ῒΐ  /*  (,**/)
 ,  -3ῌ/, ῕ ῔: +00-   +103  
+1 


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,**.  +  +.  ,**/  +  2 !Re-investigation of Eruption History of Usu Volcano, Hokkaido, Japan :Finding of Pre-Meiwa Eruption (Late +1th Century) between
Kanbun (+00-) and Meiwa (+103) Eruptions
Mitsuhiro NAKAGAWA῍, Akiko MATSUMOTO῍, Jun TAJIKA῍῍,
Wataru HIROSE῍῍ and Tadashi OHTSU῍῍
We newly identiﬁed tephra layers sandwiched by soil layers between AD +00- (Kanbun age) and +103
(Meiwa age) tephras at several sites on the northwestern ﬂank of Usu volcano. The layers consist of pumice fall,ash fall and pyroclastic surge deposits. The presence of soil layers were conﬁrmed by their carbon and nitrogen
analysis. Petrographical and geochemical features of the pumice from newly recognized tephra largely di#er
from those of +00- eruption, and are similar to those of +103 one. However, on the basis of modal volume andchemical compositions of phenocrystic minerals, it can be possible to distinguish the pumice from those of the +103
eruption. Considering the thickness of soil layers, the eruption would occur at around end of +1th century. We
name the eruption as the pre-Meiwa eruption, because petrological features of the pumice is similar to those of+103 (Meiwa). The eruption was generated by distinct magma from other historic eruptive magmas. The
sequence of the tephra suggests that the eruption started with phreatic eruptions followed by magmatic eruption
to form plume. In the climactic stage, pyroclastic surge occurred with the formation of plume and its activity
ended with phreatic eruptions. The ﬁnding of the pre-Meiwa eruption could provide important information toreveal not only relationship between eruption and dormancy but also evolution of magma systems.
Key words : Usu volcano, pre-Meiwa eruption, historic eruptions, tephra, soil layer+ῌ ῐ ῎ ῑ ῏+32+N O6 "#8$96E8W=>?6f"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456723

DC+iP<N OP+/W +00- E867 +*0 

458$9 (Fig. +), : +*** +;</=>?67 &6=>?Hj +103   /  +IE8K<N O@ +00-  AB -  CDE8FGHIJK< L$

PQ7% -*ῌ/* 6=>?WE8HKj 

M +31-N OPQR ,*** 6E8S9TUVWX 2 Y

6E8W=>?6f"#8$+/E86

6Z[ZE8 \/]%Z[Z6^_`aHbcde?6WU< L$ M +31-N KCKUfD

E8fghiPj]/N k+ +3 lmQn6E8+o]

ABE8WE86% =>?f +*0 WM6=>

j% pgh6qrWstUuvwexyHz{|;}?W/W+]N 6]=>?6 ¡H¢£

j E8~WE8%qiPj< /W% "#8$6E86¤?H¥we+q¦./M§*0*ῌ*2+* ¨©ª(«( +* ¬& 2 ­®
()*ww¯!w°±¥ u²³´¥wµ¶Division of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Graduate
School of Science, Hokkaido University, N+* W2,
Kita-ku, Sapporo *0*ῌ*2+*, Japan.
§*0*ῌ*2+3 ¨©ª(«( +3 ¬& +, ­®

()*·uv°±_
Geological Survey of Hokkaido, N+3 W+,, Kita-ku,
Sapporo *0*ῌ*2+3, Japan.
Corresponding author : Mitsuhiro Nakagawa
e-mail : nakagawa@ep.sci.hokudai.ac.jp~®¯°¦±²³´¦µ¶ ·¦¸¹ ¦º» ¼

40

Fig. +. Index map of Usu volcano, showing the locations of the trench site and outcrops where unknown tephra
layer has been recognized. Basal map of + : +*,*** topographical map of Geographical Survey Institute.



    +1ῌ+2  !"

#$%&

 +00- ++103 + , !-./0 1 ,ῌ ῐ ῏ ῍ ῎

IJKLMN '!(H( yz{|} ~ HH /** m:;<=> ,**+ +?@AB!CD:E

fGt/0u P &v/0wx'!()*

230! #$45006789
oQ YZ p nq)rsR de

.

"

'!(

O  (Fig. +). P  '!( +00- +R

FGsP  RR (Fig. ,).  YZ'!( H(IJKLMN"O5 PQ+103 +!YZ , [\"]^ Q _`00!(!YZ"aR Pb:c :;MN YZ defGgh"O0 ia+103 + ,jk '!( lml! nQ 

R:S"MNTUV WX +00- +RYZ +00- +5^ 

 |

5

"YZ _YZ~_ e0 Q

ds

 Q

'!(

e

d;



YZ

+00- +!YZ D KeS     Us-b+¡0¥¦§ +32+¨

3 S¢ £¤0© ª3  P [\"]^ - S «!(¬ῌ­ P

3´^o^µ$/ : ¶9^·+00- ¸ ):^·+103 ¸&}% +1 ¹º;»):^ ¼ 41

Fig. ,.

 A, B 

Trench site at the Rissenji temple of Toyako spa, Abuta town.

 

C 

 A!"#$ % &'() *+
%,) -.

/01 23456&}2 a="##9$^o/ A

7)

/1 I /%1

a=

) A
C

2>2 }% BL .

ῌ!p  m +1 cm) `6_`^o/ ) _`

7289:;<2=  >2 a= ) _`^o/ ) $_`a= ) _`^o/ ) ?@ A+

^nyz{ ) ^o/ &w_`a= ) 

2 (Fig. ,).

B+00- C#AῌC  - D E) 5FGHI 0 JKCLM_`^o/ |2 (Fig. -). _`a=

a=$ / cm) &+ῌ, cm (>) %1

% (Fig. +). BNO + () ῌ!.

(>2 ^nyz{ )?P 7QRST7U) V xUeU2 `"#^oUWX(Y2 (Figs. - and .).  + () Z[//%1'9(>) 9 (>2a=(\% A=

!C#$&'( +311 ^_`a=



]U)

 N b` + (WXcdB
A

7}
!m+ A

7 h +ῌ, cm) B

B

ChL +ῌ, cm ()*(>2 +) +00- ) eU!f ghh῎i jk2

(/ mml) &'()  ` , (Y2 A

Ch *./ῌ+ cm ,!() !

2-)*(>2

NO`  m +- cm () ^n  C#_`^o/ 672 ^n  :9,-ῌ ῎ ῍ ῏ ῐῌ!"    m +, cm) ^n  C

B6+%yG4D) }

#_`^o/ 67) a= ῌ!"  !<) ss. / %

^n  89C#,pqrf%\)yGG ¡ 2¢£ ` 8¤

stuv6%/1

2

(>

2
B

) ` + cm  *./ cm 0() ` + cm h¥(¦1 m ,* cm) `6_`^o/

_`a

% 

2 , cm mv(L%  %¦1 0*§ ( , gh¨©+ª% ¨©+ª= ) _`a= &w_`^o/ ) x

%¦16 +* mg (+*ῌ++ mg) ῍. ) 3«4^o/672^nyz{ ) _`a= ) ¬562 ¬5 + ­7®r¦1s ¯_`^o/ |E) x2 `_`a= :a= h^o/}~a= 2}(°k)

ῌ

7



M

%) ++*§ ±²5Fz5( - gh°8 ) ¦1¨³+ª) ¬5

BCDEFGHIJKFLM NFOP QF R S

42Fig. -. Historic tephra layers outcropped west of Konpira crater (Loc. + of Fig. +).
(+) The outcrop at Loc. +, indicating tephra layers from Us-b surge deposits (AD +00-) to pumice fall deposit(AD +311). Dotted square shows the area of photograph ,.
(,) Tephra layers between Us-b surge deposit of +00- eruption and +311 pumice fall layer. We recognized threeor four layers on the basis of soil and weathered layers. Bar indicates +m thick. Dotted square shows thearea of photograph -.
(-) Photograph of the Unit C, which is considered as newly found tephra (Pre-Meiwa tephra) in this study.

 

 PERKIN ELMER,.** II CHN ANALYZER  

 

!"#$%& '() Acentanilide (C*1+.*3ῌ, N*+*.-0ῌ)+

,-,./0123 4567+8"9: ;567+8"1< => ;5"?@Abcdefdghij : klfdm+00- nopqfdm+103 no%rs9 +1 tu8vpqfdwx 43

Fig. ..

Columnar section of the outcrop at Loc. +.

  %&?@ABC%4D 9E9ABCFG   !"#$%&'

1HIJ '()#KL7M 2345%N *



* + / cm ,-./%&01.

O !PQ?@4DABCRSTU '(/%&'()#2345678)# * 

VWKL23XYZ#%[0\]Q9!O^* ,:9,:;<=./%&0 + , cm ,->

_`0V%?@ABC4D06!* a$Z()#D¥³´¦µM¶·¸¦N¹ º¦»¼ O¦ P 

44      

!"#XRF (Philips-PW-+.*.), "# EPMA (JEOL22**) $ %&' SEM-EDX (')*(JEOL---* & Link-22*) + EPMA ,G, +00- )@&+ C /AB C .
-/+()ab/

C / L,*+c-CR+G9VW9 L,?Y d.)ab/! + cm eCI -/fY+DEG  L+ -"! 1 cm
J,PgR+G-2 H, (Fig.
/).

. 
Fig. /h-+ ./+0123

456789 :;9 : <1=> +
9? +00- )@&+ C /AB C
+DE2 /0*.,ῌ <1CG*./ῌ <0+.+ῌ-C /)@&F19-+DE2

/9HI AB2 *./῍+ cm JF 

K 

LIAB2+9

 MN ABLI 1 cm J *.,ῌ +H 9i C /+ B /AB- 3

4 . cm P9 +.,ῌ <0 +῍, cm F
 +./ῌ +H R +00- )@&+ C /A
B -/ LIj Q RkG

C /+ B/AB/.G +00- )@&+ C /ABLIO-/H-/+ .0l12Cmn<0ST2 +00-)@&oLWA῍C/U -Gpq  r G345s67t.uvwxGy2 C+O9+"? AB2 1 cm J
P901LIQ
RST +00- )@&+ C /U 

/

9VW

AzC /

8{ /῍,*ῌ 8{|}  2

9 /GXY R+?

8{F~ , mm 9: + mm <1CI ;

P CῌN

! +* CI Z[\ L9]"^#_$Y  :%E`&' +331>

. VW6<| oLW9:

=

>n (Table +). 2

8{U?b%&'G* 8{ C /GFON
H /῍0ῌ  B / A /+0 ,@ 8{GK
- /



O5 z AB!CI0 +00- <Cs67t
#"60
+C

7Y

 SiO,  :? +**ῌ  (Fig. 0). B> 

r

1+.3῍1,./ῌ VW 1+./῍1,./ῌ CG A /D
03./῍1+./ῌ  B oLW C /LI SiO,

E +00- 72Cs67¡¢¡FG+ !"#GsU++O
SiO, £ MgO

EHR+G¤HY@[ :Obaet al., +32- ; D¥¦,**,> Fig. 1

SiO, VW MgO Cs67t+ hR

L+ A /A῍C  +2,, C +2/- 7t#I§ |P  ¨. B /+ C / O +103 7t+¨JK0 
Fig. /. Carbon (organic carbon) and Nitrogencontents of layers between Us-b (+00-) and
Unit C, and between Unit C and B. Depth *means the top of soil layer identiﬁed in the ﬁeld.
Systematic sampling based on its depth was
carried out.

0ῌ+ !"#$%&7KC :©ª¦+32+> DE+«¬­+A῍C/ +00- < +2/- 7P®¯ ° Y ^#_GQ 6±tY
 A /0LA®¯ +3+* 7²C+ J

 : 

H+00- O0

H+103 O*|s +1 0} 45

Table +. Whole-rock chemistry and modal volume of phenocrystic minerals of pumices of historic eruptions
and Unit C (pre-Meiwa tephra).

 -

+311ῌ12  ,***  +3.-ῌ./ :;*^_!`a \'bcde&'fg +311 +103 PChijklZm n*  !"# +2,, P +2/- PPopZqrstuvwZx7#

#

@

$%&'()*+,'-',#yz{7 |s}ῌ~ +103  ! +2,,  }ῌ~ @./*01'234567  A 8 C !# @  Z[*\ A  +2,, 9 +2/-  +2,,  +103 *:; <+r +2/- #8# B 

=>?! @ - A

*A#BC'D

EFG HIJKL +31- ; MNKL +32+O P JQRSTU*+DEVWXYZ[*\ ]F +103 s#! * C 4
5!0 <'#0ῌ, ῕῏῔ῌ῎ῐ῍ῒῑΐ¯°±²{³´µ²¶ ·²¸¹ ²º» ¼

46

Fig. 0. Whole-rock chemical compostions of pumice from three layers found at outcrops of northwestern ﬂank of
Usu volcano.

 

 



    !"#$% &' ()*#$'+, 

1 C  +103 

q856rst C C +00- + +103  uv', 'w<xyX9o9-. /0 12  * 12 3456

bc2+K

LM$% f]foM?3"5@A< C C +103

78*9:;<=$% >4 ?3"5@AB#

 +zm<=o9% ''< C C {812 |>$+ A C +2,, D$9 +2/- 4} 9 +103 12+

EF<=

F~*rs#$% G A CH<D$IJ+KLM$C$% F~rsf +103 12 *NO<PQRSM$+ '1#$ +103 

QT

U





C]Mf>4*9

VW +2,,  PT +2/- 12EFX$Y

9$% e  +00- + +2,, 12_ q<Z7D$%

f +_F~#$ |{ /}%B C[\ C C345678]M9^_ +10312EF<=$% 3`[\Ca bc2 Cd]M B C +103 12+EF<=$% eEf

1ῌ+



C C+ +103  >4 4 4\* o2+f e 

 4

 C C>4 345678]M +103 +gh#$+4*¡n ¢4£+fx¤M B C+ C C ij IJ kl*KL$+ m$% ¥¦ +103 >4 +/ῌ §¨<D$ E_ bc2+noXoSpoMo9%f C C 0ῌ §¨<D$ (Table +). ©Q<_ C C>4+F +103 >4 ª«¬­ ®   :  +00- ¡ ¢£ +103 ¡"¤bp8 +1 ¥¦§ ¨¢£ ©ª 47
 (Fig.2).

 C

+103

  !"#$%& ' () *+(,-.
1ῌ, ῌ῎῍ΐῒC /0 +103 @A SiO,B13ῌ

CD SiO, "EFG234"HI;

JK).
1ῌ- ῑ῔῏ῐΐῒLMNC0L>O (Table ,)  +00- P
1234

5

6

Q-RSTUVW-6XY9:; "Z +103 

SiO,711῎2*ῌ TiO,7*.+῎*.,/ῌ Al, O-7++῎+-ῌ FeO(@A[\!-6XY9:; (Okumura et al., +32+ ;7+῎,ῌ K, O7+./ῌ (869:; (Fig. 3).

Tomiya and Takahashi, +33/). ]^" +00- (L#$9<=;  +103  234 >6?

M An (+***Ca/(Ca_Na_K))7.*῎/*2/ `a

L>O Mg῍ (+***Mg/(Mg_Fe))7.,῎.1

1* `a RSTUVWXY(). &> +103 (L
M An7.*῎2/ L>O Mg῍7.,῎1* b(cdTUVW-@6XY9:;. efghij +00(kWl4mnW6X -/ moleῌ MgῌMn < +() +103 (opqp -*῎.* moleῌ +./῎,./r9

. oῌ

"sbptLO +00- >CD Mg "E uvwx( +00- >C

D Mg "Eyz{) (Fig. +*).
C   |j} 6~( +103 

op ;. ;- C   LML>O( +103  %"@6?9  efgh
ij

kWl4mnW MgῌMn <(' +103 .  - LM L>O 6
XY(

p C ( An7.*

LM o Mg7.- `a

Ca "

Fe "EFGL>O < +103  op <. b8tL
Ouvwx(' +103 " p- 
8CD Fe "EFG; (Fig. +*).  C
Fig. 1. Temporal changes in whole-rock SiO, andMgO contents of historic ejecta of Usu volcano(modiﬁed from Nakagawa et al., ,**,), andcompostional variations of whole-rock SiO, andMgO contents of pumices from three units.

Fig. 2.

"j}6

 C 

 +103 op(,.

Microscope photograph (half nicol) of thin sections of pumice. (+) Unit C, (,) Meiwa (AD +103).

°±Q²³´µQ¶y ·Q¸¹ ῍Qº» ¼

48

Fig. 3.

2 Chemical compostions of matrix glass compositions of historic pumices and those of Unit C.

poB)wxn32ῌ+ 


y( z*UD #=>6?:opoE  

  ! "#$%

A{|:.)E XYD}~*M9C*DM9n
2 N?@A : QR ,**, ;  : Amma-Miyasaka&' +2,, () +2/- ( B &' +103 (*+,-

and Nakagawa, ,**- ;  A : Nakagawa et al.,.)'/*0123 +103 () +00- (4 )5*

+333S3 * *q4-2opo)'Lmno6789: C &' &;< <

po6K:.)E  KD

#=>?@A4 B.)'C.)Ey-9n2 NQR ,**,

B3 88DE +00- ( +103 (5*'; Q ,**, ; QR ,**.S3 C &6J282

FG-9HDH8 I#=*JKL-9HDM

' .KL-9n2Hropo)J

2 NOPQR +32+S3

lmn m

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Fig. +*. Histograms of chemical compostions of phenocrystic minerals of historic pumices (Matsumoto and Nakagawa, in prep.) and those of Unit C. Abbreviations : An, +***Ca/(CaNaK) ; Mg#, +***Mg/(MgFe)

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Fig. ++. Revised diagram showing temporal variations of whole-rock SiO, and MgO contents ofjuvenile ejecta during historic activity of Usu
volcano since AD +00-.

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ῌ ῏ ῎ ῍Amma-Miyasaka, M. and Nakagawa, M. (,**-) Evolutionof deeper basaltic and shallower andesitic magmas during
AD +.03ῌ+32- eruptions of Miyake-jima volcano, IzuMariana arc : inferences from temporal variations ofmineral compositions in crystal-clots. J. Petrol., .., ,++ῌ,+-2.
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Nakagawa, M., Wada, K., Thordarson, T., Wood, C. P.
and Gamble, J. A. (+333) Petrologic investigations of the+33/ and +330 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand : formation of discrete and small magma pockets
and their intermittent discharge. Bull. Volcanol., 0+, +/ῌ
-+.
Oba, Y., Katsui, Y., Kurasawa, H., Ikeda, Y. and Uda, T.
(+32-) Petrology of historic rhyolite and dacite fromUsu volcano, north Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ.,
Ser. IV, ,*, ,1/ῌ,3*.
Okumura, K., Soya, T., Ono, K. and Satoh, H. (+32+)

Petrology of rhyolite and dacite erupted in last -** years
from Usu volcano, Japan. +32+ IAVCEI Symposium, ,10
ῌ,11.
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Tomiya, A. and Takahashi, E. (+33/) Reconstruction of anevolving magma chamber beneath Usu volcano since the+00- eruption. J. Petrol., -0, 0+1ῌ0-0.
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