Medical Statement Participant Record (Confidential Information)

Please read carefully before signing.
This is a statement in which you are informed of some potential risks involvedin scuba diving and of the conduct required of you during the scuba training
program. Your signature on this statement is required for you to participate
in the scuba training program. In addition, if your medical condition changes
at any time during your scuba programs it is important that you inform yourinstructor immediately.

circulatory systems must be in good health. All body air spaces must be normal
and healthy. A person with coronary disease, a current cold or congestion,
epilepsy, a severe medical problem or who is under the influence of alcoholor drugs should not dive. If you have asthma, heart disease, other chronic
medical conditions or you are taking medications on a regular basis, you should
consult your doctor and the instructor before participating in this program,and on a regular basis thereafter upon completion. You will also learn fromthe instructor the important safety rules regarding breathing and equalization
while scuba diving. Improper use of scuba equipment can result in serious
injury. You must be thoroughly instructed in its use under direct supervisionof a qualified instructor to use it safely.

Read this statement prior to signing it. You must complete this Medical Statement, which includes the medical questionnaire section, to enroll in the scuba
training program. If you are a minor, you must have this Statement signed
by a parent or guardian. Diving is an exciting and demanding activity. Whenperformed correctly, applying correct techniques, it is relatively safe. When established safety procedures are not followed, however, there are increased risks.

If you have any additional questions regarding this Medical Statement or the
Medical Questionnaire section, review them with your instructor before signing.

To scuba dive safely, you should not be extremely overweight or out of condition. Diving can be strenuous under certain conditions. Your respiratory andDivers Medical Questionnaire
To the Participant:
The purpose of this Medical Questionnaire is to find out if you should be examined by your doctor before participating in recreational diver training. A positive
response to a question does not necessarily disqualify you from diving. A positive response means that there is a preexisting condition that may affect yoursafety while diving and you must seek the advice of your physician prior to engaging in dive activities.
Please answer the following questions on your past or present medical history with a YES or NO. If you are not sure, answer YES. If any of these items apply toyou, we must request that you consult with a physician prior to participating in scuba diving. Your instructor will supply you with an RSTC Medical Statement
and Guidelines for Recreational Scuba Diver’s Physical Examination to take to your physician.
_____ Could you be pregnant, or are you
attempting to become pregnant?
_____ Are you presently taking prescription
medications? (with the exception of birthcontrol or anti-malarial)_____ Are you over 45 years of age and cananswer YES to one or more of thefollowing?
• currently smoke a pipe, cigars orcigarettes• are currently receiving medical care• have a high cholesterol level• high blood pressure• have a family history of heart attack
or stroke• diabetes mellitus, even if controlled
by diet alone
Have you ever had or do you currently have…
_____ Asthma, or wheezing with breathing, or
wheezing with exercise?
_____ Frequent or severe attacks of hayfever orallergy?
_____ Frequent colds, sinusitis or bronchitis?

_____ Any form of lung disease?
_____ Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)?
_____ Other chest disease or chest surgery?
_____	Behavioral health, mental or psychologicalproblems (Panic attack, fear of closed oropenspaces)?
_____ Epilepsy, seizures, convulsions or takemedications to prevent them?
_____ Recurring complicated migraine headaches
or take medications to prevent them?
_____ Blackouts or fainting (full/partial loss of
consciousness)?
_____ Frequent or severe suffering from motion
sickness (seasick, carsick, etc.)?
_____ Dysentery or dehydration requiring
medical intervention?
_____ Any dive accidents or decompression
sickness?
_____ Inability to perform moderate exercise(example: walk 1.6 km/one mile within 12
mins.)?
_____ Head injury with loss of consciousness inthe past five years?

_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____

Recurrent back problems?
Back or spinal surgery?
Diabetes?
Back, arm or leg problems following
surgery, injury or fracture?
High blood pressure or take medicine tocontrol blood pressure?
Heart disease?
Heart attack?
Angina, heart surgery or blood vessel
surgery?
Sinus surgery?
Ear disease or surgery, hearing loss or
problems with balance?
Recurrent ear problems?
Bleeding or other blood disorders?
Hernia?
Ulcers or ulcer surgery ?
A colostomy or ileostomy?
Recreational drug use or treatment for, or
alcoholism in the past
five years?

The information I have provided about my medical history is accurate to the best of my knowledge. I affirm it is my responsibility to inform my
instructor of any and all changes to my medical history at any time during my participation in scuba programs. I agree to accept responsibility foromissions regarding my failure to disclose any existing or past health condition, or any changes thereto.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Participant’s Signature		___________________________________________________________
Date (Day / Month / Year)____________________________________________________________________________________________
Signature of Parent or Guardian (where applicable)___________________________________________________________
Date (Day / Month / Year)

Product No. 10063 (Rev. 06/15) Version 2.01

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© PADI 2014

STUDENT
Please print legibly.
Name__________________________________________________________________________________
First

InitialBirth Date_____________________ Age__________

Last

Day/Month/Year

Mailing Address________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
City___________________________________________________________________________________

State/Province/Region__________________________Country________________________________________________________________________________

Zip/Postal Code_______________________________

Home Phone ()____________________________________________ Business Phone ()________________________________________________

Email__________________________________________________________________________________

FAX_________________________________________Name and address of your family physician
Physician________________________________________________________________

Clinic/Hospital________________________________________________

Address_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Date of last physical examination_________________________Name of examiner________________________________________________________

Clinic/Hospital________________________________________________

Address ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Phone ()_________________________________________________ Email_________________________________________________________________

Were you ever required to have a physical for diving? ¨ Yes¨ No

If so, when?________________________________________________PHYSICIAN
This person applying for training or is presently certified to engage in scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) diving. Your opinion of theapplicant’s medical fitness for scuba diving is requested. There are guidelines attached for your information and reference.

Physician’s Impression¨ I find no medical conditions that I consider incompatible with diving.
¨ I am unable to recommend this individual for diving.
Remarks________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Physician’s Signature or Legal Representative of Medical Practitioner

Date______________________________
Day/Month/Year

Physician_______________________________________________________ Clinic/Hospital_________________________________________________________
Address ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Phone ()_________________________________________________ Email_________________________________________________________________
2/6

Guidelines for Recreational Scuba Diver’s Physical Examination
Instructions to the Physician

distinguish from neurological decompression sickness. A history of head
injury resulting in unconsciousness should be evaluated for risk of seizure.

Recreational SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)
can provide recreational divers with an enjoyable sport safer than manyother activities. The risk of diving is increased by certain physical conditions, which the relationship to diving may not be readily obvious. Thus,
it is important to screen divers for such conditions.
The RECREATIONAL SCUBA DIVER’S PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
focuses on conditions that may put a diver at increased risk for decompression sickness, pulmonary overinflation syndrome with subsequent
arterial gas embolization and other conditions such as loss of consciousness, which could lead to drowning. Additionally, the diver must be able
to withstand some degree of cold stress, the physiological effects ofimmersion and the optical effects of water and have sufficient physicaland mental reserves to deal with possible emergencies.
The history, review of systems and physical examination should include
as a minimum the points listed below. The list of conditions that might
adversely affect the diver is not all-inclusive, but contains the most commonly encountered medical problems. The brief introductions should
serve as an alert to the nature of the risk posed by each medical problem.
The potential diver and his or her physician must weigh the pleasures tobe had by diving against an increased risk of death or injury due to theindividual’s medical condition. As with any recreational activity, there are
no data for diving enabling the calculation of an accurate mathematicalprobability of injury. Experience and physiological principles only permit
a qualitative assessment of relative risk.
For the purposes of this document, Severe Risk implies that an individual is believed to be at substantially elevated risk of decompression
sickness, pulmonary or otic barotrauma or altered consciousness withsubsequent drowning, compared with the general population. The consultants involved in drafting this document would generally discouragea student with such medical problems from diving. Relative Risk refers
to a moderate increase in risk, which in some instances may be acceptable. To make a decision as to whether diving is contraindicated for thiscategory of medical problems, physicians must base their judgement on
an assessment of the individual patient. Some medical problems which
may preclude diving are temporary in nature or responsive to treatment,
allowing the student to dive safely after they have resolved.
Diagnostic studies and specialty consultations should be obtained asindicated to determine the diver’s status. A list of references is included to aid in clarifying issues that arise. Physicians and other medical
professionals of the Divers Alert Network (DAN) associated with Duke
University Health System are available for consultation by phone +1 919
684 2948 during normal business hours. For emergency calls, 24 hours
7 days a week, call +1 919 684 8111 or +1 919 684 4DAN (collect).
Related organizations exist in other parts of the world – DAN Europe
in Italy +39 039 605 7858, DAN S.E.A.P. in Australia +61 3 9886 9166
and Divers Emergency Service (DES) in Australia +61 8 8212 9242, DANJapan +81 33590 6501 and DAN Southern Africa +27 11 242 0380. In
Norway: Haukeland sykehus, Seksjon for hyperbarmedisin, tlf: +47 55
97 38 75, fax: +47 55 97 51 37. There are also a number of informative
websites offering similar advice.

Relative Risk Conditions• Complicated Migraine Headaches whose symptoms or severity
impair motor or cognitive function, neurologic manifestations• History of Head Injury with sequelae other than seizure• Herniated Nucleus Pulposus• Intracranial Tumor or Aneurysm• Peripheral Neuropathy• Multiple Sclerosis• Trigeminal Neuralgia• History of spinal cord or brain injury

Temporary Risk Condition
History of cerebral gas embolism without residual where pulmonary air
trapping has been excluded and for which there is a satisfactory explanation and some reason to believe that the probability of recurrence is low.

Severe Risk Conditions
Any abnormalities where there is a significant probability of unconsciousness, hence putting the diver at increased risk of drowning. Divers withspinal cord or brain abnormalities where perfusion is impaired may beat increased risk of decompression sickness.

Some conditions are as follows:• History of seizures other than childhood febrile seizures• History of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or Cerebrovascular
Accident (CVA)• History of Serious (Central Nervous System, Cerebral or Inner
Ear) Decompression Sickness with residual deficits

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
Relative Risk Conditions
The diagnoses listed below potentially render the diver unable to meet theexertional performance requirements likely to be encountered in recreati
onal diving. These conditions may lead the diver to experience cardiac
ischemia and its consequences. Formalized stress testing is encouraged
if there is any doubt regarding physical performance capability. The
suggested minimum criteria for stress testing in such cases is at least 13
METS.* Failure to meet the exercise criteria would be of significant concern. Conditioning and retesting may make later qualification possible.
Immersion in water causes a redistribution of blood from the peripheryinto the central compartment, an effect that is greatest in cold water.
The marked increase in cardiac preload during immersion can precipitate
pulmonary edema in patients with impaired left ventricular function
or significant valvular disease. The effects of immersion can mostly begauged by an assessment of the diver’s performance while swimming on
thesurface. A large proportion of scuba diving deaths in North America
are due to coronary artery disease. Before being approved to scuba
dive, individuals older than 40 years are recommended to undergo risk
assessment for coronary artery disease. Formal exercise testing may beneeded to assess the risk.

NEUROLOGICAL
Neurological abnormalities affecting a diver’s ability to perform exercise
should be assessed according to the degree of compromise. Some diving
physicians feel that conditions in which there can be a waxing and waningof neurological symptoms and signs, such as migraine or demyelinating
disease, contraindicate diving because an exacerbation or attack of
the preexisting disease (e.g.: a migraine with aura) may be difficult to* METS is a term used to describe the metabolic cost. The MET at rest is one,
two METS is two times the resting level, three METS is three times the restinglevel, and so on. The resting energy cost (net oxygen requirement) is thus
standardized. (Exercise Physiology; Clark, Prentice Hall, 1975.)

3/6

Relative Risk Conditions• History of Immersion Pulmonary Edema Restrictive Disease*• Interstitial lung disease: May increase the risk of pneumothorax• History of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)• Percutaneous Balloon Angioplasty (PCTA) or Coronary Artery
Disease (CAD)• History of Myocardial Infarction• Congestive Heart Failure• Hypertension• History of dysrythmias requiring medication for suppression• Valvular Regurgitation Pacemakers
The pathologic process that necessitated should be addressed
regarding the diver’s fitness to dive. In those instances where
the problem necessitating pacing does not preclude diving, will
the diver be able to meet the performance criteria?

* Spirometry should be normal before and after exercise Active Reactive Airway
Disease, Active Asthma, Exercise Induced Bronchospasm, Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease or history of same with abnormal PFTs or a positive exercise
challenge are concerns for diving.

Severe Risk Conditions• History of spontaneous pneumothorax. Individuals who haveexperienced spontaneous pneumothorax should avoid diving,even after a surgical procedure designed to prevent recurrence(such as pleurodesis). Surgical procedures either do not correct
the underlying lung abnormality (e.g.: pleurodesis, apicalpleurectomy) or may not totally correct it (e.g.: resection ofblebs or bullae).
• Impaired exercise performance due to respiratory disease.

* NOTE: Pacemakers must be certified by the manufacturer as able towithstand the pressure changes involved in recreational diving.

Severe Risks

GASTROINTESTINAL

Venous emboli, commonly produced during decompression, may
cross major intracardiac right-to-left shunts and enter the cerebral
or spinal cord circulations causing neurological decompression
illness. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and valvular stenosis maylead to the sudden onset of unconsciousness during exercise.

Temporary Risks
As with other organ systems and disease states, a process which chronically debilitates the diver may impair exercise performance. Additionally,
dive activities may take place in areas remote from medical care. The
possibility of acute recurrences of disability or lethal symptoms must be
considered.

PULMONARY
Any process or lesion that impedes airflow from the lungs places thediver at risk for pulmonary overinflation with alveolar rupture and thepossibility of cerebral air embolization. Many interstitial diseases predispose to spontaneous pneumothorax: Asthma (reactive airway disease),
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cystic or cavitating lungdiseases may all cause air trapping. The 1996 Undersea and Hyperbaric
Medical Society (UHMS) consensus on diving and asthma indicates thatfor the risk of pulmonary barotrauma and decompression illness to be
acceptably low, the asthmatic diver should be asymptomatic and havenormal spirometry before and after an exercise test. Inhalation challenge
tests (e.g.: using histamine, hypertonic saline or methacholine) are notsufficiently standardized to be interpreted in the context of scuba diving.
A pneumothorax that occurs or reoccurs while diving may be catastrophic. As the diver ascends, air trapped in the cavity expands and could
produce a tension pneumothorax.
In addition to the risk of pulmonary barotrauma, respiratory disease due
to either structural disorders of the lung or chest wall or neuromusculardisease may impair exercise performance. Structural disorders of thechest or abdominal wall (e.g.: prune belly), or neuromuscular disorders,
may impair cough, which could be life threatening if water is aspirated.
Respiratory limitation due to disease is compounded by the combined
effects of immersion (causing a restrictive deficit) and the increase in gas
density, which increases in proportion to the ambient pressure (causing
increased airway resistance). Formal exercise testing may be helpful.

Temporary Risk Conditions• Peptic Ulcer Disease associated with pyloric obstruction or
severe reflux• Unrepaired hernias of the abdominal wall large enough tocontain bowel within the hernia sac could incarcerate.

Relative Risk Conditions• Inflammatory Bowel Disease• Functional Bowel Disorders

Severe Risks
Altered anatomical relationships secondary to surgery or malformations
that lead to gas trapping may cause serious problems. Gas trapped in ahollow viscous expands as the divers surfaces and can lead to ruptureor, in the case of the upper GI tract, emesis. Emesis underwater may
lead to drowning.

Severe Risk Conditions• Gastric outlet obstruction of a degree sufficient to produce
recurrent vomiting• Chronic or recurrent small bowel obstruction• Severe gastroesophageal reflux• Achalasia• Paraesophageal Hernia

Relative Risk Conditions• History of Asthma or Reactive Airway Disease (RAD)*• History of Exercise Induced Bronchospasm (EIB)*• History of solid, cystic or cavitating lesion*• Pneumothorax secondary to:• Thoracic Surgery- Trauma or Pleural Penetration*- Previous Overinflation Injury*- Obesity

ORTHOPAEDIC
Relative impairment of mobility, particularly in a boat or ashore withequipment weighing up to 18 kgs/40 pounds must be assessed. Orthopaedic conditions of a degree sufficient to impair exercise performance
may increase the risk.

Relative Risk Conditions• Amputation• Scoliosis must also assess impact on respiratory function andexercise performance.
4/6• Aseptic Necrosis possible risk of progression due to effects
of decompression (evaluate the underlying medical cause of
decompression may accelerate/escalate the progression).

• Claustrophobia and agoraphobia• Active psychosis• History of untreated panic disorder• Drug or alcohol abuse

Temporary Risk Conditions• Back pain

OTOLARYNGOLOGICALHEMATOLOGICAL

Equalisation of pressure must take place during ascent and descent between ambient water pressure and the external auditory canal, middle
ear and paranasal sinuses. Failure of this to occur results at least in pain
and in the worst case rupture of the occluded space with disabling andpossible lethal consequences.
The inner ear is fluid filled and therefore noncompressible. The flexible
interfaces between the middle and inner ear, the round and oval windows
are, however, subject to pressure changes. Previously ruptured but healed
round or oval window membranes are at increased risk of rupture due tofailure to equalise pressure or due to marked overpressurisation during
vigorous or explosive Valsalva manoeuvres.
The larynx and pharynx must be free of an obstruction to airflow. The
laryngeal and epiglotic structure must function normally to prevent
aspiration.

Abnormalities resulting in altered rheological properties may theoreticallyincrease the risk of decompression sickness. Bleeding disorders could
worsen the effects of otic or sinus barotrauma, and exacerbate theinjury associated with inner ear or spinal cord decompression sickness.
Spontaneous bleeding into the joints (e.g.: in hemophilia) may be difficult
to distinguish from decompression illness.

Relative Risk Conditions• Sickle Cell Disease• Polycythemia Vera
• Leukemia• Hemophilia/Impaired Coagulation

METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL

Mandibular and maxillary function must be capable of allowing thepatient to hold a scuba mouthpiece. Individuals who have had midface fractures may be prone to barotrauma and rupture of the air filledcavities involved.

With the exception of diabetes mellitus, states of altered hormonal or
metabolic function should be assessed according to their impact on
the individual’s ability to tolerate the moderate exercise requirement
and environmental stress of sport diving. Obesity may predispose theindividual to decompression sickness, can impair exercise tolerance andis a risk factor for coronary artery disease.

Relative Risk Conditions• Recurrent otitis externa• Significant obstruction of external auditory canal• History of significant cold injury to pinna• Eustachian tube dysfunction• Recurrent otitis media or sinusitis• History of TM perforation• History of tympanoplasty• History of mastoidectomy• Significant conductive or sensorineural hearing impairment• Facial nerve paralysis not associated with barotrauma• Full prosthedontic devices• History of mid-face fracture• Unhealed oral surgery sites• History of head and/or neck therapeutic radiation• History of temperomandibular joint dysfunction• History of round window rupture

Relative Risk Conditions• Hormonal Excess or Deficiency• Obesity• Renal Insufficiency

Severe Risk Conditions
The potentially rapid change in level of consciousness associated with hypoglycemia in diabetics on insulin therapy or certain
oral hypoglycemic medications can result in drowning. Diving
is therefore generally contraindicated, unless associated with a
specialized program that addresses these issues.
Pregnancy: The effect of venous emboli formed during decompression on the fetus has not been thoroughly investigated. Diving is therefore not recommended during any stage of pregnancy
or for women actively seeking to become pregnant.

BEHAVIORAL HEALTH

Severe Risk Conditions

Behavioral: The diver’s mental capacity and emotional makeup are important to safe diving. The student diver must have sufficient learning
abilities to grasp information presented to him by his instructors, be able
to safely plan and execute his own dives and react to changes around
him in the underwater environment. The student’s motivation to learn
and his ability to deal with potentially dangerous situations are also
crucial to safe scuba diving.

• Monomeric TM• Open TM perforation• Tube myringotomy• History of stapedectomy• History of ossicular chain surgery• History of inner ear surgery• Facial nerve paralysis secondary to barotrauma• Inner ear disease other than presbycusis• Uncorrected upper airway obstruction• Laryngectomy or status post partial laryngectomy• Tracheostomy• Uncorrected laryngocele• History of vestibular decompression sickness

Relative Risk Conditions• Developmental delay• History of drug or alcohol abuse• History of previous psychotic episodes• Use of psychotropic medications

Severe Risk Conditions• Inappropriate motivation to dive – solely to please spouse,
partner or family member, to prove oneself in the face of
personal fears

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BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Bennett, P. & Elliott, D (eds.)(1993). The Physiology and Medicine of
Diving. 4th Ed., W.B. Saunders Company Ltd., London, England.
Bove, A., & Davis, J. (1990). Diving Medicine. 2nd Edition,
W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.
Davis, J., & Bove, A. (1986). “Medical Examination of Sport Scuba
Divers, Medical Seminars, Inc.,” San Antonio, TX
Dembert, M. & Keith, J. (1986). “Evaluating the Potential PediatricScuba Diver.” AJDC, Vol. 140, November.
Edmonds, C., Lowry, C., & Pennefether, J. (1992) .3rd ed.,Diving and Subaquatic Medicine. Butterworth & Heineman Ltd.,
Oxford, England.
Elliott, D. (Ed) (1994). “Medical Assessment of Fitness to Dive.”
Proceedings of an International Conference at the Edinburgh
Conference Centre, Biomedical Seminars, Surry, England.
“Fitness to Dive,” Proceedings of the 34th Underwater & Hyperbaric
Medical Society Workshop (1987) UHMS Publication Number
70(WS-FD) Bethesda, MD.

8. Neuman, T. & Bove, A. (1994). “Asthma and Diving.” Ann. Allergy,Vol. 73, October, O’Conner & Kelsen.
9. Shilling, C. & Carlston, D. & Mathias, R. (eds) (1984). The Physician’s
Guide to Diving Medicine. Plennum Press, New York, NY.
10. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) www.UHMS.org
11. Divers Alert Network (DAN) United States, 6 West Colony Place,
Durham, NC www.DiversAlertNetwork.org
12. Divers Alert Network Europe, P.O. Box 64026 Roseto, Italy, telephone
non-emergency line: weekdays office hours +39-085-893- 0333,
emergency line 24 hours: +39-039-605-7858
13. Divers Alert Network S.E.A.P., P. O. Box 384, Ashburton, Australia,
telephone 61-3-9886-9166
14. Divers Emergency Service, Australia, www.rah.sa.gov.au/ hyperbaric,
telephone 61-8-8212-9242
15. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS), P.O. Box 190,
Red Hill South, Victoria, Australia, www.spums.org.au
16. European Underwater and Baromedical Society, www.eubs.org

ENDORSERSPaul A. Thombs, M.D., Medical Director
Hyperbaric Medical Center
St. Luke’s Hospital, Denver, CO, USA
Peter Bennett, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Professor, Anesthesiology
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC, USApbennett@dan.duke.edu
Richard E. Moon, M.D., F.A.C.P., F.C.C.P.
Departments of Anesthesiology andPulmonary Medicine
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA
Roy A. Myers, M.D.
MIEMSBaltimore, MD, USA
William Clem, M.D., Hyperbaric Consultant
Division Presbyterian/St. Luke’s Medical
CenterDenver, CO, USA
John M. Alexander, M.D.
Northridge Hospital
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Des Gorman, B.Sc., M.B.Ch.B., F.A.C.O.M.,
F.A.F.O.M., Ph.D.
Professor of Medicine
University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ
d.gorman@auckland.ac.nz

Christopher J. Acott, M.B.B.S., Dip. D.H.M.,
F.A.N.Z.C.A.
Physician in Charge, Diving Medicine
Royal Adelaide Hospital
Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Chris Edge, M.A., Ph.D., M.B.B.S., A.F.O.M.
Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics
Radcliffe Infirmary
Oxford, United Kingdom
cjedge@diver.demon.co.uk
Richard Vann, Ph.D.
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA
Keith Van Meter, M.D., F.A.C.E.P.
Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery
Tulane University School of Medicine
New Orleans, LA, USA
Robert W. Goldmann, M.D.
St. Luke’s Hospital
Milwaukee, WI, USA
Paul G. Linaweaver, M.D., F.A.C.P.
Santa Barbara Medical Clinic
Undersea Medical Specialist
Santa Barbara, CA, USA
James Vorosmarti, M.D.
6 Orchard Way South
Rockville, MD, USA

Alf O. Brubakk, M.D., Ph.D.
Norwegian University of Science andTechnology
Trondheim, Norway
alfb@medisin.ntnu.no

Tom S. Neuman, M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.P.M.
Associate Director, Emergency Medical
Services
Professor of Medicine and Surgery
University of California at San Diego
San Diego, CA, USA

Alessandro Marroni, M.D.
Director, DAN Europe
Roseto, Italy
Hugh Greer, M.D.
Santa Barbara, CA, USA
hdgblgfpl@aol.com

Yoshihiro Mano, M.D.
Professor
Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Tokyo, Japany.mano.ns@tmd.ac.jp
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Simon Mitchell, MB.ChB., DipDHM, Ph.D.
Wesley Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine
Medical Director
Sandford Jackson Bldg., 30 Chasely Street
Auchenflower, QLD 4066 Australia
smitchell@wesley.com.au
Jan Risberg, M.D., Ph.D.
NUI, Norway
jri@nui.no
Karen B.Van Hoesen, M.D.
Associate Clinical Professor
UCSD Diving Medicine Center
University of California at San Diego
San Diego, CA, USA
Edmond Kay, M.D., F.A.A.F.P.
Dive Physician & Asst. Clinical Prof. of Family
Medicine
University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA
ekay@u.washington.edu
Christopher W. Dueker, TWS, M.D.
Atherton, CA, USAchrisduek@aol.com
Charles E. Lehner, Ph.D.
Department of Surgical Sciences
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI, USA
celehner@facstaff.wisc.edu
Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society
10531 Metropolitan Avenue
Kensington, MD 20895, USA
Diver’s Alert Network (DAN)
6 West Colony Place
Durham, NC 27705, USA