The United Nations
Office for Outer Space
Affairs(UNOOSA)
Background Guide Topic:

Developing Space Exploration Laws

Director’s Note
Dear Delegates,
Welcome to the United Nations Office of the Outer Space Affairs of the Japan
Metropolitan Model United Nations conference 2022! My name is Yuumi Inai, and I am thedirector of the Intermediate 1 Committee. I am currently a second-year student attending
Senzoku Gakuen Senior High School. I am excited to be a part of this conference with all of you.
I have been participating in Model United Nations since junior high school, and this is
my fourth year being part of JMMUN. I am also the president of the Senzoku Gakuen MUN clubfor this year. Four years ago, I never expected that I would be playing such an important role in
the MUN club since I had never found MUN so interesting as I do at the moment. In my
experience, I never found MUN exciting due to the fact that I felt a sense of obligation to takepart in club activities. Now that I have altered my position from being a member of the club into
managing the club, I never forget to value the enjoyment of the club members. Therefore, myadvice for delegates is to always have fun! You can never fully learn something if you do not
enjoy it.
The topic of this committee may not be something that we usually think of in our daily
lives since it takes place in a world that most of us have never seen: space. Although it may bedifficult to come up with ideas for a topic you are unfamiliar with, it is always exciting to expand
your imagination with researched proof and knowledge.
Your job is to come up with creative solutions to develop space exploration laws.
Although no one can predict the future, I hope that long-term solutions can be brought up
through this two-day conference.
I hope you have a stimulating experience through this conference, and we wish you all
the best, and most importantly, have fun!
Sincerely,

Yuumi Inai, Director
United Nations Office of the Outer Space Affairs
Senzoku Gakuen Model United Nations ClubJapan Metropolitan Model United Nations 2022

Introduction of theCommittee
The United Nations Office for Outer Space
Affairs was established by the General
Assembly in 1958 to promote peaceful andsecure exploration of space. 1 UNOOSA alsoseeks to assist development in space scienceand technology for sustainable development
by encouraging space research programs andaiding international cooperation. 2
The Office, headed by the director, consistsof five sections: Committee, Policy andLegal Affairs Section, Space Applications
Section, Executive Secretariat of theInternational Committee on GNSS, United
Nations Platform for Space-BasedInformation for Disaster Management andEmergency Response, and Office Director.
Committee, Policy and Legal Affairs
Section services the sessions of UN-space,assisting UN Member States in legal affairs
relating to the exploration and peaceful usesof outer space. The Space Applications

Section implements the United Nations
Programme on Space Applications in an
attempt to achieve the SDGs. United
Nations Platform for Space-Based
information for Disaster Management andEmergency Response allow all countries
access to space-based information fordisaster risk reduction. Furthermore, theExecutive Secretariat of the International
Committee on Global Navigation Satellite
System supervises global navigation satellite
systems for further development.
One of the current efforts made by
UNOOSA is the seven thematic priorities
that were endorsed to prepare for the 50th
anniversary of the United Nations
Conference on the Exploration and Use ofOuter Space in 2016. 3
UNOOSA stresses the importance of not
only promoting sustainable development
through space exploration but alsopreserving space for future generations, thus
sustainability for outer space activities. 4

3Robert.wickramatunga. (n.d.). United NationsOfficefor outer space affairs. About us.
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/aboutus/index.html.

Tanya.keusen. (n.d.). United NationsOffice for outerspace affairs. Space Exploration and Innovation.
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/spac
e-exploration-and-innovation.html.

2

4

1

Robert.wickramatunga. (n.d.). United NationsOfficefor outer space affairs. COPUOS.
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/ind
ex.html.

Martin.stasko. (n.d.). United NationsOffice for outerspace affairs. Roles responsibilities.
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/aboutus/roles-respon
sibilities.html.

Key Terms
UNOOSA recognizes “the long-termsustainability of outer space activities” as
the ability to continue space activities
indefinitely into the future. The benefits ofthe exploration must be achieved equally by
all people and intend to meet the needs ofthe present generations while preserving theouter space environment for future
generation. 5
rationae loci : the place where transport isprovided (airspace or outer space)rationae materiae : the means of transport

Current Situation
This committee has concluded fiveinternational treaties and five sets ofprinciples on space-related activities.
These five treaties deal with issues such as
the non-appropriation of outer space by any
one country, arms control, the freedom of
exploration, liability for damage caused by
space objects, the safety, and rescue of
spacecraft and astronauts, the prevention ofharmful interference with space activities

and the environment, the notification andregistration of space activities, scientificinvestigation and the exploitation of natural
resources in outer space and the settlementof disputes.
Each of the treaties stresses the notion thatouter space, the activities carried out in outerspace and whatever benefits might be
accrued from outer space should be devoted
to enhancing the well-being of all countries
and humankind, with an emphasis on
promoting international cooperation.
The treaties commonly referred to as the“five United Nations treaties on outer space”
are: “Outer Space Treaty,” “Rescue
Agreement,”“Liability
Convention”,“Registration Convention,” and “MoonAgreement.” 6
The Outer Space Treaty provides the basic
framework on international space law,
including the following principles:● the exploration and use of outerspace shall be carried out for the
benefit and in the interests of all
countries and shall be the province of
all mankind;

5

Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer
Space Activities
https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/
2018/aac_1052018crp/aac_1052018crp_20_0_html/A
C105_2018_CRP20E.pdf

6Space Law Treaties and Principles. United Nations
Office for Outer Space Affairs. (n.d.).
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/tr
eaties.html.

● outer space shall be free for
exploration and use by all States;● outer space is not subject to national
appropriation by claim ofsovereignty, by means of use or
occupation, or by any other means;● Countries shall not place nuclear
weapons or other weapons of mass
destruction in orbit or on celestialbodies or station them in outer spacein any other manner;● the Moon and other celestial bodies
shall be used exclusively forpeaceful purposes;● astronauts shall be regarded as theenvoys of mankind;● Countries shall be responsible fornational space activities whether
carried out by governmental or
non-governmental entities;● Countries shall be liable for damage
caused by their space objects; and● Countries shall avoid harmful
contamination of space and celestialbodies .7
The Rescue Agreement provides thatcountries shall take all possible steps torescue and assist astronauts in distress andpromptly return them to the launching
7

Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities ofStates in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space,including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies.
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. (n.d.).
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/tr
eaties/introouterspacetreaty.html.

countries, and that countries shall, uponrequest, provide assistance to launching
countries in recovering space objects that
return to Earth outside the territory of theLaunching country. 8
The Liability Convention provides that alaunching country shall be absolutely liable
to pay compensation for damage caused byits space objects on the surface of the Earthor to aircraft, and liable for damage due toits faults in space. The Convention also
provides for procedures for the settlement ofclaims for damages. 9
The Registration Convention expanded thescope of the United Nations Register of
Objects Launched into Outer Space andaddressed issues relating to States Parties
responsibilities concerning their space
objects. 10

8Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Returnof Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched
into Outer Space. United Nations Office for Outer
Space Affairs. (n.d.).
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/tr
eaties/introrescueagreement.html.
9

Convention on International Liability for Damage
Caused by Space Objects. United Nations Office forOuter Space Affairs. (n.d.).
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/tr
eaties/introliability-convention.html.
10

Convention on Registration of Objects Launched
into Outer Space. United Nations Office for Outer
Space Affairs. (n.d.).

The Moon Agreement reaffirms andelaborates on many of the provisions of theOuter Space Treaty as applied to the Moonand other celestial bodies, providing thatthose bodies should be used exclusively forpeaceful purposes, that their environments
should not be disrupted, that the United
Nations should be informed of the locationand purpose of any station established on
those bodies. In addition, the Agreement
provides that the Moon and its natural
resources are the common heritage ofmankind and that an international regime
should be established to govern the
exploitation of such resources when such
exploitation is about to become feasible. 11

Subtopic I: Sustainable
Development of Space Activities
The effect of global warming on satellites,
man-made space flights, space debris, andhuman activity in space all cast doubt on thefurther exploration of space in upcoming
years. In order to ensure a sustainable
development of space activities, the natural

space environment must be preserved
through addressing risks in space. 12
Space science is essential to improve thedaily lives of people “ through theircontributions to, among other things,
environmental monitoring, management of
natural resources, meteorologicalforecasting, climate modelling, satellite
navigation, communications, and early
warning systems to help mitigate potential
disasters.” 13 In order to obtain further
benefits from space explorations, the issueof the unsustainability of space explorationmust be addressed. UNOOSA stresses theimportance of keeping outer space safe andstable for peaceful purposes, and “open for
exploration, use and international
cooperation by current and future
generations, in the interest of all countries,
irrespective of their degree of economic orscientific development, without
discrimination of any kind and with due
regard for the principle of equity.” 1412

https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/limited/l/AC105_L274E.
pdf
13

https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/tr
eaties/introregistration-convention.html.
11
Agreement Governing the Activities of States on theMoon and Other Celestial Bodies. United Nations
Office for Outer Space Affairs. (n.d.).
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/tr
eaties/intromoon-agreement.html.

Tanya.keusen. (n.d.). United NationsOffice forouter space affairs. Long-term sustainability of outerspace activities.
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/longterm-sustainability-of-outer-space-activities.html.
14

Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability ofOuter Space Activities

However, as people seek profits from new
resources, “some worry that existing
structures of class and racial inequality will
be repeated or even intensified with spacecolonization .”15 In the committee’s annual
debate, many delegates, including
representatives from Pakistan, Nigeria, andEl Salvador emphasized the need for greaterinternational cooperation. The representativeof Pakistan further expressed appreciation
for space development, stating that it has
become a crucial-driver of the country’ssocio-economic growth, especially in thefields of agriculture, communication, health,disaster-preparedness and conservation. 16
The international community must therefore
recognize that space is not a means ofobtaining social power over marginalizedgroups, and indeed an instrument to improve
the lives of all people, regardless of theCommittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/
2018/aac_1052018crp/aac_1052018crp_20_0_html/A
C105_2018_CRP20E.pdf
15Pages, T. S. (n.d.). Outer space and earthly
inequalities - there's research on that. Theres
Research on That Outer Space and Earthly
Inequalities Comments.
https://thesocietypages.org/trot/2017/03/24/outer-space-and-earthly-inequalities/.
16

United Nations. (n.d.). Outer space benefits mustnot be allowed to widen Global gap Between
economic, social Inequality, Fourth Committee Told,
CONCLUDING debate on ITEM | Meetings coverageand press releases. United Nations.
https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/gaspd.doc.htm-0.

country’s economic, technological, andscientific development.
The Proposal of “Long-Term Sustainabilityof Space Activities”
In 2009, the Permanent Representative ofFrance proposed a new document, entitled“Long-term sustainability of space
activities,” on the agenda in the general
debate at the forty-sixth session of the
Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of
the Committee on the Peaceful Uses ofOuter Space. This treaty 17 ensures a precise,complete, and quick access to information
about the space environment, objects, andrisks through international efforts. Thissuggests countries to act for the interest of
all nations, and strongly stresses theimportance of international cooperation.
However, the guidelines are not legallybinding under the international court, andare voluntary. 18Although the guideline,
established by professionals, is effective incombating space-related issues, more needs
to be done to fully utilize its role and utilize
17

Proposal for the inclusion of a new item on theagenda of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee,
beginning at its forty-seventh session, in 2010https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/limited/l/AC105_L274E.
pdf
18

THE UN COPUOS GUIDELINES ON THE
LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY OF OUTERSPACE ACTIVITIES
https://swfound.org/media/206227/swf_un_copuos_lt
s_guidelines_fact_sheet_august_2018.pdf

it for the benefits of the international
community.
Environmental Threats
The increasing amount of space debris,complexity of space operations, emergenceof large constellations and risks of collision
with space objects raise concerns about thelong-term sustainability of space activities.
19

Currently, there are “34,000 pieces of space
junk bigger than 10 centimetres in size andmillions of smaller pieces” that poseconsiderable risks to satellites. 20 Space
debris, which is often emitted frommanmade space aircrafts, could be
disastrous when they collide with satellites
orbiting earth. Since objects orbit Earth at avery high speed, a small collision candamage a space aircraft. The first collision
happened on July 24, 1996, between asatellite and a piece of space junk, although
it fortunately ended with a slight damage on
the satellite. 21 Researchers are deeply
concerned that space debris would destroy
19

Guidelines for the long-term Sustainability ofOuter Space
Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/
2018/aac_1052018crp/aac_1052018crp_20_0_html/A
C105_2018_CRP20E.pdf
20

Validation request. (n.d.).
https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-space-junkand-why-is-it-a-problem.html.
21other satellites and aircrafts, resulting in the
Earth's orbit becoming unusable. In order toforestall this case, space agencies started
tackling the problem by burning up all thefuel in a rocket stage to prevent it from
exploding later. 22
In order to mitigate the impacts of bothnatural and man-made hazards, UNOOSA
proposes four main solutions:
implementation of national laws that limit
space-related actions, sharing of
information, international cooperation, andpromotion of space-related research. 23

Subtopic II: Space Tourism
Space tourism is human space travel forrecreational purposes. There are different
types of space tourism, including orbital,
suborbital, and lunar space tourism. 24
22

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Space debris.
Encyclopædia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/space-debris.
23

Guidelines for the long-term Sustainability ofOuter Space
Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/
2018/aac_1052018crp/aac_1052018crp_20_0_html/A
C105_2018_CRP20E.pdf
24

G. von der Dunk, F. (2011). Space Tourism, Private
Spaceflight and the Law: Key Aspects. University of
Nebraska Lincoln.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/spacelaw/?utm_sourc
e=digitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fspacelaw%2F60&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages.

Although space tourism causes many
problematic issues, André Farand, Head
Programme Legal Services division at
European Space Agency, the United Statesof America has “made the choice to support
the development of space transport vehicles
in order to reap the full benefits of thesignificant investments made by the private
sector in space tourism activity.” 25 There
will be an increased need to maintain thearea of outer space directly above the planet
to ensure the safe travel of space tourists,
but the new industry has yet to show a fullawareness of this problem. There is a needto come up with specific space exploration
laws in order to protect space fromhumanitarian purposes.
Environmental Issues
A 2010 study published in GeophysicalResearch Letters raised concerns that thegrowing commercial spaceflight industry
could accelerate global warming. The study,
funded by NASA and The Aerospace
Corporation, simulated the impact of 1,000
suborbital launches of hybrid rockets from a
25

Ross, M., Mills, M., & Toohey, D. (2010,
December 28). Potential climate impact of black
carbon emitted by rockets. Advancing Earth andSpace Science.
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.10
29/2010GL044548#:~:text=A%20global%20climate%20model%20predicts,and%20distributions%20of%
20ozone%20and.

single location, calculating that this would
release a total of 600 tonnes of black carbon
into the stratosphere. They found that theresultant layer of soot particles remained
relatively localized, with only 20% of the
carbon straying into the southernhemisphere, thus creating a strong
hemispherical asymmetry. 26

27This unbalance would cause the temperature
to decrease by about 0.4 °C (0.72 °F) in thetropics and subtropics, whereas thetemperature at the poles would increase by
between 0.2 and 1 °C (0.36 and 1.80 °F).
The ozone layer would also be affected, with

26

Ross, M., Mills, M., & Toohey, D. (2010,
December 28). Potential climate impact of black
carbon emitted by rockets. Advancing Earth andSpace Science.
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.10
29/2010GL044548#:~:text=A%20global%20climate%20model%20predicts,and%20distributions%20of%
20ozone%20and.
27

Wiegand, A. (n.d.). photograph.

the tropics losing up to 1.7% of ozone cover,and the polar regions gaining 5–6%. 28
The Law Applicable to Space Tourism
Space tourism laws are very diverse andsubject to two main criteria: the first,
rationae loci , is about the place wheretransport is provided (airspace or outerspace); the second, rationae materiae , isabout the means of transport. No agreement
has conclusively identified a demarcationline between airspace and outer space. 29
Since the beginnings of outer space
exploration, countries and the United
Nations have never been able to agree on aboundary between airspace and outer space.
For several decades, the United Nations
Committee for the Peaceful Use of Outer
Space (COPUOS) has been trying tonegotiate to delimit airspace and outerspace. The reasons for the disagreement
between countries are related to theirsovereignty over their territories. Civil
aviation law is very favorable to thesovereignty of countries. Thus, Article 1 ofthe 1944 Chicago Convention states that“the contracting States recognize that every
State has complete and exclusive

sovereignty over the airspace above its
territory.” 30 Space law has an opposite logic
from countries’ opinions and provides for
total freedom of movement of countries andproscribes any sovereignty over the celestialbodies. Specialists have considered that thelimit should be between one hundred to one
hundred and thirty kilometers.

28

Mann, A. (2010, October 22). Space tourism toaccelerate climate change. nature.
https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2010.558.
29

Gouyon Matignon, L. de. (2019, March 5). SPACETOURISM LEGAL ASPECTS . SPACE LEGALISSUES. SPACE TOURISM LEGAL ASPECTS.

30

International Civil Aviation Organization. (1944).
Convention on International Civil Aviation at
Chicago [White Paper].
https://www.icao.int/publications/documents/7300_or
ig.pdfone hundred and eighteen kilometers.
However, at a diplomatic level, there is no
distinguished criterion among countries thatspecifies the upper limit to airspace.
Therefore, COPUOS can only continue toconsult with its members and allow
countries to regulate national space activities
from their respective territories.
Effects on Third Parties
Contracts and space activities organized byprivate organizations have an immediate
effect on third parties as a result ofinternational treaties and agreements
governing outer space activities. Whenprivate entities cause damage through space
activities, governing bodies are responsible
for finding out the nationality of the said
private entities in order to question the
responsibility of the nation.

31

Moreover, researchers at the University ofCalgary evaluated this celestial boundary at

In the event of damage caused by the fall ofa capsule or an aircraft transiting throughouter space, a prejudiced country may claim
compensation from the country of origin for
the activities of its citizens. In the case ofsuborbital space tourism in the United Statesof America, the Federal Aviation
Administration considered that companies
must ensure for themselves and the country
up to five hundred million dollars. 32

31

The five basic layers of the atmosphere. (n.d.).
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.
https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/layers.

32

Gouyon Matignon, L. de. (2019, March 5). SPACETOURISM LEGAL ASPECTS . SPACE LEGALISSUES. SPACE TOURISM LEGAL ASPECTS.

Subtopic III: Health Risks
Going into space has a range of health risks
from radiation to the decrease in bonedensity due to the very different
environment humans will be subjected to. 33
The Agreement on the Rescue of
Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts, andthe Return of Objects Launched into Outer
Space was signed on April 22, 1968. 35 The
Agreement sets forth the responsibility ofstates for the health and wellbeing of theirastronauts. However, there are currently no
unanimous criteria for prevention of theincreased health risks and potential death
astronauts face.
Radiation in Space
Three major sources contribute to the spaceradiation environment: particles trapped in
Earth’s magnetic field, solar energetic
particles from the sun, and galactic cosmic
rays. Exposure to increased radiation can beassociated with both short and long-term
https://www.spacelegalissues.com/space-law-space-tourism-legal-aspects/.
33

Mars, K. (2021, June 9). What Happens to the
Human Body in Space? NASA.
https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/bodyinspace/
35 R. (1968, April 22). Rescue Agreement. United
Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/tr
eaties/introrescueagreement.html

health consequences, depending on how
much total radiation astronauts experienceand the time frame in which they experiencethat exposure. Not only will they be exposed
to more radiation in space than on Earth, butalso the radiation they are exposed to could
pose increased risks. These increased risks
range from cancer to degenerative diseases ,such as heart disease and cataracts.
Currently, no criterion are unanimous amongstates, leaving it up to states to regulate thehealth precautions for their astronauts. On
top of standardized procedures, there isongoing research into possible solutions toincrease protection against radiation; thescientists on the Space Radiation
Superconducting Shield project are working
on a magnesium diboride superconductorthat would deflect charged particles awayfrom a ship.
Zero-Gravity in Space
Without Earth’s gravity affecting the human
body, weight-bearing bones lose on average
1% to 1.5% of mineral density per month
during spaceflight. Astronauts also face anincreased risk of losing muscle mass andvision problems. If preventive or
countermeasures are not implemented, they
may experience an increased risk ofdeveloping kidney stones due to dehydrationand increased excretion of calcium fromtheir bones.

There is a lot of research being done anddevices to counter the effects of being in azero gravity environment. For example,
medicines that NASA is studying, such as
potassium citrate , may help combat thephysiological change that could increase therisk of developing kidney stones.
Bisphosphonate medications have also beenshown in NASA studies to be effective inpreventing bone loss.

Past Actions
1967: UNOOSA passed a resolution foragreement on the rescue of astronauts, thereturn of astronauts and the return of objects
launched into outer space.
1971: UNOOSA passed a resolution for
preparation of an international treaty
concerning the moon.
1979: UNOOSA passed a resolution foragreement governing the activities ofcountries on the moon and other celestialbodies.
1982: UNOOSA passed a resolution to
improve principles governing the use bycountries of artificial earth satellites forinternational direct television broadcasting.
1982: UNOOSA passed a resolution to
improve principles governing the use bystates of artificial earth satellites forinternational direct television broadcasting.
1982: UNOOSA passed a resolution toquestion the review of the convention oninternational liability for damage caused by
space objects.
1986: UNOOSA passed a resolution toquestion the review of the convention onregistration of objects launched into outerspace.
1992: UNOOSA passed a resolution aboutprinciples relevant to the use of nuclear
power sources in outer space.
2004: UNOOSA passed a resolution for
application of the concept of the launching
country.
2015: UNOOSA passed a resolution in orderto improve the transparency andconference-building measures in outer space
activities.
2006: UNOOSA passed a resolution fordisaster management and emergency
response.
2007: UNOOSA passed a resolution torecommend countries on enhancing thepractice of countries and intergovernmentalorganizations in registering space objects.
2007: UNOOSA passed a resolution toprevent an arms race in outer space.
2019: UNOOSA passed a resolution to
improve international cooperation in thepeaceful uses of outer space. 34

34

Documents and resolutions database. United
Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. (n.d.).
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/documents-and-resoluti
ons/search.jspx?&view=resolutions.

Questions to Consider● How does your country handle space
exploration laws? Has it carried out
actions to develop space exploration
laws with/without the UN?
● Does your country take part in space
exploration? If so, how does yourcountry affect the environment inspace by taking part in space
exploration?
● Keeping in mind that the UnitedStates of America has “made thechoice to support the development of
space transport vehicles in order toreap the full benefits of thesignificant investments made by theprivate sector in space tourism
activity, what laws can your country
implement to protect theenvironment damaged by space
tourism?
● Keeping in mind that space scienceis essential to improve the daily livesof human beings, what is yourcountry’s stance on space
exploration?

Guidelines for Position
PapersPosition papers must clearly articulate thecurrent situation of your country and briefly
explain the past actions it has taken, further

denoting possible solutions. Papers may also
include international resolutions andstrategies to develop space exploration laws;
however, the main focus must be on yourcountry. Every year, a handful of delegates
submit position papers with very basic
information about their countries, such as
geographical location and major tradeexports. Unless such information directly
relates to the topic, it should not be
addressed in position papers at all.

Closing Remarks
I would like to thank you all for taking aninterest in and participating in JMMUN. I
hope that this experience will benefit you.

Works Cited
Space Law Treaties and Principles. United Nations
Office for Outer Space Affairs. (n.d.).
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/tr
eaties.html.
G. von der Dunk, F. (2011). Space Tourism, Private
Spaceflight and the Law: Key Aspects. University of
Nebraska Lincoln.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/spacelaw/?utm_sourc
e=digitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fspacelaw%2F60&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages.
Ross, M., Mills, M., & Toohey, D. (2010, December
28). Potential climate impact of black carbon emitted
by rockets. Advancing Earth and Space Science.
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.10
29/2010GL044548#:~:text=A%20global%20climate%20model%20predicts,and%20distributions%20of%
20ozone%20and.

Mann, A. (2010, October 22). Space tourism toaccelerate climate change. nature.
https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2010.558.
Ross, M., Mills, M., & Toohey, D. (2010, December
28). Potential climate impact of black carbon emitted
by rockets. Advancing Earth and Space Science.
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.10
29/2010GL044548#:~:text=A%20global%20climate%20model%20predicts,and%20distributions%20of%
20ozone%20and.
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https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/ind
ex.html.
Tanya.keusen. (n.d.). United NationsOffice for outerspace affairs. Space Exploration and Innovation.
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