International Symposium: Risk–based Management of Energy Infrastructure

Magnetic Non-destructive testing,based on the magnetization
mechanisms
B. Ducharne

1•Magnetic NDT in ELyTMaX:• ≈ 2.5 permanent researchers• ≈ 4 Ph. D. students• > 100 k€ annual industrial collaborations• > 10 annual publications
Industrials/academics collaborators:

Upcoming:
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Magnetism in NDT

Eddy current testing
Magnetism -> Energy
conversion quantity

Magnetoscopy
Magnetism ->mechanicalsupport

Magnetic memory
Magnetism ->distortion of anatural phenomena

Magnetization mechanisms NDT,
magnetization processes(Incremental permeability, Barkhausennoise…)

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Magnetic Force Microscopy
Single point probe sensor
Amiri 2012

DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2019.2933153

Barkhausen noise characterization

Double point probe sensor

Incremental permeability sensor
Gupta 2017

Eddy current sensor
www.emersonprocess.com
Magnetoscopy

US Military – 1920!

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Motivations
Quality control, an increasing demand

http://www.izfp.fraunhofer.de
http://ast.stresstechgroup.com

No international standard

http://www.lmdindustrie.com

Steel and mechanical industries (bearings, gear boxes, boilers…)
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Research problematic

http://ast.stresstechgroup.com

Good news! Magnetic NDT based on themagnetization mechanisms works!!!

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Research problematic1 ) Well known specimen2) Time consuming
experimental process
Settings are nottransposable

A small change might end
in unconsistent results3) Rejection
threshold

SKF aerospace7Surface treatments:
Instrumentation development:
Desired: shot peening, carburization,
residual stress, etc.
Undesired: corrosion, residual stress,etc.

8Magnetic field
amplitude

Magnetization mechanisms
Characterized by their owntime constant and frequency
independentMagnetization
rotation

1000 A·m-1

Nucleation /Annihilation

Irreversible
motions

Domain walls
bulging
10 ms

Time constant9

Frequency dependent
magnetization mechanisms

Magnetic losses (J∙m-1)

Microscopic
eddy currents
Macroscopic
eddy currents

Freq (Hz)10

Magnetic field
amplitude

Magnetic Incremental
Permeability

1000 A·m-1

1
Domain walls
bulging
10 ms

Time constant11

Magnetic field
amplitude

Magnetic Barkhausen noise
2

1000 A·m-1
Irreversible
motions

10 ms

Time constant12

Magnetic field
amplitude

1000 A·m-1

Nucleation /Annihilation

10 ms

Time constant13

Magnetic field
amplitude

Magnetizationrotation

31000 A·m-1

B t =−10 mst1
� e x dx
2n � S
0Time constant14

Magnetic losses (J∙m-1)

Microscopic
eddy currents

Magnetization properties
frequency dependent

4Freq (Hz)15

μμ at H = 0 5
Macroscopic
eddy currents

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Domain wall Bulging
Domain wall irreversible motions
Nucleation and Fusion
Microscopic eddy currents
Magnetization rotation
Macroscopic eddy currents

17Microscopic
eddy currents

Domain walls
bulging

Irreversiblemotions

Magnetization
rotation

Macroscopic
eddy currents

Linearcorrelations18

r: Pearsoncoefficient

Microscopic
eddy currents

Macroscopic
eddy currents

19Recent papers on this topic (2022-2023):
Ducharne, B., 2024. Non-destructive testing of ferromagnetic steel components based on their magnetic response. In Non-Destructive
Material Characterization Methods (pp. 707-725). Elsevier.
Ducharne, B., Deffo, Y.A.T., Zhang, S., Sebald, G., Lallart, M., Uchimoto, T., Gallais, C. and Ghibaudo, O., 2023. Carburization depth
evaluation from magnetic nondestructive testing. NDT & E International, 137, p.102864.
Ducharne, B., Sebald, G., Petitpré, H., Lberni, H., Wasniewski, E. and Zhang, F., 2023. Magnetic Signatures and Magnetization Mechanisms
for Grinding Burns Detection and Evaluation. Sensors, 23(10), p.4955.
Zhang, S., Ducharne, B., Sebald, G., Takeda, S. and Uchimoto, T., 2023. Magnetic indicators for evaluating plastic strains in electrical steel:
Toward non-destructive assessment of the magnetic losses. NDT & E International, 134, p.102780.
Saoudi, R., Morel, L., Raulet, M.A. and Ducharne, B., 2022. Magnetic properties and Barkhausen noise evolution during FeSiCuNbB
nanocrystalline material aging. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 563, p.169986.
Fagan, P., Ducharne, B., Zurek, S., Domenjoud, M., Skarlatos, A., Daniel, L. and Reboud, C., 2022. Iterative methods for waveform control inmagnetic measurement systems. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 71, pp.1-13.
Toutsop, B., Ducharne, B., Lallart, M., Morel, L. and Tsafack, P., 2022. Characterization of Tensile Stress-Dependent Directional Magnetic
Incremental Permeability in Iron-Cobalt Magnetic Sheet: Towards Internal Stress Estimation through Non-DestructiveTesting. Sensors, 22(16), p.6296.

Surface treatments:
Numerical methods development:
Desired: shot peening, carburization,
residual stress, etc.
Undesired: corrosion, residual stress,etc.

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Low frequency MIP

5452

IZI ()

50

48

46

44

-1-0.5

00.5

1- 1H

(As u r fm4)

1022

Low frequency MIP

dIZI/dH at H = Hc virgin sample
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dIZI/dH at H = Hc virgin sample

r = 0.987

Ducharne, B., Deffo, Y.A.T., Zhang, S., Sebald, G., Lallart, M., Uchimoto, T., Gallais, C. and Ghibaudo, O., 2023.
Carburization depth evaluation from magnetic non-destructive testing. NDT & E International, p.102864.

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The Dodd & Deeds analytical expression for a coil above a two-layer conductor

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Simulation parameters adjustment
optimization process based on the minimization of the relative discrete Euclidean
difference (Eq. 17) error function
REDdiscrete % = 100 ⋅sim −xmeas∑m
i=1 xiisim∑m
i=1 xi22(17)

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Simulation predictions

 Numerical method exploitation and practical validation

 Model predictiond Є [0 – 2] mmf Є [500 – 20] kHz27

Simulation predictions
Model predictions for
all indicators vs. at f =1 kHz.

Pearson correlation coefficients:
magnetic indicators vs. CD.

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Recent papers on this topic (2022-2023):
Ducharne, B., Deffo, Y.A.T., Sebald, G., Uchimoto, T., Gallais, C. and Ghibaudo, O., 2023. Low-frequency incremental permeability for theevaluation of deep carburization treatments: Theoretical understanding. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, p.171236.
Fagan, P., Zhang, S., Sebald, G., Uchimoto, T. and Ducharne, B., 2023. Barkhausen noise hysteresis cycle: Theoretical and experimental
understanding. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 578, p.170810.
Ducharne, B., Zhang, S., Sebald, G., Takeda, S. and Uchimoto, T., 2022. Electrical steel dynamic behavior quantitated by inductancespectroscopy: Toward prediction of magnetic losses. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 560, p.169672.
Fagan, P., Ducharne, B., Daniel, L., Skarlatos, A., Domenjoud, M. and Reboud, C., 2022. Effect of stress on the magnetic Barkhausen noise
energy cycles: A route for stress evaluation in ferromagnetic materials. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 278, p.115650.

Material laws:_ Magnetostriction_ Frequency dependency_ Magnetic losses

Magnetic instrumentation:

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Recent papers on this topic (2022-2023):
Daniel, L., Ducharne, B., Liu, Y. and Sebald, G., 2023. Choosing the best magnetostrictive material for energy harvesting applications: A
simple criterion based on Ericsson cycles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, p.171281.
Diguet, G., Ducharne, B., El Hog, S., Kato, F., Koibuchi, H., Uchimoto, T. and Diep, H.T., 2023. Monte Carlo studies of skyrmion stabilization
under geometric confinement and uniaxial strain. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 579, p.170819.
Liu, Y., Ducharne, B., Sebald, G., Makihara, K. and Lallart, M., 2023. Investigation of Energy Harvesting Capabilities of Metglas
2605SA1. Applied Sciences, 13(6), p.3477.
Ducharne, B., Zhang, S., Sebald, G., Takeda, S. and Uchimoto, T., 2022. Electrical steel dynamic behavior quantitated by inductancespectroscopy: Toward prediction of magnetic losses. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 560, p.169672.
Kouakeuo, S.H.N., Solignac, A., Sabariego, R.V., Morel, L., Raulet, M.A., Toutsop, B., Tsafack, P. and Ducharne, B., 2022. Internal
characterization of magnetic cores, comparison to finite element simulations: A route for dimensioning and condition monitoring. IEEE
Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 71, pp.1-10.

Magnetic simulation:

2

1s t

1lam. sheetn d(T)20r da x

3t h

4t hB

Material laws:_ Magnetostriction_ Frequency dependency_ Magnetic losses

5t h

6t h

7-1t h8t h

9t h

10-2-100-50

050100- 1H(Am)s u r f x34

Recent papers on this topic (2022-2023):
Ducharne, B., Zurek, S., Daniel, L. and Sebald, G., 2022. An anisotropic vector hysteresis model of ferromagnetic behavior under alternating
and rotational magnetic field. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 549, p.169045.
Ducharne, B., Zurek, S. and Sebald, G., 2022. A universal method based on fractional derivatives for modeling magnetic losses underalternating and rotational magnetization conditions. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 550, p.169071.
Ducharne, B. and Sebald, G., 2022. Fractional derivatives for the core losses prediction: State of the art and beyond. Journal of Magnetismand Magnetic Materials, p.169961.
Ducharne, B. and Sebald, G., 2022. Combining a fractional diffusion equation and a fractional viscosity-based magneto dynamic model tosimulate the ferromagnetic hysteresis losses. AIP Advances, 12(3).

Magnetic Non-destructive testing,based on the magnetization
mechanisms - Perspectives

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OCEA
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Labcom:
Electromagnetic NDTTechnological Institute of Mechanics
steered by mechanical engineering industrialists under French Statesupervision

50 %Governed by Articles
L521.1 to L521.13of the French Code of Research

€173

50 %

millionOverall business volume
Own resources

Collective resources

A COMMERCIAL OFFERA JOINT ACTION

5%

25 %
Assistance toSMEs

Innovation

50 %
R&D
Innovation

25 %Assistance tomechanical engineering
professions

40 %

40 %

Expert analysis
Consultancy
Training

Measurements
and testing

15 %Systems engineering

41Labcom:
Electromagnetic NDT

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OCEA

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OCEA
Key numbers:_ 2.2 M€_ 5 people (hired, 1 Ph.D + Post-doc for ELyTMaX)_ 5 years_ 1 commercialized equipment
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International Symposium: Risk–based Management of Energy Infrastructure

Magnetic Non-destructive testing,based on the magnetization
mechanisms
B. Ducharne

45