Legal Plus Summit 10:15am - 10:35am

Crypto & Blockchain Disputes in Japan— What’s Coming in 2023

Dec 1, 2022

Introduce myself
So Saito
So Saito serves as an executive member/advisor ofblockchain/metaverse organizations. He uses that knowledge that
he gains as an executive member/advisor to assist his
international and domestic clients specifically in blockchain andfintech, VR/AR, venture finance, etc.

Experience
1997 Tokyo
Bachelor of Laws, the University of Tokyo
2005 New York
Master of Laws, NYU School of Law

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Types of Disputes regarding Crypto Asset01

Disputes when crypto asset exchange ishacked or bankrupt

02

Disputes between exchange and user otherthan the above 1

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Disputes in hacking, scam, and other criminalcases

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1 Dispute when Crypto Asset Exchange Hacked or Bankrupt
1.1 Role of Crypto Asset Exchange
An exchange is a kind of brokerage security firm and a private stock exchange.
Exchanges offer the following kinds of businesses

Buying and selling crypto
assets to users

Intermediary for the buying and sellingof crypto assets between users

Custody of crypto assets

Leveraged trading3

1.2 Exchanges and Blockchain

Crypto assets are issued on the blockchain.
The use of exchanges is not mandatory for thepurchase or storage of crypto assets and can bedone by users only.
However, the use of exchanges can simplify theprocess.
Some exchanges have been hacked and/or havebecome bankrupt. Some are not safe.
Blockchains themselves (for major crypto) havenever been hacked or bankrupt. They are safe4

1.3 Exchange Hacking, Bankruptcy, and Disputes

1.3.1 MT. GOX Bankruptcy
Mt. Gox was hacked in 2014 and eventually went to civilrehabilitation.

PowerPoint
Presentation

A lawsuit by a user to claim recovery of Bitcoin based on"Ownership Right of Bitcoin.“→ Ownership of Bitcoin is denied→ There was no segregation of assets in Mt. Gox. If there
was segregation, whether ownership right is allowed is still
uncertain (although most think the answer is no).
出典：(The Verge記事 "Where is our money?")51.3.2 Coincheck Hacking
Massive hack in February 2018.
The hacking loss was covered by internal reserves,etc., of Coincheck. However, withdrawals stopped
for about 2 weeks.
Some users sued Coincheck for compensation forthe suspension of withdrawals.
→ Denied because (a) there was an exemption
clause from liability for temporary suspension ofservices in case of accidents, (b) the clause does
not violate the Consumer Contract Act, and (c) thesuspension was reasonable for investigation, etc.
出典：(COINTELEGRAPH記事より)

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1.3.3 FTX Japan
FTX, a parent company of FTX Japan, filed Chapter 11 in the U.S.
Chapter 11 has an effect globally.
FTX Japan is currently suspending withdrawals due to FTX Japan using FTX's payment
system etc.
Japanese law (effective from 2020) requires the segregation of all users' deposit assets
in custody. Japanese law also gives the right of priority payment to users. FTX Japanannounces the users' assets are actually kept in segregated custody. Therefore, there
would be no loss to the user.
The media states that FTX intends to sell FTX Japan to a third party. If users of FTXJapan are protected, it can sell FTX Japan in more value.

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2 Disputes between Exchanges and Users
There have been many cases where users' IDs and passwords havebeen hacked.
Deposited crypto assets have been withdrawn without the user'spermission.
Some users use exchanges by insisting that the exchanges must have amore robust system to prevent withdrawal even if there is an ID/password
hack such as the mandatory requirement for 2-stem verification.
In most cases, the user's claim is denied on the grounds of an exemption
clause in terms & conditions, and the exchanges obey laws and industry
standards, etc.
However, it could be different if there is some negligence on the part ofexchanges or if exchanges did not obey regulations or industry standards.

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3 Disputes in Hacking, Scam, and Other Criminal Cases
3.1 Example of Fraud Cases
There are many SCAM, hacking, and fraud related to crypto.

a. A user whose account name is very similar to that of a celebrity tweets, "I'mgiving away bitcoins to people who loves bitcoins. If you send me bitcoin,
I'll send back you twice bitcoin to the sender’s address”. And many otherpeople add comments to the tweet, "I received it! Thanks!” etc.
Contents Title
Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed.

b. Solicit crypto investment with the promise of quite a high dividend (such as
100% annual dividend).
c. Users' ID/password of exchange or users' own wallet being hacked.

93.2 Characteristics of Crypto Asset Disputes
We are sometimes requested to conduct litigation, criminal prosecution, and repossession ofstolen crypto assets.
It is usually quite challenging to get back crypto assets if the opponent is a professional hacker
or a professional fraudster.

→ All records of transfers are kept on the blockchain.
→ Multiple and complex transfers, use of anonymizing technology
called mixing services, use of the dark web, international, etc.,
making it very difficult to trace who finally has hacked crypto assets.
→ Blockchain address is only a digital character. It is often difficult
to match a blockchain address to a physical person.

→ Exchanges in Japan, the U.S., the EU, and other countries verify
the identity of their customers and respond to investigative inquiries.
However, there are exchanges with insufficient identity verification
as they insist that they are not subject to any country's regulations.
10On the other hand, if it is NOT a professional criminal, it might be recovered
through a lawsuit, foreclosure, settlement, etc.
There are cases of breach of trust, breach of contract, etc.,→ Sony Life Insurance's embezzlement of ¥16.8 billion (subsequentlyconverted to bitcoin) was recovered in full. Instead, the bitcoin conversion
resulted in the recovery of more than the total amount.

Contents Title→ Exchanges
usually respond to a seizure. There have been cases inGet a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed.
which our firm has seized user accounts of exchanges.

→ Theoretically, it would be statutorily impossible to seize crypto assets in
one's wallet. It can only be done by indirect compulsion, not by real estate,
movable property, or claims. However, in many cases, a defendant may
make a voluntary payment.
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3 Prediction of 2023
Japanese laws and regulations have been stringent since
2018 following the Coincheck incident.
Users of FTX Japan will be protected even though thebankruptcy of FTX. There is no need to amend the Japanese
regulation.
Other countries are likely to make stricter crypto regulations,which could be relatively advantageous to Japanesecompanies.

12Thank You
https://innovationlaw.jp/en/So Saito
Address107-0052
Akasaka Vetoro 4F, 7-9-4
Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Tel+81-3-5545-1820

E-mails.saito@innovationlaw.jp