Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences,Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 143–146, 2002

143

Anion-exchange Behavior of Rf in HCl and HNO3 Solutions
H. Haba,∗,a K. Tsukada,a M. Asai,a S. Goto,a,b A. Toyoshima,a,c I. Nishinaka,a K. Akiyama,aM. Hirata,a S. Ichikawa,a Y. Nagame,a Y. Shoji,c M. Shigekawa,c T. Koike,c M. Iwasaki,cA. Shinohara,c T. Kaneko,b T. Maruyama,b S. Ono,b H. Kudo,b Y. Oura,d K. Sueki,dH. Nakahara,a,d M. Sakama,e A. Yokoyama,f J. V. Kratz,g M. Schädel,h and W. BrüchlehaAdvanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 3191195, Japanb
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata-shi, Niigata 950-2181, Japanc
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 5600043, Japand
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi,
Tokyo 192-0397, Japane
Department of Radiologic Science and Engineering, School of Health Sciences, University of Tokushima,
Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8509, Japanf
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa 920-1192,
Japan
g
Institut für Kernchemie, Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyhGesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
Received: February 13, 2002; In Final Form: April 10, 2002
A short review is given on our current anion-exchange studies of element 104, rutherfordium (Rf), in HCl and HNO3
solutions. The distribution coefficients of the Rf homologues Zr, Hf, and Th(IV), and Pu(IV) on an anion-exchange
resin were measured in 1.0–11.5 M HCl and 1.1–13.1 M HNO3 with a batch method using the radiotracers 88 Zr,
175
Hf, 234 Th, and 237 Pu. In experiments for the short-lived 261 Rf, the isotopes 85 Zr, 169 Hf, and 261 Rf were producedin the 18 O-induced reactions on nat Ge, nat Gd, and 248 Cm targets, respectively, and their anion-exchange behavior
in 4.0–11.5 M HCl and 8.0 M HNO3 was investigated using the Automated Ion-exchange separation apparatus
coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy (AIDA). In the HCl system, the percent adsorption of
Rf on the anion-exchange resin increases steeply with increasing HCl concentration from 7.0 M to 11.5 M. This
adsorption behavior is similar to that of the group-4 elements Zr and Hf, and is quite different from that of thepseudo-homologue Th(IV). The percent adsorption decreases in the order Rf > Zr > Hf. In the HNO3 system, Rf
behaves like Zr and Hf in 8.0 M HNO3 but not like Pu(IV) and Th(IV), implying the formation of cationic or neutral
species.

1. Introduction
Chemical behavior of Rf in hydrochloric acid solutions has
been investigated to extract information on chloride complexation and hydrolysis.1–5 Hulet et al.1 compared the formationof anionic chloride complexes of Rf to those of Hf, Cm, andFm by testing their relative absorption from 12 M HCl onto acolumn containing trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat336). Czerwinski et al.2 extracted Rf into an organic phase of
1.0 M and 0.1 M triisooctylamine (TIOA) in benzene from 12 M
HCl. Both the authors found that the chloride complexation of
Rf is stronger than that of the trivalent group-3 elements andis similar to that of the group-4 elements Zr and Hf. On theother hand, extraction behavior of Zr, Hf, Th, Pu, and Rf into
0.25 M tributylphosphate (TBP) in benzene was examined by
Czerwinski et al.3 in 8–12 M HCl. The results showed that extraction for these elements increases or remains high as a function of HCl concentration and that the extractability increases
in the order of Hf < Rf < Zr. Bilewicz et al.4 studied adsorption
behavior of Zr, Hf, Th, and Rf on glass supports coated withcobalt ferrocyanide, and interpreted the result such that the hydrolysis trend increases in the order Th < Zr ≈ Hf < Rf. Both theexperiments3, 4 have been criticized for some experimental deficiencies6 and may not have revealed a true order in the group-4
elements. Recently, a chromatographic separation of Zr, Hf, and
Rf in the 8 M HCl-TBP system was performed by Günther et al.5
using micro columns containing TBP on an inert support. The∗Corresponding author. Present address: Cyclotron Center, RIKEN,
Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. E-mail: haba@postman.riken.go.jp.
FAX: +81-48-467-9777.

extraction order Hf < Rf < Zr was obtained.
An anion-exchange experiment on Rf allows us to study theformation of chloride complexes of Rf in more detail and to verify the previous results1–5 from different viewpoints. The distribution coefficients (Kd ) of Zr and Hf on an anion-exchange
resin in HCl solutions were measured by Huffman et al.7 At<7 M HCl, Zr and Hf are present as cationic or neutral species,
and their negligible adsorption was observed on anion-exchange
resin. At higher concentrations, anionic species are formed andadsorbed with high Kd values. Under these conditions, the Kdvalues of Zr are higher than those of Hf. A good separation between Zr and Hf was accomplished at 9 M HCl using an anionexchange column.7
Chemical behavior of Rf in pure nitric acid solutions has notbeen investigated yet. In HNO3 solutions, the variation of the Kdvalues of Zr and Hf on an anion-exchange resin is expected tobe quite different from that of Th(IV) and Pu(IV),8 though the
Kd measurements for Zr and Hf in Reference 8 are incomplete.
In the present study, we first measured the Kd values of Zr, Hf,
Th, and Pu on the anion-exchange resin CA08Y in 1.0–11.5 M
HCl and in 1.1–13.1 M HNO3 using carrier-free radiotracers of88
Zr, 175 Hf, 234 Th, and 237 Pu in order to find a suitable experimental condition for 261 Rf. The Automated Ion-exchange separation
apparatus coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy (AIDA) was developed to perform fast and repetitiveion exchange chromatography of 261 Rf. The isotopes 85 Zr, 169 Hf,
and 261 Rf were produced in the nat Ge(18 O, xn), nat Gd(18 O, xn),
and 248 Cm(18 O, 5n) reactions, respectively, and their anionexchange behavior was successfully investigated with AIDA in
4.0–11.5 M HCl and 8.0 M HNO3 .

c 2002 The Japan Society of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences
Published on Web 6/30/2002

144 J.Nucl.Radiochem.Sci.,Vol. 3, No. 1, 2002
2. Experimental
2.1. Batch Experiments. The carrier-free radiotracers
Zr, 175 Hf, and 237 Pu were produced in the 89 Y(p, 2n),175
Lu(p, n), and 237 Np(p, n) reactions, respectively, using the
JAERI tandem accelerator. 234 Th was chemically separated fromcommercial UO2 (NO3 )2 ·6H2 O as a daughter of 238 U. These tracers were stored in polypropylene vessels as 6.0 M HCl or 8.0 M
HNO3 .
The anion-exchange resin MCI GEL CA08Y with a particle
size of about 20 µm supplied by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation was dried to a constant weight at 80 ◦ C in a vacuum oven.
10–200 mg of CA08Y and 3 mL of a desired solution containing 50 µL of the tracer solution were taken in a polypropylene
tube, and shaken for 30 min at 20 ◦ C. After centrifugation, 1 mLof the aqueous phase was pipetted into a polyethylene tube andsubjected to γ-ray spectrometry with a Ge detector. As a standard, 50 µL of the tracer solution was diluted to 1 mL with 6.0 M
HCl or 8.0 M HNO3 in another polyethylene tube.
2.2. On-line Experiments
2.2.1. Production of 261Rf, 85 Zr, and 169Hf. The isotope 261 Rf
was produced by the 248 Cm(18 O, 5n) reaction using a 94 MeV
18 6+
O beam from the JAERI tandem accelerator. The 248 Cm target of 610 µg/cm2 thickness and 5 mm diameter was prepared byelectrodeposition of Cm(NO3 )3 in 2-propanol onto a 2.4 mg/cm2
thick beryllium backing foil. The target contained Gd (39.3%enriched 152 Gd) of 36 µg/cm2 thickness to produce Hf isotopes
simultaneously and to monitor behavior of Hf in the identical experimental condition as 261 Rf. The 108.5-MeV 18 O beam passed
through a Havar vacuum window (2.0 mg/cm2 ), helium cooling gas (0.09 mg/cm2 ), the beryllium target backing, and finallyentered the target material at 94 MeV. At this energy, the excitation function for the 248 Cm(18 O, 5n)261 Rf reaction exhibits amaximum of 13 nb.9 The beam intensities were 200–300 particle nA.
In order to investigate behavior of Zr and Hf simultaneously,85
Zr and 169 Hf were produced from a target consisting of nat Ge
and nat Gd by the nat Ge(18 O, xn) and nat Gd(18 O, xn) reactions, respectively. The nat Gd target of 370 µg/cm2 thickness and 5 mmdiameter was electrodeposited on a 2.7 mg/cm2 thick beryllium
backing foil, and then on the resulting Gd target the Ge target of
660 µg/cm2 thickness was deposited by evaporation in vacuum.
Reaction products recoiling out of the target were stopped inhelium gas (∼1 bar), attached to KCl aerosols generated by sublimation of KCl powder at 620–650 ◦ C, and continuously transported through a Teflon capillary (2.0 mm inner diameter, 20 mlong) to a chemistry room. The transport efficiency of 261 Rf wasestimated to be 33%.9
2.2.2. On-line Anion Exchange Chromatography. The online anion exchange chromatography of 261 Rf, 85 Zr, and 169 Hf
was performed using AIDA.10 The chromatography unit of
AIDA was almost the same as that of the Automated Rapid
Chemistry Apparatus (ARCA) developed by Schädel et al.11
The reaction products transported by the He/KCl gas-jet systemwere deposited on the collection site of AIDA. After the deposition for 125 s, the collection site was moved on top of the micro column where 261 Rf and 169 Hf were dissolved with 170 µL
of conc. HCl (11.5 M) and fed into the column at a flow rateof 1.0 mL/min. On the average, 6.56 ± 0.31 mg of the anionexchange resin CA08Y were filled in each 7 mm long columnof 1.6 mm inner diameter. The effluent was collected on a tantalum disk as Fraction 1 and was evaporated to dryness with hot
He gas and a halogen heat lamp. The remaining Rf and Hf in thecolumn were eluted with 230 µL of 4.0 M HCl at 1.1 mL/min.
This effluent was collected on another Ta disk and evaporated
to dryness as Fraction 2. In the experiments at 4.0, 7.0, 8.5,
9.0, and 9.5 M HCl, Rf and Hf were first fed into the column
with 170 µL of conc. HCl and the effluent was discarded. Then,
290 µL of 4.0–9.5 M HCl was pumped to the column and the ef88

Haba
fluent was collected on the Ta disk as Fraction 1. The remaining
Rf and Hf were eluted with 250 µL of 4.0 M HCl as Fraction 2.
In the HNO3 experiment, Rf and Hf, dissolved in 190 µL of
8.0 M HNO3 , were fed into the column at 1.2 mL/min and theeffluent was collected as Fraction 1. Then, 220 µL of 4.0 M HCl
was used as Fraction 2.
Each pair of Ta disks, Fractions 1 and 2, were automaticallytransferred to α-spectrometry station of eight 600 mm2 passivated ion-implanted planar silicon (PIPS) detectors. Every detector had a 40% counting efficiency and its α-particle energy
resolution was about 80 keV FWHM. All events were registered
event-by-event. After the α measurement, the 493 keV γ ray of169
Hf was monitored by Ge detectors for every third or fourthpair of samples to determine the distribution of Hf and its chemical yield. The average chemical yield of Hf was about 60%
including the deposition efficiency of aerosols.
The experiments with 85 Zr and 169 Hf, produced from theGe/Gd target, were performed in 4.0–11.5 M HCl and in 8.0 M
HNO3 under the same experimental conditions as those with
261
Rf. The effluents were collected in polyethylene tubes andwere investigated by γ-ray spectrometry.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Batch Experiments. The distribution coefficient Kd inunits of mL/g was calculated using the following equation:
Kd =

ArVs
,
AsWr

(1)

where Ar and As are the activities in the resin and the solution,
respectively. Vs is the volume of the acid solution [mL] and Wr
is the weight of the resin [g]. The variation of the Kd values on
CA08Y for Zr, Hf, and Th(IV) is shown in Figure 1 as a function of HCl concentration. In the range of 1.0–7.0 M, the Kdvalues of these three elements decrease slightly with increasing
HCl concentration and become almost constant, about 2 mL/g
for Zr and Th and about 0.6 mL/g for Hf. Here, Zr and Hf are
expected to be present as cationic and/or neutral species, i.e.,[M(OH)2 Cl]+ , M(OH)2 Cl2 , and M(OH)Cl3 (M = Zr, Hf).12 At
higher concentrations, the Kd values of both Zr and Hf increase
steeply with increasing HCl concentration, indicating that anionic species such as [M(OH)Cl5 ]2− and [MCl6 ]2− are formed.
On the other hand, the Kd value of Th decreases with increasing HCl concentration above 8 M; no anionic chloride species
are known for Th. The Kd values of Zr are higher than those of
Hf at all the concentrations studied. It was found that the separation factor Kd (Zr)/Kd (Hf) shows a maximum of 10 at 9.5 M
HCl, as reported by Huffman et al.,7 and that the Kd value of Th(0.46 mL/g) at 9.5 M HCl is also quite different from those ofZr (650 mL/g) and Hf (60 mL/g). An anion-exchange experiment of Rf at 9.5 M HCl can be considered appropriate to finda difference in the chloride complexation from its homologous
elements.
In Figure 2, the variation of the Kd values on CA08Y for Zr,
Hf, Th(IV), and Pu(IV) is shown as a function of HNO3 concentration. The Kd values of Zr and Hf decrease gradually with
HNO3 concentration and they are almost identical. On the other
hand, those of Th and Pu increase with increasing HNO3 concentration and attain a maximum around 8 M HNO3 . The Kdvalues of Th and Pu at 8 M are more than one order of magnitude higher than those of Zr and Hf, reflecting the differencein the complex structures; Th and Pu are expected to form anionic complexes [M(NO3 )6 ]2− , while Zr and Hf form neutral or
cationic ones. Thus, the anion-exchange experiment of Rf was
performed at 8 M HNO3 .
3.2. On-line HCl Experiments. From ion-exchange experiments performed 245, 366, 400, 395, 328, and 159 times
at 11.5, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 7.0, and 4.0 M HCl, respectively, a total of
186 α events from the 78-s 261 Rf (8.28 MeV)13 and its daugh-Anion-exchange Behavior of Rf in HCl and HNO3 Solutions

J.Nucl.Radiochem.Sci.,Vol. 3, No. 1, 2002
120

Percent adsorption, %ads, on CA08Y / %

105
Zr
Hf
Th

104

Kd / mL/g

103

102

101

100

100
Rf (Cm/Gd target)
Hf (Cm/Gd target)
Zr (Ge/Gd target)
Hf (Ge/Gd target)

80

60

40

20

0

10-1
0

2

4

6

8

10

12

HCl concentration / M
Figure 1. Variation of the distribution coefficient (Kd ) for Zr, Hf, andTh(IV) on the anion-exchange resin CA08Y as a function of HCl concentration. The associated errors were evaluated from counting statistics. See text for other details.

ter 25-s 257 No (8.22, 8.27, 8.32 MeV)13 were registered in theenergy range of 8.00–8.36 MeV, including 35 time-correlated
α pairs. The event ratio between α singles and α-α correlations, estimated from the 40% counting efficiency of the detector, is 3 : 1, which is consistent with the observed event ratio of
116 (= 186 − 35 × 2) : 35 within the counting statistics.
From the activities A1 and A2 observed in Fractions 1 and
2, respectively, the percent adsorption (%ads) on CA08Y wascalculated according to the following equation:%ads =

100A2.
A1 + A2(2)

The contribution of 257 No formed from 261 Rf was taken into account based on the %ads values for No determined in the separate experiments using 255 No produced in the 248 Cm(12 C, 5n)reaction.14 The %ads value of 97+3
−6 % at 11.5 M HCl indicatesthat Rf forms anionic chloride complexes which are strongly adsorbed on the anion-exchange resin. This is consistent with theprevious findings in the extraction experiments into Aliquat-336
and TIOA1, 2 as mentioned in sect. 1. In addition, the %ads values of 85 Zr and 169 Hf from 11.5 M are 96 ± 2% and 98 ± 4%,
respectively. These high adsorptions indicate that the loading ofthese elements onto the column with 170 µL of 11.5 M HCl wascompletely performed in the experiments at 4.0–9.5 M HCl.
The variation of the %ads values on CA08Y is shown as afunction of HCl concentration in Figure 3. The data for 261 Rf and169
Hf obtained from the 248 Cm/152 Gd target are shown by closed
105

104

103

Kd / mL/g

145

102

101

100

Zr
Hf

Th
Pu

10-1
0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

HNO3 concentration / M
Figure 2. Variation of the distribution coefficient (Kd ) for Zr, Hf,
Th(IV), and Pu(IV) on CA08Y as a function of HNO3 concentration.

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

HCl concentration / M
Figure 3. Variation of the percent adsorption (%ads) for Zr, Hf, and
Rf on CA08Y as a function of HCl concentration. The associated errors
for 261 Rf were evaluated from counting statistics and those for 169 Hf and85
Zr were standard deviations in the replicate experiments. See text forother details.

squares and closed circles, respectively. Those for 85 Zr and 169 Hffrom the nat Ge/nat Gd target are indicated by open squares andopen circles, respectively. The data of Hf from both targets
agree well. The %ads values of Rf increase rapidly with increasing HCl concentration from 7.0 M to 9.5 M, indicating thatanionic chloride complexes such as [Rf(OH)Cl5 ]2− or [RfCl6 ]2−
are formed. This adsorption behavior of Rf is very similar to thatof the group-4 homologues Zr and Hf, and is quite different fromthat of the pseudo-homologue Th as expected from the low Kdvalues in Figure 1. It is interesting to note that the adsorption order is Rf > Zr > Hf, especially at 9.0 M HCl. This may indicatethat the chloride complexing strength in group-4 elements decreases in the order of Rf > Zr > Hf. The %ads values of Zr, Hf,
and Rf at 4.0 M HCl are 3.0 ± 0.3%, 3.0 ± 0.3%, and 4.5 +6.3
−3.2 %,
respectively. These values are low enough for these elements tobe stripped from the anion-exchange column.
3.3. On-line HNO3 Experiments. From anion exchange
experiments for 8.0 M HNO3 performed 217 times, a total of
20 α events from 261 Rf and 257 No were registered in the energy
range of 8.00–8.36 MeV, including 5 time-correlated α pairs.
The %ads values of 261 Rf and 169 Hf obtained from the Cm/Gdtarget on CA08Y with 190 µL of 8.0 M HNO3 are 13+11−7 % and12 ± 7%, respectively. The values for 85 Zr and 169 Hf from theGe/Gd target are 5.5 ± 1.3% and 2.9 ± 1.7%, respectively. In
order to determine the %ads value of Th, the tracer solutionof 234 Th was pipetted and evaporated to dryness on the collection site of AIDA, and the ion exchange of 234 Th was performed
under the same experimental condition as those for 261 Rf. The%ads value of 234 Th at 8.0 M HNO3 was found to be 99 ± 3%.
More than 80% of Zr, Hf, and Rf were eluted from the column
with 190 µL of 8 M HNO3 , while Th was strongly adsorbed.
This indicates that Rf forms cationic or neutral species in 8.0 M
HNO3 like Zr and Hf but not like Th(IV) and Pu(IV).
The structures of Zr, Hf, and Th complexes in the aqueous systems are quite important for discussion of the resultsof ion-exchange experiments and also of theoretical molecular orbital calculations. Recently, we measured X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectra of Zr and Hf in 1.0–11.5 M
HCl and 8.0 M HNO3 at the High Energy Accelerator Research
Organization Photon Factory (KEK-PF). In addition, the relativistic density functional calculations for the hexachloride- andhexanitrate-complexes of Zr, Hf, Th, and Rf are under study in
our group.15, 16 These results will be reported elsewhere.
Acknowledgement. The authors would like to express their
gratitude to the crew of the JAERI tandem accelerator for theirinvaluable assistance in the course of these experiments. This

146 J.Nucl.Radiochem.Sci.,Vol. 3, No. 1, 2002
work was supported in part by the JAERI-University Collaboration Research Project and the Program on the Scientific Cooperation between JAERI and GSI in Research and Development in
the Field of Ion Beam Application.
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