Second Edition

NAMA Guidebook ─ Second Edition

Although every eﬀort was made to ensure objectivity andbalance the printing of a book or translation does not imply
OECC’s endorsement or acquiescence with its conclusions or theendorsement of OECC ﬁnancers. OECC maintains a position ofneutrality at all times with regard to any issues concerning public
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The concepts expressed in this Guidebook are those of theauthors and do not necessarily represent the views of theJapanese Government.
Copyright 2015 by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ)

NAMA Guidebook
Manual for practitioners
working with mitigation actions

背幅 4ｍｍ

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Citation:
OECC (2015). The NAMA Guidebook. 2nd. Edition. Published by OECC, Japan; pp. ZZ-YY.
orOECC (2015). [Author]: [“Chapter Title”]. The NAMA Guidebook. 2nd. Edition. Published by OECC,
Japan; pp. ZZ-YY.
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Copyright  2015 by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ)

THE NAMA GUIDEBOOK-Manual for practitioners working
with mitigation actionsSecond Edition – 2015
Responsible (Edition):
Miguel Jiro Ogahara (OECC)
Authors:
Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)
With contributions from:Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)
Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC)
Government of Kenya
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change, Viet Nam
Low Emission Capacity Building (LECB) Programme, UNDP
Microsol
Ministry of Environment and Green Development and Tourism, Mongolia
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Lao PDR
NewClimate InstituteAnd other contributors

Acknowledgements
The Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC), acting as the
Secretariat for the development of this document, would like to thank the support
received from the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ) through the Institute for
Global Environmental Strategies (IGES).
Special thanks go to all of the authors for their contributions and expert comments forthe improvement of this guidebook.

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Table of Contents

PAGE
Presentation

1

Table of Contents

2

List of acronyms

3
4
5

Section I:
Update in
NAMAs
Development

1. NAMAs in the context of national climate policy planning6

2. Institutional arrangements for NAMAs and MRV

93. NAMA support schemes

12

4. Technology transfer support schemes for NAMAs

21

4.1 Linking NAMAs with the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)

21

4.2 The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) and NAMAs

27

5. NAMAs and BUR

29

6. INDCs and contribution toward country s ambition

30
35

Section II:
Case Studies

1. NAMA to accelerate geothermal power: Lessons from Kenya

36

2. Institutional arrangements for mitigation actions in Lao PDR

43

3. Recent NAMA-related projects and activities in Mongolia48

4. Fostering investment in biomass waste-to-energy technologies ‒ The case of Peru57

5. Prioritization of NAMAs in the waste sector of Vietnam

62

6. How to upgrade from a PoA to a NAMA? The case of clean cooking in Peru70

7. Developing countries are taking the lead in climate change mitigation through NAMAs

76

8. Overview of submitted Biennial Update Reports (BUR)85

9. BUR submitted by Parties (as of Feb/2015)

88

Section III: Conclusions and key messages

94

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List of acronyms

Japan International Cooperation Agency

AFD

French Development Agency

KfW

KfW Development Bank

AP-NET

Asia Pacific Seminar on Climate Change

LDC

Least Developed Country

AfDB

African Development Bank

LECB

Low Emission Capacity Building

BAU

Business as Usual

MDB

Multilateral Development Bank

BMUB

Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation, Building andNuclear Safety

METI

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

BUR

Biennial Update Report

MOEJ

Ministry of the Environment, Japan

CDM

Clean Development Mechanism

MRV

Measurement, Reporting and Verification

CHP

Combined Heat and Power plants

NAMA

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

COP

Conference of the Parties

NAP

National Adaptation Plans

CTCN

Climate Technology Centre and NetworkNC

National Communication

DFI

Development Finance Institution

NCCC

National Committee on Climate Change

ECN

Energy research Centre of theNetherlands

NDE

National Designated Entity

EU

European Union

ODA

Overseas Development Assistance

FSF

Fast Start Finance

PoA

Programme of Activities

GCF

Green Climate Fund

SBI

Subsidiary Body for Implementation

GEF

Global Environment Facility

TEC

Technology Executive Committee

GHG

Greenhouse Gases

TNA

Technology Needs Assessment

GIZ

German Society for International

UNDP

UN Development Programme

SectionⅢ

JICA

SectionⅡ

Asian Development Bank

SectionⅠ

ADB

Cooperation
ICA

International Consultation and Analysis

UNEP

UN Environmental Programme

INDC

Intended Nationally Determined
Contributions

UNFCCCUN Framework Convention on Climate
Change

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
ChangeWB

World Bank

JCM

Joint Crediting Mechanism

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Preface: Introduction to the second
edition of the NAMA Guidebook

Since its creation, nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) have increasingly been studied,
formulated and implemented, in expectation to realizing the potential to mitigate and reduce GHG
emissions, as well as to advancing low carbon and sustainable development in developing countries.
Also, initiating and scaling up mitigation actions together with adaptation actions at this stage, iscritical for developing countries in the context of the preparation for a future global peak-out of GHG
concentration in the atmosphere, combined with developed countries’
further and leading efforts, with aview to facilitate the consideration of intended nationally determined contributions (iNDC), to conform acore of an inclusive global agreement.

SectionⅠ

The first edition of the NAMA Guidebook was published in February 2014, supported by the Ministry of
the Environment, Japan (MOEJ), with contributions by partner countries and research organizations as
authors. This guidebook is intended to be a“living document”developed jointly by practitioners both indeveloping and developed countries, and is open to all those interested in contributing with their own
experiences. Thanks to good responses, the first edition was very successful, but we have continued
to receive further responses and offers by governments, development partners, researchers, and otherpractitioners. Bearing in mind that there are willingness to share their useful experiences through thisguidebook, another invitation was made in several international events, such as the 20th Conference of
the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Lima, Peru.

SectionⅡ

The guidebook has been used and distributed in several international workshops and capacity building
activities conducted by the Government of Japan. It has also been distributed as a reference material in
UNDP capacity building activities, and the Government of Cambodia is now in the process of translating
it into the Khmer language.

SectionⅢ

Sharing experiences and lessons learned is one of the best ways to train people. As a result, we cameto a conclusion that the second edition of the guidebook should include mainly case studies. This
guidebook is divided in 3 sections. Section I includes some theoretical aspects not mentioned in the firstedition such as NAMAs in the context of national planning and also institutional arrangement for NAMAs.
These two parts are followed by an update in the financial and technology transfer aspects of NAMAs.
And because of its importance, its timeliness and its strong relation with NAMAs, this section concludes
with an overview of biennial update reports (BUR), which were submitted by ten developing countries,
and also intended nationally determined contributions (INDC), with the purpose of providing an example
on what kind of information to include in such documents.
Section II is completely dedicated to introduce experiences in Asia, Latin America and Africa, throughcase studies by partner organizations and countries.
The third and final section refers to conclusions, lessons learned and key messages of this guidebook.
The OECC and its partner organizations are working in several programmes related to climate change including
the promotion and training of NAMAs. We hope that this publication will serve as a useful tool for practitioners
and developing country representatives in their further efforts to move towards low carbon societies.

Miguel Jiro Ogahara
Senior Researcher
Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)

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Section I: Update in NAMAs Development

Introduction and update of key topics on NAMAs
In the absence of specific guidelines from the UNFCCC on how to develop NAMAs,
implementing organizations, donors, and host countries have been formulating NAMAs in atrial-and-error basis. By extracting lessons from these experiences, the previous versionof this guidebook introduced basic elements of NAMAs and also different approaches for
NAMA-related decisions.

Three basic types of support for NAMAs, namely finance, technology and capacity
building have been explained extensively in the first edition of this guidebook as wellas in different documents published by other organizations. The first part of this section
introduces two key topics that should also be taken into consideration: NAMAs in thecontext of national (climate change) plan, institutional arrangements for NAMAs, which
are focused in the recipients of support.

This section is complemented with an update on financial sources for NAMAs as well as
technology transfer options through the Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTCN)of the UNFCCC, and the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) promoted by the Japanese
government.

Finally, by aiming to share recent information on two key discussions, this section isclosed with updates related to Biennial Update Reports (BUR) and Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions (INDC).

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SectionⅠ

Introduction and update of key topics
on NAMAs

1

NAMAs in the context of national climate policy
planning

By

Frauke Röser, NewClimate InstituteCountries started to develop national climate policy plans following the first UN led international climate
conference in 1992. As part of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), countries
agreed that policies and measures to protect the climate system against human induced change should
be integrated into national development plans and programmes (UNFCCC, Art. 3.4, 1992). Later on at
COP 16 in Cancun in 2010, Parties formally agreed to prepare Low Emissions Development Strategies(LEDS) which are nationally driven and take specific national circumstances into consideration.
National climate policy strategies comprise plans to mitigate climate change as well as strategies to
respond to the consequences of a changing climate with different emphasis according to the specificSectionⅠ

circumstances and development objectives of each country. The terminology reflects the particularimportance attributed to mitigation, adaption and development and includes, for example, low emissions
or low carbon strategies (mitigation focus), climate resilience strategies (adaptation focus) or low
carbon/ green growth strategies (economic development focus). But essentially all terms refer to a similar
process or output which is a (national) strategy or plan which integrates development objectives andclimate change. With their focus on mitigation, low emissions development strategies fundamentally aim tocatalyse concrete actions that support development with less emissions than the alternative (ECN, 2013).

SectionⅡ

This chapter provides a discussion of different elements of climate policy planning focussing in particularon mitigation related aspects given the guide’s focus on NAMAs. A description of the national climate
policy architecture highlights the relationships of climate planning with NAMAs as well as INDCs. This
will be followed by brief conclusions on particular challenges of national planning based on observed
current practice.

National climate policy architecture
SectionⅢ

Figure 1 below provides a schematic overview of different, mitigation related elements of the national
climate policy architecture and how these are interrelated.
The first important aspect to note is that national climate policy planning should sit within a wider
national development plan and strategy which informs the particular direction, objectives and actions
included in the national climate policy plan. The national development strategy is typically based on
individual sector plans which outline the specific development goals and actions in different sectors.
Ideally these should all be interrelated and coordinated between the different responsible ministries, forexample, through a national government process or committee which includes relevant decision makers.
The national climate plan itself broadly includes three elements:-	Goals and targets – these set out the long term vision as well as short and medium term targets
and objectives. Ideally a combination of long and short terms targets is included both at the national(economy wide) as well as sectoral or sub sectoral level.
-	Sector plans – these include prioritised sector specific mitigation options and actions to reduce

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1. NAMAs in the context of national climate policy planning

Figure 1: Climate Policy Architecture (Mitigation)

National Development Plan/ Strategy

Goal/ Targets
INDC

National
Climate Policy
Plan(Mitigation)

Sector
Sector
Sector
plans
plans
plans
Sector
plans

NAMAs

NAMAs

NAMAs

SectionⅠ

Investment
Investment
Investment
Investment
plans
plans
plans
plans

NAMAs

(Climate) Finance

SectionⅡ

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, building on available sectoral development plans. These plans
should indicate implementation related aspects on institutional roles, responsibilities, timeframes aswell as monitoring frameworks.
- Investment plans – outline finance related aspects associated with the implementation of thestrategy and sector plans. These may include cost estimations, identification of sources of financeas well as concrete plans on investment flows in line with sectoral action plans. Finance may
come from national as well as international sources, including dedicated climate finance as well as

SectionⅢ

development finance or direct investments.

The role of NAMAs
NAMAs relate to low carbon development strategies or national climate policy plans in several ways.
Generally speaking, national climate policy strategies provide the overall vision and NAMAs are a vehicle
to implement the vision. National climate policy planning can be seen as a comprehensive process in which
NAMAs are identified. NAMAs here can be included in sector specific or cross sectoral plans as concrete
actions to develop the plans. Given the flexible nature of NAMAs, they can take different forms: as sectorplans, specific policies and programmes or individual projects. Notably, NAMAs also directly link toinvestment plans providing a framework to define domestic and international support needs and creating
mechanisms for channelling (climate) finance to facilitate the implementation of the planned actions.
In reality NAMAs are often not the outcome of a longer term, comprehensive national planning process.
Actions may be the result of short term opportunities or political decisions unrelated to low carbon
planning (Lütken, 2011). In this case one or several NAMAs may be developed in different sectors,
often unrelated and involving a different set of government actors and national stakeholders. Only in

7

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a subsequent phase the NAMAs may then be tied into a strategic framework of climate action which
provides the basis for a national climate policy plan. Here NAMAs are the starting point for a national
climate planning process.

The role of INDCs
At COP19 in Warsaw Parties agreed to prepare Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)
well in advance of COP21 in Paris with those countries“ready to do so”expected to submit their INDCs
already in March 2015. INDCs will serve as a key input for the new international agreement on climatechange. The Lima Call for Climate Action agreed at COP20 provides guidance on the information to
be submitted as part of the INDCs, leaving much flexibility for countries to define their own priorities
on how to develop and present their INDC (NewClimate, 2014). Generally speaking, an INDC can takevarious formats. It can be presented as an economy wide or sector wide long and short term target ora set of targets. It could also be presented as a concrete set of policy actions, or indeed a combinationof different targets and specific actions. The format and scope of the INDC depends on the country’sSectionⅠ

circumstances, capabilities as well as its level of ambition.
In the above diagram it can be seen that INDCs relate to several elements of the national climate policy
architecture. For example, goals and targets may directly inform or be translated into the INDC. The
INDC can also be based on existing or planned Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).
NAMAs themselves may be put forward as an INDC, potentially in combination with a national or sectoral
target. More importantly NAMAs, can be one of the mechanisms used to implement the INDC where
the INDC is framed as a sectoral or national target. Here it is also important to note the link to (climate)finance and investment plans as well as the potential role of (supported) NAMAs as a mechanism to

SectionⅡ

channel finance1. Finance may be used to increase the level of ambition of INDCs where countries
decide to include additional (more ambitious) elements conditional to the provision of support.

Conclusions
A thorough process to analyse different development objectives and options in the context of climate
impacts which involves all relevant stakeholders is likely to result in a more balanced and effective

SectionⅢ

strategic framework. Countries’
political, institutional and economic realities however do not always
allow for such well-planned and inclusive strategic processes to happen. The coordination of different
stakeholders requires strong leadership and careful planning. Also the interrelatedness of topics
and development challenges makes the process highly complex. The necessary detailed informationand data may not be available, and often trade-offs will have to be made when prioritising different
development and climate change objectives.
Given the complexity of the task and the often constrained available resources, any starting point todevelop a national climate plan is valuable, be it as a dedicated climate planning process or starting fromconcrete existing or planned actions and projects. NAMAs can play a key role to advance concrete
actions, building on existing initiatives and processes. This in turn provides a good basis to drive thedevelopment of a more strategic and comprehensive long term framework. At the same time NAMAs
help to address one of the other key challenges of national climate planning, which is to turn plans into	Note here that the timeframe for NAMAs was originally until 2020 whereas INDCs are expected to be implemented beyond 2020. It

1is expected that given their current relevance and relative maturity as a mitigation mechanism, NAMAs continue to play a role in thecontext of a new global agreement.

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2. Institutional arrangements for NAMAs and MRV

action on the ground.

References
Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN). (2011). Paving the Way for Low-carbon Development
Strategies.
Lütken Søren et al. (2011). A Primer on Framing Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in
Developing Countries. UNEP Risø Centre.
NewClimate Institute (2014).“What the Lima Call for Climate Action means for Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions (INDCs)”. Blog Post. 18 Dec, 2014.
ODI (2009). Policies for Low Carbon Growth
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. FCCC/INFORMAL/84. UN (1992)

Institutional arrangements for NAMAs and MRV

By

Makoto Kato and Jiro Ogahara, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)

SectionⅠ

2

In operationalizing NAMAs, it is important for developing countries to move for setting an appropriate
domestic institutional arrangement that supervises and coordinates stakeholders taking mitigation

SectionⅡ

actions as well as their MRV. As actions related to mitigation, such as energy, transport, agriculture,etc. are administered within the existing national jurisdictions for sectors, in most cases ministries incharge of relevant sectors may cover responsibilities of such actions as mitigation efforts, including theelaboration and promulgation of policy and legal instruments (master plans, programmes, and regulationsetc.), mobilizing finance (budget and finance for investments from different sources, such as national
budget and the private sector), providing technical expertise, etc. However, as NAMAs are actions
pledged by developing countries at the UNFCCC, mitigation actions need to be officially labelled as
NAMAs, and formally communicated through UNFCCC focal points.

SectionⅢ

While NAMAs themselves does not need to be separated from regular mitigation related actions1,
a national decision making process needs to be in place. At the same time, information such asassumptions and methodologies, sectors and gases covered, global warming potential values used,support needs for implementation, etc. are expected to be clarified when submitting NAMAs and BUR,
and hence, it is also important that such technical elements should be coordinated.
Also, a properly designed institutional arrangement is useful when working with development partners.
In spite of availability of resources from the international donor community, one of the main causes fordonors not to intervene is when a host country’s institutional arrangement is not in place. In the absenceof an effective coordination with donors, line ministries and sub-national organizations can cause aduplication of efforts, by applying to same funds with different projects, applying similar projects with thesame objective, etc. A single-window that can deal with donors such as the climate change authority can	For example, a country with a sustainable transport policy may formulate it or call it as a“NAMA”, which contains several actions

1

that can reduce or mitigation GHG emissions. It is rather difficult and unnecessary to single out and separate actions as stand-alone
ones only for NAMAs.

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minimize this kind of risk while at the same time, showing to the international community the possibility to
conduct projects in an organized manner.

Building upon and strengthening existing domestic bodies
In practice, many countries have already established an inter-ministerial coordination body for climatechange, often called“national climate change committee (or NCCC)”, in which major relevant ministries2
participate. Driven by necessities to deal with political or technical matters relating to climate change,such as international negotiations, the preparation and submission of national communications, as well
as approvals for the CDM, and monitoring and evaluating of progress made through these actions, an
important decision making role was taken by such a committee in many countries.3 Although it is notproper to say mandates of, scopes of activities for, and the level of decisions made by such a committee,
are similar. It is safe to say that the experience of establishing and organizing a NCCC may potentially

SectionⅠ

be useful in dealing with NAMAs and MRV.

Table 1 : Typical institutional arrangements available in developing countries
Substantive working
areas

SectionⅡ

Experiences useful for
NAMAs and MRV

Remarks
For technical matterssuch as scenario making,ensuring the consistency
across sectors may be
usefulClimate change policies,
strategies, master plans,etc.

Overall coordination,
decision making, andguidance for ministries,
local governments, andother stakeholders.

Inter-ministerial
coordination, distributionof responsibility thru
bottom-up and top-down
ways etc.

2

GHG Inventory

Periodical reporting of theresults of compilation, andsetting official government
figures (such as emission
factors)

GHG inventory provides
Data and information
information of emissions,gathering across ministries
instead of emissions
and other stakeholders
reduction (cf. the CDM)

3

CDM and other market
mechanisms

National approval of
mitigation projects

Approval procedure,
criteria, and report on
project status.

NAMAs are notnecessarily on a projectbasis only.

Monitoring and evaluationof policies, etc.

Progress check of actions
and activities related toclimate change, such as
the implementation of
instruments in (1) above.

Report from ministries,
local governments, andother stakeholders on thestatus of implementation

Contents of suchreports may vary, sothat guidelines (such as
topics, data etc.) andstandardized formats areuseful .

1

SectionⅢ

Work with a NCCC or
its subgroups

4

4
In addition to“labelling”
mitigation-related actions as NAMAs through national decision making, it isimportant to monitor the progress of such actions, by collecting information which may provide the basis
for MRV at the national level. In this regard, lessons should be learned and efforts of MRV may be built	In other case, key stakeholders such as local governments, the private sector, and NGO representatives are also invited to2participate in.
	On the other hand, at early stages and still currently in some countries, these matters are dealt in an ad-hoc basis, by establishing3

working groups. However, in a more integrated manner, other countries try to link between such technical working groups and
NCCC, by placing the former as subsidiary groups.
	To“label”as NAMA, as required by 1/CP.16, actions should be aimed at achieving a deviation from business as usual emissions in.

4

2020.

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2. Institutional arrangements for NAMAs and MRV

upon information and data collection or reporting system, as shown in 2 and 4 of table 1. In many cases,
countries had these experiences in the past, hence it may be practical to build upon those experiences
and reformulate existing domestic bodies into a NAMA governing body. Also, it is highly recommended
that such NAMA governing body should always be a part of, or function through an existing national
climate change institutional arrangement, and not as a newly established stand-alone body.

Elements for terms of reference of the institutional arrangement
However, the domestic existing bodies were established to deal with similar but different purposes. It
may be useful to analyse what is already covered by this similarity and what is missing. Especially in thiscontext, it is important to consider the following elements as part of the terms of reference. According
to the following institutional model in Figure 1, the role of a NAMA governing body and functions thatstakeholders may assume are shown. While Figure 1 shows an image of a relatively large scale national

SectionⅠ

body, like a National Climate Change Committee, this institutional model may be applied to a small
scale or even a committee established in an ad-hoc basis. Depending on national circumstances, some
application may be important.

Figure 1: Institutional Model for NAMAs and MRV

Report to the UN
as part of BUR

SectionⅡ

Overall TOR for NAMA and MRV (scope, procedures etc.)

National Climate Change Committee (NCCC)

Compilation
ReportDecision

Chair:
Members: All Relevant Ministers
Decision making for NAMAs and MRV

Compilation work

Reporting Guideline
Common Reporting
Format••NAMA Planning (sectors)
NAMA Planning(national/coordinated)

MRV of actions (by reports)
MRV Guidelines

Indicator / targets

Plan&
ReportPlan&
ReportPlan&
ReportMinistry

Ministry

Local
Government

NAMA
implementation

NAMA
implementation

SectionⅢ••

Secretariat
Oﬃce

NAMA
implementation

NAMA
implementation

Source: own elaboration

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Table 2: Possible roles of NAMA governing body

1.

2.

Role of NAMA governing body

Functions that may be assumed bystakeholders (e.g. line ministries)

Planning
NAMAs


Provide guidance on political and technical5
matters, including how to prepare NAMAs

Approve sectoral mitigation plans elaborated
by line ministries
Establishment of a Secretariat to deal withand support NAMA related workPlan mitigation actions in relevant sectors.
Submit the plans to the NAMA governing bodySecretariat / ministry should prepare for draft
guidance

Implementing Overview of the implementation process
NAMAs
Decision-making when needed

3.

SectionⅠ

Stage

MRV


Provide technical guidelines for reporting,such as format and contents to be included.
Endorse the results, based on analysis (suchas aggregation of results) and decide further
necessary actions.


Implement actions to reduce or mitigate GHG
emissions.

Make financial arrangements for
implementation

Secretariat / ministry should provide
technical information and support
Formulate reports in accordance with theguideline,Provide reports on the progress of
implementation
Secretariat / ministry should draft guidelines
It should also compile and analyse reports of
NAMA results.

References
UNEP (2014). Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Understanding the MRV Framework for

SectionⅡ

Developing Countries.

SectionⅢ

UNEP RISØ Centre (2014). Institutional aspects of NAMA development and implementation.

3

NAMA Support Schemes

By

Yuqing Ariel Yu, Kentaro Tamura, Koji Fukuda and Noriko Shimizu, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

NAMA support schemes provide financial, capacity building and technology resources for developing
countries to be used in the formulation and implementation of NAMAs. It should be noted that a NAMA
support scheme is not identical to a NAMA finance scheme. NAMA finance addresses the question of
how to design financial mechanisms to attract capital from international and/or domestic investors for
proposed NAMAs; whereas NAMA support focuses on providing financial and non-financial resources(i.e., capacity building and technology) to facilitate the preparation and implementation of NAMAs. It isalso important to note that internationally supported NAMAs only account for one portion of existing
NAMAs—many NAMAs are developed and implemented by developing countries unilaterally. This article
focuses on the existing NAMA support programs and does not specifically address the question ofdesigning finance schemes to fund NAMAs.

	In order to ensure the consistency of approaches, technical guidance may include assumptions and methodologies, sectors and5gases covered, global warming potential values used, etc., which are often based on scientific studies conducted by line ministries in
relevant sectors. In practice, actual matters to prepare such guidance should be conducted by ministries in charge of the secretariat.

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3. NAMA Support Schemes

NAMAs tend to focus more on integrating climate policy actions with the sustainable development
goals of developing countries, and therefore NAMA support, in principle, should be conducive totransformational change. The concept of transformational change towards sustainable development is
new and will likely be adjusted as knowledge evolves. Yet, a NAMA support program can considered ashaving the potential for transformational change if it meets the criteria of (the NAMA Facility, 2014):•

contributing to enabling either a significant and/or a faster evolution in terms of scope (e.g., scalingup or replication);•

having a catalytic effect and including mechanisms to ensure the sustainability of the impacts, and;•allowing for systematic learning processes.

NAMA support should also not be limited to specific projects but rather include programs based on andavailable to the entire sector or industry. However, the lack of a clear definition for a NAMA indicatesthat there exists considerable room for flexibility and customization when implementing NAMA programs.
The existing NAMA support programs can be categorized into three types —support for (Figure 1)
implementation, support for preparation and readiness, and information platforms.

SectionⅠ

Figure 1: Existing NAMA support programs

Support for preparation and readiness(Technical and capacity building support)

Support for implementation(Financial support)
Dedicated support

Non-dedicated support

Multilateral

Bilateral

SectionⅡ

International
Climate Initiative

China’s South-South
Cooperation Fund

SectionⅢ

Information platforms

Support for implementation
Dedicated support
Only two facilities—the NAMA Facility and the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund—are dedicated tosupporting NAMA implementation. Since the Infrastructure Fund has a regional scope of Africa, theNAMA Facility has become the first and only funding source available for other countries to seek
dedicated support for NAMA implementation.

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The NAMA Facility
Established at the Doha COP in 2012, the NAMA Facility1 is funded by Germany and the United Kingdom(UK) with an initial joint contribution of EUR 70 million and an additional funding of EUR 50 million
contributed in 2014. The NAMA Facility addresses the demand for tailor-made climate finance and funds
the implementation of ambitious NAMAs. There are 8 projects under appraisal and one project under
implementation as of January 2015.
Indonesia’s Sustainable Urban Transport Program (NAMA SUTRI) is one Asian project under appraisal.
This initiative revolves around the goal of achieving urban transport emissions of 15% below thebusiness-as-usual (BAU) scenario by 2020 in specific pilot cities. The NAMA Facility will fund the runningcosts of a Technical Support Unit and contribute to a Sustainable Urban Transport Fund. Indonesia
commits to contribute at least €2 for each €1 received from the NAMA Facility. Thailand’s Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning NAMA (RAC NAMA) is another example of Asian project under appraisal. This
NAMA aims to result in an annual reduction of around two million tonnes by 2020, which accounts for

SectionⅠ

0.6 per cent of the Thai total GHG emissions compared to BAU. With the support from the NAMA Facility,
the RAC NAMA will establish a GreenRAC Innovation Fund that will provide seven times as much as theseed funding.
Other dedicated support
The Cook Islands’NAMA involving support for the implementation of 100% renewable electricity
sources by 2020 has received funding from Japan under the Pacific Environment Community Fund forthe purchase and installation of solar photo voltaic systems for several islands with funding from New

SectionⅡ

Zealand for the remaining islands (Cook Islands, 2012).

Non-dedicated support
There are many multilateral and bilateral financial institutions which are not dedicated to supporting
NAMAs but have supported mitigation actions as a part of their activities. The following institutions do
not make up of a comprehensive list, but include some of the most prominent multilateral and bilateralfinancial institutions that have delivered mitigation finance to Asia.
The Global Environmental Facility

SectionⅢ

The Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the operating entity of the UNFCCC financial mechanism since1991, has distributed the largest amount of mitigation finance to date but is in fact not dedicated tosupporting NAMA implementation. The GEF fourth and fifth replenishments (2006-2014) resulted in only
two approved Asian projects having been specified in title as NAMA projects, although many projects
may actually be closely analogous to NAMAs and have the potential to be recognized as NAMAs byrecipient countries in the future. The two projects, Azerbaijan’s NAMAs for low-carbon end-use sectors
and Kazakhstan’s NAMAs for low-carbon urban development, are both at the preparation stage and GEF
will commit USD 0.1 million and USD 5.93 million to the projects, respectively.
The Green Climate Fund
At COP 20 in Lima, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) completed its initial mobilization process, which
led to total pledges of USD 10.2 billion from 27 contributing Parties. The GCF is scheduled to initiate
procedures for accrediting implementing entities in March 2015 and accelerate the operationalizationof the mitigation window with adequate resources allocated for capacity building and technology
	The NAMA Facility: http://www.nama-facility.org

1

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3. NAMA Support Schemes

development and transfer.
Since both NAMAs and the GCF seek to promote the paradigm shift towards low-emission and climateresilient development pathways, it is believed that the GCF could and should support NAMAs (Friman, etal., 2014). However, it is worth recalling that the GCF does not have the mandate to support NAMAs in
particular; only that it will support mitigation actions that may—as its governing instrument specifies—
include NAMAs (GCF, 2011). For the GCF to be effective in supporting NAMAs, it is crucial that the GCF
builds the capacity of balancing different expectations on NAMAs by contracting Parties (Friman, et al.,2014).
Multilateral development banks
Although multilateral development banks (MDBs) have shown little indication on whether or not NAMAs
are explicitly included in their approach, the experience gained and knowledge obtained from using
MDBs to support mitigation actions will enable them to become a potentially important channel for
NAMA financing. The World Bank’s Clean Technology Fund is supporting mitigation actions in six Asian

SectionⅠ

countries2 and has supported 27 projects in East Asia and the Pacific, which amounted to USD 1,191
million since its inception. The Asian Development Bank’s Clean Energy Financing Partnership Facility
and Climate Change Fund are the key mechanisms used to mobilize resources in the Asian region foruse in addressing climate change mitigation through technical assistance and grant components ofinvestment projects.
Bilateral support
Japan’
s mitigation finance is sourced from existing aid commitments and is flowed through a

SectionⅡ

decentralized, fragmented system dominated by line ministries—including Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of the Environment; and Ministry of Finance—andbilateral aid agencies, such as Japan International Cooperation Agency and Japan Bank for International
Cooperation. Japan, which is known for its focus on mitigation and its fast-start finance (FSF) has been
primarily comprised of mitigation finance, with only 11% of the total FSF contributed to adaptation(Nakhooda et al., 2013). However, Japan has not been dedicated to financing NAMA implementation andits support recorded in the NAMA Registry is limited to preparation of NAMAs.

SectionⅢ

In addition to the North-south flows, South-south flows have emerged as a new channel for NAMA
support. The Chinese government launched a new multimillion-dollar south-south cooperation fund at
COP20 and will pledge USD 20 million annually to the fund (Friedman, 2014). South-south cooperation
has been gradually gaining its attention, especially after the GCF capitalized by some developing
countries, and it will present opportunities for innovative climate financing.

Support for preparation and readinessTo date, the majority of NAMA support has focused on preparatory and readiness activities. These
activities incorporate a broad range of elements and focus on different phases of NAMA development,from awareness rising and institutional creation to NAMA proposal development (Tilburg et al., 2012).
In some cases, NAMA readiness support is combined with support for related concepts such as lowemission development strategies or monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) systems. It is also
observed that support for NAMA readiness has been separated from support for NAMA implementation;
	CTF Asian countries are Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Kazakhstan, Philippines, and Thailand.

2

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that is, those who have supported NAMA preparation are yet to have also committed to financing any
resulting NAMAs (Cameron, 2012). This dichotomy of NAMA support therefore leads to the question ofcoherence and coordination being involved in international support.
UNDP’s low emission capacity building programme
Several United Nations (UN) agencies are taking the lead in supporting the preparation of NAMAs.
UNDP’s Low Emission Capacity Building Programme (LECB) aims at strengthening technical andinstitutional capabilities at the national level for identifying and formulating NAMAs. It will provide fourtypes of technical and capacity building support—(1) providing appropriate tools and training available
in the context of national priorities, (2) providing targeted technical support to national teams for the
implementation of project activities, (3) providing support for the identification of innovative policy andfinancing options to facilitate partnerships between the public and private sector, and (4) disseminatingknowledge and lessons learned to raise awareness, engage stakeholders and inform decision makers.
The LECB is supported through contributions from the European Commission, the German BMU, theSectionⅠ

Australian Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, and AusAID, while it is implemented by
the UNDP. This program runs through 2016 and is active in 25 countries throughout the world.
UNEP’s Facilitating Implementation and Readiness for Mitigation
UNEP’s Facilitating Implementation and Readiness for Mitigation aims at strengthening national mitigationplans and provides developing countries with a quick start on NAMAs. It is funded by Denmark and is
implemented by the UNEP from 2011 to 2020.
The International Climate Initiative

SectionⅡ

With regard to NAMAs, the International Climate Initiative (IKI) complements the German government’sexisting international cooperation and support partner countries in developing NAMAs, implementing
ambitious components of NAMAs, and gaining access to funding for implementation. In addition to
mitigation, the IKI also supports (1) adapting to the impacts of climate change, (2) conserving national
carbon sinks with a focus on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and(3) conserving biological diversity. The IKI receives EUR 120 million from the German Government
every year and the Energy and Climate Fund, which is replenished through the auctioning of emission

SectionⅢ

allowances in the EU ETS, contributes addition funds to the IKI.
TRANSfer
TRANSfer is a NAMA preparation initiative led by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and has developed climate change strategies within the transport sector forregistration as NAMAs. Indonesia is the partner country in Asia and GIZ is providing technical assistanceto Indonesia’s NAMA SUTRI in the context of the TRANSfer project. As NAMAs in the transport sector
develop, TRANSfer will serve as an umbrella to use a common NAMA approach so as to foster quality
assurance, synergies between projects, and a clear external representation.
The Nordic Partnership Initiative
The Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) established the Nordic
Partnership Initiative on Up-scaled Mitigation Action (NPI), along with Peru and Vietnam in 2011. Thisinitiative supports government agencies to acquire data collection skills and framework formulation
regarding reduction in energy intensity and so far, two pilot programmes are under implementation.
The NPI programme in Vietnam focuses on the cement sector, which has started in March 2014 andwill continue until March 2016. The budget for the Vietnam Pilot Programme is EUR 1.6 million and is

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3. NAMA Support Schemes

expected that the MRV system of the cement sector will be in place at the end of the implementation.

Information platforms
Information platforms are not support programs by themselves, but provide pertinent information withthe purpose of increasing the opportunities for supporting the preparation and implementation of NAMAs.
The NAMA Registry, the NAMA Pipeline, the NAMA Database, and the NAMA Partnership are important
information and knowledge sharing initiatives.
The NAMA Registry
The NAMA Registry3 is a publicly available online platform operated by the UNFCCC Secretariat thatserves to (1) record information for all NAMAs seeking support and facilitate matches between NAMAs
seeking support with financial, capacity building and technology support provided by Annex I Parties
and Organisations, and (2) recognize developing countries’
mitigation efforts by encouraging them to

SectionⅠ

enter information for unilateral NAMAs (Figure 2).
Since its official operations started in October 2013, the NAMA Registry contained 62 NAMA entries and
14 sources of support as of November 6, 2014. The NAMA Registry had recorded the matching of eight
NAMAs with sources of support, including six NAMAs seeking for preparation and two NAMAs seeking
for implementation.
The total amount of available support currently recorded in the NAMA Registry is USD 27.4 million, of

SectionⅡ

which USD 1.9 million (7 percent) is for NAMA implementation and USD 25.5 million (93 percent) is for
NAMA preparation (UNFCCC, 2014a). However, the amount of available support falls significantly shortof the amount sought by developing countries. According to the 11 entries that provide information on
incremental costs of NAMAs in 2014, incremental costs of NAMAs on average account for 9 per centof the full costs of the relevant NAMAs. As of 6 November, 2014, the total amount of support sought for
NAMAs amounted to USD 6.5 billion in the NAMA Registry (UNFCCC, 2014b). The average 9 per centratio of incremental costs in the full costs of NAMAs indicates that developing countries are seeking
support of USD 589 million.

SectionⅢ

Figure 2: Matching Function of the NAMA Registry

Information on support
available/provided (e.g.
source, amount, status ofdelivery)

Developing
country A
Developing
country B

NAMAregistry
Matching

Developed
country A
Developed
country B
Green
Climate Fund

Information on individual
NAMAs seeking int’l support(e.g. timeframe, cost,
mitigation potential)

MDBs

	The NAMA Registry: http://unfccc.int/cooperation_support/nama/items/7476.php

3

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UNEP’s NAMA Pipeline Analysis and Database
Built upon UNEP’s CDM/JI Pipeline expertise, the NAMA Pipeline4 was launched in 2011 as an informal
platform that provides an overview of the activities that have been submitted to the UNFCCC as NAMAs,
even where these submissions have not yet been formalized. Supplementing the official registries,
the NAMA Pipeline provides users with options for creating their own statistics as well as a visualpresentation of the submitted NAMAs.
Ecofys’s NAMA Database and GIZ’s Transport NAMA Database
Ecofys’s NAMA Database5 is an interactive wiki-based portal that allows users to make edits to
the Database and hence shares publicly available information on the development of NAMA-related
feasibility studies and NAMA proposals that are not yet officially submitted to the UNFCCC. The NAMA
Database is also linked to a Transport Database6, an open platform in the same format that provides
access to NAMAs in the transport sector at all stages from initial concept to implementation.

SectionⅠ

The NAMA Partnership
Launched at the Doha COP in 2012, the NAMA Partnership7 is a group of 20 multilateral organizations,bilateral cooperation agencies and think tanks8 that produce occasional papers, webinars and a webbased platform for knowledge sharing around NAMAs. The NAMA Partnership implements activities
through three working groups—NAMAs in the context of national development; NAMA finance; andmeasurement, reporting and verification aspects of NAMAs—and aims to enhance collaboration andcomplementarity of the different organizations to accelerate support in preparation and implementation

SectionⅡof NAMAs.

Conclusion
To date, few resources have committed to provide financial support for NAMA implementation; most of
NAMA support programs have focused on providing technical and capacity building support for NAMA
preparation and readiness. No multilateral financial institutions have explicitly earmarked funding for
NAMA implementation and the NAMA Facility has been the first and only source for Asian countries

SectionⅢ

seeking financial support for NAMA implementation.
The lack of financial support for NAMA implementation can be explained by the observation that theimplementation of NAMA finance is different from and possibly at odds with current practice of climate
finance. The existing literature concludes that contributors tend to pursue self-interested purposes when
delivering mitigation finance pledges and predispose toward developmental purposes when channelling

4

The NAMA Registry: http://namapipeline.org/

5

The NAMA Database: http://www.nama-database.org/index.php/Main_Page

6

The Transport NAMA Database: http://www.transport-namadatabase.org/index.php/Main_Page

7

The NAMA Partnership: http://www.namapartnership.org

	The 20 partners of the NAMA Partnership are: 2 UN agencies (UNEP DTU Partnership, formerly UNEP Riso Centre, and UNDP);

8

5 Development Banks (the Inter-American Development Bank, the Nordic Environment Finance Corporation, the World Bank, theAfrican Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank); 6 Bilateral Organizations (Agence Francaise de Development, Japan
International Cooperation Agency, KfW, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, International Fund for Agricultural
Development, United States Agency for International Development); 7 think tanks (the Climate Policy Initiative, World Resources
Institute, Climate Markets and Investment Association, Centre for Clean Air Policy, Climate Works Foundation, World BusinessCouncil for Sustainable Development, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)

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3. NAMA Support Schemes

adaptation finance pledges (Lancaster, 2007; Pickering et al., 2015). The preference for bilateralchannels over multilateral channels and the overwhelming reliance on multilateral channels outside the
UNFCCC—notably the Climate Investment Funds, whose operations are closely related to the WorldBank and other MDBs—are another examples of the tendency for addressing self-interest. During the FSF
period, around two-thirds of the FSF has been flowing through bilateral mechanisms, with only two percent of the total FSF flowing through UNFCCC related funds (Ciplet et al, 2012; Nakhooda et al., 2013).
In contrast, NAMA finance will be delivered in the context of sustainable development and be used
to address national priorities of developing countries. Over the last thirty years, the history of global
environmental discourse has witnessed a transformation of developing countries’engagement. The
pre-Stockholm era (before the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment) was
exemplified by a politics of contestation by developing countries; and it was not until the post-Rio period
when the concept of sustainable development was accepted at the 1992 Rio Summit that developing
countries have been seen with more meaningful, but still hesitant, engagement in global environmental
governance (Najam, 2005). However, discourse is different action. Although the concept of sustainable

SectionⅠ

development has been accepted at the discourse level, a similar level of acceptance has not been
observed at the implementation level. In fact, the evolution of action has been much slower than that of
discourse and developing countries’frustration has tended to grow rather than recede over time (Najam,2005). Similarly, the request for internalizing development concerns in the context of NAMAs has been
accepted at the conceptual level, but does not correspond with the interest and practice of contributors
at the implementation level.
An in-depth analysis reveals that there exists variation among contributors on the extent to which they

SectionⅡ

seek developmental and self-interested purposes. A considerable degree of variation can be explainedby the country difference in institutional configurations and relative influence of key ministries. For
example, Germany and the UK have aid ministries that predispose toward developmental purposesat the ministerial or cabinet level; in contrast, Japan and the United States (US) have a decentralized
system and decision-making is made in a fragmented way among many actors (Lancaster, 2007).
Consequently, Germany and the UK represent one end of the spectrum that exhibits a preference formultilateral channels for developmental purposes, while the US and Japan represent the other end who
relies mostly on bilateral agencies and emphasizes mitigation and private finance (Pickering et al., 2015).

SectionⅢ

In the case when no individual ministry prevails, variation on decision-making may also result from theextent to which the interests of different ministries align with one another (Pickering et al., 2015).
In addition, the lack of financial support for NAMA implementation also results from the inability ofdeveloping countries to demonstrate finance transparency, a prerequisite for NAMAs that receive
external support. Developed countries are keen to know what environmental outcomes have resulted
from the millions of dollars flowing into developing countries, who receives the money, and how it isspent. However, the lack of a universally accepted NAMA definition indicates the lack of a common
approach for MRV NAMAs and NAMA finance; not to mention that developing countries do not havethe technical capacity for MRV. It should also be noted that the meaning of effectiveness is different todeveloped countries and developing countries. Developed countries tend to highlight the environmental
aspects of climate finance effectiveness; in contrast, developing countries tend to be less concerned
about the environmental aspects but highlight the developmental aspects (Najam, 2005). In practice,
the dominant scholarship on environmental governance has discussed the issue of environmental
effectiveness exclusively in the lens of the environmental aspects, without much focus on thedevelopmental aspects (Najam, 2005).

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Finally, the diverging views with regard to the additionality principle as well as the role of private financealso contributes to the lack of NAMA financial support. Developed countries have at times relabeledexisting official development assistance (ODA) finance as climate-related to count it toward theirclimate finance portfolio (Nokhooda et al., 2013). However, the additionality principle, the common but
differentiated responsibility principle and the polluter pays principle established the legitimacy of climate
finance in the eyes of developing countries (Najam, 2005). For developing countries, the significant
difference between ODA finance and climate finance does not lie in whether ODA finance can produce
climate co-benefits, but rather climate finance should be compensatory in nature but ODA finance is notnecessarily for compensation purpose. Developing countries therefore do not consider private financeas a legitimate source; nor do loans and any financial instruments that require them pay back.
The operationalization of the NAMA Registry and other information platforms are helpful in improving
transparency. However, climate finance disagreements have occurred at various levels—between
developed and developing countries, between different contributor countries, and between various

SectionⅠ

agencies and ministries within a country—and have contributed to the ambiguity, fragmentation andinsufficiency of NAMA financial support. This suggests that a substantial shift in NAMA financial support
may only become more likely if control over decision-making is vested in a multilateral institution—suchas the GCF—whose representation of developed and developing countries’interests is more balanced(Pichering et al. 2015).

References
SectionⅡ

Cameron, L. (2012). Recent Trends in Support for NAMAs. Available from: <http://ccap.org/assets/
Annual-Status-Report-on-NAMAs_Germany-ICI-2012.pdf>, Centre for Clean Air Policy.
Ciplet, D., et al. (2013). "The politics of international climate adaptation funding: Justice and divisions in
the greenhouse." Global Environmental Politics 13(1): 49-68.
Cook Islands (2012). Islands Renewable Energy Chart Final. Available from: <http://cook-islands.gov.
ck/docs/renewableenergy/Cook%20Islands%20Renewable%20Energy%20Chart%20Final%20
April%202012.pdf>.
Friedman, L. (2014). China Launches Separate International Climate Aid Fund and Sparks "Interesting"

SectionⅢ

Politics. Available from: <http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060010175>.
Friman, M., et al. (2014). Supporting nationally appropriate mitigation actions through the Green Climate
Fund: Governance capacities and challenges.
Available from: <http://devmitforum.ercresources.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Friman-etal.
pdf>. Development and Mitigation Forum. Cape Town, South Africa.
Green Climate Fund (2011). Governing Instrument for the Green Climate Fund.
Available from: <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a01.pdf>, UNFCCC.
Lancaster, C. (2007). Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics. Chicago, the United States,
University of Chicago Press.
Najam, A. (2005). "Developing countries and global environmental governance: From contestation toparticipation to engagement." International Environmental Agreements 5: 303-321.
Nakhooda, S., et al. (2013). Mobilizing international climate finance: Lessons from the Fast-Start Finance
Period. the United Kingdom, Open Climate Network.
Pickering, J., et al. (2015). "Acting on climate finance pledges: Inter-agency dynamics and relationships
with aid in contributor states." World Development 68: 149-162.
The NAMA Facility (2014). Potential for Transformational Change. Available from: <http://www.nama-facility.

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4.1 Linking NAMAs with the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)org/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/NAMA_Facility_factsheet_transformational_change_potential.pdf>.
Tilburg, X., et al. (2012). Status Report on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions--Mid-year Update,
ECN & Ecofys.
UNFCCC (2014a). The extent of the matching of nationally appropriate mitigation actions with financial,technical and capacity building support in the registry of nationally appropriate mitigation actions.
Available from: <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2014/sbi/eng/inf24.pdf>.
UNFCCC (2014b). Second annual report to the Conference of the Parties on the operation of theregistry of nationally appropriate mitigation actions.
Available from:<http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2014/cop20/eng/inf01.pdf>.

4

Technology transfer support schemes for NAMAs

By

SectionⅠ

Linking NAMAs with the Joint Crediting
Mechanism (JCM)

4.1

Jiro Ogahara and Yasuhiro Kasuya, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)

Background
SectionⅡ

The purpose of this article is to introduce a new market mechanism proposed by Japan called
Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM), analyze the relation between JCM and NAMAs, and provide someconsiderations for its implementation.

Carbon market mechanisms and the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)
Carbon market mechanisms are defined as“tools to achieve reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG)
emissions and encourage uptake of clean technology and practices”(Briner and Pragg, 2013). The

SectionⅢ

Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) refers to a market mechanism agreed upon between Japan and adeveloping country, to implement mitigation actions in the later through introduction of advanced low
carbon technologies.
Japan introduced this initiative aiming at supporting developing countries in their efforts to mitigate theeffects of climate change and achieve a low-carbon growth. Taking advantage of Japan’s extensive
stock of advanced low-carbon technologies, it was determined that an alternative mechanism mobilizingthese technologies, together with finance and capacity building was feasible, with the ultimate aim ofachieving the 2℃ goal of the UNFCCC and realizing a low-carbon society.
Government’s consultation with interested countries and preparation through feasibility studies
and capacity building started in 2011, and the first 9 agreements for JCM were signed by Mongolia,
Bangladesh1, Ethiopia, Kenya, Maldives, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Indonesia and Costa Rica. Last year Palau,
Cambodia and Mexico also joined the process.

	Bangladesh is the only country that has signed an agreement under the denomination of“Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism”(BOCM).

1

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Relation with UNFCCC decisions
JCM is one of various approaches Japan and partner countries are jointly developing and implementing,and is intended to contribute by following discussions under the UNFCCC. As a regulatory basis for
new mechanisms (including JCM), the Cancun Agreement (decision 1/CP.16 para 80) considers“… theestablishment, of one or more market-based mechanisms to enhance the cost-effectiveness of, and topromote, mitigation actions...”Additionally, decision 1/CP.18 para 41 acknowledges that“… Parties, individually or jointly, may
develop and implement various approaches, including opportunities for using markets and non-markets,to enhance the cost-effectiveness of, and to promote mitigation actions, bearing in mind different
circumstances of developed and developing countries…”
Currently, discussions on how the components and rules that all approaches (including JCM) will meetcertain standards are being discussed in the Framework for Various Approaches (FVA) under the
UNFCCC.

SectionⅠ

Schemes of the JCM
Definition
The JCM is a project-based scheme initiated through the signature of a bilateral agreement between
Japan and developing countries, to conduct mitigation actions under three main characteristics:-

Facilitate diffusion of leading low carbon technologies, products, systems, services, andinfrastructure as well as implementation of mitigation actions, and contribute to the sustainable
development of developing countries.

SectionⅡ-

Appropriately evaluate contributions to GHG emission reductions or removals from Japan in aquantitative manner, by applying measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) methodologies, anduse them to achieve Japan’s emission reduction target.

-

Contribute to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC by facilitating global actions for GHG emissions
reductions or removals, complementing the CDM.

Types of support
In Japanese Fiscal Year 2014, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MOEJ) financed JCM-related

SectionⅢ

projects and activities through the following schemes:

JCM large-scale project development (approx. USD 16 million)

JCM development and implementation projects (approx. USD 2 million)Financing program for JCM projects (approx. USD 12 million)
New support program enabling“leapfrog”development fund(New) Cooperation fund with JICA (approx. USD 4.2 million)(New) ADB trust fund (approx. USD 1.8 million)

The JCM Financing Scheme provides funds to cover up to half of project’s investment costs tointernational consortiums formed between foreign and Japanese entities. The budget for FY2014 is forapproximately USD 12 million per year totaling USD 36 million by FY2016.
The JCM Promotion Scheme is divided into a) Capacity Building Programmes to facilitate understandingon the JCM rules and guidelines, and enhancing capacities to implement MRV, targeting at Asia, Africa,
Latin America, and Small Island countries; and b) Feasibility Study Programmes, explained in the tablebelow.

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4.1 Linking NAMAs with the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)

Table 1: Studies under the JCM Promotion Scheme by MOEJ
Type of StudyContents

1.JCM Project Planning Studies (PS)To develop a project in the next fiscal year

2.JCM Feasibility Studies (FS)To survey the feasibility of potential JCM projects

3.Large Scale JCM Feasibility Studies

To survey the feasibility of potential large scale JCM projects including
city level cooperation

Source: Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ). (2014). “A proposal for our future – Towards low carbon growththrough the Joint Crediting Mechanism”

Examplesa)“Small-scale biomass power generation with stirling engine”
Project site
FY

Cambodia (Provinces of Kandal, Kampong Cham, Kampong Speu)
FY 2012Category of Project

Biomass utilization

Main implementing
entityPro-Material Co., Ltd.
-Mitsubishi UFJ Morgan Stanley Securities Co., Ltd.
-Meisei University-Angkor Bio Cogen Co., Ltd.

Description ofproject

The purpose of the project is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by displacing
diesel-fired power generation at small rice mills through dissemination of low-cost and easyto-operate stirling engines that use biomass as fuel in Cambodia, where rice mills largely
depend on captive power generation using diesel fuel due to limited development of gridelectricity.

GHG emissions
reduction

17.52 tCO2/year

SectionⅠ

FS Partners

SectionⅡ

The project will contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing GHG emissions throughSustainabledisplacing fossil fuel with biomass fuel for power generation. At the same time, the project
development in hostis in line with Cambodia’s energy policy as it supports low-cost energy development andcountry
rural electrification, therefore contributing to the sustainable development of Cambodia.
Source: Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC) (2013), “Reports of JCM/BOCM Feasibility Studies: FY2012”,
http://gec.jp/main.nsf/en/Activities-Climate_Change_Mitigation-FS2012jcmfs01b)“Centralization of heat supply system by installation of high efficiency heat only boiler (HOB)”
Project site

2013

Category of Project

Energy saving

Main implementing
entitySuuri-Keikaku Co., Ltd.

FS Partners

Anu-Service

Description ofproject

The project in Bornuur Soum comprises the installation of Heat Only Boilers (HOBs) as wellas pipe laying work, the electrical construction and boiler building construction.
The project at the 118th School in Ulaanbaatar consists in the expansion of the HOBs
capacity.

GHG emissions
reduction- Bornuur Soum project: 364 tCO2/year- 118th School project: 168 tCO2/year

SectionⅢ

FY

Ulaanbaatar City, Bornuur Soum

Sustainable
Coal consumption will be reduced in Ulaanbaatar City and rural cities of Mongolia whichdevelopment in host will be linked to the improvement of air pollution in Mongolia and can prolong the life of coalcountry
deposits.
Source: Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC) (2013), “Reports of MOEJ/GEC JCM Methodology
Demonstration Study: FY2013” (Study Report),
http://gec.jp/main.nsf/en/Activities-Climate_Change_Mitigation-jcm2013ds02

Additionally, in April 2014, a fund to support a“leapfrog”type of development has been established.
“Leapfrog”development is defined as a“simultaneous achievement of a low-carbon, resource recycling,

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and naturally-symbiotic society while also improving lifestyle levels through economic development,
2
without following the development trajectory of developed countries in wasting energy and resources”

SectionⅠ

Figure 2: Concept of“leapfrog”type of development

This fund is composed of contributions from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the
Asian Development Bank (ADB). The cooperation fund with JICA is intended to finance projects that
reduce GHG emissions in collaboration with other projects supported by JICA and other national

SectionⅡ

organizations. The rationale for this fund is that through this finance scheme, the expansion of superior
and advanced low-carbon technologies in Japan can be achieved based on the assumption that even if
the initial costs for projects are high, its emission reduction effects are also high.
In parallel, MOEJ has concluded the signature of a memorandum of understanding with ADB in June2014 to support“leapfrog”development projects. The rationale for this fund is that additional costs are
reduced with the use of funds that are donated to the ADB trust fund, which allows use and introductionof advanced technologies that are not being used in ADB projects because of high introductory costs.

SectionⅢ

Hence, it is believed that this scheme will lead to the targeted“leapfrog”development.
Figure 3: Illustration of funds to support“leapfrog”type of development

Source: New Mechanisms Information Platform:(http://www.mmechanisms.org/document/20141014_JCM_goj.pdf)
2

Source: http://2050.nies.go.jp/index.html

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4.1 Linking NAMAs with the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)

JCM is also conducted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and implemented by the
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), which is similar to MOEJ’sschemes. The JCM Promotion Scheme by METI is described in the table below:
Table 2: JCM Promotion Scheme by METI
Type of ProjectContents

1.JCM Feasibility Studies (FS)To survey the feasibility of potential JCM projects

2.Capacity Building Programmes

Variety of capacity building activities to increase technical experts

3.JCM Demonstration Projects

Implemented by NEDO, supports the project costs necessary to verify theamount of GHG emissions reduction

Source: New Mechanisms Information Platform. (http://www.mmechanisms.org/e/initiatives/jcm.html)

Role of mitigation actions in a post-2020 regime from the perspectiveof market mechanisms
SectionⅠ

Relation between JCM and NAMAs
JCM projects have many characteristics that resemble what is known as NAMAs, as it is explained
below. Nevertheless, it would be more appropriate to say that JCM is a mechanism that promotes theimplementation of“mitigation actions”.
The fact that JCM can start only when a national government of a developing country signs thecorresponding bilateral agreement with Japan, confirms the level of compromise and facilitatesconsensus-making through the formation of a“Joint Committee”, which is the place where allconsiderations about projects, participants, etc. are decided.

SectionⅡ

Also, JCM projects are supposed to play a leading role among nationally prioritized strategies and planstaking into account the potential for GHG emission reductions. Hence, these mitigation actions meet thecriteria of being“nationally appropriate”.
Some JCM signatory countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia and Mongolia have officially stated theirintention to conduct JCM projects through NAMAs. In the case of Mongolia, they have confirmed
through official submissions to the UNFCCC, their intention to conduct NAMAs, in line with their nationaland sectoral plans in the following sectors: Energy supply (increase renewable options, improve coalquality, improve efficiency of heating boilers, improve household stoves and furnaces, improve Combined

SectionⅢ

Heat Power (CHP) plants, increase use of electricity for local heating in cities); building (increasebuilding energy efficiency), industry (increase energy efficiency in industry), transport (use more fuelefficient vehicles), agriculture (limit quantity & increase quality of livestock), and forestry (improve forest
management, reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation).
One concrete example is their National Energy Efficient Lighting Program, which is currently looking for
support through the NAMA Registry.
Specific measures to be conducted through NAMAs have already been studied for the implementationof JCM, as for example a project study for solar power generation (10MW-scale Solar Power Plant andRooftop Solar Power Generation System) or a feasibility study for combined heat and power plants(Improvement of Thermal Insulation and Water Cleaning/Air Purge at Power Plant); which aims at
reducing 16,500tCO2/yr and 3,000tCO2/yr of emissions, respectively.
In summary, JCM projects offer one concrete alternative to conduct mitigation actions through theintroduction of leading low carbon technologies in order to efficiently achieve GHG emissions reductions.
This cannot be achieved without support. Specifically, JCM provides support in the form of technology,
finance and capacity building, which are also the key support components of a NAMA.

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Conclusions
The beauty of mitigation actions lies in its flexibility. The possibilities to combine different participants
and contributions in a single project give ample space for innovativeness. One of this Guidebook’sobjective is to provide the necessary elements for practitioners to propose innovative ideas in order toplan and implement mitigation actions.
Although JCM has not been created to specifically implement NAMAs, both JCM and NAMAs aim atachieving substantial emissions reductions through the implementation of projects in host countries. As
explained before, some JCM signatory countries such as Cambodia, Mongolia and Vietnam have officiallystated that they intend to conduct JCM projects through NAMAs3.
Finally, mitigation actions in general which includes NAMAs and JCM projects, cannot be ignored at
the time discussions are focused on the post-2020 agreement and how countries can raise their levelof ambition. The authors believe that new mechanisms such as JCM widen the opportunity to conduct
mitigation actions, under the condition that both, support-providers and support-recipients report in

SectionⅠ

detail and in a transparent way through the proper channels.

References
Briner, G. and Prag, A. (2013). Establishing and Understanding Post-2020 Climate Change Mitigation
Commitments. OECD
Dagvadorj, D. (2013). Mitigation action in Mongolia: the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) and NAMAs
implementation. Presentation made in the COP19 side event: "Preparing and Implementing the Joint
Crediting Mechanism (JCM) and NAMAs". November 12, 2013. Warsaw, Poland.

SectionⅡ

http://www.mmechanisms.org/document/cop19_sideevents/unfccc/1_Mongolia.pdf
Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC) (2013),“Reports of JCM/BOCM Feasibility Studies:
FY2012”,
http://gec.jp/main.nsf/en/Activities-Climate_Change_Mitigation-FS2012jcmfs01
Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC) (2013),“Reports of MOEJ/GEC JCM Methodology
Demonstration Study: FY2013”(Study Report),
http://gec.jp/main.nsf/en/Activities-Climate_Change_Mitigation-jcm2013ds02
Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ). (2014).“A proposal for our future – Towards low carbon

SectionⅢ

growth through the Joint Crediting Mechanism”
New Mechanisms Information Platform:
http://www.mmechanisms.org/document/20141014_JCM_goj.pdf
Ogahara, J. and Kato, M. (2014). Implementation of NAMAs through the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM).
In MitigationMomentum (2014). Annual Status Report on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions(NAMAs)	Dagvadorj, D. (2013). Mitigation action in Mongolia: the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) and NAMAs implementation. Presentation

3

made in the COP19 side event: "Preparing and Implementing the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) and NAMAs". November 12, 2013.
Warsaw, Poland.
http://www.mmechanisms.org/document/cop19_sideevents/unfccc/1_Mongolia.pdf

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4.2 The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) and NAMAs

The Climate Technology Centre and Network(CTCN) and NAMAs

4.2
By

Takahiro Murayama, Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC)

Background
The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) – the operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology
Mechanism – is one of various schemes which contribute to developing countries in preparing,elaborating, and implementing their NAMAs with regard to climate change technology development andtransfer. The CTCN does not provide funding directly to developing countries, but rather aims to support
the development and transfer of mitigation and adaptation technologies in developing countries throughexpert technical assistance (CTCN 2014a). Developing countries could make requests through their
National Designated Entities (NDEs) to the Climate Technology Centre (CTC), and responses to those

SectionⅠ

requests would be categorised into a“quick response”(less than USD50,000) or a“response project”(upto about USD250,000) depending on a scale and a scope of each request. The quick response would
be provided by the CTC together with its 13 Consortium Partners from all over the world while theresponse project would be delivered by organisations from the Climate Technology Network (CTN) withsupervision of the CTC. There are 17 organisations registered as the CTN members which have various
expertise and experiences in climate change mitigation and adaptation, including Global Environment
Centre Foundation (GEC) and Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center (OECC), from Japan as of
September 2014 (CTCN 2014b). The CTCN started to receive requests for technical assistance since

SectionⅡ

early 2014; and so far, there have been 23 requests at different stages with regard to their progress (twostarted implementation, 12 formally submitted and under the process of elaboration by the CTC, and nine
informally discussed between the CTC and the developing country NDEs; CTCN 2014c).

Linkages between the CTCN and NAMAs
Some noticeable linkages between the CTCN and NAMAs could be found in official documents of the
CTCN, an analysis, and examples of the technical assistance requests. The prioritization criteria of

SectionⅢ

the CTCN (2013) for responding to requests from developing countries indicates that the Director of
the CTCN shall ensure that all requests for assistance approved by the CTCN demonstrate that the
support provided will contribute to increased resilience and /or mitigate emissions, and is aligned withnational plans. The CTCN operating manual for NDEs (CTCN 2014d) also suggests that the NDEs shallcoordinate with other national focal points of UNFCCC Mechanisms including National Focal Points
for NAMAs, to enhance effectiveness and scope of the CTCN interventions and leverage international
funding for adaptation and mitigation activities. Consideration of these other national planning
processes will help ensure that the request is in line with national development and climate strategies.
The Technology Executive Committee (TEC 2013) identified linkages between Technology Needs
Assessment (TNA) and NAMAs by examining main steps within the processes of the TNA and NAMAs.
Given the NAMA’s steps identified, the technical assistance delivered by the CTCN could contributeto some of these steps, in particular“NAMA policies and actions”and“NAMA implementation”. The
linkage is obvious as the CTCN technical assistance was originally designed to support implementationof mitigation and adaptation projects regarding technology. The CTCN could also promote developmentof NAMAs by reception of support to conduct TNAs, or by“technical support for policy and planningdocuments”and“training”under technical assistance – although it should be emphasised that the27

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primary objective of the technical assistance is to support implementation of tangible technology
transfer projects.
As some of examples for the CTCN’s contributions to NAMAs’processes, there are three NAMArelated technical assistance requests from the developing country NDEs, namely“Development of a
Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT) pilot project of the Waste NAMA”by Colombia,“Green Cooling
Africa Initiative (GCAI)”jointly proposed by Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius and Namibia, and“Generalquestion about getting support preparation of NAMA to reduce greenhouse gases emissions”by Syria(CTCN 2014a, CTCN 2014c).

The Way Forward
Since the establishment of the CTCN, indicators such as the number of requests, the developing country
NDEs and CTN organisations have been rapidly growing, and therefore the technical assistance

SectionⅠ

projects which support NAMAs under the CTCN are expected to increase significantly in the near
future. Meanwhile, the linkages between NAMAs and the CTCN might not have been fully recognisedamong developing countries yet. Given this situation, broader and deeper recognition of such linkages
should be raised by the CTC and the CTN organisations, and also by the developing country NDEs fortheir domestic stakeholders who should be aware of the opportunities for the assistance. With suchawareness being raised, the synergies between NAMAs and the CTCN would be enhanced to effectively
deliver technology development and transfer to developing countries, and ultimately concrete mitigation

SectionⅡ

outcomes would be achieved.

References
Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN). (2013).“Prioritization criteria for responding torequests from developing country Parties”, viewed 21 November 2014,<http://www.unep.org/climatechange/ctcn/Portals/50212/Documents/PDF/Prioritization
Criteria_19 Sept 2013_logo.pdf>
CTCN (2014a).“The Climate Technology Centre and Network”, viewed 14 November 2014,

SectionⅢ<http://www.unep.org/climatechange/ctcn>.
CTCN (2014b).“List of members and current status of the Network”, viewed 18 November 2014,<http://www.unep.org/climatechange/ctcn/Portals/50212/Documents/AB201445_List%20
and%20status%20of%20Network_public.pdf>.
CTCN (2014c).“List and status of country requests: Status of Technical Assistance request andResponses – Current as of 05.09.2014”, viewed 17 November 2014,<http://www.unep.org/climatechange/ctcn/Portals/50212/Documents/AB201444_List%20
and%20status%20of%20requests.pdf >.
CTCN (2014d).“CTCN Operating Manual for National Designated Entities (NDEs)”, viewed 21 November
2014,<http://www.unep.org/climatechange/ctcn/portals/50212/nde manual version 1_1_final_ 28feb.pdf>.
Technology Executive Committee (TEC). (2013).“TEC Brief: Possible integration of the TNA processwith NAMA and NAP processes”, viewed 17 November 2014, <http://unfccc.int/ttclear/misc_/
StaticFiles/gnwoerk_static/TEC_column_L/4f85c880f1b54a6bb1ed32a3b7e1bc94/7262a425eab
84ac8a0ab4a5980d7e58d.pdf>.

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5. NAMAs and BUR

5

NAMAs and BUR
Takako Ono, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

By

Makoto Kato, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)

Background
Mitigation efforts as NAMAs are actions pledged by developing countries to the UNFCCC, and they are
subject to a transparency measure by definition. While there are various approaches and definitionof measurement, report, and verification (MRV), according to different levels of actions to check the
progress made, overall and aggregated results are provided in biennial update reports (BURs) and used
for the MRV process under the UNFCCC.

SectionⅠ

Relationship between NAMAs and MRVs
Non-Annex I Parties under the UNFCCC need to provide information on the progress of implementationof nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) as a part of their BURs once every two years
according to the UNFCCC guidelines for the preparation of the BURs in Annex III in Decision 2/CP.17
in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner. BURs are reports which non-Annex I Parties needs
to submit the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the UNFCCC once every two years to provide
information on GHG emissions/removals, status of implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures

SectionⅡand capacity building needs.

Contents of Biennial Update Reports (BURs)
BURs are a new requirement under the UNFCCC, which are supplements of national communications(NCs). Non-Annex I Parties have submitted their NCs on an ad-hoc basis. However, the COP17
decided to require non-Annex I Parties to submit BURs once every two years in order to enhanceprovision of information relevant to coping with climate change. The main contents of BURs are as

SectionⅢ

follows:
a. National circumstances and institutional arrangements;b. National greenhouse gas inventory;c. Mitigation actions and their effects;
d. Constraints and gaps, and related financial technical and capacity needs;
e. Level of support received for preparation of BURs;
f.

Domestic measurement, reporting and verification,g. Any other information.
Among the items above, non-Annex I Parties needs to provide information on their NAMAs in the item c.
(mitigation actions and their effects).

MRV on NAMAs in BURs
With respect to measurement and reporting of NAMAs, non-Annex I Parties needs to report the following

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information1 in their BURs:
a. Names and description of the NAMAs, including information on the nature of the NAMAs, coverage(i.e. sectors and gases), quantitative goals and progress indicators;b. Information on methodologies and assumptions;c. Objectives of the NAMAs, and steps taken or envisaged to achieve the NAMAs;
d. Information on the progress of implementation of the NAMAs and the underlying steps taken or
envisaged, and the results achieved, such as estimated outcomes (merits depending on types of
NAMAs) and estimated emission reduction, to the greatest extent possible;
e. Information on international market mechanisms.
With respect to verification, there is no official international verification and review process for BURs.
Instead, international consultation and analysis (ICA) is implemented to the BURs. ICA consists oftechnical analysis by technical team of experts (TTEs) and facilitative sharing of views under theSubsidiary Body of Implementation (SBI) under the COP. In other words, ICA is to facilitate developing
countries to take stock of their current situation and progress made, as well as clarifying challenges to

SectionⅠgo way forward, which are useful for their own efforts further as well as international cooperation andsupport. During the technical analysis, BURs are analyzed by a TTE in a manner that is non-instructive,
non-punitive and respectful of national sovereignty. The TTE is composed of experts nominated to the
UNFCCC roster of experts who have completed a training program by the UNFCCC. After the technicalanalysis, a facilitative sharing of views, which is a workshop under the SBI, is implemented to BURs. The
facilitative sharing of views is implemented as a 1-3 hour session for each Party which consists of abrief presentation by the Party on its BUR, following by oral questions and answers.

SectionⅡ

Support for Preparation of BURs
Financial and technical supports are provided for preparation of BURs. With respect to the financial
support, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) provides the financial support to non-Annex I Parties
preparing their BURs on the basis of agreed full cost funding. In addition, most of the technical supports thatare available for NCs are also available for BURs because reporting elements of NCs and BURs overlap.

SectionⅢ

References
IGES (2014). One Hundred Questions & Answers about MRV in Developing Countries (Version 2.0 (Pre COP20))

6

INDCs and contribution toward country’s ambition

By

Emiko Matsuda, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)

Background
In November 2013 at the 19th Conference of the Parties (COP) in Warsaw, Parties to the UNFCCC
	While mitigation actions may be designed and implemented according to respective developing countries, to design such actions as

1

NAMAs, these items are useful references. For example, in preparation process, practitioners may consider quantitative goals andprogress indicators, as a package of plan of mitigation actions or activities.

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6. INDCs and contribution toward country's ambition

were invited to“…initiate or intensify domestic preparations for their intended nationally determined
contributions (INDC), without prejudice to the legal nature of the contributions, in the context adopting
protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the convention
applicable to all parties toward achieving the objective of the convention as set out in its article 2
and to communicate them well in advance of the twenty-first session of the conference of the Parties(by the first quarter of 2015 by those parties ready to do so) in a manner that facilitates the clarity,transparency and understanding of the intended contributions, without prejudice to the legal nature of
the contributions...”(1/CP. 19)
In the COP20 held in Lima, negotiations focused on the outcomes to advance towards reaching anagreement at the COP 21 in Paris in 2015, including elaboration of the required information in order tofacilitate clarity, transparency and understanding among parties (1/CP.20, Table 1), and expedite therequired submission of INDCs as early as possible during 2015.
Consequently the‘Lima Call for Climate Action’, aiming at advancing the 2015 agreement, was adopted,
and since then (even before, in some cases), preparation for INDCs has been started by Parties.

SectionⅠ

Table 1: List of information to be included in INDCs (1/CP.20)

SectionⅡ・Reference point (including, as appropriate, base year)
・Time frame・Period for implementation
・Scope and coverage
・Planning processes
・Assumption
・Methodological approaches including estimating andaccounting GHG emission
・Removal
・Ambition

Conversion from the existing efforts to INDCs
In order to prepare for INDCs in each country, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in
cooperation with the UNFCCC Secretariat launched a series of Regional Technical Dialogues to support

SectionⅢ

countries in the process of preparing and putting forward their INDCs prior to the COP21. A total of
231 participants gathered for the Regional Dialogues held in Colombia, Ghana and Vietnam1. In addition,
the 23rd Asia-Pacific Seminar on Climate Change (AP-Net) was held in Kanazawa, Japan, hosted by
the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ), under the title of“Technical Dialogue: Sharing theknowledge of, experience in, and lesson learned from mitigation and relevant strategies/ program/
activities, taking into account the 2015 agreement”, in order to discuss mitigation activities as well as
INDCs.
According to the reports from these Regional/Technical Dialogues, government representatives fromthe South American, African, Eastern European and Asia Pacific regions, as well as representatives fromresearch institutions and aid agencies have participated. Some of these participants made presentations
and conducted discussions in relation to INDC preparation. Some comments and opinions that have beenreported can be summarized in the following list:
・1

Recognize the importance of high-level political commitment to take action;

Source: International Partnership on Mitigation and MRV (http://mitigationpartnership.net/)

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・Include stakeholders from the outset of the process in order to build trust and help generateconsensus around actions;・

When preparing INDCs, a country should begin with an analysis of its emission profile by looking at
its national GHG emission inventory;

・

INDCs may be seen as a stepping-stone toward concrete, transformational actions. In this context,alignment between INDCs and on-going initiatives, such as low emission development strategies(LEDS), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), National Communications (NCs), Biennial
Update Reports (BURs), Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs), Climate Technology Centre andNetwork (CTCN) and also adaptation activities such as National Adaptation Programme of Action(NAPA) and National Adaptation Plan (NAP) would help countries build on relevant initiatives andstrengthen the transformational potential of INDCs;

・

It is important for countries to have an overall strategy to coordinate their national climate change

SectionⅠ

policies;・To link INDCs with the sustainable development and economy growth;・Need to analyze how to reflect adaption, forest, and agriculture into the international agreement;
and・

The process of developing INDCs can provide a good opportunity to review the development
strategy of each country.

From those opinions, it is clear that participants have realized that existing activities constitute thestarting point for INDCs preparation, and they have also recognized that there is a linkage with theircurrent efforts such as preparation of NCs. It has been inferred that NAMAs themselves can have a
direct link with INDCs if aggregated NAMAs are taken as the starting point to define a country’s INDCs,

SectionⅡor if INDCs are considered as actions rather than outcomes (i.e. targets) then NAMAs themselves can betaken as a major part of INDCs. Most importantly, NAMAs have significance in the sense that they act
as vehicles to channel finance for the implementation of the INDCs. In this context, it is worth pointing
out that due to its relevance, NAMAs are likely to continue beyond 2020 although 2020 is the original
timeframe given to NAMAs.
Participants also concluded that a high-level stakeholder engagement and a champion local government
are critical for INDCs development and further preparation. They have highlighted the importance ofan increase of awareness among stakeholders, in order to realize how the process of developing their

SectionⅢ

contributions could help catalyze low carbon economies and poverty eradiation.

Key challenges and support needs
In their contributions, countries need to make sure that preparation of INDCs is based on robust dataand its subsequent analysis, meaning each country may have difficulties in seeking technical informationfrom inventories, projections, mitigation actions, cost analyses and so forth. Therefore, an in-depth
investigation and a consultation process become necessary before submissions. In sum, it is important torealize that accurate reporting will increase the transparency of information and the reliability of INDCs.
National circumstances are diverse. There are differences in the initial situation, development stages,
degrees of urbanization, industrial development stages, degrees of technological maturity, degrees ofmarket development, domestic finance capacities, and so forth. In addition, GHG inventories or baseline
emissions are identified in major sectors such as the energy sector, but countries may need to develop
baselines for other sectors as well. Considering that INDCs have been introduced recently, countries,
and in particular those from least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS),

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6. INDCs and contribution toward country's ambition

may have limited technology and human resources. Hence, they may face additional challenges toprepare their INDCs.

Support for INDC preparations
Countries have been asked to submit INDCs before December 2015 at the latest, which is why
COP19 has decided to request and urge developed country parties, operating entities of the financial
mechanism, and any other organizations in a position to provide support, to do so as early as possible
and before December 2015.
Given that the concept of INDCs is relatively new, countries had limited time to build a new support
program. But a number of support activities, not necessarily referred as INDC support, can also be
utilized for the preparation of INDCs. Those countries having some difficulties in providing baselinemodeling for example, can find some financial support to generate the required information. For example,
the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) can provide support through UN agencies to conduct national

SectionⅠ

consultations, baseline studies, and inventory preparation. Germany has also been providing support toSouth American and African countries and others through baseline studies and evaluation of mitigation
potential. EU has supported SIDS, LDCs and Latin American countries to provide financial and technicalsupport for inventory preparation, baseline studies and economic and GHG emission models. Japan
mostly supports Asian countries through workshops on INDCs and NAMA, and inventory preparation.
Such information has been reported on the Report on Sources of Support for the Preparation of Intended
Nationally Determined Contributions (2014).

SectionⅡ

Ambition for the 2 degrees target
Although IPCC AR5 reported that we have to follow the most stringent scenario (the representative
Concentration Pathway 2.6: RCP2.6) in order to keep atmospheric temperature increase below 2 (or 1.5)
degrees compared with pre-industrial levels, the WMO's Annual Compendium on the Status of the Global
Climate and other reports (Will Stefen et al.) indicates that we shall make a great effort to prevent global
warming immediately. Regarding this, a frequent question raised at regional workshops referred to“howto ensure that these efforts will add up to the 2 degree target?”Since the concept of INDC is based on

SectionⅢa bottom-up approach, it will be impossible to answer this question accurately unless all of INDCs fromeach country are completed and submitted. In that sense, a country’s contribution is totally based on its
ambition toward climate change action: In other words, to what extent a country is affected by climatechange; in what proportion a country should take responsibility against climate change issues affecting
the entire planet, etc. In order to determine to what extent a country’s ambition will meet the 2 degrees
goal, the focus should be for countries to fully engage in this effort and accomplish the preparationof INDCs as accurate as possible while ensuring transparency. The purpose of INDCs is to have aclear, transparent and in-depth information on for example, mitigation actions, that in view of what has
explained above can definitely prove if each country’s efforts are sufficient or not, or if more support isnecessary and in which form. We could also say that INDCs could be the starting point of a process toincrease ambition from countries over time.

References
UNDP and UNFCCC launch regional technical dialogue on intended nationally determined contributions,International Partnership on Mitigation and MRV [http://mitigationpartnership.net/undp-and-unfccc-

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17:42:55

launch-regional-technical-dialogues-intended-nationally-determined-contributions] (Last accessed in
12/02/2015)
Asia-Pacific Seminar on Climate Change, AP-Net [http://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/ap-net/] (Last
accessed in 12/02/2015)
Report on Sources of Support for the Preparation of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions(INDCs), 2014[http://unfccc.int/files/focus/mitigation/application/pdf/support_for_indcs.pdf] (Last accessed in
21/1/2015)
WMO’s provisional statement on the status of the Global Climate in 2014 [https://www.wmo.int/pages/
mediacentre/press_releases/documents/1009_Draft_Statement_2014.pdf] (Last accessed in
11/02/2015)
Steffen W. et al. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science.

SectionⅢ

SectionⅡ

SectionⅠ(Published online on 15 January 2015)

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Section II: Case Studies

Introduction to the case studies
The first edition of the NAMA Guidebook dedicated more than half of its contents todiscuss theoretical and policy issues related to NAMAs. In the second part, 4 NAMA casestudies conducted in Asia and 3 projects introduced in Mexico were introduced. However,
it is fair to say that finding examples of NAMAs, especially at the implementation stage, is
not an easy task.

Despite the significant role that NAMAs were meant to play in the reduction of GHG
emissions in developing countries, it is believed that only few projects managed to findinternational support. Just by looking the NAMA Registry hosted by the UNFCCC, which
is a voluntary database inadequately updated by governments, it is easy to understandthe reluctance from financers to support NAMAs.

In spite of this scenario, some NAMAs were developed in the last year, and people
involved are eager to share their experiences. This section introduces 8 case studies
aiming at showcasing challenges, difficulties, lessons learned and new topics of discussionthat we hope it can be shared between practitioners to start new initiatives.

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Section

Introduction to the case studies

Ⅱ

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) toaccelerate geothermal power: Lessons from Kenya

1

James Falzon and Donald Pols, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)

By

Stephen King’uyu and Esther Wang’ombe, Government of Kenya

This case study first appeared as a CDKN Inside Story on Climate Compatible Development, by Falzon et. Al., funded and published by
CDKN, December 2014.1

Key messages•

Kenya has high ambitions for geothermal power, and has defined a Nationally Appropriate
Mitigation Action (NAMA) to expand the role of the private sector to accelerate its development.

•

The NAMA is an important step in making the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) areality on the ground.

SectionⅠ•

A sub-component of the NAMA was submitted to the NAMA Facility in July 2014, seeking funding tobegin implementation.

•

The development process had to overcome challenges, including raising awareness and obtaining
buy-in of key stakeholders, securing financial partners, documenting and communicating the NAMA,
and dealing with questions about‘additionality’.

•Some of the lessons learned include the need for targeted, tailored communication on NAMA’s potential
added value and linking the scope of the NAMA with the intended transformation of the entire sector.

SectionⅡ

Introduction
The Government of Kenya has ambitions to significantly expand its power supply from geothermal
sources to underpin low-carbon, climate-resilient development, as encapsulated in its National Climate
Change Action Plan (NCCAP). Although progress has been made, greater private sector involvement isneeded to keep the goal within reach. Kenya has developed a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action(NAMA) to mobilise private investment, through channelling targeted international climate finance andtechnical support. After introducing the context and objectives of Kenya’s geothermal NAMA, this brief

SectionⅢ

focuses on the challenges faced in the process of developing the NAMA, and highlights lessons learned
and recommendations for future NAMA development, both in Kenya and globally.
Geothermal power plants, which convert steam generated from hot rocks deep underground into
electricity, have a prominent place in Kenya’s overarching development plans. These include the
Vision 2030, the NCCAP, and the current‘5000+ MW in 40 months initiative’. Geothermal power has
the potential to provide reliable, cost-competitive, base-load power with a small carbon footprint, andreduces vulnerability to climate change2 by diversifying power supply away from hydropower, whichcurrently provides the majority of Kenya’s electricity.
Kenya has set out ambitious targets for geothermal energy. It aims to expand its geothermal power
production capacity to 5,000 MW by 2030 (NCCAP, 2014), with a medium-term target of installing1

Source: http://cdkn.org/resource/nama-geothermal-power-lessons-kenya/	Rainfall has been extremely erratic in Kenya during the past three decades and climate change is locked in until the middle of the

2

century, which threatens to expose Kenya’s power generation assets to further changes in heat and rainfall (IPCC, 2007).

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1．
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) to accelerate geothermal power: Lessons from Kenya

1,887 MW by 2017 (MoEP, 2014). As of October 2014, Kenya has an installed geothermal capacity of
approximately 340 MW. Although there is significant political will and ambition, reaching these ambitions
is a major challenge.
Figure 1: Geothermal Sites in Kenya (MoEP, 2014)

SectionⅠ
SectionⅡ

Limited public funds and developers
Kenya’
s geothermal development stands at a critical juncture, requiring large and rapid investments
if it is to meet its goals. New construction in the sector has largely been financed from the domestic
budget and international concessional finance through the partially state-owned developer KenGen

SectionⅢ

and the fully state-owned Geothermal Development Company (GDC). These public sources of national
and international finance are limited and are a bottleneck to growth. There is also a long lead-time forbringing additional capacity online as KenGen and GDC can only develop a limited number of fields at atime.

The need to scale-up private sector participation
Attracting private actors to co-invest in the sector will be critical to achieving the targeted growth. It isestimated that the private sector will need to cover approximately 40–50% of the US$20 bn required
to reach the 5,000 MW goal for geothermal, compared with the historical 10–15% level of private
investment.3
The Kenyan Government has taken a variety of steps and measures to attract greater private
investment in its geothermal sector. The main initiative was the establishment of the GDC to undertake	NAMA for accelerated geothermal development in Kenya - Proposal (2014). Available at www.mitigationmomentum.org

3

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geothermal well explorations and drilling for independent power producers. However, these steps have
not yet achieved the necessary levels of private sector participation.

The Kenyan Government takes action
The term NAMA was first coined at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) meeting in Bali in 2007, as part of the Bali Road Map. A voluntary measure, it refers topolicies and actions that countries undertake to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. By packaging
actions as NAMAs, developing country governments can potentially receive international financial andtechnical support.
Recognising this opportunity, the Government of Kenya decided to accelerate geothermal expansion
by designing a NAMA. The NAMA aims to achieve two key outcomes: first, enhancing the opportunity
for investment through an improved risk–return ratio; and second, aiding and developing local humanSectionⅠ

capacity along the supply chain to manage significant expansion of the sub-sector.4 The NAMA
should directly support 820 MW of additional capacity by 2020, resulting in 3.77 million tonnes of CO2
equivalent (MtCO2e) per year emissions reductions by 2020.

NAMA development process
The decision to pursue a NAMA was first taken by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural
Resources (MEWNR)5 in the second half of 2012. The government has identified the potential of

SectionⅡ

this instrument as a key delivery mechanism for the NCCAP 2013–2017. To develop the NAMA, thegovernment sought technical support from the Mitigation Momentum project and CDKN.6 The Energy
Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) provided technical support – its previous involvement in the
NCCAP process facilitated a strong link between the NAMA and the NCCAP processes.
The NAMA was developed step-wise with multiple iterations, involving many different stakeholders.
Approvals were required by different actors at various stages along the process (outlined in Table 1).

SectionⅢ

Table 1: Outline of process to develop geothermal NAMA.
NCCAP process
2011–2013

NCCAP for 2013–2017 developed, with corresponding priority areas.

Project inception
August 2012

Mitigation Momentum project requested to provide support to Government of Kenya tobring forward an element of the NCCAP as a NAMA. Roles and responsibilities defined,
and a work plan for delivery of the NAMA agreed. The MoEP was defined as the leadline ministry, MEWNR as coordinating ministry, and ECN as technical support to the
MoEP.

Scope selection
September 2012

The concerned ministries and project team met and decided to develop a NAMA
targeting accelerated geothermal. The basis for the decision was that accelerated
geothermal was the priority action with the highest mitigation potential in the energy
sector, as well as being the highest of the six priority actions identified by the MoEP for
the short and medium term.

1st stakeholder
workshop
February 2013

Kick-off workshop organised by MEWNR and MoEP, involving Ministry officials, theenergy regulator, geothermal development companies, civil society, and the private
sector.

4

For a detailed description of the NAMA, see the www.mitigationmomentum.org website.

5

Then the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR).

	Funded by Germany (Mitigation Momentum), the United Kingdom and the Netherlands (CDKN). For details, see http://www.

6

mitigationmomentum.org/project.html

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1．
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) to accelerate geothermal power: Lessons from Kenya

Background study
March–July 2013

40–50 page comprehensive background study produced by project team to analysebarriers to geothermal development.

2nd stakeholder
workshopAugust 2013

Presentation of background study to stakeholder group, discussion of barriers,
prioritisation of key areas to focus on.

Concept note
August–October 2013
3rd stakeholder
workshop
October 2013

20–30 page concept note for NAMA developed, covering rationale, actors, scope,
instruments and Measurement Reporting and Verification (MRV) system.
Validation workshop for NAMA concept

Concept approvals
October 2013

NAMA concept presented to MoEP and MEWNR for approval.

Proposal finalisation
November–December
2013

Concept developed into concrete proposal (further detail on instruments, fields to betargeted, etc.)

NAMA submitted to
UNFCCC Registry
December 2013

MEWNR submits geothermal NAMA to UNFCCC NAMA registry (the first submission from
Kenya)

Approvals for NAMA
Facility application
June 2014

Series of approval meetings held with MoEP, MEWNR, KenGen and GDC, at Permanent
Secretary / Managing Director levels. Sign-off on NAMA obtained

Validation workshop
NAMA Facility
June 2014

Wider stakeholder group invited to comment upon and validate NAMA Facility
application
NAMA Facility application submitted by Kenyan government

SectionⅡ

NAMA Facility
submission
July 2014

SectionⅠ

NAMA Facility
CDKN provides support to bring geothermal NAMA to UK / German NAMA Facility. ECN
application preparation provided support to MoEP / MEWNR to translate sub-component of NAMA programme
March–May 2014
into standalone NAMA Facility programme

Green indicates key decisions and approvals, blue indicates stakeholder engagement, and pink illustrates activities,
outputs and other important milestones. The UNFCCC NAMA Registry is a publicly available online platform operated
by the UNFCCC Secretariat. Its purpose is to increase opportunities for implementation of and recognition for
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in developing countries (UNFCCC, 2014). The NAMA Facility isa joint programme for funding NAMAs of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation,
Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) and the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC).

SectionⅢ

Challenges faced and lessons learned in the geothermal NAMA
development process
The geothermal NAMA was the first NAMA to be developed in Kenya. With little global experience that
could guide the process, the development of the NAMA was a learning experience for all involved, andhas valuable lessons for other countries that are embarking on NAMA development. In this section, wehighlight some of the major challenges faced, and lessons learned for future NAMA development.
CHALLENGE: Creating institutional and key stakeholder awareness of NAMAs and obtaining
meaningful buy-in
For many stakeholders involved in the development of the NAMA, the NAMA concept was generally
unheard of. Some technical staff in the line ministries were already aware of NAMAs; however, thekey decision-makers, such as the principal secretary,7 needed to understand the potential value ofthe instrument before giving approval to move forward. In the case of geothermal power, it was also7

Formerly the permanent secretary.

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necessary to obtain support from KenGen and GDC. In addition, buy-in from existing development
cooperation partners was required to achieve a workable NAMA programme, complementary to theirown efforts. The diverse decision-makers and stakeholders meant that it was important to clearly outline
the specific benefits and potential trade-offs for each from the outset. However, due to the abstract
nature of NAMAs, this was difficult early in the process, and the two main stakeholders, KenGen and
GDC, were initially sceptical that the benefits of NAMA outweighed the potential costs in terms of theirtime investment.
IMPLICATIONS: Targeted and tailored communication is needed about the potential value added bya NAMA, and transparency on the associated costs to the stakeholders is necessary
For the geothermal NAMA, significant effort was expended on creating awareness of the NAMA
concept through briefings, stakeholder workshops and bilateral meetings. An important success factor
was tailoring the level of detail for different stakeholders, and articulating the potential benefits of theSectionⅠ

NAMA for the specific actor. To ensure meaningful buy-in, formal approval through official letters fromthe relevant decision-maker were sought at important stages of the process. In many cases support
was obtained from key stakeholders when the project team was able to identify a key bottleneck andpropose a viable solution that was not being brought forward by another actor. With competing demands
on stakeholders’time and resources, the demonstration of the potential added value of the NAMA is a
critical success factor.
CHALLENGE: Bringing on board financial partners to implement the supported NAMA

SectionⅡ

Development finance institutions (DFIs) such as the African Development Bank (AfDB), The World
Bank, KfW Development Bank (Germany) and the French Development Agency (AFD) are very activein Kenya’s geothermal power development. With their robust processes and procedures built up overmany decades in developing countries, DFIs made excellent candidates to manage the implementation of
the internationally supported component of the NAMA (the NAMA Facility actually demands participationof such an institution). However, their strength is also a barrier, in that their processes and structure are
not particularly flexible, nor adaptable to a new, innovative structure or programme in a short time. Thus,
practical constraints prevented otherwise interested DFIs from committing to the supported component

SectionⅢof the NAMA. In the case of the Kenya geothermal NAMA, some DFIs had limited capacity to manage an
additional programme, there were also concerns over sources of funds and associated legal conditions,risk exposure, bankability and profitability (managing grants is not a‘core business activity’), andobtaining approvals from the internal hierarchy.
IMPLICATIONS: Going beyond consultations with financiers at an earlier stage
In the Kenyan case, early discussions were limited to the provision of technical inputs: primarily
understanding the ongoing activities of the DFI to create complementarity. As a result, the componentsof the NAMA seeking international support were designed in a manner that was incompatible with
DFIs’internal funding streams, existing financial instruments and internal processes for engaging in an
initiative. A potential opportunity may have been missed by not inviting DFIs to participate at an earlier
stage in a more formal manner. A practical approach to not miss this opportunity in future would involve:
gaining a deep understanding of the potential implementation partners and donors as early as possible;
communicating that government has an intention to work collaboratively on defining the supported
component of the NAMA programme (rather than merely asking for technical inputs); identifying mutually

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1．
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) to accelerate geothermal power: Lessons from Kenyainteresting opportunities – either external (e.g. NAMA Facility) or internal (existing financial cooperation
instruments); and formalising cooperation on the specific opportunity.
CHALLENGE: How to document and communicate the NAMA
In the original work plan, a key deliverable was the preparation of a concrete NAMA proposal to attract
international support. The challenge faced was that without a definite financing opportunity in view,the instruments, activities and actors remained highly conjectural, since the process for arriving at an
implementable supported NAMA is highly iterative between beneficiary (usually government) and donor.
This meant that the resources invested in detailing a full NAMA proposal may have been prematurely
mobilised.
IMPLICATIONS: Framing of the NAMA and clearly defining the audience
The proposal that was developed for the geothermal NAMA was repeatedly edited down or simplified on

SectionⅠ

an ad-hoc basis, and actually resembled a higher level‘prospectus’or‘suite of options’that served asa basis for discussions with potential partners and donors. This was then turned into a firm proposal in
response to a definite opportunity (the NAMA Facility). In future, this process could be formalised (seeFigure 2), with the prospectus containing a suite of options that are being enacted (domestic element)
and that could be enacted (with international support) to achieve the NAMA objectives, with sufficientdetail to allow for discussions on modes of implementation (somewhere between a concept note anda full technical proposal). This would allow for a flexible approach, enabling the NAMA components
seeking additional support to be packaged appropriately for specific funding opportunities, and an

SectionⅡ

iterative process to occur (e.g. allowing space to adapt for development banks’internal requirements).
It also has the added benefit of not making public specific information that, for several reasons, thebeneficiary prefers remains confidential.
Figure 2: NAMA‘prospectus’or‘suite of options’approach, which provides a basis upon which to identify
and prepare specific proposals for different funding opportunities, for example the NAMA Facility, Green
Climate Fund, or Development Finance Institution’s internal funds.

Implementation
arrangement (incl.
partners) identified
for funding
opportunity A

Implementation
arrangement (incl.
partners) identified
for funding
opportunity B

Implementation
arrangement (incl.
partners) identified
for funding
opportunity C

NAMA Proposal for
funding opportunity A

NAMA Proposal for
funding opportunity B

NAMA Proposal for
funding opportunity C

Funding
opportunity A

Funding
opportunity B

Funding
opportunity C

SectionⅢ

NAMA ‘Prospectus’

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CHALLENGE: The additionality‘problem’
When the NAMA process began, hundreds of millions of dollars were already being invested in Kenya’s
geothermal sector. This was to be expected, as the NAMA was intended to accelerate geothermal
development. This made it difficult to articulate the added value that the NAMA would bring. The firstproblem was defining the scope of the NAMA and a‘business as usual’scenario so that the impactsof the NAMA could be assessed. Then there was a perception among some donors that there was noneed for the additional support (as the sector already received substantial amounts from the donor
community), and even if there was, the absorptive capacity of the government to manage anotherprogramme was already at its limits, as it was already pushing hard to develop geothermal.
IMPLICATIONS: The scope of the NAMA needs to be linked with transformation of the sector, andthe consequences of overcrowding in the sector need to be recognised and addressed rather than

SectionⅠ

avoided
A key quality criterion to attract funding is a clear link between the additional funds and mitigation
impacts. This is not possible when dealing with a more nuanced, holistic approach to transforming thesector, and ultimately donors will need to accept some uncertainty in terms of the mitigation impactof their contribution. Nonetheless, by focusing on a clear definition of the‘transformation’that would
accelerate the development of geothermal beyond business as usual levels, namely increased private
sector participation, it was possible to identify specific indicators that could be used as proxies for
estimating emissions reductions. That said, the robustness of this scope and acceptability to donors has
yet to come under serious scrutiny.

SectionⅡ

Concerning the perceived over-crowding of the sector, a quick analysis and discussions withstakeholders indicated that the scale of the challenge is enormous, and that there remains a substantial
financing gap. Nonetheless, the argument that the capacity of the government and stakeholders toabsorb additional funds and another programme was based on reality – human resources are at theirlimits, and technical staff along the delivery chain overburdened. But, rather than seeing this as areason for inaction, this overburdening was identified as another barrier that the NAMA could address
to help improve sector development, and eventually became an integral part of the NAMA programme(support for technical staff). The management of the NAMA Facility programme application was also

SectionⅢ‘outsourced’
to technical cooperation partners (GIZ and AfDB) to avoid further burdening of governmentand beneficiaries.

Remaining challenges and next steps
The development of the NAMA is ongoing. The submission of a sub-component of the geothermal NAMA
to a funding body (NAMA Facility) is seen as a first step of many by the government to take the NAMA
forward. Major challenges remain before the NAMA fully matches the expectations of the government.
•

Funding needs to flow in the short term – the government would like to see that the efforts indeveloping a NAMA bring tangible benefits.

•

A robust MRV approach needs to be developed – the rather abstract scope (based ontransformation of the sector) means that MRV becomes difficult. As NAMAs could be an importantbasis for Kenya’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) (a key input to thenegotiations leading to an agreement in Paris, 2015), it is important that a good understanding of
how to identify, measure, report and verify the climate mitigation impact of the NAMA is determined.

•

Institutional management and coordination of NAMA implementation needs to be clear. In the Kenya

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2. Institutional arrangements for mitigation actions in Lao PDR

case, institutional arrangements were clearly defined for the funding proposal to NAMA Facility(donors, ministries, agencies), but questions remain for the overall NAMA – who is to take it forward,
to whom should progress be reported?

References
Government of Kenya (2012) National Climate Change Action Plan Mitigation Chapter 5: Electricity
Generation. Lachlan Cameron, Laura Wurtenberger, Seton Stiebert. Published August 2012.
IPCC (2007) Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, 2007. [Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J. andHanson, C.E. (eds)] Cambridge, UK, and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.

Photos (royalty free)

SectionⅠ
SectionⅡ

Stakeholder workshop in Nairobi for NAMA

Geothermal well testing (source: GDC)

preparation (taken by ECN)

By

Institutional arrangements for mitigation actions in
Lao PDR

SectionⅢ

2

Immala Inthaboualy, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Lao PDR
Emiko Matsuda, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)

Background
The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a landlocked country located in the Indochina
peninsula. Blessed with abundant water of the Mekong River, hydroelectric power, agriculture andmining are the main industries. The country has continued to record a GDP growth rate of about 7%
for the past decade, and consequently, the Lao PDR has become a‘lower-middle income economy’since 2011. In 2013, the Lao PDR’s GNI per capita reached 1,460 USD. It is believed that if the country
continues growing at this pace while human development improves as well, the Lao PDR will likely
graduate from the category of‘Least Developed Country’by 2020. (Lao PDR overview, World Bank)
While a promising future through economic growth is expected for the country, the poverty rate was still
23.2% in 2012, and 30% of the total population still had no electricity in 2010. (Lao PDR, the second

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national communication, 2013). In terms of the impact of climate change, the Lao PDR remains highly
vulnerable, and the country would probably be exposed to even higher climate risks in the future without
the proper development of capacity to manage the current risks.

Paving the way
The National Steering Committee on Climate Change Strategy was established in 2008. Chaired by the
Deputy Prime Minister, the objective of the committee is to formulate strategies, programs and projects
to handle climate change for the Lao PDR. This move represented the beginning of a critical policy
process. Many partner organizations and countries such as UNDP, GEF and Japan have provided
support in the form of funding and capacity-building activities, and due to these efforts, the country
has been engaged in the introduction of measures to deal with climate change. In the next section, we
would like to highlight efforts made for these institutional arrangements, and the importance of updating
information on progress for the preparation of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) andSectionⅠ

Biennial Update Reports (BUR).

Institutional arrangements in Lao PDR
Following the ratification of the Lao PDR in the United Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) in 1995 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2003, the Climate Change Office (CCO) was establishedin 2007 under the Department of Environment, formerly the Water Resources and Environment
Administration (WREA), which was responsible for all activities related to water, environmental

SectionⅡ

management, and climate change. Since the Lao PDR has become aware of and has experienced
the impacts of climate change resulting in severe floods and droughts, the CCO was upgraded andtransformed into the Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change (DDMCC) in 2011, under
the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE).

SectionⅢ

Figure 1: Institutional arrangement for climate change action in the Lao PDR

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2. Institutional arrangements for mitigation actions in Lao PDR

Table 1: Institutional Arrangement for Climate Change Action in Lao PDR.

- 2002 Establishment of National Environment Committee (NEC)- 2007 Establishment of Climate Change Office (CCO)- 2011 Establishment of Department Disaster Management and Climate Change (DDMCC)- 2013 Establishment of Technical Working Group on Climate Change (TWGCC)
The high-level, inter-agency National Steering Committee on Climate Change (NSCCC), chaired bya Deputy Prime Minister and the Chairman of the National Environment Committee (NEC), has been
providing insight and guidance for the formulation of climate change policies and programs in an ad-hoc
manner, responding to urgent issues as necessary. Accordingly, the Technical Working Group on Climate
Change (TWGCC), led by General Director of DDMCC (MoNRE), was established in 2013. This working
group is composed by representatives from eight ministries as follows: Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Ministry of Scienceand Technology, Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry ofSectionⅠ

Public Health, and Ministry of Education and Sports. The assigned duties are to act as a Secretariat for
the NSCCC, to assess the impacts of climate change and to outline priority actions for adaptation andmitigation measures. (Table 1, Figure 1)
The figure illustrates how the NSCCC, NEC and TWGCCC give space for participation to key line
ministries in order to facilitate consensus building and the decision-making process. It is in thiscommittee where all decisions related to climate change and environmental issues are being discussed
and decided. More specifically, decisions related to formulation and implementation of CDM, NAMAs, andJCM projects are taken in the TWGCC with overall supervision of the NEC.

SectionⅡ

It is believed that this institutional arrangement will facilitate interactions with external organizations
such as donors, research institutions, etc. and at the same time, it will help organize the MRV process.

Progress of mitigation actions and submission of BUR and NAMAs
Despite the fact that the Lao PDR is in the Non-annex I country category and consequently has a nonbinding commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the country has been making efforts to play asignificant role in combating the impacts of climate change by attempting to live up to its commitment to

SectionⅢ

comply with the international community in UN conventions.
The Lao PDR submitted an endorsement project proposal to prepare the initial Biennial Update Report(BUR) with the support of UNEP in order to comply with UNFCCC decisions. In June 2014, the first
BUR proposal was submitted to the GEF Trust Fund, obtaining financial support for its preparation. It is
understood that the overarching goal of BUR preparation is to assist the country in integrating climatechange considerations into national and sectoral development policies by continuously strengthening
institutional and technical capacity. The BUR will consist of at least seven components, including
national circumstances updates, national inventory of anthropogenic GHG emissions and removal bysinks of all greenhouse gases, information on mitigation actions and their effects, and information on
domestic measurement, report, and verification.
The concept of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) was introduced in the 13th Conferenceof the Parties (COP13) which calls for sustainable development to non-Annex I parties. With support from
UNDP, the concept note for the Lao PDR’s NAMA development was proposed, highlighting activities andelucidated various options for the design of NAMAs. Following what was stated in the concept note, theLao PDR currently focuses on the energy sector, especially the implementation of rural electrification.
The improvement of the electrification rate in rural areas is the overall objective for developing

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strategies under the NAMA framework. The strategy for NAMAs comprehensively describes financing
options to promote projects, which allows MoNRE to approach donors to negotiate financing options ofproposed electrification measures in the energy sector.

Policy development for mitigation actions
Since the Lao PDR joined in the global community by ratifying the UNFCCC in 1995, a series oflegal and regulatory frameworks, particularly strategies and action plans, were designed in order toensure ecological sustainability. The strategy on climate change of the Lao PDR was developed andpromulgated in 2010. The goals of the strategy are to: (1) reinforce sustainable development which
includes measures to achieve low-carbon economic growth; (2) increase resilience in key sectors
such as national resources for the national economy to adapt climate change and its impacts; (3)enhance cooperation, strong alliances and partnerships with national stakeholders and international
partners to implement the national development goals; and (4) improve public awareness and let various

SectionⅠ

stakeholders understand about climate change occurring, country’s vulnerabilities to impacts, GHG
resources and significance of their contributions. It is also important to show how climate change willaffect the country’s economy, which helps to increase involvement from stakeholder for climate actions.
The strategic priorities for mitigation options in the Lao PDR emphasize the following key sectors:(1) Agriculture and food security sector
Mitigation efforts include reducing methane from paddy fields, enteric fermentation by improving
production efficiency, livestock manure through balanced feeding, and promoting new technology

SectionⅡtransfers;(2) Forestry and land use change sector
The largest GHG emitter in the Lao PDR and the options for reducing emission from this sector are
to stop“slash and burn”agriculture by forest management, afforestation of degraded areas andimplement reforestation, reduce off-site burning by proving alternative fuels for forest-dependentcommunities, reduce forest fire by establishing proper regulations and necessary measures, andSectionⅢ

integrate forest management;(3) Energy and transport sector
Mitigation priorities in this sector include the following: electrification in rural areas, accelerating
development of renewable energy, promoting cleaner energy use and energy efficiency andconservation, including the use of low-carbon transport;(4) Industrial sector
Improvement of energy efficiency during the production process and promotion of use of waste
biomass or agricultural residues to produce renewable energy are the selected mitigation options inthis sector;(5) Urban development sector
Mitigation actions mainly focusing on dealing with solid waste through applying the 3Rs (reduce,reuse and recycle), upgrading solid waste collection services and constructing new landfill facilities.

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2. Institutional arrangements for mitigation actions in Lao PDR

Climate Change Action Plan of the Lao PDR (2013-2020)
The Climate Change Action Plan of Lao PDR 2013-2020, which follows the climate change strategy,
has been developed and is expected to provide guidance to central and local government agencies, aswell as mass organizations, the private sector and other groups to play their parts in addressing climatechange mitigation and adaptation in a sustainable manner. This action plan is also an important part of
the Lao PDR’s contribution to international climate change efforts under the UNFCCC.
Development of new renewable energy resources has not yet been widely explored in the Lao PDR.
The renewable energy development strategy was therefore formulated in 2012 as an essential
effort to promote renewable energy development and as an important component of national
economic development to ensure energy security, sustain socio-economic development, and enhanceenvironmental and social sustainability. One significant objective of this strategy is to ensure
environmental and social development through the enforcement of adequate safeguards, particularly
reduction of greenhouse gases through replacement of fossil fuels and control of negative impacts fromclimate change. The promotion and development of subsections such as bio-fuels, small hydropower,

SectionⅠ

solar energy, biogas, other biomass energies, wind energy, and other alternative energy sources fortransport are defined in this renewable energy development strategy.
The strategy established the long-term goals of the Sustainable Transport Strategy and Action Plan
2020, which facilitates achievement of its goals and implementation measures. The main targets include
reducing GHG emissions up to 25 percent of total transport related emissions until 2015, and 30 percent
until 2020, through the promotion of transport without the use of engine vehicles (walking, cycling);
through the promotion of public transport in urban areas (bus, taxi, tuk-tuk) by 15 percent of total
sector emissions until 2015, and by 30 percent until 2020; and through encouraging both private andSectionⅡ

public vehicles inspection that will ensure effective fuel consumption. By realizing those targets, somerecommendations were provided, such as the promotion of research and development on alternativetransport options that optimizes and maximizes socioeconomic and environmental benefits in various
sections including public transport, alternative fuels, noise control equipment/materials, environmentallyfriendly vehicles, development and improvement of appropriate regulations, standards and guidelines forsustainable transport development.

SectionⅢ

Conclusion
It is believed that each country has its very own challenges in terms of how it formulates its policies or
how it conducts its decision-making process and consensus-building. Different needs of stakeholders
and state of geographical and environmental conditions are also issues to be considered.
In spite of that, the Lao PDR has taken its first steps toward advancing its institutional arrangements
to effectively counter the effects of climate change. Far from perfect, members of the TWGCC arecontinuously discussing how to improve the institutional arrangements with partner organizations,especially from the point of view of increasing the efficiency in project selection and implementation, as
well as to how to conduct the corresponding MRV.
Current arrangements of the high-level inter-agency NSCCC and NEC give the necessary space forthe participation of all line ministries, and it is believed that consensus-building and decision-making
will be expedited by centralizing all the key decision matters in relation to climate change issues in thiscommittee.

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References
World Bank. Lao PDR Overview. [http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lao/overview] (Last accessedin 10/02/2015). Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The second national communication on climatechange submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2013)

3

Recent NAMA-related projects and activities in Mongolia
Saruul Dolgorsuren, Ministry of Environment, Green Development and Tourism, Mongolia

By

Yasuhiro Kasuya, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)

SectionⅠ

NAMAs in the context of national (climate change) plan

SectionⅡ

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions in the Construction Sector in Mongolia
Host Country

Mongolia

Implementing
Organization(s)Ministry of Construction and Urban Development (MCUD), Ministry of Environment, Green
Development and Tourism (MEGDT) and Ministry of Energy (ME)SectorConstruction

GeneralClimate change

Specific

Energy efficiency

Project summary
Ever since Mongolia presented its intentions concerning Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions(NAMAs) to the UNFCCC, it has explicitly expressed its commitment to pursue the development andimplementation of NAMAs. Mongolia’s NAMA concepts identify 21 mitigation options in four major GHGemitting sectors including energy, industrial process, agriculture and forestry. Of these concepts, four
focus on energy efficiency in the construction sector.

SectionⅢ

A full-fledged GEF project entitled“Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) in the Construction
sector in Mongolia”was jointly prepared by MCUD and MEGDT. The concept note of the project
was approved by the donor in earlier 2014. The project aims at developing an‘umbrella’approachthat will incentivize low emission and sustainable development in the buildings sector in Mongolia
and implementing selected feasible mitigation actions. A team of consultants has been working on
development of the Project Document.
The construction sector1 in Mongolia is heavily reliant on coal as a primary source of energy, hence,a significant source of corresponding GHG emissions. During the last ten years, historical data on
the building stock in the country show a total floor area of approximately 20 million m2. With rapid
urbanization and strong housing demand, this figure is projected to increase to almost 40 million m2
from 2015 to 2025. For a country that requires eight months of heating in average, fuel combustion andfugitive emissions have become the largest sources of GHG emissions, accounting for more than 50%
of gross CO2 emissions in the business as usual scenario. The Second National Communication (SNC)	In the Mongolian context,“construction sector”refers to heavyweight, multi-storey commercial and residential apartment buildings1(and a few private houses); since these are the only buildings connected to water supply, sewage, district heating and domestic hotwater systems. Forty percent of the urban population lives in multi-storey buildings.

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3. Recent NAMA-related projects and activities in Mongolia

estimates that the commercial and residential sector makes up 12% of the total GHG emissions from fuelcombustion in 2006 by sources. As such, the residential sector accounts for around 16% of total energy
use in the country, 11% of commercial energy use (excluding firewood); 3% of direct GHG emissions and
26% of total electricity use. GHG emissions from the residential sector are projected to increase, largely
due to the increase of urban population with a rate of 2.81%. Energy consumption in the buildings sector
is estimated to increase 1.84 times in 2020 and 2.55 times in 2030 from the base year of 2006. These
projections indicate that Mongolia’s GHG emissions will rise above 2006 levels by about 2.1 times in2020 and 3.2 times in 2030.
The latest energy sector modeling results estimate potentials to reduce building sector energy use by
35% against 2010 baseline through green energy options, such as enforcing energy efficiency (EE)standards, retrofitting of existing buildings and providing insulation to those living in traditional dwellings.
Investing in sustainable/green buildings in Mongolia, therefore, offers a compelling opportunity for
mitigating GHG emissions while also improving the quality of life for the citizens. The proposed project
responds to Mongolia’s need to generate ever more resource efficiency in the construction sector. A
set of barriers impede the large-scale development of resource efficient buildings. The project is distinct

SectionⅠ

to, and bolsters the impacts of previous projects relevant to the buildings energy efficiency sector, suchas the UNDP/GEF Buildings Energy Efficiency Project (BEEP) and the Second National Communication.
The most notable are listed below: (a) Lack of capacity and institutional arrangements in the identificationand prioritization of appropriate and cost-effective energy efficient measure, (b) Limited market diffusion ofenergy efficient technologies: This barrier can be further elaborated as (1) Technical barriers, (2) Regulatory
and institutional issues, (c) Financial barriers, and (d) Lack of information and awareness.
These challenges have triggered the Government of Mongolia to continue its efforts to accelerate
the widespread promotion of energy-efficient buildings in a sustainable and timely manner. Some ofSectionⅡ

the targeted interventions under the government’s comprehensive package of EE-based policies andprojects include the formulation of the draft Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation Law andGreen Development Strategy. The proposed project will complement these broader climate change
and economic development strategies. In addition, the government has been lately promoting energy
efficiency technology diffusion with a vision where the private sector will have a key role to play.
Therefore, without the GEF Project, private sector involvement is likely but the scale is anticipated to bemuch limited than what has been targeted by the proposed project.
The proposed project is structured around three components anticipated to support the achievement

SectionⅢof the project objective, i.e., to facilitate market transformation for energy efficiency in the construction
sector through the development of NAMA.
a) Component 1: Establishment of Baseline Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions in theConstruction Sector - Measuring emissions for an entire sector is no easy feat and has its uniquechallenges. But it is a critical first step towards successful implementation of scaled up mitigation
actions including the NAMAs.
b) Component 2: Development and Implementation of NAMA in the Construction Sector In achieving this outcome, the following indicative activities are envisioned: (a) formulation ofdetailed marginal GHG abatement cost curves for the construction sector; (b) in-depth evaluationof mitigation actions and prioritization of the most cost effective measures; (c) conduction ofpolicy studies to come up with recommendations on concerted policy framework to support broadbased mitigation actions that reduce GHG emissions and simultaneously achieve development
objectives in the construction sector; (d) identification of design elements of a NAMA reflecting,for instance, objective and targets of the NAMA, scope and rationale, delineation of the NAMA
boundary, implementation and operational costs, timeframe, etc.; (e) assessment and provision ofrecommendation on institutional arrangements for operation and coordination among government

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agencies and key stakeholders for the construction sector NAMA; (f) conduction of capacity
development training for private and public sector participants to evaluate, formulate, implement
and access financing for NAMA; (g) implementation of the construction sector NAMA; (h)commissioning of energy efficient technology applications for pilot demonstration, such as efficient
lighting, cooking stoves, water-saving faucets, retrofits, installation of consumer control equipment
for demand side management, etc., in at least 70 public and commercial buildings (including officebuildings, hotels, etc.).
c) Component 3: MRV system for mitigation actions in the construction sector - A criticalrequirement for NAMAs is that actions need to be implemented in a measurable, reportableand verifiable (MRV) manner. Recognizing the role of NAMAs to reduce GHG emissions while
simultaneously promoting country’s sustainable development objectives, the project will advocate
a broader approach to MRV that establishes metrics such as: (a) specific energy consumption,(b) GHG emissions, and (c) sustainable development (e.g. job creation, health, etc.), that can beused in the construction sector. Indicative activities include (a) in-depth assessment to determine

SectionⅠ

key indicators and metrics (such as those for mitigation actions, progress, GHG emissions
and sustainable development) that will be monitored, reported and verified; (b) development ofguidelines and standard methodologies to assess, report and verify GHG and non-GHG outcomes;(c) implementation of MRV system for the prioritized NAMA; (d) conduction of capacity developmenttraining to effectively monitor data, evaluate metrics, report and verify mitigation actions andoutcomes; training for practitioners and decision makers on how MRV can be used as a tool
to assess the effects of NAMAs to the broader national development agenda. The bottom-up
data produced under the project from the construction sector will be fed into the National GHG

SectionⅡ

inventory for the TNC.

SectionⅢ

National Energy Efficiency Improvement Program in Mongolia
Host Country

Mongolia

Implementing
Organization(s)Ministry of Environment, Green Development and Tourism (MEGDT)SectorEnergyGeneralClimate change

Specific

Energy efficiency

Project summary
Mongolia has a harsh climate with extremely cold winters. The communist period legacy has saddled
Mongolia with an inefficient energy infrastructure2. Furthermore, coal is the dominant fossil fuel resourceof Mongolia. As a result, Mongolia experiences the twin problems of severe air pollution3 and highgreenhouse gas emissions4. After COP15, Mongolia submitted a lengthy and ambitious NAMA, covering
among others energy efficiency, which has been ongoing since 2010. Energy efficiency is an attractive
solution to the twin problems described above, and despite significant progress without international
NAMA support, further progress is hindered by absence of affordable long-term finance. The proposed
NAMA support project would seek to address these issues and significantly speed up energy efficiency
2	Mongolia ranks among the top 20 most energy intensive economies in the world in terms of total primary energy consumption per
dollar of GDP.
3	According to the World Health Organization (WHO)’s database of outdoor air pollution particulate matter, Ulaanbaatar is the world’ssecond most air-polluted city in terms of concentration of particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micro-meters (PM10) or less, andthe most air-polluted city in terms of concentration of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micro-meters (PM2.5) or less.
4	Mongolia is one of the highest-ranked developing countries in terms of CO2 emissions per capita.

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3. Recent NAMA-related projects and activities in Mongolia

improvements.
The profile of the project is disclosed on the NAMA registry webpage of UNFCCC as NAMA seeking
support for implementation project.

Project objectives and planned measures
The ultimate goals are to achieve major energy savings, reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil
fuel power generation and heat generation, and to reduce air pollution. The NAMA support projecttargets end users and generators of energy (heating only) in Mongolia, and involves the energy sector,
and energy efficient lighting and equipment technology suppliers in Mongolia.
The objective of the project is to support the transition of the country towards the use of energy
efficient lighting, energy-efficient appliances (space heaters, refrigerators, freezers, etc.) and energyefficient equipment (heating only boilers, efficient motors, etc). Planned measures consist of setting
up a revolving fund to provide long-term loans to support the replacement of inefficient equipment,complemented with the support of the development of product and equipment standards, identificationof suitable new energy-efficiency investments, further fund mobilization and the establishment of proper

SectionⅠ

GHG MRV procedures.

Ambition of the project in reference to the criteria:a) Potential for transformational change-The project will allow the scaling-up of existing efforts
to reduce energy use and safe greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the demonstration of newtechnologies and equipment to increase energy efficiency. It will therefore offer the possibility tosignificantly transform the usage of energy in Mongolia.
b) Sustainable development co-benefit-The project reduces air pollution by reducing electricity

SectionⅡ

consumption from almost 100% fossil fuel-based power generation and by reducing theconsumption of coal for heating purposes. The project will create job opportunities for local people
and business opportunities for private enterprises.
c) Financial ambition- Funding will be blended with other sources of capital, including the domestic
private sector and international sources. It is conservatively estimated that an additional 39 million
EUR will be leveraged by the NAMA project.
d) GHG mitigation potential-328,848 tCO2e emission reductions annually on average over a 10-year
period (3.29 million tCO2e in total).

SectionⅢ

Barriers for mitigation investments
Installation of energy-efficient equipment mainly faces a financing barrier. Interest rates for loans are
high, around 25% for USD-nominated loans, while the terms of the loans are typically short (2-3 years
maximum) so it becomes difficult to finance energy-efficiency improvement projects. Awareness isanother implementation challenge. Customers do not see the real costs of electricity and net benefits ofshifting to energy-efficient products, and have often been resistant to even small upfront costs.

Concept and methodological approach
The project concept is to facilitate access to financing for the replacement of energy-intensive
equipment to achieve Mongolia’s transition to energy-efficient lighting and equipment. The approachconsists of setting up a revolving fund which will allow commercial banks to provide longer terms andlow-interest loans to users. This key measure will be supported by actions to increase awarenessamong stakeholders and formulation of technical norms and standards, identification of types of suitableenergy-efficient equipment that can be supported, and outreach to other sources of soft finance.
The financial cooperation instruments consist of a two-step loan structure, in which NAMA funds are

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provided as a grant to the Delivery Organization, which lends the funds at a long term, low interest
rate to commercial banks that operate as partners in implementation. The commercial banks blend the
NAMA loans with other sources of funds and provide long term loans (5 years) at a low interest rate
to end users for energy efficiency investments. Loan repayments will flow into a revolving fund thatwill be under management by the Delivery Organization until closure of the NAMA Support Project, atwhich point the revolving fund will be handed over to the Ministry of Environment, Green Development
and Tourism, where it will be merged with a national climate change fund that is currently being set up.
Technical support will be provided by external experts under the management and supervision of D.O
personnel and NAMA advisory firm.
MRV systems will draw upon the following existing CDM methodologies:-

Demand-side activities for efficient lighting technologies-

Demand-side activities for efficient outdoor and street lighting technologies-

Demand-side energy efficiency activities for installation of energy-efficient lighting and/or controls

SectionⅠin buildings-

Substituting fossil fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems-

Dissemination of energy efficient household appliances-

Energy efficiency and/or energy supply projects in commercial buildings-

Energy efficiency space heating measures for residential buildings-

Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for industrial facilities.

SectionⅡ

Transforming Construction in Mongolia using Supplementary
Cementitious Materials
Host Country

Mongolia

Implementing
Organization(s)Ministry of Construction and Urban Development (MCUD), Ministry of Environment, Green
Development and Tourism (MEGDT)SectorConstruction

GeneralClimate change

Specific

Energy efficiency

Project summary
Mongolia is experiencing a rapid economic transformation generated by mineral discoveries. GDP grew

SectionⅢ

12.3% in 2012, one of the highest rates globally. At the same time, the country is embarking on one ofits largest infrastructure investments ever, including spending $40.5bn in energy, housing, rail, roads
and industry.
Cement production is highly GHG-intensive, emitting approximately 1 ton of CO2 per ton of cement on
average (in Mongolia 1.2 tCO2e), and is responsible for 5-10% of total emissions globally. 25% of total
coal consumption in Mongolia is used for cement production.
The objective of the proposed NAMA is to initiate the transformation of Mongolia’s construction
sector towards a less carbon-intensive development path through the introduction of supplementary
cementitious materials (SCM) that can replace up to 70% of cement in concrete. SCM are produced
by a mechanical process that consumes 90-95% less energy compared to cement manufacture. The
envisaged measures consist of the establishment a 350,000 t/y SCM production facility, design ofsupportive policies, and management of the standardization process.
The project is expected to obtain emissions reduction of some 420,000 tCO2 annually, and will use
recycled fly ash from local coal-fired power plants as raw material, producing a positive impact on
concrete quality for end-users.
The profile of the project is disclosed on the NAMA registry webpage of UNFCCC as NAMA seeking

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3. Recent NAMA-related projects and activities in Mongolia

support for implementation project.

Potential for transformational change
The Project fits into Mongolia’s NAMAs outlined in Appendix II of the Copenhagen Accord of December
18, 2009, and reiterated in Mongolia’s Second National Communication (SNC) with UNFCCC in 2010.
One national objective for the industry sector is to implement energy efficiency improvements, and it
is suggested to introduce dry-processing for the cement sector. The outlined NAMA support projectaddresses earlier recognized the need to improve performance in the cement sector, but is a superioralternative because it does so in a more cost-effective manner with higher mitigation impact thanoriginally envisaged. The project will contribute to significant reduction in coal consumption in industry
sector through displacing the use of ordinary Portland cement which production represents 25% of allindustrial coal usage in Mongolia (source 2nd National Communication to UNFCCC). Wider introduction of
SCM in concrete mixing has been hindered by a variety of barriers, including interest from entrenched
Portland cement companies that wish to protect their traditional production technologies, difficulties ingetting initial projects funded, as well as ensuring that the use of SCM would meet national standards

SectionⅠ(which are geared towards the use of Portland cement). Some support is needed to ensure SCM would
have a market.
The project will design supportive policies and appropriate national standard for SCM, and will allow for
concrete users to consider SCM based on performance (e.g., strength, setting time, CO2 per ton) rather
than chemical composition, which may differ from ordinary Portland cement. These measures, combinedwith the establishment of a commercial-scale plant, will alleviate perceived risks associated with
disruptive technology. The combination of the high emissions factor, popular use of Portland cement
worldwide, and wide availability of raw materials, means that SCM has the technical and economic

SectionⅡ

potential of reducing global GHG emissions by over 1 billion tCO2 annually.
The introduction of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is a very innovative approach for the
reduction of emissions because unlike UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism, which incentivizes
existing GHG intensive cement companies to implement reductions measures within the Portland cement
production paradigm, the NAMA project involves demonstration of an environmentally sound alternative
to cement, thereby transforming the building materials industry. In other words it encourages innovation,
not polluters.

SectionⅢ

Co-benefits
The outlined NAMA Support Project brings the following co-benefits:a) Environmental- The project uses either fly ash recycled from coal-fired power plants or very
abundant natural resources (volcanic ash) as raw material, while PC production consumes thedepleting natural reserves of limestone; the project reduces coal-based energy consumption by
90% and reduces water demand in concrete by 40% compared to PC-based concrete; avoided
harmful emissions of mercury and particulate matters associated with coal consumption cancontribute to reduce atmospheric pollution.
b) Performance- SCM delivers stronger and longer-lasting concrete; SCM concrete improves
mitigation of alkali-silica reactivity, reduces heat of hydration, reduces concrete permeability,
improves protection from chloride and sulphate attacks; paving roads with SCM concrete
significantly increases paving productivity and road surface durability, as well as reduction of
petrol consumption by about 5%; by extending the life of structures, SCM concrete extends theirreplacement cycle, while at the same time reducing maintenance costs.
c) Economic- Plant construction costs as low as 1/10th of PC plant; replacement of energy intensive
PC process with mechanically-activated SCM means low O&M costs; competitive market price

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of SCM most similar to ordinary PC; superior return on investment due to a combination of lower
CAPEX and OPEX.

Mitigation potential
In absence of the proposed project, ordinary Portland cement would be used in concrete production.
Portland cement production is GHG-intensive and US EPA states that total CO2 emissions from thecement pyroprocess depend on energy consumption, and generally fall in the range of 0.85 to 1.35 t
of CO2 per t of clinker. In Mongolia, introduction of a 350,000 t SCM plant is expected to result in some
420,000 tCO2 emission reductions (1.2 tCO2 / t SCM product) due to existing inefficient wet type kiln
system (World Bank 2011).
Over the 20-year lifetime, the project would reduce 8.4 million tCO2e. In other countries in which the
production of Portland cement uses more efficient production processes, the amount of emission
reductions would be lower, but still significant (0.8-1.0 tCO2 / t SCM product).
Additional GHG emission reductions may also be achieved in the case where SCM-based concrete

SectionⅠis used for paving roads, as it would result in 5% reduction in petrol consumption compared to using
PC based concrete paving (source: technology provider supported by U.S third party test reports).
According national newspaper UB Post, 6000km of roads require restoration.
According to 2011 World Bank report“Carbon Finance in Mongolia”, the introduction of SCM is themost cost-effective GHG emission reduction measure in the cement industry after considering theSectionⅡ

following alternatives:-

Change kiln system from wet to dry type-Use of waste heat from rotating kilns-

Fuel switch-

Improvement of sealing of dust system

Finance and technology transfer in the context of JCM to promote NAMAs

SectionⅢ

Feasibility Study of Programme-type Finance Scheme for the JCM in Mongolia to
Promote NAMAs
Host Country

Mongolia

Implementing
Organization(s)Ministry of Environment, Green Development and Tourism (MEGDT) and Ministry ofEnergy (ME), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ)

SectorEnergy Sector

GeneralClimate change

Specific

Energy efficiency and renewable energy

Background
Driven by recent rapid economic growth fueled by a booming mineral mining industry, coupled with amassive influx of the population to the capital city Ulaanbaatar, the total electricity demand in Mongolia’scentral energy system has been rising sharply over the past few years. Added to this issue is an everworsening situation of air pollution whose main culprits include coal-fired power plants and as well as
mining and manufacturing production. Thus, it has become a pressing need of the country to tackle theissues of energy security and air pollution at the same time in an integrated manner, and Mongolia has
high expectations for the JCM to become a tool for the country to achieve this goal. Some preliminary
studies have revealed that introducing relatively small-scale energy saving devices would be an efficient
way to help the country achieve this very goal.

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3. Recent NAMA-related projects and activities in Mongolia

Concept of the study
Against this background, the proposed study will be carried out in order to design a programme-typefinance scheme for the JCM using an ADB (Asian Development Bank) Two-Step Loan with JCM leapfrog finance (JFJCM: Japan Fund for the Joint Crediting Mechanism) in partnership with a local bankthat will facilitate the implementation of small- to middle-scale JCM projects, whose concrete examples
include: introduction of high-efficiency HOBs, and high quality solar panels including introduction of highefficiency electric transformers. The scheme will thus eventually contribute to achieving the objectivesof enhancing energy security and reducing the air pollution, thereby promoting Mongolia’s sustainable
development. With this scheme, Mongolia will promote NAMAs and contribute the greenhouse gas
emission reduction under the UNFCCC.

SectionⅠ
SectionⅡ*MOEJ: Ministry of the Environment, Japan, *MOF: Ministry of Finance, Mongolia*MRV: Measurement, Reporting and Verification, *ADB: Asian Development Bank

Flow of the proposed financial scheme(a) The ADB lends a certain amount of money to Mongolian private banks though the Ministry of
Finance, Mongolia, which will be supplemented by a grant from the Ministry of the Environment,
Japan (MOEJ). MOEJ grant provides up to 10 % of total, whereas the remaining would be coveredby ADP loan.

SectionⅢ(b) To utilize the ADB finance, Mongolian private banks support small-to-mid-size projects of private
enterprises with longer term loan with preferential interest rates.
(c) A secretariat under the Government of Mongolia manages, supervises and supports private banks
and private enterprises.
(d) If participating private enterprises are not familiar with the MRV requirement of the JCM, themonitoring support entities will help with monitoring, reporting and preparation for the verification
process in accordance with the requirements of the JCM. Eventually, third-party entities willconduct the verification process.

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Figure 1: Expected low carbon technologies to be appliedThree-level Inveter Control

High Efficiency Amorphous

Co-benefit-type High Efficiency

Core Transformer

Heat Only Boiler

SectionⅡ

SectionⅠ

High Quality Solar Panel

Effect expected from the scheme(a) The use of government guarantees and JCM grant finance will enable the introduction of advanced
low carbon technologies with the use of longer term loans with preferential interest rates.

SectionⅢ(b) As the finance size is several millions or tens of millions of USD, it is difficult to finance small
projects with general ADB sovereign loan and non-sovereign loan schemes. However, this kind of
two-step loan-type finance can facilitate the implementation of small-to-middle-scale JCM projects.
(c) The ADB lends a certain amount of money to Mongolian private banks though Ministry of Finance,
Mongolia, so local entities will effectively manage a number of small-to-middle-scale projects. It isalso a good opportunity to conduct capacity building activities to develop green finance-related
skills in Mongolia.

Future prospect
The Mongolian Government, the Japanese Government and the ADB are now discussing the structure
and institutional arrangement of the Programme-type JCM finance scheme. After the scheme has been
finalized in detail, the Ministry of Finance, Mongolia and the ADB will start the loan negotiation. The three
entities are planning to start the scheme from 2015 or 2016.

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4. Fostering investment in biomass waste-to-energy technologies – the case of Peru

References
ADB (2013). Economics of Climate Change in East Asia. Asian Development Bank (ADB). Manila
Dagvadorj D., Dorjpurev J., Namkhainyam B. (2010). Climate Change Mitigation: GHG emission potential.
Ulaanbaatar (in Mongolian language)
Dorjpurev J. (2013). GHG mitigation scenarios in Energy sector of Mongolia. MNET. Ulaanbaatar
GGGI (2014) Strategies for Development of Green Energy Systems in Mongolia (Draft Final Report).
Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)
GoM (2000). The National Action Programme on Climate Change (NAPCC) of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar
MEGD (2013). Technology Need Assessment: Volume II- Climate Change Mitigation in Mongolia. Ministryof Environment and Green Development of Mongolia (MNET) Mongolia
MEGD (2014). Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2014. (MARCC 2014), Ulaanbaatar
MNE (2012). National Report on Sustainable Development for UNCED. Ministry for Nature andEnvironment (MNE), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
MNET (2010). Second National Communication of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar

SectionⅠ

MNET (2011). Carbon finance in Mongolia. Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism of Mongolia(MNET). Ulaanbaatar
Mongolia (2007). The study on solid waste management plan for Ulaanbaatar city in Mongolia. FinalreportNSO (2013). Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2012. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Namkhainyam N., Natsagdorj L., Dorjpurev J., Tsein-Oidov J., Tserendolgor D., Byambatsogt P., Tsolmon N.,(2014). Studies on country specific GHG emission and removal factors for Mongolia. Technical report
OECD/IEA (2012) A Policy Strategy for Carbon Capture and Storage

By

SectionⅡ

4

Fostering investment in biomass waste-to-energy
technologies – the case of Peru
Gesine Haensel, Frauke Roeser and Thomas Day, NewClimate InstituteHenry Garcia Bustamante, Mitigation Momentum Peru

SectionⅢ

Introduction
The transition towards a low carbon world requires a shift in investment from high carbon technologies
to low and zero carbon alternatives. International climate finance and other support can help to enable
this shift. The challenge for decision makers is to deploy the scarce public resources in the mosteffective way to remove barriers to investment and maximise the redirection of private sector financeflows. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are one of the frameworks under whichinternational climate finance can be deployed to advance mitigation and sustainable development indeveloping countries. There is a growing body of experience on how NAMAs can be designed to remove
barriers to investment across different sectors. The design of financial mechanisms is emerging as oneof the core elements of successful NAMA development.
NAMAs have gained increasing attention in Peru over the last four years as a vehicle of low carbon
development. A NAMA on Sustainable Energy Production from Biomass Waste, which will be presented
in this article, is one of several NAMAs currently under development in Peru.

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Energy supply is still critical in remote areas of Peru where the national grid does not reach. Terrain isoften difficult for infrastructure construction and communities are small and scattered over a large area.
The latest 2013-2023 National Rural Electrification Plan aims to provide electricity access, includingfrom renewable energy sources, to 6.2 million people in rural, isolated and border regions within thenext decade (IRENA 2014). The major activity components under the plan are grid extension intorural areas, and the development of renewable energy mini-grids in areas where grid extension is notpossible. Biomass waste-to-energy activities have the potential to help fill the energy gap. Approximately
31 million tonnes of agricultural and 0.34 million tonnes of forestry residues are disposed locally eachyear, resulting in high costs for producers or in environmental pollution if waste is disposed illegally. The
majority of agricultural crops with waste-to-energy potential are produced by small and medium-sized
farmers. Only sugar cane, the crop with the largest energy generation potential, is produced by farmers
with landholdings over 100 hectares. The production patterns indicate that waste-to-energy activities
are an interesting option to add value to agro- and forestry production and processing and to increaseenergy access in rural areas of Peru. Waste-to-energy projects would also contribute to the national

SectionⅠ

target of supplying 40 percent of the energy demand by non-conventional renewable energy.
The objective of the NAMA is to generate sustainable energy from biomass waste to promote rural
sustainable development while contributing to achieve Peru’s renewable energy target and global
climate change mitigation. Specifically, the NAMA aims to:-

Promote investment in biomass waste-to-energy technologies through a financial support scheme
for farmers and agro-forestry industries;-

Develop and enhance national capacities to design, implement, monitor and evaluate waste-to-SectionⅡenergy generation projects.

One size fits all? Waste-to-energy generation potentials of different
stakeholder groups and available promotion schemes
Energy needs and waste-to-energy generation potentials of Peruvian farmers and agro- and forestry

SectionⅢ

industries are as diverse as the sources of waste (Figure 1). Through promotion under the NAMA
framework, the installed capacity of waste-to-energy projects could reach around 800 MW by 2025.
The largest contribution, about 70 percent, will come from the sugar cane industry for on-grid and offgrid energy systems. Rice mills, palm oil, cotton and poultry production are other important sourcesof biomass waste in Peru with a significant energy generation potential. Moreover, coffee, cacao,
corn, potatoes, barley, olives, grapes, among others, are produced by tens of thousands of small-scale
producers and biomass waste could be used to generate energy for self-supply in production processes
or at the household level.
The Peruvian government has set up a framework of policies, programmes and plans to promote andfinance the development of the renewable energy sector, including waste-to-energy technologies. One
element of this framework are technology-specific, renewable energy auctions for large-scale on-gridprojects. For each auction and technology, cap and price ceilings are determined. While the first two
auctions were successful for some technologies such as wind and solar PV systems, only a small shareof the available biomass allocation could be awarded. Possible reasons for this result are, for example,
the short-term nature of auction allocations which prevents investments in less mature technologies

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4. Fostering investment in biomass waste-to-energy technologies – the case of Peru

such as waste-to-energy technologies. The award structure also promotes aggressive bidding andcreates a mismatch between values and risks. At the first auction, price differences between offers for
waste-to-energy projects were very large, resulting in a ceiling price that was too low for most bidders
to be able to develop profitable projects (Reegle, 2014).
Figure 1: Outputs, scale and end users of waste-to-energy projects

SectionⅠ
SectionⅡ

Source: adapted from Cameron et al. (2014)

Peru already has a well-established financial infrastructure to support renewable energy projects. The
national development bank COFIDE, for example, has launched the“Bionegocios”programme to promotechanges in the national energy matrix as well as the sustainable use of natural resources. Under the
renewable energy branch of the programme, project finance is made available for investments in largescale non-conventional renewable energy projects, including waste-to-energy projects. COFIDE also

SectionⅢ

operates as a second-tier bank and channels funding to local banks and finance companies that offer(micro) credits to developers of small to medium-sized projects. Other funds and programmes, such as
the Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético (FISE, Fund for Social and Energy Inclusion), are specificallytargeting small-scale (renewable) energy projects to reduce poverty and foster rural development by
increasing energy access in rural areas.
Currently available financial resources do not match the amount that will be needed to upscale existingand planned waste-to-energy projects and programmes, especially in the field of energy access in rural
areas. Moreover, terms of existing credit lines need to be improved to reduce the investment risk forless mature segments of the renewable energy market which includes waste-to-energy technologies.
Compared to investments in conventional energy projects, public banks require higher collateral for
credits for waste-to-energy projects. Transaction costs associated with structuring a deal are often
considered to be too high, since projects are still in the pilot phase and small in scale. However, mostimportantly, the knowledge on energy generation potential of biomass waste has to be increased among
potential stakeholder groups, including ministries, banks, industries, famers and project developers. Little
information is publicly available on experiences with existing waste-to-energy projects. Technical data

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and scientific information that is needed for the assessment of the costs and benefits of waste-to-energy
projects is disperse, obsolete, not available or not adapted to the national context. Due to these factors,
agricultural and forestry biomass waste is yet a largely untapped resource for sustainable energy
generation in Peru.

Building blocks of the NAMA
The proposed NAMA comprises various activities which address the identified barriers to theimplementation and finance of biomass waste-to-energy projects in Peru. The core element is a financial
support scheme which is accompanied by a capacity and market support programme (Figure 2). The
objective of the proposed building blocks of the NAMA is to bundle existing but scattered resources andinitiatives under one framework and to provide additional resources that are needed for the scaling up
of waste-to-energy projects at the national level.

SectionⅠ

The financial support scheme comprises different instruments that are designed to facilitate access tofinance, reduce project finance costs and incentivise the implementation of sustainable, high quality
projects. In particular, the following instruments are included:a) Guarantee fund: Waste-to-energy projects are perceived as high-risk investments by the financial
industry. The guarantee fund will provide credit risk guarantees and risk mitigation structures toenable local banks and finance institutions to provide long-term loans at more attractive terms. This

SectionⅡcan significantly reduce the costs and increase the availability of project finance.

SectionⅢ

Figure 2: Building blogs of the waste-to-energy NAMA

Source: own elaboration

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4. Fostering investment in biomass waste-to-energy technologies – the case of Perub) Grant fund: I
I.	Investment grants will be provided to co-finance small-scale projects that face high investment
barriers but would have a large positive impact on rural development and/or poverty reduction.
II.	In addition, grants will be provided to project developers to co-finance pre-feasibility studies.
The cost of such studies has proven to be a major barrier to project development given theperceived uncertainty of the outcome.
III.	Part of the fund will be dedicated to the provision of results-based finance, made available, forexample, for projects that participate in national renewable energy auctions. Even if the rulesof the bidding system were adjusted to reduce large price differences between bids, electricity
prices may still be too low for some projects to become profitable. For projects with the potential
to deliver important benefits, for example, projects that would be implemented in rural areas withlow electricity rates, results-based finance could be used to fill the gap between offered andneeded electricity prices to reach profitability.
Grant funding is planned to be used in initial years of NAMA implementation, when knowledge

SectionⅠ

dissemination, pilot project implementation, technology transfer and testing of best practices will be
important activities to initiate the establishment of a market for waste-to-energy projects, technologies
and related services. The timeframe of the NAMA is planned to be a minimum of 10 years (2016-2025)
to provide enough time for the activities to mature and to create the continuity that will permit suppliers
and service providers to establish themselves in the market. Over the ten-year period, grand funding
will be subsequently reduced. During a pilot phase (2016-2020), the NAMA has the goal to finance aminimum installed capacity of 200 MW.

SectionⅡ

The objective of the capacity and market support programme is to develop and enhance national
capacities to design, implement, monitor and evaluate agricultural waste-to-energy energy projects.
Where finance is currently available for renewable energy projects, a lack of trained professionals has
shown to be a major bottleneck for project development and implementation. The programme targets
all relevant actors at the national, regional and local level, including universities, project developers,
energy service professionals, the financial service industry as well as relevant government officials.
Activities will be designed to the specific needs and knowledge gaps of different stakeholder groups on
the demand and supply side.

SectionⅢ

The combination of finance instruments coupled with the capacity and market support programme
is expected to result in significant GHG emission reductions. The direct impact of the NAMA on GHG
emissions depends on the scale of implementation of projects and on how fast the waste-to-energy
capacities can be installed. According to different scenarios, the potential GHG impact of the NAMA is
between 4 and 14 MtCO2e reduced emissions over the life time of the projects implemented under the
NAMA programme

References
Cameron, L. et al. (2014). Biomass Waste-to-Energy Toolkit for Development Practitioners
IRENA (2014). Peru: Renewables Readiness Assessment 2014.
Available at http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RRA_Peru.pdf

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5
By

Prioritization of NAMAs in the waste sector of Vietnam
Dr. Do Tien Anh, Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change (IMHEN)
Mizushi Satoh, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)

Background
The amount of solid waste generation in Vietnam has been steadily increasing in recent years. This trend ispredicted to continue in the foreseeable future due to the continuous rapid industrialization and urbanizationof the country. While considerable improvements have been made in the waste collection and disposal
system in Vietnam in the past decade, landfill open dumping and burning remain popular in the country,
thereby causing different types of pollution, although greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the waste sector
were estimated to account for only 5.3% of the total national GHG emission as of 2000 (MONRE, 2010).

SectionⅠ

On the other hand, with the recognition that Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries toclimate change impacts, efficient response to climate change has become a top political concern inthe country. Consequently, the National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change (NTP-RCC)
was developed in 2008 as the first national comprehensive policy on climate change, with the aim ofintegrating both mitigation and adaptation concerns in to development strategies, programs, and plans
in all sectors through a unified platform. The NTP-RCC was followed by a number of additional policies
on climate change, including the 2011 National Climate Change Strategy, the 2012 National Green
Growth Strategy, and the National Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in 2012-2020, thus

SectionⅡ

firmly entrenching the goals of sustainable development and green growth in the national development
framework (World Bank, 2011). Furthermore, responding to the growing importance of NAMAs in thecontext of international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), Vietnam released the Decision No.1775/QDÐ-TTG 2012 signed by the Prime ministerin 2012, approving the development of NAMA framework and implementation of NAMAs in Vietnam.

SectionⅢ

Figure 1: Policies on climate change in Vietnam

Source: Adopted from Baseline Study Report for GIZ-NAMA Project, Do, et al., 2014

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5. Prioritization of NAMAs in the waste sector of Vietnam

Development of NAMAs in the waste sector has become one of the priorities of Vietnam. In the decision 1775/
QÐ-TTG, the Prime minister also approved the emission reduction target of 5% for the waste sector by 2020.
Vietnam has made significant progress in developing policies and strategies on solid waste management,
including the 2009 National Strategy for Integrated Management of Solid Waste up to 2025 and Vision
towards 2050. A remaining challenge for the country is to make these policies and strategies into
reality. Given this background, with a view to contributing to the improvement of the waste treatment
system and introducing measures to realize a low carbon society with a long-term perspective, we havedeveloped two NAMA scenarios up to the year 2020 in the waste sector of Vietnam under a NAMA
capacity building project financed by the Ministry of Environment, Japan (MOEJ) during the Japanese
fiscal year of 2013. This project is a further development of the work conducted in the previous year,
which was also supported by the MOEJ. This paper aims to introduce the NAMA scenarios and thelessons learned from the implementation of the project.

Development of two BAU scenarios
SectionⅠ

Two business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios on future GHG emissions in the waste sector of Vietnam weredeveloped on the basis of two different hypotheses on the annual growth rate of solid waste volume inthe country. Scenario 1 is based on the hypothesis that the annual growth rate of solid waste is Vietnam
will be 10% until the year 2020, given the recent trend of increase in waste generation outlined in the2011 National Environmental Report published by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment(MONRE) of Vietnam (MONRE, 2011: 16). On the other hand, Scenario 2 assumes that the annual growthrate of solid waste will be considerably lower (3.27%), based on a research paper by the National

SectionⅡ

Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan (Kawai et al., 2010: 129). It was decided to consider
these two considerably different scenarios mainly due to the uncertainties surrounding the data
currently available on urban solid waste in Vietnam.
As for the methodologies for calculating future GHG emissions, the First Order Decay (FOD) model wasused in accordance with the 2006 Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The formula of the FOD model is as follows:

Model correction factor
Methane captured factor (IPCC default)
Global Warming Potential of methane (IPCC AR4)
Oxidization factor of methane (IPCC defaul)
CH 4/C molecular ratio
Fraction of methane in SWDS gas (IPCC default)
Fraction of degradable organic carbon (DOC) decomposable (IPCC default)
Methane correction factor for "unmanaged deep >5m" SWDS (IPCC default)
Annual amount of organic wastes of type j in year t. A j,t = A t * %A j

DOC j
j
kj
(1–e –kj)y0y

DOC content of waste type j (table)
Waste type
Methane generation rate of waste type j (table)
Constant for calculation of geometric series over t
Start year of the targeted waste disposal
Target year considered

SectionⅢ

10
GWPCH425
Ox
0
16/12 1.3333
Frac
0.5
DOC f
0.5
MCF
0.8
A j,t
ϕ
f

Figure 2 shows the results of the calculations in Scenario 1 and Scenario 2:

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Figure 2: Estimated future GHG emissions in the 2 BAU scenarios
9,000,000

8,000,000

7,000,000

GHG排出量（ tCO2e)6,000,000

5,000,000

4,000,000

3,000,000

Ho Chi Minh

SectionⅠ

2,000,000

1,000,000
Hanoi
0
2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

年

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Don Thap
Binh Phuoc
Tay Ninh
Gia Lai
Lai Chau
Binh Duong
Bac Lieu
Soc Trang
Tien Giang
Ho Chi Minh
Lam Dong
Binh Dinh
Kien Giang
Binh Thuan
Dak Lak
Da NangQuang Binh
Quang Tri
Thua Thien -HueThai Binh
Ha Nam
Hoa Binh
Lang Son
Vinh Phuc
Tuyen Quang
Thanh Hoa
Cao Bang
Hai Duong
Lao Cai
Yen Bai
Ninh Binh
Bac Ninh

Hau Giang
Ninh Thuan
Dak Nong
Nghe AnCan Tho
Dong Nai
An Giang
Tra Vinh
Ca MauVinh Long
Ba Ria-Vung Tau
Long An
Ben TreKon Tum
Khanh Hoa
Quang Ngai
Phu Yen
Quang Nam
Ha Tinh
Bac Kan
Quang Ninh
Dien Bien
Hai PhongHanoi
Bac Giang
Hung Yen
Phu ThoThai Nguyen
Son LaHa Giang
Nam Dinh

2020[Scenario 1: Annual growth rate of solid waste volume: 3.27%]

SectionⅡ

9,000,000

8,000,000

7,000,000

SectionⅢ

GHG排出量（ tCO2e）6,000,000

Ho Chi Minh

5,000,000

4,000,000

3,000,000

2,000,000

1,000,000

Hanoi

0
2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Don Thap
Binh Phuoc
Tay Ninh
Gia Lai
Lai Chau
Binh Duong
Bac Lieu
Soc Trang
Tien Giang
Ho Chi Minh
Lam Dong
Binh Dinh
Kien Giang
Binh Thuan
Dak Lak
Da NangQuang Binh
Quang Tri
Thua Thien -HueThai Binh
Ha Nam
Hoa Binh
Lang Son
Vinh Phuc
Tuyen Quang
Thanh Hoa
Cao Bang
Hai Duong
Lao Cai
Yen Bai
Ninh Binh
Bac Ninh

Hau Giang
Ninh Thuan
Dak Nong
Nghe AnCan Tho
Dong Nai
An Giang
Tra Vinh
Ca MauVinh Long
Ba Ria-Vung Tau
Long An
Ben TreKon Tum
Khanh Hoa
Quang Ngai
Phu Yen
Quang Nam
Ha Tinh
Bac Kan
Quang Ninh
Dien Bien
Hai PhongHanoi
Bac Giang
Hung Yen
Phu ThoThai Nguyen
Son LaHa Giang
Nam Dinh

年[Scenario 2: Annual growth rate of solid waste volume: 10%]

As shown in Figure 2, in 2020, the total GHG emissions in the waste sector are expected to reachapproximately 5 million tCO2e in Scenario 1 and over 9 million tCO2e in Scenario 2.

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5. Prioritization of NAMAs in the waste sector of Vietnam

Questionnaire survey applied to Urban Environment Companies(URENCOs) on the situation of solid waste collection and disposal
Following the development of the two BAU scenarios, a questionnaire survey was conducted with
Urban Environment Companies (URENCOs) – semi-public entities in charge of solid waste collection anddisposal in each province/large city in Vietnam – from November 2013 to February 2014, to examine
the plausibility of the above-mentioned two BAU scenarios and identify appropriate NAMA technology
options for each landfill site. A total of 53 URENCOs, which manage 73 landfill sites in total, responded
to the survey1. The main findings of the questionnaire survey are as follows:
1) Opening year of landfill sites: Almost 90% of the landfill sites were built during the past 20 years;
2) Disposal completion rate: More than 80% of the total disposal capacity has been already used in
more than half of the landfill sites; many of them have been filled up recently or are expected to be
filled up very soon;

SectionⅠ

3) Population and waste volume: Over 80% of the surveyed URENCOs collect solid waste from a
population of fewer than 400,000 people; about 60% of them collect less than 50,000 ton of waste
annually;4) Waste composition: Highly degradable waste accounts for 72.6% of the total waste composition on
average;5) Collection fee: URENCOs collect an average 14,100 VND/month per household as the waste
collection fee2.

SectionⅡThus, the questionnaire survey helped us gain insights into the current situation of solid waste collection
and disposal in Vietnam. In terms of the disposal completion rate, although most of the landfills are
relatively new, their remaining disposal capacity is generally quite limited. Therefore, measures toaddress this situation, including construction of new landfill sites or reduction of the waste volume
disposed in the existing landfills through application of new waste treatment technology, are acutely
needed. Indeed, 53 out of the 73 URENCOs surveyed answered that they would like to introduce moreadvanced waste treatment technology within three years. Also, as the data on population and waste
volume suggest, most of the URENCOs collect and dispose of solid waste on a relatively small scale,and the average collection fee is quite low. As such, low-cost technology solutions with small-scale

SectionⅢ

applicability are considered appropriate for most URENCOs. In addition, since highly degradable waste
makes up a very large proportion of solid waste – a tendency generally observed in other developing
countries in the tropics – technologies suitable for treating solid waste with high organic content arenecessary.

Identification of four NAMA technology options and development oftechnology application criteria
There are many waste treatment technologies. However, in order to apply them to Vietnam, thesetechnologies are required to be low cost, popular, easy to operate and aligned with sustainable	According to the URENCO Hanoi, which supervises the activities of all URENCOs in the country, there are 63 URENCOs in total,

1

managing 90 large-scale landfills.
	14,100 VND is approximately 0.70 USD as of January 2015.

2

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development. The long list of technologies was screened and four standard waste treatment
technologies were selected as potential NAMA technology options: 1) aerobic treatment (composting);
2) incineration for power generation (waste to energy); 3) landfill gas (LFG) capture and flaring; and 4)
semi-aerobic landfill technology. And building upon the results of the URENCOs questionnaire survey,
application criteria for these technologies were developed as shown in Table 1:

SectionⅡ

SectionⅠ

Table 1: Application Criteria for NAMA technology options

The application criteria were developed, considering both the characteristics of each technology as
well as the current situation of solid waste collection and disposal revealed by the questionnaire survey.
Composting is a technology option that is only applicable on a small scale and appropriate for highly
degradable waste. On the other hand, incineration is a high-cost option appropriate for treating large

SectionⅢ

amounts of waste. Given the financial implication for introducing this particular technology, a minimum
threshold of the collection fee per household was set at the national average of 14,100 VND/month, in
addition to the conditions on population and waste volume. While these first two options are used forintermediate waste treatment, the third and fourth technology options: LFG capture and flaring and semiaerobic landfill technology are applied to the landfill sites as final treatment options. Therefore, specificconditions of landfill sites were included in the application criteria for these two technologies.
Based on the technology application criteria thus developed, appropriate NAMA technology options
were identified as shown in table 2:

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5. Prioritization of NAMAs in the waste sector of Vietnam

Table 2: Appropriate NAMA technology options for landfill sites (excerpt3)

SectionⅠ[ Note: The cells colored in orange indicate appropriate technology options according to the technology
application criteria]

SectionⅡ

Table 2 illustrates that only one technology option was identified as appropriate for most landfill sites,
whereas more than one technologies options were found to be applicable to some landfills, including, forinstance, the landfill Phuoc Hiep- Cu Chi (No. 6 in the table). To determine only one technology option forsuch landfills, an economic criterion – an additional criterion for technology selection – was adopted. The
principle of the economic criterion is simple: if multiple technology options are applicable, the cheapest
option is to be selected. Of the four NAMA technology options, the most economical one is arguably
semi-aerobic landfill technology, followed by composting, LFG capture and flaring, then incineration.
Hence, as shown in Table 2, semi-aerobic landfill technology was selected as the NAMA technology

SectionⅢ

option for the landfill No.6.
Additionally, because it is not economically feasible to introduce new technologies to all the landfill sites
at the same time in a given year, it was decided that NAMA technology options would be introduced toonly those URENCOs that answered that they would like to introduce new technology for solid waste
treatment within three years. Given the argument above, it was decided that the four NAMA technology
options would be introduced as follows: 1) composting: 7 landfill sites; 2) incineration for power
generation: 7 landfill sites; 3) LFG capture and flaring: none; and 4) semi-aerobic landfill technology: 2
landfill sites.

	As noted above, a total of 73 landfill sites were examined in the study; this table shows only 10 of them as examples.

3

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Estimation of GHG emissions reductions with the introduction of four
NAMA technology options up to the year 2020
Based on the results of the NAMA technology selection process outlined in section 4 above, theaggregated amount of GHG emission reductions was calculated, assuming that the NAMA technologies
would be introduced in the year 2015. In terms of the methodologies, two relevant methodologies of the
Clean Development Mechanism: AMS-III.F. ver. 7.0 (Avoidance of methane emissions through composting)and AMS-III.G. ver. 8.0 (Landfill methane recovery) were referred to, in addition to the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines. Figure 3 shows the results of the calculations in Scenario 1 and Scenario 2.
Figure 3: Estimated GHG emissions reductions in the two NAMA scenarios

SectionⅡ

SectionⅠ

GHG排出量及び排出削減量見込み（ｔCO2e)

12,000,000
10,000,000
incineration（発電分）

8,000,000

semi aerobic
6,000,000

LFG capture
incineration

4,000,000

aerobic treatment
GHG排出量2,000,000
02009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
年

[Scenario 1: Annual growth rate of solid waste volume: 3.27%]

SectionⅢ

GHG排出量及び排出削減量見込み（ｔCO2e)9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000

incineration（発電分）

5,000,000

semi aerobic
LFG capture

4,000,000

incineration

3,000,000

aerobic treatment

2,000,000

GHG排出量

1,000,000
02009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
年
[Scenario 2: Annual growth rate of solid waste volume: 10%]

In both of these figures, the light green polygonal line shows the total GHG emissions from the landfill
sites managed by URENCOs, while the bars represent the estimated GHG emissions reductions, witheach color representing the effects of the respective NAMA technology options. As shown in Figure 3,

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5. Prioritization of NAMAs in the waste sector of Vietnam

the total GHG emission reductions in the waste sector of each year in period 2015-2020 could be much
lower than the BAU in both scenarios. The total GHG emission reductions of period 2015-2020 are
expected to reach almost 8.5 million tCO2e in Scenario 1 and approximately 12 million tCO2e in Scenario
2.

Conclusions: Lessons learned and way forward
In conclusion, the URENCO questionnaire survey proved to be very useful in developing the NAMA
technology application criteria. And thanks to the valuable insights gained from the survey into thesituations of individual landfill sites in Vietnam, it was possible to identify waste treatment technologies
appropriate for each of them and develop the NAMA scenarios accordingly. The survey also revealed,
however, some remaining challenges to overcome to further refine the NAMA scenarios in the future.
The largest challenge in this regard is the fact that no systematic data management system had been
established at some of the URENCOs that had responded to the survey. For this reason, key data was

SectionⅠ

missing from their responses, which could have complemented other existing data sources. Therefore,sound data management systems should be established at the URENCOs, ideally supported by a strong
political will, along with appropriate institutional arrangements and adequate capacity building.
Finally, it should be also noted that privatization of waste collection/disposal services began a few years
ago in Vietnam. Thus, solid waste management has partly become an issue outside of the public realm.
A prime example that illustrates this privatization trend is the fact that the URENCO of Ho Chi Minh City
– the largest city and commercial capital of the country – started reporting significantly less amountof solid waste compared to the preceding years. A significant portion of the solid waste generated in

SectionⅡ

Ho Chi Minh City is collected and disposed of by private contractors without a chance to appear in theofficial statistics. Therefore, sound data management systems are necessary not only for the URENCOs,
but also for these private waste management companies. A remaining challenge for Vietnam is toestablish a comprehensive database encompassing data of both the public and private actors of solid
waste management.

References
SectionⅢ

Do Tien Anh, Vuong Xuan Hoa, Dao Minh Trang (2014). Baseline study report for GIZ NAMA project.
Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), Ministry of National Resources andEnvironment (MONRE), Vietnam.
Do Tien Anh (2013). Overview of Climate Change Policies: focus on waste policies. Climate Change
Research Center, Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), Ministry of National
Resources and Environment (MONRE), Vietnam.
IPCC (2006). IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5: Waste. Kawai et al.
2010.“Scenario analysis of the municipal solid management system in Vietnam in the near future.”[Tentative translation; document only available in Japanese], National Institute for Environmental
Studies (NIES)
MONRE (2011). National Environmental Report 2011: Solid Waste.
MONRE (2010). Viet Nam’s Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change. Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. Hanoi.
Osako et al. (2011). Establishment of waste database and assessment of municipal solid waste
management system in South Asian countries. [document only available in Japanese]
Osako et al. (2012). Establishment of waste database and assessment of municipal solid waste
management system in South Asian countries. [document only available in Japanese]

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Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd. (2010). Feasibility Study on Semi-Aerobic Disposal CDM Project inLaemchabang Landfill Site in Chonburi Province, Thailand. World Bank (2011). Program Document
on a Proposed Credit in the Amount of SDR 45.2 Million to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for theFirst Climate Change Development Policy Operation. Washington D.C. December.

6

How to upgrade from a PoA to a NAMA? The case ofclean cooking in Peru

By

Arthur Laurent, Microsol1

Introduction
SectionⅠ

Although Peru has seen a recent time of sustained growth, millions of Peruvians still face difficult
conditions of lack of access and opportunity. This structural poverty includes lack of access toclean energy as more than 2 million families still cook with biomass with poorly efficient and highly
contaminating stoves.
Such an issue is now greatly acknowledged over the world where a total of 3 billion people face similar
situations with significant negative consequences on health among other aspects. Indeed, the World
Health Organization has identified indoor air pollution as number 4 in the list of contributors to the global

SectionⅡ

disease burden2 and is claimed to be responsible for 4 million annual deaths.
This major public health issue requires massive intervention programs which are at the core of attentionof an increasing number of both private and public institutions gathered, among other institutions, within
the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (http://www.cleancookstoves.org/). China, India, Kenya aresome example of massive strategies for implementing improved cookstoves but Peru has been one
recent sui-generis example. One of its specificities lies in an original public-private partnership based on
results with the use of carbon financing. As a matter of fact, a voluntary PoA using the Gold Standard

SectionⅢ

for certification has been implemented that was the first ever voluntary PoA to register and the first PoA
ever to issue credits.
This initiative has been led by Microsol (http://www.microsol-int.com/), a social-business that supports
climate mitigation projects with high social and economic benefits for the poorest by giving theseprojects a streamlined access to results based finance mechanisms such as climate finance. The“Qori3
program implemented in Peru since 2007 now includes more than 100,000 families within
Q’
oncha”

an installation - follow-up – maintenance - spare parts replacement and project extension virtuous
cycle. Over the years, 3 VPAs4 including 8 implementing organizations have been registered and three	Associate PhD at Sciences-Po CERI, CNRS. I would like to thank Claire Cuisset, Jiro Ogahara and Nadia Wagner for their useful1comments. The views here expressed are my own.
	Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and2

injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burdenof Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2013;380(9859):2224–60.
	Jenk M, Laurent A, Raguénès P, Schmitt T,“PoA Practible Insight”, 2010 available at http://ch.myclimate.org/uploads/media/PoA_

3

Practible_insight.pdf
4Voluntary Programme Activity, the equivalent of CPAs but on the voluntary market.

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6. How to upgrade from a PoA to a NAMA? The case of clean cooking in Peru

successful verification undertaken under the Voluntary Gold Standard. Thus, more than 400,000 CO2eq
tons have been reduced and over EUR 5 million in climate financing directly used for these activities.
Table 1: Progressive installation and voluntary emission reductions Gold Standard PoA
Year

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013*

Number of Improved
Cookstoves cumulated

7,059

23,81640,871

66,53997,726

106,056

Amount of Emission
Reductions cumulated

1,049

16,32562,795

188,455

395,574

490,655*The crediting period ended on May the 13th 2013.

Microsol’s model for managing voluntary PoAs open to all actors implementing clean technologies iscurrently being replicated in Central America. The“Ustil Naj”program is finalizing registration andallows for both improved cookstoves and water filter projects in Peru, Mexico, Salvador, Honduras andSectionⅠ

Guatemala to receive the Gold Standard certification. The current first generation of projects (a set of
4 VPAs and 11 organisations) considers about 20,000 families in four countries and the potential is atleast 1 million more.
The work of Microsol has been led in close collaboration with partnering institutions such as ITYF5 andtheir acclaimed Sembrando Programme among other NGOs as well as with several Peruvian regional
governments thanks to the support of GIZ and UNDP. Also, a close coordination has been maintainedwith other related initiatives driven by cooperation bodies and the state.

SectionⅡ

The current stage of the discussion in Peru is related to the possibility of structuring a sector wide
strategy with multiple integrated activities that accounts for the greenhouse gases emission reductions it
allows. This paper discusses the main features such a strategy could have with basis on the experiencealready developed. It only presents the personal opinion of the author who was involved in the designand operation of the carbon accounting program for stoves in Peru named“Qori Q’
oncha”.

The issue of clean cooking in Peru
SectionⅢ

2 million families are reported to require a clean and efficient cooking solution in Peru. To date, morethan 250,000 biomass improved cooking devices have been implemented among which over 100,000
have been registered under a carbon program. More recently, after a governmental change, a massivegas subsidies and gas-stove diffusion program led by the government claims to have attended over
500,000 households. Although this program has been quite successful in terms of implementation, firstevaluation surveys show that about 92%6 of these families have been identified to keep on using the
traditional biomass stove.
One core lesson suggested by this experience is that private and public initiatives can both beintegrated and complementary. The change of focus from biomass to gas stoves presents an interesting
opportunity for upgrading stove quality. Yet, the current power of purchase of the poorest does not
ensure they will be able to sustain this change over time. This can be one of the reasons why most of5

Source: Instituto Trabajo y Familia, http://www.ityf.org.pe/index.php?fp_idioma=ENG

6

Source: http://www.minem.gob.pe/_detallenoticia.php?idSector=12&idTitular=6433

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the beneficiaries of this program continue using biomass burning stoves for which the previous focus on
improved biomass stoves is more adapted.
A global vision needs now to be strengthened at national level for how to effectively and efficiently
integrate both dimensions. In particular, it should clarify whether the focus for gas stove diffusion ismade with families with some power of purchase while the diffusion of biomass improved cookstoves
is aimed at the poorest. Moreover, more details should be given on how to ensure an adequate exit
strategy7 from the subsidies program so as to ensure the durability of the sector.
In order to adequately design a sectorial approach for clean cooking, the following questions need to beanswered:-

Should the sectorial approach integrate gas and biomass based- solutions?

-

It is possible to combine subsidies and market approaches for clean cooking solutions?

-

How to segment the need for fuel, the need for a cooking device and the need for spare-parts for

SectionⅠ

the cooking device?
-

Then, how to segment the needs according to the purchasing power?

Improved MRV
Concerning how to account for the GHG emission reduction results under the improved cookstovesprogramme in Peru, a methodology developed by the Gold Standard and increasingly acknowledged

SectionⅡ

under the UNFCCC has been used. It is based on kitchen surveys and tests implemented within thehouses of a representative sample of stove users.
First, a qualitative survey is implemented in order to identify the fuel consumption profiles within the
population. Then, the evolution of wood consumption from the initial device to the new device has tobe quantitatively evaluated for each one of these different profiles. A sufficient amount of wood for one
week use needs to be gathered and weighted. The remaining amount of wood is then weighted three

SectionⅢ

days later so as to calculate the daily consumption.
A nation-wide campaign for training stove testers has been implemented with sessions implemented
for an average of 20 officers each time. At the end of the training, these officers need to go through an
examination of their understanding of the content of the training so they can be allowed to conduct the
tests. Also, their actual in-field performance is evaluated and this overall information is centralized.
Throughout the years, the sampling method, the calculation and the questions used in the surveys
have been modified constantly so as to improve the accuracy of the MRV system. The use of tabletsfor gathering the information has been supported as a way to reduce errors. Also, customized software
has been created so as to ensure a proper data treatment and so as to make quality control and data
presentation easier and less costly.
The monitoring implemented has shown that GHG emission reductions - instead of decreasing because
the device becomes less efficient - may actually increase if adequate training and follow up is made
	Simon G., Bailis R., Baumgartner J., Hyman J., Laurent A.“Assessing The‘Tipping Point’: A Review Of Current Debates And Future

7

Research Needs In The Clean Cookstoves Sector”, Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume 20, June 2014, Pages 49–57

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6. How to upgrade from a PoA to a NAMA? The case of clean cooking in Peru

with the stove users. This observation supports the usefulness of coordinated sector wide follow-up
and maintenance activities that would reveal this potential for high wood savings. Also, and this became
all the more true as a major gas initiative has been implemented, stacking – that is continuous useof several devices at the same time - is generality rather than exception8 and thus eligibility criteria,
methodologies and MRVs should be adapted.
In order to continue upgrading the MRV system and adapt it to a sector wide strategy, the following
questions need to be answered:-

Can standard MRV(+) tell us more than“how much?”but also“why?”-

Can an MRV also account for activities that would increase the emission reductions not only
through retrofitting but also though users capacity building. These could potentially be implemented
in parallel to implementation activities and eventually by different organizations?

-

Can one MRV(+) count for multiple complementary devices?

SectionⅠ

Financing
Concerning financing, a combination of in-kind and cash payments by the user and public and private
sources has been used for the initial investment in cookstoves installation. While in a first place mostof the support came from important international foundations, private companies and international
cooperation the public sector has then shown a remarkable involvement.

SectionⅡ

The central government for example has been involved with the installation of several tens of thousandsof stoves both gas and biomass in a context of kerosene ban in order to fight against drug trafficking.
Then during the following mandate, centralized funding has been used for the massive gas stove
diffusion programme and, to some extent for a minor cookstove programme.
At a regional level, governments have been able to use their own budget for financing improved
cookstoves thanks to a decree signed by the President. In some cases the management of the funds has
been commissioned to the UNDP in a context where own funding by regional governments is increasing

SectionⅢ

but there is still a lack of capacity and transparency in its management.
As far as climate finance is concerned, the rewarding of the projects results in terms of social, economicand environmental benefits mainly came from private CSR commitments. The exceptional quality of the
project, its capacity to deliver a high number of credits from a cookstove programme, and its focus on
the poorest families in the country have been convincing selling points.
Yet, now that the programme has come to its full pace, it delivers an important amount of credits. Also,
as cookstoves are increasingly acknowledged for their multiple benefits, large investors coming withshort term repayments objectives have entered the place resulting in increasing and often low quality
competency. The programme appears now as a one of its kind large-scale“boutique”project andvolume becomes counter-productive for results based finance.

	Ruiz-Mercado I, Masera O, Zamora H, Smith KR. Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves. Energy Policy 2011;839(12):7557–66.

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It will thus be a key issue, for a proper ambitious results based financed scheme to work, to be able
to differentiate high and low quality projects one from another. Alternative measures need to be put inplace in order to fully acknowledge for the co-benefits potential of this project9 beyond typical large
scale projects.
Thus, the following questions need to be answered:-

Can (should?) co-benefits be monetized?

-

Can we complement climate results based finance with health results based finance?

-

Should microfinance, private banking and the climate fund enter the equation?

Sustainability
Such a need for differentiating the project is closely related to the sustainability issue. We need to be

SectionⅠ

able to demonstrate that financing a project that lasts 2 years is not the same as financing a projectthat lasts 10 to 30 years. For example, a PoA is set to last 30 years and it should get a premium for that.
When planning for a thirty years plan in implementing clean stoves, new concerns arise that are nottaken into account in most of the large scale project.
Such is the case of follow up, maintenance and progressive extension of the programme. It has been
demonstrated that, if improved cookstoves are easily adopted in a first place, they also very easily getabandoned after the first year. In order to be able to identify and solve this issue in Peru, mixed methods

SectionⅡ(anthropological, qualitative and quantitative) have been implemented for understanding adoption anddesigning adequate strategies.
What we have learned is that qualitative surveys at a household level with a limited number offamilies can usefully inform quantitative ones and giving a more precise picture of the situation. Yet,sustainability happens not only at a household level. Institutional, technical and sector wide strategies
are necessary for complementing field work.

SectionⅢ

Numerous successes in terms of institutional and technical aspects have already been achieved at asectorial level but they still lack continuity. For example, a Peruvian technical norm has been definedthat faces quality and, more recently, security issues and a national body has been designed for
certifying the clean cooking devices accordingly. Also, an informal intra-sectorial coordination groupdoes exist but with no specific strategic agenda.
It is now a key issue for transforming coordination into cooperation and ensure that an inter-sectorial
approach does not dilute the issue or delay solutions but on the contrary streamlines the process.
As a consequence, the following questions need to be answered when thinking about a sector wide
strategy for sustainability:-

Can we get a premium for sustaining results over time?

-

Can we integrate adoption and carbon objectives?

	Simon G, Bumpus A, Mann P. Assessing win–win scenarios at the climate–development interface: challenges and opportunities for

9cookstove replacement programs through carbon finance. Glob Environ Chang 2012;22:275–87.

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6. How to upgrade from a PoA to a NAMA? The case of clean cooking in Peru-

What kind of governance should be set in place in order to accelerate an existing public-private
dynamic?

-

Can a mix of public and private leadership be acknowledged under a NAMA?  

Conclusion
As a conclusion, there is a great potential for scaling up clean cooking activities in Peru and much of theelements that constitute a sectorial approach are already in place yet they need to be integrated. Until
now, the stress was put on raising awareness, supplying the poorest and sustaining results but there is
now a need to formalize a sectorial strategy that would allow scaling up.
And there is significant potential. The current PoA shows that one family changing from a traditional
stove to an improved cookstoves can reduce above 2 CO2eq tons per year. Considering the current
actors in place are able to implement rather easily about 100,000 units a year, there is possibility for a

SectionⅠ

reaching one million stoves within ten years generating an annual reduction of a minimum of 2 million
CO2teq.
Table 2: Projection of cumulated stove installation andvoluntary emission reduction under a NAMA
2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

-> 2025

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

1,000,000

Amount of Emission
Reductions –cumulated

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

2,000,000

SectionⅡ

Year
Number of Improved
Cookstoves –cumulated

In this context, a NAMA seems particularly adequate as it represents a tool for the formal definition andcoordination of the sectorial objectives already informally set within a lively, clean cooking sector in
Peru. It should build on existing efforts for a prompt start and quick results. After COP20, the Peruvian
government is now leading an effort for initiating a national NAMA registry that should make thecommunication and discussion easier.

SectionⅢ

So, in terms of construction, besides financing, the main challenge resides in having a true genuine adhoc sectorial dynamic being recognized as legitimate for leading a new NAMA rather than adopting
top down approaches that would reinvent the wheel. If one learning is to be taken out of this example
it is the following: the more advanced the coordination between actors at a sectorial level, the morelegitimate it is to upgrade to a NAMA. In this regard, those PoAs that have an architecture that shows
the wider understanding of their sectorial role rather than to support specific actors may have thebiggest potential for upgrading to NAMAs. An adequate screening of currently working PoAs should
allow for understanding which are ready for an upgrade or not.
Finally, as inequalities are increasing and climate finances is delayed to flow towards most vulnerable
countries and communities, there is a great need for tools that would prioritize NAMAs with high poverty
alleviation potential. Both the UNDP10 and the Gold Standard are now offering to certify the sustainable

10

UNDP 2014, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) Sustainable Development Evaluation Tool, available at http://www.
undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environment-energy/mdg-carbon/NAMA-sustainable-development-evaluation-tool.html

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development benefits efforts of NAMAs certification which represent an interesting tool. Yet, in theend, the demand for such credits or the availability for adequate other forms of finance remain the key
aspect for being able to climb up the not so high but still challenging step from a PoA to NAMA.

References
Jenk M., Laurent A., Raguénès P., Schmitt T. (2010). PoA Practible Insight.
Available at http://ch.myclimate.org/uploads/media/PoA_Practible_insight.pdf
Laurent A. (2014). Standardism as government: Voluntary carbon certification and the Peruvian
cookstove sector. PhD Thesis, Unpublished, Université Sciences-Po Paris.
Lim SS, Vos T., Flaxman AD, Danaei G., Shibuya K., Adair-Rohani H., et al. (2013). A comparative risk
assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters
in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.
Lancet 2013; 380(9859):2224–60.

SectionⅠ

Ruiz-Mercado I., Masera O., Zamora H., Smith KR. (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved
cookstoves. Energy Policy 2011; 39(12):7557–66.
Simon G., Bailis R., Baumgartner J., Hyman J., Laurent A. (2014). Assessing The‘Tipping Point’: A
Review Of Current Debates And Future Research Needs In The Clean Cookstoves Sector. Energy
for Sustainable Development, Volume 20, June 2014, Pages 49–57
Simon G., Bumpus A., Mann P. (2012). Assessing win–win scenarios at the climate–development interface:challenges and opportunities for cookstove replacement programs through carbon finance. Global
Environmental Change 2012; 22:275–87.

SectionⅡ

UNDP. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) Sustainable Development Evaluation Tool, 2011
available at http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environment-energy/mdg-

SectionⅢ

carbon/NAMA-sustainable-development-evaluation-tool.html

7Developing countries are taking the lead in climatechange mitigation through NAMAs

By

James M. Vener, Low Emission Capacity Building (LECB) Programme, UNDP

Introduction
Following the climate change negotiations associated with the 2007 Bali Action Plan, the 2010 invitation
for countries to communicate nationally appropriate mitigation actions or NAMAs, through to the 2012agreed-upon outcomes pursuant to the Bali plan, little concrete official instruction on NAMAs has been
provided for policymakers. UNFCCC, various donor organizations, technical organizations, and numerous
others have offered valuable technical and financial assistance, but it has been the developing countries
at the forefront of developing innovative NAMA designs and testing the waters in the new climate
finance markets.
The United Nations Development Programme or UNDP is the largest service provider in the UN systemon climate change mitigation and adaptation. The Low Emission Capacity Building (LECB) Programme,
implemented in partnership with the European Commission, Germany Federal Ministry for theEnvironment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), and Australian government, is

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7. Developing countries are taking the lead in climate change mitigation through NAMAs

one such initiative that places its focus on climate change and targets sustainable development throughs pool of NAMA and carbon project experience is also complemented by
NAMA development.1 UNDP’practical know-how gained through the MDG Carbon Programme.
Since 2011, the LECB Programme has joined forces with 25 developing countries worldwide to support
national development plans while helping to integrate low-carbon and sustainable development goals.
Our projects in each partner country are country-driven. Government partners receive support fromthe Programme based on national priorities and capacities, and work with UNDP to construct a tailoredcountry program that can consist of the following five complementary work streams: (i) identificationof NAMA opportunities; (ii) design of low emission development strategies (LEDS); (iii) design of MRV
systems for the NAMAs or LEDS; (iv) development of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory management
systems; and (v) forging relationships with the private sector such as through public-private
partnerships. The Programme spans Latin America, Africa, Asia + Pacific, the Middle East, and Eastern
Europe, and is flexible in terms of sectors supported and what is most nationally appropriate, such as
agriculture, energy, forestry, industry, transport, and waste management.

SectionⅠ

In the past four years, the LECB Programme has gained a great deal of experience in NAMA practices
that have been successful, encountered challenges, and created opportunities. Our work has led tothe building of institutional foundations, technical and financial trainings, design of over 60 NAMAs
to various stages in the NAMA cycle, as well as six LECB countries submitting NAMAs to the NAMAs intention with this report to discuss these experiences and highlight
Facility2 for support. It is UNDP’
innovations and lessons learned through real-world case studies and hopefully offer inspiration.

SectionⅡ

NAMA Design
At the core of the NAMA concept is national appropriateness, where emission reductions are under
the umbrella of a national government initiative3 that helps to assure national ownership. A NAMA must
include several interrelated elements that together form an integrated mitigation strategy: the concept
must be technologically and financially viable; there must be institutional buy-in; a reliable and efficient
MRV system that accounts for measurement, reporting, and verification; involvement by and support
from key stakeholders; and a proponent or champion to steer the NAMA concept through from planning

SectionⅢ

through the implementation stage.
In light of the complexity of developing these interconnected components and relative newness of the
NAMA concept, costs are typically high in terms of expense, time, and human resources for a developing
country to create an advanced NAMA concept. This is particularly a restraining factor as resources
inevitably are limited.
One of the earliest steps of NAMA development is identification of NAMA options and prioritization. The
design process will consider: what are key target sectors, how best to leverage public funding in theprivate sector and build public-private partnerships, financial and non-financial barriers to be addressed,
and other primary concerns such as jobs, investment targets, mitigation, and alignment with national
development goals and sustainable development objectives. Many of these concepts are elaborated in1

www.lowemissiondevelopment.org

2

www.nama-facility.org

3

http://unfccc.int/focus/mitigation/items/7172.php

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the 2013 NAMA Guidance Document sponsored and developed by UNDP, UNFCCC, and DTU4.
For the LECB Programme, NAMA support typically begins with assisting governments to determine
principal areas of interest through extensive stakeholder consultation at the national, regional, andlocal levels, by reaching out to government, communities, civil society, the private sector, and otherexperts like institutions. Depending on the initiative, outreach and awareness raising, skills training,and collaboration with the financial sector can also be critical. The latter is especially relevant when
considering new market development, micro-finance, and financial mechanisms (e.g., sharing risk,
concessional loans, and partial loan guarantees).
Achieving substantive buy-in from critical sectors and promotional activities to garner support(e.g., via in-person meetings, internet, print media, social networking, and community events) canbe pivotal as well. NAMAs must be developed with its key stakeholders in mind. As an example, for
the LECB Programme in Costa Rica5, the primary driver for the livestock sector NAMA is economic

SectionⅠ

benefits and improvements to farm productivity, and in this instance, while GHG reduction potential
is high, GHG mitigation is less critical. In Chile, in an effort to inform the private sector about NAMA
opportunities, a regional conference was coordinated in May 2014 on engaging the private sector
to contribute to mitigation to a very positive response and 200+ participants. The Malaysian
government concentrated much of its NAMA efforts on registering NAMAs for recognition or
acknowledgement, rather than for seeking financial support to help raise credibility and institutionalcomfort levels in the NAMA process.
Bhutan6 has chosen to focus on NAMA development in the context of the overarching goal of carbon

SectionⅡ

neutrality with priority placed on analyzing gender issues in the housing, transport, and waste sectors.
Sectoral assessments used in the LECB Programme in Egypt and Vietnam were quite effective as
well for supporting identification of feasible mitigation or NAMA opportunities with high GHG emission
reduction potential and stakeholder support. The assessments also served to enhance communication
between government and the private sector, and lent to the discussion on how the private sector cancontribute to national mitigation goals.
When developing NAMAs and trying to attract investment, it is imperative to limit costs where possible

SectionⅢ

and to take advantage of existing systems rather than reinventing the wheel. For example, the
LECB Programme includes parallel tracks that address GHG inventory development, MRV systemdevelopment, and stakeholder outreach, and all of these components have opportunities for cross-overwith NAMAs. For example, GHG emission reduction data is an essential component of NAMA delivery on
mitigation targets, the Republic of Moldova used its Technology Needs Assessments developed during
a prior programme with UNEP as a basis for NAMA development with LECB, Philippines paired LECB
support with USAID in the development of a national inventory system, and Mexico conducted extensive
training with industry personnel in GHG inventory reporting and is revisiting these relationships to pilot acogeneration mitigation project.
For all the possible complexity and overlap of responsibilities between institutions, NAMAs operate	UNFCCC, UNDP, DTU (2013) Guidance for NAMA Design: Building on Country Experiences, http://www.lowemissiondevelopment.

4

org/docs/resources/Guidance_for_NAMA_Design_2013_.pdf.
	www.lowemissiondevelopment.org/docs/case_study_pages/Costa_Rica/Visibility_Case_Study_Costa_Rica_Final.pdf

5	www.lowemissiondevelopment.org/docs/case_study_pages/Bhutan/Visibility_Case_Study_Bhutan_final.pdf

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7. Developing countries are taking the lead in climate change mitigation through NAMAs

better if they are nimble. All LECB NAMA projects incorporate an element of periodic self-evaluation
because NAMAs must adapt when conditions change. The evaluation should be comprehensive andconsider staffing and data needs, the budget, and if objectives are realistic and can be delivered inan efficient and transformative way. The LECB project in China7 is not a NAMA but it is a governmentsponsored mitigation project, and it is a good example of making technical adjustments in the field: theChina team determined that for the production line and grinding mill of the element of the cement sector
in question, emission measurement methodologies were deemed more accurate for some product parts
than others so specific distinct accounting processes were recommended.

MRV
Robust and efficient MRV systems are needed for NAMAs to reflect progress made in reducing GHG
emissions, non-emission impacts, and/or the flow of financial support. Designed well, these systems
can raise confidence in NAMA operations in terms of accountability and credibility, and potentially help

SectionⅠ

attract finance. MRV should also provide open and transparent data access (e.g., for investors andbeneficiaries) and encourage participation and interest. Without UNFCCC methodologies put forward
on MRV, countries have borrowed experience from mechanisms such as the CDM (clean development
mechanism) and Gold Standard, and guidelines provided through GHG inventory reporting (National
Communications and Biennial Update Reports), the IPCC, and GHG Protocol. A well-designed MRV will
also enable countries to meet international reporting requirements, inform countries on their emissions,and support policymakers with accurate and timely data to develop such tools as Mitigation Action Plans(MAPs) and intended nationally determined contributions or iNDC.

SectionⅡ

LECB provides MRV training, engages sectoral and local experts to help develop MRV systems, andconducts MRV readiness testing. Testing typically consists of checking data flow and infrastructure,
governance, selection of indicators to measure (e.g., job creation, health improvements, and pollution
reduction), quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), reporting schemes, and recordkeeping.
As part of UNDP’s periodic internal review of the LECB Programme, a third party expert was contracted
to analyze the status of MRV systems set up or still under development. A questionnaire was circulated
to national focal points involved with NAMA development in the LECB partner countries, 18 responses

SectionⅢ

were received, and field visits were conducted. Notably, we found that 41% of MRV systems are
multidimensional that track more than just GHG emissions (e.g., energy consumption and socio-economic
indicators), and a surprisingly small percentage of respondents indicated existing data is used fromnational statistics bureaus, other agencies, and sectoral experts, while only 41% use data from industry
groups (see Figure 1). With resources limited, more work is needed to reach out to relevant sectors to
identify and collect readily available data.

7

www.lowemissiondevelopment.org/docs/case_study_pages/China/Visibility_Case_Study_China_Final.pdf

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Figure 1: Existing Data Sources used by Countries for MRV Systems

Other agencies

12

Sectoral experts

11

National statistics bureau
7

Other

SectionⅠ

65%

10

Industry groups

Direct measurement

71%

5

59%
41%

29%

1 6%

NOTE: Values represent the number of respondents who reported
using each data source, and percentage of the total

Acknowledging the trade-off between data collection and cost, MRV systems should have a clear
objective and target collecting only data that is needed. The system should be easy-to-understand,minimize inter-agency communication that could add complexity, and provide clear instructions andallocate roles and responsibilities. A high 82% of LECB partner countries reported MRV is being
implemented by multiple agencies rather than a single entity. Although this decentralized approach

SectionⅡ

requires additional coordination and capacity building, the opportunity for improved communication andcompilation of high-quality data was chosen to take priority.
QA/QC and verification were found to be lower priorities in MRV systems. UNDP recommends QA/QC
backstopping systems are strategized early in the NAMA process, and they can be relatively simple inthe beginning. For example, basic QC checks can include confirming formulas for emissions calculations
are correct, checking for errant data in data sets, and checking data against historical data trends.
Verification is likely being left for later stages of NAMA development but it would similarly benefit from

SectionⅢ

early consideration to analyze places along the NAMA project or programme chain where verification
would be optimal, and to identify possible third party actors to fill the role. Starting with perfectprocesses is not critical as the MRV system should be a work in progress.
Legal arrangements govern the various elements of the MRV system. Although a strong legal andregulatory framework can add to credibility, enforcement, and political incentive for stakeholders tobuy-in to a new data management system, the broad political support required might not be available.
In this instance, a potentially valuable alternative might be a non-legislative, executive-level order froma president, minister, etc. These are typically not as strong or enforceable for a compliance system;
however, they can be more direct and faster to establish. Lebanon, for example, developed executivelevel orders that provide the Ministry of Environment the authority to collect data from commercial,industrial, and institutional entities, and it provides the Ministry a stronger mandate to collect data. To
ease reporting, a tool was designed to encourage participation that provides reporting actors withinformation that potentially has value for their operations.
Furthermore, to help political leaders attract support for mitigation and be in-line with national

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7. Developing countries are taking the lead in climate change mitigation through NAMAs

development strategies, indicators for MRV should be selected to support areas of personal interest
to political leaders (e.g., job creation, attracting investment, lower levels of pollution). As with Lebanon,
MRV requirements should not be overly burdensome. In the Philippines, the Environmental Management
Bureau added GHG emission reporting to pre-existing self-monitoring reporting requirements, which isa system the reporting entities are comfortable with. Governance is another main driver of the NAMA
system discussed in the next section that addresses improvements in efficiency in the context ofmanagement.

Institutional Arrangements
The NAMA concept is flexible in scale. It can pertain to legal or regulatory policies, national declarations
to mitigate GHG emissions, or individual actions or groups of actions that contribute towards national
mitigation objectives. In terms of governance, a NAMA coordinating entity(s) is needed to legislate, plan,and manage activities and coordinate with other agencies. To minimize overlaps in ownership of theSectionⅠ

NAMA process, countries can arrange to have a single central domestic entity to coordinate NAMArelated activities or multiple entities might be more appropriate.
The office of the NAMA coordinating entity should conduct or oversee the following: (i) track financial
resources, (ii) be involved in and oversee all stages of the NAMA (e.g., prioritization and selection,
design, implementation, and MRV), (iii) conduct stakeholder coordination, (iv) streamline operations andcentralize the NAMA process, and (v) provide guidance on the NAMA process. For MRV, data systemoversight can be centralized under a single institution in a top-down manner or be bottom-up with more

SectionⅡ

authority in the hands of data collectors. Reporting can be bottom-up as well, or part of an integrated
national system.
To establish more efficient oversight within the government, Tanzania set LECB project coordination
responsibilities within a centralized Vice President’s Office. Indonesia went in the other direction byfacilitating provinces to develop 33 local action plans in line with its national action plan to identify
priority mitigation actions. Indonesia action plans are reviewed by line ministries, supervised by the
Ministry of Environment, and the overall NAMA process is coordinated by the Ministry of National
Development Planning or Bappenas to ensure NAMAs are in line with national development planning

SectionⅢpriorities.
Based on observations since LECB Programme operations began four years ago, the following elements
of institutional coordination have been observed to be crucial: (i) extensive coordination between
stakeholders, ministries, and private actors, (ii) minimized conflicts of interest, (iii) clearly definedroles, and (iv) political commitment and alignment with national priorities. To attract political support,
it is advisable to consider prioritizing attracting investment and other commercial interests, targeting
priority sectors and ministries, and creating jobs. In addition, a legal basis that outlines clearly roles
and responsibilities could improve credibility, make the system seem less ambiguous, and incentivize
participation. For example, a formalization of arrangements between agencies like a MOU could stipulatethat data is provided in a specified format.
Another recommendation based on LECB Programme experience on-the-ground is to establish interministerial bodies, sectoral working groups, and steering committees (e.g., for NAMAs, MRV, and
GHG inventory development) to enhance collaboration, political ownership, and more efficient use of81

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expertise. For example, in Colombia, four distinct Sub-Commissions prepare Low Carbon Development
Strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation and oversight is performed by the Financial
Committee and Climate Change Executive Commission, and the lead role is played by the National
Planning Department. Kenya’s focus in the LECB Programme has been to engage and build capacitiesof government institutions to standardize a system of data collection, documentation, and archives
associated with the national GHG inventory process.
Similar to the survey of LECB partner countries on MRV capabilities, LECB also circulated a survey
regarding institutional arrangements to LECB partner country representatives that work with NAMAs toinvestigate country approaches, innovations, and possible bottlenecks, and barriers for establishing astrong framework for NAMA management. The greatest bottlenecks were determined to be the lack ofinstitutional capacity and the lack of a clear mandate and roles for institutions to lead on NAMAs so thisis a recommended focus. The survey also revealed that over half of the countries responding indicatedthe CDM structure proved to be quite useful as a model for NAMAs. The CDM structure’s DesignatedSectionⅠ

National Authority (DNA) office and GHG reporting framework are therefore important foundations thatcan be used as a NAMA starting point.
For more in-depth analysis of two LECB partner country experiences, case studies for Costa Ricaand Zambia are provided after the Conclusions section. These and others are posted on the LECB
Programme’s website8.

SectionⅡ

Conclusions
In the face of growing urgency to curtail the momentum of climate change, the pace of international
negotiations to secure a global means to address the trend is frustratingly slow. Signals are emerging
in annual negotiations that a post-2020 climate regime are moving in the right direction, voluntary
national and sub-national commitments are emerging to reduce GHG emissions, and the system to scale
up access to climate finance via the Green Climate Fund and bilateral funding sources for NAMAs haveraised confidence amongst developing countries that the national expenditure of resources to develop
NAMA programs and projects is a worthwhile enterprise. The growing global pool of knowledge of NAMA

SectionⅢ

procedures and systems that work, are presenting challenges, and are innovative has added confidence
and expertise to national capacities as well.
The LECB Programme has partnered with 25 developing countries to facilitate the alignment of national
development plans with their priorities for sustainable development, poverty reduction, and mitigationof GHG emissions. Both LECB and non-LECB developing countries alike are demonstrating the risinginterest and capability to strategically place themselves in a position to receive climate finance when
and where it is available. They have chosen to push forward with establishing frameworks to develop
NAMAs and mitigation action plans and strategies without concrete global guidelines in place, choosing
to invest scarce time, money, and human resources to take the lead in climate change rather thanfollow.

8

www.lowemissiondevelopment.org

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7. Developing countries are taking the lead in climate change mitigation through NAMAs

LECB CASE STUDY #1: Costa Rica Livestock Farms NAMA Concept
In Costa Rica, the livestock sector provides employment for over 12% of the nation’s workforce
based on a recent 2013 survey. Livestock, predominantly meat and dairy cattle, is also the second
largest national sub-sector in terms of GHG emissions generation with about 23.6% of nationalemissions from 45,000 farms based on the last national inventory.
Following the 2007 announcement by the Costa Rican government to become carbon neutral by
2021, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Farming (MAG) prepared the Policy for the Costa
Rican Agrifood Sector and Rural Development 2010-2021. In this policy, climate change and agroenvironmental management was established as one of the four pillars of national policy to support
the carbon neutrality goal. In alignment with this objective, the government decided to develop
a livestock NAMA to achieve transformational change in livestock operations and make it ecocompetitive.

SectionⅠ

Laying the groundwork to develop the NAMA concept required extensive collaboration between
MAG, Ministry of Environment and Energy, CORFOGA Livestock Corp., and the National Chamber ofMilk Producers. Universities, NGOs, regional commissions, and livestock producers all play key roles
in a hybrid top-down and bottom-up approach to NAMA institutional arrangements.
The Vision: The NAMA targets a more environmentally sustainable, modernized, mechanized, andefficient sector for meat and milk production.

SectionⅡ

Four primary challenges were identified that could possibly limit
the NAMA’s transformational change: (i) much data and awarenessraising are required by producers to support a change in how they
do business; (ii) investment is required, however this is a new lending
sector so access to credit is limited; (iii) higher efficiency pasture seeds(e.g., for grasses) have limited availability; and (iv) market demand islimited because of limited consumer awareness of low-emission livestock products.

SectionⅢ

The NAMA addresses these challenges by transforming the cattle production chain throughsustainable practices. The NAMA includes using tree plantations as hedges, herd rotation tolimit grazing, better livestock nutrition, and improved fertilizer plans. It serves to provide needed
agricultural emission data and emphasizes strengthening capacities and interagency coordination.
Market incentives under consideration to bridge the credit gap and low collateral are co-financing,credit guarantees, and favorable interest rates that would be managed by the National Bank. The
NAMA also offers eco-competitiveness, GHG emission reductions, and significant co-benefits suchas soil conservation, better soil moisture retention, greater farm income, and increased forest
cover.

References•

www4.unfccc.int/sites/nama/_layouts/un/fccc/nama/NamaSeekingSupportForImplementation.
aspx?ID=91&viewOnly=1•

INEC (2013). Continuous Survey on Employment

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LECB CASE STUDY #2: Zambia Integrated Waste Management NAMA
Economic and urban growth in Zambia has led to a significant increase in waste generation. Yet,
as noted in a recent report by the Ministry of Local Government and Housing, only about 25% ofwaste generated in the capital was disposed in designated disposal sites. Furthermore, even though
households are the largest generator of the waste, less than 10% of residential areas in the country
are serviced by managed solid waste disposal sites and, as of 2008, only 16 of the country’s 72
districts had licensed municipal waste disposal sites. Recognizing sustainable waste management
system as a national development priority, Zambia established the 2004 National Solid Waste
Management Strategy and 2010 National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Program.
Despite awareness of the need to implement a waste system and to maximize the“3Rs”– reduce,reuse, and recycle – adverse conditions created by the current waste management infrastructure
are growing worse marked by: littering and indiscriminate dumping, accumulations of uncollected

SectionⅠ

waste, improper handling of hazardous waste, and health hazards such as runoff leading to watercontamination. To date, integration of an updated system has been hampered by local authorities
with limited financial capacity and staff resources.
In an effort to upgrade the existing inadequate and unsafe disposal
systems, the Ministry of Local Government and Housing forsolid waste management, National Water and Sanitation Council(NWASCO) for waste water management, commercial utilities, local

SectionⅡ

authorities, and the Zambia Environmental Management Agency(ZEMA) have come together as lead institutions to develop theIntegrated Waste Management NAMA.
The proposed NAMA uses a multi-faceted approach for tackling these issues that centers on: (i) publicawareness on the need to use disposal sites and maximize waste collection; (ii) technical studies onwaste recovery and recycling facility options with emphasis on cost-effectiveness and attracting
investment; (iii) policy reform to support the supportive framework; and (iv) capacity building for a

SectionⅢ

wide range of stakeholders from commercial utilities and local authorities to businesses and financial
institutions. To assess sustainable development impacts of NAMA activity options during its design
stage, an impact assessment tool was used to assign numeric scoring for key indicators.
A primary benefit to the NAMA will be the development of local expertise to establish conditions forcontinued improvement and technology advancement. This will be complemented by positive healthimpacts, jobs created in waste plant construction and operation, and GHG emission reductions. Goingforward, the NAMA’s current proposal will be supplemented by a focus on mobilizing resources andconducting an in-depth feasibility study.

References•

Ministry of Local Government and Housing (2011). Status review report on waste generated anddumped at disposal sites.

•

Environmental Council of Zambia (2004). National Solid Waste Management Strategy for Zambia.

•

Environmental Council of Zambia (2008). Zambia Environmental Outlook Report 3.

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8. Overview of submitted Biennial Update Reports (BUR)

8

Overview of submitted Biennial Update Reports (BUR)

By

Emiko Matsuda, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)

So far, ten countries have submitted their first BUR by 9 January 2015 (Namibia, Singapore, Vietnam,
Chile, South Africa, Andorra (Fr.), the Republic of Korea, Peru (Sp.), Brazil and Tunisia (Fr.))1.
According to the UNFCCC guidelines (2/CP.17 Annex III), the seven topics below indicated constitutethe scope of information to be included in BUR.
National circumstances and institutional arrangement;-

National GHG inventory;-

Information on mitigation actions and their effects, methodologies and assumptions;-

Constrains and gaps, related financial, technical and capacity needs, support needed and received;-

Level of support received to enable the preparation and submission of BUR;-

Information on domestic MRV; and-Other information

SectionⅠ-

National circumstances and institutional arrangement
Among the information included we can mention the geographical features, and area related informationsuch as water, agriculture, transportation, economy, energy. Some countries included information

SectionⅡ

on country specific issues, such as tourism, mining, waste, housing and so forth. Most of countries
described their institutional arrangement in this section, and some countries also mentioned specificorganizational structure such as institutional arrangement for GHG inventory/ BUR/NC and domestic
institutional arrangements.

National GHG inventory
The utilized methodology, preparation of the GHG inventory (i.e. quality assurance and quality

SectionⅢ

control), sectoral emissions, key category analyses, time series of GHG emissions, and future plans forenhancement were depicted in most of the BURs.

Information on mitigation actions and their effects, methodologies andassumptions
Countries implemented mitigation actions through NAMAs, carbon tax, ETS, and multilateral / bilateralinternational carbon markets. Most of countries summarized their mitigation actions by sectors, andsome of them showed each mitigation action in detail. One country also mentioned a NAMA that has notbeen taken place in the country yet.

	http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/reporting_on_climate_change/items/8722.php (Last accessed in1

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Constrains and gaps, related financial, technical and capacity needs,
support needed and received
Some countries described constraints and gaps in specific contexts of the preparation of GHG
inventories, NAMAs and technology issues. A summary or lists of financial support and capacity buildingreceived/offered were also indicated. In one case, a prioritized or strengthened sector for capacity
building was indicated.

Level of support received to enable the preparation and submission of BUR
Countries received financial and technical support for the preparation and submission of BUR. Somecountries, like Vietnam, included their own effort, supported by bilateral cooperation, in addition to

SectionⅠ

support received from the GEF.

Information on domestic MRV
Few countries described information on domestic MRV as a stand-alone chapter. A couple of countries
integrated this part into the description of mitigation measures. It can be inferred that preparation for
MRV is still underway in many countries.

SectionⅡ

Other information
Some countries included additional information and efforts taken place in the country in relation to
mitigation, adaptation, national/domestic actions.
The table attached to this chapter shows contents provided in submitted BURs sorted out according to

SectionⅢ

the proposed items by the UNFCCC guideline (FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1 para. 41 and Annex III)2.

	GIZ also provided the 'Biennial Update Report Template' which is an informative format for BUR preparation illustrating required data2or expected information for each section. http://mitigationpartnership.net/giz-2014-biennial-update-report-template (Last accessedin 11/2/2015)

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8. Overview of submitted Biennial Update Reports (BUR)

SectionⅠ
SectionⅡ
SectionⅢ
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9

BUR submitted by Parties (as of 11 Feb 2015)

Guideline
FCCC/
CP/2011/9/
Add.1
para41 andAnnex III

Brazil(Executive Summary)

N/A

National circumstances
Institutional arrangement

Chapter 2
National Inventory of
Anthropogenic Emissions
by Source and Removals
by Sinks of Greenhouse
Gasses Not Controlled by
the Montreal Protocol

Chapter 1. National Circumstances
1.1 The fight against climate change
1.2 Demographic trends
1.3 Economic Situation
1.4 Energy Context

Chapter 3. Comprehensive
Chapter 8. Mitigation in the Energy Sector
Income Inventory National
8.1 Policies and measures initiated before 201
GHG 2010
8.2 Policies and measures implemented from 2014
3.1 Results of net direct gas
8.2.1 National Dialogue on energy sector
emissions
8.2.2 Energy Transition Fund (GTF)
3.2 Results of gross emissions / 8.2.3 renewable Electricity Act
removals direct gas
8.3 ambitious action plan for energy management: impact on
3.3 Results of indirect emissions GHG mitigation on
period 2015-2020
Chapter 4. Results Inventory 8.3.1 Rational Use of Energy
2010 Disintegrated by
8.3.2 Renewable Energy
Source4.1 Energy
Chapter 9. Mitigation in Other Sectors
4.1.1 Analysis of aggregate
9.1 Industrial processes
direct dioxide (CO2 Equivalent) 9.2 Agriculture and forests
4.1.2 Methodologies adopted
9.2.1 The policies and measures implemented before 2014
assumptions and information
9.2.2 Policies and measures that may be undertaken fromsources2014
4.2 Industrial processes
9.2.3 List of possible options for GHG mitigation
4.2.1 Detailed analysis of the
9.4 Policies and measures implemented from 2014
results
9.4.1 Mitigation in the solid waste sector
4.2.2 Methodologies adopted
9.4.2 Mitigation in the sanitation sector
assumptions and information
sources
Chapter 10. Contribution of the Mitigation NANAs GHG
4.3 The Agriculture, Forestry
Emissionsand Other Land Use (AFOLU)
10.1 NAMA building
4.3.1 Detailed analysis of the10.2 NAMA Tunisian Solar Plan (TSP)
results
10.3 NAMA sanitation
4.3.2 Methodologies adopted
10.4 NAMA cement
assumptions and information
10.5 NAMA forest
sources
4.4 Waste
Chapter 13. Support Received in the Field of Mitigation of
4.4.1 Detailed analysis of the
GHGhapter Chapter 14. Context in Connection with MRV
results
4.4.2 Methodologies adopted
Chapter 15. MRV of Mitigation
assumptions and information
15.1 MRV in the energy sector
sources
15.1.1 SIM2E system
15.1.2 EnerInfo system
Chapter 5. Analysis of Key
15.2 MRV planned NAMAs
Categories Inventory 2010
15.2.1 MRV of NAMA in the renewable electricity sector
15.2.2 MRV of NAMA in the cement sector
Chapter 6. Trends in GHG
15.2.3 MRV of NAMA in the building sector
Emissions of Tunisia
15.2.4 MRV of NAMA in the sanitation sector
15.2.5. MRV of NAMA in the forestry sector
Chapter 7. Institutional
15.3 MRV CDM projects running
Arrangements for15.3.1 MRV CDM "Recovery and flaring of landfill gas fromInventory GHG Policies and the discharge Jebel Chekir"
Mitigation of Gas Emissions MRV CDM "Recovery and flaring of landfill gas from theGreenhouselandfill nine landfills"
MRV CDM "Sidi Daoud wind farm"
15.3.2 LWA Bizerte wind farm
15.3.3 MRV Po-A "solar water heater program"

SectionⅠ
SectionⅡ
SectionⅢ

N/A

Chapter 1
Introduction

Peru

Information on mitigation actions and their effects,
Methodologies and assumptions

Chapter 1
National circumstances
Institutional arrangement
1.1 National Circumstances
1.2 Institutional arrangement

Chapter 2. Institutional
Arrangements
National Inventory of Gas Emissions
Greenhouse

Tunisia

National GHG Inventory

Chapter 2
National circumstances andInstitutional arrangement
2.1 National circumstances
2.1.1 Profile of Peru
2.1.2 Outline of the population
2.1.3 Weather and geography
2.1.4 Economy and industry
2.1.5 Housing
2.1.6 Specific information of sectors
2.2 Institutional arrangements
2.2.1 Arrangements for theelaboration of the BUR
2.2.2 Arrangements for theelaboration of National greenhousegas inventories
2.2.3 Arrangements for NAMAs
2.2.4 Arrangements for CDM

Chapter 3
National greenhouse gas
inventory
3.1 Methodology
3.2 Summary of national
greenhouse gas inventory
3.3 Comparative analysis
of national greenhouse gas
inventories

Chapter 3
Mitigation actions and their Effects
3.1 Clean Development Mechanism [CDM] project in Brazil: abrief summary

C
C
fi
n
r
4
fi
n
4
r
C
R
1
1
s
1
1
fi
1
i
1
1
s

C
N

Chapter 16. MRV Support
Chapter 4
Mitigation measures
4.1 Planning for low-carbon development
4.1.1 Expected and determined national level contributions
4.1.2 Climate change planning project (PlanCC)
4.2 Mitigation measures
4.2.1 Progress of climate change mitigation
4.2.2 Measures for NAMAs
4.2.3 Mitigation projects and programs in the international
carbon market
4.2.4 Emission reductions through REDD+

N

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9. BUR submitted by Parties (as of 11 Feb 2015)

Level of support
Constraints and gaps, related
received to enablefinancial, technical and capacity
the preparationneeds, support needed and recieved
and submissionof BUR

Chapter 6
Information on the descriptionof domestic measurement,
reporting and verification
arrangements (MRV)

Other information

N/A(Annex and Appendix)(Additional
Information)

Technical Annex Pursuant todecision 14/CP.19
Results achieved by Brazil
from Reducing Emissions form
The BUR was
Deforestation in the Amazon
submitted on 31
biome for REDD+ resultsDecember 2014
based payments

APPENDIX 1: Detailed Resultsof GHG Emissions of Tunisia
in 2010APPENDIX 2: Proposed
Establishment of a National
System Inventory GHG(Snieges)

Chapter 17. MRV National
Greenhouse Gas Emissions

SectionⅠ

Chapter 4
Chapter 5Constrains and gaps, and related Funds received
financial, technical and capacity
for theneeds; Information on support
preparation ofreceived
the BUR
4.1 Constrains and gaps, and related
financial, technical and capacity
needs
4.2 Information on the support
received
Chapter 11. Financing
Requirements of Investments
11.1 Total needs
11.2 Requirements in the energy
sector
11.2.1 Investments
11.2.2 Public Support: Additional
financing needs GTF
11.3 Requirements in the field ofindustrial processes
11.4 needs in agriculture and forestry
11.5 Requirements in the waste
sectorInformation on domestic MRV

Chapter 12. Capacity Building
Needs

N/A

SectionⅡ

N/A

The BUR was
submitted on 31
December 2014.
It is originally
written in French.

SectionⅢ

Chapter 5
Bibliography
Information
Annexesregarding levelof received
support and
BUR preparationand submission
needs
5.1 Received
support5.2 Support needs

N/A

N/A

N/A

BUR is submitted
on 30 December
2014.
It is originally
written in Spanish.

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Guideline
FCCC/
CP/2011/9/
Add.1
para41 andAnnex III

Republic of
Korea

Executive Summary

AndorraNational circumstances
Institutional arrangement

National GHG Inventory

Information on mitigation actions and their effects,
Methodologies and assumptions

Chapter 1
National Circumstances
1.1 Government Structure
1.2 Population profile
1.3 Economic Profile
1.4 Energy
1.5 Transport
1.6 Building and urban structure
1.7 Agriculture and forestry
1.8 Waste
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1. Context
1.2. The biennial update report
1.3. The institutional arrangements
in place
1.4. The difficulties and shortcomings

Chapter 2
National Greenhouse Gas
Inventory
2.1 National Greenhouse Gas
Inventory System
2.2 Overview of the National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Chapter 3
Mitigation action and effects
3.1 National Reduction Targets and Roadmap
3.2 Operation of the Greenhouse Gas and Energy Target
3.3 Adoption of the Emission Trading Scheme
3.4 Mitigation Actions by Sector

C
N
C
4
S
4
A
4
A

Chapter 3
The national inventory ofgreenhouse gas
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The national inventory
system
3.3. Assessment of the results
3.4. Retail categories
3.5. Analysis of key categories
3.6. Uncertainty analysis

Chapter 5
The mitigation measures and their effects
5.1. Mitigation measures in place
5.2. Mitigation measures provided

C
I
f
b
6
o
b
6
t
s
6
o

(Executive Summary)

N/A

SectionⅠ

Chapter 2
National circumstances
2.1. Physical and natural environment
2.2. Socioeconomic background

SectionⅡ

South Africa Executive Summary

Chapter 1
National Circumstances
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geographic profile
1.3 Climate
1.3.1 Mean Conditions
1.3.2 Areas Prone to Natural
Disasters
1.3.3 Areas Liable to Drought andDesertification
1.3.4 Areas with Ecosystems
Vulnerable to Climate Change
1.3.5 Global Change and Climate
Projections
1.4 Population
1.5 Economy
1.6 Energy
1.7 National and Regional
Development Priorities Related to
Climate Change(Institutional Arrangement is includedin the section of National Greenhouse
Gas Inventory.)

SectionⅢ

Executive Summary
1. National Circumstancesand Institutional
Arrangements
1.1. Geography
1.2. Economy
1.3. Institutionalarrangements for climatechange2. Chile’s National
Greenhouse Gas
Inventory, 1990–2010
Time Series
2.1. Institutionalarrangements andpreparation of Chile’s NGHGI
2.2. Trends in greenhousegas emissions in Chile
3. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
Policies and Actions
N/A *3.1. Mitigation actions andpolicies in Chile
3.2. Nationally Appropriate
Mitigation Actions
3.3. Cross-cutting actions
to support progress
towards a low-carbon
economy3.4. Market-based
instruments forenvironmental externalities
3.5. Measurement,
reporting and veriﬁcationof mitigation actions
4. Needs and Support
Received in the Area of
Climate Change
4.1. Methodology and timeframe
4.2. Needs
4.3. Support received

Chile

Chapter 2
Chapter 3
National Greenhouse Gas
Mitigation Actions and Their Effects
Inventory
3.1 Key Elements of South Africa's Approach to Mitigation
2.1 Background and Contexts 3.1.1 Flagship Programmes
2.2 Institutional Arrangement
3.1.2 Mitigation Potential Analysis
for Preparation of the Inventory 3.1.3 Desired Emission Reduction Outcomes
2.2.1 Institutional Arrangement 3.1.4 Carbon Tax
in the Energy Sector
3.2 Key Government Policies and Measures that Impact
2.2.2 Institutional Arrangement Climate Change Mitigationin the IPPU Sector
3.2.1 Energy Sector
2.2.3 Institutional Arrangement 3.2.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector
in the AFOLU Sector
3.2.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Sector
2.2.4 Institutional Arrangement 3.2.4 Waste
in the Waste Sector
3.2.5 Financial Measures
2.3 Calculation Methodology
3.3 Private Sector Mitigation Initiatives
2.4 Overall GHG Inventory
3.4 Domestic Institutional Arrangement
2000-2010
3.4.1 Inter-Minister Committee on Climate change (IMCCC)
2.5 GHG Inventory by Sector
3.4.2 Inter-Governmental Committee on Climate Change
2000-2010(IGCCC)
2.5.1 Energy Sector
3.4.3 National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC)
2.5.2 Industrial Procedure andProduct Use Sector
2.5.3 Agriculture, Forestry andOther Land Use Sector
2.5.4 Waste Sector

C
F
T
T
4
4
4
c
4
a
4
4
4
a
4
F

N/A *

N

N/A *

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9. BUR submitted by Parties (as of 11 Feb 2015)

Level of support
Constraints and gaps, related
received to enablefinancial, technical and capacity
the preparationneeds, support needed and recieved
and submissionof BUR
Chapter 4.
Need of Finance, Technology, andCapacity building and assistance
4.1 Need of Finance and Assistance
StatusN/A
4.2 Need of Technology andAssistance Status
4.3 Need of Capacity Building andAssistance Status
Chapter 6
Information on constraints and gaps,
funding, technology needs capacity
building and the support received
6.1. Tabular Format 7.1. Information
on financial, technical and capacity
building
N/A
6.2. Tabular Format 7.2. Information
technology needs and technologicalsupport received
6.3. Tabular Format 7.3. Information
on support received

Other information(Annex and Appendix)(Additional
Information)

Annex（Emission Trend）

N/A

The BUR was
submitted on 29
December 2014.

N/A

Chapter 4
The projection ofgreenhouse gas emissions
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Projections for 2050
N/A

Annex I. Inventory. Detailed
tables (short summary tables)
Annex II. Inventory. Detailed
tables (summary tables)
The BUR was
Annex III. Inventory. Key
submitted on 19
categories analysis (KCA)
December 2014.
Annex IV. Data used andinformation sources identified
The BUR is
Annex V. Method of calculation
originally written in
and assumptions made in the
French.
inventory
Annex VI. Calculation method
and assumptions made in the
projection of greenhouse gas

The BUR was
submitted on 17
December 2014.
GHG National
Inventry Report(2000-2010) is
submitted at thesame time.

SectionⅡ

Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Measurement, Reporting and Additional Information
Verification in South Africa
7.1 Renewable Energy
6.1 Background and Context
Independent Power Procedure
6.2 Development of M&E/MRV in Procumbent ProgrammeSouth Africa
7.2 Adaptation
6.3 The national Climate Change 7.2.1 Long Term Adaptation
Response Database-The First
Scenarios
Step Towards Climate Change
7.2.2 Adaptation Actions
M&E
7.3 Integrating Climate Change
6.4 Shifting form Climate Change into Municipal Planning Though
Monitoring to Monitoring andthe ‘Let's Respond toolkit’
N/A
Evaluation
7.4 The National Flagship
6.5 Overview of South Africa's
Programme
M&E System
7.5 2050 Pathways Calculator
6.6 Next Steps
7.6 National Atmospheric Emission
Inventory System (NAEIS)
7.7 Monitoring and Evaluationin the Agriculture, Forestry andOther Land Use Sector
7.8 Partnership for Market
Readiness
7.9 Vertically-Integrated
Nationally Appropriate Set of
Mitigation Actions

SectionⅠ

Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Financial Resources, Technology Support
Transfer, Capacity Building andReceived forTechnical Support Received
Preparation of
4.1 Support received
the BUR4.1.1 Financial support received
4.1.2 Domestic financial flow forclimate change activities
4.1.3 Non-monetized capacity building
and technology support received
4.2 Support needs
4.2.1 Financial support needed
4.2.2 Non-monetized capacity building
and technology support needed
4.3 Tracking Climate-Related
Financial Flows

Information on domestic MRV

SectionⅢ* Chile submitted
Executive
Summary as their
BUR)
N/A *

N/A *

N/A *

N/A *

N/A *

The BUR was
submitted on 10
December 2014.
National Inventory
Report is
submitted on 5
February 2015.

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Guideline
FCCC/
CP/2011/9/
Add.1
para41 andAnnex III

(Executive Summary)National circumstances
Institutional arrangement
Chapter 1
National circumstancesCountry Profile- Land Area
- Climate- Population- Economy- Water
Singapore's National
Circumstances and Constraints

Singapore

N/A

Singapore’s Limited Access to
Alternative Energy Sources- Biomass- Carbon Capture, Storage andUtilization (CCSU)- Geothermal- Hydroelectric- Marine (tidal and wave power)- Nuclear- Solar- WindSectionⅠ

Asia's Greenest City
Institutional Arrangement

National GHG Inventory
Chapter 2
National Greenhouse Gas
Inventory
Methodology Used

Information on mitigation actions and their effects,
Methodologies and assumptions
Chapter 3
Mitigation Measures
Introduction- Singapore's Approach to Reducing Emissions

Singapore's Emission for 2010
- Sectoral Emissions

Measures to Reduce Emissions- Measure 1: Shifting to Cleaner Energy Sources- Measure 2: Improving Industrial Energy Efficiency
Breakdown of Emission by IPCC - Measure 3: Greening Buildings
Sector- Measure 4: Shifting Travel Demand to Low-Emission Modes- All Energy
and Reducing Vehicular Emissions- Industrial Processes- Measure 5: Improving Energy Performance Standards of- WasteHousehold Appliances and Promoting Energy Efficiency to- Agriculture
Households- Land Use Change and Forestry - Measure 6: Reducing Emissions from Waste andWastewater Treatment
Key Category Analysis
International Market Mechanisms
Uncertainty
Domestic Measurement, Reporting and Verification
Time Series of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions (2000-2010)

D

Preparation of the Greenhouse
Gas Inventory1) Quality Control and Quality
Assurance for the Collection /Compilation of Data
2) Quality Control for theComputation of Emissions3) Quality Assurance for
Computation of Emissions
4) Endorsement

SectionⅡ

Future Enhancements forGreenhouse Gas Inventory
Compilation

Executive Summary

SectionⅢ

Vietnam

Executive summary

Namibia

Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
National circumstances
2010 National Greenhouse
Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Action
1.1. Natural conditions
Gas Inventory
3.1. NAMA preparation
1.1.1. Geography
2.1. Institutional arrangement
3.1.1. General information
1.1.2. Climate conditions and climate for National GHG Inventory
3.1.2. Development of NAMA proposals
change scenarios for Viet Nam
2.2. Methodology, data source 3.1.3. MRV preparation
1.1.3. Water resourcesand emission factors
3.2. CDM Implementation
1.1.4. Environment
2.3. Quality control and quality 3.3. Implementation of JCM and other mechanisms
1.2. Social and economic overview
assurance
3.4. Development of GHG mitigation options
1.2.1. Population
2.4. Results of 2010 National
3.4.1. GHG mitigation options in energy sector
1.2.2. Agriculture
GHG Inventory
3.4.2. GHG mitigation options in agriculture sector
1.2.3. Forestry
2.4.1. Key emission/removal
3.4.3. GHG mitigation options in LULUCF sector
1.2.4. Industry
categories
1.2.5. Transportation
2.4.2. GHG inventory by sector
1.2.6. Energy
2.4.3. Total emission sources
1.2.7. Economic growthand sinks in 2010
1.3. Sustainable development strategy 2.4.4. Comparison of GHG
1.4. Institutional arrangement foremissions in 1994, 2000 anddevelopment of Biennial Updated
2010
Reports and National Communications 2.5. GHG emission projectionsof Viet Nam
for 2020 and 2030
1.4.1. General information
2.5.1. General information
1.4.2. Relevant legal documents
2.5.2. GHG emission projections
1.4.3. Organizational structure fordevelopment of BUR1
Chapter 1
Chapter 2:
Chapter 3
National circumstances andGreenhouse Gas Inventry
Mitigation actions and their effects, including
institutional arrangements related 2.1 Introduction
associated methodologies and assumptions
to the preparation of the National
2.2 Methodology(The country has not yet developed a mitigation plan andCommunication and Biennial Update 2.3 Activity Data
NAMA)
Reports on a continuous basis
2.4 Emission Factors
1.1 Introduction
2.5 Results
1.2 Convention obligations
2.6 QA/QC
1.3 Institutional arrangement
2.7 Completenes
1.4 Geographical Characteristics
2.8 Uncertainty Analysis
1.5 Biodiversity
2.9 Key Category Analysis
1.6 Water Resources
2.10 Archiving
1.7 Agriculture and Forestry
2.11 Constraints, Gaps and
1.8 Fisheries
Needs
1.9 Tourism
2.12 National Inventry
1.10 Mining
Improvement Plan
1.11 Manufacturing
2.13 Energy
1.12 Energy
2.14 Industrial Processes and1.13 Transport
Product Use (IPPU)
1.14 Waste
2.15 Agriculture, Fisheries and1.15 Economic Growth
Other Land Use (AFPLU)
1.16 Population
2.16 Waste Secor
1.17 Health

C
F
C
R
A
4
4
4
4
r
4
c
4
4
4
4
c

C
C
fi
n
s
5
5
5
N
5
5
a

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9. BUR submitted by Parties (as of 11 Feb 2015)

Level of support
Constraints and gaps, related
received to enablefinancial, technical and capacity
the preparationneeds, support needed and recieved
and submissionof BUR

Information on domestic MRVOther information(Annex and Appendix)
Annex to Biennial Update
Report- Greenhouse Gas Inventory- Glossary(Additional
Information)
BUR wassubmitted on 8
December 2014.

Singapore's
Third National
Communication is
submitted at thesame time.

Described in Chapter 1.

N/A

SectionⅡ

Appendix I: Information on
preparation for three NAMAs
Appendix II: List of Viet Nam's
CDM Projects registered by
the EB from October 2010

Described in
Chapter 4

Described in Chapter 3

The BUR was
submitted on 8
December 2014.

N/A

SectionⅢ

Chapter 5Constraints and gaps, and related
financial, technical and capacity
needs, including a description of
support needed and received
5.1 Reporting
5.2 Implementation
5.3 Technical and Capacity Building
Needs
5.4 Financial Needs
5.5 Technology Needs Assessment
and Technology Transfer Needs

Described in Chapter 3

SectionⅠ

Chapter 4
Financial, Technology andCapacity Needs and Support
Received for Climate Change
Activities
4.1. Gaps and constraints
4.1.1. National GHG Inventory
4.1.2. NAMA
4.1.3. Application of climate change
response technologies
4.2. Financial, technology andcapacity needs
4.2.1. Financial needs
4.2.2. Technology needs
4.2.3. Capacity needs
4.3. Support received for climatechange activities

N/A

Third National
Communication
Executive
Summary
Chapter 1 National
Circumstances(Summary)
Chapter 2 National
Greenhouse
Gas Inventory(Summary)
Chapter 3
Mitigation
Measures(Summary)
Chapter 4
Vulnerability
and Adaptation
Measures
Chapter 5International
Cooperation

Chapter 6
Chapter 4
Information
Information on MRV ofon the level ofDomestically supported
support received NAMAs
to enable the
4.1 Overall coordination of MRV
preparation and 4.2 GHG Inventory System
submission of
4.3 Mitigation Actions (including
biennial update
NAMAs)
reports
4.4 Support Required
6.1 Financial
4.5 Support Received
support
6.2 Technicalsupport

Chapter 7
Any other information
relevant to the achievementof the objective of theConvention and suitablefor inclusion in its biennial
update report

N/A

The BUR was
submitted on 2
December 2014.

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Section

Ⅲ

Conclusions and key messages
Jiro Ogahara, Emiko Matsuda, Makoto Kato

By

Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC)SECTION I: KEY TOPICS ON NAMAs

NAMAs in the context of national climate policy planning
Conclusions·

Elaboration of national climate policy plans after the COP16 held in Cancun, have been recognized
more important, rather than stand-alone mitigation activities, where Parties agreed in the
preparation of Low Carbon/Emissions Development Strategies (LCDS/LEDS).

·Countries increased their efforts to consider policies and strategies to deal with mitigation,
adaptation and development issues, including the opportunity to engage in a green growth.

·

Given their flexibility, NAMAs may be a vehicle in which materialize actions under climate changeplans, either at the sectoral level or in a bigger context.

·

Preparation of INDCs agreed at the COP19 in Warsaw, will serve as a key input for the newinternational agreement that would be negotiated at the COP21 in Paris, and that will start running

SectionⅠin 2020. NAMAs are a key component to be reflected in INDCs.
·

Preparation of INDCs depends also on the country’s circumstances and capabilities.

Key messages·

Contents of climate policies and plans are based on national circumstances, not only at thegeographical context affected directly by climate phenomena, but also at the social, political, andeconomic level.

·

Planning for climate change is nowadays strongly linked with sustainable development or green

SectionⅡ

growth.
·NAMAs are a tool to channel finance, and finance may encourage Parties to increase the level ofambition of INDCs.

·

While success in the preparation of national climate policies and plans require careful coordination
between different stakeholders at different levels, NAMAs provide an opportunity to land such planson the ground.

SectionⅢ

Institutional arrangements for NAMAs and MRV
Conclusions·

An appropriate institutional arrangement that facilitates coordination between stakeholders is
required in order to operationalize NAMAs effectively.

·

As part of the institutional arrangement, a designated climate change authority can be in charge ofgathering stakeholders, facilitating the decision-making process, coordinating with donors, applying
for projects and funds, implementing projects, etc.

·

A MRV system for domestic actions can be built upon experiences such as existing monitoring andevaluation of policies and measures, depending the level of actions, including activities/projects,
entities, programmes, sectors, and national policies

Key messages·

Having a single climate change authority that gathers representatives of all line ministries,
facilitates getting consensus and the decision-making process. At the same time, it can act as asingle-window that can deal with financers and international community.

·

Having an appropriately designed institutional arrangement facilitates channeling international

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Conclusions and key messages

support for projects. A lack of a well-deigned institutional arrangement can prevent donors from
actively support and conduct projects in the host country.

NAMA support schemes
Conclusions·

NAMA support schemes are not identical to NAMA finance schemes. They are focused on providing
financial and non-financial resources to facilitate the preparation and implementation of NAMAs.

·

In principle, it is believed that NAMAs should be conducive to transformational change, whichmeans that a NAMA should allow for scaling-up and replication, it will include mechanisms to ensuresustainability, and will allow for systematic learning process.

·In sum, NAMA support programs can be categorized into three types: support for implementation(dedicated and non-dedicated), support for preparation and readiness (multilateral and bilateral),and information platforms.
The NAMA Registry is the information platform developed by the UNFCCC to record information

SectionⅠ·of NAMAs seeking support and also recognition, which means it aims at operating as a matchingmechanism. However registration is made in a voluntary basis and available information is still very
limited. In spite of that, these initiatives help to improve transparency in the process.
Key messages·

Despite a lack of clarity in the concept and extent of activities considered as NAMAs, and despite
its limited timeline (until 2020), several initiatives in the form of support schemes have been createdSectionⅡand assisted the preparation and/or implementation of NAMAs.
·

The NAMA Facility is recognized as a significant support action for the implementation of NAMAs.
Currently there is one project in the implementation phase under this scheme while 8 projects areunder appraisal.

·

The inability of developing countries to demonstrate finance transparency as a prerequisite toreceive external support, together with a defective or in some cases, inexistent structure in chargeof the MRV process, makes it even difficult to channel support. Often times, this situation is due to alimited technical capacity in an already understaffed organization.
The fact that private banks and the private sector operate under the assumption of obtaining

SectionⅢ·

revenues from its activities, makes it difficult to think in viable alternatives to involve them insupporting schemes for NAMAs.

Technology transfer through the JCM ad CTCN
Conclusions·

The Cancun Agreement acknowledges the development and implementation of various approaches,
including opportunities to use markets and non-markets, to promote mitigation actions. The Joint
Crediting Mechanism (JCM) promoted by the Japanese government is one alternative in line of what
the Cancun Agreement has declared.

·

Some signatory countries have decided to conduct NAMAs utilizing opportunities for transfer oftechnologies and finance through the JCM.

·

Combining grant fund provided by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan with support by JICA and
ADB, a fund to support a“leapfrog type of development”has been established.

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Key messages·

In light of an absence of supporting options for NAMAs, a bilateral type of mechanism such as theJCM, becomes an alternative to conduct mitigation actions to introduce environmentally friendly
technologies and channel financial support.

·

Since the JCM avoids the complexity and time-consuming process of the CDM process, the scopeof options to start mitigation actions becomes wider.

Overview of submitted Biennial Update Report
Conclusions·

According to the UNFCCC guidelines, there are seven sections proposed to be included in BUR.

·

Ten countries have submitted their BUR by 9 January 2015 (Namibia, Singapore, Vietnam, Chile,
South Africa, Andorra (Fr.), the Republic Korea, Peru (Sp.), Brazil and Tunisia (Fr.)).

·Highlighting differences depending on the countries’circumstances, BURs are described generally

SectionⅠ

along with the UNFCCC guidelines.
·

Some of the chapters were omitted and some countries did not describe or included information
on domestic MRV in the chapter of mitigation efforts, or their efforts for the INDC that leads to theambition.

Efforts for the INDC that leads to the ambition
Conclusions

SectionⅡ·

In the COP20 held in Lima, Parties negotiated the outcomes to advance towards reaching anagreement at the COP 21 in Paris, indicating the information required.

·

Existing activities, such as National communication and NAMAs, constitute the starting point andhave a linkage with INDCs preparation.

·

In order to maintain the transparency of information and the reliability of INDCs, collecting precise
data and accurate reporting are vital.

··

A number of alternative support activities can be utilized for the preparation of INDCs.
The focus should be for countries to fully engage in this effort and accomplish the preparation ofSectionⅢ

INDCs as accurate as possible to meet the 2 degrees goal.
Key messages·

INDC is an important tool for driving countries toward achieving the 1.5 to 2 degrees target. It isnecessary to make efforts to ensure accurate information and transparency.

·

Support for the INDC preparations is already available and it is advisable to reflect the existing
efforts into INDC.

SECTION II: CASE STUDIESNAMAs to accelerate geothermal power: Lessons from Kenya
Conclusions·

The development process had to overcome challenges, including raising awareness and obtaining
buy-in of key stakeholders, securing financial partners, documenting and communicating the NAMA,

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Conclusions and key messages

and dealing with questions about‘additionality’.
·

Considering the enormous potential to exploit geothermal power, greater private sector involvement
is needed in order to materialize its ambitious National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP).

Key messages·

NAMA is an important step in making the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) a reality on
the ground.

·

The scale of transformational NAMAs normally requires large and rapid investments from national
and international sources, although it is difficult to precise the scope of the project or mitigation
goals at early stages.

·

The government has a clear role on how to promote the private sector and also internationalorganizations participation, through policies, creation of new entities, formalization of agreements,
etc.

·

Financial partners can bring experience in addition to funds. However, larger partners might haverigid structures difficult to adapt to the NAMA requirements. However, it is important to have a deep

SectionⅠ

understanding of potential implementation partners and donors in early stages.
·

It is suggested to prepare a sort of a prospectus listing different NAMA proposals for different
funding opportunities. This can be used to discuss with potential partners at early stages, in order
to identify potential areas for collaboration.

Institutional arrangements for mitigation actions in Lao PDR·

SectionⅡ

Conclusions
In recent years, Lao PDR has engaged in making their institutional arrangement by establishing
the National Environment Committee (NEC), the Climate Change Office (CCO), the Department ofDisaster Management and Climate Change (DDMCC), and a Technical Working Group on Climate
Change (TWGCC), that in a top-down manner involves the participation of the Vice prime ministerand representatives from 14 ministries.
·

In tandem to the formulation of the climate change strategy, the Climate Change Action Plan (20132020) has been formulated identifying key sectors.

SectionⅢ

Key messages·

A long history of experiences in mitigation actions and interaction with partner organizations andinternational funders prompted the formation of the current institutional arrangement, where policy
and project formulation of all environment-related issues are centralized, in order to facilitateconsensus building and decision-making process.

·

It is expected that a solid institutional arrangement will facilitate development of policies, improve
the technical capacity, facilitate the interaction with external organizations, and will help organize
the MRV process. In order to do this, continuous adjustments and feedback are needed.

Recent NAMA-related projects and activities in Mongolia
Conclusions·

NAMA has been assigned a key role in the transformation to a low-carbon society in Mongolia, byidentifying mitigation options at an early stage. Preparation of NAMA proposals have derived inapplication to funds such as the NAMA Facility, announcement through the NAMA Registry, and97

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also through active search of alternative international support schemes such as the JCM.
·

Barriers of NAMA implementation were also identified highlighting lack of capacity and institutionalarrangements, limited market diffusion of energy efficient technologies, lack of accessible funding
schemes, etc.

·

Small to middle scale JCM projects in association with the private sector will be possible througha finance scheme in partnership with ADB, specifically a two-step loan with the JCM leap-frog
finance.

Key Messages·

The government is engaged in policy formulation aiming at a reform in their energy sector, throughenergy options such as energy efficiency (EE) standards, retrofitting of existing buildings andproviding insulation to traditional dwellings. A package of EE-based policies including the draft
Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation Law, and Green Development Strategy comprises these
efforts.

SectionⅠ·

Proactive coordination between government, international donors, and local banks can lead toa creation of incentive schemes for the participation of the private sector, such as the creationof loan programs with preferential interest rates, or the creation of a dedicated governmentled development fund acting as a second floor bank. Partial absorption of inherent risks by thegovernment is key.

SectionⅡ

Fostering investment in biomass waste-to-energy technologies– The case of Peru
Conclusions·

Design of financial mechanisms is emerging as one of the core elements of successful NAMA
development.

·

Analysis of the renewable energy potential has determined that biomass waste-to-energy activities
have the potential to expand electrification in rural areas of Peru. This option has the potential to
add value to agro and forestry production and processing and to increase energy access in rural
areas.

SectionⅢ·

The objective of this NAMA is to generate sustainable energy from biomass waste to promote rural
sustainable development while contributing to achieve Peru’s renewable energy target and global
climate change mitigation.

Key Messages·

The agricultural context allowed for the creation of innovative policies, programs and plans tofinance the development of the renewable energy sector, including waste-to-energy technologies.
More specifically, a renewable energy auction system for large-scale on-grid projects, and theestablishment of a financial infrastructure to support renewable energy projects through a
microcredit scheme.

·

Awareness among stakeholders proved to be of importance in the sense that knowledge ofpotentials and benefits can increase participation in projects and programs.

·

The creation of a guarantee fund can minimize the high-risk perception of waste-to-energy projects.
This fund can provide credit risk guarantees and risk mitigation structures to enable local banks
and finance institutions to provide long-term loans at more attractive terms. At the same time, it can
act as a co-financer or provide result-based finance.

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Conclusions and key messages

Prioritization of NAMAs in the waste sector of Vietnam
Conclusions·

Being one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts, Vietnam has engaged
proactively in preparing policies, programs and strategies to deal with climate change. As part ofthese efforts the government also released a specific regulation approving the development of
NAMA framework and implementation of NAMAs in Vietnam.

·

A very weak data gathering system and lack of trained personnel makes a challenge to work inprojections of scenarios. However, based on two different studies, two different business-as-usual
scenarios on future GHG emissions in the waste sector have been developed. In order to fulfill thegap on data gathering, a questionnaire survey has been distributed to semi-public entities in chargeof solid waste collection.

Key messages·

A specifically designed survey has been distributed to entities in charge of solid waste collection,

SectionⅠin order to determine up-to-date information. It also served as a key reference to develop lists ofwaste treatment technologies to develop NAMA scenarios. However, successful adoption of a
specific technology depends on a series of factors.
·

Conduction of surveys might be helpful but is no replacement for a data gathering system.
Development of a comprehensive database and a solid data gathering system is required. This isstrongly linked with development of the MRV system.

SectionⅡ

How to upgrade from a PoA to a NAMA? The case of clean cooking in Peru
Conclusions·

Some discussions have started on the possibility to upgrade PoA to NAMAs. Microsol’s climate
mitigation projects are an example of a social-business conducting the introduction of improved
cookstoves through result based finance.

·

Project consists in an installation-follow up-maintenance-spare parts replacement in a virtuous
cycle that successfully conducted VPAs and verification under the Voluntary Gold Standard.
Participation of the private sector was partly motivated through CSR commitments.

·

Sustainability of the project is linked with financing and duration of the cookstoves. In this sense,

SectionⅢ·

showing the multiple benefits of the project is important. There is a great potential for scaling up
clean cooking activities in Peru, because the potential for emissions reduction is also considerable.
·

Characteristics of NAMAs seem to show that PoA can be upgraded to NAMAs but more discussion
and diffusion of information is needed.

Key Messages·

This example shows that working with mitigation actions might be challenging, but with someinnovativeness and stakeholders involvement, it is possible to set up complementary public-private
partnerships that benefit all participants, especially the project recipients which in this case are themost poverty affected people of the country side of Peru.

·

Success of the project is in part due to support obtained by the government that has createda subsidy and funding program, NGOs, regional governments and support from international
financers.

·

Information and knowledge is available. The project has worked with Gold Standard methodologies

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to account GHG emissions reduction.
·

Up to date information has been further collected through qualitative surveys that year to year has
been adjusted to improve the accuracy. Technology plays its part since use of tablets in surveys
has been conducted in order to reduce errors.

Developing countries are taking the lead in climate change mitigation
through NAMAs
Conclusions·

The Low Emission Capacity Building (LECB) Programme of the UNDP has worked in the last 4 years
with 25 developing countries to support national development plans while helping to integrate lowcarbon and sustainable development goals. As a result they have gathered a remarkable pool ofknowledge in relation to NAMA practices.

·

In spite of the low pace of international negotiations, voluntary national and subnational

SectionⅠ

commitments are emerging to reduce GHG emissions seem to show a positive direction towards thepost-2020 climate regime.
·

Based on experiences in different fronts by developing countries, confidence is increasing, andwith the possibility to scale-up funding from sources such as the Green Climate Fund, it is believedthat NAMAs will continue to play an important role in the formation of low-carbon societies.

Key messages·

Despite the inexistence of official instructions on NAMAs from the UNFCCC, limited access to

SectionⅡsupport schemes, etc. developing countries have recognized the benefits of implementing NAMAs,
and they are actively experimenting with NAMAs in different contexts and according to theirpriorities.
·

In terms of NAMA design, national appropriateness is important as well as a properly studied
finance and technological viability, a reliable and efficient MRV system, full participation fromstakeholders including a champion who can lead the process.

·Appropriately conducted identification of NAMA options and prioritization is required, and oncethe project is selected, support from the government is key. This has to be complemented with

SectionⅢ

awareness raising, training programs, etc.
·

In terms of MRV, a well-designed MRV system is required to reflect progress in the reduction of
GHG emissions, non-emission impacts, and financial support. At the same time, it can support
international reporting requirements or the design of intended nationally determined contributions,for instance.

·

MRV should not be overly burdensome and it has to have a clear objective. Depending on thecircumstances, the objective varies between countries.

·

In terms of institutional arrangement, the following elements are crucial: i) extensive coordination
between stakeholders, ii) minimized conflict of interests, iii) clearly defined roles, and iv) politicalcommitment and alignment with national priorities.

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OECC (2015). The NAMA Guidebook. 2nd. Edition. Published by OECC, Japan; pp. ZZ-YY.
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NAMA Guidebook ─ Second Edition

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NAMA Guidebook
Manual for practitioners
working with mitigation actions