英語（リーディング）各大問の英文や図表を読み，解答番号

１

〜

４９

にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。

第１問 （配点 １０）
Ａ

You are studying in the US and your class is going hiking. You are reading aflyer from your teacher.

Welcome to the Falmont Hiking Trails!

There are two hiking trails from Falmont Village. To find the trails, cross the
Jaybird Bridge at the end of Main Street and go through the gate. From here,
the path divides into two.

Take the left-hand path to enjoy the Lowland Trail through the woods, home
to many birds and small animals. Return to the beginning of the trail throughsome farmland. You will see cattle there eating the grass. Don’t worry. They
are used to hikers and they aren’t dangerous!

The right-hand path is the Hilltop Trail and takes you to the top of Slate Hill.
As you climb, you might catch sight of deer on the slopes. The views from the
top are superb on a clear day. If you are lucky, you might observe bald eagles
flying overhead! From there, a narrow path takes you back to the village.
― ４ ―（２２１０―４）

問 １ What is included in the flyer?

１!

Advice on which trail is the quickest"

Directions to the start of the trails#

Information on the length of the trails$

Warnings about dangers on the trails

問 ２ Hikers on both trails may have the chance to!

admire scenery from the summit"

encounter the farmer’s cows#

enjoy the shade of the forest$

spot wild animals and birds

― ５ ―

２

.

（２２１０―５）

Ｂ

You are studying in the US and are interested in volunteering during yourstay. You find this advertisement on your school website.

Volunteers Wanted!
Join the Animal Support Mission!
Do you love animals?

While you are a student in Marston, how about

volunteering to care for animals in our town? The Animal Support Mission,
opened in ２０２０, needs student-volunteers to assist our full-time staff.

No

previous experience with animals is needed, but you must be at least １８ years
old to join. Once you start, the project leaders will train you to take care of
the animals. Working on a project, you may begin to feel fond of the animals
and many volunteers become pet owners. The projects are briefly introduced
below.

The Dog House Project
Service dogs work very hard helping people who have difficulties seeing or
hearing. The Dog House is a place for retired service dogs, where they canrelax and enjoy the rest of their lives. Volunteers play with the dogs and help
exercise them.

The Cat Home Project
The Cat Home gives a temporary home to cats with no owner. Volunteers help
feed and care for the cats. Information on the cats is collected and put on the
Cat Home website. People can search for a cat to adopt and give it a “foreverhome.”The Children’s Zoo Project
The Marston Children’s Zoo is a place where young children can come to meet
sheep, goats, and other small animals. Volunteers wash the animals and help
keep them safe when the children come to visit.
― ６ ―（２２１０―６）

問 １ According to the advertisement, a volunteer!

might develop affection for the animals"

must live and work in the Marston area#

needs to have owned a pet before$

should be over ２０ years of age

問 ２ What is true about the Cat Home Project?

３

４

!

It is the cats’ permanent home in Marston.

"

Owners can register cats through the website.

#

People can look for a pet cat online.

$

Volunteers may live in the Cat Home.

問 ３ What is true about the Animal Support Mission?

!

Staff should find owners for all of the animals.

"

Student-volunteers sometimes adopt animals.

#

The animals were abandoned by their owners.

$

Volunteers will receive training before joining.

― ７ ―

.

５

（２２１０―７）

第２問 （配点 ２０）
Ａ

You are studying at Plainburg Community College in the US.

You go tocollege by bicycle and find this advertisement on campus from a local bicycle
shop.

Maintain your bicycle at Super Cycle
Store Location: on the corner of Maple Street and ４th Avenue（across the street from the campus main gate）

In Plainburg, we are always being encouraged to exercise more and drive
less―a great option for this rural area is a bicycle.

You can enjoy daily

exercise while reducing your environmental impact on our town.

Do you have any concerns about your bicycle?
Does it need upgraded gears or long-lasting tires?
Do you want to avoid mechanical problems miles from home?

A well-maintained bicycle will support your cycling life!

― ８ ―（２２１０―８）

Maintenance Plans and Customer Comments

Silver（＄３０/year）

Customer A: I have no worries

Maintenance twice a year:

now.

―

Oil the chain―

Adjust the brake cables―

Check the pressure of the tires

My bicycle can be kept ingood condition and I can enjoy
my weekend rides.

Customer B: I cycle to college
Gold（＄５０/year）

every day, which takes only 15

Maintenance four times a year

minutes.

Silver level, plus:

cost-effective for commuters!

―

This plan is the mostEvery part checked thoroughly― １０％

discounton

Customer C: Thanks

selected

tothisplan, my bicycle stays in great

replacement parts

shape.

The shop staff are so

helpful, knowledgeable, and superDiamond（＄７５/year）

friendly.

Maintenance once a monthGold level, plus:―

Customer D: Though it seems

Free brake cables wheneverrequired―

expensive, the service is worth theprice for long-distance riders like

Additional ２０％ off on selected

myself.

replacement parts― ９ ―（２２１０―９）

問 １ The shop suggests that

６

.

!

cycling offers a superb opportunity for regular exercise"

public transportation should be environmentally sustainable#

the college should help maintain bicycles$

upgraded gears are safe, long-lasting, and eco-friendly

問 ２ All the plans refer to７!

free replacement parts"

frequency of the service#

rates of discount$reliability of the products.

問 ３ Which of the following matches one customer’s opinion?

８!

Customer A goes on weekday rides.

"

Customer B spends a quarter of an hour commuting to college.

#

Customer C believes the staff could be more informative.

$

Customer D values the top-level plan.

― １０ ―（２２１０―１０）

問 ４ According to the comments, one customer!

checked other shops’ prices"

has experience repairing bicycles#

rides to faraway destinations$

wants to upgrade the maintenance plan

問 ５ According to the advertisement, the shop!

gives lessons to first-time cyclists"

improves driver safety#

promotes second-hand parts$

targets local residents― １１ ―

９

１０

.

.

（２２１０―１１）

ＢWhile planning your six-month study programme in an English city called
Twiggsbury, you find this online article about a unique transport project
written by a member of the local promotion committee.

Emma Crossland
１０ December ２０２３

Get Points for Travel
Wouldn’t it be great to benefit from the miles you travel? Well, in Twiggsbury,
you can! ‘Point-to-Point,’ or ‘P-to-P’ as it is known, gives you one point for every
mile you travel on a train, bus, or even taxi within the local area. Your travel
will be rewarded!
I only recently signed up for P-to-P but have already received so many benefits.
An electronic travel card records my journeys and I receive a weekly email
summary.
How about the benefits?

Exchanging １００ points gives you a £３ coupon for

future travel, and for １，
０００ points you’ll get a two-day unlimited pass for local
travel! I took a trip to a castle and also visited other ancient buildings andmonuments.

I would never have done that without the unlimited pass.

You can also use points to buy things at local supermarkets. All these benefits
make life a little nicer.
０００ points（which takes
I think the greatest benefit comes if you convert ５，
about a year to save）into an Elite Pass.

With that, you can use the Elite

Lounge at Twiggsbury Station any time!

You also receive unlimited Wi-Fi

access on all local transport.
The Twiggsbury government said as more people join, their saved points canbe used in other places such as restaurants and cinemas.

Last year, over

２５，
０００ passengers registered for P-to-P and the government hopes to doublethat this year. Registration takes just a few minutes（click here）, so sign up
and start collecting points today!
― １２ ―（２２１０―１２）

問 １ Travelling locally for free on any successive Saturday and Sunday requires
１１

points.

! １００
" １，
０００
# ５，
０００
$ ２５，
０００

問 ２ Emma implies that

１２

.

!

modern buildings and monuments are attractive"

she dislikes the service of the Elite Lounge#

she feels reluctant to expand the P-to-P project$

the distance she travels has merit

問 ３ According to the article, which is true?

１３!

Every user can freely access the Elite Lounge.

"

Points are used at restaurants and cinemas.

#

Registration does not take much time.

$

The email summary is delivered twice a month.

問 ４ According to the article, one opinion of the Twiggsbury government is
that

１４

.

!

the local economy is stimulated by the P-to-P project"

the P-to-P project should be expanded#

the use of public transportation should be discouraged$

travel diaries are beneficial for local cinemas― １３ ―（２２１０―１３）

問 ５ Which is the best combination that describes the P-to-P project?

１５

Ａ：It’s better to add more people to your P-to-P account.
Ｂ：Miles travelled can be converted into groceries.
Ｃ：People receive information about their travel history.
Ｄ：People should wait until next year to register.
Ｅ：The amount of Wi-Fi data usage can be exchanged for points.

!

Ａ and Ｄ"

Ａ and Ｅ#

Ｂ and Ｃ

$ Ｂ and Ｄ%

Ｂ and Ｅ&

Ｃ and Ｅ

― １４ ―（２２１０―１４）

第３問 （配点 １５）
Ａ

You are staying by yourself in Sydney, Australia, and thinking of eating out.
You are searching for tips and find a blog.

Solo Dining
As someone who frequently travels abroad alone, one thing I enjoy isdinner in an elegant restaurant, but sometimes I feel uncomfortable. In many
English-speaking countries, eating out by yourself, “solo dining,” is notcommon. So, what do you do if it’s just you? Finding a “table for one” to enjoy
dinner can be a big task.
Interestingly, on a recent trip alone to Australia I discovered that solo diners
are increasing. I ate dinner at The Weir, a riverside restaurant in Adelaide.
Before I went in, I could see diners eating alone on the terrace, while checking
their phones.

When I entered, in the lounge there were only couples andgroups of guests. I was warmly welcomed, taken to the terrace, and enjoyed adelicious meal.
My experience in Adelaide was a turning point in my feelings towards solo
dining. Later, I learnt that the rise of the smartphone and social media has led
to changes in attitudes towards it for both restaurants and guests.

On mynext trip to Paris, I will try solo dining at one of the restaurants I have longwanted to go to.

問 １ Before the trip to Australia, the author of the blog
!

１６

.

had mixed feelings about solo dining and worried about finding a tablejust for himself"

had never experienced solo dining because he had always had someone
to dine with#

was negative about solo dining because his requests for a table to dinealone had been rejected$

was positive about solo dining thanks to a good experience at his
favourite restaurant in Paris― １６ ―（２２１０―１６）

問 ２ Choices ! to " show the state of each table. Which one best illustrates
the situation when the author entered the restaurant?

Ǐ

ǐ

Ǒ

ǒ

Ǔ

ǔ

― １７ ―

１７（２２１０―１７）

Ｂ

You have been asked to keep an online diary available only to other students
in the class, to follow at least one other student, and to respond to their posts.
You chose to read Christina’s diary because you are also thinking of moving
into an apartment.

I’m so happy to be leaving the university dorm and moving into a quiet
apartment 😊! Renting an apartment is expensive in Osaka! The day before
yesterday, I finally received a money transfer from my mum and dad in
Singapore and was able to pay the apartment agency. I’d wanted to move in thisWednesday, but they say the earliest I can move in is Thursday. But that’s mybirthday, and I have other more important things to do 😊, so I’ll be getting my
key on Friday the 24th at 9 am.
2023.03.19 Sun. 11:16

Because of the design of my new apartment, I’ve had to think carefully about theorder I’m having stuff delivered. You have to walk through the kitchen/livingroom to get to the bedroom, and the only place I can put my second-handwashing machine is right next to the genkan. So my big wardrobe, a present
from my mum and dad, is being delivered first, tomorrow, with the special
permission of the agency. I decided to have the washing machine delivered theweek after I move in and everything has settled down. The delivery of my fridgeand kitchen table is scheduled for late afternoon on the day I move in.
2023.03.21 Tue. 22:24― １８ ―（２２１０―１８）

I had my birthday party today 😊! Very busy—moving in tomorrow! Also very
annoyed—my wardrobe wasn’t delivered ☹. They’ve promised me it’ll comenext week, but I don’t know if that’ll be before or after the washing machine...
2023.03.23 Thur. 23:08

Almost done 😊.

Bought some dishes and a rug at a discount store thisafternoon. It’s great to be out of the dorm and have some privacy.
2023.03.25 Sat. 18:46

Both the wardrobe and the washing machine came today (see photos). Luckily,
they came in the right order. Got to start studying again, I’ve done very little

at all for more than a week now...
2023.03.29 Wed. 14:20― １９ ―（２２１０―１９）

問 １ The following events are described in Christina’s online diary:!

Christina buys a rug and dishes.

"

Christina has her birthday party.

#

Christina moves into her apartment.

$

Christina’s fridge comes.

%

Christina’s parents send her money.

&

Christina’s wardrobe is delivered.

'

Christina’s washing machine arrives.

Which of !, # and $ happened first?

１８Which of ", # and % happened first?

１９Which of !, " and & happened last?

２０

Which of $, & and ' happened last?

２１（You must have all ofcorrect to get points.）

１８

〜

２１

― ２０ ―（２２１０―２０）

問 ２ You are checking all the student responses to Christina’s 2023.03.23.
post. Which response appears to be a misunderstanding?

!

２２

"
Calm down!

Do you need any help moving

Try not to get so angry!

in? Iʼd really love to give you

Tomorrow is another day!

a hand.

#$Good to hear your wardrobe

Which delivery company arewill come tomorrow!

you using? I donʼt want to use

Best of luck!

them...

問 ３ Which of these is not true about Christina?

!

Her birthday is important to her.

"She frequently gets very lonely.

#She is a very organised person.

$

She is quite careful with money.

― ２１ ―

２３（２２１０―２１）

第４問 （配点 １６）
You are a volunteer for a family event at a community center. You get thefollowing handout and write a memo with other members to prepare for the final
meeting.
Hello volunteers!

There are four new activities this year, so check thedescriptions on the back side of this handout. Please read the table and theinformation below to prepare for the final planning meeting at 9:30 a.m. on
September 14.
◆ “Fun Day” Activities and Locations, September ２１
Activities

Locations
SC ＝ Sports Center, CP ＝ Central Park

#１ Three-legged Race
#２ Limbo Dance（M）
SC#３ Spoon Race
Refreshment Ⅰ#４ Flying Disc Throwing#５ Musical Hula Hoops（M）
CP#６ Sponge Pass
Refreshment Ⅱ

behind main building
inside gymnasium
next to playground swings
entrance
start at big central tree
at running trackin front of picnic tables
main gate（M）＝ Uses music◆ Information– Set-up: ９:００ a.m. Registration: ９:３０ a.m. Start: １０:００ a.m.
–６ groups（A to F）with １０ people each
– Groups move from one activity to the next in order until all are completed– Starting points: Group A → #１, Group B → #２, and so on– Volunteers’ Tasks:● Make schedules for each activity. Check the number of volunteers
carefully. We need two volunteers for each of the refreshments and eachactivity except #１ and #３.
● Explain activities and check participants’ understanding（see back fordetails）.
● Make a list of needed materials. SC has enough cones, table tennis balls,
ropes, spoons, tape measures, and a children’s pool. Also, remember that
SC only has two portable music players.
― ２２ ―（２２１０―２２）

―back―◆ New Activities（Activities #１ & #３ are the same as last year. Ask the coordinatorsfor details.）#２ Limbo Dance
A pole is held at about chest height.

The players taketurns dancing under it, bending their knees and arching
their backs while music is playing.

The pole height isgradually lowered until no one can pass under.
#４ Flying Disc Throwing
Place a large cone at the starting point and another at the goal about１００
meters away between a hula hoop and a children’s pool fullof water.

Each player throws their own disc toward thegoal-cone at the same time. The objective is to land thedisc inside the hoop, avoiding the pool. After each throw,
players go to their disc and throw it again.

The fewer

throws, the better. If the disc ends up in the pool, you are out!
#５ Musical Hula Hoops
Put nine hula hoops on the ground in a circle. Play music, turning it off at
random, while players walk around the circle. When the music stops, players
must quickly jump into a hoop. If two players are in the same hoop, do janken
to decide who stays.

Remove one hoop each time until one player and one

hoop remain.
#６ Sponge Pass
Make two lines of five people. Place a bucket of water with a sponge at thefront of each line and an empty bucket at the back. The players pass the wetsponges over their heads to the last person in line, who squeezes the remaining
water into the other bucket. Then return the sponge to the front. Repeat thisuntil the time is up. See how full the back buckets get. Watch out! Things
can get wet!
― ２３ ―（２２１０―２３）

Your memo for the meeting:
Schedule:
We won’t have enough time to set up! Can we start half an hour earlier at
２４ ?
Volunteers:
Activities

Locations
Volunteer １
Volunteer ２
SC ＝ Sports Center（Coordinator）（ if necessary）
CP ＝ Central Park

#１
#２
#３
Refreshment Ⅰ#４#５#６
Refreshment Ⅱ
Find at least

Masa
Rika
Maria
Shion
Kohei
Kenta
Kei
HiromiSC

CP

２５

TetsuyaErika

more volunteers because we’re short of them.

Additional Materials for New Activities:
２６
Ａ．１ pole
Ｂ．２ buckets
Ｃ．２ sponges
Ｄ．１０ discs
Ｅ．１０ hula hoops
Problems at Central Park:– How can we get water?
– We got into trouble for playing music there last year. It’s prohibited!
Activity Locations & Layout:– Because
２７ , let’s switch activities–

２８
Here is the layout for Flying Disc Throwing:.

２９― ２４ ―（２２１０―２４）

問 １ Which is the best option for

２４

?

２５

?

! ８:００ a.m.
" ８:３０ a.m.
# ９:００ a.m.
$ ９:３０ a.m.

問 ２ Which is the best option for

!

&

"

'

#

(

$

)

問 ３ There is an error in the Additional Materials for New Activities. Which do
you need to change?

!

Ａ

"

Ｂ

#

Ｃ

$

Ｄ

%

Ｅ

２６

― ２５ ―（２２１０―２５）

問 ４ Choose the best options for

２７

and

２８

.

２７
!

the big tree is hard for players to find"the park forbids playing music in public#

the swings are broken$

the tables might interfere with the activity

２８!

#１ and #５"#２ and #４##３ and #４$#４ and #５

問 ５ Choose the best option for

２９

.

ǐ

Ǐ

△

◎
△
○

△

◎

○
△

ǒ

Ǒ
△

○

△

◎

＝ tree△○＝ children’s pool

― ２６ ―△＝ cone○△◎◎＝ hoop（２２１０―２６）

第５問 （配点 １５）
In your English class, you have been assigned to read a personal essay written
by a graduate of your university.

You will give a presentation about it using

notes.

Everlasting Journey
Sugiyama Keita
I was restless throughout the seven-hour flight.

Soon after turning

２０ years old, I had decided to travel to a foreign country for the first time.
Next to me was my good friend Shinji, eagerly gazing out the window. I had
asked him to be my travel companion because he was always willing to listen
to others and consider their ideas. He had agreed with me that we would notarrange detailed travel plans before leaving Japan, but rather experience thethrill of choosing what to do each day while we were in the country. I wassure that this experience would help me grow as a person, and my heart felt
like it might burst with anticipation!
At the exit of the airport terminal, we had no idea how to gettransportation into the city. Then, a Japanese traveler spoke to us. He told us
the best way to get there and gave us a lot of useful travel advice.

We

thanked him. “Instead of just thanking me, be kind to other travelers,” he said.
Nodding, we acknowledged his request and said goodbye.
The next day, we visited some places.

I left everything up to Shinji.

Thanks to him, we had little trouble getting to our destinations. We enjoyed
the morning, visiting some fascinating museums.

In the afternoon, though,trouble struck. I realized I had left my travel pouch somewhere, and I was ina panic. Shinji, however, calmly urged me to think carefully about what we
had done and we decided to go back to the restaurant where we had lunch.
There, the staff was waiting for us with my pouch! I was impressed by how
Shinji took the initiative to resolve the situation. Our last destination was atemple, which was famous for its statue of a mysterious Buddha. The Buddha
looked angry from one angle, but seemed to be laughing from another. I felt
uneasy because I could not understand the emotions it was supposed to show.
― ２８ ―（２２１０―２８）

The following day, we decided to go to a waterfall. After a ３０-minute walkfrom the nearest station, we were almost there, but the map was hard tounderstand and we were confused. Although we had to ask for directions, I
enjoyed interacting with the locals. Shinji, on the contrary, spoke less and less.
Before the trip, I did not think Shinji could be irritable. I had no idea how tohandle the suddenly annoyed Shinji and tried to make myself believe that time
would improve the situation. Coming back to the guest house, Shinji suggested
that we spend the next day apart. I felt a little hurt but accepted it.
The next day, I visited the ruins of an ancient kingdom outside the city. I
managed to take the bus there. While I was waiting for the bus to go back, I
saw another traveler asking locals about which bus he should take. He seemed
frustrated that he could not communicate with them. After some hesitation, I
asked him if I could help and we figured it out together. “You were very kindto help me,” he said.

“Not really,” I replied, and then I told him the story

about the traveler that had assisted Shinji and me. After my story, he said,“But, it was you who decided to help me. Sometimes when we find ourselves inchallenging circumstances, we can discover a part of ourselves we didn’t know
existed.”That night, over dinner, Shinji told me he had visited six places. It mademe feel a little down because I was only able to visit two places; I had reallypoor planning skills.

I felt better, however, after Shinji, sensing mydisappointment, showed his empathy and said, “I was only able to stay at eachplace for a short time because I felt bored being alone. I would’ve had more
fun with a friend.”
A few hours before our departure for Japan, I stopped in a souvenir shop
to get something for myself. After looking through a variety of goods, I foundmyself buying a little figure of the Buddha I had seen on the second day. Its
face did not bother me that much; in fact, I thought it symbolized my trip.
Looking back on this trip one year later, I can say that I did notexperience the great personal changes I thought would happen. But this trip
did cause one change: my friendship with Shinji has become stronger eventhough we sometimes have disagreements. This is because I learned to look at
Shinji the same way I looked at the figure of the Buddha. Thus, if I continue
to find lessons from my traveling experiences, and apply them to my life, I will
someday become closer to being the kind of person I want to be. My journey
is just beginning.
― ２９ ―（２２１０―２９）

Your notes:
Everlasting Journey
1. Story setting
Keita reflects on going to a foreign country with his friend, Shinji.
2. Keita’s character
He

30

, but

31

.

3. How Keita describes Shinji throughout the story
32
33
34
35
4. Interesting scenes◇ Scene 1: Keita helped a traveler. This shows that he36.

◇ Scene 2: Keita bought the figure for himself. This implies that he
37.

5. What Keita learns after his trip
38

問 １ Choose the best options for

３０

and

３１

. （The order does notmatter.）!

can be at a loss in difficult situations"

likes to plan and act individually#refuses to talk with other people$

welcomes adventurous experiences%

willingly helps local people― ３０ ―（２２１０―３０）

問 ２ Choose four out of the five descriptions（!〜%）and put them in thecorrect order.

３２

→

３３

→

３４

→

３５

!

Displays his negative emotions"

Gets angry at what others say to him#

Is reliable and shows leadership$

Relates to the feelings of others to cheer them up%

Respects the opinions of people around him

問 ３ Choose the best option for

３６

.

!

had improved at reading maps"

remembered the promise he had made#tried to change his bad memory into a good one$

wanted to communicate with foreign people

問 ４ Choose the best option for

３７

.

!

tried to change his relationship with his friend"

wanted to remember what he did in the temple#

was starting to accept different sides of a person$

was thinking of visiting the country again

問 ５ Choose the best option for

３８

.

!

Imagining our ideal self is helpful for traveling.

"

It is important to find a good travel companion.

#

Personal development can happen through travel.

$

Traveling can help us become better at planning.
― ３１ ―（２２１０―３１）

第６問 （配点 ２４）
ＡYour English teacher has assigned this article to you. You need to prepare
notes to give a short talk.

Belief Perseverance

There may be some out-of-date rules at your school.

If you ask yourteachers to update these rules, your ideas may be rejected. Of course, most of
their objections will be reasonable, but some may be caused by belief
perseverance, the psychological characteristic of maintaining an existing
belief despite any new information.

Although this tendency itself is neither

good nor bad, it may cause conflicts ranging from personal problems to social
phenomena.
A study published in １９８０ by Craig A. Anderson and his colleagues
describes this human tendency.

In the first stage of their experiment, theparticipants were presented with evidence that led them to conclude that
firefighters who were willing to take risks performed their jobs better.
Surprisingly, even after the participants were told that the evidence was false,
they were reluctant to change their conclusions. Why is it difficult to change
our beliefs?

This is partly because we have confirmation bias, a

psychological tendency to look for information consistent with our existing
beliefs.

Also, in some cases, the more others attempt to prove our beliefs

wrong, the more firmly we stick to them, which is called the backfire effect.
The case of Ignaz Philip Semmelweis demonstrates belief perseverance in
one group in society. He was a １９th-century physician who wondered why more
women died from a fever after giving birth in one place than in another. His
data apparently indicated that handwashing could reduce the number ofoccurrences of the deadly fever. However, at that time, handwashing was notcommon among doctors. His potentially life-saving idea was ignored by the― ３２ ―（２２１０―３２）

medical community, and many doctors rejected it and even harassed him.
Semmelweis’ claim was eventually accepted long after his death. This episodedemonstrates how a group of people with belief perseverance can become
aggressive towards innovators and ground-breaking ideas. This social reaction
was named the Semmelweis reflex after this incident.
Understanding belief perseverance can give us insights into the ways
people behave.

Imagine that you want to study abroad, and your familystrongly opposes it because they believe that the city you plan to live in isdangerous. Even after showing them data on the city’s crime rate, you may
find out that your efforts end up only adding fuel to the fire. If you encounter
this backfire effect, an alternative approach might be needed. You could ask
your teacher to speak with your family on your behalf, taking advantage of a
related behavior that people tend to trust the opinions of an authority.
If someone presents you with hard-to-believe information, be careful not toreject it immediately.

If your internal voice warns you not to act on that

information, it is time to remind yourself of belief perseverance.

To bestubborn may not be good for you. However, in many cases, the persistence ofexisting beliefs is desirable or even necessary these days. Remember that theInternet conveys not only accurate but also unreliable information.

Beliefperseverance can also protect you from potentially fake information. In otherwords, take time to find out more before accepting new information. After all,
we humans have developed belief perseverance over time to ensure oursurvival. Understanding human nature is one of the keys to keeping your life
balanced.

― ３３ ―（２２１０―３３）

Your notes:
Belief Perseverance (BP)BP:
is a tendency to maintain an existing belief despite any new
information.
can be39.

Outline by paragraph
1. Introduction to BP
2. Experiment and explanation
3.

40

4.

41

5. Final remarks
Stories mentioned in the article
The firefighters story shows us that

42.

The Semmelweis story tells us that even a truly innovative idea with
sufficient evidence can be initially rejected.
Practical lessons from the article
Learning about the nature of human psychology helps us to― ３４ ―

43.

（２２１０―３４）

問 １ Choose the best option for

３９

.

!

a barrier which stops people from expressing their opinions"

a cause of positive or negative outcomes for anyone#

a major disadvantage for people who are easily convinced$

an obstacle preventing us from keeping our beliefs strong

問 ２ Choose the best options for

４０

and

４１

.

!

A story of a doctor who rejected handwashing"

An example of the social consequences of BP#

An example showing the difficulty of understanding others$

Application of BP knowledge when convincing others%

Strategies for effectively countering new information&

Tendency to search for advice from specialists

問 ３ Choose the best option for
!

４２

.

BP appears to have an influence on anyone, even in situations one
wouldn’t expect"

confirmation bias is found when people want to believe new information#

the backfire effect often happens when a stubborn person’s opinion isrejected$

the Semmelweis reflex is often observed in occupations where risks arecommon

問 ４ Choose the best option for

４３

.

!

analyze historical discoveries from a scientific point of view"

make reasonable decisions when dealing with new information#

recognize immediately whether given information is true or not$understand when it is appropriate or necessary to take risks― ３５ ―（２２１０―３５）

Ｂ

You are preparing for a science fair presentation on a scientific discovery,
using the following magazine article.

“Smart” Fabrics
Through the years, the fabrics we use have evolved to suit our changing
lifestyles and needs. Linen, made from the fibers of a plant called flax, is oneof the oldest textiles in the world. It naturally reflects away the sun and its
intense heat, and allows better airflow than other types of fabric. Light andairy, linen has long been the ideal fabric for warm climates.

With

industrialization and population growth, however, cotton became morecommonly used since it was suitable for mass production. Cloth made from
cotton can be heavy and can trap body heat though, which may make people
feel uncomfortable in very hot and humid weather.
Newer materials are always being developed as technology progresses, and“smart” fabrics are a recent scientific breakthrough in the textile industry.
Weaving flexible synthetic fibers into cloth can provide additional functions forthe fabric. For example, scientists at the Huazhong University of Science andTechnology made a new fabric called “metafabric” that deflects heat to keeppeople cooler.

Such fabric can be used to create clothes that ease thediscomfort people suffer when the temperature rises. In their experiment, aparticipant wore a vest consisting of two halves―one half cotton and the otherhalf metafabric―and was exposed to direct sunlight for an hour. Underneaththe cotton, the skin temperature soared to ３７℃. In contrast, underneath themetafabric, the temperature rose by just one degree, from ３１℃ to ３２℃.
Another interesting example is a fabric that can detect sounds.

The

human ear picks up sound pressures, and the inner organs convert soundwaves into mechanical vibrations and then into electrical signals.

Similarly,“piezoelectric materials,” which are typically used for microphones or speakers,
produce an electrical signal when mechanically bent.
― ３６ ―（２２１０―３６）

Using this knowledge, a team of researchers at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and the Rhode Island School of Design came up with aso-called “acoustic fabric.”

The researchers wove a piezoelectric fiber into

fabric and conducted a series of experiments. One experiment examined thefabric’s sensitivity to sound directions.

They sewed two pieces of acoustic

fabric onto the back of a shirt.

Then, they clapped their hands at various

angles away from the shirt.

The fiber converted the sound first intomechanical vibrations, then into electrical signals that were stored on a device.
The fabric was successfully able to pinpoint the angle of the sounds.

This

could lead to a useful application for individuals with hearing aids to identify
the direction of a specific sound even in noisy surroundings.
In addition to functioning as wearable hearing aids, acoustic fabric can beused for other purposes such as tracking respiratory（ lung）, pulse, and cardiac（heart ）conditions. Another experiment tested whether clothes with acoustic
fibers could act as fabric stethoscopes to monitor a person’s subtle cardiac
features. The research group attached a single fiber over the chest region ona shirt and found it accurately detected the wearer’s heart signals.
Furthermore, this result indicated the possibility of utilizing the fabric inmaternity clothes to check an unborn baby’s heartbeat.
Researchers see applications of smart fabrics beyond clothing. A smart
fabric with cooling performance can be applied to various products fordifferent purposes, such as tents, car covers, curtains, and sunshade products.
Acoustic fabrics can be integrated with spacecraft coatings to monitor cosmic
debris, or be used to help detect cracks or strains in buildings. They can evenbe woven into a net to check on fish in the sea.
As these examples of textile innovation suggest, new fabrics can enhance
our lives in many ways. You may not believe this, but the coolest things about
these fabrics are that you can get smart while wearing them and some ofthem are machine-washable!
― ３７ ―（２２１０―３７）

Your slides:

Traditional
FabricScience Fair: A Scientific Discovery

４４・Metafabric・Cotton・Acoustic fabric"#Acoustic Fabric Experiment １
Procedure:
１．Acoustic fabric was woven intoa shirt.
２． ４６
３．Sound was converted into
electrical signals.
４． ４７
Results:
・The directions of the claps wereidentified.
$

60 minute exposure
metafabricImplication:・Linen!

Metafabric ExperimentcottonSmart Fabric45

Acoustic Fabric Experiment ２

Applications Beyond Clothing

Purpose:４９

・To see if the acoustic fiber works
as a stethoscope
Ａ．To find weak places in buildings

Results:
・The

acoustic

fiber

heard

the

wearer’s heartbeat.

Ｃ．To locate a crying baby

Future benefits:
・Ｂ．To listen for debris in space

Ｄ．To protect vehicles from the sun

４８・Maternity clothing%― ３８ ―&（２２１０―３８）

問 １ Which is the best title for the presentation on Slide １?

!

Bio-Based Textile Innovation"

First Fabric That Addresses New Challenges#

Great Advantages of Clever Textiles$

The History of Fiber Design

４４

問 ２ What does the result of the experiment by the Huazhong University of
Science and Technology imply on Slide ３?
４５

Choose the best option for.

!

It is far easier to create an outfit that keeps you warm.

"

Light-colored fabric is more suitable for reflecting the sunlight.

#

The newly invented fabrics can keep people comfortable in hot weather.

$

You should wear a shirt made of the metafabric over your otherclothing.

問 ３ You are summarizing the steps in conducting the acoustic study on thesmart shirt on Slide ４. Choose the best options for

４６!

Mechanical vibrations were bent by the fabric.

"

Sounds from various directions were made.

#The acoustic fabric recorded the sounds.

$

The output from each fiber was saved.

%

The researchers moved a shirt to different places.

&

Various types of sounds were measured by a shirt.

― ３９ ―

and４７.

（２２１０―３９）

問 ４ What can be inferred as a possible benefit of wearing an acoustic fabricon Slide ５? Choose the best option for

４８

.

!

A person with irregular cardiac activity can get help.

"

Acoustic fabric can give a person directions on the street.

#

It can help a person breathe more deeply and easily.

$

It can reduce noise levels and answer phone calls.

問 ５ You found an error on Slide ６.
remove?

!

Ａ

"

Ｂ

#

Ｃ

$

Ｄ

Which of the following should you

４９― ４０ ―（２２１０―４０）