Introduction of JOGMEC’s Guideline for Safe, Long-term
Containment of CO2 using CO2-EOR(CO2-EOR Guideline)

June 2023

1. Background – Global trends on CO2-EOR
 There seems to be a consensus on the ability of CO2-EOR to store CO2 in a reservoir. However, there
are several opinions whether CO2-EOR can be a means of reducing GHG emissions, or not.
– Additional oil produced with CO2-EOR would lead to the further increase in global GHG emissions.
 CATF proposed that the application of CO2-EOR contributes to reduce CO2 emissions by 37%
because a cleaner oil produced with CO2-EOR displaces an oil with higher CO2 emissions
produced with conventional method from the global crude market (CATF, 2019) The concept of ”Displacement” is widely adopted by several institute such as ACR, CLFS, AEOS,etc…
– The life cycle emissions of CO2-EOR can be positive emission when the combustion of theproduced crude is considered.
 The utilization factor of a typical CO2-EOR project in the US ranges from 5 to 10 Mscf/bbl (225 to510 kg-CO2/bbl), while the down stream emission of a typical crude in the US is around 450 kgCO2/bbl. This can result in net-positive emission.
 Recently, several institutes propose the EOR schemes that enhance CO2 storage. In this case, theLCA of CO2-EOR can be net-negative (IEA. (2015)., Nuñez-Lopez, V., et al. (2019). ).

2. Objectives
Hence, JOGMEC started the preparation of guidelines for CO2-EOR contributing to a reduction in GHGemissions. These guidelines have the following four objectives:
 To state JOGMEC’s view on CO2-EOR, i.e., we consider CO2-EOR to be an effective means of GHGreduction during the energy transition period, and we encourage its implementation.
 To provide technical guidance for the implementation of CO2-EOR projects that contribute to a reduction in
GHG emissions and for the quantification of emission reductions by such projects.
 To provide technical guidance that is recommended to be satisfied by companies for receiving financial
and/or technical support from JOGMEC for such projects.
 To help interested business entities and regulators design their business models and regulations to reducethe carbon intensity of energy fuels through safe and long-term storage of CO2.

（note）・ This document has been written in accordance with ISO 27916, an international standard for CO2-EOR that has
been used in the U.S. 45Q tax incentive program. We also refereed to ISO 27914, American Carbon Registry, Low
Carbon Fuel Standard, Alberta Emission Offset System, etc.
・The guideline is applicable not only to CO2-EOR but also to CO2-EGR, as in ISO27916.

3. Key feature (1)1.

Scope 1 and 2 emissions: Quantify the net CO2 reduction withCO2EOR including Scope 1 and 2 emissions from the EOR site (Scope
3 is not included).

2.

Additional oil: Additional oil production with CO2EOR as compared tothat with conventional production does NOT contribute to the increase inCO2 emissions, because “CO2EOR OIL” replaces “Conventional OIL” tomeet the global demand for oil.

3.

Entrained CO2 in produced fluid outgoing from the site: It is
technically possible to measure the amount of this CO2, and it’s possible
to clam net-CO2 stored by subtracting this quantity. Having said that, toachieve higher storage efficiency, it is recommended to adopt a closedloop system.

4.

Expandability: As storage efficiency decreases with the EOR process
after CO2 breakthrough, EOR sites must have expandability toaccommodate constant CO2 supply from an emitter.

5.

Post-Injection Site Care (PISC): EOR projects must plan the PISC toensure the same level of confidence on the storage assurance as CCS.

Purchased CO2

Recycled CO2Injection

Production

A closed-loop CO2 EOR system[Source: ARI and Melzer 2010]

Relation between oil production, purchased CO2 and recycled CO2[Source: Jakobsen et al., 2005]

4. Feature (2)Net-CO2 storage amount based on ISO27916𝑚𝑚stored = 𝑚𝑚input − 𝑚𝑚loss operations −𝑚𝑚loss EOR complex

(Reference)
CCS guideline

CO2-EOR guideline

CI Guideline

Published May 2022

（Ver.1）（Ver.1）

Public consultation started
March 2023
Published June 2023
（Ver.1）（Ver.2）