Japanese
ACCOUNTING FORUM 2016

No. 24

JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION

Japan Accounting Association
Liaison Office: c/o Moriyama-Shoten
Hayashi Building, 1-10 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 101-0054, Japan

Copyright© 2016, Japan Accounting Association

Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM 2016
JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION

Preface
Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM of Japan Accounting Association (JAA) is
published annually to publicize academic activities of JAA in English. The first issue
of Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM was published in 1993. This edition for 2016is the 24th issue of Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM.
This issue contains the summary of presentations at the 74th Annual Conferenceof JAA which was hosted by Kobe University in Hyogo Prefecture on September
6-8, 2015. It also includes the reports of regional activities of JAA during the 2015
academic year.
I sincerely hope that Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM serves the readers tobetter understand the activities of JAA.
Katsuhiko Kokubu
Chairman of the International Committee andManaging Editor of Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM,
Japan Accounting Association

Contact: Professor Katsuhiko Kokubu
Graduate School of Business Administration
Kobe University
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku,
Kobe 657-8501, JAPANkokubu@kobe-u.ac.jp

1

JAPAN ACCOUNTING
Board of Directors (2016)

President:
Hisakatsu Sakurai,

ASSOCIATION

Kwansei Gakuin University

Directors:
Kunio Ito, Hitotsubashi University
Yoshihiro Ito, Waseda University
Shigeo Ohtsuka, Chiba University
Kazuhisa Otogawa, Kobe University
Hiroshi Obata, Hitotsubashi University
Teruyuki Kawasaki, Konan University
Masato Kikuya, Hosei University
Yasuyoshi Kurokawa, Senshu University
Katsuhiko Kokubu, Kobe University
Masanobu Kosuga, Kwansei Gakuin University
Shinya Saitou, Yokohama National University
Kazumi Suzuki, Kobe University
Kenji Tanaka, Meiji University
Yusuke Nakajo, Yokohama City University
Ichiro Hoshino, Hiroshima University
Takami Matsuo, Kobe University2

Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM 2016

International Committee and 2016-2018 Editorial Board
Managing Editor:
Katsuhiko Kokubu,

Kobe University

Deputy Managing Editor:
Hiroshi Obata, Hitotsubashi University
Editors:
Takashi Ando, Chiba University of Commerce
Noriyuki Konishi, Aoyama Gakuin University
Chika Saka, Kwansei Gakuin University
Satoshi Sugahara, Kwansei Gakuin University
Tokuei Sugimoto, Kwansei Gakuin University
Noriyuki Tsunogaya, Nagoya University
Makoto Nakano, Hitotsubashi University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Tadanori Yosano, Kobe University

3

Past Editors of the Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM :1993－1997
Seigo Nakajima, Managing Editor, Ferris University
Yukio Fujita, Deputy Managing Editor, Aichi Gakuin University
Youichi Hara, Ritsumeikan University
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Kwansei Gakuin University
Toshiro Hiromoto, Hitotsubashi University
Yoshiaki Jinnai, Tokyo Keizai University
Yoshihide Toba, Senshu University

1998－2000
Nobuo Kamata, Managing Editor, Chubu University
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Deputy Managing Editor, Kwansei Gakuin University
Tokugoro Murayama, Deputy Managing Editor, CPA
Shinji Hatta, Surugadai University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Yasuhito Ozawa, Senshu University
Shigeto Sasaki, Senshu University
Kazumasa Takemori, Chubu University

2001－2003
Nobuo Kamata, Managing Editor, Chubu University
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Deputy Managing Editor, Kwansei Gakuin University
Shinji Hatta, Surugadai University
Norio Igarashi, CPA
Noriyuki Konishi, Senshu University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Michimasa Satoh, Nagoya University
Kazumasa Takemori, Chubu University

2004－2006
Michiharu Sakurai, Managing Editor, Senshu University
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Deputy Managing Editor, Kwansei Gakuin University
Yukio Sakaguchi, Senshu University
Hironao Iwata, Tokyo International University
4

Past Editors of the Japanese ACCOUNTING FORUM :2007－2009
Kazuo Hiramatsu, Managing Editor, Kwansei Gakuin University
Noriyuki Konishi, Deputy Managing Editor, Okayama University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Norio Sawabe, Kyoto University
Takashi Yaekura, Hosei University
Koji Kojima, Kwansei Gakuin University

2010－2012
Yoshihiro Tokuga, Managing Editor, Kyoto University
Nobuhiko Sato, Deputy Managing Editor, Meiji University
Koji Kojima, Kwansei Gakuin University
Noriyuki Konishi, Aoyama Gakuin University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Norio Sawabe, Kyoto University

2013－2015
Yoshihiro Tokuga, Managing Editor, Kyoto University
Nobuhiko Sato, Deputy Managing Editor, Kumamoto Gakuen University
Noriyuki Konishi, Aoyama Gakuin University
Chika Saka, Kwansei Gakuin University
Satoshi Sugahara, Hiroshima Shudo University
Tokuei Sugimoto, Kwansei Gakuin University
Tomomi Shiosaki, Kyushu University
Noriyuki Tsunogaya, Nagoya University
Makoto Nakano, Hitotsubashi University
Akihiro Noguchi, Nagoya University
Yutaro Murakami, Keio University

5Japanese
ACCOUNTING FORUM
No. 24, 2016
CONTENTS
Preface

Katsuhiko Kokubu(1)

Report2015 Annual Conference

Hisakatsu Sakurai(9)

Plenary Session: Frontiers of Accounting Research
Session 1: Frontiers of Financial Accounting Research
Past, Present, and Future of Capital Markets Research in Accounting
Kazuhisa Otogawa (11)Potentiality of Research on Accounting Regulation
Keiichi Oishi(12)

Challenges and Prospects Facing Earnings Management Research in Measuring
Accounting Discretion
Masashi Okumura (13)Bridging the Gap between Theory and Evidence
Yasuhiro Ohta

(14)

Evolutionary Theory Approach to Management Accounting ResearchOkihiro Maruta(15)

Frontiers of Inter-Organizational Accounting Research:
Current State and Future Prospects
Takehisa Kajiwara(16)

Session 2: Frontiers of Management Accounting Research

6

The Frontier of Management Accounting - from Risk Management toManagement Control in Crisis
Ikuko Sasaki(17)

Management Accounting for the Industrial Cluster
Masaru Takahashi
Session 3: Frontiers
Reportof

Auditing

Research - Improving

the

(18)

Auditor’s

Functions of Audit Report and Responsibilities of Auditors
Toshifumi Takada (19)Auditor’s Judgement-formation in the Financial Statements Audit andan Auditor’s Reporting Model
Fumio Naito(20)

The Acceptability of Information-Oriented Auditor’s Report
Yoshinao Matsumoto(21)

Some Inquiries into the Questionnaire Survey on the Perception of
Financial Statements Users about the Auditor’s Report
Yoshihiro Machida (22)Special Committees
Theory, System and Utilization Practice of New Local Public Accounting(Interim Report)
Hisashi Yamaura (23)Comprehensive Study on the Dynamism of Economic Society and theParadigm Shift of Accounting Systems
Teruyuki Kawasaki(25)

Study Groups:
Current Status and Issues of Female Accounting Researchers in Japan
Keiko Kitamura (28)7Management Accounting for Enterprise Group Management
Tomoaki Sonoda

International Session

(30)

(32)

Regional Reports
Hokkaido Region

Hiroshi Yoshimi(33)

Tohoku Region

Masahiro Shiseki(34)

Kanto Region

Makoto Takewaki(35)

Chubu Region

Morihiko Umeda(36)

Kansai Region

Atsuo Mukoyama(37)

Kyushu Region

Keiichi Oishi

(38)

8

2015 Annual Conference of JAA
Report2015 Annual Conference
Chairman of 2015
Annual Conference

Hisakatsu Sakurai
Kobe University
The 74th conference of Japan Accounting Association is held at Kobe University
after an interval of 34 years since the 40th conference of this association was held
here in 1986. All staffs of Kobe University, including from professors to graduate
students, truly appreciate for the chance to hold this conference and think that there is
not the honor more than this.
The environment concerning the accounting research changed remarkably
compared with those days of 34 years ago. It seems that the accounting research hasreceived big impact in particular by such factors as globalization of research insights
which corresponds to internationalization of business management, advance ofcommunication and use of financial information fostered by evolution of information
processing technology, and development of the research methodologies which
premised on these environmental changes. Accounting researchers wrestle daringlywith the new research tasks emerging one after another, as well as the traditional
research topics in dispute which has been argued from the old days. Much of ourefforts has been put in to aim at the height of logic and depth of argument.
It should be unquestionable that originality is the indispensable characteristics
which must be respected most in such creative activities. Therefore, every researcher
is charged with the role of cutting and holding a frontier by adding some originalcontribution to the preceding studies in everyone’s specialized research area.
According to the concept depicted above, the main theme of the 74th conferenceof Japan Accounting Association is determined, “Frontiers of Accounting Research”.
We hope that many challenges are performed at the frontier on the study and thisconference will provide productive opportunities leading to the development andevolution of accounting research.

9Member of the preparatory committee of the 74th conference of Japan Accounting
Association.
Chairperson:
Hisakatsu Sakurai
Committee Members:
Tsuneo Nakano
Hidetoshi Yamaji
Masatoshi Goto
Kazumi Suzuki
Katsuhiko Kokubu
Takami Matsuo
Hiroshi Miya
Tadanori Yosano
Kazuhisa Otogawa
Takehisa Kajiwara
Masahiro Enomoto
Yasuhiro Shimizu
Shinji Horiguchi
Tomomi Takada
Norio Kitagawa
Kazunori Miwa
Keishi Fujiyama

102015 Annual Conference of JAA
Plenary Session: Frontiers of Accounting Research
Session 1: Frontiers of Financial Accounting Research
Past, Present, and Future of Capital Markets Researchin Accounting
Kazuhisa Otogawa
Kobe University
Since capital markets research was launched by Ball and Brown (1968) andBeaver (1968), accounting researchers have investigated the usefulness ofaccounting information in terms of investors who are a major user group for
accounting information. When we engage in capital markets research using archival
data, it is necessary in advance to specify the following three issues: (i) which
accounting information, (ii) which capital market variable, and (iii) what kind of
relationship between accounting information and capital market variable are
examined. In terms of these issues, I briefly review prior studies and discuss
directions for future research.
First, prior studies investigate not only quantitative information reported in thefinancial statements, but also qualitative information reported in other sections.
Recent research also examines the impact of different communication channels foraccounting information on investors’ decisions. Second, prior studies investigate thebehavior in stock returns and trading volume on the presumption that capital market
is competitive and/or that investors’ reactions are homogenous. However, theimportant role of accounting disclosure is to mitigate information asymmetry among
investors. Researchers also investigate the behavior in bid-ask spreads and depths,
which are the proxy for information asymmetry among market participants. Somestudies demonstrate the trading behavior of market participants such as individual
investors and institutional investors. Third, on the assumption that capital markets
are informationally efficient, researchers investigate the capital market behavior
before or at the time of releasing accounting information. However, there are manystudies indicating that capital market might be not always efficient by examining therelationship between accounting information and future stock returns.

11

Potentiality of Research on Accounting Regulation
Keiichi Oishi
Kyushu University
The purpose of my presentation is to review the previous research on accounting
regulation, show its present frontier, and discuss about the future development. At
first I looked back the development of research in the United States. In the UnitedStates, studies on comment letter lobbying which were affected by the economic
theory of regulation were conducted during the 1980s-90s. But these studies could
not reveal enough the political nature of accounting standard setting, mainly becauseof a narrow view of the political process. Therefore recent studies on the “politicalconnection” try to capture more directly the resources which companies spend on
lobbying activity.
On the second, I took up international comparative studies on accounting
regulation. Conventionally, international studies often treated the United States as aprecedent and universal model. But recent international comparative studies regard
the United States as just one of many examples, and try to explain the differences
and changes by considering not only accounting standards and accounting systembut also the enforcement of accounting standards of each country as explanation
variables.
While these progresses in recent studies can be found, they still have someproblems. For example, studies on the “political connection” cannot be generalized
because they were based on the data which are available only in the United State. In
addition, there is a serious measurement problem in the variables (such as the qualityof regulation and the origin of legal system) that many international comparative
studies use to explain the differences in accounting regulation among countries andthe influences of IFRS. To overcome these problems, I suggested the importance ofdescriptive and historical studies which pay attention to the context.

12

Challenges and Prospects Facing Earnings Management Researchin Measuring Accounting Discretion
Masashi Okumura
Waseda University
Measuring accounting discretion is a vital task in key areas of accounting
research, such as agency theory-based research, capital market research, andauditing research. Business managers exercise discretion in accounting with adefinite intent, but as this intent is not clear to those on the outside, it is impossible
to accurately grasp the amount of earnings that have changed due to the accounting
discretion, that is, discretionary accruals. Therefore, proxy variables have been used
for discretionary accruals in extant research. While discretionary accruals estimatedby using the accrual models (e.g. Jones model) have been regularly used in studies
to date, a considerable amount of research has called into question the validity ofthese proxy variables.
In this paper I overview some issues faced in measuring accounting discretion andthe outcomes of recent research aimed at improving measuring accuracy. And I also
discuss future outlooks.
It is difficult to express the complex process of generating accruals in a simple
model, so researchers have yet to reach consensus on the model that should be usedin their research. However many developments in research have delivered steady
improvements in the accuracy of models for measuring discretionary accruals. Since
the Jones model was proposed in 1991, researchers have put forward many
expanded models to improve it. And in recent years these have included, forexample, models that consider the effect of conditional conservatism in accounting
rules, and those that incorporate company growth and matching in accrual
accounting. There have also been proposal of new estimation method that apply theexisting models, but at the same time, consider accrual reversal in the test process.
There has also been new research to have the stochastic nature inherent in accruals.
This is a significant development from the existing deterministic model (e.g. theJones model and the Dechow and Dichev model etc.) to the stochastic model.
At this stage, it is important for us to keep striving to improve these models andanalytical methods. In addition, when addressing specific accounting issues, it is
crucial that we understand the latest models and analytical methods for accounting
discretion, and we should select and combine those models and methods that aresuited to the research we are conducting. This in turn will enhance the reliability of
our research results.

13

Bridging the Gap between Theory and Evidence
Yasuhiro Ohta
Keio University
Most archival studies on accounting develop intuitive hypotheses that predict thesigns of regression coefficients without solid theoretical background and findevidence indicating that the coefficients are statistically significantly different fromzero. Such studies do not provide sufficient basis for policymaking as they canconfirm only the effects of past policies but cannot predict the effects of future
policies. This is because a new policy potentially changes the structure of theenvironment to which the policy concerns and the regression coefficients may not be
stable. The coefficients may depend on the old environment, which will be changedin accordance with the new policy.
Understanding the structure of the environment surrounding disclosure and its
regulations at a deeper level is essential to enhance the usefulness of accounting
research as a regulatory science. Specifically, deep parameters and policy variables
that affect economic agents’ behaviors must be identified; moreover, themicroeconomic foundation that yields the regression coefficients as a result of
economic agents’ optimization must be developed in response to policy variablechanges. The process of developing the foundation will resemble the process of realbusiness cycle theory-reformed macroeconomics.
The real business cycle theory evolved to the dynamic stochastic generalequilibrium (DSGE) model. Combined with the assumption of incomplete markets,
the DSGE model is used to examine optimal financial contracts and real investments.
It is possible to assimilate those ideas into accounting research.
This framework can be used to examine executive compensation schemes,
earnings management, accounting conservatism, etc., in addition to equity valuation.
We have to relinquish analytical solutions for underlying complicated models aswell as intuitive understandings of the mechanisms working behind accounting
phenomena. Instead, we can obtain numerical solutions for the models. We canmake a sound feedback loop between theory and evidence by comparing theoreticalpredictions using numerical solutions with actual data.

14

Session 2: Frontiers of Management Accounting Research
Evolutionary Theory Approach to Management Accounting
Research
Okihiro Maruta
Kyushu University
My presentation tried to summarize a fundamental framework of and some priorcase studies from evolutionary theory approach in management accounting research,and to show my original research results on genealogy of target costing and processof diffusion of balanced scorecard practices in healthcare organizations in Japan
from perspective of evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory approach inmanagement accounting research have appeared recently. Management accounting
system may be identified as one of “DNA” which commands to behave in somedirection. Management accounting as research object may adapt to evolutionary
theory because formal structure of management accounting system may be explicit,
be easy to identify and trace process of replications and variations in an organization
and between organizations, and to dynamically show process of variations,selections, and retentions of management accounting systems as replicators inorganizations as interactors under internal and external environmental constrains.
My studies on genealogy of target costing clarified that target costing system wasinvented in Toyota as a variation from a weight planning technique used in airplane
industry by a project manager who had transferred from an airplane company during
development of a new popular car “Publica” under stretched target cost forced bygovernment in national policy of national car development as external
environmental constrain. My another research showed that balanced scorecard
practices in healthcare organizations in Japan have some characteristics, forexamples, various positioning of “perspective of finance” such as top, parallel,second, and bottom layer in strategy map, and various stakeholders other thanpatients in “perspective of customers”, for example, doctors and nurses as internalcustomers, or residents and medical students as external customers, and they havebeen diffusing as consequence of interactions mainly at an medial academic
community who has a policy to recommend for-profit model of strategy map andscorecard even for not-for-profit organization. For evolutionary theory approach to
management accounting research, in-depth longitudinal qualitative case research andquantitative scientific analysis on various practices of management accounting by
not only researchers but also practitioners should be valuable.

15

Frontiers of Inter-Organizational Accounting Research:
Current State and Future Prospects
Takehisa Kajiwara
Kobe University
The literature on inter-organizational accounting has grown rapidly since the2000s. Prior literature revealed that firms have implemented innovativeinter-organizational accounting practices, such as target costing, value chain analysis
and open-book accounting and demonstrated that accounting information played
important roles in inter-organizational relationships such as supply chain, joint
venture, strategic alliance and outsourcing. In this study, I overview the current stateof inter-organizational accounting literature and propose three directions for
expanding the frontiers of our knowledge on roles of accounting information ininterfirm settings.
Early research on inter-organizational accounting appeared in AOS and MAR in
the early 2000s. The majority of early research employed field research such as casestudies and surveys to describe various management accounting practices ininterfirm settings. In recent years, several empirical research on inter-organizational
accounting has belatedly been published in North American journals such as TAR,
CAR, and JMAR. Transaction cost economics (TCE) is the main theoreticalperspective for predicting the antecedents and consequences of inter-organizational
accounting practices in prior literature. Thus far, research in inter-organizational
accounting has made significant contributions to inter-organizational management
literature by introducing broader concepts of management control that go beyond
contracts, and by focusing on roles of accounting information in inter-organizational
relationships.
I suggest the following three directions for expanding our knowledge ofinter-organizational accounting. First, researchers can shed light on the roles ofaccounting in networks beyond dyadic relationships by widening researchers’ angles.
Second, researcher can focus on negotiation behaviors between partner firms and theuse of accounting information in negotiations. Despite the focus of prior studies on
economic factors, psychological factors such as trust, reciprocity, and justice willplay important roles in the negotiation process between partner firms. Third,
researchers can extend the timeframe of inter-organizational accounting research forstudying the dynamic and evolutionary nature of change process of accounting
practices in interfirm settings.
Finally, I discuss the research strategy employed by Japanese accounting
researchers to expand the frontiers of inter-organizational accounting research.

16

The Frontier of Management Accounting - from Risk Management
to Management Control in Crisis
Ikuko Sasaki
Tohoku Gakuin University
Companies routinely develop risk management plans to manage potential risks.
However, in unexpected, extreme situations, companies are often unable to continue
their normal business activities, which results in disorder. The great east Japan
earthquake and tsunami in 2011 brought utter disorder to companies in Japan. Until
that time, few people had paid attention to management control under crisis. In 2013,
with the help of co-researchers, I examined a country-wide questionnaire survey
about management accounting and control under a disaster situation. I found several
distinguishing features of management control under this crisis.
First, in a disaster-affected situation, companies made quick decisions on capital
expenditures because evaluating the investment profitability or alternatives is lessimportant during a disaster than in normal conditions.
Second, the original role of a mid- to long-term management plan for integrating
goal congruence was equally important in the disaster as in normal conditions.
Third, regarding a budget control system, the original role of using a budget for
management through figures was weakened, but many companies did revise thebudget and kept the budget control system.
Next, I examined the factors on which a company bases its management control
when the original roles of management accounting are weakened. I used Merchantand Van del Stede’s (2012) four concepts of control for conducting thoseexaminations.
I found that cultural control substituted and supplemented the benchmark ofManagement by Objectives (MBO) or a combination of MBO and management
through figures. Although I found that cultural control, including the regional
importance of a business, also worked as a basis for decision-making, not allcompanies in the disaster area necessarily used cultural control.
Finally, there are many issues in the research of management accounting in acrisis area, which I cannot explain based on the existing framework of the
management accounting research, which I present in this study. In this sense,
management accounting in crisis research is the latest frontier.
Developing management accounting research in crisis situations can be used todevelop future risk management practices for companies and will cultivate further
research on risk management.

17

Management Accounting for the Industrial Cluster
Masaru Takahashi
Yokohama National University
I pointed out the problems of the food industry cluster and showed that they might
be settled by introduction of the management accounting an industrial cluster.
Management accounting of mezzo-level is necessary for the regional supply chain
such as the industrial cluster. It is not for a country (macro-level) and not for acompany (micro-level). So, I also discussed about possibility of Mezzo Management
Accounting.
Recently, the actions of the industrial cluster are performed in each region. Theseaim for autonomous development of the regional economy. However, all industry
clusters do not succeed. In the industry cluster which is not administered well, there
are the following problems;
・A strategy is not shared in participants and it is not understood.
・There is no road map to monitor the progress of the business.
・There is no method to measure an economic effect.
It is in particular thought that a tool to take the communication of thoseparticipants is necessary for an industrial cluster in order that different organizationsof the attribute make a supply chain in an area.
It is effective for the conquest of these problems to make Balanced Scorecard(BSC) and Strategy Maps for industrial clusters. In the construction of them, an idea
only by the industrial cluster is necessary. In other words it is necessary to make astrategy a cascade at each organization because a large number of organizations
participate in the industrial cluster.
Therefore, for the industrial cluster, it is necessary to construct the Strategy
Cascade Map which made mutual relations between viewpoints in BSC oforganizations clear. It is effective for monitoring the business processes andcommunicating between participants. Such a system is the one of Mezzo
Management Accounting.

18

Session 3: Frontiers of Auditing Research - Improving the
Auditor’s Report
Functions of Audit Report and Responsibilities of Auditors
Toshifumi Takada
Tohoku University
The objectives of my presentation are as follows.
(1)
To reconsider the traditional function of audit report(2)
To consider the meaning of insurance function of audit report(3)
To propose the research opportunity focusing on new function
The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and the International Audit
and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) disclosed the amendment of theInternational Standard on Auditing 700 (IAS700). Discussions have been madebased on the Key Audit Matter (KAM) before the amendment of IAS 700. KAM
proposed the change of audit report to more informative report reflecting therequirements of stakeholders.
As the other presentations focus on KAM, the main objective of my presentation
is to reconsider the traditional function of audit report. The reasons why I pick up
the basic function of audit report is that there are a few very important issues arisingin the present audit report, and that I recognize the necessity to consider the
responsibility of auditors in case of auditor change.
The basic function of audit report is to insure the financial statements.
Unqualified opinion says that there are no material misstatements in the financial
statements. This means that auditors expressing unqualified opinion insure that there
are no misleading information in the financial statements and that if not, they are
responsible to compensate the damages of stakeholders.
The basic function of audit report is impaired in case of auditor change. Thisobservation is based on my experience as a member of JICPA Disciplinary
Committee. In many cases at the time of auditor change, former auditors expressedunqualified opinion and succeeded auditors found the material misstatements.
I don’t think the necessity of informative auditor report but we need to reconsider
the present audit report, especially we need to make a research focusing on the
responsibilities of auditors at the time of change.

19

Auditor’s Judgement-formation in the Financial Statements Audit
and an Auditor’s Reporting Model
Fumio Naito
Konan University
Our report aims for the presentation of the model of audit reporting consistent
with the audit judgement formation. This process based on the issue of the audit
reporting reform by IAASB and clarified the challenges of the audit report.
Then, from the point of view of audit judgment formation, it can be said that theaudit report is the culmination of audit planning and implementation. Thus, we took
the same stance towards the principles of auditor’s report. We constructed the audit
reporting model that allows putting the planned and implemented contents of audit
into the auditor’s reports.
Also, we discussed the role of the auditor; whether to optimize disclosure systemor to stay being collateral for the reliability of the financial statements. To decide
which to focus on more, we went back to the concept of "fair presentation" andexamined its contents.
It can be said that the new provisions of the KAM of IAASB are desirable interms of improving the information content of the auditor’s report. In that case, we
described particularly important matters of the determination contents by the auditor
that were previously a black box as KAM, and insisted that the positioning of thereference information to the KAM in order to interpret the audit opinion is logicallyconsistent.
In addition, IAASB prescribed contents as KAM which were selected as mostimportant by auditors in their report for audit committee. However, although there
are provisions of the notes on the decision of the selection, the flexibility of theauditor's judgment is large because detailed standards do not exit.
This shows that KAM may be relevant to not only for audit certification but also
for business risks of companies which are audited. In this case, KAM would go
beyond the framework of the assurance. It will be up to the framework of theinformation providing. As a result, a possibility, which the auditor's role andresponsibilities will be unclear or excessive, can be recognized.
Furthermore, KAM is a considerable technical content, and if the audit report
users are naive, it may generate the problems with understanding potential. If this is
for those who are familiar with the business assessment and management, thisproblem cannot be bigger. However, IAASB does not rule out the naive user.
In our report, we presented the audit reporting model in order to avoid these
problems.

20

The Acceptability of Information-Oriented Auditor’s Report
Yoshinao Matsumoto
Kansai University
Just after the Lehman shock of 2008, the criticism against audit services andauditor's reports was actualized. An auditor's report is the sole stuff as an
information from auditor as for users who use financial statements as adecision-making information. Without such auditor's report, the users have to invest
under the environment of uncertain reliability of financial statements. Therefore, forfinancial statements users, the auditor's report is an extremely important. However, aquestion whether auditor's report really played enough roles for users was presented
in the Europe and the U.S. and much discussion has continued about the form of theauditor's report up to the present. In this report, we consider the reason why any
advantage of short form (boilerplate) auditor's report is abandoned, what kind oflong form is oriented, and how to use such form.
The form that an auditor's report becomes a long sentence includes following two
types.
One is with a passive long sentence.
The current auditor's report contains some statements, other than an audit opinion,such as the emphasis matter in addition to statements of the managements'
responsibility and the auditors' responsibility. These statements are not enough forinvestors to improve their decision-making quality. And these do not have theinformation content because these are unnecessary statements for users with thebasic knowledge about accounting and auditing and were disclosed on financial
statements.
Another is with an active long sentence.
The Key Audit Matter (KAM), introduced by the ISA 701, is the matter to which
auditor attached a high value during a financial statements audit in this fiscal year asa result of the professional judgment. The KAM shall be chosen among matters thatthe auditor notified those charged with governance and be stated in auditor's report.
These are the matters that only the auditor who conducted an audit recognizes andhave an information value for users. If they are stated in auditor's report, we believethat the use of the financial statements by the sophisticated investors should be
improved.

21

Some Inquiries into the Questionnaire Survey on the Perception of
Financial Statements Users about the Auditor’s Report
Yoshihiro Machida
Aoyama Gakuin University
This Research had done the questionnaire survey on the perception of financial
statements users: the individual investors and the analysts as the informationintermediary that are the main target of the Auditors’ Report reform, and as well ason the Chief Financial Officer of listing companies and the auditor to be compared.
The purposes of this research are 1) how the financial statements users perceive the
Auditors’ Report, 2) how they expect the role of the Report, and 3) how the “Key
Audit Matters: KAM” would affect such perception and expectation of them.
As a result, the users generally seem to be interested in the Auditors’ Report
regardless of the degree of use of financial statements. And it is found that there aresome gaps between the users’ expectation and the auditor’s practices about the levelof assurance conveyed by audit, and about the meaning of the opinion of fairpresentation, which a certain part of them believe the fair presentation would meanno fraud in the company and financial disclosures.
On the other the KAM is recognized as useful by almost of the users, especiallythe users with the highest level of accounting knowledge. And the questionnaire
about the reform of Auditors’ report shows that the users expect the auditors toprovide certain information for them, but that the auditors are relatively negative toprovide such information in their report and expect to remain the present frameworkor the new one that would be little different from it.
The Auditors’ Reports has the various types in the financial and audit systems
among countries. When in Japan we would also try to reform the Auditors’ Report,
before that we have to consider the result of the research about the real perception ofusers and auditors, including this research, and to discuss carefully whether thesystem to be introduced could make certain improvement, rather than introducing
the International Standards on Auditing as for the KAM.

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2015 Annual Conference of JAA
Special Committee
Theory, System and Utilization Practice of
New Local Public Accounting(Interim Report)

Chair: Hisashi Yamaura
Meiji University
As the financial situations at local governments become increasingly severe, theimprovement in efficiency and fairness of financial and administrative operations, aswell as seeking further transparency of public finance to ensure accountability to
stakeholders such as citizens and the assembly have become recognized as pressing
issues.
Under such recognition, the government, especially the Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications, has established study groups on several occasions andset out on public accounting reforms of local governments by presenting a new local
public accounting model. The results have actually been reflected in many local
governments. However, further progress has been required since the accounting
methods between local governments still lack uniformity and the resulting financial
documents are not accurate and does not conform to international public accounting
trends.
Under such circumstances, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
clearly regarded the introduction of a system that complemented the current budget
and settlement of accounts system as well as contributing to local financial andadministrative operations as the goal of local public accounting reforms, andindicated a time schedule, while seeking to standardize local public accounting. As
such, it can be said that local public accounting has shifted from the previous
understanding that it was in the process of reforms to a stage where specific practiceand utilization should be examined with a focus on after the reforms.
The research objective of the Special Committee is to focus on such new local
public accounting and study its theoretical structure and relevance, the situation of
its application and practical issues at local governments, the actual state of utilizing
the new accounting model in local government management, and the ways of local
public audit, which will become an issue after the new local public accounting is
introduced.

23

Specifically, the committee has carried out its research with the goal of studying(1) the establishment of a basic theory of local public accounting; (2) the theory andpractice concerning the relationship between the new public accounting system andbudget preparation and control; (3) a comparative study of the new public
accounting system and international public accounting standards; (4) the actual stateof introducing the new public accounting system; (5) case studies concerning theutilization of the new public accounting system; and (6) the ways of local publicaudit under the new public accounting system.

Chair:
Hisashi Yamaura (Meiji University)
Members:
Nobuo Azuma (Board of Audit of Japan)
Kazutoshi Ishii (The Japanese Institute of Certified Public Accountants)
Keiko Ishikawa (Nihon University)
Toshie Ishizu (Meiji University)
Naohide Endo (The Japanese Institute of Certified Public Accountants)
Shigeo Ohtsuka (Chiba University)
Eliya Onoe (Ohara Graduate School of Accounting)Takafumi Kanemura (Meiji University)
Shinya Saito (Yokohama National University)
Ayako Sato (Toyama University of International Studies)
Toru Sato (Japan Productivity Center)Yutaka Suzuki (Aoyamagakuin Uinversity)
Osamu Furusho (Nihon University)
Kenshi Hayashi (City of Yokohama)Takami Matsuo (Kobe University)
Kozo Yamaguchi (Meisei University)
Kiyoshi Yamamoto (University of Tokyo)
Risa Yoshimoto (Aichi University)24Special Committee
Comprehensive Study on the Dynamism of Economic Society and
the Paradigm Shift of Accounting Systems
Chair: Teruyuki Kawasaki
Konan University
The purpose of this special committee is to study the change of economic society(the dynamism of economic society) and the paradigm shift of accounting systems inJapan (and foreign countries) from various viewpoints, such as accounting theory,
accounting culture, sociology, auditing, and empirical studies.
In the 2nd year (current year), we investigated the future direction of accounting
systems that coped with the dynamism of economic society. Specifically, we
discussed the following subjects;(1) What kind of influence does the dynamism of economic society have on theaccounting theories (accounting concepts) ?
(2) What kind of impact does the above change of accounting theories give to the
future accounting systems (accounting standards) ?
The final report of this committee was organized as follows;Part I － Dynamism of Economic Society and Accounting Concepts
1
Various Aspects of the Change of Economic Society and Accounting
Theories
2 Fairness and Validity of Accounting Standards
3 Transfiguration of Rationality in Accounting Standards
4 Trend and Issues of Probability Criterion
5 Hardness of Profit and Profit Management
Part II － Paradigm Shift of Accounting Systems
6 Reformation of Accounting System in EU
7 Reformation of Accounting System in Germany
8 "Strategy Plan" of Accounting Standards Setting Body in France
9 Reformation and Characteristics of Accounting Standards in UK
10 Transfiguration of Accounting System in South Korea
11 International Trend Involving Accounting Standard for SMEs
12 Characteristics of Accounting for SMEs in Japan
Part III － Paradigm Shift of Audit Systems
13 Evolution of Information Technology and Standardization of Audit Systems
14 XBRL and Audit Data Standard
25

15 Audit for Special Purpose Financial Statements in US
Part IV － Accounting Behavior of Enterprises in Paradigm Shift
16 Consistency and Quality of Accounting Profit and Taxable Income
17 Characteristics and Determination Factor of Tax Avoidance of JapaneseEnterprises
18 Earnings Forecast of Enterprises Adopting IFRS
19 Change of Economic Society and Disclosure of Non-GAAP Profit
Part V － Summary and Conclusion
20 Dichotomization of Accounting Systems and Double-tracking of AccountingStandards
Outline of the final report
The market economy is shifting from product-type economy to finance-type
economy, and to knowledge-type economy. So, in Part I, we investigated the changeof economic society and accounting concepts. Specifically, we discussed the issuesof accounting concepts, such as rationality of profit management, probability
criterion, and fairness and validity of accounting standards, and threw the various
aspects of the change in accounting concepts into relief.
In Part II, we investigated the state of accounting systems in Japan and foreigncountries. Specifically, about EU, Germany, France, UK, South Korea and Japan,
we reviewed the influence of IFRS to accounting systems in each country.
In Part III, we investigated the paradigm shift of audit systems. Specifically, we
discussed the latest issues in auditing, such as information technology and auditing
techniques, standardization of audit data, and audit of the special purpose financial
statements, and revealed the diversity of guarantee issues.
In Part IV, we investigated the accounting behavior of enterprises in paradigm
shift. we took up the issues of accounting regulation, such as consistency ofaccounting income and taxable income, tax avoidance of Japanese enterprises,
earnings forecast of the management, and disclosure of non-GAAP profit, andanalyzed them by the empirical studies.
In Part V, we summarized the research results of this special committee andproposed the necessity for accounting system reformation which respected the
traditional accounting culture.
Chair:
Teruyuki Kawasaki (Konan University)
Members:
Takaya Ueno (Certified Public Tax Accountant)
Hidetsugu Umehara (Meiji University)
Naohiro Urasaki (Kinki University)
26

Yasuhiro Ohta (Keio University)
Shigeo Ohtsuka (Chiba University)
Chikako Ozu (Kyushu University)
Tetsuyuki Kagaya (Hitotsubashi University)
Kouji Kurata (Rikkyo University)
Kenji Kometani (Tohoku University)
Junko Saino (kansai University)
Manabu Sakaue (Hosei University)
Nobuhiko Sato (Kumamoto Gakuen University)
Satoshi Sugahara (Hiroshima Shudo University)
Noriyuki Tsunogaya (Nagoya University)
Shoichi Tsumuraya (Hitotsubashi University)
Yusuke Nakajo (Yokohama City University)
Takatoshi Hayashi (Kwansei Gakuin University)
Masataka Hiraga (Aichi Gakuin University)
Yoshihiro Machida (Aoyama Gakuin University)27

2015 Annual Conference of JAA
Study Group
Current Status and Issues of Female Accounting Researchersin Japan
Chair: Keiko Kitamura
Chuo University
The proportion of female members in Japan Accounting Association (JAA) is a
14.3% (270) in 2013. The first female member joined in 1953, and the number offemale members compared to 1979 have increased to 270 from 22. The number offemale researchers receiving JAA Award and Ota-Kurosawa Award, etc. is also
increasing, which shows that the quality of their research has also improved.
The purposes of this study, in terms of history or in comparison with the otheraccounting associations in Japan and abroad, are to review and analyze the situation
Japanese female accounting researchers face and what kinds of problems they havefor their research, and to investigate the their situation from various aspects. Theseaim to encourage and develop the accounting research and other contributions byfemale researchers.
The concrete purpose of this study is to clarify the following points.
1. Comprehensive and systematic analysis of the research of Japanese female
accounting researchers,
2. The current situation of Japanese female accounting researchers and thedevelopment of the database,3. The historically traces of pioneering female accounting researchers in JAA,
4. The analysis of social contributions and values of female accounting
researchers. This study adopts three research methods; historical research, empiricalresearch, and theoretical research, which consists of a literature research, aquestionnaire survey, an interview survey.
First, the historical research aims to reveal a trajectory of successes by female
pioneering accounting researchers in Japan. For this research, we selected four
researchers who meet the following four requirements. She should be someone who:
① became a member of JAA in 20 years after the first female accounting
researcher became a member of the association (between 1953 and 1972);② has over 20-year teaching experience;③ is over 70 years old in September 2014, when this study group wasestablished;④ has made a contribution to the JAA.
We introduced Prof. Nobuko Nose and Prof. Yuriko Mano in an interim report,
28

and will introduce other two professors, Prof. Eiko Yamaura and Prof. Misako
Nakagawa in the final report. Their biographies, research achievements andinterview researches will be included.
Second, the empirical research aims to analyze researches by female accounting
researchers in Japan, and reveal the features in their researches, to develop the
database, and to shed light on their educational and research backgrounds. We had aquestionnaire survey which is structured with three points of view: their researchsubjects and achievements, backgrounds, and social contribution. We sent 246 andthe number of valid responses was 88 (response rate is 37.5%). The interim report
includes the simple tabulation results of this survey. We will have more detailed
analysis in final report, such as cross tabulation method, and also conduct aquestionnaire survey to male researchers to compare between them.
Third, the theoretical research aims to find the features and trends (researchmethods, topics and performances) of females’ accounting researches, using thequestionnaire survey results of 270 female accounting researchers. This theoreticalresearch will be reported in the final report.
Chair:
Keiko Kitamura (Chuo University)
Members:
Fumiko Hiki (Hitotsubashi University)
Yuko Horie (Meisei University)
Wakako Hyodo (University of Hyogo)
Michiyo Ihara (Takamatsu University)
Asako Kimura (Kansai University)
Kyoko Miyamoto (Kansai University)
Mihoko Nishimura (Meiji Gakuin University)
Yuko Nishimura (Aoyama Gakuin University)
Chika Saka (Kwansei Gakuin University)
Ikuko Sasaki (Tohoku Gakuin University)
Chie Sawanobori (Osaka Sangyo University)
Yuki Tanaka (Hosei University)
Reika Tsumura (Takamatsu University)
Observers:
Keiko Ishikawa (Nihon University)
Chikako Ozu (Kyushu University)
Tomomi Takada (Kobe University)
Eiko Tsujiyama (Waseda University)
Aki Yamauchi (Waseda University)
Eriko Maruoka (Chuo University, PhD Student)
29

Study GroupManagement Accounting for Enterprise Group Management
Chair: Tomoaki Sonoda
Keio University
Japanese companies used to give weight to the performance of their parent
companies, but since the late 1990s, they have changed their management styles andhave attached importance to the enterprise group’s performance. There are four
events that triggered this change:
・lifting the prohibition on establishing holding companies
・establishing shared services centers in many Japanese companies
・transition of the main financial statements to consolidated financial statements
・trends in enterprise integration, M&As, divestiture of business, and overseas
expansion
These changes at Japanese companies have had an important impact onmanagement accounting research. They have come to require a corporategroup-wide perspective. In view of this trend, our study group has set out threeresearch subjects.
The first subject is consistency between total optimization of the enterprise groupas a whole and partial optimization of a sub-organization of the enterprise group,
such as a subsidiary company or a consolidation segment. As long as parent
companies use profits as performance indicators of subsidiary companies, it isdifficult to realize total optimization of the enterprise group as a whole. Management
accounting can contribute to figuring out the mechanism of this inconsistency and toachieving total optimization.
The second subject is a change of management accounting methods due to agroup-wide perspective. Management accounting methods are usually aimed atinternal availability in one company, but some papers have expanded the researchrange to an enterprise group. For example, consolidation segment accounting not
only has the characteristics of segment accounting in one company but also has
characteristics of consolidation accounting, which has an enterprise groupperspective.
The third subject is inherent management accounting research questions forenterprise group management. The revenue stream of the holding companies and theimpact of IFRS’s adoption on the enterprise groups belong to the third subject.
The final report of our study group comprises an introductory section and 13
chapters. In the final report, each author wrote one or two chapters from theviewpoint of those three research subjects. The final report deals with the concept of30

enterprise group management, human resources management, management control
by the parent company, knowledge management, transfer pricing taxation,
environmental management accounting, loyalty programs, and corporate groupvaluation.

Chair:
Tomoaki Sonoda（Keio University）
Members:
Akimichi Aoki（Senshu University）
Akihiko Uchiyama（Chiba University）
Shoji Oka（Kansai University）
Ryuta Takaku（Keio University）
Hirohisa Hirai（Takasaki City University of Economics）
Junji Fukuda（Hosei University）
Eri Yokota（Keio University）

31

2015 Annual Conference of JAA
International Session

Laborism and Corporate Employment Efficiency around the World
Boochun Jung, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Tony Kang, McMaster University
Woo-Jong Lee, Seoul National University
Gaoguang (Stephen) Zhou, Hong Kong Baptist University

The Effect of Chief Executive Officers Turnover on International
Financial Reporting Standards Reconciliation
Eun Sil Choi, Korea University
Chang Seop Rhee, Sejong University

Auditing Fair Value Measurements in the Real Estate Industry:
Auditors’Response and the Role of Industry Specialists
Yu-Ting Hsieh, National Cheng Kung University
Chan-Jane Lin, National Taiwan University

Ownership Structure and Innovation Performance: The Mediating
Mechanism of External Cooperation
Cheng-Jen Huang, Tunghai University
Wai Fong Boh, Nanyang Technological University
Anne Wu, National Chengchi University

Bring Active Learning into the Accounting Classroom
Satoshi Sugahara, Hiroshima Shudo University

Tax Compliance with Strategic Auditors: An Experimental Study
Yutaro Murakami, Keio University
Satoshi TaguchiDoshisha, Doshisha University

32

2015 Annual Conference of JAA
Regional Reports

Hokkaido Region
Hiroshi Yoshimi
Hokkaido University
The regional meetings were held in 2015 as follows.
1. The 87th Regional Meeting at Hokkai School of Commerce on 13 June, 2015.
(1) “The Expansion of Narrative Information and Its Auditability,” Taiki Okano,
Hokkaido University.
(2) “The Rift between Theory and Practice in the Employee Benefit
Accounting,” Akiyoshi Miyakawa, Sapporo University.
(3) “Ono-gumi’s Bankruptcy and Eiichi Shibusawa,” Kazuo Watanabe,
Sapporo Gakuin University.
2. The 88th Regional Meeting at Hokkaido University on 31 October, 2015.
(1) “A study on the Physician's Management as Advanced Professionals: The
Introduction of the Balanced Scorecard and Focusing on Practice,”
Masahiro Tada, Otaru University of Commerce.
(2) “An Essay on Paton's Consolidated Financial Statements,” Masako
Futamura, Otaru University of Commerce.
(3) “The Balanced Scorecard Implementation Process in Japanese Health Care,”
Sakichi Otomasa, Otaru University of Commerce.

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Tohoku Region
Masahiro Shiseki
Aomori Public University
In fiscal 2015, following meetings were held.
1. The 88th Meeting, July 18, 2015 at Aomori Tourist Information Center, ASPAM(1) “The Possibilities of the Designated Administrator System in the Area
Management,” Tadahiko Kon, Graduate Student of Aomori Public University.
(2) “The Subject on the Management Education of Graduate School in the Science
Council of Japan,” Hiroshi Fujinaga, Professor Emeritus, Sapporo Gakuin
University.
(3) “Current status and issues of the audit system regarding the private educational
institutions in Japan,” Yoshio Nishino, Professor Emeritus, Kanto Gakuin
University.
2． The 89th Meeting, March 26, 2016 at Tohoku Institute of Technology(1) “A Study of Allocation View for Future Spending:Based on Accounting of Asset Retirement Obligations,” Kazuki Ikushima,
Iwate Prefectual University.
(2) “A Consideration of Agribusiness from An Accounting Perspective,” Shuko
Naito, Hirosaki University.
(3) “Economic Situation of SMEs in the Tohoku Region after the Great East
Japan Earthquake: Based on the Analysis of the Data of Questionnaire
Survey 2015,” Tomohiro Kaneko, Toyo University.
(4) “The Subject on Research and Education of Regional Management in the
Science Council of Japan,” Hiroshi Fujinaga, Professor Emeritus, Sapporo
Gakuin University.

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Kanto Region
Makoto Takewaki
Tokyo Keizai University

The 63rd Kanto regional meeting was held at Tokyo Keizai University on
December 5, 2015. The main theme of the meeting was “Toward a Suitable Avenueof Accounting Research: Shortcomings of Conventional Empirical Approach andOvercoming Them.”
The program of the meeting was as follows.
I.

Keynote Speech
Speaker: Yoshitaka Fukui, Aoyama Gakuin University

II. Panel Discussion
Moderator: Manabu Sakaue, Hosei University
Panelists:
Yoshitaka Fukui, Aoyama Gakuin University
Hisao Kai, Niigata University
Kohei Arai, Gunma University

35

Chubu Region
Morihiko Umeda
Chukyo University
The regional meetings were held as follows;
1. The 135rd Regional Meeting at Nagoya University of Commerce & Business
University on July 4, 2015.
(1) “Role of Management Accounting System of Chinese Enterprises in 1990s,” Zhi
Wang, Nagoya University of Commerce and Business.
Discussant: Qingyun Lin, Nagoya University of Foreign Studies.
(2) “Literature Review of Quality Costs,” Masatoshi Kosugi, Kanazawa Seiryo
University.
Discussant: Makoto Kawada, Meijo University / Sugiyama Jogakuen
Univeristy.
(3) “Amendment of School Corporation Accounting Standards,” Hyoma Hayashi,
Tokoha Unversity.
Discussant: Morihiko Umeda, Chukyo University.
(4) “Difference of Hierarchy Level 3 in Fair Value Measurement,” Kazumasa
Takemori, Chubu University.
Discussant: Michimasa Satoh, Aichi Gakuin University.
2. The 136th Regional Meeting at Chukyo University on December 5, 2015.
Research Paper Presentation(1) “How Does Disclosure of Public Information Affect Market Structure? : An
Analysis Based on Oligopolistic Market Model,” Manabu Kotani, Kanazawa
Gakuin University.
Discussant: Shinya Okuda, Nagoya City University.
(2) “History of Manor Accounting in Japan,” Takaharu Tanaka, MIE Prefectural
School.
Guest Speakers Session
CPA Speaker: Mr. Shigemasa Niwa, JICPA.
“Lessons from Accounting Fraud: Cases after the Establishment of Opinion on
the Standard Setting to Address Risks of Fraud in an Audit”
Academic Speaker: Prof. Yoshimasa Tomosugi, Tokai Gakuen University.
“Improvement of the Quality of Accounting and Auditing”

36

Kansai Region
Atsuo Mukoyama
Osaka City University
The 65th Kansai regional meeting was held at Osaka City University on
December 12, 2015. The main theme of the meeting was “Lessons from Recent
Accounting Fraud in Japan.”The discussions were chaired and coordinated by Yoshihiro Tokuga, Kyoto
University. The titles of the presentations and panelists were as follows.
(1) “A Summary of the Toshiba's accounting Fraud and the Problems,” Kazuo
Ibata, Certified Public Accountant.
(2) “Lessons from Recent Accounting Fraud in Japan - In the Case of a Company
with Three Committees,” Shota Otomasa, Kansai University.
(3) “Uncertainty and Flexibility -a Management Control System Perspective-,”
Norio Sawabe, Kyoto University.
(4) “The Effect of Accounting Flexibility on the Audit Judgment: Issues ofDisclosure Systems surrounding the T Company's Case,” Fumio Naito, Konan
University.
In the morning we had eight presentations in the two rooms.

37

Kyushu Region
Keiichi Oishi
Kyushu University
The Japanese Accounting Association (JAA) Kyushu regional conferences are
regularly held twice a year – in July and March. This academic year, the summer
conference was held at Kumamoto Gakuen University, and the early spring
conference was held at Kyushu Sangyo University.
1. The 96th meeting at Kumamoto Gakuen University, on 1st August, 2015.
(1) “A Study of Relationship between Organizational Slack and Feedforward
Control,” Masataka Tajiri, Kyushu International University.
(2) “A Study on the Conceptual Framework of the International AccountingStandards Board: from the Perspective of the Achieved Level and its Problemsof the IASB's Exposure Draft,” Isamu Iwasaki, Kyushu University.
(3) “Rebuilding Relationship based on Mutual Trust in Turnaround Business
Planning,” Koji Yoshikawa, Kumamoto Gakuen University.
(4) “Report on Japanese Taxation by the Shoup Mission and the Income Concept,”
Toshifumi Yamashita, Saga University.
2. The 97th meeting at Kyushu Sangyo University, on 26th March, 2016.
(1) “Fair Value Accounting for Financial Liabilities and the Changes in Own
Credit Risk,” Zhao Chen, Doctoral Course, Graduate School of Economics,
Kyushu University.
(2) “The Dysfunctional Effects of Target Costing ：Focusing upon Specific
Cultural Practices,” Norio Kato, Oita University.
(3) “Comparison with the Profit Recognition Standard of IFRS No.15 and the
Corporation Tax law,” Ichiro Iwatake, Kumamoto Gakuen University.
(4) “The Moderating Effects of Management Accounting Capabilities on
Relationship between Management Accounting Systems and Organizational
Performance,” Kazunori Fukushima, Seinan Gakuin University.
(5) “Accounting Education and Private University Management,” Hiroki Sugino,
Kurume University.

38