JCM_KH_F_PM_ver01.0

JCM Proposed Methodology Form
Cover sheet of the Proposed Methodology Form
Form for submitting the proposed methodology
Host Country

The Kingdom of Cambodia

Name of the methodology proponents Tokyo Carbon Management Ltd (TCM)submitting this form
Sectoral scope(s) to which the Proposed 3. Energy demand
Methodology applies
Title of the proposed methodology, and Energy
version number

SavingbyIntroduction

List of documents to be attached to this form

The attached draft JCM-PDD:(please check):

Additional information:

Date of completion

23/02/2024

History of the proposed methodology
01.0

LowGreenhouse gas-emitting safe drinking waterproduction systems, version 01.0

VersionofDate
31/07/2023

Contents revisedFirst edition1

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A. Title of the methodology
Energy Saving by Introduction Low Greenhouse gas-emitting safe drinking water production
systems, version 01.0

B. Terms and definitions
Terms

Definitions

Point of Use (POU)

Devices treat only the water intended for direct consumption,
typically at a single tap or limited number of taps

Point of Entry (POE)

Devices are typically installed to treat all water entering a single
home, business, school, or facility (USEPA, 2006)

Distribution network

It is a public service which is provided by government to people
living within its jurisdiction, either directly or through an authorized
party

Water kiosk

It is a facility to treat water to be delivered or sold to final consumers
in appropriate conditions of sealed storage and/or residual capacityof disinfection, in such a way as to prevent recontamination before
the final consumption as drinking water

C. Summary of the methodology
Items

SummaryGHG emission

The intention of the project activity involves the installation of low

reduction measures

greenhouse gas emitting safe drinking water purifiers (SDWPs) toprovide clean drinking water to the households/communities/schools/institutions (hereafter “users”). For this reason, project
activity aims at reducing the wood fuel consumption of traditional
stove users by distributing water purifiers to households and/orschools and/or institutions.

Calculation ofThe reference emission is calculated for each project water purifierreference emissions

by using the following parameters:
Total quantity of water purified by the project

Fraction of functional appliances that are providing the safe2

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drinking waterFraction of the population served by the project activity for which
the common practice of water treatment is or would have beenwater boilingSpecific energy consumption required to boil one litre of waterProportions of reference fuel (NRB and/or fossil fuels) used in
the absence of the project activityFraction of non-renewable fuel used in the absence of the project
activity

Emission factor of the fuel substituted

Calculation of project

The project emission is calculated for each project water purifier byemission

using the following parameters:Emissions from fossil fuel combustionEmissions from electricity consumption

Monitoring parameters 

Number of population who consumes the purified water serviced
by the project activityQuantity of purified waterFraction of functional appliances that are providing the safe
drinking water

Usage timeCheck for SDW public distribution networkQuality of safe drinking waterDate of commissioning of the project device

D. Eligibility criteria
This methodology is applicable to projects that satisfy all of the following criteria.
Criterion 1

This methodology comprises introduction of low greenhouse gas emitting
water purification systems to provide safe drinking water (SDW). Water
purification technologies that involve point-of use (POU) or point-of-entry(POE) treatment systems for residential or institutional applications such assystems installed at a school or a community centre, institutions areincluded. The examples include, but are not limited to, water filters (e.g.
membrane, activated carbon, ceramic filters), solar energy powered
ultraviolet (UV) disinfection devices, solar disinfection techniques,
photocatalytic disinfection equipment, pasteurization appliances, chemical
disinfection methods (e.g. chlorination), combined treatment approaches3

JCM_KH_F_PM_ver01.0(e.g. flocculation plus disinfection). The methodology is also applicable towater kiosks that treat water using one or more of the following
technologies: chlorination, combined flocculant/disinfection powders andsolar disinfection. 1 In case the water kiosk is using solar disinfection,
project proponents need to implement measures to prevent recontamination(e.g. disinfecting containers, sealing containers and hygiene training);
Criterion 2

Soil filtration schemes (boreholes, wells) that include container disinfection(e.g. chlorination) may be applied. Project proponents demonstrate ex antethat rehabilitation and/or construction of the wells complies with relevant
national and/or international standards and that measures are taken to ensurethat water and well are not contaminated;

Criterion 3

Prior to the implementation of the project activity, a public distribution
network supplying SDW to the project boundary does not exist;

Criterion 4

It is demonstrated based on laboratory testing or official notifications (forexample notifications from the national authority on health) that theapplication of the project technology/equipment achieves compliance either
with: (i) the Comprehensive Protection performance target as per“Evaluating household water treatment options: Health based targets andmicrobiological“Internationalperformance
Schemetospecifications”
Evaluate(WHO,HouseholdWater

2011)

andTreatmentTechnologies” (WHO, 2014); or (ii) an applicable national standard orguideline. Applicable national standard should be based on laboratory
efficacy testing that, at a minimum, includes quantitative microbialmeasures of pre- and post-treatment challenge waters that are representativeof potential drinking water sources, and that includes measured reductions
based on at least one pathogen class (bacteria, viruses, protozoa);
Criterion 5

In cases where the life span of the water treatment technologies of theproject activity is shorter than the period mentioned in the BilateralDocument, documented measures are in place to ensure that end users haveaccess to replacement purification systems of comparable quality;

Criterion 6

It should be demonstrated that the project appliances use technologies thatmeet the technology standards and that they deliver microbiologically safe

1According to “A toolkit for monitoring and evaluating household water treatment and safe
storage programmes” (WHO – 2012) – Annex A - Summary of HWTS methods, the use of
these technologies can provide protection against recontamination.

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drinking water;
Criterion 7

It should be demonstrated that the proposed method for distribution ofproject devices including the method to avoid double counting of emission;
reductions such as unique identifications of product and end-user locations(e.g. programme logo);

Criterion 8

It should be demonstrated that the proposed procedures prevent double
counting of emission reductions, for example to avoid that project stove
manufacturers, wholesale providers or others claim credit for emission
reductions from the project devices.

E. Emission Sources and GHG types
Reference emissions
Emission sources

GHG types

Fossil fuel and/or non-renewable biomass (NRB) consumption forboiling water

CO2
NO2
CH4

Project emissions
Emission sources

GHG types
CO2

Fossil fuel combustion and electricity consumption for boiling water

NO2
CH4F. Establishment and calculation of reference emissions
F.1. Establishment of reference emissions
The reference emissions are calculated for each reference water purifier by multiplying thequantity of purified water, the fraction of functional appliances providing the safe drinking
water, fraction of the population served by the project activity which the common practice ofwater treatment is/would have been water boiling, specific energy consumption required to boil
one litre of water, proportion of fuel type used in the absence of the project activity, fraction of
non-renewable fuel in the absence of the project activity, and emission factor of fuel substituted.
It is assumed that in the absence of project activity, the reference scenario is the continued useof fossil fuel and/or non-renewable biomass (NRB) to boil drinking water as means of water5

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purification. Since the efficiency of the water boiling systems being replaced are inversely
proportional to the amount of reference emissions. Thus, the efficiency of the reference waterboiling systems is conservatively set as a default value in the following manner to ensure thenet emission reductions.
1. 0.10 default value may be optionally used if the replaced system or the system that wouldhave been used is a three-stone fire or a conventional system for woody biomass lacking
improved combustion air supply mechanism and flue gas ventilation system that is without
a grate as well as a chimney; for the rest of the systems using woody biomass 0.2 default
value may be optionally used.
2. 0.5 default value may be used if the replaced system or the system that would have beenused is a fossil fuel combusting system
3. The efficiency of the water boiling system will use weighted average values if more than
one type of system is encountered.

F.2. Calculation of reference emissions
𝑹𝑬𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝑸𝑷𝑾𝒑 × 𝒎 × 𝑿𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒍 × 𝑺𝑬𝑪

Equation (1)−𝟗× ∑ 𝑩𝑳𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍,𝒊 × 𝒇𝒊 × 𝑬𝑭𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍,𝒊 × 𝟏𝟎𝒊Where:
𝑹𝑬𝒑＝ Reference emissions during the period p (tCO2e/p)

𝑸𝑷𝑾𝒑＝ Total quantity of water purified by the project in the periodp (L/p), calculated based on the following option:
Option 1: Directly monitoredOption 2: Indirectly monitored following the procedures
described in Option below:
Option 2.1:
𝑸𝑷𝑾𝒑 = ∑𝒒,𝒊 × 𝒕

Equation (2)Where:- qi: Capacity of the water purification device (L/hour)provided by the manufacturer- tp: Usage time during the period p (hours/p)
Option 2.2:

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𝑸𝑷𝑾𝒑 = 𝑷𝒑 × min (𝑸𝑾𝑷𝒑𝒑 ; 𝟓. 𝟓) × 𝑫𝒑

Equation (3)Where:- 𝑃𝑝 : Population who consumes the purified water serviced
by the project activity in the period p- 𝑄𝑃𝑊𝑝𝑝: Average volume of drinking water per person perday (L/person/day) determined at the time of validation
through a survey- 𝐷𝑝 : Number of operating days during the period p𝒎＝ Fraction of functional appliances that are providing theSDW. Only project appliances that (i) use technologies thatmeet the technology standards and (ii) are operating orreplaced by an equivalent in service appliance and (iii)
deliver microbiologically safe drinking water, are counted
for emission reductions

𝑿𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒍＝ Fraction of the population served by the project activity forwhich the common practice of water treatment is or would
have been water boiling. It is determined ex ante throughsurveys𝑺𝑬𝑪＝ Specific energy consumption required to boil one litre ofwater (kJ/L), to be calculated according equation below:
SEC = [WH × (Tf – Ti) + 0.01 × WHE]/ηwb

Equation (4)Where:- WH: Specific heat of water (kJ/L oC). Use a default valueof 4.186 kJ/L oC- Tf: Final temperature (oC). Use a default value of 100 °C- Ti: Initial temperature of water (°C). Use annual averageambient temperature; or use a default value of 20°C- WHE: Latent heat of water evaporation (kJ/L). Use adefault value of 2260 kJ/L. The latent heat required to boil
one litre of water for five minutes is assumed to beequivalent to latent heat for the evaporation of 1% of thewater volume (WHO recommends a minimum duration of7

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five minutes of water boiling)- ηwb: Efficiency of the water boiling systems being
replaced, estimated ex ante.
＝ Proportions of reference fuel type i (NRB and/or fossil

𝑩𝑳𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍,𝒊fuels) used in the absence of the project activity (fraction)＝ Fraction of non-renewable fuel type i used in the absence of𝒇𝒊

the project activity in the period p. For biomass, it is thefraction of woody biomass that can be established as nonrenewable biomass (fNRB). If the reference fuel is fossil fuel,the value to be applied is 1.
𝑬𝑭𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍,𝒊0.95＝ Emission factor of the fuel type i substituted (tCO2e/TJ)=

Discount factor to account for potential use of biomass bynon- project households/communities

G. Calculation of project emissions
If the operation of the project water purification system involves consumption of fossil fuels
and/or electricity, CO2 emissions from on-site consumption of fossil fuels and electricity due
to the project activity will be accounted for as project emissions.
𝑷𝑬𝒑 = 𝑷𝑬𝑭𝑭,𝒑 + 𝑷𝑬𝑬𝑪,𝒑Equation (5)Where:
𝑷𝑬𝒑=Project emissions during the period p (tCO2e/p)

𝑷𝑬𝑭𝑭,𝒑=Emissions from fossil fuel combustion. CO2 emissions from fossil fuelcombustion in process are calculated based on the quantity of fuels
combusted and the CO2 emission coefficient of those fuels
𝑷𝑬𝑭𝑭,𝒑 = ∑𝒊 𝑭𝑪𝒊,𝒑 × 𝑪𝑶𝑬𝑭𝒊

Equation (6)- 𝑭𝑪𝒊,𝒑 : the quantity of fuel type i combusted during the period p (massor volume unit/p)- 𝑪𝑶𝑬𝑭𝒊 : the CO2 emission coefficient of fuel type i (tCO2/mass orvolume unit)- i: the fuel types combusted in process during the period p8

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𝑷𝑬𝑬𝑪,𝒑=Emissions from electricity consumption
𝑷𝑬𝑬𝑪,𝒑 = ∑𝒋 𝑬𝑪𝑷𝑱,𝒋,𝒑 × 𝑬𝑭𝑬𝑭,𝒋 × (1 + 𝑻𝑫𝑳𝒋)

Equation (7)- 𝑬𝑪𝑷𝑱,𝒋,𝒑 : Quantity of electricity consumed by the project electricity
consumption source j in the period p (MWh/p)- 𝑬𝑭𝑬𝑭,𝒋 : Emission factor for electricity generation for source j(tCO2/MWh)- 𝑇𝐷𝐿𝑗: Average technical transmission and distribution losses forproviding electricity to source j- j: Sources of electricity consumption in the project during the period p

H. Calculation of emissions reductions

𝑬𝑹𝒑 = 𝑹𝑬𝒑 − 𝑷𝑬𝒑

Equation (8)Where:𝑬𝑹𝒑＝ Emission reductions in the period p (tCO2e/p)

𝑹𝑬𝒑＝ Reference emissions in the period p (tCO2e/p)

𝑷𝑬𝒑＝ Project emissions in the period p (tCO2e/p)

I. Data and parameters fixed ex ante
The source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante is listed as below.
Parameter
𝑸𝑷𝑾𝒑𝒑

Description of data

SourceAveragevolumeof Estimated through ex ante survey or

drinkingwater

per official data, or peer reviewed literature or

person per day

local expert opinion. Alternatively, adefault value of 3 litres per person per day2
can be used. The maximum value of 5.5
litres per person per day are not to beexceeded

LSLifespanofwater

treatment technologies

Manufacturer’s specifications. In cases
where the life span of the water treatment
technologies of the project activity isshorter than the period mentioned in theBased on WHO recommendations (Technical Notes on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Emergencies.
Table 9.1: Simplified table of water requirements for survival (per person).
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Bilateral

Document,

documented

measures are in place to ensure that end
users

have

accesstoreplacement

purification systems of comparable quality
ηwb

Efficiency of the water Use one of the options below:
boiling systems being (a) The efficiency of the water boilingreplacedsystemshallbeestablishedusing

representative sampling methods or basedon referenced literature values (fraction),
use weighted average values if more than
one type of system is encountered;(b) 0.10 default value may be optionallyused if the replaced system or the systemthat would have been used is a three-stone
fire or a conventional system for woody
biomass lacking improved combustion air
supply mechanism and flue gas ventilation
system that is without a grate as well as achimney; for the rest of the systems using
woody biomass 0.2 default value may be
optionally used;(c) 0.5 default value may be used if thereplaced system or the system that would
have been used is a fossil fuel combusting
system𝑩𝑳𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍,𝒊

Proportions of reference Estimated ex ante through a survey or
fuel type i (NRB and official data or peer reviewed literature orfossil fuel)𝒇𝒊

Fraction

local expert opinionofnon- If the reference fuel is fossil fuel use arenewable fuel type idefault value of 1.0
Other case, the parameter is calculated bythird party or based on national data

𝑬𝑭𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍,𝒊Emission factor of the If the fuel displaced is NRB, thisfuel(s) type i substituted

parameter can be sourced from tablebelow:
Emission factor of fossil fuels projected
to substitute non-renewable woody

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biomassbysimilar

consumers(tCO2e/TJ)
Middle East and North 63.9
AfricaEast Asia and the Pacific85.7

Europe and Central Asia

57.8

Latin America and the 68.6
Caribbean

𝑿𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒍

FractionofSouth Asia

64.4

Sub-Saharan Africa

73.2

the Established ex ante through survey

population serviced by
the project activity forwhich

thepracticecommonofwater

purification is or would
have been water boiling𝒒i

Capacity of the water Manufacturer’s specification
purification device

0.95

Discountfactor

to Based on page 09 of UNFCCC approved

account for potential use methodology AMS-III.AV version 08.0of biomass

by non-project
households/communities
COEFi

the CO2 emission

The parameter is calculated using the latest

coefficient of fuel type i

version of the "CDM tool 03: Tool tocalculate project or leakage CO2 emission
from fossil fuel combustion"

𝑻𝑫𝑳𝒋

Averagetechnical

transmission

Applied the latest version of the “CDMand Tool 05: Baseline, project and/or

distribution losses for leakage emissions from electricity
providing electricity

consumption and monitoring of

to source jelectricity generation”, choose one
value of the following case:- In case of electricity consumption from
off-grid captive power plants, assume11

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TDLj = 0 as a simplification- In case of electricity consumption fromthe grid or both the grid and captive power
plant(s), use as default values of 20%
𝑬𝑭𝑬𝑭,𝒋Emission

factorfor The most recent value available at the timeelectricity generation forof validation is applied and fixed for thesource jmonitoring period thereafter.
The data is sourced from “Grid Emission
Factor of Cambodia”

Specific heat of water.
WHUse a default value of
4.186 kJ/LoC

TfFinal temperature. Use aodefault value of 100 C

Applied the CDM Methodology AMSIII.AV
Boiling point of water at standard
conditions
Ambient temperature data must be fromglobally

accepteddatasources,forexample data published by the National
Ti

Initial temperature of

Aeronautics and Space Administrationwater. Use a default(NASA) or the National Renewableovalue of 20 C

Energy Laboratory (NREL). Data can beused only if they are for a location that canbe demonstrated to be representative of theproject location
Use a default value. The latent heatrequired to boil one litre of water for five

WHE

Latent heat of water
evaporation

minutes is assumed to be equivalent tolatent heat for the evaporation of 1% of thewater volume (WHO recommends a
minimum duration of five minutes ofwater boiling)

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