論 文 の 要 旨

氏名唐 琳懿 (Tang Linyi)

論文題目Study on Trade Effects of Food Safety Standards: Export Promotion,Measure Protection and Trade Duration (食品安全基準の貿易効果に関する研究：輸出促進，措置保護および貿易持続期間)
論文の要旨

This thesis studies the food safety standards that need to be complied ininternational trade, e.g. maximum residue limits for pesticides (MRLs), andtheir effects on food trade exports, trade protectionism and trade duration,
thus enriching the understanding of international trade effects.
Chapter 2: Are China’s food safety standards driven by tradeprotectionism? - Empirical analysis of maximum residue limits
Mandatory food safety standards, including maximum residue limits,
may be used to replace substantially reduced agricultural tariffs as new
non-tariff measures in international trade. China is the world's largest
importer of agricultural products, and there is a question whether themaximum residue limits promulgated and implemented over the years have
led to protectionism. Scholars have proposed “protectionism indices” toquantify the trade protectionism of non-tariff measures. This thesis collects
and collates a relatively new and complete data set of maximum residuelimits in China and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. This is used todemonstrate the evolution of China’s maximum residue limits, and measure
their protectionism indices relative to international standards. Regression
analysis shows that China’s maximum residue limits have tended not toreplace tariffs as a new tool for trade protection. The motivation for the riseof protectionism indices appears to stem from public demand for improved
food safety and the government’s active response to food safety incidents.
There may be some misleading implications to using the term“protectionism indices” in relation to maximum residue limits. The use of
the term “stringency indices” may be more neutral and objective.
Chapter 3: Influence of maximum residue limits for pesticides on
agricultural food exports: analysis based on a quality heterogeneous firms
trade model
Some studies suggest that maximum residue limits (MRLs) discourageimports by increasing compliance costs for exporters, similar to other
non-tariff measures. This study analyzes the impact of MRLs on trade byconstructing a quality heterogeneous firms trade model, with data ofagricultural food products exported from China to the European Union (EU)from 2008 to 2020. The results show that the trade impact depends on thecomprehensive effects of three factors: demand, variable cost, and fixed cost.
Heterogeneity indexes, which combine the standard quantity and level, areused to measure the difference in MRL standards between China and theEU. The Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood fixed-effect estimator isapplied in the regression to investigate the impact of MRLs on the exports ofagri-food products. The results indicate that more stringent MRLs, whether
formulated by the EU or China, promote China’s agri-product exports to theEU. When China (the exporter) actively raises its MRL standards, there isan even more significant promotion effect on its exports than when China
only follows the strict MRLs of the EU (the importer). The results are
consistent with the rapid development of China’s food safety standards andsignificant improvement in food safety levels over the past decade.
Chapter 4: Influence of the exporter’s food safety standards on trade
duration: An empirical study of agricultural food products from ChinaPrevious studies have revealed the duration of most international tradecombinations is unexpectedly short. Focusing on improving the trade
duration may be more critical than simply exploring diversified markets toboost trade. Based on a set of export data from 2008 to 2019, the trade
survival analysis shows the average trade duration of China's agri-foodexport is 3.5824 years. To further understand the trade duration, this thesis
introduces the heterogeneity indices of Maximum Residue Limits forpesticides (MRLs) between China and Codex Alimentarius Commission(CAC), aiming to quantitatively measure the strictness level of China'sMRLs standards, and adopts the discrete-time hazard model (Cloglog) toexamine the impact of food safety standards on the duration of agri-foodexport. The regression results illustrate the upgrading of MRLs standards
in exporter (China) have contributed to prolong the trade duration andstabilize bilateral trade relations. In addition, the capacity of agri-foodproduction is also an emphasis factor affecting the stability of export trade.