Introducing Case
Examples of Analyses ofActual Situation of Use ofTwo-Wheeled Vehicles byHigh School andUniversity Students inPhnom Penh, Cambodia
Nagahiro Yoshida (Osaka City University),
member of IATSS

GIFTS2019 Workshop* Translated by the secretariat

Situation Related to Local Traffic Safety
In Cambodia, the rate of traffic accident fatalities due to motorcycles involving young people is high, making it anurgent social problem.
Generally, traffic safety policies are implemented
from the aspects of the 3Es (Engineering,Enforcement, and Education), but there still are noplaces for conducting official driving training
tests in Cambodia, and that is a problem in traffic
safety education.
In research on traditional traffic safety education,questionnaire surveys are used to get a grasp of
the psychological process involved in driving
behavioral changes.
Purpose of the Research
By observing the psychological aspect through questionnaire surveys and the actual behavior through in-vehicle videos, (1) an
understanding of the mechanism of motorcycle driving behavior is gained, and (2) a road safety WS (workshop) is held based on theknowledge obtained in (1), and specific knowledge that contributes to traffic safety education is gained by assessing its impact.

2Overview of Local Surveys
Questionnaire survey
on usage awarenessand traffic behavior

Before and after the Traffic
Safety WS
Self-assessment
questionnaire survey

Before and after the Traffic
Safety WS
Video observation survey
using in-vehicle cameras

Understanding therelationship between
driving attitude andbehavior

Confirmation of changes in
the psychological aspects of
the Traffic Safety WS(classroom lectures andpractical skills training)

Confirmation of changes in
actual behavior as a result of
the Traffic Safety WS(classroom lectures andpractical skills training)

Before-after
comparisonsBehavior reason model (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975)
Behavioral believes
Evaluation of results
Normative beliefs
Motivation to comply with referents

Implementation 2015
Faculty of Education, theUniversity of Tokyo and theExecuter
Royal University of Phnom
Penh
1,079 Cambodian high school
and college students, of whom
Target people
412, excluding those who did
not respond, were analyzed

Self-assessment
questionnaire survey ofdriving behavior before andafter the Traffic Safety WS
Implementation

AttitudeIntention
Subjective norm

Questionnaire survey on twowheeled-vehicle usage
awareness and traffic behavior

Behavior

Executor

Target people

2018
Osaka City University
Graduate School and theInternational Association of
Traffic and Safety Sciences
20 Cambodian high school
and college students who
participated in the Traffic
3Safety WS

Driving Behavior Observation Survey Using In-Vehicle Cameras and Local WS
Driving behavior observation survey using in-vehicle cameras

Camera position

WS dates: July 2017-December 2018
• Classroom lecture (about 2 hours)• Practical skills training course (about 2 hours)

Before the WS
After the WS Total
December 2015 – January 2016 July 2017
171027*85959585501210362
211
573
584
430
1014

Observation date and time
Number of observers (people)
Male
Gender (people)
FemaleHigh school student
Student category
College student(people)
Under one year
Driving experience
One year or more(people)
Video observation time (min)Number of observation sections
Sections subject to analysis (where the road is267
275
542
divided into two or more lanes in each direction)* Four of whom participated in the video survey both before and after the WS4

Analysis of the Results of the Questionnaire (Covariance Structure Analysis)
Q10.17

Results of covariance structure analysis
indicating the relationship between driving
attitude and risk cognition
Q10.19Q10.21
Q10.22

Normative

0.84
0.77

規範意識
consciousness
0.06

Observation
variables
観測変数

GFI: 0.94
GFI:
0.94 0.92
AGFI:
AGFI:
0.92
0.06
RMSEA:RMSEA: 0.06
数値標準化係数
Numerical standardization coefficient*※
With潜在変数に向けての矢印において、regard to arrows pointing to latent variables, thevariables
where p < 0.05 are marked in red underline.
p < 0.05は赤下線

-0.11

-0.03

0.07

運転中のFrustrations
whiledriving

Q2.5.1

0.59

Frustration whiledriving
Driving confidence
Normative
consciousness

Female dummy

Q1.5

College student dummy

Q2.5.1

Dummy for driver with a driving
experience of one year or more

Severe violations

Q9.13

0.84

Q9.14

0.90

Q9.16

0.53

Minor violations
軽度な違反

0.61

Q9.19

Q10.8
Q10.7
Q10.8
Q10.17
Q10.19Q10.21
Q10.22
Q9.8
Q9.13
Q9.14

Minor violations

Q9.8

0.69
0.85

0.70

Q10.7

Description of question

Q1.1-0.01

イライラ-0.03

List of items to be observed for use in analysis

Personal
attributes

Severe violations
重度な違反

-0.18

Q1.5

Latentvariables
潜在変数

Question No.

-0.08

Driving
confidence
運転自信-0.65

0.55

Q1.1

Questioncategory0.74

Q9.16
Q9.19

I feel frustrated when waiting at a traffic light or when traffic is congested
I don’t feel good when I can’t drive the way I want
It is all right to commit a violation as long I don’t cause an accident
It is a rule of society, so it is better not to commit a violation
It is better not to commit a violation because it may lead to an accident
It is better not to commit a violation considering paying fines or having your licensesuspended
When turning left at an intersection, I make the turn immediately before an
oncoming vehicle.
I drink and drive
I drive at night without my headlights turned on
I drive while listening to music wearing earphones
There are times when I drive with only one hand on the steering wheel.
I feel frustrated when waiting at a traffic light or when traffic is congested

5Comparison of Self-Assessment Before and After the WSQuestion• How much confidence do you think you have in your motorcycle driving skills?
• How much do you think you know about Cambodian traffic rules?
• How much do you think you can reduce the chance of getting involved in a traffic accident if you are able to drive a motorcycle byfollowing traffic rules?
Answer: 0 = “Do not think so at all” to 10 = “Think so very much”
Confidence in driving skills
運転スキル自信

Recognition of traffic rules
交通ルール認識

Avoidance of traffic accidents
交通事故回避Beforethe WS
WS前

After classroomlessons
座学後

After practicalskills training
実技後

10864

Normative consciousness rose after the classroom lessons, while confidence in driving rose after the practical skills training.
6

Results of In-Vehicle Video Analytics

Relationship between vehicle occupancy rate
and the average speed(between sections where the road is divided
into two lanes in each direction)
Relationship between the average interval vehicle
Vehicle occupancy rate around theoccupancy rate and average interval speed
observer(comparison before and after the WS)
The average for the same section
calculated by counting the number ofvehicles within the visual range in frontof the observer every five seconds by
Speed decreased as the vehicle
vehicle type and obtaining theoccupancy rate increased
instantaneous vehicle occupancy rate.

Average interval speed (km/h)

7060
50
4030
20
10

Average interval speed (km/h)

000.1

0.2
0.3
0.4
Average vehicle occupancy rate

0.5

50

Relationship between vehicle occupancy rate
and average speed (comparison before andafter the WS)

40
30+1σ-1σ

Reduction in speed after WS
Standard deviation also decreased
significantly

20
100

Calculation method forvehicle occupancy rate

0.6

Average value for each range of a vehicle
occupancy rate of 0.1
00.1

0.2
0.3
Average vehicle occupancy rate
After theWS後WS

Before
WS前
theWS

0.4

t = 10Four-wheeledvehicle: 1
Two-wheeledvehicle: 2

t=5
Four-wheeledvehicle: 1
Two-wheeledvehicle: 3Road width

0.5
7Results of Traveling Speed Analysis Using In-Vehicle Videos
Results of multiple regression analysis for 542 sections on arterial roads
Coefficient

Value tConstant term

32.15

45.20

**

Vehicle occupancy rate

-39.76-15.69**

Female dummy-3.79-6.22**

College student dummy

1.48

2.54

*

WS dummy-2.16-3.90**

Dummy where there are white lines (lane division line)

1.73

2.98

**

Dummy where the next intersection has right and left turns-2.70-3.36**

Number of times of overtaking a motorcycle: times/km

0.18

6.86

**

Number of times of being overtaken by a motorcycle: times/km

-0.10

-5.17

**

Decision coefficient

0.49

Number of sections542*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

8

Changes in Driving Behavior and Awareness Before and After the WS (Summary)結論

Psychological process for young drivers’ driving behavior based on behavior reason models
Effects of road safety WS

Effects of classroom lessons Effects of practical skills training
Improvement
Normativeconsciousness

Improvement-0.08

Drivingconfidence-0.65

-0.11

-0.03

-0.18
Frustration
while driving

Severeviolations-0.010.53

Minor violations

Results of comparisons of actual behavior before and after the Traffic Safety WS
Significant decrease in speeding
Future developments: Try to secure and disseminate opportunities for driver education in Cambodia andenhance educational content

9Policy Issues and Proposals from Case Examples of Studies in Cambodia• System related to two-wheeled vehicles (actual traffic conditions indeveloping countries)• System related to safety education• Driver’s license system• Training system• Enhancement of educational content and establishment of an education system (school/home)• Other systems• Road system: Applicability of the safe system approach• System related to parking• Displaying of regulations and improvement of law enforcement capacity• Proposals• Ratings on safe usage dedicated to two-wheeled vehicles• Proposal of evidence-based measures to decision-makers• Training of researchers, engineers, and planners concerning traffic safety10