ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONMARMOLEUM MODULAR SLATE & WALTONFORBO FLOORING SYSTEMSRESILIENT LINOLEUM FLOOR COVERING

Marmoleum Modular Slate
Colour te3725 “Welsh slate”

Marmoleum the most globally used brandof linoleum has been manufactured by
Forbo for more than 150 years. Marmoleum
is produced having low environmental
impacts as a result of the combination ofnatural renewable materials and highrecycle content.
Forbo was the first flooring manufacturer topublish a complete Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) report verified by CML in 2000. In
addition Forbo is now to publish
Environmental Product Declarations (EPD)
for all products including full LCA reports.
This EPD is using all recognized flooring
Product Category Rules and is including
additional information to show the impacts
on human health and eco-toxicity. By
offering the complete story we hope that
our stakeholders will be able to use thisdocument as a tool that will translate theenvironmental performance of Marmoleum
into the true value and benefits to all ourcustomers and stakeholders alike.
For more information visit;www.forbo-flooring.com

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

This declaration is an environmental product declaration (EPD) in accordance with ISO 14025. EPDs rely
on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to provide information on a number of environmental impacts of products
over their life cycle. Exclusions: EPDs do not indicate that any environmental or social performancebenchmarks are met, and there may be impacts that they do not encompass. LCAs do not typically address
the site-specific environmental impacts of raw material extraction, nor are they meant to assess human healthtoxicity. EPDs can complement but cannot replace tools and certifications that are designed to address these impacts
and/or set performance thresholds – e.g. Type 1 certifications, health assessments and declarations, environmental
impact assessments, etc. Accuracy of Results: EPDs regularly rely on estimations of impacts, and the level of accuracy
in estimation of effect differs for any particular product line and reported impact. Comparability: EPDs are notcomparative assertions and are either not comparable or have limited comparability when they cover different life cycle
stages, are based on different product category rules or are missing relevant environmental impacts. EPDs from different
programs may not be comparable.

DECLARATION NUMBERUL Environment
333 Pfingsten Road
Northbrook, IL 60611
Forbo Flooring B.V.
Industrieweg 12
P.O. Box 13
NL-1560 AA Krommenie
4788889576.134.1

DECLARED PRODUCTMarmoleum Modular Slate & Walton 2.5mm Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

PROGRAM OPERATORDECLARATION HOLDERREFERENCE PCRDATE OF ISSUEPERIOD OF VALIDITY

CONTENTS OF THE
DECLARATION

EN 16810: Resilient, Textile and Laminate floor coverings – Environmental productdeclarations – Product category rules
October 1, 2019
5 Years
Product definition and information about building physics
Information about basic material and the material’s origin
Description of the product’s manufacture
Indication of product processing
Information about the in-use conditions
Life cycle assessment results
Testing results and verifications

The PCR review was conducted by:

PCR Review Panel

This declaration was independently verified in accordance with ISO
14025 by Underwriters Laboratories☐ INTERNAL☒ EXTERNAL
Grant R. Martin, UL Environment
This life cycle assessment was independently verified inaccordance with ISO 14044 and the reference PCR by:Thomas P. Gloria, Industrial Ecology Consultants

This EPD conforms with EN 15804

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Product Definition
Product Classification and description
Marmoleum Modular is a resilient floor covering complying with all the requirements of EN-ISO 24011: Specification forplain and decorative linoleum. Marmoleum Modular is made from natural raw materials making it preferable ecologicalfloor covering with a beautiful and colorful design. The key raw materials include linseed oil, which comes from the flax
plant seeds, gum rosin from pine trees, recycled wood waste of wood from controlled forests and limestone.
Linoleum is produced by Forbo Flooring for more than 150 years and ourwell-known brand Marmoleum is sold worldwide. This declaration refers to
Marmoleum Modular tiles of 2.5 mm nominal thickness covering a broad
range of designs and colors :Slate and Walton.
Marmoleum Slate and Walton is build up in 2 layers as illustrated in figure 1.
These two layers form one homogeneous product :Figure 1: Illustration of Marmoleum Modular
1. Surface layer: This layer gives Marmoleum its design and color and is calendared on the polyester backing. After
finishing the product at the trimming department a factory finish is applied to protect the surface layer. Slate is amechanically embossed surface.
2. Backing: The backing is a woven polyester.
The declaration refers to the declared/functional unit of 1m² installed flooring product.
Range of application
Marmoleum is classified in accordance with EN-ISO 24011 to be installed in the following use areas defined in EN–
ISO 10874:

Area of application

Marmoleum tile 2½ mm

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Product Standard
The products considered in this EPD have the following technical specifications:o Meets or exceeds all technical requirements in ASTM F 2195 Standard Specification for Linoleum Floor Tile.
o Meets or exceeds all technical requirements in EN-ISO 24011 Specification for plain and decorative Linoleum.

Marmoleum meets the requirements of EN 14041
EN 13501-1
Reaction to fire
Cfl - s1
EN 13893
Slip resistance
DS: ≥ 0.30
EN 1815
Body voltage< 2 kVEN 12524
Thermal conductivity 0.17 W/mK
Fire Testing :o Class 1 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 648/NFPA 253, Standard Test Method for Critical RadiantFlux.
o Meets 450 or less when tested in accordance with ASTM E 662/NFPA 258, Standard Test Method for Smoke
Density.
o Class C when tested in accordance to ASTM E 84/NFPA 255, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning
Characteristics.
o FSC1-150; SD-160 when tested in accordance to CAN/ULC S102.2, Standard Test Method for Flame Spread
Rating and Smoke Development.
Emission testing :o AgBB requirements following EN ISO 16000-9 Indoor Air Emissions : TVOC at 28 dayso French act Grenelle: A+o Compliant with CHPS 01350 requirements for VOC emissions and indoor air quality.
Accreditation
o
o
o
o
o
o

ISO 9001 Quality Management System and ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
SA 8000 Social Accountability standard
Nordic Ecoproduct (SWAN)
Umwelt zeichen
Der Blaue Engel (Blue Angel)Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Delivery Status
Table 1: Specification of delivered productCharacteristics
Product thickness
Product Weight
Tiles Length x Width

Nominal Value
2.52800
50 x 25 / 50 x 50 / 100 x 25

Unit
mm
g/m2
cm

Material Content
Material Content of the ProductComponent
BinderMaterial
Linseed oil
Gum rosin
Tall oil
Wood flour

FillerPigment
BackingFinishCalcium carbonate
Reused Marmoleum
Titanium dioxide
Various other pigments
Polyester
LacquerTable 2: Composition of Marmoleum Modular
Availability
Bio based crop
Bio based crop
Bio based waste product from paper
Industry
Bio based waste product from woodprocessing
Abundant mineral
Limited mineral
Limited mineral
Fossil limited

Amount [%]20
2
10

OriginUSA/Canada/Europe
Indonesia/China
USA

22

Germany

22
16
2
1
4
1

Germany
Internal
GlobalGlobalEuropeNetherlands

Production of Main Materials
Linseed oil : Linseed oil is obtained by pressing the seeds of the flax plant. After filtering a clear golden yellow liquidremains.
Gum rosin : Rosin is obtained by wounding pine trees. The crude gum is collected and is separated into turpentine
and rosin by distillation.
Tall oil : Tall oil is a post-industrial waste product coming from the paper industry and is consisting of vegetable oil androsin.
Wood flour : Postindustrial bio based soft wood waste from the wood industry, which is milled into flour.
Calcium carbonate : An abundant mineral found in all parts of the world as the chief substance in rocks (i.e., marble
and limestone). It can be ground to varying particle sizes and is widely used as filler.
Reused Marmoleum : Waste material coming from the Marmoleum production which is reused.
Titanium dioxide : A white pigment produced from the mineral rutile, a naturally occurring form of titanium dioxide.
The production of the pigment is a large-scale chemical process
Various other pigments : The vast majority of the used color pigments are iron oxide based.
Polyester : Polyester fibers woven into a fabric which is used as a substrate.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Lacquer : The factory applied lacquer – Topshield 2 – is a waterborne UV cured double layer factory coating –acrylate hybrid dispersion.

Production of the Floor Covering

Figure 2: Illustration of the Production process

Marmoleum Modular tile is produced in several stages starting with the oxidation of linseed oil mixed with tall oil androsin. With the influence of oxygen from the atmosphere a tough sticky material is obtained called linoleum cement.
The linoleum cement is stored in containers for a few days for further reaction and after this it is mixed with wood flour,
calcium carbonate, reused waste (if applicable), titanium dioxide and pigments. This mixture is calendared on apolyester substrate and stored in drying rooms, to cure till the required hardness is reached. After approximately 14
days the material is taken out from the drying room to the trimming department where the factory finish is applied on
the surface of the product and the end inspection is done. Finally the edges are trimmed and the sheet is cut to length
into tiles. The trimmings and the rejected product are reused.
Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects during ProductionoISO 14001 Environmental Management Systemo

OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systemso

SA 8000 Social Accountability standard

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Production Waste
Rejected material and the cuttings of the trimming stage are being reused in the manufacturing process.
Packaging materials are being collected separately and externally recycled.

Delivery and Installation of the Floor Covering
DeliveryA worldwide distribution by truck and container ship is considered. On average every square meter of Marmoleum istransported as follows:o Transport distance 40 t truck
774 kmo Transport distance 7.5t truck (Fine distribution)
270 kmo Capacity utilization trucks (including empty runs)
85 %o Transport distance Ocean ship
4031 kmo Capacity utilization Ocean ship48%
Installation
Because of the specific techniques used during the installation of Marmoleum Modular tile 2% of the material is cut off
as installation waste. For installation of Marmoleum Modular tile on the floor an average scenario has been modeled(assuming 0.280 kg/m2 of adhesive is required). Waste during the installation process may be recycled as floor
covering through the manufacturers’ facilities or thermally recycled in a waste incineration plant. Since the major partof Marmoleum Modular tile is sold in Europe the European electricity grid mix is used in the calculations for the energy
recovery during incineration.

Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects during Installation
Forbo flooring recommends to use (low) zero emission hard setting adhesives for installing Marmoleum Modular tiles.
Waste
Waste during the installation process may be recycled as floor covering through the manufacturers’ facilities orthermally recycled in a waste incineration plant. Since the major part of Marmoleum is sold in Europe the European
electricity grid mix is used in the calculations for the energy recovery during incineration.
Packaging
Cardboard boxes, PE-film and wooden pallets can be collected separately and should be used in a local recycling
process. In the calculation model 100% incineration is taken into account for which there is a credit received.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Use stage
The service lifetime of a floor covering for a certain application on a floor is too widespread to give one common
number. For this EPD model the reference service lifetime (RSL) is set to one year. This means that all impacts for theuse phase are based on the cleaning and maintenance model for one year. Depending on the area of use, thetechnical lifetime advised by the manufacturer and the estimated time on the floor by the customer, the service lifetime
can be determined. The use phase impacts should be calculated with the foreseen service life to arrive at the total
environmental impact.
Cleaning and Maintenance
Level of use

Cleaning Process

Cleaning Frequency

Commercial/Residential/Industrial

Vacuuming
Damp mopping

Twice a week
Once a week

Consumption ofenergy and resources
Electricity
Hot water
Neutral detergent

For the calculations the following cleaning regime is considered:- Dry cleaning with a 1.5 kW vacuum cleaner for 0.21 min/m 2, twice a week. This equates to 0.55
kWh/m2*year.
- Once a week wet cleaning with 0.062 l/m 2 water and 0.0008 kg/m 2 detergent. This result in the use of
3.224 l/m2*year water and 0.04 kg/m2*year detergent. The wet cleaning takes place without power machine
usage. Waste water treatment of the arising waste water from cleaning is considered.
The cleaning regime that is recommended in practice will be highly dependent on the use of the premises where thefloor covering is installed. In high traffic areas more frequent cleaning will be needed compared to areas where there is
low traffic. The use of an entrance mat of at least four steps will reduce the cleaning frequency.
The cleaning regime used in the calculations is suitable for high traffic areas.
Prevention of Structural Damage
All newly laid floor covering should be covered and protected with a suitable non-staining protective covering if otherbuilding activities are still in progress. Use protective feet on chairs and tables to reduce scratching. Castor wheels
should be suitable for resilient floor coverings.
Health Aspects during Usage
Marmoleum is complying with:o AgBB requirementso French act Grenelle: A+
o CHPS section 01350

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

End of LifeThe deconstruction of installed Marmoleum Modular tile from the floor is done mechanically and the electrical energy
needed for this is estimated to be 0.03 kWh/sqm. This amount of energy is taken into account for the calculations.
For the end of life stage no landfilling is taken into account, since the vast majority of the countries in which
Marmoleum Modular tile is sold are having a non landfill policy. Because of the high calorific value of Marmoleum
Modular tile the incineration is very profitable as a waste to energy conversion.

Life Cycle Assessment
A full Life Cycle Assessment has bee carried out according to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.
The following Life Cycle Stages are assessed :o A1-3 : Product Stage (Raw material acquisition, transportation to Manufacturing and Manufacturing)o A4-5 : Construction process stage (Transport Gate to User, installation flooring)o B2 :
Use Stage (Maintenance of the floor)o C1-4 : End of Life Stage (Deconstruction, transport, waste processing, Disposal)
o D:
Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary (Reuse, recovery, recycling potential)
Product stage(A1-3)

A1 : Raw
Material
Extraction andProcessing

A2 : Transport

Construction process stage(A4-5)

Benefits andloads beyond thesystem boundary(D)End-of Life stage(C1-4)

A3 :Manufacturing
Coating,
Calendaring,A3 :Manufacturing
Energies with
regionalreference

Use stage(B2)

A4 : Transport

A5 :Construction or
installation
process

B2 :Maintenance
Cleaning
regimeC1 : Deconstruction
demolition

Drying,C2 :Transport

C3 : Waste
processing

C4 :DisposalD:
Reuse,
recovery,recycling
potential

Trimming

Figure 3: Flow chart of the Life Cycle Assessment

Comparisons of different floor coverings are only allowed, where EN 15804 consistent and/or preverified backgrounddata and EN 15804 consistent calculation methods and database versions are used and when the building context istaken into account, i.e. on the basis of the same use-classification (EN ISO 10874), same service life and comparable
assumptions for the end of life.
Description of the Declared Functional Unit
The functional unit is one square meter of installed product and the use stage is considered for one year of service life.
Cut off Criteria
The cut-off criteria shall be 1% of renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and 1% of the total mass of theunit process. The total neglected input flows per module shall be a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

In practice, in this assessment, all data from the production data acquisition are considered, i.e. all raw materials usedas per formulation, use of water, electricity and other fuels, the required packaging materials, and all direct productionwaste. Transport data on all considered inputs and output material are also considered.
Allocations
In the present study some allocations have been made. Detailed explanations can be found in the chapters below.
Co-product allocation
No co-product allocation occurs in the product system.
Allocation of multi-input processes
The Production and End of Life stage include incineration plants. In these processes different products are treated
together within a process. The allocation procedures followed in these cases are based on a physical classification of
the mass flows or calorific values.
Credits from energy substitution are allocated to the production stage, because the gained energy from energy
substitution is lower than the energy input in this stage. The same quality of energy is considered.
Allocation procedure of reuse, recycling and recovery
The installation waste and end of life waste is fed into incineration processes. Incineration processes include
cogeneration processes which give thermal and power energy as outputs. It is assumed that this recovered energy
offsets that produced by the European average grid mix and thermal energy generation from natural gas.
Description of the allocation processes in the LCA report
The description of allocation rules in of this LCA report meets the requirements of the PCR.
LCA Data
As a general rule, specific data derived from specific production processes or average data derived from specificproduction processes have been used as the first choice as a basis for calculating an EPD.
For life cycle modeling of the considered products, the GaBi 8 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby THINKSTEP AG has been used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 8 software database. The
datasets from the database GaBi are documented in the online documentation. To ensure comparability of results in
the LCA, the basic data of GaBi database were used for energy, transportation and auxiliary materials.
Data Quality
The requirements for data quality and LCA data correspond to the specifications of the PCR.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Foreground data are based on 1-year averaged data (year 2018). The reference ages of LCA datasets vary but are
given in the table in the Appendix. The time period over which inputs to and outputs from the system is accounted foris 100 years from the year for which the data set is deemed representative. The technological LCA of the collected
data reflects the physical reality of the declared product. The datasets are complete, conform to the system boundaries
and the criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs and are geographical representative for the supply chain ofForbo flooring.
For life cycle modeling of the considered products the GaBi 8 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby THINKSTEP AG, is used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 8 software database. The last revisionof the used data sets took place within the last 10 years.
System Boundaries
Production Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, packaging processing and its transport, as
well as waste processing up to the end-of waste state or disposal of final residues during the product stage.
Transport and Installation Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, as well as waste processing
up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during the construction stage. These information modules
also include all impacts and aspects related to any losses during this construction stage (i.e. production, transport, andwaste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials). For the transportation a worldwide distribution isconsidered.
Use Stage includes provision and transport of all materials, products and related energy and water use, as well as
waste processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during this part of the use stage. These
information modules also include all impacts and aspects related to the losses during this part of the use stage (i.e.
production, transport, and waste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials).
End of Life Stage includes provision and all transports, provision of all materials, products and related energy andwater use. It also includes any declared benefits and loads from net flows leaving the product system that have notbeen allocated as co-products and that have passed the end-of-waste state in the form of reuse, recovery and/or
recycling potentials.
Power mix
The selection of LCA data for the electricity generation is in line with the PCR.
The products are manufactured in Assendelft, the Netherlands. The GaBi 8 Hydropower dataset has therefore beenused (reference year 2018). The energy supplier is providing Forbo with a certificate every year.
CO2-Certificates
No CO2-certificates are considered in this study.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
In table 3 the environmental impacts for one lifecycle are presented for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton. In tables
4 the environmental impacts are presented for all the lifecycle stages.
Table 3: Results of the LCA – Environmental impacts one lifecycle (one year) – Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton

Marmoleum Modular Slate& Walton
6,80E+00

kg CO2-Equiv.

Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP. steady state)
Acidification Potential (AP)
Eutrophication Potential (EP)

1,60E-08
3,39E-02
8,77E-03

kg R11-Equiv.
kg SO2-Equiv.
kg Phosphate-Equiv.

Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
Abiotic Depletion Potential Elements (ADPE)
Abiotic Depletion Potential Fossil (ADPF)

1,50E-03
3,24E-06
7,28E+01

kg Ethene-Equiv.
kg Sb-Equiv.
[MJ]

Impact Category : CML 2001 – Jan. 2016
Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years)

Unit

Table 4: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton (one year)
Impact Category :Manufacturing
Installation
Use (1yr)
End of LifeCML 2001 – Jan. 2016
Parameter
Unit
A1-3
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
GWP
[kg CO2-Eq.]
9,30E-01
5,67E-01 4,71E-01
2,91E-01
2,16E-01 1,96E-02
ODP[kg CFC11-Eq.]
1,36E-08
5,44E-17 3,10E-10
2,06E-09
6,05E-15 3,23E-18
AP[kg SO2-Eq.]
2,56E-02
5,72E-03 7,47E-04
7,48E-04
6,12E-04 4,76E-05
EP[kg PO43-- Eq.]
7,49E-03
7,28E-04 1,12E-04
9,43E-05
5,73E-05 1,19E-05
POCP[kg Ethen Eq.]
1,39E-03-4,51E-05 7,26E-05
5,40E-05
3,89E-05 -1,62E-05
ADPE[kg Sb Eq.]
3,06E-06
2,03E-08 7,14E-08
1,03E-07
6,87E-08 1,51E-09
ADPF
[MJ]
6,32E+01
4,84E+00 7,63E+00 3,53E+00 2,32E+00 2,65E-01

Credits
C3
5,03E+00
9,18E-16
1,66E-03
4,13E-04
1,07E-04
4,95E-08
1,27E+00

D-7,29E-01-1,01E-14-1,24E-03-1,34E-04-9,78E-05-1,32E-07-1,03E+01

GWP = Global warming potential; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential of land and water; EP = Eutrophication potential; POCP
= Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants; ADPE = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADPF = Abiotic depletion potential for fossil
resources

The relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton isshown in figure 4.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Figure 4: relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
for a one-year usage.

Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one-year usage.
The LCA for GWP reflects the use of renewable raw materials for the production of Marmoleum (linseed oil and jute).
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is locked in from the atmosphere in the course of the plant growth via
photosynthesis and stored during the use stage. This carbon dioxide is not released until the end of life when it isincinerated with energy recovery – this process accounts for the greatest emission of greenhouse gases in the life
cycle of the product.
For the production stage of Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton the uptake of CO2 is less than the emission ofgreenhouse gasses and therefore resulting in a positive number.
In the other 6 impact categories (ODP, AP, EP, POCP, ADPE, ADPF) the production stage has the main contribution
to the overall impact. For these categories the main contributor in the production stage is the raw material extraction
and processing with a share of 70-98% of total impacts from the production stage.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Forbo declares in the EPD a worldwide distribution by truck (1044 km) and container ship (4031 km). For this scenario
the transport has a relevance of 6%-17% in the impact categories GWP, AP, EP and ADPF.
The negative impact for POCP for the transportation stage is remarkable, but it is assumed that NO and CO reduces
the accumulated ozone to NO2, CO2 and O2. This means, that high concentrations of ozone do not often occur nearhydrocarbon emission sources. Higher ozone concentrations more commonly arise in areas of clean air, such as
forests, where there is less NO and CO.
For GWP and ADPF the adhesive for the flooring installation has a significant impact of 7-9%. The LCA for the
installation is based on an assumption of 280 g/m² adhesive.
The use stage is calculated for one year of service life time with a conservative scenario based on a cleaning regime
suitable for high traffic areas. The electricity and detergent used to clean the floor are the main contributors for this life
cycle stage.
Energy recovery from incineration and the respective energy substitution at the end of life results in a credit asreported in the End of Life stage.
Resource use
In table 5 the parameters describing resource use are presented for all the lifecycle stages for a one-year usage.
Table 5: Results of the LCA – Resource use for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton (one year)
Manufacturing
Installation
Use (1yr)
End of Life
Parameter Unit
A1-3
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
C3
PERE
[MJ]
1,66E+01
PERM[MJ]
3,64E+01
PERT[MJ]
5,30E+01
1,74E-01 2,99E-01 1,68E+00 1,57E+00 1,54E-02
2,12E-01
PENRE[MJ]
5,03E+01
PENRM[MJ]
1,56E+01
PENRT[MJ]
6,59E+01
4,86E+00 7,79E+00 5,34E+00 3,90E+00 2,66E-01
1,45E+00
SM[kg]
6,48E-01
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00
RSF[MJ]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00
NRSF
[MJ]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00
FW[m3]
3,86E-02
2,96E-04 1,53E-03 2,02E-03 1,85E-03 2,61E-05
1,15E-02

Credits
D-2,63E+00-1,29E+01
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00-3,10E-03

PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials;
PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM =Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use ofrenewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh waterMarmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Waste categories and output flows
In table 6 other environmental information describing different waste categories and output flows are presented for all the lifecycle
stages.
Table 6: Results of the LCA – Output flows and Waste categories for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton (one year)
Manufacturing Transport Installation Use (1yr)
End of Life/credits
Parameter
Unit
A1-3
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
C3
HWD
[kg]
6,78E-08
1,62E-07
2,54E-09
2,04E-09
1,87E-09
1,49E-08
1,04E-09
NHWD
1,88E-01
2,48E-04
3,80E-03
6,21E-03
2,84E-03
2,16E-05
3,54E-02
[kg]
RWD
[kg]
1,09E-03
6,28E-06
6,43E-05
6,93E-04
6,28E-04
3,61E-07
7,34E-05
CRU[kg]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00
MFR[kg]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00
MER[kg]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00
EE Power[MJ]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
1,95E-01
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 5,73E+00
EE Thermal
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
3,49E-01
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 1,02E+01
energy[MJ]D-5,32E-09-5,60E-03-1,05E-03
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00

HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER =Materials for energy recovery; EE = Exported energy per energy carrier

Additional Environmental Information
To be fully transparant Forbo Flooring does not only want to declare the environmental impacts required in the PCR,
but also the impacts on human health and eco-toxicity
Toxicity
For this calculations the USEtoxTM model is used as being the globally recommended preferred model forcharacterization modelling of human and eco-toxic impacts in LCIA by the United Nations Environment Programme
SETAC Life Cycle Initiative.
According to the "ILCD Handbook: Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context" therecommended characterization models and associated characterization factors are classified according to their quality
into three levels:o Level I (recommended and satisfactory),o level II (recommended but in need of some improvements)o level III (recommended, but to be applied with caution).
A mixed classification sometimes is related to the application of the classified method to different types of substances.
USEtoxTM is classified as Level II / III, unlike for example the CML impact categories which are classified as Level I.
Table 7: Results of the LCA – Environmental impacts one lifecycle (one year) – Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton

Impact Category : USEtox
Eco toxicity
Human toxicity, cancer
Human toxicity, non-canc.

Marmoleum Modular Slate &Walton6,64E-03
5,16E-10
6,69E-11

Unit
PAF m3.day
Cases
Cases

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

In the following table the impacts are subdivided into the lifecycle stages.
Table 8: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton (one year)

Impact Category : USEtox
Eco toxicity
Human toxicity, cancer
Human toxicity, non-canc.

Unit
PAF m3.day
cases
cases

Production
4,40E-03
5,10E-10
1,56E-11

Transport
1,10E-03
1,22E-12
4,36E-13

Installation
7,76E-04
1,62E-11
5,07E-11

Use (1yr)
4,21E-04
3,01E-11
7,26E-13

End of Life
-5,47E-05-4,15E-11-4,93E-13

Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one-year usage.
The impact on Eco-toxicity is mostly dominated by the production stage (65%) in which the raw materials are having
the biggest impact with a share of around 83%. Other main contributor of the total life cycle is the transport to thecustomer and the adhesive used for installing the floor with respectively 16 and 12%.
In the Human toxicity (cancer) the largest contribution is coming from the production stage where the thermal energy
and hydropower used in the manufacturing is contributing 81% to the total impact. Other minor contributions comefrom the Installation (Adhesive) and Use stage (Electricity). For the End of Life stage energy recovery from incinerationand the respective energy substitution at the end of life results in a credit.
For Human toxicity (non-canc.) by far the biggest impact of 75% is coming from the installation stage, where thecontribution of the adhesive is predominating this life cycle stage. A smaller but significant contribution of 23% to thetotal impact is coming from the production stage where the main contributor is the raw material extraction andprocessing with a factor of 78%.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

References
GABI 8 2012

THINKSTEP AG; GaBi 8: Software-System and Database for Life Cycle
Engineering. Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2017.

GABI 8 2012D

GaBi 8: Documentation of GaBi 8: Software-System and Database for Life
Cycle Engineering. Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2017.
http://documentation.gabi-software.com/

UL ENVIRONMENTUL Environment’s Program Operator Rules

PE 2012ILCD Handbook: General guidefor Life Cycle Assessment Detailed guidance

Description of Selected Impact Categories, Thinkstep AG, 2012
European Commission-Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment andSustainability: International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD)
Handbook- Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in theEuropean context. First edition November 2011. EUR 24571 EN. Luxemburg.
Publications Office of the European Union; 2011

STANDARDS AND LAWSDIN EN ISO 14044

Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements andguidelines (ISO 14044:2006); English version EN ISO 14044

ISO 14025 2006

EN ISO 14025: Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental
declarations — Principles and procedures

ISO 14040 2006

Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework(ISO 14040); English version EN ISO 14040

CEN/TR 15941

Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations Methodology for selection and use of generic data; German version CEN/TR
15941

EN 16810

Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings - Environmental productdeclarations - Product category rules

ISO 24011

Resilient floor coverings - Specification for plain and decorative linoleum

CPR

REGULATION (EU) No 305/2011 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for themarketing of construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC

EN-ISO 10874

Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings – Classification

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Life Cycle Assessment
Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton

LCA study conducted by:
Forbo Flooring
Industrieweg 121566 JP Assendelft
The Netherlands

July 2019

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Authors:
Floris Zeitler, Forbo

Forbo Flooring BV

Industrieweg 121566 JP Assendelft, The NetherlandsTel.
+31 (0) 75 6477477
Fax+31 (0) 75 6477707
E-mailfloris.zeitler@forbo.com
Internet
www.forbo-flooring.com

Nomenclature
Abbreviation
ADPF
ADPE
AP
BLBSB
CRU
EE
EP
EPD
FCSS
FW
GWP
HWD
LCA
LCI
LCIA
MER
MFR
NRSF
ODP
PENRE
PENRM
PENRT
PERE
PERM
PERT
PCR
POCP
RSF
RSL
RWD
SM

Explanation
Abiotic Depletion Potential Fossil
Abiotic Depletion Potential Elements
Acidification Potential
Benefits and Loads Beyond the System Boundary
Components for re-use
Exported energy per energy carrier
Eutrophication Potential
Environmental Product Declaration
Floor covering standard symbol
Use of net fresh water
Global Warming Potential
Hazardous waste disposed
Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Inventory analysis
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Materials for energy recovery
Materials for recycling
Use of non-renewable secondary fuels
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential
Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as
raw materials
Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials
Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources
Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw
materials
Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials
Total use of renewable primary energy resources
Product Category Rules
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
Use of renewable secondary fuels
Reference Service LifeRadioactive waste disposed
Use of secondary material

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

GeneralThe present LCA study of the company Forbo Flooring, a manufacturer of resilient floor coverings, has been performed
by Forbo Flooring and has been conducted according to the requirements of the European Standard EN16810“Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings – Environmental product declarations – Product category rules”. The
LCA report was sent to verification on 18/07/19

Scope
This document is the LCA report for the “Environmental Product Declaration” (EPD) of "Marmoleum Modular Slate &Walton".
The provision of an LCA report is required for each EPD of the EPD-program holder (UL Environment). This documentshows how the calculation rules were applied and describes additional LCA information on the Life Cycle Assessmentin accordance with the requirements of ISO 14040 series.

Content, structure and accessibility of the LCA report
The LCA report provides a systematic and comprehensive summary of the project documentation supporting theverification of an EPD.
The report documents the information on which the Life Cycle Assessment is based, while also ensuring the additional
information contained within the EPD complies with the requirements of ISO 14040 series.
The LCA report contains all of the data and information of importance for the details published in the EPD. Care has
been given to all explanations as to how the data and information declared in the EPD arises from the Life Cycle
Assessment.
The verification of the EPD is aligned towards the structure of the rule document based on ISO 14025, EN 15804 andEN16810.

Goal of the study
The reason for performing this LCA study is to publish an EPD based on EN 16810, EN15804 and ISO 14025.
This study contains the calculation and interpretation of the LCA results for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
complying with EN-ISO 24011.
Manufactured by
Forbo Flooring BV
Industrieweg 121566JP Assendelft
The Netherlands.
The following life cycle stages were considered:- Product stage- Transport stage- Installation stage- Use stage- End-of-life stage- Benefits and loads beyond the product system boundary
The main purpose of EPD is for use in business-to-business communication. As all EPD are publicly available on thewebsite of UL Environment and therefore are accessible to the end consumer they can also be used in business-toconsumer communication.
The intended use of the EPD is to communicate environmentally related information and LCA results to support theassessment of the sustainable use of resources and of the impact of construction works on the environment

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Scope of the study
Declared / functional unit
The declaration refers to the declared/functional unit of 1m² installed flooring product.
Declaration of construction products classes
The LCA report refers to a manufacturer declaration of type 1a): Declaration of a specific product from amanufacturer’s plant.
These products are also known under the following brand names:− Marmoleum Modular Slate and Marmoleum Modular Walton
They are produced at the following manufacturing site:
Forbo Flooring BV
Industrieweg 121566JP Assendelft
The Netherlands

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Product Definition
Product Classification and description
Marmoleum Modular is a resilient floor covering complying with all the requirements of EN-ISO 24011: Specification forplain and decorative linoleum. Marmoleum Modular is made from natural raw materials making it preferable ecologicalfloor covering with a beautiful and colorful design. The key raw materials include linseed oil, which comes from the flax
plant seeds, gum rosin from pine trees, recycled wood waste of wood from controlled forests and limestone.
Linoleum is produced by Forbo Flooring for more than 150 years and our well-known brand Marmoleum is soldworldwide. This declaration refers to Marmoleum Modular tiles of 2.5 mm nominal thickness covering a broad range ofdesigns and colors :Slate and Walton.
Marmoleum Slate and Walton is build up in 2 layers as illustrated in figure 1. These two layers form one homogeneous
product :Figure 1: Illustration of Marmoleum Modular
Surface layer: This layer gives Marmoleum its design and color and is calendared on the polyester backing. After
finishing the product at the trimming department a factory finish is applied to protect the surface layer. Slate is amechanically embossed surface.
Backing: The backing is a woven polyester.

The declaration refers to the declared/functional unit of 1m² installed flooring product.

Range of application
Marmoleum is classified in accordance with EN-ISO 24011 to be installed in the following use areas defined in EN–
ISO 10874:
Area of application

Marmoleum tile 2½ mm

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Product Standard
The products considered in this EPD have the following technical specifications:
Meets or exceeds all technical requirements in ASTM F 2034 Standard Specification for Linoleum Tile Flooring.
Meets or exceeds all technical requirements in EN-ISO 24011 Specification for plain and decorative Linoleum.

Marmoleum meets the requirements of EN 14041
EN 13501-1

Reaction to fire Cfl - s1

EN 13893

Slip resistance DS: ≥ 0.30

EN 1815

Body voltage

EN 12524

Thermal conductivity< 2 kV
0.17 W/mK

Fire Testing :Class 1 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 648/NFPA 253, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux.
Meets 450 or less when tested in accordance with ASTM E 662/NFPA 258, Standard Test Method for Smoke Density.
Class C when tested in accordance to ASTM E 84/NFPA 255, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics.
FSC1-150; SD-160 when tested in accordance to CAN/ULC S102.2, Standard Test Method for Flame Spread Rating
and Smoke Development.
Emission testing :AgBB requirements following EN ISO 16000-9 Indoor Air Emissions : TVOC at 28 days
French act Grenelle: A+
Compliant with CHPS 01350 requirements for VOC emissions and indoor air quality.

Accreditation
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

ISO 9001 Quality Management System and ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
SA 8000 Social Accountability standard
Nordic Swan Ecolabel (SWAN)
Umwelt zeichen
Der Blaue Engel (Blue Angel)Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Delivery status
Characteristics
Product thickness
Product WeightRolls Length x Width

Nominal Value
2.52800
50 x 25 / 50 x 50 / 100 x 25

Unit
mm
g/m2
cm

Material Content
Component
BinderMaterial
Linseed oil
Gum rosin
Tall oil
Wood flour

FillerPigment
BackingFinishCalcium carbonate
Reused Marmoleum
Titanium dioxide
Various other pigments
Jute
Lacquer

Availability
Bio based crop
Bio based crop
Bio based waste product frompaper Industry
Bio based waste product fromwood processing
Abundant mineral
Limited mineral
Limited mineral
Bio based crop
Fossil limited

Amount [%]20
2
10

OriginUSA/Canada/Europe
Indonesia/China
USA

22

Germany

22
16
2
1
4
1

Germany
Internal
GlobalGlobalIndia/Bangladesh
Netherlands

Production of Main Materials
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

Linseed oil : Linseed oil is obtained by pressing the seeds of the flax plant. After filtering a clear golden yellow
liquid remains.
Gum rosin : Rosin is obtained by wounding pine trees. The crude gum is collected and is separated into
turpentine and rosin by distillation.
Tall oil : Tall oil is a post-industrial waste product coming from the paper industry and is consisting ofvegetable oil and rosin.
Wood flour : Postindustrial bio based soft wood waste from the wood industry, which is milled into flour.
Calcium carbonate : An abundant mineral found in all parts of the world as the chief substance in rocks (i.e.,
marble and limestone). It can be ground to varying particle sizes and is widely used as filler.
Reused Marmoleum : Waste material coming from the Marmoleum production which is reused.
Titanium dioxide : A white pigment produced from the mineral rutile, a naturally occurring form of titanium
dioxide. The production of the pigment is a large-scale chemical process
Various other pigments : The vast majority of the used colour pigments are iron oxide based.
Polyester : Polyester fibers woven into a fabric which is used as a substrate.
Lacquer : The factory applied lacquer – Topshield 2 – is a waterborne UV cured double layer factory coating –acrylate hybrid dispersion.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Production of the Floor Covering
Marmoleum Modular is produced in several stages startingwith the oxidation of linseed oil mixed with tall oil and rosin.
With the influence of oxygen from the atmosphere a toughsticky material is obtained called linoleum cement. The
linoleum cement is stored in containers for a few days forfurther reaction and after this it is mixed with wood flour,
calcium carbonate, reused waste (if applicable), titanium
dioxide and pigments. This mixture is calendared on a jute
substrate and stored in drying rooms, to cure till the required
hardness is reached. After approximately 14 days thematerial is taken out from the drying room to the trimming
department where the factory finish is applied on the surfaceof the product and the end inspection is done. Finally theedges are trimmed and the sheet is cut to length into tiles.
The trimmings and the rejected product are reused.

Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects during ProductionoooISO 14001 Environmental Management System
OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
SA 8000 Social Accountability standard

Production Waste
Rejected material and the cuttings of the trimming stage are being reused in the manufacturing process.
Packaging materials are being collected separately and externally recycled.

Delivery and Installation of the Floor Covering
DeliveryA worldwide distribution by truck and container ship is considered. On average every square meter of Marmoleum istransported as follows:o Transport distance 40 t truck
774 kmo Transport distance 7.5t truck (Fine distribution)
270 kmo Capacity utilization trucks (including empty runs)
85 %o Transport distance Ocean ship
4031 kmo Capacity utilization Ocean ship48%

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Installation
Because of the specific techniques used during the installation of Marmoleum Modular tile 2% of the material is cut off
as installation waste. For installation of Marmoleum on the floor an average scenario has been modeled (assuming
0.280 kg/m2 of adhesive is required).
Waste during the installation process may be recycled as floor covering through the manufacturers’ facilities orthermally recycled in a waste incineration plant. Since the major part of Marmoleum is sold in Europe the European
electricity grid mix is used in the calculations for the energy recovery during incineration.
Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects during Installation
Forbo flooring recommends to use (low) zero emission hard setting adhesives for installing Marmoleum Modular tiles.
Waste
Waste during the installation process may be recycled as floor covering through the manufacturers’ facilities orthermally recycled in a waste incineration plant. Since the major part of Marmoleum is sold in Europe the European
electricity grid mix is used in the calculations for the energy recovery during incineration.
Packaging
Cardboard boxes and packaging paper can be collected separately and should be used in a local recycling process. In
the calculation model 100% incineration is taken into account for which there is a credit received.

Use stage
The service lifetime of a floor covering for a certain application on a floor is too widespread to give one common
number. For this EPD model the reference service lifetime (RSL) is set to one year. This means that all impacts for theuse phase are based on the cleaning and maintenance model for one year. Depending on the area of use, thetechnical lifetime advised by the manufacturer and the estimated time on the floor by the customer, the service lifetime
can be determined. The use phase impacts should be calculated with the foreseen service life to arrive at the total
environmental impact.

Cleaning and Maintenance
Level of use
Commercial/Residential/Industrial

Cleaning Process
Vacuuming
Damp mopping

Cleaning Frequency
Twice a week
Once a week

Consumption of energy
and resources
Electricity
Hot water
Neutral detergent

For the calculations the following cleaning regime is considered:- Dry cleaning with a 1.5 kW vacuum cleaner for 0.21 min/m 2, twice a week. This equates to 0.55
kWh/m2*year.
- Once a week wet cleaning with 0.062 l/m2 water and 0.0008 kg/m 2 detergent. This result in the use of
3.224 l/m2*year water and 0.04 kg/m2*year detergent. The wet cleaning takes place without power machine
usage. Waste water treatment of the arising waste water from cleaning is considered.
The cleaning regime that is recommended in practice will be highly dependent on the use of the premises where thefloor covering is installed. In high traffic areas more frequent cleaning will be needed compared to areas where there isMarmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

low traffic. The use of an entrance mat of at least four steps will reduce the cleaning frequency.
The cleaning regime used in the calculations is suitable for high traffic areas.
Prevention of Structural Damage
All newly laid floors should be covered and protected from with a suitable non-staining protective covering if otherbuilding activities are still in progress.
Use protective feet on chairs and tables to reduce scratching. Castor wheels should be suitable for resilient floor
coverings

Health Aspects during Usage
Marmoleum is complying with:o AgBB requirementso French Act Grenelle: A+
o CHPS section 01350

End of LifeThe deconstruction of installed Marmoleum Modular from the floor is done mechanically and the electrical energy
needed for this is estimated to be 0.03 kWh/sqm. This amount of energy is taken into account for the calculations.
For the end of life stage no landfilling is taken into account, since the vast majority of the countries in which
Marmoleum is sold are having a non landfill policy. Because of the high calorific value of Marmoleum the incineration isvery profitable as a waste to energy conversion.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Life Cycle Assessment
A full Life Cycle Assessment has been carried out according to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.
The following Life Cycle Stages are assessed :o A1-3 : Product Stage (Raw material acquisition, transportation to Manufacturing and Manufacturing)o A4-5 : Construction process stage (Transport Gate to User, installation flooring)o B2 :
Use Stage (Maintenance of the floor)o C1-4 : End of Life Stage (Deconstruction, transport, waste processing, Disposal)
o D:
Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary (Reuse, recovery, recycling potential)
Product stage(A1-3)

A1 : Raw
Material
Extraction andProcessing

A2 : Transport

Construction process stage(A4-5)

Benefits andloads beyond thesystem boundary(D)End-of Life stage(C1-4)

A3 :Manufacturing
Coating,
Calendaring,A3 :Manufacturing
Energies with
regionalreference

Use stage(B2)

A4 : Transport

A5 :Construction or
installation
process

B2 :Maintenance
Cleaning
regimeC1 : Deconstruction
demolition

C2 :Transport

Drying,C3 : Waste
processing

C4 :DisposalD:
Reuse,
recovery,recycling
potential

Trimming

Figure 3 : Flow chart of the Life Cycle Assessment

Comparisons of different floor coverings are only allowed, where EN 15804 consistent and/or preverified backgrounddata and EN 15804 consistent calculation methods and database versions are used and when the building context istaken into account, i.e. on the basis of the same use-classification (EN ISO 10874), same service life and comparable
assumptions for the end of life.

Description of the declared Functional Unit
The functional unit is one square meter of installed product and the use stage is considered for one year of service life.

Cut off Criteria
The cut-off criteria shall be 1% of renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and 1% of the total mass of theunit process. The total neglected input flows per module shall be a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass.
In practice, in this assessment, all data from the production data acquisition are considered, i.e. all raw materials usedas per formulation, use of water, electricity and other fuels, the required packaging materials, and all direct productionwaste. Transport data on all considered inputs and output material are also considered.

LCA Data
As a general rule, specific data derived from specific production processes or average data derived from specificMarmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

production processes have been used as the first choice as a basis for calculating an EPD.
For life cycle modeling of the considered products, the GaBi 8 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby THINKSTEP AG, has been used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 8 software database. The
datasets from the database GaBi are documented in the online documentation. To ensure comparability of results in
the LCA, the basic data of GaBi database were used for energy, transportation and auxiliary materials.

Data Quality
The requirements for data quality and LCA data correspond to the specifications of the PCR.
Foreground data are based on 1-year averaged data (year 2018). The reference ages of LCA datasets vary but are
given in the table in the Appendix. The time period over which inputs to and outputs from the system is accounted foris 100 years from the year for which the data set is deemed representative. The technological LCA of the collected
data reflects the physical reality of the declared product. The datasets are complete, conform to the system boundaries
and the criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs and are geographical representative for the supply chain ofForbo flooring.
For life cycle modeling of the considered products the GaBi 8 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby THINKSTEP AG, is used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 8 software database. The last revisionof the used data sets took place within the last 10 years.
Table 3: LCA datasets used in the LCA model

Data set
Linseed oil
Limestone flour
Tall oil
Iron oxide
Pigment
Titanium dioxide
Wood flour
Colophony
Polyester
Urethane / acrylic hybrid dispersion
Water (desalinated; deionized)
Detergent (ammonia based)
Adhesive for resilient flooring
Waste incineration of particle board
Paper/cardboard incineration
Electricity from Hydro power
Power grid mix
Thermal energy from natural gas
Thermal energy from natural gas
TrucksMunicipal waste water treatment (50% agricultural sludge application,
50% sludge incineration).
Municipal waste water treatment (Sludge incineration).
Waste incineration of paper/cardboard

RegionGermany
Germany
EuropeGermany
Germany
EuropeEuropeFranceGermany
EuropeGermany
Germany
Germany
EuropeEuropeNorwayEuropeNetherlands
EuropeGlobalReference year
2012
2019
2012
2012
2007
2012
2019
2012
2019
2019
2019
2007
2012
2019
2019
2019
2019
2019
2019
2019

Germany

2019

Germany
Europe20192019Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Data set
Container ship
Diesel mix at refinery
Heavy fuel oil at refinery (1.0wt.% S)
Corrugated board
Kraft liner (paper)Tap water
Polyethylene film

RegionGlobalEuropeEuropeEuropeEuropeEuropeEuropeReference year
2019
2019
2019
2019
2019
2019
2019

The documentation of the LCA data sets can be taken from the GaBi documentation.

System Boundaries
Production Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, packaging processing and its transport, as
well as waste processing up to the end-of waste state or disposal of final residues during the product stage.
Transport and Installation Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, as well as waste processing
up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during the construction stage. These information modules
also include all impacts and aspects related to any losses during this construction stage (i.e. production, transport, andwaste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials). For the transportation a worldwide distribution isconsidered.
Use Stage includes provision and transport of all materials, products and related energy and water use, as well as
waste processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during this part of the use stage. These
information modules also include all impacts and aspects related to the losses during this part of the use stage (i.e.
production, transport, and waste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials).
End of Life Stage includes provision and all transports, provision of all materials, products and related energy andwater use. It also includes any declared benefits and loads from net flows leaving the product system that have notbeen allocated as co-products and that have passed the end-of-waste state in the form of reuse, recovery and/or
recycling potentials.

Power mix
The selection of LCA data for the electricity generation is in line with the PCR.
The products are manufactured in Assendelft, the Netherlands. The GaBi 8 Hydropower dataset has therefore beenused (reference year 2018). The energy supplier is providing Forbo with a certificate every year.

CO2-Certificates
No CO2-certificates are considered in this study.

Allocations
In the present study some allocations have been made. Detailed explanations can be found in the chapters below.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Co-product allocation
No co-product allocation occurs in the product system.
Allocation of multi-Input processes
The Production and End of Life stage include incineration plants. In these processes different products are treated
together within a process. The allocation procedures followed in these cases are based on a physical classification of
the mass flows or calorific values.
Credits from energy substitution are allocated to the production stage, because the gained energy from energy
substitution is lower than the energy input in this stage. The same quality of energy is considered.
Allocation procedure of reuse, recycling and recovery
The installation waste and end of life waste is fed into incineration processes. Incineration processes include
cogeneration processes which give thermal and power energy as outputs. It is assumed that this recovered energy
offsets that produced by the European average grid mix and thermal energy generation from natural gas.
Description of the allocation processes in the LCA report
The description of allocation rules in of this LCA report meets the requirements of the PCR.

Description of the unit processes in the LCA report
The modeling of the unit processes reported for the LCA are documented in a transparent way, respecting theconfidentiality of the data present in the LCA report.
In the following tables the type and amount of the different input and output flows are listed for 1m² produced flooring;
installed flooring includes the material loss during installation (2%):
Table 4: Composition of linoleum surface layer

Process data

Unit

Limestone flour
Linseed oil
Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
Pigment
Colophony (rosin)
Tall oil (Bio based waste product from paper Industry)
Reused Marmoleum
Titanium dioxide
Wood flour (Bio based waste product from wood processing)

kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2

Marmoleum
Modular Slate & Walton
0.61
0.55
0.02
0.01
0.06
0.28
0.46
0.06
0.61

Table 6: Composition of linoleum substrate layer

Process data
Polyester

Unit
kg/m2

Marmoleum
0.11

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Table 7: Composition of lacquer

Process data
Urethane / acrylic hybrid dispersion
Water (desalinated; demonized)

Unit
kg/m2
kg/m2

Marmoleum
0.014
0.021

Table 8: Production related inputs/outputs

Process data
INPUTS
Linoleum surface layer
Linoleum substrate layer
Lacquer
Electricity
Thermal energy from natural gas
OUTPUTS
Marmoleum
Waste

Unit

Marmoleum
Modular Slate & Walton

kg
kg
kg
MJ
MJ

2.65
0.11
0.04
8.37
16.24

kg
kg

2.80
0.45

Table 9: Packaging requirements (per m2 manufactured product)

Process data

Unit

Corrugated board boxes
Kraftliner (paper)
PE filmkg
kg
kg

Marmoleum
Modular Slate & Walton
0.018
0.020
0.001

Table 10: Transport distances

Process data
Limestone flour
Linseed oil
Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
Pigment
Colophony (rosin)
Tall oil
Titanium dioxide
Wood flour
Polyester
Lacquer
Corrugated board boxes
Wooden pallets
PE film
Transport to construction site :-Transport distance 40 t truck

Unit
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km

Road
498
212
263
379
246
100
112
355
253
2
115
150
145
1044
774

km
-Transport distance 7.5t truck (Fine
distribution)
Waste transport to incineration

Truck size
14 - 20t gross weight /11,4t payload capacity

34 - 40 t gross weight /27t payload capacity
7,5 t - 12t gross weight/ 5t payload capacity

Ship
2740
15800
7060
4031

270
km

100

7,5 t - 12t gross weight/ 5t payload capacity-

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Table 11: Inputs/outputs from Installation

Process data
INPUTS
Marmoleum
Adhesive (30% water content)- Water- Acrylate co-polymer- Styrene Butadiene co-polymer- Limestone flour- SandOUTPUTS
Installed Marmoleum
Installation Waste (Marmoleum and packaging)

Unit

Marmoleum
Modular Slate & Walton

kg
kg

2.86
0.28

kg
kg

2.80
0.06

Table 12: Inputs from use stage (per m2.year of installed product)

Process data

Unit

Detergent
Electricity
Water

kg/yearkWh/yearkg/yearMarmoleum
Modular Slate & Walton
0.04
0.55
3.224

Table 13: Disposal

Process data

Unit

Post-consumer Marmoleum to incineration%

Marmoleum
Modular Slate & Walton
100

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
In table 14 the environmental impacts for one lifecycle are presented for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton. In thetable 15 the environmental impacts are presented for all the lifecycle stages.
Table 14: Results of the LCA – Environmental impacts one lifecycle (one year) – Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton

Impact Category : CML 2001 – Jan. 2016
Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years)

Marmoleum
Modular Slate &Walton6,80E+00

Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP. steady state)
Acidification Potential (AP)1,60E-08
3,39E-02

Eutrophication Potential (EP)8,77E-03

Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
Abiotic Depletion Potential Elements (ADPE)
Abiotic Depletion Potential Fossil (ADPF)

1,50E-03
3,24E-06
7,28E+01

Unit
kg CO2-Equiv.
kg R11-Equiv.
kg SO2-Equiv.
kg PhosphateEquiv.
kg Ethene-Equiv.
kg Sb-Equiv.
[MJ]

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Table 15: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton (one year)

Impact Category : CML
2001 – Jan. 2016
Parameter
Unit
GWP
ODP
AP
EP
POCP
ADPE
ADPF

[kg CO2-Eq.][kg CFC11-Eq.][kg SO2-Eq.][kg PO43-- Eq.]
[kg Ethen Eq.]
[kg Sb Eq.]
[MJ]

Manufacturing

Installation

Use (1yr)

End of Life

Credits

A1-3

A4

A5

B2

C1

C2

C3

D

9,30E-01
1,36E-08
2,56E-02
7,49E-03
1,39E-03
3,06E-06
6,32E+01

5,67E-01
5,44E-17
5,72E-03
7,28E-04-4,51E-05
2,03E-08
4,84E+00

4,71E-01
3,10E-10
7,47E-04
1,12E-04
7,26E-05
7,14E-08
7,63E+00

2,91E-01
2,06E-09
7,48E-04
9,43E-05
5,40E-05
1,03E-07
3,53E+00

2,16E-01
6,05E-15
6,12E-04
5,73E-05
3,89E-05
6,87E-08
2,32E+00

1,96E-02
3,23E-18
4,76E-05
1,19E-05-1,62E-05
1,51E-09
2,65E-01

5,03E+00
9,18E-16
1,66E-03
4,13E-04
1,07E-04
4,95E-08
1,27E+00-7,29E-01-1,01E-14-1,24E-03-1,34E-04-9,78E-05-1,32E-07-1,03E+01

GWP = Global warming potential; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential of land and water; EP = Eutrophication potential; POCP = Formation potential of
tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants; ADPE = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADPF = Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources

The relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton isshown in figure 4.
Figure 4: relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton for a one-yearusage.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one-year usage.
The LCA for GWP reflects the use of renewable raw materials for the production of Marmoleum (linseed oil and jute).
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is locked in from the atmosphere in the course of the plant growth via
photosynthesis and stored during the use stage. This carbon dioxide is not released until the end of life when it isincinerated with energy recovery – this process accounts for the greatest emission of greenhouse gases in the life
cycle of the product.
For the production stage of Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton the uptake of CO 2 is less than the emission ofgreenhouse gasses and therefore resulting in a positive number.
In the other 6 impact categories (ODP, AP, EP, POCP, ADPE, ADPF) the production stage has the main contribution
to the overall impact. For these categories the main contributor in the production stage is the raw material extraction
and processing with a share of 70-98% of total impacts from the production stage.
Forbo declares in the EPD a worldwide distribution by truck (1044 km) and container ship (4031 km). For this scenario
the transport has a relevance of 6%-17% in the impact categories GWP, AP, EP and ADPF.
The negative impact for POCP for the transportation stage is remarkable, but it is assumed that NO and CO reduces
the accumulated ozone to NO2, CO2 and O2. This means, that high concentrations of ozone do not often occur nearhydrocarbon emission sources. Higher ozone concentrations more commonly arise in areas of clean air, such as
forests, where there is less NO and CO.
For GWP and ADPF the adhesive for the flooring installation has a significant impact of 7-9%. The LCA for the
installation is based on an assumption of 280 g/m² adhesive.
The use stage is calculated for one year of service life time with a conservative scenario based on a cleaning regime
suitable for high traffic areas. The electricity and detergent used to clean the floor are the main contributors for this life
cycle stage.
Energy recovery from incineration and the respective energy substitution at the end of life results in a credit asreported in the End of Life stage.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Parameters describing resource use
In the table 16 the parameters describing resource use are presented for all the lifecycle stages.

Parameter
PERE
PERM
PERT
PENRE
PENRM
PENRT
SM
RSF
NRSF
FW

Table 16: Results of the LCA – Resource use for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton (one year)
Manufacturing
Installation
Use (1yr)
End of Life
Unit
A1-3
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
C3
[MJ]
1,66E+01[MJ]
3,64E+01[MJ]
5,30E+01
1,74E-01 2,99E-01 1,68E+00 1,57E+00 1,54E-02
2,12E-01[MJ]
5,03E+01[MJ]
1,56E+01[MJ]
6,59E+01
4,86E+00 7,79E+00 5,34E+00 3,90E+00 2,66E-01
1,45E+00[kg]
6,48E-01
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00[MJ]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00[MJ]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00[m3]
3,86E-02
2,96E-04 1,53E-03 2,02E-03 1,85E-03 2,61E-05
1,15E-02

Credits
D-2,63E+00-1,29E+01
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00-3,10E-03

PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials;
PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM =Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use ofrenewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water

Other environmental information describing different waste categories and output flows
In the tables 17 other environmental information describing different waste categories and output flows are presented
for all the lifecycle stages.
Table 17: Results of the LCA – Output flows and Waste categories for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton (one year)
Manufacturing Transport Installation Use (1yr)
End of Life/credits
Parameter
Unit
A1-3
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
C3
D
HWD
[kg]
6,78E-08
1,62E-07
2,54E-09
2,04E-09
1,87E-09
1,49E-08
1,04E-09 -5,32E-09
NHWD
1,88E-01
2,48E-04
3,80E-03
6,21E-03
2,84E-03
2,16E-05
3,54E-02 -5,60E-03
[kg]
RWD
[kg]
1,09E-03
6,28E-06
6,43E-05
6,93E-04
6,28E-04
3,61E-07
7,34E-05 -1,05E-03
CRU[kg]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00
MFR[kg]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00
MER[kg]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00
EE Power[MJ]
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
1,95E-01
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 5,73E+00 0,00E+00
EE Thermal
0,00E+00
0,00E+00
3,49E-01
0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 1,02E+01 0,00E+00
energy[MJ]
HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER =Materials for energy recovery; EE = Exported energy per energy carrier

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Additional Environmental Information
To be fully transparant Forbo Flooring does not only want to declare the environmental impacts required in the PCR,
but also the impacts on human health and eco-toxicity.
Toxicity
For this calculations the USEtoxTM model is used as being the globally recommended preferred model forcharacterization modelling of human and eco-toxic impacts in LCIA by the United Nations Environment Programme
SETAC Life Cycle Initiative.
According to the "ILCD Handbook: Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context" therecommended characterization models and associated characterization factors are classified according to their quality
into three levels:o Level I (recommended and satisfactory),olevel II (recommended but in need of some improvements)olevel III (recommended, but to be applied with caution).

A mixed classification sometimes is related to the application of the classified method to different types of substances.
USEtoxTM is classified as Level II / III, unlike for example the CML impact categories which are classified as Level I.
Table 18: Results of the LCA – Environmental impacts one lifecycle (one year) – Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton

Impact Category : USEtox
Eco toxicity
Human toxicity, cancer
Human toxicity, non-canc.

Marmoleum Modular Slate &Walton6,64E-03
5,16E-10
6,69E-11

Unit
PAF m3.day
Cases
Cases

In the following table the impacts are subdivided into the lifecycle stages.
Table 19: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton (one year)

Impact Category : USEtox
Eco toxicity
Human toxicity, cancer
Human toxicity, non-canc.

Unit
PAF m3.day
cases
cases

Production
4,40E-03
5,10E-10
1,56E-11

Transport
1,10E-03
1,22E-12
4,36E-13

Installation
7,76E-04
1,62E-11
5,07E-11

Use (1yr)
4,21E-04
3,01E-11
7,26E-13

End of Life
-5,47E-05-4,15E-11-4,93E-13

Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one-year usage.
The impact on Eco-toxicity is mostly dominated by the production stage (65%) in which the raw materials are having
the biggest impact with a share of around 83%. Other main contributor of the total life cycle is the transport to thecustomer and the adhesive used for installing the floor with respectively 16 and 12%.
In the Human toxicity (cancer) the largest contribution is coming from the production stage where the thermal energyMarmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

and hydropower used in the manufacturing is contributing 81% to the total impact. Other minor contributions comefrom the Installation (Adhesive) and Use stage (Electricity). For the End of Life stage energy recovery from incinerationand the respective energy substitution at the end of life results in a credit.
For Human toxicity (non-canc.) by far the biggest impact of 75% is coming from the installation stage, where thecontribution of the adhesive is predominating this life cycle stage. A smaller but significant contribution of 23% to thetotal impact is coming from the production stage where the main contributor is the raw material extraction andprocessing with a factor of 78%.

Interpretation main modules and flows
The interpretation of the main modules and flows contributing to the total impact in each impact category is presented
in following figures and tables.
Figure 5: relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton for a one year
usage.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Table 20: Main modules and flows contributing to the total impact in each impact category for Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
for a one-year usage
ImpactCategory

Stage

Production

ModuleRaw Material
Extraction-0.32 kg
CO2-equiv.

Transport ofRaw materials

0.11 kg
CO2-equiv.
1.13 kg
CO2-equiv.

Manufacturing
GWP

Transport

Transport
Gate to User

Installation

Installation

Use

Use

EOL

EOL
Raw Material
Extraction

98%

Production

ODP

AP

Installation

Transport ofRaw materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Gate to User
Installation

Use

Use

EOL

EOL

Production

Installation

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport ofRaw materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Gate to User
Installation

Use

Use

Transport

Transport

EOL

EP

Installation
Use

Use

Transport

EOL

2%

EOL

Linseed oil (-1.46 kg CO2 eq.)
Titaniumdioxide (0.23 kg CO2
eq)Polyester (0.79 kg CO2 eq.)
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

91%
7%
2%

96%
3%
1%

Main contributing flows

Production : Renewable resources, Carbon
dioxideProduction : Inorganic emissions to air,Carbon dioxide

89% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
67% Adhesive
20% Incineration of cuttingwaste
79% Electricity
20% Detergent
Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring
38% Tall oil
23% Titanium dioxide
18% Colophony
18% Linseed oil
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
100% Wooden pallets
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
100% Adhesive
100% Detergent

EOL
Raw Material
Extraction
Transport ofRaw materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Gate to User
Installation

Production< 0.01%Main contributor

Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring
53% Linseed oil
35% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
82% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
95% Adhesive
87% Electricity
12% Detergent
Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring
91% Linseed oil
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
74% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
91% Adhesive
64% Electricity
45% Detergent and waste water
treatment
Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring

Transport & Installation : Inorganic
emissions to air, Carbon dioxide
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, Carbon
dioxideEOL : Inorganic emissions to air, Carbon
dioxideProduction : Halogenated organic emissions
to air, R114 (Dichlorotetrafluorethane),Halon (1301)

Transport & Installation : Halogenatedorganic emissions to air, R114
(Dichlorotetrafluorethane)
Use : Halogenated organic emissions to air,
R11 (Trichlorofluoromethane), R114
(Dichlorotetrafluorethane)
EOL: Halogenated organic emissions to air,
Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)
Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Ammonia, NOx , Sulphur dioxide
Production : inorganic emissions to fresh
water, Hydrogen chloride
Transport & Installation : Inorganic
emissions to air, NOx , Sulphur dioxide
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, Nitrogenoxides , Sulphur dioxide
EOL : Inorganic emissions to air, Nitrogenoxide, Sulphur dioxide
Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Ammonia, NOx
Production : Inorganic emissions to fresh
water, Nitrate , Nitrogen organic bounded,
Phosphate
Transport & Installation : Inorganic
emissions to air, NOx
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, NOx
EOL : Inorganic emissions to air, NOx

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

ImpactCategory

Stage

Production

Transport
POCP

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport ofRaw materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Gate to User

90%
4%
6%

Main contributor
38% Linseed oil
23% Titanium dioxide
27% Polyester
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
94% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

97% Adhesive

Use

Use

76% electricity
22% Detergent

EOL

Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring

Production

ADPf

ModuleInstallation

EOL

ADPe

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Raw Material
Extraction

96%

Transport ofRaw materials<0,5%

Manufacturing

4%

24% Tall oil
19% Titanium dioxide
37% Polyester
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
63% Hydropower
25% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
98% Adhesive

Installation

Transport
Gate to User
Installation

Use

Use

69% Electricity
28% Detergent

EOL

EOL

Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring

Production

Raw Material
Extraction

Transport

Transport
Installation
Use
EOL
Production

Transport ofRaw materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Gate to User

Transport
Installation
Use

2%
28%

Installation

29% Linseed oil
45% Polyester
11% Tall oil
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
100% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
99% Adhesive

Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Carbon monoxide, NOx , Sulphur dioxide
Production : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified)
Transport & Installation : Inorganic
emissions to air, NOx
Transport & Installation : Group NMVOC toair, NMVOC (unspecified)
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, Sulphur
dioxideEOL : Inorganic emissions to air, Carbon
monoxide , NOx, Sulphur dioxide
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified) , Methane
Production : Nonrenewable elements,
Copper, Lead, Phosphorus
Production : Nonrenewable resources,
Sodium chloride (Rock salt)

Transport & Installation : Non renewable
resources, Lead-zinc ore
Use : Nonrenewable resources, Sodium
chloride (Rock salt)
EOl : Nonrenewable resources, Sodium
chloride (Rock salt)
EOL : Nonrenewable elements, Silver,
Copper, Lead
Production : Crude oil resource, Crude oil (inMJ)
Production : Hard coal resource, hard coal(in MJ)
Production : Natural gas (resource), Naturalgas (in MJ)
Transport & Installation : Crude oil resource,
Crude oil (in MJ)
Transport & Installation : Natural gas(resource), Natural gas (in MJ)

Transport
Gate to User

70% electricity
30% Detergent
Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring
10% Linseed oil
82% Polyester
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
38% Packaging end product
60% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

99% Adhesive

Transport & installation : Hydrocarbons tofresh water, Anthracene, Phenol (Hydroxy
benzene), Methanol

Use

11% Detergent

Use : Hydrocarbons to fresh water,

Use
EOL
Raw Material
Extraction
Transport ofRaw materials
Manufacturing

Ecotoxicity

70%

Main contributing flows

83%
8%
9%

Use : Hard coal resource, hard coal (in MJ),
Natural gas (in MJ)
EOL : Natural gas (resource), Natural gas(in MJ)
Production : Hydrocarbons to fresh water,
Anthracene, Phenol (Hydroxy benzene),
MethanolMarmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

ImpactCategoryStage

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

ModuleMain contributor
88% Electricity

Humantoxicity, cancer

EOL

Production

Raw Material
Extraction

18%

Transport ofRaw materials

1%

Manufacturing

91%

Transport
Gate to User

15% Linseed oil
50% Polyester
14% Tall oil
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
53% Thermal energy
47% Hydropower
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

99% adhesive

Use

Use

93% Electricity

EOL

EOL

Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring

Production

Raw Material
Extraction

Transport
Installation

Humantoxicity, non
canc.

Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring

EOL

Transport
Installation
Use
EOL

Transport ofRaw materials
Manufacturing
Transport
Gate to User

78%
1%
21%

62% Lacquer
13% Linseed oil
11% Polyester
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
100% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

100% adhesive

Use77% electricity
23% Detergent

EOL

Incineration of post-consumer
linoleum flooring

Main contributing flows
Anthracene, Phenol (Hydroxy benzene),
Methanol
EOL : Hydrocarbons to fresh water,
Anthracene, Phenol (Hydroxy benzene),
Methanol

Production : Group NMVOC to air,Formaldehyde (Methanal), Polychlorinateddibenzo-p-furans (2,3,7,8-TCDD)

Transport & Installation : Group NMVOC toair, Formaldehyde (Methanal),
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (2,3,7,8TCDD)
Use : Group NMVOC to air, Formaldehyde(Methanal), Polychlorinated dibenzo-pfurans (2,3,7,8-TCDD)
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, Formaldehyde(Methanal), Polychlorinated dibenzo-pfurans (2,3,7,8-TCDD)

Production : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)

Transport & Installation : Group NMVOC toair, NMVOC (unspecified), Hexane, Methyl
Methacrylate (MMA)
Use : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Xylene, Formaldehyde(Methanal)
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal),
XyleneMarmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Description of Selected Impact Categories
Abiotic Depletion Potential
The abiotic depletion potential covers all-natural resources such as metal containing ores, crude oil and mineral raw
materials. Abiotic resources include all raw materials from non-living resources that are non-renewable. This impact
category describes the reduction of the global amount of non-renewable raw materials. Non-renewable means a timeframe of at least 500 years. This impact category covers an evaluation of the availability of natural elements in general,
as well as the availability of fossil energy carriers.
ADP (elements) describes the quantity of non-energetic resources directly withdrawn from the geosphere. It reflects
the scarcity of the materials in the geosphere and is expressed in Antimony equivalents. The characterization factors
are published by the CML, Oers 2010.
Are fossil energy carriers included in the impact category, it is ADP (fossil). Fossil fuels are used similarly to theprimary energy consumption; the unit is therefore also MJ. In contrast to the primary fossil energy ADP fossil does notcontain uranium, because this does not count as a fossil fuel.
Primary energy consumption
Primary energy demand is often difficult to determine due to the various types of energy source. Primary energy
demand is the quantity of energy directly withdrawn from the hydrosphere, atmosphere or geosphere or energy source
without any anthropogenic change. For fossil fuels and uranium, this would be the amount of resource withdrawn
expressed in its energy equivalent (i.e. the energy content of the raw material). For renewable resources, the energycharacterized amount of biomass consumed would be described. For hydropower, it would be based on the amount ofenergy that is gained from the change in the potential energy of water (i.e. from the height difference). As aggregatedvalues, the following primary energies are designated:
The total “Primary energy consumption non-renewable”, given in MJ, essentially characterizes the gain from theenergy sources natural gas, crude oil, lignite, coal and uranium. Natural gas and crude oil will both be used for energy
production and as material constituents e.g. in plastics. Coal will primarily be used for energy production. Uranium will
only be used for electricity production in nuclear power stations.
The total “Primary energy consumption renewable”, given in MJ, is generally accounted separately and comprises
hydropower, wind power, solar energy and biomass. It is important that the end energy (e.g. 1 kWh of electricity) andthe primary energy used are not miscalculated with each other; otherwise the efficiency for production or supply of theend energy will not be accounted for. The energy content of the manufactured products will be considered as
feedstock energy content. It will be characterised by the net calorific value of the product. It represents the still usableenergy content.
Waste categories
There are various different qualities of waste. For example, waste can be classed according to German and European
waste directives. The modelling principles have changed with the last GaBi4 database update in October 2006. Now

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

all LCA data sets (electricity generation, raw material etc.) already contain the treatment of the waste with very low
waste output at the end of the stage. So the amount of waste is predominantly caused by foreground processes during
the production phase. This is important for the interpretation of waste amounts.
From a balancing point of view, it makes sense to divide waste into three categories. The categories
overburden/tailings, industrial waste for municipal disposal and hazardous waste will be used.
Overburden / tailings in kg: This category consists of the layer which must be removed in order to access raw
material extraction, ash and other raw material extraction conditional materials for disposal. Also included in thiscategory are tailings such as inert rock, slag, red mud etc.
Industrial waste for municipal disposal in kg: This term contains the aggregated values of industrial waste formunicipal waste according to 3. AbfVwV TA SiedlABf.
Hazardous waste in kg: This category includes materials that will be treated in a hazardous waste incinerator or
hazardous waste landfill, such as painting sludges, galvanic sludges, filter dusts or other solid or liquid hazardous
waste and radioactive waste from the operation of nuclear power plants and fuel rod production.
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
The mechanism of the greenhouse effect can be observed on a small scale, as the name suggests, in a greenhouse.
These effects are also occurring on a global scale. The occurring short-wave radiation from the sun comes into contact
with the earth’s surface and is partly absorbed (leading to direct warming) and partly reflected as infrared radiation.
The reflected part is absorbed by so-called greenhouse gases in the troposphere and is re-radiated in all directions,
including back to earth. This results in a warming effect on the earth’s surface.
In addition to the natural mechanism, the greenhouse effect is enhanced by human activities. Greenhouse gases thatare considered to be caused, or increased, anthropogenically are, for example, carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs.
Figure A1 shows the main processes of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. An analysis of the greenhouse effectshould consider the possible long term global effects.

Absorption
Reflection
UV - radiation
T

InfraredradiationraceGreenhouse effect (KREISSIG 1999)

re
sphe
tmo

CH4

a
he
nt

Figure A1:

i
es

CFCs
CO2

s
ga

The global warming potential is calculated incarbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-Eq.). Thismeans that the greenhouse potential of anemission is given in relation to CO2. Since theresidence time of the gases in the atmosphere isincorporated into the calculation, a time range
for the assessment must also be specified. A
period of 100 years is customary.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Acidification Potential (AP)The acidification of soils and waters predominantly occurs through the transformation of air pollutants into acids. This
leads to a decrease in the pH-value of rainwater and fog from 5.6 to 4 and below. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
and their respective acids (H2SO4 and HNO3) produce relevant contributions. This damages ecosystems, whereby
forest dieback is the most well-known impact.
Acidification has direct and indirect damaging effects (such as nutrients being elutriated from soils or an increased
solubility of metals into soils). But even buildings and building materials can be damaged. Examples include metals
and natural stones which are corroded or disintegrated at an increased rate.
When analysing acidification, it should be considered that although it is a global problem, the regional effects ofacidification can vary. Figure A2 displays the primary impact pathways of acidification.
The acidification potential is given in sulphur
dioxide equivalents (SO2-Eq.). The acidification
potential is described as the ability of certain
substances to build and release H+ - ions. Certain
emissions can also be considered to have an
acidification potential, if the given S-, N- andhalogen atoms are set in proportion to themolecular mass of the emission. The reference
substance is sulphur dioxide.

NOX
SO2
H2SO44
HNO3

Figure A2: Acidification Potential (KREISSIG 1999)

Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Eutrophication is the enrichment of nutrients in a certain place. Eutrophication can be aquatic or terrestrial. Air
pollutants, waste water and fertilization in agriculture all contribute to eutrophication.
The result in water is an accelerated algae growth, which in turn, prevents sunlight from reaching the lower depths.
This leads to a decrease in photosynthesis and less oxygen production. In addition, oxygen is needed for thedecomposition of dead algae. Both effects cause a decreased oxygen concentration in the water, which can eventuallylead to fish dying and to anaerobic decomposition (decomposition without the presence of oxygen). Hydrogen sulphideand methane are thereby produced. This can lead, among others, to the destruction of the eco-system.
On eutrophicated soils, an increased susceptibility of plants to diseases and pests is often observed, as is adegradation of plant stability. If the nutrification level exceeds the amounts of nitrogen necessary for a maximum
harvest, it can lead to an enrichment of nitrate. This can cause, by means of leaching, increased nitrate content ingroundwater. Nitrate also ends up in drinking water.

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

Nitrate at low levels is harmless from a toxicologicalpoint of view. However, nitrite, a reaction product ofnitrate, is toxic to humans. The causes of
eutrophication are displayed in Figure A3. The
eutrophication potential is calculated in phosphate
equivalents (PO4-Eq). As with acidification potential,
it’s important to remember that the effects ofeutrophication potential differ regionally.

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Air pollution
NOX

N2O
NH3

Fertilisation

NO3 -Waste water
Figure A3:

PO4

NH4+

-3

Eutrophication Potential (KREISSIG 1999)

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
Despite playing a protective role in the stratosphere, at ground-level ozone is classified as a damaging trace gas.
Photochemical ozone production in the troposphere, also known as summer smog, is suspected to damage vegetationand material. High concentrations of ozone are toxic to humans.
Radiation from the sun and the presence of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons incur complex chemical reactions,producing aggressive reaction products, one of which is ozone. Nitrogen oxides alone do not cause high ozone
concentration levels. Hydrocarbon emissions occur from incomplete combustion, in conjunction with petrol (storage,
turnover, refueling etc.) or from solvents. High concentrations of ozone arise when the temperature is high, humidity islow, when air is relatively static and when there are high concentrations of hydrocarbons. Today it is assumed that theexistance of NO and CO reduces the accumulated ozone to NO 2, CO2 and O2. This means, that high concentrations ofozone do not often occur near hydrocarbon emission sources. Higher ozone concentrations more commonly arise inareas of clean air, such as forests, where there is less NO and CO (Figure A4).

In Life Cycle Assessments, photochemical ozone
creation potential (POCP) is referred to in
ethylene-equivalents (C2H4-Eq.). When
analyzing, it’s important to remember that theactual ozone concentration is strongly influenced
by the weather and by the characteristics of thelocal conditions.

Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides

Ozone

Dry and warm
climateHydrocarbons

Nitrogen oxides

Figure A4:

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
Ozone is created in the stratosphere by the disassociation of oxygen atoms that are exposed to short-wave UV-light.
This leads to the formation of the so-called ozone layer in the stratosphere (15 - 50 km high). About 10 % of this ozone

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

reaches the troposphere through mixing processes. In spite of its minimal concentration, the ozone layer is essential
for life on earth. Ozone absorbs the short-wave UV-radiation and releases it in longer wavelengths. As a result, only asmall part of the UV-radiation reaches the earth.
Anthropogenic emissions deplete ozone. This is well-known from reports on the hole in the ozone layer. The hole iscurrently confined to the region above Antarctica, however another ozone depletion can be identified, albeit not to thesame extent, over the mid-latitudes (e.g. Europe). The substances which have a depleting effect on the ozone canessentially be divided into two groups; the fluorine-chlorine-hydrocarbons (CFCs) and the nitrogen oxides (NOX).
Figure A5 depicts the procedure of ozone depletion.
One effect of ozone depletion is the warming of the earth's surface. The sensitivity of humans, animals and plants to
UV-B and UV-A radiation is of particular importance. Possible effects are changes in growth or a decrease in harvest
crops (disruption of photosynthesis), indications of tumors (skin cancer and eye diseases) and decrease of sea
plankton, which would strongly affect the food chain. In calculating the ozone depletion potential, the anthropogenicallyreleased halogenated hydrocarbons, which can destroy many ozone molecules, are recorded first. The so-called
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) results from the calculation of the potential of different ozone relevant substances.

This is done by calculating, first of all, a scenario fora fixed quantity of emissions of a CFC reference(CFC 11). This results in an equilibrium state of totalozone reduction. The same scenario is considered
for each substance under study whereby CFC 11 is
replaced by the quantity of the substance. This
leads to the ozone depletion potential for each
respective substance, which is given in CFC 11
equivalents. An evaluation of the ozone depletion
potential should take the long term, global andpartly irreversible effects into consideration.

UV - radiation

Stratosphere15 - 50 km

Absorption

Absorption

CFCs
Nitrogen oxide

Figure A5:

Ozone Depletion Potential (KREISSIG 1999)

Marmoleum Modular Slate & Walton
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

References
GABI 8 2012

THINKSTEP AG; GaBi 8: Software-System and Database for Life Cycle
Engineering. Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2017.

GABI 8 2012D

GaBi 8: Documentation of GaBi 8: Software-System and Database for Life
Cycle Engineering. Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2017.
http://documentation.gabi-software.com/

UL ENVIRONMENTUL Environment’s Program Operator Rules

PE 2012

Description of Selected Impact Categories, Thinkstep AG, 2012

ILCD Handbook: General guidefor Life Cycle Assessment Detailed guidanceEuropean Commission-Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment andSustainability: International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD)
Handbook- Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in theEuropean context. First edition November 2011. EUR 24571 EN. Luxemburg.
Publications Office of the European Union; 2011

STANDARDS AND LAWSDIN EN ISO 14044

Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements andguidelines (ISO 14044:2006); English version EN ISO 14044

ISO 14025 2006

EN ISO 14025: Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental
declarations — Principles and procedures

ISO 14040 2006

Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework(ISO 14040); English version EN ISO 14040

CEN/TR 15941

Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations Methodology for selection and use of generic data; German version CEN/TR
15941

EN 16810

Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings - Environmental productdeclarations - Product category rules

ISO 24011

Resilient floor coverings - Specification for plain and decorative linoleum

CPR

REGULATION (EU) No 305/2011 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for themarketing of construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC

EN-ISO 10874

Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings – Classification