T OHOKU U N IVE RSITY
8-12 September 2014
RENKEI
Programme
SummerSchoolRENKEI
Programme
SummerSchoolRENKEI
Programme
SummerSchoolEnergy Supply within Traditional and Environmentally
Conscious Growth Models

Energy Supply within Traditional and Environmentally
Conscious Growth Models- Student Workgroups Reports and Presentations -- Student Workgroups Reports and Presentations TO H OKU U N IV ER SIT Y
8-12 September 2014

TOHOKU UNIVERSITYTOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Greetings
This is to thank you for joining us on RENKEI Programme Summer School held at Tohoku University,
Sendai, Japan during 8-12 September 2014. We appreciate your discussion and exchange views onenergy supply within traditional and environmentally conscious growth models. The booklet includes
reports and presentation materials developed by students by groups. Each group shows different idea and solution to design a sustainable city for some specific area in the world. We wish you
continued achievement and success of both of us. I hope to be able to work with you in the planned
next RENKEI School in the United Kingdom.
Sincerely,

Toshihiko Nakata

Theme
Energy Supply within Traditional and Environmentally Conscious Growth Models

Summer school objective
The summer school was held in Sendai, Japan within the period of 8 - 12 September 2014. The aim of theschool was to bring together scholars of different cultural and sectoral backgrounds to address the theme ofthe school - Energy Supply within Traditional and Environmentally Conscious Growth Models. The scope ofthe school encompassed specific research tasks to be undertaken by the attendees, exploring the differences
between the current traditional and environmentally conscious (green) energy supply systems culminating in thepresentation of appropriate solution to support our energy needed for the 21st century and beyond.

Structure and approach
The school consisted of lectures, group work and site visits that span a period of one work week. Guest speakers were invited to give presentations on specific areas related to the theme of the Summer School. The aim ofsuch presentations was to provide background as well as appropriate questions aimed at generating debate
within the School’s workshop.
The participants were divided into groups addressing appropriate topics within the Theme’s scope. Each groupconsisted of participants with mixed backgrounds.
Group members collaborated to solve a conceptual task involving technological and social
challenges and developing strategies for public
engagement for pre-defined research projects
stemming from the theme. On the fourth dayof the school, groups presented their workand the top three groups were given
awards. The last day was assigned toexcursion and local sightseeing.

1

RENKEI Programme Summer School

2

TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Summer School Dates and Schedule

7.Sep
Sunday9:00-­
10:30
10:30-­
12:00

8.Sep
Monday9.Sep
Tuesday

10.SepWednesday

11.SepThursdayProf. Bahaj,
University ofSouthampton

Mr. Suzuki,
Fukushima
prefectural
governmentProf. Shukuya,
Tokyo City
University

Dr. Ashina,
NIES (*3)

Prof. Nakata,
TohokuUniversity

Mr. Tsuruoka,
HOPE (*1)

Dr. Barrett,UnitedNations
University

Group work

12.SepFridayFrom 7:50 am
Excursion-­Tsunami
strickenarea-­Matsushima
w/boatride

Lunch
12:00-­
13:00

Lunch break

Lunch break

Lunch break

Lunch break

13:00-­
14:30

Sendaimunicipal
incineration
plant inMatsumorivisit/lecture

Dr. Kunimitsu,
NARO(*2)

Prof. Kurokawa,Tokyo Instituteof Technology

Group workA

Students
report& presentationGroup

End ofSummerschoolJin SiUniversity College London, UK

14:30-­
16:00

Toyota factory
visit/lectureGroup work

Group work
presentations

Noelikanto Ramamonjisoa
Nagoya University, Japan

Leonidas Bourikas
University of Southampton, UK
18:00-­

Welcomeceremony
w/banquet (*4)

Formal dinnerw/ award
ceremony (*5)

Marisabel Cuberos Balda
Tohoku University, Japan*1 HOPE: Higashimatsushima Organization for Progress and Economy, Education, Energy*2 NARO: National Agriculture and Food Research Organization*3 NIES: National Institute for Environmental Study*4 Hotel Metropolitan SENDAI*5 Sendai Shozankan

3

RENKEI Programme Summer School

4

TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

RENKEI	
  Summer	  School	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  September	
  11,	  2014RENKEI Summer School 2014

Project title: Pathways towards a community inspired city: the future is now!
Jin Si1, Noelikanto Ramamonjisoa2, Leonidas Bourikas3, Marisabel Cuberos4
1

University College London, UK, 2 Nagoya University, Japan, 3 University of Southampton, UK, 4 Tohoku University, Japan.

Introduction	
  	
  

	
  

The	
  following	
  work	  summaries	
  our	
  ideas	
  for	
  developing	
  an	
  energy	
  system	
  for	  a	
  sustainable	
  city	
   in	   a	   near	
   future.	
   We	
   decided	
   to	
   add	   the	   word	
   "now"	
   to	
   emphasize	
   the	   urgency	
   that	
   we,	
   as	
  community,	
   need	   to	
   apply	
   sooner	
   than	
   ever.	
   Many	
   projects	
   have	
   used	
   2020	
   as	   a	   target	
   year	
  however	
   we	   are	   getting	
   closer	
   to	
   the	   date	   with	   a	
   significant	
   global	
   change.	
   We	
   propose	   to	  maintain	
   an	
   optimistic	
   point	
   of	
   view	
   while	
   choosing	   a	
   mix	   of	
   technologies	
   and	   policies,	
   which	
   we	  analyzed	
  as	
  the	
  ones	
  to	
  take	  into	  account	
  for	  a	
  carbon	  neutral	
  society.	
  Objectives	  	
  The project investigates pathways towards the creation of a community inspired city by immediate
actions. It looks at the development of a community-based energy system and sustainable solutions forthe future cities.
− Design	
  an	
  ideal	
  city	  which	  can	  be	
  referred	
  to	
  while	  comparing	
  ideal	
  with	  reality	  − Propose	
  the	
  energy	
  technologies	
  and	  policies	
  needed	
  to	
  achieve	
  a	
  carbon	  neutral	
  society	  − Recognize	
  the	
  risks	
  and	
  limitations	
  when	
  going	  "all	  renewable"	  Motivation	  	
  After	  the	
  March-­‐2011	
  earthquake	
  and	
  tsunami	
  in	
  the	
  east	  coast	  of	
  Japan,	
  many	  lessons	
  were	  learnt	   about	
   how	
   unpredictable	
   events	
   can	   impact	
   our	   community.	
   Besides,	   several	
   cities	
   have	  been	
   looking	   forward	
   to	
   become	   low	
   carbon.	
   When	
   integrating	
   such	   desire	
   with	
   known	
   risks	
   and	  past	
  experiences	
  around	  the	
  world,	
  we	
  designed	
  our	
  city	  based	  on	
  such	  knowledge.	
  We	
  decided	  to	
  design	
  a	
  future	
  city	  named	
  Fukuhampton	
  which	
  will	  have	  the	
  same	  climate	
  as	
  Fukushima	
  and	
  Southampton,	
   warm	
   temperate	
   (6).	
   Fukuhampton	
   is	
   about	   400km2	
   with	
   a	
   population	
   of	
   270	
   000	  people.	
  Main design principles

The main design principles are built upon the ideals of public wellbeing, community engagement,
behavior shift towards a one earth living and highly efficient regionally designed power generation andconsumption. Some key considerations are outlined:− Climate	
  change	
  resilience	
  and	
  weather	
  proof	  design:	
  flexible	
  urban	
  structure	
  with	  the	
  capacity	  to	
  recover	
  fast	  from	  extreme	  events,	
   allocate	
  sources	
  to	
  the	
  most	  efficient	
  use	
  and	
  protect	  the	  citizens.	
  − Self-­‐sufficient	
   urban	
   communities	
   with	   local	
   power	
   generation	
   according	   to	
   the	   locally	
  available	
  resources	
  and	
  economical	
  security	
  through	  wide	  cooperation	
  networks.	
  − Compact	
   cities	
   with	   mixed	
   use,	
   public	
   transport	
   and	   walkability	
   that	
   will	   inspire	   the	  minimization	
  of	
  fuel	  consumption	  and	
  carbon	  emissions.	
  − Modularization	
  of	
  key	
  urban	
  infrastructure	
  to	
  shift	  	
  − Decentralized	
   distribution	
   networks	
   in	
   combination	
   with	   micro-­‐generation	
   technology	
   and	  smart	
   management	
   systems	
   to	
   increase	
   energy	
   use	   efficiency	
   and	   maximize	
   the	   potential	
   of	
  local	  resources.	
  − Waste	
   management	
   towards	
   an	
   integrated	
   city	
   metabolism	
   based	
   on	   a	   closed	
   system	
   with	  high	
   rates	   of	
   recycling	
   to	
   recover	
   materials	
   and	   energy	
   while	
   at	
   the	   same	
   time	
   decrease	
   the	  embodied	
  carbon.	
  − Biodiversity	
  conservation.	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Fig.	
  1	
  Concept	
  design	
  of	
  Fukuhampton（see	
  in	
  appendix）	
  Urban	
  planning	  1)Land	  use:	  	
  − Compact	
  building:	
  permits	
  more	  open	  space	
  to	
  be	
  preserved,	
  encourages	
  buildings	
  to	
  expand	
  vertically	
  rather	
  than	  horizontally.	
  − Preservation	
   of	
   land	   and	   natural	
   resources:	
   compact	
   building	
   forms,	
   moderation	
   in	
   street	
  (Neuman,	  2005).	
  Total	
  housing	  area	  is	
  less	  than	
  50%	  of	
  the	
  total	  area.	
  − Density	
  lowers	
  the	  per	
  capita	
  costs	
  of	
  infrastructure	
  capital	
  and	
  operating	  costs,	
  and	
  reduces	  per	
   capita	
   use	   of	   all	   types	
   of	
   energy	
   including	
   energy	
   for	   transportation	
   and	   heating	
   and	  cooling	
   buildings.	
   A	
   minimum	
   density	
   of	
   50	
   dwellings	
   per	   hectare	
   is	
   applied	
   as	   a	   necessary	  baseline	
  to	
  support	
  public	
  transportation	
  (Applegath,	
  2012).	
  − Locate	
  stores,	
  offices	
  and	  services	
  within	
  walking	
  (cycle)	
  distance	  − Create	
  local	
  works	
  that	  will	
  ultimately	
  reduce	
  people	
  mobility	
  and	  transportation	
  energy	  Transport	  	
  Convenient	
  and	
  interesting;	
  Encourage	
  walking	
  and	
  cycling	
  ;	
  Provide	
  a	
  variety	
  of	
  transportation	  choice	  ;Include	
  bicycle	
  lane	  and	  transit;	
  Promotion	
  of	
  public	
  transport	
  ;Use	  connected	
  network	
  with	
  alternative	  routes	  and	
  bypassing	
  of	
  heavy	
  traffic	  (Neuman,	  2005)	
  Building	  	
  − Promoting	
  long	  lasting	
  materials	
  and	
  well-­‐designed	
  sustainable	
  habitation
Infrastructure	
  	
  

For	
  the	
  basic	
  infrastructure	
  of	
  a	
  city,	  such	  as	
  water	  treatment	
  and	  waste	  treatment,	
  we	
  can	
  
try	
  to	
  find	  ways	  to	
  do	
  contribution	
  for	
  energy	
  area.	
  Such	  as	
  ecological	
  water	  treatment	
  using	
  anerobic	
  method;	
  and	  we	
  can	
  also	  use	  waste	  to	
  produce	
  energy.	
  The	
  other	  thing	
  is	
  we	
  can	
  use	  green	
  roof	  or	
  green	
  garden	
  to	
  drain	
  the	
  rainwater	
  and	
  absorb	
  the	
  CO2.	
  Energy	  Fukuhampton	
   relies	
   on	
   renewable	
   energy	
   and	   is	
   carbon	
   neutral.	
   The	   system	
   components	
   have	
  enough	  independence	
  so	
  that	  damage	
  or	
  failure	
  of	
  one	
  component	
  of	
  a	
  system	
  is	
  designed	
  to	
  have	  a	
   low	
   probability	
   of	
   inducing	
   failure	
   of	
   other	   similar	
   or	
   related	
   components	
   in	
   the	   system.	
  The	  city	
  has	
  co-­‐generated	
  district	
  energy	
  plants.	
  Each	  plant	
  provides	
  power	  for	
  its	
  surrounding	  area	  but	
   also	
   can	   be	
   called	
   upon	   to	
   provide	
   excess	
   power	
   to	
   back	
   up	
   neighboring	
   plants,	
   should	
   a	
  failure	
   occur.	
   Each	   piece	
   is	
   independent	
   (modular)	
   yet	   also	
   networked	
   (redundant),	
   thus	
  optimizing	  both	  energy	
  production	  and	
  security.	
  Community	
  owned	
  energy	
  management	
  system	  controls	
  the	
  local	
  power	
  distribution	
  between	
  the	  districts	
  (cf	  Appendix).	
  	
  Fukuhampton	
   relies	
   on	
   solar,	
   geothermal,	
   biomass,	
   wind,	   ocean	   (wave	
   and	   tidal)	
   and	   hydro	
  energies.	
   The	   net	   use	   of	
   fossil	
   fuel	   for	   electricity	
   and	   heat	   generation	
   is	
   close	
   to	
   zero.	
   The	   city	
  produces	
  125%	
  of	
  the	
  required	
  energy	
  and	
  25%	  of	
  this	
  is	
  exported	
  to	
  the	
  national	
  grid.	
  Conclusion	
  and	  recommendations	
  Based	  on	
  current	
  green	
  solutions	
  available	
  for	
  energy	
  system	
  development,	
  we	
  have	  taken	  a	
  whole	  perspective	  for	  a	
  city,	  which	
  is	
  to	
  look	  into	  several	
  sectors,	
  such	  as	
  land	  use,	
  transportation,	
  buildings	
   and	   infrastructure	
   to	
   explore	
   the	   opportunities	
   of	
   energy	
   saving	
   and	   production.	
   The	  other	
  highlight	
  of	
  our	
  approach	
  is	
  based	  on	
  community,	
  which	  is	  a	
  decentralized	
  way	  to	
  develop	  the	
  whole	  energy	
  system,	
  but	  at	  the	
  same	  time,	
  we	
  also	  have	  built	
  EMS	  in	
  the	
  central	
  of	
  the	
  city,	  to	
  monitor	
   and	   manage	
   the	   energy	
   supply	
   and	   demand.	
   The	   model	
   has	   been	
   developed	
   for	  Fukuampton,	
   but	   can	   also	
   be	
   referred	
   to	
   other	   similar	
   cities	
   development.	
   There	
   do	
   exist	
   risks	
   in	  real	
   cases,	
   such	   as	
   willingness	
   of	
   the	   people	
   participated,	
   high	
   cost	
   of	
   technological	
   integration	
  
and	
  as	
  well	  as	
  natural	
  disasters	
  and	
  other	
  possible	
  unpredictable	
  risks.	
  	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  

Efficient	
  use	  of	
  land	  resources	  5

RENKEI	
  Summer	  School	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  September	
  11,	  2014

	
  
1	
  

2	
  

RENKEI Programme Summer School

6

TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

RENKEI	
  Summer	  School	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  September	
  11,	  2014	  Appendix	  	
  Pathways towards a community inspired
city for the future...now!
Marisabel
Leonidas
Noeli
Jin

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Figure	
  1:	
  Concept	
  design	
  of	
  Fukuhampton	  	  References[1] Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University,
International Food Policy Research Institute - IFPRI, The World Bank, and Centro Internacional de
Agricultura Tropical - CIAT. 2011. Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1):
Urban Extents Grid. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC).
http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4GH9FVG as found in Watts Anthony (2010) Watts up with that? The
world's most viewed site on global warming and climate change. Available fromhttp://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/12/23/3-of-earths-landmass-is-now-urbanized/. Date Accessed 10
Sept 2014[2] Bahaj A.S., James P.A.B. and Jentsch M.F. (2008) Potential of emerging glazing technologies forhighly glazed buildings in hot arid climates. Energy and Buildings, vol. 40 (5), p.p. 720-731

Outline[3] Applegath, C.F., 2012. Future proofing cities. Strategies to help cities develop capacities to absorb
future shocks and stresses.
[4] Neuman, M., 2005. The Compact City Fallacy. Journal of Planning Education and Research 25, 1126.
[5]OECD,2012. “The compact city concept in today's urban contexts”, in Compact City Policies: A
Comparative Assessment, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264167865-6-en[6]Rubel F. and Kottek M. (2010) Observed and projected climate shifts 1901-2100 depicted by worldmaps of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, vol. 19 (2), p.p.
135-14173	
  Community inspired “clean” city

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Aim

Develop	  the	
  energy	
  system	
  for	
  community	
  based	  sustainable	
  future	
  ci7es.	
  	  	
  Objectives

Motivation• BeAer	  city	  • Problems	
  of	
  ci7es	  • Case	  study	  of	
  new	
  and	
  exis7ng	
  • Opportuni7es	
  • Act	  now	  to	
  build	
  community	
  and	
  sustainability	  • Set	  the	
  global	
  example	  Urban Sustainability
Environmental –EconomicalTo	
  design	
  an	
  ideal	
  city	  that	  can	  be	  a	
  global	  example	  for	
  regional	
  resources	
  management	
  Social –EnvironmentalTo	
  propose	  an	
  energy	
  mix	
  and	
  green	
  technologies	
  to	
  achieve	
  a	
  carbon	  neutral	
  society	
  wellbeing, health,community
engagementTo	  Recognize	
  the	
  risks	
  and	
  limita7ons	
  when	
  going	
  "all	
  renewable	
  "	
  SocialEnvironmental

Sustainability

Public transport, regionalenergy generation, urban
agriculture, waste
management

Economical
Social – Economical
Job opportunities, co-operations,training and support

Adapted from : Teli D & James P.A.B. 2013 Urban Space, MSc Energy and Sustainability ,University ofSouthampton

9

RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Key design actions

Fukuhampton – closer to heavenü Describe	
  the	
  current	
  condi7ons	  	  ü Assess	
  technological	
  community-­‐based	
  solu7ons	  ü Evaluate	
  	
  diﬀerent	
  policy	
  ini7a7ves	
  to	
  aAract	  private	  investment	  	  ü Build	
  a	
  framework	
  for	
  innova7on	
  and	  collabora7on	
  between	
  universi7es,	
  stakeholders	
  and	  industry	  ü Interna7onal	
  paradigms	
  ü Future	
  plans	
  :	
  Fukuhampton	
  Fukushima and Southampton	

Popula7on	
 270,000	
Area	

400	
  km²	

Annual	
  Electricity	
  demand:	
  2,200	
  kWh/person	
  Annual	  Total	
  Electricity	
  demand:	
  594	
  GWh	
  Fukuhampton – closer to heavenTwo	
  ci7es	  looking	
  forward	
  to	
  go	
  “green”	
Popula7on	
 270,000	

11

Popula7on	

290,000	

254,000	

Area	

747	
  km²	

73	
  km²	

Climate	Warm	
  Temperate-­‐	  Hot	
  summer	
  Warm	
  Temperate-­‐	  Warm	
  summer	

Area	

400	
  km²	

Climate	Warm	
  Temperate	

RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Baseline mix – Business as usual
Technology	
  

e-­‐	
  

Heat	
  

Japan	
  Energy	
  fuel	
  mix	  (2012)*	
  	
  

UK	
  Energy	
  fuel	  mix	
  (2012)*	
  
2%	
  

Hydro	
  

O	
  	
  

X	
  

3%	
  

Solar	
  

O	
  

O	
  

2%	
  

Wind	
  	
  

O	
  

X	
  

Geothermal	
  

O	
  

O	
  

Ocean	
  energy	  	
  (7dal	
  and	  wave)	
  

O	
  

X	
  

Biomass	
  	
  

O	
  

O	
  

Oil	
  

Urban planning - Land use•

Compact, walkable or cycle
distance•

Mixed land use (agricultural,
housing, green space andrecreation),
Preserve green space andcritical habitat forbiodiversity

•

•
47%	
  

37%	
  

Natural	
  Gas	
  

O	
  

O	
  

24%	
  

33%	
  

Coal	
  	
  

O	
  

O	
  

23%	
  

16%	
  

Nuclear	
  

O	
  

O	
  

1%	
  

12%	
  

Total housing area < 60%•US	
  Energy	
  Informa7on	
  Administra7on	
  (2012)	
  Independent	
  sta7s7c	
  analysis	
  for	  Japan	
  and	
  UK	
  	
  	
  

Source:	
  theenvironmentalblog.com	

Urban planning – A place to call home

"4%$13/$11,1*!4$153246,16+(&,6;

ü Protect and support

>68,99+09:80*:*544,*:0549

ü Optimise density andenhance mixed-use

803(8?85(+9C(8:,80,9C2(4,9=0:/62(4:,+*,4:8(28,9,8<(:054(4+90+,
D.8,,4E<,8.,9

biodiversityü Reassure Economic
security for citizens
ü Support cooperative
networksü Preserve local
ecosystems and promotesustainable food production

13

>68,99+09:80*:
*544,*:0549

2,*:80* -;,2*,22);9,9:8(3
(:*/3,4:(8,(:/,+09:80*:*533;40:?A
:56,895495425*(2:8(<,2

RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

"4%$13/$11,1*!4$153246,16+(&,6;
(9:4:,8+09:80*:*544,*:0549
2,*:80*);9,9

4:,8+09:80*:
*544,*:0549

#,*54+(8?85(+9 C 2(4,9=0:/90+,62(4:,+6,+,9:80(4=(21904*8,(9,+6,83,()2,
9;8-(*,9=0:/8(048;45--
*522,*:054(:*/3,4:(8,(6(8:95-:/,
+09:80*:A 
:5 
6,89549
$8(<,2:59*/552925*(2*533,8*0(2*,4:8,

Urban design - Principles
Places with character andidentity
Continuity and enclosure –Private space isdistinguished from public
Quality of public places –attractive, well used space
Ease of movement –accessibility and safe
connection withsurroundings

Adapted from CABE “Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment"4%$13/$11,1*!4$153246,16+(&,6;
0*?*2,2(4,9 =(21()2,
+09:(4*,9A 3:53(04
25*(2-(*020:0,99;*/(9.85*,8?659:5--0*,,:*
#,*54+(8?(4+:,8:0(8?
85(+9  2(4,9=0:/
6,+,9:80(4=(2196;)20*
56,496(*,25*(26(8104.

Urban design - Principles
Legibility – Easy to find andnavigate around
Adaptability – Easy tochange according to use
needs
Diversity – Variety andchoices(:*/3,4:(8,(6(8:95-:/,
4,0./)5;8/55+A :5
6,89549

Resilient to climate change
and extreme events$8(<,2:59/569-55+
9;6620,9,4:,8:(043,4:

Promoting air quality,
thermal comfort and energy
savings
Adapted from CABE “Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment

15

RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Urban design – Microclimate

Urban design – Building layout
Lessons	
  taught	
  from	  tradiAonal	
  architecture	
  Openings	
  to	
  South	
  (solar	
  gains)	
  Cold	
  air	  recession	
  –	
  secondary	
  use	
  spaces	  to	
  North	  Daylight	
  access	
  Change	  in	
  the	
  use	  of	
  space	  Cross	
  ven7la7on	
  Adapted from CABE “Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment

Urban design – Building layout

Urban design – Building layout

Optimum AR = ?
HeightRestrictions ?

Regional	
  –	
  responsive	
  to	
  climate	
  design	
  
Use	
  of	
  local	
  materials	
  and	  recycling	
  at	
  the	
  
end	
  of	
  life	  –	
  Life	  Cycle	  Assessment	  Consider ....
Daylight levels
Air quality
Pedestrian comfort
Integrated PV and solar thermal panels
SVF = 0.93
20

17

RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Energy – Management

Energy – Management
Community	
  owned	  energy	  management	
  system	  controls	
  the	
  local	
  power	  distribu7on	
  between	  the	  districts	
  Annual	  Total	
  Electricity	
  demand:	
  594	
  GWh	
  Energymanagement
system for
Fukuhampton

Energy – Hybrid approach

Energy – Hybrid approach
Annual	  Total	
  Electricity	
  demand:	  742.5	
  GWh	
  Target:	
  125%	  net	
  cover	  of	
  energy	  demand	
  19

Local	
  decentralised	
  grid	  is	
  connected	
  to	
  the	
  na7onal	  grid	  Surplus is exported to
the grid.
Carbon offset for theCO2 emitted by private
vehicles andconventional energy
generation.
At mature stage of thedevelopment average
per capita demanddoes not exceed 2,200
kWh

RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Energy – Hybrid approach

Energy – Hybrid approach
Annual	  Total	
  Electricity	
  demand:	  742.5	
  GWh	
  Solar	  PV	
  poten7al...	
  Total	
  A=400	
  106	
  
m2	
  	
  

Wind	
  10	
  MW	
  
onshore	  -­‐>	
  15	
  GWh*	  *	
  World	
  View.	
  Wind	  Energy	
  opportuni7es	
  in	
  Japan.	
  www.worldview.co.nz	
  Energy – Hybrid approach

Energy – Hybrid approach
Annual	  Total	
  Electricity	
  demand:	  742.5	
  GWh	  50%	  Built	
  x	
  400	
  106	
  
m2	
  x	
  5%	
  suitable	  roofs	  x	  800	
  kWh	
  /
kWp	
  x	
  0.1	
  kWp/m2	
  	
  	
  =	
  
800	
  GWh!	
  Annual	  Total	
  Electricity	
  demand:	  742.5	
  GWh	
  Waste	
  1.2	  kg	  /person/daily	
  =118,000	
  tons	  annually	
  0.4	
  incinerated	
  in	
  5MW	  e-­‐	  total	
  plants.	
  
5MW	
  x	
  0.2	
  eﬃc.	
  x	
  12hr/day	  x	
  365days	
  =	
  22	
  GWh	
  	
  	
  

21

RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Energy – Hybrid approach
FUKUHAMPTON

Sustainable infrastructure 
EnergyCost
0

Biomass - waste incineration - CHP
627GWh/year

Geothermal
Hydropower - large-scale
Hydropower - small-scale
Solar photovoltaics - Large scale
Solar photovoltaics - Buildings
MarineWind onshore
Wind offshore
FUKUHAMPTON
Biomass - waste incineration - CHP
Geothermal

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0
Cost

0

0

97.2

0.0166

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Hydropower - small-scale
Solar photovoltaics - Large scale
Solar photovoltaics - BuildingsWind onshore

0

EnergyHydropower - large-scale

Marine00.1070MM$00530.650.242300Wind offshore

Energy– risks and limitationsØ Low	  community	
  engagement	
  -­‐	
  Not	
  in	
  my	
  
back	
  yard	  syndrome	  Ø Cost	
  and	
  ini7al	
  capital	
  stock	  Ø Natural	
  disasters	
  Ø Unpredicted	
  climate	
  condi7ons	
  Ø Finite	
  primary	  energy	  resources	  Ø Low	
  rate	  of	
  technological	
  learning	
  23• Water	  management	
  infrastructure	  	
  Drinking	
  water	  supply(save	
  water	
  usage)	
  	
  Sewage	  treatment-­‐Ecological	
  treatment	  	
  • Solid	
  waste	  management	  	
  Solid	  waste	
  gasiﬁca7on	
  facili7es	  	
  • Green	
  infrastructure	  	
  Water management (water-energy nexus)

Sewage treatment in an ecological way willsave energy compared to traditional treatment methods.

RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Solid waste management（energy production from waste)

EG. Solid	
  waste	  gasiﬁca7on	
  facili7es	  	
  Small	
  scale	  energy	
  produc7on	
  system	
  using	  community	
  waste	  Conclusion	• Energy	
  demand	
  reduc7on	
  through	
  behaviour	  shiq	
  and	
  eﬃcient	
  city	  design.	
  • Emissions	
  from	  Gas/Biomass	
  CHP	
  and	
  grid	  carbon	  intensity	
  are	
  oﬀset	  by	
  energy	
  export	
  to	
  the	
  grid.	
  • Community	
  coopera7on	
  networks	
  have	  shares	
  on	
  
the	
  energy	
  genera7on	
  plants.	
  • Fukuhampton	
  can	
  set	  as	
  a	
  global	
  example	
  for	
  community	
  based	
  genera7on	
  according	  to	
  regional	
  resources.	

Green infrastructure Green	
  belt	  in	
  the	
  city:	
  early	
  drainage	
  of	
  rainwater	  	
  the	
  rainwater,	
  and	  at	  the	
  same	  7me,	
  can	  be	
  used	  to	
  facilitate	
  CO2	
  sequestra7on

Thank you very much
Q&A

Green	
  roof:	
  if	
  there	  is	
  some	  roof	
   top	   space	   leq,	
   green	  roof	
   can	   be	
   used	   to	
   save	
  energy	   by	
   increasing	
   the	  insula7on	
  of	
  the	
  buildings.	
  	
  

25

RENKEI Programme Summer School26

B

Students
report& presentation

Group

Aisling Tierney
University of Bristol, UK

Ray Edmunds
University of Leeds, UK

Yang Wang
Osaka University, Japan

Hector Fernando Villatoro Flores
Tohoku University, JapanRENKEI Programme Summer School

28

TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014	  Title:	
  Energy	
  Demand	
  and	  Capacities	
  in	
  Economies:	
  A	
  case	  study	  of	  Cancun,	
  Mexico	
  Objectives:	
  Group	  Members:	
  

1)	
  	
  Highlight	
  the	
  requirements	
  for	  a	
  sustainable	
  energy	
  system	
  for	  a	
  mint	  country	
  taking	
  as	
  a	
  case	  Hector	  Flores	  –	
  Tohoku	
  University	
  	
  
Yang	
  Wang	  –	
  Osaka	
  university	  (r	  Aisling	  Tierney	
  –	
  Bristol	
  University	
  Ray	
  Edmunds	
  –	
  Leeds	
  University	
  study	  a	
  city	  in	
  Mexico.	
  2)	
  Provide	  an	
  example	
  for	
  wholes	  system	
  approach	
  to	
  system	
  design	
  for	  all	
  MINT	
  countries.	
  3)	
   Assess	
   the	   technical,	
   economic,	
   environmental	
   and	   social	
   aspects	
   of	
   energy	
   system	
   design	
   in	
   a	
  
MINT	
  country.	
  Data	  Collection	  and	
  Analysis:	
  

	
  
•

GIS	
  was	
  used	  to	
  understand	
  the	
  wind,	  wave,	
  geothermal	
  and	
  solar	  resource	
  availability	
  Context:	
  

•

The	
  regional	
  demand	
  was	
  approximated	
  by	
  using	
  national	
  and	
  provincial	
  energy	
  statistics	
  Mexico	
   is	
   one	   of	
   the	   four	
   MINT	
   countries,	
   along	
   with	   Indonesia,	
   Nigeria	
   and	   Turkey.	
   Mexico	
   with	   its	  •An	
  energy	
  mix	  was	
  decided	
  based	  on	
  the	  resource	
  availability,	
  efficiency	
  of	
  technologies	
  and	
  system	  compatibility	
  large	
  economic	
  growth	
  and	
  growing	
  power	
  demand	
  faces	
  enormous	
  challenges	
  in	
  the	
  development	
  of	
  its	
  power	  system.	
  With	  increasing	
  imports	
  form	  US	
  the	
  cost	  of	
  power	
  in	
  Mexico	
  is	
  unsustainable	  •Levelised	
  costs	
  of	
  new	
  technologies	
  	
  were	  compared	
  to	
  existing	  cost	  of	
  the	
  current	
  fuel	  mix	
  

for	
  a	
  developing	
  country	
  and	
  domestic	
  production	
  of	
  energy	
  is	
  required	
  to	
  satisfy	
  growing	
  demand.	
  

•

The	
   market	
   framework	
   and	   current	
   reforms	
   were	
   assessed	
   to	
   ensure	
   that	
   Mexico	
   and	   the	  Cancun	  was	
  chosen	
  as	
  a	
  city	  for	
  analysis,	
  because	
  of	
  its	
  global	  reach	  with	  high	  tourism	
  and	
  attractive	  Cancun	
   region	
   provided	
   an	
   attractive	
   commercial	
   opportunity	
   for	   both	
   national	
   and	  site	
   for	   international	
   conferences,	
   for	   example	
   the	   UNFCCC	
   in	
   2010.	
   Cancun	
   surrounding	
   land	
   is	  international	
  investors	
  	
  
•

undeveloped	
  and	
  ideal	  for	
  large	  scale	  energy	
  generation	
  technologies.	
  This	
  will	  benefit	
  both	  the	
  local	
  economy	  in	
  terms	
  of	
  jobs	  and	
  energy	  resilience	
  in	
  addition	
  to	
  encouraging	  Mexico’s	
  independence	
  

	
  

Conclusions	  and	  Recommendations	
  

from	
  reliance	
  on	
  imports.	
  •Fantastic	
  opportunity	
  for	
  development	
  in	
  Mexico	
  

	
  

•

Great	  resource	
  and	
  market	
  potential	
  Social	  and	  Environmental	
  Considerations:	  •Cancun	
  an	
  opportunity	
  to	
  provide	
  example	
  of	
  decarbonised	
  city	  in	
  a	
  MINT	
  country.	
  Dramatic	
   social	
   and	   economic	
   inequalities	
   exist	
   in	
   Cancun.	
   The	   lack	
   of	
   fundamental	
   social	
   systems	
  

	
  

(clean	   running	
   water,	
   electricity,	
   housing,	
   and	   transport)	
   compared	
   to	
   the	   wasteful	
   luxuries	
   of	  This	  was	  pre-­‐feasibility	
  study.	
  A	
  further	
  feasibility	
  study	
  is	
  required,	
  this	
  will	
  take	  into	  consideration	  internationally-­‐funded	
  hotel	  chains	
  lead	  to	
  a	
  sense	  of	
  social	
  injustice	
  for	  the	
  local	
  Mayan	
  population.	
  the	
  following	
  Migrant	
  workers	
  travel	
  from	  across	
  the	  Yucatan	
  peninsula	  to	
  supply	
  the	
  cheap	
  unskilled	
  workforce	
  required	   to	
   support	
   the	   tourism	
   industry,	
   but	   this	   leads	
   to	
   community	
   fragmentation	
   and	   a	
  destruction	
  of	
  traditional	
  cultural	
  systems.	
  	
  
The	
  environment	
  suffers	
  due	  to	
  the	  waste	  created	
  by	
  the	
  tourist	
  industry.	
  Over	  450	
  tons	  of	
  waste	  travels	  to	
  landfills	
  every	
  day	
  and	  is	
  frequently	
  burned	
  as	
  part	  of	
  the	  disposal	
  process.	
  Hotel	  sewage	
  is	
  

o

Detailed	
  cost	  and	  resource	
  analysis	
  oDetailed	
  analysis	
  of	
  the	  Mexican	
  electricity	
  and	
  energy	
  markets	
  oForecasting	
  of	
  future	
  load	  requirements	
  in	
  the	  Cancun	
  region	  oSystem	  adequacy	
  analysis	
  either	  stored	  in	
  septic	
  tanks	
  and	
  illegally	
  dumped	
  in	
  the	
  local	  lagoon	
  or	
  water	  systems,	
  or	
  is	
  directly	
  poured	  untreated	
  into	  the	
  drainage	
  systems.	
  Sewage	
  purification	
  industry	
  is	
  limited	
  in	
  Cancun.	
  29

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Emerging	
  economies	
  Energy	  demands	
  and	
  capacity	
  in	
  developing	
  economies:	
  A	
  case	  study	  in	
  Cancun,	
  Mexico
Group	  B	
  A.	
  Tierney	
  (Bristol),	
  R.	
  Edmunds	  (Leeds),	
  Y.	
  Wang	  (Osaka)	
  and	
  H.	
  
F.	
  V.	
  Flores	
  (Tohoku)	
  Brazil,	
  Russia,	
  India,	
  China	
  and	
  South	  Africa	  
Mexico,	  Indonesia,	
  Nigeria	
  and	
  Turkey	  	
  RENKEI	
  Summer	  School	
  in	
  Tohoku	
  Univeristy	
  11-­‐Sept-­‐2014

Regional	
  problems	
  Social 	  	
  • Demographics	
  • Labour,	
  migraVon,	  community	  Environmental	  • Land	  use	  (interior)	
  • Waste,	  polluVon	  – Culture,	
  tradiVon	  • Housing	  • (In)equality	
  

31

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

United	  Mexican	
  States	  Area:	
  1,972,550	
  km2	  (14th)	
  Interna;onal	
  Visitors	  in	
  Cancun	
  (million)	
  PopulaVon:	
  118,	
  395,	
  054	  (2013,	
  11th)	
  GDP:	
  $1.927	
  trillion	
  (2014	
  esVmate,	
  10th)	
  

5	
  
4	
  
3	
  
2	
  
1	
  
0	
  

Cancun	  Interna;onal	
  Airport	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  Second	
  largest	
  in	
  Mexico	
  

	
  	
  	
  	
  15,	
  962,	
  162	
  passengers	
  in	
  2013

Local	  residence:	
  0.72	
  million
2011	
  

2012	
  

2013	
  

Cancun	  Found:	
  1970	
  LocaVon:	
  Yucatan	
  Peninsula,south-­‐east	
  coast	  of	  Mexico	
  State:	
  Quintana	
  Roo	
  Climate:	
  Subtropical	
  climate,27º	
  C	
  -­‐	
  35º	
  C,sunny	
  days	  throughout	
  
most	
  of	
  the	
  year	  	
  PopulaVon	
  722,	
  800	  (2010).	
  UN’s	
  Cancun	
  climate	
  conference	
  was	
  held	  in	
  November	
  2010	  	
  and	  “Cancun	
  Agreements”	
  33

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Economics	
  • Imported	
  diesel	
  and	
  oil	
  >200USD/MWh	  • New	
  Low	  Carbon	  Technologies	  – Solar	
  PV:100-­‐120USD/MWh	  – Onshore	
  Wind:	
  80-­‐100USD/MWh	  – Waste	
  IncineraVon:	
  90	
  –	
  100USD/MWh	  – Anaerobic	
  digesVon:	
  100	  –	
  180USD/MWh	  – Solar	
  collectors	
  • Enabling	
  Technologies	  – Grid	  reinforcement:	
  8-­‐10USD/MWh	  – Storage:	
  further	
  analysis	
  required	
  Technical	
  PoliVcal	
  Support	  	
  • Mexicans	
  pay	
  72%	  more	  for	
  electricity	
  than	  americans	  • Reforming	  the	
  energy	
  market	
  to	
  allow	
  greater	
  private	  investment	  • Target	
  of	
  35%	
  renewable	
  energy	
  by	
  2024	  • Plans	
  to	
  take	  wind	  to	
  20GW+	
  capacity	
  by	
  2024….and	
  solar	
  to	
  8GW	  by	
  2014	  

37

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 201439

RENKEI Programme Summer School

40

TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

C

Students
report& presentation

Group

Ivar Baldvinsson
Tohoku University, Japan

Marina Ide
Osaka University, Japan

Carmen Wouters
University College London, UK

Yue WuUniversity of Southampton, UK

41

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Future City Design under extreme weather conditions

Ivar Baldvinsson (Tohoku University), Marina Ide (Osaka University),
Carmen Wouters (University College London), Yue Wu (Southampton University)
Introduction
Extreme climatic conditions resulting in heavy winters and hot summers are becoming more
prominent due to climate change and global warming [reference]. Cities pressured by these
extreme weather conditions are increasingly constrained in meeting their energy demands
and form a challenging environment to create a sustainable city in all sectors.
Objective
To create a sustainable and resilient future energy system of a city bound by extreme
climatological conditions, exploiting as much as possible the locally available (renewable)energyresources
and
the
local
environmental features.
Methodology
Transition theory is employed, as illustrated
in the figure right. A future city design isenvisioned based on the current status of
the considered city. Back casting is thenutilized to transition the current city structure
to the future city design through retrofitting
City Profiles
Two cities are the scope of the study: Adelaide, South Australia and Hirosaki, Japan. The
choice of cities is motivated by climate, available resources and potential of improvement.
The characteristics and motivation of each city are given in the table below.
City
Average yearlysolar irradiation

Max avg Temp.
Min avg Temp.
RES
Population
ClimateCharacteristics

Adelaide29-30 degrees
7-8 degrees
Solar – Wind - Biomass
1,203,200
Hot Mediterranean climate - mild winters withmoderate rainfall and hot, dry summers- summer heat waves: >10 consecutive days >35
degrees- water usage restrictions- low household insulation standard- Stand-alone 1 floor houses – spread out living- car culture – barely public transport- peak cooling demand- Only major city in the state - 75% of population- access to the sea

Hirosaki

15 degrees
5 degreesWind – Geothermal - Biomass
183,473
Mild humid summer and cold winterswith heavy snowfall- heavy accumulated snowfall winter:
2.4 m- low household insulation standard- compact residential living- peak heating demand- second biggest city in the region- land locked

Future city design
Although climatologically different, the basic future structure of both cities can be set up
similarly. The urban areas will be designed based on a meshed network divided into zones ofan equivalent of 50 to 250 households as seen on the figure below. The electrical network will
follow the boundaries of the mesh and feeds to all residences in the urban area. Central
generation plants can be installed outside the city centers feeding into the meshed network. A
districting heating or cooling network will be installed following the streets. For Hirosaki thishot water distribution network can double for road heating and snow smelting during winter.
RENEI	
  SUMMER	
  SCHOOL	
  –	
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  2014	
  
43

	
  

11	
  SEPTEMBER	
  2014	
  The district thermal network can be fed in from several sides, both centrally through waste
heat of central generation plants as well as distributed through local waste heat generation.
Each zone will be operated by the distribution system operator as a smart energy grid
employing centrally controlled demand side to shave peak load and control household
appliances. The buildings and households will be insulated appropriately to reduce end
consumer demand further. Each zone will have a small scale CHP unit installed ranging from100 kW to 500 kW, which feeds its electricity to the households in the zone as well as to thecentral meshed network. The waste heat will used to feed into the district heating system or in
the district cooling system using small scale absorption chillers. Additionally ground heat andcooling pumps are installed in each household in the respective cities. The small commercial
consumers will be integrated into the system similarly to the residential consumers. Largecommercial and industrial consumers will have onsite CHP or CHPC generation bothelectricity and heat or cooling can be used locally as well as fed into the central system.The
transportation sector will be transformed changing to hybrid electric vehicles as well asbattery electric vehicles. The batteries of cars can be charged using excess electricity
generation at night by CHP units, central generation as well as rooftop PV where applicable.
A public transport scheme will be put into place using hydrogen fuelled busses. The hydrogenis generated in a hydrolysis plant outside of the city fuelled by excess generation at night.
Adelaide
Hirosaki- smart energy grid meshed network with demand side
management- house insulation- small scale CHP with absorption chillers CHPC in eachzone
- district cooling system- CHPC for industrial players and hospitals connected to
the network- roof top PV and solar hot water exploiting large surface
areas- waste incineration and biomass for cogeneration ofheat to cooling an electricity-installation of large scale solar desalination plant andrain water storage tanks in each building to elevatewater restrictions- hydrolysis plant for hydrogen generation- installation of central wind farm park outside city tofeed in on central network- smart energy grid meshed network with demand side
management- house insulation- small scale CHP in each zone
- district heating system also for road heating- CHP for industrial players and hospitals connected to
the network- low exergy heat source through geothermal generation
outside city center to feed in on district heating network- waste incineration and biomass for cogeneration ofheat to cooling an electricity- installation of central wind farm park outside city to feedin on central network- hydrolysis plant for hydrogen generation

Transition pathway
The current situation of both cities is analysed and their future design is envisioned. Now thetransition pathways and timeline to achieve the change have to be checked. The proposed
pathway is to make distribution and transmission system operators in each city area key forthe implementation and roll out of the smart energy network since they will provide the energy
as well as own the local CHP generation units. The district thermal systems together with theelectricity network will be owned and operated by them. The local government will besupporting the roll out through incentives under the form of tax reductions, subsidies forbuilding insulation and local generation and feed-in tariffs for consumers as well as subsidies
to roll out the smart network to the DSO and TSOs.
Conclusion
The cities considered are constraint in terms of their future design through climatic extremities.
Nevertheless, a general meshed zone approach can be used to create a future smart andresilient network with different resources using transition theory. In terms of sustainability, thefuture city designs increase efficient use of locally available energy resources such as windand geothermal as well as cogeneration. The energy demand is decreased through building
insulation and smart network demand side management. In terms of resilience, the meshednetwork structure with multiple sources provides flexibility and smart usage of the generation
sources.
References

Vlaams instituut voor technologisch onderzoek, VITO, Transition theory, www.vito.be/transition
Government of South Australia, water, energy and environment, sa.gov.au
Koppen-Geiger Climate Maps, koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at
Japan bureau of meteorology
Australian bureau of meteorology

RENEI	
  SUMMER	
  SCHOOL	
  –	
  TOHOKU	
  2014	
  

	
  

11	
  SEPTEMBER	
  2014	  
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44

TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

*-#6(*.6./)
Future	  City	  Design	
  under	
  extreme	  weather	
  condi6ons	
  Introduc6on	  • Extreme	
  clima6c	
  condi6ons	
  resul6ng	
  in	
  heavy	  winters	
  and	
  hot	  summers	
  are	  becoming	  more	  prominent	
  due	  to	
  climate	
  change	
  and	
  global	
  warming.	
  	
  • Ci6es	  pressured	
  by	
  these	  extreme	
  weather	
  condi6ons	  	
  • Increasingly	
  constrained	
  in	
  mee6ng	
  their	
  energy	
  demands	
  and	
  form	  a	
  challenging	
  environment	
  to	
  create	  a	
  sustainable	
  city	  in	
  all	
  sectors.	
  	
  

45

*2./-6-6-6

#-%2(/2-
+-./-6<%.$-6(.+..%(2(.Ivar Baldvinsson (Tohoku University),
Marina	  Ide	  (Osaka	  University),	  	
  Carmen	
  Wouters	
  (University	
  College	
  London),	
  	
  
Yue	
  Wu	
  (Southampton	
  University)	
  *2/2-%*#*4(. 0*#

+))-%(%((
.%*0(

0(
0
0(

++(%*#(/-%%/6

*+*3*0+*(.-*.,+-/

Objec6ve	  • To	
  create	
  a	
  sustainable	
  and	  resilient	
  future	
  energy	  system	
  of	
  a	
  city	  bound	  	
  • Take	  into	  account	
  extreme	
  climatological	
  condi6ons.	
  • Exploit	
  as	
  much	  as	
  possible	  the	
  locally	
  available	
  (renewable)	
  energy	  resources	
  and	  the	
  local	  environmental	
  features.	
  	
  RENKEI Programme Summer School

46

TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Methodology	
  Current	
  electricity	
  sources	  • Transi6on	
  theory	
  Adelaide	
  
GWh	
  
13450	
  14000	
  

coal	
  
gas	
  
wind	
  
interconnector	
  13800	
  Energy	  system	
  (heat)	
  of	
  Hirosaki	
  
City

	
  

Adelaide	  	
  14300	  City	  proﬁles	
  Hirosaki	
  Average	
   yearly	
  solar	
  irradia2on	  	
   29-­‐30	
  degrees	
  15	
  degrees	  	
   7-­‐8	
  degrees	
  5	
  degrees	
  
RES	
  
Solar	  –	
  Wind	  -­‐	
  Biomass	
  
Wind	
  –	
  Geothermal	
  -­‐	
  Biomass	
  Popula2on	
  1,203,200	
  183,473	  Climate	  Hot	
  Mediterranean	  climate	
  -­‐	
  mild	  winters	
  with	   Mild	
   humid	
   summer	
   and	   cold	
   winters	
   with	  moderate	  rainfall	
  and	
  hot,	
  dry	  summers	
  heavy	
  snowfall	
  Max	
  avg	
  Temp.
Min	
  avg	
  Temp.

47

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

City

Meshed	  network	
  

City	
  proﬁles	
  

	
  

Adelaide	  	
  Characteris2cs

Hirosaki	  	
   -­‐	
   summer	
   heat	
   waves:	
   >10	
   -­‐	
   heavy	
   accumulated	
   snowfall	
  consecu6ve	
  days	  >35	
  degrees	
  winter:	
  2.4	
  m	
  	
  
-­‐	
  water	
  usage	
  restric6ons	
  	
  
-­‐	
   low	
   household	
   insula6on	
  -­‐	
   low	
   household	
   insula6on	
   standard	
  	
  	
  
-­‐	
  compact	
  residen6al	
  living	  standard	
  	
  
-­‐	
   Stand-­‐alone	
   1	
   ﬂoor	
   houses	
   –	
   -­‐	
  peak	  hea6ng	
  demand	
  spread	  out	
  living	
  -­‐	
  second	
  biggest	
  city	  in	
  the	
  region	  -­‐	
   car	   culture	
   –	
   barely	
   public	
   -­‐	
  land	  locked	
  transport	  -­‐	
  peak	  cooling	
  demand	  -­‐	
   Only	
   major	
   city	
   in	
   the	   state	
   -­‐	
  
75%	
  of	
  popula6on	
  -­‐	
  access	
  to	
  the	
  sea	
  Adelaide	  Hirosaki	
  523	
  km2	  5	
  5	
  (km)	
  Understand	
  the	
  city	  -­‐	
  Hirosaki	
  The	
  city	  centre	
  occupies	
  6%	
  in	
  area,	
  but	
  accommodates	
  
60%	
  of	
  the	
  buildings.	
  1,827	
  km2	
  Understand	
  the	
  city	  Use	
  geo-­‐divided	
  grids	
  to	
  break	
  down	  ci6es	
  to	
  areas.	
  Adelaide	  Hirosaki	
  Building	
  density:	
  (number/m2)	
  Source:	
  Public	
  map	
  database	
  of	
  Japan	  49

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Adelaide	  Poten6al	
  electricity	
  supply	  of	
  Hirosaki	  Future	  city	  design	
  Hirosaki

	
  

-­‐	
   smart	
   energy	
   grid	   meshed	
   network	
   with	   -­‐	
   smart	
   energy	
   grid	   meshed	
   network	
   with	  demand	  side	  management
demand	  side	  management-­‐	  house	  insula6on-­‐	
  house	  insula6on-­‐	
  small	
  scale	
  CHP	
  with	  absorp6on	
  chillers	
  CHPC	
   -­‐	
  small	
  scale	
  CHP	  in	
  each	  zonein	
  each	  zone-­‐	  district	
  hea6ng	
  system	  also	
  for	
  road	  hea6ng-­‐	  district	
  cooling	
  system-­‐	
   CHP	
   for	   industrial	
   players	
   and	   hospitals	
  -­‐	
   CHPC	   for	   industrial	
   players	
   and	   hospitals	
   connected	
  to	
  the	  network
connected	
  to	
  the	  network-­‐	
   low	
   exergy	
   heat	
   source	
   through	   geothermal	  -­‐	
   roof	   top	   PV	
   and	   solar	   hot	   water	
   exploi6ng	
   genera6on	
   outside	
   city	
   center	
   to	
   feed	
   in	
   on	
  large	
  surface	  areasdistrict	
  hea6ng	
  network-­‐	
   waste	
   incinera6on	
   and	   biomass	
   for	   -­‐	
   waste	
   incinera6on	
   and	   biomass	
   for	  cogenera6on	
  of	
  heat	  to	
  cooling	
  an	
  electricity
cogenera6on	
  of	
  heat	  to	
  cooling	
  an	
  electricity-­‐installa6on	
   of	
   large	
   scale	
   solar	
   desalina6on	
   -­‐	
   installa6on	
   of	
   central	
   wind	
   farm	
   park	
   outside	
  plant	
   and	   rain	
   water	
   storage	
   tanks	
   in	
   each	   city	  to	
  feed	  in	
  on	
  central	
  networkbuilding	
  to	
  elevate	
  water	
  restric6ons-­‐	
  hydrolysis	
  plant	  for	
  hydrogen	
  genera6on-­‐	
  hydrolysis	
  plant	  for	
  hydrogen	
  genera6on-­‐	
   installa6on	
   of	
   central	
   wind	
   farm	
   park	
   outside	
  
city	
  to	
  feed	  in	
  on	
  central	
  network

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

Poten6al	  heat	  supply	  of	
  Hirosaki	
  
GWh	
  
237	
  
368	
  

Geothermal	
  
71	
  

Biomass	
  

87	
  

GSHP	
  

Waste	
  heat	
  
CHP	
  

355	
  

204	
  

Kerosene	  Biomass	  Waste	
  heat	
  
Wind	
  

	
  

	
  

GWh	
  

210	
  
292	
  

	
  

	
  

51

29	
  
41	
  

CHP	
  
Grid	
  
2038	
  

Transi6on	
  pathway	  • The	
  current	
  situa6on	
  of	
  both	  ci6es	
  is	
  analysed	
  and	  their	
  future	
  design	  is	
  envisioned.	
  	
  • Transi6on	
  pathways	
  and	
  6meline	
  to	
  achieve	
  the	
  change	
  have	
  to	
  be	
  
checked.	
  	
  • The	
  proposed	
  pathway	
  is	
  to	
  make	  distribu6on	
  and	  transmission	
  system	  operators	
  in	
  each	  city	  area	  key	
  for	  the	
  implementa6on	
  and	  roll	
  out	  of	
  the	
  smart	  energy	
  network	
  since	
  they	  will	  provide	  the	
  energy	  as	
  well	  as	
  own	  the	
  local	
  CHP	
  genera6on	
  units.	
  	
  • The	  district	
  thermal	
  systems	
  together	
  with	  the	
  electricity	
  network	
  
will	
  be	
  owned	  and	
  operated	
  by	
  them.	
  	
  • The	
  local	  government	
  will	  be	
  suppor6ng	
  the	
  roll	  out	
  through	
  incen6ves	
  under	  the	
  form	  of	
  tax	
  reduc6ons,	
  subsidies	
  for	
  building	  insula6on	
  and	
  local	
  genera6on	
  and	
  feed-­‐in	
  tariﬀs	
  for	  consumers	
  as	
  
well	
  as	
  subsidies	
  to	
  roll	  out	  the	
  smart	  network	
  to	
  the	
  DSO	
  and	  TSOs.	
  RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Conclusion	  • The	
  ci6es	  considered	
  are	  constraint	
  in	
  terms	
  of	
  their	
  future	
  design	  through	  clima6c	
  extremi6es.	
  	
  • Nevertheless,	
  a	
  general	
  meshed	
  zone	  approach	
  can	  be	
  used	  to	
  create	
  a	
  future	
  smart	  and	  resilient	
  network	
  with	  diﬀerent	
  resources	
  using	  transi6on	
  theory.	
  	
  
• In	
  terms	
  of	
  sustainability,	
  the	
  future	
  city	  designs	
  increase	  eﬃcient	
  use	  of	
  locally	
  available	
  energy	  resources	
  such	
  as	
  
wind	
  and	
  geothermal	
  as	
  well	  as	
  cogenera6on.	
  The	
  energy	
  demand	  is	
  decreased	
  through	
  building	
  insula6on	
  and	
  smart	  network	
  demand	
  side	  management.	
  	
  
• In	
  terms	
  of	
  resilience,	
  the	
  meshed	
  network	
  structure	
  with	  mul6ple	  sources	
  provides	
  ﬂexibility	
  and	
  smart	  usage	  of	
  the	
  genera6on	
  sources.	
  	
  	
  

D

Students
report& presentation

Group

Arturo Andersen Chinbuah
University of Leeds, UK

Takaaki Furubayashi
Tohoku University, Japan

Murat Isik
Tohoku University, Japan

Kiminori Mashima
Nagoya University, Japan

Loren Tusara
Kyushu University, Japan

53

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Title: Byproduct utilization for transportation system in Valencia, Spain

Name
Arturo Andersen Chinbuah
Takaaki Furubayashi
Murat Isik
Kiminori Mashima
Loren Tusara

Affiliation
University of Leeds
Tohoku University
Tohoku University
Nagoya University
Kyushu University

Summary:
Valencia Community is located on the Mediterranean Coast in Spain. Its capital city, Valencia
City, is the third largest city in the country. As of 2010, it has around 800,000 inhabitants. It hasa land area of 134.65 km2. The city’s main agricultural products are rice and orange. Valencia
produces around 57.6% of the orange production of the country. Spain has an estimated orange
production of 2.8 million tons in 2011.
Transportation takes the largest portion of the electricity demand of the community at 39.9%.
Industry, which includes farming and fishing, comprises 37.8% while residential and commercial
use 12.5% and 9.8%, respectively, of its electricity [1].
In 2006, 5% of the total electricity demand of the community comes from renewable resources
with 4% of it coming from biomass production. A large portion of the renewable resource comesfrom hydroelectric power at 75.7% while 19.3% and 0.95% come from wind and solar power,
respectively [2]. 27.2% of the total primary energy supply of the community is produced locallywhile the 72.8% is imported [3]. Other sources of electricity of the community come from
nuclear power and coal.
With the largest consumption of electricity coming from transportation and an abundance oforange production in the community, we propose the use of orange residue to produce bioethanol to fuel transportation system in Valencia City and to supply for heat utilization of theresidences and industries.
In this report, we focus on the utilization of bio-ethanol from orange peel to fuel thetransportation system in the city. We aim to decrease the carbon dioxide emission fromtransportation system and to decrease the cost of fuel for transportation. In an ambitious scale,we plan to attain energy independence on foreign resource, achieve European Union (EU)renewable energy standards, address precautions for global warming, and tackle oil price. The
choice of orange residue to further production of bio-ethanol aims to reduce waste fromconsumption of orange.

55

Other sources of renewable energy such as solar power through photovoltaic cells and wind
power are generally not accepted by the public, companies and the government. Electriccompanies have reported a deficit in terms of the supply and distribution of the electricity to theconsumer due to the tariff imposed on solar power. The companies then put a high price for theindividuals who wish to connect to the grid to sell the solar power they generated. The
integration tariff has not been attractive for the consumers. Wind power, on the other hand, goesin the way of the preference of the people as it destroys the view of the environment.
The amount of local consumption of oranges in the community is around 0.746 million tons
while 0.864 million tons is exported. Orange residue that can be recovered by weight is around50-65% and when not used goes to waste. This comprises around 0.425 million tons of residue
annually. This much amount of residue produces around 398,000,000 liters of ethanol.
In Spain, 33,888 TJ is spent for transportation system. An estimate of 580 TJ is utilized by
Valencia City. The amount of energy generated from the residue is around 395.7 TJ. The demandof the transportation system in Valencia estimated to be around 579.2 TJ.
The Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of cellulosic ethanol, same mechanism which isapplied for orange peel, has an average value of 5 [4]. 80% of the bio-ethanol production will be
used to power the transportation system while 20% will be used to power the bio-ethanol plantfor it to be self-sufficient.
Currently, a budget subsidy of 45% is directed to project cost for the production of renewableenergy. An additional 10% is given for medium-sized companies and 20% for small companies.
This incentive will attract further investors in the city.
Based on obtain data and the current support of the government, this project seems feasible forValencia city.

References:[1] International Study of Renewable Energy Regions
http://reregions.blogspot.jp/2009/10/region-of-valencia.html Accessed on September 11, 2014
[2] Renewable energy in Spain http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain
Accessed on September 11, 2014[3] Energia y Rehabilitacion http://www.energiayrehabilitacion.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/primaria5-1024x315.jpg Accessed on September 11, 2014[4] The Net Enerrgy of Biofuels
http://www.iperasmuseprobio.unifg.it/dwn/THENETENERGYOFBIOFUELS.pdf Accessed on
September 11, 2014

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Energy	  supply	
  for	
  Valencia	
  Energy	  systems	
  for	  a	
  city-­‐	
  Sustainable	
  Valencia	
  city	  (GROUP	  D)	
  q Valencia	
  is	
  a	
  city	  at	
  the	
  west	  Europe	
  located	
  at	
  the	
  east	  part	  of	
  Spain.	
  q Famous	
  with	  its	
  touris9c	
  places,	
  beaches	
  sea	
  and	
  sun.	
  q It	
  has	  moderate	
  winter	
  and	
  hot	  summer.	
  q One	  of	
  the	
  producers	
  of	
  orange	
  in	
  the	
  world	  Resources	
  and	
  technologies	
  to	
  support	
  these;	  Resources	
  Biomass	
  
Rice	
  
Rice	
  stark	
  Orange	  Algaes	  Solar	
  energy	
  Tidal	
  energy	  Wind	
  energy	  	
  Hydrogen	
  energy	  Nuclear	  energy	  What	
  are	  the	
  things	
  that	  need	  to	
  be	
  improved?	
  q Increase	
  the	  percentage	
  of	
  renewable	
  sources	
  specially	
  for	  transporta9on	
  q Decrease	
  the	
  dependency	
  to	
  imported	
  energy	
  sources.	
  q Increase	
  the	
  quality	
  of	
  life	  as	
  decreasing	
  carbon	  emission.	
  Energy	  systems	
  for	  a	
  city-­‐	
  Sustainable	
  Valencia	
  city	  Total	
  produc9on	
  of	
  Spain:	
  116000	
  TJ	
  Domes9c	
  produc9on:	
  33000	
  TJ	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  14%	  is	
  only	  renewable	
  sources	
  

What	
  we	
  should	
  do	
  for	
  sustainable	
  city?	
  q Replace	
  energy	
  supply	
  for	  transporta9on	
  to	
  bioethanol.	
  	
  
Why	
  we	
  should	
  do	
  for	
  sustainable	
  city?	
  Nuclear	  energy	
  produc9on:	
  14000	
  TJ	
  Wind:	
  4000	
  TJ	
  
PV:	
  700	
  TJ	
  
Geo:	
  18	
  TJ	
  
Coal:	
  1300	
  TJ	
  
BE:	
  7200	
  TJ	
  	
  
Distribu>on	
  of	
  energy	
  consump>on:	  Transporta9on:	
  40%	
  Commercial:	
  5%	
  Residen9al:	
  13%	
  Industry:	
  33%	
  Farming	
  and	
  ﬁshing:	
  9%	
  

57

q Decrease	
  the	
  energy	
  dependence	
  on	
  foreign	
  sources.	
  	
  q Achieve	
  EU	
  renewable	
  energy	
  standards.	
  q As	  precau9ons	
  for	
  global	
  warming.	
  q Increasing	
  oil	
  prices	
  
How	
  we	
  can	
  change	
  this?	
  Proper>es	
  about	
  distribu>on;	
  Transporta9on	
  depends	
  on	
  fossil	
  based	
  Nuclear	
  can	  cover	  need	  for	
  electricity	
  Industry	
  revenue	
  compensate	
  by	
  tourism	
  sector	  q Building	
  bioethanol	
  plants	
  for	  transporta9on	
  q U9lizing	  sources	
  such	  as	
  rice,	  orange.	
  q Build	
  incinera9on	
  plants	
  for	
  rice	  stark.	
  q Deploying	
  eolic	
  wind	  plants.	
  q Using	
  9dal	  energy	
  far	
  away	  from	  sea.	
  RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

How	
  we	
  can	
  change	
  this?	
  q Building	
  bioethanol	
  plants	
  for	  transporta9on	
  q U9lizing	  sources	
  such	  as	
  rice,	  orange.	
  q Build	
  incinera9on	
  plants	
  for	
  rice	  stark.	
  q Deploying	
  eolic	
  wind	  plants.	
  q Using	
  9dal	  energy	
  far	
  away	  from	  sea.	
  Procedure	
  to	
  Es9mate	
  Amount	
  of	
  
BE	
Energy	  Content	
  from	  gasoline	
  (34.2	
  MJ/L) 	
  	
  Energy	  Content	
  from	  ethanol	
  (22.57	
  MJ/L)	
  Amount	  of	  orange	
  produc9on	
  (1.6million	
  tons)	
  
Rate	
  of	
  residue’s	
  weight	
  (57.6%)	
  Amount	  of	
  residue	
  (0.425	
  million	
  tons)	
  Amount	
  of	
  ethanol	
  from	  unit	  of	
  residue	
  (11	
  gal/l)	
  Amount	  of	
  energy	
  content	
  in	
  bioethanol	
  (BE)	
  is…	  	
  395.7	  TJ	  Biomass	
  Energy	  	
  U9lizing	
  orange	
  peels	
  for	
  obtaining	
  ethanol	
  can	
  create	
  sources	
  for	  transporta9on.	
  Total	
  produc9on	
  of	
  orange	
  in	
  Valencia	
  city:	
  1.61	
  million	
  tons	  Exports:	
  0.1864	
  million	
  tons	  Consume:	
  0.746	
  million	
  tons	  0.425	
  million	
  tons	  orange	
  peel	
  can	  be	
  obtained	
  According	  to	
  this	
  4,675,000	
  gallons	  of	
  ethanol	
  can	  be	
  produced	
  as	
  200	
  proof.	
  Procedure	
  to	
  Es9mate	
  Amount	  of	
  Demand	Popula9on	
  in	
  Spain	
  (46.81	
  million)	
  Amount	  of	
  energy	
  use	
  for	  transporta9on	
  in	
  Spain	
  (338.88	
  TJ)	
  Popula9on	
  in	
  Valencia	
  city	  (8	  million)	
  A	
  facility	
  for	
  processing	  ethanol	
  costs	
  25-­‐30	
  million	
  dollars	
  with	  a	
  capacity	
  of	
  100	
  million	
  gallons;	
  Amount	  of	
  energy	
  can	  be	
  generated	
  is	
  396	
  TJ.	
  Amount	  of	
  energy	
  use	
  for	  transporta9on	
  in	
  Valencia	
  city	  is…	
  579.2	
  TJ	
  

59

RENKEI Programme Summer School

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Process	
  for	
  obtaining	
  bioethanol	
  

With	
  this	  process	
  ethanol	
  costs	
  1.23	
  $	
  per	
  gallon1	
  which	  is	
  3	
  9mes	  cheaper	
  than	
  gasoline.	
  Environmentally	
  more	  friendly	
  solu9on.	
  200	
  Proof	  ethanol	
  which	  is	
  pure	  ethanol	
  more	  eﬃcient	
  than	
  corn	
  and	
  rice	  source	
  ethanol	  	
  Supplies	
  from	  the	
  aspect	
  of	
  purity.	
  Conclusion	
  • Valencia	
  is	
  a	
  city	  the	  	
  heavily	
  relies	
  on	
  foreign	
  energy	  supply	  • Based	
  on	
  results	  Valencia	
  could	  increase	
  its	
  self	
  suﬃciency	
  by	
  using	  the	  residues	
  of	
  one	
  of	
  
its	
  agricultural	
  products,	
  helping	
  the	
  city	  to	
  achieve	
  European	
  renewable	
  energy	
  supply	
  standards.	
  1	
  Weiyang	  Zhou,	  Economic	
  Analysis	
  of	
  Ethanol	
  Produc9on	
  from	  Citrus	
  Peel	
  Waste,	  Proc.	
  Fla.	
  	
  State	
  Hort.	
  Soc.120:	
  2007.	
  Proc.	
  Fla.	
  State	  Hort.	
  Soc.120:310–315.	
  2007.	
  Biomass	
  Energy	  	
  U9lizing	  rice	  stark	
  for	
  obtaining	
  ethanol	
  can	
  create	
  sources	
  for	  transporta9on	
  and	
  genera9ng	
  	
  electricity.	
  According	
  to	
  literature	
  it	
  is	
  achieved	
  to	
  obtain	  ethanol	
  using	  rice	  stark	  cost	
  0.45$	
  in	
  Vietnam.	
  Figure	  shows	
  the	
  steps	
  for	
  obtaining	
  ethanol	
  using	  rice	  stark.	
  Also	
  using	  rice	  starks	
  for	  incinera9on	
  is	
  an	
  op9on	
  for	
  producing	  electricity	
  and	
  heat	  energy.	
  61

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TOHOKU UNIVERSITY 8-12 September 2014

Photo Album

9Group work

11 and Presentations

Excursion
12 - Higashimatsushima

9
9/12 Discovery Center in Higashimatsushima

963

Sendai municipal
8 incineration plant in Matsumori

RENKEI Programme Summer School

64

Tohoku University
Management of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering,
Nakata Laboratory,
http://www.eff.most.tohoku.ac.jp/RENKEI/index.html
eff-mailform@most.tohoku.ac.jp