ABSTRACTS BOOK
International Conference
on the International Oceanographic Data & Information Exchange
in the Western Pacific (IODE-WESTPAC) 1999,

ICIWP ‘99
“The needs of scientific research programmes
for oceanographic and coastal data”
Date: 1st – 4th November 1999
Venue : Pelangi Beach Resort, Langkawi, Malaysia

Organised byIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), UNESCO
In collaboration withJapan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC), Hydrographic Department, MSA, Japan
Oceanographic Research Coordination Committee of Malaysia
With support from
Science Technology Agency (STA), Japan
Marine Information Research Center (MIRC), Japan
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, Malaysia
Ministry of Education, Malaysia

International Organizing Committee
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Dr. Iouri Oliounine (Deputy Executive Secretary, IOC)Mr. Ben Searle (Chairman of IODE Committee, IOC)
Dr. Keisuke Taira (Chairman for WESTPAC/IOC Regional Sub-Committee)
First Admiral Mohd Rasip bin Hassan (Chairman of National Commission for IOC-Malaysia)
Mr. Toshio Nagai (Director of JODC)

Scientific Advisory GroupllllDr. Yutaka Nagata, Director of MIRC, Japan
Assoc. Prof. Hadibah Ismail, Director of COEI, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Prof. Dr. Makoto Terazaki, ORI, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan
Prof. Dr. Tetsuo Yanagi, Univ. of Kyushu, Japan

Local Organizing Committee
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Coastal & Offshore Engineering Institute, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Hydrographic Dept., Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN)
Maritime Institute of Malaysia (MIMA)
National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
Ministry of Science Technology & Environment
Ministry of Education Malaysia
JICA Malaysia Office
Oceanographic Research Coordination Committee of Malaysia

Secretariat
INTERNATIONAL SECRETARIATLOCAL SECRETARIAT

Japan Oceanographic Data Center

Coastal & Offshore Engineering InstituteHydrographic Department,
Maritime Safety Agency

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

5-3-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan(Attn. Mr. Keiji Aiura)
Tel: (81)3-3541-3818
Fax: (81)3-3545-2885
E-mail: mail@jodc.jhd.go.jp

Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia(Attn: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraieni Hj Mokhtar)
Tel: (60)3-290 4709
Fax: (60)3-291 8109
E-mail: pnoraini@pkutmkl.utm.my

INDEXSEMINAR ON "OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE SCIENCE"Page

SESSION 1; Coastal Environment - Data Requirements, Needs & Products

1

Keynote:

3

CE01:
CE02:

CE03:

CE04:

CE05:

CE06:

CE07:

CE08:

CE09:

CE10:
CE11:
CE12:

CE13:

Ocean Circulation in the Asian Waters
Prof. Dr. Tetsuo Yanagi, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan
Tidal Dynamic in Malacca Straits
Lcdr. Drs. Dede Yuliadi, Indonesian Navy
Potential use of Satellite Altimeter Data for the Determination of the Leading Tidal
Constituents for the Marine Region of Peninsular Malaysia
Muhammad Nur JP Vella, Centre for Geodetic and GPS Studies (CGGS), Faculty ofGeoinformation Science & Engineering, UTM, Malaysia
Contribution of National Tidal Data Centre in Research and Development Activities inIndonesia
First Admiral Mohamad Makmur Sulaeman, Indonesian Navy Dishidors TNI-AL, Indonesia
Characteristic Scales in Coastal and Limnological Processes: Implications in Data Sparse
Environment
Dr. Koh Hock Lye, School of Mathematical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
The National Environment and Resource Information Center (NERIC) and Coastal Zone
Management in Vietnam
Prof. Dr. Bui Cong Que, Vietnam National Oceanographic Data Center, Vietnam
Straits of Malacca Management Compliance and Information System (SOMMACIS)
Prof. Mohd Ibrahim Mohammed, Dept. of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science &Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Research and Data Needs in Managing Coastal Erosion
Assoc. Prof. Hadibah Ismail, Coastal & Offshore Engineering Institute, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Malaysia
Seasonal Shoreline Characteristics of the Open Muddy Beach of the Pantai Punggur,
Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Khairi Abd. Wahab, Hydraulic & Hydrology Department, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Some Behaviours of Strongest Short-term Coastal Change Induced by Cross-shore Wave
Energy Flow and Corresponding Theoretical Consideration
Dr. Le Phuoc Trinh, Institute of Oceanography of Vietnam, Vietnam
Restoration of the Breakwater of Fishing Harbour in Thangassery, Kerala
Mr. K.K.Raveerdran, Harbour Engineering Department, India
Rapid Reef Mapping- An Attempt with Hydroacoustic Method
Lee Yew Jin, Elcee Instrumentation Sdn Bhd, Malaysia
The Role of International Organizations in the Study of Rivers & Sea Coastal Area
Interaction
Dr. I.Oliounine, IOC/UNESCO, France
Real-Time Information System for Sustainable Management of Shared Coastal Waters:
Gulf of Thailand as a Demonstration Site
Dr. Anond Snidvongs, Marine Science Dept., Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

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Role and Contribution of Oceanographic Research in Maritime Policy Making in Malaysia
Mr. Mohd. Nizam Basiron, Center for Marine and Coastal Environment, Maritime Institute of
Malaysia, Malaysia
Data Necessary for an Effective Hydraulic Study: The Malaysian Scenario
Iwan Tan bin Sofian Tan, Hydec Engineering Sdn Bhd, Malaysia
Effective Coastal Management Strategies in the Era of Hydroinformatics - A UTM Focus
Faridah Jaffar Sidek, Coastal & Offshore Engineering Institute, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia

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SESSION 2; Data Management Activities and Technical Developments

21

Keynote:Technical Developments in Marine Data Management
Mr. Ben Searle, Chairman, IODE Committee of IOC, Head of Australian Oceanographic Data
Center, Australia
The Use of Autonomous Solar Electric Research Vessel to obtain Oceanographic Data
Peter Thomas, Dept. of Software & Electronic Eng, Central Institute of Technology, New
Zealand
Digital Marine Mapping of Indonesian Waters
Mr. Suharto Widjojo, National Coordination Agency for Surveys & Mapping(BAKOSURTANAL), Indonesia
An Internet Server for the Visualisation of Gridded Oceanographic Data
Dr. Greg Reed, Australian Oceanographic Data Center, Australia
VODC for PC 2.0 (the Software for Integrated Oceanographic Data Management)
Tac Van Vu, Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam, Vietnam
Quality Control Software which is easily applicable to Oceanographic Data Processing in
Data Originators
Dr. Toru Suzuki, Marine Information Research Center, Japan
Marine Data and Information Management in Vietnam
Dr. Van Moi Nguyen, Marine Hydrodynamic Research, Vietnam

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SESSION 3; Living Marine Resources - Data Requirements, Needs & Products

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Keynote:

33

DM01:

DM02:

DM03:
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DM05:

DM06:

LMR01:

LMR02:

LMR03:

LMR04:

Utilization of Biological Data for IODE system in the WESTPAC area
Prof. Dr. Makoto Terazaki, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan
Distribution of Intertidal Meiobenthos in Langkawi Island Malaysia
Dr. Idris Abdul Ghani, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science & Environmental Studies,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Seagrass Ecosystem in Indonesia: A Case Study in Lombok Island
Mr. Muhammad Husni Azkab, Research & Development Center for Oceanography, Indonesian
Institute of Sciences, Indonesia
Leaf Growth, Production and Ecosystem Dynamics of Toothed Seagrass Cymodocea
serrulata (R. Br.) Aschers. et Magnus in Port Dickson, Malaysia
Abu Hena M. Kamal, Dept. of Biology, FSAS, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Some Observations on the Impacts of the Indo-Pacific Region 1998 SST Anomalies on
Local Coral Communities
Dr. Kushairi Mohd Rajuddin, Department of Fisheries, Southeast Asia Fisheries Development
Center, Malaysia

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Ecological Aspects of Oceanic Squid, Stenoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson) in the South
China Sea, West Coast of Philippines
Dr. Somboon Siriraksophon, Geomatics Research Division Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center, Thailand
Coccolithophorids (Nanoplankton) of the South China Sea - its Mass Water Transport
Prof. Dr. Lokman Shamsudin, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Putra
Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
Bio-prospecting, Research and Conservation of Deep-sea Resources within and beyond
National Jurisdiction
N. Syed-Ibrahim, Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
The Crustacean Associated in Seagrass Beds in Indonesia
Indra Aswandy, Research & Development Centre for Oceanology, Indonesia Institute of
Science, Indonesia

SESSION 4;

Keynote:

GCC01:

GCC02:

GCC03:

GCC04:

GCC05:

GCC06:

GCC07:
GCC08:

Global Climate Change and Regional Oceanography- Data Requirements, Needs & Products

Global and Regional Ocean Climate Change on Interannual to Interdecadal Timescales:
Outstanding Problems, Global Networks, and Products
Dr. Warren B. White, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California - San
Diego, United States
Long-term Variations of Surface and Intermediate Water Masses in the North Pacific andtheir Implications to Climate Change
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Toshio Suga, Dept. of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku
University, Japan
Global Warming and Inter-Annual Variability
Prof. Dr. Alejandro Livio Camerlengo, Faculty of Applied Science & Technology, Universiti
Putra Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
Low Frequency and Quasi-Biennial Oscillations in the Regional Precipitation Anomaly in
Malaysia and their Relations to the Winds, SLP and SST in the Tropical Pacific andIndian Oceans
Dr. Fredolin T. Tangang, Dept. of Marine Science, FSSA, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Malaysia
Physical Characteristics of Water Mass in the South China Sea
Dr. Mohd. Nasir Saadon, Faculty of Applied Science & Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia
Terengganu, Malaysia
Properties of the Water near the Strait of Malacca using the World Ocean Database 1998
from NOAA
Mr. Takaya Namba, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Malaysia
The Regional Oceanographic Data Analysis and Simulation Modeling System for theSouth China Sea
Prof. Dr. Dinh Van Uu, Marine Dynamic and Environment Research Center, Vietnam National
University, Vietnam
Long term Metocean Measurements in the South China Sea
En. Rozlan bin Mohd Ramli, Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia
Data Processing and Subsurface Thermal Structure in the South China Sea
Prof. Youhai He, South China Sea Institute of Oceanography, Academia Sinica, China

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GCC09:

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GCC11:

GCC12:SEAWATCH program in Indonesia
Mr. Agus Setiaman, Agency for the Assessment & Application of Technology (BPP TEKLOGOI)SEA WATCH Indonesia Program, Indonesia
Marine Research Activities and Oceanographic Data Management in Vietnam
Prof. Dr. Dang Ngoc Thanh, National Center for Natural Science & Technology of Vietnam,
Vietnam
Oceanographic Observations and Coastal Environment Monitoring Programmes of
Korea
Dr. Kyu Kui Jung, Korea Oceanographic Data Center, South Korea
Ocenographic Data Management - Malaysian Experience
Cdr. Zainal bin Aziz, Hydrographic Department, Royal Malaysian Navy, Malaysia

SESSION 5;
Keynote:
MP01:

MP02:

MP03:
MP04:

MP05:

MP06:

MP07:

MP08:

MP09:

MP10:
MP11:

Marine Pollution - Data Requirements, Needs & Products

Exchanging Data and Information on Marine Pollution - Challenges and Issues
Prof. Dr. Gil S. Jacinto, Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Philippines
Coastal Resource Sensitivity of Oil Spill Pollution using Remote Sensing and Geographic
Information System
Mazlani Muhammad, MACRES, Malaysia
The Straits of Malacca Environmental Information System (SMEIS)
Prof. Kum Sang Low, Institute of Postgraduate Studies & Research, University of Malaya,
Malaysia
Marine Toxicology - Its Nature and Significance in Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. Iekhsan Othman, Dept. of Bio-chemistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia
Bioconcentration and Availability of Organo-Chlorine Pesticides (OCP) in different,
Compartments of the Food chain in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Dr. Zubir bin Din, Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Malaysia
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mussels from Malaysian Coastal Waters
Ali Mashinchian Moradi, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, Malaysia
Distribution of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)s and Total Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons (TAHs) in the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Thailand and the South
China Sea
Dr. Mohd Kamil Abdul Rashid, Fakulti Sains Gunaan & Teknologi, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Malaysia
Trend in Environmental Water Quality of Inner Jakarta Bay, Indonesia
Melati Ferianita Fachrul, Dept. of Environmental Engineering,Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Dissolved Fraction of Metals in Malaysian Waters, Using an In-site Sampling andExtraction Techniques
Shahunthala Devi Ramachandran, Institute Penyelidikan Perikana, Malaysia
Concentration of Heavy Metal Contamination in Marine Sediments off East CoastPeninsular Malaysia
Dr. V.R. Vijayan, Mineral and Geoscience Department, Malaysia
Organic Contaminants in Sediments of Melaka Strait
Dr. Ab. Khalik b. Hj. Wood, Malaysia Institute for Nuclear Technology Research, Malaysia
Monitoring Programme on Marine Pollution from a Coastal Power Plant into the Sea
Assoc. Prof. Absornsuda Siripong, Marine Science Dept., Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Thailand

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POSTER SESSION
P01:
P02:
P03:

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P11:

P12:

P13:

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P17:
P18:

Oceanographic Chemical Data Set in the Northwestern Pacific
Mr. Toru Hazama, Japan Oceanographic Data Center, Japan
Distribution of Ceratium Species in Quarter Bay, Iran
Majid Eshaghi, Faculty of Food Science & Biotechnology Universiti Putra Malaysi, Malaysia
Monitoring of Trace Metals in Sediments and Flat Tree-Oysters from Sepang Rivers,
Malaysia
Miss. Katayon Saed, Faculty of Science & Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Malaysia
Identification of Fishing Areas in the Southeastern part of Samar Sea, Philippines
Dr. Latip S. Abdurahman, Samar Regional School of Fisheries, Philippines
Bio-Physical Characteristics of Maqueda Bay, Samar , Philippines
Dr. Renato C. Diocton, Samar Regional School of Fisheries, Philippines
Marine Data Collection by a Network of Moored Oceanographic Buoys in the Gulf ofThailand and Andaman Sea, and the applications of such data in various fields
Pitan Singhasaneh, SEAWATCH Thailand, NationalRresearch Council of Thailand, Thailand
The First Step for an Oceanographic Database of the Vietnam Sea Region in the Gulf ofThailandDr. Phan Van Hoac, Center for Hydrometeorology of South Vietnam, Vietnam
State of Vietnam Coastal Erosion and Accretion and Environment Concerns
Dr. Dinh Van Huy, Haiphong Institute of Oceanology, Vietnam
Cooperative Projects in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk: New Oceanographic
Data for International Community
Dr. Alexander N. Man'ko, Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute,
RussiaMeasurement of Wave Height in the Gulf of Thailand
Mr. Wattana Kanbua, Thai Meteorological Department, Thailand
Development of Molecular Markers for Sea Cucumber (Holothuroidea)
Dr. Pathimah Ismail, Faculty of Medicine & Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Malaysia
The National Environment and Resource information Centre (NERIC) and Coastal Zone
Management in Vietnam
Mr. Nguyen Tu Dan, Vietnam National Oceanographic Data Center, Vietnam
International Cooperative Effort on Oceanography and Sustainable Development of the
Gulf of Thailand
Dr. Anond Snidvongs, Marine Science Dept., Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
JICA/UPM Malacca Straits Expedition No2, Nitrogen and Phosphorous Distribution
Prof. Dr. Law Ah Theem, Faculty of Applied Science & Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia
Terengganu, Malaysia
Quantitation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Environmental
Samples by Silica Gel Column Chromatography and GC-MS
Ali Mashinchian Moradi, Faculty of Science & Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, Malaysia
Distribution of Ortho-phospate in the Straits of Malacca
Tengku Rozaina binti Tengku Mohamad, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center,
Malaysia
Development of Sine-slab® for Coastal Erosion Control
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraieni Hj Mokhtar, COEI, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Screening for the Presence of Endoparasites in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Sea
Cucumbers From Trengganu
Hawa Ismail, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

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ICIWP'99

SESSION 1
Coastal Environment- Data Requirements, Needs & Products

1

ICIWP'99

2

ICIWP'99
KeynoteOcean Circulation in the Asian Waters
Tetsuo YANAGI
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
Tel: 81-92-583-7932, Fax: 81-92-583-7492, E-mail: tyanagi@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp

In order to realize the sustainable development in the coastal sea, it is essential tounderstand the current field there because the transport of material such as oil spill, nutrientsand fish larvae is mainly governed by the current. However it is very difficult to understandthe current field only by the results of direct current measurements in the coastal sea where
fishing activity is very high and it is impossible to maintain the mooring system with current
meters in the long term at many stations.
The accumulated oceanographic data such as water temperature, salinity, sea surface
wind and sea surface topography in the Oceanographic Data Center are very useful toestimate the current field in the coastal sea.
In the presentation, tidal phenomena in the South China Sea revealed by the analysis oftide gauge data along the coast and altimetric data from satellite, seasonal variation of threedimensional circulation in the South China Sea revealed by the diagnostic numerical model
will be introduced.

3

ICIWP'99
CE01
Tidal Dynamic in Malacca Straits
M. Makmur Sulaeman and Dede Yuliadi*
Indonesian Navy

Tidal dynamic study in a "intermediary waters" with narrow and heavy traffic condition
such as Malacca Straits are very important and many scientists are interested in further
research in the transit passage.
Many foreign and Indonesian scientists have studied the tidal dynamic inMalacca
Straits, both either in modeling or direct measurement like joint survey between Indonesia,
Malaysia, Singapore and Japan.
Several tidal modeling had been conducted by Wyrtki (1961), Pariwono (1985), Guoy
(1988) and direct measurement was carried out by Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Japan
in 1978/1979 and 1997 in Malacca Straits namely the four nation joint resurvey of criticalareas and investigation of dangerous inconfiring shoal and wrecks in the straits of Malacca
and Singapore. Pattern of the tide both co-tidal and co-range show that the result's trend
almost same, but if we compare more in detail between modeling and direct measurement,
the amplitudes and phases rather different. This isdepend on the data input when themodeling is running.
Tidal data used in modeling such as number, period of time and boundary conditions arevery important because will effect the accuracy of the result of the modeling as well as detailbathymetric map and coastal conditions such as mangrove which its influence mainly to tidal
movement.
From data and information collected shows that tide in Malacca Straits is mainly
influenced by Indian Ocean dominantly bysemi diurnal tide especially by M2.

4

ICIWP'99
CE02
Potential use of Satellite Altimeter Data for the Determination of the Leading Tidal
Constituents for the Marine Region of Peninsular Malaysia
Muhammad Nur JP Vella*1, Shahrum Ses1, Majid Kadir1 and Koji Matsumoto2
1) Centre for Geodetic and GPS Studies (CGGS), Faculty of Geoinformation Science &Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2) National Astronomical Observatory, Mizusawa, JapanThe eight leading ocean tide, M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1 and Q1 for peninsular Malaysia
are developed using Satellite Altimeter and Tide Gauge data as a control, for the precision of
the model. The Tide Gauge data (constituents) are being used as a control group (external)
for the comparisons. TOPEX/POSEIDON merged geophysical data records are used as thesatellite altimeter data. The cross track adjustment was carried out on the data, after the crosstrack adjustment only tracks suitable to this study were incorporated into the solving of theeight leading ocean tides. Tracks that were included in the study were grouped into cells of
30' by 30'. From each 30' cell, a set of eight tidal coefficients are derived, M2, S2, N2, K2, K1,
O1, P1 and Q1, also a total of 17 Orthoweights including 6 Diurnal, 6 Semi-diurnal 4, for thelong period tides Ssa, Sa and one constant value.
The time series of altimeter data and tide gauge data are analysed by the response
method with orthotide functions so that harmonic constants for the eight leading tides arecomputed on 30' by 30' cells where corresponding data exist. The there are eight resulting
maps describing the leading coefficients on a 30' by 30' grid commensurate with the grid sizeused to convolve the SSH's.
The notable feature of the response method is that it does not insist upon expressing thetides as sums of harmonic functions of specified tidal spectral line, but expressing the tides byadmittance functions of each tidal species. This property of the response method shows someadvantages especially when it is applied to satellite altimeter data. Another advantage of the
response method is that by assuming a smooth admittance, one can obtain a full definition oftides with fewer parameters. The harmonic analysis needs 2jparameters to determine
amplitude and phase of j constituents, while with the response method one needs only 4k+2
parameters per tidal frequency band, where limiting the lag K to 1 is usually sufficient.
TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter tracks are extracted for the test area, over thefollowing region of the South China Sea, φN (0°, 8°) and λE(100°, 120°). Although this is asmall test area and not representative of the full tidal dynamics of the South China Sea, theresults from the research undertaken offer promising hopes for a larger area representative of
the South China Sea.
Comparisons with global tidal models and the test area results are commensurate, butshow that improvement is needed in the area of appropriate data distribution. It is envisaged
that with the inclusion of more data such as bathymetry from satellite altimeter missions an
improvement on the test model can be achieved.

5

ICIWP'99
CE03
Contribution of National Tidal Data Centre in Research and Development Activities inIndonesia
Mohamad Makmur Sulaeman* and TrismadiIndonesian Navy Dishidors TNI-AL, Indonesia

When National Workshop on Application of Tidal Data and Others that held onOctober
30 - November 1, 1990 in the Hydro Oceanographic Service Indonesian Navy (abbreviatedby Dishidros) and attended many institutions had chosen Dishidros by acclamation as
National Tidal Data Center. Dishidros find out this function is too heavy, because ourterritory is very large and several marine institutions involving in tidal data collection for
their own purposes. From this commitment, Dishidoros build the internal concept in tidal
data management.
A Database system is being developed at Dishidoros to manage tidal data (as primary
data; tidal data survey, record of tide gauge, tidal constituents and secondary data from otherinstitutions). At present, Dishidros has produced Tidal Data Constituent Catalogue. The tidal
data have been computerised and planned to develop web site ininternet.
If tidal data have already stored on National Tidal Data Centre and easy to get, it
become helpful to scientists and engineers in supporting research and other activities thatneeds tidal data. Finally we hope this function would be useful for many institution
especially in Information Exchange of Oceanographic Data in the Western Pacific.

6

ICIWP'99
CE04
Characteristic Scales in Coastal and Limnological Processes: Implications in Data
Sparse Environment
Koh Hock Lye*1, Lee Hooi Ling1 and Dragan Hranisavljevic2
1) School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
Fax: 60-4-6570910, E-mal: hlkoh@cs.usm.my2) Lyonnaise Des Eaux, 26th Floor, Menara Keck Seng, 203 Jalan Bukit Bintang, 55100
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Fax: 60-3-241-2970, E-mail: w651ee@tm.net.mySome theoretical models are introduced to highlight the significance of characteristic
length scales and time scales in considering models for coastal and limnologicalenvironments having several physical, chemical and biological processes with differingcharacteristic scales, particularly under data sparse conditions.
First, a tidal flow model such as DYNHYD5 or Aquasea applicable to estuarine waters
involving, a priori, gravity, local acceleration, friction and viscosity is used to illustrate thedominance of gravity as the primary driving force. In such a case, simple tidal models such
as Abadi are appropriate in lieu of more complicated models for first approximations. Next
some coastal process models, such as WASP5, are introduced in which several processes
have various characteristic scales and for which, in certain situations, simplification may bypossible in order to facilitate proper conceptualization and characterization. Finally we showthat such characterization is applicable to limnological and inland water environment withparticular reference to a reservoir in Sabah for which a water quality model HEC-5Q is being
currently developed to assist in the management of the dam.

7

ICIWP'99
CE05
The National Environment and Resource Information Centre (NERIC) and Coastal
Zone Management in Vietnam
Bui Cong Que*, Nguyen Hong Phuong, Nguyen Ngoc Thach and Nguyen Tu Dan
Vietnam National Oceanographic Data Centre, Vietnam

The National Environmental and Resource Information Centre (NERIC) wasestablished as a part of Vietnam National Oceanographic Data Centre (VODC) for
implementing the Coastal Zone Environmental and Resource Management Project(CZERMP) in Vietnam. One of the NERIC functions is to collect and identify all available
data and sources on natural conditions, resources and environmental status of various areas
along the coastline of Vietnam. NERIC encapsulates advanced computing facilities, image
analysis capacity and GIS processing capability, which allow to conduct standardization forbuilding the GIS databases, Metadata directories on Marine and Coastal Environment andresources. At. present NERIC is operated on the basis of a computer network connecting the
VODC with collaborating research institutions and managing agencies within CZERMP.
The most important task of NERIC is data analysis and GIS processing with purpose toevaluate the status and to assess the environment impacts of economic development andhuman activities in coastal zones of Vietnam. During 1997-1999, aMetadata directory and
GIS databases have been established for Van Phong Bay and Red River mouth area in
Vietnam. The final results of study in these areas includeGIS products on Environmental
Impact Assessment caused by tourism development, sea port construction, aquaculture
development in Van Phong Bay area, as well as agriculture development and aquaculture
exploitation in the Red river mouth area. GIS products have been transferred to managing
agencies and decision makers for use in coastal environment and resource protection andsustainable development planning.

8

ICIWP'99
CE06
Straits of Malacca Management Compliance and Information System (SOMMaCIS)
H. M. Ibrahim* and C. K. Tan
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Sciences and Environmental Studies,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, , 43400, Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA
Email:mibrahim@fsas.upm.edu.my

The Straits of Malacca is one of the busiest waterways in the world. Its strategic
location plays an important role for the shipping industry. Some 600 ships of all nations passthrough the straits daily. For the littoral states of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, theStraits is a life support system to the millions of people that inhabit the towns and villages
that dot the coastline from Langkawi to Tanjung Piai. Besides supporting more than 90% of
the national trade, the Straits support industrial development, the tourism industry and thefood fish production. The value of the marketable and non marketable resources have been
estimated at US$ 5.6 Billion while the shipping value of the Straits are estimated at some
US$ 600 million annually. The projected increase in shipping activities and rapid
development along the vicinity of Malacca Straits has increased the risk of conflict among thestakeholders and seriously threatening its fragile ecosystem.
Development in the field of geographical information system G( IS) and GIS modelingis currently applied to address some of these issues. Based on spatial analysis, databasemanagement and information systems, resource managers obtain vital information,analyze,
display results and apply scenario modeling to solve management issues. The application of
remote sensing in ecological and environmental management have shown tremendous
potentials for codifying and determining large scale phenomenon and synoptic data capturefor oceanography, pollution and the environment. Remote sensing technology is currently
being developed to give near real time solutions to issues of natural resources and thesustainable development.
This project employs remote sensing and GIS technology to mitigate the age-old
problems of information availability and timeliness, data management, and synoptic
inventory of natural resources. The use of modeling, spatial analysis, and near real-timesystems can assist decision-makers to make better-informed judgements that will effect the
governance and management of the Straits of Malacca.
The Straits of Malacca Management Compliance and Information system(SOMMaCIS) will be developed over five phases from the data acquisition to the operational
stage where the information will be made available to users through the electronic media.
Key words: coastal zone management, Straits of Malacca environment, remote sensing, GIS,
and information system.

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ICIWP'99
CE07
Research and Data Needs in Managing Coastal Erosion
Hadibah Ismail
Coastal and Offshore Engineering Institute,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak,
54100 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 60-3-290-4709, Fax: 60-3-291-8109

In the field of coastal engineering, the usual objectives are either to minimise flooding
or to reduce erosion due to action of waves and tides. Therefore, coastal structures must be
carefully conceived and designed in order to ensure that there can be appropriate level ofconfidence that they will achieve their design purpose. This paper identifies those aspects ofthe coastal environment that will particularly influence the design of coastal structures andoutlines the data requirements in the development of solutions to coastal erosion problems.
The paper also describes some of the research presently being carried out on coastal
structures which will hopefully lead to improved management of sea defences.
Keywords: Coastal erosion management; coastal structures; coastal engineering research;data needs.

10

ICIWP'99
CE08
Seasonal Shoreline Characteristics of the Open Muddy Beach of the Pantai Punggur,
Malaysia
Ahmad Khairi Abd. Wahab*1 and Ahmad Perwira Mulia Tarigan2
1) Hydraulic & Hydrology Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 Skudai Johor, Malaysia
2) Coastal & Offshore Enginnering Institute, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Sukudai Johor, Malaysia

A representation of seasonal shoreline changes of the open mud-dominated beach of
Pantai Punggur was obtained from about quarterly periodic measurement of beach profile.
The shoreline data were analyzed and the results were presented in terms of the variability ofshoreline changes about the mean, the rate and direction of short-term changes. Longshore
and cross-shore sediment transport components are interpreted using field observations andavailable data. It is suggested that the cycle of monsoon circulation had potent influences on
the wave characteristics and the consequent sediment transport.

11

ICIWP'99
CE09
Some Behaviours of Strongest Short-term Coastal Change Induced by Cross-shore
Wave Energy Flow and Corresponding Theoretical Consideration
Le Phuoc Trinh
Institute of Oceanography of Vietnam, 1, Cau Da, Nha Trang, Vietnam
Tel: 84-58-8590347, Fax: 84-58-8590034, E-mail: ttdl2@dng.vnn.vn

There is a quantity of famous theoretical and experimental works orientedthemselves tosolving actual problem of coastal and nearshore topography changes under the versatile
influence of oceanic wind waves. In this paper the author would like to give supplementary a
few behaviours of such phenomena observed along the coasts of Vietnam, such as the coastal
collapse and primitive on-the-spot accumulation, coastal material hurl, etc.. Most simple
theoretical explanation of them grounding on the second Newton's law has been presented.

12

ICIWP'99
CE10
Restoration of the Breakwater of Fishing Harbour in Thangassery, Kerala
K.K.Raveerdran* 1, K.A. ROOPSEKHAR 2 and V. SUNDAR 2
1) Harbour Engineering Department, India
2) Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India

The fishing harbour at Thangassery in Kerala west coast of India is formed by abreakwater of length 2.1 km. The breakwater is formed with armour layer of 3 T to 5 T
quarry stones upto a water depth of 9 m, beyond which the armour layer consists of 8 T
tetrapods. The breakwater had served effectively for two years after construction. The
monsoon in the year 1998 lead to severe damage of the armour layer resulting in total
displacement of armour units, wash away of the leeside of the breakwater especially atchainages 1612 m to 1622 m and 1642 m to 1652 m. A detailed study had to be taken up
immediately to look into the methods for restoring the damaged portion of the breakwater.
The primary objective of determining the slope of the existing cross section as well as
the percentage of damage was fulfilled by carrying out a survey. The average slope of theexisting breakwater after damage was found to be 1:1.1 as against a slope of 1:2.5 as per
design. Physical model tests were carried out initially to check the stability of the crosssection as per design when it is subjected to a significant wave height of 3.75m occuring
during the monsoons as reported by the harbour authorities. The stability tests were carriedout for the two most frequently occuring wave periods of 8 and 10 sec. The damage of thesection was found to be more than the permissible level to the extent of 6.15 % for 8 sec
wave and 17.4 % for 10 sec wave. The tests were followed up with suggestive measures ofstrengthening the armour layer. This consisted of provision of a berm at mean high waterlevel of width of 4m by adopting the same size of rubble stones of 3T to 5 T. The tests wererepeated and the section was found to be stable. The tests also covered qualitative assessmentof overtopping in order to decide the option of raising the crest elevation. The details of themodelling, experimental procedure, results of the laboratory tests and adequacy of crest
elevation are presented and discussed in detail in this paper.

13

ICIWP'99
CE11
Rapid Reef Mapping - an Attempt with Hydroacoustic Method
Lee Yew Jin
Elcee Instrumentation Sdn Bhd, Malaysia

A new approach was applied to mapping out the reef substrate of the four islets of Pulau
Payar Marine Park. A seabed classification system which harnessed the RoxAnn
hydroacoustic signal processor, Differential GPS and a 200 kHz echosounder was able totranslate the echo return into hardness and roughness indices which then exhibit uniquecharacteristic for each bottom type recorded. The system was able to discriminate six majorreef substrates i.e. the live coral, dead coral, soft coral, coral rubble, rock and sand. Live hardcoral represents a total coverage of 19.30 % from the 157.68 km total length of transect
recorded from Payar group of island. The four main growth forms found were the massive(10.11 %), branching (7.11 %), encrusting (1.51 %) and foliose (0.57 %). Table corals andcolumnar corals were also present but in a very small quantity (surface area) that theRoxAnn
seabed classification system was not able to classify them as a separategroup. As for Pulau
Segantang group of island, soft coral was the dominant coral type contributing to 34.65 % of
the total 4.12 km of track run. Live coral coverage at P.Segantang in this survey was
negligible. It was also common to find small coral colonies growing on boulders surface inshallower water for both Payar and Segantang waters. They were grouped as a stand-alone
coral substrate due to their unusual existence pattern. The real time track data were alsointerpolated using Surfer®6.2 for thematic maps showing depth contour, 3D depth profile andbottom surface area. The results were satisfactory, in spite of the presence of data distortion.
The use of hydroacoustic method for mapping of coral reef substrate is independent of water
depth, visibility, light penetration and time. Hencehydroacoustic method shows strongly to
be a better alternative to the conventional transect line method and satellite images in termsof time and cost spent and the results gained in return, especially for large scale survey.

14

ICIWP'99
CE12
The Role of International Organizations in the Study of Rivers & Sea Coastal Area
Interaction
Iouri OliounineIntergovernmental Ocenographic Commission (IOC) /UNESCO, 1, rue Miollis, Paris 75015,
FranceTel: 33-1-45683963, Fax: 33-1-45685812, E-mail: i.oliounine@unesco.org

Agenda 21 adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment & Developmentin June 1992 set out a number of concerns & "critical uncertainties". One of these concerns is
the future of coastal zones & areas. UNESCO through its programmes IHP, MAB & IOC istrying to respond to these concerns. The programme ICAM (Integrated Coastal Area
Management) gives a new perspective to creation of a comprehensive management systemfor coastal areas which incorporates scientific issues including the study of interaction
between rivers & coastal areas, as well as social issuesincluding the study of the influence ofthe human population & its behaviour. There is a need for coastal strategies based on a soundscientific database & integrated approach. One possible scenario of coastalmanagement isgiven.

15

ICIWP'99
CE13
Real-Time Information System for Sustainable Management of Shared Coastal
Waters: Gulf of Thailand as a Demonstration Site
Anond Snidvongs
Marine Science Dept., Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
Tel: 66-2-2188126 to 9, Fax: 66-2-2554967, E-mail: anond@start.or.th

Several coastal waters in WESTPAC region are under continuous stresses from
pollution, especially from land-based source, overexploitation of fisheries resources, losing ofaesthetic and tourism values, and conflict of resources utilization among user groups.
Frequently, the lack of reliable information that had temporal and spatialscale as well as thecontent that relevant to the problem led to the delay or postponement for the solution.
Problem would be further complicated for coastal water shared by more than one country
which has different levels of data acquisition capabilities, data management and exchange
policies.
Gulf of Thailand is an example of such case where open oceanographic data exchange
and sharing among its four littoral countries are still in an infant stage. And while agreements
for international cooperation have been progressed and reviewed by concerned agencies ineach country, local as well as transboundary problems in the Gulf are very common. These
problems cry for a regional data and information system that is independent of national politic
and security concern. Such system would be used as an interim basis for making non-bias
solutions and decisions.
The water of the Gulf is strongly influenced by input from land via rivers, stream andpossibly groundwater. These paths bring in not only freshwater, but dissolved and suspended
material that support coastal ecology and biological production. Algal bloom, coastal
fisheries/aquaculture production and water quality in general along the coast of the Gulf are
known to be related to the season and magnitude of terrestrial input. Stratification of the main
body of the Gulf is also determined by the balance between freshwater input and tidal/
Ekman
stirring. The ability to forecast and estimate the extent of terrestrial input is therefore a key
for management actions, such as warning and recommendation regarding water quality andalgal bloom, coastal fisheries and aquaculture activities, tourism and other uses of coastal
resources, etc.
Freshwater input (surface and subsurface) along every section of the coastline of the
Gulf of Thailand can be estimated from the regional drainage basin model for Southeast Asia

16

ICIWP'99
developed by the Southeast Asia START Global Change Regional Center in collaboration
with the University of Washington Department of Oceanography. Precipitation over the basin
was estimated at near real-time from geostationary weather satellite (GMS-5) and TRMM.
Correction for vegetation and other factors are done by other remote sensing information suchas AVHRR-NDVI, and other geospatial data. This model had been successfully verified
against the observed data from small and large rivers in the region.
Chemical loading will be estimated fromgeochemical weathering model for each basin.
SeaWiFS data as well as delayed mode oceanographic station data are also used to verify thechange in composition of coastal suspended constituents with those predicted by the model.
Nested high resolution sub-models are also made for sub-regions with special interest or
importance.
The Gulf of Thailand Sub-Regional Oceanographic Data Center (GoT-ODC) currently
run the real-time model and make forecast for coastal water quality and distribution.
However, it is planned that technology will be transferred to national and local
agencies/administrations concerned with coastal and marine resource management. GoTODC also plan to continue near real-time data service to users and other partners of the
project pending availability of funding. Delayed mode remote sensing and oceanographic
station data for the Gulf of Thailand are also freely available on-line via Internet at
http://www.start.or.th/westpac/

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ICIWP'99
CE14
Role and Contribution of Oceanographic Research in Maritime Policy Making in
Malaysia
Mohd Nizam Basiron*, Ainul Raihan Hj. Ahmad
Center for Marine and Coastal Environment, Maritime Institute of Malaysia, Unit B-06-08 B-06-11, Megan Phileo Avenue, 12 Jalan Yap Kwan Seng, 50450 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel:60-3-261-2960,
Fax:
60-3-261-7045,
E-mail:nizam@mima.gov.my 1,
ainul@mima.gov.my2

The development of appropriate policies for the maritime sector in Malaysia depends
partly on the availability of accurate, up-to-date and appropriately analysed data. Such data isneeded at the problem definition and solution definition stages of policy development andanalysis exercise. Given the myriad of activities in Malaysia's seas and coastal waters it could
be assumed that data and information requirement are correspondingly large. This paper
examines the role which oceanographic or marine science research played in, and its
contribution to the development of maritime policy/policies in Malaysia. This is done byexamining the present organisation of oceanographic research in Malaysia, particularly interms of the linkages between the research community and government policy makers. In
addition, area where contribution form the research community are needed are also identified.
Presently, the link between the research community and the policy makers is at best tenuous.
The situation is primarily because there is no institutionalised or formalised arrangement for
information and analysis from the research community to be conveyed to policy makers.
Secondarily, much of the research undertaken is for academic purposes and the information
obtained are not tailored to the needs of the policy makers. Thirdly, and more conceptually,
there has been no conscious attempt to integrate oceanographic research into the overallnational development and policy making structure similar to that in Indonesia for example.

18

ICIWP'99
CE15
Data Necessary for an Effective Hydraulic Study: The Malaysian Scenario
Iwan Tan bin Sofian Tan* and Ir. Muhammad Akhir Othman
Hydec Engineering Sdn Bhd, 267B, Jalan Bandar 12, Metro2, Taman Melawati, 53100
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

A hydraulic study has become a tool for developments along the coast, reclamations andoffshore dredging works. The accuracy of the outcome of any hydraulic study is dependent
on the data pertinent to the study area. The data is usually divided into field data and recorded
or historical data. Field data is usually collected between two weeks and up to a month due tothe short duration given or the study. This provide a small window to the environmental
conditions of the area. It is also important to study the effects of the monsoons which has agreat impact on the Malaysian climate. Increasing reliance on data kept or archived bygovernment departments and agencies and private companies has made it necessary todevelop some form of cooperation. Most of the available data are land based. Marine datasuch as tides, currents, waves and winds need to be collected around Malaysia at more
locations. Although the instrumentation required might be costly, a joint effort in terms of
manpower and financing would be desirable in order to understand more of the water bodysurrounding Malaysia.

19

ICIWP'99
CE16
Effective Coastal Management Strategies in the Era of Hydroinformatics– A UTM Focus
Hadibah Ismail1 , Faridah Jaffar Sidek*1 and Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab3
1) Coastal and Offshore Engineering Institute, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan
Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: (60)3-290-4709, Fax: (60)3-291-8109
2) Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81300, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Within the context of coastal management, it has been recognised that in order toinstitute viable management policies at specific locations it is necessary to have a wider
understanding of the regional dynamics within the physical process environment and of thefactors which influence them. The high interdependence between the physical character ofthe coastal environment and its response to forcing agents such as wave, wind and tidal
climate require numerous variables to be examined to enable us to form this fuller
understanding. Hydroinformatics provides a means of correlating those variables and such amethodology has been employed in a number of strategic coastal studies undertaken by the
Coastal and Offshore Engineering Institute of UTM in order to provide guidance on coastalmanagement and development. Thus this paper provides an overview of hydroinformatics asa tool in decision support for coastal managers who require information relating tomanagement priorities, physical processes and viable management techniques, and this is
illustrated by examples from work undertaken within Malaysia by UTM.

20

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SESSION 2
Data Management Activities
and Technical Developments

21

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22

ICIWP'99
KeynoteTechnical Developments in Marine Data Management
Ben SearleAustralian Oceanographic Data Center,
Level 2, Building 89 Garden Island, Maritime Headquarters, Wylde St, Potts Point NSW 2011
Australia,
Tel: 612-9359-3139, Fax: 612-9359-3120, Email: ben@aodc.gov.au

The need for greater quantities of marine data to support a range of maritime activities
including resource management, sustainable use, defence activities and policy development
has been increasing rapidly over the past few years. This requirement is being partiallydriven by the requirements and obligations coastal states have under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and partially by human impact and resource
conflict issues within coastal zones.
In addition to the increasing need for marine data and improved access to data and data
products, recent technological advances in data collection processes have resulted in massive
increases in the quantities of data now being collected. These factors are providing a greaterpressure on managers of marine data to support larger volumes of data available and address
the broader needs for data and data products coming from the marine community.
As a result of these pressures, and the increasing complexity of the task, marine data
management is advancing to a point where it can now be considered a scientific activity in its
own right. The increasing number of conferences devoted to marine data management and its
technologies and the increase in publications relating to this topic support this view.
The paper will focus on developing internet technologies and capabilities that will
support our future marine data management activities. These technologies cover a wide
range of areas including databases capable of supporting spatial data and object data
structures, data markup languages such as XML and the extensions of existing marine data
management systems such as the electronic navigation chart (ECDIS). The use andintegration of these technologies will be examined and a model proposed for future marine
data systems.

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ICIWP'99
DM01
The Use of Autonomous Solar Electric Research Vessel to obtain Oceanographic Data
Peter Thomas
Dept. of Software & Electronic Eng, Central Institute of Technology, New ZealandThis paper evaluates the potential for gathering oceanographic, environmental, andclimatic data for ocean going autonomous solar powered research vessels. It outlines therequirement for a command and control centre and discusses the opportunities for data
gathering made available by this technology.

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ICIWP'99
DM02
Digital Marine Mapping of Indonesian Waters
Suharto Widjojo
National Coordination Agency for Surveys & Mapping (BAKOSURTANAL), PO.BOX
46/CBI, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Tel: 62-21-87906041, Fax: 62-21-875-2074, E-mail: balitka@indo.net.id

The most distinctive features of the Indonesia country is characterized by the physicalsize of its sheer which coverage over 5,000 km from the west to the east (from Sumatera to
the border of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea territory). The area of land and marine
territory is about 7.7 million km2 and is the largest maritime territory in the world. The
coverage of land area is about 1.9 million km2 dominated by five main islands namely
Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Irian Jaya.
In order to fulfil the requirements stated in UNCLOS'82 a project of Digital Marine
Resource Mapping (DMRM) of Indonesian water has been established in the early 1996.
Project activities which have been successfully completed including Verification of
Basepoints and establishment of Baselines for determining the Territorial Water, theContiguous Zone and the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ); Whereas the Bathymetricinvestigation of the Continental Shelf and Critical Areas in designated Sea Lanes as well as
Institutional Development and Technology Transfer are on progress.
BAKOSURTANAL (The National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping) is a
non-ministerial Agency which reports to the Minister of Policy and Security directly and also
to the Minister of State for Technology on technical matters. There are a number ofGovernment and Private Institution in Indonesia which have their business and activities inmarine area; Therefore, the need of bathymetric information is very essential. In the
production of bathymetric map, BAKOSURTANAL takes an important part. In conjunction
with that BAKOSURTANAL on behalf of the Government of Indonesia is responsible to dosuch activities as verification of base points, baseline, produce charts ofsealane, TerritorialSea, Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). This paper tries to discuss the activities of
BAKOSURTANAL in mapping Indonesia territorial waters to fulfil the requirement of
UNCLOS'82.

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ICIWP'99
DM03
An Internet Server for the Visualisation of Gridded Oceanographic Data
Greg Reed* and Hidemi Hosoya
Australian Oceanographic Data Centre, Maritime Headquarters, Wylde Street, Potts Point
NSW 2011, Australia
E-mail: greg@AODC.gov.au

One of the important roles of a National oceanographic Data Centre (NODC) is to
publish data so that is it available to both the scientific community and the general public.
Traditionally data has been published in hard-copy format but technology advances, such as
the Internet and the World Wide Web, provide flexible tools that can handle a wide range ofdata presentation methods and are popular enough to reach a wide audience.
The Australian Oceanographic Data Centre has developed a web-based application toprovide remote access to gridded oceanographic datasets. A data extraction and visualisation
server allows users to interactively browse a database and spatially visualise the data.
Different datasets can be selected and variables such as time, location and parameter can be
specified. The application allows users to query and visualise data within an Internet browser
environment thus providing rapid access to oceanographic data using a familiar environment.
This paper describes the design of the application and outlines the benefits to an NODC ofproviding on-line access to datasets.

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ICIWP'99
DM04
VODC for PC 2.0 (the Software for Integrated Oceanographic Data Management)
Quang Phan and Tac Van Vu*
Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam, 01 Can Da, Nha Trang, Vietnam
Tel: 84-58-590347, ttdl2@dng.vnn.vn

VODC for PC 2.0 is the software for Integrated Oceanographic Data Management
designed for personal computer with 32-bit operating system, and the database management
system is Microsoft Access 97. The program interface is designed very carefully andspecifically to provide crucial functions in manipulation of database. VODC for PC enables
to preserve the oceanographic data collected from different data sources.
Nowadays, VODC for PC has been used to store and mange data in many Vietnamese
Oceanographic Agencies. During a long time of using, it is proved that VODC for PC is easy
to use, fast to manipulate and preserve data in synthetic manner. Especially, it caninterchange data with other softwares.

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ICIWP'99
DM05
Quality Control Software which is easily applicable to Oceanographic Data
Processing in Data Originators
Toru Suzuki*1, Shigeki Akishima2, Takeharu Miyake3 and Yutaka Nagata1
1) Marine Information Research Center, Japan Hydrographic Association, Mishima Bldg. 5F,
7-15-4, Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0042, Japan
2) PASCO Environmental Science Institute, 2-32-1, Yoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0097,
Japan3) Japan Oceanographic Data Center, Hydrographic Department, Maritime Safety Agency,
5-3-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, JapanThe Marine Information Research Center (MIRC) developed a quality control (QC)
software, which runs on Microsoft Windows. The results of quality check displayed
graphically in various ways, and so erroneous data are easily found and corrected even by
non-experts, such as part-time workers in local data-originating agencies. The POD (dataformat designed by Japan Fisheries Agency) formatted data of each agency are re-arranged intime-serial data set, and then are dividedinto cruise data by identifying several days interval
between stations. Header information and ship-track are displayed for each cruise, anderroneous information such as extraordinary ship speed areindicated with red colored tracks.
The error data can be corrected in window directly. This procedure is very efficient to finderrors in header information such as position, date, time and so on. Then, temperature,salinity and density profiles can be shown for selected observation point(s). Range andgradient checks and density inversion check can be easily made in this window: erroneous
data detected by criterions set by Ocean Climate Laboratory of US-NODC are shown alsowith red colored curves automatically. The T-S diagram, horizontal and vertical quantity
distributions are also obtainable through thissoftware. The quality control software will bedemonstrated, and its usefulness will be shown from analysis of the data obtained by
Wakayama Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station from 1975 to 1995.

28

ICIWP'99
DM06
Marine Data and Information Management in Vietnam
Van Moi Nguyen
Marine Hydrodynamic Research, 224 Doi Can, Ba dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel: 84-4-832-6195, Fax: 84-4-832-7903, E-mail: nvlien@im01.ac.vn

As you known, the informatics have been developing rapidly, and follow it up, theGIS
technology (Geographic Information System) has been wildly used in many scientific fields,
especially it has called as real scientific field and technology in data management on thegeographic information system. GIS has standard ways and tools of calculation. It allowed
to carry out collection, management, processing and easy to get access into data andinformation. So that, the applying GIS in oceanographic data management is very necessary.
GIS for the oceanographic data management in Vietnam was given a birth and grow up
and develop in Marine Hydrodynamics Research Centre, the Mechanic Institute, Vietnam.
This include: Current data, water level, wave, hydrometeorology, tide and data of social
economic information etc. These information were collected from many difference sources
so they appear some difficulties in management and getting access. Under thesecharacteristics, we decided to choose Mapinfo 4.0 software set and through Mapbasic
language to write out private management programme set according to characteristics ofVietnamese Oceanographic Information to assist and serves to meet the needs of scientists
and data managers in using and getting access marine data and information quickly, easily
and effectively.
The structure of data was outlined base on primary map (Vietnamese AdministrationMap) and layers of data was brought in through Foxpro application with co-ordinates andsummary information on study fields as follows:• Current-vnam.tab (Current data)• Wave-vnam.tab (Wave data)• Hydromete-vnam.tab (hydrometeorology data)• Waterlevel-vnam.tab (Water level data)• Socialeconomic-vnam.tab (Social economic data)
Each above data layser has Map-link field which keeps data link code with maps anddetail data.
As above mentioned, this programme was written base on Mapbasic language and work
directly on Mapinfo environment, thus, this is very convenience to use, furthermoreMapinfo
software is very popular in Vietnam in generally and for database in Mechanic Institute inparticular at that moment.

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30

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SESSION 3
Living Marine Resources- Data Requirements, Needs & Products

31

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32

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KeynoteUtilization of Biological Data for IODE system in the WESTPAC area
Makoto Terazaki
Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639
Japan
Tel: 81-3-5351-6528, Fax: 81-3-5351-6530, E-mail: terazaki@ori. u-tokyo.ac.jp

There are many on-going international projects related Living Marine Resources such as
NEAR-GOOS, HAB, GLOBEC, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, Biodiversity andLarge Marine Ecosystems in the WESTPAC area.
Utilization of IODE system is necessary in order to advance efficiency these projects.
But there are many difficulties to promote of marine biological data. Accuracy of marine
biological data is affected from complexly factors (many technical skill of data sampling andanalyzing; classify enormous kind of species; variability of marine biological data on accountof environmental change; shortage of specialist and knowledge on digital management ofdata).
Development and application of new technologies such as acoustical and optical
instruments, is important to clear some factors in future.

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LMR01
Distribution of Intertidal Meiobenthos in Langkawi Island Malaysia
B.A.G.Idris*, Zaleha Kassim and Norlela Khalid
Biology Department, Faculty of Science & Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400, Serdang, Selangor D. Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: 60-3-9486101 ext.3595, Fax: 60-3-943-2508, E-mail: idris@fsas.upm.edu.my

A study on the density distribution of intertidal meiobenthos and its micro-scale vertical
zonation into the sediments was carried out in Langkawi Island. Samples of meiobenthos
were taken using a hand-corer with the inner diameter of 2.65 cm during low tide. A total often meiobenthos taxa were identified and quantified. They are Nematoda, Harpacticoida,
Turbellaria, Foraminifera, Ostracoda, Polychaeta, Rotifera, Ciliophora, Cumacea andTardigrada. Nematoda was the most dominant taxon in most of the stations except for
stations at Tanjung Rhu and Pulau Kentut Besar, which were dominated by Harpacticoida.
The highest number of taxa (7) was found at stations with medium sand and the lowest (3)was found at stations with coarse sand. Nematoda, Harpacticoida and Foraminifera were
found in all stations whereas Tardigrada, Ciliophora, Cumacea and Rotifera were occurred atcertain station. Mean density of the meiobenthos ranged from 40.50 ± 0.90 to 976.25± 341.01 ind. 10 cm-2. The highest mean density was found at station with medium sand andthe lowest was found at station with fine sand. In coarse sand, most of the meiobenthos
occupied the uppermost 0 - 2 cm layer whereas in fine and medium sands, themeiobenthos
concentrated between 0 - 4 cm layer of the sediments. In all type of sands the highest density
was found at the uppermost 0 - 2 cm. Nematoda, Turbellaria, Ostracoda and Foraminifera
were distributed down to 6 cm of the sediment. On the other hand, the distribution of
Harpacticoida, Cliliophora, Rotifera and Polychaeta were restricted to 4- cm depth of thesediment. Spatially, the density distribution ofmeiobenthos showed positive correlation withmedian of sediment grain size, percentage of silt and clay and content of total organic matter.
The result of the present study was discussed in comparison with other tropical meiobenthos
studies elsewhere.

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LMR02
Seagrass Ecosystem in Indonesia: A Case Study in Lombok Island
Muhammad Husni Azkab
Research & Development Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl.
Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430,Indonesia
Tel: 62-21-683850, Fax: 62-21-691948, E-mail: p3o_lipi@wasantara.net.id

Indonesian is one of the world's largest archipelagos, containing more than 17,000
islands with 80,791 km coastline length. Although Indonesia can be considered as having thelargest seagrass beds amongs the tropical countries, seagrass has long been neglected inIndonesia. Unlike coral reef and mangrove, little was known on the biology and ecology ofIndonesian seagrasses.
Furthermore, there is no national seagrass research program in Indonesia, and no special
management measure to conserve the seagrass ecosystem including its biota like turtle anddugong. In recent years studies on structure and dynamic of seagrasses were done in Lombok
Island, Indonesia.

35

ICIWP'99
LMR03
Leaf Growth, Production and Ecosystem Dynamics of Toothed Seagrass Cymodocea
serrulata (R. Br.) Aschers. et Magnus in Port Dickson, Malaysia
Abu Hena M. Kamal*, Misri K., Japar S. B., Hishamuddin O. and Hidir Hasim
Dept. of Biology, FSAS, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor D.E,
Malaysia
E-mail: kmal71@hotmail.com

The leaf growth, production and ecological study of toothed seagrass Cymodocea
serrulata were made in a sparse and mixed stand form of seagrass bed in Batu Tujuh at Port
Dickson coastal area. The mean shoot density was found 950 shoots m-2 in this study area.
The maximum leaf growth and production were observed 11.4 mm shoot-1day-1 and 1.84 g
DW (Dry Weight) m-2day -1, with the mean of 7.66 mm shoot-1day-1 and 1.52 g DW m-2day -1,
respectively. Mean Above Ground Biomass (AG) and Below Ground Biomass (BG) wererecorded 25.37 and 37.93 g DW m-2, respectively. The range of turnover rate was found 1.90
- 5.23 percent day -1, whereas, the mean value was 3.54 percent day-1 during the study period
from this seagrass bed. Leaves and rhizomes of Cymodocea serrulata beneath the shading ofmacroalgae community were found comparatively longer than those are existing without
shading condition. Among the dissolved inorganic nutrients concentrations phosphate andnitrate were low (< 0.1 ppm) and ammonium was moderately higher (< 0.6 ppm) in theoverlying water of seagrass bed. The hydrological factors like water temperature, dissolved
oxygen, salinity, pH and light intensity were suitable forseagrass growth in compare to othercompleted scientific study on seagrass beds in tropical and temperate regions. Despite having
limited data on seagrass in this region, it is hoped that the data obtained from this study
would be able to used researcher to better understand the ecology, dynamics of the biologicalcommunity and as well as contribution of this important marine living resource in shallow
marine ecosystem.

36

ICIWP'99
LMR04
Some Observations on the Impacts of the Indo-Pacific Region 1998 SST Anomalies
on Local Coral Communities
Kushairi Mohd Rajuddin
Department of Fisheries, Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Centre, Taman Perikanan,
21080, Chendering, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Tel: 60-9-6175134, Fax: 60-9-6174042, E-mail: rkushairi@hotmail.com

A major coral bleaching phenomena were observed to occur among the reefs in manyislands in the South China Sea, Java Sea, Celebes Sea andSulu Sea in the Southeast AsianRegion in early 1998. This paper demonstrates some observations made on the coral
communities in Malaysia during the time when a higher than normal sea surface temperature
occurred. Some record of observations made in the neighbouring countries were also noted.

37

ICIWP'99
LMR05
Ecological Aspects of Oceanic Squid, Stenoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson) in the South
China Sea, West Coast of Philippines
Somboon Siriraksophon*1, Yoshihiko Nakamura2, Siriporn Pradit1 andNatineee Sukramongkol1
1) SEAFDEC/Training Department, P.O.Box 97, Phrasamutchedi,Samutprakarn, 10290
Thailand2) Tokyo University of Fisheries, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan

In anattempt to come up with initial jigging fishery on oceanic squid in the Southeast
Asian Region SEAFDEC conducted a comparative study on the squid in the Philippines
Exclusive Economic Zone off the coast of Western Philippines from 17 April to 9 May 1998.
The survey objectives are to determine the distribution and abundance of the ocean squid in
relation to oceanographic conditions and to examine the feasibility of harvesting squid with
jig gear.
Results from 11 sampling stations show that only one species of the purpleback flying
squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson, 1930) were caught by automatic squid jigging
gear. The distribution and abundance of the purpleback flying squid in term of the catch-perunit-effort (CPUE, number of squid per line hour) are presented. Over theentire survey area,
the CPUE of the squid averaged 5.7 squids/line hour. Drop-off rates for jigs fished on thejigging machines ranged from 0 to 0.33 squid/line hour. Angling depth where the squid wereabundant ranged from 50 m to 100 m.
The squid had a mean overall mantle length of 147mm and anaveraged weight of 0.17
kg. A total of 2,592 squid were measured and mantle length ranged from 90 to 250 mm.
Female dominated the catch, according for 1,380 squid or 81 % of the 1,701 squid sexed.
Males were generally smaller than females. The mantle length composition for males was
single peak mode at between 120 and 130 mm. Females also had one peak between 140 and
150 mm mantle length. A similar length-weight relationshipcoefficients between male andfemale was found.
The squid were found in a warm water mass where the sea temperature range from
14°C to 31°C at the depth from 150 m up to sea surface at night. Good fishing grounds of thesquid were at 18°N latitude (18.5 squids/line hour) and at 19°N latitude (11.6 squids/linehour) off the San Fernando and Currimao coasts, respectively where the upwelling occurred.
Dissolved oxygen where squid abundant was ranged from 3.27 to 4.4 ml/l. Downwelling was
found at 16°N along the 118°E where less potential of the squid, the water transparency depth
in this area was deep of about 44 m. A period of 6 days before and after full moon day wasgood fishing day, while the percent illumination of the moon was less than 30%.
Keyword: purpleback flying squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensi, fishing ground, south china sea

38

ICIWP'99
LMR06
Coccolithophorids (Nanoplankton) of the South China Sea - its Mass Water
Transport
Lokman Shamsudin
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Terengganu, 21030
Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

The coccolithophorid flora of the South China Sea was examined by scanning electron
microscopy. Thirty five taxa were identified and these are observed by scanning electron
micrographs of complete coccospheres and single separate coccoliths. The most abundantspecies were Emiliania huxleyi, Oolithotus fagilis and Gephyrocapsa oceanica (collectively
up to 10 3 cells L-1) which occurred in the maximum chlorophyll layer down to 40 m depth.
Other species which were ubiquitous but never abundant (collectively up to 103 cells L-1)
included Coccolithoceae (Coccolithus pelagicus, Oolithotus fragidis); Geophyrocapsaceae(Gephyrocapsa oceanica); Rhabdophaeraceae (Discophaera tuhifera); Helicosphaeraceae(Helisosphaera carteri, H. pavimentum), Rhabdosphaeraceae (Acanthoica quattrospina,
Discosphaera tuvifera, Rhabdoshaera claviger); Syracosphaeraceae (Coneosphaera
molischii, Syrocosphaera pulichra, Umbellosphaera irregularis, U. tenuis) andHalopappaceae (Florisphaera profunda, Haloppapus sp.).
The coccolithophorids of the South China Sea show a dominance change from
Emiliania huxleyi (North East Philippine waters) to Gehyrocapsa oceanica (Sabah waters ofSouth China Sea) and a southward transport of many tropical species (Scyhosphaera apsteinii
and S. pulichra).
Keyword: coccolithophorid, nanoplankton, South China Sea transport

39

ICIWP'99
LMR07
Bio-prospecting, Research and Conservation of Deep-sea Resources within andbeyond National Jurisdiction
N. Syed-Ibrahim
Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
Tel: 60-4-6577888 ext. 3524, Fax: 60-4-6565125, E-mail: nora@usm.myTechnologies are emerging rapidly where submersibles andremotely-operated vehicles(AUVs, ROVs, etc) with high tech equipment on board are utilized for deep-sea bioprospecting, and relatively recently for deep-sea scientific research and perhaps in the futurefor deep-sea conservation and management. With this rapid advancement of technology,
discoveries of the marine realm previously unknown or beyond reach are being made e.g. thehydrothermal and cold vents and their associated marine resources. These deep-sea resources
including the microbial genetic diversity, are of great interests to scientists as well as tocommercial biotechnological, pharmaceutical and other industries. More work should bedone within the Western Pacific region. However, there is great disparity between thedeveloped and developing countries in their capability (scientific, technological experts, andfinances) to discover these new natural resources located in the deeper sea areas includingarea of "common heritage of mankind". Equitable co-operation in the development andutilization of new marine technologies are needed. Additionally, these new natural resources
are previously unknown and unclaimed, especially if they are in 'international waters' or inareas beyond national jurisdiction. Thus, a distributive (rather than re-distributive) issue
arises, requiring perhaps unique allocation, management, and dispute settlement mechanisms
in accordance with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
The UNCLOS entered into force in November 1994. In its preamble, recognition ismade of the desirability of establishing a legal order which,inter alia, will "promote theequitable and efficient utilisation of their resources, the conservation of their living
resources, and the study, protection and preservation of the marine environment", taking into
account the interests of mankind as a whole, especially the special needs of developing
countries, with the view of realizing a just and equitable international economic order.
This paper attempts to analyze the framework of activities and some of the concerns
over these newly found deep-sea resources e.g. from the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
vis-à-vis research, bio-prospecting and conservation at these vents in the different maritime
zones.

40

ICIWP'99

SESSION 4
Global Climate Change andRegional Oceanography- Requirements, Needs & Products

41

ICIWP'99

42

ICIWP'99
KeynoteGlobal and Regional Ocean Climate Change on Interannual to InterdecadalTimescales: Outstanding Problems, Global Networks, and Products
Warren B. White
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla,
California 92093-0230, USA
Tel: 1-858-534-4826, Fax: 1-858-534-7452, E-mail: wbwhite@ucsd.edu

A survey is given of basin- and global-scale climatevariability in the upper ocean oninterannual, decadal, and interdecadal timescales over the past century, each producing
significant peaks in SST spectra above the red noise background. On interannual timescales
we discuss El Niño, the Southern Oscillation, the Pacific North American pattern, theAntarctic Circumpolar Wave, and the global ENSO wave within their global contexts. We
examine the problems in understanding how atomospheric and oceanic teleconnectionstransmit interannual signals between ocean basins and between the tropics, and how ocean
and atmosphere are coupled to one another. On decadal and interdecadal timescales, global
spatial symmetries are described together with those in the evolution from warm phase to coolphase. Then we examine interdecadal modulation in the intensity and evolution of ElNiño
and the Southern Oscillation. We show how network design theory can be used to establish
optimal data networks required to observe global and regional climate variability in the upper
ocean. We give examples of how these ocean data networks can be used to forecast climatechange over adjacent continents on interannual timescales.

43

ICIWP'99
GCC01
Long-term Variations of Surface and Intermediate Water Masses in the North Pacificand their Implications to Climate Change
Toshio Suga
Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai
980-8578, Japan
Tel: 81-22-217-6527, Fax: 81-22-217-6530, E-mail: suga@pol.geophys.tohoku.ac.jp

Distribution and properties of water in the ocean are the consequences of various
processes including heat and fresh water exchange between atmosphere and ocean at the sea
surface, oceanic flow fields and mixing. Any changes in water properties and/or its spatial
distribution thus reflect changes in those processes. This is the ultimate reason why
monitoring of water masses is useful for documenting and understanding changes in the
climate system. Here are two examples which highlight particular aspects of significance ofwater masses in the context of climate research: a long-term memory integrating changes insurface fluxes and an active agent working in a mechanism of a coupled ocean-atmospheredecadal variation.
North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) is characterized as intermediate salinity
minimum over the subtropical North Pacific and believed to originate in thesubpolar North
Pacific. Recently, basin-wide freshening of NPIW over the past decades was reported basedon comparison between historical hydrographic data and recent trans-oceanic hydrographic
section (Wong et al., 1999). It was then related to a freshening of surface water in the NPIW
source region and further to an intensification of the global hydrological cycle, which ishardly detected by direct measurements of surface fluxes. This example indicates that watermass analysis can be a powerful tool to document climate change if thehydrographic data has
a required coverage of space and time.
Decadal changes of the atmosphere and ocean system in the North Pacific have been oneof main issues in climate research. One of possible mechanisms to explain these changes is
so-called "subduction oscillation" (e.g. Gu and Philander. 1996; Hanawa, 1996) in whichwater plays an essential role as follows. The water subducted from the sea surface at the
midlatitudes carries a signal to the tropical thermocline, which eventually alters tropical seasurface temperature (SST). The change in the tropical SST could rapidly send the signal backto the midlatitudes through atmospheric teleconnections and establish a decadal variation.
Unfortunately, the whole story cannot be verified because we don't have enough data at the
moment.
Even a couple of examples above illustrate importance of efforts to acquire and archive
oceanographic data in each part of the world ocean. Progress in climate research highly
depends on accumulation of such steady efforts.

44

ICIWP'99
GCC02
Global Warming and Inter-Annual Variability
Alejandro Livio Camerlengo
Faculty of Applied Sciences & Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Terengganu,
Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
E-mail: alex@upmt.edu.myIn this study the time series (as well as the regression lines of their respective seculartrends) of the mean annual: (a) temperature, (b) evaporation, (c) sea level pressure and (d)isolation to evaluate their behaviour due to global warming is addressed. To filter the ENSO
events from the global warming effect, the deviations of the regression lines of the above
mention meteorological parameters is considered. Correlation between ENSO years and nonENSO years between temperature, evaporation, insolation and sea level pressure is also
evaluated.

45

ICIWP'99
GCC03
Low Frequency and Quasi-Biennial Oscillations in the Regional Precipitation Anomaly
in Malaysia and their Relations to the Winds, SLP and SST in the Tropical Pacific andIndian Oceans
Fredolin T. Tangang
Dept. of Marine Science, National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia

The present work investigates the spatial and temporal variability of the regional
precipitation anomaly in Malaysia and the influences exerted by the Pacific and Indian Ocean.
In particular, this paper examines the following issues: 1) The dominant modes of variability
in the precipitation anomaly. As it will be shown that the most dominant modes of variability
correspond to the oscillations in the low frequency (LF) and quasi-biennial (QB) frequency
bands. 2) The temporal and spatial variations of the perturbations in these two bands. 3) The
relations of the perturbations to the LF and QB signals in the wind, SLP and SST fields in thetropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. This study employs the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) technique to highlight dominant mode of variability in the data. To restrict the analysis
on the LF and QB frequency bands, the original data is filtered by retaining only the Fouriercomponents correspond to the LF and QB bands. The extended EOF(EEOF) technique is also
applied to highlight the progressive nature of the QB signal. The precipitation data covered
the period of 1951 - 1993 and was obtained from the Global Historical Climatology Network(GHCN) and the Malaysian Meteorological Services (MMS). A total of 12 stations wereconsidered.
The EOF analysis on the unfiltered data showed that dominant modes of variability weremodulated by oscillations in the LF (3 - 7 years) and QB (1.5 - 2.5 years) frequency bands.
The first mode explained 27% of the total variance with periodicity of between 2.5 - 5 years.
The temporal amplitude was well correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) andthe Nino3 SST. Hence the largest variability in the precipitation anomaly appeared to be
associated with ENSO events. Spatially, the impacts appeared to be dominant in Sabah,
Sarawak and the East Coast of Malaysian peninsula. Hence these area faced drought during
an El Niño event and flood during La Niña. The second mode explained 17% of the total
variance and appeared to be modulated by the mixture of the LF and the QB frequency with aperiodicity of between 1.5 - 1.8 years. The EOF analysis on the LF filtered data confirmedthat the most dominant mode of variability in the precipitation anomaly was due to ENSO.
There was no evidence of propagation as revealed by the EEOF analysis. However, the signal
appeared to be well correlated and preceded by the changes (in SST, zonal wind and SLP) in
the Pacific Ocean. This consistent with the idea that the LF signals are characterized bystanding waves large dipoles between the Indo-Pacific-Australia region and the eastern
Pacific. The signals in the QB bands appeared to be preceded by the changes in the Indian
Ocean and ahead of the changes in the Pacific Ocean. The EEOF analysis on the QB
components showed evidence of eastward propagation. This is consistent of the notion that
the QB signals propagate eastward from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean passing
through the Southeast Asia region.

46

ICIWP'99
GCC04
Physical Characteristics of Watermass in the South China Sea
Mohd. Nasir Saadon* and Alejandro L. Camerlengo
Faculty of Applied Science & Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Terengganu, Mengabang
Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Tel: 60-9-6696411, Fax: 60-9-6694660, nasir@upmt.edu.my

Our study provides new information on the physical characteristics of watermasses in
the South China Sea. We analyzed the temperature, salinity and density profiles to determine
the effect of the NE monsoon on the variability of the physical properties of watermasses, inthe Gulf of Thailand and the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. CTD data were obtained fromboth the MV SEAFDEC cruises conducted before (September 1995) and after (April 1996)
the northeast (NE) monsoon season.
We concluded that the NE monsoon season slightly caused the variability of the physicalproperties of watermasses, in the study area. We observed the movement of the thermocline,
halocline and pycnocline layers from deeper depth to shallower depth, before and after the NE
monsoon season, respectively. This movement could be linked to downwelling and upwelling
processes in the region.
Keyword : thermocline, halocline, pycnocline, downwelling and upwelling processes

47

ICIWP'99
GCC05
Properties of the water near the Strait of Malacca using the World Ocean Database1998 from NOAA
Takaya Namba
Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang,Selangor, Malaysia

Using the bottle data, from World Ocean Database 1998 compiled by the National
Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) the presentations of data (salinity, temperature, oxygen,
phosphate etc ) are investigated in the area, 90-110°E,0-10°N covering the Strait of Malacca
including the western part of the South China Sea and the western part of th Andaman Sea toclarify the properties of the water. The number of temperature and salinity profiles available
are more than 5000. Besides the temperature and salinity, there are more than 2000 ofoxgin,
700 of Nitrate, 700 of phosphate and 400 of Chlorophyll profiles, which are available.
Around the strait, the results show that the temperature and salinity distributions at thesurface do not only show the typical high temperature and low salinity but also some seasonalchange. The waters near the strait seem to be homogeneous. This is because of the fact thatthe southern part of the straits is narrow, which is only30 m depth and 35 km width, and there
are many small islands at Singapore. Distrributions of phosphate, nitrate etc as well as
salinity suggest there are a certain amount of water flow from land into the strait.

48

ICIWP'99
GCC06
The Regional Oceanographic Data Analysis and Simulation Modelling System for theSouth China Sea
Dinh Van Uu*1 and Pham Van Huan2
1) Marine Dynamic and Environment Research Center2) Department of Oceanography, Vietnam National Universoty, Hanoi, 334, Nguyen Trai,
Thanh Xuan, Hanoi
Tel: 84-4-8584945, Fax: 84-4-8583061, E-mail: ocean@hn.vnn.vn

In order to simulate the hydrological and ecological climatology of the South China Sea,
we was applied and developed the oceanographic data analysis and modelling system. Manyinternational global oceanographic data sets as NODC, JODC, GODAR, … was used together
with Vietnamese national and local university data sets.
Data used here have been analyzed by variational inverse method (VIM) on a 15
minutes latitude-longitude grid at standard oceanographic levels between the surface and sea
bottom. The analyzed fields of temperature and salinity have been used as boundary andinitial conditions in the 3D Eco-Hydrodynamic coastal model for the South China Sea.
The results of the thermohydrodynamic and ecological regime of the South China Sea
are more detail, especially in the Vietnamese coastal regions, where more oceanographic data
sources was used.
The coupled data analysis and simulation modelling system will be used to complete
national oceanographic archives and to develop the regional marine environmental predictivemodel for the coastal region.

49

ICIWP'99
GCC07
Long term Metocean Measurements in the South China Sea
Rozlan bin Mohd Ramli
Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia

Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd is now continuing the metocean data collection in the South
China Sea, after taking over from the metocean service provided by Sarawak Shell Berhad.
The data collection is to meet the operational and engineering requirement in the oil and gas
industry. A brief history of the relevant measurement details is presented. This is followed byan assessment of the variability of metocean conditions observed over the last three years.
The focus is on wave data, but wind data are also presented for comparison.
Platform metocean data collection has to meet the different requirements of offshore andonshore users. Offshore staff require metocean data in 'real-time' primarily to ensure safe,
day-to-day operation. Engineers need continuous, high quality records of long duration foruse in structural design/re-certification, and for long-term planning and logistic purposes. The
latter requires a robust, reliable metocean data set that is representative of expectedconditions.

50

ICIWP'99
GCC08
Data Processing and Subsurface Thermal Structure in the South China Sea
Youhai He* and CuiHua Guan
South China Sea Institute of Oceanography, Academia Sinica, Guangzhou 510301, China

More than 50,000 temperature-depth profiles in the South China Sea (SCS) for theperiod 1959-1988 are collected and analyzed on a 2 (longitude) by 2 (latitude) grid in spaceand bimonthly in time using the optimal interpolation technique. Objective and scientificquality control on the data is made, and the procedure includes the collection of subsurface
thermal data, check for the bad data, check for the duplicate observation, the development of
the long-term bimonthly mean temperatures at standard depths as a reference for SCS, thecomputation of temperature residuals at standard depths using the bimonthly mean
climatology for the sea, optimum interpolation of temperature residuals onto a regular grid,
mapping horizontal temperatures and vertical sections in order to discover potential errors. It
is successful in the quality control on the data set by comparison this processing result withthe routine one, and numerical result.
The horizontal maps on 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 m in SCS and vertical sections along
6, 12, 18°N are produced after data processing. There are pronounced seasonal andinterannual changes in the thermal structure. Thethermocline is deeper in winter and summer
than in spring and autumn. The cold and warm centers in SCS are not permanent except thecold one in the northern SCS, and very sensitive to the monsoon.

51ICIWP'99
GCC09
SEAWATCH program in Indonesia
Agus Setiaman
SEAWATCH Indonesia Program, Directorate for Environmental Technology, Agency for theAssessment & Application of Technology (BPPT), BPPT 2 nd Building 21 st Floor, Jl. M.H.
Thamrin No.8 Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
Tel: 62-21-3926634, Fax: 62-21-3926632, E-mail: scewatch@cbn.net.id

Considering the National Guidelines (GBHN) 1993 which has put marine sector on
development activity in economy field, Indonesian human resources and technology
development on marine field have to be prepared. BPPT as an agency for the assessment andapplication of Technology has started to prepare the development by doing some projects inmarine sector such as Baruna Jaya Vessel Project and SEAWATCH Indonesia Project.
SEAWATCH Indonesia Project is a national project of government of Republic of Indonesia
in co-operation with the government of Norway on science and technology. The first phase ofthis project has been done for 3 years from March 1996 until March 1999. The objectives ofthis project is to develop a real time and continuously database of marine environmental toserve fisheries, sea transportation, hydro-oceanographic, meteorology services and others.
The possibilities for SEAWATCH Indonesia Project was first introduced to the Ministerof Research and Technology of Republic of Indonesia in Jakarta on November 1991 by the
Minister of Oil and Gas of Norway. This project largely financed by Norwegian public funds.
The background of this project is based on the big resources and potencies of Indonesia as amaritime continent with more than 17,000 islands with a total area estimated at 7.8 million
km2 consisting mostly of marine (74.3 %). Being the maritime continent it would be
important to Indonesia to develop its own technology platform to form a part of the ocean
observing system to be installed throughout the world, in the future. Areas of special
Indonesian concern could be the development of advanced sensors to be integrated in thebuoy systems and also development of applications, such as how to utilize the data flow for
the various purposes in a most efficient way.
The SEAWATCH system consists of (a) sensors carrying buoys with real time datatransmission system, (b) data analysis, data presentation and forecasting system,(c) data
distribution system. The first part is mainly based on the oceanographic data collection buoy,
equipped to collect the following parameters: air pressure, air temperature, wind speed anddirection, waves, sea current, vertical sea temperature and salinity profile, oxygen saturation,
particle or algae concentration and radioactivity. The collected data are internally processed
52

ICIWP'99
and checked and hence transmitted to shore by use of satellite communication, enabling nearreal time data evaluation. The second part is the data quality control, analysis, storage andforecasting parts. The large amounts of data to be collected need very careful data checking
and storage systems. Operational model for forecasting of marine environmental parameters
are also parts of this include hydrodynamics model, pollution transport model etc. The thirdpart is the computer based information system for distribution of relevant information/data tointerested parties. By using an ordinary PC equipped with the necessary software, various
users can achieve the required data or relevant information in very easy anduser friendly way.
The project for the first phase only covering the area around the Malaka Straits and Java
Sea. It is planned to extend the location to the eastern part of Indonesia (Makassar Straits,
Lombok Straits, etc.) in the next phase of the project.

53

ICIWP'99
GCC10
Marine Research Activities and Oceanographic Data Management in Vietnam
Dang Ngoc Thanh
National Center for Natural Science & Technology of Vietnam, Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau
Giay, Ha noi, Vietnam
Tel: 84-4-8361778, Fax: 84-4-8352483

Marine research activities in Vietnam already began in the '20s of this century, with theestablishment of the Institute of Oceanography (I.O.) in Nha Trang in 1923. The marine
investigation activities carried out by the I.O. at that time before 1945 - was considered as thefirst period of the marine research history in Vietnam. Since 1946 until 1975 even at thewartime, marine investigation continued, but conforming to the political context at that time,
it was conducted separately in North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
The present period of marine research activities in Vietnam began from 1975, after thefinish of the long wartime and beginning of the reunification of the country. The mostremarkable features in this period is the National Marine Research Programme,organized
during every State Quinquennial Plan of Socio - Economic Development, with theparticipation of different marine scientific institutions of the country.
Beside the expedition works, in the 1st three decades of this century, 17 coastal andisland meteo - hydrological stations were established to collect regularly data on
meteorological and hydrological characteristics of the Vietnam sea area, the most ancientwere Hon Dau (Hai Phong) Vung Tau (Ba Ria - Vung Tau).
As results of a long period of marine investigation on the Vietnam sea and adjacentareas, a multidisciplinary oceanographic data stock has been collected from different sources,
including data on physical, chemical geolo-geophysical, biological oceanography, on living
and non-living resources and environment conditions. However, the oceanographic data
management in Vietnam up to now remained many inadequate unsettled problems, as
following: disperse status of the data collection, every institution kept their own data holdings,
lacking workmanship and necessary technological capability, data exchange relations withinternational collective still notdeveloped …
In order to promote the oceanographic data management, from 1996 to 2000, a National
Project on the establishment of a National oceanographic data base is implemented in theframework of the National Marine Research Programme, to establish a solid economico technological basis, to propose an appropriate organisation system for data management at
national level, and to give a preliminary capacity building for a National oceanographic database.
For this purpose it needs an effort from marine research scientific collective andinstitutions, an attention from the government and an assistance of international organisations,particularly the IODE/IOC system and the cooperation with regional countries.

54

ICIWP'99
GCC11
Oceanographic Observations and Coastal Environment Monitoring Programmes ofKorea
K. K. Jung*, H. D. Jeong and Y. S. Suh
Korea Oceanographic Data Center
Oceanography Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, 408-1 Kijang,
Pusan, 619-900 Korea
Tel: 82-51-720-2231, Fax: 82-51-720-2225 , E-mail: kkjung@haema.nfrda.re.kr

The National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) is responsible forthe time series oceanographic observations and coastal environment monitoring in Korea.
These programmes of observation and monitoring have been verified to predict theoceanographic conditions and fisheries ground environments in the sea around Korea.
The serial oceanographic observations are carried out bimonthly on 175 stations from22 lines around Korea. The monitoring variables are water temperature, salinity, dissolved
oxygen, nutrients and meteorological factors. The data are recorded in the Korea
Oceanographic Data Center (KODC) file operated by NFRDI, and easily accessible to the end
users. The vertical water temperature profiles from ship observation are provided within 2days of observation time.
The upwelling cold water, low-saline water mass and harmful algal bloom havefrequently occurred in the coastal areas of Korea in the summer. They resulted in an
economic loss in the cultural production of fish and shellfish. NFRDI conducts thecomprehensive coastal environment monitoring including pollutant content and ecosystemrelated variable.
The real time sea surface temperature (SST) data is obtained directly from the advanced
very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) on the U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) polar orbiting satellites. The SST data which are from the satellite
and daily observations of 40 coastal stations are analyzed for providing the marine
information, and used in the prediction and warning of near shore cold water. In the summer,
monitoring for the low-saline water and harmful algal bloom is extensively implemented in
the coastal area through the ship and buoy observations.

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GCC12
Oceanographic Data Management - Malaysian Experience
First Admiral Mohd Rasip bin Hassan and Commander Zainal bin Aziz RMNHydrographic Department, Navy Headquarters, Ministry of Defence, Jalan Padang Tembak,
50634 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: 60-3-2313075, Fax: 60-3-2987972, E-mail: rmnodc@tm.net.my

The paper presents the on-going effort by the Royal Malaysian Navy Hydrographic
Department (RMNHD) in managing the oceanographic data and research activities within the
Malaysian environment. It focuses on various aspects of data management, training of
personnel and capacity building in the field of physical oceanography.
The establishment of the Royal Malaysian Navy Oceanographic Data Centre(RMNODC) is considered a major initiative towards a more systematic oceanographic data
gathering for the whole country. Subsequently, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission (IOC) via its Circular Letter No. 1414 dated 25 May 1994, appointed the
RMNODC as the Designated National Agency (DNA) for the International Oceanographic
Data and Information Exchange (IODE) program in Malaysia. By 1997, the RMNHD was
appointed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) to be the focal
point for all IOC activities in Malaysia.
The success of RMNODC will depend on the support and co-operation from various
agencies both in government and the private sectors including institutions of higher learning
involved in oceanography and marine science activities. A National Oceanographic Research
Co-ordination Committee has been established to facilitate this co-operation for mutual
benefit.

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SESSION 5
Marine Pollution- Data Requirements, Needs & Products

57

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58

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KeynoteExchanging Data and Information on Marine Pollution - Challenges and Issues
Gil S. Jacinto
Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, 1101 Diliman, Quezon City,
Philippines
Tel: 632-922-3944; Fax: 632-924-7678, Email: gilj@msi01.cs.upd.edu.phThe development of a data and information exchange mechanism for marine pollution
is needed. However, unlike physical oceanographic data for which methods and instrumentsof data acquisition are fairly well standardized and the mechanisms for data exchange andvalidation have been around for a long time, data on contaminants are not as easily obtained
and shared.
There are several challenges and issues that need to be considered. For example,
agencies that have traditionally been able to provide physical oceanographic data (e.g.,hydrographic departments) are not necessarily able or equipped to acquire marine pollution
data. Parameters measured to assess marine pollution vary considerably. Also, data on
contaminant levels generated by various laboratories, within a country and among countries
in the region, may not be comparable. Problems remain in generating accurate data even forparameters that are relatively easy to measure (e.g., nutrients). Standard reference materials
are expensive and, for some parameters and matrices, difficult to acquire. Monitoring ofcontaminants is often limited to nearshore areas because these tend to be more accessible tolaboratories, thereby limiting the spatial perspective of contaminant levels. Because analysis
costs are high and laboratory analysis sometimes time-consuming, the number of samples
acquired and data generated are also limited. If contaminant levels are obtained by academic
groups, they may be unwilling to share the data until after these are published in scientificjournals. The disclosure of some environmental data to the public may also be seen tocompromise economic activities of countries (e.g., coliform counts or red tide episodes inmariculture areas or tourist destinations); thus, there might be reluctance to provide such data
especially on a real-time basis.
Some of these issues are not too difficult to address. Others will require new
approaches to involve participants, acquire data, and share information. This will need time,
resources, new technologies, commitment, and a shared vision among the countries of abetter future made possible by sharing marine pollution data and information.

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ICIWP'99
MP01
Coastal Resource Sensitivity of Oil Spill Pollution using Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information System
Mazlani Muhammad*1, Roslinah Samad1, Azmah Ali1, Achmad Qamal Siatan1,
Nguyen Ngoc Thach2 and Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim3
1) Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing (MACRES), Malaysia2) Institute if Oceanography, National Centre for Natural Sciences & Technology, Hanoi,
Vietnam3) National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysa

The Straits of Malacca, regarding as one of the busiest shipping route in the world, isfacing increasing threat oil pollution due to accident spills. This can cause serious pollutionof the coastal ecosystems, which subsequently will affect the economic well-being of thefishermen in both Malaysia and Indonesia. MACRES has embarked on a project to look into
the potential or remote sensing data to detect oil spills near real-time for prompt remedialaction. The overall objective of the project is to zone the sensitivity of the ecosystem, both
onshore and offshore, against oil spill pollution, using the integration of remote sensing andgeographic information system. This paper highlights the methodology adopted and presents
some results. The output of the project was coastal resources sensitivity map against oil spill
pollution based on geomorphology, socio-economic and habitat ecosystem. Such map is an
important input the early warning system against oil spill pollution being developed by the
Department of Environment, Malaysia.

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ICIWP'99
MP02
The Straits of Malacca Environmental Information System (SMEIS)
Kum Sang Low* 1, Y.N,Phua1, C.K.Lee, M.N.Jaafar2 and W.A.Wan Zahari1
1) Institute of Postgraduate Studies & Research2) Department of Geography
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: 60-3-759-4427, Fax: 60-3-756-8940, E-mail: hllowks@umcsd.um.edu.my

The Malacca Straits Demonstration Project (MSDP) has been commissioned as part of
the GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme for the Prevention and Management of Marine
Pollution in the East Asian Sea. The specific objective of the MSDP is to develop a subregional environmental information system for the management of marine and coastal
pollution of the Straits of Malacca. The tasks undertaken by researchers from the 3 littoral
states includes the mapping and valuation of the coastal resources of the Straits, mapping of
the sources of pollution and assessment of various pollution control technology options aswell as the development of simulation models for assessing the impacts of oil spills and thedischarge of pollutants by rivers into the Straits.
These maps, databases and simulation models are then integrated into a software
package known as the "Straits of Malacca Environmental Information System" or SMEIS.
The software package has been developed in the structure of a Geographical Information
System (GIS) enabling the overlaying of maps, zooming and panning functions, querying of
database and map attributes. The sub-regional information system has enabled for the firsttime the quantitative valuation of the coastal resources of the Straits as well as the assessmentof the likely scale of impacts or damages of these resources due to both land-based and seabased sources of pollution.
Based on the computed oil slick trajectory and landing densities, the likely damages of
the coastal resources due to accidental oil spills in the Straits ofMalacca can be assessed.
Based on the computation of river discharged pollutant dispersion in the Straits, the economic
values of the coastal resources exposed to high pollutant concentrations can also bequantified. These quantitative impact assessments of marine environmental pollution willlead to the formulation of pollution control and management measures vital for the protectionof the vast coastal resources of the Straits of Malacca.

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MP03
Marine Toxicology - its nature and significance in Malaysia
Iekhsan Othman
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaysia, 50603 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: 60-3-7594906, Fax 603-7594975, E-mail: iekhsan@medicine.med.um.edu.my

Marine toxicology is a very neglected field of study in Malaysia due to its insignificant
effect to the economy and to the population. The main group of people that are of concernedwith marine toxicology are those that have encountered it either directly or indirectly and thisinclude various medical practitioners, divers, toxicologists, beach goers and victims ofvarious envenomation. The number of cases that have been referred to University Hospitalare mainly from the US and Australia concerning with marineenvenomation from marineorganisms including jellyfish, sea anemones and various typesof fish poisoning. However,database available on Malaysian marine toxicology is very inadequate and insufficient toanswer even some of the basic questions regarding the source and nature of the toxic effect.
Circumstances such as the one described above has presented us with an opportunity tolook into the study of marine toxicology in greater detail especially on natural toxins frommarine organisms. Amongst the many marine organisms that are of medical importance arejellyfish and pufferfish as their toxins could affect human health. There have been several
deaths caused by toxins from these organisms. Our studies have shown that these toxins arevaried, not only in their nature but also their mode of actions ranging from severe pain andskin necrosis to respiratory paralysis and eventual death. Jellyfish toxins areproteineceous innature and are very labie. The Toxins, stored in a capsule called nematocyst, are very potent
in causing the formation of ionophore in cardiac muscles leading to a massive influx of thedivalent, Ca2+. These sudden increased of Ca2+ causes cell death and eventual death tovictims. Ultrastuctural studies using scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy
have showed that the toxins are stored in various types of capsules called nematocysts thatare activated via a trigger called cnidocil. The structure of the tubules these nematocysts canbe ejected at a very high velocity to ensure penetration into the skin epidermis reaching thecapillaries of the muscle. As the effect is mainlycarditoxic coupled with some degree ofneurotoxicity, the manifestation of the symptoms are almost immediate with death occurring
within 3 minutes. The lethality of some Malaysian species of jellyfish, such as
Chiropsalmus
quadrigatus, Chiropsalmus buitendjiki and Carybdea alata are of significance since as they
posed possible threat to all beach goers especially in popular area such asBatu Feringghi,
Panang and Port Dickson, Negri Semibilan.
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While the nature of the protein from jellyfish isproteineceous, studies on Malaysia
pufferfish have showed that it contained terodotoxin which is very stable organic molecule
even at high temperature such as 100°C. All Malaysian species of pufferfish studied,includied Chelonodon fluviatilis, Gastrophysus lunaris and Torquigener oblongus, are toxic
and inedible. Pure tetrodotoxin and its derivatives can be isolated using various
chromatographic techniques including column chromatography and HPLC. These toxins areuseful for various scientific probes in the study ofNa+ - channels in neurones.

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MP04
Bioconcentration and Availability of Organo-Chlorine Pesticides (OCP) in Different
Compartments of the Food-chain in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Zubir bin Din*1, M.M. Hossain1 and Md. Sani Ibrahim2
1) Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies2) School of Chemical Sciences
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

There is an increasing global concern on the fate of persistent agrochemicals,particularly pesticides, that are introduced into the marine environment as a result ofdrainage, surface run-off and precipitation. In Malaysia, organochlorine pesticides (OCP)such as DDT, aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor are widely used but very little information on
their level in the environment is available. For 1990, the estimated cost of pesticide use inthis country was around RM315 million, with an 8% increase annually. Neither the
Department of Agriculture (responsible for pesticides under the Pesticide Act, 1974) nor the
Department of Environment (responsible for the state of the environment under theEnvironmental Quality Act 1974/1988) is doing any routine monitoring of these group of
contaminants. Early studies have shown that OCP can be magnified up to 100 or even 1000
times in animal tissues, especially due to theirlipophilic nature. Various toxic effects due toexposure to these chemicals have been shown, the most famous being the thinning ofegg
shells in birds. As early as the 1970's it became widely known that some insecticides cause
cancer, mutations and birth defects.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the extent of bioaccumulation anddistribution of OCP in different compartments within the marine food-chain at three locations
on the west coast of peninsular Malaysia, namely in the vicinity of the mouth ofSungai
Kerian and Sungai Muda, as well as Teluk Aling in Penang.
In addition to surface sediment samples, six species of marine organisms, representing
different trophic levels, were collected. These include 2 species of molluscs A( nadara
granosa and Perna viridis), 1 species of crustacean (Metapeneaus sp.), 2 demersal species(Arius sp. and Pennahia sp.), a herbivorous pelagic species (Valamugil sp.) and a carnivorous
pelagic species (Lates calcarifer).
The samples were analysed for 18 OCP compounds following the US-EPA method(with modifications). Emphasis was given to total-DDT, Dieldrin, Aldrin, Linden (γ-BHC),
Endrin, Heptochlor, Endosulfan and Methoxychlor.
The results show that in all the samples several OCPs were detedted. Higher
concentrations were found in the bivalves (Anadara granosa and Perna veridis), and in thefish species (Valamugil sp., and Lates calcarifer). These results suggest that several OCPs
are bioconcentrated along the food-chain.
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MP05
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mussels from Malaysian Coastal Waters
Ali Mashinchian Moradi*, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria, Jambari Hj Ali
Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang,Selangor, Malaysia
E-mail: mashinchian@hotmail.com

More than 2.3 thousand kiloton of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) reach themarine environment every year and are ubiquitously distributed world-wide.
The
investigation of these compounds is of great scientific interest, since several of them showhigh carcinogenic and mutagenic activities. Amongst these PAHs, the compounds with 4-7
rings exhibit the greatest carcinogenic andmutagenic effects.
Mussels prove to be useful in biological monitoring programs designed to detectorganic micro-pollutants contamination of the marine environment. As filter-feedingorganisms, mussels are capable of accumulating a wide range of compounds includingPAHs
and the concentration of contaminants in mussel tissue generally reflects that in the watercolumn.
At present, scanty data is available on the contamination of Malaysian coastal waterswith PAHs. In this study, green mussels (Perna viridls) were utilized for monitoring of thelevel of PAHs in coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia.
Mussels of 7 - 9 cm in length were sampled from jetties, navigational buoys andaquaculture cages from 11 stations along the West coast of peninsular Malaysia fromLangkawi toJohor. At least 25 individual mussels from each station were immediately shucked and soft
tissues homogenized and kept at -18°C until analysis. Aliquots of 20 g of homogenized soft
tissues were extracted in dichloromethane using polytron homogenizer. The extracts werecleaned up by 5 % deactivated silica gel column chromatography and then fractionated bysecond step column chromatography using 100 % activated silica gel. Fractionatedcompounds were analyzed by GC-MS after addition of dueterated internal standards. Spiked
blank samples were used to check the recovery of the analytical procedure. The recovery
percentage was generally between 80 to 95 %.
Concentrations of 17 individual PAHs including dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene,
anthracene, 2-methyl anthracene, 2-methyl phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, retene, 1methyl pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benz(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene,
65

ICIWP'99
benzo(e)pyrene, acephenanthrylene, dibenz(a,h) anthracene and coronene were detemined in
all mussels samples.
The concentaration of PAHs were both calculated based on wet and lipid weights. The
highest level of PAHs was observed in Pasir Puteh in Johor and the lowest concentration was
found in Pasir Panjang, Port Dikson with total PAHs concentration of 37.87 µg/g lipid wt.
and 3.58 µg/g lipid wt., respectively. Among the individual PAHs, the highest level wasdibenzothiophene while the lowest level was benz(a)anthracene with an average
concentration of 2.62 µg/g lipid wt. (0.66 to 6.87 µg/g lipid wt.) and 0.007 µg/g lipid wt. (0.0
to 0.032 µg/g lipid wt.), respectively.
This study has shown that Pasir Puteh has the highest level of total PAHs while Pasir
Panjang had the lowest level of total PAHs. Conclusively, Pasir Puteh could be one of themost polluted sites and Pasir Panjang could be one of the cleanest sites. These results are
consistent with the highly urbanized and industrialized hinterland ofPasir Puteh andconspicuously absence of any industries around Pasir Panjang coupled with the remote natureof the site.

66

ICIWP'99
MP06
Distribution of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)s and Total Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons (TAHs) in the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Thailand and the South
China Sea
Abudul-Rashid, M.K.
Department of Marine Science and Environmental, Faculty of Applied Science andTechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Terengganu,Malaysia
Tel: 60-9-6696411 ext.412, Fax: 60-9-6694660, E-mail: kamil@upmt.edu.my

Surface sediments (0 - 2 cm) from 23 stations in the Gulf of Thailand and the South
China Sea were analyzed for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Total
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (TACs). Aromatic hydrocarbon was found to be in range between
0.7047 ug/g dry wt. to 26.6066 ug/g dry wt., while aliphatic hydrocarbon was in the range
between 2.1819 ug/g dry wt to 25.5314 ug/g dry wt. Long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons (n >20) were found to be the dominant species in most of the stations. High concentrations ofboth aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons were found in samples from the Gulf of Thailand.

67

ICIWP'99
MP07
Trend in Environmental Water Quality of Inner Jakarta Bay, Indonesia
Melati Ferianita Fachrul*1, Mohd. Ismid M.S1, Mohd. Razman S1 and Rokhimin D.2
1) Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 Sukudai Johor, Malaysia
Tel: 60-7-5576160 ext.3027, Fax: 60-7-5566157, E-mail: melatif@hotmail.com
2) Faculty of Fisheries, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Jakarta Bay is a semi enclosed coastal bay located north of Jakarta City near the Java
Sea. Beside its importance of being the site of the international port of Indonesia, Jakarta
Bay is also important for fisheries and recreation.
However, the bay and its rivers are being subject to various types of pollution arisingfrom human activities, such as domestic and industrial effluent. Though the country ismarching towards prosperity, the problem pollution is steadily increasing and has become amatter of public concern. The pollution, if left unchecked, would result in the degradation ofwater quality and environmental alteration, ultimately limit the beneficial uses of the coastal
waters.
Annual water quality monitoring of Jakarta Bay have been conducted by the ResearchInstitute for Urban Development and Environmental (KPPL) DKI Jakarta since 1982 andadditional investigations have been conducted by several researchers.
In general, the environmental water quality in Jakarta Bay has showed a gradualdecrease. However, the continuing presence of pollution in Jakarta Bay waters suggest recent
input these matters, which is probably due toanthropogenic source.
This paper presents an assessment of water quality status of Jakarta Bay waters andanalysis the trend over the past ten years.

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MP08
Dissolved Fraction of Metals in Malaysian Waters, Using an In-site Sampling andExtraction Techniques
Shahunthala Devi RamachandranInstitute Penyelidikan Perikana, Malaysia

Determination of trace metals in water requires preconcentration of the contaminantfrom large volumes of water and this incurs contamination problems during samplingtransportation and extraction. This study investigated the use of an INFILTREX (IN-situ
FILTRation and EXtraction) sampler in determination of dissolved fraction of trace metal
concentrations in coastal waters of the west coast of Peninsula Malaysia and open ocean
waters along the continental shelf off East Malaysa. Dissolved fractions for copper,
cadmium, zinc, chromium, lead and iron were determined in 22 sampling stations alongMiri,
Brunei, and Labuan. The results showed trace quantities (< 0.02 ppm Cu; < 0.086 ppb Cd; <1.52 ppb Cr; < 2.30 ppb Fe, < 5.4 ppb) for all the stations with the exception of copper
showing elevated values (0.22 ppm) in the vicinity of Labuan Island. Zinc values were all
below the detection limit of the instrument.

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MP09
Concentration of Heavy Metal Contamination in Marine Sediments off East CoastPeninsular Malaysia
V.R. Vijayan
Mineral and Geoscience Department, Malaysia

A marine survey was conducted in 1993 along 2,475 kilometres of tract in the South
China Sea offshore East Peninsular Malaysia to evaluate the presence of placer gold, tin andheavy minerals, as well as sand resources. Geophysical methods were employed, consistingof high resolution seismic profiling, side scan sonar and magnetics. These data were
supported by analyses from 232 cores and 241 grab samples obtained in the 25,000 square
kilometre survey area. The presence of heavy metals in the seafloor sediments was also
examined in order to address environmental concerns that might arise if mining were toensue.
The heavy metals were predominant in the silt fraction as compared to the sandfractions. The most significant area is off the Pahang coast, between Nenasi and Tanjung
Gelang, where the selected eight metals (As,Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) investigated were
present in significant amounts. The other anomalous areas were ih the south around theislands of Sibu, Tinggi, Babi Besar, Pemanggil and Aur.
The high metal values in the silt fraction, however, showed less correlation with the
QME results. The absence of equivalent minerals (likechalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite)
related to the metals investigated (like copper, lead and zinc, respectively), indicated thatthese metals were predominantly present in elemental forms in the sediments. The
concentration of these metals appeared to be further enhanced by the organic matter in thesediments.
As the anomalous values of these metals are caused by accumulation due to either
adsorption in the clay minerals or formation of complexes with the organic carbons or both, it
is recommended that a separate assessment study be undertaken to ascertain the source(s) for
these contaminants, of which those at the top one meter of the sediment depth are highly
suspected to be from industrial point sources along rivers or industrial wastes that are being
discharged directly to the marine environment.

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MP10
Organic Contaminants in Sediments of Melaka Strait
Ab. Khalik b. Hj. Wood* and Burhanuddin Ahmad
Malaysia Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT), 43000 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia

Anthropogenic organic chemicals such as petroleum hydrocarbons and Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POP) are contaminants of concern due to their persistency in marine
ecosystem that can cause long term adverse effect to marine life. A coastal water area ofmajor concern is the Strait of Melaka which is relatively shallow and narrow but one of thebusiest water way in the world. The biggest seafood productions of Malaysia is also comefrom this area.
In view of the situation, a study was carried out to evaluate distribution and speciationof the contaminants in sediment of Melaka Straits coastal water area. The organic
contaminants in sediment at 21 sampling points along the strait were determined. The
sediments samples were collected using box coringdevice having 20 x 30 cm cross-sectionalarea.
The petroleum hydrocarbon and POPs were determined by GC-FID and GF-ECD
respectively. Proper quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) were established toensure the precision and accuracy of the analytical technique employed. For example theapplicability of the technique were ensured by analyzing the Standard Reference Materials(SRM). Participation in the Interlaboratory Comparison Studies organized by IAEA's Marine
Environmental Laboratory in Monaco (under UNEP/IAEA/IOC programme) is anotherexample of activity to ensure the applicability of our analytical system.
There were 16 petroleum hydrocarbon species, 18 organochlorine pesticide species and
16 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) species were identified in the study. The totalhydrocarbon petroleum concentration was in the range of 0.2 µg/g to 46.6 µg/g. Whilst the
total organochlorine pesticide was in the range of 1.90 ng/g - 21.65 ng/g. The total PCBs wasfound existed in marine sediment at the range of < 0.02ng/g to 6.69ng/g.

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ICIWP'99
MP11
Monitoring Programme on Marine Pollution from a Coastal Power Plant into the Sea
Absornsuda Siripong
Marine Science Dept., Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phya Thai Road,
Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Tel: 66-2-218-5405, Fax: 66-2-255-0780, E-mail: sabsorns@netserv.chula.ac.th

An open-cycle, once-through cooling and coal-fire electric generating station is situatedat Map Ta Phut, Rayong Province on the Eastern coast of the Gulf of Thailand. It requires
substantial quantities of condenser cooling water. This power plant discharges heat water tothe sea during operation since April 1999. The thermal effluent has some impacts on
atmospheric, biological, chemical and physical environments in the sea. The sources ofpotential ecological changes are investigated. Aside from the thermal loading of coastal
waters, other impacts of power plants result from chemical releases, as well as impingementof organisms on intake screens and entrainment of organisms through plant condensers. The
most notable chemical impacts are associated with biocides, particularly chlorine used toprevent and remove buildup of bacterial slime and other fouling organisms in condenser
tubes. The effluent may contain some heavy metals from the containers. In order to predict
the seawater velocity and temperature fields of the thermal discharge which will meet thestandard of Environmental Protection Agency, a mathematical model was constructed. The
satellite data are being analyzed to map the pattern of the thermal distribution in different
season. The field surveys programmes have been conducted to monitor the biological,
chemical and physical environments at the intake and discharge sea area before, during andafter operations.

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POSTER SESSION73ICIWP'99

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P01
Oceanographic Chemical Dataset in the Northwestern Pacific
Toru HAZAMA* and Atsushi SHIBATA
Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC), 5-4-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
Tel: 81-3-3541-4295, Fax: 81-3-3545-2885

Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC) has been playing the role of national
oceanographic data bank for the purpose of preventing valuable oceanographic data frombeing scattered and lost and supporting user's activities in the sea by facilitating the exchangeof oceanographic data and information.
In recent years, various oceanographic observations and studies have being carried out
in view of global warming and global environmental issues. It is expected that joint researchand reciprocal use of the oceanographic data and information among research community
would be promoted in order to improve the quality of study result and the cost performance.
NOPACCS (Northwest Pacific Carbon Cycle Study) is the project aiming at
investigating and studying the mechanism of the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) to theocean and subsequent behavior and cycle of the carbon in the ocean. The data on physicalcirculation, biogeochemical processes and accumulation on the seafloor have been obtained
from the repeated field surveys in the middle of the North Pacific Ocean, and a quantitative
numerical model to clarify the mechanism of carbon circulation in theocean has beendeveloped by using of the data.
JODC prepared the dataset compiled the data obtained by the project in cooperation
with NOPACCS interests, in view of insufficiency of those data in the middle of the North
Pacific Ocean.

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P02
Distribution of Ceratium Species in Quarter Bay, Iran
Majid Eshaghi
Dept. of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science & Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysi,
43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Tel: 60-3-9486101, Fax: 60-3-9423552, E-mail: MS51450@stud.edu.my

Studies on the identification and distribution ofCeratium species were carried out in 10
different stations in Quarter Bay. Phytoplankton samples were collected vertically with anylon plankton net having a mesh size of 55 micron.
In this investigation 9 Ceratium species were observed in which the dominant species
was Ceratium fusus and the most abundance of Ceratium species was found in station 4, 7
and 10. The least abundance was observed in stations 1 and 2.

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P03
Monitoring of Trace Metals in Sediments and Flat Tree-Oysters from Sepang Rivers,
Malaysia
Katayon Saed*, Ahmad Ismail, Misri Kusnan and Hishamuddin Omar
Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science & Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Tel: 60-3-9453210, Fax 60-3-9432508, E-mail: GS02507@stud.upm.edu.my

Studies on trace metals concentrations (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) in sediments and flat treeoyster Isognomon alatus were conducted in Sepang Besar River and Sepang Kecil River inwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Metals concentrations were analysed by acid digestionand determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry model 4100 Perkin Elmer.
Results indicated that patterns of metals occurrence, in order of decreasing
concentrations for oysters and sediments were Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. A positive correlation ( r= 0.71; 0.73; 0.78, p < 0.05) between trace metals in oysters and sediments was obtained for
Zn, Cu and Cd, respectively. Trace metals concentrations in the oysters and sediments from
Sepang Besar River, which receive effluent discharged from pig farm, were found to besignificantly (p < 0.05) higher than those collected from Sepang Kecil River.
These results can be a useful information for future studies and management of trace
metals pollution in these coastal environment.
Keyword: Trace metals, Oyster, Sediments, Malaysia

77

ICIWP'99
P04
Identification of Fishing Areas in the Southeastern part of Samar Sea, Philippines
Latip S. Abdurahman
Samar Regional School of Fisheries, Catbalogan, Samar 6700, Philippines

The study aimed to identify the different fishing areas inSamar Sea and gather
information on fishing gear and method used, fishing season,characteristics of fishing sites
and species caught in the area. There were 12 fishing areas identified by the study. The
northern division includes potential groundsfor pelagic and demersal fisheries. Fishing areas
comprising the southern portion has a fishing depth range of 4 to 84 m with mostly muddysandy bottom. The northern portion has a fishing depth range of 3 to 100 m with muddy andsandy shell bottom.
Most of the bottom fishes were caught by trawling, seining and longlining at various
period of the year. Trash fish such as gobies and young bottom fishes were mostly caught bytrawl. Both day and night operation were observed in the 12 fishing areas inSamar Sea.

78

ICIWP'99
P05
Bio-Physical Characteristics of Maqueda Bay, Samar, Philippines
Renato C. Diocton
Samar Regional School of Fisheries, Catbalogan, Samar 6700, Philippines

The area which is collectively known as Maqueda Bay comprises Maqueda Bay and its
adjacent waters. It covers an area of 650 km2 and is located on the central part of Samar
Island Philippines. Maqueda Bay is a semi-enclosed estuary with no significant spatial
variability of the mean annual water temperature that is 27.74°C to 29.69°C while the salinity
ranges from 31.49 ppt to 34.17 ppt. Transparency reading recorded from 5 to 11 m.
Dissolved oxygen at the water surface ranges from 3.19 ml/l to 5.40 ml/l while at the bottom
ranges from 0.45 ml/l to 3.86 ml/l. The current patterns and water circulation ofMaqueda
Bay is generally influenced by the prevailing wind direction in the area (i.e., southwesterly
from April to August and northeasterly from October to March). The variable wind speeds
ranging from 3.5 - 33.5 km/hr could prevail in a given day. The climate is classified as TypeIV with more or less evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year and the monthly averagemean of 335 mm. Wind borne water masses coming from Carigara Bay and Samar Sea
determine the general water circulation. The bay is shallow estuary with the average depth of
14m with around 33% of the total area while deeper portion (i.e. 21 - 28 meters) are 18 % of
the bay area. Soft-bottom substrates comprise 80 - 95 % of the Maqueda Bay's total bottom
area. The soft-bottom nature and the shallow depth of the bay make it the preferred habitat ofhighly diverse groups of demersal fishes and shrimps. Rock and patchy reef formation line
the islands in Maqueda Bay that constitute only about 5 % of the bay of total area. The coral
cover of all site surveyed was only 37.24% which is fair category. Five species ofseagrasses
in the area while the mangrove has a total of 12 species with an estimated area 8,476.6 ha.
Three major river systems (Calbiga, Motiong and Villareal Rivers) with an estimated total
catchment area of 814 km2 and a total runoff of 1,494m3 drain to the bay. Maqueda bay was
the site of the first widespread episode of red tide in the Philippines caused by the
dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. From 1983 to 1996 there are about
1067 paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and death.

79

ICIWP'99
P07
The First Step for an Oceanographic Database of the Vietnam Sea Region in the Gulfof Thailand
Phan van Hoac* and Bao Thanh
Center for Hydrometeorology of South Vietnam, 19 Nguyen thi Minh Khai, Dist. 1, Ho Chi
Minh city, Vietnam
Tel: 84-8-8290057, Fax: 84-8-8243816, E-mail: kttvpn@netnam2.org.vn

An oceanographic database of the Vietnam sea region (lat. 8°20' - 10°20'; long. 103°28'- 105°10') in the Gulf of Thailand was built to serve various needs of research.
The contents of the database include:• Data of 3 oceanographic surveys in 1994 - 1998
• Data of 4 many-years hydrometeorological stations• Some statistical data, metadata and summaries• 10 reports of researches on natural conditions, currents, tides, circulation,
environment, biology and fisheries of the sea region and the Gulf of Thailand (inVietnamese)
The data is in the format of Microsoft Excel and VODC software (the software also
included); the reports - Microsoft Word and the pictures - Windows bitmaps.
The database is stored in a CD-ROM disk.

80

ICIWP'99
P08
State of Vietnam Coastal Erosion and Accretion and Environment Concerns
Dinh Van Huy
Haiphong Institute of Oceanology, 246 Danang Street, Haiphong City, Vietnam

Vietnam, a marine nation in South-East Asia with over 3,200 km coastline is facingwith some coastal environment problems caused by erosion and accretion increasing.
During the last some decades, the coastal erosion has occurred in many coastal placesof Vietnam with the rate of 2 - 10 m/yr, sometime 15 - 25 m/yr and even 30 - 50 m/yr. It has
threatened directly settlements, destroyed buildings and dikes, narrowed down mangrove
forests and coastal land. The coastal accretion has occurred mainly in the deltaic coastal
areas. The large deltas such as Red River Delta in the North and Mekong River Delta in theSouth have expanded seaward by hundreds of hectare every year and created the precious
land resources for the development of agriculture, aquaculture, mangroves, new settlements
and economic areas. However, the coastal sedimentation in estuary area has impacted
negatively on the shipping channels and port, that has made difficulty for the development ofports and waterway.
Moving of the sand dunes and barriers landward, moving and closing the lagoonal
inlets and small river mouths have occurred in the central Vietnam. The dunes and barriers
have moved landward by the rate ranging from 2 to 15m/yr, filling the ricefields, houses,
roads. The migration and closure of the lagoonal inlets and small river mouths have caused
floods, inundations and traffic snarls.

81

ICIWP'99
P09
Cooperative Projects in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk: New
Oceanographic Data for International Community
Alexander N. Man'ko
Regional Oceanographic Data Center (RODC), Far Eastern Regional HydrometeorologicalResearch Institute (FERHRI), Vladivostok, Russia

During the last decades, FERHRI specialists implemented investigations on
oceanography and chemistry of the North Pacific, Chukchi and Bering Seas, the Sea of
Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. Within the INPOC (International North Pacific Ocean
Climate) program, a few joint expeditions with scientists from Canada and the United States
were carried in the North Pacific from 1991 to 1993. Joint investigations with US scientists
in the Chukchi and the Bering Seas were implemented within the BERPAC program from1977 to 1993.
From 1993, joint investigations with specialists from Japan and Republic of Korea were
fulfilled in the Japan Sea. These studies were implemented within the CREAMS (Circulation
Research of the East Asian Marginal Seas) project. Since 1998, joint investigations of the
Okhotsk Sea and the Japan Sea began with specialists from Japan and the USA.
The goals of investigations of the Japan Sea are (among others): to improve thehydrographic and chemical database; to examine the relationship between cold air outbreaks
in winter along the Russian coast and the circulation of the Japan Sea. The subsurface
current vectors and temperature/salinity profiles generated by PALACE floats should help togreatly improve our understanding of the space- and time-dependent circulation in the Japan
Sea, especially in the winter, and the data can also be used in conjunction with numericalocean models. A few large-scale cruises will obtain nearly synoptic pictures of the major
components of the Japan Sea.
The specific goal of the Okhotsk Sea investigations is to study the role of the Okhotsk
Sea and its ice cover in the process of ocean-atmosphere interaction. The objectives ofmultidisciplinary collaborative studies are as follows: to improve understanding of water
circulation and ventilation in the Sea of Okhotsk; to reveal water mass origin in the Sea of
Okhotsk (especially source waters of the North Pacific Intermediate Water) and water masstransformation; to estimate quantitatively water exchange between the Sea of Okhotsk andthe North Pacific through Bussol Strait; to study mechanisms of ice cover formation and its
annual and interannual variations. Joint expeditions in the Sea of Japan and theOkhotsk Sea
will be continued in 2000-2001.
82

ICIWP'99
P10
Measurement of Wave Height in the Gulf of Thailand
Wattana Kanbua
Marine Meteorological and Upper-air observations Sub-division, Thai Meteorological
Department, Thailand

Waves can cause serious damage to shore structures and effect to fisheries industry andany activities in the sea. Therefore wave data is very important to study waveclimatology in
any area, which many sources capability to measure wave height simultaneously andscientists can improve their wave prediction models. Wave data are often required bymeteorologists for real-time operational use and also for climatological purposes. Types ofwave data which are available, namely, observed, measured andhindcast. The remotelysensed data which are becoming of increasing importance in real-time applications. These
new data sources have mode possible the assimilation of real data into wave modelingprocedures.

83

ICIWP'99
P11
Development of Molecular Markers for Sea Cucumber (Holothuroidea)
Norazila, K.S.*1, Patimah, I.1 and Ridzwan B.H.2
1) Dept. of Biomedical Sc., Faculty of Medicine & Health Science, UPM
2) Dept. of Biomedical Sc., Faculty of Allied Health Sciences UKMKLMalaysia is the country that is rich of its sea cucumber, but unfortunately very little
genetic information about this organism is currently available. Detail molecular level study isurgently needed to obtain more knowledge about this organism system and so that various
genetic manipulation for crop improvement can be made possible. Therefore this study was
carried to overcome some of the problems associated with molecular studies and genetic
analysis of sea cucumber. Genetic markers such as RAPD were used to generate informative
fingerprint pattern between the populations and species. Fourteen species from four
populations; Kedah, Perak, Terengganu and Sabah were used in this study. Genetic
polymorphisms and species relationships were detected based on 98 RAPD markers
generated by seven primers (Gibco BRL). The optimum polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
temperature, condition and adequate sample size was used to amplify the fragments of DNA.
12 % nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel was used to resolve RAPD markers with a silver
staining method. The number of amplified bands for each primer varied from 1 to 9 with anaverage of 4 band per primer. The amplified bands ranged in size from 80 to 1500bp.
Reproducible major bands of amplified DNA was scored and analysed using the
RAPDistance Package. The result showed the pairwise distance index ranged between 0.51
and 0.97 with the percent of similarly between 7 % and 80 %, suggesting presence of some
genetic variability in the populations. Cluster analysis revealed 2 major groups with 4 clustergroupings. Species from Terengganu population are found to be genetically more close to
Sabah population that those of Perak and Sabah.

84

ICIWP'99
P12
The National Environment and Resource information Centre (NERIC) and Coastal
Zone Management in Vietnam
Bui Cong Que, Nguyen Hong Phuong, Nguyen Ngoc Thach and Nguyen Tu Dan*
Vietnam National Oceanographic Data Centre, Vietnam

The National Environmental and Resource Information Centre (NERIC) wasestablished as a part of Vietnam National Oceanographic Data Centre (VODC) for
implementing the Coastal Zone Environmental and Resource Management Project(CZERMP) in Vietnam. One of the NERIC functions is to collect and identify all available
data and sources on natural conditions, resources and environmental status of various areas
along the coastline of Vietnam. NERIC encapsulates advanced computing facilities, image
analysis capacity and GIS processing capability, which allow to conduct standardization forbuilding the GIS databases, Metadata directories on Marine and Coastal Environment andresources. At. present NERIC is operated on the basis of a computer network connecting the
VODC with collaborating research institutions and managing agencies within CZERMP.
The most important task of NERIC is data analysis and GIS processing with purpose toevaluate the status and to assess the environment impacts of economic development andhuman activities in coastal zones of Vietnam. During 1997-1999, aMetadata directory and
GIS databases have been established for Van Phong Bay and Red River mouth area in
Vietnam. The final results of study in these areas includeGIS products on Environmental
Impact Assessment caused by tourism development, sea port construction, aquaculture
development in Van Phong Bay area, as well as agriculture development and aquaculture
exploitation in the Red river mouth area. GIS products have been transferred to managing
agencies and decision makers for use in coastal environment and resource protection andsustainable development planning.

85

ICIWP'99
P13
International Cooperative Effort on Oceanography and Sustainable Development of
the Gulf of Thailand
Anond Snidvongs* and Jeganathan Jeganaesan
International Cooperative Study on the Gulf of Thailand, c/o Southeast Asia START Global
Change Regional Center, Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University,
Bangkok, Thailand 10330.

The International Cooperative Study on the Gulf of Thailand (GoT) was initiated as ancooperative effort among 3 regional bodies, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission-Subcommission for Western Pacific (IOC-WESTPAC), the Southeast Asia
Program on Ocean Law, Policy and Management (SEAPOL), and the Southeast Asia Global
Change System for Analysis, Research and Training RegionalCenter (SEA START RC). By
combining the expertise and strengths of these regional networks, the GoT program canachieve its important functions;a) coordinating and facilitate for regional oceanographic data collection,b) promote the exchange of data,c) regional synthesis and review of the oceanographic processes and status of the Gulfof Thailand,d) promote the use of oceanographic data and marine information technology in policy
making and decision making at all levels.
Geographically, the Gulf of Thailand defined in this program represents the "Greater
Gulf of Thailand" where a significant portion of the adjacent South China Sea is covered by
the program. Local and rivers and the Mekong which play critical roles in the Gulf
oceanographic processes are also included, and thus the landward boundary of the Gulf
extend to cover drainage basins in South China, part of Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia,
Vietnam and Malaysia.
The activities of the program since its establishment in 1996 includea) Organized training courses on oceanographic data and information system (Bangkok
1996 and 1999), and training course on numerical modelling R( ayong 1998).
b) Organized advanced workshop on numerical modelling (Okinawa 1998)c) Organized international oceanographic cruise (1999)
86

ICIWP'99d) Special lectures by international experts (more than 10)e) Operate the project data center and service for data such as oceanographic station,high resolution CTD, ADCP, meteorological, rivers, topography, and remotesensing.
f) Maintain the Internet Discussion Groupsg) Maintain the regional drainage modellingh) Written contributions in books and projected organized by other programsi) Provide the on the job training for international fellows and students of up to 3
months each
In addition to activities conducted directly by the program and its personnel, national
contributions have also been important part. Some of such outstanding contributions were atleast 5 cruises conducted by Malaysia (Hydrographic Department), Thailand (Pollution
Control Department, National Research Council of Thailand/Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center) and Vietnam (Hydrometeorological Services).

87

ICIWP'99
P14
JICA/UPM Malacca Straits Expedition No2, Nitrogen and Phosphorous Distribution
Law Ah Theem*, Abdul-Rashid M.K., Tan Chai Hoon and Mok Mun Loog
Faculty of Applied Science & Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Terengganu,
Mehgabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
E-mail: atlaw@upmt.edu.my

The secoond cruise of JICA/UPM Malacca Staits Expedition was conducted between
20 March - 4th April 1999 using the Fisheries Research Vessel K.K.Jenahak. Water sample
were taken from the 24 sampling stations established previously; fromLangkawi to Johor.
During the cruise, there was a heavy rainfall on land due to theSouth-east Monsoon season.
The sea was rough during sampling. High ammonium and organic phosphorous levels were
found in the study area especially near to the shore. Most probably it was due to the run-off
from land because of the heavy rain. The overall mean values of ammonium at 0.5, 5, 10, 15,
20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50 meter depth were 2.248, 1.731, 2.392, 1.666, 1.348, 1.867, 2.766,
1.296, 2.083 and 1.136 µM respectively. For the organic phosphorus, the values were 4.849,
th5.719, 5.541, 4.878, 6.997, 5.628, 5.755, 4.145, 3.395 and 4.930 µM respectively. These
values are 5-10 times higher than that detected at the same sampling stations during the firstcruise (between 23rd November - 2nd December 1998). These values were also much higher
than the levels reported for other Malaysian sea. Low levels of nitrate, nitrite andorthophosphate were detected in this study. Detail data of the nutrient distribution will be
discussed and the area of contamination will be identified by using Surfer plot.
Keyword: Malaccan Straits, nitrogen and phosphorous

88

ICIWP'99
P15
Quantitation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Environmental
Samples by Silica Gel Column Chromatography and GC-MS
Ali Mashinchian Moradi*, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria and Jambari Hj. Ali
Faculty of Science & Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

PAHs are widely distributed in the environment and they are environmentallysignificant compounds, including carcinogenic and mutagenic species. Analysis of thesecompounds is one of greatest interests in environmental pollution studies. In the past decade,quantitation of trace level PAHs has been made possible with the advent of high resolution
GC-MS. In the case of marine environmental samples, it is generally difficult to separate
PAHs from other micro-organic compounds such as, linear alkyl benzenes (LABs), alkanes,
alkylphenols, polychiorinated biphenyls, etc. In this study, we used 2-steps silica gel column
chromatography to separate and fractionate PAHs from other non-target organic compounds.
The mesh size of the silica gel was 60 - 200 mesh. PAHs (containing 19 compounds
including 2 deuterated internal standards), n-alkanes (containing C16 to C36) and LABs (1Cn) standard mixtures was mixed together and introduced to the top of the 1st step silica gelcolumn. The first step silica gel column uses 5 % water deactivated silica gel with 3:1
hexane/dichloromethane (Hex/DCM) as eluant. Prior to this step, exact volume of thesolvent mixture was determined in the elution volume experiment. In the experiment,
different volume of the solvent mixture was used to determine the exact volume in which thetarget compounds are eluted. The purpose of 1 st step silica gel column chromatography wasto purify the extracted samples. All other polar compounds are trapped in the column leaving
behind hydrocarbons as the eluted compounds. The elution volume for all the target
compounds was found to be 14.5 ml 3:1 hex/DCM. Fractionation of hydrocarbon
compounds (aliphatic and aromatics), PCBs, LABs, were achieved by 2nd step silica gelcolumn chromatography using fully activated silica gel. In this step, different groups ofcompounds are separated and collected. Different volume of solvent mixtures was used todetermine the elution volume to separate each group of the compounds. It was found thatexactly 5.5 ml and 4.5 ml hexane is needed to separate n-alkanes and alkylbenzenes,
respectively while 7.5 ml 25 % DCM in hexane was needed to separatePAHs. The volumeof PAHs fraction was reduced to near dryness and dissolved in iso-octane and injected into
GC-MS. Based on the elution volume experiment, we applied to real environmental samples
to quantify PAHs. The method proved to be successful since PAH were qualified andquantified. The recovery for the analytical procedure was found to be generally 85 - 95 %.

89

ICIWP'99
P16
Distribution of Ortho-phospate in the Straits of Malacca
Tengku Rozaina binti Tengku Mohamad
Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department, Department of
Fisheries, Taman Perikanan Chendering, 21080 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Tel: 60-9-6175135, Fax: 60-9-6175136, E-mail: trmseafdec@po.jaring.my

The oceanographic surveys were conducted in the Straits of Malacca from 24 to 30
March 1998 (first cruise) and from 8 to 25 November 1998 (second cruise). A total numberof twenty stations were established during both cruises. Water samples forortho-phosphateanalysis were collected at surface and bottom water. Ortho-phosphate concentration in thesurface water for the first and second cruises range 0.01 - 0.20 µM and 0.04 - 0.27 µM
respectively. While for bottom water, ortho-phosphate concentration in the first and second
cruises ranged from 0.04 - 1.32 µM and 0.08 - 0.55 µM, respectively. Average
concentrations of ortho-phosphate in the surface and bottom water for the first cruise were0.06 and 0.72 µM, respectively.

The average concentrations of ortho-phosphate in thesurface and bottom water for second cruise were 0.11 and 0.26 µM, respectively. Generally,
ortho-phosphate concentrations in the bottom water of the northern part of this study area
were higher than the southern part.

90

ICIWP'99
P17
Development of SINE-SLAB ® for Coastal Erosion Control
Noraieni Hj Mokhtar*1 and Abdul Aziz Ibrahim2
1) Coastal & Offshore Engineering Institute, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Jalan Semamarak 54100. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: 60-3-290 4709, Fax: 60-3-291 8109, Email: pnoraini@pkutmkl.utm.my2) National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

The Sine-Slab is a patented concrete product developed by the Coastal and Offshore
Engineering Institute, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The research group which started since
1993 has invented and developed the awards winning product to be used as an alternative
solution for erosion control at the coastal and riverside areas. Coastal erosion however, is alocalized problem and methods to combat vary from one location to another. Rubblemoundor rock revetment has been a traditionally accepted method of coastal defense but at certain
areas, the supply of rocks is limited, and the method is less environmental friendly.Amongthe objectives of the invention include to provide a method that is effectively stable anddurable against hydraulic loading at the same time being environment-friendly. A majoradvantage of the articulated blocks designed and prefabricated as pre-cast concrete blocks isthat they provide a high stability coefficient value (KD). This allows for a lighter weight ofthe blocks plus additional design features which can provide the strength against the impactsof the waves, current and periodic tidal changes. Hydraulic model tests were conducted in
the laboratory and more data is being gathered from the Pilot Project in Melaka. In order toprovide comprehensive design chart, stability tests need to be further simulated for wave
heights greater than 2 m. Applications of Sine-Slab include for shore protection, land
reclamation projects, flood control, ship berths and docks in harbours, beaches and marinas.
Sine-Slab patent is licensed to Zen Concrete Industries (M) Sdn Bhd for Commercialisationin Malaysia.
Keywords: Coastal, erosion, protection, hydraulic, design, patent, stability, pre-cast concrete91

ICIWP'99
P18
Screening for the Presence of Endoparasites in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Sea
Cucumbers From Trengganu
Hawa Ismail*, Shafariatul Akmar and B.H. Ridzwan
Biomedical Science Dept., Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Fax: 60-3-291-4304, E-mail: hawa@medic.ukm.my

This paper describes the preliminary findingson the study of endoparasites in thegastrointestinal tract of sea cucumbers observed under the light microscope. Samples wereobtained from Pulau Kapas, Terengganu. A few copepods are identified from the intestinesof Holothuria atra Jaeger. Identification is based on its morphology. Marine nematodes
observed in abundance in various stages of its life cycle in from the intestines ofHolothuria
atra, Stichopus Chloronotus Brandt and Stichopus Badionotus are identified and described.
The worm has elongated body outline and may be in a curled up position. It is rounded at theanterior portion and pointed at the posterior end.
Both copepods and marine nematodes are zoobentos components of the seabed.
Therefore, their presence in the gastrointestinal tracts could be as a source of food since theseanimals are filter feeders. Their abundance in the gastrointestinal tracts of these animals
could be also be as indicators of pollution (Moller, 1987; Khan 1991; MacKenzie, 1995)

92

Assembled by
Norio BABA,
Noraieni Hj Mokhtar
Noorhayati Md. Razman
Coastal & Offshore Engineering Institute
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Jalan Semarak, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: 603-2904709, Fax: 603-2918109
E-mail: nbaba@pkutmkl.utm.my

Sponsored by
The Nippon Foundation
Science & Technology Agency, Japan
Japan International Cooperation Agency