This document has been translated from the official Japanese language version into English solely for the convenienceof internationalresearchers, faculty members, and staff. In case of any discrepancies,the Japanese original willprevail.

Keio University Code of Research Ethics (Note 1)
In recent years, research fields have become increasingly interdisciplinary and international, andcollaboration in research has become more commonplace at universities and research institutions in Japanand abroad. As research environments are expanding in more complicated ways than ever before, thoseengaged in research must renew their awareness of the significance of the direct and indirect influencesthat their research activities have on society, life, and the environment in the course of such activities.
Based on this awareness, Keio University, as a private institution of higher learning, hereby stipulates thefollowing code of ethics for researchers while respecting their independence and pursuit of truth andplacing emphasis on harmonious coexistence with society.
1. Significance of ResearchThose engaged in research at Keio University shall uphold the Keio tradition of jitsugaku, or practicallearning in pursuit of truth, and shall create new knowledge and value by engaging in advanced research,so that the results of their research shall contribute to the development of humankind and society.
2. Protecting Research Subjects
Those engaged in research at Keio University shall bear in mind any risk of harm to any persons, livingorganisms, or natural environment involved in their research; and give due consideration to the humanrights of all research participants and to the welfare of all animals in experimental research; and to ensure
the safety of humankind and society and to preserve the natural environment.
3. Ensuring Fairness and Transparency of Research ActivitiesThose engaged in research at Keio University shall always examine the scientific and ethicalappropriateness of research activities, place emphasis on fairness and transparency in the process ofconducting such activities, administer property in accordance with the rules, and fulfill the accountability
responsibility.
4. Respecting Those Involved in ResearchThose engaged in research at Keio University shall respect the rights of all persons involved in theirresearch and shall implement research fairly, without any discrimination or exploitation.
5. Promoting Research Exchange
Those engaged in research at Keio University shall be independent, but not isolated, and shall endeavor
to realize free and open exchange and cooperation with researchers and students around the world in theprocess of conducting their research activities.
Keio University Research Ethics Committee
Established on March 19, 2009
Note 1: "Keio University" in this code of research ethics refers to the Keio University educational corporation, which includes Keio
University and its affiliated schools.

1/4Explanation of the Keio University Code of Research Ethics
Preamble
The environment surrounding researchers is changing significantly and in complicated ways. Against
this backdrop, there is a need to renew a shared awareness among those engaged in research concerning
various aspects of research. In light of the developments in Japan and abroad, Keio University
established the “Keio University Code of Research Ethics” (hereafter referred to as the “Code”) on
March 19, 2009, as a university-wide standard that provides guiding principles for research for thoseengaged in research at Keio University.
The Code briefly describes, in general terms, what all researchers should observe when conducting
research activities at Keio University, regardless of the contents of their research. When conducting
research, they may be restricted by laws, regulations, and other rules in various aspects, including
subjects and methods. For instance, when handling radioactive substances, there are national rules
providing for the qualifications of users, location of storage and use, and disposal. Researchers should bethoroughly acquainted with the laws, regulations, and guidelines that they must comply with , andshould carry out individual research in accordance with such laws and regulations.
Numerous laws, regulations, guidelines and rules, enacted for various perspectives, exist in various
fields in and outside of Keio University. The Code has been prepared as a basic code of conduct towhich those engaged in research at Keio University should refer. Please use this explanation as an aid inunderstanding the Code as it is intended to clarify the meanings of the succinct terms used in the Codeand the contents which may be difficult to understand.
What the Term “Those Engaged in Research at Keio University” Means in the CodeThe term “Those engaged in research at Keio University,” refers to all persons engaged in research
activities at Keio University, including all Keio faculty, staff, and researchers, regardless of theiroccupational categories; their status such as, tenured or non-tenured, full-time or part-time; or whether
or not they directly receive a salary from Keio University. They are simply called “researchers” in thepreamble.
In the event that students are engaged in research, although their academic advisors assume ultimate
responsibility for the student’s research, students are also urged to observe the provisions herein whenengaged in research.
Structure of the Code
The Code creates each section in line with the usual progression of research and explains them one
by one, starting with “What qualifies as significant research,” then the subject of the research, research
activities and persons involved in the research during the course of the such activities, and finally thework product obtained as a result of such activities. The following is an explanation of the purpose ofeach section within the Code.
1. Significance of Research
Research activities can be broadly divided into three processes: 1) a process in which researcherspresent an issue and establish a hypothesis to solve or clarify the issue; 2) a process in which researchers
conduct analysis or investigations and experiments to prove or demonstrate the validity and reliability ofthat hypothesis; and 3) a process in which researchers test the hypothesis based on the results obtained
through the processes provided above, or further extract such portion that have not been verified, andannounce all of the findings from these processes. These three processes are subdivided into smaller
subtasks, and it is self-evident that the purposes of all these processes are always the pursuit of “noveltyand originality”. In other words, an issue to be raised should be one that has not been verified inprevious research; the knowledge obtained from verifying the issue should also be new; and such
“novelty and originality” should be recognized by others through an “original expression”. The first
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section reconfirms such significance of research and clearly provides for the ideal stance researchers
should take toward research.
Yukichi Fukuzawa uses the word jitsugaku to describe “apprehending a fact, seeking concrete reason
in accordance with this fact and actual matters, and applying such reason to actual problems. (Note 2) Inother words, he uses the word jitsugaku to mean “Science”, which was based on the understanding oftheories, principles and rules as well as experience and experiments, in comparing with Confucianismand study of Chinese classics, which were the center of study in Japan at the time. (Note 3) In the firstsection (“Significance of Research”), “in pursuit of truth” is purposely added to the term jitsugaku inorder for jitsugaku to mean “Science” in such sense.
2. Protecting Subjects of Research
The meaning of “subjects of research” can be divided into human subjects and animal subjects.
Certain types of research cannot be conducted unless humans take part as subjects, while other types ofresearch require the use of animals in experiments. In either case, researchers must give their highest
priority to protecting the persons who take part in research and animals used in research. In most cases
research is accompanied by burden or even damages in some cases, although there is a difference inthe degree of such burden which can range from the time it takes to fill out a questionnaire and toinvasive procedures in clinical tests. Specifically, researchers are required to give due regard toparticipants’ human rights, including minimization of harm and security of safety, provision of informed
consent, and protection of privacy. In addition, to ensure the welfare of experimental animals, it isnecessary to consider the use of alternative methods, reduction of the number of animals used, andmitigation of pain.
In addition to direct subjects, the execution of research may consequently or indirectly haveunintentional influences on the surroundings and may even do them further harm. The second subject towhich researchers should give due consideration is this “surrounding environment”. An outflow ofharmful substances and organisms from research facilities can be given as a simple example of harm tothe surrounding. Researchers must make careful plans and take necessary measures not to harm thesafety of humankind and society and conservation of natural environment.
Note 2: In An Encouragement of Learning, Fukuzawa says: “By grasping the practical matters of each science, which vary in subject
matter and content, he can search for the truth of things and make them serve his present purposes. The foregoing is common tomankind…” (Fukuzawa, 1872/2012) P.
Note 3: In Keio Gijuku Kiji (Twenty-Five Years of Keio Gijuku), Fukuzawa provided science (saiyansu) as the pronunciation of theJapanese characters for practical learning (jitsugaku). Modern notation of kana (Japanese syllabary) is used therein.

3. Ensuring Fairness and Transparency of Research Activities
When conducting research, we need to study its influence on society from various angles over thecourse of research. It is only natural that individual researchers should bear the responsibility for thedetails and results of research, but they should also assume the responsibility for explaining the detailsof their statements and the processes leading to their conclusion. Paragraph 3 stipulates guidelines forthe social responsibility researchers should take during the process of their research activities.
Social responsibility that accompanies research activities can be diverse based on the respective
academic domains, social and historical backgrounds, and stances taken by individual researchers.
Furthermore, researchers may unintentionally commit errors in the process of their research activities orin the announcement of results, which may have significant consequences on the society.
“Accountability” means handling such situations to the best of one’s ability. The accountability of
researchers refers to the obligation to explain precautions that should be ensured in the processes ofresearch activities and the impact of the results of their research on the society such that the generalpublic would be satisfied.
Words such as “fairness and transparency” and “scientific and ethical appropriateness” themselves
3/4may be subjects of debate, however, as these words suggest, researchers are required to place rationality
and ethics at the center of academic remarks while recognizing various views, and to be impartial to all
and give explanations in plain language.
“Administration of property in accordance with the rules” indicates an obligation to be ready toexplain how one manages the materials, including management of research funds and their use. An
increasingly large part of the funds for research are now subsidies from external organizations, inparticular, public institutions. The public aspect of the organization of Keio University itself may requireparticular attention to “fairness and transparency” and “accountability” concerning the management ofresearch funds and their use. To emphasize this point, we purposely inserted the wording, “performadministration of property in accordance with the rules.” Accountability may also be explained as anobligation of researchers to disclose information on the process of research.
4. Respecting Those Involved in Research
The phrase “All persons involved in their research” used herein does not mean participants who are
the subjects of research as specified in Section 2. It means all persons involved in the implementation ofresearch, including not only those performing the research, but also research assistants who aid theresearch (for example, those who perform operation and maintenance of research equipment or breedingof laboratory animals). All persons who fall under this category shall be required to engage in researchin a fair manner and respect one another’s rights, including copyrights recognized in written articles
such as academic papers, evaluation of contributions made upon announcement of research findings, andpatents awarded to the fruits of research.
5. Promoting Research ExchangeWith the segmentation of research activities, it has become increasingly difficult for one researcher
to cover all processes of research activities. Furthermore, as the number of issues to be tackled globally
has increased and the communication and transmission of research contents and findings are widely
disseminated on a global basis through the widespread use of electronic media and development ofcommunication means, researchers are required to extensively exchange information both at home andabroad to continuously improve by learning from others. Yukichi Fukuzawa also emphasizes theimportance of human exchanges (Note 4) under the spirit of independence and self-respect. The words “To
be independent, but not isolated” (Note54) are a great warning to researchers who are prone to be isolated
and keep themselves to the so-called “Ivory Tower,” As well as the entire university, including thestudents, who are also expected to enhance such exchanges. Paragraph 5 stipulates how Keio University
should open its doors to the world as a place of research.

Note 4: The words are repeatedly used in “Appendix to Things Western” An Outline of a Theory of Civilization, Danjo Kosairon (Onassociation of men and women), and other works of Fukuzawa.
Note 5: As written in “Note of New Year Meeting of Keio University on January 25, 1879” (Part of a speech by Yukichi Fukuzawadelivered at a New Year’s party in 1879).

Explanation: Keio University Research Ethics Committee(Headquarters for Research Coordination and Administration Ext: 25808)

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