Appendix I
Additional Information for the Proposed Methodology“Energy Saving by Introduction of High Efficiency Once-through Boiler”
1.

Market Condition of Boilers in Myanmar

1.1

Number of boiler installed in Myanmar

In Myanmar, there are in total 2,390 boilers in operation in 2016, according to the statistics of Boiler
Inspection Department of Ministry of Industry, which conducts inspection on all the boilers installed inthe country. The situation of introduction of boiler is as follows.
-All boilers are imported and there are no boiler manufacturers in Myanmar.

-About half boilers are second-hand and others are brand-new.

-Approximately, 100 units of boilers are newly installed annually.

-The number of boiler suppliers in Myanmar is limited.

1.2

Fuel for boilers in Myanmar

Out of 2,390 units, 65% of boilers use biomass (rice husk or agricultural residue) as fuel (Table 1).
Locations of biomass boilers are limited to areas near rice mills or where agricultural residue is produced,
due to constraints in transportation and storage. In industrial estate, most of the factories apply oil orcoal boiler. Dual fuel type (oil and gas) boilers are also applied. Natural gas was once used in industries,
but at present gas is mainly applied only in power sector or limited government factory and not
distributed to private industries due to shortage of domestic gas supply. Small numbers of LPG boilers
are installed in downtown area where space is limited. Those LPG boilers are of small sizes forcommercial purpose.
Recently, there are cases in which residents of areas near cities oppose the introduction of coal equipment,
and oil boilers are selected in spite of high fuel cost in such areas. In areas far from residential areas,coal boilers still tend to be selected. Accordingly, of the boilers fired by fossil fuel, oil boiler is themajority in recent trend, followed by coal boiler.
Table 1: Number of Existing Boiler Units by Fuel Type
Types
Number of boiler units
Percentage

Biomass
1,547
65%

Oil366
15%

Gas
156
7%

Coal
153
6%

Electric
155
6%

Waste Heat
131%

Total
2,390
100%

Source: Boiler Inspection Department, Ministry of Industry (2016)

1.2

Type of boiler installed in MyanmarAbout 60% is water tube type and remaining 40% are fire tube type1. Installation of once-through boiler
has just been started in Myanmar. Efficiency improvement with economizer and/or other efficiency
1

Source: Industrial Boilers Market-Customization, Marketsandmarkets (June 2017)1

Appendix I
improvement attachment are not commonly practiced.
1.3

Share of boiler manufacture in Myanmar

There is no particular predominant manufacturer in the boiler market of Myanmar. Following tableshows market share of boiler manufacturer in Myanmar.
Table 2: Share of Boiler Manufacturer in Myanmar
CompanyCountry of origin

ShareA

Germany

16%

B

India

10%

C

UK

7%

Other-67%

Source: Industrial Boilers Market-Customization, Marketsandmarkets (June 2017)

2.

Reference Boiler Efficiency

2.1

Oil and gas boilers

Apart from biomass, oil and gas boilers are widely installed for industry in Myanmar. The thermal
efficiency of oil and gas boilers by major boiler manufacturers in Myanmar is collected frommanufacturer’s specification in catalogues, and summarized in the Table 3 below.
Table 3: Efficiency of Boilers (Oil and Gas)
CompanyA

BCCountry oforigin

Equivalentevaporation(t/h)
4GermanyIndia

UKThermalEfficiency

TypeFuel

84.5% Water Tube

Oil&Gas684.5% Water Tube

Oil&Gas884.5% Water Tube

Oil&Gas189.0% Fire Tube

Oil&Gas289.0% Fire Tube

Oil&Gas689.0% Fire Tube

Oil&Gas589.0% Fire Tube

Oil

689.0% Fire Tube

Oil

7.26

89.0% Fire Tube

Oil

588.0% Fire Tube

Gas

688.0% Fire Tube

Gas

7.26

88.0% Fire Tube

Gas

Source: Catalogues of manufacturers

From the table above, the highest efficiency of oil and gas boilers in Myanmar is 89%.
2.2

Coal boilers

As shown in Table 1, coal boilers are also used in Myanmar. Coal boilers are mainly from India andChina. The efficiency of coal boilers in the catalogues of coal boiler installed in Myanmar is as follows.

2Appendix I

Table 4: Efficiency of Coal Boilers
CompanyB

D

Country oforigin

Equivalentevaporation(t/h)

ThermalEfficiency

1.5

82.5%

Fire Tube

Coal

382.5%

Fire Tube

Coal482.5%

Fire Tube

Coal682.5%

Fire Tube

Coal

0.5

76.0%

unknown

Coal278.0%

unknown

Coal478.0%

unknown

CoalIndia

China

Type

Fuel

Source: Catalogues of manufacturers

As shown in Table 3 and Table 4, efficiency of coal boiler is lower than that of oil and gas boiler. It isthus conservative to set the default efficiency of coal boiler at 89%, the same as oil and gas boiler. In
case of fuel switch from coal to oil or coal to gas, boiler efficiency of 89% is also applied as the default
efficiency of reference boiler.
2.3.

Setting Reference Boiler Efficiency

From the above results, reference boiler in Myanmar can be defined as follows.
-Water tube boiler and fire tube boiler-Oil-fired, oil and gas-fired (dual fuel), or coal-fired boiler-Boiler efficiency:89%-

Not equipped with economizer or with other efficiency improvement functions

3.

Conservativeness of setting of boiler efficiency

The advantage of once-through boiler (project boiler) is that its high efficiency can be maintained under
the low range of operation load. On the other hand, efficiency of oil and gas-fired fire tube boiler is low
at the smaller operation load range. Figure 1 shows the test result conducted by a boiler manufacturer tocompare efficiency between once-through boiler and fire tube boiler.

3Appendix IFigure 1:

Efficiency comparison between once­through boiler and fire tube boiler at various
load range

Source: Based on Japanese boiler manufacturer’s test report

As shown in the above figure, when the load rate is at the small range (e.g. 25­35%), the efficiency offire tube boiler becomes low (ηୖ୉ ＝77­87%) while efficiency of once­through boiler can be maintained
relatively high (94­95%) at the same range.

When the load is less than 25% (on­off limit), fire tube boiler starts switching on and off. At this time,the efficiency decreases rapidly, which cannot be theoretically calculated. The on­off limit of fire tube
boiler is generally more than 25%, and the efficiency becomes again lower at smaller load range.
Meanwhile, the on­off limit of the once­through boiler is 17%, which means that the boiler keeps goodefficiency up in a smaller load range up to 17%.
This means when the boiler is operated at smaller load range, the efficiency difference between project
boiler and reference boiler becomes large, and thus CO2 emission reduction amount becomes larger.
Depending on factory production pattern, it is quite often that boiler load becomes less than 35%.
Therefore, the default setting of reference efficiency at 89%, which is higher than the efficiency of fire­tube boiler at a small load rate, is considered to be conservative.
4.

Size of Once-through Boiler

Size range of once­through boiler in the world is generally equal to or smaller than 7 ton/hour (t/h) in
manufacturers’ specification. Once­through boilers exceeding 7 t/h are not available in the market in
Myanmar, unless custom design order is specially made. Thus, efficiency and other technical data ofonce­through boiler with the size of more than 7 t/h is not available. Therefore, the condition “The4Appendix I
project boiler is a once-through boiler with a rated capacity of 7 ton/hour per unit or less (equivalentevaporation)” is used as an eligibility criteria.
5.

Emission factor of coal in Myanmar

There are various types of coal with different emission factor, i.e., Anthracite (0.0946 tCO2/GJ), Coking
Coal (0.0873 tCO2/GJ), Other Bituminous Coal (0.0895 tCO2/GJ), Sub-Bituminous Coal (0.0928
tCO2/GJ), and Lignite (0.0909 tCO2/GJ)2.
Emission factor of lignite is applied as a default value for emission factor of coal in this methodology
for the following reasons:- Myanmar coal is generally of the low quality lignite and sub-bituminous3.
- Most of the coal produced in Myanmar is of sub-bituminous coal, although a small percentage (about7% in the year 2012-2013) of coal produced is lignite4.
- For example, Tigit 120 MW coal power plant only uses lignite coal.
Since emission factor of lignite is smaller than that of sub-bituminous coal, applying emission factor oflignite as a default emission factor of coal is conservative.

(End of document)

234

The value refers IPCC default value from Table 1.4 of Chapter 1 of Vol. 2 of the “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG
Inventories”
According to Myanmar National Energy Policy 2014Myanmar Energy Master Plan (ADB TA No. 8356-MYA)

5