AMEGEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment

GAME Letter
TOWARD GAME OBJECTIVES
Tetsuzo Yasunari
University of Tsukuba
yasunari@atm.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp
The human life, economics, agriculture andecosystem in Asia/Australia region depend deeply
upon the monsoon climate and its variability. Droughts
and floods associated with the monsoon rainfall
variability frequently cause serious damages for thehuman life and ecosystem in these regions. The
seasonal forecasting of monsoon rainfall and the controlof water has been a matter of great concern for thepeople and countries in these regions.
On the other hand, the Asian summer and wintermonsoon plays a major role in the global climate system
and its variability, through the energy and hydrologicalcycle in the atmosphere-ocean-land system of thisregion. The interannual variability of the Asian monsoon
plays a key role on triggering and modulating the ENSO
in the equatorial Pacific. The variability of the monsoon,in turn, is likely to be strongly affected by the landsurface processes (snow cover, soil moisture etc.) overthe Eurasian continent.
The GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment(GAME) was started in 1996, as part of GEWEX(Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) under
WCRP (World Climate Research Programme), tounderstand the role of the Asian monsoon as a major
component of the global energy and water cycle, andto understand the feedback processes, i.e., radiation,
cloud, precipitation and land surface hydrology, in thediurnal cycle, and intra-seasonal, seasonal to interannual
variabilities of the Asian monsoon. To assess the impactof the large-scale Asian monsoon variability on
regional or basin-scale hydrological cycle and water
resources is another essential objective of GAME.
In 1998, GAME Intensive Observing Period (IOP)
was implemented, which included the enhanced
radiosonde observations during the summer monsoon
season at more than 110 upper air staions in the Asianmonsoon countries. Three regional experiments withintensive observation of the surface energy andhydrological processes were also conducted in
Thailand (GAME-Tropics), Huai-he river basin ofcentral China (GAME-HUBEX) and Tibetan Plateau

No. 1

January 2000

(GAME-Tibet). The surface hydro-meteorologicalprocesses in the cryosphere of east Siberia (GAMESiberia) was started synchronously with the IOP. In
1999 summer, the follow-up experiments to the IOP
1998 were implemented in GAME-Tropics and
HUBEX region. As part of GAME-AAN (Asian AWS
Network), the long-term monitoring of the surface
radiation and energy fluxes has been continued at about
10 stations covering from the Arctic coast in Siberia
down to the tropical monsoon forest in Thailand.
The data collection, archive and dissimilation havebeen under way as part of GAME Archive
Information Network (GAIN). Based upon the dataobtained through these experiments and monitoring,regional atmospheric and hydrological modeling activity
has started in each region as well as the whole Asianmonsoon region. The four-dimensional data
assimilation (4DDA) of the IOP data set is starting at
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and theMeteorological Research Institute (MRI).
In this sense, the GAME research activity has
just started. I do believe that this GAME News will
provide a very good and unique opportunity for
introduction of the overall GAME activity andexchange of information among the international
community of GAME.

SUMMARY AND TOPICS OF HUBEXINTENSIVE FIELD OBSERVATIONS
Yasushi Fujiyoshi
Institute of Low Temperature Science
Hokkaido University
andKazuhisa Tsuboki
Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric
Sciences, Nagoya University
tsuboki@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp
The energy and water cycle in the subtropicalmonsoon region of the East Asia is characterized
largely by Baiu/Meiyu front in summer. It is one ofsubtropical fronts and a unique subsystem of the Asianmonsoon. Cloud/ precipitation systems in Various scale
are formed in this frontal zone and play major role in
the energy and water cycle in this region. One ofAME

2subjects in GAME/HUBEX is to study the evolutionof mesoscale cloud system. Main objectives of thisstudy are to clarify roles of a mesoscale cloud system
in time variation of regional-scale energy and water
cycle and to reveal evolution of a mesoscale cloudsystem and its response to time variation of land-surface
system. In this article, We will summarize contents ofthe HUBEX Intensive Field Observations which were
performed in 1998 and 1999 and some topics fromthese observations.
1. Intensive field observation in 1998
In 1998, HUBEX group performed meteorologicalobservation from May to August, the surface fluxes
observations in each season and the intensive fieldobservation of meteorology and hydrology in June andJuly (Baiu season). The following universities andinstitutions were participated: Hokkaido University,
Nagoya University, Kyoto University, Japan, China
Meteorological Administration, National Climate
Center, Meteorological Bureau of Anhui Province,
Huaihe River Commission, Beijing University, andNanjing University, China. Main observations are as
follows:・radiosonde observations at 21 points 4 times a day,・weather-radar observations at 6 points,
・Doppler radar observations at Shou-xian, Feng-tai
and Huai-nan,・dense raingauge observations,・and flux observations in paddy field, farmland, forest and lake.
During the intensive field observation, a recordbreaking flood occurred in the Yangtze River region.
A large amount of important data was obtained bythese field observations.
2. Intensive field observation in 1999
HUBEX group also performed meteorologicalobservation in 1999: the surface flux observations andthe intensive field observation of meteorology andhydrology in June and July (Baiu season). Mainobservations are as follows:・radiosonde observations at 15 points 4 times a day,・weather-radar observations at Fuyang,・Doppler radar observations at Shou-xian and Fengtai,
・dense raingauge observations,
・AWS long-term monitoring,・and flux observations.
The long-term monitoring of the surface fluxes is
continued since the last year. Synoptic-scale situation

GAME Letter No. 1
was largely different from the last Baiu season. During
the intensive field observation, several types ofprecipitation were observed. In particular, precipitation
was significant during the period from 21 June to 8
July 1999.
3. Internal structure and evolution of a meso-α scale convective system in a Meiyu Front
A meso-α-scale convective system was formed
and developed over the radar network of HUBEX on
29-30 June 1998. Heavy rainfall was caused by thesystem in some region with a maximum amount ofprecipitation being grater than 350 mm. Radarobservation showed that six distinct meso-Beta-scaleconvective clusters had evolved in the meso-α-scaleconvective system. Each convective cluster consistedof one or several convective rainbands.
4. Squall line observed on 16 July 1998
After the Meiyu front moved to the north of thearea, a high controlled over the basin. During the period
from 11 to 19 July, convective clouds developed in theafternoon everyday. Organized convective clouds anda squall line were observed by Doppler radars. The
convection was very much intense and the echo top
height occasionally reached more than 17 km in height.
The convective clouds were sometimes organized intoa rainband. The squall line was one of the mostsignificant event observed on 16 July 1998. A line
structure was observed and it moved from thesouthwest to the northeast. The leading edge was clear
in a vertical cross section and a rear-inflow wassignificant. When the squall line passed over the
Doppler radar site, intense echo and lightening wereobserved.
5. HUBEX data center
The data obtained from the HUBEX fieldobservations will be stored at National Climate Center,
Beijing, China as well as Nagoya University, Japan,
with regional 4DDA data and satellite data (GMS,
NOAA, TRMM). All of data will be open for GAMEregistered researchers after 1 October 2000.
6. Workshop on Meso-scale Systems in Meiyu/Baiu
Front and Hydrological Cycle
In order to exchange research results by HUBEX,
we had the workshop in 3-9 November 1999 at Xi’an,
China. Sessions organized in this workshop were as
follows:
Session 1: Multi-scale aspects, and energy and water

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cycle of Meiyu/Baiu front,
Session 2: Meso-scale cloud system,
Session 3: Boundary layer fluxes, radiation and energy
budget,Session 4: Remote sensing in the study of energy andwater cycle,
Session 5: Hydrological model, its coupling with regional
meteorological model and 4DDA.
Many researchers presented in each session andfruitful discussion was carried out in this workshop.

reported at the above two meetings.
The surface energy budget studies point out theimbalance of net radiation (Rn) with soil heat flux (G)and sensible (H) and latent (lE) heat fluxes observedby using the eddy correlation method. The residual,
Rn-H-lE that is G, reaches to 300W/m2 on a typicalsunny day. The value is much greater than usual. This
type of imbalance was obtained not only at one site
but at several ones. This issue should be fixed throughfurther careful data quality check. The estimated valueof Qs by using the diurnal variation of the surface
atmospheric pressure fell down abruptly at the onsetof the monsoon.
The 3D Doppler radar was deployed for TRMM
PR validation. The horizontal scale and height of echo
from the TRMM PR are consistent with those by theground-based radar, while the reflectivity values of PR
is 7 dB larger than those by the ground-based radar.
Meso-scale vortices were often observed in vigorous
convective clouds by using the ground-based radar, as
shown in Fig. 1. Rainbands were sometimes observed.
In many cases, the rainbands extended from thesouthwest to the northeast. Clear decrease of
precipitation as a function of latitude was found, but
no significant relation was found with altitude by using
raingauge network.

START IN THE GAME-TIBET RESEARCH
PHASEToshio Koike
University of Tokyo
tkoike@hydra.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
The participants of the GAME-Tibet Pre-phase
Observing Period (POP) in 1997 and the Intensive
Observing Period (IOP) in 1998 is making great efforts
for analyzing the large amount of data obtained during
the POP and the IOP. The preliminary observational
results were reported at the First International
Workshop on GAME-Tibet in Xi'an, China, in January
1999, and the Third International Scientific Conference
on GEWEX in Beijing, China, in June 1999. This shortarticle introduces some of interesting phenomena

Fig.1 Meso-scale vortices observed by the 3D
Doppler radar.

Figure 2 shows the seasonal and spatial variationsof soil moisture and temperature profiles. Clear
tendency of permafrost characteristics along the northsouth line was identified. The large discrepancies ofthe soil temperature and moisture profiles and active
layer depth along the slope were observed. Sub-surface
flow is considered to play an important role on the
distributions of the hydrological parameters on the

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GAME Letter No. 1

hillslope.
Two characteristic features were reported basedon the analysis of precipitation isotope sampling data.
One is an overall large value of d-excess, which isoften used for estimating origin of water. The other isan increasing trend of d-excess during continuous
precipitation periods. A global isotope circulation model
was used for explaining these characteristics andsuggested the importance of cloud process for high dexcess value over the Tibetan Plateau.
TRMM Microwave Instrument(TMI) was used
for estimation of land-surface hydrological parameters.
The estimated snow physical temperature is in good
agreement with the observed surface temperature byusing the infrared thermometer, although the snow
depth has not been validated because the lack of theground-based snow depth data. The estimated soil
moisture corresponds reasonably to the soil moistureobserved by the TDR sensor at 4cm in depth. The
monthly averaged diurnal cycle of the land surface
physical temperature calculated by the proposed
algorithm shows the same pattern of the observed one
with several K bias. The daily averaged optical depthof the precipitation field derived from the TMI is ingood correspondence to the spatially averaged groundbased rain data in meso-scale.
Fig.2 Seasonal and spatial variations of soil moistureand temperature profiles.

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ENHANCED RAWINSONDE OBSERVATIONFOR GAME-TROPICS
Akira Watanabe
Fukushima University
may@db2.educ.fukushima-u.ac.jp
It is very important to investigate cloud variationsin the tropics. This is because heat sources in the tropics
are mostly due to condensation of heating generated
in a large number of convective clouds and driving thegeneral circulation. The Western Pacific is the mostcloud-developing region in the tropics. We started thefirst observation of GAME-Tropics in 1996 in
Thailand, and carried out intensive observation from
Apr.15 to Sep.15 in 1998 in Southeast Asia region.
We observed the upper-atmospheric structure by
rawinsonde four times a day at the Thai Meteorological
Department (TMD) observatory. In addition,enhanced rawinsonde observation was made four oreight times a day at Nongkhai and Sukhothai in
Thailand. We have analyzed these observation data
to examine the diurnal and seasonal variation in thetropics.
Figure 1 shows a time-height cross section oftemperature from Aug.27 to Sep.2, 1996 at Sukhothai.
We can find the typical diurnal variation of temperaturein the entire troposphere, and the other meteorologicalelements are similar situation during the rainy season.
However, the typical inversion layer appears to beabout 4 km above sea level during the dry season.
The diurnal variation of meteorological elements istypically under the inversion layer.

the typical 14-day periodic variation and strong
convective instability is indicated in the 28-day period.
On the other hand, Figure 3 indicates typical quasi-2day variation in the entire troposphere. We can findthe same situation all over the Indo-China Peninsula
during monsoon period.
We believe that these periodic changes are driveby the mixed Rossby gravity wave and diurnal
variation. The one-month variation is the well-known
so-called Madden-Julian (1972) oscillation, andKrishnamuriti and Ardanuy (1980) have alreadyshowed the half-month variation in meteorologicalelements around the Indian Ocean. The quasi-2-day
variation in convective activity over the Western
Pacific Ocean was shown by Takayabu et al. (1996).
The characteristics of composite features are very
similar to their investigations.

Fig.2 Time-height cross-section of equivalentpotential temperature(K) 28-day period in the
pre-monsoon period.

Fig.3 Time-height cross-section of equivalentpotential temperature(K) 34-day period in themature monsoon period.

oFig.1 Time-height cross-section of temperature ( C)from Aug.2700Z to Sep.0221Z, 1996 at
Sukhothai.

Figure 2 and 3 show the feature of equivalentpotential temperatures in a 28-day period in the premonsoon period and 34-day period in the mature
monsoon period which are composite using the spectraof 2, 3, 4 and 28 or 34 frequencies. Figure 2 indicates

References
Krishnamuriti, T. N. and P. Ardanuy , 1980: The 1020 day westward propagating mode and “breaks
in the monsoon”, Tellus, 32 15-26.
Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1972: Description of
global scale circulation cells in the tropics with a
40-50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109-1123.
Takayabu, Y. N., K. M. Lau and C. H. Sui, 1996:
Observation of a quasi-2-day wave during TOGACOARE, Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1892-1913.

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GAME Letter No. 1

STATUS OF GAME TROPICS AT THE END
1900’S
Taikan Oki
Institute of Industrial Science
University of Tokyo
taikan@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
1. Overview
As a part of GEWEX/GAME, the objective of
GAME-Tropics (GAME-T) is the quantitative
monitoring of the vapor flux, precipitation,
evapotranspiration, radiative flux, and of their seasonal,
intra-seasonal, and interannual variation in the southeast Asia. In order to accomplish this objective, various
field observations and data collections were planned
and implemented. The year 1998 was the Intensive
Observation Period (IOP) of GAME and organizedfield observations and data collections were carriedout in the target region. The observations during IOP
were generally successful and valuable data wereobtained. The data were examined and acomprehensive dataset is now under construction.
Following to the IOP year, additional observations wereplanned and mostly completed.
2. GAME-T Observations in 1999
Unlike other field experiments under GAME,GAME-T is still keeping the field observation systems
almost as same as that were held in the IOP year,
1998. Most of these observations are summarized in
the diagram.

3. Flux Measurements
There are three groups measuring the fluxes
between atmosphere and land surface. They are:・Kog-Ma forest tower site near ChiangMai by thegroup of Prof. Suzuki
・Sukhothai paddy field by the group of Prof. Aoki
・EGAT tower site by the group of Prof. Ohte
Basically, all of these groups had/will havecampaigns of enhanced flux measurements using eddy
correlation instruments etc. in May, August, November
1999, and March 2000. The group of Prof. Suzuki isalso contributing to the raingauge network in the
MaeChaem River Basin. The group of Prof. Aoki
had/will have short-term observations in various
vegetation types as he did in 1998. The target in 1999
will be teak forest.
4. Rawinsonde and GPS
Due to the extensive resource consumption, there
was no enhanced observation by rawinsonde at TMD
operational stations in 1999. Instead there will be anenhanced observation for two weeks at NongKhai in
January 2000. The target of the observation is to obtain
the diurnal cycle of the vertical structure in dry season
at NongKhai. Mainly for the measurements of theboundary layer of the lower atmosphere, intensive

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GAME Letter No. 1
observations were carried out at EGAT Tower station
during February 15th through March 3rd, 1999 by thegroup of Prof. Sugita. 4 or 5 rawinsonde were released
mainly during daytime and synchronized with NOAA/AVHRR, TRMM, and LANDSAT observations. GPS
observation will continue long-term at Bangkok and SiSamrong by the group of Prof. Kato.
5. Radar
Data recording and frequent monitoring of
precipitation by TMD operational radar was done at
ChiangMai in August 1999. The Omkoi radar of
BRRAA has been operated under their project named
Applied Atmospheric Resources Research Program(AARRP). It will finish in the year 1999 and it will be
operated under the dam operation project 2000-2005.
The new project has arose 1999-2005 for the rain
making research in the Northeastern region ofThailand. The new radar system has been installed at
Pi Mai and similar observation, more than 10 times
3D volume scan per hour for 24 hours associated with
air craft in-situ measurements, will be done. The
raingauge network as well as disdrometers will be
relocated to the Pi Mai radar range.
6. Radiometer and Lider
The observation by the precise radiometer and lidar
at Si Samrong by Prof. Nakajima and Prof. Takeuchi
is continuing in long range. The 11 radiometers were
installed all over Thailand, managed by Prof. Aoki and
the Agromet division of TMD, and were/will bemaintained in June and December 1999. They havethe target of long-term monitoring, as well.
7. Future Perspective
Prof. T. Koike introduced the following project
after the current GAME project. The proposed projectis called Coordinated Enhanced Observational Period(CEOP). The idea will be described in another article
or report, but the major concepts are as follows:
・The established observational system related to
GAME is precious. The system should be used forlong-term monitoring of the climate change and its
variability in the GAME target regions.
・The GAME project is emerging new research
activities in the regions and such kind of activities
should be continued.
・The ground observation systems are important for
the validation of satellite measurements. In the year
from 2001 through 2002 will be the era of Earth
Observing System (EOS) and the heritage of

GEWEX/GAME field measurement framework willcontributed.
In the discussion at the GAME-T Workshop in
Kanchanaburi in March 1999, the proposal was
warmly accepted with positive comments. CEOP isplanned to start in the year 2001 and will be discussed
in detail in the GAME-T workshop which will be held
near Bangkok in March 2000.

QUICK RESEARCH REPORTAPPLICATION OF SIB2 TO
GAME-TROPICS IOP98 DATA
Takashi Arai, Wonsik Kin, Taikan Oki
andKatumi Musiake
Institute of Industrial Science
University of Tokyo
taikan@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
SiB2 (Sellers et al., 1996) is one of the latest Land
Surface Model, and the source code of the onedimensional version of SiB2 is opened to the public.
Compared with the original SiB, the new version isincorporated with a realistic canopy photosynthesisconductance model in order to describe thesimultaneous transfer of CO2 and water vapor intoand out from the vegetation.
In this study, SiB2 was applied to the observational
data at a tropical paddy field. These data wascollected by micrometeorological observational
system over paddy field in Sukhothai, Thailand during
GAME-T IOP. Flux data were calculated by the
Bowen-Ratio Method using net radiation, soil heat
flux, water heat storage and temperature and water
vapor at two height.
Comparison of simulated heat fluxes withobserved values on 21st and 22nd October in 1998
(LAI=5) is shown in Fig. 1. Latent heat flux (LE)and sensible heat flux (H) were well simulated, andsimulated ground heat flux (G) is almost equal to thesum of observed G and water heat storage (W). In
this case, daiural variation of the heat fluxes were
well simulated by SiB2.Comparison of simulated heat
fluxes with observed values on 21st and 22nd August
in 1998 (LAI=1) is shown in Fig. 2. LE isunderestimated and H is overestimated, and simulated
G is also larger than the sum of observed G and W. In
the case of small LAI, exchange of energy and water

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Fig. 1 Comparison of the heat fluxes simulated byoriginal SiB2 with observed values at
Sukhothai paddy field (LAI=5), October 1998.
Rn:net radiation, LE: latent heat flux,
H:sensible heat flux, G:ground heat
flux,W:water heat storage.

is conducted mainly at water surface under canopy
layers. Therefore, evaporation from water surface islarge. On the contrary, in SiB2, capacity of surface
water storage is too small to store enough water
realistically. As a result, soil surface becomes dry
quickly, evaporation from surface is suppressed, andLE is underestimated.

temperature independently and then a heat balance
equation is revised for representing realistic water heatstorage at paddy and the heat flux from water surface.
In the test run by SiB2-Pad, variation of water
depth was simulated well by adjusting soil conductivity.
Simulated water temperature was a little
underestimated during night time, but was much close
to observed values compared with ground surface
temperature simulated by original SiB2.
Comparison of the heat fluxes simulated by SiB2Pad with observed values on 21st and 22nd August in
1998 (LAI=1) is shown in Fig. 3. LE and H were
simulated well. As the result, the heat fluxes are also
well simulated under small LAI by SiB2-Pad, andestimations of the heat fluxes over paddy field havebecome possible in all of the year. Since the paddy
field is one of popular land cover in the South East
Asia, such a modification to a land surface model
should be relevant for the various scales of modelingstudy in the region. The developed SiB2-Pad is now
under coupling with a GCM and a regional climate
model for further investigations of the energy andwater cycles.

Fig.3 Same as Fig. 2 but simulated by SiB2-Pad.

Fig.2 Same as Fig. 1 but for August 1998, LAI=1.

In order to make up for these defects, SiB2-Pad
in which water body is taken into account wasdeveloped. In original SiB2, surface water storage isfor puddle storage, but in SiB2-Pad,is corresponded
to paddy field, soil surface is prevented from being
dry and surface water storage is evaluated realistically.
Further, water temperature is made from groundAcknowledgments
The authors would like to extend their best thanks
to Prof. M. Aoki for his efforts to collect the energy
and water fluxes data at Sukhothai paddy field usedin this note.
References
Sellers, P.J., D.A. Randall, G.J. Collatz, J.A. Berry,
C.B. Field, D.A. Dazlich, C. Zhang, G.D. Collelo,
and L. Bounoua, 1996:A revised land surface
parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs.

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GAME Letter No. 1
Part 1: Model Formulation. J. Climate, 9, 676-705.
Arai, T., W. Kim, T. Oki, and K. Musiake, 2000:
Application of SiB2 to a tropical paddy field andinclusion of water body, Annual Journal of
Hydraulic Engineering, Japan Society of Civil
Engineers, submitted.

GAME-SIBERIA
Tetsuo Ohata
Institute of Low Temperature Science
Hokkaido University
ohata@pop.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp
1. Present status
The in-situ local scale observation in Lena Riverbasin faced its 3rd year. Data analysis and modelling
activities are proceeding.
2. Progress to now
During the 1996-1999, the following results havebeen obtained.
(1) Full year observation of the land-surface heat/water exchange in local sites at flat taiga: The
seasonal progress of heat (water) fluxes wereclarified. Influence of the snow cover seemed to
be low during snow covered season, evaporationrose clearly in relation to blooming of the trees.
Evaporation amount during this few years seemto be lower than the result of past studies.
(2) Full year patch scale and drainage scale observation
at tundra area facing Arctic Ocean: Biased
distribution of snow cover characterizes runoff.
Unexpected high runoff occurred in August in
1997 and 1999, but not yet explained. Thaw depth
has rather high variability within small area, which
may regulate subsurface flow. Surface heat fluxes
depends upon wind system in this region.
(3) Application of stable isotope to understand thewater exchange in the land-surface system: Thismethod is very fruitful for tracking the movementof water and speculating large scale water
movement.
(4) Development and evaluation of water circulation
model in the drainage scale in permafrost zones:
Existing model can simulate the runoff fairly well
for winter but not yet for the annual cycle.
(5) Development of atmosphere-vegetation-groundsystem model in permafrost zones: One
dimensional model were tested to taiga condition

9and seem to be applicable with slight tuning.
(6) Obtain information on vegetation conditions, snow
cover characteristics and soil moisture fromsatellite data.: Study on vegetation and snow coveris being made(7) Collect and archive past hydro-meteorologicaldataset, and satellite data.
(8) Establish long-term automatic observation system:
Tower and mast observation systems are perfectly
functioning under severe cold condition.
(9) Large scale water budget analysis: Analysis of
atmospheric water budget based on objective–
analysis shows that strong convergence year seemto be proceeded by high evaporation year.
(10)Large scale hydrological model: The two have beentested to the Lena River Basin. Both have limited
applicability yet.
2. Year 2000 IOP
The overall objective of the Intensive Observation
Period (IOP) is to “study the seasonal evolution ofwater/energy dynamics in the forested area
predominating in Siberia”
2.1 Following new measures will be undertaken in theyear 2000:(1)The water/heat exchange work will be extended
to different surfaces such as sparse forest, younger
larch forest and grassland.
(2)Aircraft will be used to measure the spatial
distribution of the sensible and vapor fluxes, andrelated surface parameters.
(3)A one-dimensional heat/water exchange model anda meso-scale atmospheric model will be tested
against the spatial data of these various sites tocheck their performance and applicability.
(4)Processes related to land water storage (lake) inthis region will be examined.
2.2 Questions to be answered.
(a)What are the response characteristics of theSiberian land surface to seasonal variation inatmospheric forcing? How is the influence of snow
cover, permafrost and vegtation differ?
(b)Can existing atmosphere, land surface models
simulate Siberian condition?
2.3 Site and period.
Target study area is north of the Yakutsk areaconnecting the Spasskaya Pad area and the Tungulu
area(alas area) during April to June 2000.

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2.4 Main observation system to be employed.
Surface: Left bank(Spasskaya): 2 forest towers (larch,
pine)
Right bank(Tunguru): 1 forest tower, 2-3 grass land
masts
Aircraft: Mean meteorological values, fluxes (fastresponse wind, temp., humidity), Isotope andCO2.
Enhanced radiosonde observation: 5 sites in vicinityof Yakutsk.

Sensible heat flux

200

Latent heat flux
Ground heat flow
including snow melt
Missing

100
0
-100

No snow& no leaves

Snowcovered

FoliatingOpening
leaves

Falling ( ? )2530Bowen ratioAirtemperature

20
Bowen Ratio

1. Introduction
The objective of GAME-AAN (Asian Automaticweather station Network) is to monitor the seasonal
and annual variations of surface fluxes of momentum,
heat, and radiation as well as variation of soil moistureon the continental scale, as the part of GAME scientificactivities. GAME-AAN also supports the regional
studies, particularly their intensive field experiments.

Net radiation

20

15

10

10

0

5

-10

0

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Air Temperature ( ℃ )Energy Flux (W m -2)

300

RESULTS OF GAME-IOP ’98
FROM GAME-AAN
Shin Miyazaki, Michiaki Sugita,
Tetsuzo Yasunari
Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba
shin@erc2.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp
andOsamu Tsukamoto
Department of Earth Sciences
Okayama University

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1998

Seasonal Variation in Energy Blancein the Larch Forest, Eastern Siberia
Latent heat is corrected by the relation between
eddy method and budget method

Fig.1 The location map of GAME-AAN sites.

GAME-AAN has 16 Automatic Weather Stations(AWSs) installed in Eurasian Continent from autumn
in 1996 as shown in Fig. 1. Prior to GAME-IOP ’98,
most of the AWSs were in operation. We adopted six
types of AWSs for our observation. A Portable
Automated Methonet (PAM) III station being
developed at National Center for AtmosphericResearch (NCAR) in U.S., was chosen to use for thehalf of the AWSs network at Arvaikheer (Mongolia,
grassland), Shouxian (China, paddy), MS3478 (Amdo,
China-Tibet, grassland), MS3637 (Naqu, China-Tibet,
grassland) and Tak (E-GAT, Thailand, tropical bush

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NPAM-met
14

10
9

12

8
10

8

6

6

Mixing Ratio (g/kg)

Air Temperature (℃)

7

5
4

4

T
MR

3
2
2

258

255

249
252

246

240
243

237

234

228
231

225

219
222

216

213

207
210

204

201

195
198

192

186
189

183

165

152
155

149

142
145

139

134

128
131

0

-2

1
0

DOY

Fig.2 Time series of daily mean values of air
temperature and mixing ratio at MS3478 inTibetan Plateau during GAME-IOP ’98.
NPAM-Soil Moisture and Precipitation
35

80

30

70

60

50
20

Soil moisture (%)

Precipitation (mm)

25

40
15
30

P
Sm1

10
20

5

10

255
258

252

249

246

240
243

237

234

231

225
228

222

219

216

210
213

207

204

201

195
198

192

189

183
186

165

155

152

145
149

142

139

134

0
128
131

0
DOY

Fig.3 Time series of daily precipitation and surface
soil moisture observed at MS3478 in Tibetan
Plateau during GAME-IOP ’98.
NPAM-Flux
350

300

250

200
LE
H
RN

150

100

50

258

255

252

249

246

243

240

237

234

231

228

225

222

219

216

213

210

207

204

201

198

195

192

189

186

183

165

155

152

149

145

142

139

134

0
131

Heat Budget (W/㎡)

2. Results
Here we report only the result observed in Tibetan
Plateau during GAME-IOP ’98, because thecontinuous surface flux data was obtained from PAM
III at the MS3478. From this observation, we canfind the seasonal march of the surface heat fluxes in
the pre-monsoon season and the maturing phase of
monsoon. Previous studies show that permafrost haslarge impact to the surface energy budget over the
Tibetan Plateau, and the energy and water cycles overthis region play an important role in the Asian monsoon
system.
Figure 2 shows the time series of daily meanvalues of air temperature and mixing ratio. Abrupt
increase of mixing ratio occurred in late June, with
one week lag to the abrupt increase of air temperature.
Air temperature decreased suddenly in late August
but the mixing ratio decreased rapidly in early
September. Figure 3 shows the time series of daily
precipitation and daily mean soil moisture. It has thelarge amount of precipitation from late June to lateAugust, which has been considered as the maturephase of monsoon. From Fig. 3, the onset and theoffset of monsoon were the middle June and early
September, respectively. Although the soil moisturedecreased from 40% to 30% during pre-monsoon, it
has increased from 30% to 40% during monsoon. The
soil of this site was nearly saturated, because thepermafrost under the ground played as impermeable
layer. Therefore the increase of soil moisture was not
so sensible to the precipitation.

128

forest). The MS3478 and MS3637 were operated onlyin the period of GAME-IOP’98 and they have been
moved to Linze (China, desert) and Toutouhue (ChinaTibet, grassland), respectively since 1999. PAM III
has a 3D sonic anemometer and a hygrothermometerto determine surface turbulent fluxes of momentum,
heat and water vapor by applying an eddy correlation
technique and bandpass covariance method,respectively. PAM III also has the capability to transmit
the data via a geostationary satellite. This capability
can allow real time monitoring the status of PAM III
at the same time data acquisition. However, currently
only one station in Mongolia uses this data transmission.
An Automatic Climate Observation System (ACOS)
was chosen for two AWSs at Tiksi (Tundra) andYakutsuk (Taiga) in Siberia. This system is designed
for snowy-low temperature condition. Another typesof AWSs was chosen at MS3608 (Naqu), D110, D66,
and Toutouhe on the grassland in Tibetan Plateau.
These systems were previously used for the Heife Riverbasin experiment. In Thailand, AWSs were installedat Sukhothai (paddy field) and Kog Ma (monsoon
forest). At Syangboche (Himarayan mountain) in
Nepal the AWS has been operated by the CREH since
1994.

-50
DOY

Fig.4 Time series of daily mean heat balance
observed at MS3478 in Tibetan Plateau
during GAME-IOP ’98.

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GAME Letter No. 1

Figure 4 shows the time series of daily mean valuesof heat budget. In pre-monsoon, the sensible heat flux
and latent heat flux were almost same value, however,the latent heat became about three times of sensible
heat flux in monsoon. It made the abrupt increase of
mixing ratio because of large amount of precipitation.

GAME-RADIATION ACTIVITIES
Teruyuki Nakajima
Center for Climate System Research
The University of Tokyo
teruyuki@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp
The GAME-Radiation Activities study the radiationbudget in the Asian region through surface
measurements and satellite remote sensing. For thispurpose, two high-precision radiation sites have been
established since 1997 at Sri-Samrong, Thailand andShou-Xian, China under multi-country collaboration ofJapan, Thailand and China. Shortwave and longwave
radiative fluxes are measured at these sites, as well
as auxiliary data for evaluating the theoretical radiationbudget from a sky radiometer, GPS sensor, and MPL
lidar (only at the Sri-Samrong site). Data from thesesites, which are archived at Center for Environmental
Remote Sensing of Chiba University and Center for
Climate System Research of the University of Tokyo,
now start providing useful information forunderstanding the magnitude of radiative budget inthese regions. A preliminary analysis showed that theobserved surface shortwave radiation budget at the
Sri-Samrong is well reconstructed from theoreticalwater vapor and aerosol radiative forcings. The
magnitude of the aerosol forcing was evaluated aslarge as 40 W/m2 in the period of January – March of
1998. It will be extremely useful to continue such study
at several sites in Asia including these sites, since thesurface radiation budget is scarcely understood overcontinental scale area of Asia. Especially accurate
evaluation of the climate forcing of anthropogenic
aerosols is important, as revealed by the large
Indonesian forest fire event in 1997. In this event the
total burnt area was estimated as 552 kha (Liew etal., 1999) and aerosol emission as 5.6 Mton (Nakajima
et al., 1999).
These two radiation sites in Thailand and China
are at the same time ‘super sites’ in a sky radiometer
network in Asia, called SKYNET, which has been
established by university scientists and National Space

Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). Main sites
are as listed in Table 1, where the sky radiance anddownward shortwave radiative flux are observed. The
Shou-Xian site has been replace from 1999 by a Hefei
site to continue a long-term measurement of thesurface radiation budget.
Satellite remote sensing studies are also an
important activity of the GAME-Radiation Activities.
An algorithm has been developed for retrieving thesurface radiation budget from GMS satellite. A
preliminary study showed that monthly mean valuesof downward shortwave radiative flux from the satellite
well agree with surface-measured values at SKYNET
sites. Further improvement of the satellite algorithm is
now being tried with introduction of global distributionsof optical thickness and Ångstöm exponent of aerosols
over ocean derived from a two channel method of
AVHRR and ADEOS/OCTS (Nakajima and Higurashi,
1998; Higurashi et al., 2000).
Table 1: Radiation data archives by the GAMERadiation.
Site Archive period____________________________________________________________________High Precision Sites
A1 Si-Samrong (17.17N, 99.87E) 1997/06 1998/06
A2 Shou-Xian (32.55N, 116.78E) 1997/12-1998/10
SKYNET
B1 DunHuang (40.16N, 94.80E) 1998/10
B2 Hentona (26.86N, 128.25E) 1996/03-1997/07(stopped)
B3 Mandalgovi (45.59N, 106.19E)
1998/07-08
B4 Minamitorishima (24.30N, 153.97E) 1997/10-1998/07(stopped)
B5 Niigata (35.74N, 139.32E) 1997-1998 (stopped)
B6 Tsukuba (36.01N, 140.01E) 1995/07 -1997/09
B7 Lhasa (40.14N, 94.66E)
1998/08-10
B8 Yinchuan (38.48N, 106.22E) 1997/12-1998/07____________________________________________________________________

References
Higurashi, A., T. Nakajima, B. N. Holben, A. Smirnov,
R. Frouin, B. Chatenet, 2000: A Study of Global
Aerosol Optical Climatology with Two Channel
AVHRR Remote Sensing, J. Climate, in press.

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GAME Letter No. 1
Liew, S. C., L. K. Kwoh, K. Padmanabhan, O. K. Lim,and H. Lim, 1999: Delineating land/forest fire burnt
scars with ERS interferometric synthetic apertureradar. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2409-2412.
Nakajima, T., and A. Higurashi, 1998: A use of twochannel radiances for an aerosol characterization fromspace. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3815-3818.
Nakajima, T., A. Higurashi, N. Takeuchi, and J. R.
Harman, 1999: Satellite and ground-based study of
optical properties of 1997 Indonesian forest fireaerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2421-2424.

Fig.1 A high precision radiation site at SriSamrong,Thailand.

GAIN (GAME ARCHIVE
AND INFORMATION NETWORK)
Kiyotoshi Takahashi
Climate Research Department
Meteorological Research Institute, JMA
ktakahas@mri-jma.go.jp
As many countries are involved in the GAME
project, data policy has been one of important issues.
We have reached the agreement about the data policy
at the GAME International Science Panel (GISP) at
Tokyo in January 1998.
According to the guideline adopted at the GISP, thetime schedule of data dissemination is as follows.
1.Data obtained as part of the observations during the
IOP will be made available according to the following
schedule.
・By the end of June 1999 (6 months after the IOP), forthe participating institutes and scientists.

・By the end of June 2000 (one year later), for theinternational research community.
2.Data obtained as part of the GAME observations
during the non-IOP will be made available according to the following schedule.
・By the end of one year after the observation, forthe participating institutes and scientists.
・By the end of two years after the observation,
for the international research community.
However, I have to note that there exist some
exceptions in the above schedule.
The first case is HUBEX. The schedule for data
open is as follows.
・After one year for HUBEX-related researchers
・Two years for GAME-related researchers・Three years for GEWEX-related researchers(International research Communities)
The second is data for Tibetan region.
Observations in Tibetan Plateau were conductedby following three groups,
GAME-Tibet (one component of GAME),
TIPEX (Chinese national research program)
JEXAM (Japanese research program supported
by STA of Japan).
Data policy for Tibetan data has been discussed
in the JCC(Joint Coordinate Committee) which wascomposed of three groups above-mentioned.
The latest agreements concerning data policy
are as follows.
1.Data policy of GAME-Tibet is the same as the
GAME general policy.
2.In the case of TIPEX and JEXAM,
・After one and two years data will be opened to
JCC members depending on the data level.
・After three years, data will be opened tointernational research communities.
As for the systems of data archiving, GAME
archive and information network (GAIN) consists
GAME Archive & Information Network (GAIN)
GAIN-Hub

DAACs

http://gain-hub.mri-jma.go.jp

Distributed Active Archive Center

Information & Catalogue
Selected datasets

datasets & related information
FTP, WWW

Linkage
via Internet( ftp, http )Research Community

CD-ROM , MT

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GAME Letter No. 1

Current status of GAIN DAAC
Data

DAAC
GAIN-Hub・GAME Data Catalogue Information
・
4DDA data (Objective analysis data & 2-D physical monitor data)・Linkage to other DAAC for data provision
Intensive Radio-sonde data

Radar data at Chiang Mai, Phitsanulok, Khon Kaen

Hydrological and meteorological routine data

Tropics

Micro meteorological observation data(a) Flux observation at sukhothai paddy field(b) Solar radiation at 11 TMD agrometeorological stations(c) Flux observation at kog-Ma (hill evergreen forest)(d) Flux observation at EGAT Tower(GAME-AAN/AWS,Flux-PAM data)

・Satellite data・GPS data at 5 stations in Thailand
Wind profile observed by KMITL wind profiler

Rainfall measurement with 12 gauges in a mountainous river basin(Mae Chaem river basin)
Rawinsonde observation at EGAT-Tower*Bold face indicates that the address is already available.

DAAC
Siberia

HUBEX

Data
(1)Hydrological data
(2)Surface meteorological data
(3)Land-atmosphere boundary data in forest(4)Land-atmosphere boundary data in tundra
・Intensified radio-sonde observation data
・Regional- scale four dimensional assimilation data
・Conventional radar reflectivity data, raingauge data・Doppler radar data.
・Objective analysis data & 2-D physical monitor data

4DDA

Satellite

Radiation

AAN

Kormex・Snow water equivalent on the Eurasian continent derived from SSM/I
・Surface wetness on the Eurasian continent derived from SSM/I-every
5 days average(1) one minute mean and sigma for short/long up/downward(2) radiation at Si -Samrong(Thailand) and Shou-Xian(China)(3) one minute mean profile of atmospheric extinction coefficient (/m)
at Si-Samrong (Thailand)・Hydro-meteorological quantities from automatic weather stations
at Tiksi, Yakutsk (Russia), Arvaikheer(Mongolia), Amdo, Naqu,
Toutouhe, Shou-Xian (China), Syangboche (Nepal), Tak, Sukhotai(Thailand)

・Upper-air soundings
・radar data
・Meteorological synoptic sfc data
・Buoy & aerological data(AMOS)

Method & Contact person
http://gain-hub.mri-jma.go.jp(GAIN Home Page)

Kiyotoshi Takahashi (MRI/JMA)
E-mail: ktakahas@mri-jma.go.jp, Tel/Fax:+81-298-53-8670/55-2683
5th Research Lab./Climate Research Dep./Meteorological Research InstituteNagamine 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052
ftp://ftp.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/pub/private/game-t/sonde (not yet available)
Akira Watanabe (Faculty of Education, Fukushima University)
E-mail: may@db2.educ.fukushima -u.ac.jp, Tel/Fax: +81-24-548-8203
8mm/DLT, IIS,university of Tokyo
Taikan Oki (Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo)
E-mail: taikan@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Tel/Fax: +81-3-3402-6231(ext.2528)/2597
http://rdp.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/hydrodata/thailand.html (not yet available)
http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~GAME-T/Data/hydro (not yet available)
ftp://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~GAME-T/Data/hydro (not yet available)
Shinjiro KANAE (Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo)
E-mail : kanae@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Tel/Fax : +81-3-3402-6231(ext.2527)/2597
http://www.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/Project/aan/aan.html
ftp://erc2.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/pub/GAIN/
8mm/DLT, ERC., Tsukuba university
Faculty of Agricuture, University of Tokyo, for SAT raw data(a),(b) Masatoshi Aoki (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)
E-mail: aoki.mas@cc.tuat.ac.jp, Tel/Fax: +81-42-367-5727/6078(c ) Masakazu Suzuki (School of Agricultural and Life Science, Univ. of Tokyo)
E-mail:suzuki@fr.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp,Tel/Fax: +81-3-3812-2111(ext.5234)/5802-2930(d) Nobu Ohte (School of Agricultural Sciences, Kyoto University)
Tel/Fax: +81-75-753-6093/6088
8mm/DLT, I.I.S., university of Tokyo
Toshiyuki Nakaegawa (MRI/JMA)
E-mail: tnakaegawa@mri-jma.go.jp, Tel/Fax: +81-298-53-8601/55-2552
http://www.crl.go.jp/ck/ck121/windprof/wp-data.html
Yuichi Ohno (Communication Research Laboratory)
E-mail: ohno@crl.go.jp, Tel/Fax: +81- 42-327-6946/6666
Koichiro Kuraji (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
E-mail: kuraji@depe.titech.ac.jp, Tel/Fax: +81-45-924-5548/5519
ftp://erc2.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/pub/GAME-T/
Michiaki Sugita (University of Tsukuba) E-mail: sugita@atm.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp
As of December 9, 1999

Method & Contact person
anonymous ftp at Tsukuba and Nagoya universities etc.
http://www.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/game/siberia/dataset1.html(1),(2) Rikie Suzuki (IGCR/FRSGC -Tsukuba)
E-mail: suzuki@frontier.bosai.go.jp(3) T. Ohta
(4) Y. Kodama
All data will be provided through the internet
4 & 8 mm tape (restricted)
http://www.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/game/GAME-HUBEX.html
Ding Yihui (National Climate Center, CMA) at Chinese side
Kazuhisa Tsuboki (IHAS, Nagoya University) at Japanese side
E-mail: tsuboki@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp, Tel/Fax: +81-52-789-3493/3436
8 mm tape (from GAIN-Hub)
Ken-ichi Kuma, Toshikazu Nishio (Numerical Prediction Division, JMA)
kumaken@naps.kishou.go.jp, nishio@naps.kishou.go.jp
Tel/Fax: 03-3212-8341(Ext.3315)/3211 -8407
Basically 8mm tape. FTP is partially available (after Jan.,1998).
http://monsoon.nagaokaut.ac.jp
ftp://monsoon.nagaokaut.ac.jp
Toshio Koike(Univercity of Tokyo) E-mail: tkoike@hydra.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Toshiro Kumakura (Nagaoka University of Technology)
E-mail: kumakura@voscc.nagaokaut.ac.jp.
Tel/Fax:+81 -258- 46-6000(ext.6125)/47-0019
ftp://atmos.cr.chiba-u.ac.jp/pub/game(1) Tadahiro Hayasaka (Tohoku Univ.) E-mail: hayasaka@mail.cc.tohoku.ac.jp(2) Teruyuki Nakajima (CCSR/Univ. of Tokyo) E -mail: teruyuki@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp(3) Nobuo Takeuchi (Chiba University) E-mail: takeuchi@rsirc.cr.chiba-u.ac.jp
http://www.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/Project/aan/aan.html
Rikie Suzuki (IGCR/FRSGC-Tsukuba)
E-mail: suzuki@frontier.bosai.go.jp, Tel/Fax: +81-298-53-4400/51-9764
Nobuhiko Endo (IGCR/FRSGC -Tsukuba)
E-mail: endo@ frontier.bosai.go.jp
Sugita Michiaki (University of Tsukuba)
E-mail: sugita@atm.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp
CD-ROM for KORMEX data -other types of media- an 'anonymous ftp' - http://chaos.metri.re.kr/kormex/english/
Won-Tae Kwon (Meteorological Research Institute,KMA)
E-mail: wontk@iris.metri.re.kr, Tel/Fax: +82-2-846- 2852/2853
Seung-On Hwang (Meteorological Research Institute,KMA)
E-mail: hwangso@iris.metri.re.kr

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GAME Letter No. 1
DAAC

Data

GAME-Ti
bet(1) Land-surface - atmosphere interaction
a. 5 AWSs along the Tibetan highway
b. 2 AWSs in the west (by JEXAM)
c. PBL Tower at Amdo
d. Turbulent flux mesurement at Amdo and Korean sites
e. Intensive radio-sonde observation at Amdo
f. Barometer network(2) Precipitation and cloud studies
a. 3-D Doppler radar: 4 months, 10 minutes intervalb. Rain gaugesc. Microwave radiometer at Naqud. GPS at Amdo
(3) Land surface monitoring by satellite RS
Ground truth data
(4) Cold region hydrology including permafrost study
a. Soil moisture/temperature at the 8 sites along the Tibetan highway
b. Evaporationc. Slope hydrology
d. River discharge(5) Isotope Study on Precipitation and Surface Water
Isotope sampling: precipitation, river water, soil water

CD-ROM (by the end of June, 1999)
http://monsoon.nagaokaut.ac.jp/tibet/index.html
Toshio Koike (Nagaoka University of Tech.)E-mail: tkoike@nagaokaut.ac.jp, Tel/Fax: +81-258-47-9667/9673

India

・
radio-sonde(Surface, rainfall, radiation, marine data)

FD, MT, Cartridge tape or from GAIN-hub
Dr. U.S.De (Additional Director General of Meteorology (Research), IMD)
E-mail: IMD-PUNE@X400.nicgw.nic.in, Fax: 091 0212 323201

China(1) TIPEX
Sonde observation
PBL tower, etc.
(2) HUBEX

CD-ROM
HUBEX Data Center(1) Xu Xiangde (CAMS, CMA)
(2) Ding Yihui (National Climate Center, CMA)of GAIN-Hub and several distributed active archive
centers (DAACs). GAIN-Hub’s function is mainly toprovide general catalogue information on GAME data.
On the other hand, each DAAC, which is maintainedby each observation group, provides his own GAME
data and related information. These sites are linked
with each other via the Internet, and will provides
GAME data basically by ftp or http protocol (seefigure). Some sites have already been in operation.
The above is the basic strategy of data disseminationin the GAME project. Recently, however, we feel that
CD-ROM is one of common and useful media in dataexchange. So at the GISP of June 1999 we confirmed
the necessity to make an effort to provide GAME datawith CD-ROM as possible as we can.
Finally, to get more detailed and latest information,please access to the GAIN-Hub page (http://gainhub.mri-jma.go.jp). You can find any data site bytrailing linkages starting from there. Now we arepreparing GAME data towards time limit for data open,
June 2000. See you again on the Net !

GAME INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
AND
THE 4TH GAME INTERNATIONAL SCIENCEPANEL MEETING
Kenji Nakamura
Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences
Nagoya Univesity

Method & Contact person

nakamura@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp
The GAME international conference was held
about once in two years. This year (1999) the
conference was jointly held as: the Third International
Scientific Conference on the Global Energy and Water
Cycle jointly with the Fourth Study Conference on
GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment. The conference
was held for 16-19 June at Beijing, China.
The fourth GAME International Science Panel
Meeting (GISP) was held from 14 to 15 June, 1999 at
the Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing,
China (CMA), with kind supports of CMA, National
Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) and
WCRP. GISP was just before the Fourth GEWEXInternational Conference at the same place. Twenty
three GISP members or representatives and forty two
observers/experts from 13 countries participated.
After the opening addresses from Prof. T.
Yasunari, Chairperson of GISP, Prof. Hong Yan, viceadministrator of CMA, Mr. Sam Benedict, WCRP
office, the panel started. First, current statusinternational activities closely related to GAME, such
as GEWEX/WCRP and GHP were presented. After
those, typical observation results of each componentof GAME and related projects are introduced. Typicalresults include sensible and latent heat exchange
between land and atmosphere in various regions.
GAME Data Management is one of the key forthis kind of project. Mr. Takahashi, MRI showed theguideline of the data exchange for confirmation. The

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GAME Letter No. 1

importance of data availability is recognized well in
the GAME related communities, and many talks wereon the schedule of the data release. Basically, we do
not have any serious problem in the data exchange
policy.
Future plan of GAME is one of the big subjects ofthis GISP. Several continuation proposals, for example,
extended observation plan for HUBEX and Japan’s
Frontier Observation System for Global Change, were
presented. Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period(CEOP) was proposed by Prof. T. Koike and theimportance of the CEOP was recognized andrecommendation was adopted.
In the wrap up session, future schedule, such as,next GISP and GAME International Conference wasproposed. The former is tentatively scheduled in June
2000 in Tokyo before or after the Western PacificGeophysical Union Meeting. The latter is somewherein 2001.
GAME MEETINGS SCHEDULE
6-7 March 2000
2000 Workshop on GAME-T in Thailand
Pechaburi, Thailand
Registration for presentation dead line: 8 Feburary
2000. For Information, contact Prof. Taikan Oki,Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 46-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan, email: taikan@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
End of May 2000
The 2nd International Workshop on the Hydro-

meteorology in the Tibetan Plateau - hosted by TIPEX
and GAME-Tibet Lijang, Yunnan Province, China
For information, contact Dr.Toshio Koike, Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, e-mail: tkoike@hydra.t.utokyo.ac.jp
26-27 June 2000
The 5th GAME International Science Panel Meeting
Tokyo, JapanFor information, contact the GAME International
Project Office, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric
Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusaku,
Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, e-mail: gio@ihas.nagoyau.ac.jp
March 2001, planned.
2001 Workshop on GAME-T in Thailand
For Information, contact Prof. Taikan Oki, Instituteof Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1
Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan, e-mail:taikan@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Fall 2001
The Fifth International Study Conference on GEWEXin Asia and GAME
For information, contact the GAME International
Project Office, Institute for HydrosphericAtmospheric Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho,
Chikusaku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, E-mail:gio@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp

GAME-related WWW sites
GAME: http://www.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/game/index.html
GAME-T: http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Game/game-T.html
GAME-HUBEX: http://www.hubex.pku.edu.cn
GAME-Tibet: http://monsoon.nagaokaut.ac.jp/tibet/
GAME-Siberia: http://www.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/game/siberia/index.html
GAME-AAN: http://www.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/Project/aan/aan.html
GAIN: http://gain-hub.mri-jma.go.jp/

GAME Letter
Published by the GAME International Project OfficeProf. Kenji Nakamura
Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences
Nagoya University
Furocho, Chikusaku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Phone: +81-52-789-5439, Fax: +81-52-789-3436
E-mail: gio@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp