3 戦後の防災法制度・体制の歩み
自然災害から国土並びに国民の生命、身体及び財産を保護することは国の最重要課題です。甚大な被害をもたらした昭和34年の伊勢湾台風を受けて、総合的かつ計画的な防災体制の整備を図るため、昭和36年に災害対策基本法が制定されました。大規模災害の教訓を踏まえ、絶えず災害対策基本法を基本とした災害対策法制の見直しを行っています。
法制度の導入・改正の契機となった災害

1940 年

1945

災害対策に係る主な法制度

法制度の説明枕崎台風(昭和20年)

1946

南海地震

(昭和21年)

1947

カスリーン台風

47「災害救助法」

福井地震

49

「水防法」

伊勢湾台風

50

「建築基準法」(昭和22年)

1948(昭和23年)1950 年
1960 年

1959(昭和34年)

1961

豪雪(昭和36年)

60
61「治山治水緊急措置法」

62「激甚災害に対処するための特別な財政援助等に関する法律」「災害対策基本法」
62 中央防災会議設置

63

1964

新潟地震

(昭和39年)

1970 年

1967(昭和42年)羽越豪雨

1973

桜島噴火
浅間山噴火

(昭和48年)

1976(昭和51年)

1978

66
73

東海地震発生可能性の我が国の災害対策の最も基本となる法律
・防災行政の責任の明確化
・総合的かつ計画的な防災行政の推進 等

防災基本計画「豪雪地帯対策特別措置法」「地震保険に関する法律」「災害弔慰金の支給等に関する法律」「活動火山周辺領域における避難施設等に関する法律」（→昭和53年、「活動火山対策特別措置法」）

研究発表（地震学会）
宮城県沖地震78「大規模地震対策特別措置法」

80「地震防災対策強化地域における地震対策緊急整備事業に係る国の財政上の特別措置に関する法律」(昭和53年)

1980 年

81

1990 年

1995(平成7年)

1999

2000 年

兵庫県南部地震（阪神・淡路大震災）

広島豪雨

95

「地震防災対策特別措置法」「建築物の耐震改修の促進に関する法律」「災害対策基本法」一部改訂

96「特定非常災害の被害者の権利利益の保全等を図るための特別措置に関する法律」

97「密集市街地における防災地区の整備の促進に関する法律」

98

・新耐震設計基準（現行の基準）の導入 等

・ボランティアや自主防災組織による防災活動の環境整備、内閣総理大臣が本部長となる「緊急災害対策本部」の設置要件緩和、自衛隊の災害派遣要請の法定化 等「被災者生活再建支援法」(平成11年)

JCO 臨界事故

99「原子力災害対策特別措置法」

2000

東海豪雨

00

「土砂災害警戒区域等における土砂災害防止対策の推進に関する法律」

0102「水防法」一部改正

・土砂災害ハザードマップ等による周知徹底 等「東南海・南海地震に係る地震防災対策の推進に関する特別措置法」

・基本方針の策定（国）及び耐震改修促進計画の策定（地方公共団体）し、計画的な耐震化の促進 等

0304「特定都市河川浸水被害対策法」(平成12年)

2004(平成16年)

新潟・福島豪雨等
新潟県中越地震

052008

岩手・宮城内陸地震

0611(平成20年)

112011(平成23年)

東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）

12
13

2014

豪雪(平成26年)

広島土砂災害

14

御嶽山噴火

2016
(平成28年)

熊本地震
台風10号

2018
(平成30年)

2019房総半島台風(令和元年)

東日本台風

2020

７月豪雨

(令和2年)

2021(令和3年)

4「建築基準法施行令改正」「日本海溝・千島海溝周辺海溝型地震に係る地震防災対策推進に関する特別措置法」「水防法」一部改正「土砂災害警戒区域等における土砂災害防止対策の推進に関する法律」の一部改正「建築物の耐震改修の促進に関する法律」一部改正「宅地造成等規正法」一部改正「土砂災害警戒区域等における土砂災害防止対策の推進に関する法律」一部改正「津波対策の推進に関する法律」「津波防災地域づくりに関する法律」「災害対策基本法」一部改正「原子力規制委員会設置法」「災害対策基本法」一部改正「大規模災害からの復興に関する法律」「建築物の耐震改修の促進に関する法律」一部改正「水防法」・「河川法」一部改正「大規模な災害の被災地における借地借家に関する特別措置法」「南海トラフ地震に係る地震防災対策の推進に関する特別措置法」改正（「東南海・南海地震に係る地震防災対策の推進に関する特別措置法」一部改正「首都直下地震対策特別措置法」「災害対策基本法」一部改正「土砂災害警戒区域等における土砂災害防止対策の推進に関する法律」一部改正

・洪水予報河川の拡充、浸水想定区域の公表 等
・浸水想定区域の指定対象河川の拡大 等

・大規模な土砂災害が急迫している場合における緊急調査の実施
・被害の想定される区域・時期の情報（土砂災害緊急情報）を市町村へ通知、一般へ周知【第１弾改正（2012年）】
・大規模災害の広域対応
・教訓伝承、防災教育の強化や多様な主体の参画による地域防災力の向上 等【第２弾改正（2013年）】
・被災者支援の充実 ・住民等の円滑かつ安全な避難の確保
・大規模広域な災害に対する即応力の強化 ・平素からの防災対策の強化 等
・要緊急安全確認大規模建築物の耐震診断の義務付け及び結果公表等
・水防活動への河川管理者等の多様な主体の参画、河川管理施設の老朽化対策等適切な維持管理の確保 等
・南海トラフ地震防災対策推進地域の指定、基本計画の作成等による南海トラフ地震に係る地震防災対策の推進
・首都直下地震緊急対策区域の指定、基本計画の作成等による首都直下地震に係る地震防災対策の推進
・大規模地震や大雪等の災害時における緊急車両の通行ルート確保のための放置車両対策 等（実施主体は、道路管理者）
・土砂災害の危険性のある区域の明示（基礎調査の結果の公表）、円滑な避難勧告等の発令に資する情報の提供 等・国による基本指針の策定、火山災害警戒地域の指定、指定地域における火山防災協議会設置、避難確保計画作成義務化 等
・特定の大規模災害による廃棄物処理について、環境大臣による災害廃棄物処理に関する指針の策定、廃棄物処理の代行 等
・大規模地震や大雪等の災害時における緊急車両の通行ルート確保のための放置車両対策（実施主体に湾岸管理者及び漁港管理者を追加）

15「活動火山対策特別措置法」一部改正「災害対策基本法」一部改正

・要配慮者利用施設における避難確保計画及び計画に基づく避難訓練の実施を施設管理者等へ義務付け

161718「災害対策基本法」一部改正

・救助実施市が自らの事務として被災者の救助を行うことを可能にする制度を創設「水防法等の一部を改正する法律」「災害救助法」一部改正「災害対策基本法」一部改正

・被災都道府県からの応援の求めを受けた都道府県が、その区域内の市町村に対して被災市町村への応援を求めることができることを明確化

20「都市再生特別措置法等」一部改正「被災者生活再建支援法」一部改正

21「災害対策基本法等」一部改正「特定都市河川浸水被害対策法等」一部改正

・頻発・激甚化する自然災害に対応するため、災害ハザードエリアにおける開発抑制、移転の促進、立地適正化計画の強化など、安全なまちづくりのための総合的な対策を講じる。
・支援金の支給対象を中規模半壊（損害割合40％以上40％未満） まで拡大
・避難勧告・避難指示の一本化、個別避難計画の作成の努力義務化、広域避難に係る居住者等の受入れに関する規定の措置、おそれ段階での国の災害対策本部設置及び災害救助法の適用 等
・流域治水の計画・体制の強化、流域における雨水貯留対策の強化、水防災に対応したまちづくりとの連携・住まい方の工夫、洪水等に対応したハザードマップの作成の中小河川までの拡大等

Progress in Disaster Management Laws and Systems since 1945
It is a national priority to protect national land as well as citizens’ lives, livelihoods, and property from natural disasters. The turning point forstrengthening the disaster management system came into effect in response to the immense damage caused by the Typhoon Ise-wan in 1959, and led
to the enactment of the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act in 1961, which formulates a comprehensive and strategic disaster management system.
Thereafter, the disaster management system has been continuously reviewed and revised following the lessons learned from large-scale disasters.
Disasters that triggered law/system introduction

1940

1950
1960

1970

Disaster Management Laws

1945

Typhoon Ida (Makurazaki)

1946

The Nankai Earthquake

1947

Typhoon Kathleen

1948

The Fukui Earthquake

49 The Flood Control Act

1959

Typhoon Vera (Ise-wan)

50 The Building Standards Act

1961

Heavy Snowfalls

1964

The 1964 Niigata Earthquake

1967

Torrential Rains in Uetsu

1973

Mt. Sakurajima Eruption
Mt. Asama Eruption

1976

The Seismological Society ofJapan publishes reports on
a possible Tokai Earthquake

1978

The 1978 Miyagi Earthquake

1980

47 The Disaster Relief Act

60 Soil Conservation and Flood Control Urgent Measures Act
61 Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act
62 Central Disaster Management Council established
63 Basic Disaster Management Plan
62 Act on Special Financial Support to2000Focuses
Establishment of fundamental disaster prevention laws
·Clear assignment of federal responsibilities·Development of cumulative and organizeddisaster prevention structures etc.

Deal with Extremely Severe Disasters
Act on Special Measures for Heavy Snowfall Areas
66 Act on Earthquake Insurance

73 Act on Provision of Disaster Condolence Grant

Act on Evacuation Facilities in Areas Surrounding
Active Volcanoes (Act on Special Measures for
Active Volcanoes (1978)

on Special Measures Concerning Countermeasures
78 Actfor Large-Scale Earthquakes

80 Act on Special Financial Measures for Urgent
Earthquake Countermeasure Improvement
Projects in Areas for Intensified Measures

81 Amendment of Order for Enforcement of the Building Standard Law

1990

Explanation

1995

The Southern Hyogo Earthquake(The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake)

95 Act on Special Measures for Earthquake

Disaster Countermeasures
Act on Promotion of the Earthquake-proof Retrofit of Buildings
Amendment of Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act
96 Act on Special Measures for Preservation of Rights andProfits of the Victims of Specified Disasters
97 Act on Promotion of Disaster Resilience
Improvement in Densely Inhabited Areas

1999

Torrential Rains in Hiroshima
Tokaimura
広島豪雨 Nuclear Accident
JCO JCO臨界事故(TheNuclear Accident)

98 Act on Support for Livelihood Recovery of Disaster Victims
99 Act on Special Measures for Nuclear Disasters

2000

東海豪雨
Torrential
Rains in Niigata, Fukushima

00 Act on Promotion of Sediment Disaster Countermeasures forSediment Disaster Prone Areas

01 Amendment of the Flood Control Act
02 Act on Special Measures for Promotion of Tohnankai andNankai Earthquake Disaster Management

2004

03 Specified Urban River Inundation Countermeasures Act
04 Act on Special Measures for Promotion of Disaster

Management for Trench-type Earthquakes in the Vicinityof the Japan and Chishima Trenches

Torrential Rains in the Tokai Region
The 2004 Chuetsu Earthquake05

200806Iwate-Miyagi Inland Earthquake

11112011

2014

The 2011 Tohoku Earthquakeand Tsunami

Heavy Snowfall
Hiroshima Landslide Disaster121314

Mt. Ontake Eruption

2016

15
Kumamoto Earthquake
Typhoon Lionrock in 2016

2018
2019

Typhoon Faxai in 2019
Typhoon Hagibis in 2019

2020
2021

Heavy Rain Event of July 2020

Amendment of the Flood Control Act
Amendment of the Act on Promotion of Sediment Disaster
Countermeasures in Sediment Disaster Prone Areas
Amendment of the Act on Promotion of the EarthquakeProof Retrofit of Buildings
Amendment of the Act on the Regulation ofResidential Land Development
Partial amendment of the Act on Promotion ofSediment Disaster Countermeasuresin Sediment Disaster Prone Areas
Act on Promotion of Tsunami Countermeasures
Act on Development of Areas Resilient to Tsunami Disasters
Amendment of Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act
Act for Establishment of the Nuclear Regulation Authority
Amendment of Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act
Act on Reconstruction from Large-Scale Disasters
Amendment of the Act on Promotion of the Earthquake-proof Retrofit of Buildings
Amendment of the Flood Control Act and River Act
Act on Special Measures for Land and Building Leases inAreas Affected by Large-scale Disaster
Amendment of the Act on Special Measures for Promotionof Nankai Trough Earthquake Disaster Management(Amendment of the Act on Special Measures for Promotionof Tohnankai and Nankai Earthquake Disaster Management)
Act on Special Measures against Tokyo Inland Earthquake
Amendment of the Basic Act on Disaster Management
Amendment of Act on Promotion of Sediment
Disaster Countermeasures for Sediment Disaster Prone Areas
Amendment of the Act on Special Measures for Active Volcanoes
Amendment of the Basic Act on Disaster Management
Amendment of the Basic Act on Disaster Management
Partial amendment of Flood Control Act

1617
18 Amendment of Disaster Relief Act

Amendment of the Basic Act on Disaster Management

20 Partial amendment of Act onSpecial Measures concerning Urban Reconstruction
Partial amendment of Act on Support for Reconstructing
Livelihoods of the Affected due to Disaster

21 Partial amendment of Basic Act onDisaster Management, etc.
Partial amendment of Act on Countermeasures against
Flood Damage of Specified Rivers Running Across Cities·Induction of current earthquake engineering laws, etc.
·Establishment of disaster management mechanisms based on volunteer
groups and private organizations, loosening of requirements for theestablishment of a Central Disaster Management Council led by the Prime
Minister, the codification of disaster relief requests for the JSDF, etc.

·More rivers were added to flood alert lists, announcement of expected inundation areas, etc.
·Expansion of list of designated rivers in expected inundation area, etc.
·Increased efforts in public education through use of Sediment Disaster Hazard Maps, etc.
·Establishment of basic national directives and regional earthquake-proof
retrofit plans, and promotion of organized earthquake-proofing.
·Implementation of Emergency Survey in case of the imminence of Large-scale Sediment Disaster·Notification to municipalities of areas and timing information that is expected
First Amendment (2012)·Wide-area response for Large-scale Disaster·Incorporating lessons from the disaster, improvements to disastermanagement education, and improvements to regional disaster management
capabilities through participation of diverse entities in implementation
Second Amendment (2013)·Improvement of support for affected people·Improvements to rapid response capabilities in the event of a large-scale andwide area disaster·Smooth and safe evacuation of residents, etc.
·Improvements in disaster countermeasures in daily life, etc.
·Establishment of obligatory earthquake-proofing examinations and publicationof test results for large buildings in need of emergency safety checks.
·Participation of diverse entities including river management organizations in flood control
activities, acquisition of appropriate maintenance an management needsin river management facilities, etc.
·Designation of Nankai Trough Earthquake Disaster Countermeasure Promotion
Areas, promotion of earthquake disaster management for the Nankai TroughEarthquake through creation of a Basic Plan, etc.
·Designation of Areas for Urgent Implementation of Measures against Tokyo Inland Earthquakeand promotion of earthquake management through creation of a Basic Plan, etc.
·Establishment of laws regarding discarded vehicles in the acquisition oftransportation routes for emergency vehicles in large scale disasters, etc.
·Clear publication of sediment disaster prone areas (publication of basic investigations),
provision of information necessary for issuing evacuation alarms, etc.
·Formulation of the Basic Guideline by the national government, designation of volcanic eruption
hazard zones, establishment of Volcanic Disaster Management Councils in these designatedzones, making obligatory the formulation of evacuation operation/implementation plan, etc.
·For waste management due to specified large-scale disasters, the Minister of the Environment
establishes guidelines for disaster waste management and takes over the task of waste
management, etc.
·Measures against unattended cars to secure routes for emergency vehicles in times of disastersuch as large-scale earthquakes and heavy snow (adding to acting entities gulf coast and fishharbor management organizations)
Imposition of mandatory preparation of evacuation operation plan andevacuation exercise by administrators of facikities for persons requiring special care
·Establishment of a s system where the rescuing city can rescue disaster victims as part of its tasks·Clarifying that prefectures responding to requests from affected prefectures can request theirlocal municipalities to support affected municipalities
Suppressing development in disaster hazard areas, promoting relocation,
strengthening location optimization plans, etc.
Expand the scope of support payments
Unification of evacuation advisories and evacuation warnings,
mandatory efforts to create individual evacuation plans, etc.
Enhancement of plan and system of River Basin Disaster Resilience and Sustainability by All, etc.

5