Additional information on calculating the emission factors of Indonesia for the JCM
In order to secure net emission reductions in the methodology, the following emission factors will apply
depending on the regional grid to which a proposed project activity will connect in Indonesia:

Table 1 summarises the applied emission factors for the PV system(s) in a proposed project activity,
which is directly connected, or connected via an internal grid not connecting to a captive power
generator, to a regional grid (PV Case 1)

Table 1 also summarises the applied emission factors for the PV system(s) in a proposed project
activity, which is connected to an internal grid connecting to both a regional grid and a captive power
generator (PV Case 2).
Table 1 Grid emission factor PV Case 1 and Case 2
Regional grid nameEmission factor for PV Emission factor for PV
Case 1 (tCO2/MWh)
Case 2 (tCO2/MWh)Jamali grid
0.590
0.533
Sumatra grid
0.483
0.483
Batam grid
0.627
0.533
Khatulistiwa, Barito
0.600
0.533
Mahakam grid
0.522
0.522
Sulawesi Island grids (Sulselrabar, Sulawesi
0.353
0.353
Tenggara - Kendari, Bau Bau, Kolaka,
Lambuya,
Wangi
Wangi,Raha,
Suluttenggo)
Lombok, Bima, Sumbawa grids
0.551
0.533
Kupang. Ende, Maumere, Waingapu grids
0.515
0.515
Ambon, Tual, Masohi grids
0.533
0.533
Ternate grid
0.532
0.532



An emission factor of 0.533 t-CO2/MWh is applied, in the case that the PV system (s) in a proposed
project activity is only connected to an internal grid connecting to a captive power generator (PV Case3).

Background information and emission factors calculation methods

1. Current status of electric power source mix in Indonesia
There are five major islands in Indonesia: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, and 26
electricity interconnection systems or grids as shown in Figure 1, which cover 31 provinces as shown in
Table 2.

1

Figure 1. Map of Indonesian grids1

Table 2 Interconnection System and Provinces covered
Interconnection System
Provinces/power generation unit covered
East Java, Central Java, D.I. Yogyakarta, West
1. Java-Madura-Bali (Jamali)Java, Banten, D.K.I. Jakarta and Tangerang,BaliAceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau,
2. SumatraSouth Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung,Bangka Belitung
3. BatamRiau Provinces (Batam Island)
4. Tanjung Pinang
Riau Provinces (Bintan Island)
5. Khatulistiwa
West Kalimantan
6. Barito
South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan
7. Mahakam
East Kalimantan
8. Sulselrabar
South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi,
Southeast Sulawesi
9. Sulawesi Tenggara - KendariSoutheast Sulawesi
1

Approximate figure, based on Executive Summary – Electricity Supply Business Plan PT PLN, 2015-20242

10. Sulawesi Tenggara - Bau Bau
11. Sulawesi Tenggara - Kolaka
12. Sulawesi Tenggara - Lambuya
13. Sulawesi Tenggara - Wangi Wangi
14. Sulawesi Tenggara - Raha
15. Suluttenggo
16. Lombok
17. Bima
18. Sumbawa
19. Kupang
20. Ende
21. Maumere
22. Waingapu
23. Ambon
24. Ternate
25. Tual
26. MasohiNorth Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Gorontalo
West Nusa Tenggara

East Nusa Tenggara
MalukuNorth Maluku
MalukuThere are six types of primary energy used for electricity generation in Indonesia, namely, coal, oil anddiesel, natural gas, hydro, geothermal, and solar power2. The share of electricity generated from 2012 to2014 by each type of primary energy is shown in Table 3. The electricity generation from hydro,geothermal, and solar power plants are deemed as low cost/must run (LCMR) power sources.

Table 3 Electricity generation by primary energy type
Electricity generation by primary
2012
2013
2014
energy type, PLN only (TWh)
Coal
67
7584
Oil (HSD, IDO, MFO) and diesel
333065Natural gas
3641
11HydroGeothermal
Solar powerTotal

111311

3.60.00
150

4.30.01164

4.30.01
175*There is a difference between the values listed as “Total“ and the summation of each value of “Coal”, “Oil(HSD, IDO, MFO) and diesel”, “Natural gas”, “Hydro”, “Geothermal” and “Solar power” because these values
are rounded.
**Electricity generation represents a net amount which is the amount of electricity generated by a power plantthat is transmitted and distributed for consumer use.

When the share of LCMR is less than 50% of the total grid generation, the operation of LCMR resources
would not be affected by a newly installed power plant including a PV project3. Therefore, only electricity
from gas-fired, coal-fired, and oil-fired power plant is taken into account for calculating the official
regional grid emission factor in Indonesia. Applying this assumption, the Government of Indonesia

2

Directorate General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Indonesia (2015) The Book of Electricity
Statistics Number 28-2015.
3
CDM EB (2015) Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system.

3

published emissions factor of each regional grid as of 20144 as shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Regional grid emission factors in 2014 published by the Government of Indonesia
Interconnection of Electric Power
Emission Factor (tonNo.
SystemsCO2eq./MWh)
1 Jamali (Jawa-Madura-Bali)
0.84
2 Sumatera

0.794

3 Batam

0.975

4 Tanjung Pinang

1.03

5 Khatulistiwa

0.773

6 Barito

1.163

7 Mahakam

1.255

8 Sulselrabar

0.667

9 Sulawesi Tenggara - Kendari

0.85

10 Sulawesi Tenggara - Bau Bau

0.696

11 Sulawesi Tenggara - Kolaka

0.712

12 Sulawesi Tenggara - Lambuya

0.727

13 Sulawesi Tenggara - Wangi Wangi

0.73

14 Sulawesi Tenggara - Raha

0.721

15 Sulutenggo

0.886

16 Lombok

0.81

17 Bima

0.592

18 Sumbawa

0.644

19 Kupang

0.876

20 Ende0.778

21 Maumere

0.626

22 Waingapu

0.861

23 Ambon

0.759

24 Ternate

0.777

25 Tual

0.744

26 Masohi

0.737(Data source: Directorate General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia accessed
at: http://jcm.ekon.go.id/en/index.php/content/Mzg%253D/emission_factor)

4

JCM Indonesia website, http://jcm.ekon.go.id/en/index.php/content/Mzg%253D/emission_factor, 2016.

4

2. Calculation of emission factors of the regional grids
In order to identify the emission factors for the Indonesian regional electricity systems which can secure
net emission reductions, the emission factors in this methodology are established by an operating margin
that is calculated using emission factors of power plants including LCMR resources. To calculating theemission factors of each fossil fuel power generation, the best heat efficiency among currently operational
plants in Indonesia is applied.

The most efficient coal-fired power plants and gas-fired power plants currently operational in Indonesia are
identified in Table 5 and the best heat efficiency is determined as 42% and 61%, respectively. With regard
to diesel-fired power plants, the heat efficiency of 49%, an efficiency level which has not been achieved
yet by the world’s leading diesel generator, is applied due to the data limitation5.

Table 5
Type of power plant
Coal-fired
Ultra-Super Critical(USC)6The best efficiency of fossil fuel power plants in Indonesia
Power plant
ProductCapacity
Plant efficiency(LHV)
Lontar Coal-FiredGT13E2315 MW
42%
Thermal Power Plant,Banten

Gas turbine
combined cycle(GTCC)

Jawa-2 Combined
Cycle Power Plant,
Tanjung Priok

Mitsubishi
Hitachi Power
Systems M701F4880 MW

61%

The emission factor of power generation by each fuel source is calculated from the plant efficiency using
the following equation:
Emission factor of fossil fuel power plant [t-CO2/MWh]= (Emission factor of fuel source [kg-CO2/TJ]*10-3*0.0036[TJ/MWh] / (Heat efficiency (LHV) [%]/100)
Applying the emission factors for coal, gas and diesel combustion, which are 92,800 kgCO2/TJ, 54,300
kgCO2/TJ and 72,600 kgCO2/TJ, respectively derived from “IPCC guideline 2006, Chapter 2, stationarycombustion”, together with the plant efficiency (LHV) of 42% for the coal-fired power plant, 61% for thegas-fired power plant and 49% for diesel-fired power plant, the conservative emission factors arecalculated to be 0.795 t-CO2/MWh for coal-fired power plants, 0.320 t-CO2/MWh for gas-fired power
plants and 0.533 t-CO2/MWh for diesel-fired power plants.
Using the data of electricity generation including LCMR resources and the conservative emission factors
for each power source, operating margins in each regional grid are obtained, as follows:

56The approved JCM methodologies (PW_AM001 and MV_AM001) also applied this value.
https://www.toshiba.co.jp/tech/review/2008/09/63_09pdf/a03.pdf

5

𝐸𝐹𝑅𝐸,𝑗 =∑𝑖 𝐸𝐺𝑖,𝑗 × 𝐸𝐹𝑖∑𝑖 𝐸𝐺𝑖,𝑗Where:
EFRE,j = The reference emission factor of regional grid j [tCO2/MWh]EFi =Conservative emission factor of power plant type i[tCO2/MWh]

EGi,j = Electricity generated and delivered to the regional grid from power plant type i including
LCMR resources in grid j during 2012-2014 [MWh]As a result, the emission factor for each regional grid which is directly connected, or connected via aninternal grid not connecting to a captive power generator, to a regional grid is calculated as shown incolumn “Emission factor for PV Case1 (tCO2/MWh)” of Table 1.
Those values are lower than the 2014 emission factors of the respective regional grids published by thegovernment of Indonesia as shown in Table 4. Therefore, net emission reductions will be ensured byapplying the emission factor as determined above.

3. Calculation of the emission factor of a captive power generator
To determine the emission factor of a captive power generator which normally uses a diesel generator in aconservative and simple manner, the heat efficiency of 49%, an efficiency level which has not beenachieved yet by the world’s leading diesel generator, is applied.

The emission factor of diesel power generation is calculated from the heat efficiency using the following
equation:
Emission factor of diesel power plant [t-CO2/MWh]=(CO2 emission factor of diesel oil [kg-CO2/TJ]*10-3*0.0036[TJ/MWh] / (Heat efficiency (LHV) [%]/100)
Applying the default value of the emission factor of diesel combustion which is 72,600 kgCO2/TJ derived
from “IPCC guideline 2006, Chapter 2, stationary combustion”, together with the heat efficiency of 49%,
the emission factor for a captive power generator is calculated to be 0.533 tCO2/MWh.
4. Selection of the calculated emission factors
In case the PV system(s) in a proposed project activity is directly connected, or connected via an internal
grid not connecting to a captive power generator, to a regional grid (PV Case 1), the value of operating
margin including LCMR resources, using the best heat efficiency among currently operational plants inIndonesia in calculating emission factors of fossil fuel power plants, are applied. The emission factors tobe applied are shown in column “Emission factor for PV Case 1 (t-CO2/MWh)” of Table 1.
6

In the case the PV system(s) in a proposed project activity is connected to an internal grid connecting toboth a regional grid and a captive power generator (PV Case 2), the lower values between emission factors
as shown in column “Emission factor for PV Case 1 (t-CO2/MWh)” of Table 1 and the conservativeemission factors of diesel-fired power plant of 0.533 t-CO2/MWh is applied. The emission factors to beapplied are shown in column “Emission factor for PV Case 2 (t-CO2/MWh)” of Table 1.
In the case that the PV system(s) in a proposed project activity is only connected to an internal gridconnecting to a captive power generator (PV Case 3), 0.533 t-CO2/MWh is applied.

7

Appendix I Electric power source mix of each regional grid

8

9

10

(Data source: Directorate General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2015)11