ⅡChapter

防災体制
The Disaster Management System

総合的な防災体制の確立―

1 災害対策法制

Establishment of a Comprehensive Disaster Management System:

Disaster Countermeasures Laws and Acts

Japan’s legislation for disaster management system, including theBasic Act on Disaster Management, addresses all of the disaster
phases of prevention, mitigation and preparedness, emergency
response as well as recovery and reconstruction with roles andresponsibilities among the national and local governments clearlydefined. It is stipulated that the relevant entities of the public and private
sectors are to cooperate in implementing various disastercountermeasures.
The Basic Act on Disaster Management has constantly been reviewed
and amended since its first enactment, and with lessons learned fromthe Great East Japan Earthquake, provisions were added including
enhancement of the measures concerning support activities mutually
done by local governments in 2012 and the measures for ensuringsmooth and safe evacuation of residents and improving protection ofaffected people in 2013. In 2014, provisions were added forstrengthening measures against unattended cars in order to promptly
clear them from the roads for emergency vehicles. In 2021, in order toensure smooth and prompt evacuation in the event of a disaster andstrengthen the implementation system for disaster measures,
evacuation information was reviewed, individual evacuation plans werelegalized, and consultation rules for wide-area evacuation wereestablished. In addition, the government has taken measures such as
making it possible to establish a disaster management headquarter fordisasters of a scale that has not been able to establish a national
disaster response headquarters.

災害対 策基 本法を始めとする日本の災害対 策 法制では、予防、応急、復旧・復興という災害のあらゆる局面に応じ、国や地 方公共団体 等の権限と責任が明確化されており、官民の関係主体が連携して対策を講じることとしています。
災害対策基本法は、その制定後も、大規模災害を踏まえ絶えず見直しを行っており、近年では、東日本大震災の教訓を踏まえ、平成２４年には地方公共団体間の応援に関する措置の 拡 充 等を、平成２５年には住 民の円滑・安 全な避 難の 確
保、被災者保護対策の改善等を措置しました。加えて、平成２６年には、緊急車両の通行ルートを迅速に確保するため、放置車両対策の強化を措置しました。令和３年には、災害時における円滑かつ迅速な避難の確保及び災害対策の実施体制の強化を図るため、避難情報の見直し、個別避難計画の作成の法定化及び広域避難に係る協議規定の整備とともに、これまで国の災害対策本部を設置するに至らなかった規模の災害についても災害対策本部の設置を可能とする等の措置を講じました。

災害対策基本法の概要 Outline of the Basic Act on Disaster Management

1 防災に関する理念・責務の明確化 Clearer definition of the philosophy and the responsibilities for disaster management○災害対策の基本理念 −「減災」の考え方等、災害対策の基本理念の明確化

Clarification of basic principles of disaster countermeasures: Clarification of basic policies including the concept of disaster reduction○国、都道府県、市町村、指定公共機関等の責務 −防災に関する計画の作成・実施、相互協力等

Responsibilities of the government, prefectures, municipalities, and designated public institutions: Formulation and implementation of the plan for disaster management, mutual cooperation○住民等の責務 −自らの災害への備え、生活必需品の備蓄、自発的な防災活動への参加等

Responsibilities of residents: Self-preparedness for disaster, stockpiling of basic necessities, voluntary participation in disaster preparedness activities

2

防災に関する組織 −総合的防災行政の整備・推進−

Organization: Development and promotion of comprehensive disaster management administration○国：中央防災会議、災害対策本部（特定、非常、緊急）

National government: Central Disaster Management Council, major (extreme) disaster management headquarters○都道府県・市町村：地方防災会議、災害対策本部

Prefectural and municipal governments: Local disaster management headquarters

3 防災計画 −計画的防災対策の整備・推進−

Planning system: Development and promotion of systematic disaster management measures○中央防災会議：防災基本計画 National Disaster Management Council: Disaster Management Basic Plan

○指定行政機関・指定公共機関：防災業務計画

Designated local government organizations and public institutions:Local Disaster management plan

○都道府県・市町村：地域防災計画 Prefectures and municipalities: Disaster management operation plan
○市町村の居住者等：地区防災計画 Residents: Community disaster management plan

4 災害対策の推進

Promotion of Disaster Countermeasures○災害予防（防災訓練の実施、資材の備蓄等）について（被害情報の収束、避難指示、広域避難の協議、応援の要請等）
について○災害応急対策○災害復旧について各実施責任主体が実施すべき基本的方針を規定
Disaster prevention (includes disaster drills, stockpiling of materials),
Primary disaster response procedures (includes collecting damage information,
giving evacuation instructions, requesting aid),
Definition of the guidelines for roles and responsibilities to be performed by each actor for disaster recovery

6 財政金融措置 Financial measures○法の実施に係る費用は実施責任者負担、激甚な災害に関する、国による財政上の措置（激甚災害法による災害の指定、国民負担のかさ上げ等の根拠を規定）
Implementation of laws are funded by each responsible party Financial measures for extreme disasters by
the government (including designation of disasters based on Act on Special Financial Support to Deal with
the Designated Disaster of Extreme Severity and definition of the legal basis for raise in public burden)

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5 被災者保護対策

Protection of affected people and their livelihood○要支援者名簿・個別避難計画の事前作成

Prior preparation of the lists of the people requiring assistance in the case of disaster○災害時における、避難所、避難施設に係る基準の明確化
Clarification of the standards for evacuation centers and facilities in the case of disaster○罹災証明書、被災者台帳の作成を通した被災者支援策の拡充

Improvement and expansion of protection measures for affected people through preparation of the certificates and the list of affected people○広域一時滞在・物資輸送の枠組の法定化

Stipulation of the framework for wide-scale evacuation and goods transportation

7 災害緊急事態 State of Disaster Emergency○災害緊急事態の布告⇒政府の方針（対処基本方針）の閣議決定
Declaration of disaster emergency state→ Cabinet decision of government’s policy (basic policy for countermeasures)○緊急措置（生活必需物資の配給等の制限、金銭債務の支払猶予、海外からの支援受入れに係る緊急政令の制定、特定非常災害法の自動発動）

Emergency measures (restriction on distribution of basic necessities, moratorium on financial obligation, urgent enactment of
Cabinet Order related to acceptance of international support, automatic enforcement of the Act on Special Measures concerning
Preservation of Rights and Interests of Victims of Specified Disaster)