Instructions for Authors (December 2021)
Ornithological Science is published twice a year by the Ornithological Society of Japan(OSJ). The journal offers a forum for scholarly papers on the avifaunas of Japan, Asia,and other parts of the world.
Contributions are classified as: Original Articles, Reviews, Short Communications,Technical Notes, and Comments. Purely descriptive studies containing important, newinformation on poorly known species or phenomena are also acceptable. Comments arelimited to those on papers previously published in Ornithological Science. The OSJ
editors also welcome proposals for themed Special Features that are within the scope ofthe journal. Membership of OSJ is not required for contributors.
Accepted papers become the copyright property of OSJ and may not be reproduced,
in whole or part, without written permission from OSJ.

Language
Ornithological Science is published in English. Regional variants of the language areacceptable, but authors must follow consistent spelling and grammar rules throughout
their manuscripts. Linguistic usage should be formal, correct and concise, thereby
allowing editors, referees, and readers, to accurately judge the quality of the science andthe validity of the manuscript.

Submission of Manuscripts
Manuscripts must be original and not previously published. They are to be submittedusing the Ornithological Science web-based manuscript submission and handling system

(ScholarOne Manuscripts, S1M; http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/osj). Manuscripts may
be written using Microsoft WORD or submitted as PDF files. In case of difficulties inusing the online system, contact the Submission Administrator by email (osadmin@unibiopress.org), or refer to the online instructions and help menus at S1M (viathe Help / Site Support tab at the top of the page).
Acceptable manuscripts are peer-reviewed by two or more anonymous referees andedited by a professional English rewriter. If contributors are required to revise theirmanuscripts, they must resubmit them within one month, taking into consideration thecomments of the editors and referees and describing how revision has been carried out.
The Editor-in-Chief makes the final decision on acceptance or rejection for publication.

Organization of Manuscripts
Manuscripts are to be submitted, double-spaced, in A4 format (210 × 297 mm), with atleast 25 mm margins, consecutively numbered pages, and line numbering. The use offootnotes is discouraged.
Articles should be presented in the following order: (1) Title page, (2) ABSTRACT,(3) INTRODUCTION, (4) MATERIALS AND METHODS, (5) RESULTS, (6)DISCUSSION, (7) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, (8) CONFLICT OF INTEREST, (9)REFERENCES, (10) Tables, (11) Figure Legends, and (12) Figures.
Original Articles are, ideally, around 10 printed pages (approximately 7,000 words for(3) to (9)), but shorter manuscripts are acceptable and longer manuscripts will beconsidered. However, longer Original Articles should not exceed 20 printed pages(approximately 14,000 words, depending on the number and the size of figures/tables). A¥2,500 page charge will be levied on longer articles. Short Communications andTechnical Notes should not exceed four printed pages (approximately 2,800 words for (3)to (9), with at most four figures/tables). Short Communications may combine (5) and (6)as RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Comments, on matters relevant to the contents of atarget paper, may not exceed two printed pages (i.e., fewer than 1,400 words).
The printed journal is typically monochrome, but if requested color pages may beincluded for a fee of ¥20,000 per page. No charges apply if color pages are included onlyin the online version. Any full-color figures must be created so that color differences canbe distinguished clearly even when printed in black and white. Authors may be required
to use monochrome for the online version if the editors judge color to be nonessential orexcessive.

General Instructions
We recommend that authors carefully review previous issues of the journal for matters ofstyle and use the Microsoft Word template available at:
http://ornithology.jp/katsudo/Journal_E/OSJ_Template.docx
The title page should contain the type of the article, the title, author names (familynames in capitals), affiliations, addresses, contact name and address (phone number ande-mail address) for correspondence. Author affiliations are to be identified withsuperscripts. A running title (fewer than 40 letters) and the number of tables and figures
are to be given on the same page.
Abstracts should be shorter than 300 words for Original Articles and Reviews, and100 words for Short Communications and Technical Notes. Five or fewer Key Words areto be listed in alphabetical order, separated by commas.
Species names are to be given in English followed by the scientific name when firstintroduced, both in the abstract and in the article. Species names should follow anationally or internationally authoritative source (for birds, for example, The
Ornithological Society of Japan (2012) Check-list of Japanese Birds, 7th revised edition.
The Ornithological Society of Japan, Sanda; and Gill F, Donsker D & Rasmussen P (eds)(2021) IOC World Bird List (v11.2). doi: 10.14344/IOC.ML.11.2).
English species names are to be capitalized (e.g., Black-billed Magpie; Hamilton’sSpindle-tree) but not group names (e.g., shrikes; oaks).
References in the text are to be listed in chronological order as for example: Oda andAkechi (2010) or (Oda & Akechi 2010); Toyotomi (2016) or (Toyotomi 2016); Tokugawaet al. (2019) or (Tokugawa et al. 2019), and (Oda & Akechi 2010; Toyotomi 2016;
Tokugawa et al. 2019; Akechi 2020).
References in the REFERENCES section are to be listed in alphabetical order byauthors’ family names and in the following styles:
Journals:
Yamaguchi N & Kawano KK (2001) Effect of body size on the resource holding
potential of male Varied Tits Parus varius. Jpn J Ornithol 50: 65–70.
orBommarco R, Kleijn D & Potts SG (2013) Ecological intensification: Harnessing
ecosystem services for food security. Trends Ecol Evol 28: 230–238.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.012
Journals are to be referred to using their internationally accepted abbreviations, which
may be found online.
Books:
Lack D (1968) Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. Chapman & Hall,

London.
Chapters in books:
Bibby CJ (2004) Bird diversity survey methods. In: Sutherland WJ, Newton I &Green RE (eds) Bird ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques. Pp 1–15. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
PhD theses (master theses cannot be cited):
Hino T (1991) Community organization and individual foraging behavior in avian
mixed-species flocks. PhD Thesis, Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo (in Japanese).
Papers written in a language other than English:
Kikkawa J (2004) Mejiro no me—koudou, seitai, shinka no shikumi (The eyes of theWhite-eye—mechanisms of behaviour, ecology and evolution). Kaiyusha, Tokyo(in Japanese).
Electronic materials:
Prast W & Shamoun J (1997) Bird remains identification system. Springer-Verlag,
Berlin (CD-ROM).
Websites:
R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R
Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available at https://www.Rproject.org/ (accessed on 29 September 2021).
Japan Meteorological Agency (2021) The data retrieval system of Japan
Meteorological Agency (in Japanese). Available at
http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php (accessed on 2 October 2021).
If more than six authors are involved in a reference, the first six should be listed,followed by et al., in the reference list, for example:

Katayama N, Amano T, Naoe S, Yamakita T, Komatsu I, Takagawa SI et al. (2014)
Landscape heterogeneity-biodiversity relationship: Effect of range size. PLoS One
9: e93359. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093359
Manuscripts accepted for publication, but not yet published, are to be listed as “inpress”. Papers “in preparation," “submitted” or as “personal communication” are notpermitted in the list of references, and while not encouraged, they may, if necessary, becited in the text using the full name(s) of the person(s) involved.
The International System of Units (SI) must be used (as may some widely accepted
non-SI units such as °C and hour) with a space between numbers and units (e.g., 5 mm,5 km) and before and after symbols (e.g., N = 15). Exceptions are % and °C which requireno space before them. Numbers one to nine are to be written in full, except when usedwith a measurement abbreviation or a higher number (for example nine birds, but 9 km,and 5–15 birds). Higher numbers are to be written as: 234, 2,340 and 23,400. Dates areto be given as day, month, year (1 January 2021), times are to be given as 09:30 and15:00, and geographical locations as 35°20 ́25 ̋N, 136°10 ́20 ̋E. Statistical symbols should
not be italicized. Significance levels (P) and sample sizes (N) are to be shown.
Tables and Figures are to be prepared taking in to account the size of the printed page
(165 × 223 mm in two 80 mm wide columns). Letters in figures must be large enough tobe read even when the figure is printed at a reduced size. All tables and figures must be
cited in the text (as for example: Fig. 1, Table 2, Figs. 1 and 2, Tables 1–3). The panels orparts of divided figures are to be labelled separately in lower-case type (for example a,b). Text in tables should be in lower-case type, with the first letter capitalized.
Supplementary Materials, such as figures, tables, and audio data, may be included
in articles. These materials are to be attached when manuscripts are submitted via themanuscript submission and handling system. After acceptance, supplemental materials
are deposited on J-Stage (https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/osj/). Authors may also
refer to supplemental materials that have been uploaded previously to any open accessrepository. Supplemental Video Data is to be uploaded to an open access repository suchas Movie Archives of Animal Behavior (MOMO: http://www.momo-p.com/indexe.html) before submitting the manuscript. Authors should refer to Kawamura et al. (2016)
and Tomita and Iwami (2016), which can be found by accessing the Ornithological
Science homepage (https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/osj/-char/en).

Additional Considerations
Authors must declare whether or not any personal, professional or financial relationships
could potentially be construed as a Conflict of Interest affecting the work submitted.
Authors must consider Ethics and Animal Welfare and minimize suffering, distressand undue influence on the behavior and ecology of any animals used in research.
Authors, if necessary or requested, should describe in the MATERIALS AND
METHODS section of their manuscript how those considerations were addressed.
Officialpermissions

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section.

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