9612（202312）

1.
2.

WTO

3.

FTA

（EC-JSI）

4.

1.

（ECElectronic Commerce）

1）
2）

（）
3）
4）

5）

EC

1） E g , G7 Trade Ministers, “Digital Trade Principles” 22 October 2021; The United-States-Mexico-Canada Agreement（USMCA
tal Trade”;（2019201820202020）19“Digi-）

2） E g , OECD, “Digital Trade” https://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/digital-trade/(1)486

WTO
（EC

（JSI）

EC-JSI）
6）

7）

FTA

WTO

EC-JSI3）55（1554） EC）（forthcoming）
FTA
See Monteiro, J.-A. and Teh, R. (2017),“Provisions on Electronic Commerce in Regional Trade Agreements”, WTO
Working Papers ERSD 2017 11, p.17. https://www.wto.org/english/res e/reser e/ersd201711 e.pdf

WTOEC

EC

WTO, WT/L/274, 30 September 1998.
5）

3（forthcoming）

6） Elsig, M. and S. Klotz (2021), “Chapter 2 Data Flow-Related Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements Trends and Patterns of Diffusion”

in M. Burri (ed.)

ig

Data and Global Trade Law, Cambridge University Press, pp. 42 62, at. 51 55;
BurriM. (2021)“Chapter 1 Data Flows and Global Trade Law”

ig Data and Global Trade Lawin M. Burri (ed)Cambridge University Press, pp. 11 41, at 20 21,ft.53.
7）FTA
1485(2)

1.1

1

9612（202312）

FTA
2.

EC-JSI
3.

FTA

EC-JSI
4.

2.

WTO（EC-JSI）

1
EC-JSI

2017

WTO

11（MC11）

8）

EC
2019
（2023）90129）

90
2023

11510）

WTO

121311）

2024138） WTO, WT/MIN (17)/60, 13 December 2017.
9） WTO Joint Statement Initiative on E-commerce (hereinafter, WTO JSIE) “CoConvenor Statement by Australia, Japan and Singapore 20 December 2023” https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/100598742.pdf
10）5（WTO, INF/ECOM/62/Rev.5, 15 November 2023

(hereinafter, Rev. 5)）NGOhttps://www.bilaterals.org/ wto-ecommerce- lang en11） WTO JSIE, supra note 9. EC-JSI

3（forthcoming）(3)484

（）
（）

ICT
12）

EU13）

EU
14）

EC-JSI15）

12） Id (WTO JSIE).
（plenary meeting）（endorse）

13）

EUEU

Schrems I (Schrems v Data Protection Com-missioner) (C 362/14) EU:C:2015:650 (6 October 2015); Schrems II (Data Protection
Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Limited and Maximillian Schrems)(C 311/18)
EU:C:2020:559 (16 July 2020).
14） European Commission (2018), “Horizontal provisions on cross-border dataowsand personal data protection”.（EU）; EU-UKTCA（Trade and Cooperation Agreement
between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the one
part, and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of theother part

EU20202021）202.1; EU-NZFTA（Free Trade Agreement Between New Zealand and the European Union）12.5.1
483(4)

2023

9612（202312）

1
A.1 Facilitating electronic transactions
A. ENABLING
E-COMMERCE
A.2 Digital trade facilitation and logistics

B. OPENNESSAND ECOMMERCE

B.1 Customs duties on electronic transmissions
B.2 Access to Internet and data
C.1 Consumer protection

C. TRUST AND C.2 Privacy
E-COMMERCE
C.3 Business trust
C.4 Cybersecurity

D. CROSSCUTTING
ISSUES

E.TELECOMM
UNICATIONSSCOPE AND
GENERAL
PRO ISIONS（1）Electronic transaction frameworks（2）Electronic authentication and e-signature（3）Electronic contracts（4）Electronic invoicing（5）Electronic Payment（1）Paperless trading（2）Single windows data exchange and systeminteroperability/Uni ue Consignment
Reference Numbers（1）Open government data
（2）Access to and Use of the Internet forelectronic commerce/digital trade（1）Online consumer protection（2）Unsolicited commercial electronic messages（1）Personal data protection（1）Source code（2）ICT products that use cryptography（1）Flow of Information and Location ofComputing Facilities
D.1 Flow of Information（2） Cross-border transfer of information byelectronic means/cross-border data ows（3）Location of computing facilities
D.2 Transparency, domestic regulation and （1）Transparency
cooperation（2）Cooperation（1）Development
D.3 Capacity building（2）Options for capacity building and technicalassistance
D.4 Implementation Periods for developing and （1）Implementation Periods for developing andleast developed country members
least developed country members
D.5 Special and Different Treatment Provisions（1）Options for capacity building and technicalfor Developing Country Members and Least
assistant
Developed Country Members
E.1 Disciplines relating to Telecommunications Services（1）Preamble,（2）Definitions,（3）Principles,（4）Scope,（5）Relation to other agreements,（6）General exceptions,（7）Security exception,（8）Indigenous peoples,（9）Prudential measures,（9bis）Taxation,（10）Dispute Settlement,（11）Committee on Trade-Related Aspects of ElectronicCommerce（Ismail（2023）, infra note 46）
Rev.5（supra note 10）
Ismail（2023）（plenary meeting）（endorse）
2023
1213Rev.5
NGO（Inside US Trade（2023）, infra note 15）(5)482

（（））

（16）

）

1
WTO
1（EU）

2
2022
WTO（）

12EC317））1998

3（MC12）（WTO18）EC（ECEC）（）（）

15） E g , Inside US Trade, “New WTO Text on E-Commerce Shows Divisions overPrivacy, Data Flows”, August 14, 2023.
16） E g , Id.
17） E g , Id.
32MC12MC1318） WTO, WT/MIN(98)/DEC/2, 25 May 1998.
481(6)（WT/MIN(22)/32）

3

96（EU12（202312）

19））“legitimate publicpolicy objectives”（LPPO）

LPPO（LPPO）（LPPO）

20）21）19） E g , Inside US Trade (2023) supra note 15.
20） Id.
（e g , CPTPP14.17） Rev.5

ICT（e g , CPTPP
8-B-A） Rev.5（）21） USTR, “USTR Statement on WTO E-Commerce Negotiations”, October 24, 2023,
https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2023/october/ustr-statement-WTO-e-commerce-negotiations(7)4802EC-JSIWTO

FTA

EC-JSI22）EC-JSI23）

WTO
24）

EC-JSI
25）

LDC
26）

EC-JSI

co-convenors（EC）（E-Commerce Capacity Building Framework）
27）

22） WTO, WT/GC/W/819, 19 February 2021.
23）

JSI

WTO

EC-JSI

4WTO, “Negotiators Advance Discussion on IFD

Agreement Integration into WTO Legal Structure”, 13 October 2023.
24） E g , WTO (2018), World Trade Report

The Future of World Tradeow

Digital Technologies are Transforming Global Commerce, WTO, pp.43 49.
25） WTO JSIE, supra note 9.
26）

7LDC

5WTO

https://www.wto.org/english/tratop e/ecom e/joint statement e.htm
479(8)

9612（202312）

EC-JSI
FTA（AI）

EC-JSIAI

co-convener

AI

EC-JSIAIEUAI28）

29）

EC
EC-JSI30）

EC-JSI27） WTO, “E-Commerce JSI Co-Convenors Announce Capacity Building Support”
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop e/ecom e/jiecomcapbuild e.htm28） See US White House, “Fact Sheet: President Biden Issues Executive Order on
Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence, October 30, 2023” https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/30/fact-sheetpresident-biden-issues-executive-order-on-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-artificialintelligence/29） E g , Rethink Trade (2023), International Preemption by Trade Agreementig

Tech’s Ploy to Undermine Privacy, AI Accountability, and Anti Monopoly Policies.
https://rethinktrade.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/International-Preemption-byTrade-Agreement.pdf(9)478FTA

IPEF31）

32）

3.

FTA

1WTO33）FTA
34）EU30） E g, Streinz, T. (2021), ‘International Economic Law’s Regulation of Data as a Resource for the Artificial Intelligence Economy’, in S. Peng, C.-F. Lin, and T. Streinz(eds), Artificial Intelligence and International Economic Law, 1st ed, Cambridge,Cambridge University Press, pp.175 92, at 178 179.
31） See OECD (2022) Cross border Data Flows Taking Stock of Key Policies and Initiatives, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2022.
32）

OECD（）（）
OECD, “Moving Forward on Data

Free Flow with Trust: New Evidence and Analysis of Business Experiences”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 353, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2023, pp. 1118.
33）3）（forthcoming）

34） Burri (2021), supra note 6, at 20 21, ft.53. Elsig and Klotz (2021), supra note 6, at53.
477(10)9612（2023FTA12）CPTPP35）（2018USMCA）

DEPA（202036）

2021

（DEA）

37）

2020
38）

UKSDEA （UKTCA）） EU-2022

EU-NZFTA
FTA

EC（）

FTA
FTA

（（CPTPPCPTPP）

DEPA）
39）

2023
40）

DEPA

202341）35） The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership（CPTPP）.
36） Digital Economy Partnership between Singapore, Chile and New Zealand(DEPA).
37） Australia-Singapore Digital Economy Agreement (DEA).
38） Digital Economy Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland and the Republic of Singapore (UKSDEA).
39）

CPTPP

5716

https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press4 009753.html
40）

CPTPP

https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/tpp/tppinfo/kyotei/tpp11/pdf/2307tpp11 gaiyou koushin.pdf
41）

MTI, “Joint Press Release on the Accession of the Republic ofKorea to the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement, 9 June 2023” https://www.
mti.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2023/06/Joint-Press-Release-on-the-accessionof-the-Republic-of-Korea(11)476

EU
FTA（2003EC）

CPTPP
EU

EU

SAFTA
EC
FTA

EC-JSIFTA42）
43）

2
USMCA（CPTPP（1419）

）

CPTPP

DEPA DEA UKSDEA
CPTPP

USMCA

USMCA
WTO

Computer Services）
44）

19.17

19.17

（Interactive

EC-JSI

USMCA

23042）
3）（forthcoming）
43） EC-JSIFTA
UKSDEA（44）475(12)）EC-JSI

USMCA

9612（202312）

45）

EC-JSI
46）

3DEPA
Annex A

DEA（Annex AB） UKSDEA（）UKSDEA
47）

22

EC-JSI

EC-JSI

3AI

ID “Tech”
SMEs48）

7AIAI45）46） Ismail, Y. (2023), The Evolving Conte t and Dynamics of the WTO Joint Initiativeon E commerce, IISD, p.11. https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/wto-jointinitiative-e-commerce-fifth-year-stocktake.
47） UKSDEA

DEA“lawtech”
UKSDEADEADEPA48）

EC-JSIWTO,“E-Commerce Co-convenors Call on Negotiators to Intensify Efforts, Exercise Flexibility”, 29 September 2023.

2EU(13)474

2UKSDEA

ANNE A SECTION FDIGITAL TRADE AND
THE DIGITALECONOMYANNEB

UKSDEA（8 F

Annex B

WTO

（141 Article 8.53

473(14)）ARTICLE 8.57

Definitions

ARTICLE 8.58

Objectives and Scope

ARTICLE 8.59

Customs Duties

ARTICLE 8.60

Domestic Electronic Transactions Framework and Electronic Contracts

ARTICLE 8.61

Electronic Authentication

ARTICLE 8.61-A

Electronic Invoicing

ARTICLE 8.61-B

Paperless Trading

ARTICLE 8.61-C

Logistics

ARTICLE 8.61-D

Standards and Conformity Assessment

ARTICLE 8.61-E

Personal Information Protection

ARTICLE 8.61-F

Cross-Border Transfer of Information by Electronic Means

ARTICLE 8.61-G

Location of Computing Facilities

ARTICLE 8.61-H

Open Government Information

ARTICLE 8.61-I

Data Innovation

ARTICLE 8.61-J

Commercial Information and Communication Technology Products that
Use Cryptography

ARTICLE 8.61-K

Source CodeARTICLE 8.61-L

Cyber Security

ARTICLE 8.61-M

Online Consumer Protection

ARTICLE 8.61-N

Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Messages

ARTICLE 8.61-O

Safety and Security Online

ARTICLE 8.61-P

Digital Inclusion

ARTICLE 8.61-Q

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

ARTICLE 8.61-R

Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies

ARTICLE 8.61-S

Digital Identities

ARTICLE 8.61-T

Lawtech Cooperation

ARTICLE 8.61-U

Cooperation on Competition Policy

ARTICLE 8.61-

Stakeholder Engagement

ARTICLE 8.61-W

Cooperation

ARTICLE 8.61-

Security, Prudential Carve-out and General Exceptions

ARTICLE 6.13

Single Window

ARTICLE 8.38

Submarine Cable Landing Stations and Cable Systems

ARTICLE 8.53

New Financial Service（ARTICLE 8.54

Financial Information

ARTICLE 8.54-A

Electronic PaymentsEU）
EC-JSI20201）

FTA（UK-Sing FTA）（（14.2））Fintech, Regtech

EC-JSI

96AI

2023

12（202312）

AI49）

AIAI50）51）

AIOECD52）

AI（2019）（standard）

AI53）

EU54）

AIAIAI（2023）
49） 2023

Jones12G7111AIAI50） E g , CRS (2021), Arti cial Intelligence
Considerations, R46795

ackground, Selected Issues, and Policy

er. 3., pp.1 3 https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/

pdf/R/R46795; Ferencz, J. et al. (2022), “Artificial Intelligence and International
Trade: Some Preliminary Implications”, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 260, OECD
Publishing, Paris, pp.4 5. ; Jones, E. (2023), “Digital Disruption: Artificial Intelligenceand International Trade Policy”, O ford Review of Economic Policy,

olume 39,Issue 1, Spring 2023, pp.70 84, at 70.
51） E g., Mattingly-Jordan, S. et al., Ethically Aligned Design First Edition Glossary,
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), January 2019, p. 8. https://standards.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-standards/standards/web/documents/other/ead1e glossary.pdf52） OECD (2019), Recommendation of the Council on Arti cial Intelligence, OECD/LEGAL/0449.

OECDAI

2023（）
OECD/LEGAL/0449（53） Id.（AI）.

）

54） Madiega, T. (2021), Artificial Intelligence Act, EPRS: European Parliamentary
Research Service, Belgium, pp.4. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/
BRIE/2021/698792/EPRS BRI(2021)698792 EN.pdf(15)472

...
55）

AI

ANI（artificial “narrow” intelligence）
AIAGI（artificial “general” intelligence)
56）

EU

AI

(i) unacceptable risk

57）

EUAI
AI

(ii) high riskAI(iii) limited risk(iv) low or

minimal risk
58）
59）

OECDAI60）

IAI55） Jones (2023), supra note 50, at 70, ft1.（）56） E g , Id. at 70; Ferencz (2022), supra note 50, at 4 5; CRS (2021), supra note 50, at
1 3.
57） European Commission (2021) COM (2021) 206 final 2021/0106 (COD) 21.4.2021,
Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying down Harmonized Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending
Certain Union Legislative Acts SEC (2021) 167 final - SWD (2021) 84 final - SWD(2021) 85 final58） Madiega (2021), supra note 54, at 4 6.
59） Id , at 6.
471(16)

96

12（202312）

61）

AIAI62）

EUAI63）AIEUAI

AI（AI）64）

AI
AI

DEPA（8.2

Artificial Intelligence） DEA（31Artificial Intelligence） UKSDEA（8.61 R

Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies）

AIAIAIAI60） European Commission (2021), supra note 57, 3.1
https://www.soumu.go.jp/main content/000826706.pdf61） Madiega (2021), supra note 54, at 3 4.
62） Id., at 2.
63） E g., Biber, S. E. (2021) Machines Learning the Rule of Law EU Proposes theWorld’s First Artificial Intelligence Act,erf log https://verfassungsblog.de/ai-rol/64）

Ferencz (2022)

AIFTA

Ferencz (2022), supra note 50, at 20 21.

AI(17)470

UKSDEAUKSDEADEPA

DEA

AI

AI

AIAIAI65）

DEPA

DEA

UKSDEA

AI

AI
AI
AI
AI

1

UKSDEA

AI

AI

AI（66））NGO

AI65） Jones (2023), supra note 50, at 74.
66） E g , EU-UKTCA12（Participation of civil society） USMCA27.5

pation of Private Sector and Society）.
469(18)（Partici-96

12（202312）

UKSDEA
Stakeholder Engagement（8.61）AI（DEPA

UKSDEA）
（（））

ID

ID
（（）

）

“Tech”（（“Fintech”, “Regtech”, “Lawtech”））

SMEs（SMEs）

67）

3
EU

FTA
(19)468

EU-UKTCA（2Heading One, Title III,）FTA68）

69）

3EU

EU-NZFTA
EU20（（））70）

EU-UKTCA
71）

EU-NZFTAEUEU67）

FTA
DEPA
EC-JSIDEA

UKSDEA

Rev.568）
LPPOEU（e g , EU-UKT-

CA201

EU

NZFTA12.469） E g , EU-UKTCA（12ples

2023）
Part Two/Heading One/Title III） EU-NZFTA（） EUSDTP（EU-Singapore Digital Partnership / Digital Trade Princi）

70） EU, “Digital Trade”, https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/help-exporters-andimporters/accessing-markets/goods-and-services/digital-trade en71） E g , EUSDTP
467(20)

9th recital.

9612（202312）

3EU-NZFTA（PREAMBLE）
ARTICLE 12.1 Scope

CHAPTER 12

DIGITAL TRADE

SECTION A GENERAL PRO ISIONSARTICLE 12.2 Definitions
ARTICLE 12.3 Right to regulate

SECTION B CROSS-BORDER DATAFLOWS AND PERSONAL DATAARTICLE 12.4 Cross-border data ows
ARTICLE 12.5 Protection of personal data and privacy

PROTECTION

ARTICLE 12.6 Customs duties on electronic transmissions
ARTICLE 12.7 No prior authorisation
ARTICLE 12.8 Conclusion of contracts by electronic means
ARTICLE 12.9 Electronic authentication
ARTICLE 12.10 Electronic invoicingARTICLE 12.11 Transfer of or access to source code

SECTION C
SPECIFIC PRO ISIONSARTICLE 12.12 Consumer trust online
ARTICLE 12.13 Unsolicited direct marketing communications
ARTICLE 12.14 Cooperation on regulatory matters with regard
to digital trade
ARTICLE 12.15 Paperless trade in goods
ARTICLE 12.16 Open internet access

EU-NZFTAWTOWTO）

EC-JSI

EC-JSI（Article 10.64 Prudential carve-out（Chapter10 Trade in Services and Investment/Section E/Regulatory Framework/Sub-Section5 Financial Services）
Article 25.1 General Exceptions

Article 25.2 Security Exceptions（Chapter 25

Exceptions andGeneral Provisions）Article 12.7

Article 12.14
Chapter 26 Dispute Settlement

Chapter 12（Article 26.2

Scope）
EU-UKTCA

EU-NZFTA 12.15

12.16(21)466

72）

EUFTA

EC-JSIEU“legitimate policy objectives”（LPO73）

）
74）

EUEU

GDPR
EUEU75）
76）

EU77）

EU78）

EU（EUSDTP）
72） EU, “Factsheet on Digital Trade Agreements”, 2023 July 20, https://circabc.
europa.eu/ui/group/09242a36-a438-40fd-a7af-fe32e36cbd0e/library/647ec52a-819e4e8d-937f-081b33fd542a/details download true-EUEPA

https://www.mofa.go.jp/

mofaj/press/release/press4 009822.html73） E g , EU-UKTCA198

EU-NZFTA12.374）

See3）（forthcoming）

75） EU (2023), supra note 72.
76） E g , Bradford, A. (2020), Therussels Effectow the European Union Rules

the World, Oxford University Press, New York, 2020;
EU:77） E g , EU-UKTCA21178） EC (2018), supra note 14.
465(22)EU-NZFTA12.14（2012）

96

12

EU-UKTCA（202312）

EU-NZFTAEUSDTP（STRACAPSTRACAP）

WTO

TBT679）80）

EU
EUSDTP

WTO

EC-JSI

EU-UKTCA

EU-NZFTAAIAI（OECD81））EU

EUSDTP82）

79） Transparency
evanceOpenness

Coherence

Impartiality and Consensus

Effectiveness and Rel-and the Development Dimension.

80） EUSDTP 1.881） EUSDTP 4.582） EU, “Joint Statement on the Launch of Negotiations for an EU-Singapore Digital
Trade Agreement”, 20 July 2023, https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/news/jointstatement-launch-negotiations-eu-singapore-digital-trade-agreement-2023-07-20 en(23)464

4.
WTO

EC-JSI
FTA

EC-JSI
FTA

AI
SMEs
AI

ID

“Tech”

7FTA

AI
EC-JSI

FTA
FTA

FTA
EC-JSIFTA

IPEF“Tech”AIAI

463(24)