㠽ข⋵↥ᬺᛛⴚ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯‫⎇ޓ‬ⓥႎ๔ͳ  ᛛⴚ࡟ࡐ࡯࠻

ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ᛫⩶․ᕈ
Antibacterial Activity of the Chitosan Sheet᦭⑔ ৻㇢࡮㜞↰ శ㧖Ichiro Arifuku, Hikaru Takadaࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠍਥේᢱߦ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߪ‫ޔ‬ෘߺ‫ޔ‬ๆ᳓ㅦᐲ‫ޔ‬ๆ᳓୚₸‫ޔ࠭ࠗࠨࠕࡐޔ‬ḨẢᒝᐲߦ߅޿ߡࠦ࡜࡯ࠥࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߣห╬ߩ‛ᕈࠍ␜ߒߚ‫⎇ᧄޕ‬ⓥߢߪ‫⊹⴫ޔ‬ᗵᨴ∝߿࠾ࠠࡆߩ⿠࿃⩶ߥߤߣߒߡ⡼ߦᖡᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߔ㤛⦡ࡉ࠼࠙⃿⩶߿ࠕࠢࡀ⩶ߥߤߦኻߔࠆࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ᛫⩶․ᕈࠍᬌ⸽ߒߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߦߪࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ࡯࡞ߣᲧセߒߡ 1/100 એਅߦ⩶ᢙࠍᷫዋߐߖࠆߥߤߩ㜞޿᛫⩶ᕈ߇⹺߼ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
The chitosan sheet which we developed showed an equal characteristic with collagen sheet in thickness, waterabsorption speed, water absorption rate, pore size, wet strength. And we evaluated antibacterial activity forStaphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus and Propionibacterium acnes, Propionibacterium propionicum. As a result,the chitosan sheet showed high antibacterial activity that decreased the number of the bacteria to less than 1/100
compared with the control. ߪߓ߼ߦߐߖߚࠠ࠻ࠨࡦṁᶧࠍⴼߦ౉ࠇߚ߽ߩࠍ᧼ߦ᜽ࠎߢ ࠞ࠾Ზࠍൻቇಣℂߒߡᓧࠄࠇࠆࠠ࠻ࠨࡦߪ‫ޔ‬㘩ຠ⭯⤑⁁ߦಓ⚿ߔࠆ‫ࠄ߆ⴼࠍࠇߎޕ‬ขࠅ಴ߒߡಓ⚿ੇ߿Ꮏᬺ⵾ຠ‫ޔ‬ක≮ຠ‫ޔ‬ൻ♆ຠߥߤߩಽ㊁ߢ೑↪ߐࠇ῎ߒ‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬᷷㘑ੇ῎ߦࠃߞߡࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠍਇṁൻߐࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚ߇‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦߪߘߩ㔛ⷐߩᄢඨߪ

ߖߡᓧࠄࠇࠆෘߐ 1.5 mm ߩࠬࡐࡦࠫ⁁ߩࠪ࡯࠻ߢ

㘩ຠಽ㊁ߢߩ೑↪ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬޽ࠆ㧔࿑㧝㧕‫ޕ‬ ߘߎߢ‫ߩࡦࠨ࠻ࠠޔ‬ᣂߚߥᏒ႐㐿ᜏߩߚ߼‫⟤ޔ‬ኈ↪ㅜߢߩ೑↪ࠍ⋡⊛ߦࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠍਥේᢱߦߒߚࠪ࡯࠻⁁⚛᧚ࠍ㐿⊒ߒ‫ߩ࠻࡯ࠪࡦࠨ࠻ࠠߩߎޔ‬᛫⩶․ᕈࠍ⹏ଔߒߚ㧝㧕‫ޕ‬ ታ㛎ᣇᴺ ଏ⹜⹜ᢱ ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߪ‫↲ޔ‬㓁ࠤࡒࠞ࡞ᩣᑼળ␠⵾ࠍ૶↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એਅߦࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ⵾ㅧᣇᴺࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߪ‫ࠍࡦࠨ࠻ࠠޔ‬㈶㉄᳓ṁᶧߦṁ⸃࿑㧝 ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩᄖⷰ㧖↲㓁ࠤࡒࠞ࡞ᩣᑼળ␠̶45̶ ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ․⦡
 ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߦߪ‫⴫ޔ‬㧝ߦ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߥ․⦡߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߪ‫⴫ޔ‬㕙߇㕖ᏱߦṖࠄ߆ߢ‫ޔ‬⡼⸅ࠅ߽ࠃߊ‫ޔ‬ㄦㅦߥๆ᳓ㅦᐲߣ㜞޿ๆ᳓㊂ࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬ ๆ᳓ᓟߪࠪ࡞ࠢ᭽ߩṖࠄ߆ߥᨵエᕈࠍ᦭ߒ‫ޔ‬᳓ಽ଻ᜬ⢻ജ߇㜞ߊ‫ޔ‬㐳ᤨ㑆᳓ಽࠍ଻ᜬߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᣢሽߩࠦ࡜࡯ࠥࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߣᲧセߒߡ߽ห╬ߩ‛ᕈࠍ␜ߒ‫ޔ‬ᐔဋࡐࠕࠨࠗ࠭ߪ 35Ǵm ߩ቟ቯߒߚᄙሹ᭴ㅧࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ㧔࿑㧞‫ޔ‬࿑㧟㧕‫ޕ‬ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ႐ว‫㉄ޔ‬ᕈ᳓ṁᶧਛߢ቟ቯߥ‛⾰ߢ޽ࠇ߫‫⵾࠻࡯ࠪޔ‬ㅧᤨߦᯏ⢻ᕈᚑಽࠍ㈩วߔࠆ࿑㧟 ࡐࡠࠪࡔ࡯࠲࡯ߦࠃࠆࡐࠕߩಽᏓ᷹ቯߎߣ߽น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬⴫㧝 ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ․ᕈ

 ᛫⩶⹜㛎 ૶↪ߒߚ⩶ᩣ

㩷䉨䊃䉰䊮䉲䊷䊃㩷䉮䊤䊷䉭䊮䉲䊷䊃ෘ䉂䋨㫄㫄䋩㩷㪈㪅㪌㩷㪈㪅㪉㩷ๆ᳓ㅦᐲ㶎㩷

䋱⑽એਅ㩷

䋱⑽એਅ㩷ๆ᳓୚₸䋨୚䋩㩷㪋㪌㩷㪊㪏㩷⚦⩶ࠍ↪޿ߡ᛫⩶ᕈࠍ⹏ଔߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᐔဋ䊘䉝䉰䉟䉵䋨㱘㫄㱢䋩㩷㪊㪌㩷㪎㪊㩷ㅢᕈህ᳇ᕈࠣ࡜ࡓ㓁ᕈ⃿⩶㪉㪅㪈㩷㪈㪅㪏㩷㪉ḨẢᒝᐲ䋨㪥㪆㪺㫄 䋩㩷 ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߪ‫⟤ޔ‬ኈ↪ㅜࠍ⋡⊛ߦ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬⡼ߦᖡᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߔߣ޿ࠊࠇࠆ㧟⒳㘃ߩStaphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus 㧔NBRC14462㧕

̪䉲䊷䊃਄㕙䈮 㪇㪅㪈㫄㫃 䈱᳓Ṣ䉕⪭䈫䈚䇮ቢోๆ᳓䉁䈪䈮ⷐ䈜䉎ᤨ㑆㩷㤛⦡ࡉ࠼࠙⃿⩶㧦⴫⊹ᗵᨴ∝‫ޔ‬㘩ਛᲥߩ⿠࿃⩶‫ޕ‬ህ᳇ᕈࠣ࡜ࡓ㓁ᕈ᪝⩶



Propionibacterium acnes 㧔JCM6425㧕
ࠕࠢࡀ⩶㧦࠾ࠠࡆߩ⿠࿃⩶‫ޕ‬
Propionibacterium propionicum 㧔JCM5830㧕
⊹ญ⣧ౝߩᏱ࿷⩶ߢ‫ޔ‬᡼✢⩶∝‫ޔ‬ᶡ▤Ἳߩ⿠࿃⩶‫ޕ‬ ၭ㙃᧦ઙ
S. aureus ߪ‫⴫ޔ‬㧞ߦ␜ߒߚၭ࿾ߢၭ㙃ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㩷⴫䋲㩷 㪪㪅㩷㪸㫌㫉㪼㫌㫊 䈱ᶧ૕ၭ࿾⚵ᚑ㩷㩷㪧㫆㫃㫐㫇㪼㫇㫋㫆㫅㩷㪰㪼㪸㫊㫋㩷㪼㫏㫋㫉㪸㪺㫋㩷㪤㪾㪪㪦㪋䊶㪎㪟㪉㪦㩷㪛㫀㫊㫋㫀㫃㫃㪼㪻㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻      ࠦ࡜࡯ࠥࡦࠪ࡯࠻࿑㧞 ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ․ᕈ㧔㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜౮⌀㧕㩷㪈㪇㩷㪾㩷㩷 㪉㩷㪾㩷㩷 㪈㩷㪾㩷㩷 㪈㩷㪣㩷㫇㪟㩷㪎㪅㪇㩷೨ၭ㙃ߪ‫ޔ‬ಓ⚿଻ሽߒߡ߅޿ߚ⩶ᩣࠍᶧ૕ၭ࿾ߦធ⒳ߒ‫ޔ‬37͠ߦ߅޿ߡ⚂ 17 ᤨ㑆ᝄߣ߁ၭ㙃ߒߚ‫ޕ‬̶46̶㠽ข⋵↥ᬺᛛⴚ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯‫⎇ޓ‬ⓥႎ๔ͳ  P. acnes ෸߮ P. propionicum ߪ‫⴫ޔ‬㧟ߦ␜ߒߚඨᵹߩ↢⩶ᢙࠍᐔ᧼ၭ㙃ᴺߦࠃࠅ⸘᷹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬P. acnes ෸߮ P. propionicum ߩ႐ว‫ޔ‬24 ⓣࡑࠗࠢേၭ࿾ߢၭ㙃ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㩷⴫䋳㩷 㪧㪅㩷㪸㪺㫅㪼㫊 ෸䈶 㪧㪅㩷㫇㫉㫆㫇㫀㫆㫅㫀㪺㫌㫄 䈱ඨᵹേၭ࿾⚵ᚑ㩷㩷㪞㪘㪤㩷㪹㫉㫆㫋㪿㩷 㩷㪘㪾㪸㫉㩷 㩷㪛㫀㫊㫋㫀㫃㫃㪼㪻㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷㪌㪐㩷㪾㩷㩷 㪉㩷㪾㩷㩷 㪈㩷㪣㩷

ࡠࡊ࡟࡯࠻ߦ౉ࠇߚࠪ࡯࠻਄ߦ೨ၭ㙃ߒߚ⩶ᶧ 0.1ml ෸߮ඨᵹേၭ࿾ 0.4 ml ࠍᷝടߒߚᓟ‫ࡊࡠࠢࠗࡑޔ‬࡟࡯࠻ࠍࠕࡀࡠࡄ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤࡦࠠߢህ᳇᧦ઙߣߒ‫ޔ‬37͠ߢ㧟ᣣ㑆ህ᳇ၭ㙃ߒߚ‫ޕ‬೨ၭ㙃ߒߚ⩶ᶧߪ‫⴫ޔ‬㧡ߦ␜ߒߚᐔ᧼ኙᄤၭ࿾ߦ

೨ၭ㙃ߪ‫ޔ‬ಓ⚿଻ሽߒߡ߅޿ߚ⩶ᩣࠍඨᵹേၭ࿾ࠃߞߡೋ⊒⩶ᢙࠍ᷹ቯߒߚ‫ޕ‬

ߦធ⒳ߒ‫ޔ‬37͠ߦ߅޿ߡ⚂ 24 ᤨ㑆㕒⟎ၭ㙃ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⴫䋵㩷 㪧㪅㩷㪸㪺㫅㪼㫊 ෸䈶 㪧㪅㩷㫇㫉㫆㫇㫀㫆㫅㫀㪺㫌㫄 䈱ᐔ᧼ኙᄤၭ࿾⚵ᚑ㩷㩷 ⹏ଔ↪ࠪ࡯࠻ߩ⺞⵾㪞㪘㪤㩷㪹㫉㫆㫋㪿㩷 㩷㪘㪾㪸㫉㩷 㩷㪛㫀㫊㫋㫀㫃㫃㪼㪻㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷

᛫⩶⹜㛎ߦߪ‫ࠥ࡯࡜ࠦޔߦઁߩ࠻࡯ࠪࡦࠨ࠻ࠠޔ‬ࡦࠪ࡯࠻‫ޔ‬ዪᣇࠟ࡯࠯ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ࠪ࡯࠻ߪ੍߼‫ࡦࠥ࡯࡜ࠦ߮ࠃ߅࠻࡯ࠪࡦࠨ࠻ࠠޔ‬ࠪ࡯࠻‫߽ߣ࠯࡯ࠟޔ‬㧝 cm ⷺߦࠞ࠶࠻ߒ‫ࡦ࡟࠴ࠛޔ‬ࠝࠠࠨࠗ࠼ࠟࠬߦࠃࠅṌ⩶ߒߚ߽ߩࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
᛫⩶⹜㛎ߩ㓙ߦߪ‫ߪ࠻࡯ࠪࡦࠨ࠻ࠠޔ‬㧞ᨎ‫࡜ࠦޔ‬࡯ࠥࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߪ㧟ᨎ‫ߪ࠯࡯ࠟޔ‬㧤ᨎ㊀ߨߦߒߚ߽ߩࠍࠪ࡯࠻ౝㇱߦࠛ࠴࡟ࡦࠝࠠࠨࠗ࠼ࠟࠬ߇ᱷ⇐ߒߥ޿ࠃ߁චಽࠛࠕ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߒߡ߆ࠄ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㪌㪐㩷㪾㩷㪈㪌㩷㪾㩷㩷 㪈㩷㪣㩷P. acnes ߩ႐วߩೋ⊒⩶ᢙߪ 1.2103 cfu/ml ೨ᓟ‫ޔ‬
P. propionicum ߩ႐วߪ 5.9102㨪1.2 105 cfu/mlߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧟ᣣ㑆ၭ㙃ᓟ‫࠻࡯ࠪޔ‬ౝߩ↢⩶ᢙࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫࠻࡯ࠪޔ‬ౝߩ⩶ࠍ↢ℂ㘩Ⴎ᳓ߢᵞ޿಴ߒ‫ޔ‬ၭ㙃ᓟߩ↢⩶ᢙࠍᐔ᧼ၭ㙃ᴺߦࠃࠅ⸘᷹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ ⚿ᨐߣ⠨ኤ ↢⩶ᢙߩ᷹ቯ
S. aureus ߩ႐ว‫⹜ޔ‬㛎▤ߦ౉ࠇߚࠪ࡯࠻਄ߦ೨ၭ
㙃ߒߚ⩶ᶧ 0.1 ml ෸߮Ⴧᱺၭ࿾ 0.4 ml ࠍᷝടߒ‫ޔ‬37͠ߢ 24 ᤨ㑆㕒⟎ၭ㙃ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ฦࠪ࡯࠻೎ߩࠣ࡜ࡓ㓁ᕈㅢᕈህ᳇ᕈ⃿⩶ S. aureusߦ߅ߌࠆធ⒳ 24 ᤨ㑆ᓟߩೋ⊒⩶ᢙߩ↢⩶ᢙߦ෸߷ߔᓇ㗀ࠍ࿑㧠ߦ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬೨ၭ㙃ߒߚ⩶ᶧߪ‫⴫ޔ‬㧠ߦ␜ߒߚᐔ᧼ኙᄤၭ࿾ߦࠃߞߡೋ⊒⩶ᢙࠍ᷹ቯߒߚ‫ޕ‬⴫䋴㩷 㪪㪅㩷㪸㫌㫉㪼㫌㫊 䈱ᐔ᧼ኙᄤၭ࿾⚵ᚑ㩷㩷㪧㫆㫃㫐㫇㪼㫇㫋㫆㫅㩷㪰㪼㪸㫊㫋㩷㪼㫏㫋㫉㪸㪺㫋㩷㪤㪾㪪㪦㪋䊶㪎㪟㪉㪦㩷㪛㫀㫊㫋㫀㫃㫃㪼㪻㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷㪘㪾㪸㫉㩷㩷㪈㪇㩷㪾㩷㩷 㪉㩷㪾㩷㩷 㪈㩷㪾㩷㩷 㪈㩷㪣㩷㪈㪌㩷㪾㩷㫇㪟㩷㪎㪅㪇㩷࿑䋴㩷 㪪㪅㩷㪸㫌㫉㪼㫌㫊 䈮䈍䈔䉎ೋ⊒⩶ᢙ䈱ᓇ㗀㩷

S. aureus ߩ႐วߩೋ⊒⩶ᢙߪ‫ޔ‬40 cfu/ml ߹ߚߪ㧡
cfu/ml ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬S. aureus ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ೋ⊒⩶ᢙ߇ 40 cfu/ml‫ޔ‬㧡cfu/ml ߩ24 ᤨ㑆ၭ㙃ᓟ‫࠻࡯ࠪޔ‬ౝߩ↢⩶ᢙࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆߚ߼

ߤߜࠄߩ႐วߢ߽‫⩶↢ߩ࠻࡯ࠪࡦࠨ࠻ࠠޔ‬ᢙ߇ᦨ߽ߦ‫࠻࡯ࠪޔ‬ౝߩ⩶ࠍ↢ℂ㘩Ⴎ᳓ߢᵞ޿಴ߒ‫ޔ‬ၭ㙃ᓟૐߊ‫ޔ‬Ⴧᱺ߇ᛥ೙ߐࠇߡߚ‫ޕ‬ᰴ޿ߢࠦ࡜࡯ࠥࡦࠪ࡯

̶47̶

࠻߇ૐߊ‫߿߿ޔ‬Ⴧᱺ߇ᛥ೙ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߇‫ߦ࠯࡯ࠟޔ‬╙  ࿁ ࠠ࠴ࡦ࡮ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ㧔ᣣᧄࠠ࠴ߪ‫ޔ‬Ⴧᱺᛥ೙૞↪ߪ⹺߼ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ࡦ࡮ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦቇળਥ௅㧕ߦ߅޿ߡญ㗡⊒⴫ߒߚౝኈ

ฦࠪ࡯࠻೎ߩࠣ࡜ࡓ㓁ᕈㅢᕈህ᳇ᕈ⃿⩶ S. aureusࠍขࠅ߹ߣ߼ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ߩធ⒳ 24 ᤨ㑆ᓟ‫ࡓ࡜ࠣޔ‬㓁ᕈህ᳇ᕈ᪝⩶ P. acnes෸߮ P. propionicum ߩធ⒳㧟ᣣᓟߩ㧟⩶ᩣߦኻߔ  ᢥ ₂ࠆ↢⩶ᢙࠍ࿑㧡ߦ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ 㜞↰శ᦭⑔৻㇢ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ᛫⩶․ᕈࠠ
࠴ࡦ࡮ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦ⎇ⓥ㧘R  㩷࿑䋵㩷 䋳⒳㘃䈱⩶ᩣ䈮ኻ䈜䉎ฦ䉲䊷䊃೎䈱↢⩶ᢙ㩷ࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ႐ว‫ߣ࡞࡯ࡠ࠻ࡦࠦޔ‬Ყセߒߡ‫ޔ‬S. aureus ߢߪ‫ޔ‬9.9107 cfu/ml ߆ࠄ 2.5105 cfu/mlߦ‫ޔ‬P. acnes ߢߪ‫ޔ‬2.9109 cfu/ml ߆ࠄ 3.8106cfu/ml ߦ‫ޔ‬P. propionicum ߢߪ‫ޔ‬6.4108 cfu/ml ߆ࠄ 4.5106 cfu/ml ߦ‫⩶ޔ‬ᢙ߇ 1/100 એਅߦᄢ߈ߊᷫዋߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ࠦ࡜࡯ࠥࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߩ႐ว‫ޔ‬S. aureus ߢߪ‫ޔ‬9.9107
cfu/ml ߆ࠄ 9.4106 cfu/ml ߦ‫⩶ޔ‬ᢙ߇ 1/10 ⒟ᐲᷫዋߔࠆ௑ะ߇⹺߼ࠄࠇߚ߇‫ޔ‬P. acnes ߿ P. propionicumߥߤߩህ᳇ᕈ⩶ߢߪ௖߆ߦᷫዋߔࠆ⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ࠟ࡯࠯ߦߪ‫ޔ‬㧟⩶ᩣߣ߽⩶ᢙߦᷫዋߪ⹺߼ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩ⚿ᨐࠃࠅ‫⟤ޔ‬ኈ↪ㅜะߌߦ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚࠠ࠻ࠨࡦࠪ࡯࠻ߦߪ‫⊹⴫ޔ‬ᗵᨴ∝ߩේ࿃ߣߥࠆ S. aureus㧔㤛⦡ࡉ࠼࠙⃿⩶㧕߿࠾ࠠࡆߩේ࿃ߣߥࠆ P. acnes㧔ࠕࠢࡀ⩶㧕‫ޔ‬
P. propionicum ߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬⩶ᢙࠍ 1/100એਅߦᷫዋߐߖࠆ㜞޿᛫⩶ᕈ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ ߅ࠊࠅߦ ᧄ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߪ‫ ޔ‬ᐕ㧤᦬ߦ⑔੗Ꮢߢ㐿௅ߐࠇߚ̶48̶