PANAFRICAN CLIMATEUSTICE ALLIANCE

Gregory University,
Uturu - Nigeria

AFRICA
CLIMATECHANGEFU N DEMPOWERING STAKEHOLDERS FOR INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE NATIONALLY
DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS IMPLEMENTATION IN BOTSWANA
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)TECHNOPOLICY BRIEF NO. 80
Nicholas Ozor
Hope OkuthetĞŶƚůĂŶĚDƵŚĂƟĂŚ
Alfred Nyambane

Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive
and Sustainable Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on
in Botswana

Nicholas Ozor
Hope Okuthe
Wentland Muha ah
Alfred Nyambane

African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)AFRICA
CLIMATECHANGE
FUND

The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is atransdisciplinary network of researchers, policymakers, private
sector actors and the civil society promo ng the genera on,
dissemina on, use and mastery of Science, Technology andInnova ons (STI) for African development, environmental
sustainability and global inclusion. In collabora on with likeminded ins tu ons, ATPS provides pla orms for regional andinterna onal research and knowledge sharing in order tobuild Africa’s capabili es in STI policy research, policymaking
and implementa on for sustainable development.
Published by the African Technology
Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
P. O. Box 10081, 00100- GPO,
Nairobi, Kenya©2024
ISBN: 978-9966-124-51-7

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Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
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Table of Contents
About the Project ....................................................................................... iv
About Africa Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)............................ vi
Acknowledgement...................................................................................... vii
Key Messages............................................................................................. viii
1. Introduc on ......................................................................................... 1
2. Ra onale for Stakeholder Par cipa on in NDC implementa on ........ 2
3. Methodology ....................................................................................... 3
4. Major Findings...................................................................................... 4
5. Conclusion............................................................................................. 10
6. Policy Recommenda ons..................................................................... 11
References............................................................................................ 13
ATPS Technopolicy Brief Series ............................................................ 14

Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on in Botswanaiii

About the Project
The Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs), with it’s condi onal anduncondi onal commitments, are key by-products of the Agreement andrequire all the countries to spell out their intended ac ons, to address climatechange over a ﬁve year period in terms of adapta on, mi ga on, and meansof implementa on as well as opportuni es arising therefrom and sustainable
development co-beneﬁts for the con nent. Despite the Paris Agreement providing
li le guidance on what and how climate change adapta on would be includedin the NDCs, most African NDCs highlight a number of cross-cu ng strategies
to address their mi ga on ambi ons as well as their adapta on needs. Thisis purblind considering the con nent is already dealing with increased severity
and frequency of climate risks and hazards due to its geographical posi oning,
overreliance on climate-sensi ve produc on sectors such as agriculture,
tourism, resource, and infrastructure deﬁcit, and the limited adap ve capacityof the people.
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS), in partnership with
the Pan-African Climate Jus ce Alliance (PACJA) and the West African Green
Economics Development Ins tute (WAGEDI), secured funding from the African
Development Bank (AfDB) through the African Climate Change Fund (ACCF) to
implement the “Building the Capacity of Selected sub-Sahara African Countries
to Eﬀec vely Measure Progress in their Na onally Determined Contribu ons’
Implementa on using Tracking Tools and Indexes” project aimed at enhancing
the capacity of selected sub-Saharan African countries to eﬀec vely monitor
and report on their Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs). The selected
countries include Botswana, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia,
Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The primary
goal is to develop and u lise tracking tools and indexes that will enable thesecountries to measure their progress in NDC implementa on accurately. Thisini a ve builds upon earlier collabora ons among ATPS, PACJA, and WAGEDI,
which involved the development of NDC implementa on monitoring andtracking tools in eight sub-Saharan African countries. The lessons learned fromthese earlier projects, as well as the networks and capaci es already established,
will provide a solid founda on for the current project. The collabora on aims toensure that par cipa ng countries can monitor their NDC progress and compare
their performance with other countries and regions in Africa.

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The project seeks to address a signiﬁcant gap in the capacity of sub-SaharanAfrican countries to track and report on the implementa on of their NDCs. The
ATPS operates through a network of Na onal Chapters in 30 countries, which
includes 27 African and 3 Diaspora chapters. These Na onal Chapters are led
by Focal Persons who provide intellectual and administra ve leadership at thecountry level. By leveraging this established network, the project aims to train
NDC implementa on focal persons and champions who will use the tracking andmonitoring tools developed through this ini a ve.

Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on in Botswanav

About Africa Technology Policy Studies Network(ATPS)The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a transdisciplinary
network of researchers, policymakers, private sector actors and civil society
promo ng the genera on, dissemina on, use and mastery of Science,
Technology and Innova ons (STI) for African development, environmental
sustainability and global inclusion. The ATPS has over 5,000 members and 3000
stakeholders in over 51 countries in 5 con nents with ins tu onal partnerships
worldwide. We implement our programs through members in na onal chaptersestablished in 30 countries (27 in Africa and 3 Diaspora chapters in Australia, theUnited States of America, and the United Kingdom). In collabora on with likeminded ins tu ons, the ATPS provides pla orms for regional and interna onal
research and knowledge sharing in order to build Africa’s capabili es in STI policy
research, policymaking and implementa on for sustainable development.

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Acknowledgement
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) and its Partners PanAfrican Climate Jus ce Alliance (PACJA) and West African Green Economic
Development Ins tute (WAGEDI) express our sincere gra tude to all individuals
and organiza ons who contributed to the study on the implementa onof Botswana’s Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs). We are also
thankful to the various stakeholders from government agencies, civil society
organiza ons, the private sector, and local communi es led by the Botswana
ATPS Na onal Chapter Coordinator for their invaluable insights and feedback.
Their ac ve par cipa on and collabora on have been instrumental in shaping
a comprehensive and inclusive approach to climate ac on in Botswana.
Special thanks to the project team from all the partnering ins tu ons. Lastly,
we acknowledge the ﬁnancial and technical support provided by the African
Development Bank (AfDB) through its African Climate Change Fund (ACCF),
without which this policy brief would not have been possible.

Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on in Botswanavii

Key Messages
 Botswana’s climate goals can only be realized through inclusive stakeholder
par cipa on, which ensures that diverse perspec ves and exper se areintegrated into climate ac on. Engaging government agencies, civil society,private sector, and local communi es enhances transparency, policy relevance,
and fosters ownership, driving more eﬀec ve and sustainable climate ini a ves.
 Botswana has made signiﬁcant strides in embedding climate change adapta on
and mi ga on strategies into na onal and sectoral development plans, suchas the Na onal Development Plan 11 and the Na onal Climate Change Policy.
This approach ensures that climate considera ons are not isolated but are
integral to the country’s broader development goals, promo ng a resilient andsustainable future.
 Recognizing the need for innova ve ﬁnancing mechanisms to meet its
ambi ous NDC targets, Botswana is ac vely exploring ways to engage private
sector investments. Strengthening ins tu onal capacity to develop bankableprojects and accessing interna onal climate funds are vital strategies forbridging the ﬁnancing gap and accelera ng climate ac on.
 Botswana is priori zing adapta on measures to build resilience against climate
impacts, par cularly in vulnerable sectors like agriculture, water management,
and biodiversity conserva on. By focusing on adapta on, the country aims
to safeguard its economy, environment, and communi es from the adverse
eﬀects of climate change, ensuring long-term sustainability.

viii Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
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1. Introduc on
Botswana submi ed its Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDC) in 2016,
commi ng to an absolute target of 15% greenhouse gas emissions reduc on by
2030 rela ve to the 2010 baseline. Given its semi-arid nature, the country places
high priority on adapta on measures, par cularly in sectors like agriculture, foodsecurity and water resources. The NDCs aim to transi on Botswana towards a
low-carbon, climate-resilient economy, aligning with its Vision 2036 of becoming
a middle-income na on. Key focus areas include environmental sustainability,
sustainable land management, agriculture and health sectors.
To achieve their NDC goals, Botswana is commi ed to developing a longterm, low-carbon development strategy and implemen ng both mi ga on
and adapta on ac vi es. The country aims to increase its renewable energy
share to 30% by 2030 and 50% by 2036. Mi ga on eﬀorts target sectors suchas energy, transporta on, waste management and agriculture, while adapta on
measures cover meteorological services, water management, livestock, crop
produc on and biodiversity conserva on. The NDCs further emphasize the needfor interna onal support, including ﬁnance, technology transfer and capacity
building to eﬀec vely implement its mi ga on and adapta on measures. It also
highlights the importance of global partnerships and coopera on in addressing
the challenges posed by climate change.
Stakeholder par cipa on is paramount in achieving the country’s NDC targets
as it ensures diverse perspec ves that contribute to transparency and eﬀec ve
climate ac on. Engaging diverse stakeholders in the NDC process enhances thequality of policy development, implementa on and monitoring. Their input will
help to improve alignment with NDCs development priori es and strengthen
ownership and commitment to achieving climate goals.
The purpose of this policy brief is to highlight challenges, opportuni es
and recommenda ons for enhancing stakeholder engagement in NDCs
implementa on in Botswana. It will provide insights into the importance of mul stakeholder engagement in achieving NDC targets, emphasising the beneﬁts ofinclusive planning processes that involve various stakeholders.

Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
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12. Ra onale for Stakeholder par cipa on in
NDC implementa on
Botswana faces unique climate challenges that require a mul -faceted approachand collabora ve eﬀorts from all sectors of the society. The country is vulnerable toclimate change impacts such as droughts, ﬂoods and deser ﬁca on, which posesigniﬁcant risks to its economy, environment and livelihoods. Engaging diverse
stakeholders, including government agencies, civil society organisa ons, private
sector actors, and local communi es ensures that NDC ini a ves are informed
by a variety of perspec ves and exper se; thereby enhancing their eﬀec venessand relevance to local contexts. Moreover, stakeholder par cipa on strengthens
ownership and buy-in, empowering individuals and organisa ons to contributemeaningfully to climate ac on and take responsibility for its success.
Some of the challenges Botswana faces that necessitate ac on from all
stakeholders include severe water scarcity, heavy reliance on climate sensi ve
sectors like mining and tourism, and the vulnerability of rural communi es
to climate impacts. The country also grapples with limited ins tu onal
capacity, the need for innova ve ﬁnancing mechanisms and challenges in datacollec on and management for mee ng the NDCs. Addi onally, the country
must navigate complex land issues and ambi ous energy transi on towards
renewables. Tradi onal knowledge and community-based solu ons are integral
to resilience building eﬀorts, so involving stakeholders at all levels of decisionmaking promotes inclusivity and equity in NDCs implementa on. By harnessing
the collec ve eﬀorts and resources of stakeholders, the country can address
its unique climate challenges more comprehensively and accelerate progress
towards achieving their NDC targets.

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3. Methodology
The bulk of the data collec on was done through desk study, involving a review
of published materials from reports and other secondary informa on sources
including na onal climate change policies, reports on climate change projects
and ini a ves in the country, and various research work on climate change
mi ga on and adapta on in the country.
The secondary data from desk study was complemented with primary datacollected through quan ta ve and qualita ve surveys using both structured andopen-ended ques onnaires. Key informants in the country were iden ﬁed basedon the informa on obtained from the desk study and interviewed to gain deeper
insights. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted to triangulate thedata and informa on obtained from desk studies and key informant interviews.
Par cipants in the FGDs were drawn from diﬀerent stakeholder categories.
The data collected was analysed by compiling notes from desk reviews, whileinterviews were transcribed and detailed notes prepared.

Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
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4. Major Findings
4.1 Overview of key policies and ins tu ons involved in NDCs Implementa on
Botswana has developed a comprehensive policy framework to guide its climatechange eﬀorts and implement its NDCs. Key policies include the Na onal
Energy Policy (2021), promo ng renewable energy; the Na onal Adapta on
Plan Framework (2020) harmonising sectoral adapta on ini a ves, Economic
Recovery and Transforma on Programme (2020) suppor ng climate resilience,
Na onal Climate Change Strategy (2018) roadmap for mi ga on and adapta on,
Na onal Development Plans mainstreaming climate ac on into development
processes; Vision 2036 with a Sustainable Environment pillar, and the Intended
NDC (2016) outlining emission reduc on targets across sectors like energy,
waste and agriculture.
These policies and strategies demonstrate Botswana’s commitment toaddressing climate change and aligning with interna onal agreements like theParis Agreement. They provide a comprehensive framework for developing
and implemen ng mi ga on and adapta on measures across various sectors
like energy, agriculture, water and land use. They recognise the importance ofmainstreaming climate ac on into na onal and sectoral development plans,
promo ng sustainable prac ces and enhancing climate resilience.
While the policies and strategies cover a wide range of sectors, they highlightthat certain areas such as water use in energy produc on and transport
infrastructure require more a en on to enhance climate resilience. They notethat the Na onal Adapta on Programmes of Ac on (NAPAs) are inadequate inconsidering marginalized and vulnerable groups, par cularly women and girls,
indica ng a need for more inclusive and gender- responsive approaches. Delays
in implemen ng adapta on measures underscore the urgency of strengthening
eﬀorts to protect vulnerable communi es and ecosystems from climate change
impacts.
Botswana has established an ins tu onal framework centred around theMinistry of Environment, Natural Resources Conserva on and Tourism as
the focal point for climate change, overseeing NDCs implementa on. The
mul -stakeholder Na onal Climate Change Commi ee coordinates planning,
execu on and monitoring across sectors. Parliament plays an oversight role
through dedicated commi ees, sector ministries like Agriculture, Minerals andEnergy, Land Management, and Water and Sanita on implement NDC measures
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within their domains. However, there are gaps in coordina on, data sharing
protocols and technical capaci es that need strengthening for eﬀec ve crosssectoral ac on on NDCs. An overarching ins tu onal challenge is the siloedapproach by some ministries, underscoring the need for an integrated, wholeof-government strategy underpinned by robust governance architecture to
successfully opera onalise Botswana’s climate commitments.
4.2 Best prac ces and impacts in NDCs implementa on
Botswana has adopted several best prac ces in its approach to implemen ng its
NDCs. These include:-Eﬃcient use of exis ng ins tu onal arrangements: Botswana has demonstrated
a pragma c approach to NDCs implementa on by eﬃciently u lising its exis ng
ins tu onal structures and arrangements. This strategy has allowed the country
to maximise resource u liza on and overcome poten al ins tu onal barriers. A
key example of this approach is the Na onal Climate Change Commi ee (NCCC),
which serves as a central coordina ng body for NDC-related ac vi es. The NCCC
brings together representa ves from various sectors, facilita ng cross-sectoralcollabora on in planning, execu ng and monitoring climate ac on ini a ves.
Another ins tu onal arrangement is the GHG Inventory Team which plays avital role in tracking greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring compliance withthe repor ng requirements set forth by the Paris Agreement. By leveraging
these exis ng structures, Botswana has been able to streamline its NDCs
implementa on process, avoid duplica on of eﬀorts and create a more cohesiveand eﬀec ve approach to address climate change challenges.
-Engagement with diverse stakeholders: In pursuit of NDCs progress, the Botswana
government has priori zed coordina on among a diverse array of na onal andinterna onal stakeholders. This approach recognizes the complexity of climate
ac on and the need for collabora ve eﬀorts. By strengthening partnerships withvarious stakeholders, Botswana aims to develop a comprehensive understandingof the ﬁnancing requirements, capacity needs and exis ng mechanisms forsuppor ng climate ac on. These partnerships are par cularly important forencouraging future private sector investments in climate related ini a ves. The
government’s emphasis on stakeholder engagement reﬂects an understandingthat eﬀec ve climate ac on requires input and coopera on from mul ple
sectors of society. This inclusive approach not only enhances the quality andeﬀec veness of climate policies but also helps to build broader support andcommitment for NDCs implementa on across diﬀerent segments of the society
and economy.
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-Mainstreaming climate ac on: Botswana has made strides in mainstreaming
climate ac on across its governance structures and policies. The country has
successfully integrated climate change adapta on and mi ga on strategies into
key na onal and sectoral plans and budgets. Notable examples of integra on
include the Na onal Development Plan 11 and the Na onal Climate Change Policy(2018). This mainstreaming process has been carried out with considera onof diverse stakeholder priori es, ensuring that the resul ng policies andplans reﬂect a broad range of perspec ves and needs. By embedding climate
considera ons into these fundamental na onal documents, Botswana has
demonstrated its commitment to addressing climate change as a cross-cu ng
issue that impacts all sectors of the society and economy. This approach helps toensure that climate ac on is not treated as a separate or peripheral concern, butrather as an integral part of the country’s overall development strategy.
-Priori zing adapta on: Recognising the cri cal importance of climate resilience,
Botswana has placed a strong emphasis on adapta on in its climate strategy.
The country’s commitment to this approach is exempliﬁed by the developmentof the Na onal Adapta on Plan and Framework (2020). This comprehensive
document serves as a roadmap for building adap ve capacity and enhancing
resilience across various sectors of the economy and society. The framework
is designed to facilitate the seamless integra on of climate change adapta on
considera ons into relevant policies, programs and ac vi es. Par cular a en on
has been given to incorpora ng adapta on strategies into development planning
processes and strategies, ensuring that climate resilience becomes an integral
part of Botswana’s long term development vision. By priori zing adapta on inthis manner, the country aims to reduce its vulnerability to climate impacts andcreate a more robust, climate-resilient future for its ci zens.
These best prac ces implemented by Botswana have resulted in some of thefollowing achievements in NDC implementa on:-Renewable energy expansion: Botswana has made strides in expanding its
renewable energy infrastructure, with par cular focus on solar power. The
country is ac vely inves ng in solar power plants as part of its commitment
to diversifying its energy mix and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The
Botswana Power Corpora on is currently working on procuring 335 MW ofsolar energy capacity, with projects at various stages of development. The
government also invited bids for the construc on of a 200 MW solar power
plant, set to be func onal by 2027 at the latest (VOA, 2022). These ambi ous
targets demonstrate the country’s commitment to transi oning towards cleaner
energy sources and a desire to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
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-Improved agricultural prac ces and drought management: Botswana has taken
proac ve steps to address one of its most pressing climate-related challenges by
establishing a comprehensive drought monitoring system to enhance resilience
to climate variability. The system is characterized by its organized approach and is
supported by a network of stakeholders and organiza ons dedicated to droughtmonitoring and mi ga on eﬀorts (MENRCT, 2020). The collabora ve framework
allows for the integra on of diverse exper se and resources, enabling more
eﬀec ve drought management strategies that includes early warning and impact
assessment systems. The eﬀorts are coordinated, eﬃcient and responsive to theneeds of various sectors and communi es aﬀected by drought condi ons.
-Sustainable water management: Recognising its arid climate and inherent
vulnerability to water scarcity, Botswana has priori sed water conserva on asa crucial adapta on measure in its climate strategy. This emphasis reﬂects thecountry’s proac ve approach to managing its limited water sources in the face ofclimate change. The country has implemented an Internet of Things (IoT) pla orm
within the Water U li es Corpora on network (Water U li es Corpora on,2022). This innova ve system connects various devices across the water supply
infrastructure, enabling real- me access to opera onal data. This enables
the water management authori es to make data-driven decisions promptly,
enhancing the eﬃciency and eﬀec veness of water resource management. The
approach allows for more precise monitoring, quicker response to leaks or otherissues, and overall improved water resource alloca on.
-Strengthened climate resource mobilisa on: Botswana enhanced its capacity
for climate ac on through the development of its Green Climate Fund (GCF)
country program in 2021. This program strategically targets the energy sector
encompassing eﬀorts to transi on towards renewable energy sources andimprove energy eﬃciency and the natural capital sector addressing issues such assustainable land use, biodiversity conserva on and ecosystem-based adapta on
strategies. The program also opens up new avenues for strengthening private
sector partnerships in climate investment ﬁnance.
-Enhanced capacity building: Botswana has recognised the need to enhance its
capacity for eﬀec ve climate ac on, par cularly in addressing the challenges oflimited ins tu onal capacity. To this end, the country has invested in targeted
capacity building eﬀorts, forging strategic partnerships with interna onalorganiza ons such as the United Na ons Environmental Programme (UNEP),
Copenhagen Climate Centre, and the Italian Ins tute for Environment Protec on
and Research (ISPRA). These collabora ons are speciﬁcally aimed at strengthening
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climate ac on transparency, a crucial aspect of NDCs implementa on andrepor ng. As part of ongoing processes, these ini a ves will address the gaps intechnical exper se among government ins tu ons and technical staﬀ directly
involved in climate change policy formula on, implementa on and repor ng.
Con nued eﬀorts and resources will be required to ensure that the enhanced
capaci es are sustained and integrated across all relevant ins tu ons andsectors.
4.3 Challenges to Stakeholder Par cipa on in NDC implementa on-Limited ins tu onal capacity: Botswana has established ins tu onal
arrangements like the Na onal Climate Change Commi ee to address climatechange, but these bodies face challenges that hamper their eﬀec veness incoordina ng and implemen ng climate ac on plans. The primary issues are alack of technical exper se and ﬁnancial constraints (World Bank, 2021). Theselimita ons in turn impede the country’s progress towards mee ng their climate
goals.
-Insuﬃcient policy coherence and implementa on: Despite integra ng the
NDCs into na onal development plans and climate change policies, there aregaps in policy coherence and implementa on. Climate change policies are notfully mainstreamed into sectoral policies and plans, leading to inconsistencies
and conﬂic ng priori es (AfDB, 2023). The fragmenta on of climate ini a ves
impedes the country’s ability to achieve its NDCs targets and may compromise
the overall eﬀec veness of its climate strategies.
-Inadequate ﬁnancing for NDCs implementa on: Mobilizing adequateﬁnancial resources remains a challenge. While Botswana has accessed someinterna onal climate ﬁnance, the scale of funding falls short of what is needed
to fully implement the NDC (DMS, 2019). This shor all is partly due to limited
budgetary alloca on for climate ac on and weak capacity to develop bankableprojects. The lack of substan al ﬁnancial resources hinders the ability to executecomprehensive climate strategies, thus aﬀec ng both mi ga on and adapta on
eﬀorts.
-Inadequate data and Measurement, Repor ng and Veriﬁca on (MRV)systems: The country faces challenges in collec ng, managing and repor ng
data on GHG emissions, climate vulnerabili es and adapta on ac ons. The
absence of robust ins tu onal arrangements for data sharing exacerbates
these issues, hindering the country’s ability to assess the progress of climate
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ini a ves, iden fy areas needing improvement and develop eﬀec ve strategies
for mi ga on and adapta on (ICAT, 2020).
4.4 Opportuni es for Stakeholder Par cipa on in NDC implementa on-Strengthening ins tu onal capacity: The country can enhance capacity
through targeted training and capacity programs by seeking technical assistanceto access exper se, tools and best prac ces. They can enhance coordina on
and collabora on among diﬀerent government agencies and engage non-state
actors such as civil society and the private sector through partnerships.
-Enhancing policy coherence and implementa on: Botswana can fully integrate
climate change considera ons into sectoral policies and plans, establishingrobust MRV systems to track progress and aligning the NDCs with other na onal
development priori es to create synergies and co-beneﬁts.
-Mobilizing addi onal ﬁnancial resources: The country can explore innova ve
ﬁnancing mechanisms and strengthening capacity to develop bankableprojects to access interna onal ﬁnance. They can also engage with mul lateraldevelopment banks, interna onal climate funds and global partnerships toenhance resource mobiliza on.
-Strengthening data and MRV systems: Botswana can make investments inenhancing technical capacity and improving data collec on and management
systems, in addi on to establishing robust ins tu onal arrangements andleveraging on interna onal support. Data and informa on can also be used to
inform policy making and tracking NDC implementa on progress.
-Engaging private sector: The country can create an enabling environment
through policy incen ves like tax breaks and subsidies for low-carbon investments
and facilitate partnerships between government and private sector on climate
friendly projects.

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5. Conclusion
Botswana has made commendable strides and developed a comprehensive policy
framework spanning na onal strategies, development plans and sector-speciﬁc
ini a ves to combat climate change and guide implementa on of its NDCs. The
country has shown best prac ces in areas such as agricultural prac ces andwater management. However, signiﬁcant challenges persist including limited
ins tu onal capacity, inadequate ﬁnancing and insuﬃcient private sector
engagement. Despite these limita ons, the country recognizes the importanceof a mul -stakeholder approach in addressing their unique climate challenges,
such as water scarcity and the vulnerability of rural communi es. When thechallenges are addressed and the country leverages in opportuni es for broader
stakeholder engagement, then they can enhance their climate ac on and work
towards a climate-resilient future.
Botswana’s NDC goals and advancing sustainable development hinges on
concerted collabora ve eﬀorts across all segments of the society. A whole-ofsociety approach that fosters synergies among the government, private sector,
civil society, research ins tu ons, and development partners is impera ve.
Such collabora on ensures inclusive decision-making that considers diverse
viewpoints, leverages collec ve exper se to tackle the mul faceted climate
crisis, cul vates stakeholder ownership for enhanced eﬀec veness andlongevity of interven ons, facilitates knowledge exchange and capacity building
through global best prac ces, and harmonises climate ac ons with overarchingsustainable development impera ves like poverty reduc on, gender parity andenvironmental stewardship. By harnessing the strengths of this mul -stakeholder
ecosystem, Botswana can forge a resilient, low-carbon development pathwaythat safeguards its ci zenry and natural heritage while contribu ng to the global
climate agenda.

10 Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
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6. Policy Recommenda ons
To strengthen stakeholder par cipa on in NDCs implementa on, the following
recommenda ons should be considered:
Recommenda on 1: The government should oﬀer targeted capacity-building
programs for NDC implementa on to foster broad societal engagement inclimate ini a ves: The government can enhance programs that focus on key
areas such as GHG inventory development, climate vulnerability assessments,
mi ga on and adapta on planning and climate ﬁnance for government
oﬃcials and technical staﬀ. Addi onally, eﬀorts should extend to marginalisedcommuni es; incorpora ng climate change awareness, resilient livelihood
strategies and par cipatory methods. This comprehensive strategy will not only
enhance the country’s ability to implement its NDCs eﬀec vely but also promotebroader societal engagement in climate ini a ves.
Recommenda on 2: The government should fully integrate climate change
considera ons into sectoral policies and plans: The government can develop
a comprehensive process that involves a thorough review of exis ng policies
across sectors like energy, agriculture, water, forestry, and urban development;aligning with NDC objec ves through a robust MRV system. Key elements
include conduc ng policy gap analyses, establishing cross-sectoral coordina on
mechanisms, engaging diverse stakeholders, building capacity among
policymakers, incorpora ng climate considera ons into budge ng processes
and aligning climate ac ons with broader na onal development priori es.
Recommenda on 3: The government should explore innova ve ﬁnancing
mechanisms to bridge the ﬁnancing gap for achieving the ambi ous NDCs
targets: The government can develop a mul faceted approach with a focus ona rac ng private investment, strengthening ins tu onal capacity, and engaging
with interna onal climate funds. To a ract private investors, the government
should enhance the capacity of both public ins tu ons and private sector
en es in developing bankable climate projects. Addi onally, the government
should ac vely engage with interna onal climate funds to improve their ability
to access and eﬀec vely u lise these resources. A dedicated climate ﬁnance
unit within the Ministry of Finance could also help coordinate these eﬀorts,
streamline funding applica ons and ensure eﬃcient alloca on of resources.

Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined 11
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on in Botswana

Recommenda on 4: The government should increase investment instrengthening data and MRV systems: The government can include developing
a centralized climate data management system, implemen ng advanced
technologies for data collec on and analysis, establishing clear ins tu onal
arrangements for data sharing and providing extensive training for technicalstaﬀ. They can also develop sector-speciﬁc MRV guidelines to enhance theirability to track NDC progress, inform policy decisions, a ract climate ﬁnanceand demonstrate their commitment to global climate ac on, this will ul mately
strengthen the country’s posi on in interna onal climate nego a ons.

12 Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on in Botswana

References
African Development Bank (2023). Country Focus Report 2023 Botswana:
Mobilising Private Sector Financing for Climate and Green Growth.
Botswana (2018). Botswana Na onal Climate Change Strategy.
Botswana (2015). Botswana Intended Na onally Determined Contribu on.
Department of Meteorological Services (2019). Botswana’s Experience in
Mobilising Climate Finance.
Government of Botswana (2019). Botswana’s Third Na onal Communica on to
the United Na ons Framework Conven on on Climate Change. Departmentof Meteorological Services, Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources andWildlife.
Government of Botswana (2016). Botswana Na onally Determined Contribu on
Ini a ve for Climate Ac on Transparency (2020). h ps://unepccc.org/
botswana-gears-up-for-climate-transparency/
Interna onal Organisa on for Migra on (IOM). (2017). Spaces of vulnerability
and areas prone to natural disaster and crisis in six SADC countries.
Disaster risks and disaster risk management capacity in Botswana, Malawi,
Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. h ps://publica ons.iom.
int/system/ﬁles/pdf/spaces_of_vulnerability.pdf
Masike, S. (2020). Botswana’s Programma c Approach to a Climate-Proof
Economy. NAP Global Network. Na onal Adapta on Programme of Ac on.
Ministry of Tourism Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR). Republicof Zambia.
Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources Conserva on and Tourism (MENRCT)(2020). Na onal Adapta on Plan Framework for Botswana.
Voice of Africa (VOA.) (2022). h ps://www.voaafrica.com/a/botswana-goesbig-with-solar/6725416.html

Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined 13
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on in Botswana

ATPS TechnoPolicy Briefs Series• Uni ng for a Sustainable Future: Boos ng Stakeholder Engagement in Sierra
Leone’s Climate Goals (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 79)• Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally
Determined Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 78)• Stakeholder Par cipa on in Ghana’s Na onally Determined Contribu ons(NDCs) Implementa on: Challenging issues and opportuni es (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 77)• Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) in Côte d’Ivoire (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 76)• Collabora ve Climate Ac on for Sustainable Development: The case of NDCs
Implementa on in Uganda (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 75)• Advancing Tanzania’s Na onally Determined Contribu on (NDCs) Goals
Through Inclusive Stakeholder Engagement (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 74)• Enhancing Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of the Na onally
Determined Contribu ons (NDCs) in Ethiopia (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 73)• Paving the Way for Climate Ac on: Kenya’s Journey towards Implemen ng the
Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs) (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 72)• Quelle Est La Place De La Science, De La Technologie Et De L’innova on Dans
L’emploi Des Jeunes Au Sénégal ? (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 71)• Using Science, Technology, and Innova on to Enhance Skills Development, Job
Crea on, and Entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 70)• Fostering the future and livelihood of young people in Uganda through Science,
Technology, and Innova on (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 69)• What is the place of Science, Technology, and Innova on in Youth Employment
in Senegal? (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 68)• Understanding Rwanda’s Science, Technology, and Innova on Landscape in
Youth Employment Crea on (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 67)• Leveraging Science, Technology, and Innova on for Enhanced Youth
Employment in Nigeria (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 66)• Unlocking the Poten al of Educa on and Skills for Suppor ng Youth
Employment in Kenya (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 65)• Harnessing Science and Technological Innova on for Youth Employment andSkill Acquisi on in Ghana (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 64)• Is Ethiopia’s Science, Technology, and Innova on Policy Landscape Eﬀec velyCrea ng Jobs and Fostering Skills for the Youth? (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No.
63)• University-Led Ecosystems for Sustained Innova on and Entrepreneurship
Development in Kenya (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 62)
14 Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on in Botswana

• Eco-innova on Policies for Sustainable Development in Africa (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 61)• Ins tu onal Landscape for Eco-innova on Development in Africa (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 60)• Policy and Ins tu onal Framework for Ecological Organic Agriculture in Benin(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 59)• Ins tu onal Framework for Ecological Organic Agriculture in Kenya (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 58)• Policy and Ins tu onal Framework for Ecological Organic Agriculture in Senegal(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 57)• Advancing Ecological Organic Agriculture in Nigeria (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 56)• Policy and Ins tu onal Framework for Ecological Organic Agriculture in Rwanda(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 55)• Bridging Climate Informa on Gaps to Strengthen Capaci es for Climate Informed
Decision (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 54)• Embracing Open Contrac ng in Africa (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 53)• The Digital Revolu on, Open Science, and Innova on for Open Science Developmentin Sub-Saharan Africa (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 52)• Nouvelles approaches de ﬁ nancement de la recherché et de L’innova on en Afrique(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 51)• New Approaches for Funding Research and Innova on in Africa (ATPS TechnoPolicy
Brief No. 50)• Towards Eﬀec ve Public-Private Partnerships in Research and Innova on: A
Perspec ve for African Science Gran ng Councils (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 49)• Innova ve Prac ces and Policies for Promo ng Biodiversity Informa cs in SubSaharan Africa (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 48)• Improving the Relevance of University Training to Labour Market Demands in Africa(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 47)• Developing Policies for Biodiversity Informa cs in sub-Saharan Africa (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 46)• ICTs role in Agricultural Development: Prospects of Land Poten al Knowledge System(LandPKS) (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 45)• Mainstreaming Gender in the Na onal Science, Technology and Innova on (STI)
Policy of Kenya (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 44)• Social Innova on: An Untapped Resource for Inclusive Green Growth (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 43)• Policy Axes that Can Uphold Agricultural Innova ons for Climate Change Adapta on
and Food Security in Central Africa: Case of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Central
African Republic (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 42)• Frameworks for Intellectual Property Protec on of Tradi onal Knowledge in Tanzania(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 41)
Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined 15
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on in Botswana• Assessment of Possible Intellectual Property Protec on Op ons of Tradi onal
Knowledge System in Ethiopia (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 40)• Towards inﬂuencing Na onal Legisla on, Policies, Strategies and Programmes forappropriate Protec on and Beneﬁt-Sharing of Tradi onal Knowledge (TK) with andby Tradi onal Herbalists in Uganda. (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 39)• Tradi onal Healers and their Provision of Mental Health Services in Cosmopolitan
Informal Se lements in Nairobi, Kenya. (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 38)• Policy Implica ons for Intellectual Property Systems for Tradi onal Healers in
Lesotho. (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 37)• Incidence of Indigenous and Innova ve Climate Change Adapta on Prac ces for
Smallholder Framers’ Livelihood Security in Chikhwawa District, Southern Malawi.
(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 36)• Machobane Farming System and its Relevance to Climate Change Policy in Lesotho.
(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 35)

16 Empowering Stakeholders for Inclusive and Sustainable Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) Implementa on in Botswana

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