World HealthOrganization (WHO)
Background Guide Topic:

Securing Access to Healthcare in Conflict AreasDirector’s Note
Dear delegates,
Welcome to the World Health Organization of Japan Metropolitan Model United Nations 2023! I
would like to thank you on behalf of the chairs for your participation, and we vow to do our very
best to make this conference a valuable and memorable experience for all of you.
My name is Aisha Kitazume and I will serve as the director of Beginner II for theduration of the conference. I am currently a second-year student at Senzoku Gakuen Senior HighSchool. Although I joined the MUN club in my first year of Junior High, I wasn't an active
member of the club until my second-year in school. Everything about MUN was outside of mycomfort zone, which led to me withdrawing from meetings. That was until my friend who was
experienced in MUN offered to participate in an in-school simulation with me. Working with hertaught me that preparation leads to confidence, and confidence leads to more active participationin discussions during the conference. It was this experience that led to me becoming a more
active and confident participant. Now, I’m chairing JMMUN for the second time.
With a quarter of the world’s entire population being affected by violent conflicts, it’s
important now more than ever to consider the well-being of these people. The topic for thisyear’s conference asks you to consider how countries in armed conflicts, often lacking resources,
can improve access to healthcare for civilians. It may not be a question you’ve considered
before, but I hope you research and ponder the problem from many angles.
We look forward to seeing you at the conference, and please feel free to contact us if you
have any questions or concerns!
Sincerely,
Aisha Kitazume
Director of World Health Organization
Senzoku Gakuen Model United Nations
Japan Metropolitan Model United Nations 2023

1

Introduction of theCommittee
The World Health Organization, founded in
1948, is an agency that promotes health foreveryone, regardless of where they are, toattain the highest level of health.1
The world is facing the highest number ofconflicts since 1945, with two billion people
living in conflict-affected areas. In 2021, 84
million people were displaced due to
conflict, violence, and human rights
violations. In 2022, it is estimated that 274
million people will be in need ofhumanitarian assistance. These situations nohave been made even more dire in recent
years due to things such as COVID-19, andclimate change.2 With a quarter of the
population living in conflict-affected areas,
we must consider how even those in conflictareas can attain the highest level of health.
The WHO has supported Ukraine’s
healthcare system throughout the war by
deploying medical teams, delivering
specialized medical supplies, as well asworking with authorities to prevent the1"About WHO - WHO | World Health Organization."
https://www.who.int/about. Accessed 27 Jul. 2022.
2"'War's Greatest Cost Is Its Human Toll',
Secretary-General Reminds ...." 30 Mar. 2022,
https://press.un.org/en/2022/sgsm21216.doc.htm.
Accessed 27 Jul. 2022.

disruption of healthcare services.3 The WHO
has also provided Ukraine with 20 all-terrain
ambulances to aid emergency health needs.4
Since August 2021, the WHO has released
340,000 US dollars of the Contingency Fundfor Emergencies to support healthcare in
Afghanistan. The money was used toairlift medical supplies that are in urgent
need to Afghanistan, and to address theconsequences of a poor healthcare system.5

3"Ukraine emergency - WHO | World HealthOrganization."
https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ukraine-e
mergency. Accessed 10 Aug. 2022.
4"WHO delivers 20 ambulances to Ukraine." 8 May.
2022,
https://www.who.int/news/item/08-05-2022-who-delivers-20-ambulances-to-ukraine. Accessed 10 Aug.
2022.
5
"Afghanistan crisis - WHO | World HealthOrganization."
https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/afghanist
an-crisis. Accessed 10 Aug. 2022.

2

Key Terms
Conflict Area 6
A conflict area is an area that has a high riskof harm to people due to wars, insurgencies
or political instability.
Depression7
Depression is a serious illness that causes
sadness and low interest.
Approximately 280 million people in theworld were affected in 2021 and over
700,000 people died due to suicide as aresult of depressed mood and hopelessness
about the future.8

Anxiety Disorder9
Anxiety disorder is a mental disorder that
results in excessive fear or worry. An
anxiety disorder can lead to significant
distress and impair functioning.
PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder)10
PTSD is a mental condition, triggered byexperiencing or witnessing terrifying events
such as war. Symptoms include flashbacks,
severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts.
Refugee11
A refugee is someone who has been forced
to flee from their own country because theirhome government can not, or will not,protect them due to war or persecution.
96

Conflict affected and high-risk areas (cahras).
Responsible Minerals Initiative. (n.d.). Retrieved July24, 2022, fromhttps://www.responsiblemineralsinitiative.org/minerals-due-diligence/risk-management/conflict-affected-an
d-high-risk-areas/#:~:text=OECD%20definition%20o
f%20conflict-affected%20and%20high-risk%20areas%3A%20Conflict-affected,violence%20or%20other%20risks%20of%20harm%20to%20people.
7
What is depression? Psychiatry.org - What Is
Depression? (n.d.). Retrieved July 24, 2022, fromhttps://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depressi
on/what-is-depression
8
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Depression.
World Health Organization. Retrieved July 24, 2022,
fromhttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Mental
disorders. World Health Organization. Retrieved July24, 2022, fromhttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/me
ntal-disorders
10

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education andResearch. (2018, July 6). Post-traumatic stressdisorder (PTSD). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved July 24,
2022, fromhttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/posttraumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-2035
5967
11
Asylum seekers and refugees. The Australian
Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved July 24,
2022, fromhttps://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/rights-and-freed
oms/publications/asylum-seekers-and-refugees#:~:tex
t=An%20asylum%20seeker%20is%20a%20person%
20who%20has,country%20and%20applied%20for%20protection%20as%20a%20refugee.

3Asylum Seeker12
An asylum seeker is someone who isseeking the international protection of being
officially admitted as a refugee. Their claim
has not been decided yet, and not every
asylum seeker will eventually become arefugee.

Current Situation
Currently, there are 27 ongoing conflicts inthe world 13 and at the end of 2021, there
were 27.1 million refugees and 4.6 million
asylum seekers worldwide.14

12

Asylum seekers and refugees. The Australian
Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved July 24,
2022, fromhttps://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/rights-and-freed
oms/publications/asylum-seekers-and-refugees#:~:tex
t=An%20asylum%20seeker%20is%20a%20person%
20who%20has,country%20and%20applied%20for%20protection%20as%20a%20refugee.

A refugee camp in Za’atari, Jordan15

People who are affected by conflict arevulnerable to mental illnesses, and havepoorer health outcomes, which shows that
health-related development has not beenachieved. In 2019, the WHO has estimatedthat one in five people in conflict areas areliving with some kind of mental illness.
However, mental health of conflict areas isoften ignored in many countries.
Moreover, treatment and support of physicalhealthcare are in need, for people in conflictareas have limited access to healthcare. Thisis due to attacks on hospitals and financiallychallenging situations.“Discrimination; poor
living, housing, and working conditions; and13

Council on Foreign Relations. (n.d.). Global
conflict tracker L council on foreign relations.
Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved July 25,
2022, fromhttps://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/
14
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
(n.d.). Refugee statistics. UNHCR. Retrieved July 25,
2022, from https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/

15"Jordan's Za'atari refugee camp: 10 facts at 10
years - UNHCR." 29 Jul. 2022,
https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2022/7/62e2a95d
4/jordans-zaatari-refugee-camp-10-facts-10-years.ht
ml. Accessed 25 Dec. 2022.

4

inadequate access to health services” 16 arealso considered as factors of poor healthconditions according to the WHO. The
report shows that 169 million migrant
workers are engaged in dirty and dangerous
jobs that have a larger risk of injuries.17
Additionally, providing adequate healthcare
for infectious diseases has been challenging
in conflict areas due to structuralvulnerabilities such as limited access toclean water and hygiene. According toresearch, refugees and asylum seekers havean increased risk of certain infectious
diseases, such as latent tuberculosis,
compared to the indigenous population. Thisis due to poor living conditions during andafter migration.18 It reveals the need for
health reception and reporting of asylum

16World Health Organization. (n.d.). Refugee andmigrant health - global. World Health Organization.
Retrieved July 25, 2022, fromhttps://www.who.int/health-topics/refugee-and-migra
nt-health#tab=tab_1

seekers and refugees to the refugee-hostcountries.

Case Studies
Subtopic I: Preventing Infectious
Diseases
Emerging Infectious Diseases
The number of infectious diseases has been
declining since 2000 but is still a severe
problem. Not only does it affect people’s
health but also it locks people into poverty
and leads the nation into a downward
economic slide.19 The spread of infectious
diseases is accelerating not only because ofunder-resourced healthcare systems but also
the growth of population and thedegradation of the environment.20
Access to Vaccines
Vaccines are required to have a highefficiency rate of 50 percent or more to beapproved. This makes vaccination one of themost effective ways to prevent the infection

17

World Health Organization. (n.d.). WHO reportshows poorer health outcomes for many vulnerable
refugees and migrants. World Health Organization.
Retrieved August 31, 2022, fromhttps://www.who.int/news/item/20-07-2022-who-rep
ort-shows-poorer-health-outcomes-for-many-vulnera
ble-refugees-and-migrants
18

C;, E. A. H. W. (n.d.). Review of Infectious
Diseases in refugees and asylum seekers-current
status and going forward. Public health reviews.
Retrieved July 25, 2022, fromhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29450094/

19“Infectious Diseases,” World Bank, accessed July29, 2022,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/infectiousdiseases.
20
O'Dowd, Adrian. “Infectious Diseases Are
Spreading More Rapidly than Ever before, Who
Warns.” BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), BMJ
Publishing Group Ltd., 1 Sept. 2007,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17762021.

5

from spreading through society.21 However,an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 citizens of theUnited States die annually fromvaccine-preventable infectious diseases suchas influenza.22 Moreover, conflict areas
struggle to suppress the pandemics ofinfectious diseases and are being left behinddue to the lack of information about how
vaccines prevent infections.23

minister Abiy Ahmed. He was chosen inorder to bring change to the country without
altering the old political order. However, inNovember 2020, Abiy accused the TPLF of
attacking an army base outside Tigray’s
regional capital Mekelle and trying to steal
its weapons. As a result, Abiy commanded a
military assault and succeeded in taking overMekelle.25

Case Study 1: Ethiopia
In November 2020, the outbreak of aconflict in the Tigray region, located in the
North of Ethiopia, attracted attention. The
tension between the Ethiopian government
forces and the Tigray People’s Liberation
Front (TPLF) lasted for a year.24 TPLF hadgoverned Ethiopia before the present prime

The access to vaccination is being limited
because it is difficult to import them in the
middle of an armed dispute and the spreadof infectious diseases is accelerating,especially COVID-19.26 To improve thesituation, The Federal Ministry of Healthlaunched a COVID-19 vaccination
campaign to vaccinate people who are over
12 years old in that region. The ministry
deployed over 6.2 million doses of
COVID-19 vaccines to use for the
campaign.27

21“Vaccine Efficacy, Effectiveness and Protection.”
World Health Organization, World HealthOrganization,
https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/vaccine-efficacy-effectiveness-and-protection.
222018 Topics: Health & Wellness Influenza Editorial
Staff | August 1, “Why Are Vaccines Important?,”
American Lung Association, accessed July 29, 2022,
https://www.lung.org/blog/why-are-vaccines-importa
nt.
23“Covid-19 Vaccine Access in Conflict Areas
Remains Critical | | UN News,” United Nations(United Nations), accessed July 29, 2022,
https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1116032.
24
Laetitia Bader, “Ethiopia's Other Conflict,” Human
Rights Watch, July 4, 2022,
https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/04/ethiopias-other-conflict.

25

Eliza Mackintosh, “Ethiopia Is at War with Itself.
Here's What You Need to Know,” CNN (Cable News
Network, November 5, 2021),
https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/03/africa/ethiopia-tig
ray-explainer-2-intl/index.html.
26“A Closer Look into Vaccination in Ethiopia,” Acloser look into vaccination in Ethiopia | Launch andScale Speedometer, accessed July 29, 2022,
https://launchandscalefaster.org/blog/closer-look-vacc
ination-ethiopia.
27“Ethiopia Launches a COVID-19 Vaccination
Campaign Targeting the 12 Years and above
Population,” World Health Organization (World
Health Organization), accessed July 29, 2022,

6

Ethiopia’s nationwide ceremony following its launchof the COVID-19 vaccine28

Case Study 2: Thailand
In Thailand, HIV/AIDS has been aconcerning problem. There are an estimatednumber of 500,000 people living with HIV
and 12,000 people dying because of
AIDS-related causes. The Ministry of Public
Health of Thailand has set a goal to reducethe mortality of AIDS to 4,000 deaths per
year by 2030.29
https://www.afro.who.int/news/ethiopia-launches-cov
id-19-vaccination-campaign-targeting-12-years-and-above-population.
28"Ethiopia introduces COVID-19 vaccine in anational launching ...."
https://www.afro.who.int/news/ethiopia-introduces-c
ovid-19-vaccine-national-launching-ceremony.
Accessed 25 Dec. 2022.
29
Andy Carstens, “High Mortality of People Livingwith HIV in Thailand Highlights the Need for Early
Diagnosis and Treatment,” aidsmap.com, November
9, 2021,https://www.aidsmap.com/news/nov-2021/high-mortality-people-living-hiv-thailand-highlights-need-earlydiagnosis-and.

However, this goal was a difficult one toachieve because people in Thailand werelate to start antiretroviral therapy, atreatment which delays the progression of
the disease using drugs. In response to thissituation, even though the annual new HIV
infections dropped by 50 percent in Thailand
between 2010 and 2016, the Ministry of
Public Health of Thailand launched its new
2017–2030 National AIDS Strategy. This
strategy aims to inform the citizens of theantiretroviral therapy and to encourage themto actively use it.30 People in Thailand were
unaware of the antiretroviral therapy but thisstrategy helped in circulating correct
information. As a result, people are able toaccess treatment for free and immediately
after diagnosis.31 This case shows how
spreading awareness about the appropriate
treatments of infectious diseases could leadto a dramatic improvement.

Case Study 3: Sudan
30

Unaids.org, “Thailand Launches New National
Strategy to End the AIDS Epidemic by 2030,”
UNAIDS (UNAIDS, September 15, 2017),
https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2017/september/20170915_Thailand_NSP.
31
Unaids.org, “Turning the Tide of the HIV Epidemicin Thailand,” UNAIDS (UNAIDS, January 17, 2020),
https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2020/january/20200117_thailand#:~:text=
The%20AIDS%20response%20in%20Thailand

7

Sudan is the only country in WHO’s Eastern
Mediterranean region that has a risk ofyellow fever. There is no treatment to curethis disease and the only measure to prevent
it is vaccination. One dose of the yellow
fever vaccine offers an effective, lifetime
protection.
Sudan has been trying to protect its
population from yellow fever by making iteasier to access vaccines. They haveincluded refugees and migrants in theirvaccination campaign, which started in
March 2021, and have successfully reduced
the risk of their citizens getting infected.32
This case demonstrates the importance ofmaking vaccinations accessible to citizens.

Subtopic II: Mental Health
22％ of conflict-affected populations sufferfrom depression, anxiety, or PTSD. 9％ of
these populations suffer from a moderate tosevere mental health condition. Study author
Dr. Mark van Ommerman states that, “Thenew estimates… add yet more weight to theargument for immediate and sustained
investment, so that mental and psychosocial
32“Sudan Launches Yellow Fever Vaccination
Campaign among Ethiopian Refugees and Host
Communities - Sudan,” ReliefWeb, April 27, 2021,
https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-launches-yell
ow-fever-vaccination-campaign-among-ethiopian-refugees-and-host.

support is made available to all people inneed living through conflict and its
aftermath.” 33
Syria
Syria’s Civil War started 11 years ago when
protesters demonstrated against the Assadfamily’s four-decade rule. Over the course of
11 years, nearly half of the country’s prewar
population, 12 million, have been displaced,making it the largest refugee crisis.34 35 The
UN Human Rights office estimates that,between March 1 2011 and March 31 2021,
306,887 civilians were killed in the Syrian
Civil War.36
Children make up half of the refugee
population, with children under the age of
12 making up 40％ of the refugee
population. Almost half of these children

33(2019, June 12). One-in-five suffers mental healthcondition in conflict zones, new UN .... Retrieved
July 28, 2022, fromhttps://news.un.org/en/story/2019/06/1040281
34"Syria's Civil War: The Descent Into Horror."https://www.cfr.org/article/syrias-civil-war. Accessed
28 Jul. 2022.
35"Syria Refugee Crisis Explained - USA for
UNHCR." 8 Jul. 2022,
https://www.unrefugees.org/news/syria-refugee-crisis-explained/. Accessed 10 Aug. 2022.
36"UN Human Rights Office estimates more than
306,000 civilians were ...." 28 Jun. 2022,
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/06/unhuman-rights-office-estimates-more-306000-civilians-were-killed-over-10. Accessed 28 Jul. 2022.

8

displayed symptoms of PTSD, and 44％
showed signs of depression.37

governor.38 These services are provided by
non-specialist practitioners who were trained
through the WHO National Mental HealthGap Programme. The mhGAP, implemented
in over 100 countries since 2008 aims toenhance service for mental, neurological andsubstance use disorders, especially in low
and middle income countries.39 Additionally,
the International Psychosocial Organization,an organization that provides counselingboth in-person and online,40 has provided
online counseling to Syrians, as well as
Syrian refugees.41
Despite these efforts, Syria is still sufferingfrom a shortage of mental healthprofessionals and psychiatrists. According to
aid workers, there is only one professional
psychiatrist for more than one million
people in some areas of Syria,42 making it

Prior to the crisis, mental healthcare services
were only available in 2 cities, with 70
psychiatrists for a population of 22 million.
Through humanitarian aid, mental healthservices are now available at more than 150
health centers across 11 governorates.
Governorates refer to an area ruled by a

37

"The Educational and Mental Health Needs ofSyrian Refugee Children."https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/educational-and-mental-health-needs-syrian-refugee-children.
Accessed 28 Jul. 2022.

38“GOVERNORATE | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary.” 11, Aug. 2022,
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/governorate
39“Scaling up care for mental, neurological, andsubstance use disorders: mhGAP.” 11, Aug. 2022,
https://www.who.int/activities/scaling-up-mental-heal
th-care40“Rethinking Mental Health.” 11, Aug. 2022,
https://ipsocontext.org/about-us/
41"Online counseling provided by Syrian counselors
based in Germany."
https://ipsocontext.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/
DOKU_LIBANON_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 28 Jul.
2022.
42
"Mind the Gap: Why Mental Health Care Matters
for Rebuilding Syria."

9difficult for civilians to access proper mental
healthcare.
This case informs us of the lack ofprofessionals in Syria and the damage it iscausing in terms of mental healthcare.
Medical training and aiding is urgently
needed in conflict areas.
UkraineIn February 2022, a military offense against
Ukraine was launched by the RussianFederation. The security climate of Ukraine
has worsened ever since.43 As of July 2022,
the OHCHR has recorded 11,152 civilian
casualties, with 4,889 killed and 6,263
injured.44

People evacuating Irpin, Ukraine during a bombing
on March 3, 2022 45

Amongst displaced families in Ukraine, areport showed that the biggest concern ofparents is the mental health of their children.
46
Moreover, 26％ of parents claimed thatthey had no knowledge of mental healthservices that are available to their children.
47

In 2021, Ukraine launched the Community
Mental Health Teams (CMHTs). The
CMHTs serve to provide care for people45

https://www.csis.org/npfp/mind-gap-why-mental-heal
th-care-matters-rebuilding-syria. Accessed 28 Jul.
2022.
43
"Ukraine - UN News - the United Nations." 30 Jun.
2022, https://news.un.org/en/focus/ukraine. Accessed
24 Jul. 2022.
44"Ukraine: civilian casualty update 4 July 2022 OHCHR." 4 Jul. 2022,
https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2022/07/ukraine-civil
ian-casualty-update-4-july-2022. Accessed 25 Jul.
2022.

"100 Days Into Ukraine War, It's Time to End theAge of Impunity." 3 Jun. 2022,
https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/06/03/russia-war-ukra
ine-100-days-impunity-interational-law-g7-summit/.
Accessed 25 Dec. 2022.
46"No Peace of Mind | Ukraine - World VisionInternational." 5 Jul. 2022,
https://www.wvi.org/publications/report/ukraine/no-p
eace-mind. Accessed 25 Jul. 2022.
47"No Peace of Mind: The looming mental healthcrisis for the children ...." 5 Jul. 2022,
https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/no-peace-mind-looming-mental-health-crisis-children-ukraine.
Accessed 25 Jul. 2022.

10

with severe mental disorders. By February2022, 65 CMHTs were formed throughout
Ukraine. The CMHTs continued to provide
care during the conflict through remoteconsultations. However, CMHTs are
suffering from a lack of resources including
psychotropic medicines, limited food supply,
clean water, heating, and sanitation.48
This case shows that medical supplies,
alongside secure infrastructure and supply
chains are just as necessary as Human
Resources. Countries supporting
conflict-affected countries should strive toprovide both resources.

Yemen
Yemen’s Civil War began in 2015 when the
Yemeni government forces clashed with the
Houthis. The war has resulted in 4.3 million
internally displaced people (IDP), and 73％of the population in need of humanitarianassistance. It is worth noting that 79％ of
IDPs are women or children.49"Mental Health in Ukraine: How Community
Mental Health Teams are ...." 13 May. 2022,
https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/mental-health-in-ukraine--how-community-mental-health-teams-are-providing-care-amidst-the-ongoing-w
ar. Accessed 25 Jul. 2022.
49"Yemen Crisis Explained - USA for UNHCR." 14Jul. 2022,
https://www.unrefugees.org/news/yemen-crisis-explai
ned/. Accessed 28 Jul. 2022.
48

In Yemen, the average 25-year-old has
suffered through 14 armed conflicts. It isestimated that 19.5％ of the population
suffer from a mental disorder, with anxiety,depression, trauma, and schizophrenia being
the most prevalent. Studies show that 55％
of children are sad or depressed, and 79％ ofschool-aged children show signs of PTSD.
Additionally, mental disorders are viewed as
being connected to a belief in myths,
superstitions, whichcraft, and jinns. This
unfortunately means that there is serious
stigma surrounding mental health, and, by
association, psychology and psychiatry. Thissituation is made worse by a shortage of
medication, and the fact that only 51％ of
health facilities are functional.50
A Mental Health Act was drafted in 2004
and 2007, but both were rejected by the
Yemeni Parliament, meaning that a clear
mental health plan doesn’t exist in Yemen.
In 2019, the WHO developed a mental
health and psychosocial support plan ofaction for Yemen. The plan identifies thepriorities of MHPSS training, service
delivery, awareness-raising, and budgetaryneeds. The lack of funding, lack of mental
healthcare professionals, and deep-rooted
50"Mental health in Yemen: obstacles and challenges- PMC - NCBI." 1 Oct. 2008,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6734
841/. Accessed 28 Jul. 2022.

11

social stigma regarding mental illnesses arealso contributors to Yemen’s poor mental
healthcare.
This case informs us that a lack of resources
is not the only thing that can lead to poor
mental health. Stigma surrounding mental
health can discourage those in need ofsupport to refrain from seeking it, andYemen’s case highlights the importance ofraising awareness and educating people
about mental health.51

Subtopic III: Healthcare workers
and institutions
In conflict areas, healthcare workers andhospitals are targets for attacks, which has
led to healthcare workers escaping from thearea. A report by the Safeguarding Health in
Conflict Coalition revealed that in 2021, 161
health workers were killed and 320 were
injured worldwide. Although medical
facilities need to be protected in accordancewith international humanitarian law (further
explained in Key Terms), this is not the casein conflict areas around the world.52

Syria
Since the start of the conflict in Syria, many
hospitals have been attacked as a part of awar strategy. In between 2011 and 2017,
there were 492 attacks on healthcare
institutions in Syria, killing 847 medical
personnel. As of July 2022, 97 deaths and
165 injuries, which happened as a result of
attacks on medical facilities, have beenrecorded. In addition, according to theWHO, 70% of the total attacks worldwide
on healthcare facilities and ambulances haveoccurred in Syria. This signifies how thenumber of attacks on healthcare in Syria isalarming.

The entrance of a destroyed hospital in Syria 53

51"Mental Health and Psychosocial Support
Assessment."
https://cdn1.internationalmedicalcorps.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/IMC-Yemen-2019-MHPSS-Assess
ment.pdf. Accessed 28 Jul. 2022.
52
At Least 1,335 Attacks and Threats to Health Care
Perpetrated in Conflicts in 2021. Marring Health
Systems: Report-PHR

https://phr.org/news/at-least-1335-attacks-and-threats-to-health-care-perpetrated-in-conflicts-in-2021-marring-health-systems-report/. Accessed 30 Jul. 2022
53
"In Syria, Even the Hospitals Are Not Safe - The
New York Times." 3 Jun. 2019,https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/opinion/syria-a
ssad-hospitals.html. Accessed 25 Dec. 2022.

12

In response to this severe situation, somemeasures have been taken in the country.
The symbolic Red Cross or Red Crescentmarkings were removed from hospitals
because the signs became literal targets.
Also, many medical facilities were forced tomove underground or into caves in order toescape attacks. However, this did not deter
attacks on medical facilities. In 2017, theSyrian American Medical Society (SAMS)
lost one of its doctors because of bunker
buster bombs which can cut throughunderground hospitals.

facilities and staff, medical education, andprocurement and logistics management.”54

The WHO raised a Surveillance System ofAttacks on Healthcare (SSA) in 2016 inorder to combat this problem. However,attacks still continued to increase in 2018,
making the SSA ineffective.

In order to reconstruct the health systems in
Ukraine, the WHO has launched an updated
appeal that consists of using 145 billion US
dollars for supporting the worsening
humanitarian need in Ukraine and providing
immediate medical delivery.56

Under these circumstances, patients refrainfrom going to medical facilities because of
the risk of being involved in attacks. Only
patients in need of a treatment that would
cost their life go to hospitals. Hospitals aresupposed to be a safe place for healthcare
workers to treat patients, and should not betreated as collateral damage. The SAMS is
working to make quality healthcare
accessible through “financial support ofUkraineAs of June 2, 2022, there have been 269
verified attacks on healthcare facilities,
resulting in 76 health workers killed and 59
injured in Ukraine. Though only a small
percentage of the roughly 2,500 hospitals
have been destroyed, the attacks on healthinfrastructure are concentrated on the cities:
places where medical care is in desperateneed.55

54“Impacts of attacks on healthcare in Syria - Syrian
Arab Republic | Relief Web”
https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/impa
cts-attacks-healthcare-syria. Accessed 29 Jul.2022
55“Attacks on Ukraine’s Hospitals Will Cause
Long-Term Harm to Health”
https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/attacks-ukraine-shospitals-will-cause-long-term-harm-health.
Accessed 31 Jul. 2022
56
“One hundred days of war has put Ukraine’s healthsystem under severe pressure”
https://www.who.int/news/item/03-06-2022-one-hund
red-days-of-war-has-put-ukraine-s-health-system-und
er-severe-pressure. Accessed 31 Jul. 2022

13

Ethiopia
Since November 4, 2021, the Tigray regionof Ethiopia has gone through a devastating
armed conflict. According to an
investigation, out of the 106 health facilities
the Doctors Without Borders teams visited,
one in five had been or was occupied byarmed soldiers. Also, out of the 106 healthfacilities, nearly 70% of them had beenlooted and 30% of them were damaged byMarch 21, 2021.57
Due to this, six months into the war, only
27.5% of hospitals, 17.5% of health centers,
11% of ambulances and none of the 712
health posts were functional. Also, thepopulation in need of emergency foodassistance in the Tigray region increased
from less than a million to 5.2 million,
which is 91% of the population. This data
indicates that the conflict in the Tigray
region has caused a severe lack of food andhealthcare services.58

Past Actions
The 1949 Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Convention is an agreement
which became the foundation ofinternational humanitarian law. It comprises
429 articles of law, also known as the
Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949,
which aim to protect people in times ofconflict.59

60

Article 24 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions
states that “medical personnel exclusively
engaged in the search for, or the collection,transport or treatment of the wounded orsick, or in the prevention of disease, staff
exclusively engaged in the administration of
59

57

Health facilities targeted in Tigray region, Ethiopia| MSF”“https://www.msf.org/health-facilities-targeted-tigray-region-ethiopia Accessed 31 Jul.2022
58“The impact of war on the health system of the
Tigray region in Ethiopia: an assessment | BMJ
Global Health”
https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/11/e007328. Accessed
31 Jul. 2022

"Summary of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 andTheir Additional ...."
https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/atg/P
DF_s/International_Services/International_Humanitar
ian_Law/IHL_SummaryGenevaConv.pdf. Accessed
11 Aug. 2022.
60"Revisiting the history of the Geneva Conventions."
17 Feb. 2022,
https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2022/02/17/hist
ory-geneva-conventions/. Accessed 25 Dec. 2022.

14

medical units and establishments … shall be
respected and protected in all
circumstances.” Article 25 states that thesame protection is extended to the staff of
the National Red Cross, as well as those ofother Voluntary Aid Societies. 61
The Geneva Convention of 1949 has been
ratified by all UN member states,62 meaningthat all member states are required to act in amanner that does not render the treaty
meaningless. However, the Geneva
Convention does not have the authority tobind its members.63
International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
Also called the “Law of War”, International
Humanitarian Law is a set of rules set out tolimit the damage caused by armed conflicts.
The IHL serves to protect those who are nottaking part in the hostilities. These people
include civilians, medical and religious
military staff, those who are wounded and or
shipwrecked, and prisoners of war. The law
also bans the use of exploding bullets,
61"Customary IHL - Practice Relating to Rule 25.
Medical Personnel."https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/
v2_rul_rule25. Accessed 28 Jul. 2022.
62"War Crimes - the United Nations."
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml. Accessed 28 Jul. 2022.
63"Who is bound by the Geneva Conventions? ICRC." 31 Oct. 2002,
https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/mis
c/5kzjav.htm. Accessed 28 Jul. 2022.

chemical weapons, and other weapons
which can cause harm to those who aren’t
partaking in the fight.
The IHL is widely accepted as customarylaw. In other words, it is a general law thatbinds all the states.64
Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict(UN Security Council) 65
In May 2016, a resolution demanding thereinforcement of protection regarding
healthcare workers, civilians, those who aresick or wounded, as well as hospitals inconflict zones was adopted by the UN’s
Security Council.66
The resolution reminds states that attacking
medical personnel, the sick, and thewounded is a violation of the Geneva
Conventions and therefore is a war crime. It
also emphasizes the potential devastating
effects of attacks against innocent civilians
and health-care facilities can have. It urges
64"What is International Humanitarian Law?."
https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/what_is_ihl.pdf. Accessed 28 Jul. 2022.
65"Resolutions adopted by the Security Council in
2016."
https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/resolutions-adopted-security-council-2016. Accessed 29 Jul.
2022.
66
"Security Council demands protection for hospitals
and health ...." 3 May. 2016,
https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/05/528322-security-council-demands-protection-hospitals-and-healthworkers-conflict-zones. Accessed 29 Jul. 2022.

15

States to develop effective measures toprevent further violence against medical
staff and share these good practices.67

Tips from the Chairs
As stated at the beginning of thisbackground guide, research is key when it
comes to MUN. The more a delegation
understands the country they are
representing, the better. Please bear in mind
that you are participating as representativesof your assigned countries, and your ideas
should reflect your country’s stance, notyour own.
Having a general understanding of MUN
procedures will make your experience at theconference a more enjoyable one. We are
more than happy to answer any questions
that should arise during the conference, but
having a good grasp on the procedures
beforehand will allow you to focus more onwhat is being discussed. Please attend ourchair events to learn about MUN
procedures.
We encourage all delegates to submit theirPosition Papers. It will help you prepare forthe conference, and it will help us, the67"S/RES/2286(2016) - UNdocs.org."
https://undocs.org/S/RES/2286(2016). Accessed 29
Jul. 2022.

chairs, understand what direction thecommittee will be headed.
When making speeches, whether it beOpening Speeches or for Moderated
Caucuses, it is crucial to make your points
and solutions clear. Make sure the structureof your speech is easy for other delegates tounderstand, and speak clearly whenpresenting them. The more specific yoursolution is, the easier it will be for you toform blocs with other delegates.
During the conference, don't beapprehensive about raising your placards.
Making motions and speeches in front of aroom full of people can be nerve wracking,but the speeches you make during this time
will lead to note-passing and discussions
during Unmoderated Caucuses.
For the duration of the Unmoderated
Caucuses, you are free to walk around andtalk to whoever you like. Take advantage ofthis and exchange opinions with manydelegations, even those you may not agreewith. These discussions will eventually leadto the formation of blocs, where you will
write your resolutions.
Finally, keep your discussions civil andfriendly. Discussions can get heated at times,
but don't forget to show respect to yourfellow delegates.

16

Questions to Consider● Which does your country prioritize
now: physical or mental healthcare?
● What, if any, actions has yourcountry taken to improve the mental
health of people in conflict areas?
● Does your country lack financial or
human resources when it comes tohealthcare?
● Is your country rich enough inresources to aid countries in conflict?
If not, are there any other ways inwhich you can improve thesituation?
● What medical resources (actions) has
your country given to conflict areas?
● What action has your country taken
to protect healthcare workers fromviolent crimes or attacks?
● What action has your country taken
to prevent the spread of infectious
diseases?
● How much money does your country
spend on humanitarian aid?

Guidelines for Position
PapersPosition papers must clearly articulate thecurrent situation of your country, briefly
explain the past actions it has taken, andfurther denote possible solutions. Papers
may also include international resolutions
and strategies to combat the issue discussed
in your committee; however, the main focus
must be on your country. When developing
your position papers, please focus on
information that directly relates to the topic.
General information about your country,
such as its geographical location, major
cities, or major trade exports, should not be
included to lengthen your report. Rememberthat delegates and chairs do not have a lot oftime during the conference to read theposition papers. If you want to successfullypress the case of your country, you wantyour position papers to get to the point
quickly and persuasively.

Closing Remarks
Thank you again for taking interest andparticipating in JMMUN 2023! Please
remember that background guides only
serve to provide you with the basic
information and a general idea of theconference. Further research is necessary inorder to gain a better understanding of the17topic. Good luck, and we’re looking forward
to seeing you all in March!

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23