Disarmament andInternational Security
Committee (DISEC)
Background Guide Topic:

Discussing Extremism and the Use of Unconventional
WeaponsDirector’s Note
Dear Delegates,
Welcome to the Disarmament and International Security Committee of Japan Metropolitan
Model United Nations 2022! The chairs of this committee truly appreciate your participation andare delighted to be able to work with all of you.
My name is Marina Takahashi, and I am a second-year student at Senzoku Gakuen
Senior High School. I will be chairing this Committee as Director for the two days, along withtwo co-Directors. I lived in Greenwich, Connecticut when I was in Elementary School and spent
six years there; afterwards I came back to Japan for Middle School and have been living here
since. I have been a part of Senzoku Gakuen’s MUN Club for five years and currently am part ofthe club as vice-president. While I haven’t been able to participate in any MUN conferences
abroad due to the pandemic, I have participated in an online conference and previous JMMUN
conferences including last year's JMMUN 2021 in which I was co-director of the Intermediate IIcommittee.
This year, the Advanced II committee’s conference will be taking place online. Althoughmany people might be disappointed about not being able to meet delegates in person, an online
conference means a more international conference. We will be welcoming delegates from allover the world and I hope to have a high-level debate over the course of two days. Since we will
be debating over a rather difficult topic, I am looking forward to hearing many new andinnovative ideas that have not been brought up yet through discussing the conflict from multiple
aspects. Make sure to come with a deep understanding of the topic, a clear idea on your country's
stance, and most importantly, confidence!
Let’s create an enjoyable conference experience and make unforgettable memories!
Please feel free to reach out to the chairs with any questions or concerns.
Sincerely,

Marina Takahashi, Director
Disarmament and International Security Committee
Senzoku Gakuen Model United Nations ClubJapan Metropolitan Model United Nations 2022

Introduction of theCommittee
The Disarmament and International Security
Committee of JMMUN 2022 will discuss
extremism and the use of unconventional
weapons on an international scale. As
modern warfare has changed form frombeing issues between individual countries, toconflicts involving many states, the United
Nation is required to play a vital role inmaintaining global peace and security.
Founded in 1945 as the First Committee ofthe United Nations General Assembly, theDisarmament and International Security
Committee (DISEC), composed of all 193
UN member states, deals with “alldisarmament and international security
matters within the scope of the Charter or
relating to the powers and functions of any
other organ of the United Nations; thegeneral principles of cooperation in themaintenance of international peace andsecurity, as well as principles governing
disarmament and the regulation ofarmaments.” 1

Current Situation
Multiple measures against global armaments
have been taken by the United Nations.
One major armament that the UN has sought
to eliminate since its establishment is
nuclear weapons. Including the Treaty on
the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons(NPT), which aims to prevent the spread of
nuclear weapons and weapons technology,
many treaties have been signed for progressin the disarmament of nuclear weapons, aswell as prevention measures for nuclear
proliferation and testing. A major treaty to
be noted is the Treaty on the Prohibition of
Nuclear Weapons, effective since 2021,
January. 2Despite the aim of the treaty, majorcountries with nuclear weapons, such as
China and the United States, have refused totake part. With the measures being taken for
nuclear weapon disarmament, it must berecognized that the countries advanced innuclear weaponry are refusing to ratify thetreaty.

2

1

United Nations, Main Body, Main Organs, General
Assembly. UN News Center. UN. (n.d.). Retrieved
July 22, 2021, from https://www.un.org/en/ga/first/

United Nations. (n.d.). Treaty on the
non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (npt) – unoda.
United Nations.
https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/.

Case Studies
Subtopic I: The Invention of
Weapons and its Purpose
Regardless of the situation, weapons havebeen made for many different purposes.
Though there are many reasons for weapons
to be made, the main reason is “because
possession of such a weapon appear[s] to be
the only defense against an enemy similarly
armed.” 3
Case Study 1 : The Dawn of Atomic Bombs
Created near WW2, the key to atomic
bombs, nuclear fission, was founded
accidentally in Nazi Germany on December
21st, 1938. This new prospect of nuclear
fission was discovered by Germanradio-chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz
Strassmann, both employees at Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry inDahlem. Word of this discovery spreadquickly among the community of physicists.
Though this reaction was bound to be found,regardless of whether Hahn and Fritz had
discovered nuclear fission as they had, 43Conca, J. (2013, December 8). Why did we make theatomic bomb? Forbes.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2013/12/07/why-did-we-make-the-atomic-bomb/?sh=7be1ecdf6
e90.
4

Conca, J. (2013, December 8). Why did we make theatomic bomb? Forbes.

many immediately saw the possibilities of
its use.
A result of one of its possibilities was theinvention of atomic bombs. Though
accidently found, this discovery of nuclear
fission lead to the birth of atomic bombs, ahighly dangerous weapon that lead to many
deaths in the bombings in Japan.
Case Study 2 : The Creation of Landmines
Widely used during WWII, landmines weremade as a trump card for America. The
value of weapons lies apparently in its
ability to bring physical trauma. In this
aspect, landmines changed the history of
war weapons.
There are two different types of landmines:
anti-personnel, and anti-vehicle. Bothbrought many casualties, not only during
war time but also after.
Anti-personnel weapons have beenprohibited by the treaty adopted in 1997, theConvention on the Prohibition of the Use,
Stockpiling, Production and Transfer ofAnti-Personnel Mines. With more than 150
countries involved in this treaty, the effect isclear with the evident decrease of casualties
by anti-personnel landmines.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2013/12/07/why-did-we-make-the-atomic-bomb/?sh=7be1ecdf6
e90.

As for anti-vehicle mines, regulation ofthese types of mines have been called for by
the Secretary-General.
Despite the fact that many countries havecalled for a complete ban of mines, over 10
million stockpiled mines await destruction.

Subtopic II: The Misuse of
Biological Warfare
Implemented by 183 UN Member States,
discluding the following countries: Chad,
Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Israel, Kiribati,
Micronesia, Namibia, South Sudan, andTuvalu, the Biological Weapons Convention(BWC) “effectively prohibits thedevelopment, production, acquisition,transfer, stockpiling and use of biologicaland toxin weapon”. 5
The Biological Weapons Convention does
not ban the use of biological and toxic
weapons but reaffirms the Geneva Protocol,
established in 1925, a treaty prohibiting theusage of biological and chemical weapons ininternational armed conflicts. 6

Case Study 1: Early 1930s and Japan’s
biological warfare during World War II
In the early 1930s, Japan acquired new
methods in developing biological warfare on
a big scale. This was experimented largely
in China. In the midst of World War II, theSino-Japanese war occurred simultaneously
from 1937 to 1945, in which the Imperial
Japanese Army conducted humanexperimentation of biological weapons on
the Chinese, Korean, Russian and American
prisoners. Additionally, the movement led
by General Shirō Ishii of Unit 731 usedplague-infected fleas and flies covered withcholera to infect the population in China.
This information was obtained because Unit
731 was originally an agency to promote
public health to the Japanese soldiers thatwould benefit them. 7 Although the Geneva
Protocol banned the usage of biological andchemical weapons in warfare, the Japanesearmy wanted to prepare for this situation. 8 It
is important to note here that cholera is avery fatal disease that can lead to death5

United Nations. (n.d.). Biological weapons
convention – unoda. United Nations.
https://www.un.org/disarmament/biological-weapons/.
6

United Nations. (n.d.). 1925 Geneva Protocol –unoda. United Nations.
https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/bio/1925-gene
va-protocol/.

7

Unit 731. Atomic Heritage Foundation. (2018, May4). https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/unit-731.
8
Google. (n.d.). Public health issues in disaster
preparedness. Google ubNX.
https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=AiWKXMn66Y
cC&pg=PA87&dq=%22entomological%2Bwarfare&client=firefox-a&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22ent
omological%20warfare&f=false.

within a matter of hours. 9 These prisoners
would likely have died before getting any
treatment.

Figure 1: The Japanese Imperial Army
testing biological weapons on Chinese
prisoners 10
As well as the Changde chemical weapon
attacks, the Japanese again employedbiological warfare by intentionally spreading
infected fleas. 11 Despite killing a range of
200,000-500,000 people, Japan only
acknowledged their faults recently. Because
Japan itself has not yet apologized upon this9

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education andResearch. (2020, February 1). Cholera. Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287.
10
Stockton, R. (2018, November 5). 6 horrifying
Human "experiments" That WWII Japan got awaywith. All That's Interesting.
https://allthatsinteresting.com/unit-731.
11
Riedel, S. (2004, October). Biological warfare andbioterrorism: A historical review. Proceedings(Baylor University. Medical Center).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200
679/.

matter, China decided to take it uponthemselves to create a museum where Unit
731 was located to reaffirm the tragedies.
When it became clear that Japan was goingto lose the war in 1945, they started to erasemuch of the information gained from theseexperiments, and so not much of Unit 731
and its atrocities are not known to this age
very widely. Additionally, Japan has notbeen tried for their faults as the UnitedStates of America has decided that getting
the medical information that Unit 731 wasable to gather would be enough in exchange
for the immunity of the soldiers. General
Douglas MacArthur believed that if he wereto put Unit 731 on trial, it would get in theway of America getting the information. 12

Subtopic III: The Responsibility toProtect
The Responsibility to Protect
Adopted by all UN Member States at the2005 UN World Summit, The Responsibility
to Protect (R2P) “seeks to ensure that theinternational community never again fails tohalt the mass atrocity crimes of genocide,
war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes

12

Unit 731. Atomic Heritage Foundation. (2018, May4). https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/unit-731.

against humanity.” 13 The norm consists ofthree pillars: 1) the responsibility of eachState to protect its populations, 2) the
responsibility of the international
community to assist States in protecting
their populations, and 3) the responsibilityof the international community to protectwhen a State is manifestly failing to protect
its populations. 14
Case Study 1: The Rwandan Genocide
The Responsibility to Protect was adopted,
responding to the 1994 Rwandan Civil War,
where the Hutu government of Rwanda
persecuted the Tutsi minority group alongwith extremist allies. Using firearms,
machetes, and a variety of garden
implements, the war led to the genocide of
800,000 Tutsis and politically moderate
Hutus. 15 However, countries ignored the
genocide and the United Nations’ faced
limitations post-Cold War due to lack ofmilitary resources. In addition, the standoff
between the United States and Soviet Union,

countries that held vetoes created obstacles
that made it difficult to take action.
Therefore, the United Nations failed toproperly respond to and intervene in the
Rwandan genocide. 16
Case Study 2: The Tokyo Subway Sarin
AttackOn March 20, 1995, members of AUM
Shinrikyo, a religious organization in Japanand Russia, released a highly toxic chemicalgas which was invented by the Nazis, in the
subway of Tokyo called sarin, which
resulted in 13 deaths and over 5,800 injuries.
17
While the motive is still a mystery, theterror attack left many victims with after
effects including mental illnesses andphysical disabilities.

13

What is R2P? Global Centre for the Responsibility
to Protect. (n.d.). Retrieved July 25, 2021, fromhttps://www.globalr2p.org/what-is-r2p/.
14Šimonović, I. (n.d.). The responsibility to protect.
United Nations. Retrieved July 30, 2021, from,https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/responsibility-protect.
15
Power, S. (2019, September 8). Bystanders to
genocide. The Atlantic. Retrieved July 28, 2021,
fromhttps://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/
09/bystanders-to-genocide/304571/.

16

BRIA 12 3 a The United Nations: Fifty years of
keeping the peace. Constitutional Rights Foundation.
(n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2021, fromhttps://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-1
2-3-a-the-united-nations-fifty-years-of-keeping-the-peace.
17History.com Editors. (2009, November 13). Tokyo
subways are attacked with sarin gas. History.com.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/tokyo-su
bways-are-attacked-with-sarin-gas.

Case Study 3: The 2001 Anthrax Attacks

Figure 2: Rescue workers in hazmat suits
and gas masks helping the injured. (Source:
The Japan Times)
The attack has shown the possibility ofterrorists easily using chemical gas such as
sarin, declared by the United Nations as a“weapons of mass destruction.” 18 Due to theadvancement of technology, anyone canobtain unconventional weapons with ease.

Figure 3: Japan Self-Defense Forceschemical troops removing poisonous
substances. (Source: Britannica)
18

Tokyo subway attack. Crime Museum. (2021, June
11). Retrieved August 30, 2021, from,https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/terroris
m/tokyo-subway-attack/.

One week after an Islamic terrorist grouphijacked airplanes and carried out suicide
attacks in America on September 11, 2001,
the Anthrax Attacks occurred where 5
Americans were killed and 17 were
sickened, due to letters laced with anthrax
appearing in the U.S. mail. 19 Anthrax, aserious infectious disease, opened
possibilities for many forms of terror attacks
and the need to be prepared for any type ofattack in the future. Anthrax can be placedin letters, food, or released in air. 20 While
preparing for attacks in the future is vital,
preventing the attacks from occurring again
is the most essential obstacle the world mustovercome.

19

FBI. (2016, May 17). Amerithrax or anthrax
investigation. FBI.
https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/amerithrax-or-anthrax-investigation.
20
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020,
November 20). The threat of an anthrax attack.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/bioterrorism/threat.html.

Figure 4: A Laboratory technician holding
the anthrax-laced letter in November 2001.
(Source: FBI)
Case Study 4: The Libyan Civil War
The Second Libyan Civil War which began
in 2014 was a conflict that occured due tomultiple governments that competed for
legitimacy and territorial control. 21
The citizens of Libya have protested against
foreign aid, claiming for “no foreignintervention, Libyan people can do it alone.”

Figure 5: Libyan citizens calling out to theinternational community to stop
intervention. (Source: Reuters)
While foreign aid is necessary, we musthave a wider perspective and consider thenegative effects of too much foreignintervention on a country, especially a state
under disorder.
Case Study 5: Myanmar coup d'état
In 2021 February 1, following a generalelection won by Aung San Suu Kyi, militarycommander-in-chief Min Aung Hlaing’s
forces seized control of Myanmar. Although
under a strict night-time curfew due to
COVID-19, the peaceful protests against the
military rule quickly progressed and thestreets of Yangon and Mandalay were filledwith the letters “R2P” in March the same
year calling on the international community
not simply to condemn, but to act. 22

21

Everything you need to know about human rights in
Libya 2020. Amnesty International. (n.d.). Retrieved
September 14, 2021, fromhttps://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/libya/report-libya/.

22

Cuddy, A. (2021, April 1). Myanmar coup: What ishappening and why?BBC News. Retrieved July 29,
2021, fromhttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55902070.

In August 2015, responding to thedifficulties the Security Council faced withthe veto power, France, with the support of
Mexico, launched the “Political Declaration
on Suspension of Veto Powers in Cases ofMass Atrocity.” 25
Figure 6: Young people seeking help fromthe international community on the streets of
Yangon, Myanmar. (Source: GCR2P)
Improving the Responsibility to Protect
Numerous countries have responded to
atrocity crimes against humanity including
ASEAN countries, which have not taken
effective action, and eschew R2P, believing
in “the ASEAN way.”23 China and Russia
have vetoed resolutions authorizing
international action in Myanmar, arguingthat the situation in Myanmar was not athreat to peace and security, choosing tocontinue giving political and military
support. 24
23

Vanessa Chong and Tanyalak ThongyoojaroenMay
14, Thongyoojaroen, V. C. and T., Chong, V., &Thongyoojaroen, T. (2021, May 19). Beyond the coupin Myanmar: The asean way must change. Just
Security. Retrieved July 30, 2021, from,https://www.justsecurity.org/76126/beyond-the-coupin-myanmar-the-asean-way-must-change/.
24
User, G. (2020, January 10). The Rohingya crisisand the challenges of IMPLEMENTING R2P
PRINCIPLES . The Security Distillery. Retrieved July30, 2021, from,https://thesecuritydistillery.org/all-articles/the-rohing

While countries have condemned themilitary takeover, no concrete action has
been taken to tackle the problem. R2P isneither a law nor a legally binding
framework, countries remain uncertain of
which cases the principle should be applied,
and the existence of great powers in the
Security Council make intervention difficult.
In addition, the world must not forget thatterrorists are gaining easy access tounconventional weapons which are cheap,
but of mass destruction. The UN has the
responsibility to protect all people and find asolution to tackle extremism. Terror attacks
are in many cases a problem of multiple
countries; therefore the international
community must cooperate to overcome
ya-crisis-and-the-challenges-of-implementing-r2p-pri
nciples.
25
Political declaration on suspension of veto powers
in cases of mass atrocities. Global Centre for the
Responsibility to Protect. (n.d.). Retrieved July 31,
2021, from,https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/political-declara
tion-on-suspension-of-veto-powers-in-cases-of-massatrocities/.

extremism. Who causes the attacks? Whoprovides the weapons? Where does theattack occur? Aside from protecting thecitizens, actions to suppress future terrorism
and use of unconventional weapons arenecessary.
The Responsibility to Protect all people
Case Study 6: The Rohingya Crisis
Minorities being left out of the
Responsibility to Protect is a major issue theUnited Nations faces. Rohingya, an ethnic
Muslim minority group in Myanmar, havebeen systematically persecuted by
Myanmarese military for decades. They are
not given citizenship of Myanmar, so theregulations of the Responsibility to Protect
fail to protect them. 26

Figure 7: Rohingya refugees protesting for
citizenship on the Bangladesh-Myanmar
border. (AsiaNews)Due to the influence the power to veto has,the Security Council has failed to takemeaningful action to protect the Rohingya
people. In addition, the international
community has ignored the Rohingya crisis,considering it as Myanmar’s internal affair. 27
The Security Council has only responded to
the genocide, stressing the “primary
responsibility of the Myanmar government
to protect its population.” 28
Case Study 7: The Xinjiang Conflict
27

26

Council on Foreign Relations. (2020, January 23).
What Forces are Fueling Myanmar's Rohingya
Crisis? Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved
August 3, 2021, from,https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/rohingya-crisis.

User, G. (2020, January 10). The Rohingya crisisand the challenges of IMPLEMENTING R2P
PRINCIPLES . The Security Distillery. Retrieved July30, 2021, from,https://thesecuritydistillery.org/all-articles/the-rohing
ya-crisis-and-the-challenges-of-implementing-r2p-pri
nciples.
28
Myanmar (Burma) . Global Centre for the
Responsibility to Protect. (2021, May 31). Retrieved
August 3, 2021, from,https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/myanmar-burma/.

Uyghurs, muslim minorities that reside in
Xinjiang, China, are facing arbitrary
detention, mass surveillance, family
separation, and forced labor from the
Chinese government. 29 However, the United
Nations is unable to take significant action
towards extremism, due to China’s authority
in the United Nations and fear towards thecorruption of bilateral relationships.
Case Study 8: Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, women have been facing
extreme discrimination and deprivation ofrights. Weapons that the US-backed
Afghanistan military possesed are now inthe hands of the Taliban, allowing the
Taliban to gain authority over the city once
again. So far, the Taliban has not yet
clarified their stance towards women except
by saying that they will respect the rights ofwomen as long as it fits within the context
of sharia law. 30

Figure 8: Posters of women at a Kabul
beauty salon painted over as Taliban fighters
seize the city. (Source: The Guardian)At the emergency session of the Security
Council, during chaos at the Kabul airport,
the Secretary-General highlighted that “nowis the time to stand as one” and voiced
concern over “mounting violations against
women and girls,” stressing the need toprotect “the hard-won rights of Afghan
women and girls.” 31 It is obvious that
Afghanistan is in need of aid from theinternational community. The effects thesituation in Afghanistan has on the worldforces countries to take action and provide
support, not only for Afghanistan, but for its
own country as well. Currently, roughly 18

29Foot, R. (2021, February 16). R2P SIDELINED:
The international response to China's repression ofMuslim minorities in Xinjiang. Brill. Retrieved July
31, 2021, from,https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/13/1/article-p29_
29.xml?language=en.
30
Guardian News and Media. (2021, August 22).
'Progress is on THE Line': Former Afghanambassador warns of WOMEN'S fate under Taliban
rule. The Guardian. Retrieved, August, 30, 2021,
from,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/21/afg
hanistan-taliban-women-rights-progress.
31

United Nations. (2021, August 16). Afghanistan:'now is the time to stand As one', UN chief tells
Security Council | | UN NEWS. United Nations.
Retrieved, August 30, 2021, from,https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/1097872.

million people depend on humanitarian aid
in Afghanistan.

Figure 9: People clinging to US planes in
Afghanistan as the Taliban captures Kabul.
(Source: CNN)
The failure of the Responsibility to Protect
is not in the doctrine, but in the states thatare unwilling to commit to civilian
protection. Should not human lives beprioritized over international relationships?

Past Actions
Other organizations of the United Nations
have also contributed to the continuation ofpeace.
The General Assembly implemented the
Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in
September 2006. 32 It was the first time thatcountries agreed to a global, strategic,
framework to counter terrorism.
32

What is R2P? Global Centre for the Responsibility
to Protect. (n.d.). Retrieved July 25, 2021, fromhttps://www.globalr2p.org/what-is-r2p/.

The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task
Force was established by the Secretary
General in which several working groups
were made to carry forward a set of
initiatives to help Member States implement
this strategy. One of these groups include the“Addressing Radicalization and Extremismthat Lead to Terrorism” which offer Member
States 58 assistance in identifying how
radicalization and extremism may lead toterrorism and ideas for undermining theappeal of terrorism.

Questions to Consider
In the past, the UN has called on the five
permanent members to “voluntarily andcollectively pledge not to use the veto incase of genocide, crimes against humanity
and war crimes on a large scale,” but only
France and UK has supported the initiative.
How should the United Nations overcome
the power of the veto and come up withresolutions to help countries under mass
atrocity crimes?
Keeping in mind that state sovereignty andthe Responsibility to Protect arecodependent, how can the international
community improve R2P to better follow thethree pillars and protect all people equally?

What action can the international
community take to avoid all extremism anduse of unconventional weapons before
occurring?
How should the international community
authorize intervention and the usage offorce? Is it ideal for the United Nations to
act without passing a resolution at the
Security Council? Or should theinternational community seek a way to act
on intervention with the agreement of the
Security Council?
Keeping in mind that terror attacks canoccur within multiple countries, how should
the international community deal withunconventional weapons used by terrorists
within multiple countries?

Guidelines for Position
PapersPosition papers must clearly articulate thecurrent situation of your country and briefly
explain the past actions it has taken, further
denoting possible solutions. Papers may also
include international resolutions andstrategies; however, the main focus must beon your country. Every year, a handful ofdelegates submit position papers with very
basic information about their countries, suchas geographical location and major tradeexports. Unless such information directly
relates to the topic, it should not be
addressed in position papers at all.

Closing Remarks
Congratulations on completing thebackground guide! Hopefully you havegained a solid understanding of thecommittee and the problems surrounding“Extremism and the Use of Unconventional
Weapons.” The word “extremism” is a very
difficult word to define. What is extremism?
What is extreme and what is not? I am suremany people will face this question while
researching because I did too. To answer thequestion, anything the majority of people
believe is unacceptable would be consideredextremism. I hope the many case studies
included in the background guide will help
you understand extremism and the use of
unconventional weapons.
However, this background guide is notcomprehensive enough and reading it is justthe beginning of your research. Further
research is necessary to understand yourcountry's stance and be able to come to theconference with confidence. The world isconstantly moving forward and situations
will likely change, which can be understoodfrom the recent situation in Afghanistan.
Please keep an eye out on world affairs todeepen your understanding! I am truly
looking forward to hearing everyone’s

discussions at the conference and hopedelegates will come prepared, full ofconfidence!

Works Cited
United Nations, Main Body, Main Organs, General
Assembly. UN News Center. UN. (n.d.).
https://www.un.org/en/ga/first/
fsub
Unit 731. Atomic Heritage Foundation. (2018, May4). https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/unit-731.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education andResearch. (2020, February 1). Cholera. Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287.
Human Rights, Terrorism and Counter-terrorism.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
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2EN.pdf
What is R2P? Global Centre for the Responsibility toProtect. (n.d.).
https://www.globalr2p.org/what-is-r2p/.
Šimonović, I. (n.d.). The responsibility to protect.
United Nations.
https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/responsibility-protect.
Power, S. (2019, September 8). Bystanders to
genocide. The Atlantic.
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09/bystanders-to-genocide/304571/.
BRIA 12 3 a The United Nations: Fifty years of
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(n.d.).
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2-3-a-the-united-nations-fifty-years-of-keeping-the-peace.
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bways-are-attacked-with-sarin-gas.
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What Forces are Fueling Myanmar's Rohingya
Crisis? Council on Foreign Relations.
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/rohingya-crisis
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m/tokyo-subway-attack/.
User, G. (2020, January 10). The Rohingya crisis andthe challenges of IMPLEMENTING R2P
PRINCIPLES . The Security Distillery.
https://thesecuritydistillery.org/all-articles/the-rohing
ya-crisis-and-the-challenges-of-implementing-r2p-pri
nciples.
Myanmar (Burma) . Global Centre for the
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