Philippine Studies Conference in Japan 2014
Emerging Philippines:
New Frontiers, Directions, Contributions

PAPER ABSTRACTS

Keynote Abstracts
Economic Development in Post-WWII Philippines
Cayetano W. Paderanga, Jr.
In the early 1950’s, a World Bank report predicted that the Philippines would be thenext country to develop (next to Japan). Now almost 60 years later, the Philippine
income per person is the least of the ASEAN 5 (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,
Indonesia and the Philippines). What happened? What went wrong? In contrast,
Singapore experienced a robust relatively rapid growth rate over 3 ½ decades andhas now joined other countries like the United States and Japan as developed
nations, enjoying a higher income per person level than some developed countries.
The other original ASEAN countries while having less spectacular growthnevertheless have also had impressive records.
I plan to explore the main macroeconomic trends and the key bifurcation points
that caused the country to fall behind because of policies, programs and evenexternal events. This is in line with my current work on the macroeconomic historyof the Philippines. However, in the keynote address, there will be an attempt todelve behind the key decisions made and, in the process, aim to challenge scholarsof Philippine Studies and other social scientists to analyze the possible reasons
behind those key decisions and events that determined the country’s development
during that period. While not conclusive or even attempting to do so, the address
will try to frame the important questions and studies that may help explain the
directions that eventually unfolded.

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The Mirage of the Post-National
Resil B. Mojares
If we are to imagine the history of scholarship in terms of phases, shifts, and turns,
the beginning of the twenty-first century in the Philippines marks a transition that,while lacking in definition, can be more immediately grasped in generational terms.
Here I would like to reflect on the work of the generation of scholars (particularly inthe humanities and the social sciences) who first emerged at the close of the 1960s
and in the three decades that followed became one of the most productive andvibrant generations in the country’s intellectual history. Placing this generation inhistorical context – what it inherited and built on, what it aspired to achieve, what
the opportunities and constraints were – I shall consider (if provisionally) what has
been gained or left unfulfilled, and what the implications are for new directions in
Philippine Studies and for a new generation of scholars.

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Friday 28 February 2014
First Sessions
LARGE ROOM 9:30-11:30

PANEL 1MOVEMENT(1) Filipino Migration and the Rethinking of the Family in the Long TwentiethCentury
Mina RocesThe University of New South Wales
Abstract
Migration has been justified in the public and private discourses with the view thatit must be done for the preservation of ‘the family’. Official discourses producedby the Philippine government and NGOs were reluctant to problematize “theFilipino family” except to identify this traditional institution as one of the ‘social
costs’ of migration. The view from the long twentieth century (1906-2010) seenfrom the perspective of the migrant ‘archives’ (primary sources produced by
Filipino migrants themselves) unpacks the concept of ‘the Filipino family’ andillustrates how migrants have suggested alternative ways of imagining the Filipino
family.
This paper argues that Filipino migrants have begun the process of rethinking theinstitution of the family from afar. Filipina/o Americans in the first half of thetwentieth century invented a new type of family consisting of father, mother,children, hundreds of uncles and no elders, post-1970s overseas contract workers
coping with the new transnational families reproduced dual families (one in thePhilippines, one overseas), and embraced the new matriarchal family of ‘single
moms’; a practice unacknowledged in the home country (where divorce is illegal).
Migrants’ stellar track record in sending remittances gave them the courage tocritique the Filipino family as an exploitative institution (considered taboo in thehome country). Finally, despite their ambivalent attitude towards it, ‘the family’
becomes entangled with their identity as overseas Filipinos.
(2) The Interaction of Geopolitics and Migration: Focusing on the case of thePhilippines
John Lambino
Kyoto University
Abstract
The paper is a discussion of the interaction of the two components of the nationstate, i.e. the territory that is non-mobile and the people who are mobile. To
understand the interaction of geopolitics and migration, the paper discusses thecase of the Philippines from the perspective of the dynamics of this interaction.

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Modernity has seen the ascendance of the nation-state as the basis for thegeographical arrangement of political power through the establishment of an interstate order that was based on the mutual recognition of each sovereign’s freedom
in governing its territory and the people within the territory. In other words, theinternational order was based on the unity of the dual components of the nationstate.
However, the turn of the millennium has especially seen the rapid increase ofpeople working outside the country of their permanent residence. As people move,the unity of territory and the people is increasingly degraded in concept in a waythat migration has more and more geopolitical consequences.
Why is the Philippines the focus of the study? The Philippines continues to be amajor labor exporting country. It is assumed in geopolitics that migration as atransnational interaction wanes with distance. However, major destination
countries for Filipinos are very distant from the Philippines. The paper further
shows that migration along with the geopolitical location of the Philippines is an
important factor in guiding Philippine foreign and security policies.
(3) Bagong Bayani (New Heroes): Discursive Origins and the Legitimation ofPhilippine Labor Export
Jean Encinas-Franco
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
Literature on Philippine labor export argue that bagong bayani or ‘new heroes’ is a
discourse instrumentally appropriated by the state to incorporate migrants andpromote labor out-migration for remittances. However, while they are insightful inas far as their contribution to the literature is concerned, they fail to account forthe manner in which the state is able to do so. This is primarily because the studies
do not make problematic the historical specificity of the discourse and hardly
provide focused explanations on how the discourse emerged or developed in theway it is currently understood. In other words, even as the authors critique thediscourse, they do not make problematic or focus their inquiry on its discursive
origins, its development and the specific context in which it emerged. In particular,
they do not ask: What are the discourses associated with the bagong bayani andwhy did it emerge at a particular historical juncture? Using critical discourse
analysis (CDA) of official documents during the administration of President
Corazon Aquino (who first used the term in 1988) and selected newspaper accounts,
the paper explores the discursive origins of bagong bayani by examining how thediscourse is manifested linquistically and to what extent it justifies or legitimateslabor export. The paper aims to: (i) discuss the context in which the discourse ofbagong bayani emerged; (ii) identify the linguistic elements of the discourse; and,(iii) provide insights into how such discourses resonate with bagong bayani andhow they justify labor export.

4MIDDLE-SIZED ROOM 9:30-11:30

PANEL 2

CONFLICT, VIOLENCE AND SECURITY(1) Media Killings and Block-Time Journalism in the Philippines
Meynardo de la Paz Mendoza
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
Even before the Maguindanao massacre, the Philippines was already considered themost dangerous place for journalists in the world after Iraq. Even if this massacre
did not occur, the Philippines remains to be a dangerous place for journalists askillings continue unabated. If the killings of media personnel previously resulted
from the conflict between rebel forces and state security agents, the current trend
points to the fact that this phenomenon is now an outcome of local conflicts.
Journalists are slain after reporting about corruption, extractive industries, illegal
drugs and gaming that usually involves politicians at the municipal, city orprovincial levels. Media killings then become enforcement mechanisms in wrapping
up corrupt transactions.
On the other hand however, what differentiate this investigative-style of broadcast
journalism or expose’s from previous practices or those of other countries is aunique type of media practice – block time journalism. Most of the journalists killed
since 2001 are part time radio broadcasters whose programs are more commentary
than news and delivered in an unusually bombastic style. Most are still neophytes inmedia practice and did not go formal training. A number are connected with NGOs
who see broadcasting as an extension of their advocacies. Others however are
aspiring broadcasters who happen to work in a radio station owned by a local
politician, or buys air time with a politician as financier, and whose commentaries
happen to target other local officials. So that crusades against corruption are seen
not as such but as an extension of the rivalry between local officials, making thebroadcaster fair game.
This practice supports the assertion that Philippine media is not at all free and is
captive to elite interests. The proposed paper would like to situate the Philippine
record in a global context to understand its uniqueness, contextualize and analyze
the practice of block time journalism and provide a few case studies.
(2) The Road to Peace: The Role of Natural Resources in a Post-Conflict
Bangsamoro
Ana Rhia T. Muhi
Queen Mary University of London,
Abstract
Much has been written about the GRP-MILF peace process as a political exercise.
Interestingly enough, the issue of economic development remains in the fringes ofthese analyses, even less so that of the role of natural resources in economic
development in a post-conflict situation. The relationship of natural resource
governance in peace-building has not been sufficiently discussed, and while many
authors have discussed the different forms or expressions of autonomy that
Filipino Muslims may enjoy, little have been said on how the region intends to5

maintain or achieve economic autonomy or self-sufficiency that would serve as fuelfor political autonomy.
This time around, the peace panel is very much aware that the exploration,
development and utilization of natural resources found within the Bangsamoro
territory play an important role in ensuring that political autonomy is achievable.
As an indicator, identified contentious issues include jurisdiction over natural
resources, the extent of territorial waters, and taxation. This paper therefore willseek to identify the role of natural resources in a post-conflict Bangsamoro. It willthen further discuss possible systems of governance over natural resources
consistent with the Bangsamoro framework, deriving lessons from the wisdom of
the past and the experiences of other jurisdictions, in the hopes that such
recommendations could contribute to the whole process of peace-building.
(3) Quo vadis? Mapping and Imaging the Philippine Military’s Future after its Exitfrom Internal Security Role
Rosalie Arcala Hall
University of the Philippines Visayas
Abstract
Since 2010, the Philippine military has been slowly making an “exit” from its
internal security role. In 24 provinces, it has turned over this job to local
government units. This is pathbreaking given its historic involvement incounterinsurgency operations and checkered record of engagements with civilsociety actors/local communities in the course of performing such role. Its latest
campaign plan (the Internal Peace and Security Plan or IPSP) previews this future
exit as it commits the military to “new” working relationships with civil society
organizations.
The paper maps the military’s domestic non-kinetic activities (actions that do not
involve the use of force) and its patterns of engagements with civil society actors(NGOs, people’s organizations and academe) across three functional lines: civil
affairs, peace and development, and construction in Panay island and Campostela
Valley from 2009 to present. Unlike traditional civil-military operations (CMO),
these non-kinetic activities require partnership with non-military actors and haveno direct operational value towards combat operations. These array of nontraditional tasks are seen as practice runs for how might the military imagine analternate internal role post-2016. The paper also explores the gaps and contextual
factors (institutional mechanisms; organizational culture) that affect military-civilsociety engagements. It is based on two projects: (1) UP Visayas-funded qualitative
research on non-kinetic activities undertaken by 301st Brigade; and (2) 4-country
project funded by the Asian Public Intellectual (API) Community Grant. which
examines civil-military cooperation in legally accepted mission areas involving
domestic deployment.

6(4) Women and Armed Conflict in the Philippines
Ma. Lourdes Veneracion-Rallonza
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
During war and armed conflict situations, most of those affected are civilian
populations or unarmed groups. Within the context of this reality, women become
victims as part of the civilian population and as simply (or unfortunately) because
they are women. As part of the civilian population, they are victimized along withmen; but as being women, they are particularly targeted because of their genderand in this regard, they suffer more than men. This latter form of victimization
pertains to gender-based violence such as using rape as a weapon of war,
implementing sexual slavery and sexual assault as a form of torture, dehumanizingof ‘enemy’ women to demoralize ‘enemy’ men, and increasing the vulnerability ofwomen to threaten the cultural fabric of the society or community. Within theframe of a universal atrocities regime, violence against women during armed
conflict situations have already been recognized through various mechanisms suchas the ad hoc criminal tribunals of the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, theInternational Criminal Court (ICC), and several United Nations Security Council
Resolutions (UNSCRs) such as 1325, 1820, 1888, 1889 and 1960. However, much is
to be done in so far as implementing these mechanisms at the ground level.
In the Philippines, armed conflict of ideological and right to self-determination
nature have been waged for decades. Although several peace tables havesubstantively been concluded (or nearing to be concluded), the effects of armed
conflict continue to plague various communities, especially the women. It is in thislight that I conducted a study last year which sought to find out the effects of thearmed conflicts on women as victims of the conflict, participants in the conflict,and agents against the conflict and I have unraveled the lived narratives of women
who were caught in the cross-fire, who lived through (and continue to do so)internal displacements, who experienced violations of human rights in the hands ofboth state and non-state armed groups, the stories of women who chose to becombatants and why they continue with their personal and revolutionary struggles,
the tales of women who have sustained their work in women’s human rights andpeace work for other women who cannot do the same. Currently, through theassistance of some local and international civil society organizations, I am about toconclude a research-based response program for women in several conflict-affectedareas in the country.
(5) Contested Sovereignties and the Meaning of Violence in the Hinterland of thePhilippine-American war
Nicole Del Rosario CuUnjieng
Yale University
Abstract:
The Western discourse of sovereignty provided meaning to the transfer of imperial
power over the Philippines from Spain to the U.S. following the Spanish-American
War. The destabilizing, multivocal Filipino claims of legitimate authority over thePhilippine Islands—which contest, appropriate, and are illegible to the Western
epistemology—cut through this discourse. I analyze the cross-section of suchclaims at the imperial hinterland of Samar during the Philippine-American War to7

understand the role that violence and power played in the concepts of sovereignty
and legitimate authority that animate this history.
The battling Philippine and American conceptions of sovereignty rested uponinvalidations of each others’ theoretical sovereignty. Due to the differing bases
upon which the competing claims rested their validity, violence became the crucial
actualizing language through which illegible sovereignties on Samar related,competed, and cried aloud for recognition. Yet, sovereignty does not only authorize
the use of violence, but also constrains it, and I see violence on Samar not as
communicative, but expressive of alternative potential sources of power.
To the ilustrados and the American government, the quality of violence employed—
civilized or uncivilized—was also important due to the discourse on civilizationthat justified imperialism and self-rule. The U.S. government interpreted theFilipinos through lenses of resistance and submission to US sovereignty and varying
degrees of civilization. In both lenses, the use of violence was an important
indexical mark. “Uncivilized” violence made the Filipinos legible to the U.S. as
imperial subjects and also illegible as citizens deserving of self-rule.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 1 9:30-11:30

PANEL 3ADVANCING INDIGENOUS PEOPLES RIGHTS: LESSONS ANDPROSPECTS
Panel Organizer: Alejandro Ciencia Jr.
University of the Philippines Baguio
Panel Abstract
The panel will assess the current state of indigenous peoples’ rights in thePhilippines and the prospect of their advancement in a post-Benigno Aquino III
scenario. The panel will combine two sets of scholars. The first set, consisting of
University of the Philippines-Baguio faculty, will mostly discuss the findings of astudy completed in 2011 which assessed the National Commission on Indigenous
People’s (NCIP) implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA).
Included in this set of paper presentations are those which problematize (a)customary Laws, ancestral land titling and the NCIP’s quasi-judicial powers; (b) the
free and prior informed consent (FPIC) process vis-a-vis state-sanctioned resource
extraction activities; (c) indigenous education programs and cultural revitalization;and (d) official development assistance (ODA) and indigenous communities. The
second set, comprised of non-UP Baguio scholars, will tackle community-based
efforts aimed at improving the conditions of specific indigenous peoples groups incertain parts of the country. Included here is a paper assessing a national intergovernmental agency “reintegration” policy for the Sama-Bajau. Also included is acase study which analyzes the viability of the “corridor approach” in protecting theforests and sacred places of the Subanen. The final paper in the proposed panel
will look into the prospect of advancing indigenous peoples’ rights in a post-Aquino
scenario in light of recent developments in the country and the region. As proposed,
the panel offers macro and micro-level assessments and institution-centered and8community-centered appraisals of the current state of indigenous peoples rights inthe country.
(1) Customary Laws, Ancestral Land Titling and NCIP’s Quasi-Judicial Powers
Nimreh L. Calde
University of the Philippines Baguio
Abstract
The IPRA recognizes the customary laws and practices of the indigenous peoples as
the basis for their judicial and political structures and institutions within theirrespective domains. Nonetheless the implementation of titling as well as theperformance of the quasi-judicial functions of the NCIP resulted in thestrengthening of state powers within indigenous communities, through the NCIP,
by consciously or unconsciously incorporating indigenous peoples within theframework of state legal system. This essay discusses how customary laws areincorporated or not into the two critical tasks of the NCIP namely, ancestral domain
titling and quasi-judicial functions. It argues that while ancestral domain titling and
the NCIP’s performance of quasi-judicial functions provide some benefits to theindigenous peoples, especially in granting a clear written evidence for theirownership and making legal services available to the indigenous peoples, both ofthese developments likewise manifest the increasing state penetration into the livesof the indigenous peoples.
(2) Indigenous Peoples versus the State: FPIC and Resource Extraction in the
Cordillera Region, Philippines
Maileenita Peñalba
University of the Philippines Baguio
Abstract
The discourse on indigeneity has been primarily framed within the context ofidentity politics - on the notion that being indigenous has a political meaning thatneeds articulation, recognition and representation. Indigenousness is also a matterof positioning. Given this, the political identity of the indigenous peoples is said tobe forged in situations of strife and resistance. The indigenous peoples in thePhilippines, commonly branded as among the “marginalized”, however, have foundways to strengthen their position within the decision-making arenas set-up by thestate such as the Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) process. This paper
explores the ‘uneasy’ relationship between the indigenous peoples and the state
when resource extraction is concerned. The paper particularly unpacks the power
relations between the state, which strongly promoted mining during theadministration of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, and the indigenous peoples
whose resource-rich lands have become the primary target of an aggressive mining
industry. The indigenous peoples’ positioning on the issue of mining in the
Cordillera Region, Philippines will be discussed along with the counter position of
the state in order to illustrate how identity politics plays a crucial role in resource
access, use and management in the region. The study adopts critical discourse
analysis which provides the lens that facilitates the discovery of possible
convergence between the state and the indigenous peoples’ rendering of concepts
like FPIC and resource extraction so that a peaceful and productive engagement
between these two contending parties may be established.

9(3) Official Development Assistance and Indigenous Peoples
Raymundo D. Rovillos
University of the Philippines Baguio
Abstract
The past decade (1999-2010) saw an increase in Official Development Assistance(ODA) toward programs and projects that aim to reduce poverty in indigenous
peoples’ communities. Asset reform has been the center-piece of ODA, along withthe crafting of the Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan(ADSDPP).
A post-developmental reading of documents pertinent to these
programs and projects reveals that overall, ODA aims to integrate or mainstream
indigenous peoples into the neo-liberal development framework. This situation has
led to state, capital and elite capture of the indigenous peoples movement’s agendaof empowerment. As an illustrative example, the notion of individual and collective
land rights has inevitably pushed indigenous peoples in a game where the more
powerful players end up the winners. It is true that elements of indigenous peoples’
agenda for development, such as customary law, indigenous knowledge, traditional
livelihoods and schools of living tradition are now given more attention. However,these articulations of a “good life” by and for indigenous peoples are still tackled
within the same discursive space of modernist discourse, which domesticatesalternative social imaginaries to growth-oriented development discourse.
(4) Interrogating (Re-)Integration: The Philippine Sama-Bajau Case
Rolando Talampas
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
Efforts of the National (inter-agency) Task Force on the Sama-Bajau (TFSB)following
a 2011 national conference have surfaced a number of views on the nature ofSama-Bajau mobility and settlement in the margins of some urban centers andsome recommendations on how to address the issue“Relocation” and“resettlement” have been put forward as end-state of possible broader programs
which place housing agencies and local governments at the lead. These two
approaches have had arguably dire consequences for target groups, notably, theurban poor, and inhabitants of ancestral lands affected by “development” projects.
Thus, a mode of “social preparation” via research beginning in late 2012 has beensuggested and carried out.
Under the auspices of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
and the National Council on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), “reintegration” as the morenuanced and humane, if culturally sensitive, approach has taken precedence overthe conventional manner of uprooting of the unwelcome new city dwellers. DSWD,NCIP and the participating agencies in the TFSB have commissioned a study that
updates the knowledge and understanding of the conditions of the Sama-Bajau.
This paper seeks to shed light on how “reintegration” sets out to be operationalizedbasing on better informed assessment of the Sama-Bajau conditions and options. It
basically argues that reintegration could be a participatory process and a more
promising venture than previous ones deployed in similar or comparable cases.
In brief, this paper: (1) describes the participatory process of the latest Sama-Bajau
research undertaken by the TFSB; (2) compares the concept of reintegration withexisting views and actual experiences, and; (3) draws lessons from questions and10

answers raised in the course of developing an approach meant for the Sama-Bajau
reintegration.
(5) Advancing Indigenous Peoples Rights after the Benigno Aquino III
Presidency
Alejandro Ciencia Jr.
Abstract
The paper examines the prospects of advancing indigenous peoples (IP) rights in a
post-President Benigno Aquino III scenario, particularly in light of developments
emerging during his presidency. Unlike his predecessor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
who actively pushed for Philippine mining industry’s revitalization to the great
dismay of indigenous peoples rights advocates, Aquino seemed ambivalent toPhilippine mining. While hardly regarded as a champion of IP rights, Aquino has
nonetheless exhibited a more IP-friendly position compared with Arroyo, pursuingmost notably the imposition of a mining moratorium in July 2012 while supporting
efforts by congressional allies to amend the country’s mining law. A host of factors
provided justification for Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s all-out support for Philippine
mining’s revival during her presidency and, consequently, her neglect of Philippine
indigenous peoples - among them (a) the rapidly growing Chinese economy’s strong
demand for metals, and (b) the Philippines’ acknowledgment of a fiscal crisis in
2004. A different set of factors meanwhile seem conducive to Pres. Aquino’s more
IP-friendly policy position - among them: (a) the Philippines’ “better-than-expected”
economic performance under his presidency despite the non-completion ofmining’s revitalization; (b) the souring of Philippines-China relations; (c) his
political allies’ (and family members’) support for IP-friendly policies;
and, (d)periodic news reports of mining-related environmental disasters and tragedies. Still,other developments, including his impending departure from office and theseeming unpopularity of “sub-national” demands like those of the Sabah claimants,
raise concerns about the short and long term prospects of advancing IP rights in
the Philippines.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 2 9:30-11:30

PANEL 4
NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR RURAL
PUBLIC SECTOR INVESTMENT AND INSTITUTIONSDEVELOPMENT:

Panel Organizer: Satoru Nishimura
Kagoshima University
Panel Abstract
This panel is composed by the panelists both from universities and a government
institution who have devoted themselves to figure out the issues of social economic
development theoretically and empirically for a long period time. The panel aims toclarify the necessary conditions for the development from the viewpoints of public
sector investment and institutions. Firstly, it focuses on the role of Local
Government Units under decentralization. And it also highlights the importance of11

public investment and institutional settings regarding science- technology,
education and cooperatives of farmers. Capuno discusses the performance of LGUs
on public services under decentralization. Aquino emphasizes the importance ofthe public sector investment on science and technology for innovation from thestandpoint of a policy maker. Orquiza approaches the panel theme historically. He
examines the relationship between Philippine public schools and agriculturalcommodities between 1898 and 1941. Finally, Nozawa discusses how the selfreliance of the Farmer Growers under Agrarian Reform focusing on the banana
production. Thus, the panel seeks how the genuine social economic development
could be brought around by public sectors and institutions from various topics andapproaches. The fruitful interaction of the speakers with the audience may well leadto a vision for the new era of public sector in the Philippines.
(1) The Effects of Term Limits and Yardstick Competition on Local Government
Provision of Health Insurance and other Public Services: The Philippine Case
Joseph Capuno
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
We investigate the effects of two accountability measures on the decisions of thelocal governments under decentralization. Using a panel of Philippine
municipalities and cities in three election years, we find that term limits havenegative but weak effects on the provision of health insurance coverage to poorfamilies and on expenditures on local services. However, yardstick competition (i.e.,
more subsidized insurance coverage for the poor in neighboring local governments)
induces them to cover more poor families, but also reduce other public
expenditures. To respond to critiques of health decentralization, our results
suggest that the objectives of local politicians can be aligned with those of thehealth sector. The key insight is the incumbent may extend health insurance
coverage like a redistributive transfer to pursue reelection objectives. However, theresulting tradeoff between subsidized insurance coverage and other public services
must be considered.
(2) Public Sector Investments in Science, Technology and Innovation for an
Inclusive and Competitive Philippines
Albert Perez Aquino
Department of Science and Technology
Abstract
The paper discusses the current state of investment in science and technology (S&T),
with particular focus on the agriculture sector, in order to highlight the pivotal roleof major public sector driven research and development programs in improving thecompetitiveness of Philippine agriculture. It also analyzes S&T investment in terms
of priorities, allocations and portfolios to determine its ability to promote inclusive
development across agriculture’s numerous stakeholders. It concludes by providing
key recommendations for a more results-based S&T investment and program in
Philippine agriculture.

12(3) Philippine Public Schools and Agricultural Commodities, 1898-1941: A Digital
Humanities Approach
R. Alexander Orquiza
Wellesley College
Abstract
This paper uses digital humanities GIS mapping to plot how agricultural schools
affected Philippine exports over time during the American Period. Economic andpolitical historians have connected national exports from the Philippines to tariffs,
protectionism, and trade quotas. But this paper takes a more nuanced view: it
attempts to quantify how instruction in public schools directly contributed to the
production of sugar, tobacco, and copra in different provinces over time.
Historically mapping public school construction will help show that investments in
education mattered as much as spending on ports or agreements on trade.
Moreover, the use of digital humanities will provide a new way to examine thethousands of tables in American annual reports on Philippine exports.
(4) Banana Production and Cooperatives in the Philippines: Structure for the Selfreliance of the Farmer Growers by the Agrarian Reform
Katsumi Nozawa
Asia University
Abstract
The socio-economic situation of small-scale banana growers in the Philippines
generated a lot of issues among researchers. A common view about the productionof bananas for export is that many small-scale growers remain impoverished due toexploitation by the multinational corporations (MNCs). Poverty is exacerbated byhigh prices of inputs and low buying prices of bananas, causing the growers toborrow and to get buried in debt. And besides, more importantly, the realsituations surrounding the banana production system in the Philippines are
absolutely controversial as the bananas are produced by the agricultural workers
hired in the plantations which are owned and managed by MNCs who control the
global market. The author focuses the attention upon the latter part of the view
more in details.
However, the situation drastically changed because land distribution became
possible through the Collective Certificate of Land Ownership (CLOA) issuanceunder the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). CLOA is issued tocooperatives composed of Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs). The contract
growing scheme was simultaneously introduced as one of the schemes in the
Agribusiness Venture Arrangement (AVA) as formulated in the Department ofAgrarian Reform (DAR) Administrative Order (AO) to support CARP’s
implementation. It shows how land distribution under the ongoing land reform
program and participation of ARBs in cooperatives had made these farmers selfreliant.
Under this framework, the Individual Farming System (IFS) is introduced wherein
the growers owns all bananas he produced in his lot which was assigned by thecooperative, not by DAR, giving him high incentives in his lot’s production. Thus
the IFS, designed and recommended by one of the local based NGOs, is the initialsteps in generation self-reliant growers.

13

This empirical study conducted interviews of the cooperatives in Mindanao that
produced bananas for export, and clarified how the AVA was applied to banana
plantation cooperatives and what kind of the scheme of AVA were developed andimplemented to overcome the challenges and bondages the cooperatives faced.
The author concludes that strengthening the cooperative’s governability is essential
in attaining the sustainability of the IFS.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM (East Building) 9:30-11:30

PANEL 5REGIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS(1) Oh, Oh Mario! Mario Maurer and the ASEAN Integration of the Philippines
Miguel Antonio N. Lizada
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
This study examines the love affair between the Thai pop icon Mario Maurer andthe Filipino audience. Maurer was noticed first by the Filipino gay community when
he played the role of a gay teenager in the coming-of-age family drama Love of Siam
(2007). He later on gained more fans after starring in a Thai romantic comedy Crazy
Thing Called Love (2011). Since then, he has been invited to the Philippines to be acelebrity endorser and model for Penshoppe, appear in talk shows, and eventuallystar in the Filipino romantic comedy, Suddenly It’s Magic (2012) opposite Erich
Gonzales.
In this study, I trace the trajectory of Maurer’s transformation from being a gay icon
in a film that depicts Bangkok as a utopian space for Filipino gay fantasyproduction, to the boy-next-door figure who has since arrived at our shores andwhom anybody can love. I argue that his transformation and bourgeoning
popularity are intrinsically to the imminent and historic ASEAN integration. The
fantasy associated with Maurer romanticizes the Philippines’ relationship with its
ASEAN neighbors by domesticating the Filipino cosmopolitan dream of eclecticism
and mobility within the region. Because Maurer’s facial features erase all forms of
racial specificity, the gaze directed towards him is a contradictory one: one ofidentification and of difference; he thus functions as the ideal icon for a localized
enactment of a geopolitical fantasy-production consumed by many and whose logic
is intelligible to almost all.

14

(2) Sharing Best Practices in Development Assistance from China: A New Form ofSouth-South Development Cooperation (SSDC) between the Philippines and its
Neighboring Southeast Asian Countries
Lermie Shayne S. Garcia
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
The “best practices” in foreign aid have always been viewed from the lens of donor
countries, institutions and even academics. This trend underestimates thecapability of recipient countries to also provide lessons on the best practices ofeach to be shared to its fellow recipient countries in the developing world. This
study wants to find out the best practices that the Philippines presents to other aid
recipients in Southeast Asia particularly Burma, Cambodia and Laos, which are far
from the Philippines in terms of economic development. Notably, these are four
countries which receive aid from China, especially today that the latter has become
the world’s second largest economy and a provider of SSDC. However, thesecountries have also been plagued by problems of human rights violations,corruption and extreme aid dependence which even exacerbated when China’s aid
money comes in. The nature of these countries and the nature of China’s aid which
is premised on non-interference serve as an interesting subject to study.
First and foremost, this study looks at the elements of best practices in eachcountry. Secondly, it looks on how the Philippines could share its best practices
with other countries while learning from the best practices of other developing
countries. This study will purely rely on secondary materials using a qualitative
approach. The researcher herself will strive to cultivate a perspective in SSDC byusing experiences on best practices as a form of aid instead of the usual technicaland financial assistance.
(3) Philippines-China Relations: The Linkage of Economic and Security Interests
Charles Joseph Garcia De Guzman
Ateneo De Manila University
Abstract
The study looks into the relationship between China's economic and security
interests, and specifically at how China uses ODA to promote its strategic interestsin the Philippines during the GMA administration. It (a) presented the economic
interests that the two countries pursue in their bilateral relations; (b) identified the
responses of the Philippine government to China’s ODA; (c) analyzed how China
advanced its security interests through its use of ODA in the Philippines, using the
Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking (JMSU) as case study; and (d) presented how thedomestic politics in and the decision making process of the Philippine government
affect its foreign policy towards China using the NBN-ZTE Deal and Northrail
Project.
Using the security and the interplay of economic and security considerations ofboth countries in their foreign policy making as framework, this study exploredsignificant documents compiled by government agencies, leading media – thenewspaper, television and online articles, and government officials’ speeches andacademic journals. Case studies were explored systematically through the process
tracing method.

15

The study found out that the Philippines and China’s heightened economic relations
during the GMA administration are grounded by their economic interests that are
based on their competitive advantages. Also, the Philippine government under the
GMA administration generally responded to Chinese ODA in a very accommodatingmanner. The Philippine government views these financial endowments as anopportunity to pursue different projects that will further develop its economy.
Both the Philippines and China were able to advance their interests, while China is
more interested in the cooperation of the Southeast Asian region, the Philippines
under GMA is more interested in improving its economic development rather thanits territorial integrity. The Philippines was able to get more ODA from China while
China was able to get the Philippines’ cooperation through the JMSU.
The case of NBN-ZTE Deal illustrated how the presidential system aggravated thedifferences among the preferences in the decision makers in the Philippines –leading to bending of ODA and modification of ODA approval process, andworsening of the Philippines’ credibility before Southeast Asia and China.
(4) Anxieties in Defining Philippines (Trans)National Cinema
Patrick Campos
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
In 2004, Cannes Film Festival was mapped as the premier Western showcase of
Asian films – “Asia West,” it was tagged. It selected films, like Tropical Malady, 2046,
and Old Boy, from the booming national cinemas of Thailand, China, and South
Korea. This programming of Asian films and the string of wins by Asian artists inthe same festival have continued unabated, climaxing in 2013 for Southeast Asia,with Singapore and Cambodia receiving top prizes. Philippine cinema itself –represented by its films and film artists – has likewise consistently exerted its
presence in what is arguably the most prestigious “A1” international film festival
today, garnering top awards for Raymond Red and Brillante Mendoza. Filipinos have,moreover, appeared in the festival as subjects in non-Filipino and award-winningfilms by Asians.
Taking Cannes Film Festival as a figure for the previously European-defined “world
cinema”; the extolling of Asian films as symptom of the geopolitical and economic“rise of Asia”; the bodies of actors Mercedes Cabral and Angeli Bayani as nationallyracially marked figures in non-Filipino festival films; the “Asian extreme” as a genrethat debuts in Cannes before it circulates in Europe and North America; and the“extreme” works of Korean director, Park Chan-wook, and Filipino director, Brillante
Mendoza, as emblems of the urgency of and anxieties attendant in defining“national” cinema - - the present paper historicizes and revisions Philippine(transnational) cinema in light of these developments.

16

Second Sessions
LARGE ROOM 13:00 – 15:00

PANEL 6
NEW PERSPECTIVES ON PHILIPPINE HISTORY (1): IN THE
SHADOW OF SPANISH AND AMERICAN EMPIRES
Organizer & Chairperson: Yoshiko Nagano
Kanagawa University
Panel Abstract
This panel will consist of four speakers and one discussant who seek to depict themulti-faced pictures of the colonialism and nationalism in the shadow two empiresof Spain and the United States. In Southeast Asian studies, the Philippines has beenrather treated as exception. This is particularly due to the shift of its colonial
master from Spain to the United States at the turn of the 20th century. Yet throughthe past two decades of researches more common features have been found in thePhilippines with other Southeast Asian countries in term of colonialism andnationalism under various empires of European countries, the United States andJapan.
Nariko Sugaya’s presentation examines the transition of Spanish colonial Manila atturn of the 19th century. Miyako Uemo’s paper examines the articles of semimonthly newspaper: Filipinas ante Europa in order to depict the intellectual sceneof the Philippine Revolution. Yoshiko Chiba looks at the public health policies in theearly American period. In different ways, each paper takes as its point of thedeparture or arrival the paradox that we conveniently label “colonial society.” Thispanel will seek to present the common and peculiar natures of colonial state in thePhilippines and how the colonial masters dealt with the crisis and change in theinstitutions for trade or public health at the two turns of the 19th and 20th centuries
and how the intellectuals reacted to the critical time in the transition of colonial
masters from Spain to the United States.
(1) Colonial Lives in Spanish Manila at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Nariko Sugaya
Ehime University
Abstract
Spanish colonial Manila at the turn of the nineteenth century was in transition. The
Spanish colonial government, as part of the Bourbon reforms of the day, took a step
to develop the colony’s natural resources for exportation and to diversify its foreign
trade. Colonial lives in Spanish Manila had revolved around the Manila-Acapulco
gallon trade and its supply line, Chinese junks from Fujian, for about two hundredyears since Manila was established in 1571 as the Spanish colonial capital. This
picture started to change as a result of trade diversification in Spanish capital,
particularly after the 1780’s. A decree of 1789 made Manila open to all foreign
shipping for a three-year period starting 1790. This made Manila virtually an open
port. As the foreign trade expanded, Spanish Manila became increasingly
cosmopolitan. The Spanish colonial government had to adjust its system to the newenvironment. So did the colonial people adjust themselves to the changing situation.
17

This paper is to depict colonial lives in Spanish Manila in transition by looking into
the notarial deeds and other relevant Spanish documents which reflected thechanges of the day.
(2) Articles, Statements, and Activities of Filipinas ante Europa and Isabelo de losReyes
Miyako Ueno
University of Tokyo
Abstract
Filipinas ante Europa was a semi-monthly newspaper published in Madrid during
Philippine-American War by Isabelo de los Reyes, who was deported by Spanish
authority as a radical revolutionist. He published its initial number on 25 October
1899, to insist on Filipino independence and American abuse of human rights inthis newspaper, because he wanted to show miserable situations in the Philippines
toward the civilized world. In addition, he depicted his ideal education, Filipino
nationals, and so on in order to change the Philippines into more civilized country
that he thought. However this newspaper lived only a year and eight months
because Isabelo de los Reyes was under severe financial condition and American
oppression. In my presentation, I would like to analyze all of the articles in Filipinas
ante Europa, classify them into some topics, and explain their statements briefly.
And also I will clear the reason why this newspaper suspended its publication andreveal the procedure of the split among intellectuals which occurred in Filipino
independent movements because the articles tell us the fact that occurred in that
period.
(3) Public Health Policies in the Early American Colonial Philippines: Cholera
Prevention and GovernanceYoshihiro Chiba
Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
Abstract
The public health policies deeply intervened in the early American colonial
Philippines, compared to the policies of economic developmental spheres. America
executed the violent measures against cholera epidemics in the period of 1902-04,
in relation to pacification of the Philippines, making the Philippine Revolution andthe Filipino-American War as their background. Although, after 1905, cholera
measures became moderate, emphasizing the educational campaigns, they didn’tchange the centralized and the intervening characters. American conviction of thescience based on bacteriology had those policies continued and Filipinos’ social
customs were simultaneously neglected.
.
In 1898, President W. McKinley proclaimed the ‘Benevolent Assimilation,’ so that
Filipinos were taught the self-discipline and the liberal democracy. The publichealth was a means to change their social customs and infiltrate the self-discipline.
As a result, the public health policies of 1900s were intervening more into thePhilippine society than Spanish policies. Because the Philippines had no such thesegregated residential areas for a white as British India, it also prompted American
medical officers strongly to change the Philippine society. Further, the defects bothof water supply and of sewage systems intensified the education on personal andhome hygiene by American.
18

(4) Juan Luna’s España y Filipinas: A Documentary History
Ambeth R. Ocampo
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
España y Filipinas (Spain and the Philippines) by the 19th century Philippine painterJuan Luna y Novicio, presently conserved in the Lopez Memorial Museum in Manila,
is signed but undated, but the date supplied for its completion, 1886, was a factthat went unchallenged until 2013 when an earlier version of the painting was soldat auction in Hong Kong for USD$3.3 million. The documentation for this newly
discovered painting resulted in bringing to light not one but five versions of thesame painting, requiring a revision in our knowledge of Luna’s work. The paper also
explore the different ways in which Filipino propagandists in Spain, like Jose Rizal
and Graciano Lopez Jaena, read their interpretations into this work that influences
the way Filipinos in the 21st century see and understand the way in which Luna represented the Philippines of his time.

MIDDLE-SIZED ROOM 13:00 – 15:00

PANEL 7ARTICULATING AND ANALYZING CURRENT ISSUES OF
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Organizer and Chair: Shingo Mikamo
Shinshu University,
Panel Abstract
This panel aims to articulate and analyze issues of politics and governance in thePhilippines by examining in depth four topics that are currently being debatedintensely in the country: a) the continuing Mindanao crisis; b) the persistentdominance of political dynasties; c) the role of social movements in shaping or
influencing the direction of politics and governance; and d) “reformism” and the“good governance” regime. The panel will explore and analyze these issues along
these four points of departure to get a clearer sense of the future of Philippine
society in terms of economic development and political stability. Why has the
Mindanao situation become more challenging with the Sabah issue complicating thecurrent peace talks with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front? Why and how do rulingpolitical dynasties remain a permanent pattern of Philippine politics despite efforts
to undermine its dominance? What are the challenges and prospects for current
social movements and other forces designed to resolve some of the continuing
major issues of governance? What does “reformism” mean and does it lead to “goodgovernance”, particularly in light of the recent pork barrel scam?

19

(1) Moro Autonomy and the Sabah Issue: Problems and Challenges in Mindanao
Federico Magdalena
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Abstract
The Moros (Muslims) have struggled since the 1970s to chart their own political
future. In 1996, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) entered into a peaceagreement with the Philippines to grant autonomy in Muslim Mindanao according toan earlier deal brokered by Libya. However, its implementation suffered setbacks.
Meanwhile, rival faction Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) has engaged thegovernment in a peace talks. Both parties agreed to a preliminary framework.
Power-sharing arrangements and a transitional mechanism are now tackled by bothparties to cut a final deal, then craft a Basic Law as basis for the new Bangsamoro
autonomy by 2016. Meanwhile, on old issue came up when the Sulu Sultan’s forces(including MNLF fighters) intruded into Sabah in February 2013 to reclaim it since it
was only “leased” to the British North Borneo Company in 1878. In 1963, Sabah
became a federal state of Malaysia under protest from the Philippines. Now the Sulu
sultanate wanted it back, sensing that they were sidelined by the current peace
process. The MNLF also felt left out, leading Nur Misuari to declare an independent
Bangsamoro Republik. He included Sabah as a territory in that declaration.
Moreover, the MNLF had a deadly standoff with the Philippine military lastSeptember when Misuari’s loyal troops entered Zamboanga City, causing deaths anddestruction. As the Philippines walks into tightrope diplomacy with Malaysia, it
must also put into delicate balance the MILF-MNLF tangle. The paper analyzes thesechallenges and draws implications on Bangsamoro autonomy in Mindanao.
(2) Dynamics of Dynasty Politics in the Philippines
Belinda A. Aquino
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Abstract
The results of the 2013 Philippine midterm elections reflect once again thecontinuing dominance of traditional family dynasties in the nation's political area
despite an existing constitutional anti-dynasty mandate. Old and new dynasties
continue to "rule the roost."
This paper will analyze the dynamics of the dynasty factor in Philippine politics fora deeper understanding of its roots, resiliency and impact on the country's
institutions and attempts to become a stronger and more viable democracy. It willfurther explore and discuss various measures, which have been proposed over time,
to weaken, if at all possible, the control and influence of entrenched and new family
dynastic formations in Philippine politics and society.
(3) Philippine Social Movements:(2001-2013)
Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem
University of the Philippines

Confronting the Challenge of Elite Politics

Abstract
The overthrow of President Joseph E. Estrada in 2001 seemed to be anotherdefining moment in the history of social movements in the Philippines as these20continued to play a key role in what was billed as EDSA 2. But the bigger challenge
which emerged, however, seemed to be the role of social movements in pushing forthe democratization process under the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Administrationfrom 2001 to 2010 which was characterized by political instability due to thequestion legitimacy and the politics of transaction among others. Although suchconcerns have been stymied by the “reformist” Administration of Benigno Simeon S.
Aquino (2010-present), the major challenge for social movements remain the same,i.e., the monopoly of political and economic power by the elites. This paper,
therefore, looks into the successes and failures of social movements in challenging
oligarchic rule in the country, under these two administrations, by discussing thefactors which have facilitated as well as hindered this. These include internal
factors such as the nature of the leadership and social movement strategies ofconfrontation, engagement and collaboration with the Philippine elite as well as
external factors, e.g., the global economic crisis and support for social movements’
advocacy from transnational social movements among others. The paper argues
that although inroads have been made, much still has to be done in the attainmentof a just and humane Philippine society.
(4) Reformism without End? The “Good Governance” Regime in the Philippines
Mark R. Thompson
City University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Reformism has been the dominant narrative of the presidential-type electoral
regime in the Philippines for over a quarter of a century. Promising improved
governance while enshrining civil liberties and electoral participation, it is a“bourgeois” discourse that avoids questions of inequality, much less redistribution,and is largely oblivious to everyday oligarchical predation. The roots of reformism
can be traced back to the ilustrados’ campaign against the abuses of Spanish
colonialism, Juan Sumulong’s attacks on state corruption during theCommonwealth era, and Ramon Magsaysay’s CIA-prompted anti-communist/goodgovernance presidential script. But this narrative only became hegemonic when
Marcos’ authoritarian-developmentalism collapsed after a high profile politicalassassination (seen as typical of his tyrannical rule) and a severe economic crisis(blamed on cronyism). With power thrust upon her as the “weeping widow” of an
opposition martyr, Corazon C. Aquino became a “foundationalist” president. Her“orthodox innovator” successor Fidel V. Ramos was also discursively committed to“good governance” as is Cory’s son and current president Benigno “Nonoy” Aquino,
III. Alongside elected politicians, extra-electoral “strategic” elite groups shape thecurrent political-institutional dispensation, particularly big business (and its
administrative arm, the technocrats), the Catholic Church hierarchy, civil society
activists, and the military. The accomplishments of ongoing reform efforts appear
obvious: high growth (given the slowdown in China and India, among the highest inAsia), fiscal consolidation (remarkable considering the Greek-like financial
mismanagement of the mid-1980s), a booming service sector (the world’s leader incall centers), and a major initiative to combat poverty (largely through the Pantawid
Pamilya, a conditional cash transfer scheme modeled loosely on the Brazilian
experience). But with poverty levels stagnating and growth largely jobless, thereformist regime has been an unstable political order. Joseph Estrada, whose
populist discourse and everyman habitus was seen as a grave threat to reformism,
was deposed by a “yellow mob” in an anti-democratic “people power” coup. His
successor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo became an “apostate” of reformism after21

rigging her re-election against an even more popular actor politician, triggering
civilian protest and military intervention (which she survived only due to elite
division). The landslide election of Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino as president seemed
to usher in a revival of reformism and the first half his presidency successful, atleast in terms of opinion surveys. Recently, however, the Napoles pork barrel scamhas raised larger questions about corruption in the distribution of legislative andexecutive patronage which has not just discredited Aquino’s enemies but cast
doubts on the sincerity of his administration’s reformism, as mass protest against
his handling of the scandal indicates.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 1 13:00 – 15:00

PANEL 8RESILIENCE AND DISASTER(1) Knowledge, Attitudes and Willingness to Pay for Water Quality and Health
Improvements in Metro Manila: The Case of Household Sanitation and Sewerage
Rosalina Palanca-Tan
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
This study uses contingent valuation to elicit Metro Manila households’ willingness
to pay (WTP) for improved sewerage and sanitation services that can bring about areduction in the incidence of waterborne diseases and in the pollution load in Metro
Manila waterways. The study yields a mean WTP of PhP7.13-11.98 (US$0.17-0.29)
per m3 of water use, just about a third of the average water price. The limited
knowledge and appreciation of households on the contribution of their wastewater
to pollution of waterways and on the appropriate wastewater treatment facilities
may have resulted in this low WTP. Thus, an extensive information campaign may
be necessary to raise awareness and gain support for wastewater treatment
programs.
(2) Shifting Role of Security Forces in Disaster Management: The Town of New
Bataan in the Aftermath of Typhoon Pablo
Neil Ryan P. Pancho
Ateneo de Davao University
Abstract
The AFP and the NPA were at loggerheads in Southern Philippines, particularly inthe town of New Bataan. But the armed confrontations were placed on hold when adevastating typhoon “Pablo” struck Southern Philippines in December 4, 2012.
Moments after the typhoon passed, security forces performed an impromptu rescue
operation converting combat vehicles into mobile rescue units and helicopters asworkhorses for relief goods and medicines. Soldiers acted as first responders
against the pile of mud, trees, and raging water taking civilians out from danger.
Internal security operations (ISO) momentarily disappeared because military units
concentrated on responding to emergency situations.
22

The situation in New Bataan offers an opportunity to see the changing role ofsecurity forces as it appropriates new mission in disaster areas. This particular shiftof role confirms the growing literature of the military in disaster areas. The militaryprovided the semblance of order when civilian government in the local levelappeared to be wobbling. The military filled the vacuum of authority to keep things
running in government until civilian agencies and international nongovernmentorganizations (INGOs) arrived to conduct rehabilitation projects.
The disaster silenced the guns, too. There were no records of violence between the
security forces and rebel units. This made the security forces concentrate on
disaster management without being molested by the rebels.
Above all, security forces delivered the primordial role in disaster management andappeared to be cognizant of its limit. Long term rehabilitation belongs to thecivilian government and civil society organization.
(3) Transformation from Industrial Agriculture to Sustainable One in thePhilippines
Bao Maohong
Peking University
Abstract
The Philippines is predominantly an agricultural country with the dual structure in
subsistence agriculture and industrial plantation. Oriented toward the international
agricultural market, the growth of industrial plantation intensified the investmentof capital and technique, however, meanwhile resulted in the environmental
deterioration in rural area. For instance, overusing of fertilizer and pesticide
brought about the soil degradation and the overflow of pest and weeds. In 1980’s,
some of farmers, NGOs, and peasant organizations began to be in pursuit oforganic agriculture to respond the challenge from the growing world market fororganic agricultural items and the improvement of environmental consciousness in
the Philippines. In 2010, President Arroyo signed the Republic Act No.10068 tocomprehensively develop and implement the practice of organic agriculture in thePhilippines that would enrich the fertility of the soil, reduce pollution anddestruction of the environment, prevent the depletion of natural resources, further
protect the health of farmers, consumers, and the general public. In this program,the farmers, indigenous people and other stakeholders at the grassroots played thecentral role. This symbolized the transformation from industrial agriculture tosustainable agriculture in the Philippines.
In the Philippines, Prof. Percey E. Sajise and Nicomedes D. Briones had alreadystudied the sustainable agricultural development from the strategic perspective. In
this paper, I will explore the factors that pushed this significant agriculturaltransformation and their interaction from the perspective of agroecological history.
My analysis will focus on some case studies, such as Salvador “Buddy” Chan’sGolden Acres Farm, Inc., Henry Lim Bon Liong’s SL Agritech Corporation, and so on.
Furthermore, using the agricultural experience of the Philippines, this paper willrevisit the agroecological history perspective invented by the leading environmental
historian, Prof. Donald Worster based on Amercian capitalist agriculture in his
Bancroft Prize winning book entitled “Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s”.

23SMALL-SIZED ROOM 2 13:00 – 15:00

PANEL 9NEW APPROACHES TO AESTHETICS AND POLITICS IN
PHILIPPINE POETRY IN ENGLISH
Organizer: Vincenz Serrano
Ateneo de Manila University
Panel Abstract
The three papers in this panel are concerned with examining from the vantage pointof aesthetics various texts in Philippine poetry in English. The first paper evaluates,by examining Carlomar Arcangel Daona’s Clairvoyance (2011) and Allan Justo
Pastrana’s Body Haul (2011), recent developments in queer poetry: an endeavoramong younger poets to interrogate the dominant New Critical mode in thePhilippines. The second paper explores how Jose Garcia Villa’s ars poetica texts—
with their emphasis on metaphysics and materiality—participate in discourses onnational identity, regardless of the conventionally-held view that such texts are dehistoricized. The third paper examines Cirilo F. Bautista’s The Trilogy of SaintLazarus (2001) with regard to intersections of transnational form and national
content, as well as how such confluences and conflicts simultaneously interrogate
and are complicit with nationalist discourses in the 1970s. In the main, the papers
aim to articulate links between contemporary aesthetics and the social and politicalcontext in which it is embedded, underscoring the difficult yet generative
possibilities such entanglements offer to Philippine poetry.
(1) Metaphysics, Materiality, and the Question of National Identity
in the Ars Poetica of José Garcia Villa
Conchitina Cruz
State University of New York (Albany)
Abstract
The work of the expatriate poet José Garcia Villa, whose lifelong bi-located artistic
practice commenced when he left the Philippines for the United States in 1930, isoften read through the lens of his national identity. On the one hand, as a Filipino
poet in America, Villa marks, for the colonizer, the presence of what would
otherwise be invisible, and serves, for the colonized, as a catalyst for agency, of
which visibility is an instance. On the other hand, by writing within the confines ofa visionary cosmology and eschewing markers of ethnicity and nationality,
combined with an engagement with formal experimentation which affiliates him
with Western modernist praxis, Villa is said to suppress Filipino identity in his work,a decision read as driven by his desire to gain entry into the American modernist
canon. Consequently, his work is typically viewed as insignificant to the cause ofFilipino nationalism, a perception he fortified through his staunch advocacy of art
for art’s sake.
This paper aims to explore how metaphysics and materiality, the key features ofVilla’s purportedly de-historicized poetics, contribute to the discourse on national
identity. It asserts that Villa’s ars poetica, which creates itself as it narrates its
creation, functions as an aesthetic analog of identity in the realm of the social. By
superimposing being with becoming, the examples of his ars poetica forge identity
from the intertwined processes of textual and thematic embodiment, and, out of24

this flux of relations, oscillate between epistemological certainty and ontologicalprovisionality. In this context, the lack of identitarian specificity in Villa’s poetry
becomes a means to interrogate nativist-nationalist discourse, which tends toessentialize Filipino identity.
(2) The Aesthetics of Post-Ladlad Queer Poetry in Carlomar Arcangel Daoana’s
Clairvoyance and Allan Justo Pastrana’s Body Haul
Mark Anthony Cayanan
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
Published in 1994, Ladlad: An Anthology of Philippine Gay Writing (Anvil) has
proved to be influential not only for its extended articulation of the contemporary
homosexual lifestyle in the country but also for its institutionalization of queer
writing as both a practice and a niche in Philippine literature. The considerable
success of the anthology can be gauged by its having spawned two additional
volumes, which, similar to the original, aim to “[demonstrate]… the creative andwonderful ways in which homosexuality can be lived and enjoyed” (from theIntroduction to the second volume in 1996). Sexually candid and ostensibly
autobiographical, the poetry selected by editors J. Neil Garcia and Danton Remoto
for the three Ladlad volumes has established and perpetuated a template for queer
poetry in the Philippines: the poems found in Ladlad generally adhere to theconfessional mode, subscribing to a tradition of lyricism associated with
Romanticism, that seemingly dominated American poetry in the 1960s. This study
aims to discuss the development of queer poetry in the Philippines since thepublication of the most recent volume of Ladlad in 2007 through an examination of
two books of poetry: Clairvoyance (UST Publishing House, 2011) by Carlomar
Arcangel Doana and Body Haul (UST Publishing House, 2011) by Allan Justo
Pastrana. In particular, this study aims to determine the currency of the aesthetics
propagated in Ladlad vis-à-vis the impact of the recent efforts undertaken by aburgeoning number of young writers to break away from the dominant New Criticalparadigm in Philippine poetry.
(3) National Content and Transnational Form in Cirilo F. Bautista’s The Trilogy ofSaint Lazarus
Vincenz Serrano
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus (2001) by Filipino poet Cirilo F. Bautista (1941-) is along poem that renders in various forms a number of crucial junctures in Philippine
history. Bautista’s historical epic—which portrays periods such as the colonisationof the Philippines by Spain, Rizal’s exile to Dapitan, the revolution against Spain,
and the EDSA revolution—is regarded as the premier example of English-language
epic in Philippine literature. Sunlight on Broken Stones, the third part of the Trilogy,
for instance, won the 1998 Centennial Literary Contest, while The Archipelago (firstpart of the Trilogy) and Telex Moon (second part of the Trilogy) won PalancaAwards in 1970 and 1975 respectively. For Bautista, the Trilogy endeavours to be a“passionate retrieval of national memories,” and aims to articulate the “history of
the Filipino consciousness.”

25

Regardless of the Trilogy’s nationalist orientation, the long poem’s formal aspect ischaracterised by strategies whose provenance is transnational. The episodes—andthe personages involved in them—are rendered using strategies such as collage,
documentary poetics, and lyric stanzas with disjointed lineation: devices associatedwith Anglo-American modernism, a tradition by which Bautista was influenced. For
American critic Jahan Ramazani, the employment of hybrid forms is an indicationof the text’s embedment in “multiple cultural worlds forcibly conjoined by empire”:
the multiplicity of aesthetic strategies “resists local and imperial monisms,”
resulting in a text that is “more plural and polyphonic than Western modernism.”Taking my theoretical and methodological cue from Ramazani, my paper aims to
explore the collisions and confluences of nationalist content and transnational formin the Trilogy, and demonstrates the ways in which the Bautista’s long poem
simultaneously interrogates, and is complicit with, the nationalist disposition
during the 1970s.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM (East Building) 13:00 – 15:00

PANEL 10 RELIGION AND WELLBEING(1) The Devotional Self in Contemporary Marian Piety: Modern Transitions andthe Maintenance of Popular Religion in the Philippines
Manuel Victor J. Sapitula
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
The continuing relevance of popular religious practices in the Philippines occasions
the need to rethink the ways by which selfhood and religion are reconfigured in thelight of modern transitions. Among forms of Catholic popular religion, the devotion
to Our Mother of Perpetual Help is an exemplary case of how popular religious
practices are configured into modern transitions that characterize metropolitan
Manila as an urban center. Since 1948, the National Shrine of Our Mother of
Perpetual Help in Baclaran district is popular among devotees; at present it attracts
an average of 100,000 visitors and receives around 5,000 letters of petition andthanksgiving weekly. Using ethnographic data I generated in the shrine in 2009 to
2010, and a close reading of thanksgiving letters from 1948 to 2008, I assess theways by which devotees craft notions of intimacy, morality and "ethics ofobedience" to divine figures in the context of urban and modern influences. In thispaper, I argue that devotees craft notions of moral commitment to self, near others
and the world at large using resources afforded by their position within broadersocial and political relationships. In crafting these notions, devotees resort to areflexive assessment of their life trajectories in the light of their relationship withthe divine figure (i.e. the Virgin Mary). The attention to devotees' notions of
intimacy, moral obligation and responsiveness occasions a nuanced articulation of"modern religious lives", which is pivotal to understanding how religion is
configured into modern life in the Philippines.

26

(2) “It’s Like Idol Worship”: The Agency of Things and the Allure of Modernity
among the Bugkalot (Ilongot) of Northern Philippines
Shu-Yuan Yang
Academia Sinica
Abstract
Commenting on the intense desire and fascination the Bugkalot demonstrate aboutmodern things such as televisions and cell phones in an area where electricity
current and cellular signals are lacking, the missionaries of the New Tribes Mission
does not only condemn it as economic irrationality but aslo regard it as a form of“idol worship”. The Protestant missionaries find the power modern things seems toexercise on the Bugkalot disturbing because it challenges their attempt at removing
fetishes and inserting iconoclasm among the Bugkalot through their proslytizing
efforts. In their opinions, modern things motivate “backsliding” and lead tocorruption of faith by enticing the Bugkalot to indulge in worldly pleasures anddangerous fantasies. This artilce aims to understand why things came to assert
such power over the Bugkalot and how the agencies of things unsettle theProtestant configuration of the relationship between religiosity and materiality. It
suggests that we need to go beyond the rational and the utilitarian to grasp themessianic promise of transcending exisitng social surroundings these modern
things hold for the Bugkalot.
(3) Resignifying Isinay Culture and Reclaiming Identity under the Philippine
Nation-State: An Emerging Social Practice
Analyn Salvador-Amores
University of the Philippines Baguio
Abstract
Based on the scarce literature, the Isinay is the least studied ethno-linguistic group
found in Dupax, Bayombong and Aritao in Nueva Vizcaya, north of Luzon,
Philippines. Recently, the Isinay is labeled as an “endangered culture and language”
because they have been largely acculturated to lowland population, migration andmodernity. As such, it now poses threat to their way of life, and more importantly
to the ancestral land that they inhabit. Despite these however, the Isinay iscurrently undergoing a cultural revival under the influences of the Philippine
nation-state’s Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) in relation to their claim forancestral domain. IPRA stipulates that indigenous peoples’ claim to ancestral
domain must have a distinct language, a territory occupied in time immemorial,material evidence of culture and identity. To maintain and reclaim their ancestralland, the Isinay have strongly returned to their traditional cultural practices. The
Isinay’s revitalization strategies include research on their history and culture,
language retrieval, and more importantly, relearning of their only evidence ofmaterial culture, the renown funerary blanket (aladdang) that had translocal
connections and ritual use among the different ethnolinguistic groups in the
Cordillera region (“Igorots”) in the past, and in the contemporary period. As such,
the Isinay have invoked the IPRA to resignify their culture and reclaim theircollective ethnic identity as a people. I argue that the IPRA as a modality ofunderstanding the peculiarities of the indigenous people have become an enabling
instrument for the Isinay to a renewed appreciation of their culture, and a strategy
to re-signify their identity. At the same time, the IPRA have become atransformative power for the Philippine nation-state to recognize and reintegrate27

indigenous peoples in national development. This emerging social practice reflects
the changing relationship of the ethnic groups to the Philippine nation-state.
(4) Musings from the Royal Blood: Experiences of Discrimination Among People
Living with HIV (PLHIV) in Davao City
Paolo Cansino
Ateneo de Davao University
Abstract
The study sought to describe the experiences of discrimination among people livingwith HIV (PLHIV) in Davao City. It also aimed to document their concept of
discrimination, responses to their experiences of discrimination and suggestions inaddressing discrimination against PLHIV. Using the Rights-Based Approach,
respondents, herein right-holders, provide inputs and demand for their rights fromduty bearers. The data would improve how duty-bearers fulfill their obligations. The
study was descriptive and qualitative in nature and used focus group discussion(FGD) in gathering data.
Findings show that the respondents had diverse conceptions of discrimination
categorized according to actor, source, form and effect, and experienced both ingeneral public and PLHIV communities. They were discriminated by their families,
at work, in health institutions as well as in law. Their experiences suggest that
discrimination is dependent to one’s level and quality of knowledge about HIV.
The study recommended a revisit of the RA 8504 by the Congress including the
Public Attorney’s Office as duty-bearer. There is also a need to strengthen educationand information campaigns through the Health Office as well as NGOs working on
HIV. Finally the City Government of Davao needs to establish a GrievanceCommittee, amending City Ordinance No. 041-02, to help those discriminated deal
with discrimination as well as to improve legal aid afforded to PLHIV. The need tostrengthen psychosocial services to PLHIV, both by the government and NGOs
particularly in the PLHIV community, was also recognized.

28

Third Sessions
LARGE ROOM 15:15 – 17:15

PANEL 11 NEW
PERSPECTIVESON
PHILIPPINEHISTORY(2):
COLONIALISM AND NATIONALISM TOWARD INDEPENDENCE AND ITSAFTERMATH
Organizer: Yoshiko Nagano
Kanagawa University
Chair: Yoko Yoshikawa
formerly Nanzan University
Panel Abstract
This panel will consist of four paper presenters and one discussant who seek toexpand a dialogue on colonialism and nationalism of the 20th century’s Philippines.
The colonialism and nationalism are such old topics that have been discussed overa century in the terrain of Asian Studies. It is particularly so in the sphere of theSoutheast Asian Studies that has flourished in the United States from the 1960s
during the Cold War period. In Philippine studies, the “compadre colonialism” and“colonial democracy” have been placed as key words to depict the distinctive
features of Philippine politics during the American colonial period, while thepeculiar natures of “collaboration” and “resistance” have been the major topic on
the Japanese occupation period. This panel aims to critically review the previous
literatures on the above topics and try to demonstrate new perspectives on
Philippine history.
Taihei Okada's presentation examines the role of Manuel Quezon from a cultural
perspective by paying close attention to symbols, images and rhetorics. Yusuke
Takagi’s paper discusses the politics of ideas in the 1930, focusing on the rising
economic nationalism toward the independence. Motoe Terami-Wada looks at thepotential alliance between Jose Laurel and Artemio Ricarte during the Japanese
occupation. Reynaldo Ileto presents a paper to map out the 20th-century Philippine
history in a broad context. In different ways, each paper takes as its point of
departure or arrival the paradox that we conveniently label ““compadre colonialism,”“colonial democracy,” “collaboration” and “resistance.” In order to go beyond theseframeworks, this panel will possibly get along with theoretical discussions on
postcolonialism or the critiques on Orientalism critique, while involving in somepossible interventions into “colonial modernity” or the paradoxical relations
between colonialism and modernization.
(1)Manuel L. Quezon and the Masses: A Cultural Perspective
Taiei Okada
Seikei University
Abstract
In biographies and secondary studies, Manuel L. Quezon is regarded either as anational hero and masterful politician who won independence from the UnitedStates and became first President of Philippine Commonwealth, most notably in thewritings of Sol H. Gwekoh and Carlos Quirino, or as a prototype of the succeeding29

Filipino strongmen as in Alfred W. McCoy’s assessment. What lacks in thesewritings is a persuasive argument on how Quezon was able to garner the support ofthe masses.
Elite-masses relationship has traditionally been described as apatronage system or bossism in the studies of Philippine politics. Contrary to thesestructural approaches, I would like to take into account the historical circumstancesof Quezon’s time, namely colonial politics under the United States as well as
political transition from formal U.S. colonialism to Commonwealth. By paying close
attention to symbols and cultural practices in Quezon’s political tours, mass
meetings and election campaigns, I will describe what connected Quezon and themasses, which was absent between American colonial administrators and ordinary
Filipinos. My analysis will also include Quezon’s family members, most notably hiswife Aurora Quezon, who was dubbed “Mother of the Masses.” This paper will
hopefully help redirect the studies of Philippine politics from arguments primarily
focused on civil society and political system to a more culturally oriented andhistorically sensitive approach.
(2) The Politics of Ideas in the Colonial Philippines: Changing Nationalism in the
1930s
Yusuke Takagi
De La Salle University
Abstract
The Philippines witnessed new type of nationalism in the 1930s. Manuel L. Quezon
and Sergio Osmena, leaders of the ruling Nacionalista Party, seemingly consolidated
their power at the center of the colonial politics as well as marginalized radical
oppositions. Meanwhile, Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino, younger than Quezon
and Osmena, began to advocate economic nationalism in cooperation with colonial
bureaucrats even without sympathy or supports from Quezon and Osmena; Roxas
organized Ang Bagong Katipunan, while Quirino set up the Philippine Economic
Association. In addition, Vicente Singson Encarnacion, a long-time leader of the
opposition party, asserted that the Philippines should establish its own central
bank despite opposition from the American colonial authority. Rise of economic
nationalism reflected an emergence of new players of the politics of independence
in the Philippines, which cannot be reduced the patronage politics or the politics ofthe vested interests. By arguing that this type of nationalism was embedded in the
network of politicians, bureaucrats, and private business who would lead thepolitics of independence in the 1940s, this paper aims to revise our conventionalview on the politics of independence in the Philippines, which we have often
understood within the logic of the patronage politics or neo-colonialism.
(3) A Laurel-Ricarte Alliance, 1944?
Motoe Terami-Wada
Sophia University
Abstract
We study history, scrutinizing certain events in the past, in order to gain insight
into the present, which in turn guides us to, one hopes, a better, more meaningful
future. I believe it is equally important to examine what did not take place and why.
In this light, I would like to examine a potential alliance, one which did not takeplace, between Jose P. Laurel and Artemio Ricarte. Laurel was the president of thesecond Republic (1943-45) and Ricarte, an anti-Spanish and anti-American war
30

veteran who returned to the Philippines with invading Japanese forces, believing hewould be president. Eventually they stood on opposite ends of the spectrum of“collaboration.” When one closely observes their lives, one wonders why thealliance did not take place between them, especially when one sees how certain
other groups with fundamentally different ideologies tried to forge an alliancewhen faced with crisis. For instance, against Quezon’s Nacionalista party
dictatorship, an alliance of opposition political parties was forged in 1937; in viewof the encroachment of Japanese fascism, Jesus Lava, a communist, tried to include
the Ganap party ticket when he ran for an Assembly seat during the national
election in 1941; and with the return of U.S. forces imminent, the Huks and the
Makapili members attempted a coalition at the end of the Japanese occupation in
1944.
This paper focuses on the similarities of two men’s aspirations, politicalphilosophies, and ideologies, which could have been the basis for an alliance, andexamines why the alliance did not happen.
(4) In Search of a New Emplotment of Philippine History
Reynaldo C. Ileto
Australian National University
Abstract
This paper reviews various ways in which the Philippine historical narrative has
been shaped since David Barrows introduced the first Philippine history textbook
for high school use shortly after the US occupation of the islands. I will focus more,
however, on histories written since formal independence from the US in 1946. What
are the common events and shared discourses in all these texts, and at what points
do they diverge from each other? How do the Spanish, American, and Japanese
empires figure in them. And how did major political upheavals--domestic as well as
global-- influence the way the national narrative was revised and reproduced? The
impetus for these reflections is my own search for a history of the nation thatwould be relevant and meaningful to a contemporary readership. The paper will not
strive to be comprehensive, but instead will interrogate selected texts andhistorians in order to raise questions without necessarily providing the answers.

MIDDLE-SIZED ROOM 15:15 – 17:15

PANEL 12 FRIENDS OR FOES: REVISITING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATIONPERIOD IN THE PHILIPPINES
Organizer: Karl Ian Cheng Chua
Hitotsubashi University
Panel Abstract
Folk memory and popular perception of Japan’s wartime actions in the Philippines
is predominantly negative, with most memoirs of the period focusing on negative
themes such as comfort women and the atrocities committed by Japanese. Setsuho
mentions that ‘the victimization of the Philippines during this time in its history,
31

however, extends far beyond the battlefield. The Filipino people were forced tosuffer loss of jobs, starvation, lack of the basic necessities of life, forced labor,
torture, insult, plunder, violence, and deprivation of human rights.’ (Setsuho andJose 1999: 1-2) Memories of Filipinos who experienced the war naturally reflect
these painful experiences.
However, generations of postwar Filipinos are slowly distancing themselves fromthe memory and experience of the war, and the writing nationalistic historicalnarratives no longer envogue. This panel will attempt to reevaluate the Japanese
occupation period with a focus on the roles played by the various actors and thereality of the complex relationships developed through the circumstance of WorldWar II. Ara's paper opens the panel with not only redefining the concept of violence,
introducing the idea of Filipino "villains" by looking at their reasons forcollaboration. Giron looks at propaganda, by evaluating "counter-propaganda"
produced by guerrillas, and evaluate their influence towards postwar memories of
the war. Nagai deals with the question of why should then Philippine President
Quirino pardon established war criminals who have caused the suffering of his
countrymen. Finally, Cheng Chua will end with the issues of war memory andinconsistencies through children's educational media. (250 words)(1) Business by Violence: Economic Collaboration in Leyte during the Japanese
Occupation
Satoshi Ara
Fukushima University
Abstract
Violence can take several forms, which cannot only be categorized under theconcept of physical violence. Rather, it can sometimes take the form of a threat or
the blackmail of others. Despite the fact that previous scholarly works discuss thenature of violence, these don’t thoroughly analyze the violence committed, not onlyby the Japanese but also by Filipinos during the Japanese occupation. Such violence
might have paved the way for the political and economic hegemony of leading
Filipino businessmen after the war.
The paper will study two economic collaborators in the Leyte province, ManuelAbesamis and Alfonso Peñalosa. These case studies will examine how leadingbusinessmen utilized violence to sustain their vested interests until the end of thewar. Both Abesamis and Peñalosa collaborated with the Japanese to provide thenecessary war supplies fulfilling their military demands. Their collaboration
involved threats, blackmail or torture to the Filipinos who refused to do businesswith them.
Despite their incarceration by US Counterintelligence Corps agents for allegedtreason, very few testified against them.
The newly established Philippine
Government also filed treason charges against them in 1946. The two cases could
not be established due to insufficient and noncorroborating evidence.
As the case studies show, there were “opportunistic” Filipinos who not only
collaborated with the Japanese, but also collaborated with guerrilla groups, whomwere involved in inflicting a form of violence, from which these businessmen gainedplenty profits from. Thus, creating an economic hegemony which will sustain them
until after the war.
32

(2) Propaganda as Memory: Guerrilla Newspapers and the “Counter-propaganda”
Effort During the Second World War in the Philippines
Brian Paul A. Giron
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
The aggressive propaganda campaign by the Japanese during their occupation of
the Philippines gave rise to what has been codified in Filipino memories of the war
as “counter-propaganda.” At the forefront of this effort was the Allied Intelligence
Bureau and elements of resistance against Japanese rule that sought to promote anadherance to the American-sponsored Filipino Commonwealth government. A
prevalent medium used in the “counter-propaganda” effort is the guerrillanewspaper which were mostly bulletins circulated by the different guerrilla groups
that represented the resistance against Japenese rule. The most prominent among
these newspapers were Colonel Guillermo Nakar’s Matang Lawin in Nueva Vizcaya,
Pedro Llana’s Flash, and the Hunters’ Thunderclap (as well as The Commentator in
Bicol, the Kalibo War Bulletin, The Unknown Soldiers and Ang Tigbatas in Panay,
and Patnubay in Central Luzon); some of which attaining circulation numbers in thethousands from their respective locales all over the archipelago. This paper seeks toilluminate the very concept of “counter-propaganda” and will assert that, despite its
supposed goal of merely “neutralizing” Japanese “disinformation,” guerrillanewspapers were just the opposing end of the same purposeful war apparatus
being used by the Japanese. It will also investigate the possible normative andhomogenizing effect this brand of propaganda had on Filipinos’ recollection of the
war and the events that transpired during the years of Japanese occupation.
(3) The Dilemma between “Anger” and “Forgiveness”: The Decision to Pardon
Japanese War Criminals by President Quirino
Hitoshi Nagai
Hiroshima City University
Abstract
This year marks the 60th anniversary of Philippine President Elpidio Quirino’s
decision to pardon a hundred Japanese war criminals, with half of them was ondeath row, and allowed them to return to Japan. This paper would like to focus on
the historical context influencing the decision making process of President Quirino.
First, the paper will introduce the process of the Japanese war crimes trials in thePhilippines (August 1947-December 1949) and its aftermath, which included theimprisonment and the execution of some of the convicts. This will be followed bylooking at the role played by President Quirino, whose wife and children were killed
by Japanese soldiers during the battle of Manila in 1945. More specifically, thepaper would like to explore the reasons concerning the implementation of a policy
which resulted in the executive clemency of Japanese war criminals despite theabsence of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
(4) Remembering World War II: Tales for Children
Karl Ian U. Cheng Chua
Abstract
The Japanese have suffered a terrible reputation with regards to how they are
represented in Philippine history textbooks. Despite the fact that they occupied the33

Philippines for only three years, they would often be represented as terrible colonial
masters, as opposed to the Spaniards, who were in the Philippines for almost 400
years, and the Americans, who have colonized the Philippines for 40 years.
However, upon looking at recent material concerning the Japanese occupation
period, one is given a far different view of the Japanese from that of textbooks.
Instead of demonizing them, oral accounts of survivors would tell of Korean or
Taiwanese soldiers, fighting with the Japanese, being undisciplined and brutal as
opposed to the Japanese. Furthermore, there are accounts which separate "goodand kind" Japanese from the "brutal and evil" ones. Thus, there seems to beinconsistencies on how the Japanese are represented.
This paper aims to present how the Japanese were represented in post-war
Philippine print media catering to children. The study will analyze how the
representations change within the Philippine context which problematized theissues concerning war reparations, and when Japanese Popular Culture and othersoft power tools have permeated in the Philippines. Through the findings, one canthen trace the evolution of how Japanese were represented and what were theinfluences affecting these representations.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 1 15:15 – 17:15

PANEL 13 COASTAL AREA CAPABILITY IN THE VISAYAS.
Organizer: Makito Kawada
Chukyo University
Panel Abstract
This panel is consisted of the members of the Philippine social research branch of"Coastal Area Capability Enhancement in Southeastern Asia", one of Diversity
Programs in Research Institute for Humanities and Nature. Started since 2012, thisfull research project investigates the complexity of coastal ecosystem health inrelation to human use in tropical coastal resources, mainly in Panay Island in thePhilippines, Rayong area in Thailand, and Ishigaki Island in Japan, from the point ofview of "Area Capability". The concept of Capability itself is originated from
economist Amartya Sen, and in this project, this concept will be extended toecosystem capability, social and human capability, and relationship between
ecosystem and human. As a part of this project, this panel tries to shed light on thesocio-ecological and cultural aspect of Coastal Area Capability in the Visayas. Withreferring to the methodology of survey by interview schedule, Dr. Miyata argues theimportance of co-management of aquatic resources or community based fisheries
management. Mr. Kamiyama’s presentation will clarify the social capital of coastal
resource management, especially mutual trust will be highlighted by Structural
Equation Modeling of questionnaire survey. Dr. Salayo will consider thesocioeconomic effect of stock enhancement based on the data of interview andgroup discussion of local government and peoples’ organization. Through thesethree presentations, adaptive management of coastal resource and well-being of34

fishing communities, possibility of the interactions between locality and externality
will be discussed.
(1) Analyzing People and Society Aspect in Costal Area Capability in Southeast
Asia
Tsutomu Miyata
Fisheries Research Agency
Authors: Tsutomu Miyata, Satoshi Ishikawa, Makito Kawada, Takahiro Kobayashi,
Ryutaro Kamiyama, Alice Ferrer
Abstract
Essentials of Amartya Sen’s Capability approach are equal freedom, ability totransform resources, multivariate nature, equal opportunity and so on. Our projectfocuses on a coastal area because a coastal area generally has multivariate nature incomparison with an inland area. Especially, a fish and shellfish provide a goodquality protein to local people. Furthermore, they provide money to local people,
too. Basically, everyone living in the local coastal area can access aquatic resourcesin the sea in front of their village. This gives the people equal opportunity catchingfishes, but this probably causes overexploitation under the condition without acontrol such as co-management of aquatic resources or community based fisheries
management. For these reasons, our social research team made question items
regarding a livelihood, a mobility of family/house, an outline of fisheries andaquaculture, a values and beliefs, a perceived problems of fishing ground, aknowledge of fishery rules, a consciousness for fisheries managements, a social
capital, general public views of life, a religion, a health, an education and so on.
After that, we conducted the first survey to collect information about them in andaround Batan bay in Panay Island in the Visayas in fiscal 2012, which the method of
the survey was interview schedule. The collected data was approximately
400(households) and the A4 size papers of the questions for a respondent were 22
pages and a huge number of question items. We will present the result analysis
regarding the above items.
(2) Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Social Capital on Coastal Resource
Management in New Washington, Aklan, Philippines
Ryutaro Kamiyama
University of Tokyo
Authors: Ryutaro Kamiyama, Tsutomu Miyata, Alice Ferrer, Hisashi Kurokura, andSatoshi Ishikawa
Abstract
Co-management is now broadly known as the useful tool for coastal resource
management in South-east Asia (Kuperan and Nik Mustapha, 1994). In recent
studies, co-management is regarded as a process involving social learning andproblem solving, and social network, trust and norms are considered to be keys ofthis process (Berkes, 2009). These social characteristics are often called as social
capital, which is defined as “features of social organization such as networks,
norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual
benefit” (Putnam, 1995). A meta-analysis of case studies clarified that successful
cases of co-management tend to have high level of social capital (Gutiérrez et al.,35

2011). However, most of those case studies are qualitative researches and therelationship between social capital and success in co-management has not been
examined. In this study, we empirically examined the impact of social capital oncoastal resource management in the context of the Batan bay, Aklan, Philippines.
Data for analysis was obtained by questionnaire survey that was performed in three
representative fishing villages in New Washington, Aklan in 2012. Results showedthat social capital has positive impact on people’s consciousness of participating inmanagement. Among the factors in social capital mutual trust was highlighted as
most important factor despite network is tend to be focused in previous researches.
It is considered that this is a prominent characteristic of this area, and that thesocieties in this area have capability of collaborative works because of their own
history and culture.
References
Berkes, F. Evolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging
organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management. Vol. 90.
2009. pp. 1692-1702.
Gutiérrez, N. L., Hilborn, R. and Defeo, O. Leadership, social capital and incentives
promote successful fisheries. Nature. Vol. 470. 2011. pp. 386-389.
Kuperan, K. and Nik Mustapha, R. A. Small-scale coastal fisheries and comanagement. Marine Policy. Vol. 18, No. 4. 1994. pp. 306-313.
Putnam, R. D. Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital. Journal of
Democracy. 1995. 65-78(3) Economics of Stock Enhancement in New Washington, Aklan, Philippines:
Baseline Information for Coastal Area Capability Development
Nerissa D. Salayo
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Authors: Nerissa D. Salayo*, Didi B. Baticados, Jon P. Altamirano, Jee Grace B. Suyo
Abstract
Stock enhancement is a fisheries management option that has the potential tocontribute towards coastal area capability development. Re-stocking of juveniles
produced from aquaculture in over-harvested fishing environment in thePhilippines is being challenged by the factors that likewise caused the deteriorationof these resources. These include increasing human population, low fishing income,limited skills aside from fishing, higher fish food demand in local and international
markets, need for livelihood, resource use conflicts and weak implementation offisheries regulations. This paper aims to analyze the economics of stockenhancement covering, on the cost side, estimates of stock enhancement trial,social preparation, community participation, and transactional and management
expenditures. Among the benefits, an indicative and contingent valuation of theeconomic incentives and other expected outcomes that motivate peoples’
participation will be identified from a baseline survey. The survey include questions
on: socioeconomic condition of households, estuary resources and utilization,marketing of catch, resource use conflicts, awareness of stock enhancement, cost of
stock enhancement initiatives, perceived benefits from stock enhancement, andexpected compensation in stock enhancement. The project began in September
2012 with networking, orientation, focus group discussions and key informant
interviews with direct stakeholders, i.e. the local government of New Washington
and the peoples’ organization called Pinamuk-an Small Fisherfolks’ Association. The
36

efficiency of stock enhancement as a fisheries management tool will guide
governance and policy recommendations to support stock enhancement initiatives
that eventually aim to contribute to coastal area capability development in thePhilippines and other countries.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 2 15:15 – 17:15

PANEL 14 INTERNATIONALHISTORY

DIMENSIONSIN

PHILIPPINEBOOK

Organizer: Patricia May Bantug Jurilla
University of the Philippines Diliman
Panel Abstract
In the essay “What is the History of Books?”, Robert Darnton remarked that “books
do not respect limits, either linguistic or national. They have often been written byauthors who belonged to an international republic of letters, composed by printers
who did not work in their native tongue, sold by booksellers who operated acrossnational boundaries, and read in one language by readers who spoke another.”Thus, he declared, “the history of books must be international in scale andinterdisciplinary in method.”
Darnton’s essay, which was published in 1982, became a seminal text in thediscipline that came to be known as the History of the Book, and his proposedmodel for studying books a fundamental framework of the field. However, thedirection he mapped out, across the boundaries of languages and countries, was
not so much pursued, as it was the nation-state that emerged as the primary focus
of investigation among most book historians. Only in recent years, more than two
decades after Darnton’s essay was issued, has the international dimension of book
history been considered more closely and widely, with calls made for the discipline
to move beyond the national, to engage in comparative histories and transnational
studies.
This panel responds to such calls.
Formed originally for the International
Conference on the Philippines in 2008, where it introduced the History of the Book
to Philippine Studies, the panel comes together again now to extend its
groundbreaking work by exploring international connections and transactions in
Philippine book history, with some special attention on Philippine-Japaneserelations. The panel features presentations on a seventeenth-century Philippine
book with Spanish, Filipino, Mexican, and Japanese aspects in its publishing history
by Patricia May B. Jurilla; on the fabulous library of Jose E. Marco, forger of theCode of Kalantiaw, by Ambeth R. Ocampo; on the effects of the Japanese
Occupation on the publication and distribution of books in the Philippines by
Vernon R. Totanes; and on memory politics in non-fiction books on World War II
published in the Philippines from 2002 to 2012 by Karina A. Bolasco.

37

(1) Philippine Book History in a Time of Globalisation
Patricia May B. Jurilla
Abstract
The call for international or transnational scholarship in the History of the Book
began to reverberate in the early twenty-first century when the discipline wasalready well established in the academe, when publications were appearing at anincreasing rate, when national book projects were completed or nearing completion.
“What next?” was the question book historians were asking themselves, with thenation-state seemingly no longer suitable, relevant, or productive as theinvestigative point of departure as it had been in the past.
But these developments occurred mainly in the West, the question raised mainly byWestern scholars. For book historians in/of the East—particularly South East Asia,
more specifically the Philippines—where the discipline has hardly if at all gained afoothold, the question might still well be “What now?”
This paper is a preliminary attempt at exploring the issue of internationalisation ortransnationalisation of the History of the Book in relation to Philippine book history.
How can Philippine book history, which is still practically in its infancy, catch up
with the Western world? Or should it? Is a national book history project in themode and mould of Western models necessary? What does it mean for Philippine
book history to go global?
To answer these questions that point to future directions of Philippine book history,
this paper looks at a telling case from the past: Relacion verdadera, y breve de lapersecucion, y Martyrios, que padecieron por la confession de nuestra sancta Fee
catholica en Japon quince Religiosos de la Provincia de S. Gregorio de las Islas
Philippinas by Diego de San Francisco Pardo de la Membrilla, published in Manila in
1625.
(2) Jose E. Marco: A Bibliography of Books Real, False and Imaginary
Ambeth R. Ocampo
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
Exorcising the bibliographic ghosts in the list of Pedro Alejandro Paterno’s books is
one of the challenges faced by Filipino historians, librarians and bibliographers. A
more difficult task, however, lies ahead in the case of Jose E. Marco who created two
great necessary fictions in Philippine history: the Code of Kalantiaw and the novel
La Loba Negra once attributed to the martyred Fr. Jose A. Burgos. Though Marco’s
handiwork has been discredited, the long list of his other titles reveals an imaginary
library that filled in the gaps in Philippine history resulting and fooled the country’s
leading scholars and academics. Marco’s library exposes the underside of theFilipino search for identity and the emergence of nation.

(3) Papel de Hapon: Philippine Book History and the Japanese Occupation
38

Vernon R. Totanes
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
During the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines from 1942 to 1945, thepublication and distribution of newspapers and books was heavily regulated.
Publishers were ordered to stop printing, with the exception of a few periodicals,and existing printed material had to be submitted for inspection. School textbooks
were censored or, if they were deemed pro-American in their entirety, bannedcompletely. Bookstores and libraries were not spared, and most were eventuallydestroyed, along with their holdings, during the Battle of Manila in 1945. This
paper attempts to recreate the field of cultural production, as articulated by Pierre
Bourdieu, based on official documents, contemporary accounts, and other sources,
as a first step toward assessing the negative and, perhaps surprisingly, positiveeffects of the Japanese Occupation on Philippine book history.
(4) WW2 Books: The Personal in Mourning and Memorializing
Karina A. Bolasco
Anvil Publishing
Abstract
Almost six decades after World War II, those who survived it still, and for the firsttime, write about their experiences of this war. It makes us wonder about the "lifeof war memories or how memories of war would live, die, resurrect and be haunting
in the course of time in either collective, individual or intellectual ways" (Satoshi
Nakano, Philippines and Japan: America's Informal Empires). Through a textual
study of four books published in the last decade—Living with the Enemy by Pacita
Pestano (2002), Jungle of No Mercy by Hiroyuki Mizuguchi (2010), Honor, Courage,
Faith by Steve Kwiecinski (2012), and Bride of War by Teresita Gimenez Maceda(2012)— and interviews of their authors, this paper will show how personal
individual accounts of loss, mourning and memorializing or enshrinement shapeand cast memory politics. It will explore the relationship between people's storiesof their lives during the war and the political frameworks which serve as context forthese stories. How do people choose the facts and recollections that will represent
them? What is it that makes them interpret in a certain way, and not in another,what happened to them? How do history, biography and war narratives intersect?

SMALL-SIZED ROOM (East Building) 15:15 – 17:15
39

PANEL 15 HISTORY: FROM THE PAST TO THE PRESENT(1) Social Justice as Urban
Establishment of Quezon City
Michael D. Pante
Ateneo de Manila University

Space:The

Socioeconomic

Context

oftheAbstract“Social Justice” was Manuel Quezon’s main slogan during his term as president of
the prewar Commonwealth government. This slogan, operationalized throughdifferent projects, was a clear response to the major problems faced by thePhilippines at that time, most especially peasant unrest due to a highly unequal
distribution of land. Though clearly rural in perspective, “social justice” also had anurban dimension, an aspect quite understudied in the literature dealing with theCommonwealth period. In this paper, I argue that the establishment of Quezon City
was the most apparent manifestation of this urban dimension present in Quezon’ssocial justice program. Quezon City was founded in 1939 as a future capital city. To
a very large extent, it embodied Quezon’s ideal Filipino “imagined community,”
especially for the ordinary people, the common “tao.” Its establishment was tied to
the woes of the incumbent capital city of Manila: high population density; shortageof low-cost housing; and, poor sanitary and health conditions. Though Quezon City
was envisioned in terms of a postcolonial future, in practical terms it served as asafety valve to alleviate Manila’s urban problems. Viewed in relation to the growthof urban history in Southeast Asia, this paper’s original contribution to thisliterature is its analysis of a non-sovereign political force, the Commonwealthgovernment, creating its own urban center to serve as a symbol of a nation that had
yet to shed its colonial yoke.
(2) Re-examining and Understanding the Japanese Occupation Period in theSocial History of Medicine in the Philippines
Arnel E. Joven
University of Asia and the Pacific
Abstract
This paper seeks to assess the significance of the Japanese occupation period in reexamining the social history of medicine in the Philippines. As more and morenarratives of wartime experiences are added into the historiography of the period,
there is thus the urgency to look into texts and interviews and examine the trends
that go beyond the period in question. The need to re-assess people’s health during
the occupation period comes within a social framework that looks into thedisparities in the supposed developmental trend in the history of medicine in thePhilippines. The period from late 1941 to early 1945 is unique in the social historyof Philippine medicine, yet a closer look into the epidemics and shortages points toa strong indigenous culture-bound system that was hidden by decades ofwesternisation in health and medicine, from the late nineteenth century to the earlytwentieth century. For a brief period in Philippine social history, the significance ofan indigenous medical tradition was valued by a westernised mainstream society.
Wartime realities revealed a well-entrenched medical tradition that proved its
strength in the face of epidemic diseases and widespread malnutrition. This paper
looks into developing the significance of the period in revealing a much deeper andstronger medical tradition, often ignored due to the lack of a unifying framework in40

understanding the people’s health-seeking behaviour and the cultural orientationsin present-day Philippine medical systems.
(3) Beyond Bilibid: Race, Body Size, and the Native in Early American Colonial
Philippines
Francis A. Gealogo
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
The American occupation of the Philippines ushered in a new period ofdevelopment for the advancement and application of colonial academic/scientificstudies of the colonized colored peoples thru the application of contemporaneousinquiries that were reflective of the racial science pervading in a number of fields.
Utilizing biomedical studies, researches in criminology and penology, laboratory
experimentations, and anthropometric assessments of the Filipinos, colonial studies
on the new insular possessions and their peoples took an extremely racialized
perspective. The paper will focus on the academic, medical statistical andcriminological studies about the Filipinos published in the early years of American
occupation to interrogate, critique and analyze the prevailing modes ofrepresenting the natives and their reduction to a state of ‘otherness’. Most of thesestudies utilized the prisoners of the Bilibid prison as subjects of documentation,
experimentation and classification of Filipino sample types. By focusing on thesestudies, the body size, brain weight, skin color and facial features of the Filipinos
became classic cases for the exhibition of the racial profile of the newly colonized
native, and had often been interrelated with studies on their cultural achievements,
civilizational state, and political maturity as a people.

(4) Searching For Babaylan and Catalonan in Sacrifice Valley
Ann Louise C. De Leon
Bataan Peninsula State University
Abstract
The Babaylan/Catalonan is a well-known figure of woman or “transvestite” priest,
healer, channeler, healer and visionary figure in the pre-colonial Philippine society.
Spanish missionaries used Catholicism to impose the “male centered worship”
construction and also these Spanish colonizers constructed the ‘Virgin Mary’
devotion to suppress the threat of the pre-colonial religious belief and that is the
Babaylan/catalonan consciousness. When the Babaylan creatively survived it
resulted into the persistence of the “female centered worship” contrary to the
Spanish colonial hegemonic suppression. The Babaylan/catalonan tradition is still
dwelling in some places specifically in female centered religious churches. This
paper presents the Catalonan tradition of the Apostolic Catholic Church of
barangay Sacrifice Valley, Hermosa Bataan. This church is established by the lateMaria Virginia Turuel (1922-2005) who claim to be the Most Holy Covenant and thechanneler of Ingkong (Supreme God) of the ACC believers. Using ethnographic
research, this paper tries to examine the belief system of ACC particularly theirviews about their “Apong Viring” or “Mama Virginia”. By using ethnography, thispaper highlights the perspective of the old and new members of the Apostolic
Catholic Church. This paper examines the appropriation of babaylan/catalonan in a
syncretic religious sodality in Sacrifice Valley. This paper also compares the Maria41

Virginia as the priestess with Suprema Isabela of Ciudad Mistica De Dios. It
attempts to discuss the link of this “Mama Virginia” veneration to the persistence ofthe catalonan tradition which is a collective consciousness of the pre-colonial
Philippine culture and society.

KeynoteLARGE ROOM 17:30–18:15“Economic Development in Post-WWII Philippines”
Cayetano W. Paderanga, Jr.
In the early 1950’s, a World Bank report predicted that the Philippines would be thenext country to develop (next to Japan). Now almost 60 years later, the Philippine
income per person is the least of the ASEAN 5 (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,
Indonesia and the Philippines). What happened? What went wrong? In contrast,
Singapore experienced a robust relatively rapid growth rate over 3 ½ decades andhas now joined other countries like the United States and Japan as developed
nations, enjoying a higher income per person level than some developed countries.
The other original ASEAN countries while having less spectacular growthnevertheless have also had impressive records.
I plan to explore the main macroeconomic trends and the key bifurcation points
that caused the country to fall behind because of policies, programs and evenexternal events. This is in line with my current work on the macroeconomic historyof the Philippines. However, in the keynote address, there will be an attempt todelve behind the key decisions made and, in the process, aim to challenge scholarsof Philippine Studies and other social scientists to analyze the possible reasons
behind those key decisions and events that determined the country’s development
during that period. While not conclusive or even attempting to do so, the address
will try to frame the important questions and studies that may help explain the
directions that eventually unfolded.

Saturday 1 March 201442

First Sessions
LARGE ROOM 9:30 – 11:30
PANEL 16

THE PHILIPPINE SOCIAL SCIENCES CRITIQUED

Organizer: Lisandro E. Claudio
Ateneo de Manila University
The social sciences are implicated in broader institutional and political contexts.
This panel seeks to examine trends in the individual social sciences from the late
20th century to recent times, attending to the historical conditions that produce
modes of thinking and knowing. It also seeks to provide critiques of dominant
epistemologies in the social sciences, while being cognizant of the traditions thatemerged within the context of academic research in the Global South. In doing so, it
sketches an intellectual history of the present that interrogates how categories suchas nation, class, and gender are constructed through academic disciplines such aspolitical science, economics, history, anthropology, sociology, and psychology.
(1) Politics as Science in 20th Century Philippines
Patricio N. Abinales
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Abstract
The 2011 publication of the edited volume Chasing the Wind: Assessing Philippine
Democracy, strikes one as odd as it appears to be the first time that Filipino
political scientists have recognized that the country is a “non-democracy and,probably a non-democratic oligarchy.” When compared to the judgment made byhistorians, activists and journalists, political scientists are notable for being late incoming to terms with the fundamental flaws of the system. This paper explores
this temporal laggardness in the discipline’s ability to provide normativeevaluations. It does so by mapping out the development of the discipline in the
post-war period, giving special attention to the various threads that emerged as thesocio-political context shifted and the interaction between “ It also explores how“theory” has enriched as well as impeded the growth of political science, thereby
enabling us to better understand this tardiness.
(2) Tragic Trajectory: Neoliberal Economics in the Philippines
Walden Bello
Representative, Akbayan (Citizens’ Action Party)
Abstract
This paper will examine various dimensions of neoliberal economics in thePhilippines. It will show how the neoliberal narrative served as a thinly disguised
justification for structural adjustment policies that were mainly aimed at servicing
the Philippine debt. It will reveal how the neoliberal narrative rested on a43

fundamental misinterpretation of the process of development among our East andSoutheast Asian neighbors, where the state played a leading role. It will examine
how doctrinaire neoliberal policies during the Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramospresidencies played a key role in creating an even more vulnerable Philippine
economy, being responsible for the Philippines being sucked into Asian financial
crisis as well as the destruction of the Philippine manufacturing sector. There isamong Philippine economists a growing realization of the need for industrial policy,
but the paper will show that there is extreme reluctance in being seen as endorsing
it. With the global economic crisis that broke out in 2008, neoliberal hegemony ineconomic policy has been eroded, but in the absence of a convincing alternative
paradigm, neoliberal policies continue to be the default mode among technocrats.
(3) Has Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology) Become Just Another
Subspeciality of Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (Psychology in the Philippines)?
Sylvia Estrada Claudio
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
This paper examines whether Sikolohiyang Pilipino, conceived initially as an anticolonialist and nationalist project has become co-opted to become merely a special
area of study within Philippine psychology. It attempts to understand the inherent
weaknesses of its initial conceptions that contributed to its loss of force as atransformational movement within the discipline of psychology (e.g. its
essentialism and its lack of a gender power analysis), the encrusting of
psychological practice in the Philippines along lines of “subspecialities” which aremostly Western-based and the general decline of critical movements within thePhilippine academe.
(4) The Twin Parochialisms of Philippine History
Lisandro E. Claudio
Abstract
Because of its narrow interpretation of national scholarship, the indigenization
movement in Philippine history has isolated itself from global scholarship. By
contrast, many historians of the Philippines—largely based in the U.S. —havepromoted an ostensibly transnational history, situating the Philippines within thecontext of American empire. I contend that the latter approach is as parochial as
the former. Both indigenous history and what I term “Americanized Philippine
historiography” operate within narrow discursive constraints that privilege a priori
categories such as “nation” and “empire” over grounded socio-historical analysis.
Indigenous history belies an anxiety concerning the fissures of the Philippine nation,
while Americanized Philippine history belies an anxiety concerning the place ofFilipinos within multi-cultural America. In this paper, I examine the intellectual andinstitutional contexts that inform these parochialisms, while sketching alternative
Philippine historiographies unencumbered by fixed categories.

(5) Anthropologists and Anthropologetics
Oona Thommes Paredes44National University of Singapore
Abstract
Colonial-era ethnographic representations of upland minorities in the Philippines
have encouraged an exoticizing gaze that serves to remove such peoples fromregional and world history. They also draw an arbitrary line dividing “traditional”
and “modern” culture, often using religious markers as emblems (i.e.,
Christian=modern; ancestral practices=traditional) of cultural purity andcontamination, informing some of our core ideas about who we were and are. This
dated framework cannot reflect the realities of human social interaction and the
dynamism of culture, yet the Filipino anthropologist – and anthropological work on
the Philippines in general – still struggles to work within its constraints. As a result,
Philippine Anthropology, broadly speaking, remains presentist, pointedly
ahistorical, and surprisingly disciplinary, despite the global evolution ofinterdisciplinarity in the social sciences. This is partly due to problems inherent to
the discipline itself, which originated as a Western tool to ease the administrationand control of colonial subjects. Another layer of divergence is due to key
differences in positionality and academic formation between locally-trained andforeign-trained anthropologists, with deep parochialisms that parallel thoseoutlined for History by Claudio. Local anxieties about nation and identity constrain
fundamentally the evolution of the social sciences within the Philippines. That said,
I argue that it is only within such deep-seated “localism” that the most meaningful
ethnography and anthropology can truly emerge.
(6) Theory is Always for Someone and for Some Purpose: Interrogating the Statusof Classical Sociological Theory in the Philippines
Nicole Curato
Australian National University
Abstract
This paper examines the role of classical sociological theory in the construction ofsociology as an academic discipline in the Philippines. For most academic
communities, mastery of the work of Marx, Weber and Durkheim is a badge ofmembership in a community of professional sociologists – a rite of passage to
become a sociology scholar. The classics provide disciplinary unity to a broad
academic field by grounding its theoretical and methodological foundations totheories of European modernity.
However, theory, as Robert Cox argues, is always for someone and for some
purpose. By examining epistemologies and standpoints privileged by teaching “theclassics” in the Philippines, the paper aims to identify their implications toknowledge production. It argues for the need to pluralize sociology by“provincializing” European theories and making the classics more cognizant of nonWestern and non-masculine accounts of multiple modernities. The aim is not tocome up with a "nationalist" or Filipino-centric accounts of sociology but topromote a framework that allows sociologists to make connections between socialworlds without using European modernity as a necessary referent for analysis.

MIDDLE-SIZED ROOM 9:30 – 11:30
45

PANEL 17 MIGRATION, EDUCATION AND THE FAMILY: EXPERIENCES
OF FILIPINO MIGRANTS’ CHILDREN IN ITALY, FRANCE, AUSTRALIA AND
JAPAN
Organizers:
Itaru Nagasaka, Hiroshima University
Asuncion Fresnoza-Flot, Catholic University of Louvain
Chair:
Nobue Suzuki, Chiba University
Panel Abstract
Childhood migration from the Philippines has been an increasingly frequent
phenomenon during the past decades. According to the Commission on Filipinos
Overseas, from 1981 to 2009 more than 340,000 Filipinos aged 14 or younger
emigrated abroad, and this number has been steadily growing especially since the2000s. Furthermore, the diversification of the destinations of immigrating Filipinos
since the 1980s has led to a subsequent diversification in the destinations for theFilipino migrant children as well.
During the last two decades, lots of impressive studies on Filipino transnationalmigration have been conducted across the disciplinary and geographical range. Thisbody of literature has provided significant insights into the emotional impacts oftransnational migration both on parents and children. However, partly due to its
strong emphasis on physical separation, the migratory experiences of children
remain largely understudied.
This panel introduces a collaborative work on Filipino children's experiences offamily-related migration to different countries. Papers in this panel base themselves
on research conducted in Italy, France, Australia and Japan as well as in thePhilippines to explore Filipino children’s construction and reconstruction ofrelatedness, self-making and place-making in different contexts. Special attentions
will be given to the narratives regarding common and significant issues among
Filipino migrants’ children, namely schooling and "family." By describing andcomparing these aspects, this panel as a whole hopes to offer a more nuanced
picture of the social lives of these children.
(1) Experience of (Im)mobilities: Lived Transnationalism among Filipino 1.5
Generations in Italy
Itaru Nagasaka
Abstract
Based on author’s fieldwork in villages in Ilocos, Philippines as well as that among
Filipino migrant families in Rome, Italy, this paper describes and analyzes howmobilities and immobilities in transnational social fields were experienced by
Filipino 1.5 generations in Italy. Since the 1980s, thanks to a growing need ofdomestic workers in urban Italy and supports by their relatives, a considerable
number of people migrated to Italy from the villages. Many of them worked as
domestic workers with their spouses, and they usually sent their children back totheir homeland or left them behind during the 1980s and 1990s. It was during the
2000s that many of their children (re)joined their parents working in Italy. This46

paper focuses on those who were left behind in rural villages by both parents
working in Italy under the care of their close relatives and then joined their parents
during school age. Particular attention will be given to their narratives regarding the“family” and schooling before and after their actual relocation to Italy. It argues
how their physical and social mobilities and immobilities in transnational social
field that were significantly affected by mobilities of their parents and relatives
have shaped their distinctive socialities and subjectivities.
(2) Migration, Familial Challenges and Scholastic Success: The Case of 1.5Generation Filipinos in France
Asuncion Fresnoza-Flot
Abstract
Parental migration from the Philippines results from the globalization of Third
World economies. This phenomenon engenders a separation between parents andchildren that generally last during until reunification occurs, either in thePhilippines or in the immigration country of the migrant parents. In the latter case,children who were formerly “left-behind” become immigrant themselves, forming
the so-called “1.5-generation”. This situation entails challenges, particularly interms of familial and social adaptation. Examining the case of 1.5-generation
Filipinos in France, this presentation focuses on exploring their familial
relationships and schooling experiences. Results of ethnographic fieldwork
conducted in France and in the Philippines show that these migrants came to
manage the pain of family reunification while adjusting to the French school systemand environment. Scholastic success has subjective significations for theseimmigrants who envision their future professional lives in France while maintaining
multiple ties to the Philippines.
(3) Children on the Move: 1.5 Generation Filipinos in Australia Across theGenerations
Raul Pertierra
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
Members of the 1.5 generation have not been adequately studied in the literature on
migration. This paper discusses the problems of adjustment and settlement ofFilipino children who migrated to Australia during their schooling period and who
continued their studies in Australia. Three groups were compared. The first groupmigrated during the 1970’s, the second during the late 1980's while the third groupmigrated in 2005. During this time interval, Australia underwent significant
changes in the composition of its population and cultural orientation. Hence
Filipinos encountered different challenges in the process of assimilation. Despite
these changes, their experiences as children are remarkably similar. But there arealso significant differences when class, gender and generation are considered. The
earliest Filipino migrants arrived in an Australia where people openly discriminatedagainst Asians, while the latest arrivals found themselves among a settled group ofFilipinos and other Asians. Attitudes regarding ethnicity had undergone a majortransformation once Australia became a truly multicultural society. These and other
differences will be discussed in more detail during the presentation.
(4) Dutiful Daughters: 1.5 Generation Filipino Youths Negotiating Filipino Family
Values in Japan47

Sachi Takahata
University of Shizuoka
Abstract
The paper aims to explore how 1.5G Filipino women are maintaining/negotiating
the Filipino family values in Japan. As Parrenas (2005) called "dutiful daughters", inimmigrant families, girls, especially the eldest daughters, play far more roles thanboys: doing daily chores, rearing younger siblings and sometimes working part-time
to financially support the household. A dutiful 1.5G daughter who was socialized in
the Philippines needs to be the best friend at the same time helper to the mother as
they speak their native language too. Based on the analysis of the narratives of theFilipinos who came to Japan as child migrants, adopted by the mother who
re/married Japanese men, and now in their early 20's, the paper discusses (1) how
they understand the reasons why the mothers left them in the Philippines; (2) how
they become "dutiful" in the new family environment in Japan; (3) how they
maintain/negotiate the Filipino family values which impose much burden on
daughters; and (4) how they manage to balance their family duties while attending
schools in Japan. Finally the study will illustrate the trans-generational
internalization of female values in Filipino-Japanese families.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 1 9:30 – 11:30
PANEL 18 PURSUING SECURITY WITH THE PHILIPPINE URBAN POOR
Organizer: Wataru Kusaka
Nagoya University
Panel Abstract
Security, as a condition the urban poor seek, the Philippine state charter provides,
and international organizations ally to construct, is a powerful vector and discoursein shaping urban poor subjectivities and identities, their connections to nationalsociety, and their participation in national and international projects. Because
pursuit of security demands imagining safer futures, it invokes sociocultural maps
and new constructions that synchronize boundaries to demarcate sites of safetyand danger. This panel interrogates security in urban poor lives by considering thecommunity initiatives for security (like Barangay Tanod system) as link between thepoor and national security reform and corruption; the gaze of state and private
institutions in a criminalization of the poor that circumscribes their social andspatial mobility as “suspect citizens”; intermediary NGO and PO networks that canpolice private property against the reproduction of poverty; and construction of
security on the street through marketplace exchanges.

(1) Securing the Philippine Legal Private Property Title: Innovations of the Urban
Poor
48

Philip C. Parnell
Indiana University
Abstract
This paper considers forms of policing that arise at the limits of official policing
among urban poor squatters of Metropolitan Manila as they transform theirsettlement into the Philippines’ largest socialized housing project. By locating
property rights in practices of local organizations then moving them into law, theurban poor have created democratic policing practices that secure the individual
legal property title as economic capital while also creating social and political
capital that the title holder can use to challenge poverty. These policing practices
that organize individual/group relations to create title security also protect the title
from “criminal” land syndicates. Security strategies the urban poor haveconstructed have been much more effective than official state policing ineliminating regional syndicate operations. This paper also asks how trans-local
urban policing can complement and sustain local policing practices that securepathways out of poverty.
(2) Policing Poverty and the Criminalization of the Poor
Chris Magno
Gannon University
Abstract
This paper examines the criminalization of poverty and the poor in Metropolitan
Manila. It discusses how urban apparatuses (police, media, traditional politicalparties, development policies, ordinances and agencies) are systematically turningneighborhoods into bounded urban penal regions. Using GIS (Geographic
Information System) this paper illustrates how the lives of Metropolitan Manila’s
informal settlers are being recycled across carceral urban spaces and dangerous
relocation zones.
(3) Security Sector Reform vs. the Urban Poor
Saya Kiba
Kobe University
Abstract
Which is more “insecure,” the squatters or the police? Are they enemies ormachinator? This paper argues how the sense of security of the urban poor
residence in Manila differs from the one of those who design security policies,
particularly police reform in the Philippines. Having been discussed, standing inwith police is a strategy of survival of the poor whose land tenure is not secured.
Collusion of squatters and policemen can lead both improvement of community
security and serious corruption and peoples’ distrust to security sector. Analyzing
the interest and perspective of the poor to the police and their bargaining
mechanism is important to discuss participation and involvement of civil society tosecurity sector reform.

(4) Everyday Mutuality of the Urban Poor for Security
Wataru Kusaka
49

Nagoya University
Abstract
This paper explores how the urban poor in Metro Manila have created voluntary
mutuality to secure their security amidst various risks such as contingent events(sickness, sudden death of family members), natural disasters (fire, typhoon andflood), the state’s assaults (demolition of shanties and stalls), and private sectors’
development projects. In this neo-liberal economy, we are expected to secure ourlives without depending on states. One result of such economy is “the war of all
against all” in the ruthless market competition. Another possibility is creation ofhorizontal mutuality to secure our lives. In this context, the urban poor in Manila
can be considered to be pioneers in seeking security to survive in the oppressive
world without welfare state. This paper tries to present a mode of lives to survive
the world of both “pre-welfare state” and “post-welfare state” through learningfrom the experiences and perspective of the urban poor.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 2 9:30 – 11:30

PANEL 19 EMERGING ISSUES IN PHILIPPINE WATER GOVERNANCE
Panel Organizer: Agnes C. Rola
University of the Philippines Diliman
Panel Abstract
The panel draws from the findings of the University of the Philippines Systemsupported on-going project entitled “Toward Good Water Governance forDevelopment: A Multi-Case Analysis” which looks into macro practices ofgovernance in rural, urbanizing and urban settings, and micro (community-based)
dynamics in three watershed environments in the Philippines. The project entails asurvey of 301 water managers across water use types (water districts, communalbased irrigation, LGU or cooperative-based water systems) in 10 provinces; and 54
focus group discussions with water users (households, farmers, businesses);ethnographic study; and geo and biophysical analysis of water quality and quantity
in three watersheds. The study provides empirical characterization of water
governance across institutional and geographic spaces. The panel interrogates
dimensions of contestations between water users, between state and local agents,
and the plural contextual understanding of water (religious, rational economic andsocio-cultural) that inform how these contestations are negotiated. It hopes to
produce an adaptive and collaborative form of water governance that is equitable,
sustainable and inclusive across types of environments and time horizons.
Authors
Agnes C. Rola, University of the Philippines Los Banos
Ida M. Siason, University of the Philippines Visayas
Juan S. Pulhin, University of the Philippines Los Banos
50

Ma. Helen Dayo, University of the Philippines Los Banos
Rosalie Arcala Hall, University of the Philippines Visayas
Joy C. Lizada, University of the Philippines Visayas
Corazon Abansi, University of the Philippines Baguio
Myra David, University of the Philippines Los Banos
Edwin A. Combalicer, University of the Philippines Los Banos
Arnold R. Salvacion, University of the Philippines Los Banos
Juan Fidel Rodriguez, University of the Philippines Los Banos
Teresita Espinosa, University of the Philippines Visayas
Ma. Consuelo C. Doble, University of the Philippines Baguio
Arnold Salvacion, University of the Philippines Los Banos
Mayo Grace C. Amit, University of the Philippines Los Banos
Rhodelia Ibabao, University of the Philippines Visayas(1) Characterization of Water Governance in the Philippines
Rola, Hall, Lizada, Abansi, David, Pulhin and Salvacion
Abstract
This paper aims to describe the history of water governance in the Philippines,characterize water governance in the country and identify issues concerning thecurrent governance in the country. Evolution of water governance and drivers of its
reform with information from the secondary data will be described. The historicalanalysis showed that water governance is shaped by the economic and politicalpathways of the country. This path dependent trajectory of water governanceresulted to the multiplicity of laws and institutions, both formal and informal, withoverlapping mandates.
However, water issues in terms of water quality andquantity speaks about the seeming weakness of water governance in the country.
Using the survey data from 301 water managers, this paper will characterize water
governance across formal and informal institutions in the Philippines.
Theelements of water governance that were considered were water laws, water policies,
water institutions and water administration. Issues and contestations that are
discussed are water rights, harmonizing customary and state rules; multiplicity of
institutions; inter-agency dynamics, disconnect between water and other related
laws; popular resistance to valorization (is water a free good or commodity) andtrans-boundary water transfers.
(2) To the Last Drop: The Political Economy of Philippine Water Policy
Hall, Pulhin, Lizada, Rola, Abansi, David, Espinosa, Doble, Rodriguez
51

Abstract
The paper examines the contestations arising from the layered legal treatment ofwater and the multiplicity of institutions (national, local, public, private, collective)
tasked to carry out mandates of sourcing, distributing and protecting the resource.
Through a comprehensive analysis of national and select local legislation, the paper
traces the political flash points arising from contested water rights (state versus
ancestral domain claim); community versus local government water source-use
discordance; incongruent watershed-based frameworks; economic competition
between water district and private water providers; and trans-boundary watertransfers involving water districts and local government units. The paper also
draws from the survey of 301 water managers which catalogues the types ofconflicts, mechanisms for addressing such conflict and the political dynamics
generated.
Five in-depth case studies of water conflicts (from Benguet, Laguna, Iloilo) areprovided. Each case study discusses the actors, position, agency, venue/mechanism
for settling the conflict and the political outcome. A comparative treatment acrossthe five case studies will draw insights on how state power (or its weakness) and its
dispersion across many formal institutions is challenged by civil society andcollective push in this policy area (water). Shifting mindsets fromhydrological/engineering to economic calculation to conservation/protection
provide the contexts in which these policy fights transpire. The paper concludes
that unpacking the various forms of contestations and conflicts among different
actors is key in finding solutions to the multi-layered problems confronting water
governance in the Philippines.
(3) Actor-based Assessment of Water Governance in Select Three Philippine
Watersheds
Siason, Dayo, Pulhin, Lizada, Abansi, Hall, David and Rola
Abstract
The study takes off from the framework of Cleaver and Franks (2005), which
proposes that water governance is shaped by stakeholders who draw on resources
available to them, using context-specific mechanisms.
Resources include
institutional and social resources, rights and entitlements, natural environment,
technology. Mechanisms are arrangements for accessing water, such as formal
institutions, socially embedded norms of accepted use, specific technology. Theinteraction between resources and mechanisms produce outcomes for actors andthe environment.
Using focus group discussions (FGDs), this study examines the resources,
mechanisms, and outcomes of water access by various actors (households, farmers,
local government representatives, business enterprises) in three watersheds in thePhilippines. It further distinguishes the location of these actors in relation to thewatershed: upstream, midstream and downstream. The analysis of the data willshow in what way the elements of the framework influence the emerging water
governance in the different study sites.
(4) When Water Becomes an Economic Good
Dayo, Hall, Pulhin, Abansi, Lizada, Rola, Siason, David
52

Abstract
This paper describes the changing access of and multiple uses of water from being
managed through local norms towards more formal mechanisms. The changing
water use and access shifted to a wider net of political relations, produced newforms of regulations in the community, and helped create new environmental
subjectivity. In view of the imputed spiritual and healing characteristics of waterfrom Mt. Banahaw (locally known as “Vulcan de Agua”/mountain of water) thispaper explores how water has become a source of conflict. Mt. Banahaw water
concerns are illustrative of how gender, institutions and identity-related struggles
unfolded in its rich environmental history.
The paper discusses water governance in terms of gendered outcomes ofaddressing scarcity problem, recognizing the roles of actors and agents as theyintervene in the group’s interests. It charts pathways towards adaptive governancethat incorporates the plurality of meanings of water (as sacred and as a commodity).

Tonan Tei 9:30 – 11:30

PANEL 20 RISING TIDES IN VISAYAN AND MINDANAO LITERATURES
Organizer: Hope Sabanpan-Yu
University of San Carlos
Panel Abstract
The innumerable changes in the arts and humanities in the Philippines have called
for a sea change in addressing the crises and anxieties besieging its gates.
Technological advancements and paradigm shifts have pushed the boundaries in
the re-invention and re-imagination of the shape and function of literature outside
the Philippine metropolitan center.
This panel will explore the new ways of communicating and narrating instabilities
in Visayan and Mindanao literatures and the core ideas that inform it. Our title
Rising Tides aims to discuss the new directions made in the field to ensure its
relevance and viability in a rapidly changing world.
(1) The State of Multiethnic Literature in Northern Mindanao
Fatimah Joy Almarez.
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
Abstract
This paper discusses existing bibliographies and completed and on-going studies
on the multiethnic literature of Northern Mindanao, and describes initiatives takenon its behalf. It also offers a comprehensive look at the current plight of theregion’s writers and their craft.

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Northern Mindanao, one of the six regions in Mindanao, is composed of fiveprovinces; namely, Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Oriental andMisamis Occidental. In Bukidnon alone, several lumads like Higaonons, Manobos
and Talaandigs live alongside Cebuanos, Hiligaynons and Boholonanos, enriching
the region with diverse culture, dialects and literature. Furthermore, in Iligan City,
Lanao del Norte, one of the five national workshops in the country, the only one
which publishes its proceedings in book form and encourages the writing of poems,
fiction and drama in regional dialects has been hosted successfully for 19 years
now. Clearly, the multiethnic literature such a setting spawns merit a body ofresearch, which this study forms part of, geared towards stronger government andmainstream support for its promotion and preservation.
(2) New Directions in Waray Literature
Christine Godinez Ortega
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
Abstract
The period between the 60s and the late 80s was a period when writing Philippine
literature in Waray was at a halt. No significant writing emerged during this time
primarily because this was the height of English as a prestige language. Everybody
was trying to learn English and study English and American literature. Waraywriting had no avenues for publication. In the 90s when writers workshops wereorganized in City of Tacloban, Leyte and later in the City of Calbayog, Western
Samar, Waray literary production was initially slow, but this gathered momentum
in the subsequent decade. This paper surveys the writing of Waray literature
resulting from the university-based workshops from 1990s to the present. It will
also look into Waray writing produced outside the academe. Both streams ofliterature will be examined in terms of evolving forms, content and language. They
will likewise be studied in terms of the social, economic and cultural forces thathave shaped them. Literature from the academe will be taken from the recent
publications while that outside the university will be gathered from writers living in
the cities of Leyte and Samar.
(3) New Ways in the Storytelling of the Ulahingan’s Kepu’unpu’un (the Creation)
Victorio N. Sugbo
University of the Philippines Visayas
Abstract
This paper discusses the new directions in the narrativization of the Ulahingan’s
kepu’unpu’un (Creation story) of the Livunganen-Arumanen Manobo of North
Cotabato.
From the Ulahingan, (from the word “ulahing” meaning “to chant”), thekepu’unpu’un is likened to a clump of bamboo that consists of numerous
individual bamboo or shoots called sengedurug – new episodes that chanters
continue to create from the main clump hence, the Ulahingan is a never-ending
story.
Because oral, the kepu’unpu’un has several versions depending on the creativity ofthe singers but this paper will tackle the fourth volume in the Six Series Ulahingan
exploring the Judaeo-Christian influences in the epic by only one chanter. The main
storyline of 17,653 lines has three sections: “the Creation”,” Care for Humankind”
54and the “Establishment of the Human Community” by tala’ulahingan (epic chanter)
Gobalia Silay.
Recorded 25 years after the first recordings were made by Elena G. Maquiso in 1963,
the kepu’unpu’un was chanted first in prose published in Series 1 then recited inverse published in Series 4 recorded by Jose Humabad, Jr., and transliterated bytala-ulahingan Abraham Saliling whose command of English helped finish thecreation story for publication. It is believed that the tala-ulahingan is first“possessed” by the diwatas. After “feeling warm” he chants spontaneously as if
driven by the need to share his people’s kinship with the diwatas, and taking prideof his group’s cultural identity.
(4) The Social Media Revolution in Cebuano Poetry
Hope Sabanpan Yu
University of the San Carlos
Abstract
The paper will focus on KABISDAK, the site of social media revolution in Cebuano
poetry, which is designed as an online literary lighthouse that provides a compass
or a portable point of reference against the shifting landscape of the borderlessworld in the age of Facebook and Twitter. The cybersite attracts not only Bisayang
Dako poets from the Philippines but those moving across and around the world dueto the crosscurrents of socio-economic forces. Since 2007 an average of over 30
poems or one poem a day have been contributed and posted to the site.
Against the more traditional form of media and communication, the paper aims topresent how KABISDAK has evolved less to “tell” and more to “share” in the keyrole of bring together Cebuano voices and creative efforts.

Second Sessions
LARGE ROOM 13:00 – 15:00

PANEL 21 FILIPINO "ELITES" REVISITED
Organizer: Caroline S. Hau
Kyoto University
Panel Abstract
In the Philippines, the word "elite" is often synonymous with "upper classes,""haves"/"the rich"/mayaman/maykaya, "ilustrados"/may pinag-aralan, "principalia,"
and even "middle classes"--a descriptive term denoting various degrees ofcorrelation and convertibility among wealth, power and influence, status andprestige, talent and ability, and culture and way of life. Such a blanket
generalization, however, belies the heterogeneity of the groups it encompasses; theextent of their sense of solidarity as well as differentiation through cooperation,
conflict and competition; their relations with each other and with the rest of the55

population; and their positions not only in relation to the Philippine state, andwithin Philippine society, economy, politics, and culture, but also vis-a-vis theregion and the world. This panel revisits the concept of the "Filipino elite" with aview to offering historically, empirically, and critically grounded analyses of Filipino"elites" across different fields of inquiry.
(1) Times of Decision: Filipino Cultural Elites during the Japanese Occupation of
the Philippines
Ricardo T. Jose
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
This paper will examine the various reactions of Filipino cultural elites – specificallyrecognized writers, painters and composers – to the period of Japanese rule in thePhilippines. The reaction was anything but homogenous, reflecting the variety ofthoughts and orientations of these elites. While some came to appreciate Japan’s
Asian orientation, others used the Japanese interregnum to further explore theFilipino identity. Still others chose to resist Japanese rule directly or indirectly,
through their own skills. The paper will further examine which of the elites
remained constant to their ideals, and who experienced change as a result of theJapanese occupation and eventual return of the Americans.
(2) Political Dynasties: The Philippine Case
Eduardo C. Tadem
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
The 2013 Philippine national elections once again highlights the dominance ofpolitical dynasties in the country. Although there seems to be an overwhelming
agreement of its adverse effects i.e., it breeds patronage politics and corruption, no
substantive steps have been taken to address this. This is despite the fact that thePhilippine Constitution outlaws political dynasties but no enabling law has yet been
implemented to see this through. This paper examines the general nature ofcurrent Philippine political dynasties, the reasons for its continuing existence andits impact on the country’s politics. It will argue that the resiliency of politicaldynasties mainly emanates from the nature of the economic policies of the country
which has failed to address the problem of poverty and socio-economic inequalities
in the country. This generally characterized Philippine society during the premartial law period (before 1972) and was further aggravated during the martial law
period (1972-1986). The current political dispensation under an “elite democracy”
continues to perpetuate such an adverse situation. A major impact of this is the
emergence of weak institutions and moreover, a weak state hampering the
democratization and development process in the country.

(3) Changing Configuration of Philippine Capitalism
Antoinette R. Raquiza
University of the Philippines Diliman

56

Abstract
Much analysis of the Philippine political economy takes place without a precise
understanding of the shifting contours of the Philippine capitalist class. Yet tobetter understand the country’s pattern of economic development requires a more
finely-grained portrait of Philippine business. The paper presents a sectoral analysisof the country’s economic elites to ascertain the changing configuration of domestic
capitalism over time, and argues that Philippine development reflects the rise ofcommercial interests as the dominant constituency of political elites and hence
development policies. The paper will seek to explain the rise of these interests inrelation to the state and other business interests.
(4) Literary Representations of the Filipino Elite
Caroline S. Hau
Abstract
This paper explores the ways in which the Filipino “elite” are represented in thePhilippine novel in English. Often deemed “elitist” for the language in which it is
written and for its depiction of (some say preoccupation with) the middle- andupper-classes of Philippine society, Philippine literature in English has offered anumber of memorable portraits of the “elite,” ranging from Jose Rizal’s Noli metangere (in translation), Nick Joaquin’s The Woman Who Had Two Navels, Ninotchka
Rosca’s State of War, and F. Sionil Jose’s Sins to Vicente Groyon’s The Sky Over
Dimas and Gina Apostol’s Gun Dealers’ Daughter. These novels foreground issuesof elite definition and characterization and the historical, social, cultural, politicaland economic contexts in which words like “principalia,” “ilustrado,” “mayaman,”“cacique”, and “elite” acquire meaning in overlapping, as well as potentiallynonequivalent, ways. The paper shows how wealth, education, occupation, race,
sexuality, regional (both subnational and supranational) location, mobility, status,
access, and power shape the very terms by which the “elite” are imagined as
mestizo, cosmopolitan, self-interested, predatory, and divided.

MIDDLE-SIZED ROOM 13:00 – 15:00

PANEL 22 FILIPINONURSESAND
CAREGIVING
TRANSCENDING THE NATIONAL BOUNDARIES

WORKERS

Organizer: Ohno Shun
Panel Abstract
In 2007, Japan became a “super-aging society.” In the following year, she began toreceive Indonesian and Filipino nurses and caregiving workers in its labor market.
From 2014, Japan will also begin to accept Vietnamese nurses and care workers.
This new bilateral government to government (G-G) project has progressed inaccordance with Japan’s Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with the abovementioned Southeast Asian countries having large young populations.

57

Between 2009 and 2013, a total of 670 Filipino nurses and certified care worker(kaigo-fukushishi) ‘candidates’ have entered Japan. They have been trained as‘candidates’ and work as registered nurses or professional care workers across thecountry. They have faced a number of problems at nurses or hospitals and elderlycare facilities that were not open to foreign workers until relatively recently.
This panel mainly focuses on these controversial human-mobility projects, and thepanelists explore various problems based on qualitative and quantitative researchin the Philippines, Japan and the other aging countries which have introduced anumber of Filipino nurses and care workers. Each panelist discusses the limitations
and potentialities of border-crossing nursing and elderly-care from different
perspectives. They will present their views and recommendations towards theestablishment of projects that can be of benefit to all parties that can ultimately
lead to the improvement of relations between Japan and the Philippines.
(1) Evaluation of Migration Policies of Japan for Filipino and the Other Southeast
Asian Nurses and Care Workers
Ohno ShunSeisen University
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the past progress of Movement of Natural
Persons (MNP) under the Japan-Philippine Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEAP),
and attempts to identify several factors behind Filipino nursing/elderly-care
workers’ difficulties in adapting to their workplaces as well as passing the national
examination for registered nurses (RN) or certified care workers (kaigo-fukushishi).
It also presents critical evaluations made by Japan’s hospitals and facilities
employing Filipino and/or Indonesian ‘candidates’ for RN and kaigo-fukushishi,
based on a recent nationwide survey in Japan.
Finally, it points out substantial faults of the MNP provision, and suggests better
governmental policies and employers’ attitudes after reviewing more establishedpolicies in the other aging countries in both Asia-Pacific and Europe.
(2) Implementation of the EPA Program for Migrant Nurses: A Perspective of
Medical Sociology
Yuko Ohara-Hirano
Nagasaki University
Abstract
Despite its vulnerability in terms of natural and man-made disasters, Japan has
attracted many migrant nurses who have entered to work in Japan under the
Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA). More migrant nurses are expecting to enter
to Japan in the future, therefore, it is inevitable that Japan has to provide a betterorientation program so that nurses can maintain good mental health.
The target populations of this study are the Filipino and Indonesian nurses under
the EPA Program, who entered Japan after the Great East Japan Earthquake. A
questionnaire was developed and distributed to nurses at the venue of the
pre-departure orientations of each country of origin. A multivariate analysis was58

performed to develop a suitable model to indicate the mental health status of the
EPA nurses. The indicators of mental health status differed by country of origin of
nurses.
Initial results show that Filipino nurses are affected by the expectation to earn
instantly, and this affects their decisions to longer in destination countries.
Interestingly, neither Filipino nor Indonesian nurses were affected by concerns
about the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake including the incidents that
occurred at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. The results of this study highlightthe importance of the content of the pre-departure training for the candidates.
Discussion for implementation of the EPA program will be made through indicating
empirical data of the above surveys.
(3) Prospects and Dilemmas of the Japan-Philippine Economic Partnership
Agreement (JPEPA) from the Voices of Filipino Nurses Who Passed the Japanese
Licensure Examination
Cora A. Anonuevo
University of the Philippines Manila
Abstract
This paper is an exploration of the perceptions of Filipino nurses on their current
status and work conditions after passing the Japanese Licensure Examination for
nurses, their plans in light of their conditions, and their views on theimplementation of the Japan-Philippine Economic Partnership Agreement or JPEPA.
Six nurses working in five Japanese hospitals were interviewed individually. Theirnarratives revealed that preparation for the Japanese licensure examination was adifficult challenge that required personal effort and institutional support. Passing
the national examination has brought encouraging changes in their nursing
functions, salaries and benefits, interpersonal relationships, and professional image.
However, language barrier and communication problems persist. Most of them wereuncertain whether to stay long or not in Japan.
In pursuit of international cooperation particularly on the movement of natural
persons, JPEPA can have a bright prospect if both countries address difficulties
arising from language and cultural barriers. Further, regulatory measures need to
be strengthened to ensure the quality and protection of nurses and care workers.
(4) Japanese Language Education for the JPEPA
Michiyo Yoneno-Reyes
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
This paper asks how Japanese language education for Filipino nurse candidates
under the JPEPA can be located in the Philippine socio-cultural settings, in order toprovide an academic grounding toward more meaningful policy making for bothgovernments.
Foreign nurses’ entry to Japan presents a unique pattern of migration from thepoint of view of language learning. It pertains to adults who learn a foreign
language from the beginning, yet are required to reach a high level of proficiency.
Historically speaking, adult migrants often meant either unskilled workers who are59not required high level of language skills; or skilled workers who know the languageof the host country. In any cases, the movement often took place from a former
colony to a former sovereignty. As for Japan and the Philippines, although Japanoccupied Philippines during World War II, linguistically speaking, there is littlecolonial legacy among the young generation of Filipinos today. Also, due to theeligibility constrains, it is unlikely possible to find an EPA candidate who hasreceived higher education in Japan.
The paper illustrates the socio-cultural situation in language practice in thePhilippines at large and points to the both governments’ weakness in systematic
understanding and addressing it — a) multi-lingual-ness with ambivalent relation
with English as both colonial and global language; b) prominence of orality overliteracy; c) weaker establishment of Japanese language education than other
Southeast Asian countries in quantity and quality; and d) motivation and needs ofJapanese language learning differ significantly by socio-economic class.
(5) Eyes to the East: the Challenges to the Integration of E.U. and non E.U.

nursing workforces
Mario Ivan Lopez
Kyoto University
Abstract

In recent years, Japan’s need to deal with a rising aged population has seen policy
makers form Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with surrounding nations.
This has been in response to supposed labor shortages in Japan’s “care” market andthe acceptance of both Filipino and Indonesian nurses, has had varying levels of
impact both within hospitals and elderly care facilities, and within the public sphere.
However, what lessons could Japan, through its engagement with Southeast Asian
nations, learn from other regions’ experiences of managing qualified nursing
immigrants?
This paper presents fieldwork data from Europe’s experience of accepting foreign
trained nurses and certified carers within an established trans-regional framework.
It presents comparative data from the U.K., Germany, and Norway to offer anassessment of how nations, within and outside the E.U., procure and foster overseas
nurses, and how local/regional demographics influence labor market forces andpolitical decision making. Ultimately, it will present policy suggestions as to hownations in Southeast Asia, which currently have EPA agreements with Japan, could
potentially interact to assure mutual benefits for both those who require care andthose who provide it as professionally trained carers.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 1 13:00 – 15:00

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PANEL 23 FIGURING “THE SOCIAL”: RECONFIGURATIONS OF THE
STATE, CIVIL SOCIETY, AND COMMUNITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Organizer: Koki Seki
Hiroshima University
Panel Abstract
This panel uses present-day social policy in the Philippines as a lens through which
to interrogate emerging configuration(s) of the state, civil society, and community.
It examines the constitutive elements of “the social,” and also how “the social”
functions as a tool in policy-making endeavors to both include and exclude
particular populations. Social policies in the Philippines today, aimed at poverty
alleviation and the provision of various goods and services, increasingly rely on themobilization of civil society, community, family, and the individual. Within aneoliberal economic context these actors are transformed into efficient andappropriate partners of the state. Such process further encourages the“autonomization of society” wherein the individual is expected to become activatedand entrepreneurial citizenry subject. The situation corresponds with James
Ferguson’s contention that for countries with a weak state and huge informal sector,
paradoxically it is a neoliberal logic that informs welfare and redistributive social
policies.
Through an examination of heterogeneous discourses and practices carried out
under the rubric of a neoliberal social policy, the presenters focus on various
modes of inclusion and non-inclusion, and the interplay between these modes in
specific communities. Finally, the panelists explore how conceptions of “the social”
generate self-regulating subjects, and thereby call attention to burgeoning forms ofgovernmentality in the Philippines.
(1) Buyer Beware: Higher Education and the Flexible Production of Migrant Labor
Yasmin Y. Ortiga
Syracuse University
Abstract
There is a vast migration literature on how the Philippine state mobilizes its
citizens for overseas work, where state agencies facilitate the migration process asa means of maximizing monetary remittances for national development. Less
researched are questions of how these future migrant workers are actually
produced, and who are the individuals and institutions involved in this process.
This paper discusses how private higher education institutions dominate theskilling and production of future Filipino migrant workers, altering academic
programs and curriculum in an attempt to address the needs of foreign employers.
School owners and administrators justify this process as a mere response to thewants of their students, many of whom are aspiring migrants hoping to raise theirfamily’s socioeconomic status. Contrary to the image of an efficient labor-brokering
state, this paper argues that Philippine government agencies lack the ability toregulate this market-driven process, jeopardizing the quality of higher educationand creating an oversupply of graduates in particular fields. Students then bear thebiggest risks and costs of this system, having to finance their own education amidst
changing labor demands and the proliferation of substandard schools. This paperemphasizes that when it comes to the production of migrant labor, scholars need tolook beyond the state policies and institutions. Rather, the production of migrant61

labor is maintained by the interaction of state agencies, private educational
institutions, and aspiring migrants and their families.
(2) The Government of Urban Poverty and Rearrangement of “the Social”: A Caseof Conditional Cash Transfer (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, 4Ps) underthe Aquino Administration
Koki Seki
Abstract
This paper focuses on a poverty alleviation policy, particularly a Conditional CashTransfer (CCT), which is enthusiastically promoted by the current Aquino
government in the Philippines. It discusses the implication of the program as an artof government of urban poverty, and tries to delineate the kind of power working
behind the current regime of social policy in the Philippines. Based on the fieldwork
conducted in Marikina City of Metro Manila, the study argues that, under thecurrent regime of CCT in the Philippines, a mode of inclusion through poverty
alleviation is not sought to be realized through the cash grant itself. The amount ofcash grant is actually too small to bring about any substantial enhancements in thebeneficiaries’ lives. Rather, the cash grant should be considered an incentive for the
beneficiaries to engage in various practices of investing in human capital – inthemselves and their children –through education, enhancement of health andhygiene, and self-development. It further maintains that the very logic of“investment in human capital” leads to various cases of non-inclusion among thebeneficiaries. The study concludes that, in order to formulate an art of government
needed today, it is essential to focus on the various modes of inclusion and noninclusion, and how they feed off each other, observed in heterogeneous discourses
and practices carried out under the rubric of neoliberal social policy, such as CCT in
the Philippines.
(3) “Practicing ‘Enlightened Capitalism:’ The Filipino Diaspora, Affect, and NGO
Activism in Neoliberal Globalization”
Faith Kares
Northwestern University
Abstract
Many scholars from a wide range of disciplines have highlighted not only thechanging and growing functions of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in
neoliberal globalization but also the ways in which these shifts reflect a new formof governmentality. This paper provides a case study to further interrogate theimplications of the growing authority of NGOs, examining how Philippines-based
NGO Gawad Kalinga encourages diasporic Filipino volunteerism for its housingdevelopment efforts through reworking the nationalist discourse of heroism. I callattention more broadly to the manner in which idioms of love and care supplant a
critique of structural inequalities, obfuscating the historical and political economic
realities from which present-day Philippine poverty has emerged. Here I explore
volunteer reception to Gawad Kalinga’s recruitment strategies and its rendering of
impoverished Filipinos. In so doing, I bring to the fore the underclass ideology
buttressing and neoliberal logic framing the organization’s development efforts, aswell as analyze emergent configurations of citizenship, nationalism, and notions of
belonging.

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(4) Class, Governance and Civil Society: The Case of Housing Assistance in
Tatalon, Manila
Michael Pinches
University of Western Australia
Abstract
Tatalon is a well-known urban poor suburb in Manila that has experienced various
programmes of intervention from more powerful, privileged outside bodies in thename of development, poverty alleviation and social upliftment. Such intervention
has come principally from various state instrumentalities and oppositionist politicalgroups, as well as bodies representing the Catholic Church and other Christian
missionary groups. In this paper I examine and compare two of these; the state’s
National Housing Authority, from the 1970s, and the middle class Catholic
movement Gawad Kalinga from the 1990s, the first under the authoritarian Marcos
regime, the second during the more liberal-democratic period that followed. Bothbodies have advocated guided ‘self-help’ and the development of private propertied
housing in place of what had previously been a settlement largely occupied bysquatters, many of them rural migrants. Despite these and other similarities, thetwo bodies differ significantly in terms of development ideologies, social
engagement and practical impact. This paper explores these likenesses anddifferences, as well as the varied responses of Tatalon residents, drawing attention
to the associated shifts in class relations, governance and civil society.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 2 13:00 – 15:00

PANEL 24 FILIPINO MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE ARAB GULF STATES:FORMING NEW IDENTITIES AND COMMUNITIESOrganizer: Masako Ishii
Osaka University
Panel Abstract
This panel aims to draw attention to the new identities and communities being
formed among the Filipino migrant workers in the Arab Gulf States. Arab Gulf
States have a large expatriate population including that of Filipinos due to thescarceness of their labor force. Studies dealing with migrant workers in the region
have reported that national citizens have asymmetrical power over expatriates, who
remain temporal contact workers regardless of their length of stay and economic
status. They have further demonstrated that the labor market in the region is
sharply stratified by nationalities, and that social activities of the migrant workers
are strictly controlled by the government.
However, because of the social
constraints and the division of labor market, new forms of identities andcommunities have been emerged. The panel will discuss this phenomenon bylooking into the cases new Muslims, born and ‘balik” Islam, volunteer groups, anddomestic workers.

63

(1) Solidarities and Disjunctions among the New Muslims in the Arab Gulf States:
The Cases in the UAE and Qatar
Akiko Watanabe
Bunkyo University
Abstract
In the Arab Gulf States, there is an emerging phenomenon of religious conversion to
Islam among Filipino workers accelerated by efforts of dawah (Islamic propagation)
supported by governmental institutions. These people come to study in the same
Islamic center and start to practice new way of lives regardless of their previous
socio-economic background. Yet this seemingly homogenous population may
diversify by the context. Thus, the aims of this paper are to explore the way how
the intimate spheres of Filipino workers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and
Qatar transform by their converting to different faith; how this conversion lead the
new Muslims to consolidate and part ways; and how they are incorporated into new
power relations in the larger Muslim communities. It analyzes practices andnarratives of Filipino converts to Islam living in these countries.
On the backdrop of these conversions, we can get glimpse of their strategic
attempts to improve their condition against the adverse environment of thecompartmentalized societies in the Gulf States. Indeed, Filipino workers had been
pinning in the existing inequalities of nationality and class by converting their faith.
Yet, changing their belief and joining a different religious group may bring theminto new relations configurated by hierarchy in the ummah (Islamic community).
The distinction according to the connectedness to Arab society by conjugality,
workplace relation, among others, may bring solidarities and disjunctions to the
new Muslims.
(2) Filipino Workers in Volunteer Groups and their Diasporic Identity in the
United Arab Emirates
Naomi Hosoda
Kagawa University
Abstract
This paper will look into how Filipino population in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)develop a sense of place in globalization, with special focus on the subjectivity andeveryday practices of members in voluntary associations.
In the UAE, where foreign population occupies over 80% of the total population,
foreign workers – despite the fact that they are the majority in terms of the volume– experience double isolation: geographic dislocation from their respective homecountry, and legal and social exclusion by the host country that systematicallydivides foreign population by nationality and class. Given such a contradictorysocial environment, some recent works has begun investigating various forms of
belonging among foreign workers who have been long staying in the emirates
without any prospect of acquiring citizenship.
This paper will shed light to Filipino workers participating in voluntary associations
and other related groups, a phenomenon which have not yet paid much attention to.
In the UAE, there exist over one hundred of Filipino associations registered at thePhilippine Embassy and numerous other non-registered groups engaging involuntary activities to assist their kababayan (compatriots) in distress. Both skilled64and unskilled workers are actively involved in such groups. By examining theiractivities and narratives, this paper will demonstrate how their subjective
involvement in directly assisting other kababayan may give rise to a sense of
belonging among them, which not only encompasses being part of broad “Imagined(Global) Community” of overseas Filipino workers, but also provides a localized
nuance to it.
(3) The Activities of Filipino Migrant Workers to Protect Domestic Workers in the
Gulf States
Masako Ishii
Abstract
This paper discusses the possibilities and limitation of the activities of Filipino
migrant workers to protect domestic workers in the Arab Gulf States. The Arab
Gulf States have been drawing the worldly attention as hubs of global economy
these days. However, their booming economy is supported by the enormous
number of migrant workers, and thus, at the same time, they have drawn thecriticism from the various international organizations for their poor labor
conditions, especially those of the domestic workers, who are most prone to abuseand human rights violations.
Having been castigated by the international organizations for improper treatmentof domestic workers, both receiving and sending countries have been pressured tocome up with the measures to protect them. However, they could not implement
policies to protect them substantially. Migrants in the Arab Gulf States are
restrained from organizing activities to promote migrant workers’ right as engaging
in such activism entails considerable risks. However, despite of the restriction,
there are some NGO activities to protect domestic workers and promote the rightsof migrant workers. At the same time, some informal safety nets are being form
among the migrant workers from which domestic workers can seek help.
This paper first introduces the similarities and differences of the situation of
migrant domestic workers between the Gulf States and other major receiving
countries such as Singapore and Hong Kong. Second, it presents the activities ofthe states, NGOs, and informal safety net to protect domestic workers. Lastly, it
describes the reality of domestic workers who resort to these help.
(4) Born and ‘Balik’ Islam in the Kingdom: Religious Submission, Spiritual
Economies and National Belonging among Filipino Muslim Migrant Workers in
Saudi Arabia
Mark Johnson
University of Hull
Abstract
This paper brings together two bodies of research: that focused on changing
Muslim identities and contested notions of Islamic belief and practice in thePhilippines and that focused on migrant Filipinos and the experiences andconsequences of their translocal (re)productive labour within a global market
economy. In doing so, the paper resituates ongoing discussions and debates about
Islam and Muslims in the Philippines in a translocal social field and cultural
imaginary and to consider how and in what ways religious knowledge and practices
65

inform migrant lives and experiences.
The paper draws on research in Saudi
Arabia both with ‘born’ Muslims, those born into and identified ethnically with
Islam, and those who are converts (or reverts) to Islam. The paper describes
aspects of migrants’ varied experiences in the kingdom and attends to theirconnections to the lives, concerns and conversations in their home place in order toforeground the ways that migrant encounters and stories of their travels andtravails in other places are caught up in debates over what Islam is or ought to beamong Muslim Filipinos at home. In doing so the paper engages theoretically withwork on the politics of piety and spiritual economies that are deemed tocharacterize contemporary Islamic practice as well as draws on work thatemphasizes the long running historical circuits of exchange that have shaped
notions of religious belief and belonging among Muslims in South East Asia and thePhilippines in particular.

Tonan Tei 13:00 – 15:00
PANEL 25
FIGHTING THEIR OWN BATTLES: VETERINARIANS, SANITARYINSPECTORS AND THE WAR ON EPIDEMICS AND DISEASES IN AMERICANCOLONIAL PHILIPPINES, 1901-1935
Organizer: Celestina Boncan
University of the Philippines Manila
Panel Abstract
A severe crisis confronted the Americans when they established civil government in
the Philippines in 1901. On one hand, there were numerous diseases afflicting thepeople like smallpox, cholera, dysentery, bubonic plague, leprosy and typhoid fever
resulting in a high mortality rate. On the other hand, infectious animal diseases likeglanders, rinderpest, anthrax, foot-and-mouth disease and surra decimatedthousands of domestic bovine and equine animals like carabao, cattle, horses andponies.
Two new medical sciences, namely Veterinary Science and Public Health, played an
important role in the campaign from 1901 to 1935 to eradicate these diseases
wreaking havoc on the lives of people and animals. Today, Veterinary Science andPublic Health remain at the forefront in the Philippines in its campaign against
emerging infectious diseases like Avian Influenza (Bird Flu), Dengue, Leptospirosis,
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS),
Meningococcemia, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV),
among others.
The first paper gives an overview of health conditions in the Philippines at the startof American rule. The second paper presents the institutional framework laid downby the colonial government to implement the campaign against epidemics anddiseases. The third paper presents the early beginnings of Veterinary Science in thePhilippines and the work carried out by veterinarians to control and eventually
eradicate tropical animal diseases. The fourth paper presents the pioneering work66

conducted by sanitary inspectors to prevent the spread of communicable diseases
through proper sanitation and hygiene.
(1) Turn of the Century Philippines: Images and Narratives of the State of Healthin the Early Years of American Rule
Edmund Christian S. Altuna
University of the Philippines Manila
Abstract
When the Americans first came to the Philippines, they encountered a people who
essentially lacked the amenities of modern health and sanitation facilities andprograms. The scenario left the people vulnerable to many sorts of diseases. This
was a matter of great concern to the new colonizers since even their own nationals
faced the danger of being affected in the event of a disease outbreak. With this, they
initiated various plans and programs to modernize the country’s health andsanitation situation.
The paper discusses the three important components of America’s social
modernization program in the Philippines which includes education, infrastructureand health and sanitation reforms but mainly focuses on the latter. The paper also
tackles the varied response of the Filipino people to these initiatives as well as theireffects on Philippine society.
(2) Challenging the Boundaries of Epidemics and Diseases: The Politics of theBoard of Health of the Philippine Islands
Estrellita T. Muhi
University of the East Manila (retired)
Abstract
When the Americans arrived in the Philippines in 1898, they encountered numerous
cases of infectious diseases such as smallpox, cholera, bubonic plague, and leprosy,
among others. These diseases often reached epidemic proportions and contributed
to a high percentage of mortality every year. In 1903, the census showed thenumber of births to be 284,800 as against the number of deaths which was 329,671.
This meant a modest birth rate of 37.3% while the death rate was a high of 43.2%. It
was only in 1935 that the death rate went down to 17.44%. The population doubled
from 7,635,000 in 1903 to 14,731,000 in 1935. The decline in the mortality rate
may be attributed in large part to the disease eradication program that the UnitedStates implemented during the period.
The paper presents the policies, programs, and campaigns of the American colonial
government against diseases through the Board of Health of the Philippine Islands.
The paper also discusses the impact of these efforts on Filipino customs andtraditions with regards health and sanitation.
(3) Doctors of Carabaos: Veterinarians and the Early Beginnings of Veterinary
Science in the Philippines
Arleigh Ross D. Dela Cruz
De La Salle University Manila

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Abstract
During the American period, infectious animal diseases decimated thousands ofbovine and equine animals in the Philippines like carabao, cattle, horses and ponies.
This situation created a crisis since the Philippines is an agricultural country that is
highly dependent on the use of draft animals to cultivate farmlands and transport
crops to the market. At the same time, there was an incipient cattle-grazing
industry in the country which was in danger of being affected too. In the beginning,
the colonial government relied only on a small number of well-trained American
veterinarians. But due to the gravity of the problem, the College of Veterinary
Science of the University of the Philippines was established to increase the numberof the country’s veterinary experts.
The paper discusses the various measures implemented by Filipino and American
veterinarians in the campaign to prevent the spread of animal contagions andthereby eradicate animal diseases altogether in the Philippines.
(4) Sanitary Inspectors of the Bureau of Health: Making Filipinos Safe from
Mosquitoes, Flies and Rats
Celestina P. Boncan
Abstract
At the start of American rule, the prevalence of diseases was traced to poor sanitaryconditions in the country. The condition of Manila in 1900 best exemplified poor
sanitation in the Philippines. Streets were littered with uncollected garbage. Dogs,
pigs and other animals freely roamed around and rummaged through the scatteredlitter. Rainwater lay stagnant on the pavements. Drinking water was sprinkled withsediments. Streams were polluted because of garbage and other waste thrownindiscriminately by nearby residents. Drinking water was drawn from rivers where
people also washed their clothes, bathed and washed utensils for cooking andeating. Drinking water was also sourced from wells, mostly located at the back ofhouses which were almost always near stables and cesspools. Many wells were mere
excavations into the soil since they were not walled in nor provided with facilities
for lifting the water. Many wells tended to be contaminated by surface washings.
The paper discusses the various measures conducted by the sanitary inspectors of
the Bureau of Health to improve sanitation and hygiene in urban and rural areas asmeans to exterminate the causes of infection. The long-term goal of these measures
was to teach the people of the importance of cleanliness as a means to prevent
disease.

Third Sessions
LARGE ROOM 15:15 – 17:15

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PANEL 26 EMERGING ASIAN COMMUNITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Organizer: Michiyo Yoneno-Reyes
University of the Philippines Diliman
Panel Abstract
While Filipino out-migration has traditionally received a lot of attention in research,
the analytical texture in in-migration research needs more exploration. This panel
ventures into alleviating that gap.
It shall enrich the discourse on Philippine diplomacy, foreign economic relations,Filipino-Asian connections, and emerging regional powers. By exploring the nexus
among crosscutting particularities in Japanese, Indian, Middle Eastern and Chinese
communities, the panel endeavors to provide valuable inputs in the following ways.
First, the study shall contribute to foreign policy in the context of economic
diplomacy by looking at the state of Asian communities in the Philippines in termsof themes on migration and labor, human capital development, economic
implication, and community mobilization. Second, the study shall enrich theunderstanding of interconnectedness between Filipinos with fellow Asians within
the dynamics of Philippine society. Finally, the study shall provide a fresh
perspective on how regional powers—whether a forerunner or currently emerging—are represented in the localized setting of the Philippines, which is lately
considered one of the rising countries to watch in Southeast Asia.
(1) The Exploration of Guanxi in Commerce among Chinese in the Philippines:
Reflections from a Contemporary Frame
Tina S. Clemente
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
The way that contracts are forged in a commercial context provides many insights
on institutional change. On one hand, scholars view that the inadequacies in formal
property rights protection motivate the construction and utilization of informalmeans to reduce uncertainty. On the other hand, another view rejects theperspective that renders guanxi—defined as Chinese personalistic tie—as becoming
obsolete when institutional constructs improve. This view argues that historical andsocio-political cultural contexts should be weighed in more in the analysis.
In light of such a discourse, the study focuses on the use of ethnic particularizationin business agreements among Chinese in the Philippines and explores features of
informal contracting hinged on guanxi. Using a contemporary frame, the study
employs desk reviews, a structured survey and key informant interviews. Analysis
is based on desk reviews and results from a structured survey and key informant
interviews carried out from April-June 2013. The study attempts to present a
perspective on Chinese informal contracting and seeks to contribute to theanalytics on institutional evolution. Finally, the study endeavors to present insights
on how guanxi research in the Philippines can proceed.
(2) “New Wave” of Indian Movements in the Philippines Especially in the Context
of a Knowledge-based Economy
Joefe B. Santarita
University of the Philippines Diliman

69

Abstract
The speedily transformation of India’s creaky economy into a rising economic
power in less than two decades proved to the world the ability of Indians to survive
and thrive. This development also altered the world’s perceptions about Indians
and the Indians themselves also found a change in their worldview. This is evident
by the trickling of new waves of Indian professionals particularly in the informationand technology sector and the mushrooming of Indian enterprises in various partsof the world including the Philippines. Their ability also to maximize their inherent
and acquired capitals also contributed to such transformation.
Through the years, unconsciously or otherwise, these Indians serve as good
representatives of both countries. In the Philippines, Indians act on behalf of Indian
government as reliable source in exploring and exploiting potential and existing
economic opportunities in the country. In fact, they are efficient gatekeepers of new
fields of partnerships. In India, they are effective liaison for the Philippines. At thesame time, these migrants also serve as mediator to both Filipino and Indianbusinessmen who are on their initial stage of cooperation as well as best facilitator
for both groups to penetrate those exclusive and/or elusive economic circles. These
people if properly harnessed will best serve as reliable bridge to both countries inrealizing their fullest potentials as they begin another sixty years of good relations.
Such role has been in existence since early times and ancient Indians had the rightterm for this – Setubandhanam in Sanskrit.
(3) Persian, Arab and Turkish Communities in the Philippines: Economic, Sociocultural, Political Challenges and Mobilization of Communities
Henelito A. Sevilla, Jr.
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
The History of Middle Eastern migrants in the Philippines can be said to havestarted from the time Islam was introduced in the country between 12th to 14
century with the arrival of Muslim traders from the Persian Gulf to Sulu Archipelago
in the Southern Philippines. In contemporary time, Arabs, Persians and Turkish
continue to come to the Philippines. Some of them studied and eventually married
to Filipinos. Some opted to stay in the Philippines and established businesses whileothers opted to go back to their countries of origin together with their wives andchildren, whereas, children of Arabs, Persians and Turkish who left the country
have returned to the Philippines after many years to study and in some cases livewith their own families.
Despite the deep rooted socio-cultural and economic contributions of Middle
Eastern migrants in the making of the Filipino nation, no studies have been done totrace their whereabouts and to evaluate how the generations of Arabs, Persians andTurkish in the country lived, interacted and integrated into the mainstream of thePhilippine society.
This exploratory research is aimed at answering the following questions: Who are
the Middle Eastern migrants in the Philippines and when did they come?; Whatfactors motivate them to come and stay in the country?; Which part of the country
they are mostly concentrated?; How do they integrate in the Philippine Society? How
do the generations of Middle Eastern migrants in the country considered they interms of identity?; Do they still maintain connections with their country of origins?;
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What problems do they encounter while residing in the Philippines?; Whatassociations, groups or communities they established and how these communities,groups or associations contributed to lessening of problems in terms of economic,
socio-cultural, legal (citizenships) and political challenges both in the Philippines
and their country of origins.
This research argues that there are rich and untouched bodies’ of unknown
knowledge somewhere there that are needed to be addressed to take advantage ofthem to be able to draw a wider understanding of their cultures, contributions andaspirations while living in the Philippines and to generate responsive policies ourgovernment can draw up from this existing “undervalued” communities.
(4) Shuttling Migration of Japanese-Filipino Children: Language Acquisition andMulticulturalism
Michiyo Yoneno-Reyes
Abstract
Studies on migrant children in Canada/ English speaking migrant countries sincethe 1970s have produced and confirmed a so-called “Cummins’ Theory”. It includes
the notion of distinction of bilingualism/ semi-lingualism (or double-limitedness),
Conversation Fluency and Discrete Language Skill and Academic Language
Proficiency (e.g. 2011), Additive bilingualism enrichment principle” (e.g.1996, 2010),
and slower development of dementia (2011)
Changing immigration policies of Japan and the Philippines have caused the“shuttling” pattern of migration. Some "shuttling" children, mostly those have themixed heritages, present signs of semi-lingualism (or "multiple-limitedness”) —hardly having a mother tongue—which studies show tend to affect the developmentof cognitive ability, while some demonstrate balanced multi-lingualism.
This paper asks how Cummins’ theory can be applied in the Philippine settings,
among those “shuttling” children/youth, particularly those who experienced
migration between the Philippines and Japan during the school-age, and residing in
the Philippines.
The research among 33 Filipino-Japanese children/youth informs us of thesignificance of: a) the establishment of mother-tongue and its retention after
migration for one’s growth as balanced multi-lingual person; and b) the flexible
adjustment to school system, and c) the various forms of support for theacquisition of the second (and third and more) language/s (in this case Philippine
languages) and the retention of one’s mother tongue (in this case Japanese), and soon.
It argues, based on the notion of “language as resource” (Ruiz 1984), that
implementation of proper measures must be made as it leads to the empowermentof the society, both the Philippines and Japan.
MIDDLE-SIZED ROOM 15:15 – 17:15

PANEL 27 RETHINKINGTWENTIETH CENTURYMINDANAO’STRAJECTORIES

IN

THE

71

Organizer/Chair: Nobutaka Suzuki
University of Tsukuba
Panel Abstract
The panel attempts to rethink Mindanao’s trajectories in the twentieth century byplacing it in a colonial and postcolonial space and time. Mindanao, located in thesouthern Philippines, has never been a part of the self-contained, seamless, andmonolithic Philippine state system. On top of that, it has been shaped and reshaped
within its fluid political sphere, where power relations on the local, regional, andnational levels inevitably generated conflict and tension. Keeping these complexities
in mind, this panel considers the nature of twentieth century Mindanao’s
trajectories from a new perspective. Particularly, the panel demonstrates how suchhistorical entanglements, inherent in the colonial and postcolonial space and time,
influenced the direction of Mindanao’s development.
(1) Enclosing Mobilities: The Incorporation of Sulu into the Colonial Sphere,
1851-1941
Joshua Gedacht
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Abstract
In his seminal work The Sulu Zone, James Warren transformed scholarly
understandings of the nineteenth century Sulu Sultanate. In contrast to the view of
the region as a decrepit and decaying den of piracy, Warren instead re-cast Sulu as amobile kingdom deeply entwined with and connected to global trade networks.
Combing the maritime world of Southeast Asia in nimble prahu ships, Sulu
collected an assortment of valuable products for exchange with British merchants.
In return, the Sulu Sultanate received perhaps the most valuable commodity of all—advanced weaponry. By satisfying the inexhaustible appetites of international
markets, Sulu emerged as a formidable indigenous power.
This symbiosis between international trade and Sulu’s nineteenth century
florescence, in turn, posed unique challenges to would-be colonizers. Embedded in
the global economy and endowed with an impressive arsenal, Sulu would not beeasy to control. How could colonial invaders extricate the region from these wider
networks, while simultaneously inscribing it in bounded colonial spaces? From1851 through 1941, Spanish and American invaders deployed a variety of measures,
including blockades, invasions, customs regulations, and land tenure rules,
designed to do precisely that. Drawing from American, British, Dutch, and Spanish
colonial sources, this paper will examine such campaigns of enclosure. Specifically,
it will argue that despite the fact that these enclosure efforts failed to erase local
forms of mobility, they did render them illicit, and in so doing, played a key role inthe marginalization of Sulu within the emerging Philippine economy and polity.

(2) The Dynamics of Conflict and Natural Resources in Mindanao
Yuri Oki
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
Abstract72This study postulates that escalation of clan feuds pertaining to group competition
over the access to ancestral land and natural resources provide the opportunity for
Muslim rebellions and government forces to intervene the communal violence. As
violence in the community burgeons, inter-clan disputes are interchanged into
insurgency conflict because various modes of assistance –financial, humanresource/private armies, and weaponry- from its ally groups provide opportunity
for clan-feudings to escalate into a full-fledged civil war.
The study examines the role of natural resources on conflict dynamics, and how
clan conflict dynamics contribute to the onset of insurgency violence by taking into
account the ancestral land ownership and natural resource ownership as anintervening factor of the micro-meso violence mechanism in Mindanao. The study
begins by mapping the geographical location of inter-clan and insurgency conflicts,
Muslim ancestral domain, and the location of natural resources (metallic and nonmetallic minerals) using GIS, which helps to examine the role of geography andspace in the conflict literature.
This mapping tool helps unravel the micro-foundations of the Mindanao conflict,and sheds light on the reasoning behind the actors’ engagement to conflict from ageo-political analysis providing further implications on how –and not just whereactors engage in political violence. The study concludes that communal cleavages
pertaining to political rivalry between families and land ownership spillover tolarge-scale conflict by harnessing the social-capital of the clan and kinship familygroups.
(3) Making Mindanao as Christian Territory under the American Colonial
GovernanceNobutaka Suzuki
Abstract
In his book The Contemporary Muslim Movement in the Philippines, Cesar Majul
explained that Americans had promoted Christian Filipino migration to Muslim
areas in Mindanao. He, however, oversimplifies the complex relationship between
the Americans and the Christian Filipinos. Thorough and careful examination of thelegislative process reveals an intriguing fact that the agricultural colony project,which started in Cotabato in 1913, was originally introduced to the Philippine
Legislature as the Philippine Assembly Bill 399 by three Christian Filipino
assemblymen. In addition, the exemplar of establishing the agricultural colony
could already be found in the Assembly Bill 148 of 1910. Does this mean that theagricultural colony project was not only formulated, but was also put into operationby the Christian Filipinos as the principal designers ?
This paper, focusing on the motives and intensions in the drafting of the bills andon growing tensions over Mindanao affairs from 1907 to 1913, considers why they
viewed Mindanao as an integral part of the Philippine nation from the viewpoint of
the Christian Filipino elite. Particularly, it will illustrate to what extent the Assembly,
as a lower house, was involved in policy making concerning Mindanao colonization.
It finally concludes that the introduction of bills related to Mindanao colonization
was meant to affirm Mindanao as Filipino territory, considered self-evident by theFilipino Christian elite on account of their political claim.

73

(4) A Deadly Cocktail? Illicit Drugs, Politics and Violent Conflict in Lanao del Sur
and Maguindanao
Rufa Cagoco-Guiam and Steven Schoofs
Mindanao State University
Abstract
This is an exploratory study on illegal drugs and its connections with violent
conflict and politics in two provinces in the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM). Findings of the study indicate that the various connections
between the illicit drug market, the state, and violence, are far more intricate andcomplicated in the context of armed conflict, such as that existing in the ARMM.
The presence of armed groups and militias in Muslim Mindanao and the long
lasting nature of the armed conflict in the region warrant a closer look at thepotential role of the illicit drug trade in sustaining the rebellion in it. Economic
agendas represent a critical analytical connection between rebel groups and illicit
drug markets. Moreover, shifts in the ideological motivations and economic
behavior of rebels can lead to criminalization of the war economy, thus
complicating efforts to resolve the conflict. The fragility of state institutions isanother crucial element that needs to be factored in the analysis of the drug
economy. Weak governance and ineffective law enforcement, as a result of armed
conflict, constitute an “enabling environment” for the illicit drug market. On theother hand, actors within an entrenched drug economy can actively seek toincapacitate state institutions to avoid disruption of their illicit activities. These
include bribery and activities associated with targeted corruption, bringing about
the formation of state protection rackets from among regional and local law
enforcement agents who are part of the incentive structure of the profitable illegal
drug trade. Consequently the level of violence among those involved in the drug
economy, from the lowly street peddlers to the local chief executives believed to be“drug lords” is relatively low. In this sense, the drug economy may have a negative
impact on state building processes in the ARMM. Finally, the dynamics of drugrelated violence, however minimal, can be accounted for by analyzing the nature of
the relation between the state and criminal organizations.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 1 15:15 – 17:15

PANEL 28 DISCREPANT DISCOURSES ON PHILIPPINE MODERNITIES:AUTHORSHIP, ARTICULATIONS, AND ALLIANCES
Organizer: Third World Studies Center
University of the Philippines Diliman
Panel Abstract
In the arbitrary constitution of societies into a nation-state via imperial and colonial
fiat, modernity has arrived in the Philippines. This modernity by conquest would
soon be reworked into plural operations of power as different articulators of theknowledge about the Philippines--the state actors, the elite, the pedigreed (and
often comprador intelligentsia per Constantino), the (armed) social movements thatprivileges the masses--have latched on to different discourses to put forward an
ideological and intellectual vision of modernness, not of modernity per se, but a74semblance of it. By modernity we mean the programmatic deployment of change
towards certain teleological goals exemplified by a democratic society, a marketbased economy, and a secular nation-state that exacts allegiance from its citizens.
In the Philippines, these modernist goals have been attempted with varying degrees
of successful approximation. This panel thus looks at the different fields ofmodernist iteration in the Philippines: 1) the invention of the author and authorshipin the Spanish colonial period and how this was then rearticulated into theemerging nationalist project in the nineteenth century Philippines; 2) thearticulations of conspiracies and alliances of social and political movements thatare supposed to fulfill certain democratic functions for the nation-state; 3) the
discourses on risk productive of a biopolitics shaped by the market and the state;
and 4) the filmic representation of these modernist contradictions. The insights aremaybe from different fields and periods, yet they are all gestures towards anunderstanding of the discrepant discourses on Philippine modernities.
(1) What is the Filipino Literary Author? Spanish Intellectual Property Law andthe Emergence of Romantic Authorship in the Philippines, 1838-1891
Miguel Paolo P. Reyes
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
Why did it became conventional only in the late nineteenth century (from 1880
onward) for literary writers in the Philippines to identify themselves as authors of
their writings using their real names? Was the extension of Spanish intellectual
property law to the Philippines in 1879 a factor in this shift? This paper serves as apreliminary attempt to answer these questions using a framework based on Michel
Foucault's essay, “What is an Author?”—a seminal work in the theorization of therelationship between intellectual property law and literary authorship. Previous
scholarship directly states or implies that the consciousness of “romantic” literaryauthorship developed among writers from Philippines within the temporal space
between the publication of Francisco Balagtas's Florante at Laura (1838) and Jose
Rizal's two-part magnum opus, Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891).
Through content analysis of the aforementioned texts and correspondences
between their writers and their peers, as well as a preliminary survey of selected
near-comprehensive bibliographies of Philippine publications, this paper willattempt to verify such claims, thereby identifying historical "markers" that tend toshow whether or not the relationship between the introduction of intellectual
property law in the Philippines and the rise of Philippine romantic literary authors
was causal or coincidental. Besides helping to construct a history of authorship in
the Philippines, the paper seeks to show if Spanish laws formally vesting theownership of literary works to their authors in any way influenced the emergence of
unabashed nationalism among literary writers from the Philippines.

(2) Clouds of Conspiracies on Sites of Memory: The 1971 Plaza Miranda Bombing
and the 1987 Mendiola Massacre
Joel F. Ariate Jr.
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract75

Who ordered the August 21, 1971 bombing of Plaza Miranda? Who is to blame forthe 1987 Mendiola Massacre? This paper looks at the intersection between social
memory and the narratives of conspiracies that attempt to explain two of the mostbrazen act of political violence in recent Philippine history. The paper argues thatthese acts of violence and the consequent recollections and remembrances of these
events have contributed to turning places like Mendiola and Plaza Miranda into
“traditional” sites of urban protest in Metro Manila. The narratives of conspiracies
that run through these sites of memory reinforced the network of memories thathave maintained the significance of these places in the collective consciousness. To
test these arguments, the paper looks at the formation of the narratives ofconspiracies primarily within written accounts (recollections, memoirs, media
accounts, and the likes) of the violent events that happened in Mendiola and Plaza
Miranda. These accounts will be analyzed based on how, when, and for what
purpose were they made public and circulated. As important is the understandingof how these narratives were replicated, recomposed, and refunctioned. A morerhizomatic and fragmented ordering of these narratives of conspiracies would
mean a social memory that though contentious, it has the potential for a moresustained articulation of political moods and beliefs as they are embedded inmemories of these violent events.
(3) Toxic Biopolitics: Tracing Risk Discourses in the Philippine Cosmetics
Industry
Elinor May K. Cruz
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
In the Philippines, the cosmetics industry is valorized by the Department of Healthas an industry that adds “new and refreshing dimensions in how we improve [our]health and well-being as well as. . .quality [of] life.” Yet advocacy groups abroad andin the country have recently begun painting an ugly portrait of cosmetics alluding
to their toxic risks. The paradox of increasing supply of natural and organic
cosmetic products and the intensifying debates on their potential toxic risks
warrant a probe of how the Philippine cosmetics industry approaches risk and how
this impacts on those culturally bound to use them—Filipino women. This study
gives a pressing diagnosis by presenting a sociological understanding of risk in thePhilippine cosmetics industry by tracing the creation, maintenance, andtransformation of risk discourses by industry stakeholders from 2000 to thepresent. Through a bimodal discourse analysis, I aim to provide the initial bearingsof unconcealing the systemic crisis of knowledge and legitimation in the Philippine
cosmetics industry—a biopolitics whose ethico-political implications of which arepotentially toxic to its consumers. In an industry where consumers have a personaland intimate relationship with the cosmetic products they use, discursive practices
powerfully materialize as risk. I argue that toxic beauty might be what theneoliberal risk regime needs—its version of the beauty myth. Finally, Filipino
women as bodily bearers of risk—models of toxic beauty— underscore the need forrisk studies in the cosmetics industry.
(4) Cinemalaya and the Filmic Articulation of the “Filipino Experience”
Emerald O. Flaviano
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract

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The Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival started in 2005, with the twingoals of "[encouraging] the creation of new cinematic works by Filipino filmmakers-works that boldly articulate and freely interpret the Filipino experience with fresh
insight and artistic integrity"--and "[invigorating] the Philippine filmmaking by
developing a new breed of Filipino filmmakers." For the most part, Cinemalaya has
succeeded in fulfilling these goals. Though discussions have been lively over theissue of Cinemalaya's role within the local independent filmmaking industry,attention has been sorely lacking as to the purported contest of Cinemalaya films-Cinemalaya films' depiction of a so-called "Filipino experience"--and theimplications to the issue of audience that it entails. It has been taken for granted
that Cinemalaya films (and Filipino independent films in general) typically present a
picture of an impoverished and crime-ridden Filipino society--a presentation that is
supposedly geared toward foreign consumption in international film festivals, if not
for local audiences generally typified as young, educated, and of middle-classbackground. By critically reading select Cinemalaya films and surfacing these filmic
articulations, this paper aims to contribute to this highly divisive, albeit rarely
discussed, issue. The paper will also problematize the role of funding- and awardgiving private institutions like Cinemalaya in the definition of a "national" culturalformation--in this case, Philippine cinema. The involvement of the state, via the
Cultural Center of the Philippines, in Cinemalaya makes the project of examining
Cinemalaya's role in the formation of a purportedly "national" cinema even more
worthy of critical attention.

SMALL-SIZED ROOM 2 15:15 – 17:15

PANEL 29 POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS(1) Compromised Leftism(s): Tension Points in Contemporary Philippine"Democratic Left" Politics
Hansley A. Juliano
Ateneo de Manila University
Abstract
This study is a critique of past narratives and analyses of possibilities forparliamentary Leftist groups in the Philippines, intending to provide acontemporary picture of political parties, social movements and theiralternating/morphing roles into one or the other — and how their political activities
are leaving them to overextend themselves, with counterproductive consequences.
Looking at Akbayan Citizens' Action Party's alliance with the Liberal Party, leading
to its role as "coalition partner" of the administration of President Benigno"Noynoy" Aquino III, exhibits the pitfalls of formalizing coalition networks into a
uniform and standing political party. On the other hand, the persisting
oppositionist politics of movements affiliated to the National Democratic Front(Bayan Muna, Anakbayan and the like), while still kept afloat by historical
undercurrents and attempts to wars-of-position, remain woefully under-equipped,
unfocused and fractured in addressing the changing terrains of governance in lightof increasing liberalization, privatization and the onslaught of global capitalism’s77

creative destruction. The disjointed priorities given by the leaderships of theseparties, their allied movements and their members to the importance oftransformative tactics to address such issues explain their dissonances — and why,
despite their seemingly-stabilized presence in national politics, Philippine leftist
groups' capacity to effect change remains challenged in the context of a
dynamically-evolving status quo of patronage politics in the country to date.
(2) Remembering the Tadhana Project 40 Years After: Towards Rethinking the
Ethics of Doing Philippine Studies, or any Scholarship for that Matter
Rommel Curaming
University of Brunei Darussalam
Abstract
Forty years ago, the infamous Tadhana Project began. As a very ambitious history
writing project directly funded or sponsored by Marcos, it stands in the history ofPhilippine scholarship as probably the most egregious partnership between politics
and scholarship. Scholars who have participated in it have been the object ofincessant, malicious gossips. They were derided and sometimes even openly
castigated for ‘prostituting themselves’ or for ‘selling their souls’ to the devildictator.
As in many other instances where scholars have worked for unpopular politicalleadership such as the Nazis, or the communists, it has been easy to expel those
who took part in the Tadhana Project from the moral community of scholars. They
were called by various names: intellectual prostitutes, academic mercenaries,
scholarly apostates, or tuta ni Macoy—terms that can only emphasize theirsupposed distance from the ideal, the scholar. By commemorating the Tadhana
project four decades since it was conceived, this paper seeks NOT to defend theTadhana scholars, but to identify what we—the scholarly community and thegeneral public—have got to lose by clinging onto the widespread idea that theTadhana scholars have reneged from their supposed ethical obligations and thus
ought to be dismissed as unworthy of being scholars. I argue that this idea,
popular as it is, seems to do more harm than good. Rather than dismissing Tadhana
scholars as morally inept and aberrant, the public interest might be better served bytaking them as exemplars of the day-to-day partnership between the scholarly andthe political. It is in making such partnership so explicit that makes Tadhana
scholars so useful in moral terms; at the same it makes them so despicable fromthe academic-political standpoints. There is a need to re-think the ethics ofscholarly practice.

(3) The Role of Broadcast Media in 1986 and 2001 Philippine People Power
Revolution
Jie Xian
China Radio International78

Abstract
This paper discusses the role of broadcast media in 1986 and 2001 Philippine
People Power Revolution. Radio, particularly Radio Veritas was in the forefront innews breaking, information dissemination as well as inspiring people during the
February 22-25, 1986 revolution which toppled down President Ferdinand Marcos.
January 16, 2001, immediately after the live telecast on the failure of opening an
allegedly important evidence for the impeachment trial against President Joseph
Estrada, people spontaneously walked out to the street for justice, launching thefive-day revolution which expelled the 13th Philippine president.
Using literature and interviews with media practitioners, this paper reveals that thetwo Philippine revolutions indicated how broadcast media coverage helped prompt
political crises to reach their climax where nonviolent popular movements wereseen as the solution. Broadcast media have this function because of their distinctive
features of immediacy and strengths in covering dramatic events and evoking
emotions. The explosion of these two mass movements was the result ofdevelopment of series of events and interaction of various factors. Media alone
couldn’t make it happen.
The 15 years between the two mass movements also witnessed the challenges
media have been encountering since the creation of them. However rapidly media
evolve, their very nature as communication channel and their role in politicalchanges remains the same. The faster telecommunication technologies develop, thedearer media organizations need to hold the fundamental principles and rules ofjournalism. Otherwise, they might encounter pitfalls as shown in the two popular
movements.
(4) Redefining, Reconfiguring: The Emergence of the Contemporary Filipino
Diaspora Intellectual*
Janus Isaac V. Nolasco
University of the Philippines Diliman
Abstract
From E. San Juan and Vicente Rafael to Patricio Abinales and Nathan Quimpo, theFilipino Diaspora Intellectual (FDI) has figured prominently in and contributed
substantially to theoretical and practical debates on Philippine society. Drawing on
interviews with two** contemporary FDI, exploring their work, and situating it visà-vis the politics of intellectual production, this paper hopes to (1) shed light on
the conditions – political or otherwise – that help explain the emergence, if notprominence, of contemporary FDI in Philippine political and intellectual discourse;(2) discuss how and why their work has engaged with key concepts, issues, andactors affecting Philippine society; (3) and inquire whether and to what extent theirstatus, education, and living conditions abroad as diaspora intellectuals shape theiranalysis of Philippine society. Using theories on and case studies of the politics ofintellectual production, the paper specifically asks whether and to what extent
these scholars’ position grants them a unique, privileged or even hegemonic
perspective vis-à-vis other players in Philippine political and theoretical discourse.
Few studies, if any at all, discuss Filipino Diaspora Intellectuals as a group or class.
This study hopes to help fill in the gap. And by collectively positing FDIs as a unitof analysis, the paper envisions them as a significant force in Philippine politics.
Having projected them thus, the study aims to open further, more refined inquiries
into their current and future roles in Philippine political and intellectual life.
79

*The study defines Filipino Diaspora Intellectuals as scholars, activists, and/or
practitioners who acquired higher (MA and/or PhD) education and live, work,
and/or teach outside the Philippines. The nuances, rationales, and limitations of
this definition will be fleshed out or even altered during the course of the study.
** The number of interviews could be more depending on funding, schedules, etc.
(5) Multiple Privatizations: The
Partnerships in the Philippines
Deborah Cheng
University of California Los Angeles

UnevenGeographyof

Public-Private

Abstract
The Philippine state is currently experimenting with an unprecedented level of
public-privatepartnerships, turning to the private sector for the development of key
infrastructure and basicservices. Such investments, the state argues, will help
sustain economic growth, while concomitantly addressing issues of poverty andinequality. For example, the privatization of Manila’s water supply has largely been
deemed a success, capable of expanding services throughout the metropolitan
region while steadily generating profits. This is despite lingering disparities in water
service, particularly in low-income areas where insecure land tenure andnonpayment are issues of concern. Nevertheless, such projects have been labeled“win-win” and have served as the impetus for the neoliberal turn toward increased
private sector participation.
This paper argues that rather than considering one type of privatization – whereservice and access are uniformly provided – we must rethink the ways in which
there may be multiple, coexisting, and differentiated forms of privatization.
Whereas the majority of Metro Manila has benefited from post-privatization
improvements to the centralized water system, there remain ongoing sites ofdifferentiation and contestation. Considering the coexistence of multiple
privatizations allows for a more nuanced understanding of processes of unevendevelopment, allowing us to better examine the ways in which public-private
partnerships can benefit some, while marginalizing others. In so doing, it enables
us to analyze the ways in which shifts in governance alter existing geographies ofpower, and to formulate policy that can better address remaining inequalities.

Tonan Tei 15:15 – 17:15

PANEL 30 FILIPINO-JAPANESE CROSS-CULTURAL FAMILIES IN JAPAN80

Chair
Masaaki Satake
Nagoya Gakuin University
Panel Abstract
This panel aims to present the multiple dimensions of cross-cultural families—i.e.
those between Filipino and Japanese. For more than two decades, cross-cultural
marriages between Filipinos and Japanese have increased in Japan. Thesematrimonies are gendered as overwhelming majority—i.e. more than 90 percent are
between Filipino women and Japanese men. This led to the predominance of female
population that constitutes almost three-fourth of Filipino migrants in Japan. The
biggest numbers belong to the cohorts of late thirties and forties. They are those
who married in their 20s in the 1980s to the 1990s, and now settled in theirrespective community with their children.
The experiences of intermarried couples reveal the challenges as well as therealization of their aspirations for their families. Studies on Filipino-Japanesechildren also disclose another dimension in cross-cultural families.
Altogether, the discussion would cover diasporic experiences of marriage emigrants,
spousal relations, parent-child relations, and identity as well as sentiment ofJapanese-Filipino children.
(1) Re-orienting the Virgin’s Home: Gender, Family, and Filipino Women’s
Migration to Japan
Nobue Suzuki
Chiba University
Abstract
Although the fervor of cross-border marriages in East Asia in general has waned inrecent years, it is still important to establish a solid and broader understanding of
reasons for the formation of such unions beyond the common way of conceiving
them. Much of the literature has not fully placed these liaisons and JapaneseFilipina marriages in particular in global forces greater than those seen in the space
between the Philippines and Japan. Moreover, few have discussed the women’s
experiences other than poverty and (domestic) violence. In contradistinction to theexisting work, this presentation situates Filipino women’s subjectivities towards
and desires for marriages to Japanese men during the past 30 years in the contexts
of post-colonial global capitalism and of pre- departure experiences of gender andsexual oppressions in their homeland. My intention of doing this is twofold: One isto lay out a broader picture of cross-border marriages in concern; and the other isthat drawing such a picture helps us gain insights into its ramifications andemerging intimate entanglements in recent years of the women’s children’s
reunification with their mothers which is happening in the wake of the women’s
settlement and aging in Japan.
(2) In a Quest for Dignity: the Experience of Some Japanese Filipino Children in
Japanese Society
Taichi Uchio
University of Tokyo
Abstract81

In the era of global circulation, the diversification seen in Japan is not merely theincrease in the number of foreign residents, but also the increase in the number ofchildren born in international marriages between Japanese and non-Japanesenationals. Japanese Filipino Children (JFC) have been chosen as the example for thispaper, which aims to discuss the micro-level politics of difference andrepresentation concerning JFC in Japanese society where specific negative
stereotypes of Filipinos have prevailed. JFC seem to learn from experience that theJapanese ethnic majority tends to have prejudice towards them, which stems fromtheir roots in the Philippines. Therefore, they attempt to imagine and create a
different and favorable impression on those who have prejudice by making use of
their multiple cultural backgrounds that they inherit as a result of displacement. As
part of their identity, some JFC make use of western features of the Philippines.
They are proud of their own or their mother’s European origins and command of
English that derive from the Spanish and American colonial periods of thePhilippines. In this case, these colonial heritages are taken out of the historicalcontext of domination and used for a different function. At their core, these actions
are aimed for what this study calls “dignity”; a sense of their own importance andvalue that they believe. Beyond time and space, JFC can be seen as making use of
their heritage as a resource in the micro-politics of difference and representation incontemporary Japan.
(3) Shuttling between Two Countries and Searching for a Family: Experience ofTransnational Japanese-Filipinos
Megumi Hara
Osaka University
Abstract
It is estimated that approximately 200,000 children were born out of Japanese andFilipino unions since the 1980s. Also, there are nearly 45,000 Japanese-Filipino
descendants of pre-WWII Japanese migrants to the Philippines. Since the 1990s, asJapanese policy has slightly augmented the boundary of “Japanese” (e.g.
Immigration Control Act 1990, Nationality Law 2009) and as the Philippines came torecognize the dual citizenship in 2003, more people who have Japanese linage andtheir family members have migrated from the Philippines to Japan. Moreover, due
to the increase in number of Filipino-Japanese intermarriages, adopting the Filipino
wife’s child from the Philippines is a common practice for family reunification.
Resultantly, an increasing number of minors have frequently migrated between
Japan and the Philippines in recent years, which is referred as “shuttling migration.”
This paper focuses on children/youth’s adjustment to their family as a result offamily reunification and the consequences of shuttling migration during theirchildhood from the narratives of 15 informants aged 15-28. This paper argues: 1)
they have conflicting emotions prior to their migration to Japan between excitement
for family reunion and loneliness to leave their family members who raised them in
the Philippines, thus whether children are convinced to migrate or not is crucial
when the adjustment period comes; 2) their transnational struggle inside home areoften consequence of the difference between their ideal family, especially their
Filipino mothers and their reality; and 3) subsequently, children move back to thePhilippines or back and forth between two countries due to lack of adjustment tofamily members, incompatibility in other cultural and structural factors or parents’financial situation.

82

(4) A Quarter Century Later: Enduring Love in the Hamlet of Higashi Iya
Masaaki Satake
Abstract
More than a quarter century has passed since six couples, i.e., Japanese men
Filipino women were married in a mountain village of Higashi Iya, Tokushima, inwestern Japan in 1987. The nuptials were arranged by the local municipal office incoordination with a marriage broker, and realized through a matching party in thePhilippines. They copied the initiatives of local governments in northern Japan
which had similarly arranged the matrimonies between the local farmers andFilipino women in the mid-1980s. These “international marriages” in the ruralcommunities were countermeasures to the shortage of brides and communal
depopulations. These countryside cross-cultural marriages spurred the incrementof intermarriages in the country.
Some of the couples divorced leading to the departure of Filipina divorcees from
Higashi Iya. Others have remained. And new Filipina-Japanese couples were born inthe years that followed.
This paper focuses on the cross-cultural family relations among the FilipinaJapanese couples in the geographically isolated community. It explicates the
background of their liaison, i.e. the local government initiated marriages, and theprocess of how the couples have endured the marital up-and-downs. The paper also
explores the spousal and parental-offspring relations, which have been deeply
affected by the socio-economic, geographical and demographical condition they aresituated.

Closing Keynote Address
LARGE ROOM 17:15 – 18:00

The Mirage of the Post-National
Resil Mojares

Keynote Abstract
If we are to imagine the history of scholarship in terms of phases, shifts, and turns,
the beginning of the twenty-first century in the Philippines marks a transition that,while lacking in definition, can be more immediately grasped in generational terms.
Here I would like to reflect on the work of the generation of scholars (particularly inthe humanities and the social sciences) who first emerged at the close of the 1960s
and in the three decades that followed became one of the most productive andvibrant generations in the country’s intellectual history. Placing this generation inhistorical context – what it inherited and built on, what it aspired to achieve, what
the opportunities and constraints were – I shall consider (if provisionally) what has
been gained or left unfulfilled, and what the implications are for new directions in
Philippine Studies and for a new generation of scholars.

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