Annual Report
2014

NCGM Japan - NMCHC Cambodia
Joint Technical Collaboration Office

March 2015
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tokyo, Japan
ISBN 978-4-909675-26-2

Preface

2

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 20143

Abbreviations

4

CPAP

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

EmONC

Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care

JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

MM

Minutes of the Meeting

MNCH

Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health

MOH

Ministry of Health

MOU

Memorandum of Understanding

NCGM

National Center for Global Health and Medicine

NCU

Neonatal Care Unit

NMCHC

National Maternal and Child Health Center

ODA

Official Development Assistance

SBA

Skilled Birth Attendant

WHO

World Health Organization

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Tables and Figures

Table 1.

History of collaboration between NCGM and NMCHC through JICA technicalcooperation

Table 2.

Activities for each field within the framework of MOU (2013-2014)

Table 3.

Contents of the Mini-project for neonatal care (2013-2015)

Table 4.

List of manual contents

Table 5.

List of tele-conference

Table 6.

Characteristics of infants on Silverman score research

Table 7.

Characteristics of infants on oxygen saturation research

Figure 1.

Manual making process

Figure 2.

CPAP use in December 2013

Figure 3.

Prevalence and mortality number of each grade (n=152)

Figure 4.

Prevalence and mortality with/without respiratory distress (Preterm versus Term)

Figure 5.

The trend of oxygen saturation of newborn infants from 2 to 10 minutes after birth(n=164)

Figure 6.

Interim report of follow up by telephone (total, 1 Sep 2014 – 28 Feb 2015)

Figure 7.

Interim report of follow up by telephone (by birth weight, 1 Sep 2014 – 28 Feb 2015)

Figure 8.

Interim report of follow up by telephone (by doctor’s permission, 1 Sep 2014 – 28 Feb)

Figure 9.

Evidence based care by facilities

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

5

Contents

Preface
1. NCGM............................................................................................................................. 02
2. NMCHC........................................................................................................................... 03
Abbreviations.....................................................................................................................

04

Tables and Figures................................................................................................................ 05
Contents.............................................................................................................................. 06
I.

Overview of Collaboration between NCGM and NMCHC since the year 2013................. 07
1. History of collaboration.................................................................................................. 07
2. Direct collaboration between NMCHC and NCGM within the framework of MOU........ 07
3. Monitoring and evaluation ............................................................................................ 09

IV. Mini-project for neonatal care....................................................................................... 10
1. Morning discussion (round)............................................................................................
2. Manual revision..............................................................................................................
3. Tele-conference..............................................................................................................
4. Data analysis...................................................................................................................
5. Exchange program between NMCHC and NCGM...........................................................
5-1. NCGM resident doctors’ clinical training at NMCHC-NCU.........................................
5-2. NMCHC staffs’ visit to NCGM-NICU...........................................................................
5-3. The119th International MNCH Conference at NCGM on 12th March 2014.............
III. Research.......................................................................................................................

10
11
12
16
17
17
29
33
34

Outline.................................................................................................................................

34

1. Neonatal care................................................................................................................

35

1-1. Oxygen saturation of newborn infants just after birth at NMCHC...........................

35
1-2. Outcome of newborn infants discharged from NMCHC-NCU................................... 37
1-3. The blood electrolyte profile of neonates at birth at NMCHC-NCU.......................... 39
2. Midwifery care...............................................................................................................
2-1. Effect of implementation of “individual midwifery care” on medical interventions
during delivery and birth on maternal and neonatal health in Phnom Penh, Cambodia...
2-2. Midwifery care at public facilities in Phnom Penh...................................................
Annex................................................................................................................................

41
41
42
44

1. Agenda for the 1st joint technical meeting on 1 August 2013....................................... 44

6

2. Agenda for the 2nd joint technical meeting on 4 March 2014......................................

45

3. Agenda for the 3rd joint technical meeting on 2 December 2014................................

46

4. List of research reports 2013-2014................................................................................

47

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

I. Overview of Collaboration between NCGM and NMCHC
since the year 2013

1. History of collaboration
Since 1992, NCGM started its collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Cambodia, in thefield of Maternal and Child Health. In 1997, the National Maternal and Child Health Center (NMCHC) wasconstructed through the support of the Japan Official Development Assistance (ODA). It functions as a coreof administration in maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH), as a top referral MCH hospital, and as
a national training center. Since then, activities has been continuing in the field of hospital management,
nursing management, improvement of the midwifery and obstetric care, expansion of NMCHC services
through training, prevention of HIV transmission from mother to child. Table 1. shows the history on
collaboration between NCGM and NMCHC through Japan Cooperation International Agency (JICA) Project.
Table 1. The History of JICA technical cooperation for Maternal and Child Health (MCH)
PeriodProject title

1992 ～ 1995

Adviser for Ministry of Health1995 ～ 2000

Maternal and Child Health Project

2000 ～ 2005

Maternal and Child Health Project (Phase2)

2006

Development Survey of Maternal and Child Health2007 ～ 2010

The Project for Improving Maternal and Child Health Service in Rural Areas2010 ～ 2015

Project for Improving Maternal and Newborn Care through Midwifery
Capacity Development

2. Direct collaboration between NMCHC and NCGM within
the framework of MOU
The political stability in the year 2000 broughtsocioeconomic development in the country. Private
hospitals are growing but NMCHC ensured high quality ofservices to the underprivileged population. The continued
collaboration and the well entrenched good relationshipbetween the NMCHC and the NCGM propelled the signing

Signing ceremony of MOU on 18 December 2012of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between thetwo institutions. On 18 December 2012, His Excellency Prof.
Eng Huot, Secretary of State for Health, MOU, and the Prof.
Masato KASUGA, President of NCGM, subscribed to the MOU
for the future direct collaboration on training, research,
exchange program, and technical cooperation.
NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 20147

On 1 August 2014, we held the 1st Joint Technical Meeting under the framework of MOU. In
the meeting, Prof. Dr. Tung Rathavy, Director of NMCHC and Dr.Tamotsu NAKASA, Director of Center forInternational Cooperation, NCGM, signed the Minutes of the Meeting (MM) on MOU. The MM prescribes
main activities within the framework of MOU for 2013-2014 (Table 2). The main objective of this project is
to improve the quality of care at NMCHC.
Table 2. Activities for each field within the framework of MOU (2013-2014)

There are four main components/scopes/contents as follows:
1) Neonatal care especially at the neonatal care unit (NCU),
2) Researches for two topics: newborn infants and birth/midwifery care,3) Personal exchange program including residents from NCGM,
4) And others.
Among these four components, the quality improvement of neonatal care is one of priorities
through the activities within the framework of MOU. The activities on neonatal care has been promoted asthe ‘Mini-project for neonatal care’, with the strong collaboration between NMCHC and NCGM (Pediatricdepartment and International Cooperation Division). Some activities have continued since 2012, such as
morning discussions, manual revision, and joint regular conferences using the Internet (Tele-conference).
We can know the detail on each activity the ‘Mini-project for neonatal care’ in the next chapter.
Furthermore, joint research activities have been conducted in the fields of midwifery and neonatal care.
8

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

These activities provide not only training for Cambodian doctors or nurses but also a good
opportunity for young Japanese doctors, nurses, and other professionals to learn from the real situation of
the NMCHC in Cambodia. For instance, the training program for resident NCGM doctors has been conductedat the NMCHC under this MOU. In accordance with the MOU, with Cambodian staff, Japanese healthpersonnel can perform clinical practice at NMCHC or related institutions in Cambodia with approval by the
MOH. Table 3. describes the detailed activities of each component.

3. Monitoring and evaluation
The MM prescribed that both NMCHC and NCGM should
establish the ‘joint technical meeting’ biannually for regularmonitoring and evaluation of all activities. According to thisprinciple, since 18 December 2012, we held the joint technicalmeeting for three times (1st: 1 August2013, 2nd: 7 March2014,
3rd: 2 December 2014) (Annex 3). Moreover, the MM requested
the secretariat of MOU to publish the annual activity report. Thisannual report is the first joint activity report of the year 2013 and2014.

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 20149

II. Mini-project for neonatal care

The quality improvement of neonatal care is one of priorities through the activities within theframework of MOU. The activities on neonatal care have been promoted as the ‘Mini-project for neonatalcare’, with the collaboration between NMCHC and NCGM (Pediatric department and International
Cooperation Division). Some activities have continued since 2012, such as morning discussions, manualrevision, and joint regular conferences using the Internet (Tele-conference). Table 3. shows the contents of
Mini-project for neonatal care.
Table 3. Contents of the Mini-project for neonatal care (2013-2015)(Objective)
Quality improvement of neonatal care at NMCHC (especially at NCU)
(Output -1)
Improvement of care forsick newborn infants(Output-2)
Improvement of care for
all newborn infants(Activities)
1-1. Manual revision
1-2. Joint morning round1-3. Joint tele-conference
1-4. Data collection andanalysis1-5. Clinical research(Electrolytes, etc)

(Activities)(Activities)
2-1. Clinical research
3-1. Promotion of(SpO2, etc)
assessment for
2-2. Follow-up survey
neonates infor discharged babies
Maternity Wardfrom NCU
3-2. Promotion offollow-up forbabies before
discharge(Output-3)
Collaboration
between NCU andother units

1. Morning discussion (round)Purpose:•To check and share NCU problems with the NCU staff,•

To reply quickly to the daily questions, which the NCU staff have,•

To standardize the treatment plan/criteria for medical examination.

Method:We mainly shared the problems of the severe sick inpatients at the beginning of this activity aroundMay 2012. To solve problems, we introduced the POS (Problem Oriented System) presentation style, which
is similar to NCGM-NICU style from October 2012. All Japanese doctors attend the nurse morning roundat 8:00 every day and reply to all questions suitably. However, some Cambodian doctors’ working hour isdifferent so we could not meet doctors in the morning round. Therefore we decided to have a questionsand-answers style with doctors and discuss suitably about each case one by one.
10

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Result:
We know NCU doctors and nurses have rich knowledge and experiences. But it is difficult for all
doctors to meet together in the morning round because of their working styles. On the other hand, fornurses, they can see few doctors in the morning so they cannot do prompt consultations or asking fororder of necessary examinations. The new POS presentation style could decrease such difficult situations
because Japanese doctors always participated in the morning round to support NCU staff. Moreover, after
introduction of POS, the observation of NCU staff became deeper and more careful, and the cautions toevery vital signs such as breathing, circulation, infection, jaundice, etc. has increased. The total number oforders to medical examinations such as X- ray, CRP, bilirubin, etc. has been also gradually increasing.
2. Manual revision
Purpose:•To update the old manual which the NMCHC-NCU developed in 1997,•

To unify the procedure and the inspection which can be carried out within NCU,•

To share the standard criteria on clinical diagnosis, examinations and treatment with NCU staff.

Method:We updated the manual with the following steps. Please refer the flow chart (Figure 1).
Step 1):The NMCHC-NCU chief and the NCGM resident discuss in Cambodia. We compare NCGM-NICU
manual to Dr. Yamada's manual (the old NCU manual), and create the draft proposal of the new
manual, which is realizable in the NCU and also fits the global standard as much aspossible.
Step 2):
NCGM staff of pediatric department technicallyFigure 1. Manual making process

check the draft proposal and modify it with theiropinion at NCGM in Tokyo.
Step 3):
The NCU staff in Cambodia checked the modified
version again and if it cannot be accepted they send
their comments back to NCGM, Japan. We repeat
the procedure of Step 1) → 2) → 3). With enoughconsensus by NCU staff and official approval by the
NMCHC-NCU chief, we can start to use it within NCU.
NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201411

Result:
By the end of February 2014, we completed update of almost all topics as follows (Table 4):
Table 4. List of manual contents
Contents

Progress

1.NCU call standard

Complete

2.Proposed Admission and Discharge Criteria

Complete

3. Resuscitation

Complete

4. Routine procedure at admission

Complete

5. Water balance

Complete

6. Nutrition

Complete

7. Respiration

Complete

8. Circulation

Complete

9. Electrolytes, hypoglycemia

Complete

10. Convulsion

Complete

11. Cerebral edema

Complete

12. Infection

Complete

13. JaundiceComplete

14. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC)

Complete

15. Follow-up examination at maternity ward

Complete

16. Nursing environment

Under discussion

3. Tele-conference
Purpose:In NMCHC-NCU, it is difficult for staff to exchange opinions and to have the morning round becauseof various reasons as already mentioned, and there are few opportunities to acquire new knowledge for
NCU doctors and nurses. On the other hand, it is also difficult to dispatch doctors and nurses continuously
from Japan although there were requests for medical supports. We thought Tele-communication systemusing the internet could solve this problem and raise the staff's motivation and their daily medical skills withregular technical cooperation from Japan. Moreover, for Japanese young doctors, this conference could bea precious opportunity to experience a lot of diagnosis and medical treatments, which they could not see
often in Japan.
Members:
NMCHC-NCU staff (doctors and nurses),
NCGM pediatric department staff (mainly NICU staff),
A Khmer-English interpreter
12

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Method:
We use each LAN system with Skype inside the NMCHC conference room and NCGM pediatric office.
We share the discussion theme and information beforehand by mini-lecture in Cambodia or using a mailinglist among Japanese. On the conference day, we start the meeting from 10:00 at Cambodian time (12:00
JST). We carry out presentation, questions and answers, and exchange of opinions.
Result:By the end of March 2015, we held total 41 times tele-conference (Table 5). We aimed to reflect
the results of conferences on the manual update at the beginning. However, as our conference wasrepeated, many problems were pointed out. For example, topics were too various and argument could not
be concluded. It was difficult for staff to solve the issues together because the circumstances on neonatal
care were very different between Cambodia and Japan. Moreover, many Japanese young doctors could
not participate in discussions every time while many skilled nurses joined in Cambodia. Then, we took themeasure against extraction of argument. We tried to find the common solutions among NCU staff, which
could be reflected in the new manual. One the other hand, at the beginning, there were some difficulties
of communication because of not only the poor internet communication condition but also the mixture ofdifferent languages (Khmer, English, and Japanese). We solved these problems by Skype connection onlywith sound (without image) and presentations in Khmer language only with whispering interpretation
in English. After two years with many trials, staff could acquire new knowledge and skills through casereports or clinical discussions. It was useful for staff to start to consider and decide by themselves for better
neonatal care.
Table 5. List of Tele-conference
Date(Year/Month/
Date)

No.

Title

2012/5/29

1

Systemic management of preterm infants

2012/9/52Lactation way of preterm infants and choking

2012/9/12

3

Systemic management of preterm infants

2012/9/19

4

Management of neonatal apnea

2012/9/26

5Breathing of preterm infants

2012/10/3

6

Asphyxia of premature infants

Style
Case
Discussion
Case
Discussion
Case
Discussion
MakingManualCase
Discussion
Case
Discussion

ParticipantsParticipants ofof NMCHC,
NCGM, Japan
Cambodia

4

6

6

8

8

4

9

6

10

5

7

8

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

13

Date

14

(Year/Month/
Date)

No.

Title

2012/10/10

7

2012/10/24

8

2012/11/7

9

2012/11/14

10

2012/12/10

11

2012/12/18

12

2013/1/16

13

2013/1/30

14

2013/2/14

15

2013/2/28

16

2013/3/13

17

2013/4/25

18

2013/5/22

19

2013/5/28

20

2013/6/27

Extra Confirmation of future plan

2013/7/31

21

2013/9/11

Style

Hypoglycemia and convulsions of preterm
Case
infants
Discussion
Case
NEC of preterm infants
Discussion
Case
Vomiting of preterm infants
Discussion
Systemic management of preterm infants, apnea
Case
attackDiscussion
Case
Severe asphyxia of preterm infants
Discussion
Case
Neonatal resuscitation
Discussion
MakingCooperation with the delivery room (1)ManualMakingCooperation with the delivery room (2)ManualDeath Case
Infection of preterm infants (1)Discussion
Death Case
Infection of preterm infants (2)Discussion
MakingNeonatal resuscitation (infection case)
ManualMakingHow to use aminophylline
ManualMakingBreastfeeding (1)ManualMakingBreastfeeding (2)ManualParticipantsParticipants ofof NMCHC,
NCGM, Japan
Cambodia

5

6

5

6

6

8

7

6

8

5

8

5

10

7

9

8

12

8

10

7

11

5

9

5

11

10

12

15

OthersDr.Sody

Dr.Hosokawa

Vomiting of preterm infants (twin fetus)

Case
Discussion

12

10

22

Management of head birth trauma (1)Case
Discussion

10

13

2013/9/18

23

Management of head birth trauma (2)Case
Discussion

8

16

2013/9/25

24

Management of head birth trauma (3)Case
Discussion

97

2013/10/16

25

Hypoxic encephalopathy by asphyxia (1)Case
Discussion

108

2013/10/24

26

Hypoxic encephalopathy by asphyxia (2)12102013/11/27

27

15

9

Case
Discussion
Case
Management of respiratory distress by using
Discussion
CPAP (1)with video

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Date

No.
(Year/Month/Date)

Title

Style

ParticipantsParticipants ofof NMCHC,
NCGM, Japan
Cambodia

2013/12/18

28

Management of respiratory distress by using
CPAP (2)MakingManual14

12

2013/12/25

29

Management of respiratory distress by using
CPAP (3)MakingManual12

10

2014/1/16

30

Management of respiratory distress by using
CPAP (4)MakingManual910

2014/1/29

31

Analysis of blood gas (1)Lecture10

7

2014/2/13

32

Analysis of blood gas (2)Lecture1210

2014/2/27

33

Importance of vital sign

Lecture14

10

2014/3/24

34

Impression and di scussi on of the nex t
conference's topic

Others11

10

2014/5/12

35

Self-introduction

Others11

6

2014/6/17

36

Nutrition management

Lecture17

7

2014/8/19

37

Gastric bleeding

Lecture17

8

2014/10/20

38

Jaundice

Lecture14

5

2014/11/26

39

Assessment

Lecture/Case
presentation17

6

2015/1/8

40

Kangaroo Mother Care

Lecture17

10

2015/2/24

41

Infection

Lecture/Case
presentation

17

10

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201415

4. Data analysis
We collected patient information from the hospital database and NCU admission database of
NMCHC from January to December in 2013. The rough results of analysis from raw data are shown below.
We do not carry out statistical analyses or data cleanings such as exclusion of a deficit value.
•

The total numbers of delivery were 6979 cases (The total numbers of pregnant women were 6825
cases including 154 twin delivery cases).

•

The average mother's age was 27.5 years old (17 to 44 years old) and the average gestational
weeks was 38.4 weeks (27 to 46 weeks).

•

Regarding the delivery methods, 4822 cases (70.7%) were normal vaginal, 91 cases (1.3%) werevacuum, and 1912 cases (28.0%) were cesarean sections.

•

The reasons for adaptation of cesarean sections were: 1) eclampsia; 196 cases (10.3%) 2)
placenta previa ;167 cases (8.8%), 3) early ruptures of membranes; 154 cases (8.2%), and 4)
oligohydramnios; 148 cases (7.8%).

•

The total numbers of NCU admission were 579 (8.3% among the total numbers of delivery).
The percentages of male/female are 57.5% and 42.5%. The average gestational weeks of NCU
admission cases was 34.3 weeks. The average birth weight was 2112.4 g (580 to 5000g) and the
median was 1900g.

•

The average Apgar score at 1-minute value of NCU admission cases was 3.8 points (0 to 8) and the
median was 4 points. The average Apgar score at 5-minute was 5.0 points (0 to 9) and the medianwas 6 points. As for resuscitation procedure, the suction was done for 347 cases (59.8%) and thepressure ventilation enforcement by mask and bag was done for 203 cases (34.9%). There was nocases who received intubation or medication on birth.

•

342 cases (59.2%) of NCU admission cases were normal vaginal delivery, 79 cases (13.7%) werepelvic presentations, 14 cases (2.4%) were born with vacuum extraction, and 14 cases (2.4%) withcesarean sections.

•

The average time from after birth to the NCU admission was very widely spreading: 254.6 minutes (5to 11520 minutes) and the median time was 30 minutes.

•

The reasons for admission were: 1) premature; 200 cases (34.5%), 2) severe asphyxia; 195 cases(33.7%), 3) infection; 84 cases (14.5%).

•

The outcomes of discharge were: 1) discharge after permission; 260 (44.9%). 2) discharge without
permission (against doctors’ advice); 160 cases (27.6%). The total death cases were 143 cases(24.7%) at NUC in the year 2013.

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NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

5. Exchange program between NMCHC and NCGM
5-1. NCGM resident doctors’ clinical training at NMCHC-NCU
Purpose:The young doctors of NCGM Pediatric department experience international medical care and the•difference on perinatal care in overseas.
The young doctors of NCGM learn the logical thinking and the proper course of medical treatment•in the situation of the limited health resource.
Period:From March in 2012 (now on-going)
Method:All young resident doctors prepared their "activity plans” including the purpose, the activity, and the
expected results) before their departure. After their activities, they submit "activity reports" as slides or adocument to NCGM Pediatric department.
The contents of activity:
At the beginning, we conducted a pilot survey about the collaboration or training activities, which
NCGM pediatric resident doctors can do. Then we started 1) morning round and 2) tele- conference.
Moreover, we started 3) NCU manual update as the activity based on "research on the package design for
the improvement of quality in the neonatal care" with the grant of National Center for Global Health andMedicine (H22-4; MATSUSHITA group). NCGM pediatric resident doctors continued the above-mentioned
activities of 1), 2), and 3) in the ‘relay’ style so that their activities might not break off. Since 2013, the all
three activities has been continued with the Grant of National Center for Global Health and Medicine (H25-3;
IWAMOTO group).
List of dispatched resident doctors (April 2013 – December 2014)
1.

IITAKE Chie (Pediatric department/Bureau of International Cooperation)

2.

NISHIBATA Midori (Pediatric department)

3.

TAKASAGO Satoshi (Pediatric department)

4.

MORI Tomoto (Pediatric department/Bureau of International Cooperation)

5.

KATO Hiroki (Pediatric department)

6.

HONDA Mari (Pediatric department/Bureau of International Cooperation)
NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201417

Activity report (1)Name

IITAKE Chie

Period28 May-7 Jun 2013, 23 Jul-6 Aug 2013, 1 -15 Sep 2013, 30 Sep- 30 Oct 2013, 13 Nov-7 Dec 2013,14 Dec-27 Dec 2013, 7 Jan-4 Feb 2014, 9 Feb-11 Mar 2014

Purpose1) To help improving the care for sick newborn infants in NCU, NMCHC,
2) To learn and study the basic knowledge, methods and ideas of international collaboration.

ResultActivities on the mini-projectØØ Morning round→Morning discussion (Round visit)
1) Changed the name from morning “round” to “discussion” due to the difficulty to maintaincollecting all doctors at once.
2) Changed the style to individual discussion with the Japanese doctor and set the time from
9-11am, from Mon-Thu.
3) During the round visit, the doctors started to manage the babies’ water balance and glucose
infusion speeds carefully, started to use new drugs, manage old drugs effectively and madedifferential diagnosis clearly.
ØØ Tele-conference
1) Held the conference from 18th -34th in Cambodia.
2) After several changes of style, finally we find out that the lecture and case studies & discussion
style is the most effective way for both to communicate and to have better understanding.
3) During the conference, doctors improved their presentation skills, started to use para clinic
methods to make the diagnosis clear. Nurses started to use the check sheet for high risk babies
to evaluate the condition objectively.
ØØ Manual revision (all 16 Chapters)
1) 6 chapters has been finished and approved, currently being used at NCU (Chap 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11).
ØØ Nursing activities
1)

C h a l l en ged to m a ke a m o re re l ax i n g a n d
comfortable environment for the admitted babies
with the NCU nurses (practicing for nesting
techniques, effective use of towels, soundenvironments, etc). For further understanding,held a lecture several times for each theme.

2) Made an observation check system for babies fromcesarean section, delivery room and high riskof infection, who needs careful observation forseveral hours.

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NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

ØØ Suggestions made based on the annual activity
1) Improving doctors’ skill of writing patient’s record: the Japanese doctor will write as well andshowing a good example might help the Khmer doctors for better treatment and management.
2) Starting earlier breast feeding for sick small babies: it is a key to reduce gastric bleedings,
infections and deaths in NCU.
3) A better management of using CPAP: we need certain criteria for small babies and for that weneed precise records.

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

19

Activity report (2)Name

NISHIBATA Midori

Period4-12 September 2013

Purpose1) To perform a case presentation at the 22nd Tele-conference on 11 September in 2013,
2) To adjust the new NCU manual to the old manual which NCU staff were using,3) To attend the morning round in NCU ward,4) To support the new research (`the blood electrolyte profile of neonates at birth at NMCHC’)
with i-STAT machine which will put into operation from now on.

ResultI could understand what the Cambodian doctors questioned through the actual clinical activities,
know the present situation of the neonatal care in Cambodia, support to raise the bottom of the
medical level in Cambodia, and so on. Chapter 6. Water balance and Chapter 3. Resuscitation of the
updated manual were completed as a result of activity. At the 22nd Tele-conference, she discussed
careful observation of the infants born by the forceps delivery or vacuum extraction. My impression
was that NCU had been improving gradually in respect of equipment and almost all doctors could
also perform a clinical round smoothly, but the rule may not be decided exactly. I thought that we
could contribute to raise the bottom of medical level because NCGM pediatric department would
continue to support manual revision and Tele-conference.

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NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Activity report (3)Name

TAKASAGO Satoshi

Period23 -31 January in 2014

Purpose1) To perform stocktaking about management of the respiratory distress infant in NCU of NMCHC,
and to investigate the situation of using CPAP simultaneously,
2) To support the research (`the blood electrolyte profile of naonates at birth at NMCHC’) with
i-STAT machine,3) To hold the 23rd Tele-conference on 29 January2014.

ResultAs compared with the previous situation, the progress in medical treatment was seen because thestatement of Total Water Intake (TWI) or Glucose Intake Ratio (GIR) had been carried out. On theother hand, since their treatment policy was not uniformalized and did not have the argument
between doctors, it was thought the problem that the medical treatment only based on the viewwhich each doctors are made by themselves. It was important to have common recognition andto analyze further the present medical situation of NCU in order to improve their respiratory care.
The NCU staff considered tele-conference was very important to exchange and share knowledge
between doctors and nurses and with Japan. In order to continue, the further argument is requiredalso about the style or the contents.

Clinical study

Investigation about respiratory distress infants and examination of the cases of using CPAP
machine in NCU of NMCHC<Purpose>
To investigate the present condition about the cases using CPAP in NCU of NMCHC.
<Target>15 cases using CPAP machine in a medical record among 100 NCU inpatients of November andDecember in 2013
<Result>1) About the cases of using CPAP machine, as a result of comparing the mortality rate inpremature and term infants, the mortality rate of the premature with CPAP was higher thanterm. The possibility of improvement with CPAP use was higher among term than premature.
2) As reasons for using CPAP machine, many of breathing problem signs such as retraction, groan,and low SpO2 were accepted.
3) About 80% of the cases of using CPAP machine were started CPAP immediately when breathingproblem signs had been recognized. In the cases which required longer time before starting
CPAP from the appearance of breathing problem signs, their mortality rate is higher.
4) Among premature infants, there was no significant difference of the mortality rate whenever
the time taken by starting CPAP, and the cause of the high mortality rate of the prematureinfants with respiratory distress was unknown, which had been or had not been dependent on
the delay in CPAP starting.

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201421

<Conclusion>
CPAP use for the term sick infants who have clearly breathing problem seems effective. But
for most premature infants, the survival rate was still low. It seems that the reconsideration of
respiratory care especially to premature infants is required moreover.

Figure 2. CPAP Use in December 2013

22

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Activity report (4)Name

MORI Tomoko

Period19 Nov-4 Dec 2013, 23 Feb- 7 Mar 2014, 16 May-28 June 2014, 16 July- 4 Sep 2014,
10 Nov- 25 Dec, 2014

Purpose1) To contribute to the improvement of newborn care at the NMCHC,
2) To learn the knowledge, technology and thinking necessary to international cooperation.

ResultActivity about mini-projectØØ Morning round-With doctors: I discussed with doctors every day and supported to write down the diagnosis
and assessment of each patient. Every two- or three months, I checked evaluation sheet for eachpatient with the chief of NCU-NMCHC. Furthermore, we discussed the next step what we would do
to improve the quality of treatments.
- With nurses: I joined morning round with nurses and gave some technical recommendations
such as changing the bed arrangement for severe cases, regular check of naso-gastric tubes, more
careful monitoring etc. We also discussed the result of blood examinations and doctors’ orders.
ØØ Manual revision
I took charge of the following manuals with NMCHC and NCGM staff: Chapter 4. 5. 7. 9. 10. 12. 13.
14. 15. 16.
ØØ Tele – conference
I held the conference in Cambodia from 34th – 41st. I supported NCU staff to hold a pre-lecture
sessions by themselves. The NCU staff’s skills on presentation have improved through thisconference.
Investigation environment surrounding NCU
I investigated and supported the environmental situation of NCU such as making necessary drug/
medicine list, checking the supply route of equipment, discussion on the data with laboratory
department.

Clinical study

Silverman- score research
I joined the activity with NCU staff person in charge of this research.
<Purpose>
To investigate the prevalence of respiratory distress of babies into moderate and severe by
Silverman score.
<Target>All neonates admitted to the Neonatal Care Unit at the NMCHC during 16 July 2014 – 31 January
2015.
<Method>
Prospective observational research
NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201423

Study Procedure
In this study, we observed respiratory conditions and scored with three grades for each fivecomponent in the figure of Silverman score. We recognized the baby had moderate respiratory
distress if the score was 2-5 points in term babies, and 5-8 points in preterm babies. We defined
severe distress more than 6 points in term, 8 points in preterm. We checked the score within 24
hours after admission.
<Results>
Total 152 cases were registered. Median gestational week of all participants was 33 weeks andmedian body weight was 1700g. Cesarean section cases were 43 cases (28%) (Table 6).
Figure 3. shows the prevalence and mortality for each grade of respiratory condition at NMCHCNCU. 84 cases (55%) were normal, 33 cases (22%) had moderate respiratory distress, and 35 cases(23%) had severe. Death rate of each group was 13 cases (15%) at normal grade, 6 cases (18%)
at moderate grade, and 20 cases (57%) at severe grade. This meant babies with more severe
respiratory distress babies tended to die. We also found preterm babies who have respiratory
distress had higher risk of death (45%) than preterm babies who did not have respiratory distress(25%) and term babies who had respiratory distress (8%) (Figure 4).
<Conclusion>
There was high prevalence of respiratory distress babies (55%) at NCU. Among these babies,
mortality rate was as high as 66%. It is necessary for reduction of mortality at NCU to face thisproblem.
Now, We are investigating risk factors and intervention factors on respiratory distress. Next step is
to classify the cause of respiratory distress and to suggest more effective intervention.

Silverman score

24

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Table 6. Clinical characteristics

Items
Male / Female

Total (n=152)
86 (57%) / 66 (43%)

Gestational Age(weeks) <median>
Birth weight (g) <median>

33
1700

Caesarean section (%)

43(28.0)

Figure 3. Prevalence and mortality number of each grade (n=152)

Figure 4. Prevalence and mortality with/without respiratory distress (Preterm versus Term)

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

25

Activity report (5)Name

KATO Hiroki

Period26 June – 3 July 2014

Purpose1) To investigate improvement of therapy in NCU by comparing medical records about water andnutrition management in 2012 to 2014
2) To make assessment our activity until 2014, and recommendation for next intervention for NCU

MethodWe randomly chose 60 medical records of NCU (2012: n=31, 2014: n=29), checked records of bodyweight (BW) measurement, total water intake (TWI), glucose infusion rate (GIR), and breast feeding.

Result1) NCU demography has changed. 25 preterm babies were admitted in 2012 but only 12 in 2014.
15 babies died or were transferred to other hospital in 2012 but only 2 babies in 2014.
2) BW and TWI records has been improved. BW was recorded in only 38.5% case in 2012, but
85.1% in 2014. TWI was not recorded in any cases in 2012, but 75.1% in 2014. But GIR records
were not changed.
3) 54.5% babies started breast feeding on the birthday in 2014, but only 25.0% babies in 2012.

Conclusion

Some interventions are effective regarding medical records, especially BW and TWI. In 2012, somemedical records contained BW. It was easy to increase recording frequency as this kind of original
routine. On the other hand, GIR has not yet recorded. We guess NCU has difficulty understanding
usefulness of GIR because NCU cannot check blood glucose level instantly so it cannot be contained
into original routine.
Therefore we should propose next interventions as adding present/feasible NCU therapy because
new therapy that is necessary many cost or human resource doesn’t fix NCU.

26

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Activity report (6)Name

HONDA Mari

Period21 Nov – 7 Dec 2014

Purpose1) To know about the Mini-project for neonatal care,2) To know the current situation on neonatal care in NMCHC and other referral hospitals in Phnom
Penh,3) To summarize the interim report of follow-up survey on outcome of sick newborn infants
discharged from NMCHC-NCU,
4) To support and joint the 3rd joint technical conference between NMCHC and NCGM on
2 December 2014.

ResultIn this period, there were a lot of admission cases to the NCU so the all beds were full. However
there were no death cases. Main cause of admission was respiratory disorders and asphyxia. They
recovered smoothly by adequate treatments. We reconfirmed the Prevention of Mother to Child
Transmission (PMTCT) manual of Cambodia with NCU staff through a case whose mother had been
infected HIV and been transferred to NCU.
The director, chief of pediatric department of NCGM, Dr. MATSUSHITA Takeji visited NMCHC-NCU
on 1-3 December 2014. His visit motivated all staff therefore many staff attended morning rounds
and NCU had been kept clean during my stay.
On 26 November 2013, we held 39th Tele-conference to share knowledge and experiences about
how to make clinical assessment in Japan. After then, NCU staff started to perform blood tests
more often to make assessment.
Regarding the interim report of follow up survey on outcome of sick newborn infants discharged
from NCU, we knew 94% parents answer the follow-up interview after one month and 89%
participants were alive at that time.
There was the 3rd joint technical conference on 2nd December 2014. The objective of theconference was to share/reconfirm the framework and activities of the collaboration based on
the MOU between NMCHC and NCGM. I supported to hold the conference and attended it tounderstand well about this collaboration.
I also had the opportunities to observe three neonatal wards of national hospitals in Phonom Penh
to know the present situation of neonatal care. Although equipment, resources and budgets wereinsufficient, Cambodian staff were keenly interested in neonatal care. I believe it is important tokeep cooperation in this field.

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201427

Presentation report (1)Name

IItake Chie

Date and venue

3 Nov 2013, Okinawa, Japan

Conference

the 28th Annual Meeting of Japan Association for International Health 2013

PosterA new challenge of building up a sustainable clinical support system using Tele-conference at thepresentation

Neonatal Care Unit of National Maternal and Child Health Center, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
By IITAKE Chie, HOSOKAWA Shinichi, IWAMOTO Azusa, EGAMI Yuriko, MATSUSHITA Takeji, SEANG
Sody, MEAN Sitha.
<Introduction>
In Cambodia, it's difficult to have an every-day doctor's meeting and a morning round due to manyreasons. Also, doctors and nurses have rare opportunities to gain new knowledge. Under thesecircumstances, we're asked for support sending our staff continuously, which is difficult. Therefore,
we've decided to hold a Tele-conference to motivate, encourage and skill-up the staff in Cambodia,
which was also a great chance for the Japanese doctors to learn in different environments.
<Background>
National Maternal and Child Health Center became the top referral hospital in Cambodia, during
the support from JICA in these 15 years. Recently, the neonatal care unit has also been asked to be
progressed and skilled.
<Contents>
The first conference was held on May 2012 just by a simple style. After that, one by one, we tried
new styles and ways to improve. That's a big challenge to the Cambodian doctors, too. We held 21
conferences by now.
<Results>
Some good improvements were found. Water balance and glucose infusion speed were started
to be calculated and the volume of the record raise up to 25%. Number of participants of theconference became triple. 2 new test and exam, and new information from nurses and midwives
became available.
<Discussion>
After one year of trial, good results came little by little, without sending Japanese doctors on
bed sides. Tele-conference seems to be effective in some way and also is a golden opportunity toreconsider both of our daily practice.

28

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

5-2. NMCHC staffs’ visit to NCGM-NICU
Since 2013, NMCHC staff have visited NCGM as the participants of exchange program mainly on
neonatal care. By the end of 2014, six NMCHC staff visited NCGM as follows:
1) 11-14 March 2014
<Participants>
1. Dr. SEANG Sody, Chief of NMCHC-NCU
2. Ms. VOEUK Phea, Vice chief of NMCHC-NCU
They joined the “ 119th International MNCH Conference” at NCGM on 12th March 2014. Dr.Sody madea presentation on the current situation of NMCHC-NCU.”
2) 29 Oct- 4 Nov, 2014
<Participants>
1. Prof. Dr. KETH Ly Sotha, Deputy director, NMCHC
2. Dr. MEAN Sitha (Male), Vice chief of NMCHC-NCU
3. Mr. PHENG Chhada, Vice chief nurse of NMCHC-NCU
4. Ms. CHEAM Sokunthea, Vice chief midwife of Delivery Unit, NMCHC
They joined “the 29th Annual Meeting of Japan Association for International Health 2014”. Dr.Sitha
had a poster presentation: “Impact of intervention on infection in the Neonatal Care Unit at the National
Maternal and Child Health Center in Cambodia.”

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201429

Schedule at NCGM (11-14 March,2014)08 February, 2014
Objective:1) To join the 119th NCGM Maternal and Child International Conference in Japan
2) To exchange experiences on neonatal care with Japanese doctors and staff by observation at NICU,
NCGM
Date

Activities
07:30 Arrival at NRT ( VN3856)
11:00 Move to NCGM and check-in the dormitory

Tue 11 March

Venue
NCGM

CI,YY
CI

12:00 Lunch

CI,AI

14:00 Visit NCGM and NICU

CI,SH,TM,AI

Preparation for the conference
19:00 Dinner
08:30 Attending the morning roundRestaurant
NCGM (NICU)

CI,SH,TM,AI,YY, MI
CI,SH
CI,SH

Attending NICU activities
Wed12 March

NCGM(attendant)

12:00 Lunch

NCGM

CI and NICU staff

13:00 Bureau of International Medical Cooperation

IMC

CI,AI

(IMC)
TY, CI,SH,AI

18:00-20:00 Conference
Restaurant

All relevant staff

NCGM (Ped)CI,SH

08:00 Attending the pediatric resident conference

NCGM (NICU)

CI,SH

08:30 Attending the morning round

Director’sroom

TN,SH,CI,AI

12:00 Lunch

NCGM (NICU)

CI,SH

13:30 Visiting Out-patient department

NCGM

CI and NICU staff

NCGM (OPD)

CI,SH

20:00 Dinner (welcoming party)

Thu13March

Fri14 March

09:05 Courtesy visit to the NCGM hospital director
10:00 Attending NICU activities

05:00 Check-out
09:30 Departure from NRT (VN301)

AI: Azusa IWAMOTO, CI: Chie IITAKE, SH: Shinichi HOSOKAWA, MI: Megumi IKARASHI,
TM: Tomoko MORI, TN: Tamotsui NAKASA, TY: Takako YAMADA, YY: Yuta YOKOBORI30

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

CI

Schedule at NCGM (29Oct- 4Nov, 2014)15 October, 2014
Objective:1) To join “the 29th Annual Meeting of Japan Association for International Health 2014” at NCGM in Japan
2) To exchange experiences on neonatal care/maternal and midwifery care with Japanese staff

Date
Wed 29 Oct

Dr.Shitha and Mr.Chhada

Dr.Sotha and Ms.Sokunthea

22:30 Arrival at HND (TG660) (AI, MM)
24:00 Hotel check-in
11:00 Move from the hotel to NCGM (AI, MM)
12:00 Lunch at NCGM

Thur 30 Oct

Fri 31 Oct

13:00 Brief orientation (AI, TM)

13:00 Brief orientation (AI, TM)

14:00 Baby follow up at OPD (NICU staff)

14:00 Discussion about the SpO2 research (AI,16:00 Evening round at the NICU (SH)YY)

9:00 Morning round at the NICU

9:00 Operation Theater

11:00 Visit to Denmark-in (Dr.Yamada)

11:00 Visit to Denmark-in (Dr.Yamada) (TBC)

Mr.Chhada : Observation at the NICU
Dr.Sitha : Preparation for presentation
15:00 Weekly conference at the Pediatric

14:00 OB-GY ward and OPD at NCGM

conference roomSat 1 Nov

Conference (1) at TWMU and NCGM (Prof. Rathavy will join.)Sun 2 Nov

Conference (2) at NCGM (Prof. Rathavy will join.)Tue 3 Nov

Conference (3) at NCGM (Prof. Rathavy will join.)
6:00 Check-out (with Prof. Rathavy)

Tue 4 Nov

8:45 Arrive at the HND airport
10:45 Departure from HND (TG683)

AI: Azusa IWAMOTO, SH: Shinichi HOSOKAWA, MM: Mitsuaki MATSUI, TM: Tomoko MORI, TWMU: Tokyo Women’s Medical
University

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201431

Presentation report (2)Name

MEAN Sitha

Date and venue

2 Nov 2014, Tokyo, Japan

Conference

the 29th Annual Meeting of Japan Association for International Health 2014

PosterImpact of intervention on infection in the Neonatal Care Unit at the National Maternal and Child

presentation

Health Center in Cambodia
By MEAN Sitha, MORI Tomoko, IITAKE Chie, HOSOKAWA Shinichi, IWAMOTO Azusa, EGAMI Yuriko,
SEANG Sody, TUNG Rathavy.
<Background>
The National Maternal and Child Health Center (NMCHC) in Cambodia has an important role asa national top referral hospital for maternal and neonatal care. Since then, we did strengthen
nosocomial infectious control in cooperation with experts (WHO/JICA). This report aims to assess
the intervention after three years passed.
<Method>
The intervention on nosocomial infection in the NCU consisted of standard precaution and cleaningof equipment. We compared both morbidity and mortality rate due to infection determinedclinically in between 2011 and in 2013 using the statistics of NMCHC retrospectively.
<Results>
The staff in NCU strongly strengthened the standard precaution such as hand wash and cleaning themachine as instructed by the manual. They avoided using same equipment for different patientsstrictly. The consumption amount of antiseptics has increased five times. The prevalence of clinicalinfection has decreased from 29.4% in 2011 to 24% in 2013(p=0.028). Mortality rate caused ofclinical infection also decreased from 4.1% to 1.3 %( p=0.003).
<Conclusion>
The interventions on nosocomial infection in the NCU are effective with limited resources. The
strong efforts of staff for infectious control because of lessons learned from the past outbreak seemto be the key to success. In the future, not only NCU staff but also the infection control team should
be involved as supervisor to maintain this ideal condition.

32

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

5-3. The 119th International MNCH Conference at NCGM
The International MNCH Conference is a open technical conference, which has been held since2003. The topic of the 119th conference on 12 March 2014, was “Neonatal Care at NMCHC — Past, Present,
and for the Future –“.

We invited three speakers as follows:

1. Dr. YAMADA Takako(Director, Denmark Inn Shinjuku, 1ST chief advisor of JICA MCH Project)“Neonatal Care when there was not enough electricity”
2. Dr. SEANG Sody
(Chief, NMCHC-NCU, Cambodia)“The current situation of NCU, 2014”
3. Dr. IITAKE Chie
(Resident, Pediatric department/Bureau of International Cooperation, NCGM)“The future of NCU – for all mothers and children of Cambodia –“Ms. Voeuk Phea, Vice chief nurse of NMCHC-NCU also joined this conference and made a technicalcomment on neonatal care.

第119回国際母子カンファレンス

カンボジア
国立母子保健センターの新生児ケア—過去、現在、そして未来—
NCGMがカンボジアの国立母子保健センターで新生児分野の技術協力を始めて20年以上経ちました。
今回は最初のチーフアドバイザーである山田多佳子先生、歴代の日本人専門家とともにセンターの新生児ケアを牽引してきたソディー医長、
NCGMの国際レジデント研修生として活動した飯竹先生に、センターにおける新生児ケアについてお話していただきます。

日時：2014年3月12日（水）18:00 – 20:00
場所：研修センター 5階 大会議室
「電気のない国でできる新生児医療」
 山田 多佳子先生 （JICAカンボジア母子保健プロジェクト初代リーダー
          現デンマークイン新宿施設長）「2014年の新生児医療の現状」
 Seang Sody 先生 （カンボジア母子保健病院 新生児室科 医長）「未来に向かって―カンボジアのおかあさんと赤ちゃんたちのために」
 飯竹 千恵先生  （国際医療協力局／小児科レジデント）

講演の前に、産科、小児科、国際医療協力局母子グループからのマンスリーレポートがあります。

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201433

III. Research

Outline:Four collaborative researches as follows between NMCHC and NCGM have been conducted:
1. Oxygen saturation of newborn infants just after birth at the the National Maternal and Child HealthCenter (25-3*)
2. Outcome of newborn infants discharged from the neonatal care unit of the National Maternal andChild Health Center (25-3*)
3. Effect of implementation of “individual midwifery care” on medical interventions during delivery andbirth on maternal and neonatal health in Phnom Penh, Cambodia (24-4*)
4. Midwifery care at public facilities in Phnom Penh (Grant from the International Nursing Foundationof Japan)* Grants from the International Health Cooperation Research, a grant from the Ministry of Health, Laborand Welfare of Japan

34

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

1. Neonatal care
1-1.

Oxygen saturation of newborn infants just after birth at the National Maternal andChild Health Center								Research report (1)Title

Oxygen saturation of newborn infants just after birth at the National Maternal and Child
Health Center

Principle investigators

Dr. IWAMOTO Azusa

Co-investigators

Prof. Dr. KETH Ly Sotha
Dr. YOKOBORI Yuta, Dr.IITAKE ChieDr. MATSUI Mitshuaki

PeriodApril 2014 – March 2017

Summary:<Background>
It can be said that the oxygenation level of newborn infants after birth is one of the important indicators to evaluate thenewborn infants’ conditions just before birth. Knowing the conditions is important to consider how to prevent neonatal
death. However, there have been few reports of newborn infants’ Oxygen saturation (SpO2) after birth in Cambodia,
which can be available for the reference of SpO2 trends.
<Objective>
This research aimed to clarify the time trend of SpO2 of newborn infants just after birth (within 10 minutes) at MNCHC
and define reference ranges for SpO2 by making a graph chart.
<Method>
Infants are eligible if they were born in the National Maternal and Child Health Center in Cambodia from 25 November
2013 to 3 March 2014 during daytime (2 to 8 PM) when research investigators could work. Infants are excluded if theyreceived supplemental oxygen. SpO2 was measured with a sensor applied to the right hand as soon as possible after
birth. The SpO2 data were collected every minute by investigators. The trend of SpO2 was summarized in a graph byusing the skewness-median-coefficient of variation (LMS) method. Furthermore, two risk factors which influenced thetime to reach adequate SpO2 levels, oxytocin-use and Cesarean Section were also evaluated by using multivariate Cox
regression analysis for the time to reach a SpO2 of >90%.
<Results>
We studied 164 newborn infants and recorded 1,580 SpO2 data points. The all data of SpO2 at 1 minute were excluded
because of the difficulty in measuring. The infants’ birth weights (Mean±SD) were 3022±527 g (Table 7). For all infants,
the 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th and 95th percentile values at 2 minutes were 54%, 57%, 72%, 88% and 90%, respectively.
Those at 5 minutes were 69%, 75%, 89%, 96% and 98% (Figure 5). It took a median of 4 minutes (interquartile range: 3-5
minutes) to reach a SpO2 value of >80%. Regarding risk factors, any conditions did not significantly affected the time toreach at 90% of SpO2 (Figure 6, 7).
<Discussion>
These data could represent reference ranges for SpO2 in the first 10 minutes after birth for healthy newborn infantsin Cambodia. Although any risk factors to affect the time to reach 90% of SpO2 after birth were statistically detected,
some conditions such as cesarean section and oxytocin-use had the trend to make the time slower. On that basis, thestaff related with perinatal care should carefully observe the conditions of newborn infants with oxytocin-use as well as
cesarean section. However, further research with objectives to investigate the risk factors should be necessary in the
future.

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201435

Table 7. Characteristics of infants on oxygen saturation research
Total Number

164

Birth weight (mean ± SD)

3022 (±527)g

Low birth weight, n (%) (less than 2500g)

13 (8.1%)

Cesarean Section, n (%)

47 (28.7%)

Primipara, n (%)

99 (60.4%)

Oxytocin, n (%)

33 (20.1%)

Preeclampsia, n (%)

4 (2.4%)Bleeding, n (%)

1 (0.6%)

Narcotic drug use or General anesthesia, n (%)

0

Steroid administration before birth, n (%)

0

Mother's oxygen supplementation, n (%)

18 (11.0%)

Figure 5. The trend of oxygen saturation of newborn infants from 2 to 10 minutes after birth (n=164)

36

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

1-2.

Outcome of newborn infants discharged from the neonatal care unit of
the National Maternal and Child Health Center						Research report (2)Title

Outcome of newborn infants discharged from the neonatal care unit of the National Maternaland Child Health Center

Principle investigators

Dr.IWAMOTO Azusa

Co-investigators

Dr.SOM Rithy, Ms. YEAP Sophea
Dr. HONDA Mari

PeriodApril 2014 – March 2017

Interim Summary:<Background>
Every year, around 7,000 babies including high-risk infants are born at NMCHC). Among them, about 600 sick newborn
infants need admission to the neonatal care unit (NCU) per year. Almost all infants who need admission are low birthweight infants less than 2,000g and 20-30% of them die at NCU within several days.
After the intensive treatment during first a few days at NCU, many survivors discharge immediately if they can suckbreast milk or formula orally once or twice even though very small body weight. Furthermore, near 20% of all patients at
NCU go home without permission/approval by medical doctors because of socio-economic limitations. However, ideally,such small newborn infants should be taken care at NCU for longer time until the baby grows up enough to stay at home.
There is no pediatric department at NMCHC besides immunization clinic now so unfortunately the infants discharged
from NCU do not have any opportunities to be followed up there. Some high-risk infants may die or have some chronic
health or developmental problems after they return back to home. But the real situation is unknown.
<Objective>
This research aims to know the real situation of infants within one year after discharge from the NCU by follow up survey
and to identify the factors, which determine the prognosis. Primary outcome is the mortality of discharged infants
within one year and its risk factors. Secondary outcome is the morbidity and its detail on growth and development after
discharge from the NCU of NMCHC.
<Study design and population>
This is a prospective observational study and the target populations are all sick newborn infants discharged from NCU
from 1 September 2014 to 31 March 2015 (seven months). We estimated the target population is 38 cases/month X 7months = 266 cases.
<Methods>
On admission and discharge, our research assistant collects necessary information after getting agreement by NCU staff
from the family. Perinatal information will be collected from the chart, delivery record, and direct interview.
The research assistants call the family of all infants who discharged from NCU at NMCHC when they become one
month, six months and one year old. The assistant asks the health condition of baby. If the baby has been surviving, theinterviewer collects necessary information and asks the family living in Phnom Penh city whether they can come to thedirect follow-up examination NMCHC. If possible, we will hold the follow-up examination during the study period.
<Interim results>
Among total 183 cases, which have been registered from 1 Sep 2014 to 28 Feb 2015, we could telephone the family of
119 cases after one month (Figure 6). Out of 119 cases, 106 survived, 7 died, and 6 cases could not be contacted. While
only one died among 56 cases whose birth weight were more than 2000g, 6 died among 63 small cases who were bornin less than 2000g (Figure 7). Four cases out of 47 died when they were discharged without doctor’s permission but two
out of 68 died when they went back to home with doctor’s permission (Figure 8).
NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201437

<Discussion>
For the follow-up for discharged infants from NMCHC-NCU, we could utilize cellular phones to ask whether the baby
could survive or not because almost all families had. We will also have direct follow-up examination for the cases who
can come to NMCHC because there are limitations to check the physical/mental development in detail.

Figure 6. Interim report of follow up by telephone

Figure 8. Interim report of follow up by telephone(total, 1 Sep 2014 – 28 Feb 2015)(by Dr’s permission, 1 Sep 2014 – 28 Feb)

Total registration
183
Died in NCU

Discharged

Died before the telephone
after discharged

One month old
119

43

2

Still in NCU

10

130

Still less than one month9

Follow-up by telephone after one month

Cannot contact

6

Alive
106

Died
7

Follow-up by telephone after six month

Figure 7. Interim report of follow up by telephone(by birth weight, 1 Sep 2014 – 28 Feb)

38

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

1-3.

The blood electrolyte profile of neonates at birth at the National Maternal andChild Health Center						Research report (3)Title

The blood electrolyte profile of neonates at birth at the National Maternal and Child HealthCenterPrinciple investigators

Dr.HOSOKAWA Shinichi

Co-investigators

Dr.SEANG Sody
Dr.IITAKE Chie, Dr.MORI Tomoko

PeriodApril 2013 – March 2016

Summary:<Introduction>
A glucose intravenous (i.v.) drip mixed with calcium and normal saline solution is uniformly used at the NMCHC to help
prevent hyponatremia and hypocalcemia. However, due to limited resources, blood tests are not routinely performed on
the infants admitted to the Neonatal Care Unit either before or after the i.v. drip, so its effect on the electrolyte balanceof these infants remains unknown. The i.v. drip injection must be delivered carefully in order to avoid hypernatremia andhypercalcemia, which would put the infant at a disadvantage.
<Objective>
To investigate the blood electrolyte profile, especially concerning the concentration of sodium, potassium, andcalcium, of infants at the time of birth in order to determine if the standard i.v. drip is the most appropriate solution mix.
<Methodology>
Study population
This study aims to enroll all neonates admitted to the Neonatal Care Unit at the NMCHC.
Blood sampling
Using a minute needle, very small quantities of blood will be collected from the heels of neonates at birth. The
blood electrolyte profile will be measured by using a bedside blood measurement machine (i-STAT 1 Analyzer; Fuso
Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Osaka, Japan).
Data collection
Perinatal information will be collected from the statistic committee at the NMCHC. The data source will comprise
information collected from the maternal and neonatal medical charts. Necessary perinatal information is as follows:- Address of residence of the pregnant woman (province and district)- Parity and gestation of the pregnant woman- Age- Date of the delivery- Diagnosis of the maternity and neonatal illness-Outcome of the newborn (alive or dead)In addition, a name and identification number (or other relevant information) will be collected in order to confirm theinformation at the time of data cleaning and analysis. All identifying information will be deleted to preserve the privacyof the subject after data analysis.
<Expected Results>
We clarify a blood electrolyte profile of sick newborn infants at birth at NMCHC, so we can do the following actions:
1) We can avoid unnecessary electrolyte infusion to infants.
2) We can manage the medical treatment by proper electrolyte infusion.
3) We can understand those etiologies for sick newborn infants.
NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201439

<Results>
The final objectives were 86 newborns and 54 alive, 32 dead cases, average birth body weight were 1,800g. Resultsfrom the venous blood gas were, average pH 7.238 (±0.12SD) ,average CO2 51.36 (±15.4SD) ,average Base Excess -5.79(±5.78SD) ,average Sodium 136 (±3.69SD) , average Potassium 5.32 (±0.87SD) , average ionic Cap 1.14 (±0.18SD) ,average Blood sugar 93.31 (±87.56SD) . Average time from birth to taking intravenous line was 123 minutes. Moreover,checking that time for dead cases, 24 out of 32 cases were over 60 minutes. For cases of hypoglycemia (Blood sugar <50mg/dl), 15 out of 19 cases with LBW: Low Birth Weight (< 2500g), their time for taking intravenous line were over 60
minutes.
<Conclusion>
Electrolytes of the sick newborns in Cambodia were almost normal. However, cases with taking intravenous line forlong time seemed to be worse outcome and leading to hypoglycemia of the LBWs. For admitted sick newborns, it’s
important to make a quick assessment of their condition and start treatment as soon as possible.

40

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

2. Midwifery care
2-1.

Effect of implementation of “individual midwifery care” on medical interventions
during delivery and birth and on maternal and neonatal health in Phonom Penh, Cambodia											 Research report (4)Title

Effect of implementation of “individual midwifery care” on medical interventions during
delivery and birth and on maternal and neonatal health in Phonom Penh, Cambodis

Principle investigators

Dr.MATSUI Mitsuaki

Co-investigators

Prof. TUNG Rathavy

PeriodApril 2014 – March 2015

Summary:<Background>A various type of abuses is frequently observed in maternity ward in developing countries. Our hypothesis is that theabuses are partly due to an unsymmetrical relationship between health care providers and clients, which is caused byauthoritative attitude of health care providers.
In addition, current world strategy “every pregnancy faces risk” could contribute to prevalent utilization of
unnecessary medical interventions. The strategy emphasizes that “any life-threatening event cannot be foreseen,
therefore every mother and her baby have possibility of dying”. It is partly true, because certain percentages of womendevelop complications. On the other hand, vast majority of pregnant women do not require “emergency obstetric care”.
Careful observation during pregnancy and birth, which should be based on physiology and anatomy, is only solution
to identify complications from normal delivery courses. However, most health care providers do not have appropriate
knowledge on physiological process of birth. This is due to insufficient professional training system, especially in theundergraduate period. Health care providers are under pressure of maternal and neonatal death, without effectivemeans to detect complications. These are double whammy for them. Nobody prefers to deal with delivery and birth
under this circumstance. As a result of complex situations above, there is an epidemic of abuses and unnecessary
medical interventions for maternity care.
Therefore, it is crucial to facilitate “normal physiological process of birth” as well as detection and management ofcomplications in order to ensure “quality care”. The National Maternal and Child Health Centre (NMCHC) in Cambodia
created a “Guide to Individualized Midwifery Care for Normal Pregnancy and Birth”. The guide is expected to use as atool to maximize midwifery care based on showing respect to each woman who has her own individual needs. This is socalled “women-friendly care”.
<Objective>
This research intends to measure changes in 1) medical interventions and 2) maternal and neonatal outcomes after
introduction of “women-friendly care” in Cambodia.
<Study design>This study is carrying out in health centers and referral hospitals in Phnom Penh municipality. 10 facilities with alarge number of deliveries were selected and assigned either to “intervention” group or to “control” group randomly.
Intervention group received a series of training on women-friendly care with follow-up, while no training were offered tothe intervention group.
<Progress>
64 persons participated in women-friendly care workshop, which were organized in the NMCHC between July andAugust 2014. The participants came from Phnom Penh Municipal Health Department (PPMHD), Mean Chey Operational
Health District (OHD), Russey Keo OHD, Mekong Referral Hospital (RH) (former Samdech Ov RH), Mean Chey RH, Daun
Penh Health Centre (HC), Prek Pnou HC, Steung Mean Chey HC, and Chhbar Ampeou HC. In addition, 32 midwives ornurses, who are dealing with delivery care in each facility, received four practice training sessions in the NMCHC.
NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201441

<Future plan>
Surveys both in intervention and control groups will be planned between January and March in year 2015. Data
collection will be carried out by direct observations in each facility. Approximately twenty surveyors will be employed forthis purpose. Necessary training will be provided prior to the survey.
Data will be analyzed after the survey. Final result is expected to release around August 2015.

42

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

2-2. Quality of Midwifery care at public facilities in Phnom Penh, Cambodia						
Research report (5)Title

Quality of Midwifery care at public facilities in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Principle investigators

Ms. OSANAI Yasuyo

Co-investigators

Prof. TUNG Rathavy
Dr. TAMURA Yayoi

PeriodMarch 2014 – March 2015

Summary:<Background>
The Millennium Development Goal Five has been attained in 2010, however this is still high MMR when comparedwith neighboring countries. Therefore, improving the quality of midwifery care is further required. Quality of Midwiferycare in this study includes Basic Midwifery Care, Evidence Based Midwifery Care and Supportive Care. The current
practice of Basic Midwifery Care, Evidence-based care and Supportive Care were clarified. Then expected factors such as
characteristics and motivation were examined to know what factors affect quality of midwifery care.
<Objective>
To assess current Basic Midwifery Care, Evidence-based care and Supportive Care that focuses on midwifery care inlabour provided by midwives, and related factors which affect them are examined.
<Methods>
A cross-sectional design was employed using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire.
<Results>
Two hundred and forty five midwives in 36 public health facilities participated in this study. The mean score of Basic
Midwifery Care, Evidence-based care and Supportive Care were 92.4, 65.5 and 89.0 respectively (Figure 9). There wereno statistically significant differences between Characteristics and Basic Midwifery Care, Supportive Care as well. Though
the mean score of Basic Midwifery Care was high, observation of laboring women and fetuses score ranged was low from
54.7% to 69.4%. The mean score of the Evidence-based care of NMCHC was significantly higher than the other healthfacilities (p<.001). Moreover, midwife who has responsible position, had training and read the protocol were significantly
higher score (p<.01). The result of factor analysis was that five factors were explored from the Supportive Care. Midwives
aged in their 50’s and 60’s scored higher than young midwives in two factors (Acceptance and Encouragement) out offive (p<.01).
Figure 9. Evidence based care by facilities<Conclusion>
Some critical practices of the Basic Midwifery Carewere low score though total mean executing rate of Basic
Midwifery Care was high. NMCHC midwife and midwife who
has responsible position, had training and read the protocol
were key to improve the Evidence-based care. 50s and 60s
midwives got higher score of Acceptance and Encouragement
than young midwives, therefore their support may lead toreinforcement of the Supportive Care.

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201443

Annex-1

The 1st Joint Meeting on MOU between NMCHC and NCGM
1 August, 2013

Objective:

To make a consensus on main activities within the framework of MOU

		(especially on neonatal care) between NMCHC and NCGM

Time and Venue: Thursday 1st August, 10:00-12:00 + lunch, Room 322
Participants:

Prof.Rathavy and NMCHC team, Dr.Nakasa and NCGM team NCGM local staff (translator)

Chair:

Ms.Chhay Sveng Chea At

Language:

Khmer and English (consecutive interpretation)

Agenda:Topic

Time
10:30-10:40(10min)
10:40-11:00(20min)
11:00-11:20(20min)
11:20-11:40(20min)
11:40-12:00(20min)
12:00-12:10(10min)12:10-

Expected outcome

Chair

Opening
1) Keynote speech on collaboration between
NMCHC and NCGM
2) Main activities within the framework of
MOU for 2013-2015 between NMCHC
and NCGM
3) ‘Mini-project’ on neonatal care as a partof MOU

Participants know the overview ofProf.Rathavy

collaboration between NMCHC and NCHM

(TBC)

Participants understand the contents of
MOU

Dr.Nakasa

Participants agree with the plan for ‘Mini-

Dr.Sody

project’ to improve neonatal care at

Iwamoto

MNCHC

(TBC)

Signature ceremony for MM
Closing
Lunch and free discussion*All sessions include Q&A time.

44

speakers

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Prof.Rathavy
Dr.Nakasa
ChairAnnex-2

The 2nd Annual Joint Technical Meeting between National Maternal andChild Health Center and National Center for Global health and Medicine
4 March, 2014
Objective:1) To confirm and share the framework and activities of the collaboration based on the MOU between NMCHC and NCGM,
2) To know the progress of each activity of the collaboration based on the MOU between NMCHC and NCGM since August
2013,
Time and Venue: Tuesday 4th March, 10:00-12:30 + lunch, Room 322
Participants:

Prof.Rathavy and NMCHC team, Dr.Nakasa and NCGM team,
NCGM local staff (technical and administrative assistants/interpreters)

Observer:Phnom Penh Municipal Health Department, JICA MANEKA Project

Language:

English and Khmer (simultaneous interpretation from Khmer to English using headphone, consecutive			interpretation from English to Khmer)

Agenda:Topic

Time
10:00-10:05(5min)
10:05-10:15(10min)
10:15-10:25(10min)10:25-10:55(30min)
10:55-11:15(20min)
11:15-11:55(40min)
11:55-12:15(20min)12:15-12:25(10min)speakers
MC

Opening
4.

Keynote speech on collaboration
between NMCHC and NCGM

Participants know/remember thecollaboration between NMCHC and NCGM

Prof.Rathavy

5.

Brief explanation (review) on the overall
framework of MOU between NMCHC
and NCGM

Participants know/remember the contentsof MOU between NMCHC and NCGM

Dr.Iwamoto

6.

Progress of the ‘Mini-project ’ onneonatal care & results of the bloodelectrolyte profile of neonates at birthat NMCHC

Participants understand the progress of‘Mini-project’ and tentative results of theblood electrolyte study

Dr.Sody
Dr.Hosokawa

7.

Progress & results of the saturation
oxygen (SpO2) study at delivery roomand operation room at NMCHC

Participants understand the tentative
results of SpO2 study for newborn infants

Dr.Iwamoto
Prof.Sotha

8.

Progress of activities on scientificevaluation of ‘women friendly care’Participants understand the scope, planand progress of study

Dr.MatsuiProf.Sotha

9.

Progress of research on quality of
midwifery care at public facilities inPhnom Penh

Participants understand the progress of
study

Ms.OsanaiProf.Rathavy

Comments

12:25-12:30(5min)
12:30-

Expected outcome

Dr.Nakasa
MCLunch and free discussion*All sessions include Q&A time.

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201445

Annex-3

The 3rd Joint Technical Meeting between National Maternal andChild Health Center and National Center for Global health and Medicine
2 December, 2014
Objective:1) To share/reconfirm the framework and activities of the collaboration based on the MOU between NMCHC and NCGM,
2) To know the progress of each activity of the collaboration based on the MOU between NMCHC and NCGM since March
2014.
Time and Venue: Tuesday 2nd December, 9:30-12:15, Room 322
Participants:

Prof.Rathavy and NMCHC team, Dr.UTSUNOMIYA and NCGM team,		

NCGM local staff (technical and administrative assistants/interpreters)

Observer:Phnom Penh Municipal Health Department, JICA MANECA Project

Language:

English and Khmer (<S> simultaneous interpretation from Khmer to English using headphone, 				<C>consecutive interpretation from English to Khmer)

Agenda:*All sessions include Q&A time.

Time

Expected outcome

speakers

9:30-9:45(15min)Opening(including self introduction)

9:45-10:05(20min)<C><S>

11. Keynote speech on collaboration between
NMCHC and NCGM

Participants know/remember thecollaboration between NMCHC andNCGM

10:05-10:15(10min)<C>

12. Brief explanation on the overall frameworkof MOU between NMCHC and NCGM andthe progress since March 2014

Participants know/remember thecontents of MOU between NMCHC
and NCGM

Dr.Iwamoto

6.

Progress of the ‘Mini-project’ on neonatal
care including the report on visit to Japan

Participants understand the progressof ‘Mini-project’

Dr.SodyDr.Mori

10:30-10:40(10min)<S>

7.

Report on field trip to NCGM, Japan

Participants know the activity by
NMCHC staff in Japan

Mr. Chadda
Ms.Sokunthea

10:40-10:50(10min)<S>

5-1. <Technical report 1>
Effect of intervention on infectious control at
NCU

Participants know the improvement
on infectious control at NCU in 20132014

Dr.Shita

10:50-11:05(15min)<C>

5-2 <Technical report 2>
Saturation oxygen (SpO2) study at delivery roomand operation room

Participants understand the results of
SpO2 study for newborn infants

Dr.Yokobori
Prof.Sotha

11:05-11:20(15min)<C>

6. Progress of research on outcomeof newborn infants discharged from NCU

Participants understand the scope,plan and progress of study

Dr.Iwamoto
Dr.Rithy

11:20-11:40(20min)<S>

7.

Progress of activities on scientific evaluationof ‘women friendly care

Participants understand theprogress of study

Dr.Sona
Dr.SokhanProf.Sotha

11:40-12:00(20min) <C>

8.

Closing remarks

12:00-12:05(5min)

Closing

10:15-10:30(15min)<S>

12:05-

46

Topic

MC

Lunch and free discussion

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 2014

Dr.UTSUNOMIYA
Prof.Rathavy

Dr.Matsushita
Dr.Miyoshi
MCAnnex-4

List of research report 2013-2014

2013
²²

IITAKE Chie, HOSOKAWA Shinichi, IWAMOTO Azusa, EGAMI Yuriko, MATSUSHITA Takeji, SEANG Sody, MEAN Sitha,

NAKASA Tamotsu
A new challenge of building up a sustainable clinical support system using Tele-conference at the Neonatal Care Unit of
National Maternal and Child Health Center, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
The 28th annual meeting of Japan Association for International Health, November
2013,.Okinawa, Japan
Poster presentation (in Japanese)

2014
²²

TAKASAGO Satoshi, NOZAKI Ikuma, HOSOKAWA Shinichi, EGAMI Yuriko, MATSUSHIA Takeji,

Clinical courses of positive blood culture in Cambodian neonates.
The 117th conference of the Japan Pediatric Society, April 2014, Mie, Japan,
Poster presentation (in Japanese).
²²

IITAKE Chie, MORI Tomoko, HOSOKAWA Shinichi, IWAMOTO Azusa, EGAMI Yuriko, MATSUSHITA Takeji, SEANG Sody,

MEAN Sitha, NAKASA Tamotsu
A research on Electrolytes of the sick newborns in Cambodia at the Neonatal Care Unit of National Maternal and Child
Health Center.
The 50th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine,
July 2014, Chiba, Japan.
Oral presentation (in Japanese)²² YOKOBORI Yuta, IWAMOTO Azusa, MATSUI Mitsuiaki, EGAMI Yukiro, KETH Ly Sotha
The trend of oxygen saturation for infants after birth in National Maternal and Child Health Center, Cambodia,
The 29th annual meeting of the Japan Association for International Health, November 2013, Tokyo, Japan,
Oral presentation.
²² MEAN Sitha, MORI Tomoko, IITAKE Chie, HOSOKAWA Shinichi, IWAMOTO Azusa, EGAMI Yuriko, SEANG Sody
Intervention and impact on infection at the National Maternal and Child Health Center in Cambodia,
The 29th annual meeting of the Japan Association for International Health, November 2013, Tokyo, Japan,
Poster presentation.

NCGM Japan – NMCHC Cambodia Joint Technical Collaboration Office Annual Report 201447

Contact details for further information
Azusa IWAMOTO, M.D., MSc.
Bureau of International Health Cooperation, Japan
National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
Email: iwamoto@it.ncgm.go.jp
Annual Report 2014
NCGM-NMCHC Joint Technical Collaboration Office©2015 National Center for Global Health and Medicine, JapanAll rights reserved.
National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
Bureau of International Health Cooperation
1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655
Tel: +81-3-3202-7181 / Fax: +81-3-3205-6780
info@it.ncgm.go.jp