recovcrcd
ved the IDPSMT transicntidenticalto that ofthc dnfunligatedcomplctcly and sho、
arca.In lnost ofthc arca near veinlcts,thCvhich、
CFI、vas aFFectcd stron31y waS also
allnost complctcly rcstored.However,thc fluoresccnce crnitted from thc intcrvcinalvas still attectcd during this period;the peak P rcappeared butitsintensity was
arca、
vas elevated further.The elevated l level suBBcstS that thc
still low,and thc 1lcvel、tO thc PSH rcaction centertook placc in chioroplasts.In c
i r r c v c r s i b luer yi 可
stationary statc became normalin this icaf arca.
F lcvelin the quasi―
thc elcvated「Inlagc lnstrunlcnt■
tton Mcthod、or PLint An■lysis
︒
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Time(S),19A,C.Rccovcry Or CFi from disttlibanccs hy SO! ARcr tinc nctisurcment dcscrthcd in Fi3 18、Fi‖
thc stime Piant w:ls kcPt at 25 co°ttir tcn〕
Pcrature and 7げわ i(H in darkncss and SO!frce ai「Measurcnlenl or C「I wasthcn rcPcated fOr the same lettrcvcry in
60中
The CFI mcasurcd at6 h artcr
thc inithtion oFSO!rtlmi3ntion arc prcscntcd A CFI curvcs aticaFsitcs marked in FiB 18A t B intensity
imaBeS OfCharactcri、
tic transientlevelsi C amPl■
udeimaBes ofma」 Or transient charactettsdcs Syねかθな
are thc same as those in Fi3 18(Omasa Cta1 1987)

K Omasa

縄諾岳盤猛
縄鮮総艦襴提
就膏
盤鍔
議
5鷲
V部
2!盤
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cttl軍
協
縦
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ゝ岳
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:品
∬
樋
丁
野 七濫
rogencOusly.Althou8h the heterogcneousresponsc ofa planticafto environmental
stress ls a conlIIlon
ocessp「
microscOpically,the cOnventional mcthod(schreibcr ct
St梶
摺ょ雛

ず鷲

協

よ縄

船

鞘

暑骨洲 野

:貰 路

路 驚 替 1棋辮

毬 芦鑑

inlage lnstrumcntation Methods of Plant Analysis

229

infrared band(OmaSa ct al,1980,1981a,b,ci HOrler et al,1980;Hashimotoct al.1984).

6.l Attethod for Measuring Plant Temperature and lts Accuracy
Thcrmalinfrarcd radiation frOm the environment(aPPrOximately 10 μm)is almOSt
allabsorbed by thc Plant,HO｀
vcver,since therIIlalinfrarcd radiation is eHlitted fromthc plant accordin3 to Plank's ia、
v of radiation,thc plant tempcraturc can beobtaincd by lncasuring the radiation in this band.
For a pcrfcctly dittusc and opaquc Plantsurfacc the spcctralencrgy ofinfrarcd
radiation from thc surface attemperaturc T is R(入 ,T,Ts),3iVen by:
R ( 入, T , T s ) = C (, 入
Ts),
T)W(入
, T ) 十[ ( 1 ‑ c (, 入T ) l E (‐入(1)

whcrc tt is thc wavelcngth,c(入 ,T)is the spcctral cHllssivity of the plant surface,W(入 ,T)iSthe Spcctralradiant encrgy ofa black body attempcrature T,and E(入,Ts)
is thc sPectral radiant cncrgy from thc environment attemperature Ts to the plantsurface.
Whcn R(入 ,T,Ts)iS Ileasured by an infrarcd detector with spcctralsensitivity inthc band from入 l to入2,the Output voltaBc VT(T,Ts)Of thC detcctor is:VT(T,Ts)=す

権【入)R(入,T,Ts)d入

宝 ご(T)Vw(T)十

[1‑5(T)〕 VE(Ts),whcre

ng ttn低的 S 0 2 的m t t a t O n , h h め
Hng he: ? 播あ措 ま告: 群 棋 骨
il'me cH ima」

瑞 忌帯ぶ鮒 弘糾

側 付ヤOWい拘 'and
VEば D=∫

6 Thermal lmage IHlstrlllnentation
The rate Of Physiological reactiOns in living plants is depcndcnt upon cclltcmpcr―
aturc(Sutclifre 1977, Berry and l噺
6rkman 1980, Sakai and Larcher 1987),、
vhich, in turn, is dctcrnlined by thc cOnditiOns Of the thermal cnvironmcnt(1.e,, air temperaturc, hurnidity, radiatiOn, and air currents)(MIonteith 1973,
Jones 1983).As such,whcn plants are kcpt undcr a uniforrn thcrIIlal cnviron―ment,lcaf tcmpcrature can indirectly providc physiological information on stO̲matal movcment, transpiratiOn, C02 uptakc, and air pollution absorption(HaShimOtO et al.1984,Omasa and Ai3a 1987).Thermal image instrumentation
is a mcthOd for obtaining plant tempcraturcs and thc physiological infor―
mation involvcd in it,by measuring the elcctromaBnetiC Wavcs Of thc thcrmal

ヤ【め 取 入, T s 河入,

since Fl入)is thC Functlon describin3 the radiation― clectricity conversion of thedetector,thc ampliflcation、vith the amplincr,and thc translnission and rcncction ofthc air,lens,nitcr,ctc.;5(T)iSthC average cmissivity in the band from入l to入2;Vw(T)isthc outputvoltagcin thc mcasurcmcntofW(入,T),and VE(Ts)iSthe Output voltage
in thc mcasuremcnt of E(入, Ts).
Whcn 5(T)and VE(Ts)arC giVcn,Vw(T)can bC Obtained from VT(T,Ts):
Vw(T)=[VT(T,Ts)一V E ( T s ) 1 /(ごT ) 十V E ( T s ) ・(3)

Furthcrmore,the plant tcmpcraturc T is cvaluatcd from Vw(T)usin3 thC Charac―
teristic rclation betwccn T and Vw(T)̀
Thc emissivity 5(T)OfthC plantin the spectralsensitivity rangc(8‑13 μrn)ofthe
thermal camera is O.95 to O,99(Fuchs and Tanncr 1966;Omasa et al,1980).Thc
inauencc ofradiation from the environmentis corrcctcd byattusting VE(Ts)in Eq.
入)iS alsO corrected by continuously lnonitOring(3).The innuence oFthe change in無a standard blackbody sourcc、
vithin the camcra,As a rcsult,itis possiblc to lncasurct h c p l a n t t c m p c r a t t r c w i t h a n a c c u 0r 1a °c yC ( oO fm ±asa et al.1980).

230

K olllasa

A thermal camerti ofthc oPtical―
mechanical scanning typc,ctillc(lと、thcrlllo―m)or HBCdTC(8‑13 μm)dctectく )rぅi、no、′oll thc
3raPhy,with a lnsb(35‑55 μniarket To use fbr Plとint mcasureinents,thc scannin3 typc orllll口。rvibriltion,、vhichhと
iS 3()()d tcnlPCraturc scnsitivity and resOlutioll,isbcttcrtlliinthtit()￨｀Prisnl r()ttitic)nSillce the dctcctor is coolcd by liquid ilitrogcn(77K),it iヽ
ncccssttry to、
uPPicnlCnt
itcvery few hours At cSent,tilc
Pl‐dctcctor with an clcctronic
co()に
r(200K)と、nd thC
new imtlBc sCnsor of thc electrictllnilin3
sct、 tyPc cttll'1(〕
t bc t,scd tO ticcurittcly
measilrc Plant tcnlPcrature t,ccausc oFinsullヽ
cicnt scnsitivity and rcs()itttion
vs our thcrillal imasc inStrtinlcnttltion systclll tllld bl̀ickbbdy
Figure 20 sho、
sourcc for calibraton.Thc thcrmal canlcra(JEOL JTG― IBL)ls an()PtiCal―
mech―
anic〔
l l sctlnnillB tyPC,and its dctcctor is tin H3CdTC(8‑131̀111,CO()iCd by liquidn i t r o s e l l ) T h C d C t c c t c d s i 3 n i l l s f r o n l t1 hl c c ta hn ci rc nr la とa r c c o n v c r t c d i n t o 1 2 ‑ b i t
d i 3 i t t l l s i 3 n a l S ( 2 54 60 HV ×
, q u tnⅢt i z t t t i o n e r r ( ) r C0 )0 b1 y2 5 t°Ⅲtllerninl illlagc
nlp、
itcr The dctcctcd illlと、tllced byproccss()r and ilnalyzcd by a llostc(〕
Bc iS enhとintC3ratin3,11｀
in3 the thermalinlを
13C ProcC｀
S Or Thc tcmpcrと、turc rc、
olvi113 Powcr,
the uniformity oF ilntigc,and thc drill is within 0 05°
C,± 01° Ct、nd± 005° C/
4 h resPCCtiVcly The illlage resol、lti(),lis ca 50H× 40V in nicastirinどと
lt 4%error(02°C)(Oma、 n ct al 1981a)Enlis、 ivity or thc blackbody source(Eに ctro OP―tical lndustrics PD 1401X)iS 0 99,nnd tilc surface tenlperaturc is autonlntic■ 1ly
controHcd at 0 05 °C ticc(lritcy

max.ca.50m

Therma,CameraHead

Thermal
CameraContro‖ er
Thermalimage
Processo「256HX240V
12 bits

231

d、o「Ptant Analysi、
110n McthいlHlaBC 11lStrunlcllt■l RcsPonSe,TransPiration,and Cas Sorption
6.2 Evaluntion t)f StomaC■
4Piと｀
n t s a n d t h c 、 t t r r ( ) u n d i n じt i t i 1 l tPlh｀
CrC CXCiltingc C02 n nd｀

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ll ditlilsivity とofairぅ
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1luatcd
the fo1lowinど
cvと
r co2 0rtlir Pollutants at a l()calsite xby i、
Qx(BCm‐CCltint10ni

Qx=2(Pa一 Plx)/(rgax+rgSX),
whcrc
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rgsx=(Dw/Dg)rwsx,3); Pl iS 3as coliccntration at thc
sincc Pa tS atmosPheric 3as conCentration(Bcm‐
Fig.20, ThcrmalimaBc inStrumentatton systena and blackbody sourcc for calibration:艦8鷲諄f瑞
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て︐ 一０﹁夕一﹁●″″ち︐ 戸 す ０ こョ ︒ ど ぅ０ ″∝″◆ ︵︶﹁ ″ズ︼つコ︐一 々の声︶″Ｅ ︻● ｎ営 ケ●︹ げｋ″す ︒ ︐ ■言 一 ● ヤて︑タ ョ ｏ ぃて 一
″一げ 一
命 Ｈ ゴ ゆ 一 夕● ● 一丁 Ｃ コと︐ｏ﹁ヨコ︐一
∝

︻
ョぃ
︐
あ ニ ユ チ ヨ ヨ０ 一ｏ﹁言∞ｃ チ そ︻受 ︼と 二 ＦＴ 中心費︶
６ ︐ｅ ｏョ ２ ｏ︻ 行 ∞せ ＦＴ∩ 〇 戸 ︶て ︵

︻
５営斉命″

Ｆ一コ 一のｏ﹁命●一夕Ｏ ａ ＋
ゆヨ ｏ ″︻″ Ｏ ︑ う ｏ中０やｔＯ″∽中丁 一Ｃ﹁﹃す ｏ 一● 〜 一●ヨ︼ ｏ﹁≡一 ﹁Ｏ 中ヨコお ｏ 一︼い ョ 一め ︻ョ ︼切一 やぃ ｏこっｏ 一●≡﹁∽ ︐︼″ｏ 一一″Ｏａ ｂｃ ︐∽命︻命Ｃ ︐ 中Ｂ句い∞いｏ
● 千一﹁ 一︻ｏ● ″く０カ 声ツモ ①■ 一す い︐ ↑す
一〇Ｓっ ●︻ゃ一宮 ︻① Ｏ ︑ ど
均
﹃ 勺

一 〇め

６挙一０″ 二 つ停一 阜つの司 ゴ チ 一コ ０ ︻∽ 一︑ぃ ま Ｏ ︐
や

ＤＦ ａ

や

０ 一ＯＦ ︐

一 つｏ﹁

∞

コ

０

﹁

一
ｏ﹁ 一︻命命 ゴ

くと︐ ︐︐ ︹ ︻
ユ一
︻〇 ″

ｏ

∽ 汗一︻ Φ 一︻営∞′くゴ ≡ Ｏ Ｏ斥命 一︼命●
︐ α 的 ∽ ｒ︺生 一
弓

コ ａ ∞ゆ∽ ■ザ ∽ｏ ︻ ｉ Ｏ ︐ ︻ 一●Ｐ巧

こ 一中ゅ ０ゃ≡ Ｏｐ﹁ ｎｏヨ ＥＥ一
●ａ弓ｏヨ ｏ昭さ︐Ｆく︶ョ ● 行 ぃ 貪︶ヨ Ｏ
命︵﹃∝︐ａ ｏＦｌ ｏ︐市ぞ︼マ ︵命 ﹃ ﹀ っあ 一 ａ命くュ ｏ的ｏａ 中︐ 一ｒｏ コネ ︵一言 ︼ めユ ａ ｐ︼
や一■︐生Ｃ︻∝〇一︐∞ Ｈ命ョ︼ｐ︐斥 ザ 一︼００ユ くｏ ﹂ｏ ヽ●︻一すｏ﹁ ａ ●く●︼ｏやＦ︼Ｏｐｒ ↓夕 やｏ ●︻
日る ヽすＯａ ｂｏ﹁ 一
ｏくｏの︲
言 ュ 温

一０ あ ま 生 ユ 混
８ 己 ︻ｏ縄 目 中∽Ｂ て 一↓ぎ ユ 浄 ∽一３ ︼︼温

一Ｐ営
八 ェ 畳 コＧ 毬 ↓０ ３ ｏ︼︺∞や一 ぞ Ｆ Ｆ∽ｐユ ａ ︐ｐａ て ︻ｏ■ 所 中ゆ∞や▼ 命 ＯＲ Ｆいｏポ い︐ａ 工 ︵︶●●∽⊃ュ ａ 電 ｏ■ｏ いて いヽ０●ａ 市すｏ

すｏ 文Ｔ︻ ︼ ∩首巾Ｎ● ︻● ！円ゴ︼∽︻
ｏ︻︐ｏ ︻ｐ ︼一﹃や ヽ
ＯＨａｏく①︼ｏ一︼
ｐ∞ 一
Ｚｏげ●︼屯︻︻Ｏ︼Ｏ∞︼ Ｄｐａ プＡｏら中す中ｏゴ 冴 や ｏ 電
０い≡■ ︐
０ユ 一
ｏ一口 ゆ ｐｐ ａ 一ｏ 中︐ 毎 ｃ ∽一﹁マ
ュ 一一ヽい︶ヨヽｏ ● ︼ぃ ︻︼く ︒ ∽命ａ 一ョ 命≡ コ 一
食 ｈ Ｏ● Ｆ ∽♪ ｏ中や 一
ｏ一∽Ｏ ↑〇 ０∽ ︵刃 じ Ｌ 一
コュ 卓 ａ ︼口 ∞ｏ４ 寄 ｏ事 の 日 ︒い︐ ａ︼ｐ ｐａ 毎 声 中ｏ ヨ 一〇 Ｘ 占 いく の 月 ︶の ﹁ ∽ ● ４ ︐ ∞ ︻ぃ ︒ 一
一一︑Ｆ Ｂｐ ∽Ｆ Ｏす い∽ Ｃ 言 ﹁ ∽ｏ コ ︼の 宅くゆく０∽︶や ● ｏ中０い﹁ Ｓｐｐ ︐ Φュ 命 ︻ｏ∽Ｏ ヽ ドロ ｏＯ︵︺﹁∽ Ｆ ∽︻肖 ∞ ぃ︐ Ｏｐ 命鳴∞く ︻巨 ０︒ 中∞︵Ｚ ェ 戸ｏ ︐ マ ︻刃 ▼ ゴ ゆ伊くマ ●

Ｄ 一
一 ︼ゼ

伊 ︐ ■ 営 一中８ ︼ 易 Ｐ

げ ｏ︻︐ ∞ ａ 命くｏ︼ｏ ｏ ｏい
一
︐

く 中Ｆ

∞

︻

一ゴ Ｏ

ュざ Ｆ

げ ｏぃＳ ∽ ｏ ﹁ 呂 一命︻ｏ 電 臣く ０∽ や ﹁ｏ Ｏ● ■ ００ ︼ げ ュ ︐ ∞ ４ ● ａ 村 ｄ
く

吾 ①章 ｏ身ｔＪ ユ ｏ応 登 増 ↓︼伊︐ 付 ゅ ｏ一０ ︶一︐ くｏ∽ユ︵
一︐ＯＯ∽ げ
一
ム ︐︻申
Ｑ 卓ｒ
マ
マ

∞

ｏ

ご

的主 〇 ︐∽ 〇 玲∞

停 ａ ∽一︐ ユ 一ｏ∽ ｏ ﹁ ︻〇 〇 一 ∽ ∽︹①
マ

８ ″ 単

津 ｏ Ｒ 中中 中２ ユ 営 Ｑ ヨ ｏ電

Ｆ Ｆ ● ド中 ヽ一Ｆ︼∽Ｆａ∽ 脚ｏ ぃ 一■ 命︻︐ い︼︐〇一∞

く 一ｏヽ やげ ∽Ｏ月 ユ Ｏ︐ Ｏ ︑一

Stomatat resistance(SCm 1)

一●≡
て ヽイ

C)

仁

Leaf temperature(°＞′
Ｏげ ■ ″宮 ●●一 ｒコ ∽ 命
ヽ

EE:霊
里
正
三
￨
FEE:言
君
こ
手
語
。
1手

″ ｏ ﹁ ″Ｃ ヨつｏ ＮＣ一汗ｏく ≡ 一︻Ｃ命′ ｏ
Ｏ ｏ つｏ コ 一︻≡ 一命″ 一ゴ ● 生 す一 う ｏ ″中∝

0 1 °C ; R H , 6 2 ± 1 % ( A f t e r O m a s a e t a l 1 9 8 1 c )temperaturc,250±

Ｅ″■ ︻
Ｃ 行 日

ユ３
曇 一

器
錨爛
躙鞘!網監響器縄軽F識
鮮職 1灘鋒口 〜 資 ・一Ｔ 喫 ケ争︻ヨ い端 ｒ二誉)
絆を段Pttj弾不 ︵ｙ 一∽K Onl■ sa

ヽウ

鞠
ド

‑270

260

︵Ｏ ｏ︶ ｏ﹂ヨ一口︼貿号Ｌ Ｏト

b『こ

F18・
22A・
B.DitBnoSiS Or zclkovn trcc、
on Achti strect in thc,「
cityく
Scnd■lAl)ht〕
t(〕Br■
Phi 8 1hcr,1ltil
imttBc Environmclltalcondition、
itlirtcmPcrを
1,c265°11、
C;1はht illtcn、
ity、
ぃt5001■nh(ぅn l()IPhいt()ns,コ
12s i
1l 1990)( O m t l Sヽcとt 〔235oF Plant Analysi、
1コ
lentiltion
Method、
Imて'ど
C11lSttt〕、
nce imasin3),arc now being、
intS by MRI(mtignctic rc、 ollとPlを
futu「c dcvcloPmcntiS Cxpcctcd to continuc

tt,dicd,and thcir

7.l lnstrumentation of Living Trecs by X‐ Ray CT
i:ling1ld t、
illdustry,41re Sllltabic For 、
ohtと
vidcty tl、
cd in clinicni tllctlicillc
X―rtiy C'Fs,、
rじtinisnl Portable cquiPmCnt,
h()ut tilc intcrllと、1、trticturc()Fti livin3(〕
iti(、
11と
、
in魚)rnlと、tiitabic lk)r iicitl instrunlclltation,htis hccn dcvcloPcd rCCCntly,and is PoWerfulとind i1ltcrntll rot in livinBC｀()r annuinr ril13、ti3ati()n tind ditlBnO｀
cnol13h ik)r invc、
1 1983)Althou8h Vtirioti、 nlctllods lbr obtaining a recon、trticted
trcc、(Onoc Ctと ヽn C t i1、ly undcrstoodをヽ) n , X ‐r n y P r (C寸C t i ( ) n i、
imとl B C 仲く
Bnclsとh i l V e b c c n P r O PC(d)、｀CCtiOn thcorcnl is sh()wnin Fi3 24
c d ( ) n F ( ) u r i c、rP‐
nicthoむ
いJ 、rtぢ( ) n o xF , y ) t O t h C s ,a x も
u t t c C t W i t h n d c n s i tt ry i uldt〕
ii、
P r t t C C t i ( ) n Pθ() sO 、
r a、
vinB cqtiとumi113()、、
tioll‐
by tis、
witil r()ttition t1113iCtO tilcθx tlxis
i、by thc fo‖
とivCn
、
xiSi
、
rto thc sと41 t tiXiヽ
PCrPCndiCulとβ)=す■1(X,y)dt
Pい、

(7)

v)()「1(X,y)iS siVCn y:tぅ魚)inlntion F(t,ゃnalドouricr tran、(linlcllsi(〕
Thc tw()‐27(uX+Vy)ldXdy
F(u,v)=rfttflx,y)cxp t対(R)dinlcn、
C‐ 1()ntti
θ+ysinθ と
lnd t=一xsinβtt ycos',thc()1l
Rcc(唱niZing that s=xc()ヽ
c(1:ltillgtothcsisobtttillcd
and rcarrtinど
Fotlricr trtinslk)rillntion
P(w,ひ)OfP(S.θ
) rClをP(Wiθ )= す 亀 P(S,')CXP(巧 27w、 )d、=す∫亀 kX,y)cXP[巧 27w(xcOSp tt ysinβ )]d点 ly= F ( w c o s β, W S i n θ)(9)Cnsi()nlll
P , c ilⅢ
i C d P r o J e c t i ( ) n t h c ( ) r c n l , t1 t1 tl hc ca on ,s ldcti―
hmとT h i s r c t a t i ohni、‐、CCti()n3aincd bye c t i O n R e q u a i t o n c c cn rt oc 、rs―
F o u r i c r t r a Rn )、r n i n t i ( ) n Po r「o 」
lti()11trib、R)rHl:iti()1lorthc()risillill
di、 lodi11lensi()1ltll Fourier
tritn、
cuttil■g tllevo―t、
a1low thc ProduCtiOn ofthc an31e ThCrc魚 )rc,Pr(巧CCtiOns fronlヤarious dirccti()n、

inverse FOurier transform

30.5
Temperature(。 c)Fig.23A,B.Difrcrence in lcaftcmPc「 ature or var̲
ious hctilthy antSP】 A PhotoBraPh(a PoPlar trcci b
whitc oak treei c sPindle trec);8 thermalinlagc En―
vironmcntal conditlonsi air teniperaturci Ci
3 1 0°
R H , 7 0 % ; l i 3 h t i n t c n s i t y ,m 5o 0l 0 P μ
hotOns m 2sl(unpubliShed data)

X,y)
fく

P(W,0)

タr transiorm

Fig。
24. The concePt of Fouricr's
OJCChOn thcorcm
P「K Onlasa

llllagc lnstrtHnclltatlon Mcthods of l)1lnt lysis
An■

F(u,v),and an invcrse Fourier transfOrmation Of F(u,v)rCcOnstriicts the ori3indi
linagei【X,y)=∫∫亀 F(u,v)CXp[j27(uX+Vy)〕

Chこinges orvaritlbics,u=wcosθ

dudW

(10)

and v=wsinr7,arc pCrfornicd and thc intcgrallimit

rclatin3 tO p is halvcd to Obtain Eq(11)i「lX,y)=すF IWl dWrtt dθP(W,θ )CXP(j271 WS)(11)

If the intcBral ordcr is chan3Cd,the intc3ral
rclをヽting to、v is thc iliversc Fouricrtransformati()no「lwl P(w,θ)ThiS iS SCt as q(s,β),and Eq(12)is obtaincdi)=r亀 lwl P(w,θ)cxp(j27 ws)dw
q(S,θ

(12)

As a rcsult,Eq(11)becOmcs the fo‖ owin3:

f l X , y ) =古すq ( S ,)θ
dθ

(13)

F:博
・2 6 A , 8 . R c c o n s け
u c t c d i m n B C S 0 1 1 l v i n 3 J a p a n c s c c c d a r acneds, lAi nJonkPia ntC「SC CCdartrcc;Bh h l o k i t r c cn iIB″C X f a y a b s o r P l lヽornt SP を
a r 加′c どlッt i n d s n l a l i p l l r t s TAhrcC tlilnrinrt、
fìt. たrings tn B arec n i l a l l c c d b y u n s h a r P m(aOSnkoiCn じ
Ctit1 1983)

In Eq(12),q is an invcrsc transttrmation of tllc PrOduct oflwl and P The
product oftilc Fouricr transrorlllatlon in thc frcqllcncy donlain is ti conV01ution in
the SPace dOmain ThercnOrc,q is caiculatcd by convolutin3 thC invcrsc transfor―
m a t i o n o n「i t e r l w t o c l i m i n a t c b l u r i n t hヽcl oP r iOCg」
CitniをOn P Actual proccssin3
dintrs dcPendil18 0n thc cquipnlcnt,を
ind Variolis nicthods、
hとbccn PrOPOSed
vc
Portabic X、
ray CT cquiPlllcnt devc10Pcd by OnOc ctal(1983)is sh(〕Wnin Fi3
25 1n tlle cquipnicnt,al、
X―raytubc or40‑120kValld thrccNalsci,ltilationcountcrs
are uscd Thc ttlbc tind thc dctectors are rclativcly nxcd in an nsscmbly,whichrotatcs around thc 、tとrBct foCliS Of thCray
X―tubc,so that thrcc co‖
imatcd X‐ray
beallls,8°apart,scan across thc obJcct undcrtest Thc tarBct rocusis ccccntAC fromthc ccntcr or the trcc,hcncc a fan―beam a130rithn is uscd )r
負 rcconstruction
Typically,1200 sal13PlcS Of 16 bits Of Pro」
CCtiOn data arc takcn in 2°intervals

Scanllil134 rotation,そ
ind data colicctlon arc controled by a niicroPrOCC｀
sor Thc

ulations ttrthc
prttCCtiOn data R storcd in a noppy disc,tindcaに rcconstruction arc
ctirried()ut 、
byとlarBC‐｀
Calc colllPtitCr
vsrcconstructedimt18CSOrlivin3JaPanCSCCCdainlldhinokitrccs
Fi3urc 26 sho、
Largc X―ray absorPtiOn Parts arc、
vhitcをlnd Smali PartS arc black,こ1lthough thc
annual rings in B arc cnllanccd by unsharP InaskinB Ill thc rcconstructed imagcs,
annutll rin3s,difrcrenccsinwatcrcontent,and knots(J■PancsC CCdar)arc ObSCrvcd
v oods diSer in X―
Sincc cut and dricd、
ray absorption,ヽ
becatisc or a dittcrcncc invth dcnsity ol｀
v00d and suHlmcrwood, thc annual rin3s arc Casily
sprin3、
gro、
vevcr,itis dimcuitt9。
distil18uiShabic Ho、
bscrve thc tinnuを
11 rin3s ao「Standin3 trcc
containil18 WtltCr This tcndcncy is
Pをvhich is alrtiClllarly
strong in thc sapwood,、
vay for thc transPiratiOn v,と8o、
vatcr contcntthan tile
ind、vhich ha、lllorc、
passagc、
vood Thcrcrorc,cnhancenient orthe annual rin3S iS required
heart、
annualringsisBrCatlyafrcctcdbychanBCSinthccnvironmcnt
Thc fornlation o「Therefore,envifonmcntal changcs at eacl1 3ro｀
Vth Stage are cstimatcd by inves―
Vth in annual rings or standing trces tlsin3 thC portabic
ti3atin3 thC 3rO｀
ray CTX‐
Also,since the CT BiVesinformation aboutrot alid water contentin addition to thatabout annual rin3S,it Can bc uscd to invcsti3ate thc Browth COtlditions or trees
neCdin3 ProtcCtiOn.

7.2 1nstrumentation of Root Systems and Soil NIIoisture by MRI

Fig。25,Portabic Xィ ay CT mcasurin3 a living trec(AFter Onoc ct a1 1983)

Nuclcar magnetic rcsonance(NMR or MR)instrumcniation mcthods arc widcly
used in the nelds of biological and medical research as an analytical lncans for
obtaining information about thc chcHlical compositlon and reaction PrOCess in
OrBaniSllis,from thc resonancc phenomena between the magnctic moment ofthe
nucicar sPin Systcn■
and thc imprcsscd inagnetic Fleld(Linskcns and Jackson 1986)
Sincc Lauterbur (1973)announced it in 1973, an MR ilnaging mcthod

238

K Omasa

ImaBC Instrumcntation Mcthods of Plant Analysis(ZeuBmatOBraphy)using a lincar magnetic fleld BradiCnt has attracted considerablc
attention as a diagnostic rncthod for clinical mcdicine.Itis characterized as a uscful
method for providing not only morpholoBiCalinforrllation about organislns butalso
physiological and biochcFniCalinformation,and also for casily providing imagcs ofany section,by electrical control ofthc impressed lnagnetic ield,Supcrconductivc
magnetヽ4RIs with a high resolution as good asthat obtaincd
by X―
ray(]T
havc bccn
developcd rcccntly, and succcss in ilnaging at cell lcvel has bccn announced(Aguayo etal.1986).At present,commercially avallable MRIs can giveinformation
relating to density,Tl(spin‑lattice rclaxation tiFne),and T2(Spin―
Spin rclaxationtime),etc.ぅ
for proton(hydrOBCn atOmic nucleus).
Fi3ure 27 shows the concept of the NltR【I.Thc nucicus of thc atoms(e.B.,hydrogcn)whiCh lnakc up organisFIIS has a positive charBC and spins like thc carth.
Whcn the nucleus is placed in a magnctic Fleld,it oscillatcs like a top(Larlnor
prcccssion)at a frequcncy proportionalto thc neld intensity.]Hcre,an impression ofa high―frcqucncy magnctic neld at the samc frcquency as that of the preccssion
causes a rcsonancc,and thc nuclcus absorbs its cncrgy and becomcs cxcited―state.
・Thc high‐frcquency ncld is thcn cut,and the nucleus returns to thc original statc,、
vhilc releasin3 thC absorbed encrgy(rclaxation PhenOmenon).The cnergy rclcasedfrom thc nucleus atthistime is measurcd as FID(free inductiOn decay)Or sE(spineChO)Signals,to rllake a tomoBraphic image.In concrete tcrms,a lincar gradientmaら nCtiC ncld,in、vhich thc change in intcnsity dcpcndslinearly on thc position,isproduccd by the addition of an inclined magnctic neld to a static lnaBnctiC neld.
Undcr this condition,a speciflc high―frequency rnagnetic ncld isimpresscd,so that
justthc nucicilocatcd in a ccrtain scction arc cxcited(sclCCtivc irradiativc process)。
After this,thc inclincd lnagnetic neld is turned oni and a ncwly inclincd lnaBnetic
ncld is put on thc cxcited section to produce a lincar gradicnt rnagnctic ncld.In thisway、the outputsignalis obtained as a synthetic signal offrequencies corresPonding
to the respective rnagnctic ncld intcnsity.Thc Fourier transformation ofthis signal

Sticed Piane
Signal intensity
Composite signal

ド

Fo庸
transform〇コ ︶﹁︻●ＯＥ●ヨ０く ︵コｏり耳 一///MR stgna

Fig.27.Thc concept of MRI

BiVeS the same prttcctiOn data as that from X̲ray CT.Thc dircctiOn of the lincar

軽 縄

雛

絲
鱒 襴
鑑
辮
鮮 毘
培: 路
曙 零
鮪 苦f
:齢
dctccts signals easily.In this mcthOd,Flrst a 90°
pulsc is imprcssed to cxcite thc
systcm and,after T(cchO timc)elapSCS,a180° PulSe is applicd.The FID signal afterthc 90°pulsc and the SE signal,、vhich has a pcak at T elapses aftcrthe 180°
pulse,
arc then dctccted.The intcnsity lsE Of thC SE llmaBC iS proportional tO the xy
componcnt Of magnctization at Occurrencc tilnc Of cchO and an approxirnation isving cquationi
BiVCn by thc follo、
ISE=kρ

pCxP(̲2T/T2)[1 CXp(一Projection
data

Tr/Tl)1)(14)、
vherc k,ρp,and Tr arc constant,proton density,and rcpetition tiFne Of the pulsc
scries rcspcctivcly.IsE,if T is suttciently small,is cxpressed by:
ISE=kρ p[1‑CXP(一 Tr/Tl)1,(15)

and aBrecs with the imagc(SR imagc)obtaincd from thc SR method.Hcre,ifTris
made suttcicntly largcrthan Tl,thcimagc shows proton dcnsity.lfT is lnadc larBc,
CXP(一Tr/T2)haS an Cntct and thc innuencc ofT2 appcars.In addition,it is possible
to obtain Tl and T2images、
v ith inforrnatlon related to phasclscosity,butorりthis
is not advisablc from thc points ofv vic、
Ofs/N and calculation tirnc.
As an cxamplc ofトブ
IR ilnagin3 0f plants,distributions of root systems and sollmoisturc wcrc mcasurcd by Omasa etal.(1985b)and BOttOmlcy (1986).Figurc
ctal。
28 shows′
H ilnagcs oFdry and、
vctsOils with brOad bean rootsin horizontalscctionsof pots.Thc gray lcvel indicated by the numcrals undcr thc gray scalevs thesho、
i n t c n s i t y o f t h e M R s i g n a l . T h c M R s i g n adlrtiteodm saoilrl―(ca.pF 5.5)in A was
vcry、
vcak exccpt forthat from thc rootin the ccntcr,and thc background noise was
慧 活 i涼 品8缶!苫 緒＼

239

難 総 驚 r淵 古鮭 が i習 挺 :祐 品 そ告発 :ざ盤 暑i提 軟 驚幣gray lcvcl rcprcsents its watcr content,Tland
CareT2・
protons in soll vater,thc
ls、
nceds to be takcn concerning ilnagc distortiOn causcd by diamagnctism and「crromagnctism or sOils(BottOmlcy ct al.1986).
FiBure 29 shows an′ H ilnagc of a broad bean and its lnain rootin a verticalscction of a pot、
vith、vct soll.Since thc Bray leVe1 0fthe bcan and root、vas higher
than that ofthc s011,we cOuld easily discriininate thc bean and its lnain root fromthe soll.Howcvcr,rootsFlnerthan2rnmcouldnotbcdetectedbyourCTsystcm.Thc
lack of unifor■lity in thc soil―、
vater content was PrObably inRucnced by the、 vatcr
uptakc of roots,as、 vell as by the spatial distribution of thc soil structure.Rcccnt
dcveloPmcntSin MlRItechnO10gy have increased the spatialresOlution t0 0.05 1nm,
making it possible to obscrvc ditterenccs in thc water contcnt of various tissucs oF
plant organs(Fig.30)(BrOヽ Vn et a1 1986).

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中°Gray level

125oGray leve1

250)ntal、■dl,cttn ioots Ⅲ
l hOriムcctk),ls o〔ol dry and wct、olls with brt〕
Fiほt im:13c、.28A,B,′ 卜
PctS A、howsthcintcnslly
critiミl二n tlcrth●d rictlsoiltBwctsGH ThCgraylcvclindictttcdbythenuriゎ
Air‐
Braysctlにいor MR si8nal ptirtimctcrst T,=52511卜
,T=40 ins(Oninsa ct al i9Xう)Ft呂.30. Micr(1、c()Pic′H imaBcs Orc1lanBitlB Wntcr contcnt in′)ts n】
セrrr′,′
rr,,?力
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us 10ots shOwin3と｀inBcs in diStril〕
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1()l wtltcr tittcrcli〈ti)d()￨l〕
PPllrcllt chとtiti Piril【n、 10n Rく)く,tSメtind″ rcPrc、
cnt tilc PitHlt1と1i:コ
はcd i'l thc dark,1ぉ
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cPrCSCnt tilc ,ot、
r〈
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till(〕｀
1lCr ihc Pitint、t(〕trtinsPirc rtjr l h rilPh、b(】 S｀〕'PCri:HP()SCdくnihc corrc、
rcPrescnt thc rcititivc MiRlBlltnl、
i:ltc,lsity lbr cFiCh PiXC1rc、
01l
it、
1'()n(lintt lBc
inlと
PcctiVC
titinscctillど
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1lc、
c BrttP1lS l'CHcr ilitぶ
tratc chを
lngcs in siBntil itltcn、
ity ca ll、
cd by chttnscSi【l Pr('t(〕Hc t ) n c c n t r an t iw 〕
i t h i n t h c r ( , o t d u l i n g t r a n s P i r t i t i orn= 4P0a0r annlil、Tc=t2c(r)s:,11(1｀A、r l c r B r o w n c tて
11 19忠6)

Allotilcr apPlicatiOn Or MRI has bcen to dctcct thc PrCSCncc or Postharvcst
intC:nal disordcrs in storcd fruit ln lvoctldOS,andaPPiCS,とPcと｀lS,MRI cicarly
rcvctilcd thc cxtcnt or brcakd()、
vn in thc cOrc tissuc(081aSti ct al 1989,Wangi、ndWげan3 1989)

ReFerences.29. H′ inlagc ofa llroad bcnil antlits nRain iootFi‖
in a vcrticalscction or a pOt With wctsoll Pa,
rametcrs:Tr=525 ms,T=40 ms(Oninsa ct al
19忠
Sb)

Thc rcsults suBBeStthatthc MR imagin3 is an Ctrcctivc lncthod for lncasurin3
SPatial distribtitions ofwater in soil and roots By analyzing thc imaBc,information
Vth in sccdlin3 and root,and thc watcr uPtakc Ofthe ro6t,may bc
about thc BrO｀PrOVided、vithout destroying the plantitsclFand thc sollcnvironmcnt Sincc an MR
vater
content in plants
SiBnal,especinlly T2,relates to water Potential as wellas to、(VanAs1982),thcCTSystemalsomayuscdtomeasurcspatialdistributionsofwatcr
potential Thc MRI is morc suitabic for makin3 thrce dilnensional images, incomparison with X―
ray CTA B u t t y ( ) J B , B k i c k b a n d S J ) S c h o c n n it t ti cn rB l Jy , M ■A , 1clrimntⅢ
inn M(1986)Nucicar magnctた
rcsonancc imagin3 01 a sin31C CCll Naturc(Lond)322:190‑191
B c r r y JL、l b r k n l a n O ( 1 9 8 0 ) P h c t O S y n t h c t i c r c s P O n s c a n d a d d P t a t i ( ) n 1 0 t chmcPrc HPiltaunrtes i n h i じ
A n n u R c v P il nとt P h y s l o 1 3 1 1 4 9 1 ‑ 5 4 3

b温mPhpttammmr
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描1隅ざ
掛さ
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端 甘 1押埼 機 祐 持樹 淵Cdttt樹°粥 鋤 Mttd°

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全隅Ellcnson JL,Raba Rヽ

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群

dynamに4(1983)Gas exchangc and Phyt01uminOgraPhy OFsinBIC red kidncy bean ieavc、

durinB pcriOdS Orit、
di〕
ccd stonatal oscillations Plant Physio1 72:90‑95

的K Omasa

Image lnstrumcntation McthOds Or Plant Analysis

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