Japanese
ACCOUNTING FORUM 2019No. 27

JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION

Japan Accounting Association
Liaison Office: c/o International Business Institute, Co., Ltd
Tsukasa Building 3rd. F. , 518 Waseda Tsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo 162-0041, Japan

Copyright© 2019, Japan Accounting Association

Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM 2019
JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION

Preface
Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM of Japan Accounting Association (JAA) is
published annually to publicize academic activities of JAA in English. The first issue
of Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM was published in 1993. This edition for 2019is the 27th issue of Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM.
This issue contains the summary of presentations at the 77th Annual Conferenceof JAA which was held at PACIFICO Yokohama & Yokohama Campus in
Kanagawa University on September 4-6, 2018. It also includes the reports ofregional activities of JAA during the 2018 academic year.
I sincerely hope that Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM serves the readers tobetter understand the activities of JAA.
Akihiro Noguchi
Chairman of the International Committee andManaging Editor of Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM,
Japan Accounting Association

Contact: Professor Akihiro Noguchi
Graduate School of Economics
Nagoya University
Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku,
Nagoya 464-8601, JAPANnoguchi@soec.nagoya-u.ac.jp

1

JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION
Board of Directors (2019)

President:
Yoshihiro Tokuga,

Kyoto University

Directors:
Hisakatsu Sakurai, Kobe University (Professor Emeritus)
Hidetsugu Umehara, Meiji University
Keiichi Oishi, Kyushu University
Masashi Okumura, Waseda University
Takashi Obinata,
The University of Tokyo
Akitomo Kajiura, Kwansei Gakuin University
Nobuhiko Sato, Kumamoto Gakuen University
Kazumi Suzuki, Kobe University
Yusuke Nakajo, Yokohama City University
Makoto Nakano, Hitotsubashi University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Takatoshi Hayashi, Kwansei Gakuin University
Fumiko Hiki, Hitotsubashi University
Ichiro Mizuno, Kansai University
Hiroshi Yoshimi, Hokkaido University
Masaki Yoneyama, The University of Tokyo

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Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM 2019

International Committee and 2019-2021 Editorial Board
Managing Editor:
Akihiro Noguchi,

Nagoya University

Deputy Managing Editor:
Makoto Nakano, Hitotsubashi University
Editors:
Takashi Asano, Tokyo Metropolitan University
Tomoki Oshika, Waseda University
Akira Omori, Yokohama National University
Ikuko Sasaki, Tohoku Gakuin University
Akinobu Shuto, The University of Tokyo
Tomomi Takada, Kobe University
Yutaro Murakami, Keio University

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Past Editors of the Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM :1993－1997
Seigo Nakajima, Managing Editor, Ferris University
Yukio Fujita, Deputy Managing Editor, Aichi Gakuin University
Youichi Hara, Ritsumeikan University
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Kwansei Gakuin University
Toshiro Hiromoto, Hitotsubashi University
Yoshiaki Jinnai, Tokyo Keizai University
Yoshihide Toba, Senshu University

1998－2000
Nobuo Kamata, Managing Editor, Chubu University
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Deputy Managing Editor, Kwansei Gakuin University
Tokugoro Murayama, Deputy Managing Editor, CPA
Shinji Hatta, Surugadai University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Yasuhito Ozawa, Senshu University
Shigeto Sasaki, Senshu University
Kazumasa Takemori, Chubu University

2001－2003
Nobuo Kamata, Managing Editor, Chubu University
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Deputy Managing Editor, Kwansei Gakuin University
Shinji Hatta, Surugadai University
Norio Igarashi, CPA
Noriyuki Konishi, Senshu University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Michimasa Satoh, Nagoya University
Kazumasa Takemori, Chubu University

2004－2006
Michiharu Sakurai, Managing Editor, Senshu University
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Deputy Managing Editor, Kwansei Gakuin University
Yukio Sakaguchi, Senshu University
Hironao Iwata, Tokyo International University
4

Past Editors of the Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM :2007－2009
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Managing Editor, Kwansei Gakuin University
Noriyuki Konishi, Deputy Managing Editor, Okayama University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Norio Sawabe, Kyoto University
Takashi Yaekura, Hosei University
Koji Kojima, Kwansei Gakuin University

2010－2012
Yoshihiro Tokuga, Managing Editor, Kyoto University
Nobuhiko Sato, Deputy Managing Editor, Meiji University
Koji Kojima, Kwansei Gakuin University
Noriyuki Konishi, Aoyama Gakuin University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Norio Sawabe, Kyoto University

2013－2015
Yoshihiro Tokuga, Managing Editor, Kyoto University
Nobuhiko Sato, Deputy Managing Editor, Kumamoto Gakuen University
Noriyuki Konishi, Aoyama Gakuin University
Chika Saka, Kwansei Gakuin University
Satoshi Sugahara, Hiroshima Shudo University
Tokuei Sugimoto, Kwansei Gakuin University
Tomomi Shiosaki, Kyushu University
Noriyuki Tsunogaya, Nagoya University
Makoto Nakano, Hitotsubashi University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Yutaro Murakami, Keio University

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Past Editors of the Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM :2016－2018
Katsuhiko Kokubu, Managing Editor, Kobe University
Hiroshi Obata, Deputy Managing Editor, Hitotsubashi University
Takashi Ando, Chiba University of Commerce
Noriyuki Konishi, Aoyama Gakuin University
Chika Saka, Kwansei Gakuin University
Satoshi Sugahara, Kwansei Gakuin University
Tokuei Sugimoto, Kwansei Gakuin University
Noriyuki Tsunogaya, Nagoya University
Makoto Nakano, Hitotsubashi University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Tadanori Yosano, Kobe University

6

Japanese
ACCOUNTING FORUM
No. 27, 2019
CONTENTS
PrefaceAkihiro Noguchi

Report2018 Annual Conference(1)

Katsuyoshi Okamura (10)Plenary Session: Changes in the Economic Environment and Issues of
Accounting Research
Session 1: To aim at publicizing the Japanese original study to the world
Observing Apparatus for Accounting Research
Norio Sawabe(12)Large-scale Accounting Data and Cross-country Research
Takashi Yaekura (14)Accounting research focusing on accounting regulations peculiar to Japan
Kazumi Suzuki (15)Session 2: Restoration of Historical Perspective in Accounting Research
Effects of the Political Factors on the Establishment of Accounting Institutions
Tokuei Sugimoto (16)The Development of Direct Costing in Japan
Masaru Takahashi(17)

Development of Audit System by Japanese Professional Accountants
Yoshinao Matsumoto

(18)

7

Session 3: Accounting in the Era of AI
The impact of artificial intelligence in Accounting and Auditing practices
Ryuichi Yaguchi(19)

Effect of artificial intelligence (AI) on accounting research
Akinobu Shuto(20)

AI and Data Science in Accounting Education
Toshiya Murakami(21)

Session 4: Research on Accounting for SMEs in Japan
History of Research in Accounting for SMEs in Japan
Yasuhiro Shimizu and Reika Tsumura (22)The use of financial information issued by SMEs in national accounts: a French
perspective
Clémence Garcia (23)Accounting Information in SMEs and Corporate Management
Nobuyuki Mochizuki(24)

Special Committees
Roles of Management Accounting Systems to Facilitate the Exploitation and
Exploration of Knowledge (Interim Report)
Hiroshi Miya (25)Comprehensive Study on the Design of Accounting System (Final Report)
Shinya Saito (27)Study Groups:
Research on accounting issues concerning revenue from contracts withcustomers in Japan (Interim Report)
Takashi Sasaki

8

(29)

Many-sided and synthetic research of the accounting in China:
based on the historical and comparison institutional analysis (Final Report)
Ichiro Mizuno (31)International Session(33)

English Session(34)

Regional Reports
Hokkaido Region

Satoshi Imamura(35)

Tohoku Region

Masateru Narikawa(36)

Kanto Region

Masato Kikuya(37)

Chubu Region

Sadaharu Takeshima(38)

Kansai Region

Takahito Kondo(39)

Kyushu Region

Keiichi Oishi

(40)

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2018 Annual Conference of JAA
Report2018 Annual Conference
Chairperson of the Organizing Committeeof the 77th Annual Conference of JAA

Katsuyoshi Okamura
Kanagawa University, Yokohama
The 77th annual conference of Japan Accounting Association (JAA) was held at
Kanagawa University in Yokohama for the first time. This conference was held at
Pacifico Yokohama Annex Hall and Yokohama Campus in Kanagawa University on
September 4-6, 2018.
The main theme of the 77th annual conference was set as “Reconstruction of
Accounting Theory in the 21th Century,” based on the proposal of the organizing
committee of this annual conference. With changes in economic and industrial
structures reflecting the effective technological development or innovation, such as
the utilization of “big-data,” “internet of things(IoT)” and “artificial intelligence(AI),”the environment around accounting system and practices has also changed. Therefore,
the reconstruction of accounting theory adapted to the changing environment will be
required. This is the reason why such main theme was set up.
In this annual conference, we set up four sub-themes based on such a unified
theme: “To aim at publicizing the Japanese original study to the world,” “Restorationof historical perspective,” “Accounting in the Era of AI” and “Research on
Accounting for SMEs in Japan” It is necessary to reconfirm the existing state ofaccounting research, and provide any structure that enables generation of any
accounting theory adapted to the changing environment, before we will work on it
the aim to reconstruct any accounting theory. In each sub-theme session, we had alively discussion about the topics of presentation by some presenters.
The organizing committee planned to hold the special lecture meeting, and thiscommittee asked Professor Emeritus Shizuki Saito of The University of Tokyo togive a special lecture. His lecture was named “First annual Yuji Ijiri Memorial
Lecture on the Foundations of Accounting” after Yuji Ijiri, a famous accounting
scholar. That was meaningful and valuable lecture, as his lecture had a relation to themain theme of the 77th annual conference
10With regard to international sessions, in cooperation with the International
Committee of this academic society, we have established an English presentation bymembers of the Korean Accounting Association and members of the Taiwan
Accounting Association as well as English presentations by members of this society
as usual during the past several years. Furthermore, based on the fact that there are
English presentations by graduate students, we established the “English Session.”
We hope that it will help internationalization of the Society. In the ASBJ
(Accounting Standards Board of Japan) session, two board members made apresentation about “The activities of ASBJ: Revenue Recognition and Virtual
Currencies,” and we had a lively discussion about their topics.
Not limited to this society, in academic societies and research activities, it is vitalto have free and open-minded or open-minded discussions without denying thediversity of research topics and research approaches. We believe that denial ofdiversity and being dogmatic are suicidal acts in the academic world. We believe that
free and open discussion and exchanges will be aggressively developed at thisconference and this time at the contest, without falling into such a collapse.
Members of the Organizing Committee of the 77th annual conference of Japan
Accounting Association.
Chairperson: Katsuyoshi Okamura
Committee Members: Hiroki Ohta
Ryusuke Toda
Jumpei Ogawa
Noboru Nishikawa
Shigeru Okuyama
Hirohisa Hirai
Hiromasa Sekiguchi
Akihiro Manabe
Yukio Teruya

112018 Annual Conference of JAA
Plenary Session: Changes in the Economic Environment andIssues of Accounting Research
Session 1: To aim at publicizing the Japanese original study
to the world
Observing Apparatus for Accounting Research
Norio Sawabe
Kyoto University
Sound empirical accounting research should be based upon empirical evidences.
Observing accounting phenomena is the foundation of any empirical accounting
research. Although accounting research is charaterised by various types ofreflexivity among researchers, practitioners, theories and practices, it is argued thatdeveloping observing apparatus for accounting research is an important agenda foraccounting academia.
Primary observation are often conducted outside of the realm of accounting
research. For example, most of archival data that are used in accounting research iscollections of observations recorded in one form or another by non-academics.
Accounting researchers select archival data and analyse them to obtain theoreticalinsights. It is less costly for accounting researchers if relevant empirical evidences
are collected by others and readily available to them. However, the nature of theavailable archival data limit the scope of empirical research in this case.
Empirical evidences could be obtained from observing accounting phenomena byresearchers themselves. For example, management accounting researchers often
conduct in depth case studies to obtain empirical evidences that are not available tothem otherwise. Accounting researchers decide what to see in “reality” in this case.
Motivations and theoretical lens of the researcher influences the way accounting
phenomena is observed and recorded. However, it is very costly for accounting
researchers to collect empirical evidences by themselves in this way.
Good observers should be able to see what they want to see theoretically in reality.
It requires both familiarity to theoretical knowledge and proximity to accounting
phenomena that are taking place in reality. Armchair researchers who aretheoretically knowledgeable are more likely to be far away from reality. Managers
who live in practical realm are more likely to be foreign to theoretical knowledge.
Developing observing apparatus for accounting research is a way to overcome thedilemma between theoretical familiarity and proximity to reality. It is contended,from a social constructionist point of view, that societal observing apparatus could12be developed by collaborating with highly reflexive accounting professionals andmanagers so that they act as eyes and hands of accounting research, which in turnfacilitates their own practical interests.

13

Large-scale Accounting Data and Cross-country Research
Takashi Yaekura
Waseda University
In this presentation, we report on the problems of papers in which internal
validity is highly dubious, which we have been addressing in recent years, andrevalidation using SEM, so that Japanese researchers can contribute to normalizationof academic societies.
The society in which accounting is the subject of analysis is a complex system
and it is difficult or impossible to describe a causal relation strictly. However, it issocially meaningful to approximately grasp the cause and effect relation as much as
the benefit exceeds the cost.
However, in the social science, complex systems are targeted forpseudo-experiments, so researchers must pay close attention to the execution of theirresearch in order to ensure internal validity. Chain of causality, simultaneous
determination, endogeneity are the problems that can pose a threat to internal
validity especially in social science research.
Through reanalysis of important and widely recognized papers, we often foundthat these problems are not solved, and we encountered cases where only theconclusions of these suspect papers are employed the followers.
Also, the problem of construct validity is serious. It is often impossible to directly
observe the concepts to be analyzed in social science. Therefore, researchers use
some surrogate variables. However, there are cases that proxy variables areinvariably incorporated into subsequent papers without sufficiently verifying what
extent the proxy variables are representative of a concept.
In recent years, a few researchers in the U.S. have published articles that alarm
bells about the above problems. However, these papers are ignored. Also, mostauthors of these papers are well-established seniors. These observations include
reasons for the career system of researchers in the U.S. It is not expected that young
and middle-rankers will show doubts about existing research.
In Japan, the pressure on quantities of research outputs for scholars in the
research universities is in a weaker situation than in the United States. With thissituation as a strangle, we can do a kind of research that we cannot do in the UnitedStates, and we can be responsible for disseminating the results to overseas.

14

Accounting research focusing on accounting regulations peculiar toJapan
Kazumi Suzuki
Kobe University
Japanese business accounting has developed under three different legal systems:
the Commercial Code or the Companies Act, the Corporation Tax Act and other tax
laws, and the Securities Exchange Act or the Financial Instruments and ExchangeAct, each of which has been related to and influenced by another. It is important touse data accumulated in such historical development process in Japan in order to
conduct a seminal piece of research. I discuss how research interest can include therelations among these systems in each stage of the development, how publications ofsuch studies can help design an accounting system and form accounting practices inother countries, and what we should take into consideration in such studies.
The internal structure of Japanese business accounting changed around the
middle of 1990s. The accounting aspects in the Commercial Code, tax laws or the
Securities Exchange Act had been mutually associated with another and someendeavors to harmonize these accounting regulations had continued until the
mid-1990s. After the mid-1990s, however, differences among those accounting
aspects have been getting to increase. In addition, the internal structure of thebusiness accounting has changed both before and after the mid-1990s.
We can examine a role of business accounting and earnings quality under thevarious internal structures by using accumulated data in the different internal
structures. Such study might be creative research because we can conduct it only inJapan. It would be a pseudo-experiment, in particular, for emerging countries which
need to set up business accounting system and to form sound accounting practices.
For example, making accounting practices sound through the mutual
complementarity between the different accounting systems can give us opportunities
of creative research. Time series changes of information contents on consolidated toindividual multiple and book-tax differences due to the changes of relations between
the different accounting regulations can also provide opportunities of creative
research.
We have to include significant factors in the internal structure of businessaccounting for the test period into an empirical model as primary or control
variable(s) explicitly to conduct such creative research. It is, however, difficult toobserve all possible factors and include them into the model. It is necessary tocontrive to remove influences of unobservable changes of the internal structures
which affect unique characteristics of individual firms from the model.

15

Session 2: Restoration of Historical Perspective in
Accounting Research
Effects of the Political Factors on the Establishment of Accounting
Institutions
Tokuei Sugimoto
Kwansei Gakuin University
As I analyze the history of the events related to the financial crisis and theaccounting system since 1990s in Japan, it can be summarized into the three events
that led to a change in the accounting environment: (1) the Financial Big Bang of
1996-2001 (including the Accounting Big Bang), (2) the Asian Financial Crisis of
1997-1998, and (3) the 2008 Financial Crisis. By examining how these events
influenced the establishment of accounting institutions and its institutional reform,
among other things, I find that “political factors” commonly exist in them.
The Financial Big Bang developed under the direction of Prime Minister Ryutaro
Hashimoto was triggered by the so-called “Helmut Kohl shock.” This work was by
the brilliant tacticians, a total of three politicians and bureaucrats of the Ministry of
Finance, including Mr. Yen and Mr. Big Ban.
For emerging and advanced market economies in Korea, IMF assistance has been
provided through Stand-By Arrangements, and IMF (and the World Bank) andKorea’s government agreed on a program of economic policies. The establishmentof the independent, private-sector entity to develop accounting standards in Korea
was due to this program. During this period, the movement towards theestablishment of the same entity in Japan also was led by politicians. Indeed, thiswas based on the recommendations made by the Subcommittee on BusinessAccounting, which was newly established within the Liberal Democratic Party.
The declaration of the G 20 Washington Summit in 2008 contains the word of“creating a single high-quality global standard.” Japan and the United States havebeen required to have a commitment to creating this standard. I show that thoseefforts are heavily influenced by the policies of the political party in power throughelections and the presidential appointments.
The deglobalization has a great impact on financial reporting system. We need tounderstand the environmental changes caused by political factors at home andabroad, and then we must work on the establishment of accounting institutions in the
future.

16

The Development of Direct Costing in Japan
Masaru Takahashi
Yokohama National University
This report argued about the reception and development of Direct Costing inJapan.
It is 1936 that Direct Costing appeared by the literature in the United States forthe first time. It was “What Did We Earn Last Month?” by Jonathan Harris. The
after 1950s, Direct Costing was imported from United State to Japan, but this import
was not a carbon copy of the style of the United States. Direct Costing wasintroduced to Japanese what's what.
After World War II, Direct Costing attracted attention by two reasons. These werethe lack of materials and the revival of the competition market. Companies needed atool for the decision of products mix and the profit planning under this condition.
Direct Costing that calculated the contribution margin in the income statement
satisfied these needs. It was able to assign rare resources to products for maximizing
profit by the contribution margin analysis. If companies used Direct Costing, it wasvery easy to do this analysis for them. At that time the cost of information was very
expensive, so Direct Costing was very convenient for the companies to do thisanalysis.
Many companies that used Direct Costing handled the direct labor cost for
product costs at that time in the United States because this cost was variable cost. On
the other hand, many companies thought the direct labor cost to be fixed cost andtreated it as a period cost in Japan. The payment style of the wage in Japan wasliving wages and the seniority wage system, so the direct labor cost was fixed costfrom cost behavior. These companies focused on the profit planning function of
Direct Costing.
On the other hand, some companies assumed the direct labor cost as product costs.
Because direct labor cost was direct cost, they assumed it product cost to aim for thebasic unit control. They put an important point for the cost control function of Direct
Costing. In United States Direct Costing was often called “Variable Costing”, but
this was literally “Direct Costing”, not “Variable Costing”.
Direct Costing spread by business widely, it came to attract attention again in the
2000s. Direct Costing came to be used to visualize fixed costs that continued
increasing particularly personnel expenses, and to manage it. The total sum of fixed
costs did not understand when they allocated them to products, and it caused
increase in fixed costs. Because they did not allocate fixed costs to products in
Direct Costing, so it was very easy to manage fixed costs as total. In this way, it
becomes “Relevance Regained” to apply Direct Costing.
17

Development of Audit System by Japanese Professional
Accountants
Yoshinao Matsumoto
Kansai University
As in general, the disclosure of accounting information is required for settlementof interests or usefulness for decision making, the audit on such information is also
required to support the settlement of interests or to support the useful decision
making. The representative voluntary audit in the Edo and the Meiji periods was
conducted to protect the property and the profit of each head family which was thefounder or an owner, especially among Zaibatsu companies. Such an audit protected
the principal's interests and was an approach to support the principal to discharge thestewardship responsibility of the agent. In such case, the audit function was
accomplished by the head family or the relatives. This is considered to be an audit
based on settlement of interests.
The audit based on settlement of interests was introduced into the Commercial
Law audit afterwards and was realized in 1899 drafted Commercial Law by H.
Roesler and 1890 amended Commercial Law. It was assumed that this audit was
accomplished by a representative of the shareholder as a principal.
On the other hand, for the credit audit for the indirect finance that generated in
the U.S. in the early 20th century, the professional accountant participated as anauditor in the relation between the business management and the financial institution
without any contract. It is the beginning of the audit based on the decision support.
Thereafter, with the economic crisis, the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 and Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 were established and the mandatory audit by the professional
accountant was introduced.
In Japan, the Securities and Exchange Act modelled after the U.S. Acts wasestablished in order for induction of foreign credit and securities democratization
after the World War II and simultaneously the professional accountant system for thelegal audit was introduced in 1948. Finally, the mandatory audit by professional
accountants was created in Japan.
The purpose of the Japanese Securities and Exchange Law is to take measures sothat general investors will not suffer unexpected damage due to fairly financial
disclosure. This is an audit aimed at supporting investor decision making in anenvironment without contractual relationship which was established in the U.S.

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Session 3: Accounting in the Era of AI
The impact of artificial intelligence in Accounting and Auditing
practices
Ryuichi Yaguchi
Ernst & Young ShinNihon LLC
Regarding the accounting domain, I reported on the extent to which AI isprevalent, taking into account the characteristics of the current accounting system
and journal data. I also mentioned what possibilities are possible in the future,coupled with the development of IT technology in the surrounding area. I pointed
out that AI is beginning to be used in various aspects of the audit area and thepossibility of accelerating auditing in cooperation with peripheral systems
supporting auditing.
In the area of accounting, in particular in the area of corporate accounting, aconsiderable degree of automation is progressing at the present time, andtechnologies such as AI are being used in account items related to estimates andaccount areas requiring judgment. Scenes, where human judgment is required will
be further limited in the future. It is also expected that auditing methods by AI
developed in the field of auditing will be incorporated into the accounting system as
an automated internal control function. As a result, the reliability of accounting
information is expected to be further improved while minimizing humanintervention. Under circumstances in which accounting automation is advanced, it issufficient for some experts and practitioners to have detailed accounting knowledge,
and other general people need only accounting knowledge on usage it might be. This
leads to the question “Who needs accounting knowledge?”
In the area of audit, AI is beginning to be utilized. Fraud accounting prediction
models and accounting journal anomaly detection algorithms are used in the risk
assessment step at the planning stage of the audit and following substantive
procedures. In addition, with the progress of automation of auditing by utilizing
RPA (Robotic Process Automation) technology, an environment where people areconcentrating on work requiring judgment is realizing. In the future, audit methods
utilizing data will spread and automation of audits will accelerate.

19

Effect of artificial intelligence (AI) on accounting research
Akinobu Shuto
The University of Tokyo
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effect of information analyticaltechniques such as artificial intelligence (AI) and big data on accounting research. In
view of this, we conduct a discussion from two viewpoints: the effect of AI on (i) the
analytical method of accounting research and (ii) the subject of accounting research.
To explore the effect of AI on the analytical method, I picked up papers publishedin top-tier journals that included the keywords “machine learning” and “artificial
intelligence,” and surveyed them. As a results, I find that machine learning is used in
two areas in accounting research. First, it is used to construct prediction models,such as bankruptcy and accounting fraud. Second, it is used to classify a tone in
textual analysis for non-financial data such as MD&A.
To depict the effect of AI on the subject of accounting research, I introduce thefindings of prior studies and case examples such as high-frequency trading in stock
markets, bank loans through cloud accounting software, and continuous auditing.
Finally, we discuss the competitive advantage of machine learning overtraditional methods. While we conclude that conventional approaches, especially the
econometrics methods based on causal inference, will be dominant in accounting
research, we present three cases where machine learning is useful: (i) textual
analysis through machine learning, so as to increase the quantity, range, anddimension of the subject of accounting research; (ii) development of the accounting
theory based on the exploratory findings from machine learning, and (iii) when theeconomic significance of the subject is greater. I also point out that it is important tounderstand how the use of AI by the subject changes its behaviors and the functionof accounting information.

20

AI and Data Science in Accounting Education
Toshiya Murakami
Kanazawa Institute of Technology
After the first wave in the '60s and the second wave in the '80s, the Artificial
Intelligence (AI) now became the third wave which accelerated by the machinelearning technology, especially for the deep learning. In this report, I summarize thepast trials in accounting education which challenge to introduce AI related
technologies into accounting curriculums since the '80s. Because the AI has vast
topics from a virtual human brain to a merely smart data processing tool, I focused
the main AI topic in the data processing technology like deep learning. Among themany topics in AI related area, the data processing technologies using AI, including
machine learning or the data mining are most advanced especially in many firms andreal business. These data processing technologies are utilized for analysis of
so-called big-data for the managerial decision making.
Big-Data has become one of the major business-oriented arguments since around2011. Imaginarily high expectation to Big-Data from firms and other organizations
allow the data science and the data scientists to gain prominence. On the other hand,
it's become a generic skill for students to learn data scientific data processing
techniques in accounting education. It's not quite a new discussion to introduce AI
into accounting education. That was almost thirty years ago when AI became thesecond wave and discussion of AI and accounting education began. In the '80s, oneof the most successful areas of AI technologies is the Expert System. We can findmany types of research in some accounting journals written by faculties who
recognized the value and necessity of the integration of AI and accounting education.
There already was some discussion which argued how AI should be integrated into
the accounting curriculum. This could still be the main issue in the world of today
when we plan to integrate emerging AI techniques in our accounting courses.
Moreover, more the social concern on emerging technologies like AI and Data
Science is increasing, more excellent and talented human resources are attracted inthis area and firms which invest these technologies. Accounting is no exception.
Actually, some practical examples of introductory accounting education using data
science show that the essence of data science increased the value of experience inaccounting education for excellent students. It is so useful for realizing thesustainable circulation in which students learning accounting earn more income orwellbeing and call the more excellent student, to introduce the emerging
technologies including AI in accounting education.

21

Session 4: Research on Accounting for SMEs in Japan
History of Research in Accounting for SMEs in Japan
Yasuhiro Shimizu
Kobe University

Reika Tsumura
Onomichi City University
The purpose of this study is to understand how accounting for SMEs has been
discussed over time in Japan. By surveying existing documents and accounting
literature, we show that accounting for SMEs has been a peripheral area of
accounting in general and had not been treated as an independent, special topic. We
first show the development of regulations or institutions regarding accounting for
SMEs, followed by the trends of accounting literature regarding SMEs after WWII.
In the Meiji Era, Japanese government didn’t pay attention toward accounting forSMEs. However, with entering the Showa era, the government began to provide
guidance on accounting for SMEs as a part of national economic programs. With theindustrial rationalization movement, unified system of bookkeeping for SMEs waspromoted. The period shortly after WWII saw an acceleration. With the introductionof blue-form return system for income taxation, the government disseminatedbookkeeping method available for SMEs. After the system became well fixed,
special attention for accounting for SMEs by the government almost disappeared,
partly because of the establishment of a single set of accounting standards, which
was applicable to business of whatever size.
Based on the history of accounting for SMEs in general, we then surveyed
accounting literature after WWII. We searched books and articles by using National
Diet Library Search, and found total of 1,457 documents published in the period
from 1949 through 2018. Morpheme analysis on article titles was performed and we
prepared the list of frequent keywords of every 10 years. We found that, for several
decades after WWII, literature centered around taxation, accounting books, andcosting, and, thereafter, number of articles regarding new laws or accounting
standards soared when big changes in accounting regulation happened. Accounting
for SMEs were closely related to accounting regulation in general, and, as alreadymentioned, there had been no special focus on accounting for SME until recently.
Notably, Japanese not-for-profit organizations have different accounting
standards for different types of organizations. If these ideas related to the common
frameworks are introduced gradually, to the extent that their usefulness isrecognized, we believe that this would increase transparency and comparability forthe benefit of information users.
22

The use of financial information issued by SMEs in national
accounts: a French perspective
Clémence Garcia
Gakushuin University
This research introduces the use of accounting information regarding SMEs by
the national statistics bureau (INSEE) and various public authorities in France. The
reported efficiency and reliability of such uses (OECD, 2004) are supported by two
specific features of the French accounting system: its reporting format and theconnection of financial and tax reporting.
As far as the reporting format is concerned, it is widely known that the Frenchaccounting standards, the Plan Comptable Général, were introduced after WorldWar 2 for the purpose of economic planning. For that reason, macro-economic
theories, relying on concepts like Gross Domestic Product and Added Value, haveplayed a major role in shaping the French income statement format. Added value
and other usual economic indicators are reported directly on the income statement;
on top of that accounts numbering facilitates potential reclassifications for
non-accounting specialists. This system was designed by the Plan commission in the
postwar period for the sake of statisticians who could use accounting information of
SMEs in econometrics.
The second feature is that the national statistics bureau can access information
sources from other administrations, for example the tax administration. The
consequence is that even the data of individual entrepreneurs and SMEs that are notlegally required to make their accounts publicly available can be collected.
International comparisons like the OECD report on SMEs statistics (2004) pointed
out this particularity of the French statistics and concluded that the use of several
data sources improved the quality and exhaustiveness of data.
Last, because the national statistics bureau also shares information with theministries, the Public Investment Bank and some independent bodies, SMEs
information is widely disseminated through regulating bodies. In practice, it is used
to forecast the impact of some regulatory changes, or to plan investment needs insome industries, or to assess the impact of some fiscal reforms.
To conclude, the use of SMEs information in France is rich and diverse thanks tothe collection of appropriate information from various sources that ensure reliability
and efficiency of economic measures.

23

Accounting Information in SMEs and Corporate Management
Nobuyuki Mochizuki
Prefectural University of Kumamoto
Research on management accounting has mainly focused on large companies,
and applicability in large companies has been sought as a research result. On theother hand, research for SMEs has not attracted much attention and is still little.
We recognize that SMEs account for a large share of companies in Japan andneed to raise some problems in SMEs; 1) how to use an accounting information in
SMEs, 2) a difference in importance of performance indicators between large andsmall companies, 3) effects of difference in management environment on
management accounting of SMEs. Therefore, I conducted interview on companies inKumamoto to clarify the actual situation.
Result of interview, I clarified three points. First, SMEs give priority to cash
management rather than sales and some profit rates. In addition, many SMEs
prepare a statement of cash receipts and disbursement featuring not only daily cash
flow but also capital investment. Second, for performance measurement, they
provide motivation from a various perspective; kaizen activity, increasing in salary,advance in office, upskilling, and so on. Any accounting information is used for
performance measurement. It means that management control system functions
properly. Third, subsidies and tax benefits link to management accounting. Cashmanagement and performance measurement results affect to apply some subsidies ortax benefits. Therefore, many factors like performance evaluation, subsidy, cash
statement, have major impacts of management accounting information.
A kind of accounting information to use for management is not different between
large and small companies. The difference between SMEs is existence of technology
advantage. SMEs having technology advantage exercise cash management using astatement of cash receipts and disbursement and budgetary management withpredicting the future. In fact, there SMEs proactively use management accounting
tools; to prepare a monthly financial statement for segment, cash management, andso on. We need to investigate an impact of top management’s mind andorganizational climate in SMEs.

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2018 Annual Conference of JAA
Special Committee
Roles of Management Accounting Systems to Facilitate theExploitation and Exploration of Knowledge(Interim Report)
Chair: Hiroshi Miya
Kobe University
The growing literature deals with the relation between managerial accounting andthe exploitation and exploration of knowledge. Traditionally, managerial accounting
research deal with the problem like how the accounting information (that include
both financial and nonfinancial information) is used to improve current practice: touse the resources firm owned more efficiently. These research regard the accounting
information as a means of the exploitation of knowledge. Recently, some research
focuses on the problem like, whether some managerial accounting practice hinders
innovation or facilitate innovation. These research regards accounting information asa means to seek a new opportunity for firms, that is to say, the exploration ofknowledge. It is also regarded as the important question that how managerial
accounting affect the organizational ambidexterity (the ability to pursue both
exploitation and exploration simultaneously).
Within this context, this special committee empirically investigates the relation
between managerial accounting and the exploitation and exploration of knowledge(including organizational ambidexterity) using a variety of methodologies. We set
four levels of organization that consist of individual level, group level, firm level,
and inter-firm level and investigate the problem in each level. We had already started
many projects, and we presented two of them in the interim report.
The first project explores the characteristics of the management control systems
that facilitate ambidexterity. Based on survey data, the findings indicate that the
PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Action) cycle is positively associated with radical innovationand that is contrary to prior literature. This finding suggests the possibility that the
PDCA cycle facilitates radical innovation of firms.

25

The second project focuses on the gap between the established knowledge ofaccounting and practice. Especially, this project points out that there is the gap
between the theoretical prediction and actual behavior of firms about the proportionof variable cost under a particular circumstance. According to textbooks ofmanagement accounting, a firm should raise the proportion of variable cost on
the occasion of high uncertainty to deal with the variance of demand. According to
the empirical analysis using archival data in this project, however, the phenomenon
that the fixed cost of firms tends to increase in the proportion of the degree of
uncertainty (in other words, the variable cost of firms tend to decrease in the
proportion of the degree of uncertainty).

Chair: Hiroshi Miya (Kobe University)
Member: Kohei Arai (Gunma University)
Keisuke Oura (Ritsumeikan University)
Takaharu Kawai (Doshisha University)
Yuichi Kubota (Nanzan University)
Junya Sakaguchi (Nagoya University)
Tomohiro Sakuma (Matsuyama University)
Ikuko Sasaki (Tohoku Gakuin University)
Yoshitaka Shirinashihama (Yamagata University)
Takeyoshi Senso (Chuo university)
Satoshi Taguchi (Doshisha University)
Kazunori Fukushima (Chuo University)
Kenji Yasukata (Kindai University)
Meiling Liu (Kagoshima University)

26

Special Committee
Comprehensive Study on the Design of Accounting System(Final Report)
Chair: Shinya Saito
Yokohama National University
Accounting information is the reflection of economic events of entities. However,it could affect a company's behavior. Therefore, in order to design accounting
systems, such as accounting regulation and accounting standards, it is necessary to
fully take the affections side into consideration. However, there is not enoughaccumulation of the research on the affects, at present. Moreover, since it is apremise that social systems are accepted in society, stability and fixed durability arecalled for. Therefore, in order to design accounting systems, it is necessary to fully
take the basis of theoretical consistency into consideration. The purpose of thisresearch is to consider comprehensively the design of the accounting systems. Then,
this research will specify the factors to be considered at designing the accounting
systems and aim at contributing to the review after the enforcement. This final report
has six parts.
In the first part (Bases of deigning accounting system), after the explanation of
the meaning to set up the theme, conditions as restriction on designing accounting
system are considered. In Japan, there are the problems, such as unbalance ofparticipation and complication of procedure, while the transparency of a deliberation
process is high. And the basic subjects and the factors which draw the legitimacy ofaccounting standards are investigated from the viewpoint of a social consent. In
relation to legitimacy of accounting standards, the problem is where thestandards-setting body should be place in the society. In addition, in a case of cost
auditing on defense equipment, using accounting information for control isconsidered by model approach. In second part(problems on accounting regulations
and accounting systems), from the viewpoint of accounting regulation, someproblems are pointed out. First, it is pointed out, that information content withrelation to segment information, quarterly report and disclosure items by Financial
Instruments and Exchange Law, should be enriched. Second, in company law,necessity of devise to deal with IFRS, dividend limitation on consolidated base andmaking GAAP for private companies clear. And as existing problems in company
law, dividend from payed-in capital and treatment for treasury stock, et al. Third, it
is pointed out, that changes of so-called “triangle structure“ has effects oncompany’s behavior. In addition, influences by tax law, especially in relation to27

revenue recognition and depreciation, are investigated. In third part(normative
approach on accounting standards), the accounting standards are investigated fromthe viewpoint of the normative consistency. The standards which are concretely
considered are revenue recognition, financial instruments, paid stock option undercertain conditions, asset retirement obligation, business combination and insurance
products. In the fourth part(empirical approach on accounting information), theverification results of empirical researches are mentioned. In Japan, there are thetendency which net deferred tax asset is increasing, a significant relation between adeferred income tax and stock prices. And companies that introduced defined
contribution retirement benefit system, increased expenditure for R&D and humanresources, as a result, the financial performance was gone up. Moreover, there is loss
evasive behavior in relation to the expression of comprehensive income. In addition,
it is investigated, how thought of IFRS influenced management accounting. In fifth
part (choosing accounting standards), it is pointed out, that principle-based standards
reduce transaction cost. Then, the present situation and problems on separation
between consolidated and individual financial statements are considered. And thecondition that companies apply voluntary IFRS, investigated by game theory. Finally,in sixth part (the structure and problems on designing accounting system), the resultsof our research are summarized.
Chair: Shinya Saito (Yokohama National University)
Members: Kazuki Ikushima (Iwate Prefectural University)
Takefumi Ueno (University of Shizuoka)
Yasuhiro Ohta (Keio University)
Satoshi Ohtaka (Yokohama National University)
Shigeo Ohtsuka (Chiba University)
Katsuyuki Kanda (Okayama University)
Akihisa Kimura (Yokohama National University)
Kouji Kurata (Rikkyo University)
Kenji Kometani (Tohoku University)
Nobuhiko Sato (Kumamoto Gakuen University)
Masatsugu Sanada (Shujitsu University)
Tomonari Shinoda (Hokkaido University)
Kazumi Suzuki (Kobe University)
Tomohiro Suzuki (Asia University)
Takefumi Tamura (Chuo University)
Akihiro Noguchi (Nagoya University)
Miho Furuta (Konan University)
Masao Yanaga (Tsukuba University)
Yasuhiro Yamada (Rikkyo University)
Yan Lee (Nanzan University)28

2018 Annual Conference of JAA
Study Group
Research on accounting issues concerning revenue from contracts
with customers in Japan(Interim Report)
Chair: Takashi Sasaki
Hitotsubashi University
On March 30, 2018, Accounting Standards Board of Japan Statement No. 29,“Accounting Standard for Revenue Recognition” (hereinafter referred to as “No.
29”) was issued by the Accounting Standards Board of Japan. This standard,
forced to be applied to listed companies from the fiscal year starting after April
2021, has contents corresponding to International Financial Reporting Standard
No.15 “Revenue from contracts with customers” (published by the International
Accounting Standards Board in 2014) and Topic No.606 (published by the
Financial Accounting Standards Board in 2014).
The research purpose of this study group is to present problems and theirsolutions that may arise in accounting for new revenue recognition criteria, i.e.
preparation of financial statements, auditing, taxation and other areas. In order toachieve this purpose, we conduct historical research, theoretical research andempirical research.
In this interim report, firstly, from the viewpoint of historical research, theconcept of “realization” which is a criterion of traditional revenue recognition isconsidered.
Secondly, from the viewpoint of theoretical research, based on the accounting
theory of the United States and Germany that have had a strong influence on
Japanese accounting, we analyze the basic concept of the new revenue recognition
criterion. In addition, through the theoretical examination of No. 29, the newrevenue recognition criterion not only affects the revenue but also has a major
impact on the concept of the corresponding expenses, and in some cases, changes
the concept of “Matching Principle”. This is thought to have a significant effect on
accounting theory and practice.
Thirdly, from the viewpoint of empirical research, the following three points
were preliminarily verified. (1) Value relevance of revenue information, (2)discretionary revenue adjustment behavior by management, (3) impact on Japanesecompanies by application of No. 29. Through preliminary analysis andinvestigation, several empirical issues were presented.
In the next year, we will expand and develop the above research subjects. In
29addition to this, we think that it is necessary to observe directly the actual situation
which is not clarified only by the literature and published materials of the standard
setter entity.
Therefore, we will conduct an interview and questionnaire survey for listedcompanies and audit firms, and reexamine the practical problems and theirsolutions associated with No. 29 application.
In other words, assuming forced application of “No. 29”, in order to achieve theresearch purpose, we will (1) refine the research contents so far and (2) conduct a
wider and more diverse analysis. As a result, the final report will be more
fulfilling.

Chair: Takashi Sasaki (Hitotsubashi University)
Members: Yoshiyuki Kaneko (Teikyo University)
Kenji Kometani (Tohoku University)
Ryosuke Nakamura (University of Tsukuba)
Kazuhiro Nishiyama (Teikyo University)
Satoru Otaka (Yokohama National University)
Michihiro Ozawa (Rikkyo University)
Makoto Tsukahara (Teikyo University)
Yasuhiro Yamada (Rikkyo University)
Tomoya Yoshida (Chuo University)

30

Study Group
Many-sided and synthetic research of the accounting in China:
based on the historical and comparison institutional analysis(Final Report)
Chair: Ichiro Mizuno
Kansai University
Accounting reform of the present-day China (the People's Republic of China)
began from the “accounting standards for business enterprises” and the “generalrules of business finance” in July, 1993. Accounting reform in China brought abouta big change which is called to "the big storm of accounting". Internationalization of
accounting system in China was also advanced quickly. Also in accounting domains(such as financial accounting, managerial accounting, audit, and internal controletc.), the international accountancy practice and the result of accounting research
have been taken in.
In this research, we catch the accounting in China from many sides, being basedon the methodology of comparative system analysis, and by historical and clarifying
synthetically about the feature of the present-day accounting in China.
The 1st subject tackled historical research of the accounting theory, accounting
system, accounting practice, and accounting cultures which have formed thepresent-day accounting in China. The 2nd subject clarified the status and feature of
the present-day accounting in China. The 3rd subject tackled accounting research of
China, the status and feature of accounting education of China. In addition, it wasalso important to clarify the certified public accountant system of China, thecultivation system of the accountant of Chinese companies.
The final report of this study group consisted of the following:
Chapter 1 History and Development of Business Accounting in China.
Chapter 2 Western Double Entry Bookkeeping: Propagation to Modern China.
Chapter 3 Present-day Chinese Accounting and Comparative Institutional
Analysis.
Chapter 4 History of Taiwan Accounting System, and Development.
Chapter 5 Conceptual Framework of Accounting Theory in China.
Chapter 6 Accounting System Reform in China.
Chapter 7 Influence of Chinese Accounting System and IFRS.
Chapter 8 Maintenance and Subject of Internal Control System in China.
Chapter 9 History and Present Condition of Accounting Education in China.
Chapter 10 About Accounting Education and Researcher Training in China.

31

Chapter 11 Feature of Accounting Education in China.
Chapter 12 Development of Management Accounting in Chinese Companies:
Focusing on Haier's Interview
Chapter 13 Introduction and application of Western management accounting in
China.
Chapter 14 Present Condition and Subject of Cost Accounting in China.
Chapter 15 Introduction and evolution of Japanese management accounting in
Chinese companies.
Chapter 16 Evolution of Market Competition Mechanism Observed by
Management Accounting of Chinese Companies.
Chapter 17 Environment management accounting of Chinese companies.

Chair: Ichiro Mizuno (Kansai University)
Members: Zhiqiang Bu (Osaka City University)
Ling Feng (Tokyo University of Science)
Yan Li (Takushoku University)
Qingyun Lin (Nagoya University of Foreign Studies)
Shoji Oka (Kansai University)
Masakatsu Oshima (Asia University)
Lanlan Shao (Sapporo Gakuin University)
Meiling Sun (University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences)
Jing Tao (Okayama Shoka University)
Zhi Wang (Sophia University)
Yu Wang (Kwansei Gakuin University)
Wei Wei (Kyushu Sangyo University)
Yang Xu (Nagasaki University)
Xuebing Qiao (Takushoku University, part-time lecturer)
Bowei Zhong (Asia University, part-time lecturer)

32

2018 Annual Conference of JAA
International Session
Off-Auction Repurchase Announcement Timing
Hironori Kawase, Kyushu Sangyo University
Foreign Investors and Implied Cost of Equity Capital: Evidence
from Korean Stock Market
Chang Seop Rhee, Sejong University
Hong-min Chun, Chungbuk National University
The Impact of Business Strategy, Managerial Incentives, andTenure on Firm CSR Engagement
Chih-Wei Peng, National Changhua University of Education
Asymmetric Cost Behavior of Mutual Savings Banks: Evidence
from Korea
Byung-Gi Kim, Ph. D. in Business Administration Financial Supervisory
Service
Wan Suk Ko, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
Yong-Sik Hong, Hansung University

Survey Research on Earnings Quality: Evidence from Japan
Masumi Nakashima, Kanazawa Gakuin University
The Effect of Institutional Ownership on Innovation: New Evidence
Chunlai Ye, Texas A & M International University
Lin-Hui Yu, National Taiwan University

33

2018 Annual Conference of JAA
English Session

A Meta-Analysis of Determinants on Management Forecast Error
Xiaobai Zhang, Nagoya University
An Analysis of the Features Predicting Bankruptcy of Newly
Formed Japanese Small and Medium-Sized Firms Using Machine
Learning Techniques
Hong Xu, Nagoya University
Corporate Level Determinants of Integrated Reporting: Evidence
from Japan
Taslima Akhter, Kwansei Gakuin University
Do in Rome as Roman’s? The Effect of CEO’s Overseas
Background on Financial Reporting Quality
Junjian Gu, Tsukuba University34

2018 Annual Conference of JAA
Regional Reports

Hokkaido Region
Satoshi Imamura
Hokkai-Gakuen University
The regional meetings were held in 2018 as follows.
1. The 93rd Regional Meeting at Sapporo Convention Center on 26 May 2018.
(1) “A Comparison of Auditing Standards and GAAS,” Jun Hiyama, Sapporo
Gakuin University.
(2) “The Trends of Education of Japanese-style Bookkeeping in China,”
Masaaki Ohara, Hokusei Gakuen University.
2. The 94th Regional Meeting at Hokkai-Gakuen University on 1 December 2018.
(1) “A Survey of Management System Practices in Hospitals,” Hiroyuki Sekiya,
Hokkai-Gakuen University.
(2) “Current Status and Issues of University Accounting Education for Smalland Medium-sized Entities,” Yoshiyuki Nakanishi, Hokkai School ofCommerce.
(3) “Relationship of the Ultra-high Retirement Pay and the Corporate
Governance,” Jo Sakurada, Hokkaido University and Tomotaka Yanagida,
Doctoral Course, Hokkaido University.
(4) “Reform of the Independent Auditor’s Report in France,” Akira Kanie,
Hokkaido University.

35

Tohoku Region
Masateru Narikawa
Tohoku Institute of Technology
The regional meetings were held as follows;
1. The 94th Meeting, October 27, 2018 at Yamagata University(1) “Accounting Issues on Recognition and Measurement of Revenue,”
Tomohisa Hirano, Fukushima University.
(2) “A Study on Revenue Recognition: Clarification of Related Issues,”
Tomohiro Abe, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College.
(3) “Ownership Structure and Timely Loss Recognition,” Yoshitaka Ohashi,
The University of Aizu.

2. The 95th Meeting, March 16, 2019 at Tohoku University(1) “Examination of Cost and Profit Calculation in Asset Retirement
Obligations,” Kazuki Ikushima, Iwate Prefectural University.
Discussant: Shuhei Kinugawa, The University of Nagano.
(2) “A Study on the Relationship between Revenue Recognition and Income,”
Tomohiro Abe, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College.
Discussant: Masateru Narikawa, Tohoku Institute of Technology.
(3) “Accounting in Agriculture: Profit Analysis of Listed Firms,” Shuko Naito,
Hirosaki University.
Discussant: Fumihiko Nakamura, The University of Nagano.

36

Kanto Region
Masato Kikuya
Hosei University

The 66th Kanto regional meeting was held at Hosei University, Ichigaya campus
on November 17, 2018. The main theme of the meeting was “Comprehensive
Examination on Accounting Standard for Revenue Recognition”.
The program of the meeting was as follows.
Chairperson: Takashi Sasaki (Hitotsubashi University)
Panel Discussion:
1. Toshifumi Matsumoto (Waseda University)“Theoretical Framework of New Accounting Standard for Revenue Recognition”
2. Katsunori Kawano (Nihon Universtiy)“Influence of New Accounting Standard for Revenue Recognition upon
Management Accounting”
3. Toshinobu Yoda (Toyo University)“Influence of New Accounting Standard for Revenue Recognition upon Tax
Accounting”
4. Makito Kishi (Hosei University)“Evaluation of Audit Evidence on Revenue Recognition”

37

Chubu Region
Sadaharu Takeshima
Kanazawa University
The regional meetings were held as follows;1.

The 141st Regional Meeting at Nagoya University of Foreign Studies on May
12, 2018.

(1) “Analysis of Issues related to Accounting for Mining of Virtual Currency,”
Yukinori Ikeda, Aichi University.
Commentator: Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University(2) “A Study on Corporate Behavior for Disaster Risk,” Sinnosuke Hara, Nagoya
University of Foreign Studies(3) “Expansion of Forward- looking Information in Financial Instruments andRelated Issues of Assurance,” Yasuhide Yoshida, Chukyo University.

2. The 142nd Regional Meeting at Kanazawa University on December 8, 2018.
(1) “Industry Characteristics of Financial Data and These Control with Dummy
Variables,” Kazuhiro Manabe, Nagoya University of Foreign Studies.
Commentator: Jiro Takahashi, Nagoya City University.
(2) “Accounting for Contingent Consideration in the Japanese Accounting Standard
for Business Combinations,” Tomomi Hori, JICPA Tokai Association.
(3) “Contemporary Significance of Events Theory,” Sadaharu Takeshima, Kanazawa
University.
(4) “Blockchain and Accounting,” Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University.

38

Kansai Region
Takahito Kondo
Kyoto Sangyo University
The 68th Kansai regional Meeting was held at Kyoto Sangyo University on 8th
December 2018. The program was as follows (presentation titles are omitted).
CONCURRENT SESSIONSSESSION 1(A)Moderator: Kimikazu Ito (Konan University)(1) Hiroshi Taki (Ritsumeikan University)(2) Toshiya Tsuchida (University of Hyogo), Hiroaki Ishida (University of Hyogo)
SESSION 2(A)Moderator: Takaharu Kawai (Doshisha University)(1) Mao Mukai (Kwansei Gakuin University)(2) Shinya Matsushita (Matsuyama University), Yu Ishimitsu (Kyoto Sangyo
University), Nobuyuki Mochizuki (The Prefectural University of Kumamoto)(3) Takeshi Nishi (Senshu University), Takahito Kondo (Kyoto Sangyo University)
SESSION 1(B)Moderator: Shota Otomasa (Kansai University)(1) Tomohiro Shigemoto (Kagawa University)(2) Jonghoon Kim (Hitostubashi University), Keishi Fujiyama (Kobe University),
Yuya Koga (Tohoku Gakuin University)
SESSION 2(B)Moderator: Naohiro Urasaki (Kindai University)(1) Masatoshi Kurusu (University of Marketing and Distribution Science)(2) Takanori Hisai (St. Andrew's University)(3) Peng Tan (Chubu University), Masako Saito (Osaka Sangyo University)
KEYNOTE SPEECH
Moderator: Hisakatsu Sakurai (Kwansei Gakuin University)
Speaker: Tsunehiro Tsumori (Kyushu Institute of Information Sciences, Kyushu
University Professor Emeritus)
PLENARY SESSION
Chair: Kazumi Suzuki (Kobe University)
Panelists: Hiromi Wakabayashi (Konan University), Eri Kanamori (Ritsumeikan
University), Masataka Ito (Kyoto Sangyo University)

39

Kyushu Region
Keiichi Oishi
Kyushu University
The Japan Accounting Association (JAA) Kyushu regional conferences are
regularly held twice a year – in July and March. In this academic year, the summer
conference was held at Saga University, and the early spring conference was held at
Fukuoka University.
1. The 102nd meeting at Saga University, on 29 July, 2018.
(1) “A theory and practice of a study of Throughput Accounting”, Tamiya
Mizushima (Nakamura Gakuen University).
(2) “An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Control Risk and Size of
Accounting Firm”, Sugako Ijima (Kurume University).
(3) “Accounting Structure of IASB's Conceptual Framework”, Isamu Iwasaki(Kyushu University).
2. The 103rd meeting at Fukuoka University, on 23 March, 2019.
(1) “The Present Conditions and Problem of the Value Creation Process on
Intangibles―the Combination of Integrated Reporting and Strategic Map”, Li
Huishuang (Doctoral Course, Fukuoka University).
(2) “Research on the limits of material flow cost accounting”, Ling Zhu (Doctoral
Course, Nagasaki University University) and Yang Xu (Nagasaki University
University).
(3) “Earnings Management using Other Comprehensive Income Recycling”, Shu
Inoue (Fukuoka University).
(4) “The changes in accounting on modern Japan― From Western book-keeping
to Japanized accounting―”, Saori Yano (Nishi-Nippon Junior College).
(5) “Caution Against a Gain from a Bargain Purchas”, Kentaro Kaneta (Kurume
University).

40