Chapter 4

Promotion of Cooperation on Disaster Reduction by Identification of Needs and Resources□■

4-3. Implementation of Joint Projects
4-3-1. Cambodia: Human Resource Development on Disaster Management
1) BackgroundCambodia is a country which is frequently hit by natural disasters such as floods, droughts, andrainstorms. The flood in 2000 affected 21 provinces and damaged farms around the country. Though the
NCDM (National Committee for Disaster Management) was able to provide emergency aid through thesupport of the Cambodian Red Cross, UN organizations, and NGOs, human resources for local disastermanagement was found to be limited.
For this reason, the NCDM decided to implement training on provincial and district disastermanagement committee members in charge of disaster reduction in the Mekong River district and threeprovinces constantly subject to floods: Kampong Cham, Kandal, and Pursat in Cambodia, with thesupport of the ADRC (total of 10 000 US dollars).
2) Purpose
The four goals of this projects are:・ Clarify the roles and responsibilities of provincial level and regional level disaster management
related organizations
・ Clarify the rights of organizations and means of conveying instructions, to enable effective
coordination of disaster management activities
・ Reinforce disaster management capacities of applicable provincial and regional disastermanagement committee members
・ Continue to reinforce NCDM’s ability to coordinate organizations3) Activities
ITEM
DATE OF IMPLEMENTATION
No. OF PARTICIPANT
TRAINING PROGRAM

Kampong Cham
KandalJune 2000
January 2001
41
34
1.
General concept of disaster management
2.
Analysis of disasters
3.
Analysis of vulnerability
4.
Preparation plans for disasters
5.
Disaster countermeasures
6.
Evaluation of damage and needs
7.
Restoration of damages
8.
Responsibilities of related ministries and agencies

4) Training at Pursat
The director of ADRC, Mr. Ogawa, and headresearcher of ADRC, Mr. Hidaka, attended theopening ceremony at Pursat, the third training
site, to confirm the training situation. The
participants were 34 members of the provincial
and regional disaster management committee.
The opening ceremony was also attended by
the NCDM secretariat head, Mr. Peou Samy,and the first and second vice mayors. Elevenstaff members were sent from the capital,
Phnom Penh, to give lectures. During thethree-day program, the participants attended
courses on disaster reduction and disaster

79

PursatFebruary 2001
34

Opening ceremony of training at Pursat

■□ ADRC Annual Report 2000

countermeasures enthusiastically, and the training ended successfully.
Pursat is situated about 180 km north of Phom Penh. To the north lies the country’s largest lake,
Tonlesap, and the Cardamoms mountains are located to the month. Floods occur every year in this area
during the rainy season due to the rising of the lake and flooding from the mountains. In the year 2000,
the area was affected three times.

5) Results
The following results were obtained from the training:・ Participants acquired the knowledge, skills, and experience required in the area of disastermanagement.
・ Participants improved gathering, and evaluation and analysis skills for information related todisasters.
・ Members of the provincial disaster management committee learned the responsibilities of disastercountermeasures and coordination.
・ Reinforced preparation, disaster management, rescue, and restoration skills to prevent disasters andreduce damage.

6) Evaluation
The largest problem in disaster management in Cambodia is fostering skills of the members of theprovincial and regional disaster management committee. All disaster management officers from thethree provinces were able to improve their knowledge and skills (coordination, information gatheringand provision, disaster reduction plans) through this training program. The participants of this program
are also asked to carry out educational programs to improve disaster reduction awareness of the people
living in each province. In this sense, this regional government disaster reduction training project isconsidered to have achieved the end sought, and similar training programs in Cambodia are being
planned.
4-3-2. Indonesia: Community-based Flood Mitigation in Bandung City
1) Background
Bandung was selected for this project because it is the fourth largest city in Indonesia, and disasters
pose as hurdles in urban development; overcoming these hurdles would draw attention in the country.
Bandung is the capital of the West Java province of Indonesia and a lovely town. Positioned 700m
above sea level, it lies on plains and the Bandung basin, surrounded by volcanic mountains formed byancient lakebeds. There are 32 rivers flowing north and south of the city, and these intercross with the
Citarum River, the main river flowing east and west at the south of the city. Extending over thissouthern part of the city is a relatively flat land form indicating risk of floods.
Bandung is a pleasant town to live in, with an annual average temperature of 28.5 ℃. Today, it has
become a major city with a population of 2.4 million living in an area of 167. 29 km2 (1999).
Developments are being carried rapidly in this area. Following the changes in how the land is used,impermeable substances have accumulated, aggravating water resources of rivers and canals.
Recently, the southern part of the city is the place most frequently hit by floods in Indonesia. The
community most effected are the dense low-income population who have no access to information andequipment required for them to evacuate or protect their assets. Current relief activities are restricted toresponding to requests. In other words, relief activities start only when disasters occur, and residents areforced to restore the resources, assets, health, and education taken away by disasters and start new lives.
Such situations impede the efforts of residents to enhance their development skills, increase assets, andmaintain quality of life.
For these reasons, efforts to reduce risks of floods, which occur every year, through plans on reducing
damage created by disasters and restorations are necessary. Plans on reduction of damages fromdisasters should include, in addition to introducing knowledge on protecting lives and assets to thecommunity, encouragement to the community for minimizing risks of disasters and damage, and80

Chapter 4

Promotion of Cooperation on Disaster Reduction by Identification of Needs and Resources□■

continuing to improve quality of life as well.

2) Objectives
This project aims to deepen the understanding of the community on the following and thus heighten theability to deal with them:Grasp the risks of living in areas which are easily affected by floods
To gradually reduce the risks of floods, take the initiative in establishing cooperation with socialorganizations
Draw up plans to reduce risks in anticipated disasters
Take initiative in determining priority action
Develop the projects required for reducing these risks
Community-based flood disaster reduction can be called efforts to determine one’s future as residents
living in flood-prone regions, by actively campaigning and emphasizing the importance of voluntary
participation by community members, and the value of self-endeavor and self-realization in order to doso. The aim of this project is to make decisions through appropriate processes using applicabletechnologies and provide support to realize these decisions, so that local communities can reduce therisk of flood and lead productive lives while continuing to improve living conditions.
3) Method
Figure 1 shows the draft action of this project. The project consists of nine execution stages.
(1) Preliminary survey
Basic concept
The preliminary survey will comprise of report reviews, studies, analyzing policy documents andinformation on the geographical position of the project. Efforts will be made to start collaboration withorganizations involved in floods, introduce the project, verify expected roles and what can becontributed, and acquire feedback after implementing the project. In this stage, the project site will beselected based on data and information available.
Results
The project team selected two communities, which are related as neighboring regions called RW (Rukun
Warga: equivalent to town in Japan). Case studies are conducted on these two RWs (9 and 14). Bothcommunities are located in the same village.
(2) Community analysis
Basic concept
Community analysis is the tracking of the latest conditions of the community in their ability to manage
dangerous situations. Community analysis is based on the following items.
・Weakness level of community:
Communities affected by floods are classified into different groups according to the degree ofrisk. Classification is done by age or gender in the population, type of housing, position of home,
type of infrastructure against flood.
・Unity level of community:
Indicates the degree to which the community member will carry out voluntary efforts and mutual
support, take the initiative for reducing dangers, and participate in joint efforts during floods.
Also included in the criteria for analysis are whether the community members have adequate
knowledge to make voluntary efforts and provide mutual support in floods, whether the disastermanagement systems are put to use, and whether the technologies characteristic to the region
can be used.
・Economic activities
Economic activities are a factor which determine the ability to deal with floods. The losses of
those working in flood-prone area is double since these people will lose their assets and homes81

■□ ADRC Annual Report 2000

as well as their jobs, meaning their income will be stopped.
Results
Both communities are located in valleys. Rivers narrow towards the lower course, and they are
influenced by the North Bandung river, which causes floods in RW14 and RW9. This is their weak point.
The absence of adequate drainage canals in both areas further aggravate damage from floods. However,
the residents have individual level management systems showing strong unity in the community.
In other words, if one wants to live in flood-prone areas, it is necessary to understand and participate in
the flood management system of the community in the area. Cooperating with each other andparticipating in group activities is ideal, because these provide the opportunities for each member of thecommunity to help one another or ask for help. From the perspective of economic activities, the living
conditions of RW9 were much more dangerous than RW14, because while the income of many of theresidents of RW14 depended on the wages paid by their workplaces, many of the residents of RW9 werein the farming or stockbreeding business; in other words, they were working in areas easily affected byfloods.
(3)Training and participation, drawing up of plans based on flood disaster reduction
Basic concept
The project team developed training and participation methods so that community members candetermine conditions on the items proposed in the project. The training will be implemented by several
community members. The aim of the training lies in helping community members become familiar withvarious aspects shown by technical research organizations and government organizations on flood
issues.
Results
The training was conducted on January 20 (Saturday) and 21 (Sunday), 2001 inside the Kelurahan
Cisaranten Kidul office hall. Experts, government officials, and NGO staff proposed the following six
topics:Understanding of projects and programs for reducing damage from floods
Policies on reduction and management of damage from floods
Information on technical construction of flood management
Estimation and observation of damage from floods
Measures for community-based reduction of damage from floods
Description on RPA (Participatory Rural Appraisal)(4) Participation of residents
Basic concept
Resident participation is led by the project team with the help of community leaders who participated in
the training. In this stage, the community will launch meetings, set meeting places, promote resident
participation and implement activities. The project team will provide the support to promoteparticipation, and if necessary, provide support on special techniques.

Participants investigating the local area

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Promotion of Cooperation on Disaster Reduction by Identification of Needs and Resources□■

Results
For RW14, on January 27, 2001, attempts on compiling project records and planning daily activities
were discussed. The aim was to show the actions that the people should take when faced with floods inflowchart form, define seasonal calendars and Venn diagrams of disasters. On February 18, 2001, theresidents performed AMP (Analysis Mata Pencharian: Job analysis), summarized problems, compiled
ranking matrix, and developed a program based on priority order.
For RW9, on January 28, 2001, a project record was compiled, daily activities were planned, andflowcharts and seasonal calendars of disasters were compiled along with many other activities. On
February 3, 2001, male residents drew maps of water flow from the upper course based on the records
on hand (results were not disclosed), while the male residents compiled records, planned daily activities,
verified the reasons for floods, and compiled Venn diagrams while exchanging opinions. On February
11 and 17, 2001, the program executive committee devised a program called “Transek (field survey ofwater)”. On February 11, a field survey was conducted, but only in areas intersecting with toll roads.
Through this, the residents discovered several problems such as water flow from three drainage canals
to one channel of the Tegalluar river.
(5)Community-based proposals
Basic concept
The community is expected to prepare several selectable programs for themselves, determine thepriority order, and investigate details such as effects, costs, and duration of each program. The top
priority items in the program are determined by the community itself during the ongoing project.
Proposals are also submitted by the community. Based on this, the executive community which provides
the support required for realizing the proposal will review the proposal.
Results
The draft activities plan of each community is as follows.
Draft Activities Plan in RW9
No.
1

2

3

4

Item
Water purification(Basic living water,
drinking water, etc.)

Cisaranten River

Health problems

Private roads

Current Situation

Problem

Solution

PollutedIndustrial wastewaterfrom plants

Underground water ispolluted (yellow fint
and has a foul taste)
Cannot contain water
during rainy season
and overflows

Industrial waste fromplants pollute water

Proposal wastewater
control to plant (setwastewater
management
regulations)
Residents buy water
purifier (Cittun,
Chlorine)
Increase river width,
digging(Drainage area isowned by public
works agency)

Dirt accumulated
blocks flow
Skin and eye
diseases, coughing,common cold,
feverish after floods(Note: As clinics are
far, residents cannot
ask for the help ofdoctors)
In rainy seasons,roads become muddy
and slippery

Insufficient riverdepth
Due to pollution offlooded water

City health bureau

Due to prolonged
flooding

Budget of local
government

Setup public toilets

Holes and pits are left
as they are

Increase river widthand deepen river

Widen roads

Decreasing river
width

83

Joint work by
volunteers

Other selectable
programs
Dig deep wellSet public water
purificiation tank(Hygiene control)
Increase width of
Cisarentan river

Build banks on
Cisarentan river
Setup mobile clinics
in RW09 during
floods■□ ADRC Annual Report 2000

No.
5

6

Item
Cinanbo river

EconomyVery narrow andsmall
Current Situation

Roads are made withreddish soil or clay
Problem

Budget of local
government
Solution

Water flowing fromthe Cinanbo rivercauses flooding of
RW09

Decrease in riverwidth

The water of Cinanbo
river is polluted
Low income, loss ofjobs

Sewage system isblockedRice fields,
livestocks, fishinggrounds and othersources of income aredamaged by flood

Many factories
around RW09
(however highunemployment rate
amongst residents of
RW09)
Possibility of duckfarming
Farming of goodquality tuna

Use asphalt andconcrete
Other selectable
programs
Widen Cinanbo
river

Build banks
Repair Citerantanriver and widen it

Draft Activities Plan in RW14
No.

I

II

III

IV

V

Program(Priority Order
Criteria)
Construction ofbanks nearterminals
Construction ofbanks (nearresidential area)
Widening ofchannels inresidential area
Digging of main
channelRegulations andappeals regarding
waste disposal

Aim
Place

Effects
Related Groups

Terminals,
town RT2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
offices,Riun, 9,12
Bandung Road, rice
fieldsNear residential areas RT 5, 6, 12

New
Reduced damage to
RW14. Especiallyin RT2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
and 12 areas
Reduced damage in
RT2, 3,4, 5, 6, 12

In front of respective RT2, 3, 4, 5, 6
RT homes

Reduced damage in
RT2, 3,4, 5, 6

Near homes in Riun People of
Cisaranten andand Bandung Road

Reduced damage inCisaranten and
Kidul areas
Reduced damage indownstream areas(Cisaranten and
Kidul areas)

Residents of uppercourse of rivers inCisaranten and Kidul
areas

Kidul areas
Residents of RW3,
10, 13, 14 of
Cisarenten and
Kidul areas andGedebage

Features
ContinuationRestart

V

V

V

V

V

*RW is equivalent to a town in Japan. RT is equivalent to neighborhood associations, and is the smallest unit ofmunicipals in Indonesia.

(6) Execution and monitoring
Basic concept
Projects are mainly executed by the community.
The community handles overall coordination, allotment of resources, formation of organizations, andassignment of roles to the residents.
The project team monitors the progress of projects.
Results
Currently ongoing.
(7) Evaluation and feedback
Basic concept84Chapter 4

Promotion of Cooperation on Disaster Reduction by Identification of Needs and Resources

Evaluation and feedback is done by the project team and reported to the executive committee.
The committee is required to provide adequate feedback.
The project team prepares the final report and announces the results.
ResultCurrently ongoing.
Figure 1 shows a brief outline according to research stages.
Figure 1 Execution Progress of Project
Preliminary survey
・Verification of precedent case studies, reports, policies, etc.
・Interpretation of unprocessed data and information
・Determination of project site

Profiling of community
・Weakness of community
・Unity level of community
・Economic activities

Training and participation based on reduction of flood damage
・Formulation of reduction of flood damage
・Risk assessment by community

Proposals on community-based project

2000
2001

Execution and monitoring

Evaluation and feedback

Final report85□■

■□ ADRC Annual Report 2000

4-3-3. Nepal: Raising Public Awareness for Disaster Reduction
PurposeIn Nepal, information is difficult to convey due its topographical makeup, and literacy is low; becauseof the awareness towards disaster reduction, efforts to increase awareness will be started frominfluential leaders in various regions.
Costs borne by ADRC
10,000 US dollars
Date of Implementation
January 2001 to March 2001
Details① Program to raise awareness and train regional leaders
10 districts in Nepal (mountainous areas threatened by landslides and plains threatened by floods) will
be selected and the program implemented on regional leaders.
Subjects
Regional leaders
About 20 persons per program, totalling approximately 200. Consists of school principals, village chiefs,
disaster officers of local instruments of the government, leaders of boy scouts, Red Cross, NGO, police,
military, etc.
Lecturers
Internal Ministry staff, Central Red Cross, disaster officers from different provinces, police officials,
Soil Conservation Officers, etc.
Duration
About 3 days
Example of training program・Disaster reduction laws and plans in disaster management
・Land management and environment
・Raising awareness in disaster management
・Relief and rescue activities
・Role of disaster officers during disasters
・Police Action immediately after disaster② Compilation of awareness pamphlets and posters③ Radio broadcast
Broadcast on national TV every morning for two months(Explanation)
Due to lack of transportation means from topographical reasons in Nepal, it is very difficult to gather
trainees in one location. Therefore instead of gathering trainees (regional leaders) at one location,
trainers from the central government or prefectural government went from village to village andprovided grassroot-based training.
Such efforts demonstrated the government’s strong enthusiasm in promoting and spreading disaster
reduction, including cooperation between the country and prefectures. Considering the low literacy ratein Nepal, awareness pamphlets were compiled using mainly illustrations.

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Promotion of Cooperation on Disaster Reduction by Identification of Needs and Resources□■

The response of trainees taking down notes
Lecturer in Nepal was once a guest
anddebating
with
theirlecturers
researcher at ADRC
enthusiastically was quite impressive. Theirenthusiasm can be explained by the fact thatdisasters such as floods and landslides are aserious problem every year, and this was thefirst time they had ever participated in a
training program; they did not have any
previous knowledge of the subject taught at
this time.
Furthermore, as televisions are uncommon in
the mountain villages of Nepal, nationwide
radio broadcasts serve as an effective means ofconveying information, and programs wereintentionally aired during high audience ratingtimes after the morning and evening news.
The project manager of this program in Nepal
had worked at the ADRC as a guest researcher in the past. The project manager plays an important roleby making adjustments in Nepal during the preparation stage and through correspondence with theADRC. In this case, the achievements of the guest researcher program can be evaluated as having linked
to the local joint project.

4-3-4. Sri Lanka: Human Resource Development on Disaster Management
PurposeThis training program was conducted for personnel involved in disaster reduction activities at theregional level of districts and divisions.
25 to 30 persons participated each time; 150 in total.
Costs borne by ADRC
10,000 US dollars
Date of Implementation
March 2001 (Carried out on two other occasions in July and November 2001)
Details
Subjects
Largely managers of disaster vulnerability divisions from each district
Example of training program・ Concept of disaster management
・ Organization, laws, plans, education, training
・ Disaster reduction technology, warning, decision-making
・ Orientation, organization formation
・ Mobilization immediately after disaster, damage evaluation, maintenanceevacuation sites
・ Procurement, storage, and distribution of goods
・ Transition to recovery and restorationof lifeline,

Explanation
Sri Lanka is prone to natural disasters such as floods, landslides, cyclones, and droughts, and thenurturing of local staff to handle these disasters is an urgent task. Since this project was carried out
twice last year, this year it was implemented on the heads and deputy heads of 25 provincial
governments at capital Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte. The training centered around lectures, and wascomprised of 22 courses such as field trips, tours of international organizations, etc. The lectures87

■□ ADRC Annual Report 2000

incorporated a group discussion as well as the showing of self-made awareness videos to avoid one-way
style lectures. Field trips were made more interesting by incorporating town-watching trips together
with the villagers of flood-prone regions. The diverse courses offered and resource persons who madethese possible were impressive.
The training was held at a government training center equipped with various equipment, lodging
facilities and canteen, in consideration of the functions and economic merits available. It was very
popular with the participants, and further enhancement of disaster reduction efforts at the regional
government level can be expected in Sri Lanka.

A Seminar in Sri Lanka

88