The minerals of the pegmatites within the
Tysfjord granite, northern Norway
Tomas Husdal
Introduction
The Tysfjord granite hosts a number of pegmatites , including well-known collecting sites like
Hundholmen, Drag and Tennvatn. Large, well-formed crystals make thalenite-fv) from
Hundholmen the best known mineral from the area, but also "yttrofluorite" and non-metamict
gadolinite-(Y) are examples of minerals probably present in many collections worldwide.
The area is relatively remote; earlier collecting was mainly based on occasional visits.
Considering the number of localities, the long time span with mining activities and thenumber of rare minerals found, published work is scarce.
During the latest couple of decades a small number of collectors have visited the localities ona regular basis, and several rare minerals have been identified in the collected material,
including the new mineral hundholmenite-(Y). The total number of 144 minerals (table 2)from the pegmatites makes this one of the areas in Norway richest in different species.
This work is presenting an up-to-date list of the minerals identified from the pegmatites foundwithin the Tysfjord granite, and includes descriptive data for the most interesting minerals.

The Tysfjord granite and its pegmatites
The Tysfjord granite covers an area of approximately 200 km2 , and is exhumed from Fauske
to Efjorden in the northern part of Nordland county. It is a foliated pale grey to pale red partly
recrystallized gneiss granite with annite, Fe-rich "hastingsitic hornblende", fluorite andepidote-allanite (Foslie 1941). Age determination indicates 1742 ± 46 Ma, and the rock isinterpreted to originate from the partial melting of continental crust during crystallization of
the older mangerites of Harnarey and Lofoten (Andresen and Tull 1986). The penetrative
foliation, extending at least 2500 m down from the basement/cover contact, has been
attributed to the early stages of the Caledonian orogenic cycle (Andresen and Tull 1986).
Two types of pegmatites occur in the granite:
1) Large lenticular bodies of mainly microcline, quartz and annite, with subordinate
muscovite, plagioclase and fluorite. Diffuse borders against the granite and abundantinterior strain indicators suggest a pre-Caledonian age; most probably do thesepegmatites represent the latest crystallization stages of the pluton. Accessory
minerals are rich in REE, F, Nb, Ti, Ta, As, Th, U and Be. Apart from Tennvatn andHellemobotn, all pegmatites of the area are of this type.
2) Small but highly evolved pegmatites rich in green microcline ("amazonite"), quartz
and platy albite ("cleavelandite "), with smaller amounts of schorl. Only two
pegmatites, Hellemobotn and Tennvatn, belong to this group. The bodies have sharpboundaries, and cut the foliation of the gneiss granite. A xenotime-(Y) from Tennvatn
was dated to 370 Ma (Emma Rehnstr6m pers. comm. 2006), thus confirming thepost-tectonic appearance. The pegmatites are rich in cavities, and contain no texturesindicating internal deformation. Replacement units of "c1eavelandite" make significant
volumes, and late fluids have deposited a number of rare minerals rich in Pb, Bi,
REE, As, F, Nb, Be, U, Th and Sb.
Mining started in Hundholmen (1906) and in different pegmatites in the Drag area (1907),
and continued in these and additional occurrences in Tysfjord and Harnarey continually or inintervals up to around 1970. Most pegmatites were mined for feldspar, some quartz andminor fluorite (Hundholmen). The Tennvatn pegmatite was during a short period in the 19605

5

r

exploited for "amazonite" for use as gemstone. Recent activity includes mining for quartz in
Nedre Eivollen (underground) and Hakonhals, and occasional blasting in Jennyhaugen forgravel production.

The minerals
Tennvatn
The minerals of the Tennvatn pegmatite were reported by Ellingsen et al. (1995, 2000).
Additional data and corrections are presented here:

Corrections
Bastnasite-(Ce) was mentioned in the 1995 list, but has not been positively identified, anddoes most probably not occur in the deposit.
Columbite-(Fe) was identified based solely on XRD-data. SEM-EDS analysis on numerous"columbites" from Tennvatn show that almost all are columbite-(Mn) with low Fe (Fe:Mnaround 1:3 to 1:4) and Ta:Nb never exceeding 1:2. Only one sample, visually similar tocolumbite-(Mn), shows elevated Ta-content, and is tantalite-(Mn).
The reported ilmenite has by SEM-EDS been re-identified as pyrophanite.
Stilbite and heulandite, mentioned by Ellingsen et al. (1995), are both Ca-dominated, thus
stilbite-Ca and heulandite-Ca.

Unknowns
Some of the unknowns of Ellingsen et al. (2000) have been studied closer:
UK-3 (a columbite/tantalite mineral): Identified as stibiocolumbite based on SEM-EDS
analysis giving Sb and Nb as main constituents, smaller amounts of Ta and no Bi. The
mineral is one of the latest formed, as yellow brown, needle-like crystals in fans or random
aggregates usually on pyrophanite. Associates are hingganite-(Y), chernovite-(Y), apatite(CaF) and columbite-(Mn).
UK-4 (rynersonite/vigezzite): These data were based on a mislabeled sample, collected in
the Herrebekasa pegmatite. Rynersonite or vigezzite have not been found in the Tysfjord
pegmatites.

..

I:

UK-5 (a mineral of the crandallite group): EMP data show Pb, AI and As as the main
constituents, and minor P and Ca. As the S-peak overlap with the Pb-peak in the EDSspectrum, it is difficult to distinguish between hidalgoite (PbAI3[(OH)6IS04IAs0 4]) andphilipsbornite (PbAI3[(OH)sl(As04hJ . H20). So, even if the XRD-pattern makes the best
match with hidalgoite, more precise chemical data are required to make a definite
identification. Only one sample has been found, and this is the only reported
hidalgoite/philipsbornite from Norway.
UK-6 (wulfenite/stolzite): The mineral was by SEM-EDS analysis shown to be wulfenite.
UK-7: EMP gives Cd, S and some Zn. This is a zincian greenockite, a mineral normallyfound as a secondary formed yellow crusts on sphalerite. The Tennvatn greenockite is a
primary mineral, appearing as red transparent grains and small irregular masses in galena
and cosalite.
UK-8 (milarite?): The mineral was shown to be apatite-(CaF).

6

N

i
/

..

r,

.'

I Meter

10 000Fig. 1: Pegmatites in the Tysfjord granite mentioned in the text. A detailed map of the Dragarea is given in fig. 2. Hatched areas: Tysfjord granite.
1: Tiltvika

6: Lagmannsvik

2: Stetind

7: Elveneset

3: Hundholmen

8: Hellemobotn

4: Hakonhals

9: Krakmo / Tennvassaksla

5: Karlsey

10: Tennvatn
7Additional minerals
A number of additional minerals have been identified during the recent years:

Arsenocrandallite was identified in only two samples :As a white powdery to fibrous mass in a cavity in "cleavelandite", closely associatedwith columbite-(Mn), monazite-(Ce), gasparite-(Ce) and hematite.
As a white powdery substance surrounding asbecasite, probably a breakdown
product.
Semi-quantitative SEM-EDS analysis showed mainly Ca, AI and As, with P, Sr and Ce as
minor constituents, giving the formula (Ca,Sr,Ce)AI3(As04'p04h(OH)5 . H20 (ignoring thecharge balance for Ce3+) for the Tennvatn material.
Gasparite-(Ce) was found in a very limited number of samples as pale reddish brown
crystals and masses forming crusts on partly decomposed monazite-(Ce). Individual crystals
are up to 0.3 mm large, and resemble wide arrowheads. Gasparite-(Ce) from Tennvatn is
without detectable P, and has the approximate formula (Ceo,4Lao,2Ndo,2LREEo,2)As04' basedon semi-quantitative SEM-EDS analyses.
Romelte is rather common in cavities in "c1eavelandite", where it forms brown, powdery
masses and yellow brown transparent crusts on other minerals . Particularly samples withrorneite forming hollow perimorphoses after later dissolved svabite are spectacular. Veryhigh magnification (SEM) of the powdery masses reveals small octahedra.
Bergslagite was described by Raade et al. (2006).
Thorite is found as brown, translucent masses surrounded by white to yellow rims in"cleavelandite ".
Kasolite was found in only two specimens, as yellow crusts and small, radiating aggregatesassociated with mimetite in cavities close to the oxidized masses of galena and cosalite.

Some thoughts about mineral formation in the Tennvatn pegmatite
The pegmatite is very coarse-grained, and shows a spectacular texture of large euhedral"amazonite" and schorl surrounded by radiating "c1eavelandite" and greyish to colourlessquartz. The aggregates of "c1eavelandite" often grow on schorl or "amazonite", and is the
youngest of these rock-forming minerals .
The more unusual minerals are mainly found in four different settings:
1) Associated with masses of galena and cosalite. Primary minerals are in addition
nuffieldite and greenockite; minerals formed secondary include anglesite, cerussite,hydrocerussite, phosgenite , bismutite, mimetite, bismoclite, wulfenite and covellite.
None of these form well-formed crystals larger than a few mrn, and do rarely appear
as attractive samples for collectors . The only exception must be the rare cases withneedles of cosalite partly altered to yellow bismutite as inclusions in crystals of smoky
quartz to 5 em. Only the needles in direct contact with cracks or with the surface ofthe crystals are altered, indicating that the quartz was deposited after galena andcosalite , but before the formation of the secondary minerals.
2) In cavities in "c1eavelandite". Large amounts of porous "c1eavelandite" can becollected in the quarry , but only certain parts contain rare minerals. Fluorite andcolumbite -(Mn) are good indicators of promising material. Columbite-(Mn) forms
black, euhedral crystals to 2 em in the cavities, fluorite is found as pale green masses
to several em, or as modified cubes in cavities. Other minerals found here aresvabite , bergslagite, romelte, gasparite-( Ce), monazite-( Ce), hingganite-(Y),cassiterite , hidalgoite , chernovite-(Y), arsenocrandallite, hematite, spessartine andclinochlore .

8

'1

c.

.

.

~-

"

Fig. 2: The pegmatites in the Drag area. Only those mentioned in the text are numbered andnamed:
1: 0vre Lappleegeret

6: Nedre Eivollen

2: Nedre Lappleegeret

7: 0vre Eivollen

3: Erlinggruva

8: Nekkateltet

4: Jennygruva /Jennyhaugen

9: Fjellgruva

5: Nedre Kvartsen
93) In cavities in "amazonite"-rich zones, associated with asbecasite. Asbecasite, firstreported by Ellingsen et al. (1995), has been found in two limited parts of the quarry,
as poorly defined yellow translucent masses to 4 cm in size. A closer inspection of thematerial shows that the masses in fact consist of intergrown plates to some cm. A
small number of well-formed crystals have been found. These are up to 1 cm large,
and display pedions and pyramids. The surfaces of the crystals have dissolution
textures, and crystallographically oriented cavities are often found within the crystals.
Asbecasite is an early formed mineral, and has by later breakdown resulted inabundant chernovite-(Y) (well-formed dipyramids and at least two generations ofwhite to pale brown, massive crusts), rare hingganite-(Y) (small, yellow prisms) andtitanite (dusty, red coatings). A reddish brown, massive mineral in one of the oriented
dissolution cavities is a Fe-Ti-As-mineral , possibly fetiasite [which is associated withasbecasite at the type locality (Greaser et al. 1994)]. SEM-EDS analysis ofasbecasite from Tennvatn gives a "normal" chemistry, with major Si, Ca, Ti, As andminor Fe, Y and Sb (AIf Olav Larsen, pers. comm. 1990); the V-content is insufficient
to form the V-rich breakdown products. It seems like asbecasite reacted with a V-richfluid, forming the secondary minerals. This fluid is probably related to or identical with
the F-rich fluid forming the minerals in "c1eavelandite" - an Y- and F-rich fluid
analogous with the "yttrofluorite"-forming fluids in the type 1 pegmatites of the area?
The unit cell dimensions a = 8.3549(7) A and c = 15.244(2) A were obtained for the
Tennvatn asbecasite (Alf Olav Larsen, pers. comm. 1990).
4) In cavities in quartz and microcline in a very limited area of the pegmatite. Almost all
hingganite-(Y) and stibiocolumbite found come from these cavities. Other minerals
are xenotime-(Y), chernovite-(Y), apatite-(GaF), magnetite and pyrophanite, and partsof these cavities are filled with phyllosilicates (biotite and chlorite?)
It is clear that the large diversity of minerals is a result of late fluids. From the observed
mineralogy it seems like the fluid, active during (and causing) or after the late "cleavelandite"forming stage of the pegmatite evolution, was rich in particularly Y, Be, Nb, F and As, thelatter reacting with phosphates forming isostructural arsenates (apatite-(GaF) ~ svabite,monazite-(Ge) ~ gasparite-(Ge), xenotime-(Y) ~ chernovite-(Y)). It is not clear whether thesame fluid caused the oxidation of the galena/cosalite masses, but the presence of As in
mimetite might indicate that. Secondary minerals rich in Pb and Bi are found only in thevicinity of the oxidized masses.

Yttrofluorite
Masses of fluorite with variable REE-content (described as the now discredited mineral"yttrofluorite" by Vogt (1911)) are found in several localities, and seem to be rather a rulethan an exception in the formation of the pegmatites of type 1. These masses cut earlier
textures; reaction rims of REE-silicates together with inclusions of rounded quartz grains andlarge partly dissolved skeletal feldspars are indicators of a late deposition replacing primaryminerals. Experimental work demonstrating the partitioning of REE between immiscible
silicate and fluoride melts indicates a strong REE-affinity for the latter (Veksler et al. 2005).
"Yttrofluorite" probably formed from such a REE-rich fluoride melt/fluid. Masses of fluorite
with included REE minerals can be found in other granite pegmatites in Norway, like
Tennvatn [hingganite-(Y) and chernovite-(Y)] and the Heftetlern pegmatite, Terdal, Telemark(e.g. hingganite-(Y), hellandite-(Y), monazite-(Ge) etc.).
"Yttrofluorite" occurs as masses reaching several meters (the large mass from Hundholmen
described by Vogt (1911) was 4 m long and 1,75 m wide). It is colourless to paleyellow/yellowish brown to pale red, and the contact against quartz and feldspar is defined bya dark reaction zone of mainly allanite-(Ge). The border zone is normally very thin (less than
1 mm) but can locally be better developed (up to several dm in Hundholmen). "Yttrofluorite"
in direct contact with quartz or feldspar (Without the allanite-rim) is rare.

10Included minerals are for most of the occurrences randomly oriented, and small-scaledifferences in mineral content seem to be a product of the crystallization sequences. Some of
the material from Hundholmen does, however, indicate deformation ; hundholmenite-(Y) and
sub-parallel prisms of allanite-(Ce) are concentrated in bands, giving the masses a gneisslike texture. Some hundholmenite-(Y) occurs as large (more than 2 em) rounded, slightly
elongated grains in a groundmass of "yttrofluorite" and fine-grained anhedral hundholmenite(Y), and folds and sigmodal textures give ideas of recrystallization during movement.
The mineral content of the "yttrofluorite" masses varies strongly between localities and evenbetween different masses within the same locality (see table 1). Some examples to illustrate
this:- Two main types of "yttrofluorite" can be found in Hundholmen, both in rather large
amounts . Type 1 (the one described by Vogt (1911)) is rather poor in included primaryminerals (scattered grains of britholite-(Y)), but have a well-developed border zone with
abundant allanite-(Ce), gadolinite-(Y), fergusonite-(Y), xenotime-(Y) and thalenite-Y ), Type2 is very rich in hundholmenite -(Y), but contains no other primary minerals than the allanite(Ce)/gadolinite-(Y) rim and very rare fergusonite-(Y).
- At Hakonhals, small amounts of "yttrofluorite" containing exclusively monazite-(Ce)are found. Monazite-(Ce) is very rare in other localities.
The bulk composition of "yttrofluorite" apparently varies between the localities, and thedifferences found within each locality represent a zoning related to different stages in the
crystallization sequence.

Min erals in " yttrofluorite"
A total number of 36 species have been found in the "yttrofluorite" masses (listed in table 1).
The majority are REE-minerals. with the REE-silicates strongly represented. The minerals
can roughly be divided into four groups , based on their relative age:1) Minerals in the border zones.
2) Minerals found as grains or rounded crystals embedded in "yttrofluorite".
3) Minerals found as euhedral crystals in small cavities.
4) Secondary formed minerals along cracks in and around "yttrofluorite".
Some minerals are represented in several of the groups.
1 ) The border zones
The border between "yttrofluorite" and quartz/feldspar is normally composed of a thin streakof brown to black allanite-(Ce) , only 1 - 2 mm in thickness. However, three localities(Hundholmen, 0vre Lapplcegeret and Lagmannsvik) show better developed zones (up to
several dm) with additional minerals present. Both allanite-( Ce) and the additional minerals
are also found as isolated grains/crystals in the outer parts of "yttrofluorite", normally mostabundant closest to the borders.

Xenotime-(Y) was reported from the border zone of the large "yttrofluorite" mass inHundholmen as yellow brown, tetragonal prisms with two dipyramids ({111} and {331}; Vogt
1911). Similar crystals have been found embedded in "yttrofluorite" in a single specimen fromKrakrno.
Fergusonite-(Y) as non-metamict, small reddish brown prisms was reported from the borderzones in Hundholmen by Vogt (1911).
Britholite-(Y) is a very common constituent of these zones in 0vre Lapplcegeret, as roundedpink grains to around 1 em. The mineral has also been identified from Hundholmen [palebrown to reddish pink, rounded, partly altered grains to 1 mm in white otherwise mineral-free"yttrofluorite", probably corresponding to one of the unidentified minerals of Vogt (1922,p.23)], Lagmannsvik (pink transparent grains to 1 mm), Krakrno [red, grainy aggregates tosome em, often replacing apatite-(CaF)] and Stetind (Alf Olav Larsen, pers. comm. 1990).

11

SEM-EDS of britholite-(Y) from 0vre Lapplcegeret and Lagmannsvik show no P and small
amounts of other REE, mainly Yb, Ce and Nd.
Gadolinite-(Y) is a main constituent of the border zones in Hundholmen and Lagmannsvik
forming greenish transparent grains and crystals to several mm. This gadolinite-(Y) is nonmetamict, but found in a different setting than what was described by Nilssen (1973).

I',"

Thalenite-(Y) was first reported from Hundholmen as well-formed transparent pink crystals
up to 1 cm by Vogt (1922). Crystals with as many as 42 faces were found, and a total of 23
forms were observed and measured. The mineral is formed in association with the allaniterich border zones. Some crystals sit on allanite-(Ce) and grow into the surrounding quartz.
Thalenite is probably the most interesting mineral for most collectors, as it is the only of therarer minerals forming large, well-developed crystals. The mineral is rather common in partsof the Hundholmen dump, and digging at certain spots can still produce good specimens.
During the recent years, nice crystals to several cm have been found.
The mineral has later been identified from other pegmatites, always in association with"yttrofluorite".
Stetind: not rare - seems to have formed during the entire crystallization
sequence of the "yttrofluorite":• As brown to pink masses and subhedral crystals (resembling the ones
found in Hundholmen) to around 1 cm along the border zones and even in
the surrounding quartz.
• As pale pink glassy anhedral masses to some cm in "yttrofluorite". These
masses are associated with bastnasite-rCe) and t6rnebohmite-(Ce).
• As pink blocky crystals to 3 mm partly in small cavities in "yttrofluorite".
• As a second generation in the cavities, forming very small (0.5 mm),rhombohedron-like crystals often covering the walls.
• As massive material along cracks in the "yttrofluorite" masses. Associatedwith yttrialite-(Y), allanite-(Ce), t6rnebohmite-(Ce), zircon and thorite.
Lagmannsvik: rare, as small, pink masses .
0vre Lapplcegeret: identified (by XRD) as small, pink grains scattered inyttrofluorite (Stein Rervlk, pers. comm. 2001).
Fluorthalenite-(Y) was described as the F-dominated analogue of thalenlte from "yttrofluorite"in the large Ploskaya pegmatite Kola Peninsula, Russia (Pekov 1998). As thalenite-t'r') fromthe Tysfjord area is found in "yttrofluorite", a F-content would not -be surprising. SEM-EDS(not quantified) of thalenlte-tv) from Stetind show the presence of some F, and a semiquantitative SEM-EDS analysis on a grain from Lagmannsvik gave exactly 0.5 apfu, althoughthese data must be treated with care. Vogt (1922) did not analyze the crystals from
Hundholmen for F, but he found only 0.75 wt% water, in contrast to 2.08 wt% for the typematerial from bsterby. It is not unlikely that some F was the reason for the reduced watercontent.
2) and 3): In massive yttrofluorite or in cavities
The majority of the identified minerals are found as either rounded crystals embedded in
massive "yttrofluorite", or as well-formed crystals in the numerous small cavities found insome of the masses. Many of the minerals occur in both settings.

Bastnasite-(Ce) is one of the most common minerals in "yttrofluorite", forming yellow toyellowish brown grains and subhedral, platy crystals normally sized around some mm, but
plates up to 1 cm are found (Stetind). Sometimes the mineral can be difficult to distinguishfrom pale hundholmenite-(Y), but a characteristic feature is the colour change in fluorescentlight: bastnasite-(Ce) turns greenish yellow while hundholmenite-(Y) remains unchanged.
Bastnasite-(Ce) is also common in cavities in "yttrofluorite" from Stetind, forming transparent
pseudohexagonal plates with minor dipyramids. The pyramid faces are non-transparent and12seem to be covered by a white substance. Crystals from 0vre Lapplcageret are of a different
shape: no pyramids, only the pinacoid and prism faces.
Bastnasite-(Ce) has also been foun d in a slightly different association in Jennyhaugen, as
yellow plates associated with fluocerite-(Ce) and "yttrofluorite" (Sverdrup et al. 1965).
Similar aggregates have been found in other pegmatites (e.g. Hundholmen, Nedre Eivollen ,Nekkateltet etc.). The aggregates, reaching dimensions up to almost 10 em, consist of anouter black rim of allanite-(Ce), a zone of massive, yellowish brown , transparent bastnasite(Ce) and a core with platy bastnasite-(Ce) in a brown, non-transparent mass of intergrownfluo cerite-(Ce) and "yttrofluorite". The crystallization sequence is clear: allanite-(Ce), massive
oastnaslte-t ce), platy bastnasite-(Ce) and finally fluocerite-(Ce) and "yttrofluorite". Small
aggregates may lack the fluocerite-(Ce) core ; these have been found also in pegma tites
without "ytt rofluorite". The ceria nite-(Ce) reported from these aggregates (Neumann 1985, p.
86) is very questionable as it was identified solely by XRD (cerianite-(Ce) and "yttrofluorite"
have very similar structures). There is apparently a cogenetic relationship between thesemasses and "yttrofluorite", evidently by the rims of allanite-(Ce) and that both types areclosely associated in material from Nedre Eivollen .

Synchysite-(Y) has been identified in "yttrofluorite" from two localities:
Stetind: pink , translucent, platy aggregates to 1 mm, consist ing of numerous
subparallel individual plates.
Hundholmen: as small colourless to pale yellow, transparent prisms to 0.1 mm indissolution cavities. Also as yellow, massive material associated with thalenite(Y) .
All sync hysite -(Y) from "yttrofluorite" is Y-dominated, but an unidentified Ca-REE-Fcarbonate (white prismatic crystal s) from 0vre Lapplcageret is zoned with an appare nt
dominance of Y, Ce and Nd in different parts of the crystals.
Pink transparent to transl ucent dipyramidal crystals to 1 mm in cavities in "yttrofluorite" from
Stetind have by SEM-EDS and XRD been identified as calcioancylite-(Ce). Several crystals
are often grown toge ther in a random orientation, and they have a characteristic thin whitecoating . Very small (0.1 mm) , pink to yellow crystals of similar shape are Nd-dominated (withalmost no Ce) and surely represent a compos ition between calcioancylite-(Nd)[(Nd, CehCa(C0 3MOHhH 20 ] and kozoite-(Nd) [(Nd ,La,Sm,Pr)[OHIC0 3)(OH)]. Semiquantitative SEM -EDS analysis gives a Ca:REE -ratio of 1:5, other non-quantified data
indicate a higher Ca-content. More accurate chemical data are required to establish theidentity of this mineral. The relatively small amounts of Ce have also been observed in a late
Ca-Nd-F-carbonate (synchysite-(Nd)?) from 0vre Lapplcegeret, and was found by Miyawaki
et al (1998) in a number of rare earth carbonates from the type locality for kozoite-(Nd) - analkali basalt at Niikoba, Saga , Japan. The fact that the type calcioancyl ite-(Nd) from Baveno
contains as much as 14.18 wt% Ce20 3 (Orla ndi et al. 1990) indicates that the Ce-negative
anomaly is caused by a Ce 3+-depleted (oxidation of Ce 3+ to Ce4+?) crystallizing medium
rather than structural effects.

Monazite-(Ce) is an uncommon minera l in "yttrofluorite". It is found as yellow brown masses
in material from Lagmannsvik, and as yellow brown grains in Hakonhals. Together withextremely small amounts of apatite-(CaF) from Lagmannsvik and xenotime-(Y) from
Hundholmen and Krakrno, these are the only phosphates found in "yttrofluorite".
Vyuntspakhkite-(Y) is a rare mineral, originally described as slender, prismatic crystals (to0.7 x 0.2 mm in size) in "yttrofluorite" from amazonitic pegmatites at Ploskaya, Kola
Peninsula, Russ ia (Voloshin et al. 1983). It has later been identified as tan needles onfeldspar from the Evans Lou pegmatite, Wakefield , Canada (Wilson 1987, Bideaux et al.
2001) and as a 7-8 ern large, reddish white aggregate in a single specimen from Finnbo ,Falun , Dalarna , Sweden , in the collect ion of NRM in Stockholm (Jorqen Langhof, pers.
comm .2008).

13

--The mineral is found in two of the Tysfjord pegmatites:- Stetind: in cavities as prismatic to bladed crystals to some mm. The crystals are relatively
simple, displaying the pinacoids {100}, {010} and {-107}(?). In addition, a minor prism cansometimes be observed. Most crystals are transparent with pale pink interiors andcharacteristic brownish or purple outer zones parallel to {100}. Some crystals show zoning
parallel to all faces; these appear as completely purple when undamaged, and arecharacteristic for material from the upper part of the "yttrofluorite " mass (collected before1998). Faces associated with these darker zones are rough, non-reflective andnontransparent. Completely colourless crystals have also been found. No attempts havebeen made to find the cause of the colour zoning.
- 0vre Lapplcegeret: rare as fan-shaped aggregates of pale pink, transparent, tabular crystals
to 0.5 mm in cavities.
Kuliokite-(Y) was described as aggregates of colourless crystals to 0.5 mm in "yttrofluorite"from amazonite pegmatites at Ploskaya Mt., Kola Peninsula, Russia (Voloshin et al. 1986). It
has also been identified from the Heydalen pegmatite, Terdal (Raade et al. 1993) and from
Finnbo, Falun, Dalarne, Sweden (Johan Kjellman, pers. comm. 2008). Kuliokite-(Y) from
Stetind occurs as colorless to pale pink, tabular to bladed crystals to 1 mm in small cavities in"yttrofluorite". The shape of the crystals can be described as slightly distorted rectangularplates (the corners are truncated). The normal angle between some of the edges helps
distinguishing kuliokite-(Y) from other minerals of platy habit, like synchysite-(Y) and thefrequent bastnasite-(Ce) . Fan-shaped aggregates are often formed, and sometimes themineral is found completely filling the cavity, appearing as pink lamellar, anhedral masses.
Keiviite-(Yb) (colourless, lamellar to prismatic crystals in radial aggregates to 2 mm) andkeiviite-(Y) (colourless, slender prisms to 1 mm) were both described from the pegmatites of
Ploskaya (Voloshin et al. 1983; 1985). Keiviite-(Y) has also been reported from pegmatites in
Norway (Neumann 1985, p. 157) and Sweden (Kristiansen 1993), but only as massive
material.
Keiviite-(Y) from Stetind forms white translucent prisms to some mm with square crosssections in cavities in "yttrofluorite". The faces are normally rough, dull and longitudinallystriated, but in rare cases smooth and transparent. Terminations are poorly defined, andseem to consist of parallel growth of smaller needles. Smaller prisms (to 0.1 mm) do often
grow randomly on the surfaces of the largest crystals. Most of the chemically checked (SEMEDS) crystals show V-dominance, but a single specimen with a somewhat different
appearance (the prisms have a triangular cross section and grow in a radiating aggregate)
gives Vb-dominance - keiviite-(Yb).
Rowlandite-(Y) from Stetind is non-metamict, and gives a well-defined XRD-pattern . It
occurs rather rare as greenish grey, transparent, subhedral crystals to 2 mm in massive"yttrofluorite", and is one of very few minerals not found in cavities. Two small grains ofrowlandite-(Y) of similar appearance have been identified from 0vre Lapplcegeret.
Neumann (1960) mentioned rowlandite with a (?) in a list of minerals found in Ivedal, Iveland,and stated later (Neumann 1985, p. 157) that the (?) should be of significance. To myknowledge, the occurrence of rowlandite from the area has not been verified, and Stetindshould be regarded as the first Norwegian locality.
Yttrialite-(Y), a mineral always found in a metamict state, was identified from Stetind basedon the chemical composition (Y-Th-silicate) and the characteristic XRD-pattern after heating
to 1000°C for 24 hours. It is found as dark brown masses to around 1 cm in "yttrofluorite".
Most of the masses occur along zones or cracks, and is associated with grayish brown
zircon, thorite (black to yellowish brown), thalenlte-Y) and t6rnebohmite-(Ce), but isolatedmasses can be found in massive "yttrofluorite". In very rare cases crystals to 1 cm have beendeveloped. The crystals are incomplete with dull faces, and seem to have low symmetry.

14

Tornebohmite-(Ce) is rather common in parts of the material from Stetind, where it forms
prismatic to bladed brown, rarer pink, greenish or blue crystals to 2 mm. The rhombus-likecross section and a striation along the length direction are often helpful in distinguishingt6rnebohmite-(Ce) from confusable minerals like bastnasite-(Ce) and hundholmenite-(Y).
T6rnebohmite-(Ce) has also been found in cavities, as wellformed prismatic crystals to 1 mmwith rectangular cross sections and v-shaped terminations.
Kainosite-(Y) is a common, late formed mineral in association with "yttrofluorite", and has
been identified from Stetind, Hakonhals, Lagmannsvik and several pegmatites in the Dragarea. It is found mainly as radiating, colourless, white and pale red (often concentricallyzoned) aggregates, filling cracks in "yttrofluorite" or surrounding quartz/feldspar, or as abreakdown product replacing "yttrofluorite". Radiating aggregates of colourless to pale pink,transparent, prismatic crystals to some mm are not uncommon in cavities in material from
0vre Lapplregeret. Observed forms are two prominent pinacoids and two minor prisms. The
prism faces are often covered by a white crust of small crystals of kainosite-(Y), and appear
as nontransparent. Globules to around 1 mm are also found in 0vre Lapplregeret. These areoften concentrically zoned with white, reddish and pale orange brown zones.
Crystallized cracks are common in "yttrofluorite" from Lagmannsvik, with the most common
mineral being kainosite-(Y) as masses and small, white to colourless crystals associated withsmall, colourless plates of apatite-(CaF) and corroded cubes of pyrite.
Hundholmenite-(Y) was first found by Stein Rervik in the Stetind pegmatite, but identified as
the closely related mineral okanoqanlte-rv) by XRD and semi-quantitative EDS (Alf Olav
Larsen, pers. comm. 1990). The assumed okanoganite-(Y) was later identified from
Lagmannsvik and from Hundholmen. A closer examination of the material from Hundholmen
revealed the actual identity of the mineral, and led to the characterization and description as
the new mineral hundholmenite-(Y) by Raade et. al. (2007). Hundholmenite-(Y) has also
been identified from a fourth locality: 0vre Lapplregeret.
- Hundholmen: - found in several different ways:- as brown masses to 2 cm embedded in a fine-grained mixture of hundholmenite-(Y)and "yttrofluorite". This material has so far been found in only one large boulder.
The only associated mineral is the ever-present allanite-rim.
- as pale brown to yellowish brown sub- to euhedral crystals to 4 mm in "yttrofluorite".
These crystals are transparent and well crystallized. The material used for theoriginal description of hundholmenite-(Y) belongs to this type.
- as small, brown grains in a brownish type of "yttrofluorite", associated with brown,
massive crystalline fergusonite-(Y). This type is found as narrow and elongatedmasses in pale grey quartz.
- Stetind: the original material, collected by Stein Rervik from a zone near the upper part ofthe "yttrofluorite" mass in 1989, was locally rather rich in slightly rounded, brown translucent
crystals to 7 mm, associated with bastnasite-(Ce), thatenite-Y) and t6rnebohmite-(Ce).
Hundholmenite-(Y) is rarer in material from the lower parts of the occurrence, and generally
forms smaller crystals. Both types of material also contain rare, pale brown, transparent totranslucent, tabular crystals to 1 mm in cavities. The triangular shape of these crystals makes
them easy recognizable. Observed forms are prominent pedions and two less developed
pyramids. Multiple contact twinning (with angles of approximately 60°/120° between theindividuals) is sometimes developed.
- Lagmannsvik: found and identified by Per Chr. Seebe, as small, greyish yellow crystals
embedded in "yttrofluorite", or as grey aggregates along joints (Gunnar Raade, pers.comm.
1993).
- 0vre Lapplregeret: rare as brownish, platy grains or as aggregates of small, pink, triangularplates in cavities, of similar shape and twinninq as in Stetind.
Pink grains of iimoriite-(Y) was found and identified by XRD in material from 0vre
Lapplregeret by Stein Rervik (pers. comm. 2001). The mineral has later been found as pink,15

transparent, tapered, prismatic or tabular crystals to some mm with oblique striations onsome faces. Some of the crystals resemble the one pictured on Fig. 35 by Marty (2005 , p.
239) limoriite-(Y) from 0vre Lapplregeret shows the same response to fluorescent light as
thalenlte-rv) - the pink colour gets darker. This is -the only find of iimoriite-(Y) in Norway, andone of very few localities worldwide producing free-growing crystals.
Thorite has been identified from two localities:
Stetind: brown to yellow masses associated with yttrialite-(Y), or euhedral, reddish
brown crystals (tetragonal prisms terminated by a dipyramid) to 1 mm embedded
in "yttrofluorite".
Hakonhals: brown to yellowish brown, irregular grains to around 1 em, associatedwith zircon.
A mineral occurring as rose-coloured crystals and irregular grains along cracks in material
from Lagmannsvik was identified as cerite-(Ce) with AI dominating the M-site (Gunnar
Raade, pers. comm. 1990). This compound was recently approved as a new mineral from
Baveno, Italy (IMA 2007-060). A mineral of similar composition is known as a 50 urn large
fracture filling in albite from the Niederbobritzsch granite, Erzgebirge, Germany (Forster
2000).
4 ) Secondary mi nerals along cracks
A number of minerals have formed on cracks in the different "yttrofluorite" masses. The mostwidespread are kainosite-(Y) (see above) and tengerite-(Y), first mentioned from
Hundholmen by Vogt (1922). Tengerite-(Y) forms white, powdery crusts, rarer as small
concentrically zoned globules and radiating aggregates, covering large surfaces. In material
from Krakrno, white crusts of tengerite-(Y) in dark matrix of allanite-(Ce) and britholite-(Y)produce samples with good contrast. The chemically similar mineral lokkaite-(Y) has also
been reported from Hundholmen (Neumann 1985, p. 102).

The occurrence of adamsite-(Y) in Hundholmen is very surprising, as the Na-rich mineral
was described from an alkaline environment in Mont Saint-Hilaire, Canada (Grice et al.
2000). Adamsite-(Y) from Hundholmen is probably formed through a reaction between
seawater and the "yttrofluorite". Partly dissolved "yttrofluorite" is often very rich in fineneedles of adamsite-(Y). An interaction by sea-water is not unlikely as the dump is placed in
the tidal zone , and the pegmatite itself was situated not far from the shore, extending below
sea level. A question is whether adamsite-(Y) was formed in situ or post-mining, but it isanyway a late, low-temperature mineral formed after the latest glacial period. The presenceof CI in associated minerals (kamphaugite-(Y) and an unidentified Cu-Y-CI-phase) does also
indicate a saline environment.
Adamsite-(Y) is found as colourless to white tabular, bladed or needle-like crystals to 3 mm,
often arranged in radiating aggregates . Associated minerals are kamphaugite-(Y) (crusts ofcolourless, rounded crystals to 0.1 mm), tengerite-(Y) (very small white globules) andcalcioancylite-(Ce) (pink grains up to a few mm across). Kamphaugite-(Y) is the oldest ofthese minerals, followed by calcioancylite-(Ce) and tengerite-(Y), with adamsite-(Y) definitely
being the youngest.
Adamsite-(Y) has also been found in thalenite-rich material, often on the faces of crystals.
As the only U-mineral associated with "yttrofluorite", J3-uranophane occurs as fan-shapes
aggregates of yellow needles in cavities or along cracks in material from Stetind. No older Umineral has been observed, but it is probable that both yttrialite-(Y) and thorite are, to acertain degree , U-bearing.
Other minerals found in small amounts in the "yttrofluorite" masses are annite, arsenopyrite,
chalcopyrite, molybdenite, muscovite and quartz (late formed, euhedral prisms in cavities
from Stetind).

16

Other minerals in type 1 pegmatites
Sulphides and associates
Large masses of py rrhotite with included rounded cubes of pyrite to several em are found in
the Drag area. The pyrite cubes are also found embedded in a matrix of galena, very dark,almost black sp hale rite, chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite. Material of this kind is found inseveral dumps in the area around Jennyhaugen and Eivollen, and in rather large amounts in
waste material from the recent underground activities in Nedre Eivollen. Lollingite is also acommon mineral in the Drag area (Neumann et al. 1955), and in Jennyhaugen associatedwith secondary crusts of scorodite and ph armacosiderit e (Neumann 1985, pp 124-126).
Prismatic crystals to around 1 em of arsenopyrite have been found in limited amounts
associated with massive fergusonite-(Y) in material from Hundholmen. Brown fracture fillingsin the surrounding quartz have been identified as beudantite (PbFe3[(OH)6IS04IAs04]) or
segnitite (PbFe3[(OH. H20 )61(As04)z]) based on powder data and SEM-EDS analysis (the Speak overlaps with the Pb-peak, analogous with hidalgoite/philipsbornite from Tennvatn).
More precise chemical data are needed to distinguish these minerals.
Masses of bismuth to some mm are found in several associations, including
arsenopyrite/1611ingite from Jennyha ugen, cassiterite and molybdenite from 0vre Eivollen andin "amazonite" from Hellemobotn. The masses from Jennyhaugen are sometimes partly
altered to bismut ite.
Small grains of tetrahedrite associated with unidentified yellow and green secondary
minerals were found by Stein Rervik in a single specimen of feldspar from Stetind.
Cass it erite has previously been reported from Jennyhaugen (Gunnar Raade and Roy
Kristiansen, pers. comm. 1983) and from Tennvatn (Ellingsen et al. 1995). A recent andrelatively rich find was made in situ in 0vre Eivollen: cassiterite forms aggregates of cmsized grains and slightly rounded crystals. The grains are reddish brown, but do often havealmost colourless or white cores. Associated minerals are molybdenite, bismuth and someunidentified minerals including a secondary formed yellowish fracture filling.
A nat ase (black dipyramids to 2 rnm), brookite (brown, transparent, tabular crystals to somemm) and ruti le (brown needles) were found in limited amount s in cracks in a small quarry
near Fjellgruva. The same kind of cracks, but without Ti-oxides, are found in material fromthe dump of Fjellgruva. One such sample hosted a white mass of powdery cerussite andw ulfe nite in two kinds of crystals: reddish brown plates to 2 mm and grey "dipyramids" to 1
mm.
Columbite-group minerals
Three minerals of the columbite group have been found in the pegmatites:
Columbite-(Fe) is the most widespread , and can be found in em-sized, black masses inmany of the pegmatites (e.g. Hundholmen, Erlinggruva, Stetind. In the latter two associatedwith em-sized masses of yellow brown microlite).
Columbite-(Mn) from Tennvatn (see above).
Tantal ite-( Mn) from Tennvatn (see above) and Jennyhaugen (Neumann 1985, p 78). The
latter was initially identified by its powder pattern alone, and has subsequently been verified
chemically by the author.
Parisite from Hundholmen was mentioned by Vogt (1922), and is found as prismatic crystals
to 8 em (Eldjarn 1978a). Recent examinations of similar material show the greyish cores ofsuch crystals to be Ce-dominated, while the brown outer zones are V-dominated. Both zones
give synchysite patterns, and are synchysite-(Ce) and synchysite-(Y).
Pink, arrowhead-like crystals arranged in aggregates are not uncommon growing on the
crystals of the REE-carbonates. These were by Eldjarn (Ioc. sit.) referred to as ancylite.
Recent SEM-EDS-data has shown this mineral to be calcioancylite-(Ce) without detectable
Sr. Sr is very rare in these pegmatites , and has so far only been found as a minor constituent

17

of arsenocrandallite from Tennvatn. Many of the reported ancylites from other localities willundoubtedly turn up as calcioancylite after chemical investigations.
Colourless transparent crystals, embedded in a soft, yellow to brown substance associatedwith a large mass of brown zircon from Hakonhals, have been identified as xenotime-(Yb)based on SEM-EDS analysis. The crystals are short prismatic and dipyramidally terminated ,and reach around 1 mm in size.
Secondary U-minerals
Considering the large amounts of U-containing minerals found in the pegmatites, secondary
U-minerals are surprisingly rare. In addition to kasolite from Tennvatn and uranophane-13
from Stetind only three have been found:Boltwoodite from Hundholmen (Eldjarn 1988).
Uranophane (and uranophane-B) from Hakonhals: yellow crusts on a dark fluorite-rich matrix
rich in inclusions of uraninite and other minerals (thorite?, allanite-(Ce)?).
Schrockingerite from Karlsey: yellow crusts of very small pseudohexagonal plates formed
directly on a sheltered rock face in the quarry. No U-containing mineral was found in thesurrounding area.
Several kinds of dark masses rich in radioactive minerals can be found in the Hundholmen
dump, and one of these has been studied in detail by Callum L. Hetherington (pers. comm.
2006): the radioactive minerals are thorite, uraninite and fergusonite-(Y) . Grey grains ofapatite-(CaF) are rimmed by xenotime-(Y). Abundant black masses to several cm consist of
two phases , an yttrian epidote and a younger thorian allanite-(Y) (up to 5.94 wt% Th02 and7.04 wt% Y203) .
Be-minerals
The most common Be-mineral in these pegmatites is beryl: Green prismatic crystals to 13
em have been collected in the Drag area (Dittrich 1980), probably Jennyhaugen. In
Hakonhals and Nedre Lapplregeret yellow, blue and green, massive beryl is found in rather
large amounts. The beryl is in both occurrences often associated with phenakite as masses
up to 5 ern, or as well-formed crystals (Nedre Lapplregeret; Eldjarn 1978b). It seems as if at
least some of the beryl formed during breakdown of phenacite during deformation sigmoidal lenses of beryl with cores of phenakite can be found in Hakonhals, Small massesof gadolinite-(Y) are associated. Secondary minerals associated with beryl from Nedre
Lapplregeret include milarite (Raade 1966), bavenite (Neumann 1985, p. 199) andbertrandite (colourless, blocky crystals in small cavities). Bertrandite (colourless, blocky
twinned crystals) has also been identified in cavities in "amazonite" from a dump in the
Jennyhaugen/Eivollen area, and in cavities in synchysite-rich material from Hundholmen(colourless plates to 1 mm). Pale brown, translucent prisms of hingganite-(Y) to 3 mm havealso been found in these cavities from Hundholmen. A second occurrence of milarite wasfound in Erlinggruva, as small, colourless prisms in cracks in columbite-(Fe) .
Including asbecasite and bergslagite from Tennvatn, a total of 9 Be-minerals have been
identified from these pegmatites.
Zeolites
A number of zeolites have been identified as late phases in cavities and along cracks. Stilbite
and heulandite were reported from Tennvatn (Ellingsen et al. 1995). Both were later shown
to be Ca-dominated (= stilbite-Ca and heulandite-Ca) Desmin (= stilbite) from Hundholmen
was mentioned by Vogt (1922), but has not been checked chemically. The same is the casewith stilbite reported from the Elveneset pegmatite (Sssbe and Sverdrup 1959). Laumontite(Hans Jerqen Berg, pers. comm. 2008) and both chabazite-K and chabazite-Na (colourless
to yellow, pseudocubic crystals to 3 mm in cavities with synchysite; Knut Eldjarn, pers.
comm . 2008) were identified at NHM in material from Hundholmen. Chabazite-Ca18

(colourless, transparent, pseudocubic crystals to 2 mm) and stilbite-Ca (colourless,transparent prisms to 3 mm forming aggregates) occur in material from Hakonhals,

Discussion
The large diversity of rare minerals found in the pegmatites of the Tysfjord granite is partly a
result of late pneumatolytic/hydrothermal activity. A large number of species are found only in"yttrofluorite" or in Tennvatn: of the 144 different minerals found, 18 occur exclusively inassociation with "yttrofluorite", and 25 only in Tennvatn. The total numbers of species are 37
for "yttrofluorite" and 53 for Tennvatn, with only 11 in common. Thus, 79 different species
have been identified either in "yttrofluorite" or from Tennvatn. Considering the relatively small
volumes these two modes of occurrence represent, this is rather remarkable.
REE-minerals are strongly represented in the area. As many as 36 different minerals
containing REE as a major constituent (dominating structural sites) have been identified. The
majority of these occur in "yttrofluorite". Another important element is As; 13 As-dominatedminerals, 10 of them arsenates, have been found.
Characteristic elements of other Norwegian granite pegmatites, like Li (Agskardet, Terdal)
and Sc (Terdal, Evje/lveland), are apparently absent, and apart from monazite-(Ce),xenotime-(Y), xenotime-(Yb) and apatite-(CaF), phosphates are not found.
Mineralogically, Stetind has a striking resemblance with the "amazonite" pegmatites of
Ploskaya Mt., Western Keivy, Kola Peninsula, Russia. The minerals are found in or inassociation with "yttrofluorite" in both occurrences, but the material from Stetind seems better
crystallized and is far richer in additional minerals. Four of the six minerals originallydescribed from Ploskaya also occur in Stetind [vyuntspakhkite-(Y), keiviite-(Y), keiviite-(Yb)and kuliokite-(Y)]; the two missing are fluorthalenlte-tv) and hingganite-(Yb). It is still unclear
if the thalenite-Y) from Stetind is F-dominated. Hingganite has not been found in Stetind yet,but a pale green gadolinite-Iike mineral has been observed. However, as "yttrofluorite" from
Stetind is rich in Fe, gadolinite-(Y) would be the most likely candidate.
The occurrence of bergslagite and svabite in Tennvatn is similar to l.anqban, and there arealso certain similarities between another Tennvatn As-rich assemblage and minerals found inalpine fissures in the Italian/Swiss Alps (Mt. Cervandone and Sinn Valley), with asbecasite,
gasparite-(Ce) and chernovite-(Y) as minerals in common.
Collecting today
Most of the mining activity ceased around 30 years ago, and most of the dumps have been
removed as fill masses for roads. In addition, vegetation (lichen and moss) covers much of
the remaining material, and many of the quarries are flooded. So despite the number ofquarries in the area, localities worth visiting are scarce. Some are mentioned here:
Hundholmen: most of the large dumps were used as filling material when the roadto KjeJpsvik was constructed, but the remains are located in the tidal zone,
resulting in limited organic cover (apart from some seaweed and barnacles). Mostof the listed minerals from Hundholmen are possible to find on a good day, andsamples of "yttrofluorite" with gadolinite-(Y), xenotime-(Y), britholite-(Y) andthalenlte-iv) are abundant. Hundholmenite-(Y) and adamsite-(Y) are also possible
to find with some luck.
"Yttrofluorite" in general: if you are able to locate "yttrofluorite" in dump boulders orin situ, you will probably come across some of the rarer species. This is the caseparticularly for material from Stetind and 0vre Lapplc:egeret. Even if the majority ofthe most promising material has been removed, the minerals occur so scattered in
the masses that every single specimen may contain something interesting. Look
particularly for the type of "yttrofluorite" with numerous small cavities.
Hakonhals: large intact dumps disappointingly scarce in rare minerals, but withlimited vegetation due to the elevation. One of the very few localities still active,

19

and fresh and exciting material appears from time to time. The area has been little
visited, so the potential for new finds is definitely present. Spend a day or two , andyou will possibly find nice samples of petscheckite, samarskite-(Y), tho rite,
uranophane, uranophane-B, phenakite with beryl, "ilmenorutile" and zeolites.
Tennvatn: probably the heaviest collected locality in the area considering thesmall size and the limited dump; new finds seem improbable. But the texture of
the pegmatite makes it worth a visit.

Aknowledgements
A number of people have contributed to this work in different ways: Hans Vidar Ellingsen andAstrid Haugen became aware of the suite of rare minerals in Tennvatn , and made theircollected material available for further investigations. Both gasparite-(Ce) and bergslagite
were first discovered in material from their collection. Stein Rervlk discovered "yttrofluorite" in
Stetind and 0vre Lapplaageret - undoubtly the two most exciting and promising occurrences.
He has also provided amounts of information about his discoveries, including the first
Norwegian occurrence of iimoriite-(Y), and constructive comments. Useful information was
also given by Knut Eldjarn (chabazite-K, chabazite-Na), Callum L. Hetherington (allanite-(Y)and associated minerals), Johan Kjellman (kuliokite-(Y) from Finnbo), J6rgen Langhof(vyuntspakhkite-(Y) from Finnbo), Alf Olav Larsen ("okanoganite-(Y)" and asbecasite), Emma
Rehnstr6m (the dated xenotime from Tennvatn) and Gunnar Raade ("Cerite-(Ce)"). Per Bl2Je,
Gunnar Raade and Hans-Jerqen Berg have provided invaluable help during the identification
work, and Roy Kristiansen have been very helpful with copies of numerous hard-to-get
papers.

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Norway. No. 31 . Tysonite (fluocerite), a new mineral for Norway. Norsk Geo/ogisk Tidsskrift
45 (2), 177-188.
TOMASIC, N., RAADE, G. & BERMANEC, V. (2004): REE-bearing petscheckite fromTiltvika, Nordland, Norway, and its heating products. Neues Jahrbuch f{jr Mineralogie,
Monatshefte 2004 (4), 163-175.
VEKSLER, I.V., DORFMAN, A.M., KAMENETSKY, M.B., DULSKI, P. & DINGWELL,
D.B . (2005): Partitioning of lanthanides and Y between immiscible silicate and fluoride melts,
fluorite and cryolite and the origin of the lanthanide tetrad effect in igneousrocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69 (11),2847-2860.
VOGT, T (1911): Vorlaufiqe Mitteilung uber Yttrofluorit, eine neue Mineralspezies aus dem
nord lichen Norwegen. Centralblatt fOr Minera/ogie, Geologie und Palaontologie 1911, 373377 .
VOGT, T (1922): Ober Thalenit von Hundholmen im nordlichen Norwegen.
Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter 1, Matematisk-naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1922 (1), 19-47,
Plates VII-IX.

21
J.-_ _

VOLOSHIN , AV., PAKHOMOVSKII , Y.A & TYUSHEVA, F.N. (1983) : Keiviite Yb2Si207; a
new ytterbium silicate from amazon itic pegmatites of the Kola Peninsula. Mineralogicheskii
Zhurnal 5 (5), 94-99 (in Russian with English abs.).
VOLOSHIN, A V., PAKHOMOVSKII, Y.A & TYUSHEVA, F.N. (1985): Keiviite-(Y), a new
yttrian diorthosilicate, and thalenite from amazon ite pegmatites of the Kola Peninsula .
Diortho- and triorthosilicates of yttrium . Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal 7 (6), 79-94 (in Russianwith English abs.).
VOLOSHIN , AV. , PAKHOMOVSKII, Y.A, MENSHIKOV, Y.P., POVARENNYKH, AS. &ROGACHEV, D.L. (1983) : Vyuntspakhite Y4AI2AISi5018(OH)5; a new yttrium-aluminumsilicate from amazonite pegmatites of the Kola Peninsula . Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal 5 (4),89-94 (in Russian with English abs.).VOLOSHIN , AV., PAKHOMOVSKII, Y.A , TYUSHEVA,
F.N., SOKOLOVA, Y.V. & YEGOROV-TISMENKO, Y.K. (1986): Kuliokite-(Y), a new yttriumaluminium fluorsilicate from amazonite pegmatites of the Kola Peninsula . Mineralogicheskii
Zhurnal 8 (2), 94-99 (in Russ ian with English abs.).
WILSON, W.E. (1987): What's new in minerals? Mineralogical Record 18 (5), 365.

,

I:

.
'

22

Table 1. Minerals found in selected "yttro f luorite" occurrences. The number of lette rs of eachtype reflects the rarity of the minera l, i.e . X = rare, XX = uncommon to com m on and XXX =abundant. *S ee text for explanation of Hundholmen 1 and Hundholmen 2 .
MineralStetind*Hundholmen

1
Ada msite-(Y)Allan ite-lCe)
Ann iteApatite-lCaF)
Arse nopyrite

BBB

S
BBB

"Hundholmen
2
SS
BBB

0vre
Lapplcegeret

Lagmannsvik

Hakonhals

BBB
CC

BBB

BBB

S

Bastnasite-Ce)
Britholite-(Y)Calcioancylite-(Ce)Calcio ancylite-(Nd)/kozo ite-(Nd)Fergusonite-(Y)Gadolinite-(Y)HematiteHund holmenite-(Y)Iimoriite-(Y)IMA 2007-060
Kainosite-(Y)Kamohauclte-Y)
Keiv iite-(Y)Keiviite-(Yb)Kuliokite-(Y)Molybdenite
Monazite-(Ce)Muscovite
PyriteQuartzRowlandite-(Y)Svnchvsite-I'r')
Tenoerlte-I'r')

XXXCCC

Thalenite-Cr')ThoriteT6rnebohmite-(Ce)Uranophane-B
Vyuntspakhkite-(Y)Xenotime-(Y)Yttr ialite-(Y)Zircon

BXXCC
XX
XXC
S
CC

?

XXX

XXX
BBB

XX

SS

C
C

?

X
XXXCCC
BBBXX

BB
BBB

CCC
XXC

X
BBB
XXX

XC
XC
CCSS

S

XX
XX
SS

SS

B
X

XX

S
C
C
C
B

B
C

S
C
X
C

X
CC
SSS
BBBXX

SS
XX

XX
XXX

C
BB

XX
X

XXX

B= border zone
X= in massive "yttrof luo rite"
C= in cavities
S= secondary on cracks

23

Table 2: Minerals found in the pegmatites within the Tysfjord granite.
MineralFormula (from www.mindat.orq)

Peqmatltas

Identification

BismuthBi

Graphite
Sulphur
Sphalerite
Chalcopyrite

CS
ZnS
CuFeSzNedre Kvartsen
Nedre Eivollen
Hellemobotn
Drao
Tennvatn

Tetrahedrite
Greenockite

CdS

Galenite

PbS

Pyrrhotite
Covelline
PyriteArsenopyrite

Fea83-1 S
CuS
FeS z
FeAsS

l.ollinqlte

FeAs z

Molybdenite
Nuffieldite
Cosalite
Fluorite

MoS z
Pb?Cu(Pb ,Bi)Bi zS7
PbzBjzSs
CaF z

Tennvatn
Hundholmen
Nedre Eivollen
Draq
Tennvatn
Frequent
Drag
Hundholmen
KrakrnoLappleeqeret
Tennvatn
Frequent
Tennvatn
Tennvatn
Frequent

SEM-EDSXRD
NHM
NHM
Ellingsen et al. 2000
Dittrich 1980
Visual
Vogt1922
NHM
EMP (UK-7,
Ellinosen et al. 2000)
Ellingsen et al. 1995
Vogt1922
VisualDittrich 1980
Ellingsen et al. 2000
VisualDittrich 1980
VisualVisualNeumann et al. 1955
Elllnosen et al. 2000
VisualEllinosen et al 2000
Ellingsen et al. 2000

(Ce,La)F3

Hundholmen

Draq
Nedre Eivollen
Hundholmen
StetindTennvatn

Yttrofluorite
Fluocerite-(Ce)Nekkateltet

Bismoclitt
Magnetite

BiOCI
Fe304

Hematite

FeZ03

Ilmenite
Pyrophanite

Fe£+TiO::\
Mn L+Ti0 3

RomeiteMicrolite(Ca ,Fe ,Mn ,NaMSb,Ti)?Of\(O,OH ,F)(Ca,Na)z TaZ06(O,OH,F)

Opal

SiO z' nHzO

QuartzRutileso,no,IImenorutile
Cassiterites-o,Jennyhaugen
Tennvatn
Hundholmen
Tennvatn
Hakonhals
Tennvatn
Stetind
Hakonhals
Tennvatn
Hellemobotn
Tennvatn
Drag
Erlinggruva
JennyhauQen
Hakonhals
Rock-formlnq
Fjellgruva
HundholmenDragTennvatn
Jennyhaugen

Nedre Eivollen

24

Neumann 1985, p.
51
Stein Rervik pers.
comm.2008
Sverdrup et al. 1965
Ellingsen et al. 2000
Vogt1922
Ellingsen et al. 1995
SEM-EDS, visual
Ellingsen et al. 1995
XRD
SEM-EDS
XRD, SEM-EDS
NHM
XRD, SEM-EDS
Dittrich 1980
SEM-EDS
SEM-EDS
Stein Rarvlk (pers.
comm.2008)
Vis.
Vis.
Dittrich 1980
Ellingsen et al. 1995
Gunnar Raade and
Roy Kristiansen,
pers. comm. 1983
XRD

Tanlolite
Cryptomelane
AnataseBrookite
Ferberite
IxioliteColumbite-(Mn)Columbite-(Fe)Tantalite-(Mn)(Fe ,Mn)(Ta,NbhOs
K(Mn 4+,Mn"+)S01S
Ti0 2
Ti02
FeW0 4(Ta,Nb,Sn,Fe,Mn)40S
MnNb?ORFeNb 20S
MnTa 20S

Euxenite-(Y)(Y,Ca ,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta ,TihOs

Samarskite-(Y)(Y,Fe""',Fe'" ,U,Th ,Ca)(Nb,Ta)Os

Yttrotantalite-(Y)Petscheckite(Y,Ca ,U,Fe""')(Ta,NbhOs
UFe(Nb,Ta)Os

Ferguson ite-(Y)YNb0 4

Stibiocolumbite

Sb(Nb,Ta)04

Uraninite

U0 2Goethite
Calcitea-Fe'" O(OH)
CaC0 3Siderite
Dolomite
Cerussite

CaMg(C0 3h
PbC03

Bastnasite-( Ce)(Ce,La)[FIC0 3J

Parisite
Svnchvsite-ICe)
Synchysite-(Y)Ca(Ce,LahrF?/(C0 3 hl?
Ca(Ce,La)[FI(C03hJ
Ca(Ce,La)[FI(C03hl

Hydrocerussite
Phoscenlte
Bismutite

Pb3(C03MOHh
Pb 2[CbIC031(BiOhC03

Adamsite-(Y)Tengerite-(Y)NaY(CO~h . 6H 2O
Y2[C0 3b . 2-3H 2O

Lokkaite-(Y)Ca(Y,Gd,Nd ,DyMC0 3l7 ' 9H 2O

Kamphaugite-(Y)Calcioancylite-(Ce)Ca(Y,REE)[OHI(C03 hl . H?O(Ca ,Sr)Ce(C0 3hOH . H2O

Calcioancylite-(Nd)or kozoite-(Nd)Anqlesite
GypsumSchrocklncerlte
Scheelite(Nd,CehCa(C0 3)4(OHh . H20 or(Nd ,La,Sm ,Pr)[OHIC03)(OH)
PbS0 4
CaS04· 2H20
NaCaC\(U0 2)rFl(C03) 3IS041' 10H 2O
Ca[W04]

FeCO~

Drag
Drag
Fiellqruva
Fjellgruva
DragTennvatn
Tennvatn
Frequent
Jennyhaugen

Hundholmen
StetindHundholmen
Stetind

Dittrich 1980
NHM
VisualVisualDittrich 1980
Ellingsen et al. 1995
XRD, SEM-EDS
SEM-EDS
Neumann 1985 , p.
78
SEM-EDS
Dittrich 1980
Raade 1966
Vogt1922
Dittrich 1980
NHM
NHM
Tomasic et al. 2004
Raade & Williams 2005
Raade & Williams 2005
Vogt 1911
Ellingsen et al. 1995
SEM-EDS (UK-3,
Ellingsen et al. 2000)
Nilssen 1973
Dittrich 1980
XRD
Raade 1966
SEM -EDS
Dittrich 1980
NHM
Ellingsen et al. 2000
XRD
e.g. Sverdrup et al.
1959
Vogt1922
XRD , SEM-EDS
XRD , SEM-EDS
XRD , SEM-EDS
Ellingsen et al. 2000
Ellingsen et al. 2000
Ellingsen et al. 2000
XRD
XRD , SEM-EDS
Vogt1922
XRD
NHM
Neumann 1985 , p
102
XRD , SEM-EDS
XRD, EMP
XRD , SEM-EDS
SEM-EDS

Tennvatn
Hundholmen
Karlsev
Drag

Ellingsen et al. 2000
SEM-EDSXRD , SEM-EDS
Dittrich 1980

Tennvatn
Drag
Nedre Eivollen
Hundholmen
DragHakonhals
Drag
Tiltvika
Hakonhals
Lacrnannsvlk
Hundholmen
Tennvatn
Tennvatn
Hundholmen
Drag
Drag
Nedre Eivollen
Hundholmen
DragHundholmen
Tennvatn
Fielloruva
VanligHundholmen
Hundholmen
Hundholmen
StetindTennvatn
Tennvatn
Tennvatn
Nedre Kvartsen
Hundholmen
Hundholmen
Krakrnol.aomannsvik
Hundholmen

25

u..

I~I

~~

Wulfenite

PbMo0 4

Xenotime-(Yb)Xenotime-(Y)YbP0 4
YP0 4

Chernovite-(Y)Monazite-(Ce)YAs0 4(Ce,La,Nd,Th)P04

Gasparite-(Ce)Beroslaclte
Hidalqoite
Beudantite or
seonitlte
Arsenocrandallite
Apatite-(CaF)(Ce,REE)As0 4
CaBe[OHIAs0 41
PbAI 3[(OH)6IS04IAs0 41
PbFe3[(OH)6IS04IAs041 or
PbFe3[(OH, H,O)RI(As0 4hl(Ca,Sr)Ab[(OH)sl(As0 4'p04h] . H2O
Cas[F!(P04hl

Tennvatn
Flellqruva
Hakonhals
Tennvatn
Hundholmen
KrakmoHakonhals
Tennvatn
Tennvatn
Hakonhalsl.aqrnannsvlk
Tennvatn
Tennvatn
Tennvatn
Hundholmen
Tennvatn
Tennvatn
Hundholmen

SvabiteCas[(F,CI,OH)!(As04hl

KrakrnoHellemobotn

Mimetite
Scorodite

Pb s[CI!(As04hl
Fe'" As0 4 . 2H 2O

Tennvatn
Tennvatn
Jennyhaugen

Pharmacosiderite

KFe "' 4[(OH)41(As0 4hl' 6-7H 2O

Jennyhaugen
Tennvatn

Phenakite

Be2[Si041

N. Lapplcegeret
Hakonhals

Almandine
ZirconThoriteTopaz
Iimoriite-(Y)Fe"" 3A12[S i0 4hMn"'+:AbrSi0 4hZr[Si0 41(Th,U)[Si04]
AI2[(F,OHhISi0 41
Y2[C0 31Si041

Asbecasite
Titanite

Ca3(Ti,Sn 4+)Be,[(AsO::lhISi0 4h
CaTi[OISi0 41

Kuliokite-(Y)Tornebohmite-(Ce)IMA 2007-060

Y ~1(SiO.1),(OHhFfi(Ce,LahAI(Si04hOH

Drac
Tennvatn
Frequent
Frequent
Jennvhauqen
0vre
Lapplcegeret
Tennvatn
Tennvatn
KrakrnoKarlsey
Hakonhals
Stetind
StetindLagmannsvik

Brithol ite-(Y)Ca2(Y,Cah[(OH,F)I(Si04,P04hl

Spessartine

Gadolinite-(Y)26(Ce,Ln ,Ca)g(AI,Feo+)(Si0 4h[Si03(OH)]4(OHh

Y 2Fe"'+ Be2[OISi0 4h

Hundholmen
0vre
Lapplcegeret
StetindLagmannsvik
KrakmoHundholmen
Lagmannsvik

SEM-EDS (UK-6,
Ellingsen et al. 2000)
XRD, SEM-EDS
SEM-EDS
Ellingsen et al. 1995
Vogt 1911
XRD
SEM-EDS
Ellinasen et al. 1995
Ellingsen et al. 1995
XRD
XRD
XRD, SEM-EDS
Raade et al. 2006
XRD, SEM-EDS
XRD, SEM-EDS
XRD, SEM-EDS
Ellingsen et al. 1995
Callum Hetherington
pers. comm. 2008
XRD
Neumann 1985, p
124
Ellinasen et al. 2000
Ellinqsen et al. 2000
Neumann 1995, pp
124-125
Neumann 1985, p
126
Ellinosen et al. 2000
Eldjarn 1978
XRD (Stein Rervlk
pers . comm . 2008)
Dittrich 1980
Ellinqsen et al. 1995
SEM-EDS
VisualXRD (Stein Rervlk,
pers. comm . 2001)
Elllnosen et al. 1995
XRD, SEM-EDS
Vis.
Vis.
SEM-EDS
XRD, SEM-EDS
XRD, SEM-EDS
Gunnar Raade pers.
comm.1990
XRD
XRD, SEM-EDS
Alf O. Larsen pers .
comm.1990
SEM-EDS
XRD
Vogt 1911
Visualr
Hingganite-(Y)(Y,Yb,Er)Be[OHISi0 4]

Hundholmenite-(Y)(Y,REE,Ca.Na)1S(AI,Fe"")CaxAs"" 1-xs(Si,As +)Si6B3(O,F)48 (x 0.78).

Uranophane

Uranophane-13

Ca(U02MHSi04h . 5H20
Ca(U0 2MHSi0 4h . 5H20

Boltwoodite
Kasolite
Keiviitt-(Y)Keiviitt-(Yb)Yttrialite-(Y)Rowlandite-(Y)(K,Na)(U0 2)rHSi041. 0.5H20
Pb(U02)[Si041 . H20
Y,Yb' 2 Sb07
Yb,Y 2Si20 7
Y,Th '2Si207(Y,Fe3+,Ceh[OI(F ,OH)ISi207]

Hundholmen
Tennvatn
Stetind
Stetind
Stetind
Stetind
0vre

Bertrandite

Be4[(OHhISi207]

Epidote{Ca2}{AI2FeL"}[OIOHISi04ISi207]

Hundholmen
JennyhaugenN. Laopleeoeret
Hundholmen

Allanite-(Y)-{CaY}{AI2 Fe"-}[OIOHISi04ISi207]

Hundholmen{CaCe}{AI2FeL+HOIOHISi04ISi2071

Frequent
Drag=

Tennvatn
Hundholmen
Hundholmen
Lagmannsvik
Stetind0vre

Ellingsen et al. 1995
XRD, SEM-EDS
Raade et al. 2007
Raade et al. 2007
Raade et al. 2007

Laoplseoeret
Hakonhals

XRD, SEM-EDS
NHM
XRD
NHM
Eldjarn 1988
SEM-EDS
XRD, SEM-EDS
SEM-EDS
XRD, SEM-EDS
XRD, SEM-EDS

Stetind
Hakonhaisl.appleeqeret

Allanite-(Ce)Pumpellyite

Ca2(Fe' +,Feo+,Mg,Mn)AI2[(OH,OhISi04ISh07] 'H20

Thalenite-f'r')

Y3Si 3010(OH)Kainosite-(Y)Ca2(Y,CehSi 4012C03 . H20

Beryl

Be3AI2Sie016

Vyuntspakhkite-(Y)Y~13Si50 1 8 (OH)5

Hundholmen
Lagmannsvik
Stetind0vre
Laoolesceret
Frequent in"vttrof uorite"
Drag
Tennvatn
Hundholmen
Stetind
Hakonhals

Schorl[Na][FeL\][Ala][(OHhIOHI(B03hISia016]

Milarite

K2Ca~1 2Be4Si240ao . H20"Pyroxene""Hornblende"[Ca2][(Mg,Fe'" )~I][(OH hIAISi70 22]?

Bavenite

Ca4Be2AI2Sig02a(OHhMuscovite
AnniteMontmorillonite

KAI2r(OH), IAISi30 ,nl
KFe"\ [(OHh IAISh010(Na,Ca)O.33(AI,MQhSi4010(OH h . nH20

Stetind0vre
Lapplcegeret
Tennvatn,
Hellemobotn,
Hundholmen

XRD, SEM-EDS
XRD,SEM-EDS
XRD
XRD
CallumHetherington, pers.
comm 2006
CallumHetherington, pers.
comm 2006
e.o. VOQt 1922
NHM
Vogt 1922
SEM-EDS
XRD, SEM-EDS
XRD (Stein Rervik,
oers. comm. 2001)
XRD, SEM-EDS
Dittrich 1980
Ellingsen et al. 1995
XRD
NHM
VisualXRD, SEM-EDS

SEM-EDS
Ellingsen et al. 1995
VisualKnut Eldjarn pers.
comm.2008
N. Lapplcegeret Raade 1966
Erlinggruva
SEM-EDS
Hellemobotn
NHM"Veten, Tysfjord " XRD
Tennvatn
VisualHundholmen
Eldjarn 1978
N. Lapplcegeret Neumann 1985, p
199
Rock-forming
Rock-formino
N. Laooleeceret NHM

27

III

(Mg ,Fe",T)sAI[(OH)8IAISi30 10]
AI2Si2OS(OH)4
Fe'" 2Si20 S(OH)4 . 2H 2O
K[AISi 30 8]

Frequent
Hellemobotn
DragRock-forming

Na[AISi 30 8]

Rock-forming

Laumontite
Heulandite-Ca

CaAI 2Si401? ·4H 2O(Ca,Nah-3AI3(AI,SihSi1 3036' 12H 2O

Hundholmen
Tennvatn

Stilbite-Ca

NaCa4[AlgSi27072] . nH 20

Tennvatn

Chabazite-Na(Na2,K2,Ca,Sr,Mgh[AI2Si40d2 . 12H 2O

Hakonhais
Hundholmen

Chabazite-K(K2,Ca,Na2,Sr,Mgh[AI2Si4012h . 12H 2O

Hundholmen

Chabazite-Ca(Ca ,Na2,K2,Sr,Mqh[AI2Si4012h ' 12H 2O

Hakonhals

Clinochlore
Hallovsite

Hisinqerite
Microcline

XRD
NHM
Neumann 1959

Amazonite
AlbiteCleavelandite
NHM
Ellingsen et al. 1995
+SEM-EDS
Ellingsen et al. 1995
+ SEM-EDS
NHM
Knut Eldjarn pers.
comm.2008
Knut Eldjarn pers .
comm.2008
NHM

XRD: data collected by the author, Debye-Scherrer 9 cm camera, NHM (Naturhistorisk
Museum, Oslo)SEM-EDS: data collected by the author, SEM-EDS, University of Trornse
NHM: identifications made at NHM (Hans-Jerqen Berg, pers. comm. 2008)
EMP: electron microprobe, NHM

I" .
o28