Summary of the Mineral Resources ofBernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe
Counties, New Mexico

BULLETI N 81

Summary of the Mineral Resourcesof Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe
Counties, New Mexico(Exclusive of Oil and Gas)

by WOLFGANG E. ELSTON

I967

STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES
NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGYCAMPUS STATIONSOCORRO, NEW MEXICONEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY
Stirling A. Colgate, President

STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES
Alvin J. Thompson, Director

THE REGENTS
MEMBERS Ex OFFICIOThe Honorable David F. Cargo ....................... Governor of New Mexico
Leonard DeLayo ................................ Superintendent of Public Instruction
APPOINTED MEMBERS

William G. Abbott ....................................................................... Hobbs
Eugene L. Coulson, M.D. ...........................................................Socorro
Thomas M. Cramer .................................................................. Carlsbad
Steve S. Torres, Jr. ..................................................................... Socorro
Richard M. Zimmerly ................................................................ Socorro

For sale by the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources
Campus Station, Socorro, New Mexico 87801—Price $2.00

Contents
Page

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... 2
HISTORY OF MINING ................................................................................ 8First period: Beginning to 1880 .................................................................. 8
Second period: 1880-1945 .......................................................................... 9
Third period: 1945 to Present .................................................................... 10
METALS ..................................................................................................... 12
Bernalillo County ...................................................................................... 12
Tijeras Canyon district .......................................................................... 12
Sandoval County ....................................................................................... 17
Cochiti (Bland) district ......................................................................... 17
Cuba manganese district ....................................................................... 22
Jemez Springs district ........................................................................... 23
La Ventana district ................................................................................ 24
Nacimiento Mountains (Cuba) district .................................................. 25
Placitas district ...................................................................................... 29
Santa Fe County ........................................................................................ 30
Cerrillos district .................................................................................... 30
Glorieta district ..................................................................................... 33
La Bajada district .................................................................................. 36
Nambe district ....................................................................................... 37
New Placers (San Pedro, Golden, Tuerto) district ................................ 37
San Pedro mine .................................................................................. 39
Carnahan (Lincoln—Lucky) mine ..................................................... 41
Placers ................................................................................................ 42
Other mines ........................................................................................ 42
Future exploration .............................................................................. 43
Old Placers (Ortiz, Dolores) district ..................................................... 43
Santa Fe district .................................................................................... 49
Santa Fe manganese district .................................................................. 49
South Mountain area (by Tommy B. Thompson) ................................... 50

Page

INDUSTRIAL NONMETALS ................................................................... 52
Alum. ....................................................................................................... 52
Barite ........................................................................................................52
Cement .................................................................................................... 52
Common clay ......................................................................................... 52
Fluorspar ................................................................................................ 53
Gem stones ............................................................................................ 53
Graphite .................................................................................................. 54
Gravel and sand .................................................................................... 54
Gypsum .................................................................................................. 55
Marble ..................................................................................................... 56
Mica ......................................................................................................... 57
Montmorillonite clay (bentonite) ........................................................57
Ocher ...................................................................................................... 58
Perlite ...................................................................................................... 58
Pumice and scoria ................................................................................. 58
Sand and sandstone .............................................................................. 59
Selenium ................................................................................................. 59
Stone ....................................................................................................... 59
Sulfur ....................................................................................................... 59
COAL .............................................................................................................. 61
Bernalillo County ....................................................................................... 63
Sandoval County ........................................................................................ 63
Santa Fe County ......................................................................................... 64
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 68
INDEX ............................................................................................................ 73

Illustrations
TABLES
1. Value in dollars of mineral production of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties, 1949 to .1963 ................................... 3
2. Rocks of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties . . . .

6

3. Metal production of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe
counties, 1828 to 1959 ......................................................................13

Page

4.

Metal production of the Tij eras Canyon (Coyote Canyon,
Soda Springs) mining district, Bernalillo County, New
Mexico, 1909 to 1952 ........................................................................ 14

5.

Metal production of the Cochiti mining district, SandovalCounty, New Mexico, 1894 to 1948 ............................................... 18

6.

Metal production of the Jemez Springs mining district,
Sandoval County, New Mexico, 1928 to 1937 .............................. 24

7.

Metal production of the Nacimiento Mountains (Cuba)
mining district, Rio Arriba and Sandoval counties, New
Mexico, 1880 to 1964 ........................................................................ 26

8.

Metal production of the Placitas mining district, Bernalillo
and Sandoval counties, New Mexico, 1920 to 1926 ..................... 29

9.

Metal production of the Cerrillos mining district, Santa Fe
County, New Mexico, 1909 to 1957 ............................................... 34

10. Metal production of the New Placers (San Pedro, Golden,
Tuerto) mining district, Santa Fe County, New Mexico,1904 to 1959 ....................................................................................... 44
11. Metal production of the Old Placers (Ortiz, Dolores) mining district, Santa Fe County, New Mexico, 1907 to 1940 . .

48

12. Manganese production of Sandoval and Santa Fe counties,
fiscal years 1954 to 1959 ................................................................... 50
13. Total original coal reserves of Bernalillo, Sandoval, andSanta Fe counties, New Mexico ....................................................... 62
PLATES
1. Map of Bernalillo, Los Alamos, Sandoval, and Santa Fe
counties, New Mexico .......................................................... In pocket
2. Economic geology of Bernalillo, Los Alamos, Sandoval,
and Santa Fe counties, New Mexico .................................. In pocket

Abstract

The oldest mines in the United States are in north-central New
Mexico. Turquoise was mined before 900 A.D., lead and silver before
1600, and gold after 1828. Mining for base metals and coal began in1880 but is now negligible. Since 1945, industrial nonmetals have been
produced near Albuquerque.
The Cerrillos (turquoise, lead, zinc, silver, copper), Old Placer(gold, tungsten), and New Placer (gold, copper, lead, zinc, silver,
tungsten) districts are in a belt of early Tertiary monzonite stocks andlaccoliths. Production from placers, breccia pipes, pyrometasomatic
deposits, limestone replacement pipes, and veins has totaled about$11 million. "Red beds" copper deposits (Nacimiento district) andepithermal gold-silver veins (Cochiti district) have each yielded morethan $1 million.
Quaternary sediments of the Rio Grande provide sand and gravel.
Brick and tile are made from Pennsylvanian and Cretaceous shales andbuilding blocks of pumice and scoria from Quaternary volcanoes. A
cement plant and two gypsum products plants, opened in 1959 and1960, use limestone, dolomite, and shale from the Madera Formation(Pennsylvanian), gypsum from the Todilto Formation (Jurassic), andnatural gas from the San Juan Basin. Annual production of nonmetals
ranges from $9 to $13 million. Deposits of silica sand, bentonite,
fluorspar, barite, marble, sulfur, perlite, and ocher are known but not
currently (1966) worked.
Near Cerrillos, 7 million tons of coking bituminous coal andanthracite have been mined; thermal metamorphism accounts for the
rank. Elsewhere, bituminous coal occurs in folded and faulted coalbeds of intermontane basins and subbituminous coal in flat-lying bedsof the Colorado Plateau. The coals are Upper Cretaceous (Mesaverdeand Fruitland formations). Reserves are estimated at 5 billion tons,
including 53 million tons near Cerrillos. Although oil and gas
production of the three-county area is not large, proximity to the San
Juan gas field is a favorable economic factor.

Introduction

This bulletin describes the mineral resources of the most populous
area of New Mexico (pl. 1). No other part of the United States has had
as long a history of mining as north-central New Mexico. Indians
mined turquoise in the Cerrillos district six centuries before Columbus.
The Mina del Tiro (or Mina del Tierra), Cerrillos district, was workedin Spanish-colonial times and may well be the oldest metal mine in theWest. The first discovery of gold in the present United States west of
the Mississippi was at the Old Placers in the Ortiz Mountains in 1828.
It touched off a minor gold rush twenty-one years before the Fortyniners headed for California. Lode mines in the same area date back at
least to 1833.
In 1967, the mineral industry is not so important in north-central
New Mexico as in other parts of the state. Nevertheless, Bernalillo,
Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties have many mineral resources. In thepast decade, the annual production of industrial nonmetals has increased several times (table 1). Concurrent with the rapid growth of
the urban population, sand and gravel have become multimilliondollar products annually in the Albuquerque area. Cement, wallboard,plaster, pumice, block, brick, and tile made from local limestone,
gypsum, pumice, scoria, and clay not only supply the home market but
are shipped far afield. Coal, copper, gold, silver, lead, and zinc havelost their former pre-eminence, but price rises or new discoveries
could bring about a revival.
In 1964, the mineral-producing and -processing industries ofBernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties were larger than everbefore. The annual output was about $13,227,000 in 1963 and $10,846,000 in 1964, compared with a little more than $1 million in 1952
and 1953. Bernalillo County in 1964 ranked eighth in mineral production among the 32 counties of the state.
This bulletin only briefly surveys mineral resources other thanpetroleum. It is based on a study of the literature and a few weeks of fieldwork in the summers of 1960, 1961, 1962, and 1963. For a description of
the regional geology, the reader is referred to the articles in Northrop(1961). Table 2 summarizes information on the rocks of the area, andPlate 2 shows the leading mineral deposits.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is especially indebted to Edward C. Beaumont, whorevised the section on coal; Henry S. Birdseye, who supplied information on nonmetallic resources; and Gilbert R. Griswold, who checked
the section on metals. Discussions with Vincent C. Kelley, Universityof New Mexico, and Charles B. Read, U.S. Geological Survey, weremost helpful. William W. Atkinson, Jr., and William G. Gustafson
guided me through the areas their theses covered.

History of Mining
The history of mining in Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe
counties can be divided into three overlapping periods: (1) fromearliest times to the arrival of the Santa Fe Railroad in 1880; (2)from 1880 to the beginning of the Albuquerque boom that started
after the end of World War II in 1945; and (3) from 1945 to thepresent.
FIRST PERIOD: BEGINNING TO 1880
Before the arrival of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad
Company in 1880, mining was confined to two types of products:
those used locally and those of small bulk and high value, such as
precious metals and turquoise, that could be carried by humans or
animals to outside markets.
Among materials used locally, turquoise, pottery clay, mineralpigments, adobe, gypsum, and stone were worked by the Indians for
centuries. The Spaniards introduced metals in the sixteenth century
and mined them locally in small amounts. There are reports of leadbullets and copper bells made in colonial times from local ores. In
spite of innumerable legends of "lost Spanish mines," most authorities
agree that there is evidence for only one large metal mine anywhere in
New Mexico during the Spanish-colonial period, the big Chino coppermine at Santa Rita, Grant County, which was worked in the early partof the nineteenth century (Jones, 1904). At least one small mine, theMina del Tiro, was worked by the Spaniards in the Cerrillos district,Santa Fe County. The silver-bearing lead veins there were discoveredby Fray Augustin Rodriguez and Captain Sanchez Chamuscado as earlyas 1581 (Northrop, 1959). However, most stories of fabulously rich
Spanish mines, filled in by Indians after the 1680 Pueblo Revolt, havebeen concocted in recent years by promoters.
Turquoise from the Cerrillos district was an article of trade among
the Indians before the Spaniards arrived. It was mined undergroundand in open pits with primitive stone tools, but on a remarkably large
scale. Gustafson (1965) surveyed the pit and the dumps of the prehistoric workings on the southern slope of Mount Chalchihuitl. He
estimated that not less than 500,000 cubic feet, or 30,000 to 50,000
tons, of rock were quarried from the pit.
The Spaniards probably obtained small amounts of gold and silver
from New Mexico. When working the Mina del Tiro and other small
mines in the Cerrillos district for lead, they probably did not waste theassociated silver. Mining for precious metals alone does not seem tohave begun until after the end of Spanish rule, with the discovery of
the Old Placers in 1828. This stimulated further prospecting, which led

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 9

to the discovery of gold-bearing quartz veins in the Ortiz Mountains in1833 and of the New Placers in the San Pedro Mountains in 1839. In
1845, the combined gold production of the Old and New Placers is said
to have reached $250,000 (Northrop, 1959), an impressive figure considering the price of gold then and the fact that the gold was obtained byprimitive methods of panning and sluicing. By comparison, the gold
produced in Santa Fe County in 1961 was worth only $1695.
More modern mining methods were introduced after the U.S.
occupation in 1846. By 1869, the 40-stamp mill of the Ortiz mine
(Ortiz, or Old Placer, district) impressed F. V. Hayden (1869) as themost substantial he had seen in the West. The stamps were poweredby a steam engine fired by coal from the Cerrillos (Madrid) field(Jones). Copper deposits at San Pedro and in the Nacimiento Mountains were known at that time but could not be worked profitably forlack of transportation.
SECOND PERIOD: 1880 to 1945
The arrival of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad in 1880
revolutionized the mining industry in New Mexico. Base-metal ores andcoal could be carried cheaply to smelters and other markets, and lowgrade precious-metal deposits could be worked at a profit. The
emphasis quickly shifted from placer mining to lode mining. In rapid
order came the development of the lead-zinc veins of the Cerrillos
district (1879), the red-bed copper deposits of the Nacimiento Mountains (1880), the San Pedro contact-metasomatic copper deposits(1884), and the low-grade gold-silver veins of the Cochiti (Bland)
district in the Jemez Mountains (1893). Beginning in 1890, the ancientturquoise industry was put on a modern basis by the American
Turquoise Company. Coal output of Santa Fe County rose from 3600
tons in 1882 (the first year of accurate records) to 252,731 tons in 1900.
Many small and short-lived mills and smelters were active in Santa Fe
and Sandoval counties between 1880 and 1945; most of them are listed
under the individual mining districts. Coal, anthracite, and coke fromthe Cerrillos field not only were used in the local metallurgicalindustries but were shipped to the steel mills at Pueblo, Colorado, andto mills and smelters in many other places.
This activity may have given the impression of a flourishing mineral industry, but most mining enterprises during this period were able
to operate only in times of high metal prices. Not a single metal minein the three-county area was able to operate continuously for the 10 or
15 years ordinarily considered the minimum period for a profitable
undertaking. In the past 60 years, the annual copper production of the
San Pedro mine, by far the largest producer, exceeded one million
pounds in only 6 years (1907, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1940, and 1941)

10

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

and was less than 100,000 pounds in 43 years. The nearby Carnahan(Lincoln—Lucky) mine has produced more than twice as much lead andzinc as all other mines in the three-county area put together, but its
longest period of continuous operation was only 5 years, from 1924
through 1928. Placer workings have been plagued by lack of water. This
problem stumped even Thomas A. Edison, who unsuccessfully
attempted to work the Old Placers by a dry method in 1900.
The lead-zinc-silver veins of the Cerrillos district generally have
proved too narrow for profitable exploitation in peace time. At
Cochiti, the gold and silver values of the low-grade veins decreased
even further with depth; the camp was active from 1893 to 1904 but
has seen only brief flurries of activity since then. The proposed railroad from Bernalillo to the copper and coal mines of the Cuba area
never went beyond San Ysidro and was abandoned many years ago;
the Nacimiento district has been virtually defunct since 1900, except
for a brief revival during the copper boom from 1955 to 1957. The
total metal production of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties
from 1828 to the present has been only a little more than $11,000,000.
Coal, the mainstay of mining from 1880 to 1945, declined after 1900
and did not recover until World War I. Between 1919 and 1929, coalproduction of Santa Fe and Sandoval counties reached its peak. Every
year an average of nearly 250,000 tons of coal was mined, valued at about$1 million. Then came the Depression and a progressive loss of markets,
first through competition with other coal fields and later throughcompetition with oil and natural gas.
THIRD PERIOD: 1945 TO PRESENTThe end of World War II brought radical changes to the mineral
economy of north-central New Mexico, most of them adverse to existing producers. While the cost of mining, especially labor, doubled andtripled, gold prices remained fixed at prewar levels. The rise in silver
and base-metal prices lagged behind the rise in production costs.
Thousands of miles of new pipelines brought petroleum products to
consumers who had previously relied on coal. The railroads, deprivedof the coal-carrying business, dealt coal mining another blow byswitching to diesel fuel.
However, the mineral industry has survived and prospered, though
on a different basis from prewar days. As a result of the rapid increasein population, it became a supplier to the booming construction industry. Among the three counties, Santa Fe lost the leadership it heldin mineral production since earliest days; its place was taken by Bernalillo County, which had long lagged in this field. Nearly half the sandand gravel in New Mexico comes from 14 pits in Bernalillo County. At
Tijeras, eight miles east of Albuquerque, the Ideal Cement Com-MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 11pany finished a $12 million cement plant with an annual capacity of
1,250,000 barrels in 1959 and started a $7 million expansion program
to bring capacity to 2,500,000 barrels. A pit west of Isleta producesscoria for use in scoria blocks. Kinney Brick Company manufactures
the bulk of Albuquerque's bricks, using clay from its own pits. In
1960, the American Gypsum Company plant north of Albuquerquewent into production, using gypsum from White Mesa, near San
Ysidro, in Sandoval County.
Santa Fe and Sandoval counties did not share in the population
explosion to the same extent as Bernalillo County, but their mineralindustries also made the switch from fuels and metals to industrial
nonmetals. Sandoval County supplies gypsum to the American
Gypsum Company plant. In the Jemez Mountains, not far from theabandoned gold-silver mines of the Cochiti district, pumice is quarriedfor use in pumice blocks. Its cumulative value now exceeds that ofgold and silver. Santa Fe County has its own pumice quarries west of
Espanola. Almost within sight of the abandoned turquoise and leadzinc-silver mines of Cerrillos and the closed coal mines of Madrid
stands the new Kaiser Gypsum plant and quarry at Rosario. Cement,
gypsum wallboard, sand, gravel, and pumice blocks lack the glamourof Indian turquoise and Spanish silver, but they provide the basis for astable mineral industry.
The gas-oil-uranium boom of northwestern New Mexico in the
1950's led to no important discoveries in Bernalillo, Sandoval, andSanta Fe counties, aside from oil in northern Sandoval County. However, the discovery of enormous gas and considerable oil reserves in
the San Juan Basin has been a major factor in the development of theentire region. Among other industries, the mineral-processing plants
in the Albuquerque—Santa Fe area are assured of cheap fuel. The
nuclear-age boom towns of Los Alamos (Los Alamos County) and
Grants (Valencia County) have been excellent markets for building
materials produced by these plants.
At present (1966) metal prices are again on the rise. The metalmining districts of the three counties have seen only a little exploration with modern techniques. With sufficient incentive, metal mining
may yet regain some of its former importance.

Metals
From 1928 to 1959, Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties
produced metals valued at a little more than $11 million (table 3).
This estimate was made from the figures in Northrop (1959), which
probably are the most accurate estimates for the years 1828 to 1904,
in the Mineral Resources of the United States (1904 to 1931), and in
the Minerals Yearbooks (1932 to 1959). Figures prior to 1904 involve
much guesswork and are accurate to only about 20 per cent. Of thetotal, Santa Fe County contributed about 80 per cent, SandovalCounty 20 per cent, and Bernalillo County a negligible amount.
(Figures for Sandoval County are for the present area of the county,
even before its separation from Bernalillo County in 1903.)
During the nineteenth century, the total yield was a little morethan $6 million, about two thirds of which can be credited to placer
gold from the Old and New Placers in Santa Fe County before 1880.
During the twentieth century, the yield has been about $5 million. Of
this, about 80 per cent came from the two mines in the San Pedro(New Placers) district, Santa Fe County, the San Pedro copper-goldsilver mine and the Carnahan lead-zinc-silver mine. The lead of SantaFe County in metal mining has never been threatened since the beginning, except perhaps during the 1890's when the Nacimiento andCochiti districts in Sandoval (then Bernalillo) County were at their
peak.
BERNALILLO COUNTYTIJERAS CANYON DISTRICTThe Tijeras Canyon mining district includes the southern end of theSandia Mountains, the Manzanita Mountains, and the Manzano
Mountains as far south as the Torrance County line (Anderson, 1957;
Northrop, 1959). It includes all mines and prospects in Bernalillo
County except for a few in the Sandia Mountains that are included
with the Placitas district, Sandoval County. The northern end of the
Tijeras . Canyon district has been called the Coyote Canyon or Soda
Springs subdistrict, and the southern end, which is mainly in Valencia
County, the Hell Canyon subdistrict. The district has yielded only
small amounts of fluorspar in addition to the metals listed in Table 4.
No comprehensive account of the mines of the Tijeras Canyon
district has been published. Reiche (1949) described the general geology of the district and mentioned some of the old mines, especiallythose in the Hell Canyon area. Brown (1962) described some minor
prospects in the Cedro Canyon area. Rothrock, Johnson, and Hahn
(1946) gave an account of the occurrence of fluorspar, the only com-

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 15

modity mined in recent decades. Ladoo (1927) described the Galena
King (Octaroon) mine, which was then the most developed in the
district. Ross (1909) visited most of the metal mines of the Soda
Springs subdistrict when they were in their most active period ofdevelopment.
The rocks of the district consist of Precambrian gneiss, schist,slate, quartzite, and granite overlain by the Pennsylvanian Magdalena
Group. Pennsylvanian rocks cap the highest mountains. The Precambrian rocks have been tightly folded and are cut by thrust faults
and normal faults; most of the Precambrian structures have a northeasterly trend. The Pennsylvanian rocks have been folded only slightly
and generally dip gently to the east. From late Cretaceous time into
Recent, they were repeatedly broken by large, north-trending, normal
faults (Reiche).
The veins are post-Pennsylvanian, probably Tertiary. Most of themoccupy north-trending high-angle faults, but some have the older,
northeasterly, trend. All rocks in the district harbor a few veins, but a
Precambrian pink granite gneiss, the Sevilleta Metarhyolite of Reiche,
seems to be the most favored. It extends in a broad belt from thesouthern side of Coyote Canyon to the northeastern corner of the
Isleta Pueblo grant.
The mineralogy of the veins seems to be controlled by distancefrom the Precambrian—Pennsylvanian contact. All shoots mined since1910 lie in Precambrian rocks, just below Pennsylvanian limestone.
The veins consist of brecciated fragments of wall rock cemented byfluorite and lesser amounts of barite, galena, quartz, and calcite. Fluorite makes up about 30 per cent of the total but may be more than twice
as abundant if wall-rock fragments are scarce. At depth, away from thelimestone contact, quartz increases at the expense of other minerals,
copperminerals make their appearance, and gold values rise slightly. At
the southern end of the district, south of Hell Canyon, mineralizationis confined to low-grade, gold-bearing, quartz fissure and replacementveins in Precambrian greenstone schist. According to Reiche, theMilagras mine in sec. 29, T. 8 N., R. 5 E., Valencia County, yielded1000 to 1500 tons of oxidized ore in the 1880's and early 1890's, fromwhich gold valued at about $5 a ton was extracted in a 10-stamp mill.
One mine, the Belvidere, in sec. 29, T. 8 N., R. 5 E., Valencia County,
widely advertised itself from 1959 to 1961 as a platinum mine but
failed to ship any platinum.
A group of copper prospects lies near a northeast-trending thrustfault in Sevilleta Metarhyolite in secs. 5 and 6, T. 8 N., R. 5 E. Fluorspar and small amounts of lead have been mined in a belt that runs
from the southern side of Hell Canyon in secs. 15 and 16, T. 9 N., R.
5 E. south to sec. 9, T. 8 N., R. 5 E. Near the southern end of the

16

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

belt is the Galena King, or Octaroon, mine, which shipped three carsof lead ore and one of fluorspar between 1910 and 1923 (Ladoo). At
the northern end is the Blackbird mine, which was worked under leaseby American Fluorspar Company during World War II. Similar
prospects occur in the Sandia Mountains near the Bernalillo—
Sandoval county line. They are described under Sandoval County,
Placitas district.
Some of the veins are quite conspicuous, but all ore shoots discovered up to now are short and narrow. The largest known shootseems to be at the Blackbird fluorspar mine in the SW1/4 sec. 16, T. 9
N., R. 5 E. The shoot, which lies immediately south of the 74-footshaft, ranges from a few inches to 5 feet wide, is 130 feet long, and has
been stoped from the 42-foot level to the surface. The average fluorite
content is a little less than 60 per cent. It lies in a vein that can betraced on the surface for 700 feet in a S. 32° E. direction from theshaft; both ends are covered.
A few small deposits between Coyote and Tijeras canyons (U.S.
Highway 66) are different from the rest. They may have formed during
a Precambrian period of mineralization. They are small lenses of finegrained quartz, specularite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite, and theiroxidation products, oriented parallel to the northeastward trend of theschistosity of the enclosing greenstone. Native gold has been pannedout of the oxidized parts of some veins. The lenses are too small tomine profitably. Examples are the York mine (mainly chalcopyrite) in
the NE1A sec. 6, T. 9 N., R. 5 E. and the Mary M—Great Combinationgroup (mainly gold) one mile to the south. The Great Combination
claim produced one truckload of low-grade gold ore in 1954. It is
active at present but not as a gold mine; angular blocks of Precambrianquartzite from a talus slope in the NEV I sec. 12, T. 9 N., R. 41/ 2 E. aresold in Albuquerque as building stone, and a number of attractive
buildings have recently been faced with it. One example is the Town
and Country shopping center at Menaul Boulevard and Pennsylvania
Street.
Also included in the Tijeras district are a few small gold prospect
pits on a prominent ridge of Precambrian quartzite that crosses U.S.
Highway 66 about three miles east of the Albuquerque city limits andsome prospect pits in a granite pegmatite phase of the Sandia Granitenear the mouth of Tijeras Canyon, north of U.S. Highway 66.
The future of metal mining in the Tijeras Canyon district looks
unpromising. The ore shoots are all small and the main product,
fluorspar, has had no market in New Mexico since the mill at Los
Lunas closed in 1953. Some of the district lies on Sandia Base or the
Isleta Pueblo grant and is not open to the prospector.

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 17

SANDOVAL COUNTYCOCHITI (BLAND) DISTRICTThe Cochiti, or Bland, mining district is on the eastern side of theJemez Mountains in western Sandoval County, about thirty miles west
of Santa Fe and fifteen miles northwest of the Atchison, Topeka, andSanta Fe Railway at Santo Domingo Pueblo. The country is a highvolcanic plateau capped by Bandelier Rhyolite Tuff (Quaternary),
deeply dissected by steep-walled canyons. The important mines arelocated in two separate areas where canyons have cut into mineralized
pre-Bandelier andesite and monzonite. The most important mine, theAlbemarle, is in Colla Canyon in sec. 35 (unsurveyed), T. 18 N., R. 4
E.; nearly all the other mines are in Bland (or Pino) Canyon in secs.
24, 25, and 31, T. 18 N., R. 4 E. Between 1894 and 1948, the lowgrade epithermal quartz veins of the district produced gold worth$861,983, silver worth $457,034, and a few thousand dollars' worth oflead and copper, making a total of $1,321,582 (table 5). About four
fifths of this was mined in the boom years between 1894 and 1903.
The district has been essentially idle since 1948, although six tons ofore valued at $338 were shipped in 1963. All claims are now owned byMiss Effie Jenks of Santa Fe, New Mexico.
The best description of the mines is by Graton (Lindgren, Graton,and Gordon, 1910). Recently, geology and hydrothermal alteration
were described by Bundy (1958), whose bulletin contains an excellent
geologic map. Brief accounts of the district were published by Wynkoop (1900), Barbour (1908), and Statz (1912). An interesting nontechnical history of Bland during the boom years was compiled from manysources by Vieth (1950). Ross, Smith, and Bailey (1961) summarized
the geology of the Jemez Mountains.
According to Bundy, the oldest rocks in the district are andesite
flows and associated pyroclastic rocks and arkosic sandstones. Theirage is unknown, but it is probably no older than late Cretaceous andno younger than late Tertiary. The rocks were intruded and arched bya monzonite stock. Fracturing accompanied intrusion of monzonite
and was followed, successively, by emplacement of andesite porphyry
dikes, gold-and-sliver-bearing quartz veins (with small amounts ofbase-metal sulfides), rhyolite dikes, and barren quartz veins with small
amounts of pyrite. Later, erosion produced an irregular surface thatwas covered in mid-Pleistocene time by pumiceous and welded rhyolite
tuff beds of the Bandelier Formation.
Most of the veins in and around Bland Canyon have a northerly
trend. The Albemarle vein and others in and around Colla Canyon
trend to the northeast. All veins dip steeply (50 to 85 degrees), some tothe east, some to the west.

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 19

The veins consist largely of quartz and chalcedony and wereformed by replacement of wall rock. They are as much as 1500 feetlong and highly irregular in width, but in places they are remarkably
wide. On the surface, widths up to 50 feet are not unusual, and underground, Graton (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon) reported shoots 150
feet wide. Some of the gold and silver was found in rich streaks ofshipping-grade ore, usually $30 to $50 a ton, but most of it was disseminated irregularly through the veins. Estimates vary, but ore mined
before 1904 probably averaged about $6 a ton. Table 5 shows that theore mined since then (some of it sorted) averaged only $8 a ton. Someof the veins are barren.
Bundy described the paragenesis as follows: First, calcite was emplaced along the faults. Quartz then replaced most of the calcite. Someof the quartz is pseudomorphous after platy calcite and has thepeculiar "hackly" texture typical of many other epithermal mining
districts (Mogollon, Kimball). Parts of veins consisting of unreplaced
calcite are unproductive. A period of brecciation was followed by theemplacement of pyrite, minor chalcopyrite, sphalerite (up to 3 per centof the veins), a minute amount of galena, quartz, gold-bearing pyrite,
and argentite, in that order. All the sulfides occur in minute grains.
The postrhyolite phase of mineralization consisted of quartz andabundant pyrite, barren of precious metals. Traces of arsenic,
antimony, and tellurium have been reported in the ore (Barbour;
Wynkoop). The veins are drusy and vuggy and contain abundant
inclusions of wall rock, sometimes surrounded by halos of metallic
minerals. The varieties of silica range from cryptocrystalline chalcedony to quartz crystals one inch long. The coarser crystals line cavities
and are amethystine in places.
Hydrothermal alteration, according to Bundy, took the form ofpropylitization, argillization, and silicification. Propylitization pervades
all the pre-Bandelier rocks, giving them a green color. Chlorite andmontmorillonite are the most common alteration products, but vermiculite and halloysite appear nearer the veins. Argillization occurs
around veins and in unmineralized shear zones. Near veins, it is a good
guide to ore, especially since it is more persistent than ore shoots. A
zone characterized by illite and kaolinite is up to 1000 feet wide next tothe larger veins. Dickite appears in a narrow band directly next toveins. Silicification is widespread, and silicified rock commonly grades
into quartz replacement veins. Bundy attributed the sequence, chloritemontmorillonite-vermiculite-halloysite-illite-kaolinite-dickite, to a single continuous phase of mineralization during which the mineralizing
fluid became more acid as alkalies were progressively leached out of thewall rock.
All veins are oxidized from the outcrop down to variable depths.
According to Graton (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon), primary sul-

20

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

fides were abundant in the 136-foot level of the Iron King mine andon the 425-foot level of the Albemarle mine. The oxidized zone wasleached of base-metal sulfides but enriched in residual gold. Silver
remained roughly constant. Gold was extracted by amalgamation fromoxidized ore and by cyanidation from primary ore.
Texture, mineralogy, and field association place the veins clearlyin the epithermal class of "bonanza" deposits. Bundy concluded fromthe presence of dickite that the temperature of the ore-forming fluid
must have been higher than the epithermal range established by
Lindgren (1933). Following Schmitt (1950), Bundy classified thedeposits as Tertiary siliceous, epithermal, shallow, or volcanic.
The largest mine in the district was the Albemarle, in Colla Canyon. Its inclined shaft opened a vein that strikes N. 30°-35° E. anddips 45°-62° NW for 1000 feet and to a depth of 625 feet. A winze
carried the workings down another 90 feet. The mine had eight levels,
but the main workings were above the fifth (325-foot) level. It is
credited with an output of $667,500 (Jones), mostly while operated by
the Navajo Gold Mining Company between 1899 and 1902.
The Lone Star—Iron King—Crown Point claims in Bland Canyon
were next in importance. At different times, they were worked
separately or as a group. The Lone Star vein strikes N. 25° E. and dips
80° E. It was opened, over a length of more than 1000 feet, by six adits
and crosscut tunnels connected by raises, to a depth of 800 feet below
the highest outcrop. Different accounts give the maximum width of thevein as 70, 100, and 150+ feet, but the average was nearer 25 feet. The
mine shipped about $60,000 worth of ore before 1903. About 1900, it
was acquired by the ill-fated Navajo Gold Mining Company. The Iron
King mine is a short distance northeast of the Lone Star. Its vein strikes
N. 25° E. and dips 55° E at the outcrop and 76° W at depth; it may or
may not be a continuation of the Lone Star vein, slightly offset to theright. The mine has a 100-foot shaft and a short adit with a winze going
down to the 136-foot level. Its output is said to have been $50,000
between 1896 and 1902; most of the ore was milled at the Woodbury
mill (amalgamation, later cyanidation) seven miles below Bland. The
Crown Point mine is on the opposite (east) side of Bland Canyon, about
half a mile north of the Iron King. The vein strikes N. 19° W. and dips
50°-70° W. Most of the $50,000 it produced in the mid-1890's camefrom an open cut, but the mine also has a crosscut tunnel, a 250-footwinze, and 1000 feet of drifts.
Since the bankruptcy of the Navajo Gold Mining Company in 1902,
sporadic unsuccessful attempts to revive the district centered on theLone Star—Iron King—Crown Point group. It was operated by Cossak
Mining Company from 1914 to 1916, the ores being treated by a 100ton cyanidation mill at Bland. Some shipments were recorded

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 21

during the 1930's, partly from cleanup work at the Cossak mill. During
World War II, the Albemarle and other mills were scrapped. A postwar
attempt to revive the Iron King mine ended when mine and mill wereattached by the Sandoval County sheriff in 1947.
Other mines have been less important. The Washington mine,south of the Iron King and Lone Star, follows a north-trending veinthat dips 60° W. Workings include a 300-foot shaft, 200 feet of adits,and 1000 feet of drifts. Production included several cars of sorted ore
averaging more than $100 a ton (Wynkoop), but after 1895 the mine
was shut down by litigation.
According to Jones, "In Peralta Canyon a curious example occurs in
the presence of uranium and vanadium oxide filling the interstices of asilicified volcanic vent breccia found on the property of the Peralta
Gold Mining and Milling Company." This cryptic statement caused
some prospecting activity a few years ago.
The rise and fall of the Cochiti mining district parallels that ofmany other districts of the same geologic type throughout the West.
The main reasons for its ultimate extinction are as follows:
1. Low average grade of ore. Graton estimated the average value as $6
a ton (1894-1903 prices). Rich but shallow residual deposits at theoutcrop and sporadic rich streaks at depth stimulated unwarranted
optimism.
2. Decline in width and tenor of veins at depth. In the Albemarle mine,values declined from between $6.50 and $7.50 a ton above the fourth(230-foot) level to $4.00 or $4.50 a ton below the sixth (425-foot) level,
to $3.50 a ton on the eighth (625-foot) level (Jones; Lindgren, Graton,and Gordon). The main ore shoot reached from 20 feet below adit levelto the fifth (325-foot) level. Its maximum dimensions, 200 feet long and
60 feet wide, occurred on the fourth (230-foot) level. All other ore
shoots were smaller. The deepest known shoot in the district, also in the
Albemarle mine, pinched out 585 feet below the collar.
3. High transportation costs. The projected railroad spur to the camp wasnever built.
4. Lack of water. The mill at Albemarle could be run for only ninemonths a year.
5. Mismanagement. This may have been the most important factor ofall. The Albemarle mine earned its owners, the Navajo Gold Mining
Company, $667,500 (Jones), but expenditures were completely out of
proportion. The road across the divide from Bland to Albemarle—aptly
called "The Teamster's Nightmare"—cost $150,000 (Vieth). An electric
power station at Madrid and a 35-mile high-tension transmission line tothe mine cost $250,000 (Barbour). The company's cyanidation mill, thefirst all-steel building in New Mexico, was one

22

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & M INERAL RESOURCES

of the wonders of the age, but why was steel shipped into an area
where cheap lumber was locally available? The capacity of the plant
was rated at 250 tons a day, but it was repeatedly shut down bymechanical troubles. Finally, the mill was grossly inefficient. The
tailings assayed between $2.00 and $2.15 a ton, more than one third
the value of the ore. Barbour called the operations of the Navajo
Company a "colossal failure" and goes as far to question the decreaseof values with depth, implying that this was an invention by thecompany to cover up its inefficiency.
6. Litigation. The absentee owners of the Canada de Cochiti land
grant claimed that the entire district belonged to the grant rather than tothe public domain. Their final appeal was not rejected by the U.S.
Supreme Court until 1897 (Vieth). This explains the delayeddevelopment. Although Maj. Edward Beaumont discovered the districtin 1880, the first claims (the Iron King—Lone Star—Crown Point
group) were not located until 1890. Outside capital did not become
available until 1898. The Cochiti Gold Mining Company and its successor, the Navajo Gold Mining Company of Boston, finished the
Albemarle mill in 1899 and acquired other major mines in the districtby 1900. In February 1902, it went into receivership. The peak of
production was 1900, when the output was $359,135. The Cochiti district clearly missed the great boom period of high prices for precious
metals that ended in 1893.
As far as known, all ore shoots in the Albemarle mine have been
mined out, but a considerable tonnage of low-grade material remains
in some other mines. A revival of mining could occur if gold andsilver prices should rise appreciably. Ores would probably have to becyanided. Untreated ore is said to average 85 to 95 per cent SiO 2(Wynkoop) and would probably be acceptable as siliceous flux, buttransportation to the El Paso smelter would be expensive.
CUBA MANGANESE DISTRICTThe Cuba Manganese district is 12 to 24 miles west and northwestof Cuba, a few miles south of State Highway 44. Under the stimulusof government price support, the district produced manganese ore
during World War II and again from 1954 until the termination of the
U.S. Government Carload-Lot Purchasing Program in 1959. Farnham(1961) estimated the total output between 1942 and 1957 at about
3400 tons of concentrates, ranging from 35 to 44 per cent manganese.
The mines, listed in order of importance, were the Lander, or
Crook, group of claims in secs. 22 and 28, T. 21 N., R. 4 W.; theTaylor, or Miller, deposit in the SW1/4 sec. 26, T. 21 N., R. 3 W.; andMINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 28

the Jicarilla Apache deposit, on the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservationin the west-central part of T. 22 N., R. 4 W. (unsurveyed). The lastlessee of all three deposits was J. F. McRee.
Farnham's geologic description of the district was partly based onan earlier, unpublished report by S. K. Neuschel of the U.S.
Geological Survey. The ore occurs as concentrically layered concretionary nodules of pyrolusite and wad in flat-lying, near-surface sandy
shale lenses of the Eocene San Jose Formation. The nodules range
from one-quarter inch to one and one-half inches in diameter andconstitute about half the rock. Since the rock is soft and friable, thenodules can be readily concentrated by screening or jigging.
Individual ore lenses ranged from 100 to 300 feet in diameter andfrom a feather edge to 5 feet in thickness. They could be easily worked
by earth-moving equipment and were essentially exhausted when
operations ceased. Should the demand for manganese justify exploration in the future, stratigraphic studies could determine whether all ore
lenses are at the same stratigraphic horizon and, if so, where
additional lenses could be expected under shallow cover.
JEMEZ SPRINGS DISTRICTThe Jemez Springs district consists of only one small mine, theSpanish Queen, near the bottom of Jemez Canyon, two and seventenths miles south of Jemez Springs. It formerly worked a low-grade
copper deposit of the sandstones type. Geologically, it is similar tothe copper deposits of the Nacimiento Mountains district, except thatthe host rock consists of nearly horizontal beds of the Abo
Formation (Permian). Chalcocite and copper carbonates replace fossil
wood fragments in arkosic sandstone and also occur disseminated inpartings of gray shale. The main ore-bearing horizon is about 2.5 feetthick. A second mineralized bed, about 13 feet thick, lies 40 feetbelow the main bed but seems to be of lower grade. The mine has a
90-foot shaft that intersects an adit and a number of drifts opening
into small rooms.
The Spanish Queen mine is surrounded by legends of fabulous
treasures in gold and silver it supposedly yielded in the days of theconquistadores. The legends ignore the low tenor of precious metals typicalin deposits of this type. Even the U.S. Army Map Service's 1:250,000
Albuquerque topographic map shows the Spanish Queen as a gold mine.
Actually, most of the development work was done by Burnett Mining
Company between 1926 and 1929 and in 1937 (table 6). The company
installed a 15-ton Mace furnace but does not seem to have operated it,
since all ore was shipped directly to the El Paso smelter.

LA VENTANA DISTRICTThe La Ventana district is located east of the settlement of La
Ventana in the southern half of T. 19 N., R. 1 W. The area has
moderate reserves of uranium in Cretaceous coal and carbonaceous
shale, but only a little production. According to Bachman et al. (1959),
the chief deposits are on La Ventana Mesa in secs. 28, 29, 33, and 34,
T. 19 N., R. 1 W. Uranium, ranging from a trace to 0.62 per cent,occurs in three lenticular beds of coal and carbonaceous shale at thebase of the La Ventana Tongue of the Cliff House Sandstone, theuppermost formation of the Mesaverde Group (stratigraphic nomenclature from Beaumont, Dane, and Sears, 1956). Bachman et al. estimated the reserves of material averaging 0.1 per cent uranium at
132,000 tons. Coffinite is among the uranium minerals present. Cannon and Sterrett (1956) outlined areas favorable for exploration by
analyzing the ash from living and dead wood of junipers and pinons
growing on top of the La Ventana Mesa. The mineralized horizon is
below the fractured 65-foot sandstone bed that caps the mesa; apparently the juniper and pinon roots reached the mineralized zone. Concentrations of uranium in ash ranged from 0.1 part to 2.3 parts per
million.
East of La Ventana Mesa, in the NEB/ sec. 23, T. 19 N., R. 1 W.,
uranium mineralization occurs in the Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone.
Gabelman (1956) described the Butler deposit, which is only one mile
west of the San Miguel copper mine, Nacimiento Mountains district(see below). Because of drag caused by the Nacimiento reverse fault,
exposed at the San Miguel mine, the Dakota dips 43° to 67° W, and iswarped into open but steeply plunging folds. Gabelman reported that a
one-foot bed, or lens, of black peat at the base of the Dakota
Sandstone contains up to 1.4 per cent uranium. The peat bed was
exposed for 100 feet along the outcrop and for 100 feet downdip. A
shipment of uranium from the Butler mine valued at $106 was listedM INER ALS OF BE RN ALILLO, S AND OVAL, AND S ANT A FE C OUNTI ES 25

by the State Inspector of Mines in 1959. A small additional shipment wasreported in 1959 from the Warm Springs mine in sec. 25, T. 17 N., R. 1 W.,
midway between La Ventana and San Ysidro.
Gypsum and coal deposits of the La Ventana Mesa area are describedunder industrial nonmetals and coal, respectively.
NACIMIENTO MOUNTAINS (CUBA) DISTRICTThe Nacimiento Mountains district is in northeastern SandovalCounty and southwestern Rio Arriba County, on the western face of
the Nacimiento Mountains. Most of the mines are within five and onehalf miles southeast of Cuba, but one mine, the San Miguel, lies about
six miles south of the others. Between 1881 and 1960, the district produced about 7,500,000 pounds of copper and several tens of thousands
ounces of silver, valued at more than $1,100,000 (table 7).* The deposits are of the red beds or sandstone type. A good description of themines was given by Schrader (in Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon).
A circular by Soule (1956) contains several claim and assay maps. The
general geology was mapped by Wood and Northrop (1946).
The rocks of the district range from Precambrian to Tertiary, butcommercial mineralization is confined to the Agua Zarca Sandstone
Member of the Chinle Formation (Triassic). Noncommercial showings
occur in the Cutler Formation (Permian) and the Poleo Sandstone
Member of the Chinle Formation.
The dominant structure of the region is the large westwarddirected reverse Nacimiento fault. The rocks near the fault are steeply
tilted to the west or are overturned for about a mile west of the fault
and for a few hundred yards east of it. Farther west, they dip gently
westward into the San Juan Basin and farther east, they are nearlyhorizontal (Wood and-Northrop).
The Eureka, Conglomerate, and Cliff mines are in nearly horizontal
sandstone and conglomerate beds of the Agua Zarca Member east of
the Nacimiento fault on the southern side of Eureka Mesa. The Eureka
is in the NE1/ 4 sec. 32, T. 21 N., R. 1 E. (unsurveyed), Rio Arriba
County, and the Cliff is in the NW1/ 4 sec. 6, T. 20 N., R. 1 E.,
Sandoval County. All other mines in the district seem to be in steeply
westward-dipping Agua Zarca Sandstone near the Nacimiento fault.
One group east of Copper City, in and around sec. 1, T. 20 N., R. 1 W.,
is directly east of the Nacimiento fault. The mineralized beds dip about
30° W. Schrader (in Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon) mentioned the
Copper Glance and Kelley mines; of these two, the Copper Glance was
the more important. Another mine, the Bluebird, is about one and onehalf miles farther south, near Senorito, in or near the SW1/4*Soule gave the production of the Sandoval County part of the district (presumably prior
to 1951) as 6,560,546 pounds of copper, 8921 ounces for silver, and 0.41 ounce of gold. The
tonnage of ore, 6379, must refer to the hand-sorted material treated by local smelters.

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 27

sec. 12, T. 20 N., R. 1 W. Finally, the San Miguel mine is in the NE%
sec. 24, T. 19 N., R. 1 W., about five and one-half miles northeast of
La Ventana and directly west of the Nacimiento fault.
All the mines have the same type of mineralization. The primary ore
mineral is chalcocite, formed by replacement of fossil wood and"carbonaceous trash." Malachite and azurite, formed by oxidation andredistribution of copper formerly contained in chalcocite, occur on
fractures and in irregular halos around accumulations of organic
material, as well as in the organic material itself. At the Eureka mine,chrysocolla largely takes the place of malachite and azurite. Most of theore assays less than 3 per cent copper, but hand-sorting raised thegrade of material smelted before 1900 to 25 to 65 per cent, with anaverage of 35 to 40 per cent. The silver content was 0.5 ounce to 2
ounces for every hundred pounds of copper; there was almost no gold.
Copper deposits of the sandstone type are notoriously discontinuous, and the ores of the Nacimiento district are no exception. They
occur as lenticular bodies in several stratigraphic horizons. Most ofthem are in cross-bedded, coarse, fluvial sandstone or conglomerate.
Although the enclosing rocks may be red, the mineralized rocks
usually are not. Since the uranium boom of the mid-1950's, thebehavior of ore deposits in ancient stream channels has been better
understood, and there has been a slight revival of interest insandstone copper deposits.
Field relations are best shown at the Eureka mine, where the orezone is a flat-lying Triassic stream channel about 600 feet wide at thebase of the Agua Zarca Sandstone Member. It consists of interfingering
lenses of sandstone and quartz-pebble conglomerate. The conglomerate
lenses contain clay galls as well as abundant fragments of carbonizedwood and are irregularly mineralized in zones 6 to 20 feet thick. Soule
gave assays ranging from 1.37 to 6.07 per cent. Sandstone beds are
barren except for a little secondary mineralization on fractures. Crossbedding is prominent in both sandstone and conglomerate; the direction of cross-bedding consistently shows that the current direction wasfrom northeast to the southwest. This was confirmed by theorientation of the long axes of pebbles and carbonized wood fragments. Their azimuth shows considerable range, but the mean is about
N. 30° E. The extension of the exposed ore body should be sought inthis direction; its southwesterly extension has eroded away. The
operators of the mine appear to have been unaware of the orientationof the ore channel. The ore body was opened by four large and two
small adits ranging in direction from N. 05° E. to N. 30° W.; the main
tunnel (which, though now blocked, is said to go clear through EurekaMesa) has a direction of N. 30° W.
The channel direction at the Copper Glance and adjoining deposits also was from northeast to southwest. Numerous workings open

28

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

small mineralized conglomerate lenses, about 3 feet thick, over a strike
length of 2000 feet; the majority of the workings go straight downdip,
with westerly azimuth.
Conditions are more complicated at the San Miguel mine. The
dump from an open pit, dug 1956-1957, obscures most of the older
workings. The pit seems to be in a large slump block. In situ ore is
exposed in two smaller pits, one directly east of the main pit and theother to the north, beyond a fault that offsets the ore zone to the left.
Cross beds and oriented pebbles indicate that the current flowed about
S. 80° W. Curiously, carbonized wood fragments are oriented normal
to the pebbles; silicified wood fragments act the same as pebbles. In
1966, several thousand tons of ore were hauled from the San Miguelmine to a leaching plant in Cuba by M, C, B, and L Mining Company.
The Chalcocite prospect, about three quarters of a mile north of
the Copper Glance mine, is different from the others. According to
Schrader (in Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon), malachite and chalcocite
occur in a 35-foot band of Precambrian schist contained in granite.
Since low-grade copper deposits in Precambrian basement rocks havebeen postulated as the ultimate source of copper in the sandstone
deposits, this occurrence is of theoretical interest.
The Nacimiento Mountains copper deposits were known as early as1859 (Newberry, 1876). Systematic mining did not begin until the early
1880's and ended about 1900. Most of the mines were successively inthe hands of the Nacimiento Mining Company, the New Mexico—
Illinois Company, the Providence Company, and the Juratrias Copper
Company. During this period, the mines yielded about 6,300,000
pounds of copper and several tens of thousands ounces of silver
valued at about $70,000. Of this, 5,000,000 pounds came from the San
Miguel mine and about 1,250,000 pounds from the Copper Glance(Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon). Mining was profitable only because
coal for smelting occurs within a few miles of the copper deposits in
the La Ventana—Chacra Mesa coal field. Hand-sorted, high-grade ore
was hauled by wagon to a 30-ton smelter at Copper City or to a 25-ton
smelter at Senorito, and the matte was then hauled by wagon 60 miles
to the railroad at Bernalillo. Mining was done in open pits and shallow
underground workings at low cost.
Since 1900 there have been two short-lived attempts to revive the
district in times of high copper prices, the first from 1916 to 1920, thesecond from 1955 to 1957. The dollar value of production in 1956,$231,831, was probably the highest in the history of the district. Mostof it can be credited to the Eureka mine, Rio Arriba County (table 7).
The known deposits were thoroughly high-graded by the oldtimers, but considerable reserves of low-grade material, containing
0.75 to 3 per cent copper, remain. The Eureka, Copper City, and San
Miguel mines could each probably yield several tens of thousands oftons of low-grade ore. Drilling along the trend of the Eureka channel,

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 29

through the few tens of feet of sandstone that cap Eureka Mesa,
would be an inexpensive first step in exploration. The high cost oftransportation remains a severe handicap, as much now as in the past.
PLACITAS DISTRICTThe Placitas District includes the northern end of the Sandia
Mountains in Bernalillo and Sandoval counties. Its fluorspar-baritegalena veins resemble those of the Tijeras Canyon district in mineralogy, texture, size, and geologic setting. Being close to Albuquerqueand Santa Fe, the district has attracted more than its share of promoters, but actual production has been insignificant. The district had
a minor boom about 1880, but it soon died down.
The better known mines include the La Luz (argentiferous galena,
fluorspar, and barite), which lies 600 feet below the crest of North
Sandia Peak in the SE1/ 2 sec. 6, T. 11 N., R. 5 E. (unsurveyed). It has
the dubious honor of having the highest elevation (10,050 feet) of any
mine in New Mexico. Access is by a narrow foot trail. There has beenno production in this century, but development work was done iri1908 (Northrop, 1959). The Capulin prospect is in or near the SE1/4
sec. 33, T. 12 N., R. 5 E., and the Schmidt and Darrel prospects are insecs. 3 and 10, T. 11 N., R. 5 E. (unsurveyed), respectively. There has
been a little development for fluorspar, but no mining (Rothrock,
Johnson, and Hahn). Another group of prospects lies on a low hill in
the SW1/4 sec. I and SE1/4 sec. 2, T. 11 N., R. 5 E. Bulldozer cuts
testify to recent prospecting for fluorspar; the ruin of an old leadsmelter on the western foot of the hill testifies to former activity.
Significantly, there is no slag at the smelter.
A number of prospects are on the western side of Montezuma
Mountain, about one mile east of Placitas. Chief among them is theMontezuma mine located at the faulted contact of Precambrian andMississippian—Pennsylvanian rocks at the foot of the mountain. It isfamous mainly for tall tales about buried treasures and extensive
Spanish workings, allegedly hundreds of feet below the ground; however, most of the workings date back only to the 1920's. In 1926, Mineral Resources of the United States reported that 300 feet of development
work had been done that year, bringing the total of all workings to one
65-foot shaft, one 85-foot shaft, and 400 feet of drifts. The total valueof ore shipped in this century has been about $800 (table 8),

30

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

although the mine reportedly changed hands for $60,000 in 1880.
(Northrop, 1959). Small pockets and veinlets of barite are scattered allover Montezuma Mountain, but no workable deposit has yet been found.
As recently as 1958, there was a short-lived attempt to mine and millbarite. A few prospects near Tecolote have showings of copper, a small
lot of which was shipped in 1920.
SANTA FE COUNTYCERRILLOS DISTRICTThe Cerrillos district covers Los Cerrillos, a group of low hills
fifteen miles southwest of Santa Fe. The main line of the Atchison,
Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway skirts the southern edge of the hills andU.S. Highway 85 passes within two miles of the northern edge. The
village of Cerrillos is the nearest shipping point on the railroad. The
district is best known for its turquoise deposits, but it has also yieldedzinc, lead, silver, copper, and gold worth about $620,000.
The geology and ore deposits of the district were described byDisbrow and Stoll (1957). Their work is in print and almost up to date;descriptions of individual mines need not be repeated here. Stearns'(1953) report, with map, includes the Cerrillos district. Among older
works, a brief account of the district can be found in Lindgren, Graton,and Gordon. Johnson's geologic study, published in 1903, has beensuperseded by that of Disbrow and Stoll, but it contains interesting
information on the turquoise deposits and on the coal mines of Madrid,
three miles southwest of Cerrillos.
The mineralized rocks of the district are the Jurrasic Morrison
Formation; the Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone, Mancos Shale, andMesaverde Group; the Eocene Galisteo Formation; a group of intrusive Oligocene(?) monzonites and their extrusive equivalents, theEspinaso Volcanics. Four distinct phases of monzonite have beenrecognized: (1) hornblende monzonite porphyry, (2) and (3) hornblende-augite monzonite porphyry, and (4) augite-biotite monzonite.
All intrusive phases except the first have volcanic equivalents. All
have the form of one or more central plugs and stocks surrounded bydikes and swarms of sills and laccoliths spread out in the incompetent
Mancos Shale. The intruded rocks have been arched into a steepsided dome.
Following intrusion of the monzonites, the rocks were fractured andmineralized. To date, veins carrying lead and zinc sulfides account formost of the production, but at least two small disseminated copper
deposits are known. Most of the veins trend northeasterly or northerly.
Rocks younger than mineralization include the Cieneguilla Limburgite(Miocene?) and the Santa Fe Group (Miocene to Pleistocene), Cuerbio
Basalt (Pleistocene?), and alluvium (Recent).

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 31

An angular unconformity between the Mesaverde Group and theGalisteo Formation is evidence for late Cretaceous to early Tertiary
deformation. Later, doming, fracturing, and mineralization accompanied the monzonitic intrusions. A major portion of faulting occurredin Pliocene (?) time between deposition of the Abiquiu (= Bishop's
Lodge) and Ancha Formations of the Santa Fe Group. The vein of the
La Bajada mine, four and one-half miles northwest of the Cerrillos
district, was formed at that time. The entire area was tilted eastward by
a major north-trending fault that crosses U.S. Highway 85 at La
Bajada Hill, about five miles east of Cerrillos.
The major lead-zinc veins are grouped in three distinct areas.
Monzonite forms most of the bedrock in all three. The first is in theSE1/ 4 sec. 5, T. 14 N., R. 8 E. All veins in this area have steep dipsand northeasterly strikes. The Grand Central mine lies at the foot ofMount Chalchihuitl, just south of the ancient turquoise mines. The
Cash Entry and Franklin mines probably worked the same vein a few
hundred yards southeast of the Grand Central mine. The Mina delTiro, in the NW1/4 sec. 8, T. 14 N., R. 8 E., is on the southwestward
continuation of the same vein set.
The second group is in and around the S y 2 sec. 30, T. 15 N., R. 8
E. between Santa Rosita Mountain and Luceras Hill. Stoll (Disbrow
and Stoll) mapped this area at a scale of 1:2400. It includes theAndrews, Tom Payne, Bottom Dollar, Black Hornet, Armington, andPennsylvania mines. The veins have steep dips and a northerly trend.
The Tom Payne and Armington mines are probably on the same vein.
The Pennsylvania mine may be on its southern extension, slightly
offset to the right.
The third group is in the northern tip of Los Cerrillos, in secs. 19
and 20, T. 15 N., R. 8 E. It includes the Trio, Evelyn, and Marshall
Bonanza mines. The veins in this area have northeasterly strikes. The
Evelyn mine, in the SE1/ 4 sec. 19, T. 15 N., R. 8 E. at the northeasternfoot of Santa Rosita Mountain, is the only one in the Cerrillos district
to have shipped copper-gold ore rather than zinc-lead-silver ore, mostof it from a small disseminated deposit worked by an open pit.
The veins are controlled by shear zones and are usually 1 to 6
feet wide and a few hundred feet long. Some are much larger, up to
16 feet wide and 2500 feet long. Only a fraction of the shear zone isordinarily filled with vein matter; for this reason, the walls of mineworkings are weak and must be supported.
Commercial ore occurs in definite shoots, but their geologic control
is not known. The largest shoot in the Pennsylvania mine, mined out in
1945 and 1946, was 370 feet long, 220 feet deep, and from a featheredge to 3 feet wide. A shoot in the Tom Payne mine, mined out during
World War I, was 300 feet long, 130 feet deep, and 6 inches to 4 feetwide. These are the largest shoots so far discovered in the district.

32

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Disbrow and Stoll described the veins as follows:
Several types of ore bodies are present. In the Pennsylvania mine,ore occurs as thin tabular seams of coarse interlocking sphalerite andgalena crystals, or as similar seams of crustified ore in which sphalerite,
galena, quartz, and pyrite occur in parallel bands of almost pure mineral.
The Tom Payne ore is similar but contains more quartz. In the Mina del
Tiro deposit the ore shoot is an elongate lens of vuggy quartz,
containing disseminations and thick streaks of galena and sphalerite. In
the Franklin mine, galena and sphalerite occur without gangue as small
masses and disseminations in a thick zone of highly sericitizedmonzonite porphyry. The other ore shoots probably originated largely
by filling of narrow openings to judge from the crustification, but ore in
the Franklin mine has formed by replacement of the rock.

To a distance of 1 to 10 feet on either side of the veins, the rocks areusually altered to sericite and smaller amounts of pyrite, carbonates,
quartz, and tourmaline. Chlorite has locally formed beyond the sericite
zone. Lindgren (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon) thought that thepresence of tourmaline indicated a "rather high" temperature andpressure during mineralization, even though the deposits probably
formed within 4000 feet of the surface.
Oxidation has affected all veins down to the water table, 50 to 150
feet below the surface. Smithsonite, cerussite, wulfenite, malachite,azurite, chrysocolla, covellite, limonite, manganese oxides, chalcedony,opal, kaolinite, and gypsum occur in the oxidized zone. Zinc has beenleached from the upper part of the oxidized zone and added to thelower part; other metals are present in about the same amounts as inprimary ore. The rich silver strikes reported from the early days ofmining probably were made in small oxidized pockets.
The district was known in Spanish-colonial days but went through its
boom only after 1879. By 1890, mining had switched to turquoise,having resulted in production of lead and silver "not likely to exceed afew hundred thousand dollars" (Lindgren in Lindgren, Graton, andGordon). Turquoise mining declined sharply between 1904 and 1906,
and the district was inactive until 1909. Its subsequent history issummarized in Table 9. During the 56 years from 1904 through 1957,
there has been some metal production in 30 of those years, but the output exceeded 1000 tons in only 7 or 8 years when lead and zinc prices
were unusually high. No mine has operated continuously for more than
5 years. The average grade of ore has been about 0.34 per cent copper,
2.94 per cent lead, 3.61 per cent zinc, 0.03 ounce of gold, and 1.04
ounces of silver a ton.
Since little ore from the Cerrillos area is of shipping grade, one of
the attractive features of the district has been proximity to the Cerrillos(Madrid) coal field. Several unsuccessful smelters were built before
1904. At one time, 50 coke ovens were active at Waldo, one mile

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 33

northeast of Cerrillos. Production of ore has never been sufficiently
large or steady to feed a smelter. A zinc oxide plant was operated by
Grubnau, Bryant, and Grubnau at Waldo from 1917 to 1921. It used
local anthracite, but most of the zinc carbonate ore had to be broughtin from Mexico, Colorado, and other parts of New Mexico. Since
1909, sulfide ores from the district have usually been milled near themines. At different times between 1908 and 1918, three jigmills wereactive, a 150-ton mill for the Cash Entry mine, a 100-ton mill for the
Tom Payne, and a 50-ton mill for the Grand Central. Between 1945
and 1949, two selective flotation mills concentrated ore from, respectively, the Cash Entry and Black Hornet mines.
Since the decline of lead and zinc prices in 1957, the Cerrillos district has seen little mining, but a good deal of effort has gone into
exploration for copper. In 1959 and 1960, Bear Creek Mining Company, exploration subsidiary of Kennecott Copper Corporation, conducted an intensive exploration campaign in a disseminated chalcopyrite-bornite deposit within half a mile to the northeast of the Minadel Tiro. Concentrations of more than 2000 parts per million of copper were found as primary sulfides in a zone 600 feet widesurrounding a monzonite porphyry stock about 1200 feet in diameter(Wargo, 1964). The Evelyn mine, at the northern end of the district,formerly produced low-grade oxidized copper carbonate ores
disseminated in monzonite.
GLORIETA DISTRICTThe Glorieta district occupies a large area in the vicinity of
Glorieta Pass, fifteen miles southeast of Santa Fe. The only recorded
shipments have been of iron ore from the rim of Glorieta Mesa.
Kelley (1949) described the iron deposit. Copper has been found inseveral prospects in the district.
The Kennedy iron mine is in the NWIA sec. 23, T. 15 N., R. 11 E.
The ore bed is a lens of soft, porous, ochery, impure, supergenelimonite about 3 feet thick. Limonite partly replaces fine-grained
clastic rocks of the San Andres Formation (Permian) along bedding
planes. The rocks strike N. 15° W. and dip 7° W. The deposit has been
mined by open cuts and underground workings for 275 feet along the
strike and 150 feet updip. About 3500 tons of ore were shipped,
mostly before 1905, as flux to lead smelters at Socorro and El Paso.
Some ore was shipped to the steel mills at Pueblo, Colorado, during
World War I. Kelley estimated that a few thousand tons still remainedin the deposit, and Anderson suggested possible utilization as pigmentin paints or enamelware.
Lindgren (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon) described low-grade
copper deposits disseminated in gently dipping Pennsylvanian arkose
and limestone beds on the sides of La Cueva Creek, two and one-half

36

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

to four and one-half miles northeast of Glorieta. The ore occurs in atleast three horizons. It consists of chalcocite, azurite, and malachite
and is closely associated with organic matter. Soule gave brief
descriptions of the Paytiano deposit in sec. 32, T. 16 W., R. 11 E. and
the Kunklin (?) deposit, which has signs of recent activity, in or nearsecs. 14 or 15, T. 16 N., R. 11 E.
Anderson mentioned vein deposits in Precambrian rocks north of
Glorieta. No commercial ore has yet been found in this area.
LA BAJADA DISTRICTThe La Bajada district consists of only one mine, also called La
Bajada, in La Bajada Canyon at the foot of La Bajada Hill about two
miles north of U.S. Highway 85. The geology and mineralogy of thedeposit have been described by Lustig (1957).
Although the mine never had large production, it has considerable
geologic interest. The ore body follows a north-trending fault cutting
Miocene (?) Cieneguilla Limburgite and the Miocene Bishop's Lodge(= Abiquiu) Member of the Tesuque Formation in the Santa Fe Group(see description of the Cerrillos district). A monzonite body, similar
to the last monzonite phase of the Cerrillos district, lies half a mileeast of the mine but is older than the mineralized rocks and has noconnection with mineralization.
Mineralization occurred in late Cenozoic time under low-temperature and near-surface conditions. Lustig described 23 minerals from thedeposit (6 from an oxidized dump, 7 hypogene ore minerals and 6gangue minerals from the vein, and 4 alteration products from the wallrock). The chief hypogene metallic minerals are pyrite, sphalerite,
marcasite, colusite, chalcopyrite, and bornite, formed in that order.
Brannerite is reported to be present (though none was seen by Lustig),and its uranium content is said to account for the anomalous radioactivity of the deposit. Colbalt, nickel, and germanium are present inmore than ordinary trace-element amounts. Colloform textures characterize the ore minerals and indicate a low temperature of formation.
The mine has a vertical 170-foot shaft and drifts and crosscuts on
the 140- and 170-foot levels. Access to the 140-foot level is by a raise.
The 170-foot level is below the water table. There is no publishedinformation on the size and tenor of the ore body.
The deposit was developed by La Bajada Mining Company in the
1920's. Although the company is said to have sold stock for $2 million(Lustig), the total production came to only 8 tons of ore containing 24
ounces of silver and 2423 pounds of copper, valued at $363. This wasshipped in 1928. In the 1950's, the discovery of uranium in the deposit
caused a renewal of interest. Lone Star Mining and Development
Corporation of Albuquerque is the current operator. A small shipmentof uranium was recorded by the 1957 edition ofMINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 37

Minerals Yearbook. The mine shipped uranium worth $16,942 in 1963 and$9,708 in 1964 (State Inspector of Mines). Development work was reported
in 1965.
NAMBE DISTRICTThe name Nambe district was assigned by Northrop (1959) to anarea of granite pegmatites in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains east of
Cordova, along the Santa Fe—Rio Arriba county line between the Rio
Quemado and Rio en Medio drainages. The bedrock of this area
(Miller, Montgomery, and Sutherland, 1963) consists of Precambrianmica schist, granite gneiss, and migmatite trending northeast and containing many small lenses of granite pegmatite. As far as is known, thelargest pegmatite body is on the Rocking Chair claim, which wasprospected for feldspar, mica, and beryl. So far, only a few pounds ofberyl have been found. The mica deposits of the district are describedin the section on industrial nonmetals.
NEW PLACERS (SAN PEDRO, GOLDEN, TUERTO) DISTRICTThe New Placers district is in southern Santa Fe County in T. 12
N., R. 7 and 8 E. southeast of the village of Golden. It includes the San
Pedro, or Tuerto, Mountains, a low range formed by the intrusion ofearly Tertiary stocks and laccoliths. The igneous intrusions are part of anorth-trending porphyry belt that also includes Los Cerrillos, Ortiz
Mountain, and South Mountain. The San Pedro copper-goldsilver
pyrometasomatic deposit has produced more by value than all otherlode deposits in Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties put
together. Between 1924 and 1928, the Carnahan (Lincoln—Lucky)
limestone replacement deposit accounted for more lead, zinc, andsilver than all the veins of the Cerrillos district from 1904 to thepresent time. There are many other mines, none of them important.
Placers were worked extensively in the early days for gold but yielded
only 3011 ounces in the past 56 years. Total production of the district
has been about $5,750,000.
Atkinson (1962) described the geology of the district in detail.
During World War II, the U.S. Geological Survey examined the San
Pedro and Lincoln—Lucky mines; the report (Smith et al., 1945) is on
open file. Information on tungsten was summarized by Dale and
McKinney (1959). Lindgren (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon) gave an
excellent, though dated, account of the district. The close association ofore bodies, contact metasomatism, and igneous rocks impressed him
deeply, and he cited the San Pedro mine as a typical example of thepyrometasomatic class of ore deposits in his classic textbook (Lindgren,p. 718). Many consultants' reports and short articles have been written
on the district; Atkinson gave a nearly complete list.

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

According to Atkinson, the sedimentary rocks of the district include the Madera Limestone (Pennsylvanian); Abo, Yeso, and San
Andres Formations (Permian); and the Dockum Group (Triassic). The
prevailing dip is to the east. The sedimentary rocks were arched,irregularly fractured, and metamorphosed in early Tertiary (?) time bya variety of igneous intrusions. First came a few diabase porphyry
dikes, then five small monzonite stocks, then rhyolite porphyry dikes
and sills, and finally two monzonite porphyry laccoliths and a large
number of monzonite porphyry and lathe porphyry dikes and sills. In
addition, a small stock of augite-bearing monzonite crops out apartfrom other igneous rocks. Of the five monzonite stocks, four are in
the eastern end of the range; one stock and both monzonite porphyrylaccoliths are in the western end, in the neighborhood of the San
Pedro and Lincoln—Lucky mines. Atkinson thought that the igneousrocks of the range were differentiated from a single magma and intruded in a relatively short time span. As evidence, he cited someparadoxical field relationships. In dikes associated with the westernmost stock, on the west side of Old Timer Gulch in the NW1 sec. 21,
T. 12 N., R. 7 E., monzonite grades marginally into monzonite
porphyry and then into latite porphyry. Elsewhere, monzonite andmonzonite porphyry were separated in time by a phase of intrusive
rhyolite porphyry. Atkinson thought that the stock in Old Timer
Gulch was the feeder for the laccoliths.
The district has six types of ore deposits:
1. Pyrometasomatic copper-gold-silver-tungsten deposits. Chalcopyrite
is the chief ore mineral; the tungsten is in scheelite. An example is the San
Pedro mine.
2. Replacement deposits of sphalerite and argentiferous galena inlimestone. An example is the Carnahan mine.
3. Iron veins and bedded replacement deposits containing magnetite, specularite, or both. These are economically unimportant, although formerly they were worked for flux; the Oro Quay mine madesmall shipments in 1958.
4. Small shear zones and fissures filled with quartz and auriferous
pyrite. In the oxidized zone, usually within 100 feet of the surface, they
contain free gold. Most of the mines listed in Table 9, other than the San
Pedro and Lincoln—Lucky, are of this type, but none is important.
5. Small pockets of auriferous pyrite disseminated in tactite, containing free gold in the oxidized zone. These are economicallyunimportant.
6. Placers derived by weathering and erosion of types 4 and 5.
Before 1880 they probably yielded between $1 and $2 million in gold
(and gave the district its name); since 1880 they have been relatively
unimportant.

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 39

Atkinson demonstrated the existence of hypogene zoning in thelode deposits. Among the nonferrous metals, copper occurs in thecontact metamorphosed limestone, not far from igneous rocks. The
controlling structure is the "marble line," the highly irregular contact
between limestone that has turned into garnet tactite under contact
metasomatism and limestone that has undergone only thermal metamorphism (being farther away from igneous contact) and has turned
into marble. Lead and zinc are found farther away from igneous rocks,
replacing unmetamorphosed limestone. Of the iron minerals, Atkinson
wrote:
Deposits containing magnetite alone are generally closer to the stock
than those containing specularite alone, while those containing bothmagnetite and specularite occupy an intermediate position.

The gold-bearing veins do not seem to have a zonal distribution. San PedroMine
The pyrometasomatic San Pedro deposit is by far the most important in the district. Although thermal metamorphism is widespreadthroughout the range, having turned shale into hornfels and limestone
into marble, pyrometasomatism is more local. It has resulted in a beltof garnet tactite that runs about one and one-half miles along thewestern side of San Pedro Mountain from the SWIA sec. 15 (unsurveyed), T. 12 N., R. 7 E. to the NW1/4 sec. 27, T. 12 N., R. 7 E.
The replaced beds are in the upper part of the Madera Limestone.
The tactite lies directly below a rhyolite porphyry sill. The top of a
monzonite porphyry laccolith is about 200 to 300 feet below therhyolite porphyry sill, but the rocks directly above the laccolith andbelow the tactite show only slight thermal metamorphism and nometasomatism. The San Pedro ore body is localized by the "marbleline" at the southeastern perimeter of the tactite zone. Most ore
irregularly replaces a group of marbleized beds, 50 to 100 feet thick,the top of which is 5 to 50 feet, usually 20 feet, below the rhyolite sill.
One stope (No. 1) is in the lower 10 feet of the rhyolite sill itself;
sheets of chalcopyrite a quarter inch to one foot thick occurred in
fractures parallel to the base of the sill (G. R. Griswold, personalcommunication).
Both Lindgren (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon) and Atkinson
believed that a conspicuous east-trending monzonite porphyry dike1000 feet north of the San Pedro mine carried the metasomatizing andmineralizing fluids to the San Pedro mine area. The dike is probably an
offshoot of the stock in Old Timer Gulch or, possibly, of the stock in
Oro Quay Mountain. No metasomatism has occurred directly above

40

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

the laccolith. Neither Lindgren nor Atkinson seriously considered thepossibility that the rhyolite porphyry sill may have brought in the fluids.
Atkinson interpreted the conditions favoring formation of the San
Pedro ore body as follows: (1) arching of the Madera Limestone by theunderlying laccolith, enabling ore-forming fluids to travel updip fromeither the Old Timer or Oro Quay stocks; the ore body lies near the
crest of the arch; (2) thermal metamorphism, which has made thesedimentary rocks sufficiently strong to support open fractures throughwhich the fluids could travel; and (3) the position of the rhyolite sill,
which acted as an impermeable barrier to rising solutions.
Mineralization at the San Pedro mine took place in two stages. In
the first stage, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, bornite, calcite, specularite, quartz, chlorite, and scheelite were deposited in small openings
in tactite, forming so-called "disseminated ore." In the second stage,quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite, calcite, siderite, scheelite, and adularia
were deposited as coarse crystals in larger openings. The full paragenesis has not yet been worked out.
The mine has miles of workings and was opened by several shafts
and tunnels. The main shaft, the two-compartment Richman, is 300
feet deep; the main adit is 1600 feet long. Stopes in tactite stand wellwithout timber. All stopes are within 200 feet of the "marble line."
Except at the extreme eastern end, the mine is dry, even thoughoxidized ore does not go deeper than 100 feet.
The history of the San Pedro mine dates back to the middle of thenineteenth century, although Atkinson cited some circumstantial
evidence that it may have been worked 100 years before that. About
1880, control was obtained by the San Pedro and Cafion del Agua
Company; but mismanagement, litigation, and technical difficulties
prevented successful operations. From 1889 until 1938, the Lewisohnfamily of New York operated the mine intermittently as the Santa FeGold and Copper Company. During the 1890's, a small smelter
treated the ore at the village of San Pedro; from 1900 to 1919, a 125ton smelter stood near the mine. Coal was obtained from thecompany's own mine in sec. 32, T. 13 N., R. 9 E. Some coal camefrom Madrid, and coke was shipped in from Colorado. Matte washauled fifteen and one-half miles to the railhead at Cerrillos and thenshipped to the El Paso smelter.
In 1938 the mine was purchased by Raskob Mining Interests, Inc.
and, after an exploratory period, was worked by 70 men at the rate of
110 tons a day in 1940 and 1941. The ore was concentrated by a 150ton flotation mill on the property, later dismantled. During WorldWar II, the mine was mapped in detail by the U.S. Geological Survey
in a search for tungsten as well as for copper. The present owners are
Mrs. C. F. Williams of Santa Fe and Mrs. C. L. Bradbury of Socorro.
Until recently, Tom B. Scarticcini made a small ore shipment to theMINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 41

El Paso smelter every year. The mine has been repeatedly leased; thecurrent lessee is Ira Young.
In spite of the relatively high grade of ore, the mine has rarely been
profitable. Distance from the railroad and from a smelter or refinery,high operating costs, and financial problems are to blame. The mine
was worked on a large scale only in times of unusually favorable
copper prices. Production records since 1904 are shown in Table 9.
Lindgren (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon) estimated production from1889 to 1892 at several million pounds of copper. A total output of
265,525 tons of ore, yielding 20,704,981 pounds of copper, 18,930
ounces of gold, and 284,452 ounces of silver, was quoted by Dale and
McKinney. During 1940 and 1941, the ore averaged 3.54 per centcopper, 0.056 ounce of gold, and 0.81 ounce of silver a ton. The workof the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Bureau of Mines showed thetungsten content of minable ore bodies between 0.1 and 0.5 per centW0 3 , although locally as much as 1 to 2 per cent WO 3 is present. The
higher concentrations of tungsten are not necessarily in the sameplaces as the higher concentrations of copper.
Considerable amounts of low-grade copper ore are believed toremain in the mine, and the U.S. Geological Survey estimated lowgrade tungsten reserves at more than 20,000 tons. Geologic
conditions favor the discovery of additional ore bodies, although
exploration and mining costs would be high. The success of the San
Pedro mine will depend on high, stable prices as well as on skillfulmining and milling techniques.
Carnahan (Lincoln—Lucky) Mine
The Carnahan lead-zinc mine is in the NW1/4 sec. 28, T. 12 N., R.
7 E., about half a mile southwest of the San Pedro copper mine andpart of the same property. It is a limestone replacement deposit ofpipelike shape, elliptical in cross section, measuring about 60 feetacross in the widest places. It follows a particular bed in the Madera
Limestone downdip (eastward) for about 3000 feet. Small replacement
deposits are common in its vicinity and are usually just a couple ofinches to a couple of feet wide, but this particular pipe formed at theintersection of a favorable bed and a steeply dipping, eastward-trending fault. The pipe is said to have widened near north-trending crossfaults; in other places it pinched down to a narrow vein. The primaryminerals are coarsely crystalline sphalerite and argentiferous galena, alittle pyrite, chalcopyrite, and alabandite in a quartz-calcite gangue. A
complex manganiferous gossan was found near the surface. Most of
the oxidized ore and some of the primary ore was mined out for alength of 2300 feet in the 1880's by the Santa Fe Gold and Copper
Company, which shipped ore to the Cerrillos smelter. It contained
enough manganese to be excellent fluxing ore (Wells, 1918). A second

42

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

period of operation was from 1919 to 1928, first by the Collier Mines
Company (1919 to 1926) and then by the Carnahan Mines Company(1926 to 1928). Between 1920 and 1924, small amounts of ore wereshipped directly; from 1925 to 1928, a 50-ton selective flotation mill
milled 27,377 tons of ore, yielding 8552 tons of concentrate, including
a high-grade lead concentrate containing a little gold and 20 ounces ofsilver a ton and a relatively poor zinc concentrate containing 5 per centlead and 3 ounces of silver a ton. Altogether, the output between 1925
and 1928 was 380 ounces of gold, 97,972 ounces of silver, 15,973
pounds of copper, 3,540,515 pounds of lead, and 3,995,000 pounds ofzinc (Mineral Resources of the United States). Coal for the power plant was
obtained from the Hagan field, and concentrate was hauled to therailroad at Hagan. The main incline was extended along the ore pipe
eastward for 3000 feet, where water became troublesome. A vertical
500-foot shaft was used for access. Wells reported exploratory work on
a second pipe below the main pipe. Today the incline is caved at a fault
1300 feet from the portal. It is believed that the drop in metal prices
discouraged a search for additional ore after 1928. In 1955, Tom B.
Scarticcini shipped 50 tons of stope fill as manganese ore (Farnham).
Placers
Placers were important in the early days of the district, but havelately been relatively inactive. Placer gold of 920 fineness occurs inunconsolidated eluvial and alluvial deposits in many places. The mostimportant ones are the San Lazarus placer on the southern edge ofthe range and the Golden placer off the northwestern end of therange, just east of Golden. The tenor ranges from 10 cents to $1.75 ayard. Placer gold also occurs in consolidated gravels of the Santa Fe
Group (the so-called "cement beds") halfway between Golden andthe Uno del Gato coal fields. Up to now, the "cement beds" havedefied innumerable attempts at exploitation.
In the middle of the nineteenth century, individual miners wereable to make a modest living by panning or sluicing gold with primitive equipment; but all large-scale modern operations have failed.
There is insufficient water for wet methods of extraction, and theground is too wet for dry methods. In recent years most of the output
has come from weekend prospectors from Albuquerque, who pangold as a hobby.
Other Mines
Table 10 lists all mines active since 1904. It shows that none has
produced more than about $30,000 worth of ore. Most of them worked
narrow quartz veins, containing auriferous pyrite, calcite, and a little
barite. Most of the ore was treated locally by amalgamation. A few

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 43

worked small copper deposits of the San Pedro type. Sporadic shipments of iron and manganese ores have been made over the years.
The Glorieta Sandstone (Permian) was prospected in the late 1950's
and early 1960's southeast of Oro Quay peak for silica sand by New
Mexico Quartz Manufacturing Company, Inc.
Future Exploration
Not only are there possibilities of finding extensions of known ore
bodies in the New Placers district, but there are also distinct possibilities of finding entirely new ore bodies. While the more importantore bodies are confined to the western end of the San Pedro
Mountains, igneous intrusions and contact metamorphism are much
more widespread. The conditions that favored mineralization at the San
Pedro mine may well be repeated at the eastern end of the range, where
there are no fewer than four stocks. The existence of iron-bearing veins
indicates that the stocks were loci of mineralization. Iron minerals are
particularly significant in this connection because contact pyrometasomatism is ordinarily characterized by addition of iron, in this caseconverting limestone into iron-garnet tactite. Here the Madera Limestone lies beneath younger rocks but not necessarily everywhere at
depths below economic mining. Also, Atkinson's work showed theexistence of a stratigraphically higher limestone horizon, the San
Andres Limestone (Permian). He described it as having been recrystallized to marble but did not find evidence of metasomatism in surface
exposure.
In the vicinity of Lazarus Gulch, drilling done in 1965 under thesupervision of Chapman, Wood, and Griswold of Albuquerque foundsignificant showings of copper and molybdenum mineralization. According to G. R. Griswold, the showings are in a subsurface body ofmonzonite and its sedimentary wall rock. The sedimentary rocks werepart of the Permian Abo Formation, stratigraphically higher than theore zone at the San Pedro mine.
OLD PLACERS (ORTIZ, DOLORES) DISTRICTThe Old Placers district covers the Ortiz, or Placer, Mountains,seven miles south of Cerrillos and three miles northeast of Golden.
The district yielded about $2,200,000, almost all of it from gold.
Placers have been more important than lode mines. The entire district
lies within the Ortiz Mine Grant, owned by George W. Potter, Jr., of
Kansas City, Missouri.
The geology of the Ortiz Mountains was described in detail by
McRae (1958) and Peterson (1958). The mines were visited by Lindgren (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon). In recent years, G. R. Griswoldof Albuquerque, agent for the Potter interests, has been in charge of

46

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

mineral exploration and has made a number of private reports available
to Peterson and McRae. Information from several private reports was
summarized by Dale and McKinney.
The geology of the Ortiz Mountains has many similarities to thegeology of Los Cerrillos and the San Pedro Mountains. All are part ofthe same porphyry belt. In the Ortiz Mountains, the intruded sedimentary rocks are almost entirely Cretaceous (Dakota Sandstone,
Mancos Shale, Mesaverde Group). Only in the southwestern tip of therange do pre-Cretaceous rocks crop out. The regional dip is 10° to 30°
E. The Cretaceous rocks were intruded by two stocks of nephelinebearing augite monzonite; two small stocks of quartz monzonite; aswarm of laccoliths, sills, and small plugs of latite-andesite porphyry;
and a hydrothermally altered body of trachyte-latite with brecciatedborders, interpreted as a vent rock. Unfortunately, Peterson and McRae were unable to agree on the sequence of intrusion or on thepossible relationship of intrusive rocks to the Espinaso Volcanics(Oligocene?). For example, McRae thought that the vent of trachytelatite, which occupies both sides of Cunningham Gulch in the westernpart of the range, was the oldest igneous rock in the district; Peterson
thought it was the youngest. This is of practical consequence because
the most important lode mines in the district lie in the brecciatedmargins of the vent.
The district has four types of ore deposits: (1) gold in distinct
quartz fissure veins and stringers in the brecciated margins of the
Cunningham Gulch vent; (2) gold and scheelite disseminated in the
brecciated margins of the Cunningham Gulch vent; (3) contact pyrometasomatic auriferous pyrite, chalcopyrite, and scheelitedisseminated in garnet tactite at the southern tip of the Ortiz
Mountains; and (4) placers.
Of the first type, the most important example is the Ortiz mine,on the north side of the Cunningham Gulch vent, about one and aquarter miles west of the Dolores Ranch. The vein is about four feetwide but pinches and swells irregularly. It strikes N. 15° E., dips 75°
WNW, and can be traced for about half a mile. It is the oldest lodemine in the district, most of the mining having been done between
1832 and 1870. Since then several attempts have been made to reopen
the mine, the last in 1935 and 1936. The main shaft is 250 feet deep.
Water stands at about 150 feet. Ore above the 200-foot level isoxidized and free-milling; below 200 feet, pyrite and chalcopyrite
appear. Production has probably been worth a couple of hundred
thousand dollars. A number of mills were supplied by the mine atdifferent periods.
The Benton and Live Oak mines are on the southeastern side of the
Cunningham Gulch vent, about a half a mile east of the Ortiz

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 47

mine. Both are on the same vein, a nearly vertical zone of quartz
stringers that strikes N. 50° E. Lindgren (Lindgren, Graton, andGordon) reported a trace of molybdenite from the Live Oak mine. The
Benton mine was last worked from 1933 to 1936 (table 11).
Gold and scheelite are disseminated through the brecciated contact
zone at the southeastern end of the Cunningham Gulch vent. At theCunningham mine, about 1800 feet northeast of the Benton mine, thebreccia zone is 600 feet wide (Jones). Dale and McKinney quoted two
reserve estimates, one by D. R. Stewart, who calculated reserves at 5
million tons carrying $1.56 in gold and $3.10 in tungsten a ton (basedon 85 per cent recovery and 1953 prices), and the other by G. R.
Griswold, who estimated reserves at 3 million tons carrying 0.0711
ounce of gold a ton and 0.0682 per cent WO 3 .
Pyrometasomatic deposits occur in a wide band of garnet tactite
near the southern end of the range. The Greenhorn Limestone Member
and adjacent shale beds of the Mancos Shale have been garnetized(Peterson). Low values in gold and tungsten can be obtained from
pyrite and chalcopyrite, disseminated in garnet; oxidized ore is freemilling. According to Lindgren (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon), thebest values were obtained in a place where a north-trending seam ofoxidized pyrite cut across the garnet bed. The Lucas (or Old Reliable
or Pat Collins) mine has had some production in this area. It suppliedore to a 5-stamp mill when Lindgren visited it in 1905. The Candelaria
mine, southeast of the Lucas, has a 300-foot shaft sunk between 1934
and 1939 on a north-trending vein but has shipped no ore (McRae).
Other lode mines and prospects in this area are the Alpine, Buckeye
No. 1 and Buckeye No. 2, Captain Davis, Gold Leaf, Gypsy Queen,
Pat Collins, and Patagonia. All are in the southern part of the district
and none has had significant production. Most ore samples assay between 0.01 and 0.07 per cent WO 3 , but no tungsten mineral was
identified by Dale and McKinney.
The most important placers are at the west side of the mountain at
the mouth of Cunningham Gulch near the Dolores Ranch, which
occupies the site of the abandoned village of Dolores. Lindgren (Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon) described them as follows:
The gravels form a mesa, the upper part of the old debris fan fromthe gulch, and this is dotted with shafts and pits. A considerable area
is occupied by the gravels and it is stated that much profitable groundremains. The depth of the angular wash increases with distance fromthe mountains and in some places has been found to be more than 100
feet . . . Dolores Gulch, which lies to the west of Cunningham Gulch,
was less rich. Arroyo Viejo, between the two, also carried some goodvalues in gold. . . . The fineness of the gold is said to be 918; in part itis coarse, many nuggets being reported. Placer gold is also found at
the south side of the mountains, but the gravels are less rich.

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 49

The placers are said to have yielded gold worth nearly $2 million
during the nineteenth century. The peak years were between 1832 and
1835, when the annual output was between $30,000 and $80,000. Modern attempts at exploitation have been frustrated by the same difficulties as at the New Placers. The last attempt to work the gravels wasin 1939 and 1940 by the Universal Placer Mining Corporation. This
operation accounted for most of the production of the district in thiscentury, but it was not a financial success.
SANTA FE DISTRICT (ADJOINING WILLOW CREEK DISTRICT)The Santa Fe district covers a large area of Precambrian granite,
schist, and diabase in the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, east of Santa Fe. It merges southward into the Glorieta district,northward into the Nambe district, and eastward into the Willow Creek(Cooper, Pecos) district. The district has showings of placer gold andbase-metal sulfides but has never produced ore commercially. Its
proximity to the Willow Creek district in San Miguel County has
stimulated intensive prospecting. The Pecos mine at Tererro, San
Miguel County, only a few miles east of the Santa Fe county line,
produced zinc, lead, copper, gold, and silver worth $7 million at
Depression prices between 1927 and 1939. It was described by Krieger(1932).
Anderson described the Santa Fe district as follows:
A small amount of placer gold is reported along the upper reaches of
the Santa Fe River and its tributaries, but no production has beenreported. In the Mikado subdistrict, on the south side of the Santa Fe
River, gold-silver and copper mineralization occurs in fissures in aplitic
gneiss and in schists. Galena and sphalerite are present locally. Small
deposits of copper, carrying some gold, occur on Penacho Peak.
In the area on the east side of the range, around the head of Dalton,
Macho, and Indian Creeks, strong mineralization occurs in the shear
zones in the diabase and along the diabase granite contacts. No orebodies of importance have been developed, but much interest has beenshown in the district because of its geologic similarity to the Pecos
mines area, a few miles away. A few small pegmatite dikes in the Dalton
Creek area contain columbite and monazite in small amounts.
In 1956 and 1957, the Kingdom—Moya No. 1 mine, listed by theMinerals Yearbooks as being in the Santa Fe County part of the Pecos(Cooper) district, shipped 193 tons of ore containing 96 ounces ofsilver and 11,400 pounds of copper, valued at $4573. This is the only
record of production in recent decades.

SANTA FE MANGANESE DISTRICTThe Santa Fe manganese district, first described by Wells, is three miles
northeast of Santa Fe in the SW corner sec. 9, 17 N., R. 10 E.

50

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES(Kottlowski in Spiegel and Baldwin, 1963, p. 80). Pyrolusite and psilomelane partly replace Pennsylvanian shale along bedding planes aswell as fragments of limestone in fault breccia; the ore occurred in
nodules and small irregular pockets. The district was worked on a verysmall scale during World War I and has been unproductive since thendespite sporadic prospecting. Total manganese production of SantaFe County (including gossan material from the Lincoln—Lucky mineand other deposits in the New Placers district) has amounted to only a
few thousand dollars. Manganese mining ceased entirely with thetermination of the U.S. Government Carlot-Load Purchasing Programin August 1959. Recent shipments are listed in Table 12.

S O UT H M OUN T A IN A R EA (by Tommy B. Thompson)South Mountain, directly south of the New Placers district, isformed by an asymmetrical, doubly convex, monzonite laccolith that
intrudes a syncline formed by the Permian Abo and Yeso Formations
and, in places, the Glorieta Sandstone. The area has showings ofmineralization but no recorded production.
In several places, small contact-metasomatic magnetite deposits replace Glorieta Sandstone. One of these, the Fuzzy Jim claim, is in the
SEIASWIA sec. 34, T. 12 N., R. 7 E. Mineralization occurs in a lens
about 300 feet long and up to 10 feet wide. Granular magnetite is
associated with abundant asbestiform or leathery tremolite that formed
prior to the magnetite. There were two periods of development but norecord of production.
South Mountain contains many small, supergene iron deposits. The
largest is in the NEN sec. 2, T. 11 N., R. 7 E. Goethite, hematite, andlimonite replace shale and siltstone of the Yeso Formation, direct-

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 51

ly beneath the Glorieta Sandstone. The deposit probably was formedby ground water seeping downdip and leaching small contact-metasomatic iron deposits. The supergene iron ore was deposited at thedischarge area. The ore is up to 2.5 feet thick and covers about 8acres. Five prospect pits and a loading stand show that there probably
was some production, but no records are available.
Two fissure veins occur in the south-central part of sec. 28, T. 12
N., R. 7 E. One is about three quarters of a mile south of State
Highway 344. Primary magnetite and specularite replace a rhyolite sill
and underlying Madera Limestone along an east-trending fault. Muchof the magnetite and specularite has oxidized to goethite, limonite,and hematite. Pockets of ore are exposed in a 20-foot shaft. The othervein is approximately three eighths of a mile south of State Highway
344. It is controlled by a southeast-trending fault. Small pockets ofgalena and sphalerite replace Madera Limestone faulted against arhyolite sill. Lesser minerals include chalcopyrite, pyrite, covellite, andangle-site; the gangue is quartz and calcite. Mineralization is exposedin two shafts and one ad it.
Small reserves and discontinuity of mineralization indicate that
production from the ore deposits of the South Mountain area isunlikely.

Industrial Nonmetals
Industrial nonmetals are discussed by commodities, not by counties,
since the deposits commonly cross county lines. The standard reference
on the subject, Talmage and Wootton (1937), is now out of date but
still useful. Since World War II, the outstanding developments in themineral industries of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties havebeen in the field of industrial nonmetals. Most of them are bulk
commodities of low unit value produced in large volume.
ALUM
Talmage and Wootton reported alum in sandstone in the northeastern part of Sandoval County but gave no details.
BARITE

Barite deposits are discussed under Bernalillo County, Tijeras
Canyon district, and Sandoval County, Placitas district. The deposits
are small.
CEMENT

The Ideal Cement Company plant at Tijeras, eight miles east ofAlbuquerque, is the largest single operation in the mineral industriesof the three-county area. It is the only cement plant in New Mexico(1966). Limestone and shale of the Madera Formation (Pennsylvanian)
are quarried on a large scale next to the plant. The plant annuallyconsumes about half a million tons of limestone and dolomite andsmaller amounts of shale and gypsum. Natural gas, brought in from
Albuquerque by the Southern Union Gas Company, is used as fuel.
The plant cost $19 million and has a capacity of 2,500,000 barrels ayear. The cement mill began operations on May 6, 1959, and completed a major expansion program in December 1960. It has two kilns,
two raw mills, and two finish mills. It employs 99 men, including 10
in the quarry. The product is a complete line of Portland and masonry
cements, sold in New Mexico and southern Colorado. At times, shipments are made to Arizona, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah. The annual
output is worth between $5 and $10 million.
The Pennsylvanian rocks that supply the bulk of the raw materials
for cement cover a wide area (pl. 2); much of their outcrop is at highelevations. No place in the three-country area can match Tijeras Canyon as the site for a cement plant with respect to the availability oflabor, transportation, fuel, and markets.
COMMON CLAY

Kinney Brick Company of Albuquerque is at present the only large
producer and consumer of common clay in the area. The company's

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 53

plant on South Second Street, three miles south of the city limits, has acapacity of one million bricks a month. A pit in the Manzano
Mountains, just west of State Highway 10, about eight miles south of
Tijeras, supplies the plant with 90 to 95 per cent of its raw material,
Pennsylvanian fresh-water shale from beds transitional between the
Abo Formation and the Magdalena Group (Pennsylvanian). The rest is
Mancos Shale (Cretaceous) from a small pit just west of Cerrillos, on
the north side of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway tracks.
The Pennsylvanian shale burns light coral red; the Cretaceous shale isused for lighter shades. Before 1946, the company used Recent alluvial
clay from a pit next to its plant, but shale has proved a superiormaterial. The company employs 37 men. Its plant has five skoves witha capacity of 450,000 bricks each, which take one month for acomplete run. In addition, there is an envelope kiln with a capacity of
20,000 bricks, which takes about ten days for one run. Natural gas isused for fuel. The plant turns out a complete line of brick and tile. In
recent years, it has run at 60 to 95 per cent of capacity. The average
consumption is 4000 tons of clay a month. The main clay pit isoperated for about one month of the year by a contractor. The deposit
has 2 to 8 feet of overburden that is stripped off by bulldozer. Brickand tiles are trucked to all major cities in northern and central New
Mexico within a 200-mile radius of Albuquerque.
Brick and tile were made at the old State Penitentiary at Santa Fefrom about 1884 to 1957 (Kottlowski in Spiegel and Baldwin, p. 82).
The raw material was shale of the Magdalena Group (Pennsylvanian)obtained from several pits north and east of Santa Fe. In fiscal year
1934-1935, 225,000 pieces of tile and 900,000 bricks were made. A
small brick plant was formerly located near Tongue, north of Hagan,
Sandoval County. It used Mancos Shale (Cretaceous).
FLUORSPAR
Fluorspar deposits are discussed under Bernalillo County, Tijeras
Canyon district, and Sandoval County, Placitas district. The deposits
were described in detail by Rothrock, Johnson, and Hahn.
GEM STONESTurquoise is the outstanding gem stone produced in the area. It
has probably been mined since at least the eighth century A.D.
(Northrop, 1959) in two localities in the Cerrillos mining district,Santa Fe County: Mount Chalchihuitl, near the center of sec. 5, T. 14
N., R. 8 E., and Turquoise Hill, near the center of sec. 31, T. 15 N.,
R. 8 E. In modern times, the most important operation was by theAmerican Turquoise Company, which worked the Turquoise Hill
deposits from 1890 to about 1904. Estimates of production vary
greatly. A conservative figure of $2 million is usually quoted, but

54

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

some estimates are as high as $9 million. The value of the material as
mined is, of course, far below the retail price, which may partly
account for the different estimates. George F. Kunz, the famous gemologist, described the turquoise in 1893 as sky blue, resistant tofading, and equal or superior to Persian material. In view of the new
operations by the American Turquoise Company, he wrote that "it is
now possible, for the first time in the past half-century, to match aperfect turquoise necklace." Stones up to 60 carats were found, whichsold for as much as $4000.
Turquoise occurs in irregular narrow veinlets and stringers cutting
altered monzonite porphyry. Its origin is the subject of dispute, one
school holding that it is hydrothermal and another that it is supergene.
Recently, Gustafson found good field evidence for supergene origin.
Mining has been by surface and underground workings. In recent years
the production has been negligible.
Few gem stones other than turquoise have been found. Precious
opal has been reported from the Cochiti mining district (Wynkoop).
Petrified wood is abundant in the Galisteo Formation on Sweet's
Ranch, three miles east of Cerrillos.
GRAPHITE

Herrick (1900) and Ellis (1922) mentioned a band of impure
amorphous graphite 1 to 3 feet thick in the eastern part of Tijeras
Canyon, near Whitcomb's Spring, Bernalillo County. Early reports ofgraphite in Santa Fe County probably refer to the anthracite at Cerrillos.
GRAVEL AND SAND

Gravel and sand have been most important products in recent years,
especially in Bernalillo County (table 1). In 1965, fourteen sand andgravel companies were active in the Albuquerque area, employing
about 138 men. The largest operations are by the Springer Transfer
Company and the Albuquerque Gravel Company. The largest sand andgravel producer in the three-county area outside greater Albuquerqueis the Kauffman Trucking Company at Santa Fe. In 1965, there wereseven gravel and sand operations, employing 46 men, in SandovalCounty and five operations, employing 29 men, in Santa Fe County.
Much sand and gravel is produced by government contractors.
All the sand and gravel in Bernalillo County comes from Quaternary terrace deposits of the Rio Grande, especially the lowest andyoungest terrace deposit above the present flood plain. Most pits areon the east side of the Rio Grande between Tijeras Canyon andBernalillo, where this terrace material is well-sorted and well-rounded
stream gravels. Older gravels from alluvial fans are unsuited for mostcommercial uses. Plate 2 shows that terrace gravels are scarce north of
Bernalillo, although small deposits have been used locally in construc-MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 55

tion work. Large reserves of sand and gravel remain in the ground, but
the growth of the Albuquerque urban area has restricted the amount ofopen land available for pit development.
GYPSUM
Aside from the new cement industry in Tijeras Canyon, the mostimportant development in the mineral industries of the three-county
area in the last few years has been the emergence of a sizable gypsum
products industry. Production rose from 5000 tons in 1960 to 105,000
tons valued at $386,000 in 1961, 151,000 tons valued at $564,000 in
1962, and 179,000 tons valued at $656,000 in 1963 (Minerals Yearbooks).
The figures in Table 1 tell only a fraction of the story because they list
only the value of raw gypsum, not of the manufactured product. Three
quarries and two manufacturing plants are now active.
The gypsum resources of New Mexico were recently described byWeber and Kottlowski (1959). Virtually all the gypsum in Bernalillo,
Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties occurs in the Todilto Formation(Jurassic). The base of the Todilto Formation consists of thinly
laminated limestone, 2 to 10 feet thick, overlain by 50 to 100 feet ofnearly pure gypsum alternating with thin laminae of calcareous shale.
Anderson and Kirkland (1960) interpreted the Todilto Formation asa saline lake deposit and the laminae as annual layers that reflect seasonal changes in conditions of depositions. The gypsum was formednear and at the surface by hydration of anhydrite; in the subsurface,
only anhydrite is encountered. The gypsum is of good quality, usually
95 to 99 per cent pure, but a little anhydrite may remain near thebase of the deposit. Its outcrops are shown on Plate 2.
In June 1960, the Kaiser Gypsum Company began production at
its quarry and plant at Rosario, Santa Fe County. Here the main lineof the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway crosses the outcrop of
the Todilto gypsum on the western side of the Galisteo monocline,
five miles northwest of Cerrillos. At present, the plant turns out
plaster board, a fireproof, 5/ 8 -inch board made of plaster andfiberglass and sold under the trade name Null-a-fire, as well as plain
and impregnated gypsum sheathing and gypsum lath. Raw gypsum istreated in three Raymond imp mills, using natural gas as fuel. The
company plans to install additional equipment to bring its capacity to
the equivalent of 120 million square feet of 1/2-inch plaster board a
year, and to produce plaster and stucco in addition. When operating atfull capacity, the plant will require a little more than 100,000 tons ofgypsum annually. The company currently has 71 employees at theplant site, including one man in the quarry. The sales territory of the
Kaiser plant includes southern Wyoming, western Louisiana, and allof Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.
The American Gypsum Company now quarries gypsum from the

56

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

deposit at White Mesa, south of San Ysidro, Sandoval County, andtrucks it to its plant near the Santa Fe railroad north of Albuquerque.
The plant began production on November 2, 1960, and operates four
24-hour days a week. In 1963, capacity of the plant was expanded from100 to 150 million square feet of gypsum plaster board a year. The
company employs 85 to 90 men (other than sales staff), including four
men at the open-pit quarry. The average purity of the raw gypsum is98.1 per cent; the purest material comes from a depth between 17 and40 feet in the quarry. The largest markets for the company's products
are in Phoenix and Los Angeles, but shipments are also made to
Denver, Oklahoma City, El Paso, Lubbock, and Amarillo.
A small quarry formerly supplied gypsum to the Ideal Cement
Company plant for use as a retarder. This quarry is five miles northof the cement plant, at the point where State Highway 10 crosses thesteeply dipping Todilto Formation on the western limb of the Tijeras
Basin. The quarry was operated by the Duke City Gravel ProductsCompany. Between 1959 and 1962, it quarried 29,329 tons ofgypsum, valued at $50,895 (State Inspector of Mines), but it is now
inactive. The Todilto gypsum is discontinuous in the Tijeras Basin,probably because of faulting. The Duke City Gravel Products Company started a new gypsum pit, the San Felipe pit, in Tongue Arroyo,
Sandoval County, in 1963.
The reserves of gypsum in the three-county area are virtually inexhaustible. Weber and Kottlowski estimated that the 1180-acre site
owned by the American Gypsum Company on White Mesa alone contains 98 million tons under a five- to eight-foot overburden of unusable gypsite and that an additional 123 million tons are present undera thin overburden of Morrison sandstone. The Kaiser quarry has
reserves sufficient for at least 50 years, and large additional reserves
could be developed within a few miles. In the prevailing semiarid
climate, gypsum is resistant to weathering and erosion. It crops out insteep cliffs and broad benches, amenable to cheap stripping by bulldozer.
Although large-scale commercial exploitation of gypsum began
only in 1959, the industry is not really new to the area. In the 1882
edition of Mineral Resources of the United States, we read (p. 529):
In the Sandia Mountains, at the towns of Tejon and Una de Gato, quite
a business is carried on by the native Mexicans, who make plaster andsell it at Santa Fe and along the upper Rio Grande at $1 a bushel.
MARBLE

Ultra Marbles, Inc., of Albuquerque is exploiting a deposit ofbanded travertine on the Laguna Indian Reservation in Valencia
County. Similar deposits, formed by Pleistocene to Recent springs,
occur in many places along the Rio Puerco—Nacimiento fault zone inMINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 57

western Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, especially near San Ysidro.
Nothing is known about their commercial possibilities. Travertine isconsidered marble by the building trade, and slabs can be polishedinto attractive facings.
Marble occurs in the San Pedro Mountains, Santa Fe County, where
Madera Limestone (Pennsylvanian) and San Andres Limestone(Permian) have been recrystallized by thermal metamorphism near
igneous contacts.
MICA
Granite pegmatites and micaceous Precambrian metamorphic
rocks of the Nambe district, in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains northof Santa Fe, have been prospected for mica for many years, but production has been small. Sheets of muscovite mica have been used as
window glass by Pueblo Indians for centuries, and attempts at commercial mining go back to at least 1887 (Mineral Resources of theUnited States). However, most mica produced in New Mexico hascome from farther north, in Rio Arriba and Taos counties.
With few exceptions, the pegmatites of the Nambe district aresmall and show little evidence of zoning. Concentrations of scrap
mica, usually only a few inches wide, occur around the contacts ofpegmatites and mica schist and in small irregular albite-quartz-muscovite replacement veins that cut across the earlier microcline-quartz
phase of the pegmatites. The concentrations of mica are generally
small and irregular, the mica content rarely exceeding 20 per cent.
Books of sheet mica are present here and there but only in small
amounts. Microcline and quartz are intimately associated in graphic
intergrowths, so that the recovery of commercial feldspar would require froth flotation. Production of mica in recent years has been
confined to scrap mica and sericite.
According to the Annual Reports of the State Mine Inspector,
Santa Fe County has produced scrap mica worth $550 in fiscal 1956,
850 tons valued at $29,750 in 1961, 2933 tons valued at $117,706 in
1962, none in 1963, 5 tons valued at $250 in 1964, and none in 1965.
Most of the production is credited to the B.A.T. mine of the Clute
Corporation. In recent years most of the scrap mica produced in Rio
Arriba, Santa Fe, and Taos counties has been purchased and processedby the Mineral Industrial Commodities of America, Inc. (M.I.C.A.),
of Pojoaque, Santa Fe County. The ground scrap mica is used inpaints and building materials (Minerals Yearbook, 1964).
MONTMORILLONITE CLAY (BENTONITE)
Montmorillonite clay (including bentonite) has never been produced in the three-county area, but at least two occurrences have beenreported. One deposit lies just south of Santa Ana Pueblo, west and58

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

south of State Highway 44, in secs. 30 and 31, T. 15 N., R. 3 E., Sandoval County. The deposit was explored by the New Mexico Quartz
Manufacturing Company, Inc. Talmage and Wootton mentioned adeposit of bentonite near Waldo, Santa Fe County, but gave no details.
Both deposits appear to be part of the late Tertiary Santa Fe Formation.
OCHER

Ocher, a mineral paint consisting of iron oxides and hydroxides,
has been used by Indians since prehistoric days, but there has been
no recent production. The ore of the Kennedy iron mine, Glorieta
district, and in nearby claims could be utilized as mineral brown (Talmage and Wootton). Jones mentioned a bed of red and yellow ocher
several feet thick near Coyote Springs, Tijeras Canyon mining
district, Bernalillo County. Kelley thought it was probably a local
spring deposit.
PERLITE

Perlite, a water-rich siliceous volcanic glass that can be expanded
to form artificial pumice for use in lightweight aggregates and forother purposes, is abundant in the Pleistocene volcanic rocks of theJemez Mountains. Small shipments have been made from the area of
Peralta Canyon, on the east side of the Jemez Mountains, in SandovalCounty. The deposits there were described by Mills (1952). They havenot been exploited in recent years.
PUMICE AND SCORIA

Pumice and scoria are both used in lightweight aggregates, especially in the manufacture of building blocks. The manufacture of
pumice and scoria blocks has become a major industry in Bernalillo,
Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties in the past fifteen years (table 2). The
largest producer is the Big Chief pumice mine near Jemez Springs,
Sandoval County. The Annual Report of the State Inspector of Mines
for 1963 lists four producing companies, one each in Bernalillo andSandoval counties, and two in Santa Fe County, which produced
84,635 cubic yards of raw pumice and 30,143 cubic yards of scoria.
They employed eight men, not counting those engaged in manufacturing blocks.
Scoria is obtained from a swarm of small Quaternary basalt volcanoes on the western side of the Rio Grande (pl. 2). In many volcanoes, the eruptions began with an explosive outpouring of scoriaceous lapilli tuff, followed later by quiet lava flow eruptions. Even
where no scoriaceous tuff is exposed at the surface near a volcanic
vent, it may yet be found under a thin crust of flow rock.
Pumice comes from the middle Pleistocene Bandelier Rhyolite
Tuff in the Jemez Mountains. Much of the Bandelier Rhyolite TuffMINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 59

is a cliff-forming welded rhyolite tuff, unsuitable for use as aggregate,
but the welded tuffs interlayer with unconsolidated slope-forming
pumiceous lapilli tuff. Many active and abandoned pumice quarries lie
on the edge of the outcrop area of the Bandelier Tuff (pl. 2).
The reserves of pumice in the Bandelier are very large. The reserves of scoria are more limited but are sufficient for theforeseeable future.
SAND AND SANDSTONE

Ordinary sand for aggregate, paving, plaster, and similar purposes
is produced by gravel pits, along with gravel. A few deposits havespecial uses. Wind-blown dune sand occurs along the Jemez Rivernear Santa Ana Pueblo in secs. 21 and 22, T. 14 N., R. 3 E., SandovalCounty. It is sold to the Marvel Roofing Company in Albuquerque foruse as roofing sand.
In the late 1950's, the New Mexico Quartz Manufacturing Companyof Albuquerque explored the outcrop of the Glorieta Sandstone(Permian) in secs. 23 and 26, T. 12 W., R. 7 E. in the eastern end of the
San Pedro Mountains, Santa Fe County, as a possible source of glass
sand. The Glorieta Sandstone here is a nearly pure quartz sand, poorly
aggregated. Elsewhere it has a calcareous or ferruginous cement.
SELENIUM

Selenium is said to be associated with uranium in sandstones of theMesaverde Group (Cretaceous) and Galisteo Formation (Tertiary) in the
Hagan Basin, Sandoval County.
STONE

Building stone and flagstone have been quarried for local use inmany places. They include Precambrian granite, Pennsylvanian limestone, and several types of sandstone from Mesozoic formations. Recently talus blocks of Precambrian quartzite, obtained from the Great
Combination gold mining claim in the NE1/4 sec. 12, T. 9 N., R. 41 2
E., Tijeras Canyon district, have become popular in Albuquerque.
Crushed stone of many types, especially basalt, has been used forconstruction work. An attempt has been made to develop a large veinof white bull quartz on Sandia Pueblo land, in the Sandia Mountains
near Juan Tabo Canyon, for use as roofing granules. In recent years,
the pit has been inactive. Similar veins are known also in the
Manzano Mountains.
SULFUR

Sulfur occurs in two areas of active solfataras in Jemez Canyon,
Sandoval County. The deposits have been described by Mansfield(1921), Talmage and Wootton, and Northrop (1959). They were dis-

60

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

covered by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century and worked on asmall scale into the twentieth century. The larger locality, called Jemez
Sulphur Springs, covers about ten acres, eleven miles north-northwestof Jemez Springs. About 1902, M. S. Otero produced about 100 tonsof sulfur here, operating a 5-ton plant. The second locality covers
about one acre between Soda Dam and Battleship Rock, four andone-half miles north-northeast of Jemez Springs. It contains 15 to 39
per cent free sulfur and 6 to 8 per cent sulfur combined as sulfate. In
1933, the New Mexico Acid Company built a 150-ton plant at thisdeposit, designed to use carbon disulfide as a recovery agent. A year
later, two retorts were added. The plant was never operated
successfully.
The solfatara, hot springs, and fumarole activity of the Jemez
Mountains probably represent the dying embers of activity of the great
Valles volcano, active here in Pleistocene time. Though of geologic
interest, the sulfur deposits are unlikely to be competitive with sulfur
from the Gulf Coast.

Coal
Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties contain measured,indicated, and inferred reserves of coal amounting to more than 5billion tons (table 13), or 8.6 per cent of the estimated reserves of
New Mexico (Read et al., 1950). Most of the reserves are in relatively
remote parts of Sandoval County, but the bulk of production has
come from the Cerrillos district, Santa Fe County, where anthracite
and bituminous coking coal occur near the main line of the Atchison,
Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Total past production in the three
counties has been more than 7 million tons. Most of the coal beds
are part of the Mesaverde Group of Late Cretaceous age, but about
one third of the reserves of Sandoval County are in the Fruitland
Formation, which is Late Cretaceous also but younger than the Mesaverde Group. Coal beds are present in other formations, ranging inage from Pennsylvanian to Tertiary, but have no known economic
value.
In the western parts of Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, which arewithin the relatively undeformed Colorado Plateau Province, the coals
are subbituminous. Bituminous coals occur in the structurally complex
intermontane basins of Santa Fe County and eastern Bernalillo andSandoval counties. Thermal metamorphism near the contacts of a
monzonite sill has raised parts of the uppermost coal beds in the
Cerrillos field to anthracite rank. The Cerrillos field is one of the few
areas in the United States outside eastern Pennsylvania where anthracite
has been mined in significant amounts.
The thickness of coal beds in the region varies from a featheredge to more than 5 feet. Commercial beds are 3 or more feet thick,although thinner beds have been worked from time to time for local
markets. Cretaceous coal beds are notoriously lenticular. They pinch
out laterally because of nondeposition, erosion beneath minor
unconformities, or facies changes. For example, the Cook and White
coal bed in the Cerrillos district, one of the most importantcommercial coal beds in the three counties, disappears north ofMadrid because of a facies change from coal to carbonaceous shale(Turnbull et al., 1951).
Coal mining began in the Cerrillos region about 1835 (Lee, 1913),
but only about 10,000 tons were produced before 1880. Commercial
mining began in the late 1880's and was greatly expanded after arailroad spur was built to Madrid in 1895. Production reached its
peak between the end of World War I and the beginning of theDepression in 1929, when the annual output was about 250,000 tons,
valued at $1 million. Coal was by far the most important product ofmining in the three counties during this period. The decline thatbegan in 1929 became precipitous after World War II and finally led

MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 63

to the virtual extinction of the industry by 1960 (table 1). Althoughcoal from the Cerrillos field was formerly shipped far afield, otherfields supplied only local markets and were worked on a much smallerscale.
The Annual Report of the State Inspector of Mines for 1965 lists
only one small coal mine as active in the entire three-county area, thePadilla No. 2 mine near La Ventana, Sandoval County. In 1963, it
employed six men who produced 1903 tons of coal valued at $11,768.
B ERNA LI LLO CO UNTY
Bernalillo County has two coal fields, neither of which has had
important production in the past. The small Tijeras field is about ten
miles east of Albuquerque, just north of U.S. Highway 66. The coalbeds of the Mesaverde Group are preserved over an area of two andone-half square miles in the core of a syncline on the east side of theSandia Mountains. Beds dip steeply on the sides of the syncline but
are nearly horizontal in the middle. Small amounts of bituminous
coal have been mined in the past for consumption in Albuquerque.
Lee (1912) described the Holmes mine in the SE1/4 /SE1A sec. 1, T.
10 N., R. 5 E., which worked a bed 12 to 30 inches thick, and the
Tocco mine in the center of sec. 31, T. 11 W., R. 6 E., which mined a
bed 18 inches thick. A 30-inch bed was said to be present in the
Tocco mine 25 feet below the 18-inch bed. Not only are the beds
thin, but they are also badly fractured.
Subbituminous coal occurs in the Rio Puerco Valley of western
Bernalillo County. Small coal mines and prospects were formerly
worked on the Cañoncito Navajo Indian Reservation but have neverhad much commercial importance. This field is a southeasterly extension of the large San Juan Basin field on the east side of the Rio
Puerco fault zone and runs northward into Sandoval County.
SANDOVAL COUNTY
Sandoval County has two coal fields, the La Ventana—Chacra Mesa
section of the San Juan Basin field in the western part of the county
and the Una del Gato, or Hagan, field in the southeastern part.
The San Juan Basin field, which includes parts of Bernalillo,
Sandoval, Rio Arriba, San Juan, McKinley, and Valencia counties,
contains 89 per cent of the total coal reserves of New Mexico. The La
Ventana—Chacra Mesa area is on its southeastern and eastern border,
where the coal measures are turned up steeply along the front of theNacimiento Mountains and then dip gently westward into the San
Juan Basin. A number of subbituminous coal beds are present in two
stratigraphic levels, the Cleary Coal Member of the Menefee
Formation of the Mesaverde Group (Beaumont, Dane, and Sears) andthe Fruitland Formation. The geology has been described in detail by

64

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Dane (1937). The field is far from rail transportation and has neverbeen exploited on a large scale. One small mine, the Padilla No. 2, is
now active north of La Ventana. It works a 108-inch coal seam in the
Cleary Member. In the past, coal from the La Ventana—Chacra Mesa
field supplied the copper smelters at Copper City and Senorito, near
Cuba.
The Una del Gato field is a faulted, eastward-dipping homocline in
the southeastern part of Sandoval County, between the Sandia andOrtiz mountains. Several beds of high-quality bituminous coal occur inan area of thirty square miles (Read et al.; Harrison, 1949). The beds
may correlate with those in the Cerrillos field. At the Hagan mine, inthe center of sec. 33, T. 13 N., R. 6 E., the main coal bed, theHopewell, is a constant 48 to 52 inches thick, is folded but not faulted,
has a strong sandstone roof and floor, and dips from 15° N to 15° E.
Campbell (1907) traced the coal northward into the SE1/4 NW1/4 sec.
32, T. 14 N., R. 6 E. In discontinuous outcrop and prospect pits, thethickness of the most prominent bed, probably equivalent to the
Hopewell bed at the Hagan mine, ranges from 3 to 4 feet.
The Una del Gato field lies farther from the railroad than the
Cerrillos field and has not been worked on so large a scale. Mining
conditions are not everywhere so favorable as at the Hagan mine;
locally, the coal is faulted or contains shaly partings.
A coal bed north of Placitas has a number of prospect pits on it but
has never produced coal commercially. The bed is nearly vertical andhas a roof of weak carbonaceous shale.
S A N T A F E C O UN TY
Santa Fe County has only one coal field, the Cerrillos, about
twenty-five miles southeast of Santa Fe. The main line of theAtchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway, which here follows Galisteo
Creek, skirts the northern edge of the field. Cerrillos is now thenearest shipping point, although there formerly was a spur to themines at Madrid. The Cerrillos coal field has produced approximately
7 million tons, far more than any other field in Bernalillo, Sandoval,
and Santa Fe counties.
The Cerrillos coal field has synclinal structure and is bordered on
the northwestern and southwestern edges by the igneous rocks of Los
Cerrillos and the Ortiz Mountains. Almost all production has comefrom the western edge of the syncline, where the beds dip 7° to 15°
E. The exact extent of the field has been estimated at between thirty(Lee, 1913) and eighty square miles (Read et al.). The variations inthese estimates have arisen because of poor exposure, facies changes,
igneous intrusions, and cover by younger rocks. It is known, forexample, that on the northern and northeastern sides of the syncline,
all or part of the Mesaverde Group was removed by erosion prior toM INER ALS OF BE RN ALILLO, S AND OVAL, AND S ANT A FE C OUNTI ES 65

deposition of the early Tertiary Galisteo Formation (Lee, 1913;
Stearns), but the exact extent of the unconformity is unknown. There
are indications that the two most productive beds in the field are cut
out by the pre-Galisteo unconformity a few miles east of the outcrop
at Madrid. Read et al. computed the reserves of the field on the basisof the three minable beds in the Cerrillos—Waldo—Madrid area, theMiller Gulch bed, 190 feet above the base of the Mesaverde Group;
the Cook and White bed, about 465 feet higher in the section; and theWhite Ash bed, 100 feet above the Cook and White bed. A thickmonzonite sill lies between the Miller Gulch and Cook and Whitebeds, and another lies above the White Ash bed.
The Miller Gulch bed was mined between 1892 and 1897 in an area
about two miles west of Cerrillos and two miles southwest of Waldo.
Up to 15,000 tons of bituminous coking coal were produced from a
bed 3 feet thick. Turnbull et al. described it as high-volatile, brightbanded, bituminous coal, producing coke not quite so good as thatfrom the Sunnyside bed, Carbon County, Utah, which is used as astandard for western coking coal. They also showed by four diamond
drill holes that the bed does not continue far downdip in minable
thickness. The Miller Gulch bed has not been traced southward into
the area west of Madrid, where a thick monzonite sill intervenes
between its possible extension and the higher Cook and White bed.
The Cook and White bed and its northward continuation, theWaldo bed, have yielded large quantities of bituminous coal in the
Madrid area. The bed is 3 to 41/ 2 feet thick but locally has shaly
partings. Turnbull et al. classified it as high-volatile, bright-banded,
bituminous coal, producing coke definitely stronger than that fromthe Sunny - side bed in Utah. Mine workings and a drill hole haveshown that the coal changes laterally into carbonaceous shale one
and one-half to two miles north of Madrid. At its northernmost
surface exposure, one mile south of Waldo, the Galisteo Formation
lies directly on the Cook and White (or Waldo) bed, and the fuelvalue of the coal was destroyed by pre-Galisteo weathering.
The southern limits of the Cook and White bed have not been
determined, but the bed seems to be disturbed by faulting one andone-half miles south of Madrid, on the edge of the Ortiz intrusive
center. It has been mined downdip for distances up to one mile, but
its eastward extent is not known. The Jones and the Cook and White
mines were among the important ones working this bed.
The White Ash bed is coking bituminous coal at the White Ashmine, about a quarter mile northeast of Madrid. Farther south, itchanges into anthracite and thins from about 51/ 2 feet to about 3
feet. The change from bituminous coal to anthracite via semianthracite takes place within a few hundre 1 feet opposite the town ofMadrid, within the No. 1 Anthr icite mine. The rank of coal probably

66

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

depends on the interval between the coal bed and the overlying monzonite sill. At the White Ash mine, chief producer of bituminous coalfrom this bed, the sill is 30 to 50 feet above the coal; at the Anthracite
No. 4 mine, a quarter mile south of Madrid, only a few feet of shale
separate the sill from the coal.
The White Ash bed can be traced from a locality about threequarters of a mile north of Madrid into a faulted area three quarters ofa mile south of Madrid. Its ultimate southward extent is unknown. A
drill hole east of Madrid, 6800 feet east of the outcrop of the WhiteAsh bed, encountered a 4-foot bed of anthracite 690 feet below thesurface. The unconformable contact with the Galisteo Formation
seemed to be only 51 feet above the anthracite bed, and the lower
contact of a 497-foot sill was 89 feet above the anthracite bed (E. C.
Beaumont, personal communication).
S e ve ral ot he r c oa l beds a re k now n i n t he M ad rid a re a . T he Pe ac ock nonc ok i ng bi tu mi nous c oa l be d i s 2 2 fe et bel ow t he W hi te As h
bed bu t is t hi nne r, hi gher i n as h and v ola ti l e m at t e r, a nd badly
c rus hed . T he fol l ow i ng a cc ou nt of the O rti z A rroy o "B" a nthrac ite
bed w as w rit te n by Ed ward C. Be au m ont , c onsu lt ant ge ologis t ofA l buqu e rqu e :The "B" anthracite bed was first prospected in the Ortiz Arroyoarea, about 1/ 2 mile east of Madrid. Positioned above the thick sill thatoverlies the White Ash bed, this bed is also known as the "upper
anthracite" or the "Ortiz Arroyo" bed. Although records are missing, it
would appear that the first anthracite mined in the district came fromthe early Government mine which exploited this bed in the Ortiz
Arroyo area. About 1900 the "B" bed was opened in the "B" mine close
to the site of the abandoned Government mine. While the quality of
the coal was good and the thickness sufficient (up to 50 inches), theoperation proved disappointing when it was found that the coal wasdestroyed by igneous intrusion only a short distance from the outcrop.
Only about 24,000 tons of coal were removed before this operation
was abandoned in about 1904 (Johnson, 1904; Lee, 1913).
In the late 1920's prospecting in the area south of the "B" mine
disclosed the presence of anthracite which led to the opening of theNos. 32 and 33 anthracite mines. This area was operated quite effectively for about 10 years. The anthracite taken from these mines was
somewhat cleaner than the White Ash anthracite, and the thickness ofthe bed ranged from about 3 to 4 feet. The bed exploited at thislocality is presumed to be correlative with the "B" bed of the Ortiz
Arroyo area. The amount of coal taken from these mines is notknown, but it can be roughly calculated from the area known to havebeen mined that the total probably did not exceed 300,000 tons.
Outside the Mad rid a nd W aldo a reas, the Ce rril los fi eld has produced coal in only one s pot, the Ome ra, or Bl ock , mi ne in sec . 32, T .
13 N., R. 9 E. T he coa l here is in two beds , 40 and 36 inches t hick ,MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 67

separated by a 9-foot bed of sandstone. It is bituminous in rank
(Gardner, 1910) and was formerly used at the copper mine andsmelter at San Pedro. The coal at the Omera mine is stratigraphicallylower than the Cook and White and White Ash beds at Madrid and isdirectly and unconformably overlain by the Galisteo Formation.
Elsewhere in the Cerrillos field, there are isolated exposures of coalmeasures in the Ortiz Mountains and between Galisteo and Cerrillos, butlittle is known about them.
Outside the Cerrillos field, Santa Fe County has only thin andimpure Pennsylvanian coals at the southern end of the Sangre deCristo Mountains (Kottlowski in Spiegel and Baldwin, p. 83).

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MINERALS OF BERNALILLO, SANDOVAL, AND SANTA FE COUNTIES 71
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