Additional Information
1.

Market Condition of Boilers in Indonesia

1.1

Number of boiler units sold in Indonesia

According to the interviews with the major boiler suppliers in Indonesia, all of them mentioned that
there is no official statistics on industrial boilers1. Followings are the summary of interview with major
boiler suppliers concerning boiler market condition in Indonesia.

CompanyA

Table 1: Summary of the boiler market survey in Indonesia
Origin ofInterviewed
Annual sales
Boilers
Boiler TypeUnitsYes

BEurope andAfricaIndonesia

CIndonesia

NoWT (Coal)DJapanYes

OT (Oil&Gas)

2E

China

No

FT&WT (Coal)

N/AF

Japan/ChinaNoFB (Coal)

N/A

Yes

FT (Coal)
FT (Oil&Gas)
FT (Coal)
FT (Oil&Gas)

60-70
30-4070 (in total)
N/A

FT: Fire tube, WT: Water tube, OT: Once-through, FB: Fluidized bed
Source: Based on interview results

1.2

Reference Boiler

While coal boilers are widely applied by local companies due to cheaper fuel price, international
companies tend to avoid coal fired boilers due to the higher emission of GHGs and pollutants. Asbelow, the boiler efficiency is discussed separately for oil and gas boilers and coal boilers.

(1) Oil and gas fired boiler
Oil and gas fire tube boilers are widely used in Indonesia while water tube boilers are not consideredas the reference boilers since that type of boiler has small share in Indonesian market.
According to CDM AMS-II.D, para. 26, for baseline parameters for new construction/capacity
addition, the baseline parameters could be determined based on manufacturer’s specifications. The
latest features of the fire tube boilers of the major manufactures in Indonesia, i.e. company A and B,
are collected through interview survey and summarized as below.

1Interview was conducted in July 2016.

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Table 2: Common and average features of oil and gas fire tube boilers sold in Indonesia
CompanyBoiler

Operation

efficiency

loadOptionA

89%

40%-100%

No economizer or other related

B

88.4%

25%-100%

efficiency improvement functions

Source: Based on interview results

Both company A and B mentioned that most customers prefer to have boilers without economizer orother related efficiency improvement functions considering initial high investment cost.

Company A mentioned the efficiency is 89% based on 103 degree-C and 0.8 MPa of the steam pressure,while the efficiency is 88.4% at the standard condition of Company B, namely three ton per hour, 90
degree-C of boiler feed water, 1.3 MPa of the steam pressure, using diesel oil. The boiler engineer ofJapanese boiler company confirmed that there is no efficiency variation according to change of boiler
feed water temperature if economizer is not applied. Accordingly, the boiler efficiency 89% can beconsidered to be conservative for the oil and gas fired fire tube boilers in Indonesia.

(2) Coal boiler
Coal boiler is also widely installed in Indonesia. The efficiency of coal boiler in Indonesian market issummarized as in the Table 3.

Table 3: Features of Coal Fired Boilers sold in Indonesia
CompanyBoiler efficiency

Remarks

B

85%

Fire tube with chain grate

E80-81%

Fire tube and water tube with chain grate

F85-88%

Circulating fluidized bed system and pulverizer

The efficiency of coal fired boiler is variable between 80-88% as shown in the table above depending
on combustion type, and characteristic and quality of coal. Some manufacturers apply fluidized bed
system and pulverizer to increase combustion efficiency of coal which can achieve 88% of efficiency
in the catalogue.
Meanwhile, “Methodological tool determining the baseline efficiency of thermal or electric energy
generation systems ver. 2.0” in CDM sets the default efficiency of baseline coal fired boiler to be 80%.
Also, based on the interview to companies in Japan, the efficiency of oil and gas boiler is higher thanthat of coal boiler in general.
Considering facts above, efficiency of coal boiler is lower than that of oil and gas boiler even with thevarious options which are not common yet in Indonesia. Thus, it is conservative to set the default
2efficiency of coal boiler at 89% to be the same as oil and gas boiler. In case of fuel switch from coal
to oil or coal to gas, boiler efficiency 89% can be applied as the efficiency of the reference boiler.

(3) Conservativeness of setting of boiler efficiency
The advantage of once-through boiler (project boiler) is that the high efficiency can be maintained
under the low range of operation load. On the other hand, efficiency of oil and gas fired fire tube boiler
is low at the smaller operation load range. Figure 1 is the test result of efficiency comparison between
once-through boiler and fire tube boiler of a boiler manufacturer.

Figure 1: Efficiency comparison between once-through boiler and fire tube boiler at various
load range
Source: Based on Japanese boiler manufacture’s test report

As shown in the above figure, when the load rate is small range (ex. 25-35%), the efficiency of firetube boiler becomes low (ηୖ୉ ＝77-87%) while efficiency of once-through boiler can be maintained
relatively high (95-94%) at the same range.

When the load is less than 25% (on-off limit), boiler starts switching on and off. At this time, theefficiency decreases rapidly, which cannot be theoretically calculated. The on-off limit of fire tube
boiler is reportedly 40% and the efficiency becomes again lower at smaller load range. Meanwhile,
the on-off limit of the project boiler is 17%, which means that the boiler keeps good efficiency up insmaller load range up to 17%.

This means when the boiler is operated at smaller load range, the efficiency difference between project3

boiler and reference boiler becomes large, and thus CO2 emission reduction amount becomes larger.
Depending on factory production pattern, it is quite often that boiler load becomes less than 35%. (Inthe actual operation record of a factory to which this JCM methodology will be applied, the averageload was 37% in July 2016)
Therefore, the default setting of reference efficiency at 89% is considered to be conservative.

In terms of coal fired reference boiler (chain grate and fluidized bed type commonly used in Indonesia),
there is no on-off limits as the oil and gas fired boilers and the manufactures of boilers mentioned that
combustion control is more difficult and slower compared with oil and gas burners.
Thus, difference of operating efficiency and boiler catalogue efficiency is bigger in the case of coal
fired boilers than the case of oil and gas fired boilers.
Furthermore, with fluidized bed, efficiency of coal boiler can be increased while N2O emissions
become much higher. In Japan, Ministry of Environment sets the emission factor of N2O of fluidizedbed (solid fuel) is 54 kg N2O / TJ while chain grate (solid fuel) is 0.85 kg N2O / TJ. Thus, in fluidized
bed boiler system, actual GHG emissions will be higher than the catalogue efficiency. It can beconcluded that it is conservative to set the reference efficiency of coal boiler as the same as the firetube boiler of 89% efficiency.

Thus, reference boiler can be defined as follows.

-Fire tube boiler-Gas, oil or coal fired-

Boiler efficiency 89%-

No economizer or other efficiency improvement functions

2. Establishment of Efficiency Threshold
For the purpose of encouraging leading low carbon technologies to facilitate GHG emission
reductions, efficiency threshold that limits power generator (gas engine) to be installed as acomponent of Cogeneration System (CGS) are established in the following manner.
A market study for gas engine identifies five major manufacturers in the world and specificationsof their relevant products. Values of power generation efficiency and electric output for eachproduct are collected through manufacturer’s catalogs and webpage information, and plotted inFigure 2.

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Figure 2. Power Generation Efficiencies of Gas Engines
Source: Manufacturer’s catalogs and webpage information
Since Figure 2 shows a clear deviation in efficiencies before and after 2 [MW] in electrical
output of gas engine, the two thresholds are established for the two ranges. Taking an average ofthe efficiencies and rounded it up for each range, the thresholds are 40.0 [%] for the range ofless than 2 [MW] electrical output and 47.0 [%] for 2 [MW] or more, as summarized in Table 4.
Table 4. Efficiency Thresholds
Electrical output

Efficiency thresholdX < 2 [MW]40 [%]

2 [MW] ≤ X

47 [%]

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