Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 21(2–3): 89–110 (2014)

THE IMPERATIVE OF HEAT TRANSFERENHANCEMENT WHEREVER THERE IS ATEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE: THE LIFE AND
LEGACY OF PROFESSOR ARTHUR E.
BERGLES
Raj M. Manglik
Thermal-Fluids & Thermal Processing Laboratory, College of Engineering andApplied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0072, Email:Raj.Manglik@uc.edu
The heightened significance of enhanced heat transfer, and the application of the different techniquesthat have been devised to achieve augmented performance, is perhaps unequivocally underscored by
the crisis reflected in the current energy-water nexus debate. The need for energy and water conservation urgently requires integration of high-performance heat exchangers across the entire spectrum ofengineering applications: from large-scale exchangers in the power and process industry to microscale
devices in microelectronics and biomedical systems. Professor Arthur E. Bergles, or Art, as he wasaffectionately known to his multitude of friends worldwide, was a pioneer of this field and perhaps its
most passionate advocate. Art’s passing on March 17, 2014 has left an irreplaceable void. His verylarge body of trailblazing contributions to heat transfer and its enhancement epitomizes, in many different ways, his life and times. Art’s life (1935–2014) and professional journey are celebrated in thisessay because they are not only inspirational but also instructive in suggesting possible energy-water
conservation pathways in the times to come.

KEY WORDS: enhanced heat and mass transfer, passive techniques, active techniques,compound techniques, biography, literature survey
1. PROLOGUE

It was a cool, crisp autumn day in 1987 in Troy, New York, on the hilltop campus ofRensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) overlooking the ponderously flowing Hudson.
The late-evening sun reflected the red, orange, and brown of meditative maples, interspersed with the green of pensive pines, in the murky river waters as a glistening
interjection. In the Heat Transfer Laboratory (HTL) inside the engineering buildingon the hill, a group of graduate students and researchers was punctiliously tending tomany different experiments that were churning out new data. An evaporating refrigerant was revealing new enhancement vistas as it flowed inside microfinned tubes atdifferent vapor qualities. The dancing swirl patterns of multiple counter-rotating vortices, generated in the helical partitioned pathways of tubes fitted with twisted-tapeinserts, were producing very high heat transfer coefficients in viscous liquid flows.
In another corner, the controlled flow boiling with burnout in millimeter-sized tubing

1065-5131/14/$35.00

c 2014 by Begell House, Inc.

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was laboring to find the upper limits of ultra-high heat flux dissipation. The staggered
electrically heated tube banks in a shell chamber stood in another corner, puzzlingover the question of heat transfer efficacy with increasing void fraction in flow boilingover their surfaces. A tiny simulated microchip surveyed all this activity from an elevated benchtop chamber as it ebulliently tried to set burnout limits by boiling a poolof dielectric liquid. The excitement among the young researchers was palpable andinfectious.
The whirring, clanking, murmuring, and clicking of motors, pumps, digital gauges,
and computerized data loggers provided a mechanized symphonic backdrop to theconversation. The animated discourse centered on the idea of designing a mascot
and logo for the laboratory. Obviously the applications of enhanced heat transfer andtheir historical antecedents were the focus of discussions in the effort to come up with
an image that would signify both the importance and the long-term relevance of the
field. Artifacts of the late-nineteenth century and the groundbreaking experiments
conducted by J. P. Joule (1861) and J. M. Whitham (1896), or the theoretical constructs of R. Gregorig (1954), were considered. In the first case, structured roughness
in the form of a wire wrap over a cold-water-flow tube was found to enhance steam
condensation. The use of a twisted-tape insert in the flue-gas tubes of a “fire-tube”
boiler, in the second case, was found to improve the fuel consumption and performance of a steam locomotive. In the third case, a theoretical model was proposed forcondensate film drainage via surface tension forces from a profiled fin.
Having the privileged insight that came from managing the enhancement bibliography, first at Iowa State University (ISU) and then after its migration to RPI, I interjected with the stegosaurus plates cooling story and how perhaps the plates served as
fins (Farlow et al., 1976). Voilà! Thus the finned Steggy was chosen to be the mascot
logo of the HTL with the motto “Wherever there is a ∆t . . .” as depicted in Fig. 1.1 The
implication was that heat transfer enhancement, represented by the fin-like stegosaurus
plates, has a role in any natural or engineered temperature-difference-driven thermal
situation (Manglik and Bergles, 2004; Manglik and Kraus, 1996).
The plates arrayed on the arched back of the stegosaurus (Fig. 1) have long been
considered to serve a thermoregulatory function by acting as fins and allowing forced
convection heat transfer from their surface and from the blood flowing through them
(Farlow et al., 1976). That these plates have an extensive vascular network has beenshown in recent studies (Farlow et al., 2010; Hayashi et al., 2012). Using X-ray
tomography and petrographic sectioning, many large openings and vestibules, whichbranch off in multiple pipe-like channels, have been found inside the bony fossils.
This suggests an elaborate circulatory system to facilitate blood cooling/warming andthermoregulation. Moreover, the plates are set in a slightly offset or staggered manner,
1 The lowercase t, instead of the more common uppercase T, was used to denote temperature because it
was suggested that using ∆T might clash with Greek letters already been used for college fraternities andsororities; we, of course, did not wish to go through the lengthy exercise of exploring this and settled onusing the lowercase t.

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FIG. 1: Mascot and logo for the Heat Transfer Laboratory at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute;devised and commissioned 1987–1988.

which is desirable in high-performance heat exchangers (Manglik and Bergles, 1995),
and they have the preferred triangular profile of high-efficiency fins (Kreith et al.,2011). All this gives much credence to the claim of “first-known” usage of enhanced
heat transfer, and so the stegosaurus is an appropriate mascot for this field.
While nature has had numerous manifestations in its evolution that represent enhanced heat and/or mass transfer, it is the engineered or technologically devised history that has grown into an extremely important science (Bergles, 1999; Bergles andManglik, 2013). The effort to document and categorize the work of this field began
in the early 1960s and was pioneered by Art Bergles at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (MIT) (Bergles and Morton, 1965). Over the next two decades, the worldwide literature on heat/mass transfer enhancement (also referred to as augmentation
or intensification) was compiled, with hard copies filed in an elaborate library, and thefirst comprehensive bibliography of 3,045 citations in a computerized catalogue waspublished in 1983 (Bergles et al., 1983). This effort journeyed with Art as he moved
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1983 report. The literature cataloging was carried out using a taxonomy developed by
Art to classify the techniques that intentionally “increase ‘normal’ heat transfer coefficients.” Two broad groups were identified: passive techniques and active techniques,with each having multiple functional subclassifications along with various compoundtechniques (Bergles et al., 1983).
The explosive growth in literature in this field in the latter part of the twentiethcentury, as seen in Fig. 2, was driven primarily by rapid developments in large-scaleenergy conversion and nuclear power, although thermal systems for space exploration,
aviation, and electronic devices also played a role. This growth continued until mid1995, when the literature expanded by more than 86% to 5,676 citations (Manglik
and Bergles, 2004). The current generation of steady-state literature is estimated to bearound 400 to 450 papers annually, but this prediction is challenged by the difficulty
in searching and compiling citations despite advancements in digital information retrieval (Manglik et al., 2013). This difficulty stems from the complex nature of theenhancement literature and the associated semantics or key-phrase descriptors that
tend to be diffuse and nonunique. A dedicated digital library with intelligent retrieval
tools that search not only relevant citations but also the associated data and design information is clearly a critical and urgent need. An attempt to address this exigency isa slow work in progress (in need of sponsorship) at the University of Cincinnati (UC),which is the present home of the enhancement bibliography that Art pioneered.

FIG. 2: Historical landmarks in the growth and documentation of the worldwide literature on
enhanced heat and mass transfer. (historical markers are from Gregorig, 1954; Jakob, 1931;
Joule, 1861; Lea, 1921; and Whitham, 1896.

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I had the distinct privilege of joining Art in 1984 at ISU in this journey of documenting and disseminating enhancement literature. Two years later, the bibliographic
library moved to RPI, and several newer updates and reports were published in theensuing years, with some targeting very specific applications (Bergles, 1997; Bergles
et al., 1991; Jensen and Shome, 1994; Jensen et al., 1997; Manglik and Bergles, 2002,
2004, 2013). I inherited the library in 1997–1998, when all of the files were shippedfrom RPI to UC. It has indeed been a cherished acquisition and an exhilarating journey all along, notwithstanding the arduousness of the compiling process (Manglik etal., 2013). This is a lasting legacy handed down by Art and his keenness “to bringorder into this new discipline of heat transfer and reduce some of the entropy generation inherent in heat transfer communications.”2 That he was ahead of his time in his
foresight is self-evident in his remarks almost two decades ago: “We are indeed facinga ‘brave new world’ in communicating heat transfer results. The internet will makeavailable more data than any other technology . . . an information overload that is notalleviated by the computer.”
The overload of paper generation is compounded by the prophetic observation Art
frequently made (Manglik et al., 2010): “Everybody has time to write, but nobody hastime to read.” The growing emphasis on citations and other quantitative assessments ofwhat now passes as “scholarship” has created new, but operose challenges for assessing and compiling the literature. Hopefully these are generational challenges that willpass and workable solutions will be achieved. The past is surely relevant, insightful,and foundational, and the present must learn from and build on it.
2. THE JOURNEY

It all began in New York City in the home of an Austrian immigrant couple, Edward
and Victoria Bergles, when Art was born on August 9, 1935. Not long thereafter thefamily moved some 100 miles north to Rhinebeck, New York, where Edward, a selftaught engineer, completed the building of a hydroelectric power plant in 1938 on his
farmland. The plant produced 25 kW of power and, with help from Art, operated
almost continuously for the next 47 years. Evidently Art cultivated his interest in engineering, and energy conversion in particular, at a very early age (the photo in Fig. 3
endearingly captures this intimate association). His formal schooling began in a oneroom schoolhouse, as was the norm at that time (Zimmerman, 2014), and continued
in the Rhinebeck Central School System, where he graduated as valedictorian and became an eagle scout. In 1953, he entered Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)where he would receive a combined SB and SM (1958) and a Ph.D. (1962) in mechanical engineering. An intervening year (1958–1959) was spent as a Fulbright Scholar at
the Technische Universität München (TUM) in Munich, Germany. Engineers Rudolf
Diesel and Ludwig Prandtl, chemist Ernst Otto Fischer, physicist Heinrich Hertz, and2 See interviews with Art by the Late William Begell published in Heat Transfer Engineering 1983;4(3-4):10-12, 141-143; and in Manglik RM, Kraus AD. Process, Enhanced and Multiphase Heat Transfer.
New York (NY): Begell House, 1996.

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Mangliknovelist Thomas Mann, were a few of TUM’s many famous alumni. Art was a visiting
graduate student of the illustrious Professor Ernst Schmidt. TUM was then known as
Technische Hochschule.

FIG. 3: An engineer in the making: Art as a very young boy on a tractor with his father,
Edward, when the family hydroelectric plant was being built.

Art’s undergraduate years (1953–1958) at MIT and the time spent assimilating fundamental engineering concepts and resolving associated problems with the ubiquitous
tool of that period, the slide rule (Fig. 4a), were interspersed with rowing practice andregattas as a member of MIT varsity heavyweight crew (Fig. 4b). His doctoral studies
in and dissertation on two-phase flow and heat transfer began at MIT with Professor
Joseph Kaye. His project was on the cooling of high-field magnets, which was partof the solid-state research being conducted at the MIT National Magnet Laboratory.
Unfortunately, Professor Kaye passed away in the early stages of Art’s doctoral work.
At this rather unsettling juncture, Professor Warren Rohsenow became his mentor andhis research then focused on boiling heat transfer.
While at MIT, Art met his future wife, Priscilla (Penny) Maule, who was also working at the National Magnet Laboratory. He and Penny married in 1960, and two years
later Art graduated from MIT with his doctoral degree (Fig. 5) and set off on a remarkable journey charting exemplar and unique pathways of contributions to science,engineering, education, and professional service. Art and Penny celebrated their 50th
anniversary on June 19, 2010: a joyous occasion for a family of two sons (Eric and
Dwight), their spouses, and five grandchildren!
Art began his professional academic career at MIT in 1962, first as a research staff
member at the National Magnet Laboratory and then, beginning in 1963, as faculty
in mechanical engineering and as the Ford Assistant Professor. He was also associate
director of the Heat Transfer Laboratory and chairman of the Engineering Projects

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(a)

(b)

FIG. 4: Art’s undergraduate years at MIT: (a) at his desk tackling engineering problems and(b) as a member of the varsity heavyweight crew (standing extreme right with sunglasses).

Laboratory. After a seven-year stint at MIT, he moved to Georgia Tech as a professor in 1969. He moved again in 1972 to become the chair of mechanical engineering
at ISU, where he was later named Anson-Marston Distinguished Professor of Engineering in 1981. He stepped down as chair in 1983, but continued to direct the Heat
Transfer Laboratory at ISU until his next move in 1986 to RPI. There he was appointed

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Clark and Crossan Professor of Engineering and later served as dean of engineering(1989–1992). Ill health forced Art to retire from RPI in 1997. In 1996, he had beencelebrated with a Festschrift (Manglik and Kraus, 1996) and a two-day symposium
held at Georgia Tech to celebrate his career and contributions.

FIG. 5: Art Bergles with his wife Penny and his mother Victoria at his MIT doctoral commencement in 1962.

Art was also a visiting professor at the University of Hannover, the Danish Technical University (twice), and the Technical University of Munich, as well as an academic
guest at Lodz Technical University in Lodz, Poland. Even in retirement, he continued
to engage extensively with various educational and research appointments: Clark andCrossan Professor of Engineering Emeritus (RPI), Glenn L. Martin Institute Professor
of Engineering (University of Maryland), and senior lecturer in mechanical engineering (MIT). The MIT appointment, of course, brought him full circle to the institution
where his academic career had begun.
To say that Art’s research spanned the field of convective, two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer would be inadequate. It was multifaceted and multidisciplinary and

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addressed a variety of engineering systems and all modes of heat transfer. Much of his
work involved careful experimentation and theoretical modeling, sometimes coupledwith computational simulations, which were invariably conducted in the context ofpractical applications. He would assiduously stress the importance of rigorous experimentation, which he found “necessary to resolve complex problems” (Bergles, 1990),
and the critical need to translate research results in order to address “the necessity tosolve practical problems” (Manglik and Kraus, 1996).
Art had a unique ability to deduce and extract the physics of a process from its
experimental data and scale it into correlations that provided insights that other researchers could use to advance not only further investigations but also as practicaldesign tools. He was one of the few very early investigators of, and an ardent advocate for, improved microelectronics cooling (Bergles, 1986). Art’s foresight in thisfield was remarkable, as it is now unequivocally recognized that many of the electronic
devices and computers we take for granted would be inoperable without effective cooling. He carried out wide-ranging investigations in boiling, condensation, and laminarand turbulent single-phase flows that addressed both fundamental issues and applied
problems. This research was anchored by a strong interest in the antecedents of engineered devices, seen in the several papers on the history of heat transfer he authoredor co-authored (Bergles, 1981, 1986; Kandlikar, 1996; Manglik and Jog, 2009).
The thermal science and engineering field that is perhaps synonymous with “Art
Bergles” is heat transfer enhancement (also referred to as augmentation or intensification). Not only was Art pivotal in enunciating the field’s research imperative andadvocating widespread adoption of the technology; he also contributed extensively
with seminal and groundbreaking research. He devised an insightful taxonomy forthe classification of different enhancement techniques and devices (Fig. 6) that continues to be used, developed thermal-hydrodynamic performance evaluation and optimization methods for these techniques (Bergles and Morton, 1965; Bergles et al.,
1974; Marner et al., 1983), and produced the very first large-scale review of worldwide heat transfer enhancement literature with a computerized bibliography (Bergles
et al., 1983). His pioneering effort led to the use of enhancement technologies in wideranging applications: power boilers and condensers, heat exchangers and reactors forthermal processing of chemical media and biomaterials, evaporators and condensers
for HVAC systems, microscale heat sinks and microelectronic cooling systems, aircraft and space-based recuperators and cooling systems, and biomedical devices. This
is to name just a few.
It would be apt to say that Art spearheaded a generational evolution of the field:
from its origins and exponential growth in the 1960–1970s of what he termed secondgeneration heat transfer technology (Webb and Bergles, 1983) to current frontiers inthird- and fourth-generation heat transfer technology (Bergles, 1999, 2002). He undeniably defined and set a trailblazing standard for the science and art of enhanced heattransfer.
The large body of work on heat transfer that Art published, which includes numerous extended review papers, also reflects his strong belief in providing direction

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FIG. 6: Art with an array of enhancement devices in his office at the Heat Transfer Laboratory
at Iowa State.

to and encouraging younger colleagues and in ensuring a meaningful future of heattransfer education and research. To advance this, in 2003 he and the late professor Warren Rohsenow (MIT) very generously endowed and established the annual
Bergles-Rohsenow Young Investigator in Heat Transfer Award, administered by theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), which has been given to dateto 10 outstanding young professors. Moreover, in 1997 Art and Penny endowed the
Bergles Professorship in Thermal Science in the mechanical engineering department
at ISU to attract and retain an outstanding senior faculty.
This shared commitment to scholarship and research, with gifts from friends, faculty, colleagues, and corporations, led to the endowment of the Dr. Arthur E. Bergles
Scholarship at RPI in 1996 on the occasion of his retirement. Art’s passion for education and fostering the careers of young scientists is eminently reflected in the fact that
he was advisor for 82 thesis students and also volunteered his time on numerous fel-

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lowship and award selection committees. His research with students and colleagues
resulted in more than 400 papers, 26 books and monographs, and over 400 invitedlectures around the world.
Professor Bergles was a lifelong educator, and his entire career was in universities (MIT, Georgia Tech, ISU, TUM Germany, RPI, and the University of Maryland).
Learning was central to his engagement with students, not just in the classroom but
in research as well. In graduate research, his supervision always balanced the needto educate with meeting the demands of the project. He would challenge students toreach for high levels of scholastic achievement, to delve deeper into the physics andscaling of the process or phenomenon under study, and, at the same time, to engage indiscussion in order to grow professionally.
Art’s educational approach extended into the numerous courses, both undergraduate
and graduate, that he taught (Fig. 7). His lectures were always well prepared with clear
explanations of major concepts, and his classroom served as a canvas for articulating
his keen desire to educate and nurture professionally. One of the first courses offeredat RPI on enhanced heat transfer was developed by Art, although most of the othercourses he taught invariably included some discussion of this field.
Art’s commitment to education extended far beyond the classroom through themany short courses (more than 50) that he conducted for industry practitioners andprofessional societies. His presentations always emphasized the applied aspects offundamental research and the transfer of laboratory findings and technology development to industry applications. In fact, he persistently encouraged frequent interaction
between researchers and universities on the one hand and designers, practicing engineers, and industrial organizations on the other.
That Art Bergles was acknowledged as the world’s leading expert in thermal sciences is amply evident in the exceptional collection of honors, awards, and felicitations that marked his distinguished career. Art was a member of the U.S. National
Academy of Engineers (NAE, 1992), the Polish Society of Theoretical and Applied
Mechanics (1987), the Union of Mechanical and Electrical Engineers and Techniciansof Yugoslavia (1993), the U.K. Royal Academy of Engineering (2000), the Academyof Sciences and Arts of Slovenia (2001), and the Italian National Academy of Sciences(2003). He was a fellow of ASME, AAAS, AIChE, ASEE, and ASHRAE and an
associate fellow of AIAA. Also, he was awarded four honorary professorships (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1997; Technical University of Denmark, 1998; Beijing
Polytechnic University, 2001; and St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 2008).
He received honorary doctorates from the University of Porto, Portugal (1998), Rand
Afrikaans University, South Africa (1999), and Sapienza–Università di Roma, Italy(2009).
Art received all of the major awards in heat transfer, including the ASME Heat
Transfer Memorial Award, the AIChE D. Q. Kern Award, the ASME-AIChE Max
Jakob Award, the ICHMT Luikov Medal, the Nusselt-Reynolds Prize, the ITherm
Achievement Award, the ASHRAE F. Paul Anderson Medal and Holladay Distinguished Fellow Award, and the International SFT Award given by the French Thermal

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FIG. 7: Art Bergles lecturing in the classroom: (a) at West Point and (b) in his last class at
RPI in 1996.

Society. There were many others: for excellence in engineering education, he received
the SAE Ralph R. Teetor Education Award, the Benjamin Garver Lamme Medal, and
the ASEE Centennial Certificate and Medallion.
Underscoring the very high esteem of his many friends and colleagues, Art was

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101fêted many times on his birthday (Jensen et al., 1996; Manglik, 2001; Manglik et al.,2010, 2006) and for his extensive professional contributions. A particularly joyous
occasion was his 75th birthday (2010; see Fig. 8), celebrated in Washington, D.C.,
during the 14th International Heat Transfer Conference.

FIG. 8: At the 75th birthday celebration during the 14th International Heat Transfer Conference in Washington, D.C., in 2010.

Not only did Art passionately pursue education and research, he also gave back extensively and unconditionally to the community by being very active in professionalorganizations. He was named a life member of ASEE and ASHRAE and 50-yearmember of ASME. Other achievements and recognitions included election as president of ASME (1990–1991) (Fig. 9) and as an honorary member—the latter being
the society’s highest recognition; winner of the ASME Medal (2000); member of the
ASME board of governors; and winner of both the ASME Heat Transfer Division’s
50th Anniversary Award (1988) and its 75th Anniversary Award (2013). He was amember of the Visiting Committee in Mechanical Engineering at the University of
Maryland and of the Engineering Advisory Committee at the University of Connecticut, chair of numerous committees in ASME, AIChE, ASHRAE, ASEE, ICHMT, andthe National Science Foundation, and editor or editorial board member of virtually allof the prominent archival journals in heat transfer and thermal science engineering.
Even in retirement, Art continued to give his time and energy to professional service: chair of the Leadership Development Intern Subcommittee for the Committeeof ASME Past Presidents; chair of the Executive Committee of the International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer; member of both the ASHRAE Honors and Awards
Committee and the ASME Committee on Honors; chair of and AIChE representative
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FIG. 9: Penny and Art Bergles at Art’s investiture as president of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers in 1990.

Mechanical Engineering Section of NAE; and member of the NRC panel to selectFord Doctoral Fellows—again, these are but a few from an extensive list of activities.
Art also served on the board of directors of the MIT Club of Cape Cod for four years,
co-chaired the MIT Class of 1957 50th Reunion Committee, and was elected classpresident. He was also president of the Osterville, Mass., Rotary Club in 2010–2011.
Given the exhaustive list of Art’s professional involvements, it is not surprisingthat he availed himself of only two sabbaticals in his entire career. The first was inGermany in 1979, where he worked with Professor Franz Mayinger at the Institut fürVerfahrenstechnik of the University of Hanover; he was joined there by his family forsome time (Fig. 10). This visit renewed an association that had begun 21 years earlier
when Art was at TUM as a Fulbright Scholar and Professor Mayinger was completing
his dissertation under the supervision of Professor Schmidit. The second sabbatical
was a “terminal” one prior to his retirement in 1997 from RPI. This time he again
worked with Professor Mayinger and, as predestination would have it, at TUM, where
their long friendship had begun. Needless to say, this visit was a fitting culmination toan association with TUM, which had begun in 1958–1959 during Art’s early graduate
study.
Of course, retirement did not put a damper on his global travels. The following
years were crowded with visits to Denmark, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, andSwitzerland. Art was certainly an enthusiastic globetrotter and thoroughly enjoyedhis varied cultural experiences (Fig. 11). It would not be hyperbole to say that there ishardly any region of our globe (from the North-South to the East-West geographicalquadrants) where he had not traveled. Moreover, even with this whirlwind schedule

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Art would invariably find “spare time” to golf and enjoy driving his vintage Corvette,
as well to enjoy his shared interests with Penny in swimming, snorkeling, skiing,
gardening, and traveling!

FIG. 10: Art with his family on sabbatical in Germany in 1979 (left to right: Eric, Penny,
Dwight, and Art).

Alas, the journey that wove in its path to all corners of the world — a spectacularlycolorful tapestry of scientific contributions, student mentoring, technological leadership, professional service and giving, community engagements, and lasting friendships — came to its final destination. It was an uncommon journey, where there wereno “stops” but only destinations of continuous collaborations for advancing the scienceand engineering of heat transfer, nurturing and promoting engineering education, andexpanding engineering practice. Art made his journey with exemplary resoluteness toovercome seemingly overwhelming challenges — from the passing of his initial dissertation advisor in the early years of his doctoral studies at MIT to ill health in later
years at RPI and post-retirement. He was always in the midst of change, which hesought, embraced, and engaged in the vicissitudes with remarkable alacrity.
Sadly, on March 17, 2014, Art passed away after an extended but tenacious battle with a malignant brain tumor. More than a decade ago, while equating his life’s
journey with the art of riding a bicycle, he commented, “If you do not keep pedaling,
you will fall.” He surely pedaled far over many, many miles in a truly exceptional andinspirational journey. RIP Arthur E. Bergles!
3. EPILOGUE

The idea that our world is and should be one interconnected community was profoundly exemplified by Art. He was resolutely committed to international cooperation

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FIG. 11: Avid global wayfarer: (a) Art on a camel by a pyramid and (b) with Penny at theGreat Wall of China.

and, in early 1979 was appointed by President Carter to head the U.S. team participating in a heat and mass transfer program under the auspices of the USA/USSR Agreement in Science and Technology (S&T). After groundbreaking meetings in Moscow
and Minsk to define the protocol for collaboration, the first ever research cooperation

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agreement was signed (Fig. 12). The political events later that year, and the ensuing escalation of the Cold War saw a changed world: the S&T agreement expiredin 1982 and was not renewed; however, informal contact continued via the International Heat Transfer Conference and later through the International Center for Heatand Mass Transfer (ICHMT; then headquartered in Belgrade and Dubrovnik). Even
with the breakup of Yugoslavia, when ICHMT moved to Turkey, this cooperation continued. Moreover, Art’s international collaborations extended to France, the United
Kingdom, Japan, India, South Africa, China, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Poland,
Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ukraine, Denmark, Switzerland, and other countries.
As the late Bill Begell3 remarked while interviewing Art in 1983 (Manglik and Kraus,
1996), “Every time I telephone, your secretary says, ‘Professor Bergles is out of town
and will not be back until next Monday.’” The need for greater global cooperative engagement is perhaps even more warranted today than ever before in our conflict-ridden
world.

FIG. 12: Art (at right) with his Soviet counterpart signing the USA/USSR Cooperative Agreement in Heat and Mass Transfer in 1979.

The major part of Art’s national and international involvement was devoted to the
expansion of both fundamental research and technology transfer in enhanced heat andmass transfer. He presented over 400 invited lectures and seminars and conducted
countless short courses across the world to disseminate state-of-the-art research aswell as industry applications. A frequent collaborator in the latter endeavor was thelate professor Ralph L. Webb (Fig. 13). This partnership, which began during the
3 William Begell (1927–2009) was the founding publisher (1991) of Begell House, Inc., which now pub-lishes the Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer among many other science and engineering journals, monographs, books, handbooks, and the Begell Digital Library.

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compilation of the first large-scale bibliography of literature (Bergles et al., 1983) andpatents (Webb et al., 1983), continued with the launch of the Journal of Enhanced
Heat Transfer in 1993–1994, of which Ralph was the founding editor-in-chief and Art
was the founding advisory editor. With Ralph’s passing in 2011, I was privileged toinherit his role (Manglik et al., 2011). The Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer is thefirst scholarly publication solely dedicated to both fundamental research and appliedadvancements in high-performance heat exchange processes, devices, and systems.
Now in its 21st year, it continues to thrive as the field’s primary scholarly archive.

FIG. 13: With the late professor Ralph L. Webb (1934–2011) at an ASME short course.

In an insightful reflection on the past and the contemporary progression in thermalsciences and engineering, Art believed “the future to be bright for heat transfer.” Theessential role of advanced research and engineering in enhanced heat transfer is unquestionably part of the urgency to address global energy and water-energy nexus issues (Bergles, 2012). To emphasize this imperative, Art often paraphrased Coleridge’s
onerous dilemma4 : “Energy and water everywhere, but not a drop . . . ” The conundrum of our energy-centric world today5 does often seems like a metaphorical albatross. Nevertheless, the viability of enhanced heat and mass transfer in addressing the
4 “Day after day, day after day, / We stuck, nor breath nor motion; / As idle as a painted ship /Upon apainted ocean. // Water, water, everywhere, / And all the boards did shrink; / Water, water, everywhere,/Nor any drop to drink.” The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere, in Seven Parts by Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
written in 1797–1798 and published in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads, W. Wordsworth and S. T.
Coleridge, printed for J. & A. Arch [etc.], London, 1798 (also see a later edition published by Duckworth,
London, 1920).
5 See the opening keynote (R.M. Manglik, “A Pathway to Sustainability: The Enduring Relevance ofEnhanced Heat Transfer”) presented at the 2013 ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the 75th
Anniversary Celebrations of Heat Transfer Division, Minneapolis, July 2013.

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engineering challenges of this “energy crisis,” to use the popular idiom of the 1970s,
as a means of providing near-term solutions cannot be overstated. It was to this endeavor to find and champion sustainable solutions that I hitched my own wagon three
decades ago. That this association with Art was not always about research and work
is very much a delightful commentary on his varied interests and talents. There wasclamming near his home on Cape Cod, with a seaside picnic and grilled clams fordinner along with brews of the choicest hops during my family’s visit in the late summer of 1997 (Fig. 14). And there was a splendid spicy Indian dinner in Las Vegas tocelebrate a well-received presentation during the 2003 ASME Summer Heat Transfer
Conference (Fig. 15). Art surely lived a full, fun-filled, and extraordinarily fruitfullife!

FIG. 14: At home on Cape Cod in 1997: (a) Art after a very successful clamming effort and(b) Art and Penny on a picnic with the author and his two children.

In the autumn years, confronted by health troubles, Art would often quip, with acharacteristic twinkle in his eye and a slightly curving smile: “The spirit is willing,
but the flesh is weak or, as my friends in Russia translate it, ‘The Vodka is good,
but the meat is rotten.”’ Still, he was ever optimistic even when he knew that “thewarranty [was] running out” and continued to interact professionally, addressing new
research frontiers for tackling energy, water, and environmental issues, among manyothers. And just as in a relay race, an endeavor’s “warranty” baton passes on to thenext generation. Indeed, Art’s pioneering contributions and legacy endure, with exciting new application landscapes that span the spectrum of the very small thermal
systems (micro- and miniscale heat sinks, miniature exchangers, biomedical implants,

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FIG. 15: The author with Art at the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference in Las Vegas,
July 2003.

etc.) to the very large ones (steam condensers, air coolers, refrigerant heat exchangers, compact recuperators, etc.) that benefit from the enhancement of heat and masstransfer.
REFERENCES
1 Bergles, A.E., Heat in History: Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer, 1756–1981, Heat Transfer Eng.,
vol. 2, no. 3–4, pp. 101–114, 1981.
2 Bergles, A.E., Evolution of Cooling Technology for Electrical, Electronic, and Microelectronic
Equipment, Heat Transfer Eng., vol. 7, no. 3–4, pp. 97–106, 1986.
3 Bergles, A.E., The Role of Experimentation in Thermofluid Sciences, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., vol.
3, no. 1, pp. 2–13, 1990.
4 Bergles, A.E., Enhancement of Pool Boiling, Int. J. Refrig., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 545–551, 1997.
5 Bergles, A.E., Enhanced Heat Transfer: Endless Frontier, or Mature and Routine?, J. Enhanced
Heat Transf., vol. 6, no. 2–4, pp. 79–88, 1999.
6 Bergles, A.E., ExHFT for Fourth Generation Heat Transfer Technology, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci.,
vol. 26, no. 2–4, pp. 335–344, 2002.

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7 Bergles, A.E., Energy and Water Everywhere, but Not a Drop ... , Paper presented at Embry-Riddle
Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, November 7, 2012.
8 Bergles, A.E., and Manglik, R.M., Current Progress and New Developments in Enhanced Heat andMass Transfer, J. Enhanced Heat Transf., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2013.
9 Bergles, A.E., and Morton, H.A., Survey and Evaluation of Techniques to Augment Convective
Heat Transfer, Engineering Projects Laboratory Report HTL 5382–34, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, MA, 1965.
10 Bergles, A.E., Bunn, R.L., and Junkhan, G.H., Extended Performance Evaluation Criteria for Enhanced Heat Transfer Surfaces, Letters Heat Mass Transf., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 113–120, 1974.
11 Bergles, A.E., Jensen, M.K., Somerscales, E.F.C., and Manglik, R.M., Literature Review of Heat
Transfer Enhancement Technology for Heat Exchangers in Gas-Fired Applications, Report No. GRI
91-0146, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 1991.
12 Bergles, A.E., Nirmalan, V., Junkhan, G.H., and Webb, R.L., Bibliography on Augmentation ofConvective Heat and Mass Transfer – II, Heat Transfer Laboratory Report No. HTL-31, ISU-ERIAmes-84221, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 1983.
13 Farlow, J. O., Hayashi, S., and Tattersall, G.J., Internal Vascularity of the Dermal Plates of
Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Thyreophora), Swiss J. Geosci., vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 173–185, 2010.
14 Farlow, J. O., Thompson, C.V., and Rosner, D.E., Plates of the Dinosaur Stegosaurus: Forced Convection Heat Loss Fins?, Science, vol. 192, no. 4244, pp. 1123–1125, 1976.
15 Gregorig, R., Hautkondensation an Feingewellten Oberflächen Bei Berücksichtigung Der Oberflächenspannungen, Z Angew. Math. Phys., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 36–49, 1954.
16 Hayashi, S., Carpenter, K., Watabe, M., and McWhinney, L.A., Ontogenetic Histology ofStegosaurus Plates and Spikes, Palaeontology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 145–161, 2012.
17 Jakob, M., and Fritz, W., Versuche Über Den Verdampfungsvorgang (in German), Forsch. auf dem
Geb. des Ingenieurw., vol. 2, no., pp. 435–447, 1931.
18 Jensen, M. K., and Shome, B., Literature Survey on Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques in
Refrigeration Applications, Report No. Ornl/Sub/91-Sl794, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, 1994.
19 Jensen, M.K., Bergles, A.E., and Shome, B., The Literature on Enhancement of Convective Heatand Mass Transfer, J. Enhanced Heat Transf., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 1997.
20 Jensen, M.K., Manglik, R.M., Bar-Cohen, A., Hartnett, J.P., and Minkowycz, W.J., Professor
Arthure E. Bergles on His 60th Birthday, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 2007–2008,
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21 Joule, J.P., On the Surface-Condensation of Steam, Philosophical Trans. Royal Soc., London, vol.
151, pp. 133–160, 1861.
22 Kandlikar, S., Artwork - Review of Research Work Done by Professor Arthur (Art) E. Bergles, inProcess, Enhanced, and Multiphase Heat Transfer, R. M. Manglik, and Kraus, A.D., Eds., pp. 3–33,
Begell House, New York, NY, 1996.
23 Kreith, F., Manglik, R.M., and Bohn, M.S., Principles of Heat Transfer, Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT, 2011.
24 Lea, R. B., Oil-Cooler, Patent No. 1,367,881, United States Patent Office, 1921.
25 Manglik, R.M., A Pioneer, Advocate, and Articulator of the Science and Enginceering of Enhanced
Heat Transfer: Professor Arthur E. Bergles on his 65th Birthday, J. Enhanced Heat Transf., vol. 8,
no. 2, pp. 73–76, 2001.
26 Manglik, R.M., and Bergles, A.E., Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations for the Rectangular

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Offset-Strip-Fin Compact Heat Exchanger, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 171–180,
1995.
27 Manglik, R.M., and Bergles, A.E., Swirl Flow Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop with Twisted-Tape
Inserts, in Advances in Heat Transfer, J.P. Hartnett, Irvine, T.F., Cho, Y.I., and Greene, G.A., Eds.,
vol. 36, pp. 183–266, New York NY: Elsevier, 2003.
28 Manglik, R.M., and Bergles, A.E., Enhanced Heat and Mass Transfer in the New Millennium: A
Review of the 2001 Literature, J. Enhanced Heat Transf., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 87–118, 2004.
29 Manglik, R.M., and Bergles, A.E., Characterization of Twisted-Tape-Induced Helical Swirl Flowsfor Enhancement of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Single-Phase and Two-Phase Flows, J.
Thermal Sci. Eng. Appl., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 021010 (1–12), 2013.
30 Manglik, R.M., and Jog, M.A., Molecular-to-Large-Scale Heat Transfer with Multiphase Interfaces:
Current Status and New Directions, J. Heat Transf., vol. 131, no. 12, pp. 121001(1–11), 2009.
31 Manglik, R. M., and Kraus, A.D., Process, Enhanced and Multiphase Heat Transfer, New York,
NY: Begell House, 1996.
32 Manglik, R. M., Bar-Cohen, A., Jensen, M.K., Ravigururajan, T.S., Salmon, W.C., de Carvalho,
R.D.M., Belden, D.L., and Minkowycz, W.J., In Celebration of the Seventy-Fifth Birthday of Professor Arthur E. Bergles, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 53, no. 21–22, pp. 4341–4342, 2010.
33 Manglik, R. M., Bergles, A.E., Dongaonkar, A.J., and Rajendran, S., Limitations of Compiling the
Global Literature on Enhanced Heat and Mass Transfer, J. Enhanced Heat Transf., vol. 20, no. 1,
pp. 83–92, 2013.
34 Manglik, R.M., Bergles, A.E., Kedzierski, M.A., and Rudy, T.M., In Memoriam: Professor Ralph
L. Webb (1934 – 2011), J. Enhanced Heat Transf., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. i–ii, 2011.
35 Manglik, R.M., Hartnett, J.P., and Minkowycz, W.J., Professor Arthur E. Bergles on His 70th Birthday, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 49, no. 3–4, pp. 447–448, 2006.
36 Marner, W.J., Bergles, A.E., and Chenoweth, J.M., On the Presentation of Performance Data for
Enhanced Tubes Used in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers, J. Heat Transf., vol. 105, pp. 358–365,
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37 Webb, R.L., and Bergles, A.E., Heat Transfer Enhancement: Second Generation Technology, Mech.
Eng., vol. 115, no. 6, pp. 60–67, 1983.
38 Webb, R.L., Bergles, A.E., and Junkhan, G.H., Bibliography of Us Patents on Augmentation ofConvective Heat and Mass Transfer, Heat Transfer Laboratory Report No. HTL-32, ISU-ERI-Ames84257, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 1983.
39 Whitham, J. M., The Effect of Retarders in Fire Tube Boilers, Str. Railway J., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 374,
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40 Zimmerman, J.,Small Wonder: The Little Red Schoolhouse in History and Memory, New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 2014.

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