Administration andManagement of Water Supply
Services (A)Country Reports
FY2022

Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS)Table of Contents
1. MALAWI (1) ...................................................................................................................................... 1
2. MALAWI (2) ........................................................................................................................................ 5
3. MOROCCO (1) ................................................................................................................................... 9
4. MOROCCO (2) ................................................................................................................................. 14
5. MOZAMBIQUE ................................................................................................................................ 20
6. PALESTINE ....................................................................................................................................... 24
7. SOUTH SUDAN (1) ........................................................................................................................ 29
8. SOUTH SUDAN (2) ........................................................................................................................ 33
9. TANZANIA ......................................................................................................................................... 37

1. MALAWI (1)$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU
6XSSO\6HUYLFHV,QFHSWLRQ5HSRUW3UHVHQWDWLRQ
1DPH-HQQLQJV6WHSKHQ6DPX
3RVLWLRQ‫ ؟‬6HQLRU$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ2IILFHU
2UJDQL]DWLRQ%ODQW\UH:DWHU%RDUG
2

2XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Legal Basis of Water Supply Services: Provision of water supply services is governed by

the Waterworks Act 1995. Extraction of water from water bodies is governed by the Water
Resources Act 2013.
Demarcation of Water Supply Services: The Ministry of Water and Sanitation is the line
Ministry for Water Boards in Malawi.
• Main Actor of Water Supply Utilities: In Malawi, Water Supply Utilities are wholly owned by
the Government of Malawi.
Mission of Water Supply Utilities: To provide reliable and affordable water supply services
to our customers. Vision: To be a dynamic, reliable, efficient and good quality water supply
and sanitation services provider.

Whole Country:
Area: About 118,484

Population

km2: 18.6 million

Coverage Water Supply:86%

Selected Water Supply System/City:
Service Area :850 km2 (equivalent to 85,000 hectares)

Population

Served:1,228,080

1

3:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFH/HYHOV,1',&$7256





*RDOVIRU

6WDIIFRQQHFWLRQV








3URGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\
PGD\ 



:DWHUTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGV

1RQH

0DODZL6WDQGDUG
06
(GLWLRQ

0DODZL6WDQGDUG
IRU'ULQNLQJ:DWHU
06
(GLWLRQ&RYHUDJHDUHD







6XSSO\GXUDWLRQ KRXUGD\







6XSSO\SUHVVXUH EDU



1XPEHURIFRQQHFWLRQV



3RSXODWLRQ6HUYHG





15:







&ROOHFWLRQUDWLR







6WDIIQXPEHU





4

0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU4XDOLW\• Major challenges are classified as follows: raw water and treated. For raw water, the challenges arecontamination due to poor waste management, improper land use and deforestation. Current action
taken include re-afforestation program (planting more trees), recruited security guards to be chasing
people that are dumping waste and we also conducted sensitization campaign on waste management.
• For treated water, the challenge is contamination that occurs within the distribution system due to burst

pipe, aged supply pipeline and vandalism. Current action taken include flushing and sterilization after
repair works, aged pipe replacement and encouraging customers to be reporting faults.
• Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water: We use Malawi Standard for drinking water MS 214; 2013

Edition.
• Monitoring System or Plans for Safety of Drinking Water: Monitoring system starts from raw waterpollution control program through sampling and testing to treatment plant on hourly basis to distribution
system to check residual chlorine• Regulatory Body: Malawi Bureau of Standards• Implementation of Water Safety Plans or Similar Efforts: Water safety plan is a guideline for

implementation in case of a water quality emergency. We are in the process of formulating the plan.
However, currently, we are doing continuous monitoring.

2

5

5HGXFWLRQRI1RQ5HYHQXH:DWHU
Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeWater
lossesNon
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

Billed authorized
consumption

46.0%

Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)

0.4%

Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )28.9%

Real losses(Leakage)

24.7%• Leakage Detection Measures• Countermeasures for NRW

6$FFRXQWLQJ6\VWHPRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Water Tariff in your Organization: We use step tariff• Balance Sheet of your Organization: This will be provided later• Profit and Loss Statement of your Organization: This will be provided laterbecause we are still working on the budget.

3

7

0DMRU5HFHQW$FKLHYHPHQWLQLPSURYHPHQW
RIZDWHUVXSSO\VHUYLFHV• Improved production capacity from 84,000 cubic metres per day to 123,000 cubic metres

per day.
• Expanded service coverage from 70% to 86%.
• Number of active customers grew from 43,568 to 60,989 representing 40% customer basegrowth.
• Rehabilitated and upgraded pumping equipment at Walkers ferry, Chileka, Mudi, Chichiri,

Zomba Road and Midima Pumping stations to improve water supply reliability anddistribution to all areas in the supply area.
• Pipeline rehabilitation, lowering, upgrading and replacement to improve water supply

reliability and reduce water losses.
• ICT innovations such as prepaid metering, mobile and bank bill payments and on spotbilling.
• Organisational restructuring to come up with a structure that supports the demands andexpectations of customers in delivering quality services.

8

5HFHQWFKDOOHQJHVRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• High non revenue water due to aged infrastructure resulting in high water

losses.
• High energy cost due to high pumping heads. Electricity bills rose from about

K260 million per month in 2015 to around K1.1 billion per month in 2020
representing 323% rise in five years.
• Increase in debtors from K2.6 billion in 2015 to K8.9 billion in 2020.
• Low tariff which is far below the cost of producing and supplying water.
• Intermittent power supply that affected water production and interrupted watersupply to customers.
• High cost of borrowing due to overreliance on bank loans to cover infrastructuredevelopment and operations.
42. MALAWI (2)$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU
6XSSO\6HUYLFHV,QFHSWLRQ5HSRUW3UHVHQWDWLRQ
1DPH)HOL[.D]LQNDPEDQL
3RVLWLRQ‫؟‬0DLQWHQDQFH(QJLQHHU
2UJDQL]DWLRQ/LORQJZH:DWHU%RDUG
2

2XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Water supply services in Malawi are provided for by Water Works Act (1995)• The act provides for establishment of water boards and water areas and foradministration of such water areas and for development, operation and maintenance ofwater works and water-borne sewerage systems in Malawi and for matters incidental
thereto or connected therewith• Ministry of Water and Sanitation is responsible for water supply services in Malawi• All water utilities are statutory corporations• The mission of these water utilities is to provide potable water in their demarcatedareas• The mission of Lilongwe water Board ,for instance , is to provide potable water within
the city of Lilongwe
Whole Country: Malawi
Area: 118,480 km2

Population : 19.6 Million
Coverage Water Supply: 80 %Selected Water Supply System/City: Lilongwe
Service Area : 728 km2
Population Served: 850,000 million

5

3:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFH/HYHOV,1',&$7256

*RDOVIRU

6WDIIFRQQHFWLRQV






3URGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\P GD\ 

:DWHUTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGV

06 :+2 06,62
:+2&RYHUDJHDUHD





6XSSO\GXUDWLRQ KRXUGD\

6XSSO\SUHVVXUH

EDU

EDU

1XPEHURIFRQQHFWLRQV



3RSXODWLRQ6HUYHG





15:





&ROOHFWLRQUDWLR





6WDIIQXPEHU





4

0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU4XDOLW\• Catchment degradation worsening raw water quality• Informal settlements and farming along the river bank
• Catchment management strategy and water safety plan, ISO 9001 in place todeal with the challenges• Stakeholder engagement• MS 214: 2005-Drinking water specification• Internal monitoring system – Water quality & environment division –External-

MBS and Water association of Malawi- samples sent outside Malawi for quality
assurance i.e SA at Magalies water• Water safety plan is being implemented under Institution modernization plan

which has enabled LWB to attain ISO 9001 certification
6

5

5HGXFWLRQRI1RQ5HYHQXH:DWHU
Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeWater
lossesBilled authorized
consumption

22.8M m3 /year( 60.0%)Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)

304,000 m3/year( 0.8%)

Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )8.74Mm3 /year( 22.2.0%)

Real losses(Leakage)

6.46
Mm3/year( 17.0 %)Non
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

• Leakages are detected through Zero pressure test, DMA, surveys

6$FFRXQWLQJ6\VWHPRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Average Water Tariff – 1.1 USD/CUM• Operating revenue per year – 28,800,000.00 USD• Profit and Loss Statement – 1,200,000.00 USD

7

7

0DMRU5HFHQW$FKLHYHPHQWLQLPSURYHPHQW
RIZDWHUVXSSO\VHUYLFHV• Rehabilitation and raising of Kamuzu Dam I to increase storage• Rehabilitation and extension of pipe network within Lilongwe city to reach out toareas not supplied by LWB• Construction of ground water facilities – boreholes• Implementation of SCADA to improve in monitoring of water facilities• Establishment of hydrological stations along the main river channel and major

tributaries to monitor flows and capturing of water quality data

8

5HFHQWFKDOOHQJHVRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• High non-revenue water• Lack of alternative raw water sources• Lack of reliable alternative sources of power hindering production• Catchment area and environment degradation which in turn result in poor raw

water quality and in turn increases treatment cost
• Lack of advanced skills and modern technologies in maintaining and managing

water supply utilities• High demand resulting in reduced supply hours , currently LWB supply

for18hours• Aged infrastructure8

3. MOROCCO (1)$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU
6XSSO\6HUYLFHV,QFHSWLRQ5HSRUW3UHVHQWDWLRQ
1DPH0UV$66$'.,5DMDD
3RVLWLRQ‫؟‬6WXGLHVDQG:RUNV(QJLQHHU
2UJDQL]DWLRQ1DWLRQDO2IILFHRI(OHFWULFLW\DQG'ULQNLQJ:DWHU :DWHU%UDQFK 21((%222XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Legal Basis of Water Supply Services:• Water Law 10-95: The law’s main objective was to rationalize water use, provide universal access to theresource, reduce disparities between cities and villages and ensure water security across the country• Demarcation of Water Supply Services :• The Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics and Water for promoting and coordinating the protection ofwater resources, pollution abatement and legislation enforcement.
• The Supreme Council for Water and Climate to reinforce coordination among the different actors, including

ministries, public agencies and water users, as well as non-governmental stakeholders.
• River basin agencies (RBAs) for managing and regulating water resources, monitoring water use and quality,
•
•
•
•
•

and planning for water-related emergencies such as flood control.
The Ministry of the Interior is involved in water management through the Water and Wastewater Directorate(DEA) and the General Directorate of Local Authorities (DGCL).
The General Directorate of Hydraulics (DGH) is responsible for developing water resources for all uses,
including major dam construction and operation.
The Ministry of Health is mainly responsible for drinking water quality control.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is tasked with supervising irrigation management.
ONEE, municipally owned public operators called regies and private concessionaires for the
management of drinking water and sanitation services.

• Main Actor of Water Supply Utilities:• National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water is the main actor in the drinking water sector in Morocco. ONEE

is fully involved in major structuring projects for Morocco’s sustainable development, providing the country with
infrastructure for the production, transport and distribution of potable water.

9

3

2XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Mission/Vision of Water Supply Utilities:• Planning the supply of drinking water throughout the country and programming of investments;

Study and infrastructure equipment for drinking water - Management on behalf of the municipalities
of drinking water distribution in ONEE intervention zones; Quality control of produced anddistributed water as well as water sources likely to be used for the supply of drinking water;
Assistance in the elaboration of legislative and regulatory texts and participation in the studies
related to the drinking water as well as providing technical assistance to third parties.

• Your Mission/Vision in your organization:• The coordination of drinking water supply studies and projects

Whole Country:
Area:

Population

710 850 km²: around 36 Million citizen

Coverage Water Supply:

100% in urban area and 98,2% in rural area

Selected Water Supply System/City: Province of Sefrou

Service Area :4008 km2

Population Served: 289 605 citizens

4:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFH/HYHOV 3URYLQFHRI6HIURXLQWKHQRUWKRI0RURFFR,1',&$7256RI21((%2*RDOVIRU

6WDIIFRQQHFWLRQVOV
3URGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\
PGD\ :DWHUTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGV

<(6

<(6

&RYHUDJHDUHD

LQXUEDQ DUHD
LQUXUDODUHD

LQXUEDQ DUHD
LQUXUDODUHD

6XSSO\GXUDWLRQ KRXUGD\

6XSSO\SUHVVXUH

8QGHUEDU

8QGHUEDU

1XPEHURIFRQQHFWLRQV GRPHVWLF
FRQQHFWLRQV



3RSXODWLRQ6HUYHG





15:





&ROOHFWLRQUDWLR





6WDIIQXPEHU





10

0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU4XDOLW\

5• Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems:- Search for new perennial resources before saturation;- Strengthening production capacity and the main water supply systems;- Improve the connection rate in rural areas;- Reduce the rate of dysfunction in rural areas;- Involve the rural population in the design of projects;- Finance research• Current Actions against Those Challenges/Problems:- master plan studies for definitions of needs-resources and service plan;- programming of projects by priority and funding proposal to the funder;- participatory approach applied to the rural areas;- Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water:- N.M. 03.7.001” Morrocan standard quality of human drinking water.

• Monitoring System or Plans for Safety of Drinking Water in Your Organization /Regulatory Body / Independent Institution /Others:• launch of the national drinking water supply and irrigation program• Water desalination

6

0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU4XDOLW\• Implementation of Water Safety Plans or Similar Efforts:• 3 levels of monitoring are required: the resource, the system entry and the distribution.

• An annual monitoring schedule is drawn up on the basis of the monitoring standard in force, carriedout thanks to the network of decentralized laboratories set up. For the conformity of the quality ofwater produced and distributed, national regulations are taken as a reference.
• The water quality monitoring strategy is based on several elements:• Knowledge of the environment of Drinking water system.
• Thorough knowledge of this system.
• The processing implemented.
• Control tools• Monitoring of parameters in a preventive framework for algal toxins, toxicity tests

11

7

5HGXFWLRQRI1RQ5HYHQXH:DWHU 3URYLQFHRI6HIURXLQWKHQRUWKRI0RURFFR
Billed authorized
consumption

2,2 Million m3/year( 80%)

Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)

438 000 m3/year( 20%)

Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )210 000 m3/year( 10 %)

Revenuewater

Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeNon
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

Water
lossesReal losses(Leakage)• Leakage Detection Measures: Passive techniques (Generally these are curative actions) andActive techniques.
• Countermeasures for NRW : renewal of aged meters and rehabilitation of distribution or

production networks

8$FFRXQWLQJ6\VWHPRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• As of August 1, 2014 and in accordance with the provisions of Ministerial OrderNo. 2682.14 of July 21, 2014 published in Official Bulletin No. 6275 Bis of July22, 2014, the drinking water sale prices in DH ( HT) are as follows:

Tranche 1
Fixed monthly fee in[0 - 6] m3(DH HT)
Domestic Use

Other Uses

6

2,37

Tranche 2

Tranche 3] 6 - 12] m3] 12 -20 ] m3

7,39

7,39

Fixed monthly fee in(DH HT)

Administration

10

11,03

Preferential
7,52

Tranche 4

Tranche 5
Over to] 20 – 35 ] m3 35 m3
10,98

Industrial
6,98

11,03

Hotels
6,98

12

9

0DMRU5HFHQW$FKLHYHPHQWLQLPSURYHPHQW
RIZDWHUVXSSO\VHUYLFHV• Realization of structuring and integrated urban-rural projects Future projects oftransferring water from the surplus water basins in the Northwest to the deficit

basins in the Center-West (from Sebou to Bouregreg).
• Establishment of a strategy for the generalization of access to drinking andsustainable water on a national scale;• Use of water desalination for security of supply

10

5HFHQWFKDOOHQJHVRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Lack of funding;• rehabilitation cost and strategy• Inefficient water use and water losses• Climate change and sustainable access to drinking water in Africa• Negative impact of climate change on access to drinking water13

4. MOROCCO (2)$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU
6XSSO\6HUYLFHV,QFHSWLRQ5HSRUW3UHVHQWDWLRQ
1DPH0UV(OORX[H+DQDQ
3RVLWLRQ‫؟‬+HDGRI6HUYLFH
2UJDQL]DWLRQ1DWLRQDO2IILFHRI(OHFWULFLW\DQG'ULQNLQJ:DWHU :DWHU%UDQFK 21((%222XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Legal Basis of Water Supply Services:• Water Law 10-95: its main objective was to rationalize water use, provide universal access to theresource, reduce disparities between cities and villages and ensure water security across the country(under review by Law 36.15).

• Demarcation of Water Supply Services :• The Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics and Water for promoting and coordinating theprotection of water resources, pollution abatement and legislation enforcement.
• The Supreme Council for Water and Climate to reinforce coordination among the different actors,
•
•
•
•
•
•

including ministries, public agencies and water users, as well as non-governmental stakeholders.
River basin agencies (RBAs) for managing and regulating water resources, monitoring water use andquality, and planning for water-related emergencies such as flood control.
The Ministry of the Interior is involved in water management through the Water and Wastewater
Directorate (DEA) and the General Directorate of Local Authorities (DGCL).
The General Directorate of Hydraulics (DGH) is responsible for developing water resources for alluses, including major dam construction and operation.
The Ministry of Health is mainly responsible for drinking water quality control.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is tasked with supervising irrigation management.
ONEE, municipally owned public operators called regies and private concessionaires for the
management of drinking water and sanitation services.

• Main Actor of Water Supply Utilities:• National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water, as a financially autonomous public electricity, waterand sewerage enterprise, is considered as the major national water producer and also the dominantnational water distributor.

14

3

2XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Mission/Vision of Water Supply Utilities:•

Assure the satisfaction of the water demand of the populations and support for socio-economic development
expressed by sectoral development strategies and plans.

• Your Mission/Vision in your organization:•

ONEE plays an important role in planning and executing the government’s strategic water and electricity goals. For
the water sector, ONEE’s responsibilities include potable water planning and security at a national level, providing
potable water supply services in medium and small towns on behalf of the local municipalities and wastewater
services.

Whole Country:
Area:

Population

710 850 km²: around 36 Million inhabitant

Coverage Water Supply: around 100% in urban area and 98,2% in rural area
Selected Water Supply System/City: THE CITY O KELAA SRAGHNA
CENTER AND NEARBY Villages
Service Area :4 214 km²

Population Served: 173 357 inhabitant

4:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFH/HYHOV 7+(&,7<2.(/$$ 65$*+1$&(17(5$1'1($5%<9LOODJHV,1',&$7256RIWKHV\VWHP*RDOVIRU

6WDIIFRQQHFWLRQV

53

3URGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\PD[PGD\ 

70 93473 613:DWHUTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGV

YES

YES

&RYHUDJHDUHD

98% in urban area
60% in rural area

100% in urban area
70% in rural area

6XSSO\GXUDWLRQ KRXUGD\

12 hours of reservoirautonomy (hence theneed for reinforcement)

24

6XSSO\SUHVVXUH

around 3 bararound 3 bar

1XPEHURIFRQQHFWLRQV
GRPHVWLFFRQQHFWLRQV

34 67140 01915:

173 35730%

200 095
20%&ROOHFWLRQUDWLR

0,7

0,8

6WDIIQXPEHU

170

120

3RSXODWLRQ6HUYHG

15

0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU4XDOLW\

5• Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems:• Deteriorating surface water quality is one of the major problems facing Morocco’s water sector.
• The scarcity of water resources and the accentuation of extreme climatic phenomena (floods and droughts)

under the effect of climate change, to the inadequacy of resources with continuously growing water needs
due to demographic growth and socio-economic development.
• Problems of high-energy costs.

• Current Actions against Those Challenges/Problems:• Rnewable energies: research, training, development of rural areas ; implementation of desalination projects.

• Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water:•“N.M. 03.7.001” Morrocan standard quality of human drinking water.

• Monitoring System or Plans for Safety of Drinking Water in Your Organization /Regulatory Body / Independent Institution /Others:•

In accordance with our strategic axes relating to the sustainability, security and strengthening of drinking water supply
in urban and rural areas, the office implements all the necessary means to guarantee a “quality” service to users bothin terms of continuity and water quality. This monitoring of water produced and distributed quality, is a regulatory
requirement by the decree of water for food use N㼻2-05-1326 of 29 Jumada II 1427 (July 25, 2006) and standards
relating to the quality of water for food use (V2020) and Moroccan standard relating to control and monitoring of waterin public supply networks03.7.002 (V.2011)

6

0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU4XDOLW\• Implementation of Water Safety Plans or Similar Efforts:• 3 levels of monitoring are required: the resource, the system entry and the distribution.

• An annual monitoring schedule is drawn up on the basis of the monitoring standard in force, carriedout thanks to the network of decentralized laboratories set up. For the conformity of the quality ofwater produced and distributed, national regulations are taken as a reference.
• The water quality monitoring strategy is based on several elements:• Knowledge of the environment of Drinking water system.
• Thorough knowledge of this system.
• The processing implemented.
• Control tools• Monitoring of parameters in a preventive framework for algal toxins, toxicity tests

16

7

5HGXFWLRQRI1RQ5HYHQXH:DWHU .(/$$65$*+1$&(17(5$1'
1($5%<9LOODJHVBilled authorized
consumption

12,7 Million m3/year( 70%)

Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)

1,8 Million m3/year( 10%)

Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )3,6 Million m3/year( 20 %)

Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeNon
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

Water
lossesReal losses(Leakage)• Leakage Detection Measures: Passive techniques (Generally these are curative actions) and Active

techniques.
• Countermeasures for NRW : renewal of aged meters and rehabilitation of distribution or production

networks

8$FFRXQWLQJ6\VWHPRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• As of August 1, 2014 and in accordance with the provisions of Ministerial OrderNo. 2682.14 of July 21, 2014 published in Official Bulletin No. 6275 Bis of July22, 2014, the drinking water sale prices in DH ( HT) are as follows:

Tranche 1
Fixed monthly fee in[0 - 6] m3(DH HT)
Domestic Use

Other Uses

•

6

2,37

Tranche 2

Tranche 3] 6 - 12] m3] 12 -20 ] m3

7,39

7,39

Fixed monthly fee in(DH HT)

Administration

10

11,03

Preferential
7,52

Tranche 4

Tranche 5
Over to] 20 – 35 ] m3 35 m3
10,98

Industrial
6,98

11,03

Hotels6,98

1 DH =0,1 USD

17

90DMRU5HFHQW$FKLHYHPHQWLQLPSURYHPHQW
RIZDWHUVXSSO\VHUYLFHV• Construction of many seawater desalination plants : Agadir, Laayoune,,,etc• Future projects of transferring water from the surplus water basins in the

Northwest to the deficit basins in the Center-West (from Sebou to Bouregreg).
• Wastewater reuse projects are in operation and supplying good-quality water for

the following uses:• Irrigation of green spaces, parks and golf courses (69.3%)• Agriculture, which currently accounts for 13%• Industry, specifically phosphate mining (16.6%)• Groundwater recharge (1.1%)

10

5HFHQWFKDOOHQJHVRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Inefficient water use and water losses• Public awareness and education campaigns in relation to water scarcity• Climate change and sustainable access to drinking water in Africa• Negative impact of climate change on access to drinking water (Flood,

Droughts…)

18

11

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !

19

5. MOZAMBIQUE

$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU
6XSSO\6HUYLFHV,QFHSWLRQ5HSRUW3UHVHQWDWLRQ
1DPH(YHO\Q$QGUHD0DQJRYH
3RVLWLRQ‫؟‬7HFKQLFLDQ
2UJDQL]DWLRQ$GPLQLVWUDWLRQRI,QIUDVWUXFWUHRI:DWHUDQG6DQLWDWLRQ
$,$62XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV

2• Legal Basis of Water Supply Services
The National Water Policy and the Regulation of the Public Systems of Water Distribution andWastewater Drainage Systems• Demarcation of Water Supply Services
The Ministry of Public Works Housing and Water Resources is responsible for Water Services in the
country.
• Main Actor of Water Supply Utilities

In Mozambique, most water utilities are public institutions under local government.
• Mission/Vision of Water Supply Utilities
Efficiently manage the assets of secondary public water supply and urban sanitation systems,
providing for the development of human capital, investments and autonomous, financial andenvironmentally sustainable exploration• Your Mission/Vision in your organization :Work in the Water Supply Department in theconstruction and management of water supply systems.

Whole Country:
Area: 801,590 km2

Population : 31,693,239
Coverage Water Supply: 52%
Selected Water Supply System/City:
Service Area : 761,280 km2
Population Served: 3,500,000 million

20

3:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFH/HYHOV,1',&$7256





6WDIIFRQQHFWLRQV*RDOVIRU



3URGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\
PGD\ :DWHUTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGV

1RQH:DWHU4XDOLW\5HJXODWLRQ&RYHUDJHDUHD





6XSSO\GXUDWLRQ KRXUGD\

6XSSO\SUHVVXUH EDU

EDU

1XPEHURIFRQQHFWLRQV

3RSXODWLRQ6HUYHG



15:





&ROOHFWLRQUDWLR





6WDIIQXPEHU





4

0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU4XDOLW\• Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems• Current Actions against Those Challenges/Problems• Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water• Monitoring System or Plans for Safety of Drinking Water in Your Organization /Regulatory Body / Independent Institution /Others• Implementation of Water Safety Plans or Similar Efforts

21

5

5HGXFWLRQRI1RQ5HYHQXH:DWHU
Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeWater
lossesNon
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

Billed authorized
consumption

xx m3 /year( %)Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)xx m3 /year( %)Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )xx m3 /year( %)Real losses(Leakage)xx m3 /year( %)• Leakage Detection Measures• Countermeasures for NRW

6$FFRXQWLQJ6\VWHPRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Water Tariff in your Organization• Balance Sheet of your Organization• Profit and Loss Statement of your Organization

22

7

0DMRU5HFHQW$FKLHYHPHQWLQLPSURYHPHQW
RIZDWHUVXSSO\VHUYLFHV• Capacity building Project for Water Operators financed by The Kingdom ofNetherlands.
• Investments to improve aging infrastructure.

8

5HFHQWFKDOOHQJHVRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Aging Infrastructure.
• Lack of operators with financial capacity to manage the systems.
• Saline intrusion in the catchment of some systems, which results in the need ofinvestments in desalination technology.
• Limited human resources to attend to the high demand.
• Low coverage in rural areas.

23

6. PALESTINE

$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU
6XSSO\6HUYLFHV,QFHSWLRQ5HSRUW3UHVHQWDWLRQ
1DPH$ODD50DVUL
3RVLWLRQ‫؟‬:DWHUUHVRXUFHV(QJLQHHU
2UJDQL]DWLRQ3DOHVWLQLDQ:DWHU$XWKRULW\ 3:$

2

2XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Legal Basis of Water Supply Services

Palestinian water authority was established under Presidential Decree.
• Demarcation of Water Supply Services
Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) is responsible for the domestic water incooperation with other stakeholders such as the Ministry of Agriculture is
responsible for agricultural water.
• Mission/Vision of Water Supply Utilities• Mission of PWA
A public institution working to manage, develop and protect water
sources with integrated and sustainable water supply to citizens valid for
different uses and ensure the protection of the environment and theachievement of the development goals of Palestinian society.
• Vision of PWA
Sustainable water sources able to achieve development and basic needs of thePalestinian people.

24

3

2XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHVtFWX.
West Bank:
Area: 5844

Population

km2: 2,785,653

Coverage Water Supply: 95 %Selected Water Supply System/City:
Service Area :km2

Population

Served:million/ thousand

4:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFH/HYHOV• 'DWDRI3:$B:(67%$1.nWKHZDWHUVXSSOLHUIRU3:$|WREHORZWDEOH

,1',&$7256



6WDIIFRQQHFWLRQV
3URGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\
PGD\ :DWHUTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGV&RYHUDJHDUHD

3DOHVWLQLDQ,QVWLWXWLRQ
6WDQGDUGV

6XSSO\GXUDWLRQ KRXUGD\$YHUDJHKUGD\

6XSSO\SUHVVXUH

EHWZHHQ EDU

1XPEHURIFRQQHFWLRQV

FRQQHFWLRQ

3RSXODWLRQ6HUYHG

 0XQLFLSDOLWLHVORFDOVHUYLFHVLQGLY

15:

&ROOHFWLRQUDWLR
6WDIIQXPEHU

1RWDYDLODEOH


25

5

0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU4XDOLW\• Most of our groundwater resources (almost 85%) fit the standards in the WestBank while about 97% of the costal aquifer in Gaza is deteriorated (NO3,
Nitrate, Salinity...).
• Current Actions against those Challenges/Problems: The action taken to face

the problem is to make water reallocation in in most regions in Palestine.
• Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water: Water Institutional Standards.

• Monitoring System or Plans for Safety of Drinking Water in Your Organization /Regulatory Body / Independent Institution /Others: Internal monitoring program
carried out by PWA laboratory.
• Implementation of Water Safety Plans or Similar Efforts: Conducting a piloting

projects of water safety plans.

6

5HGXFWLRQRI1RQ5HYHQXH:DWHU
Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeWater
losses•Billed authorized
consumption
Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)

Non
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

20,198,432
m3 /year
839,045
m3 /year

Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )9,358,495
m3 /yearReal losses(Leakage)

3,039,597
m3 /yearThis data was taken from Gaza Strip as a case study from the report (Assessment and Management of Non-Revenue
Water in Gaza City), since these data is not available for the West Bank region.

•

Countermeasures for NRW: bucket and stop watch method

26

7$FFRXQWLQJ6\VWHPRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Water Tariff in PWA• Water tariffs for (0-5) m3 / Month = 3.31 NIS/m3• Water tariffs for (5.1 - 10) m3 / Month = 3.32 NIS/m3• Water tariffs for (10.1 - 20) m3 / Month = 3.83 NIS/m3• Balance Sheet of your Organization• Palestinian Water Authority is a governmental organization and it does not haveany profit or loss statement, and also there is no balance sheet in PWA.

8

0DMRU5HFHQW$FKLHYHPHQWLQLPSURYHPHQW
RIZDWHUVXSSO\VHUYLFHV• the achievement of water security at the short and long range requires

developing and protecting the water resources and maintaining its sustainability.

In addition, protecting the usage and the quality of water resources according to
the principles of integrated management .This by itself is considered a main
goal that the PWA seeks to achieve within the next yeas through the following

strategic objectives:
1. Improve the effectiveness of water usage and supply.
2. Protect water resources from pollution and depletion.
3. Enhance and promote the principles of sharing and cooperation in planning,
operation, management and knowledge.

27

9

5HFHQWFKDOOHQJHVRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Body sentences28

7. SOUTH SUDAN (1)$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU
6XSSO\6HUYLFHV,QFHSWLRQ5HSRUW3UHVHQWDWLRQ
1DPH3DUHQJ3KLOLS3RVLWLRQ‫؟‬$VV,QVSHFWRU:DWHU'LVWULEXWLRQ
2UJDQL]DWLRQ6RXWK6XGDQ8UEDQ:DWHU

&RUSRUDWLRQ

22XWOLQHRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Legal Basis of Water Supply Services(What kind of laws and regulations are Water Supply Services based on?)• Demarcation of Water Supply Services(Which ministry is in charge of what kind of field of water?)• Main Actor of Water Supply Utilities(e.g. In Japan, most water utilities are public bureau under local government.)• Mission/Vision of Water Supply Utilities• Your Mission/Vision in your organization
Whole Country:
Area:

Population

km2:

Coverage Water Supply:%

Selected Water Supply System/City:
Service Area :km2

Population

Served:million/ thousand

29

3:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFH/HYHOV,1',&$7256



6WDIIFRQQHFWLRQV





*RDOVIRU

3URGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\
PGD\ :DWHUTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGV

1RQH

+LJK

&RYHUDJHDUHD





6XSSO\GXUDWLRQ KRXUGD\

6XSSO\SUHVVXUH EDU

EDU

1XPEHURIFRQQHFWLRQVPLOOLRQ3RSXODWLRQ6HUYHGPLOOLRQ

15:





&ROOHFWLRQUDWLR





6WDIIQXPEHU



!



4

0DQDJHPHQWRI:DWHU4XDOLW\• Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems• Current Actions against Those Challenges/Problems• Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water• Monitoring System or Plans for Safety of Drinking Water in Your Organization /Regulatory Body / Independent Institution /Others• Implementation of Water Safety Plans or Similar Efforts

30

5

5HGXFWLRQRI1RQ5HYHQXH:DWHU
Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeWater
lossesNon
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

Billed authorized
consumption

1277500 m3
/year
( %)

Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)

365000 m3
/year
( %)

Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )Real losses(Leakage)

m3 /year( %)m3 /year( %)• Leakage Detection Measures. Customer reports• Countermeasures for NRW. NO

6$FFRXQWLQJ6\VWHPRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Water Tariff in your Organization. Meter reading and flat rate
• Balance Sheet of your Organization. Not Share• Profit and Loss Statement of your Organization. Not Share31

7

0DMRU5HFHQW$FKLHYHPHQWLQLPSURYHPHQW
RIZDWHUVXSSO\VHUYLFHV• Recruitment and training ofengineers.
• Establishment of O&M plan
• Streamlining job descriptions

8

5HFHQWFKDOOHQJHVRI:DWHU6XSSO\6HUYLFHV• Lack of skills for leakage detection• Lack of motivation of staffs especially the technicalstaffs• Unsupervised duties• Lack of records for reference eg GIS system

32

8. SOUTH SUDAN (2)

33

34

35

36

9. TANZANIA

January-2022

PRESENTER: MR.OTHMAN M.OTHMANTITTLE:

DISTRICT WATER OFFICERORGANIZATION: ZANZIBAR WATERAUTHORITY
INCEPTION REPORT PRESENTATION

Introduction
VisionMissionTable ofContents

Water Sources in Zanzibar
Zanzibar Population
Current Water Production
Long Term Strategic Plan

Challenges
Medium Term Priorities (2021-2024)
The Way Forward

Projects
Ongoing Projects
37Introduction:

About
Zanzibar
Water
Authority(ZAWA)

VisionThe Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA)
was established by Water Act No. 4 of2006
asfollow-up
oftherecommendations of the Zanzibar
National Water Policy of 2004, withjurisdictionofmanagingwater
resources and provision of clean,reliable and good quality watersupply to Zanzibar.

To become a leading water
service provider in the regionthat
addresses
socioeconomic needs of thesocietyforsustainable
development.

38

Mission

Water
Sourcesin
ZanzibarTosupportsocio-economic
development through provision ofaccessible, affordable and quality
water services in a modern,sustainable and environmentallyfriendly manner within Zanzibar.

The principal source of water supply in Zanzibar isgroundwater, which is found in various places
under differing aquifer conditions, amongst which
are:Natural springs,
Boreholes andCaves.

Exploitation has been through drilled boreholes
and hand dug wells.
Currently, there are 303 operational boreholes
172 - Unguja and131- Pemba
5 main springs
2 - Unguja and3 - Pemba
3 main caves in Unguja.

39

Zanzibar
Population

Zanzibar  Unguja & Pemba About 50
Smaller Islets.
Capital: Zanzibar Town

Total Area
: 2,580 km²
Unguja : 1,600 km²
Pemba : 980 km²

Population (2022 census):1.8 million
Location : 5 – 6°S Of Equator
40 km East Coast Of Africa

Current
Water
Productions
REGIONS

ESTIMATEDPOPULATIONTOTALDEMAND(Litre/day)WATER
PRODUCTION(Litre/day)

DEFICIT/DIFFERENCE(Litre/day)

PERCENTAGE OFWATER
PRODUCED (%)

Urban West750,033

105,004,620

51,890,440(53,114,180)

49%

North
Unguja237,505

33,250,700

22,423,620(10,8272,080)

67%

South
Unguja140,821

19,714,940

14,716,828(4,998,112)

75%

North
Pemba

306,173

42,864,220

22,218,067(20,646,153)

52%

South
Pemba

283,076

39,630,640

25,814,880(13,815,760)

65%

1,717,608

240,465,120

137,063,835(103,401,285)

62%

Demand per person (Litre/day) :14040

Typical Diagram on Current Water Supply
Situation
Incomplete GIS, high NRW,
TypicalDiagram on Water Supply
Situation
Direct pumping
inappropriate arrangement of
instead of reservoirs

distribution networks, many pipes
old and incrusted

Insufficient
protection of
resources

Insufficient
treatment,
existing
chlorination
devices andlack ofessential lab
equip..

Few customers, somemeters not functional,
most public water
points unattended

Increasing salinity High contentsof iron and calcium, insufficient
production capacity

Plus: Insufficient revenues,
customers not willing to pay,very low maximum tariff forindustrial use → lack of finances
to cover running costs, no
structured O&M plan, workshops
equipped insufficiently

Best Practice of Water Supply Scheme
4MLD OVER HEAD
WATER
TANK

CHLORINATION ROOM
PUMP ROOM

G.L
12 MLD GRONUDWATER TANK

G.L.

66 KM DISTRIBUTION

BOREHOLE

9 NOS BOREHOLE

4 MLD OVER HEAD

5 NOS PUMP

12 MLD GROUND
WATER
TANK

66 KM DISTRIBUTION

WATER
TANK

CLIENT:ZANZIBAR WATERAUTHORITY
ENGINEERCRUX
CONSULTANTS
PVT. LTD.

REHABILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATERSUPPLY SYSTEM IN ZANZIBARCONTRACTOR :DRAWING TITLE :MAUNGANISCHEMATICDIAGRAM

41

Existing Water Resources Management
Few sewer networks,
no sewage treatment
plant → pollution

Impact ofclimate change

Run-off
un-offoff

Increasing salination,
Damage of aquife

Huge but finite
groundwater potential– problem

Amount of water abstracted (Fewproduction meters working, numerous
unregistered hand-dug wells, somelarge-scale irrigation projects, …)Long Term Strategies (2021 – 2025)
Description

Unit

2025

Volume of Water to be produced

M3/day265,516.4

Water Demand

M3/day265,516.4

Non-Revenue Water%

30

Population Projection 2025 (1 household 5.2)

Nr

1,896,546

Water Service Coverage – No. of Total

Nr364,720

Metering Ratio%

100

Water Service Coverage%

100

Response Time to Water Leaks and Bursts

Hrs.

6

Percentage samples of supplied water passing%100

Customer care – Response Time to complaints

Hrs.

4

Customer care – percentage of customer%

85

Connections

bacteriological and physical quality

complaints handled42High operation Cost approx. TZS 600Mil (Especial
electricity for 303 Boreholes).

Challenges Power fluctuation.

Inadequate alternative sources of power (Solar,
wind mill).

High rate of non revenue water (Old
infrastructures) In sufficient working Capital (enough fundto buy water equipment including water
pumps, pipes & fittings and water meters).

Challenges

 Depletion of borehole yield. (Noalternative source such as rain water

harvesting and Desalination).

High demand of clean and safe water.
 Shortage of storage tanks and existingtanks are old.

43

Medium Term Priorities (2021-2025)
Strengthening of water
resources
management

Strengthen
management of
water
abstraction,water resource
conservation
initiatives andrainwater
harvesting

Improvingof waterserviceprovision

Improve water
infrastructure,reliability of water
services,
reducing NonRevenue Water,
undertaking andmonitoring ofwater supply
projects andwater quality

Improving ofcommercial
andcustomer
services

Increase thecurrent customer
and revenue
base, enhancecredit control
mechanisms andcustomersatisfaction.

Enhancing offinancialsustainability.

Enhance collection
and managementof funds and soundfinancialmanagement
practicesStrengthening ofInstitutional
capacityStrengthen visibility,
marketing andpromotion of ZAWA
services compliance tolaws, regulations,circulars andgovernment
pronouncements,
water District Offices,use of modern facilities
and equipment,teaching, research anddissemination ofresearch output.

The
Way
Forward
1) Integrated Water Management System
2) Capacity Building to the ZAWA Staff
3) Maintenance and Repairs of the Infrastructure4) Building of New Water Schemes
44

Ongoing Projects
Rehabilitation And Improvement Of Water Supply System In
Zanzibar (RIWSSZ) – Exim Bank India Project--USD 92.18
Million.
Rehabilitation And Improvement Of Water Supply Services In
Zanzibar – IMF Covid-19 Funds Project -- TZs 34.2 Billion.
Projects which are in initial stage:
9 Zanzibar Urban Water Distribution Facilities Improvements-

JICA Project - USD 100 Million.

9Strengthening Of Water Supply And Services Sustainability
In Zanzibar (SWSSSZ) - Exim Bank India Project-- 35 USD
Million.
9Sustainable Water Supply In Zanzibar (Feasibility Study) –KfW Germany Funds Project- USD 0.600 Million.

Ongoing Projects….
Exim Bank India Project

S.No.

IMF Covid-19 Project

Item Description
Actual Progress

1

Drilling of Boreholes

2Transmission Main Line

3
4

Distribution Network
Ground Tank
Constructions
Elevated Tank
Constructions
Project Average %5

LOT1
LOT 3 [
LOT 2 [
[Mfenesini &Kidutani,
Mkorogo,Dole
Masingini &Maungani&
Schemes ]Maji House
Dimani
Scheme]Schemes]

LOT 1[Unguja]

64

11

59.6%

LOT 2
[Pemba]27

473.853km

319km

7

2

8

8

49.5%

86.12 %

35%

13.6%

45

Ongoing Projects Sites

Ground Water Sources

Borehole

SpringCave

46

AHSANTE47

出典：2022 年度 JICA 課題別研修「水道管理行政及び水道事業経営(A)」カントリーレポート

Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS) was established with the sanction of
the Minister for Health, Labour and Welfare in July 1983 and implements international technicalcooperation programmes with purpose of contributing to the promotion of health and social welfare
activities in the friendly nations.
Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS)
Matsuoka Ginnana BLDG. 3F
7-17-14 Ginza Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061 JAPAN
Tel: +81-(0)3-6206-1137
Fax: +81-(0)3-6206-1164
https://jicwels.or.jp
公益社団法人国際厚生事業団（JICWELS）は、国際的な保健・福祉分野の国際協力に貢献することを目的として、1983 年（昭和 58 年）7 月 7 日に厚生省（現厚生労働省）から社団法人の認可を受け設立されました。開発途上国の行政官研修や WHO フェローの受け入れ、調査企画や研究開発並びに情報の交換及び広報活動など、海外諸国との国際交流活動を推進し
ています。
発行日

2023 年 3 月 31 日
〒104-0061
東京都中央区銀座 7 丁目 17-14 松岡銀七ビル 3 階

広報チーム

電話 03-6206-1137 (国際協力チーム)
Fax 03-6206-1164
https://jicwels.or.jp