Chapter 7

Understanding Tasks Related to Disaster Reduction Education and Training□■

7. Understanding Tasks Related to Disaster
Reduction Education and Training

7-1. Disaster Reduction Education and Training Programs by ADRC
7-1-1. JICA Seminar on Disaster Management
Objective
Improve disaster reduction measures and disaster countermeasures and reduce damage caused bynatural disasters, through learning about disaster reduction measures and disaster countermeasures using
Japan’s disaster reduction system as a model case. Also, having trainees themselves understand thecurrent situation, problems, tasks, and solutions of disaster reduction measures and disastercountermeasures in their countries and surrounding regions through the exchange of experience andopinions of participating countries, and reviewing the course of action for improvement
Background
Japan is located in an area frequently hit by typhoons. As seen by the recent Tokai torrential rains, every
year the country suffers disasters such as torrential rains and floods, etc. Japan is also located in thepacific earthquake and volcanic belt where earthquakes and volcanoes are active. Particularly after theGreat Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, earthquake activities such as the Tottori Seibu Earthquake, Geiyo
Earthquake, and vocanic activities such as the eruptions of Mt. Usuzan in Hokkaido and Mt. Osuzan in
Miyakejima have become marked. Historically, there have also been numerous tsunami disasters,
making Japan one of the few disaster countries both meteorologically and geographically.
As a result of the country’s efforts to improve disaster reduction measures and disaster countermeasures
based on experience and lessons learned from damage caused by numerous natural disasters in the past,
Japan is one of the top advanced disaster reduction countries in the world today. On the other hand,
natural disasters continue to increase in the international community, and many developing countries
suffer massive human and material damage, which impedes their social and economic development
efforts.
The sharing of knowledge and experience with these countries to improve disaster reduction is the mostimportant and essential duty of countries like Japan, which have extensive experience with disasters andare equipped with a consistent disaster reduction system. This is also in line with the efforts of various
countries of various levels such as the UN; which has been promoting international disaster reduction
cooperation since the 1990s. The reinforcement of such efforts needs to be continued in the 21st century,
which is expected to see increased vulnerability to disasters in many countries due to climate changes
on a global scale and rapid urbanization.
As part of Japan’s international disaster reduction cooperation, this program is aimed at the sharing of
knowledge and experience, with disaster reduction and disaster management officials from various
countries to promote the reduction of damage incurred by natural disasters and contribute to theinternational community.
Goal
To understand the general disaster reduction measures and disaster countermeasures using Japan’s
disaster reduction system as a model case, grasp the current situation of disaster reduction measures incountries participating in training, and review the necessary procedures for disaster reduction measuresand disaster countermeasures of respective countries, in order to improve the disaster reduction
measures and disaster countermeasures of participating countries and reduce damage caused by natural119

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disasters.
(1) Through the understanding of the mechanism, current situation, direction, and tasks of disaster
reduction measures and disaster countermeasures of the Japanese government and local
municipals, understand the tasks for improving disaster reduction measures and disastercountermeasures in the countries of trainees.
(2) Understand how international disaster reduction cooperation systems actually run, and study
methods to apply these system to reduce damage from disasters in one’s country andsurrounding regions.
(3) To achieve reduction of damages from disasters in one’s country and surrounding regions,compile plans to improve disaster reduction measures and disaster countermeasures, and review
implementation.

Training programa)The trainees shall report the disaster reduction measures and disaster countermeasures in theircountries, exchange opinions, and understand the current situation of disaster reduction measuresand disaster countermeasures in other countries.
b)Understand the current situation and tasks of disaster reduction measures and disastercountermeasures of the Japanese government.
c)Understand the current situation and tasks of disaster reduction measures and disastercountermeasures of local municipals, particularly based on the experience of the Great HanshinAwaji Earthquake.
d)Understand the current situation and tasks of international disaster reduction cooperation.
e)Carry out practical training according to different themes and hold discussions on them.
f)Compile and report on plans of action.
g)Hold assessment meetings to hear the opinions of trainees and implement overall evaluation.
Trainees
There were applications from 13 countries, 20 persons of the 17 countries assigned. After screening, 14
disaster reduction administrative officers from 13 countries were accepted. Eventually, because one
Pakistani trainee was unable to attend, 13 trainees from 12 countries participated in the training.
(List of trainees provided separately)
Organizations implementing and running the training program
Training
The ADRC was commissioned by the Japan International Cooperation Agency-Hyogo International
Center (JICA-HIC) to handle the overall coordination of the training program.
Supervision
The cooperation of the Japan International Cooperation Center was entrusted to supervise training.

Training schedule
Training was implemented according to the schedule on the attached sheet.
Training program(1)Module 0: Orientation
OutlineDuring the general orientation, the JICA-HIC personnel and JICE training administrator gave a briefing
dealing mainly with enrollment in the HIC, how to set up a bank account, etc. ADRC carried out acourse orientation on training (buffet reception followed the briefing).
Evaluation

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Though the briefing of the training tended to be slightly lengthy, it ended in about one hour including
the welcome speech and Q&A, which was considered appropriate. Trainees were delighted at the foodserved which gave consideration to their food restrictions and practices. It was a good opportunity for
ADRC staff who were going to conduct the training to get to know the trainees.

(2) Module1 : Country Report
Coordinator: Professor Shiono, Nagaoka Industrial High School
OutlineAfter report on each country by the trainees under the coordination of Professor Shiono, a Q&S session
followed. The aim of the session was to deepen their understanding of the natural disasters and disaster
reduction measures in each country and to deepen mutual friendship during the training.
Professor Shiono coordinated the country report in the order of going round the globe in the east-bounddirection (starting with Fiji and ending with the Philippines). The presentations were given using an
overhead projector or PC. The trainees gave excellent presentations, showing their extensive experience.
The many questions forwarded during the Q&A session again indicated the enthusiasm and high levelof the trainees. At the end of the country report, Professor Shiono gave a list of the keywords on disastermanagement and asked the trainees for any keywords which could be added to the list. Discussions
proceeded actively, and the added list was given to the trainees by Professor Shiono during the training.
Evaluation
Professor Shiono was also in charge of the country report in previous trainings which were then handled
by the former National Land Agency (currently the cabinet office policy bureau-in charge of disaster
reduction) and has extensive experience in coordinating trainees. He was also very popular among thetrainees, and we would like him to handle coordination of the country report again in the future
whenever possible.
Trainees Listening to Country Report

Kenyan Trainees Reporting(3) Module 2: Disaster Reduction Measures of the Japanese Government
Lecturers
Cabinet Office Policy Controller in charge of disaster reduction and officials of disaster reduction
related ministries, agencies, organizations (middle rank)
OutlineLectures by officials from ministries, agencies, and organizations on disaster reduction measures by theJapanese government, and tours of disaster reduction related facilities were implemented.
Lectures and tours included the following:(Lectures)・ Outline of disaster countermeasures in Japan121

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・ Disaster management
・ Communication systems such as Central Disaster Prevention Radio・ Disaster measures for earthquakes andvolcanoes
Training at Cabinet Office・ Disaster reduction measures by local
governments
・ Disaster measures of the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, and Transport
・ Japan Disaster Relief teams
・ Rescue methods during disasters(Tours)・ Disaster management meeting room of cabinet
office・ Prevention Radio・ Meteorological Agency Forecast Department
and Earthquake and Volcano Department
・ Tachikawa Disaster Management Headquarters
Backup Facility
・ Tokyo Fire Department, the 8th Fire Defense Rescue Task Force・ National Disaster Medical Center
Evaluation
The training on Japan’s disaster reduction measures was very significant with lecturers describing thelatest situation, and the trainees touring the Tachikawa Disaster Management Base, which functions
when the central government is affected by disasters.
The one-week stay at the JICA Tokyo International Training Center also served as an opportunity fortrainees to interchange. Meals served consisted of such a diverse variety that Muslim trainees andvegetarians were able to find dishes that suited their restrictions. This proved very popular amongst thetrainees.
Though considerable information was provided to the trainees on the main natural disasters which occur
in Japan such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and meteorological disasters such as typhoons, etc., one of thetasks for the future will be to provide information on floods, sand sedimentation, and drought disasters
which occur frequently in the trainees’ countries. Training on the role of mass media in disasters will
also be important.

(4) Module 3: Disaster management by local governments
Lecturers
Officers of related organizations such as Hyogo Prefecture Disaster Management Bureau, The Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Reconstruction Headquarters, Kobe City Fire Bureau, Kobe City Honjo
Elementary School, Kagoshima Prefecture Fire Defense and Disaster Management Division, Ministryof Land, Infrastructure and Transport Kyushu Regional Bureau Osumi Construction Office, Kagoshima
City Fire Department, Kagoshima Meteorological Observatory, etc.
OutlineAs examples of disaster management by local governments, the disaster management of Hyogo
Prefecture which experienced the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, and Kagoshima Prefecture whichconstantly faces volcanic, wind and flood damages, were described by the officers in charge, andtrainees toured disaster reduction related facilities.
Lectures・ Disaster management by Hyogo Prefecture based on lessons learnt Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake

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・ Post-earthquake restoration and rehabilitation measures
・ Rescue, relief, and fire control systems learnt through the earthquake(Tours)・ Hyogo Prefecture Disaster Management
Center・ GreatHanshin-Awaji
Earthquake
Reconstruction
Promotion
Center(Phoenix Plaza)・ HAT, Kobe Disaster Reconstruction
Housings
・ Honjo Elementary School (Kobe City up
to here)・ Earthquake Disaster Mitigation ResearchCenter・ 3-D Full-Scall Earthquake Testing
Facility (Miki City up to here)・ Kagoshima
Prefecture
DisasterManagement Center・ Sakurajima International Volcano Sabo
Center・ Sakurajima Sabo Dam Facility
・ Kagoshima Central Fire Station
・ Kagoshima Observatory (Kagoshima
Prefecture up to here)

Hyogo
CenterPrefecture

DisasterManagement

With Children of Honjo Elementary School

Evaluation
In Hyogo Prefecture, which experienced themassive disaster in the form of the Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, trainees had theopportunity to acquire valuable knowledge
on actual facts of the earthquake and thelessons learned, and the disaster management
measures which have been reviewed basedon these lessons. In Kagoshima Prefecture, which encounters disasters throughout the year, the tour of
volcanic disaster measures of Sakurajima which is constantly on alert due to a live volcano and sandsedimentation dam, etc. was very valuable. Some of the tasks given were introducing more applicablemeasures in developing countries while learning the disaster prevention measures at local municipals
and making efforts to enhance the disaster reduction capacity of each country as much as possible; also
conducting training programs which focused on increasing understanding of the mechanisms by which
natural disasters originate through actual visits, etc.
Explanation of Kagoshima Prefecture Disaster
Countermeasures Department

Sakurajima International Volcano Sabo
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(5) Module 4: Basic Concept of Disaster Management
Lecturers
ADRC staff (Director Ogawa and Komoto)
OutlineLectures and discussions were divided into a morning (Basic Concept of Disaster Management I) andafternoon session (Basic Concept of Disaster Management II). During the morning session, opinions
were exchanged on the definitions of “disaster” and the “disaster management cycle” concept. In theafternoon session, lectures were held on understanding concepts by examining specific cases,
particularly concepts of urban disaster reduction and methodologies.
Evaluation
Because this module did not exist in training programs until now, there was a risk of inconsistency inthe understanding of disasters and disaster management among trainees.
However, the adoption of this module could be assessed as promoting the same level of understanding
among trainees. Because it is desirable for the trainees to understand this basic concept as early as
possible, this module should be implemented in the initial stage as much as possible (for example, after
the country report). In addition, looking at the importance of the module, further improvements are
required to help understand its basic concept.

(6) Module 5: Practice by Theme
Lecturers
・ Practice of GIS utilization for disastermanagement (ADRC)
・ Participation program for raising publicawareness of disaster reduction (ADRC)
・ Disaster management in historic Kyoto(City, Kyoto City)・ Practice of dealing with injured immediately
after
disaster(Riskmanagement
countermeasure mechanism)

Training on Disaster Reduction GIS

OutlineBasic course on use of Geographical Information
System (GIS) for disaster management .
After a basic course on the GIS, practice on the useof the Internet GIS (VENTEN) developed by the
ADRC for disaster reduction was carried out.
Programs on improving disaster reduction
awareness attended by citizens
Under the guidance of ADRC director Mr. Ogawa,trainees conducted a program to improve disaster
reduction awareness that was attended by citizens
called “Disaster Reduction Watching” at the northside of Kobe City, Suma Ward, Sanyo Suma Station.
Divided into three groups, each group walked
around their designated area to survey and analyze
dangerous zones in terms of disaster reduction andimprovements, organized the data on a map andreported their findings later to all trainees.

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Disaster Reduction Town Watching
Training

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Disaster reduction countermeasures ofhistoric Kyoto CityTo learn the disaster reduction countermeasuresof historic Kyoto City, which has many cultural
assets and areas preserving traditional buildings
and other structures, the trainees toured or
surveyed the Kyoto Citizen Disaster
Management Center, Shimizu Tera (temple),
Sanneisaka (hill), and Hachiman Jinja (shrine)in the winter to learn about efforts in protecting
cultural assets and disaster reduction.
Course on attending to injured victims
immediately after disasters (Triage)
In major earthquakes, usually a small group of
medical specialists need to attend to an
overwhelming number of injured. The trainees
learned simple triage, a method to rescue as
many injured persons as possible at disastersites. They were asked to observe several mockcasualties and evaluate and determine thepriority order of attending them.
Evaluation
All of these training courses were participatedenthusiastically by the trainees and were very
well received. The current GIS, town-watching,and Kyoto survey programs are satisfactory.
With regard to triage, however, as some of the
trainees questioned the medical skills of thestaff in charge, there is room for considering
improvements. Triage is nonetheless an
indispensable concept in disaster medical care,and persons in charge of disaster reduction haveno excuse in saying they “did not know” about
this program. It must therefore be undertaken in
one form or another. It should be noted that thetrainees participated in this course very
seriously, with triage being a theme related
directly to handling lives, and mock casualties
putting on realistic performances when asking
for help.

Trainees Surveying Kyoto Higashiyama
Sanneisaka Area

Limit in medical resources in majordisasters necessitates triage

Trainee from Rumania during Triage
Training. Inspect Injury of Mock
Casualty(7) Module 6: International Cooperation
Lecturers
・ Efforts of ADRC in reducing damage
caused by natural disasters (ADRC)
・ Efforts of UN in reducing damage fromdisasters (United Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Asia Unit)
Outline・Efforts of ADRC for reducing damage from natural disasters

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With regard to ADRC activities in promoting the reduction of damage from disasters by gatheringand providing information on natural disasters and disaster reduction in Asia and encouraging disaster
reduction cooperation, specific examples of information services were shown to deepen
understanding of multinational disaster reduction cooperation based on ADRC and the achievements.
These include a database on natural disasters and disaster reduction techniques in the world, disaster
reduction information of member countries like Indonesia, Sri Lanka, etc., the earthquake in Taiwan,
and volcanic disaster measures in Japan recently.
・Efforts of UN in reducing damage from disasters
The OCHA Asia Unit explained their activities which include the assessment of damage whendisasters occur and emergency aid coordination activities.
Evaluation
Though sufficient understanding of the effortsof ADRC in the reduction of damage fromnatural disasters was achieved, efforts to further
enhance technicality and reliability for
individual themes are necessary.
We hope to incorporate a more practicalprogram for the OCHA training by including
training of UNDAC (United Nations Disaster
Assessment and Coordination) activities to learn
disaster assessment and emergency aid
coordination in affected countries.

Lecture on the Role of OCHA by Ms.
Kan, Regional Advisor(8) Module 7: Session on Compiling Action
Plans
Lecturer: ADRC (Komoto)
Outline
The trainees spent a day drawing up plans of action to reduce damage from natural disasters in various
countries, and presented them using power point.
Evaluation
We were able to have all trainees report on action plans specifying background, problems, solutions, andtasks in presentations using a PC. However, some action plans lacked concreteness, indicating the needto draw up plans which correspond to actual problems. For this, it is indispensable to first discover andunderstand the problems at hand, then review these problems.

(9) Module 8: Assessment Meeting and Closing Ceremony
Moderator: JICA-HIC
OutlineAssessment Meeting
We asked all trainees to comment on this seminar. Some of the main requests voiced were “training that
corresponds to the actual situation in a given country (flood disasters, etc.)”, “explanation of roles ofdisaster reduction related organizations”, “longer discussion time”, “lectures on situations and culture ofJapan”, “Visit Hiroshima”. Though there is a need to conduct training which takes into account theactual situation of various countries, lectures on the situations and culture in Japan and training in
Hiroshima shall be considered separately and determined if necessary.
Closing Ceremony
With the flags of the twelve participating countries and Japan in the background, directors Kawai and126

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Ogawa gave speeches, certificates were presented to the trainees, and Mr. Ashwini of India gave aspeech of appreciation on behalf of all trainees. This was followed by a farewell party.
Evaluation
Assessment Meeting
Trainees answered and submitted a questionnaire
beforehand, after which an assessment meeting
was carried out. The relation between the two
was not necessarily clear. Since it may bedifficult for trainees to speak out during theassessment meeting, it is important to particularly
promote smooth communication with the trainees
during these assessment meetings.

Words of appreciation by trainee from
India

Closing Ceremony
The ceremony left a deep impression. Frankly,
the preparations and hard work which had been
put in for conducting this training program were
well-merited and rewarding.

(9) Assessment
Overall assessment
In order to assess JICA’s training goal “By understanding the general disaster reduction measures anddisaster countermeasures with Japan’s disaster reduction system as a model case, grasping the current
situation of disaster reduction measures of countries participating in training, and reviewing the courseof plan required for disaster reduction measures and disaster countermeasures in one’s own country,
improve the disaster reduction measures and disaster countermeasures of participating countries andreduce damage by natural disasters”, it is necessary to consider future actions as well as theachievements of the trainees. The assessment as this point is as follows.
Preparation for training
Preparations were not perfect due to the change in lecturers following the reorganization of the central
government while we were preparing for the training, and because we were unable to obtain all therequired lecture materials beforehand, etc. Still, we were able to complete the training successfully,
thanks to the understanding and support of all those who participated in the preparations, experts who
agreed to give lectures, and all those who agreed to the visits and training of trainees. In this sense, wewere very fortunate this time. In the future, without relying on luck, we will need to complete all thenecessary procedures beforehand properly. For example, if interpretation is required, we will ask
lecturers to send the lecture materials beforehand and inform the training supervisor.
Manner and teamwork of trainees
The age, experience, and technical level of trainees were higher than expected. Questions anddiscussions were active in each session, and no doubt those in charge saw the strong enthusiasm andhigh participation of the trainees during the training. At some points topics became heated and there
were some uncomfortable scenes, but trainees were on the whole well-mannered and demonstrated
excellent attitudes.
We will not forget the teamwork of the thirteen trainees and initiatives of each trainee that led to thesuccess of this training. The trainees volunteered to prepare words of gratitude to lecturers andcompanies visited as well as the list of trainees, which left a good impression at each place of training.
Regarding Q&A and exchange of opinions, as much time as possible was put aside to heighten theunderstanding of the trainees.
Enhancement of training contents

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There is still more room for improving the training contents. Details are provided on the next page. As
Japan is a country prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, training contents tended to focus on
relevant measures. Though this may be justifiable being a characteristic of Japan, this seminar isintended for natural disasters in general and not individual disasters, and should give more consideration
to the needs of trainees. This is one of the difficult aspects of this training. It is important to take all
natural disasters into view broadly, and incorporate disaster reduction measures which can be applied in
all countries. Because the training system is not yet perfected, reviews should be implemented often to
improve the contents.
Tasks
Based on the above, tasks in the implementation of training were clarified to be as follows:・ Disaster conditions of trainer’s countries are diverse. Unlike Japan, which experiences frequentdamage from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, the main disasters of many of the countries arefloods, sediment disasters, and droughts. It is necessary to devise training programs that
correspond as closely as possible to the disaster conditions of such countries.
・ It is not possible to ignore the role of the mass media in disaster management, let alone disaster
reduction measures and disaster countermeasures. Training programs which can help deepen
understanding of the roles of mass media, and how the government and related parties should deal
with the mass media, are essential.
・ Many countries already have organizations which deal with disaster reduction measures anddisaster countermeasures one way or another, and these collaborate with each other to implement
such measures at each level of the government. In this report, the disaster reduction system ofJapan was discussed as a model, but it was felt that the relationship between the government,
municipal, and disaster reduction related organizations should be organized clearly with the rolesof disaster management headquarters, police, fire departments, and self-defense forces at eachlevel and explained to the trainees.
・ This time, tours of the affected sites of the Great Hand-Awaji Earthquake and Sakurajima Volcano
disaster were planned. However, since it is meaningless to study disaster prevention and measures
to reduce damage without first understanding the mechanism of how natural disasters occur, there
is a need to increase opportunities to visit actual disaster sites and study them.

(10) Impression
Most impressive was the enthusiasm of the trainees as seen in their frequent questions and excellent
teamwork, and the earnest lectures of the training side in response.
Despite the short period of one month, it is hoped that the training will help to an extent to reduce
damage from natural disasters in the countries of the trainees.
There were no major illnesses or accidents during January and February, the coldest season in Japan,
and we owe the success of this training to the support and cooperation of all at JICA-HIC, relatedorganizations, lecturers, ADRC staff, and trainees. I would like to take this opportunity to express mysincere thanks.
Group Photograph at Closing Ceremony.

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7-2. Short-term Training Programs by ADRC
The ADRC offers short-term training programs, both full and half-day. These programs were offered topersonnel in various fields, from disaster reduction staff, the fire-fighting staff of local governments,and overseas disaster reduction experts, to the mass media, covering international disaster reduction
cooperation, the present status of disaster reduction measures in Japan, the disaster reduction
information network, and more. The following lists training courses for trainees from abroad.
Table 7-2-1 Short Term Disaster Reduction Training
Date
June 15, 2000

Place
ADRC

TurkeyCountry

Participants/No.
Survey Mission from Sakarya ―17 members

July 19,
2000

ADRC

New Zealand

Defense Minister―5 members

August 9,
2000

ADRC

TurkeyKobe City Restoration Support
Training―3 members

August 16,
2000

ADRC

SenegalJICA Senegal Trainees―
2 members

August 17,
2000

ADRC

TurkeySeptember 18, 2000

ADRC

China

Hyogo Prefecture
Restoration
Disaster Reduction
Training―3 members
Tenshin Earthquake
Bureau―7 members

October 11, 2000

ADRC

October 19, 2000

ADRC

China, Indonesia,
Philippines, Thailand,
TurkeyKorea

October 31, 2000

Bahrain

Disaster Countermeasure
Committee President-1 member

November 1, 2000

Kobe
City,
ADRC
ADRC

China

November 17, 2000

ADRC

December 4, 2000

Kobe City

Iran, Maldives,
Marshall Islands,
Panama. Finland,
Philippines,
Turkey, Vietnam
PNG, Switzerland

China Szechuan Earthquake
Disaster Reduction Survey-7
members
JICA Relief and Rescue Disaster
Management Training―7
members

December 19, 2000

ADRC

TurkeyMarch 28, 2001

ADRC

Korea

JICA General Health and Medical
Training―5 members
Administrative
Agency―3 members

PNG 2 members, Switzerland-1
member
JICA Turkey Earthquake
Restoration, Disaster
Countermeasures,
Emergency Aid Measures
Training―3 members
Safety Management and Traffic
Safety System Training Mission―16 members

129

Details
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.
Disaster reduction measures
after earthquake, ADRC
activities
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.

Kobe City disaster
reduction measures after
earthquake
ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.

ADRC
organization
and activities, etc.