Additional information on calculating the emission factors of Indonesia for the JCM

In order to secure net emission reductions in the methodology, the following emission factors will be applied
depending on the regional grid to which a proposed project activity will connect in Indonesia:·Table 1 summarises the emission factors to be applied for renewable energy system(s) in a proposed
project activity which is directly connected, or connected via an internal grid not connecting to either an
isolated grid or a captive power generator, to a national/regional grid (Case 1).

·Table 1 also summarises the emission factors to be applied for renewable energy system(s) in a proposed
project activity which is connected to an internal grid connecting to both a national/regional grid and an
isolated grid and/or a captive power generator (Case 2).

Table 1 Grid emission factor Case 1 and Case 2Emission factor forEmission factor for
National/regional grid nameCase 1 (tCO2/MWh)
Case 2 (tCO2/MWh)Jamali
0.616
0.533
Sumatra
0.477
0.477
Batam
0.664
0.533
Tanjung Pinang, Tanjung Balai Karimun,
0.5550.533
Tanjung Batu, Kelong, Ladan, Letung, Midai,P Buru, Ranai, Sedanau, Serasan, Tarempa
Bangka, Belitung, S Nasik, Seliu
0.553
0.533
Khatulistiwa,
0.532
0.532
Barito0.666
0.533
Mahakam
0.527
0.527
Tarakan0.493
0.493
Sulutgo
0.325
0.325
Sulselbar
0.320
0.320
Kendari, Bau Bau, Kolaka, Lambuya, Wangi
0.593
0.533
Wangi, RahaPalu Parigi
0.517
0.517
Lombok, Bima, Sumbawa
0.561
0.533
Kupang. Ende, Maumere, Waingapu
0.507
0.507
Ambon, Tual, Namlea
0.5330.533
Tobelo, Ternate Tidore
0.532
0.532
Jayapura, Timika, Genyem
0.523
0.523
Sorong0.525
0.525·An emission factor of 0.533 tCO2/MWh is applied, for renewable energy system (s) in a proposed
project activity which is connected to an internal grid only connecting to an isolated grid and/or a captivepower generator (Case 3).

1

Background information and emission factors calculation methods

1. Current status of electric power source mix in Indonesia
There are five major islands in Indonesia: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, and 48 electricity
interconnection systems or grids as shown in Figure 1, which cover 34 provinces as shown in Table 2.

1 Jamali

13 Sedanau

25 Sulselbar

37 Ende2 Sumatera

14 Serasan

26 Kendari

38 Maumere

3 Batam

15 Tarempa

27 Bau Bau

39 Waingapu

4 Tanjung Pinang

16 Bangka

28 Kolaka

40 Ambon5 Tanjung Balai Karimun

17 Belitung

29 Lambuya

41 Tual

6 Tanjung Batu

18 S Nasik

30 Wangi Wangi

42 Namlea

7 Kelong

19 Seliu

31 Raha

43 Tobelo

8 Ladan

20 Khatulistiwa

32 Palu Parigi

44 Ternate Tidore

9 Letung

21 Barito

33 Lombok

45 Jayapura

10 Midai

22 Mahakam

34 Bima46 Timika

11 P Buru

23 Tarakan

35 Sumbawa

47 Genyem

12 Ranai

24 Sulutgo

36 Kupang

48 Sorong

Figure 1. Map of Indonesian grids1

1Approximate figure, based on Executive Summary – Electricity Supply Business Plan PT PLN, 2015­2024

2

Table 2 Interconnection systems and provinces covered
Interconnection System
1. Java-Madura-Bali (Jamali)
2. Sumatra
3. Batam
4. Tanjung Pinang
5. Tanjung Balai Karimun
6. Tanjung Batu
7. Kelong
8. Ladan
9. Letung
10. Midai
11. P Buru
12. Ranai13. Sedanau
14. Serasan
15. Tarempa
16. Bangka
17. Belitung
18. S Nasik
19. Seliu
20. Khatulistiwa
21. Barito
22. Mahakam
23. Tarakan
24. Sulutgo
25. Sulselbar
26. Kendari
27. Bau Bau
28. Kolaka
29. Lambuya
30. Wangi Wangi
31. Raha
32. Palu Parigi
33. Lombok
34. Bima
35. Sumbawa
36. Kupang
37. Ende
38. Maumere
39. Waingapu
40. Ambon
41. Tual
42. Namlea
43. Tobelo
44. Ternate Tidore
45. Jayapura
46. Timika
47. Genyem
48. Sorong

Provinces/area covered
East Java, Central Java, D.I. Yogyakarta, West Java,Banten, D.K.I. Jakarta and Tangerang, BaliAceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau, SouthSumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung
Batam IslandRiau Islands

Bangka-BelitungWest Kalimantan
South and Central Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
North Kalimantan
North Sulawesi and Gorontalo
South and West Sulawesi

Southeast Sulawesi

Central Sulawesi
West Nusa Tenggara

East Nusa Tenggara

MalukuNorth Maluku
Papua
West Papua(Data source: Directorate General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia, 2017)3

There are six types of primary energy used for electricity generation in Indonesia, namely, coal, oil and diesel,
natural gas, hydro, geothermal, and solar power2. The share of electricity generated from 2013 to 2015 byeach type of primary energy is shown in Table 3. The electricity generation from hydro, geothermal, andsolar power plants are deemed as low cost/must run (LCMR) power sources.

Table 3 Electricity generation by primary energy type
Electricity generation by primaryenergy type, PLN only (TWh)20132014

2015

Coal
Oil (HSD, IDO, MFO) and diesel
Natural gas

7530418465
1185716Hydro

1311104.30.01
164

4.3
0.01
175

4.40.01
176

Geothermal
Solar power
Total*There is a difference between the values listed as “Total“ and the summation of each value of “Coal”, “Oil (HSD,IDO, MFO) and diesel”, “Natural gas”, “Hydro”, “Geothermal” and “Solar power” because these values arerounded.
**Electricity generation represents a net amount which is the amount of electricity generated by a power plantthat is transmitted and distributed for consumer use.

When the share of LCMR is less than 50% of the total grid generation, the operation of LCMR resources
would not be affected by a newly installed power plant including a hydro power project3. Therefore, only
electricity from gas-fired, coal-fired, and oil-fired power plant is taken into account for calculating theofficial regional grid emission factor in Indonesia. Based on this assumption, the Government of Indonesia
published emissions factor of each regional grid (Appendix 2).

2. Calculation of emission factors of the national/regional grids

In order to identify the emission factors of the Indonesian regional electricity systems which can secure net
emission reductions, the emission factors in this methodology are established by an operating margin that iscalculated using emission factors of power plants including LCMR resources. In calculating the emission
factors of each fossil fuel power generation, the best heat efficiencies among currently operational plants inIndonesia are applied.

The most efficient coal-fired power plants and gas-fired power plants currently operational in Indonesia areidentified in Table 4 and the best heat efficiencies are determined as 42% and 61%, respectively. With
regard to diesel-fired power plants, the heat efficiency of 49%, an efficiency level which has not been

2

Directorate General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Indonesia (2015) The Book of Electricity
Statistics Number 28-2015.
3 CDM EB (2015) Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system.

4

achieved yet by the world’s leading diesel generator, is applied due to the data limitation4.

Table 4
Type of power plant
Coal-fired UltraSuper Critical(USC)5The best efficiency of fossil fuel power plants in Indonesia
Power plant
ProductCapacityPlant efficiency(LHV)
Lontar Coal-Fired
GT13E2315 MW
42%
Thermal Power Plant,
BantenGas turbine
combined cycle(GTCC)

Jawa-2 Combined
Cycle Power Plant,
Tanjung Priok

Mitsubishi
Hitachi Power
Systems M701F4

880 MW

61%

The emission factor of power generation by each fuel source is calculated from the plant efficiency using
the following equation:
Emission factor of fossil fuel power plant [tCO2/MWh]= (Emission factor of fuel source [kgCO2/TJ]*10-3*0.0036[TJ/MWh] / (Heat efficiency (LHV) [%]/100)
Applying the emission factors of coal, gas and diesel combustion, which are 92,800 kgCO2/TJ, 54,300
kgCO2/TJ and 72,600 kgCO2/TJ, respectively, derived from “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Chapter 2, stationary combustion”, together with the plant efficiency (LHV) of
42% for the coal-fired power plant, 61% for the gas-fired power plant and 49% for diesel-fired power plant,
the conservative emission factors are calculated at 0.795 tCO2/MWh for coal-fired power plants, 0.320
tCO2/MWh for gas-fired power plants and 0.533 tCO2/MWh for diesel-fired power plants.
Using the data of electricity generation including LCMR resources (Appendix 1) and the conservativeemission factors of each power source, operating margins of each national/regional grid are obtained, asfollows:‫ܨܧ‬ோா,௝ =∑௜ ‫ܩܧ‬௜,௝ × ‫ܨܧ‬௜∑௜ ‫ܩܧ‬௜,௝

Where:EFRE,j= The reference emission factor of regional grid j [tCO2/MWh]EFi= Conservative emission factor of power plant type i [tCO2/MWh]

EGi,j= Electricity generated and delivered to the regional grid from power plant type i including

LCMR resources in grid j during 2013-2015 [MWh]As a result, the emission factor of each national/regional grid is calculated and shown in column “Emission
4

The approved JCM methodologies (BD_AM002, CR_AM001, KE_AM002, KH_AM002, MN_AM003, PW_AM001 andMV_AM001, VN_AM007) also applied this value.
5 https://www.toshiba.co.jp/tech/review/2008/09/63_09pdf/a03.pdf

5factor for Case1 (tCO2/MWh)” of Table 1, to be applied for renewable energy system(s) in a proposed project
activity which is directly connected, or connected via an internal grid not connecting to either an isolated
grid or a captive power generator, to a national/regional grid. Those values are lower than the 2015 emission
factors of the respective national/regional grids published by the Government of Indonesia (Appendix 2).
Therefore, net emission reductions will be ensured by applying the emission factors determined above.

3. Calculation of the emission factor of a captive power generator

To determine the emission factor of a captive power generator, which normally uses a diesel generator, in aconservative and simple manner, the heat efficiency of 49%, an efficiency level which has not been achieved
yet by the world’s leading diesel generator, is applied.

The emission factor of diesel power generation is calculated from the heat efficiency using the following
equation:
Emission factor of diesel power plant [tCO2/MWh]= (CO2 emission factor of diesel oil [kgCO2/TJ]*10-3*0.0036[TJ/MWh] / (Heat efficiency (LHV) [%]/100)
Applying the default value of the emission factor of diesel combustion which is 72,600 kgCO2/TJ derivedfrom “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Chapter 2, stationary combustion”,
together with the heat efficiency of 49%, the emission factor of an isolated grid and/or captive power
generator is calculated at 0.533 tCO2/MWh.
4. Selection of the calculated emission factors
In case the renewable energy system(s) in a proposed project activity is directly connected, or connected
via an internal grid not connecting to either an isolated grid or a captive power generator, to anational/regional grid (Case 1), the value of operating margin including LCMR resources, using the best heatefficiency among currently operational plants in Indonesia in calculating emission factors of fossil fuelpower plants, are applied. The emission factors to be applied are shown in column “Emission factor for Case
1 (tCO2/MWh)” of Table 1.
In case that the renewable energy system(s) in a proposed project activity is connected to an internal gridconnecting to both a national/regional grid and an isolated grid and/or a captive power generator (Case 2),
the lower values between “Emission factor for Case 1 (tCO2/MWh)” of Table 1 and the conservativeemission factor of diesel-fired power plant of 0.533 tCO2/MWh are applied. The emission factors to be
applied are shown in column “Emission factor for Case 2 (tCO2/MWh)” of Table 1.
In case that the renewable energy system(s) in a proposed project activity is only connected to an internal
6grid connecting to an isolated grid and/or a captive power generator (Case 3), the emission factor of 0.533
tCO2/MWh is applied.

7

Appendix I

Electric power source mix of each regional grid891011

(Data source: Directorate General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2016)

12Appendix 2No.

Emission factors of grids published by the Government of Indonesia (2015)

Interconnection ofEmission

Electric Power Systems

No.

Interconnection ofEmission

Factor (tCO2/

Electric Power

Factor (tCO2/MWh)

SystemsMWh)

1

Jamali0.903

25

Sulselbar

0.714

2

Sumatera

0.855

26

Kendari

0.903

3

Batam

0.953

27

Bau Bau

0.841

4Tanjung Pinang

0.805

28

Kolaka0.743

5Tanjung Balai Karimun

1.092

29

Lambuya

0.795

6Tanjung Batu

0.734

30

Wangi Wangi

0.755

7

Kelong

0.946

31

Raha

0.733

8

Ladan

0.820

32

Palu Parigi

1.001

9

Letung0.770

33

Lombok

0.793

10

Midai

0.771

34

Bima

0.718

11

P Buru0.988

35

Sumbawa

0.634

12

Ranai

0.718

36

Kupang0.722

13

Sedanau

0.811

37

Ende

0.710

14

Serasan

0.743

38

Maumere0.741

15

Tarempa

0.735

39

Waingapu

0.760

16

Bangka

0.807

40

Ambon

0.769

17

Belitung

0.733

41

Tual

0.712

18

S Nasik

0.800

42

Namlea

0.724

19

Seliu

1.077

43

Tobelo0.73420

Khatulistiwa

0.721

44

Ternate Tidore

0.724

21

Barito1.512

45

Jayapura

0.787

22

Mahakam

0.760

46Timika0.751

23

Tarakan0.625

47

Genyem0.006

24

Sulutgo0.715

48

Sorong

0.779(Data source: Directorate General of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia, 2017)13