BRI 20110304 Presentation TEXT

Disaster Management and International Cooperation on
Recent Large-scale Earthquakes / Tsunamis in the World
Shoichi ANDO, Director of IISEE/BRI
Contents
1
2

Introduction
Recent Large-scale Disasters(Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004, Pakistan Kashmir Earthquake 2005, Java Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006,
Peru Earthquake 2007, Wenchaun Earthquake 2008, Padang Earthquake 2009, Haiti Earthquake 2010)

3
4
5

Cause of Damages and Disaster Management
International Cooperation of Building Research InstituteTowards future International Cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction
References

1. Introduction
For those whom live in earthquake prone area in the world,
reduction of damages in earthquake disaster is one of the mostserious issues. Every single earthquake may cause massive
damage in human lives and properties, as recently for instance,around 90,000 people were killed with the Wenchuan
Earthquake that occurred in Sichuan Province of China on 12
May 2008.
The world catalogue of earthquake damages that is disclosed
and continued to be revised by the International Institute of
Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (IISEE) of the
Building Research Institute (BRI) shows 30 disasters haveoccurred during these 50 years with more than five thousand
casualties as shown in the Table 1. Many of them claimed
their lives by being pressed with collapsed buildings
particularly their own houses. Remembering the similar
damages in Kobe in 1995, and other disasters, I believe thatthe victims have taught and are teaching us the importanceof building and housing safety against the earthquake as
most victims were killed by their own houses.
The Indian Ocean Tsunami triggered by the Off Sumatra
Earthquake on 26 December 2004, killed in total approx.
230,000 people in 12 countries. One of the reasons why thetsunami brought so many victims lies in the tourists of Indian
Ocean resorts from the Western countries at Christmas
vacation who did not notice the danger of tsunami. Theycame up to the sea when the ocean water was ebbing andthey did not climb up to the hill. The 2004 Indian Ocean
Tsunami has provided a great opportunity for the Westerncountries to acknowledge the earthquake / tsunami disasters.
The “World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR)”
that was held in Kobe in mid. January 2005, held only lessthan a month has passed after the Indian Ocean Tsunami,
proved that 158 countries of UN have participated in the
WCDR, more than expectation of the initial program. Then,
all countries adopted the “Hyogo Framework for Action(HFA) 2005- 2015” there. This international framework thatwas established in Kobe exactly after 10 years of the
Hanshin- Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake reflects the lessons in
Kobe and the Indian Ocean Tsunami.
The impact of earthquake on livelihood of people can be
reduced by measures such as to comply with earthquake
resistant building design and construction standards, proper
planning, education and trainings. However, the risk is still
increasing as urbanization in developing countries is adding
extra pressures on building construction. Although thosecountries have established each building control system, it can
seldom function effectively due to lack of awareness on
disaster risk reduction in communities as well as lack ofregulatory public mechanisms for effective implementation,
monitoring and reviewing. In particular, education of expertsof earthquake resistant structure should be carried out
continuously and long-term basis.
The IISEE of BRI is conducting one-year training courses

on the modern technology for engineers and scientists ofdeveloping countries. This training has started in 1960 by the
Ministry of Construction (current Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan: MLIT) and
Earthquake Research Institute of the University of Tokyo
under the cooperation with the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). IISEE wasestablished in 1962 to train and educate seismologists andearthquake engineers. Since 1970’s when the UNESCO
finished its support, IISEE is carrying out training in English
with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) inorder to disseminate seismic observation and earthquake safebuilding technology in the world. Currently, the training has
been approved as a master degree course of the National
Graduate School for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Japan.
This paper firstly examines the outline situation and causesof recent large scale earthquakes and tsunamis in the world,
and analyzes the responses of the on-site experts who
include the ex-participants of the IISEE. Then, it shows how
have they responded to the disaster, and how can we avoid
the same disasters in the future based on the case studies.
At this opportunity, I cordially very much appreciate all thepartner organizations in the world and in Japan as well as thelecturers who are supporting the IISEE training courses for along time.

Fig 1: Participants of IISEE in 2009-2010 and the Minister

Reference:
Countries of the IISEE participants in 2009-2010(in total 22 from 13 countries: all members are shown in Fig.1)(ABC order)
Algeria, China (2), Colombia, El Salvador (3), Fiji,
Indonesia (3), Nepal, Nicaragua, Malaysia (3), Myanmar,
Pakistan, Peru (3), Philippines

Table 1: Earthquake / Tsunami Disasters with more than
5,000 casualties during recent 50 years (1960-2010)by the BRI’s “World Seismic Disaster Catalog”i,ii,iii and United Nation’s dataiv

Country: Earthquake

Year

Mg

Death

1

China: Hebei (Tangshan)

1976

7.8

2428002

Indian Ocean Tsunami

2004

9

2264083

Haiti Eq.

2010

7222576

4

Pakistan Kashmir Eq.

2005

7.6

73328

5

China: Sichuan (Wenchuan)

2008

8.1

69195

6

Peru: Chimbote, Huaras

1970

7.8

66794

7

Iran: Manjil Eq., Rudbar

1990

7.7

35000

8

Iran: Kerman, Bam Eq.

2003

6.7

31830

9

Armenia: Spitak Eq.

1988

6.8

25000

10

Guatemala Eq.

1976

7.5

22870

11

India: Bhuj Eq. (Gujarat)

2001

8

20023

12

Iran: Tabas Eq.

1978

7.4

18220

13

Turkey: Kocaeli Eq.

1999

7.8

17118

14

China: Yunnan Eq.

1970

7.8

15621

15

Iran: Dasht-i Biyaz Eq.

1968

7.3

15000

16

Morocco: Agadir Eq.

1960

5.7

13100

17

Iran: Buyin-Zahra Eq.

1962

7.2

12225

18

Nicaragua: Managua Eq.

1972

6.3

10000

19

India: Latur-Osmanabad Eq.

1993

6.2

9748

20

Mexico: Mexico City

1985

8.1

9500

21

China: Hebei, Ningjin Eq.

1966

7.2

8064

22

Philippines: Mindanao Eq.

1976

7.9

8000

23

Japan: South Hyogo-ken Eq.
(Great Hanshin-Awaji Eq. )

1995

7.3

6432

24

Indonesia: Irain Jaya

1976

7.1

6000

24

Indonesia: Irain Jaya

1976

7.2

6000

26

Indonesia: Yogyakarta

2006

6.2

5749

27

Chile: Chile Eq. (Tsunami)

1960

9

5700

28

Pakistan: Patan Eq.

1974

6.2

5300

29

Iran: Ghir (Qir) Eq.

1972

6.8

5010

30

Equador, Colombia: Quito

1987

6.9

5000

Note: Events with gray number represent the earthquake
disasters that have occurred during 1995-2010 (16 years).

2. Recent Large-scale Disasters

This Section introduces the recent earthquake and tsunami
disasters. The following earthquake disasters are reported:
Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004), Pakistan Earthquake (2005),
Java Earthquake (2006), Peru, Pisco Earthquake (2007) andChina, Wenchuan Earthquake (2008), Indonesia, Padang
Earthquake (2009) and Haiti Earthquake (2010).
Though disasters in Peru (2007) and Indonesia (2009) are
not included in the Table 1, most of the large scale disasters
have been happened during these ten years. This paper tries
to comprehensively summarize the reasons of damages andwhat are the lessons in terms of earthquake safety of building
and housing. (Photos are provided by UN and BRI. The
contributors of other photos are indicated.)

Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004
Numerous people including tourists from Europe and North
America were drowned and died by Indian Ocean Tsunami
caused by the Sumatra Off-shore Earthquake. Particularly
Aceh Province of Indonesia was heavily affected. Indonesia
is located on the “ring of fire”, and as such prone to large
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions as well as to tsunamis
caused by seismic activity. The tropical climate with heavy
rain showers during the wet season can cause floods andlandslides. These natural hazards when combined with highpopulation densities, poverty, poorly constructed buildings
and deficient urban planning, inadequate warning systems
and poor institutional disaster preparedness may influence tonatural hazards to turn into disasters. Local governments andcommunities need assistance to realize the urgency to copewith these issues. From experiences in the past including in
Aceh after the 2004 tsunami, many lessons can be learned. v

Fig. 2: Remaining Ship in the land, 2007 Aceh, Indonesia

Fig. 3 Remaining Ship on the Roof, 2007 Aceh, Indonesia
There were remaining ships in the residential area where islocated a few kilometers from the coast line of Aceh. There
are huge amount of construction sites of new houses in theareas. However, because of so rapid reconstruction of public
facilities and houses, some houses were constructed withlower earthquake resistance and lower quality than before, ora set of completed recovery houses were still vacant in someresidential zones as no infrastructure was provided in 2007.
IISEE of BRI has received tsunami course’s participantsfrom Indonesia every year after the Indian Ocean Tsunami.

Pakistan Earthquake 2005
Barakot is the most heavily damaged city by the Pakistan
Earthquake that occurred on 8 Oct. 2005. More than 70 % ofbuildings in the city were collapsed. This Kashmir area has
been suffered from boundary conflict with India, and it snowsin winter as located at the foot of Himalayan Mountains with7,000 m above sea level. The evacuated people in the tent
started reconstruction work in early 2006, as having improved
weather in winter. Model houses were built by a Nepali NGO,
National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal- NSET,
funded by HABITAT Pakistan and the local government.
Since the local construction engineers and technicians arefamiliar with the construction system of NSET, it may be thebest way to construct earthquake resistant buildings and housesin the affected areas. They had experiences to promote similar
type of (reinforcement) construction system in the past in 2003
in Afghanistan, Iran (Bam 2003), and India (2001 Gujarat).
There was a bamboo model house constructed by a local NGO
in corporation with a Bangladeshi NGO using the bamboo
imported from Myanmar, which is in high quality. (However,it has not been disseminated because of lower insulation.)

Java (Yogyakarta) Earthquake 2006

Fig. 4: Model House of bamboo, 2006 Barakot, Pakistan

A revenue office building as well as the “Institute SENI
Indonesia” were collapsed by the May 2006 Earthquake inthe south part of Yogyakarta City. In Bantul region where is
the most affected area, the Islamic University of Indonesia(UII) has constructed, with some financial support from theJapanese embassy, a model house for the local people using
bricks with reinforced concrete (RC) columns and beams(so-called confined masonry structure) in the damaged areas.
The model was developed through the technical cooperation
to UII by a BRI structural expert before the earthquake.
The Gadjah Mada University (UGM) in Yogyakarta has
evolved several model houses (of bamboo, palm tree and/or
wood) for tsunami prone and earthquake prone regions.
Utilizing posters, UGM experts are conducting efforts ofdissemination of earthquake resistant technologies and tips
for reconstructing/ repairing houses of communities.
JICA and MLIT have been formulating a team to promotereconstruction of earthquake safe houses with Indonesiannational and local government, and resulted in success.vi

Fig. 5: Earthquake damage, 2006 Barakot, Pakistan
Most of hospitals were reconstructed within two years while
schools were rebuilt during five years as so many schools in
the affected area. Almost 20,000 children have lost their lives
because of the collapsed school building during school time.
Therefore, the United Nations took initiative for a global
campaign in 2006- 2007 that was entitled “Let’s Begin at
School” after the lessons of Pakistan Earthquake.
The seismic damage has concentrated on masonry houses.
Buildings that have been constructed with basic rules such as
using high quality materials and structural components are
firmly connected and maintained properly, no damages wereobserved even in the heavily affected area. Based on the UN
survey, main cause of this huge disaster basically lies in theunawareness of the risks, not only by the heavy quakes. The
recovery process of the damaged houses is comparatively ina good momentum. Limited resources available to houseowners to rebuild their houses, prompted partial/stage
construction could be observed even though governmental
supports were available.

Fig. 6: Earthquake damage, 2006 Bantul, Indonesia

Fig. 7: Specimen by BRI expert, 2006 Bantul, Indonesia

It is said that most of houses in Indonesia were constructedwith timber a half century ago. After the timber became aninternational commodity, Indonesian people could not use
timber as the price has increased at an international level, andpeople became to use low-cost and low quality bricks thatare burnt with rice hulls. This issue resulted in a cause ofheavier seismic damages in Indonesia. Therefore, Mr. Ir.
Teddy Boen who graduated from IISEE in 1963 as the thirdcourse’s participant and other structural experts in Indonesia
are disseminating localized earthquake resistant construction
methods.vii Japan should not forget that contrary to such
critical issue in Indonesia, Japanese urban environment has
been improved in terms of seismic and fire safety by
constructing many RC structures utilizing plywood imported
from Indonesia.

seismic waves of this earthquake by using a strong motion
recorder that was installed under cooperation with BRI. This
seismic record will be utilized to design structures in Peru.
In late August, 2007 an anniversary event of CISMID for its
20 years since establishment was held at CISMID, Dr. Yutaka
Yamazaki, ex-Director General of BRI, Dr. Tanahashi, the 1st
team leader to CISMID, Dr. Hurukawa, ex-Director of IISEE,Dr. Saito of BRI, and Prof. Otani (Prof. emeritus, the Univ. ofTokyo, Prof. of Chiba Univ.) etc. have joined the symposium
and on-site investigation of the earthquake damaged areas.

Fig. 10: Damage of rural house, 2007 by UN (suburb, Ica)

Fig. 8 & 9: House Construction Manual by Ir. Teddy Boen

Peru (Pisco) Earthquake 2007
On 15 August 2007, an earthquake that occurred at approx.
200 km south from Lima, capital of Peru, and many adobe
houses were collapsed. (Adobe: sun-burnt block made of mud)However, casualties resulted in a fewer number as the houses
are built with light roof and one storey. The Japan-Peru Center
for Seismic Investigation and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID) of
national Engineering University (UNI) of Peru has recorded

Fig. 11: Boats on a street, Aug. 2007 by UN (Ica city, Peru)
BRI has been receiving participants from Peru as Prof. Julio
Kuroiwa of UNI who participated in the 2nd course in 1962,
before the 1970 Peru Earthquake (death: approx. 70 thousand).
In order to establish CISMID as a JICA technical cooperation
project, those IISEE ex-participants played significant roles.
After commencement of the project, BRI and others have sent
many experts to CISMID. These efforts resulted in the wellmanaged response to the earthquake disaster in 2007, as well
as more than 100 ex-participants of IISEE in Peru contributed
to the establishment of technical standards and high-leveleducation in Peru. Many people became to have strong
interests in the safety of houses after the 2007 Peru Earthquake.
Therefore, seismic resistant structures using RC sheer walls
like Japan are used as popular structure for middle- and highrise apartment instead of using reinforced masonry structures.

China, Sichuan, Wenchaun Earthquake 2008
By the Wenchuan Earthquake, occurred on 12 May 2008 in
the afternoon, the human damage of the disaster amounted tomore than 69,000 casualties except the lost, and several
millions of people lost their houses. As it was just before the
Beijing Olympic Game, the Chinese government quickly
responded, such as the rapid provision of temporary houses.
It was ten times larger in number of units within the same
period compared with the case of the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake. The reconstruction of houses has finished within
2, years although the original recovery plan needed 3 years.
One of the factors why the recovery has been completed so
fast is “Partner Assistance” system that has contributed torecovery of a heavily affected city through the support by adesignated province in China. This system was applied fromthe initial stage to whole reconstruction and proved effective,
partly because of competitive atmosphere of the system.
The affected area extended from cities that have hundreds ofthousand populations to villages in the mountain regions
over 500km long range of areas. In China, buildings andhouses built with bricks or hollow blocks were major causeof the damages. Then, Chinese government promotes retrofit
of vulnerable buildings not only in Sichuan but also in allprovinces. Moreover, in addition to human damages, morethan half of the economic damages that amounted to approx.
14 trillion yen (in case of Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake,it amounted to 10 trillion yen) were mainly due to damage /collapse of houses and buildings including schools.viii

Fig. 12: Damaged wooden/brick houses, 2008 (Sichuan)

Fig. 13: Damage of RC structure, 2008 by UN (Sichuan)Chinese government carried out various recovery support
measures as well as “Partner Assistant” system, referring to
the experiences of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake andothers. The traumatic care of victims and recovery of cultural
heritages are included. Retrofitting of vulnerable buildings
remains a major issue as the lesson from this disaster. IISEEand JICA conducted a group training course on Chineseseismic-safe building as the “Capacity Building project for
Earthquake Resistant Buildings in China” that was initiatedfrom exactly one year after the Wenchuan Earthquake. Twogroups of training (20 participants each for two months)
have been conducted. Enthusiastic participants from all
Chinese regions learned high level Japanese technologies on
aseismic design, assessment, and retrofit of buildings. They
are now devoting themselves to seismic safety of Chinese
buildings. (Details can be seen in the Section 4.)

Indonesia, Sumatra, Padang Earthquake 2009
More than 1000 people have died by the Western Sumatra(Padang) Earthquake on 30 September 2009. It is announced
that the Padang earthquake hit modern city area in Indonesia
for the first time. Though Indonesia had many earthquakes
so far, most of the damages were caused by the collapse of
low-rise houses in the rural area including May 2006 Java
earthquake in Yogyakarta. The Padang earthquake in 2009
hit many RC structures in the center of Padang City where isthe capital of the West Sumatra Province. The Institute ofTechnology of Bandung (ITB) and governmental research
institutes such as the Research Institute of Human Settlement(RIHS) have sent investigation teams and found that thedamages were concentrated on the hotels and other buildingsthat did not follow the building code in Indonesia. Somebuildings were inadequately extended or rebuilt. Houses
without reinforcement and non-engineered schools that wereconstructed without engineering design were also damaged.

In the 2009 Padang Earthquake affected area BRI/IISEE is
implementing a research project on seismic safety of houses
in developing countries with the National Graduate Institutefor Policy Studies (GRIPS), Japan as a joint research as wellas the JICA capacity building project for building control
administration. The detailed information is described in the
Section 4. It should be noted that Indonesian ex-participantsof IISEE in ITB and RIHS etc. are fully supporting theseprojects in every case.

Haiti Earthquake 2010

Fig. 14: Damage of RC building, 2009 (Padang, Indonesia)

Haiti Earthquake on 12 January 2010 claimed more than 200
thousand of casualties. Main cause of the huge damage also
arose from the collapse of buildings like houses and offices.
It is reported that vulnerable RC or reinforced block structure
enlarged the damages, because heavy construction materials
are common in Haiti to resist against hurricanes.
Furthermore, modern buildings represented by the President
House have been designed by foreign planners based on thebuilding code of each planner’s home country, and it seems
that there is no locally adopted seismic standard and code.
Japan has dispatched the Self-defense and some experts in
an international supporting team. However, it will take along time for recovery of Haiti, since there were no humanand social infrastructures. A Japanese NGO, CODE (Kobecity) is actively involved in the recovery on-site. Numerous
international NGOs also sent missions to the affected areas
to support to cover all possible emergency assistances.
IISEE of BRI will receive a trainee from Haiti in the next
international training course on seismology and earthquake
engineering that will start from latter half of 2011 for a year
as the first participant from Haiti. (There is no ex-participantfrom Haiti, though IISEE has trained almost 1500 experts.)

Fig. 16: Damage of President Office, 2010 by CODE (Haiti)
Fig. 15: Damage of non-engineered school, 2009 (Padang)Reference:
Detailed data on the damage of 2010 Chile Earthquake is
described in the “EPISTULA” Vol. 51 October 2010 thatare issued every three-month by BRI, including its seismic
data and tsunami propagation process as well as damagesof buildings.

Fig. 17: Landslide in residential area, 2010 by CODE (Haiti)

Reference (Other Seismic Damages after 1995: UN, BRI)

Fig. 18: Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, 1995 (Kobe)

Fig. 20: Damage of adobe structure, 2003 (Bam, Iran)Fig. 19: Gujarat Earthquake, 2001 by UNCRD (India)

Fig. 21: Chile Earthquake and Tsunami, 2010 (Chile)3 Cause of Damages and Disaster Management
In each on-site observation, the collapse of buildings caused
major damages in the earthquake related disasters. In order toachieve resilient social infrastructures including earthquake
resistant buildings, cooperation of engineers and governments
is essential. Damages to buildings and built environment fromearthquakes in different parts of the world indicate the fact thatearthquake risk mitigation is one of the most essential tasks forsustainable development of a city and region. Earthquake andtsunami risk mitigation requires proper disaster management
measures and trained experts.
BRI has been implementing education and training of experts
in developing countries at IISEE since 1962, further profoundresearch and investigation on institutional and technical aspects
need to be pursuit in analyzing earthquake damages in future.
Natural hazards such as earthquakes and typhoons occur every
time. However, human society faces at the following disasterrisks. The following key issues are also analyzed and identified
as general reasons why disasters occur frequently in the world.
1) Rapid increase of population and urbanization;
2) Effects of poverty in least developing countries;3) Delay of preparedness by governments / citizen;
4) Effects of eco-system degradation / global climate.
In particular, earthquakes affect not only lower society but also
middle income people. The middle society covers most of the
population and influences a deep impact on the national level
economic activities. For instance in Indonesia, middle classpeople often live in a vulnerable house that was constructedwithout proper knowledge on brick structure, while the poorestgroup live in the bamboo-mat houses that are not affected byearthquakes.
The damages shown in the pervious section suggest the needs
for capacity building of recovery experts who work on-site
after a disaster, community workers who directly motivate
people, local governmental staff who implement key policies,
and policy makers at national level and so on.
Limited loss of lives from earthquakes can be observed in the
United States, Japan and other developed countries that havelong history of implementation of building safety compared toloss of lives in developing countries where building safetymeasures are not properly regulated. It is an indicator of how
the earthquake risk can be reduced in cities. However, even in
the countries with long history of building safety measures,
inadequacies in the performance of building are often evident.
Cautionary assessments after the 1994 Northridge earthquake
found that "there would have been far less damage if building
codes were rigorously enforced." Similar evaluation has been
made after the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan which resulted
in extensive loss of lives and properties despite of the fact thatJapan has long history of practicing building safety regulations.

Most of the earthquake prone countries in the world havealready established building codes and many countries havealso enacted the seismic codes. However, lack of institutional
mechanism, lack of complimentary implementation tools andlack of awareness about earthquake risk reduction among
governmental agencies, designers, builders and general public
have contributed to the poor enforcement of the building code.

(Reference 1) Year of 1) establishment and 2) enforcementof building code in earthquake vulnerable countries
Algeria
Indonesia
Nepal
Peru

1) 1981,1) 1998,
1) 1994,
1) 1963,

2) 1988
2) 2005
2) 20042) 1968−70

For example, original draft of building code in Indonesia
was formed in 1960’s. However, it was enforced after 2004
huge disaster and whole national system were strengthened
to mitigate disasters.
There has been tremendous development in science andtechnology of earthquake resistant building construction andthis development have been translated into practical measures
which are documented in building codes, regulations andstandards. Despite of this advancement in knowledge base andavailable tools, the damages incurred in past earthquakes
provide challenges on how to translate this knowledge into
practices so that the loss from disasters like earthquake can be
minimized. Hundreds of thousands of vulnerable buildings
world-wide are waiting their fate in future earthquakes andmany more vulnerable buildings are being erected.
Observation of damages from the past earthquakes havepointed out the fact that buildings perform the way it isconstructed in the field and not the way it is designed.
In order to mitigate earthquake risk, all stages of building
construction, from planning to construction and maintenance,
are important. Properly designed buildings may not performthe way they are supposed if constructed improperly.
Awareness creation is instrumental not only in building cultureof safety and resilient communities but also in creating
demands for intervention in disaster mitigation. The demands
ultimately help in creating conducive environment for policy
intervention, in realizing institutional mechanism of code
enforcement for the municipal authorities and creating demandfor competent professionals.
For instance in Japan, demands for seismic assessment andretrofit of houses that follow the old seismic building code
before 1981, could be realized mainly by raising awarenessof people.

In order to achieve earthquake-safe buildings, it is the mostimportant task along with capacity development and policy
tools. Compliance and control have an inter-linkage and they
compliment each other. Compliance can be increased andmade effective by indirect control tools such as housing
loans and insurance; whereas, effectiveness of control relies
heavily on compliance. Despite of existence of building
codes and serious intention for its effective implementation,
realization of safe buildings in the field requires quality
material, good workmanship and awareness in masons,builders and house owners.

(Reference 2) Challenges in building code
implementation (in the case of developing countries)
1. Capacity of local government/ stakeholders
2. Lack of skill of building control officers
3. Underpaid staff
4. No professional trainings and continuing education
5. Lack of skill/ understanding in designers, contractors
and artesian
6. Not enough motivation among engineers on buildingcodes
7. Social /economic obstacles
8. Lack of awareness in public
9. Myth – high cost to follow codes
10. Large ratio of self-built construction (informal)

For example, after 2004 Tsunami, Aceh witnessed rapid
growth in construction of buildings and there was influx ofmany development agencies competing to rapidly build largest
number of buildings. This intervention in construction ofhouses demanded large quantity of material supply and large
number of masons. However, both were in short supply. The
local industry could not supply enough building materials suchas bricks and cements and quality was compromised. People
without previous experience in construction were involved asmasons and carpenters and they were never trained about
quality construction let alone earthquake resistant construction.
These issues are relevant not only in Aceh but also in other
cities around the world. One sided control mechanism for
implementation of building can not solve the problem and has
to be integrated with socio-economic, institutional, technicaland other tools at the same time in order to achieve safety ofbuildings and built environment against the earthquakes.
In the BRI’s IISEE training courses on seismology, tsunami
and earthquake engineering, additional programs on disasterrisk management, disaster risks and development assistance,
disaster management policies and others are now included

since 2005 under cooperation with GRIPS. All participantsof the training courses are studying international frameworkfor disaster risk reduction, international cooperation system
by JICA in addition to disaster management policies inJapan.
These knowledge will help participants to pay attention how
to adopt the technologies and knowledge to the society andwhat are the social demands as a professional or an expert ofseismology, tsunami and earthquake engineering in the
future in each country.
Fig. 22: Damage by Wenchuan Earthquake, 2008 (China)

4 International Cooperation of BRI(1) International Training on Seismology and Earthquake
Engineering at IISEEThe IISEE is conducting training courses on seismology andearthquake engineering for young researchers and engineers
in developing countries to achieve earthquake disaster risk
reduction through cooperation with JICA. IISEE is currently
managing 1) “Annual Training Course: so-called Regular
Course”, 2) Global Earthquake Observation Course”, and 3)“China Seismic Building Course” and 4) Individual courses.
There are 1,481 ex-participants from 96 countries and region
as of September 2010. The training activities are receiving
national and international high appraisals.
1) Annual Training Course (Regular Course)
IISEE has been carrying out a one-year training course byinviting young researchers and engineers principally fromdeveloping countries, since 1962 under cooperation with
UNESCO (after establishment of JICA in 1974, this training
course is conducted as a part of JICA training courses).
In 2006, a new training course on “Tsunami Disaster
Mitigation” was also established. The participants who finish
the Annual Training Course can be awarded as master’s
degree since the fiscal year 2005.
2) Global Seismic Observation Course
This course was initiated in 1995 and is conducted undercooperation with Meteorological Agency and JICA, in order
to train human resources who can play significant roles in
CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty) and its
international observation system. The trainees are expected
to learn earthquake observation technologies for nuclear test
survey and data processing / analysis technologies to identify
nuclear tests (from natural earthquakes).
This training is regarded as an international contribution ofJapan to the effectuation of the CTBT. The training activity
was also introduced in the CTBT Effectuation Promotion
Initiative by the Japanese Foreign Minister Okada at the 6th
Conference on Effectuation Promotion of CTBT that washeld in September 2010.
3) China Seismic Building Course
As a part of support programs for the 2008 Great Sichuan
Earthquake recovery, IISEE is conducting “China Seismic
Building Course” under JICA program on “China Capacity
Building for Earthquake Resistant Structure” since October
2009. The training is expected to have 20 participants every
year in the field of structural engineering for three years, andthrough training of trainers (TOT) system, finally in total
5,000 structural engineers in China will be trained.
The program on “China Capacity Building for Earthquake
Resistant Structure” aims to improve ability of structural

engineers in China as a part of Japanese recovery assistance.
The program has started on 12 may 2009, exactly one year
after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. The activities include
dispatch of experts, training in Japan, training in China (onsite training) and so forth as a JICA technical cooperation
project with cooperation of MLIT, BRI etc. IISEE of BRI isin charge of “Earthquake Resistant Design, Assessment, andRetrofit Course” (so-called China Seismic Building Course).
The first training has been conducted during 27 October and
22 December in 2009, and the second training has been heldfrom 8 June till 3 August in 2010.

Detailed information has been summarized by the former
Director of IISEE, Dr. Nobuo Hurukawa at the 2009 BRI
Research Symposium as “50 Years of IISEE: Challenges to
Reduce Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Reduction in theWorld” (for the reference it’s included in the web-site below).
In addition, several basic data on the international training onseismology and earthquake engineering can be shown at thelast part of this paper. The following web-site shows themost up-dated data on the training.
http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/
Fig. 23 Home Countries: IISEE Ex-participants (1481 all)(by Year Book 2010, IISEE, BRI)

(2) Project for Earthquake Risk Reduction Centers
Japanese Government has established a series of earthquake
risk reduction centers all over the world as shown in the Table
2, as international cooperation in the field of seismic disastermitigation by combining JICA technical cooperation and grant
aid. BRI has cooperated all of the projects deeply based on the
know-how of international cooperation and strong supports of
ex-participants in each country that has been developed andfostered at the IISEE training.

The following parts are introduction of outline of each project.
Table 2: Earthquake Risk Reduction Center Projects inthe world(JICA technical cooperation projects supported by BRI)Country
Indonesia

Name (Center abbr.)
Counterpart
Terms(3rdCT) Res. Inst. of Human RISTEK(1981-2003)
Settlement (RIHS, PU)
Indonesia
1993-1998
Japan-Peru Res. Center for National Eng. 1986-1993
Peru
Dis. Mitigation and Seismic Univ. (UNI)(1989-2004)
Investigation (CISMID)# ChileEq. Dis. Reduction Tech. for Catorica Univ. 1988-1991
Structures
Chile
1995-1998
Mexico Eq. Dis. Prevention Univ. of Nat. 1990-1997
MexicoProject (Nat. Center for Dis. Autonomy(1997-2001)
Prevention: CENAPRED)(UNAM)
Turkey Res. Center of Eq. Istanbul Eng. 1993-2000
TurkeyDis. Management
Univ. (ITU)# Egypt(3rd CT) Res. Cooperation on Nat. Res. for (1992-1999)
Seismology (NRIAG)
Astro./Geoph.
1993-1996
Kazakhstan Eq. Risk Assess./Monitoring Nat. Eq. Res. 2000-2003
in AlmatyInst.
Romanian Eq. Dis. Reduct. Nat. Inst. Eq. 2002-2007
Romania
Plan (CNRRS/INCERC)(INCERC)
2003-2008
El Salvador Eq. Resist. Housing Disem. Housing/Urb.
(TAISHIN) Project
Dev. Agency
2010-2012#: Research Cooperation type project (+ Mini project in Kazakhstan)
Term as (1997-2001) indicates term of the 3rd country training (3rd CT)(3) UNESCO Project (IPRED)The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) has established an international
network that was named “International Platform for Reducing
Earthquake Disaster (IPRED)” under cooperation with MLIT
and IISEE/BRI in 2007. The platform aims at establishing a
global network for research and training on earthquake disasterrisk reduction in the field of building and housing, as well as
creating an international back-up system in the case of a huge
earthquake and/or tsunami.
The members of IPRED now consist of the following eight
countries that experienced the past JICA projects as introducedin the Table 2. In concrete, research-related organizations inChile, Egypt, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Peru, Romania,
and Turkey have started the activities.
Currently, IISEE identified 15 activity areas cooperated with
MLIT, Japan and UNESCO Headquarters. The activity areas
include disclosure of lecture notes of IISEE, e-learning systemand other activities.

5. Towards Future International Cooperation on
Disaster Risk Reduction(1) Increasing Target Countries and Demand for Training
according to the Recent Change of Global Situation
Concentration of population into urbanization area and rapid
improvement of social infrastructures due to the economic
growth mostly in emerging countries would be common
now for the imbalanced development of the world economy.
Those countries where could not afford to pay attention to
the earthquake disaster management before 1980’s (such as
Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Nicaragua) now have demand
to send trainees to IISEE.
Recently, because of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami causedby the huge earthquake of Sumatra off-shore, those countries
where had no experience of earthquake disasters (e.g. Sri
Lanka, Malaysia) now desire to send trainees, since the 2004
disaster was an opportunity to recognize the significance ofearthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation.
Moreover, strong demands for training on both science andengineering in the field of earthquake and disasters are now
increasing in the Central Asia and Caucasus region that wereindependent from the former Soviet Union, because of thetransmission to the Western type research and technology
systems from the former peculiar system.
As frequent earthquake and tsunami disasters during the 21st
century (e.g. Kashmir Earthquake in Pakistan 2005, Haiti
Earthquake in 2010) unfortunately proved such demands fortraining. Therefore the demands for international training onseismology and earthquake engineering continues even in
the 21st century become more increasing.

(2) Strong Request to the Training on New Technologies inJapan that leads Science and Engineering in the World.
With regard to the seismology and earthquake observation
technology, the global standard has changed to broad-bandseismograph, digital observation technology, and ICT
applied technologies from the former analogue mechanisms.
The countries that have studied former technologies, are now
requesting to learn new global standard technologies.
In addition, real-time earthquake mitigation and spontaneous
earthquake information technology that is being developedin these years and will be the key of earthquake and tsunami
mitigation measures. Earthquake-prone countries in theSouth- East Asia and Latin America are requiring to having
training on these new technology fields.
In the field of ground motion research, demand is changing.
Remote sensing technology can be applied easily and is suitfor wider area risk assessment but is rather rough to evaluate
risks of individual site. Then, micro-tremor allay survey
technology etc. can be used as more detailed geophysicalsurvey technologies now. (for example in Egypt, Mongolia,
China).
In developing countries, it is more effective to select the siteof development and construction to make the best use ofgood ground conditions. Proper site selection will minimize
the required building strength and seismic resistant ability
than the cases of developed countries where higher structuralquality can be acceptable. Then, assessment technologies ofground conditions are more required in developing countries.
In the field of earthquake engineering, the most updated
technologies such as base isolation, quake control, and superhigh-rise building are required because of the concentrationof population to urban area and demand for high-risebuildings in developing countries.
Furthermore, earthquake engineering is currently changing
from elastic design method using static seismic forces toelastic and fragile design method utilizing dynamic seismic
forces. Then, the training on such new design methods andnon-linear structural analysis technologies are required now.
Furthermore, seismic retrofitting that became popular inJapan particularly after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake,while there are few cases of retrofitting of existed buildings
in developing countries hence there are quite strong demands
for retrofitting technology.

(3) Accumulated Achievements of International Training
on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering
The international training on seismology and earthquake
engineering at IISEE has been aiming to provide scientificknowledge and technologies in geophysics and engineering
related to earthquake and seismic disasters by continuous
advancement applying up-dated innovation of these fields
since its establishment in 1960.
During these years, countries that have succeeded to achieve
development (such as Korea, Romania) became out of target
countries of Official Development Aid (ODA). Moreover,the countries where international assistance with a technicalcooperation project of JICA has been implemented andmany trainees were educated (such as Mexico, Chile) arepartners for joint research programs rather than having new
trainees in these years.
On the other hand, many ex-participants of IISEE are now
active as national and international leaders in the field ofseismology and earthquake engineering. (e.g., Mr. Harsh
Gupta of India played a role as the first President of Asian
Academy of Seismology, Mr. Salah Mohamed of Egypt, theformer Director of International Data Center of CTBTO, aninternational organization on Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, andothers. These facts represent the significant achievements ofthe past international training on seismology and earthquake
engineering at IISEE, BRI.
Furthermore, IISEE has additionally received seven trainees

from China in the regular courses, in order to cope with
Wenchuan Earthquake disaster in May 2008, a new training
courses entitled “China Seismic Building Course” for twomonths started from October 2009. In these manners, IISEEis actively promoting capacity building for young experts ofdeveloping countries in the field of earthquake safety.

“When planning for a year, plant corn.
When planning for a decade, plant tree.
When planning for a century, train and educate people.”(4) Research and Development in order to Strengthen and
Improve the IISEE Training

Note:

IISEE has enabled 1) to provide electronic data on training
reports and lecture notes of IISEE, 2) to disseminate lecture
data including videos using e-learning system, 3) to issue
news’ letters at least once a month, 4) to introduce TV teleconference system, basically through “IISEE Net” on the
web-site (HP: http://iisee.kenken.go.jp). These actions now
make it possible to directly communicate with developing
countries and they were supported by the research theme on“Formulation of International Technical Network for Urban
and Building Earthquake Disaster Reduction in Developing
Countries” (2006-2008).
Under the research theme on “Research on Improvement
and Dissemination of Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction
Technologies in Developing Countries” (2009-2011), IISEEis trying to further strengthen cooperation with developing
countries and to conduct researches for improvement ofappropriate technologies and dissemination of earthquake
safer technologies in developing countries, based on the pastachievements and changing training demands.
In concrete, earthquake and tsunami hazard (risk) assessment
technologies and seismic assessment / retrofit technologies
for buildings are focused. Investigation of actual conditions,
identification of key issues, proposals of concrete technicalcooperation and disclosure of the information for developing
countries will be conducted.
As for dissemination of earthquake resistant technology,
IISEE is carrying out investigation of building construction
technologies mainly focusing on the most popular reinforced
masonry structure in developing countries and will propose
dissemination methods for earthquake safe construction.
Finally, the research outputs will be utilized in capacity
building of seismic experts and engineers in developing
countries including at IISEE training and its improvement, as
well as wider disclosure of the information and knowledgeof the research through the web-site entitled “IISEE Net”.
IISEE is going on its activities thanks to efforts and supportsof many organizations, aiming to reduce earthquake disasters
in developing countries as much as possible. Recently, IISEE
is tackling new challenges toward four new directions asmentioned above. Finally, I would remind the following
message, thanking the working circumstances to foster
young experts under considerations of many supporters.

(concluded)i

1990，World Earthquake Catalogue, Tokuji Utsu，Tokyo, 243 p．
Utsu, T., 2002, A list of deadly earthquakes in the World: 1500-2000,
in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering
Seismology Part A, edited by Lee, W.K., Kanamori, H., Jennings,
P.C., and Kisslinger, C., pp. 691-717, Academic Press, San Diego.
iii
2004， http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/utsu/index.html
iv
UNCRD http://www.hyogo.uncrd.or.jp/publication/report.html
v
2005-2010 Housing Earthquake Safety Initiative (HESI).
vi
JICA , 2007-2010vii
Teddy Boen, 2009,“Constructing Seismic Resistant MasonryHouses” Indonesia.
viii
UNCRD, 2009, BRI No.118 2008.
ii