ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧽ࠛࡦ࡝ࠦ࡮ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ(1901~1954)ߩഞ❣
A meritorious deed of Enrico Fermi (1901-1954)Ⴎ⷗ ᷕ৻㇢㧔᧲੩ᄢቇ㧕
Junichiro SHIOMI (The University of Tokyo)
 e-mail: shiomi@photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jpߩᦨᄢߩഞ❣ߢ޽ࠆ߆߽⍮ࠇ߹ߖࠎ㧚ߎࠇߦࠃߞߡ㧘଀߃߫㊄ዻߩᲧᾲ߿ᾲવዉߥߤߩᓸⷞ⊛ߥℂ⸃߇ᩰᲑߦㅴߺ߹ߒߚ㧚߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘ߎࠇߪવᾲߦ
㒢ࠄߕ㧘㔚ሶߩᝄࠆ⥰޿߆ࠄቝቮߩᚑࠅ┙ߜ߹ߢ
ߩℂ⸃ߦ❬߇ࠆᾲജቇߩᩮᐙࠍὑߔℂ⺰ߢߔ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘ߩ⊒⷗ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩવ⸥ߥߤߢߪᢙࡍ࡯ࠫߢᷣ߹ߐࠇߡߒ߹߁ߩ߇Ᏹߢߔ߇
㧔૗ߣ⸒ߞߡ߽ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ߇ 25 ᱦ߹ߢߦ઀਄ߍߚ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߢߔ㧕㧘
ᧄⓂߢߪ㊀ὐ⊛ߦ⸅ࠇࠆߎߣߦߒ߹ߔ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ߇⢒ߞߚᤨઍ⑼ቇ⠪ࠍ⺆ࠆ਄ߢ㧘ߘߩੱ߇⢒ߞߚᤨઍ⢛᥊ࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣߪᰳ߆ߖ߹ߖࠎ㧚․ߦࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ߇↢߈ߚ
20 ਎♿೨ඨߪ⑼ቇߦߣߞߡ․೎ߥᤨઍߢߒߚ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ߇ࠗ࠲࡝ࠕߩࡠ࡯ࡑߢ↢߹ࠇߚߩߪ 1901ᐕߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࡑ࠶ࠢࠬ࡮ࡉ࡜ࡦࠢ߇㤥૕᡼኿ߩᑼࠍ⊒⴫ߒߚ⠉ᐕ㧘ࠕ࡞ࡌ࡞࠻࡮ࠕࠗࡦࠪࡘ࠲ࠗࡦߩ‫ޟ‬Annus Mirabilis㧔ᄸ〔ߩᐕ㧕‫ ߩޠ‬4 ᐕ೨ߢߔ㧚ࡊ࡜ࡦࠢ߇ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩ㊂ሶᕈࠍዉ౉ߒߡ㤥૕᡼኿ߩ⻘[6]ࠍ⸃޿ߚߩࠍ߈ߞ߆ߌߦ㧘ߘࠇ߹ߢ⥄ὼߩ
⌀ℂߣߐࠇߡ޿ߚฎౖജቇߦขߞߡઍࠊࠆᣂߒ޿⌀ℂߩតⓥ߇ᆎ߹ࠅ㧘೨ᦼ㊂ሶ⺰߇᐀ࠍ㐿ߌߚ߹ߐߦ㕟๮ߩᤨઍߢߒߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩ⎇ⓥߩᩭߣߥࠆ᡼኿⢻߇⊒⷗ߐࠇߚߩ߽ߘߩዋߒ೨ߢߔ㧚1895 ᐕߦࡧࠖ࡞ࡋ࡞ࡓ࡮࡟ࡦ࠻ࠥࡦߦࠃߞߡ X ✢߇⊒⷗ߐࠇߚ⠉ᐕ㧘ࠕࡦ࡝࡮ࡌࠢ࡟࡞ߦࠃߞߡ࠙࡜ࡦߩ᡼኿⢻߇⊒⷗ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧔ߘߩᓟࡇࠛ࡯࡞࡮ࠠࡘ࡝࡯ߣࡑ࡝࡯࡮ࠠࡘ࡝࡯ߦࠃߞߡઁߩర⚛ߦߟ޿ߡ߽᷹ⷰߐ
ࠇ߹ߒߚ㧕[7]㧚ߘߒߡߎࠇࠄ߆ࠄ኿಴ߐࠇࠆ᡼኿✢ߪࠕ࡯ࡀࠬ࠻࡮࡜ࠩࡈࠜ࡯࠼߿ࡐ࡯࡞࡮ࡧࠖ࡜࡯࡞ߦࠃߞߡࠕ࡞ࡈࠔ㧘ࡌ࡯࠲㧘ࠟࡦࡑߩਃ⒳㘃
ߦಽߌࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ[8]㧚
᡼኿✢ࠍ↪޿ߚታ㛎߇น⢻ߦߥߞߚߎߣߢ㧘ේሶߩᱜ૕ࠍ⸃᣿ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ߽ᕆㅦߦㅴዷߒ߹ߒߚ㧚ࠛࡦ࡝ࠦ࡮ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪߓ߼ߦ
ࠛࡦ࡝ࠦ࡮ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪ㧘㊂ሶ⛔⸘ജቇ߿ේሶᩭ‛ℂቇࠍᆎ߼ߣߔࠆ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ಽ㊁ߢノ߆ߒ޿ᬺ❣ࠍ෼߼ߡ߅ࠅ㧘20 ਎♿ࠍઍ⴫ߔࠆ⑼ቇ⠪ߩ 1 ੱߦᢙ߃ࠄࠇ߹ߔ[1]㧚߹ߚ㧘ℂ⺰ߣታ㛎ߩਔᣇࠍ⿥৻ᵹ
ߦߎߥߔ‫ޟ‬ቢ⅜ߥ‛ℂቇ⠪‫ߔ߹ࠇߐ⹏߽ߣޠ‬㧚ട߃ߡ㧘ᢎ⢒⠪ߣߒߡᰴߩ਎ઍߩఝࠇߚ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍ⢒ߡߡ߅ࠅ㧘ੱᦸ߇ෘߊੱᩰ⠪ߣߒߡᢘᗲߐࠇߡ޿
ߚࠃ߁ߢߔ[2]㧚ߘ߁޿ߞߚ✚ว⊛ߥ⹏ଔߩᓇ㗀߽޽ࠆߩ߆㧘‫ߩޠࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޟ‬ฬ߇ઃߊ߽ߩߪ㕖Ᏹߦᄙߊ㧘⾨㧘⎇ⓥᚲ㧘ᄤᢥ᷹ⷰᚲ㧘ේሶἹ㧘ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯㧘☸ሶ㧘ዊᖺᤊ㧘ర⚛㧘ᴺೣ㧘ࡄ࡜࠼࠶ࠢࠬߥߤᢙ߃߈ࠇ߹ߖࠎ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩ៤ࠊߞߚ⎇ⓥߣߒߡ߹ߕᕁ޿ᶋ߆߱
ߩߪ 1938 ᐕߩࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞‛ℂቇ⾨[3]ߩฃ⾨ኻ⽎ߦߥߞߚ㧘ᷫㅦਛᕈሶ✢ᾖ኿ߦࠃࠆ⺃ዉ᡼኿⢻ߩ⎇ⓥߢߒࠂ߁㧚৻ᣇ㧘‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ⷰ߁޿ߣޠ‬ὐ߆ࠄ⷗ࠆߣࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘[4,5]ߩ⊒⷗߇ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ

વᾲ 2012 ᐕ 1 ᦬- 55 -J. HTSJ, Vol. 51, No. 214ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧽
1911 ᐕߦ࡜ࠩࡈࠜ࡯࠼ߪࠕ࡞ࡈࠔ✢ࠍ㊄▗ߦᾖ኿ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ਛᔃߦᩭ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ⃻࿷ߩේሶ௝㧔࡜ࠩࡈࠜ࡯࠼ߩේሶᮨဳ㧕ࠍ⷗޿಴ߒߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ᓟㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩ⎇ⓥߪ߹ߐߦߎࠇࠄߩ⍮⷗߿ᛛⴚߩ⊒ዷߩᵹࠇߦਸ਼ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ቇ↢࡮ࡐࠬ࠼ࠢᤨઍࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪᐜዋᦼ߆ࠄ㘃߹ࠇߥࠆ⸥ᙘജࠍᜬߜ㧘⽶ߌߕህ޿ߢᩮ᳇߽޽ࠅ㧘⑼ቇ⠪ߦߥࠆㆡᱜࠍ౗
ߨ஻߃ߡ޿ߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߔ[2]㧚ᐜ޿ߎࠈߦఱࠍ੢ߊߒߡ߆ࠄ⁴ὓߦീቇߦᛂߜㄟ߻ࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ㧘ߺࠆߺࠆᚽ⢻ࠍ㐿⧎ߐߖ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆࠛ࡝࡯࠻ࠦ࡯ࠬࠍᱠࠎߢⴕ߈߹ߔ㧚ࠗ࠲࡝ࠕߢߪᦨ㔍㑐ߣߐࠇࠆࡇࠨߩ㜞╬Ꮷ▸ቇᩞ㧔Scuola Normale Superiorein Pisa㧕ߦ౉ቇߒోኰ೙ᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚ㧚⑲ߢߚቇ↢ߣߒߡ᦭ฬߢ޽ߞߚࠃ߁ߢ㧘ᣧߊ߽㊂ሶജቇࠍୃᓧߒ㧘‛ℂቇߩᕆㅦߥㅴᱠߦߟ޿ߡⴕߌߥ
ߊߥߞߚ‛ℂቇ⑼ߩᢎ᝼ߦଐ㗬ߐࠇߡ㧘ᒰᤨࠕ࡞ࡌ࡞࠻࡮ࠕࠗࡦࠪࡘ࠲ࠗࡦߦࠃߞߡ⊒⴫ߐࠇߚ߫߆ࠅߩ⋧ኻᕈℂ⺰ߩ࡟ࠢ࠴ࡖ࡯ࠍⴕߞߚߘ߁ߢߔ
[2]㧚ߘߒߡ㧘1921 ᐕ㧔20 ᱦ㧕ߦߪᄢቇ 3 ᐕ↢ߥ߇ࠄᣧߊ߽ᦨೋߩቇⴚ⺰ᢥࠍ⊒⴫ߒߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪℂ⺰‛ℂߢఝࠇߚᬺ❣ࠍ෼߼ࠆ৻ᣇ
ߢ㧘ඳ჻⺰ᢥ⎇ⓥߢߪ X ✢ߩታ㛎ࠍ࠹࡯ࡑߦㆬ߮߹ߒߚ㧚ߔߢߦߎߩߎࠈ߆ࠄታ㛎ߣℂ⺰ࠍਔ┙ߔࠆࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩ⎇ⓥࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ࠍ၂㑆⷗ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈
߹ߔ㧚1922 ᐕߦ 21 ᱦߢඳ჻ภࠍขᓧߒ㧘1922 ᐕ
߆ࠄ 23 ᐕߦ߆ߌߡࠥ࠶࠹ࠖࡦࠥࡦ߿࡜ࠗ࠺ࡦߢ
ࡐࠬ࠼ࠢࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘ߦ❬߇ࠆ⎇ⓥࠍᆎ߼ߚߩߪߎߩߎࠈߢ޽ࠅ㧘
1926 ᐕߦࡠ࡯ࡑᄢቇߩᢎ᝼ߦዞછߒߚᐕߦ㧘᦭ฬߥࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘ജቇߩ⺰ᢥ[4]ࠍ⊒⴫ߒߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ታߦ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪᒙ౰ 25 ᱦߢߒߚ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪࡄ࠙࡝ߩឃઁᓞේℂߦᓥ߁㊂ሶ᳇૕ߩᣂߒ޿⛔⸘[3]ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ߹ߒߚ㧚หᤨᦼߦࡐ࡯࡞࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶߽ࠢหߓ⛔⸘ಽᏓࠍ⁛┙ߦዉ߈಴ߒߚߚ߼㧘‫ߣޠ⸘⛔ࠢ࠶࡜ࠖ࠺࡮ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޟ‬๭߫ࠇ߹ߔ㧚ߥ߅㧘࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⥄り߇ᓟߦ‫⛔ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޟ‬⸘‫ߣޠ‬๭ࠎߛߚ߼㧘‫ߣޠ⸘⛔ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޟ‬๭߫ࠇࠆߎߣ߽ᄙ޿ࠃ߁ߢߔ㧚࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢߪ㕖Ᏹߦ⻞⯯ߥੱᨩߛߞߚࠃ߁ߢ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߦઁߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦࠢ࡟ࠫવᾲ 2012 ᐕ 1 ᦬- 56 -࠶࠻ࠍ⼑ߞߚ଀߇޿ߊߟ߽޽ࠆࠃ߁ߢߔ㧔଀߃߫㧘⁁ᘒ㑆ߩㆫ⒖⏕₸ࠍਈ߃ࠆ‫ߩࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޟ‬㤛㊄ᓞ‫ޠ‬߽ታ㓙ߦߪ࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ߇ዉ಴ߒߚ߽ߩߢߔ㧕㧚߿߇ߡ㧘㔚ሶ㧘㓁ሶ㧘ਛᕈሶߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘ߦᓥ߁☸ሶࠍ✚⒓ߒߡࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ☸
ሶ෶ߪࡈࠚ࡞ࡒࠝࡦߣ๭߱ࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚৻⥸⊛ߥ‛ℂߩᢎ⑼ᦠߦタߞߡ޿ࠆౝኈߣ㊀ⶄߔࠆㇱಽ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߎߎߢࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘ߩዉ಴ߦߟ޿ߡዋߒ⸅ࠇࠆߎߣߦߒ߹ߒࠂ߁㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘ߪ㧘ᐔⴧ⁁ᘒߦ
޽ࠆห⒳㘃ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㧔ࡄ࠙࡝ߩឃઁᓞߦᓥ߁㧕☸ሶߦኻߒߡㆡ↪ߐࠇ߹ߔ㧚ട߃ߡ㧘☸ሶห჻ߩ⋧੕૞↪߇ήⷞߢ߈ࠆߣߒ߹ߔ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘N ☸ሶ♽߇න৻☸ሶߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯⁁ᘒߩ⿷ߒวࠊߖߦࠃߞߡ⸥ㅀߢ߈ࠆߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒ߹ߔ㧚 ߐߡ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩዉ಴ᣇᴺߢߔ߇㧘1926 ᐕߩ⺰ᢥߩ⧷⸶[4]ࠍ⺒߻ߣ㧘ᢙቇࠃࠅ‛ℂ⊛ᗧ๧ࠍ㊀ࠎߓࠆࡈࠚ࡞ࡒࠄߒ޿ᢥߦⴕ߈ᒰߚࠅ߹ߔ㧚
̌Reserving publication of the mathematical details of
this theory to another occasion, we limit ourselves inthis Note to showing the principles of the method andthe results.”ߣት⸒ߒߚ਄ߢ㧘
“Let us suppose now that we have to distribute among
our N molecules the total energy W=Ehv (E= integernumber); and let us label with Ns < Qs the number ofmolecules of energy shv. It is easy to find that the mostprobable values of Ns are”ߣߒߡ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢಽᏓ㑐ᢙ

αQs
(1)
e +α
߇⸥ㅀߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧔α ߣ β ߪ W ߣ N ߦଐሽߔࠆቯᢙ㧕㧚ߎࠇߪ⏕߆ߦ‫◲ޟ‬ẖ‫߇ߔߢޠ‬㧘ᧄⓂߢߩ⸃⺑ߦ↪޿ࠆߦߪ޿ߐߐ߆◲ẖㆊ߉ࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁ߃߹ߔߩߢ㧘ߎߎߢߪ⁛┙ߦหߓ⚿ᨐࠍᓧߡ޿ࠆ࠺ࠖ
࡜࠶ࠢ[5]ߩഥߌࠍ୫ࠅߡ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢಽᏓ㑐ᢙߩዉ಴ࠍㅊߞߡ⷗ࠆߎߣߦߒ߹ߔ㧔ߥ߅㧘ᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡ㧘ᄌᢙߩ๭߮ฬࠍේ⪺߆ࠄᄌ߃ߡ޿߹ߔ㧕㧚ో☸ሶᢙ߇ N㧘ోࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯߇ E ߩ♽ࠍ⠨߃߹ߔ㧚♽߇᦭ߔࠆᵄേ㑐ᢙ㧔෶ߪ⁁ᘒ㧕ࠍหߓࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍᜬߟࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦಽߌ㧘s ⇟⋡ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ
ߦዻߔࠆᵄേ㑐ᢙߩᢙࠍ As㧘
ߘߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ Es㧘ߘࠇࠍභ߼ࠆ☸ሶᢙࠍ Ns ߣߒ߹ߔ㧚ߔࠆߣ㧘AsNs =βsJ. HTSJ, Vol. 51, No. 214ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧽୘ߩᵄേ㑐ᢙߩਛ߆ࠄ Ns ୘ߩ☸ሶ߇භ߼ࠆ߽ߩࠍ㧘㊀ⶄࠍ⸵ߐߕߦㆬ߱⚵ߺวࠊߖߩᢙߪ㧘W = ∏sAs !
N s !( As − N s )!

1(2)T=infinityNߣ⴫ߖ߹ߔ㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘ࠛࡦ࠻ࡠࡇ࡯ߪ㧔ࠬ࠲࡯࡝ࡦࠣߩ౏ᑼࠍ↪޿ߡ㧕㧘
S = k B logW

T=μ/kB= k B ∑s {As (log As − 1) − N s (log N s − 1)} − ( As − N s )[log( As − N s ) − 1]0ߢਈ߃ࠄࠇ㧘ߎࠇ߇ᐔⴧ⁁ᘒߢߪᭂᄢࠍขࠆߎߣ
ࠃࠅ㧘

(4)

ߎߎߢ㧘ో૕ߩ☸ሶᢙߣࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߪᄌൻߒߥ޿
ߩߢ㧘∑ δN = 0 㧘 ∑ E δN = 0 .
sssss   (5)ߎࠇࠍ࡜ࠣ࡜ࡦࠫࡘߩᧂቯਸ਼ᢙᴺࠍ↪޿ߡ⸃ߊߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘એਅߩᑼ߇ᓧࠄࠇ߹ߔ㧚⎛A⎞log⎜⎜ s −1⎟⎟ = α + βEs⎝ Ns ⎠(6)ߐࠄߦ㧘ᧂቯਸ਼ᢙ α ෸߮ β ߪᾲജቇ⊛‛ℂ㊂ߣ㑐
ଥߠߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈㧘᷷ᐲ T ߣൻቇࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡞μ ࠍ↪޿ߡ

Ns =1(7)e+1߇ዉ಴ߐࠇ߹ߔ㧚ߎࠇ߇ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢಽᏓ㑐ᢙߢߔ㧔࿑ 1㧕㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢಽᏓߪ଀߃߫㊄ዻߩᲧᾲ߿ᾲવዉ₸ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ਄ߢᄙ޿ߦᓎ┙ߜ߹ߒߚ㧚ߘࠇ߹ߢߪࡄ࠙࡞࡮࠼࡞࡯࠺ߦࠃࠆ⥄↱㔚ሶࠍ᳇૕ㆇേ⺰⊛ߦ⴫ߒߚࡕ࠺࡞߇⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߎߩࡕ࠺࡞ߩᦨᄢߩ໧㗴ὐߪ㧘ฎౖ⺰ߦၮߠߊ㔚ሶߩㅦᐲ߿Ყᾲࠍ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢߒߚ[9]㧚ߘࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘1933 ᐕߦࠕ࡞ࡁ࡞࠼࡮࠰ࡦࡑ࡯ࡈࠚ࡞࠼ߪࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢಽᏓ㑐ᢙࠍ↪޿ߡ㔚ሶߩᲧᾲࠍ᳞߼ࠆߎߣߢ㧘ฎౖ⺰ߢߪᲧᾲ߇ 100 ୚⒟ᐲㆊᄢ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒ߹ߒߚ[10]㧚ߘࠇ( E − μ ) / k BTવᾲ 2012 ᐕ 1 ᦬

1E/μ23࿑ 1 ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢಽᏓߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯(E)෸᷷߮ᐲ(T)ଐሽᕈ㧚

0 = δS = k B ∑ s {− log N s + log( As − N s )}δN s⎛A⎞= k B ∑ s log⎜⎜ s − 1⎟⎟δN s 㧚⎝ Ns ⎠T=00(3)- 57 -߹ߢߦ㊄ዻߢ޽ߞߡ߽ᩰሶߩᲧᾲߛߌߢಠߘ⺑᣿߇ઃߊߎߣ߇ታ㛎ࠍၮߦಽ߆ߞߡ޿߹ߒߚ߇㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘ߦࠃߞߡߘߩℂ↱߇ೋ߼ߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ㧚ߥ߅㧘਄ㅀߩ㆑޿ߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ㧘࠼࡞࡯࠺ߩࡕ࠺࡞߇ᾲવዉ₸߿ࡠ࡯࡟ࡦ࠷ᢙࠍᲧセ⊛⦟ߊౣ⃻ߔࠆߩߪ஧ὼߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧚࠼࡞࡯࠺ߩࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪ㧘Ყᾲࠍㆊᄢ⹏ଔߔࠆߣหᤨߦ㧘㔚ሶㅦᐲࠍ 10 ୚⒟ᐲㆊዊ⹏ଔߒߚߚ߼㧘ߘࠇࠄ߇⋧Ვߐࠇ㧘᳞߼ࠆ‛ᕈߦࠃߞߡߪ࠰ࡦࡑ࡯ࡈࠚ࡞࠼ℂ⺰ߢᓧࠄࠇࠆ⚿⺰ߣ޽߹ࠅᄌࠊࠄߥ޿ߩߢߔ
[11]㧚
 ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘߇ᓎ┙ߞߚࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߩᄢ߈޿଀ߣߒߡߪ㧘⊕⦡⍵ᤊߩ቟ቯᕈ߇᦭ฬߢߔ㧚⊕⦡⍵ᤊߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇࠆࠪ࡝࠙ࠬ઻ᤊ㧔ࠪ࡝࠙ࠬ B㧕ߩ⾰㊂ߪᄥ㓁ߩߘࠇߣಠߘ╬ߒ޿৻ᣇߢ㧘ߘߩඨᓘߪ㕖Ᏹߦዊߐߊᄥ㓁ߩ⚂ 1/100 ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ 1990 ᐕߏࠈ߹ߢߦ᷹ⷰߐࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ㧚ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ㧘ᄥ㓁ߩኒᐲߪ࿾⃿਄ߩ᳓ߣห⒟ᐲߢߔߩ
ߢ㧘⊕⦡⍵ᤊߩኒᐲߪᭂ߼ߡ㜞ߊ㧘⴫㕙㊀ജߪᄥ㓁ߩ૗ජ୚㧘࿾⃿ߩ૗ਁ୚ߢ޽ࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᘒߢ㧘⍵ᤊ߇ᒻࠍ଻ߞߡ޿ࠄࠇࠆℂ↱߇ࠕ࡯ࠨ࡯࡮ࠛ࠺ࠖࡦ࠻ࡦࠍߪߓ߼ߣߔࠆᄤᢥ
ቇ⠪ߩ㑆ߢࡄ࡜࠼࠶ࠢࠬߣߒߡ⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ޿߹
ߒߚ㧚ߘߩ╵߃ߪ㧘ࡄ࠙࡝ߩឃઁೣࠍḩߚߔࡈࠚ࡞
ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘߇ਈ߃ࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ㜞ኒᐲߩᤊߢߪේሶߪቢోߦࠗࠝࡦൻߒ
ߡ㧘㔚ሶߪේሶᩭ߆ࠄ㔌ࠇߡ㔚ሶ᳇૕ߣߒߡᝄࠆ

J. HTSJ, Vol. 51, No. 214

ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧽ߡⴕ߈߹ߔ㧚⥰޿߹ߔ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ࡮࠺ࠖ࡜࠶ࠢ⛔⸘ߦᓥ߁ߣ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ㔚ሶߪࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩዊߐ޿⁁ᘒ߆ࠄ❗ㅌߒߥ߇ࠄභ߼ߡⴕ߈߹ߔ߇㧘ߘߩ޿ߊߟ߆ߪࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩ㜞޿⁁ᘒࠍභ߼ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ㧚ߎࠇߦࠃߞߡ޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫❗ޟ‬ㅌ࿶‫ߓ↢߇ޠ‬㧘ߎࠇߦࠃ
ࠆ࿶ജ൨㈩ߣᤊ⥄りߩ㊀ജ߇㊒ࠅวߞߡ⊕⦡⍵ᤊߪߘߩᒻࠍ଻ߞߡ޿ࠄࠇࠆߩߢߔ[11]㧚
ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ⎇ⓥቶ೨ㅀߩㅢࠅ㧘25 ᱦߦߒߡࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪᣧߊ߽‛ℂቇߩᢎ᝼ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ㧚ߘߩߎࠈߩࠗ࠲࡝ࠕߢߪ㧘߹ߛᣂߒ޿⃻ઍ‛ℂቇ߳ߩᛶ᛫ᗵ߇޽ࠅ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪߘࠇࠍᛂ㐿ߔࠆߩߦ⣣ᔃߒߚࠃ߁ߢߔ[2]㧚ࠗ࠲࡝ࠕߩ⧯޿਎ઍߦ⃻ઍ‛ℂቇࠍવ߃ࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐ ߣ ⠨ ߃ 㧘 1928 ᐕ ߦ ‫ ޟ‬Introduzione alla Fisica
Atomica㧔Introduction of atomic physics㧕‫ࠗ߁޿ߣޠ‬࠲࡝ࠕߢೋ߼ߡߣߥࠆ⃻ઍ‛ℂቇߩᢎ⑼ᦠࠍၫ╩ߒ㧘ߘࠇࠍၮߦ⻠⟵ࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ᣂߒ޿⎇ⓥಽ㊁ߛߞߚߎߣ߽޽ߞߡ㧘ቇ↢ߩ൘⺃ߦ⧰ഭߒߚߘ߁ߢߔ߇[2]㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩ⎇ⓥቶߦ
ߪᓟߦฬࠍ㚓ߖࠆ㕙‫ޘ‬㧔ࡈ࡜ࡦࠦ࡮࡜࠮࠶࠹ࠖ㧘ࠛࡒ࡝ࠝ࡮࠮ࠣ࡟㧘ࠛ࠼ࠕ࡞࠼࡮ࠕࡑ࡞࠺ࠖߥߤ㧕߇㓸߹ࠅ߹ߒߚ㧚ߎߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩ⎇ⓥ࠴࡯ࡓߪ‫ޟ‬Ragazzi via Panisperna‫ޠ‬㧔Panisperna ߪ⎇ⓥቶ߇޽
ߞߚㅢࠅߩฬ೨㧘‫ޟ‬Ragazzi‫ޟߢ⺆ࠕ࡝࠲ࠗߪޠ‬Boys‫ޠ‬ߩᗧ๧㧕ߣ޿߁ᗲ⒓ߢ๭߫ࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ㧚⎇ⓥળߢߪ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ߇⸃⺑ߔࠆᒻߢ㧘ᒰᤨ⊒⴫ߐࠇߚ߫߆ࠅߩࠛ࡞ࡧࠖࡦ࡮ࠪࡘ࡟࠺ࠖࡦࠟ࡯ߩᵄേቇ
[12]ࠍᆎ߼ߣߔࠆ⃻ઍ‛ℂቇࠍ⼏⺰ߒߡ޿ߚࠃ߁
ߢߔ[2]㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪࠪࡦࡊ࡞ߥ⸃ᴺࠍዉ߈಴ߔᚽ⢻ߦ㕖Ᏹߦ㐳ߌߡ޿ߚࠃ߁ߢ㧘ⶄ㔀ߥᢙቇ߿⺰ℂࠍᅢ߹ߕ㧘߹ߕߪ޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫ޟ‬Back of the envelope‫ޠ‬⸘▚ߢᒰߚࠅࠍઃߌߚ਄ߢ㧘ᓟ߆ࠄᱜ⏕ߥ⸃ࠍዉߊߣ޿߁ࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ࠍᅢࠎߛߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩવ⸥[2]ߢߪ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩᢎ⢒⠪ߣߒߡߩ⾗⾰ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ᄙߊ⸅ࠇࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧚૗ࠃࠅ߽ቇ↢ߦᢎ߃ࠆߩ߇ᅢ߈ߛߞߚࠃ߁ߢ㧘ᢎ߃ߚߎߣࠍቇ↢߇ℂ⸃ߢ߈ߥ޿ߣ㧘߽߁৻ᐲᢎ߃ࠆᯏળ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆ߆ࠄߣ⸒ߞߡ༑ࠎߛߣ޿޿߹ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘᳿ߒߡീቇ߿⎇ⓥ৻ㄝୟߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߪߥߊ㧘⎇ⓥቶߩᵴേߪࠬࡐ࡯࠷߿ㆆ߮ߣߩࡃ࡜ࡦࠬ߇ข
ࠇߡ޿ߚࠃ߁ߢߔ㧚ߎ߁ߒߚ⎇ⓥ↢ᵴߩਛߢ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩ⎇ⓥࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞߇࠴࡯ࡓߦᶐㅘߒⴕ߈㧘ߘߩᓟߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬㕟๮⊛⎇ⓥ߇ዷ㐿ߐࠇࠆ⥰บ߇ᢛߞવᾲ 2012 ᐕ 1 ᦬ਛᕈሶ‛ℂቇߩ⺀↢
Ragazzi via Panisperna ߪℂ⺰ߣታ㛎ߩਔᣇࠍ㜞޿࡟ࡌ࡞ߢታ〣ߢ߈ࠆᒝߺࠍᜬߞߡ㧘ේሶᩭ‛ℂ
ߩ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߡⴕ߈߹ߔ㧚⿠ὐߣߥߞߚߩߪߘߩዋߒ೨ߦ⿠ߞߚේሶⴣ⓭ታ㛎ߦࠃࠆਛᕈሶߩ⊒⷗ߢߔ㧚1911 ᐕߦ࡜ࠩࡈࠜ࡯࠼߇㧘ࠕ࡞ࡈࠔ☸ሶߩᢔੂታ㛎߆ࠄ㧘ේሶߩਛᔃߦߪᱜ㔚⩄ࠍᏪ߮ߚᭂ߼ߡዊߐߥේሶᩭ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⸽᣿ߒ߹ߒߚ㧚ߘߒߡߎࠇ߇㧘࡜ࠩࡈࠜ࡯࠼ߩቇ↢ߢ޽ߞߚࠫࠚ࡯ࡓ࠭࡮࠴ࡖ࠼࠙ࠖ࠶ࠢߦࠃࠆਛᕈሶߩ⊒⷗[13]ߦ❬߇ࠅ㧘ේሶᩭߪᱜ㔚⩄ࠍ߽ߟ㓁ሶߣ㔚᳇⊛ߦਛᕈߥਛᕈሶߦࠃࠅߥࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠅ߹ߒ
ߚ㧚ߥ߅㧘࠴ࡖ࠼࠙ࠖ࠶ࠢࠃࠅ೨ߦࠗ࡟࡯࠿࡮࡚ࠫ
࡝ࠝ࡮ࠠࡘ࡝࡯ߣࡈ࡟࠼࡝࠶ࠢ࡮࡚ࠫ࡝ࠝ࡮ࠠࡘ
࡝࡯ᄦᆄ߇㧘ࠕ࡞ࡈࠔ☸ሶࠍᾖ኿ߒߚࡎ࠙⚛߆ࠄߢࠆਛᕈሶࠍ᷹ⷰߒߚߩߢߔ߇㧘ࠠࡘ࡝࡯ᄦᆄߪߘࠇࠍࠟࡦࡑ✢ߛߣ⠨߃ߡߒ߹޿߹ߒߚ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᓟዋߒߩߣߎࠈߢߩࠠࡘ࡝࡯ᄦᆄߪਛᕈሶ
ࠍ⊒⷗ߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ߇㧘ੱᎿ᡼኿ᕈర⚛ߩ⊒⷗ߢ 1934 ᐕߦࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞ൻቇ⾨ࠍฃ⾨
ߒߡ޿߹ߔ[14]㧚
ߎࠇࠄߩਛᕈሶߣੱᎿ⊛ߥ⺃ዉ᡼኿⢻ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⊒⷗ࠍⲢวߐߖߚߩ߇߹ߐߦࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩ⎇ⓥߢߒߚ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪ㧘࡜࠼ࡦ߆ࠄ಴ࠆࠕ࡞ࡈࠔ✢ࠍࡌ࡝࡝࠙ࡓߦⴣ⓭ߐߖߚ㓙ߦ↢ߓࠆਛᕈሶࠍ࠲࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ේሶߦⴣ⓭ߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘᡼኿⢻ߩ⺃ዉࠍታ⃻ߒ߹ߒߚ[15]㧚㛳ߊߩߪ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒࠄ߇᭽‫ߥޘ‬ర⚛ߦߟ޿ߡ✂⟜ߒ㧘40 એ਄ߩੱᎿ᡼኿ᕈห૏ర⚛ࠍ⊒⷗ߒߡ޿ࠆὐߢߔ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘᡼಴ߐࠇߚ☸ሶߩ⒳㘃㧘ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯㊂㧘ඨᷫᦼߥߤࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆਛߢ㧘ᾖ኿ࠍⴕ߁บ߇ᧁ⵾ߩ႐วߣᄢℂ⍹ߩ႐วߢ᡼኿⢻ߩᒝᐲ߇⇣ߥࠆߎߣࠍ⷗ߟߌ߹ߒߚ㧚ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒࠄߪ㧘ߎߩේ࿃߇᧚⾰ߦࠃߞߡਛᕈሶ߇ᷫㅦߐࠇࠆᐲว޿߇⇣ߥࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆߣផ᷹ߒ㧘ࠃࠅലᨐ⊛ߦਛᕈሶࠍᷫㅦߐߖࠆࡄ࡜ࡈࠖࡦࠍ↪޿ߡታ㛎ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ㅦᐲߩㆃ޿ਛᕈሶߩᣇ߇ലᨐ⊛ߦ⺃ዉࠍᒁ߈⿠ߎߔߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩᚑᨐࠍ߈ߞ߆ߌߦਛᕈሶ‛ℂቇߣ޿߁ᣂߚߥቇⴚಽ㊁߇⺀↢ߒ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪ 1938ᐕߦࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞‛ℂቇ⾨ࠍฃ⾨ߒ߹ߔ[3]㧚
ታߪ㧘৻ㅪߩታ㛎ߩਛߢࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪਛᕈሶ߇࠙

- 58 -J. HTSJ, Vol. 51, No. 214ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧽࡜ࡦේሶࠍಽⵚߐߖ㧘ዊߐߥේሶߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆᚻ
ដ߆ࠅࠍ᷹ⷰߒߡ޿ߚࠃ߁ߢߔ߇[16]㧘ߎߩᤨὐߢߪߘࠇ߇ᩭಽⵚߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⍮ࠅ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ㧚ߤ߁߿ࠄ㧔ᕟࠄߊ Back of the envelope ⸘▚ࠍ߽ߣߦ㧕ਛᕈሶ߇ߘࠇࠃࠅ߽㊀޿ේሶࠍಽⵚߐߖࠆߛ
ߌߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍᜬߡࠆߣߪᕁߞߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚࠃ
߁ߢ㧘ࠗ࠳࡮ࡁ࠳࠶ࠢߩᜰ៰[17]ߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕߘߩน⢻ᕈࠍ㒰ᄖߒߡ޿߹ߒߚ㧚
ࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞⾨ߩฃ⾨ኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚ⎇ⓥߩઁߦ߽㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᚑᨐࠍߎߩᤨᦼߦ޽ߍߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ߘߩ 1 ߟߣߒߡ᦭ฬߥ߽ߩߦ㧘‫ߩޠࡁ࡝࠻࡯ࡘ࠾ޟ‬᭎ᔨࠍዉ౉ߒߚࡌ࡯࠲፣უߩℂ⺰ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ߇
޽ࠅ߹ߔ㧚ᒰᤨ㧘ࡌ࡯࠲፣უߩ㓙ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯଻
ሽೣ߇ḩߚߐࠇߥ޿ߎߣ߇⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘⊒↢ߒߚࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯߇ోߡ㔚ሶߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߣߥࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘৻ㇱ߇‫ࡘ࠾ޟ‬࡯࠻࡝ࡁ‫ޠ‬ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߣߥࠆߣ⺑᣿ߒߚߩߢߔ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߎߩ⎇ⓥࠍ Nature ⹹ߦ⺰ᢥߣߒߡᛩⓂߒߚߣߎࠈ㧘ࠛ࠺ࠖ࠲࡯߆ࠄ”it contained speculations
which were too remote from reality”ߣ࡝ࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߐ
ࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߔ[2]㧚ߘࠇߦࠃߞߡߎߩ⺰ᢥߪࠗ࠲࡝ࠕ⺆ߣ࠼ࠗ࠷⺆ߢߪߔߋ㧔1934ᐕ㧕ߦ⊒⴫ߐࠇߚߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ[18]㧘⧷⺆ߢߩ⊒⴫ߪ 1939 ᐕ߹ߢㆃࠇߚߘ߁ߢߔ㧚ᱧผࠍ⷗ࠆߣ㧘ᣂߒ޿☸ሶߩሽ࿷ߩឭ໒ߦߪ⧰ഭ߇઻߁ߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ࠃ߁ߢߔ߇㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ߽߹ߚߘߩᵞ␞ࠍฃߌߚࠃ߁ߢߔ㧚ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞᤨઍ1938 ᐕߦࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞⾨ߩฃ⾨ᑼߩߚ߼ߦࠬ࠻࠶ࠢࡎ࡞ࡓࠍ⸰ࠇߚ㓙ߦኅᣖߣߣ߽ߦࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߦ੢๮ߒ߹ߔ㧚ᒰᤨบ㗡ߒߡ߈ߚࡓ࠶࠰࡝࡯࠾ߩࡈࠔࠪ࠭ࡓߦࠃࠆㄼኂࠍᕟࠇߡߩߎߣߢߒߚ㧔ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩᆄ࡜࠙࡜࡮ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪ࡙࠳ࡗ♽ߢߒߚ㧕㧚ߎࠇࠍᯏߦ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߪࠦࡠࡦࡆࠕᄢቇߢ⎇ⓥࠍᆎ߼߹ߔ㧚หᐕߦ㧘ࠝ࠶࠻࡯࡮ࡂ࡯ࡦߣࡈ࡝࠶࠷࡮ࠪࡘ࠻࡜ࠬࡑࡦ߇࠙࡜ࡦߦਛᕈሶ✢ࠍᾖ኿ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡࡃ࡝࠙ࡓ߇↢ᚑߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍ᷹ⷰߒ㧘⠉ᐕߦ࡟࡯࠯࡮ࡑࠗ࠻࠽࡯ߣࠝ࠶࠻࡯࡮ࡈ࡝࠶ࠪࡘ߇㧘ߘࠇ߇ᩭಽⵚߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒ߹
ߔ㧚ߎߩ࠾ࡘ࡯ࠬ߇࠾࡯࡞࡮ࡏ࡯ࠕ[17]ࠍ੺ߒߡ
ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒࠄߦવࠊࠅ㧘ࠦࡠࡦࡆࠕᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥ⠪࠴࡯ࡓߦࠃࠅᩭಽⵚߩታ㛎߇⋓ࠎߦⴕࠊࠇ߹ߒߚ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘⥄りߩ⎇ⓥߩታ↪ൻ߿ᔕ↪ߦ៤ࠊࠆߎߣ

વᾲ 2012 ᐕ 1 ᦬ߦ⥝๧߇ߥ߆ߞߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߢߔ߇[2]㧘
ೋߩේሶἹ㧔ࠪࠞࠧࡄࠗ࡞-1㧕ߩ㐿⊒ࠍㅢߓߡ⥄┙⊛ߥᩭㅪ㎮෻ᔕࠍታ⃻ߒ㧘ߎࠇߦࠃߞߡࡑࡦࡂ࠶࠲ࡦࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩਛᩭ⊛ߥᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚߅ࠊࠅߦ
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘ၮ␆⑼ቇߦ㑐ߔࠆᬺ❣߇㓸ਛߒߡ޿ࠆࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩ⎇ⓥੱ↢ߩ೨ඨࠍਥߦขࠅ਄ߍ߹ߒ
ߚ㧚ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞᤨઍએ㒠ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩᵴേߦߟ޿ߡ
ߪ㧘ᒰᤨߩ᡽ᴦ⊛⢛᥊ߣ⛊߼ߡᦠ߆ࠇߚવ⸥߿⾗ᢱ߇ᄙᢙ޽ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘ߘߜࠄߦ⼑ࠆߎߣߦߒ߹
ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒߩࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߦᓥ޿㧘ᧄⓂߢߪ
ߥࠆߴߊᢙቇࠍ૶ࠊߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦദ߼߹ߒߚ㧚ࠃࠅ෩ኒߥᑼ߿⼏⺰ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ᄙᢙ޽ࠆ‛ℂቇߩᢎ⑼ᦠࠍߏෳᾖߊߛߐ޿㧚㩷ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
[1] Snow, C., The physicists: A generation thatchanged the world, Little Brown (1981).
[2] Cooper, D., Enrico Fermi: And the revolutions ofmodern physics, Oxford Portraits in Science, Ed.
Gingerich O., Oxford University Press, Inc.
(1999); ࠳ࡦ࡮ࠢ࡯ࡄ࡯⪺㧘᪸ᧄᴦ↵⸶㧘ࠛࡦ࡝ࠦ࡮ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㧘ේሶߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ⸃߈᡼ߟ㧘ࠝ࠶ࠢࠬࡈࠜ࡯࠼⑼ቇߩ⡿௝ࠪ࡝࡯࠭㧘
ᄢ᦬ᦠᐫ(2007).
[3] http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/.
[4] Fermi, E., Sulla quantizzazione del gas perfetto
monoatomico, Rendiconti Lincei, 145 (1926).
Zannoni, A., On the quantization of themonoatomic ideal gas, arXiv:cond-mat/9912229(⧷⸶)㧚
[5] Dirac, P. A. M., On the theory of quantum
mechanics, Proc. Royal Soc. London Ser. A,
112-762, 661 (1926).
[6] ⧎᧛సᖗ㧘ࡑ࠶ࠢࠬ࡮ࡊ࡜ࡦࠢߩഞ❣㧘વᾲ㧘
48-205, 32 (2009)㧚
[7] http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/.
[8] http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/.
[9] Drude, P., Zur Elektronentheorie der metalle,- 59 -J. HTSJ, Vol. 51, No. 214

ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧽[15] Fermi, E., Amaldi, E., D'Agostino, O., Rasetti, F.,
SegrèE.
Radioattività
provocatadabombardamento di neutroni III, La Ricerca
Scientifica, 5, 452 (1934).
[16] Fermi, E., Possible Production of Elements ofAtomic Number Higher than 92, Nature, 133, 898(1934).
[17] Noddack, I., On Element 93, Zeitschrift fur
Angewandte Chemie, 47, 653 (1934).
[18] Fermi, E., Z. Physik, 88, 161 (1934).

Annalen der Physik 306, 566 (1900). Drude, P.,"Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle; II. Teil.
Galvanomagnetische und thermomagnetischeEffecte, Annalen der Physik, 308, 369 (1900).
[10] Sommerfeld, A., Bethe H., Elektronentheorie derMetalle, Handbuch der Physik, 24, 333, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg (1933).
[11] Kittel, C., Kroemer, H., Thermal physics, W. H.
Freeman Company (1980).
[12] ⦼ේᱜᒾ㧘ࠛ࡞ࡧࠖࡦ࡮ࠪࡘ࡟࠺ࠖࡦࠟ࡯ߩ
ഞ❣㧘વᾲ㧘49-209, 72 (2010)㧚
[13] http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/.
[14] http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/.

વᾲ 2012 ᐕ 1 ᦬

[19] ᧛਄㓁৻㧘࠾࡯࡞ࠬ࡮ࡏ࡯ࠕߩഞ❣㧘વᾲ㧘
49-206, 25 (2010)㧚

- 60 -J. HTSJ, Vol. 51, No. 214