筑波英語学会第 44 回大会
11/18/2023

意味役割再訪――＜場所＞か＜存在者＞か――
加賀信広（筑波大学）(1)

Kaga (2007): ALL model
VP1

動作主 (AGENT)

V’1

V1

VP2

場所 (LOCATION)

V’2

V2

存在者 (LOCATUM)

場所、着点、起点、存在体

経路、標的、所有者、受取手、受益者、移動体
結果物

経験者、被動者、など
太字「影響を受けた《場所》」(affected LOCATION)
(2)

a.
b.

(3)

Jackendoff (1983):
a.
Elise is a pianist.
[State BEIdent ([Thing Token ELISE], [Place ATIdent ([Thing Type PIANIST])])]b.
The light is red.
[State BEIdent ([Thing LIGHT], [Place ATIdent ([Property RED])])](4)Kaga (2007):a.
John[LOCATION]
b.
John
c.

Socrates is human.
花子は女性である。

[LOCATION]
John[LOCATUM]

isis
is{intelligent/of considerable talent}.
[LOCATUM]{hungry/in good health}.
[LOCATUM]{available/in the bed}.
[LOCATION]
1(character-describing)(state-describing)(situation-describing)(5)場所的存在論（木戸 (2003)、岡 (2013) など）「ある認識機構を備えた生命体によって開示された「場」それ自体が「存在」であり、その「場」において形成される主体と客体の総体が「存在者」である。
「存在」は、「場」が開示されてはじめて生まれるものであり、かつ主体から離れた「存在」とはありえないのである。
」「個物は常に場所においてであり、場所に規定されて存在するものであり、個物と場所とは存在を規定する２つの欠くことのできないモメントなのである。すなわち、存在とは、個物と場所との相補的な相互作用である。
」

場所の論理学(6)

述語論理：場所＝述語から出発し、その場所において包み込まれる主体や客体（存在者）について論じる論理

Human

(7)

女性
S花子

主語論理：個々の主体または客体から出発し、述語をその主語に属する性質として論じる論理

S花子
H

(8)

女性

彼女は天使だ。
a.
彼女はやさしい。
b.
天使はやさしい。

彼女天使

やさしい⇔
やさしい(9)やさしい彼女

木戸 (2003):
場所的思考

主語的思考

①

非言語的言語的

②

実践的

理論的

2

天使

(10) a.

b.

③

レトリック

ロジック

④

帰納的

演繹的

⑤

こと（事）

もの（物）

⑥

イメージ概念

⑦

右脳的

左脳的

The ball is in the box.
The vase is in pieces.

the box(in) the box＝a balla ballthe vase(in) pieces≠piecesthe vase

場所倒置構文（Locative Inversion）(11) a.

In the box is a ball.

b. * In pieces is a vase.
(12) a.
Into the box was put a priceless antique vase.
b. * Into pieces broke a priceless antique vase.
(13) a.
Available is a young doctor.
b. * Intelligent is a young doctor.
(14) 場所句倒置構文は事物・人の「存在」ないし「出現」を表す。
(15) a.
b.
c.

[TP[TP in the box [T’ is (T) [VP1 V1 [VP2 in the box [ V’2 V2 a ball ]]]]][TP a ball
[T’ is (T) [VP1 V1 [VP2 in the box [ V’2 V2 a ball ]]]]](16) a.
[TPb.
[TP a vasec. * [TP in pieces(17) a.
b.

[T’ is (T) [VP1 V1 [VP2 in the box [ V’2 V2 a ball ]]]]][T’ is (T) [VP1 V1 [VP2 a vase [ V’2 V2 in pieces ]]]]][T’ is (T) [VP1 V1 [VP2 a vase [ V’2 V2 in pieces ]]]]][T’ is (T) [VP1 V1 [VP2 a vase [ V’2 V2 in pieces ]]]]]

More important has been the establishment of legal services.
Equally difficult would be a solution to Russell’s paradox.
3受動構文(18) a.

He arrived at the station.

b.
They arrived at the conclusion.
(19) a. * The station was arrived at.by him.
b.

(20) a.
b.

‘to succeed in getting the result you wanted’

The conclusion was arrived at by them.

[VP1[VP1 they[V’1 V1[V’1 V1[VP2 at the station [ V’2 arrive (V2) he ]]]]][VP2[ V’2 arrive (V2) (at) the conclusion ]]]]](21) Thematic Hierarchy Condition on Passives :The passive by-phrase must be higher on the Thematic Hierarchy than the derived
subject. (Jackendoff 1972)）(22) a.

b.

John left a lot of wine for us.

A lot of wine was left for us by John.

(23) a.
John left London for Paris.
b. * London was left for Paris by John.

抽象性（abstractness）(24) a.

Mary is intelligent.

(25) a.

She became intelligent.

b.
b.

The leaf is red.

The leaf turned red.

(26) The cat moved into the box.

（位置変化、[存在者－場所]）(27) The vase broke apart.

（状態変化、[場所－存在者]）

4構成性（compositionality）
(28)

VP2
LOCATION
V2(29) a.
b.
c.

V’2
LOCATUM

John talked to Mary about Bill.
talk: to say things (to someone)[John] said [things about Bill] [to Mary]
Agent

Theme

Goal

(30) a.
b.

John knows the fact.
know: to have information about something(31) a.
b.
c.

The vase broke into pieces.
breakVi : to become separate (into two or more pieces)[the vase] become [separate into pieces](32) a.
b.

The cat moved into the box.
[into the box] moved[the cat]c.

[John]
Possessorhave

Patient[information about the fact]
Theme

Result

Goal

Theme

Idioms:(33) Logically possible fixed ditransitive idiom patterns (Bruening 2010)
a.
b.
c.

d.

Class 1: Verb NP NP
Class 2: Verb NP to NP
Class 3: Verb NP to NP

Class 4: Verb NP NP(give X the creeps)(give rise to X)(throw X to the wolves)(nonexistent)(34) Class 1a:a.
give NP a wide berthb.

give a wide berth to NP
give NP the cold shoulder

give the cold shoulder to NP(35) Class 1b:
a.
give NP the creeps* give the creeps to NPb.
give NP the boot* give the boot to NP‘to avoid someone or something’‘to deliberately ignore someone or be unfriendly to them’‘to make you feel nervous and a little frightened’‘to give something a quick hard kick’5

(36) Class 2:a.
b.

give birth to NP?? give NP birth‘to produce a baby from her body’give rise to NP‘to be the reason why something bad happens’?? give NP rise(37) Class 3:a.

throw NP to the wolves‘to leave someone to be roughly treated or criticized’* throw the wolves NPb.
send NP to the showers‘to remove a player from a race or contest early on’* send the showers NP(38) Class 4:
a. * throw the wolves NP

b. * send the showers NP(39) Class 1:[(to) NP1 [ V NP2 ]](40) Class 2:[[ V NP1 to ] NP2 ](41) Class 3:[ NP1 [ V to NP2 ]](42) Class 4:[ NP1 [ V NP2 ]](give NP the creeps, give a wide berth to NP)(give birth to NP)(throw NP to the wolves))(*throw the wolves NP)(43) a.
He got a wide berth.
b.
A wide berth should be given to those who use mediation.
(44) a.
He got the creeps.
b.
Brian got the boot from the moderators.
(45) a. * The baby got birth.
b. * A birth was given to her.

影響性（affectedness）(46) Patient = Affected Theme(47) a.
b.

Sue hammered the metal flat.
Bill threw the ball into the field.

（状態変化）（位置変化）(48) Jackendoff (1990):
a.
CAUSE ([SUE], [INCH [BEIdent ([METAL], [AT FLAT])]])
AFF- ([SUE], [METAL])
6b.

CAUSE ([BILL], [GO ([BALL], [TO [IN [FIELD]])]AFF- ([BILL], [BALL])(49) 「位置変化」と「状態変化」の峻別 →(50) a.

b.
(51) a.
b.

(26) (27) を参照

Sue gave Bill the boot (= a kick).

Bill threw John the ball.
Bill knocked the ball out of the park.
Bill knocked the ball out of shape.

(52)

VP2(affected) LOCATION

V’2V2LOCATUMThingImpact
Property(53) a.

b.
(54) a.
b.

Bill threw the ball into the field.
Bill threw John the ball.
John shot at the bear.
John shot the bear.

(55) Structural Realization Principle (Kaga 2007)

Instances of simple LOCATION are realized as PPs, while those of affected LOCATIONs arerealized as DPs.

(56) Locative Alternationa.
Jack loaded books on the truck.
b.

Jack loaded the truck with books.

＜場所＞か＜存在者＞か?
中右 (2018):
WIPE(57) a.
b.
(58) a.
b.

She wiped mud, dirt and tears off her face.
He wiped away the blood with a paper napkin.
Mary wiped the table with a damp cloth.
He wiped (sweat from) his brow with a handkerchief.
7(59) a.

We wiped our dirty boots on the mat before entering the house.

b.
(60) a.

He wiped his hands on his apron.
She wiped her hands over her body to remove the mosquitos attacking her.

HIDE(61) a.
b.

She hid her money under the bed.
Marcia hid the pictures in her desk drawer.

b.

c.
(62) a.
b.

Wipe the pad over the surface until the wood starts to shine.

They hid themselves behind a tree.
She hid her face in her handkerchief.

She hid her red-rimmed eyes behind sunglasses.

RUB(63) a.
b.
(64) a.
b.

John rubbed his eyes wearily.
Jo rubbed the counter with a towel.

She took out her suncream and rubbed some on her nose.
He rubbed polish onto the surface of a table.

(65) a.
Jo rubbed at the counter.
b. * She rubbed at some cream (on her nose).
STRIKE(66) a.
b.
(67) a.
b.

He struck the table with his fist.
He struck the ball with her racket.

He struck his fist on the table.
She struck her knee against the desk.

SCRATCH(68) a.
The child scratched the table top with her toy.
b.
He scratched a match on the sole of his shoe.

参照文献
Bruening, Benjamin (2010) “Ditransitive Asymmetries and a Theory of Idiom Formation,”

Linguistic Inquiry 41:4.
Jackendoff, Ray (1972) Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar, MIT Press, Cambridge,MA.
Jackendoff, Ray (1983) Semantics and Cognition, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Jackendoff, Ray (1990) Semantic Structures, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Kaga Nobuhiro (2007) Thematic Structure: A Theory of Argument Linking and Comparative
Syntax, Kaitakusha, Tokyo.
木戸雪照 (2003)『場所の哲学―存在と場所』文芸社, 東京.
中右実 (2018) 『英文法の心理』開拓社, 東京.
岡智之 (2013)『場所の言語学』ひつじ書房, 東京.

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