Fukushima Research Conference on radiocesium migrations in terrestrial environments
and in ecosystems 䠄3rd International Cesium Workshop)(4th March, 2018, Fukushima)⚟ᓥ䝸䝃䞊䝏䜹䞁䝣䜯䝺䞁䝇䠄ᅜ㝿䝉䝅䜴䝮䝽䞊䜽䝅䝵䝑䝥䠅䛂ᨺᑕᛶ䝉䝅䜴䝮䛾㝣ᇦ⎔ቃ䜔⏕ែ⣔䛻䛚䛡䜛⛣⾜䛃䠄2018.3.4, ⚟ᓥ䠅Distribution and Input/output budgetsof radiocesium in the mountainous forestof Fukushimaί‫עޛ‬ỉౕ௎؏ỆấẬỦ્‫ࣱݧ‬ἍἉỸἲỉЎࠋể්λᵍ්Ј᣽ὸ

Tadafumi Niizatoίૼ᣺ ࣙӪὸ
Environmental Research Group Fukushima Environmental Safety Center

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) Outline
 Introduction¾ Physical geography, land use, radiation dose
¾ Transport processes
 Methods¾ Monitoring at experimental plots, tree sampling Results¾ Radiocesium distribution, Input/output budgets

 Conclusions & key issues¾ Studies in progress (bioavailability of radiocesium)
9 Sources of dissolved radiocesium (decomposition of litter?)
9 Migration in dissolved fraction (tree system, root uptake)9 Long term ecological research (interaction between
components of forested ecosystem)2

Distribution map of radiation dose (airborne monitoring) 3
The source of the map;
Extension Site of Distribution Map of Radiation Dose, etc.,/GSI Maps
Dose rate (ȝSv/h)
1 m above ground surface
19.0 <
9.5 < value < 19.0
3.8 < value < 9.5
1.9 < value < 3.8
1.0 < value < 1.9
0.5 < value < 1.0
0.2 < value < 0.5
0.1 < value < 0.2
value < 0.1
No survey results

FDNPP

FDNPP

N

N

10 km

10 km
ᵟᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᵐᶌᶂ ᵨᶓᶊᶗᴾᵐᵎᵏᵏᵟᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᵏᵔᶒᶆ ᵬᶍᶔᵌᴾᵐᵎᵏᵕ

¾ Generally, radiation dose decreases with time
¾ The area with higher radiation dose still exists
https://ramap.jmc.or.jp/map/eng

4Topography, land use, and radiation dose
Radiation dose

ReliefLand mapuseᵨᶍᶀᵿᶌᴾᵣᶖᶎᶐᶃᶑᶑᶕᵿᶗ

Water

Fukushima
Fukushima

Urban
Kawamata
Kawamata

Rice paddy

5

5
ᵰᵔ

Crop
Grass

$L]X
Deciduous
forestEvergreen/DNH
forest,QDZDVKLURᵟᶀᶓᶉᶓᶋᵿ
ᵫᶍᶓᶌᶒᵿᶇᶌᶑ

ᵬᵿᶉᵿᵋᶂᶍᶐᶇ

ᵦᵿᶋᵿ
ᵋᶂᶍᶐᶇ

)'133

10 km

Bare land

Snow and ice Koriyama
Koriyama

N

ᵤᵢᵬᵮᵮ
)'133

ᵟᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᵏᵔᶒᶆ ᵬᶍᶔᵌᴾᵐᵎᵏᵕ

KawauchiKawauchiᵬkmᵦᶇᶅᶆᵋᵰᶃᶑᶍᶊᶓᶒᶇᶍᶌ ᵪᵿᶌᶂᴾᵳᶑᶃᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᵪᵿᶌᶂᴾ
ᵡᶍᶔᶃᶐᴾᵫᵿᶎᵊᴾᶔᶃᶐᵌᴾᵏᵐᵌᵎᵖ㔇ᵨᵟᵶᵟ

¾ Generally, radiation dose decreases with time
¾ The area with higher radiation dose still exists
їMountainous forest covers most of the area

Dose rate (ȝSv/h)
1 m above ground surface
19.0 <
9.5 < value < 19.0
3.8 < value < 9.5
1.9 < value < 3.8
1.0 < value < 1.9
0.5 < value < 1.0
0.2 < value < 0.5
0.1 < value < 0.2
value < 0.1
No survey results

https://ramap.jmc.or.jp/map/eng

5 Comparison; physical geography
Forested
land 1),2)

Mean averagetemperature 3),4)

Belarus(Minsk)42 %Jan. -4.3Υ
July 19.5Υ

690 mmUkraine(Kiev)

16 %Jan. -4.4Υ
July 18.5Υ

608 mm<Fukushima City>

1,166 mm<wholeFukushima>

68 %Fukushima<kawamata>5)80 %<Kawauchi>

90 %Jan. 1.6 Υ
July 23.6 Υ

Annualprecipitation 3),4)

Topography
Lowland
Wetland (Pripet Marshes)
North; Wetland(Pripet Marches)

East & west; Hilly land

Dec. 42 mm
Sept. 160 mm

Jan. 0.5 ΥJuly 23.6 Υ

1,368 mmJan. -0.7 ΥJuly 26.0 Υ

1,465 mmDec. 42 mm
Sept. 211 mm
Dec. 50 mm
Sept. 227 mm

Inland lowland

Mountainous& Hilly land
Mountainous& Hilly land1) FAOSTAT (2010)
2) The 88th statistical yearbook of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2012-2013)
3) Chronological Scientific Tables (2014)4) Japan Meteorological Agency (2014) <past 30 years (1981-2010)>
5) Kawamata Machi official web page <http://www.town.kawamata.lg.jp/> (2014)

66

Dynamics of radiocesium in the forested land
Input

¾Throughfall

Input¾Litterfall¾Precipitation¾Stemflow¾Surfacerunoff¾Soil loss

Input

Input

OutputOutputoutput¾Migration insoil layer

Forest floor

Objectives
Input and output budgets of radiocesium within a forested area with theforest floor of particular emphasis to clarify whether the forest floor behaves as asink (input > output) or a source (output > input) of the contamination.
6

7

Forest investigation

Yamakiya, Kawamata

Ogi, Kawauchi

Ide, Namie≋mixed forest;(evergreen coniferous
forest, Japanese cedar)(evergreen coniferous
forest, Japanese cedar)

Red pine, Konara oak≌Forest type Topography

Outline of study areasṞᵷᵿᶋᵿᶉᶇᶗᵿ
ᵩᵿᶕᵿᶋᵿᶒᵿ

Soil typeṞ Yamakiya, Kawamata
9Mixed forest of deciduous and evergreenᵩᵿᶕᵿᶋᵿᶒᵿ
Fukushima

trees (Japanese red pine and konara oak)
9 Gentle to steep slope facing the south
9 Brown forest soil
Experimental plots(sandy loam to loam)(gentle & steep slope)
9Decontaminatedand undisturbed plots

ṟ Ogi, Kawauchi

ᵬᵿᶋᶇᶃ

9Evergreen forest (Japanese cedar)

ṟᵭᶅᶇ
ᵭᶅᶇ ᵠ
ᵩᵿᶕᵿᶓᶁᶆᶇ

9 Ogi A; Intermediate to steep slope facing thenorthExperimental
9
Ogi B; Steep slope facing south
ᵭᶉᶓᶋᵿ
plots
9Brown forest soil (silt loam to loam)䢳䢲䢲䢲(steep slope)䢻䢲䢲
9Undisturbed plot

N
W

Ṡᵧᶂᶃ
ᵬᵿᶋᶇᶃ

ᵩᵿᶕᵿᶓᶁᶆᶇ

䢸䢲䢲
䢷䢲䢲
䢵䢲䢲
䢳䢲䢲
䢯䢵

Ṡ Ide, Namie
9Evergreen forest (Japanese cedar)
9 Steep slope facing the south
9 Brown forest soil (sand)
9 Undisturbed and disturbed
plots by wildfire

Experimental
plots(steep slope)

9 Similar forest type, different in topography (Yamakiya)
9 Different in forest type, similar topography (Ogi - Yamakiya)
9 Similar vegetation/topography, but different in forest floor
cover (non-decontaminated vs. decontaminated, burnt vs.
unburnt plots)88Stemflow collector(70 L)< Experimental plot >W 6 m; L10 m; H 20 cm

H: 20cm

W: 6 mCatchmentbox(18 L)

Catchment tank

Litterfall trap
ί1 m squareὸ

Rain gauge &Sample collector(2 L)

Forest floor to
Canopy to forest floor
outside of the forest(radioCs input)(radioCs output)

Monitoring items in the experimental plots

9 Throughfall
9 Amount of throughfall(mm=L/m2)
9 radioCs activity (Bq/L) Stemflow
9 Stemflow volume (L/m2)
9 radioCs activity (Bq/L)

 Litterfall
9 Weight of litterfall (kg/m2)
9 radioCs activity (Bq/kg)

 Surface washoff (soilloss, surface runoff)
9 Weight of particulatematter(kg/m2)
9 Surface runoff volume(L/m2)
9 radioCs activities of particulatematter (Bq/kg) and surface
runoff water(Bq/L)

ί200 Lὸ

Assessment of radioCs input & output in unit
area, monitoring period [Bq m-2 period-1]

Transport processes on forest floor
Transport & sedimentation processes Raindrop erosion, surface wash

10
Mudslide on thesteep slope

Sedimentation of litterat the forest edge

9 Rainfall run-off (overland flow, downslope flow)
9 Raindrop erosion
9 Stem flow
9 Litter flow (run-off over the litter layer, esp. broadleaved forest)
9 Rainy season㸦July to October㸧
9 Whole forested area

 Frost action
9 Freezing and thawing action (frost heave, frost
creep)
9 Downslope transport of thawing soil
9 Winter season (December, January to February)
9 South-facing forested area, thin litter layer

Outflow of soil atthe base of tree
Downslope slip ofthawing soil

 Mass movement
9 Small-scale mudslide
9 Very steep forest slope
9 Mainly, rainy season and snowmelt season (lateFebruary to March)
9 Small area in the forest

 Nivation
9 Erosion by melting water
9 Shaving and grooving of top soil
9 Snow season and snow melt season
9 Limited area in the forest

Soil pillar byraindrop erosion

11 11

137Cs input/output budgets, forest floor basis
137Cs output

2 1

0

137Cs input(kBq m-2)2

64

Mixed forest KE-plot 2013
(deciduous,
2014
evergreen KW-plot 2013
trees)
2014
Evergreen
forest(Field monitoring data from 2013 to 2014)

8

10

12

steep

2014

1

KE-plot

Year

Inventoryͤ

2013
2014

KW-plot 2013

497.0

2014

KA-plot 2013
2014

487.0

18

Litterfall

Soil loss

Stemflow

Surface runoff

Throughfall0䠄ͤ䠅6th Airborne monitoring results

N

137Cs (kBq m–2)

Plot

16

gentleKA-plot 2013
2

14

Output(rate, %)Input(rate, %)Yamakiya district

Input/output

0.3 (0.07) 17.2 (3.45)
0.4 (0.08) 16.9 (3.40)5043

0.9 (0.18)
0.8 (0.15)

3.9 (0.79)
3.9 (0.78)

45

0.9 (0.19)
0.2 (0.05)

5.8 (1.18)
5.4 (1.12)

622z 137Cs output << 137Cs input
The forest floor behaves as a sinkz Topographic difference ᾍ Forest type difference

640m

KE
KW

580m

50m
Contour interval 2m
The topographic data were created based on the results of anairborne laser survey conducted by the Geospatial Information
Authority of Japan.

11137Cs output in the various forest floor conditions 12
Decontaminated plot

Disturbed plot by wildfire2m㽢4m,dips27㼻 west

Undisturbed plot

Monitoring period
19th June – 20th Nov., 2017

Coverrateapprox.30%

 Dips approx.30㼻south
 Coverrate
9 10– 18%(disturbed)
9 90– 92%(undisturbed)
137

Plot
Disturbed
March,2016

Cs Inventory 137Cs output[Bq/m2][Bq/m2]416k
10,377547k

Undisturbed

798

Precipitation(mm)Soil loss and precipitation

Decontaminatedplot

Nov.Ͳ6

Sept.Ͳ17

JulyͲ29

JuneͲ9AprilͲ20

MarchͲ1

Soilloss(g)Soilloss(g)Precipitation
(mm)

2016

Soil loss and 137Cs output
Soil loss

0.56 kg/m2

137Cs output

ձ

10.5 kBq/m2

137Cs inventoryղ

1,600 kBq/m2

137Cs output rate㸦ձ÷ղ㸧

0.66 %

Outputrate
2.49 %

 Dips 28㼻west
 Coverrate86– 99%

0.15 %

Undisturbed plot

Yamakiya(mixed forestᾊsteeply inclined)Year 2013 2014 2015

2016

137

Cs outflow via soil
loss [Bq/m2](April – Nov. )137

Cs inventory aroundthe plot [kBq/m2]

810

1,721

180

308

1,600
ʤNov. 2013ʥ

137

Cs outflow rate[%](April – Nov.)

0.05 0.11

0.01 0.02%

137Cs output in the decontaminated plot

(ca.0.6ήper year) far exceed that in theundisturbed plot (0.02% per year)

13

Tree sampling (Japanese cedar)
Ṟ Selection of tree and covering‫ ׻‬Every tree
measurement (thenumber of trees, DBH)љ
Ṟ Selection andcoveringљṟ Tree cuttingṠ Needle and twig samplingṠ Needle and twig їweighting,pretreatment, Ge analysis

ṡ Bark їsize measurement, weighting,pretreatment, Ge analysis

Ṣ Stem disk їsplitting, separation ofheart- and sap-woods, weighting, bulk
density, pretreatment, Ge analysis
Ṣ Sampling of stem disk

Splitting of stem disk

ṟ Cuttingṡ Bark sampling

Separation of heartand sap-woods

Ref.; Kajimoto et al.,2014, Bulletin of
FFPRI,
vol.13,
no.3, 113-136.

14
137
Aboveground and belowground Cs inventories
The number of trees

160

Sampled tree classes

140
120

Total644trees

100
80
60
40
20

10Ͳ15
15Ͳ20
20Ͳ25
25Ͳ30
30Ͳ35
35Ͳ40
40Ͳ45
45Ͳ50
50Ͳ55
55Ͳ60

0
Investigation site for tree sampling

Stem diameter; DBH¾ Aboveground (cedar tree) << Belowground(litter & soil layer)(1.2 m above ground)(cm)ᵶᶗᶊᶃᶋᵆᶆᶃᵿᶐᶒᶕᶍᶍᶂᵇ¾ radioCs mostly exists in the belowground(approx. 90 % of the 137Cs inventory in the forest)
Aboveground(cedar tree)
Belowground(Soil layer)

Heartwood

Sapwood

Bark

Twig

Mineral soil
0

50

100

ᵭᶓᶒᶃᶐ
ᶀᵿᶐᶉ

ᶖᶗᶊᶃᶋ
ᵧᶌᶌᶃᶐ ᵡᵿᶋᶀᶇᶓᶋ
ᵆᶑᵿᶎᶕᶍᶍᶂᵇᶀᵿᶐᶉ

NeedleF, H layer (humus)

150

137Cs inventory(kBq/m2)

200

Litter layer

250

ͤ Sampling date; October, 2015

15

137Cs partitioning of aboveground tree system

25Ͳ30ᶆ
25Ͳ30ᶅ

Heartwood
Sapwood
Bark
Twig
Needle

20Ͳ25
15Ͳ20

0
ͤ Sampling date;
October, 2015

100

200

300

400

137Cs inventory (kBq/tree)

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
-

200
160
120
80
40
0

500

Stem diameter; DBH (cm)Biomass (kg/tree)30Ͳ35

Biomass

137Cs activity (kBq/kg)

Stem diameter; DBH (cm)Sampling site

137Cs activity¾ 137Cs inventory;
9 Needle  Twig  Bark > wood137¾
Cs activity;
9 Bark  Needle  Twig > wood
137
Cs inventories are increasing¾
with the tree biomass, thoughneedle and bark show large
variations in 137Cs activity.

137Cs inventory (%)

Distributions of 137Cs inventories in the litter & soil layers 16

Litter layer
0-3 cm soil
3-6 cm soil
6-10 cm soil

Temporal changes in distribution of 137Cs inventories
in litter and soil layers (young cedar forest)z 137Cs proportion in the litter layer remarkably
decrease from approx.90 % in July 2011 to approx.
30% in August 2016.
z The soil layers deeper than 3 cm show little variationof 137Cs inventories in the past 5 years.
z These indicate that...
9 137Cs transfer from soil surface to the lower layer
hardly occur.
Soil sampling by scraper plate
9 137Cs remains the litter and soil layers less than
ίsampling interval: 0.5 cm, 1 cmὸ
3 cm depth for a long time.

Summary; Temporal and spatial changes of radioCs distribution in the17

forested ecosystem
Needle Twigᵐᵎᵏᵑ

Needle Twig

ᵐᵎᵏᵓ

Bark
Wood

Bark
Wood
LitterThroughfall

ʤkBq/kgʥSurfacewash

GWflow

Litterlayer

Forestfloor

137Cs activity

ʤkBq/kgʥ
Litterfall

Mineralsoil
Depth(cm)Stemflow

Infiltration
percolation

Litterfall

Organiclayer

Soil

Inventory:289kBq/m2
Litterlayer:62.7%Basement

Organiclayer
Stemflow

137Cs activity

Raitoof137Cs
inventory*

Mineralsoil
Surfacewash

GWflow

Litterlayer
Depth(cm)Soil

Throughfall
Basement

Raitoof137Cs
inventory*

Infiltration
percolation

Litterlayer

Forestfloor

Inventory:450kBq/m2
Litterlayer:42.4%JulyͲ18,2013

137Csmigrationfromlittertosoil

137Csdepthprofile

JulyͲ26,2015

137Csdepthprofile*Theinvestigationresultsforthepresentstateofradioactivesubstancesdistributionintheforest(H27report)ʤForestry Agency, 2016ʥ
Niizato et al. (2016), J. Environ. Radiact., vol.161, 11-21.

z 137Cs output << 137Cs input

9 the forest floor behaves as a sink, except for the lower cover rate(decontaminated and disturbed by wildfire)ї Forest floor cover is key parameterz Aboveground (cedar tree) << Belowground (litter & soil layer)z radioCs mostly exists in the belowground(approx. 90 % of the 137Cs inventory in the forest)z 137Cs proportion in the litter layer remarkably decrease.
z 137Cs remains the litter and soil layers less than 3 cm depth for a long time.

Key issues; Dynamics of radioCs in the forested land1818

 Outflow from the forested ecosystem
їProjection of radioCs outflow
9 Soil loss/outflow of particulate-bond radioCs
9 Surface washoff /outflow of dissolved radioCs

 Cycling in the forested ecosystem
їProjection of radioCs concentration in theforest productsїProjection of radioCs distribution
9 Throughfall, Litterfall, stemflow/transport from
canopy to forest floor, then into soil layer
9 Litter decomposition/elution of dissolved
radioCs and its migration into soil layer
9 Tree and wild plant radioCs uptake/recyclingfrom soil rhizosphere/layer
9 (re)Translocation in plant system

 External exposure in the forested land
їAssessment of external exposure inforested land
9 Temporal and spatial changes of radioCs
distribution and air dose rate

19

Dissolved radioCs; transfer, elution
Drill a hole to the wood by adrill, we collected the xylem sap
Radiocesium concentration in xylem sap

ίBq/L) ίᾋ0.45ȝmὸ
134

5.78ᶠ0.32

137

30.6 ᶠ0.10

Cs

z Dissolved radioCs
transferred throughxylem sap

Cs

Mapletree

ͤSampling March2Ͳ April5,2016
About5litersofsapcollected

Samplingbottle

Ge analysisᶅMyceliumgrownon
fallenleaves(litter)

Eluatewascollectedfromwetfallenleavesatthegrowthpointofthefungi.

Sampling
date
LitterṟAfterincubation

LitterEluateEluate137

Geanalysisᶆ

137

Cs(Bq/kg,
Bq/L)

Cs ratio(Eluate/Litter)3

Sept.15, (8.43ᶠ0.07)ᶣ10
2016 (1.12ᶠ0.09)ᶣ10

7.5ᶣ102

3

Nov.19, (9.76ᶠ0.09)ᶣ10
2016 (9.05ᶠ0.26)ᶣ10

1.1ᶣ102їїїїṞAftersampling

Staticculture
65days25Υ
incubationz radioCs activities of eluate;“after sampling “ < “after incubation”
z There is a possibility that litter
decomposition by fungi
accelerated elution of dissolved
radioCs from litter

Key issues; Dynamics of radioCs in the forested land2020

 Outflow from the forested ecosystem
їProjection of radioCs outflow
9 Soil loss/outflow of particulate-bond radioCs
9 Surface washoff /outflow of dissolved radioCs

 Cycling in the forested ecosystem
їProjection of radioCs concentration in theforest productsїProjection of radioCs distribution
9 Throughfall, Litterfall, stemflow/transport from
canopy to forest floor, then into soil layer
9 Litter decomposition/elution of dissolved
radioCs and its migration into soil layer
9 Tree and wild plant radioCs uptake/recyclingfrom soil rhizosphere/layer
9 (re)Translocation in plant system

 External exposure in the forested land
їAssessment of external exposure inforested land
9 Temporal and spatial changes of radioCs
distribution and air dose rateDynamics of radiocaesium in theforest ecosystem
S. Fesenko
Russian Research Institute ofRadiology and Agroecology

1Biogeochemical cycling (IAEA, 2002)

Environmental pathways and processes
FOREST PLANTS
PRODUCTS

FOOD
PROCESSINGFOODSTUFFINGESTIONINGESTION

GAME

ROOT
UPTAKEUNAVAILABLE SOIL

AVAILABLE SOIL
LEACHING

EXCRETION

Main radioecological features of forest ecosystems– High typological diversity.
– Comprehensive structure of trophic chains.
– Multi-floor structure of vegetation cover.
– Considerable accumulation of radionuclides in biomass.
– Manifested heterogeneity properties of soil profile.

As a result:– High spatial variability of radionuclide levels in many forest
components.
– The contamination level of a specific forest compartments isbeing changed due to multiple factors and processes interacting
in a very complex way.

4

Factors governing variations in 137Csconcentrations in forest plants
Available for transfer 137Cs in soil is a major source fortime dependent radionuclide transfer to plants.
• Features of forest soil:– Depth of soil genetic horizons– Soil/litter properties– Cs distribution in the top soil
• Specific features of plants:– distribution of fine roots within the top soil;– ability to accumulate Cs;– biomass of the plant compartments5

Typical dynamics of 90Sr activity concentrations indifferent components of birch forest after the Kyshtym
accident

•
•
•
•
•

1 - leaves
2 - branches
3 - wood
4 – internal bark
5 – external bark6

Transfer of 137Cs to pine wood on soils with
contrasting properties in areas affected by the
Chernobyl accident

Tag, m2 kg-1 dry weight

0.06

Peaty soil (Hydromorphic)
Soddy podzolic soil (Automorphic)

0.04

0.02

0
0

2
4
6
Time after the Chernobyl Accident, years

8Distribution of fine roots in soil profile

Fraction of Cs available for root uptake

Dynamics of Cs-137 distribution insoil profile

1987

1991

1999

Time dependent amount of 137Cs that isavailable for transfer to plants
N

BF J (t )    i (t )  qi (t )  k i ji•

qi is the fraction of the total 137Cs activity in the soil horizon i;••ߜ(t) is the fraction of exchangeable (or available) 137Cs in the i-th horizon;
ki is the fraction of roots biomass of j-th species of plants in the i-th horizon;•

N is the number of genetic litter-soil horizons of concern.

Cs-137 distribution in the soil profile

Distribution of available 137Cs in soil
profileEnvironmental factors governing the extent oftree contamination by radiocaesium
Influencing factors

Examples of hierarchy for trees

Soil typepeat-gley > peat-podzolic > soddy-podzolic >podzolized chernozems

Moisture regime

central depression > terrace basement > terrace slope> slope upper part > watershed top

Stand composition

Monospecific coniferous stand > mixed coniferousdeciduous forest

Stand age

0-30 > 30-60 > 60-90 > +90

Tree species

aspen > oak > birch > pine > lime > spruceMushroom species

Edibility and life modeof mushrooms

Agaricus arvensis
Amanita vaginata

Edible. Humus
saprophytic
Not edible. Symbiotic

Boletus edulis
Cantharellus cibarius
Clitocybe nebularis
Collybia butyracea
Coprinus comatus

Caesium transfer factor (m2.kg-1 dryweight)
Min.
Max
GM(1)
5 × 10-3
6 × 10-4
1 × 10-2
5-

Edible. Symbiotic
Edible. Symbiotic

9 × 10-2
2 × 10-1

4 × 10-3
1.5 × 10-2

Not edible. Litter
saprophytic
Not edible. Litter
saprophytic
Edible. Saprophytic

2 × 10-1--

1 × 10-1

2 × 10-1

5 × 10-3

4 × 10-4

1.5 × 10-

1.4
7 × 10-12

Lactarius sp.
Suillus elegans or S.
grevillei
Tylopilus felleus

Symbiotic
Edible. Symbiotic

3.9
4 × 10-1

5 × 10-1
7 × 10-2

99 × 10-1

Not edible. Symbiotic

2.5

8 × 10-1

8

Xerocomus badius

Edible. Symbiotic

1.3

2 × 10-3

7

Dynamics of 137Cs activity concentrations in selectedmushroom species.
Xerocomus badius
Russula paludosa
Suillus luteus
Cantharellus cibarius
Boletus edulis

4E+006

Cs-137 soil deposition at
the site in 1986 - 555
kBq m-2
2E+006137

Cs activity concentration, Bq kg-1, dry weight

6E+006

0
1990

1992

1994
Year

1996

1998

Factors governing variations in 137Csconcentrations in wild animals• Feeding ration of game (time dependent);• Concentrations of 137Cs in feeds (time dependent)• Specific features in metabolism: biological half lives;• Availability of feeds?

17

Dynamics of 137Cs content in meat of roe
deer in Southern Germany

18

Dynamics of 137Cs concentrations in muscles ofroe deer and moose in Harbo area (Central
Sweden)19

Intake by roe deer: seasonal variations
100%

90%

90%

80%

80%

70%

70%

60%

60%

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

0%

0%
15 45 75 105 135 165 195 225 255 275 305 335 365
Surface fungi

Deep Fungi

Bush

LeavesGrass

Dwarf Shrub

Fractions of individual feeds

Intake with feeds30

25

Cs-137 intake of roe deer, rel units

100%

20

15

10

5

0
0

100

200

Days from Jan 1st

300

400

Half lives of 137Cs in wild animal
AnimalEcological half life, year

Biological half life. d

Roe deer

6-7

10 -25

Rein deer

9.3-17.4

20-40

Chamois7.7

9-15

Wild boar> 10, no decrease

12-40

Concentrations of 137Cs in muscles
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307;:18,9D;0:;70/@=492:@==0>0,=.3Do we now know enough about radiocaesium interrestrial ecosystems?

B Howard
University of Nottingham, UK

Why is radiocaesium
important?
• Component of atmosphericweapons tests fallout• Planned releases from
nuclear facilities• Component of releases
after accidents• Environmentally mobile• Significant external doses• Long‐lived contributor toeffective dose for humans
and also important forother organisms

IAEA publications compiling data
Analysis of radioecological
data in IAEA Technical
Reports Series publications to
identify key radionuclides andassociated parameter values
for human and wildlife
assessments
Report of Working Group 4of theUncertainties and VariabilityinData and Modelling forRadiological Impact
Assessments (MODARIA)
Programme

Post‐Chernobyl Cs knowledge
Importance of :• radiocaesium density
deposition initially• soil type in short,medium and longer term
• Production systems inaffected area (eg. animal
production)• Free food collected fromforests and other semi‐
natural systems• Long effective half‐lives

Approach to Kd in MODARIAௗMethodologicalapproach(e.g., sorption;
desorption; in situ data)௦௢௟௜ௗ௟௜௤௨௜ௗ

Characteristics of the solidand liquid phases
factors governing sorption
mechanisms and radionuclide
speciation(e.g., pH; Eh; particle size; organic
matter content; water column/soil
solution composition)

Kd variability(Vidal et al MODARIA report in press)

Radiocaesium Kd data in TRS
472/TECDOC 1616

MODARIA: CDFs of Kd (Cs) for soils
grouped according to RIP/Kss criterion
1

95 th

0.9

RIP/Kss<102
0.8

102 <RIP/Kss<103
103 <RIP/Kss<104

Cumulative frequency

0.7

RIP/Kss<104
0.6

0.5

50 th
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

5 th
0

1

2

3
log Kd (Cs)

4

5

6

SUMMARY OF Kd (Cs) DATA FOR DIFFERENTCONTAMINATION SCENARIOS AND SOIL TYPES
Which information isavailable?

GM
Kd (Cs) group

GSD(L kg‐1)

5th

95th

(L kg‐1)(L kg‐1)

None

Overall

2600

8.6

7.6101

9.2104

Elapsed time since

Short‐term

1500

5.6

8.8101

2.6104

contamination

Long‐term

25000

2.9

4.2103

1.4105

Organic (OM ≥ 50%)

71

2.8

1.3101

3.8102

Elapsed time since

Mineral (OM < 50%)

2600

3.8

2.9102

2.3104

contamination; OM%

Organic (OM ≥ 90%)*

250

2.7

4.51011.2103

Mineral (OM < 90%)

27000

2.7

5.2103

1.4105

Clay+Loama

3700

3.1

5.7102

2.4104

Sandb

1200

5.1

8.61011.7104

Clay+Loamc

32000

2.4

7.6103

1.4105

Sandd

18000

2.5

4.0103

8.2104

Short‐termLong‐term

Elapsed time since

Short‐term

contamination;
OM%; soil texture

Long‐term

Radiocaesium

RIP/Kss < 102

100

3.5

1.3101

8.1102

Interception Potential

102 ≤ RIP/Kss < 103

380

5.5

2.3101

6.3103103 ≤ RIP/Kss < 104

1500

2.6

3.0102

7.1103

RIP/Kss ≥ 104

10000

2.6

1.5103

7.2104(RIP)**; potassium insoil solution (Kss)

Short‐termConsider pre‐2011
Limited data for:• andosols• Rice, fruit, non‐European foods• Contaminatedmountainous
catchments• Areas withfrequent typhoons

Six years on……

Enormous effort to:• Enhance the number ofscientists working in thefield• Collect data onradiocaesium behaviour
in Japanese terrestrial
and aquatic systems• Provide data on gov web
sites and social media• Support affected people
with information centres/ interactive fora
• Estimate historical,
current and future doses

Data improvements:• Radiocaesium uptake from site specificsoils• Uptake by rice and behaviour in irrigatedpaddy fields• Lateral transport from catchments• Impact of typhoons• Huge extension in data for different
types of foodstuffs• Identification of bark to fruit pathway• Significant advances in mechanisms
governing RCs behaviour• Time dependent data from early after
deposition• Development of site specificremediation

WG 4 :
Working Group 4 –Transfer processes anddata for radiologicalimpact assessment

MODARIA II activities

Kd sub group: Development of
Global Kd database prototype
MS Access database, based primarily on commonalties between
current structure for Freshwater and Soil Kd datasets.
Freshwater Data Structure

Soil Data Structure

Boyer et. al.

Vidal et. al.

WG4 sub‐group
Collation of environmental transfer parameters after
the Fukushima accident(Fukushima parameters) Leader: K. Tagami (QST)
ForestCatchment

Game

River

MarineAgricultural Rice
1st Interim meetingproductfield
Food@paddyUniversityof Tsukuba,
10‐12 July, 2017
processing

Forest data
—Data compilation ongoing (Hashimoto et al )Journal papers

Reports by governments

On the Web

DATABASE• Concentration and Inventory data of• Trees (each organ, e.g. leaf, wood …)• Organic layers (litter layers)• Mineral soils~9000 records• Mushrooms• Small wild animals (e.g. earthworms, insects
etc., NOT large mammals)
Information on time, location, andforest characteristics etc.

TRS 472 (2010) vs Fukushima database
Parameters

RI / stablea, m2/kg
472
Terrestrial & Ftr, Freshwater Ks, m-1(equilibrium) Kd, L/kg

RI
RI
RI
RI
Fv, RI
Fm, Ff, d/kg or d/L RI+S
Tag, m2/kg
RI
Teff, t
RI
CR
RI
Fr
RI

Fukushima Kd(a), L/kg
(accidental) Fv,, Teff
Tag, m2/kg
Teff, t

RI
RI
RI
RI

CR
Fr
a, Fm, Ff, Ks,

RI
RI, Stable
RI

Interception coefficient
Translocation ratio
Resuspension factor
Distribution coefficient in soil
Concentration ratio from soil to plant
Feed transfer coefficient, animal products
Aggregated transfer factor, semi-natural ecosystem
Effective half-lives (limited)
Concentration ratio, water-biota
Food processing retention factor
Agricultural soil and River
Rice and other Crops
Wild animals, plants, mushrooms
River (water, sediment, biota), Forest (tree, soil, litter),Typhoon (heavy rain/storm) event
Water-Freshwater biota
Wild edible plants, etc.
Limited data available

Reservoir ofradiocaesium inforested catchments

Some
Challenges
for thefutureHigh proportion offorest in SDA 1, 2 and3
Aim to repopulate up
to the NPP/repositorysite2018. 3. 4 JAEA Workshop for studies of environmental
dynamics of radiocesium released by NPP accident

Behavior of dissolved radiocesium inriver water in a high-dose-rate forested
watershed in Fukushima Prefecture

Hideki TSUJI, Shoko Ito, Seiji HAYASHINational Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

Outline
1. Background
2. Study site, materials and methods
3. Dissolved 137Cs concentration in a forest river water
under baseflow and storm runoff conditions
4. The source of dissolved 137Cs in river water

5. Conclusion
2

BackgroundA lot of radiocesium has been released from the
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power plant,
and river water was contaminated
The dissolved form of radiocesium has a large influenceon aquatic ecosystem due to the high bioavailability
Dissolved 137Cs concentration in forest river water
increased at runoff event(Shinomiya et al., 2014 ; Iwagami et al., 2017)
Indicated the elution of 137Cs from litter on river bed(Sakai et al., 2016)
137Cs deposition(Bq/m2)

Fukushima
Dai-ichi NPP

Comprehensive behavior of dissolved
radiocesium in forested watershed
has not been fully understood3

Purpose of this study

Investigate the behavior of dissolved 137Cs
in a high-dose-rate forested watershed

4

Study site
Ota river watershed
141 0’ E

140 50’ E

Land Use‫؟‬
99.2% of forest area
Averaged 137Cs deposition‫؟‬
1.7 MBq/m2

37 40’
Pacific
Ocean

Watershed(21.0 km2)

Dam

Ota river

Monitoring point

Altitude (m)720

Watershed of
Ota river
37 30’

Ota river

137Cs dep. (kBq/m2)> 3,000
1,000 – 3,000
600 – 1,000
300 – 600
100 – 300
60 – 100
30 –
60
10 –
30
< 10
No data

Precipitation
Station

FDNPP
0

1

2 (km)

160
Sampling throughfall,groundwater, soil water

Monitoring point

37 20’
5

Sampling of water
Base flow condition

Storm runoff condition

1. river wateronce-twice a month(Jan. 2014 – Nov. 2016)

1. river water
sampled at intervals of 30-60 min
including the peak runoff
2. surface water flowing in the dry valley
3. rain water and throughfall water

2. soil water at 20-50 cm depth
3. groundwater

dry valley

6

Measurement
1. dissolved 137Cs [Bq/L]‫؞‬river water

concentrated dissolved 137Cs in 20-40 L waterby the cartridge filters method‫؞‬rain water, throughfall water, groundwater, soil water:concentrated dissolved 137Cs by evaporation

Radioactivity in sample was detected by coaxial
high-purity germanium detectors (GC2518, Canberra)*137Cs in suspended solid in river water was also measured

2. coexisting ion concentration (K+, NH4+…)
by ion chromatography (ICS-1600)

Cartridge filters device(Tsuji et al., 2014)(Yasutaka et al., 2015)

3. dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC)
by TOC analyzer (TOC-L)

7

Results

8Dissolved 137Cs concentration under base flow condition

Dissolved 137Cs (Bq/L)

2015

2014

0.6

2016

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Jan.

Apr.

Jul.

Oct.

Jan.

Apr.

Jul.

Oct.

Jan.

Apr.

Jul.

Oct.

䞉Dissolved 137Cs concentration was 0.1-0.5 Bq/L
䞉Seasonal fluctuation was observed (higher in summer season)
9

Dissolved 137Cs concentration under storm runoff condition

1

500

0.8

400

0.6

300

0.4

200

Dissolved 137Cs
at base flow condition

0.2
0
12:00

100

SS concentration (mg/L)

Dissolved 137Cs (Bq/L)

Runoff event on Jul.16, 2015

0
14:00

16:00

18:00

20:00

Dissolved 137Cs concentrations were higher than those at base flow condition
10

Comparison of the magnitude of runoff and dissolved 137Cs concentration

Apr.2014-Jul.2015 (N = 50)

137Cs

8

_dis = 0.142 q' +0.54

R² = 0.46, Ĳ = 0.49, p < 0.001

0.6

6

0.4

4
R² < 0.01

0.2

2

0

0
-2

-1
0
log Specific discharge q' (mm/h)

Dissolved 137Cs䠄 base flow, Oct.6, 2014, Oct.14, 2014,
137Cs in suspended solid㽢15_SS (㽢10 Bq/kg)

0.8

10

137Cs in suspended solid 137Cs

Dissolved 137Cs , 137Cs_dis (Bq/L)

1

The higher the flow rate of the river,the higher the dissolved 137Cs conc.
However, 137Cs conc. in SS did notincrease.

Cannot explain the increase of
dissolved 137Cs conc. by solid-liquid
distribution equilibrium withsuspended matter in water

Where does the dissolved 137Cs
generate in the forest?

Jul.16, 2015, Others䠅

Dissolved 137Cs concentration in the influent water of the river water

Rain water:< 0.37 Bq/L

River water䠖
0.14-0.88 Bq/L

Throughfall䠖
0.49-1.7 Bq/L

Soil water
20 cm-depth: < 0.1 Bq/L
50 cm-depth: < 0.1 Bq/L

Dissolved 137Cs in throughfall
water was higher than riverwater, but it will little contributethe increase of dis.137Cs inriver water, because it isadsorbed by mineral particles
during the infiltration process(Nakanishi et al., 2014)

Dissolved 137Cs was
generated around thesurface flow area?

Groundwater : < 0.003 Bq/L
12

0.6
0.5
0.4

R² < 0.01

0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Dissolved 137Cs (Bq/L)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Daily average runoff rate (m3/s)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Dissolved 137Cs (Bq/L)

Dissolved 137Cs (Bq/L)

Relationship of dissolved 137Cs and environmental factor at base flow condition
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

R² = 0.1315

0
0

10
20
30
Antecedent no-rainfall days

Suggesting that dissolved 137Cs was
supplied by the decomposition oforganic matter by microorganisms
R² = 0.56, p < 0.001

-10
0
10
20
30
Daily ave.temperature during theantecedent no-rainfall period 䠄Υ䠅A series of storm runoff events in Aug.-Sep.2016
Total precipitation䠖640 mm
Typhoon-3(165 mm)Typhoon-2(110 mm)

Precipitation(mm/h)

Typhoon-1(185 mm)
25

1,000
0
10
20
30
40
800
50

Sampling

Sampling

Sampling
Runoff
ẚὶ㔞

15

600

SS
SS

10

400

5

200

0

0

Aug.16Aug.20Aug.24Aug.28SS concentration (mg/L)

Specific runoff (mm/h)

20

Sep.1
14

0.7

0
10
20
30
40
50
60

0.6

6

1.0
0.9
0.8

20
15
10
5
0

600

0.6

500

Dissolved 137Cs 0.5
before typhoon

400

0.4

300

0.3

200

0.2

0.2

100

0.1

0.1

0

0

0
20:00

0:00

Aug.16

4:00

8:00

12:00

16:00

0.5
0.4
0.3

K+ concentration [mg/L]

25

SS concentration [mg/L]

Specific runoff [mm/h]

30

Dissolved 137Cs [Bq/L]

0.7

0.8

5
4
3
2
1

DOC concentration [mg/L]

Dissolved 137Cs of
surface water on dry valley

Precipitation [mm/h]

Dissolved 137Cs and coexisting solute conc. at the first runoff event

0

20:00

Aug.17

䞉Dissolved 137Cs before the runoff peak was higher than those at base flow condition
䞉Dissolved 137Cs in dry valley was higher than those of river water
Dissolved 137Cs generated in the dry valley was one of the factors
15
to increase dissolved 137Cs in river water at storm runoff event

0.3

200

0.2

100

0.1
0

0
12:00

16:00

20:00

0:00

Aug.22

20
15
10
5
0

SS concentration [mg/L]

Specific runoff [mm/h]

25

500
400

8:00

12:00

Dry
valley

0.4

300

0.3

200

0.2

100

0.1
0

0
8:00

12:00

2
1

0.3
0.2
0.1

0

0

6

0.6

0
10
20
30
40
50
60

Aug.23
0.6
Dissolved 137Cs of
surface water on dry valley 0.5

600

30

4:00

3

0.4

K+ concentration [mg/L]

300

4

0
10
20
30
40
50
60

Precipitation [mm/h]

0

0.4

0.5

16:00

Aug.30

20:00

0:00

5
4
3
2
1
0

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

K+ concentration [mg/L]

5

400

5

DOC concentration [mg/L]

10

0.5

DOC concentration [mg/L]

15

500

0.6

6

Dissolved 137Cs [Bq/L]

20

0.6

Dissolved 137Cs [Bq/L]

25

Dissolved 137Cs of
surface water on dry valley

600

SS concentration [mg/L]

Specific runoff [mm/h]30

Precipitation [mm/h]

Dissolved 137Cs and coexisting solute at the second and third runoff event

016

Time change of dissolved 137Cs conc. during the three runoff events
Typhoon-1

Typhoon-2

Typhoon-3

Dry valley
1
0.9
0.8

20
15
10
5
0

0.5

600

Dry
valleyDryvalley

0.4

500
400

0.3

300

0.2

200

0.1

100

0
20:00 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00

4:00

0
8:00 12:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

䞉The peak of dissolved 137Cs conc. in each runoff event gradually decreased
䞉The peak of DOC concentration also decreased
Because considerable amount of 137Cs (within the litter layer) withsolubilization potential was washed out at the first typhoon event,
the solubilizable 137Cs stock may have dropped at the later runoff event.

DOC concentration [mg/L]

25

0.6

SS concentration [mg/L]

Specific runoff [mm/h]

30

Dissolved 137Cs [Bq/L]

0.7

Relationship of dissolved 137Cs and DOC concentration
Surface soil waterRiver water

Dissolved 137Cs (Bq/L)

1

DOC : 䠚10 mg/L
dis.137Cs : 䠘0.1 Bq/L

Total䠖y = 0.065x + 0.24
Baseflow䠖
R² = 0.35, p < 0.01
y = 0.19x + 0.17
R² = 0.22, p < 0.01

0.8

0.6

groundwater
DOC : 䠘0.5 mg/L
dis.137Cs : 䠘0.01 Bq/L

0.4

Storm runoff䠖
y = 0.073x + 0.21
R² = 0.39, p < 0.01

0.2

Significant positive
relationship wasobserved between
dissolved 137Cs and
DOC concentration

0
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

DOC (mg/L)
The coefficient of the regression line between DOC and 137Cs_dis under storm runoff
condition was significantly lower than that under baseflow condition.
ĺ Surface soil water may be the main source of DOC at storm runoff event

Time change of the dependence of dis.137Cs conc. to DOC conc.

River water (baseflow)

Dissolved 137Cs (Bq/L)

0.6
R² = 0.70

0.5

R² = 0.72

0.4
0.3

Dissolved 137Cs concentration estimation
equation using “DOC conc.” and“elapsed time” as explanatory variables
Dissolved 137Cs [Bq/L]㹼 a㺃DOC + b㺃(DOCtime) + c
interaction
Time dependence of DOC
䠙 the significance of coefficient “b”
Ļb 䠙 䠉0.178㼼0.024䠈p < 0.001
0.2
R² = 0.44
0.1
2014

0
0

2015

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1

DOC (mg/L)

2016
1.2 1.4

The dependence of dissolved 137Cs conc.
on DOC conc. significantly decreased.
ĺ Strongly suggest the contribution ofsolute from litter decreased with time

The process of increasing dis.137Cs in river water at runoff event¾ Initial runoff:
Elution of 137Cs from riparian litter
along with the rising water level¾ Around the runoff peak:Elution of 137Cs from litter on the dryvalley when occurring the return flow
Dry valley

River bankPuddleRiver channel
Also the source of 137Cs at baseflow

Expansion of surface flow network in the process of runoff

Base flow䠄river䠅

Increasing runoff process

At the runoff peakConclusion
137Cs eluted from litter by microbial decomposition

was an influential source of dissolved 137Cs in river waterbrings the following phenomenon :‫؞‬dissolved 137Cs concentration was higher in summer
than winter under base flow conditions‫؞‬dissolved 137Cs concentration was higher under storm runoff conditions
than base flow conditions

Main source of dissolved 137Cs
Under baseflow condition or the initial phase of storm runoff :elution of 137Cs from riparian litter along with the rising water level
Around the runoff peak of storm runoff :elution of 137Cs from litter on the dry valley when occurring the return flow

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato MiuraDerivedConsiderationReferenceLevels:DCRL
Each DCRL constitutes a band of dose rates for each RAP within which there is
likely to be some chance of the occurrence of deleterious effects (ICRP
Committee 5).
䠄㼙㻳㼥㻛㼐㼍㼥䠅
㻜㻚㻜㻝
Deer
Rat
Duck
Frog
Trout
FlatfishBee
CrabEarthworm
Pinetree
Grass
Brownseaweed
ICRP Publication 108. Ann. ICRP 38 (4-6)

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

㻜㻚㻝

㻝

㻝㻜

㻝㻜㻜

㻝㻜㻜㻜

ICRP Publication 108: Ann. ICRP 38, (2008) 䜘䜚ᨵኚTomisato MiuraAnimalresearchesinHirosakiUniversity¾ Dynamicsanalysisofradioactivematerials
¾ Externalandinternalexposuredoses
¾ Biologicaleffects(chromosomeaberrations)¾ Environmentalevaluation
Land area
forestHydrosphereurban area
Trout

Japanesemonkey

Fieldmice

Cat

RaccoonHirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

Aquaticbiota
Tomisato MiuraDifferenceinsaltdischargemechanism
betweenfreshwaterfishandsaltwaterfish
Migration and homeostasis due to concentration gradientFreshwater

Saltwater(Hypotonic, low mineral conc.)(Hypertonic, high mineral conc.)
H 2O

H 2O

high

mineral

low
low

high

mineralLeakage ofKandCsfromthebody

InflowofKandCsfromoutsidethebodyDonotdischargeKorCs

ProactivedischargeofKandCs

Biological half-life of radioactive cesium is long in freshwater fish
Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato Miura

RadioactivecesiuminriversafterFDNPPaccident
August24Ͳ26,2012

ChangesinCsͲ137Concentrationinrivers,
Fukushima,japan
Abukuma River
Nitta River
Fujiwara River
Mano Riverশஏยื㻘㻌৉ૉ৲৾㻠㻥‫؜‬㻞㻝㻣䇴㻞㻞㻢‫ق‬㻞㻜㻝㻡‫ेك‬ॉਬ৷
Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato Miura

Radioactivecesiumconcentrationintherivers
Mano River

Ukedo River

2.5
Field

2015. 5. 19
2015. 6. 11
2015. 7. 15
2015. 8. 14
Murohara
2015. 9. 30
Bridge2015. 10. 19
2015. 11. 7
2015. 12. 16
2016. 1. 9
2016. 2. 2
2015. 5. 19
2015. 6. 11
2015. 7. 9
2015. 8. 8
Ukedo 2015. 9. 30
Bridge 2015. 10. 19
2015. 11. 10
2015. 12. 15
2016. 1. 9
2016. 2.6

2.0
137Cs activity (Bq L-1)

Date

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Radioactivecesiumconcentration(Bq/L)
Cs-134
<0.85
<0.61
<0.79
<0.86
<0.62
<0.65
<0.64
<0.48
<0.63
<0.85
<0.82
<0.63
<0.61
<0.81
<0.67
<0.61
<0.79
<0.75
<0.86
<0.47

Cs-137
<0.88
<0.69
<0.63
<0.80
<0.88
<0.84
<0.75
<0.99
<0.80
<0.92
<0.80
<0.80
<0.69
<0.70
<0.69
<0.63
<0.88
<0.96
<0.92
<0.63

RadioactiveMaterialMonitoringSurveysoftheWaterEnvironment(MinistryoftheEnvironment)
Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato Miura

RadioactivematerialmonitoringsurveysinUkedoRiver@Murohara BridgeinUkedoRiver
Soil in the left bank

Air dose rate

Bottom sedimentRadioactiveMaterialMonitoringSurveysoftheWaterEnvironment(MinistryoftheEnvironment)
Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato Miura

Study of Landlocked masu trout
Landlockedmasu trout
Oncorhynchusmasoumasou

Aircraft monitoring results(MEXT‫؟‬June 28, 2012)

8NHGRULYHU

Field

UkedoRiver(Namie,Fukushima)
NijikaiRiver(Owani,Aomori)

CaptureLurefishing

Analysis

Age
Bodyweightandlength
Chromosomedamage(micronucleus)Internalexposure

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato MiuraUkedo River in Namie, Fukushima

Ogaki Dam

Research field

FDNPP
Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato MiuraHirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato Miura

134Cs/137Csactivityratioinmuscleoftrout

1.0
0.9

May 2012
Ў

0.8
134Cs/137Cs ratio

0.7

May 2013
Ў

0.6

July 2014
Ў

0.5
0.4
0.3

June 2015
Ў

0.2
0.1
0.0
0

1
2
3
Years after the F1-NPP accident

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

4

5

Tomisato MiuraKineticsofradioactivecesiumconcentrationinmuscleoftroutcapturedinUkedoRiver
134Cs

137Cs

134Cs + 137Cs

2012 2013 2014 2015 20162012 2013 2014 2015 20162012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

Year

Year

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato MiuraBiological halfͲlifeof137Cs
From2012to2016

From2013to2016
100,000

C = 5975.9e-0.351t
R² = 0.5143

Cs-137 activity (Bq/kg)-wet

Cs-137 activity (Bq/kg)-wet

100,000

10,0001,000

100

C = 2397.9e-0.133t
R² = 0.203

10,000

1,000

100
0

1
2
3
4
5
Years after FDNPP accident

6

Estimatedbiological halfͲlifeof137Cs:1.85yr

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

0

1
2
3
4
5
Years after FDNPP accident

6

Estimatedbiological halfͲlifeof137Cs:2.98yr

Tomisato MiuraRelationshipbetweenageandradioactivecesium
concentrationintroutcapturedattheUkedoRiverin2012

137Cs activity (Bq kg-1 –wet)(x103)

Omm13# circuli on the scale: 38# annuli on the scale: 2 (2 year-old)

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

1yr
2yr

10

15

20
25
Fork length (cm)30

Tomisato Miura

Comparisonofradioactivecesiumconcentrationinmusclewithbodylength(forklength)andbodyweight
Fork length vs. 137Cs
2012
2013
2014
2015

137Cs activity (Bq kg-1 -wet)

16
14
12

(x103)
18

y = 1.0902x - 14.51
R² = 0.8395

10
8
6
4
2
0

2012
2013
2014
2015

16
137Cs activity (Bq kg-1 -wet)(x103)
18

Body weight vs. 137Cs

14
12

y = 0.0677x + 0.0255
R² = 0.907

10
8
6
4
2

10

15

20
Fork length (cm)2530

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

0

0

50

100
150
Body weight (g)

200

250

Tomisato Miura

Therelationshipbetweenbodyweightandfork
lengthintroutfromUketoRiverandNijikaiRiver
River

Ukedo

Month/Year nabr SEr2

95%CLofb GrowthpatternMay2012

13 0.00000760 3.092r 0.0991 0.9888

2.873о3.310

IsometricMay2013

17 0.00000376 3.233r 0.1451 0.9707

2.924о3.543

Isometric

July2014

60.00000434 3.205r 0.1354 0.9929

2.829о3.581

Isometric

June2015

80.00001429 2.970r 0.1073 0.9922

2.708о3.233

Isometric

Total

44 0.00000689 3.082r 0.0527 0.9879

2.975о3.188

IsometricMay2012

10 0.00000778 3.092r 0.1164 0.9888

2.824о3.361

IsometricMay2013

90.00001625 2.927r 0.2837 0.9383

2.256о3.598

Isometric

July2015

60.00001877 2.912r 0.1279 0.9923

2.557о3.267

Isometric

25 0.00001347 3.049r 0.0950 0.9782

2.852о3.245

Isometric

Nijikai
Total

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato Miura

ThegrowthoftroutcapturedintheUkedoRiverand
NijikaiRiverduringfrom2012to2015

250

Ukedo, 2012
Ukedo, 2013
Ukedo, 2014
Ukedo, 2015
Nijikai, 2012
Nijikai, 2013
Nijikai, 2015

Body weight (g -wet)

200
150
100
50
0

y = 0.6696x2 - 11.466x + 61.635
R² = 0.9905
10

15

20
Fork length (cm)Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

25

30

Tomisato MiuraKineticsofmicronucleusfrequencyintrout
erythrocytecells
GiemsaͲstainedbloodcelloftrout

0.4

MN+

erythrocyte

MNs/1000 erythrocyte cells

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

2012

2013

2014

Uketo river
Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

2015

2013

2015

Nijikai river
Tomisato MiuraUptakerouteofradioactivecesiumintothebody
Radioactivecesiumabsorbedtosuspendedparticlesis
lowbioavailability
Uptake route of radioactive cesium assumed

chloridecell http://proposal.ducr.uͲtokyo.ac.jp/
ccr_usr/data/image/org/05866/058
66_02.jpg

Route1
Dissolvedradioactivecesium

Route2
http://caliskan-ogrenciler.blogcu.com/fish-anatomy-lab11/9752916

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupFeed(aquaticinsectetc.)
Tomisato MiuraTransfer pathway of radioactive cesium

Sedimentaryorganic

Fallenleaves

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

Attachedalgae

aquaticinsect

Stomachcontent

Tomisato Miura

Radioactivecesiumconcentrationinaquaticinsects
collectedattheUkedoRiverin2015
Dragonfly Ephemeroptera Protohermes Trichoptera
grandisTadpolespredatornonͲpredator

1,200
1,000
800
600
400

137Cs activity (Bq Kg-1 –wet)

137Cs activity (Bq Kg-1 -wet)

1,400

Plecoptera Aphelocheirus
vittatus

1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400

0

200

A.vittatus

Plecoptera

Tadpoles

Trichoptera

P.grandis

Dragonfly

Ephemeroptera

200

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Groupp < 0.001

0predator

nonpredator

Tomisato Miura

Comparisonofradioactivecesiumconcentrationoffishsampleandenvironmentalsamplein2015
Comparisonof137Csconcentration

5,000

8,000

4,500

7,000

4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000

6,000
137Cs activity / Bq Kg-1 -wet

137Cs activity (Bq Kg-1)

Stomachcontents

5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000

500

1,000

0

0

MuscleStomachcontents

Fish samples

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research Group

Predator

Nonpredator

Aquatic insects, etc.

Fallen leaves

Attached
algae

Sedimentaryorganic

River bed

Tomisato MiuraDynamicsofradioactivecesiuminriver
Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs
Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs
Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs
Cs

Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato Miura

Conclusion¾ Radioactive cesium was accumulated at high concentrations in themuscle tissues of trout in Ukedo River, and its concentration was higheven in 2016.
¾ Size effect was confirmed only in the trout which was captured in the
Ukedo River in 2012
¾ Analysis "Body length-body weight relationship" showed no growth
retardation due to radiation.
¾ Analysis of chromosomal aberrations (micronuclei) showed a hightendency only in individuals captured in the Ukedo River in 2012.
However, there was no correlation between body length and radioactive
cesium concentration in muscle.
¾ Radioactive cesium concentration is significantly higher in non-predator
type-aquatic insects, which ingest organic deposits and attached algae in
the Ukedo River, and it is considered that radioactive cesium accumulates
in the body of trout by ingesting these foods.
Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato MiuraAcknowledgementsColleagues¾ Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences

Dr. Kosuke Kasai, Mr. Yohei Fujishima, Mr. Hiroki Ueno, Morikawa Chise¾ Hirosaki University, Institute of Radiation Emergency medicine

Prof. Mitsuaki A. Yoshida, Dr. Kentaro Ariyoshi
Prof. Masatoshi Yamada, Dr. Hirofumi Tazoe¾ Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy

Dr. Akifumi Nakata¾ Fukushima Medical University

Dr. Yu Abe¾ Michinoku Fauna Research

Dr. Kojun Suzuki¾ National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Institute of Fruit Tree Science

Dr. Toshihiko Shoji

Supported by¾ Namie town
¾ Takase River/Murohara River Fisheries Cooperative Association¾ Izumida River Fisheries Cooperative Association¾ Inland Water Fisheries Research Institute,
Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center
Hirosaki University, Chromosome Research GroupTomisato Miura

Issuesandfutureprospectsofthestudiesofenvironmentaldynamicsofradiocesium
BerndGrambow*,***SUBATECH(InstitutMinesTelecomAtlantique,CNRS,University ofNantes)**IAEAAdvancedScienceResearch Center

InteractionCsͲsoil•••

Sorptionofradiocesium [1,2]:– Fixedon“frayededge”sitesFESofmicatypeminerals:• Weakornodesorption(“fixedfraction”)– Uniformsorptiononweatheredbiotite– SorptionofCsinformofmicroparticles??
– Impactoflitter/organicmatter
Migrationindepth:– Asaconsequence,lowuptakebyvegetation– Redistributioninsoilbyerosion,rainfallandsedimenttransport
Keyquestions:– InwhatchemicalformistheCsinthesoil?
– Whatarethephysiochemicalprocessesalteringthedepth
distributionsofcesiuminsoilanditsevolutionovertime?
– Whatistheregionalvariability?

[1]H.Kurikami100etal.,J.Env.Radioactivity171(2017)99Ͳ109[2]Chen,Montavon etal.ChemicalGeology387(2014)47–58

ThefateofCsintheenvironnementdepend onits
chemical form
Organic matter bound Cs
Role oforganic acids
Questionofreversibility

Mineral bound Cs
Illite,IS,weathered biotite…
Questionofreversibility
Surfacecomplex…

Water

HYDRODYNAMICS

Particle bound « CsMP »Adherence tosolids,filtration…
stability,transport

Chemicalequilibria(distributionofCsbetween
phases)+Kinetics ofreactions(necessary timetochange
distribution)

DIFFUSION,ADVECTION,lateral,verticalDiverseinteractionsofCswithsoils
Csconcentration

litterlayer

Stronglysorbedonorganicsoil

soil minerals+
soil water

ExchangeableCs+FriededgefixedCs

AnalyticsofstableCsandCs137
Ͳ Boundtodifferentsoil
componentsandinwaterͲ Desorptiontests:Ͳ exchangeablefractionsͲ timeconstants
Ͳ RatioofCsinsoilwater/adsorbed

Depth Predictingthetemporalevolutionofthesoilprofile:Ͳ modelinteractionofCsMP+water,litterandsoilmineralsͲ predictCswashoffͲ predictevolutionofCsmobilitywithtimeInterpretation ofthedistributionofCsinsoils with depth bychemical
models: Results obtained bytheUniversity ofKyoto

However,soils vary inmineral contents,organic matter,litter cover etc.
Thereis still alongway togofrom this interpretation topredictive models:
We need toaccount for
• variationinsoil composition• Organic/mineral distribution• temporalevolution,
• Fractionofirreversible fixationofCsetc:

Howtakingintoaccountthemineralogicalheterogeneity:
ExamplefromSUBATECHstudyonclayrock
NaturalCscontentinclay rockpredicted retention
measured heterogeneityasfunction ofillitecontentsproperties forCsofcationexchange

Parameters used todescribe Cssorption

Parameters forweatheredbiotitemissing:CollaborationUHokkaidoPredictingCstransportbydiffusion,consideringmineralogical
heterogeneity
Example:Reactive transportcalculation with largedepth inclayrock

Molecular modelling: Surface Adsorption Sites for
Cs+ and UO22+ on Muscovite
Cs+

PotentialofMeanForce:

PMF { W ( z ) k BT ln U ( z )  const

1a1bz Ͳ distancefrom thesurface

1c
1b

1c

2a
2b

outerͲ
sphereinnerͲ
sphere

1a
2c

UO22+

N.Loganathan,A.G.Kalinichev,2013.

What is thetimedependency ofdesorption ofCs?
Thedesorption ratedepends onsoil typeBehavior can be modeledWehavetotakeintoaccountlongͲ
termkineticsofCssorptionand
desorptionforassessmentsofits
migrationfromsoilsbyexplicitly
consideringitinreactivetransport
modeling.

What aboutCsinform ofCsmicroparticles?

• Which fractionofCsis inparticulate form atwhich geographical position?
• Does thefractionofCsinparticulate from changewith time?
• What is theimpactondose(theresidence timeofCsMPinthehumanbodyis different)?
• What aretransportandsorptionproperties oftheparticles ?
• What is theeffect offiltration?

Fabiola GUIDO GARCIA

Organic acids - soil
microbes interaction
Purpose:To elucidate if microbial and (plant)
endophyte produced siderphores/organic
acids play a role in the accumulation ofcesium by fungi/mushrooms.
Approach:

Schematic representation of the role oforganic acids in Fe uptake bydicotyledonous plant roots (Jones 1998).

• Activation of microbes by fungiorganic acid on production ofsiderophore.

• Synergy effect of fungi organic acids

and microbes siderophores on
dissolution of Cs from minerals.

Schematic diagram of major organic acidfluxes and pools in soil (Jones1998).

SomeexperimentalmethodstostudyCsaffinityondifferentmineralfractionsofFukushimasoil
Singlesystem

Binarysystem
FractionA

Fractionofsoil

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs
Cs

Cs

Exampleofdialysis
membranes

FractionB

Cs

12Experiments on phytoextraction of Cs from soil
Phytoextraction of Cs with red clover
Soil pots

Hydroponic system

Red clover

Red clover(Trifolium pratense)(Trifolium pratense)

TF : translocation factorࢀࡲ ൌ 

ሾ࡯࢙ሿࢇࢋ࢘࢏ࢇ࢒࢖ࢇ࢚࢙࢘ ሾ࡯࢙ሿ࢘࢕࢕࢚࢖ࢇ࢚࢙࢘

BF : bioaccumulation factor
Cs

Cs
Cs
Cs

Cs
Cs

࡮ࡲ ൌ 

ሾ࡯࢙ሿ࢖࢒ࢇ࢔࢚ ሾ࡯࢙ሿ࢙࢕࢒࢛࢚࢏࢕࢔࢕࢘࢙࢕࢏࢒

Cs

Cs
Cs
Cs

Cs
Cs
13

ExperimentsformonitoringCsinsedimentusingDGTandDET
DGT• In situ method• Implementation time:– few hours• Access to double information

DET– DET: measurement of theconcentration in interstitialwater– DGT: measurement of theconcentration of labile
speciesMetzger E. et al., EMEC3: 11-14 december 2002, Geneva
14