SUPERHOT FLUIDS

The origin and flux of natural
greenhouse gases in volcanic areas

Surface CO2 Emission of the Taupo Volcanic Zone
Tsung-Han Jimmy Yang, Isabelle Chambefort, Michael Rowe,Agnes Mazot, Cynthia Werner, Tobias Fischer, Jun SeastresSurface CO2Emission of theTaupo Volcanic Zone

McLean & Richardson, 2019

New Zealand‘s
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Source: New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory
1990-2019, published April 2021

01 Geothermal Power Plants
Power generation, re-injection

02 Natural Geothermal Features
Steaming grounds, hot pool, fumaroles, volcanic lakes03 Background Emissions
Farm, Forestry, altered ground, freshwater reservoir

04 Anthropogenic

CO2Emissions

TAUPOVOLCANIC
ZONE
By focusing on TVZ, this study aims toquantify and understand the changing
surface gas emissions of this very active
region and how this active geothermal
system contributes to emissions ofgreenhouse gases.

Global Volcanic Emission

Eruption

UnrestDegassing during
non eruption

Roughly 50% (271 Tg CO2/yr) of
the total global subaerial emissionof CO2 (540 Tg CO2/yr) was
estimated to come from ~150
passively degassing volcanoes,
based on the average CO2
emissions measured at 33 active
volcanic systems. (Werner et al.,2019)Ordinary Kriging

Graphical Statistical Analysis

SamplePoints

Grid

Simulation
(SGS)

CO2
MapTotal
CO2Emission

Geothermal
Fields in theCentral TVZWhite Island Crater floor
CO2: 124 T/D
Bloomberg et al., 2014

Lake Rotoiti 271 T/DThis Study
6-9T/YX 13000

Rotorua 1000 T/D

Werner & Cardellini, 2006

Lake Rotomahana 549 T/D

Waimangu Valley 66 T/D
Tarawera Fissure 4.2 T/DMazot et al., 2014; Hughes et al., 2019

Ohaaki 111 T/D

Rissmann et al., 2012

Wairakei

Craters of the Moon 20 T/DThis study

Rotokawa 441 T/DBloomberg et al., 2014

TauharaRing of Fire 109 T/DThis study

Lake Rotoiti 271 T/DWhite Island Crater floor 124 T/DKawerau

KGL 307 T/D
TOPP1 31 T/DRotorua 1000 T/D

Lake Rotomahana >549 T/D

Ngatamariki

Ngatamariki 138 T/DMokai

Mokai 71 T/D

Wairakei >20 T/D
Te Mihi 163 T/D
Poihipi 42 T/D
Wairakei A&B and binary 58T/D

Ohaaki 111 T/D
Ohaaki 254 T/D

Rotokawa 441 T/DRotokawa 67 T/DNga Awa Purua 212 T/D

Tauhara >109 T/D
Te Huka 24 T/D

T CO2/D 3000

150000 car/D2500

Lake Rotomahana
20001500

Rotorua
Rotokawa
Tauhara1000

Wairakei
Mokai
Ngatamariki

Lake Rotoiti
White Island

500

Ohaaki

Rotokawa
Tauhara0

NgawhaOhaaki

Wairakei

Natural Geothermal Field Emission>2625 T/D

Kawerau

Geothermal Power Plant
1536 T/D

Chemistry from
Geothermal Wells

Tauhara
Geothermal Field

Craters of the Moon

Wairakei-Tauhara

Taupo

Ring of Fire

Crown Park2006

2000 (g m-2 d-1)
02021

Ring of Fire
Surface CO2 Flux Map

2021

20212021

Population

H2 S

Soil Temperature

Geothermal/ Mix/ Background

Flux (g m-2 d-1)(°C) at 15 cm

Emissions factor [tCO2(eq)/t steam]
0.03

8,000

9,000

7,500

8,000

7,000

7,000

6,500

6,000

6,000

5,000

5,500

4,000

0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
02010

2011

2012

2013

Te Huka

2014

2015

Wairakei

2016

2017

2018

Rotokawa

Emissions intensity [gCO2(eq)/ kWh(net)]
160
140
120
5,000

10080

2010

2011

2012

2013

Geothermal(GWh)

60

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

GHG Emission from Energy(Kt-CO2)

40
200201020112012
Te Huka2013

2014
Wairakei

20152016Rotokawa2017

2018

McLean & Richardson, 2019
MBIE Electricity statistics, 2019
MBIE New Zealand energy sector greenhouse gas emissions, 2019

3,000

Soil T(°C)

Rainfall (mm)CO2(g m-2 d-1)
H2S(g m-2 d-1)
Crown Park

Craters of the Moon

Bloomberg et al., 2014

Craters of the Moon

X

Ring of FireX’

Crown Park

Rosenberg et al., 2019

CO2 Emissions
Surface

Reservoirs

Monitoring• CO2 Flux Map• Geothermal Features• Lakes• Background (Farm)• Geothermal Wells• Gas Chemistry• Water Chemistry• Stable Isotopes• Time Control• Spacial Control• Emission TrendGeology• Reservoir Condition• Pathway of Fluids

THANK YOU