Digital Twins for Industrial Applications
DEFINITION, BUSINESS VALUES, DESIGN ASPECTS, STANDARDS AND USE CASESAn Industrial Internet Consortium White Paper
Version 1.0
2020-02-18

Digital Twins for Industrial Applications
This whitepaper provides practical guidance on digital twin, including the definition, benefits,architectures and the necessary building blocks to implement one. We illustrate therelationships between an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) system and its twin with use cases.
We identify:
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the defining characteristics of a digital twin,
relations among digital twins to form composite systems,
the role of digital twins in the lifecycle of entities, considering the scenarios with andwithout digital twins and the business value of digital twin,
digital twin internal design,
followed by a more detailed description of various design decisions,an overview of standards for digital twin, which could be considered in the design ofdigital twins andexample usages of digital twins in various industries.

This whitepaper can be used by business managers seeking effective means to improve theefficiency of the system, system architects of an IIoT system, and other practitioners andtestbed teams by:• identifying and evaluating standards, practices, and characteristics best suited for
addressing digital twins holistically and highlighting gaps where needed and• identifying deployment models and crosscutting functions that address patterns andcharacteristics for digital twin deployment.

IIC DIGITAL TWIN DEFINITION
A digital twin is a formal digital representation of some asset, process or system that captures
attributes and behaviors of that entity suitable for communication, storage, interpretation orprocessing within a certain context.
The digital twin information includes, but is not limited to, combinations of the following
categories:
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physics-based model and data,
analytical models and data,time-series data and historians,
transactional data,
master data,visual models andcomputations.

The icon in Figure 1 captures the multiple facets of a digital twin. It is used throughout the
paper to depict a digital twin.

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Digital Twins for Industrial Applications

Figure 1 The icon of digital twin

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DIGITAL TWINS IN SYSTEMSThe level of abstraction of a digital twin is such that it is sufficient for the requirements of theuse cases for which the digital twin is designed.
A discrete digital twin is a single entity that provides value without needing to be broken down
further. For example, the gearbox or motor for a ball mill in mining can be monitored andreported on at this entity level. Assembling discrete digital twins to create a composite digitaltwin is shown in Figure 2 as a vertical expansion that describes the increase in composition
from a single to many entities.
A composite digital twin is a combination of discrete digital twins that represent an entity
comprising multiple individual components or parts. The composition may take place at
different levels. For example, a production cell is a composite entity, whose digital twin
consists of the digital twins of the devices within the production cell. An entire plant is asystem, whose digital twin consists of several others composite digital twins.

Figure 2 Creation of a composite digital twin

As depicted in Figure 3, the relationship between digital twins in a composition may be:
Hierarchical: Just like their real-world counterparts, a set of component digital twins can beassembled into an equipment digital twin, a set of equipment digital twins can be assembled
into a production line digital twin, a set of production line digital twins can be assembled intoa factory digital twin and so on.
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Associational: There are associations between digital twins, just like their real-world
counterparts. A gas pipeline digital twin is associated with its gas production and consumption
equipment digital twins.
Peer-to-peer: The peer-to-peer relationship is observed in a group of equipment of same orsimilar types, which perform the same or similar functions. The total effect of all theequipment is the simple sum of the effect produced by each piece of equipment. For example,
in a wind farm, a group of wind turbine engines forming the composite digital twin of the windturbine.

Figure 3 Relationship between digital twins in a composition

DIGITAL TWIN IN ENTITY LIFECYCLE
As depicted in Figure 4, the information about an entity is usually scattered across multiple
information sources, which are developed and maintained by different organizations. This
leads to broken information flow across the lifecycle of the entity because these information
sources may not exchange information properly. Some information may be duplicated orinconsistent and some information may be missing. As a result, significant time is required tofind the relevant information, convert it to a suitable format and realize the semantic
relationships therein. Moreover, this may lead to conflicting operational intelligence and canresult in poor decision-making. In addition, information silos hinder adoption of advanced
techniques such as advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, which require accessing large
amount of information.

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Digital Twins for Industrial Applications

Figure 4 Operations without a digital twin

Figure 5 shows how digital twins help to tackle the information silo problem. A digital twin
serves as a proxy that collects data centrally for every entity and then makes that information
available to different areas of the business for their specific applications through integrationinterfaces, such as Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). This improves decision-making
through a shared understanding of operational status and reduces the overall lifecycle cost ofoperating and maintaining a plant.

Figure 5 Operations with a digital twin

Figure 6 shows an example of how digital twins evolve during the lifecycle of an entity, beyond
the boundaries of an organization. In manufacturing systems, a manufacturer can add new
product types to the type catalogue. The customer decides on the product types she would
like to purchase from the catalogue and then places an order. The product is manufactured
and shipped to the customer. Meanwhile, the customer may adopt various engineering andvirtual commissioning tools to engineer the product, identify its parameters and interactions
with other products in the plant. When the real product is received by the customer, it is-5-

Digital Twins for Industrial Applications
installed in the plant, commissioned and brought into operation. During the operation phase,various maintenance services may be applied to the product. The maintenance information
may be used by the customer to adjust its future selection of products. The manufacturer may
be informed of the detected issues in the product and the manufacturer may consider this
input to increase the quality of its product.

Figure 6 Digital Twin reduces information silos

The simple example above shows a flow of information across the boundary between the
manufacturer and customer. Today this flow is largely broken. For example, within one
company there might be multiple tools for selecting, engineering and virtual commissioningthat are not well-connected to each other and cannot exchange information with each other.
The operational information of the product may be maintained in the firmware of the product;
the maintenance information is kept in dedicated databases and is disconnected from theselection phase. Even if there is contractual agreement to send part of operational andmaintenance information to manufacturers, this information is scattered in databases and the
product firmware and we cannot easily aggregate this information in an economic, accurate
and timely manner.
The digital twin of an entity is a means of, and is the single interface to, accessing its lifecycle
information. Digital twins can be defined for any entity of interest for an organization. In our
example, the manufacturer may define digital twins for the product type, by including all
relevant information such as market analysis, computer-aided design drawings,
documentations and performance information received from the customer. They may also
define a digital twin for their product and keep production and maintenance information
received from the customer in that digital twin. This provides the manufacturer with a single
interface to access all the product and product type information, and may be of value tomultiple companies. There may be separate digital twins for a single entity because thecontext is different and the information is used in different ways.
There are also semantic relationships between the digital twins of various entities, just as
there are in the real world. Failure to establish these would leave the uncommunicating digitaltwin an information silo to itself. Since the information comes from different sources, at-6-

Digital Twins for Industrial Applications
different times and in different formats, establishing such relations automatically is one ofmajor challenges in designing digital twins.
By offering a single entry-point to access the lifecycle information of entities, and by
maintaining relations among the information within one digital twin and across multiple digital
twins, various business advantages can be achieved. For example:
Digital twins can serve as the foundation for advanced analytics and artificial intelligence
applications to consume and enrich digital twin content. Alternatively, advanced analytics andAI applications can be part of a digital twin, making it an intelligent and self-contained entity.
It is not always possible to measure every crucial physical parameter of interest. Digital twins
can be used to develop high-fidelity soft-sensors or virtual sensors through physics-basedmodels incorporated into the digital twin and serve as a proxy for the physical measurements.
It may be necessary to undertake advanced analytics and simulation, using the digital twin, ofthe underlying process to predict future behavior.
Measurements received from sensors reporting operational parameters of an asset are notalways accurate due to failure or drift in sensor performance. When anomalies arise due to afaulty sensor and not due to any underlying operational malfunction in the physical asset,
alarms need not be issued and unnecessary shutdowns avoided. Physics-based models andthe digital twin representing the asset can be used to reconcile the data to enhancemeasurement quality and ensure that measurements received are indeed genuine. For
example, in the digital twin of a power plant, a simple mass-heat balance in a circuit can help
reconcile data and also detect possible sensor failures.
Digital twins ease collaborative engineering through all lifecycle phases. This reduces the timespent on finding, exporting and importing information into tools required for any lifecycle task.
Digital twins can resolve operational or maintenance issues that would otherwise result in
expensive downtime.
Digital twins increase quality since many errors in production are caused by relying on wrong
or outdated information.
Digital twins can be made available to anyone, anyplace and at any time. Sharing expertisearound the world allows for 24/7 service and fast reaction time while maximizing expert use.
In case an implementation needs on-site operation, a local engineer can be mobilized andremote experts can provide support.
Digital twins therefore provide a systematic methodology, technology and tools to represent
complex physical and logical environments and enabling effective monitoring, diagnosing,predicting and prescribing action of physical and logical entities.

DESIGN OF DIGITAL TWIN
To represent objects in the real world dynamically, digital twin instances should be connectedto their respective real-world twin, sometimes in real time, to collect and organize data fromthe corresponding real-world objects. The digital twin should enable computational and-7-Digital Twins for Industrial Applications
analytic models to analyze these data to describe, diagnose, predict and simulate the states
and behaviors of the real-world objects and systems. The insights obtained from such analysis
can be combined with business logic and objectives to prescribe actions to optimize theproduction processes. To achieve that, the design of digital twin must include service
interfaces for intelligent industrial applications to access the data and analytic results.
As Figure 7 shows, a digital twin comprises data and computational models (hereafter just“models”) and service interfaces just like an object in an object-oriented programing language
has member data, methods and interfaces.

Figure 7 The constituents of a digital twin

Data: a digital twin should contain data about its real-world twin that are required by themodels to represent and understand the states and behaviors of the real-world twin. In manycases, it may consist of data in the full lifecycle of the real-world object, in the case of
equipment, data during the design phase (specifications, design models, production process
and engineering data), production phase (data about worker, production equipment, material
and parts, production methods and quality assurance data), operation phase (data about
installation and configuration, real-time and historical state and status as well as maintenancerecords) and even end-of-life procedural data. It may also contain business data such astransaction records.
Models: A digital twin should contain computational or analytic models that are required todescribe, understand and predict the twins’ operational states and behaviors, and models thatare used to prescribe actions based on business logic and objectives about the corresponding
real-world object. These models may include models based on physics or chemistry,engineering or simulation models, data models based on statistics, machine learning andArtificial Intelligence (AI). It may also include 3-D models and augmented reality models foraiding human understanding of the operational states or behaviors of real-world objects.
Service (interface): a digital twin should contain a set of service interfaces for industrial
applications or other digital twins to access its data and invoke its capabilities.

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Though the form and content of real-world objects vary a great deal, there should be highlevel invariant constructs with some common data attributes and models within each digitaltwin, so that they can be accessed and invoked via a common approach.
As shown in Figure 8, we can construct digital twins according to the types of their respective
real-world counterparts. The instances are created based on their types’ templates, according
to the configuration of its environment. Similarly, we may establish logical relations between
instances according to their types.

Figure 8 Digital Twins bridge the Design and Applications

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF DIGITAL TWIN
Figure 9 shows some technical aspects of a digital twin; each of which are explained below.

Figure 9 Technical aspects of digital twins-9-Digital Twins for Industrial Applications
Information modelling: The core element of digital twin is information, which is related todifferent lifecycle phases of the underlying entity. Various key decisions must be taken in thisregard. Examples are:
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a meta-model for digital twins describing the required internal models for use cases,
mechanisms to structure and modularize the content of digital twins and to extend thecontent when new kinds of information become available over the entity’s lifecycle,
standards that must be adopted to define the structure and content of digital twins sothat cross-company information exchange is facilitated,mechanisms to map existing information to such standards
mechanisms to model relations among the information within one digital twin andmeans to model various kinds of digital twin assemblies.

Information population: Information for digital twins originate from various sources. Somemay be maintained inside the digital twins. For example, if an advanced analytics application
uses a digital twin content as its input, the application may only store the results of the analysis
into the digital twin itself. Various key decisions must be taken regarding the information
population from information sources into digital twins, such as mechanisms to:••••populate information from various sources such as devices, applications, databases orother digital twins,
copy the information into digital twins, or to reference the information from digital
twins, or a combination of these on demand,cache the information andpopulate online and offline information (such as for online monitoring of real-world
entities or in offline simulation tests).

Information synchronization: The considerations here are:••••means to synchronize information between a digital twin and the relevant information
sources in both directions from information source to digital twin and vice versa,
mechanisms to synchronize information among multiple digital twins taking part invarious composition forms,
policies (such as security and synchronization frequency) to perform informationsynchronization andstandards and means to ensure interoperability of digital twins and their information
sources to facilitate information synchronization.

APIs: Digital twins interact with other components. To facilitate the interactions, various APIs
must be in place. We need APIs:•••

that are suitable for different kinds of applications (such as real-time simulation
applications, analytics applications and artificial intelligent applications) that consume
and populate digital twin content,
for interacting with other digital twins possibly across vendors,
for interacting with the corresponding underlying entity to facilitate informationcollection from and control of the entity and- 10 -

Digital Twins for Industrial Applications•

for interacting with other information sources to enrich and synchronize the content
of digital twins.

Various key decisions must be taken regarding the information access APIs, such as:
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mechanisms for offline information access (such as the form of files in different
formats),mechanisms for online information access (such as in form of RESTful APIs),
mechanisms for exchanging information in bulk or stream,
APIs for interacting at the levels of cloud, edge and device (such as cloud-to-cloud,device-to-cloud and cloud-to-device) andstandards for APIs to facilitate interoperability across vendors.

Connectivity is the key enabler for interactions with and among digital twins. Various key
decisions must be taken regarding connectivity. Examples are:••••mechanisms for uniquely identifying a digital twin and its underlying entity to establish
connection among them,mechanisms for automatically discovering the underlying entity in network to establish
the connection to its digital twin,
mechanisms to discover other digital twins to establish connectivity among them andconnectivity standards to facilitate interoperability across vendors.

Deployment: Digital twins can be deployed on a spectrum from the edge to the cloud, basedon the requirements of the application. The decision is typically based on factors such as:••••

latency and response time requirements,
interoperability and integration with other systems,
control requirements andcomplexity and power requirements of analytics.

To deploy digital twins, we need mechanisms to:•••

deploy the content of a digital twin in locations such as IoT device, edge and cloud,discover individual digital twins distributed on different locations to form composite
digital twins andsupport polymorphic digital twins, meaning that a digital twin can be deployed indifferent forms at different deployment locations.

As shown in Figure 10, one instance must be regarded as the master working copy with its
master models, master data and its associated definitions stored and managed in a
repository. The other instances can be tailored for different applications, for example,
offline instances for simulation purpose and online instances for remote monitoring. In
the latter case, the information will be updated from its real-world counterpart to reflect
the truth of the real-world (“ground truth”). Sometimes the digital twin can be deployedadjacent to the real-world counterpart to perform on-location monitoring or analysis of
the real-world counterpart asset to provide (near-)real-time feedback to optimize theoperation of the asset.
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Digital Twins for Industrial Applications

Figure 10 Deployment Model of Digital Twins

Security: The interactions of digital twins with different entities have different security
considerations. Various key decisions must be taken regarding deployment of digital twins.
Examples are:
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mechanisms to secure access to the content of one digital twin, for example via rolebased access control,mechanisms to secure access to the individual digital twins coming from different
vendors constituting composite digital twins,
mechanisms to secure the interactions to the underlying entity via its digital twin,
methods of ensuring the authenticity of information, models and other metadata suchas the identities of other parties and their cryptographic keys and their access rights
and privileges,
methods for secure deployment of digital twins and ensuring that correct, untampered
versions of software are executing to enhance the trustworthiness of the solution that
may help protect the intellectual property of certain types of digital twins andmethods, where relevant, to aid in the resolution of disputes should it be required toestablish the provenance or timing of any information.

Interoperability is “the ability for two or more systems or applications to exchange informationand to mutually use the information that has been exchanged”. International standards ormutually-agreed communication protocols are needed to define syntax of information,
semantics of information, expected behavior and information exchange policies so as toachieve interoperability. 1 Various key decisions must be taken regarding the interoperability
aspects of digital twins. Examples are:1

ISO/IEC Organization. 2019. ISO/IEC 21823-1 Internet of things (IoT)– Interoperability for iot systems – Part 1:
Framework.

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Digital Twins for Industrial Applications••••

mechanisms and standards to ensure the interoperability of multiple digital twins witheach other,mechanisms and standards to ensure the interoperability of various applications withdigital twins,
mechanisms and standards to ensure the interoperability of digital twins with theirunderlying entities andmechanisms and standards to ensure the interoperability of digital twins with
underlying information sources.

STANDARDS AND FRAMEWORKS
There are various activities regarding standardization of digital twins, even if not directly
termed as “Digital Twin”. IEC 62832 is a well-established standard, which defines a digital
factory framework with the representation of digital factory assets in its center, although it is
not called digital twin. ISO/IEC JTC1 provided a technology trend report by its joint advisorygroup on Emerging Technology and Innovation (JETI). In the report, “Digital Twin” wasidentified as the number one area needing in-depth analysis, where JETI is also looking at how
cooperation with the open source community can be established. 2
In 2019, the ISO/TC 184 Advisory Group noted that there is no “standard-based foundation
within ISO for the data architecture of the ‘Digital Twin’”. 3 As a result, a group has been
formed to study the formalization of the digital twins. In addition, in 2019, the IEEE Standards
Association, initiated a project IEEE P2806 that aims to define the system architecture ofdigital representation for physical objects in factory environments. A similar approach is taken
by Digital Twin Manufacturing Framework ISO/AWI 23247 within ISO TC 184/SC4/WG15. This
framework enables plug and play for twin elements, focusing mainly on the interfaces andfunctions of digital twins.
The German Plattform Industrie 4.0 launched Asset Administration Shell 4 as theimplementation of the digital twin for smart manufacturing, IEC PAS 63088. This wasdeepened by partnerships between France, Italy and Germany. 5
ISO TS 18101-1 “provides requirements, specifications and guidance for an architecture of a
supplier-neutral industrial digital ecosystem” with focus on oil and gas interoperability. In thiscontext a digital twin is defined as “digital asset on which services can be performed thatprovide value to an organization”. Digital assets are not considered to be necessarily physical.

https://jtc1info.org/technology/jeti/
ISO/TC 184/SC 1 N417. Ad Hoc Group: Data Architecture of the Digital Twin. 2019-06-25.
4Details of the Administration Shell. Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). ZVEI & Plattform
Indutrie 4.0. Online: https://www.plattform-i40.de/PI40/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/Publikation/Details-of-theAsset-Administration-Shell-Part1.html
5Structure of the Administration Shell. Trilateral Perspectives from France, Italy and Germany. Ministry of
Economy and Finances & Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). Alliance Industrie du Futur,
Piano Industria 4.0 & Plattform Industrie 4.0. Online: https://www.plattformi40.de/I40/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/Publikation/hm-2018-trilaterale-coop.html
2
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Digital Twins for Industrial Applications
Open source activities are also coming more and more into focus. In the Eclipse BaSyx project 6,
the first software development kits (SDK), viewers and editors for developing digital twins all
conforming to the specification of Asset Administration Shell are offered. As part of Eclipse
IoT 7 Eclipse Ditto combined with Eclipse Vorto offer a generic digital twin framework.
Besides the classical standards development organizations (SDOs) like the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC), other consortia in the context of IoT such as the W3C Web of Things (WOT) work on
specifications of digital representation of things.

DIGITAL TWIN IN PRACTICE
A large number of digital twin examples are proposed by different companies and researchers.
This section lists a few examples from various domains.

DIGITAL TWIN IN MANUFACTURING
A commercial aircraft comprises several supplier parts such as engines, landing gear, andavionics. As a result, the digital twin of an aircraft is a composite of twins of these parts. The
airlines are the operators who usually buy or lease the aircraft from the company responsible
for the full aircraft. As a result, the digital twin of the aircraft, at the time of delivery, would
be the responsibility of the aircraft manufacturer. The manufacturer in turn would rely on
twins of major parts like engines on the engine OEM. These twins should be able tointeroperate, on single or interoperable platform(s). Over time, these twins have to be
maintained for as operated and as maintained status.
As for the business value, the digital twin of an aircraft helps with predictive maintenance,
operating efficiencies (such as fuel efficiency) and coming up with asset maintenancestrategies. Considering that the life of an aircraft is often multiple decades and cost of
maintenance over its lifetime may exceed the original cost of the aircraft, these are crucial
gains of having digital twins in place.

DIGITAL TWIN IN ENERGY AND UTILITIESIn the pelletization process, effective control of furnace equipment and plant is necessary toachieve a high level of furnace productivity, energy efficiency and meet quality specifications.
As Figure 11 shows, the digital twin for a pelletization furnace works in tandem with the plant
distributed control system. This digital twin is then employed to optimize the operation
continuously in real-time by suggesting optimum set points to the operator. The digital twincomprises data and information preprocessing, equipment behavior simulation model (bothdata-based and physics-based) and self-learning modules and decisions (that optimize the
Details of the Administration Shell. Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). ZVEI & Plattform
Indutrie 4.0. Online: https://www.plattform-i40.de/I40/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/Publikation/2018-details-ofthe-asset-administration-shell.html
67

https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/iot- 14 -

Digital Twins for Industrial Applications
inputs considering process, quality, safety and environmental constraints). The digital twin
uses both data-based developed from 7,000+ sensors and physics-based soft sensors to
predict unknown flow rate, temperature and composition of recycled gases.
Digital twins for steel manufacturing plant will include:
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equipment level digital twin that control each equipment,
sub-blocks that will enable building equipment level digital twin,connection between digital twins and existing control systems,
process level digital twin that will control equipment within process andplant level digital twin that will control entire operations of plant.

When considering interoperability requirements, it is necessary to consider interoperability
standards for communication between blocks as explained below.
Plant Level
Digital Twin

(Steel Manufacturing)

Equipment #2
Digital Twin
(Pellet Furnace)(Grinding)Equipment DT
to Plant
Control System
Interoperability
Standards…….

Equipment #N
Digital Twin

Digital Twin
blocksInteroperability
Standards

Equipment toEquipmentInteroperability
Standards

Equipment #1
Control System

Equipment #2
Control System

Decision(XX)(Palletization)

Equipment #2
Digital Twin

Equipment #N
Digital Twin

Process Level
Digital Twin

Process Level
Digital Twin

Equipment to
PlantInteroperability
Standards…….

Behavioral
Modeling & Update

Physics
Model

Data & Information
Processing

Equipment #N
Control System

Figure 11 Digital twin in the palletization process

In this scenario, digital twins bring the following business values:••

real-time optimization controls key control parameters to provide 2% reduction in fuelconsumption and 3% improvement in throughput andreal-time computation of various quality parameters such as compressive strength ofpellets and furnace operating parameters such as bed temperature, helps operators
take quick and accurate decisions without need of lab-based sampling test andassumptions.

DIGITAL TWIN IN OIL & GAS
The subsurface well-monitoring digital twin for an oil well lifecycle starts at the exploration
phase where simulation models based on seismic and other subsurface data is used to initiate
a well. The subsurface well monitoring digital twin is a composite system; the drilling modelcomprises four unique, independent elements, each a composite digital twin in its own right.
These are the subsurface, the wellbore, the rig and surface equipment. The subsurface, inturn, comprises the surrounding geology, reservoir, and near-wellbore formations. In order toderive the objective functions to execute during well construction, these four integrated
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Digital Twins for Industrial Applications••••

wellbore trajectory,
drill string physics,
pressure control (mud properties) andreservoir composition and integrity (near wellbore).

Well monitoring and drill rig sensors, combined with reservoir AI capabilities that scan massive
amounts of geological and historical production data in a digital twin instance, enables
operational control and collaboration between the subsurface reservoir and across surface
operations. The subsurface well monitoring digital twin evolves over the lifecycle of a well toaddress additional use cases in completion, production, maintenance and abandonment.
The subsurface well monitoring digital twin offers the following business values:••

It provides a mechanism for evaluating strategies to reduce costs, optimize welloperations and asset production. These digital twins provide a greater understandingof the financial, technical and operational parameters to manage wells in real-time.
The subsurface well monitoring digital twin can improve the overall well integrity index
and well construction processes, supporting the development of efficient and agile
well-construction workflows and facilitate decision-making towards the mostrewarding exploration, drilling, completion and production alternatives.

DIGITAL TWIN IN MINING
The digital twin for a mining operation with a focus on Processing Asset Health incorporates
information needed to make the best decisions around maintenance, whether conditionbased or predictive in nature. It further provides information to prioritize work orderscheduling based on actual asset condition parameters and metrics.
The Processing Asset Health Digital Twin is used across the business and as such needs accessto various systems to ensure the information displayed is accurate and relevant to the asset
and level of detail the viewer is interested in.
This digital twin interacts with:••••Enterprise Asset Management systems (EAM),
local and enterprise historian,IT-system of the customer andexisting control systems.

In this scenario, digital twins bring the following business values:••

The ability to improve mean time between failures and mean time to fail to assist withthe mine’s asset performance management practices. This is achievable due to theinformation being available closer to real time than previously possible. Combining thiswith key information from the EAM system brings different system information
together in a digital twin to aid key decision making.
It realizes the mines’ full potential to minimize plant losses due to equipment
maintenance issues.
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Digital Twins for Industrial Applications••

It increases the accuracy of scheduling, which in turn aids in the move to morecondition-based monitoring and ultimately predictive monitoring of assets.
It reduces overall cost with more transparency in asset health and maintenanceschedules.

DIGITAL TWIN IN PROCESS AUTOMATION
The digital twin of a chemical product batch unifies all the required information of the productbatch. The information of interest is the production parameters (such as temperature,pressure and humidity) during the production of the specific batch.
The digital twin provides information for monitoring the relevant aspects (viscosity, pH-value
and state of aggregation) of the current product status. On the basis of this data, simulations
may be carried out to predict the optimal production parameters for further processing steps,
to guarantee the planned product quality.
Changes in the product properties can be logged in a time-series database, which makes it
possible to trace down excesses of quality-critical values to the time and location and so
identify the cause. These functionalities make the digital twin of a product a key part of thequality-management process.
Since the digital twin of a chemical product batch grants insight in the data history of thatbatch, it can be delivered to the customer in addition to the real product. The gathered data
supports the customer in further processing steps or in the end use.
In this scenario, digital twins bring the following business values:••••

Transparency and traceability of production parameters may be used in regress claims.
Bad product quality may be detected directly, preventing the execution of further
expensive production steps.
The analysis of product quality and preceding production parameters leads to further
knowledge in production.
Overall product quality can be improved through intelligent simulation of production
parameters.

CONCLUSION
Although most companies offer digital twin as part of their IoT offering, the notion of digital
twins existed before IoT, under different names and different definitions. As a result, there
have been different interpretations of digital twins, driven by the use cases in which digital
twins play a role. Although the set of decisions that architects face to design different digital
twins overlap, this diverse understanding of digital twins is a barrier to propose generic, yetabstract architectures, for digital twins and their position in industrial systems.
In this white paper, we took a step towards providing a concrete definition of digital twin froman Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) perspective and elaborated on scenarios in which
digital twin plays a significant role to increase efficiency of current use cases and to enable
new use cases. The listed technical aspects and decisions for designing digital twins lay the- 17 -

Digital Twins for Industrial Applications
foundation for the further work on including digital twins in the Industrial Internet Reference
Architecture (IIRA) 8. Along these lines, since security and interoperability are two importantquality attributes of digital twins, further work will be carried out to propose means to fulfill
these quality attributes.

APPENDIX
DEFINITIONSDIGITAL TWIN
Digital representation, sufficient to meet the requirements of a set of use cases.
note: in this context, the entity in the definition of digital representation is typically an asset,
process or system.
source: Industrial Internet Vocabulary Technical Report, IIC
ASSET

Major application, general support system, high impact program, physical plant, mission
critical system, personnel, equipment or a logically related group of systems
source: NISTIR 7298, rev 2

DIGITAL REPRESENTATION
Information that represents attributes and behaviors of an entity.
source: Industrial Internet Vocabulary Technical Report, IIC

ENTITY
Item that has recognizably distinct existence.
note: e.g. a person, an organization, a device, a subsystem or a group of such items.
source: ISO/IEC 24760-1:2011

ATTRIBUTE
Characteristic or property of an entity that can be used to describe its state, appearance orother aspects.
source: ISO/IEC 24760-1:20118https://www.iiconsortium.org/IIRA.htm- 18 -

Digital Twins for Industrial Applications

AUTHORS AND LEGAL NOTICEThis document is a work product of the Industrial Internet Consortium Digital Twin
Interoperability Task Group, co-chaired by Somayeh Malakuti (ABB Corporate ResearchCenter, Germany) and Pieter van Schalkwyk (XMPro).
Authors:1 The following persons contributed substantial written content to this document:
Somayeh Malakuti (ABB Corporate Research Center, Germany), Pieter van Schalkwyk (XMPro),
Birgit Boss (Robert Bosch GmbH), Chellury Ram Sastry and Venkat Runkana (TCS), Shi-Wan Lin(Yo-i Information Technology), Simon Rix (Irdeto), Gavin Green (XMPro), Kilian Baechle(CONTACT Software), Shyam Varan Nath (Oracle)
Editors: Somayeh Malakuti (ABB Corporate Research Center, Germany) and Pieter van
Schalkwyk (XMPro)
Contributors: The following persons contributed valuable ideas and feedback that significantly
improved the content and quality of this document: Mitch Tseng (Tseng Infoserv LLC),
Christopher Ganz (ABB)
Technical Editor: Stephen Mellor (IIC staff) oversaw the process of organizing the contributionsof the above Authors, Editors and Contributors into an integrated document.

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