April 27, 2023

Joint Recommendation onPolicies for the Development and Use of AI
David Farber 1
Shumpei Kumon 2

Note: The following statements are solely the views and opinions of the individual authors and do notnecessarily reflect those of the organizations they are affiliated with.

I. Our Vision on AI
Expectations for AI
The accelerating development of AI (Artificial Intelligence) technologies, especiallygenerative AI, has been truly remarkable in recent years, and its expanding social
applications are expected to make a significant contribution to solving global threats andchallenges that human society faces, such as poverty, conflict, suppression of humanrights, infectious diseases, economic depressions, environmental problems, and eveninfodemics 3 . We, in this sense, fundamentally welcome further progress in thedevelopment of AI technologies.
The Risks Posed by AI
At the same time, however, we must not forget that AI technology, in its development
and utilization, entails risks as great as its mighty potential. Therefore, we must
continuously examine the risks of AI and dynamically formulate and implement
necessary countermeasures based on the results of such analysis. This risk analysis andimplementation of countermeasures, collectively called "AI Governance," should bepromoted on a global scale and thus inherently requires international cooperation.
There is no doubt that AI will have an extremely large social impact, perhaps no lessGuest Professor (Global) and Co-Director, Cyber Civilization Research Center, Keio University
Professor and Director, Institute for InfoSocionomics, Tama University
3
https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic
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than the advent of the Internet we experienced 30 years ago. The potential of AI should
not be monopolized by a specific few, be it a country or a company, but should be sharedas openly as possible so that all of humanity can enjoy its benefits, just as the Internet
has been.
Positioning of Generative AI
In the shadow of the economic slump following The Great Recession in 2008, a "newaccelerated growth process" has begun, quietly at first, but eventually in a manner thathas excited and enthused a large number of people. This is the breakthrough in AI
technology. So far, the "breakthrough" has occurred in two stages. The first is theelaboration of "deep learning," a method of machine learning, and the second is"generative artificial intelligence," as typified by the recent ChatGPT.
Distinguish between “Weak AI” and "Strong AI"
ChatGPT, a concrete example of a generative AI, is an AI specialized in natural language
processing and is considered as a kind of intelligence in that it almost certainly passes
the Turing Test (which may need re-statement). In other words, the current generative
AI has a certain level of usefulness when used in specific applications, but it still remains
as “Weak AI” or “Narrow AI.”The real threat to our society is the emergence of "Strong AI" with "will" and "identity,"
but on several grounds, we believe that AI at this stage is not evolving in this direction,
and we believe that these two different types of AI should be distinguished very clearly.
In his 2017 "Maturation of Modernity and Emergence of a New Civilization: HumanCivilization and Artificial Intelligence I" (NIRA Research Report), Kumon advocated thefollowing, "Let specialized AI be the blessing for humanity.”4
If we succeed in coexistence [with specialized AI], modern civilization will succeed
in superimposing itself on post-modern civilization while reaching true maturity
and achieving finality. In a society in which human beings and AI with augmented
human capabilities are paired up to work together and coexist peacefully while
preserving human free will and autonomy, AI will become a blessing for mankind.5

45“Specialized AI” here is synonymous to “weak AI”
https://www.nira.or.jp/paper/report_1708.pdf (in Japanese only)2

Desirable social responses to AI at the present stage
Content created by a generative AI is likely to contain unintentional errors or intentional
fakes. Therefore, users should not unconditionally trust or innocently use generative AI.
In this sense, we propose to widely promote the establishment and dissemination ofsocial rules on how and in what form generative AI should be used.
On the other hand, current generative AI is not considered to have supernatural dangers
such as "revolt against humanity" posed by the so-called Singularity theory, and for thetime being, we believe it is important to pursue the possibilities offered by AI while
appropriately regulating its outcomes in the marketplace and information space 6.
Expectations for G7 Leadership
In this regard, we welcome the fact that AI Governance will be one of the key agenda
items at the G7 Summit to be held in Japan in May 2023. We hope that the G7 leadershipwill steer global AI Governance efforts in the right direction, minimizing AI risks andensuring that AI will play a major role in making the human society of the future, theInformation Society as it matures, more peaceful, prosperous, and pleasurable than it istoday.
In this context, we welcome the U.S. government's “AI Bill of Rights,”7 the Japanesegovernment's “AI Strategy 2022”8, the European Union's “AI Strategy (2018) ,”9 and theCouncil of Europe's efforts to develop an “AI Treaty,”10 which places people's rights
and wellbeing as top priorities, we look forward to further progress in harmonizationand its expansion to a global scale.

In contrast to the "marketplace" in industrial society, Kumon named the information space that emerges
in an information society "Intelplace.”7
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Blueprint-for-an-AI-Bill-of-Rights.pdf
8
https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/aistratagy2022en_ov.pdf
9https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0237&from=EN10
https://rm.coe.int/cai-2023-01-revised-zero-draft-framework-convention-public/1680aa193f
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II. Specific Recommendations
In the following, we will attempt to make more concrete recommendations on whatshould be done regarding the development and use of AI technologies, focusing on what
we believe to be the minimum requirements now.
Disclosure of information on technological development
If the development of AI technology progresses further, there is a none zero possibility
that autonomous AI (so-called "strong AI" or even "artificial superintelligence"11 ) withthe will and purpose to compete with or even surpass humans will be realized around"2045" (Kurzweil). We do not call for a total ban on the use of "generative AI" or thedevelopment of "artificial superintelligence," but we do believe that it is essential to be
more than adequately prepared. We should not take the risk of only developing
technology before this is in place.
However, development in technological fields should basically be promoted freely, andespecially in the field of AI, where there are many unknowns, fixed laws and regulations
that impede innovation should be avoided. To the extent possible, we call for securing apath of development based on the creativity of private entities and the choices of users
in the marketplace and information space and when regulations are to be imposed, theyshould be limited to cases where clear damage or harm has been confirmed, and existing
legal frameworks should be utilized as much as possible.
Accordingly, we call upon the entities promoting the technological development of AI
to regularly and voluntarily disclose timely information on its status and prospects. We
propose that governments and respective International Organizations jointly establish
certain standards for the content and methods of information to be disclosed to thepublic and enact a system that mandates the implementation of such standards. In
formulating such a system, the disclosure obligations imposed on listed companies may
offer a good reference to follow.
In this regard, we basically support the open policy formation through RFCs, asindicated in the "AI Accountability Policy" 12

released by the U.S. NationalTelecommunication and Information Administration (NTIA) on April 11. We also1112

Nick Bostrom “Super Intelligence” 2014 and Tomohiro Inoue “Jinkou Chochinou” 2017https://ntia.gov/press-release/2023/ntia-seeks-public-input-boost-ai-accountability

4support the fact that the Japan has already promoted the implementation of the "AI
Governance Guidelines"13

by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and suggestthat other countries follow suit.
Establishment and promotion of AI Utilization Guidelines
Considering the current innovativeness of generative AI and its great potential, webelieve it is extremely important for users to be fully aware of the capabilities andlimitations of AI before making use of it. We do not take the position of unconditionallyand comprehensively prohibiting the use of generative AI. AI providers should discloseand provide sufficient information to users in a timely manner in accordance with the"AI Governance Guidelines" mentioned above. At the same time, however, theresponsibility of those who use the tools should also be clarified. It should be clearly
confirmed that the users themselves must bear the responsibility for any negative
consequences that may result from their incorrect use. This is because we believe thatthe real actors in the information society are the people (citizens or netizens) who utilize
information technology.
More specifically, "Guidelines for AI Utilization" should be established and promoted.
However, it is not necessarily a single one. Different standards are needed according to
the attributes of users (citizens, students, companies, etc.), technological skills, purposeof use, for example. In the future, we propose that a multi-stakeholder approach, inwhich various entities such as governments, companies, citizens, and researchers work
together to establish guidelines in their respective fields and promote theirdissemination.

For the G7 Summit to be held in Japan, based on our review of the history of computerscience and technology, Internet technology, and their application and diffusion, we
propose our recommendations in the hope that the Information Society will develop ina more desirable direction for mankind.

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https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/20220128_report.html

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To contact the authors, please send email to the following addresses:
Prof. David Farber:admin@www.ccrc.ac.jp
Prof. Shumpei Kumon:
iza@anr.org

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