ῒΐ  /0  (,*++)
 ,ῌ-  .+ῌ.3 ῕ ῔ FT-IR 


½µ=),*+*  2 E , F& ,*++  - E 2 FFT-IR Micro Reﬂectance Measurements of Water Content in Melt Inclusions
Atsushi YASUDA῍
A technique based on micro reﬂectance spectroscopy using a vacuum Furier Transform infrared (FT-IR)
spectrometer has developed for the quantitative measurement of dissolved water in melt inclusions in phenocrysts.
The technique is superior in sample preparation to the conventional transmission method, which requires doubly
polished samples with known thickness. Four synthesized glass samples with H,O contents ranging +.+1 to ..*/
wt῍ were examined in this study. A linear correlation between the logarithm of reﬂectance intensities around-0/* cm+ by H-bearing species and the water content of the glasses is obtained. At the lateral resolution of -*mm, the precision of the measurement caused by random error is *.,- wt῍ (+s), and the value is low enough toapply the technique to the measurement of dissolved water in melt inclusions. A method which corrects possible
contamination of inclusion spectra by the olivine host is also proposed.
Key words : FTIR, reﬂectance measurement, melt inclusion, olivine contamination+ῌ ῐ ῎ ῑ ῏AB& <GHIJKLMLNOPQ RS

TUS VWVXYZLN[\ ]^_`abcde^& H,O fghNi

jk 8& V lm!!InIo TUS

pqZ InI RS rs!tA"uvbwdx y rtAz{|!& V}~8 9:& Bureau et al., +332 ; Luhr, ,**+ ; Saito et al.,bw ABz %' InI#V$,**+ ; Wallace, ,**/' InIo TUS %& 

j & ' FT-IR

& () 'tz_*Dt& InI  V+^';,% ; y  8

 r!TUS ! s! x& VW' ; y - !&

V 34%& |_ o TUS /b

tA0tA'  1 +./ ¡ VW .  / _%  9:&

¢£8%¤¢oz_;2tA¥& 

Roggensack et al., +331 ; Metrich et al., ,**+'VW b | t:t:3$
§A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)   &
o¨

;

©ªab;[N d& j() 'tA[N ¦ /῍ d'$' ; '!; <=& 45¯zke° o ±6²r³] b>?@ AB& ; CD«$; 2¬& &   1­®d& ¨´& +( mm

8 Grzechnik et al., +330 ; µd9 9:& Stolper, +32, ; Dixon et al., +33/'¶& +33.' '&   y 7)38d9

tzt d_&  ; ·abtb y

 8|! ¸$abd9 |! x& AB& 4´:%7)38; ¸$ +* mm   &  

!t t ¹: _º& ¯%%

& 

et al., +330 ; Moore et al., ,*** ; Hervig et al., ,**-)' tz) *++-῎**-,<»  z¼A' |+, +-. +῎+῎++/01234567034
Earthquake Research Institute, Univ. Tokyo, Yayoi+῎+῎+, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo ++-῎**-,, Japan





!"#$% (Grzechnik

Corresponding author : Atsushi Yasudae-mail : yasuda@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp

 

42
    







   

   ! "#$%&' () Larson, ,**2*!+,"-. 

%&' !/0 "#$1!#%,"2 &34# 5678&9:;<=> ?
!@'(A!

(ABC")D FT-IR E! *+,F-GH *.I/(J!/2" %&' !012"
3K  &4# 5!L"6MHE! K,7NOG%&' !8!-P
Q9!L":,  FT-IR &34# ;R S<=34>!?@,"(ABC ") D FT-IR  @@  T A& @ B FT ῌ IR00* plus @UVCT  IRT--*VC C"WX6Y

Fig. +. Reﬂectance spectra of gold obtained at pressures of l atm (+*/ Pa) and +*, Pa.
Infrared absorption by water vapor (-0/* cm+ by
the fundamental stretching vibration and +0-*cm+ by the fundamental bending vibration) andcarbon dioxide (,.** cm+ by molecular CO,) inthe sample chamber quite reduced by evacuation.

ZD[ E\]^_E F  @U#`ab&c67@U def'gh6ie# GeῌKBr, Zj )DkG!/lm ? H(AD[#c6;5:; MCT ZD[ C" -,

B FT-IR 

Qpb8q:!r stu ./  R(" 15678&9:;<=>v"#,J$1# !pb8q:r MCT ZD[F!@w KST# (A!HJ!/2"@UUxyez{|)}.~ F 2"  Vmm ]!?+ CCD p& ,*Q@Sq:> C"'f!E\ "-. x

"IJnKLoMN8OP$nWX!/YZ [\, @U
 ^_ )D`1a Jw bS

T# @'cY,And !/2")D@

yez{!/2"\+,$1 PC M "@' D (A!HJ!/2"[\e@!/fWg^!h"ij Jw KSTbSTk!/2" fO# PC \ XYZ blZ'e^!@"w.

P$1ZD[!mnHe -  (opnEXie^q" @'!rs%'XHt uo!

@v!wJ /~[;hY

8# 3**῍1*** cm+ OPy . cm+ OP
| ,*,* mm +**+** mm xyez{¢=>y?  x,F!^8E

'7Y

0z{¡Ew2 J }~ ¡! @'pn
" SῌN£ cos ¤Px¥¦=§e¨:¤P ","=:ieª«8&f£2 8# 

o!L"EaHJ |! 2

8¬ῌ<=>(S/N) !H*+­Plm! +,2 ­,*.2 ­*+£2 8!k!©  "@'pnHJ
1@!

"01



)DkGusjH " )D$`®J8]

H,F# ,*.2 ­*+] ,/ w 01 pn + n¯ pn (+*, Pa) 01'7Y'7Y# )D@01`®J

" j H (Fig. +) OP -0/* cm+  ° OP

32.-ῌ ; ± +301 p -0῍.- h²q:' "

+0** cm+ °AnIJn!/kG -/³ O ´µ!8 "£2

P ,.** cm+ °KLoMN!/kG pn!/2J'f¶ # @U ZD[!m@'H" ­¥:g" +*, Papn| Jw pn!kH,F#@UVCTU" ! ·HE! @ea fOP$1` 2"-. -0/* cm+ # , Q @'(A!HJs ^

-*  oZD[U  / w @'pnH

7#bLw

¸ @'cn!¹ IJnGKLoMNºHJ/2"- FT-IR 

Za»G018s|¼# ½

, FT-IR -.  /043

Table +. Data for of transmission measurements at-0/* cm+.

Fig. ,. Comparison of FT-IR reﬂectance spectrumwith transmittance spectrum of hydrous basaltic
glass (A-, ,.0* wtῌ H,O). Aperture sizes are/*/* mm for transmission measurement and+**+**mm for reﬂectance measurement.

 !   12345  
6 SiO,.3.1 TiO,+.+ Al,O-+1.* FeO (total)

789:;   '3<=+*./ MgO1.0 CaO++., Na,O,., (wtῌ) ; XRF

>+98?@ABCD - cm EF I  J 

MNOPQO RSTU+ V !"89 +,/῍

%K

L0

WA9#$XY%&R(+ Z'6$/0
"89:;  b /0  *% FT-IR +c.;9m$no,?? /0p+
9u (Table +) -R  +c!v
(+



gh

?1~

(!BD ,** mm 2

/0: 5+ bCBw,/* mm [\](^_% I

B`),aF

dOefgh.;9 ijk/l
qBqr

?s-r

t.+"!?+

 bCB  wxyz{|/}0+  \e34 +,** 5 607R89k';59<R78

xyz{|/} xyz +/. 0%q*

mm . + mm

:;7 =7+ \Oe + mm R

GH

V -

\Oe"89a;a;7 +9v(+  ! F;B - >? % +c"!I -R. 

b?

:;98k8 !F;B

.ῌ+ 

F;R

@A'8 BA?

(,) ;?F;C:

-  (+)

'D8 (-) F;

C



-./0 h ~B Fig. , A'8 (.) !'E8  ,Fk b% 1 /0 !+cR+ ¡¢G£9 ¤H n 89¥5¦ §% I;C:7#C +c"!I -¨w©ª I (n) ?+ H«¬­OJ®

+   = mm +** mm " !R F;* !J® s RK? -@  R (n)Is (n)/-'¯°± ²(.;9o,#C  ~L F;

I* (n) R³#C +c   !´lwxyz{|/}R\eM4 !

NR J® s RK+ ´k8J® * RKR  F;R @A'Oµ ;?F;?'C:R

? +c@  T (n)Is (n)/I* (n) R³#C b

k8 % F;B - #C98k8 <  ¶  (+) Lambert-Beere (n) cd, '(  e (n)B (.) 'Q #CB ·%9¸kb??¹ºC »7 dabsorbance  A (n)log+* T (n) ?³+!

/0  ¼ 

*R+

"# +/

! qBqr

-* mm, s-r : : "# +/mm R  F;B - #Ck; .*(n)/rdew (n)!"# cP log+* (IῌI*)
H n  $
$ 



%

C R K ½C C  +2.*, A&'(   ) +33.

*+ r

4 

44

5 ! ew (n) n .67 08

"  ! 9+:;6 Lambert-Beer <

'

':8=

!

%&'()! *+, - ! .(/*+

 0 1&!

0

A(n)log+* R(n) "(/#>?+".(/! ,***῍1*** cm+ $@ A+BC 0 ) D)! --**῍.*** cm+ %E
-0/* cm+ &FGH+&/0 IJK'')

LMN Fig. ,, O()*P+" ?%E ! * 59,&/ 0 )QR'?+)-MN/.! OH S./012<+TUMN/( (Stolper, +32,)" +0** cm+ &F
molecular H,O S.3V12< IJKWX

Y)! ,*** cm+ Z[$@\]^_`aFig. -. E#ect of evacuation on FT-IR reﬂectancespectra of hydrous glasses, A+ and A.. Eachspectrum consisted of +,2 scans from the sample
using a /*#/* mm aperture.

 Si, Al-O    (Fine and/4MN

Stolper, +320) )c7'dHef)(YR3g&/.! kA/(3.,+, pnd) Moore et al., ,***! = (/),

h8ij! 9k':l3g ;m k! *50A 6b(0) < :8)" ni! K-K 3op ?+

'("<q/ r5s< 4MNij! 5=> OH S./012< -0/* cm+ &F

-+( ?t@ uN/(" iD&!

0 3g ! *<+,+
7&R9kR! +ῌ+** C v'(" *<505k,! 5k

K-K 3o++AB06

wD"(MN/.! xyz"&i{|}~f< V)(YREjB0*(FG?+<q/! 5 H'(Yk 0 ij 'OI)JK" n3gFG?+)LD)!  

i! K-K 3oMp ij ! N*(%&iFG Y'(" ?ij! *DO  kEH)P4kN/.! K !  ! }ef^YD6QR&/RS)T'q/(JK))! xy*S ῌ N Qj?+)UK'" ?V<

D W)XikN/('(ij! K-K 3o<! 0YZ&/^~d[?+)JK+

[?+)\" ?NM]^i'" ([+ +* Pa nZ&i+! 9

j! V !

,£'5 +.+1 wtῌ + ..*/ wtῌ *D&/4MN)CC£'K Fig. - ,&/+>" ([5 < ) -0/* cm¡'_@¢"&i"9£'¤e (Table +) "(/! 2
3&i¥ Table , + Fig. . >" 4MNi

& ! nJ`¦§~f¨F`jMN! SῌN )©(ij +.+1 wtῌ r+

ª&/ 0 «&/KM! ab^c..*/ wt ῌ r+

0¬( ­ d?+ij%E ,/ ®ef¯2T°pqi" ±\)! +* Pa nZ&i ! +.+1 wtῌ! -+/* cm+ + ..** cm+ h8BdHef,

²Y! -0/* cm+ FiGHKM?dHef+ ..*/ wtῌ  0 gh`Y"

&²(i Mj GHQk ($ Abs-0/*) ³ji.ῌ, ῍ῑῐῌ῎῏

3gKM9´+&/ ,)-MN/("

k ! ·¸g&i3g(Fig. . (a))" ?GHQk96&/µ¶+'l::8)4MNi (Fig. . (b))"+m ¹,:8)WXkN?+n"&/ ¡Hervig et al. (,**-)  ! -0/* cm+ h8

23 (Hervig et al., ,**- ; Moore etdHefKM .*** cm+ h8·¸

al., ,***) !

g&i$R-0/*ῌR.*** +( +9+:8zq/!  Kramers-

Kronig (K-K) 3o&/  k ³j! ?N+m2²(/(" ?]^ ! oº.6+:8³j+(  »! +33.! p 0-῍ 5#pqk¼¦½H{h8<q/(Y0. ; Moore et al., ,***"  K-K 3o&

R3g)! .6<q/·¸g

FT-IR

Table ,. Analytical conditions and results of FT-IR
reﬂective measurements for plotting regression
lines.

45!"#$% "&'()*+,-./012
3+"#4 567839:;<-=>(Fig.. (a)) 3. log ?@AB3C@DEF

GH;I C@DE

J3KLMN;"#

O$%PQ Hervig et al. (,**-) RS:#TUVOW:.O: XYZ3['&;

\]^A3. .***cm+ _`3.ab()cde%:;I Hervig
et al. (,**-) #a$;fghiH.jkOl$; N

lNOc' m'no$% p@]_` Pq
-0/* cm+ 3

JrMsGt*C@DE

J3KLMN;R-0/*ῌRbase #:u (Fig. . (c)) ##vwl'xy*z{N;|} (Fig. . (d))# Fig. . (b) #*~!# xy-.#W:.d'&  GwcOb3+

Fig. .. Detail of a reﬂectance spectrum showing the deﬁnition of (a) Abs-0/*, and (c) R-0/* and Rbase.
(b) Plot of Abs-0/* versus dissolved water content, and (d) plot of R-0/*/Rbase versus dissolved
water content determined by the FT-IR transmission measurement. Solid diamond : /*/* mmaperture, open square : +**+** mm aperture. The horizontal error bars show the uncertainty (,s) in
the water content determined by transmission method (Table +) ; where error bars are not shown, theerror was smaller than the symbols. The vertical error bars are from Table -. Regression lines arealso shown for plots (b) and (d). Bold solid lines in plots (a) and (c) represent baselines.

* 

46

 +& ,-. /0

1

2" +

( FT-IR 3456(78

<= /09:;

Table -. Noise level (+s) in Abs determination at
di#erent measurement conditions.

>? @ABCD$E%F

G%
HIGJK /0 LMLNO P()QR/0O'"S &L( T K  HIU

KVW(

 !X7"Y0Z #$$0[(%&'()
\*(]S^+,[FG-_^YJLZ $.
`7L "a$% &J bcdefgh0i
L0[j/(k Vl^01m
2 FT-IR 34(5n%J6#7aLo

J &aKp q8r!X0Z !Xs
v:wx&L( +5 (x VWv
:$%&L$=>BJ CBJ?X={R teuR9B^ Kl  m23
456y z<= ;<FG
L@A={R|}~SB$| Z bcdefgC!Xs )s D#E,** mm F%KGH( !K DD%$  IL ?XJ0K!XsLq8

LB}&L

OJ(v:  Kp !Xs0K$?X=(teuR9B^_ KLMN{R| P7FVW0a)'q8

Table - (QL?X4@;RteuR

OJ(v:7&L( R/0 LM-_B!LpK teuR-_B#(SLNO(x  P(5 VWv

T(UV7Tn%$ &J( .῍, WX

:$%FL "YZ(x  7VW[KK_L M6(DC   \FG 

7&L$#% +]}> K

bcdefgh0iL0[j/(B0.
`¡¢ Ov:L 

J#$% +& ¤ , x&DK^) S K$C^) £C%

 DDLh7&L(' ¥  /* mm  /* mm L +** mm  +** mm   

5 (!teuR.`B}&L$#&2£K$ &JG , xL>   § +**+** mm (¦

 # n F K C Tn£GJFKUK _ ¨ +,2  D D M  D

*.,3 wtῌ Tn$%$ +*,. DD(7J§(Fig. . (b))
.ῌ- 

MD *.+* wtῌ Tn(©B&L$#

?X('#nL  `ªq8(a% bc«¬4dC29q8(ef7nLC(V"Tn­g7Sh$%

 -*-* mm i® KX(

`ªq8`ªE M

,*.2 DD('TnMD *.,- wtn9B^ K `ªq8hef¯Lh7

ῌ (_ R1teuR-_Bq8°P

&L(' n-j(.±B}&L$²-#

M(v:   M¤q8#

 ³VWL#´(v:7-®

K_¨(x k Tn-_BkG (x £. 7 ? @ABl£µm .ῌ.

4@;Rn¶o']-(·teuR(¸Lbc«¬4dC'"pTq8#_¨(¹v: ) &teuR#Qv:(x r )&K  q 8 A + M +.+1 wtῌ +j /* cm

 ,3**῍.,** cm+ s2  sU

K_¨k



 #(ªqºaq8;<FG S~ k1(
'k»#(-_#[_ 

n¶o']ELELn`ªtn

 K_¨( Tu}~ bcv#?X0(+s) teuRL CD K k¼B}KQ

 !"#$% &'"() LDD%

CE(w7bc¡¢x½  +Jyz7&-_^7LºW(@A7={R| $-_^L$_J§ (w7{|Ap&L$_>

FT-IR  ?23

@AB  )CD;<47

Fig. /. Variation of reﬂectance spectra (+*,. scans,-*-* mm) changing olivine content within theanalytical area. With increasing olivine content
absorption around +***῍+,** cm+ increases.

**E2 ;<FG)H<IJ2  KL M
23

N,I OP7PQ @)RST& 

 Nichols and Wysoczanski,,**1 UV,2W

E OP7PQ @2X

Y)Z[@)RS)<\]#

Fig. 0. A plot of Abs-0/* versus peak height at +*,*cm+ shown in Fig. /. The peak heights arenormalized to unity by dividing the peak heightcorresponding to +**ῌ olivine. Error bars arefrom Table - (+*,. scans and -*-* mm except
for the upper left one which measured using a ,*,* mm aperture).

^_2 #\I`abc)defg hO
7@ i *.,/ mm Mg !"#OP7PQ

li /* mm )mnop)AB 

1/ 2Ck);<j( W/ AB   );<2Wqr)OP7PQ @)stuvw#*" E,-  Ili .0 mm )xpy, z%){U)st|"  T}:23( T" CD~ V*,w * -.2 wtῌ CD*7 # V)AB*qr)OP7PQ

@2k#

32f

N2 OP7PQ @)

[ <"   !"# (Fig. /) $%&baseline w f[I -* mm-*mm +*,. 89:,;<"

 +***῍+,** cm+ -#=V)T,I OP7PQ)st69E #2 +**ῌ AB  z) (baseline) !& V*,-  V)1 f[
'(baseline )* +,- V) !,I " -0/* cm+ -#=*#

2OP7PQ2XY Mg Fe $) , )RS # f[ '( E./# Si-O 0123 4567)Im*P %&+30.) OP7PQ

45Z[) I(+,I ++** cm(Duke and Stephens,)1&2"#(

 Fig. / 2"#\+)Z[* +*,* cm^_,w ++** cm+ )Z[I¡)OP7PQ)0@
¢23( I£ ¤' 1  u +*,*cm+ )Z[I0@¢237-')¤'

&), OP7PQ)st)169E )2«"
 V) +*,* cm+ )Z[OP7PQ +**ῌ) , !"#)Z[ ,®¯"U

 + O7²"³#E)* -0/* cm

45 ( Abs-0/*) *)¹º*
&7

+

)D23

V*,w  UV,  ,* mm,* mm '2k,f[" V*,

@)RS)

baseline )];<")(baseline &V*,w ¥)¦)\)1 §¨Q @h2*©

#A

B  +2& V*Eª  §¨Q)1E O
P7PQ3=E)    I

 +***῍+,** cm+ 2XY45¬­& # (Fig. 1) V)

Z[st)|*T,w °,±- V)´2µI¶· -¸& V*2& * .»l~º¼(Fig. 0) "#(  -7O½¡O

P7PQ +**ῌ ) ,)OP7PQ)45Z[/ῌ ῏῍ῐ῍ΐῒ῎ῑ῔

>

FT-IR 

?

@AB



)

 

48



!"#

 & '()*+$%&,

-. '/0&1
῏῎234 5.6787

9:; <=>?@A- B>

C+DEFGH G

6 !I8J "G #>K$L %M NOPQRS>T'A- U-VWXY-ZAL
Fig. 1. Representative FT-IR reﬂectance spectrum ofplagioclase. Reﬂectance spectra of olivine andbasaltic hydrous glass are shown for comparison.

[&'/O(\]^_`)- 78a *+b!"#

-,cd-.

/e/O-*-* mm ]^_(\0f1[g h2ij*.,- wtῌ 3. (+s)

 1[ '>k4-

C* lmno*op+b1[qrst5>6u- +>7vL>8w- 

9x:; <=>yzL>?&@{C:|A?  B}C~^r ED'E=>AA (F1[L& '%ME>J1[ ' OO
9xg  MKz
L0&*+g%M&OC+ N)
 Silver et al., +33* g|OP

Q

KzL0 LL|+ N) Hervig etal. (,**-)

 z-R!"# 8!"# ST!"#1[>   O|  C ' ¡Oj>¢T- -&b!"#

>,O+

1[-.C£   C

KzL0>UkL&¤¥¦V 1 A  §1[ijWX>\CL  
C¨X©ªij>:h2ij«J¬1\C-­>?&1   %Mnª®$% YmZ¯E1[&>? 1 °±qrs`²&¦V 1SῌN 

> ³^_[´ µ\]D>SL|1 % FT-IR ¶·g
¶¸&^@*+ -¶· | F_¹º»r&¬1d¼>' §½>`

ῌῑῐ῍
Bureau, H., Metrich, N., Pineau, F. and Semet, M.P. (+332)
Magma-conduit interaction at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion Island) : a melt and ﬂuid inclusion study.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 2., -3῍0*.
Dixon, J.E., Stolper, E.M., Holloway, J.R. (+33/) An
experimental study of water and carbon dioxide solubilities in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basaltic liquids. Part I :Calibration and solubility models. J. Petrol., -0, +0*1῍+0-+.
Duke, D.A. and Stephens, J.D. (+30.) Infrared investigations of the olivine group minerals, Amer. Mineral., .3,+-22῍+.*0.
Fine, G. and Stolper E. (+320) Dissolved carbon dioxide inbasaltic glasses : concentrations ans speciation, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 10, ,0-῍,12.
GH (+301) 13 I .-,p.
Grzechnik, A., Zimmermann, H.D., Hervig, R.L., King, P.
L. and McMillan, P.F. (+330) FTIR micro-reﬂectancemeasurements of the CO-, ion content in basaltic andleucitie glasses. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., +,/, -++῍-+2.
Hervig, R.L., Mazdab, F.K., Moore, G. and McMillan, P.
F. (,**-) Analyzing hydrogen (H,O) in silicate glass bysecondary ion mass spectrometry and reﬂectance Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy. in Melt inclusions involcanic systems : methods, applications and problems (DeVino, B. and Bodnar R. J. eds), 2-῍+*-, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Larsen, J.F. (,**2) Heterogeneous bubble nucleation anddisequilibrium H,* exsolution in Vesuvius K-phonolite
melts, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., +1/, ,12῍,22.
Luhr, J.F. (,**+) Glass inclusions and melt volatile contents at Paricutin Volcano. Mexico. Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol., +.,, ,0+῍,2-.
Metrich, N., Bertagnini, A., Landy, P. and Rosi, M. (,**+)
Crystallization Driven By Decompression and Water
Loss at Stromboli Volcano (Aeolin Islands, Italy). J.
Petrol., .,, +.1.῍+.3*.
Moore, G., Chizmeshya, A. and McMillan, P.F. (,***)
Calibration of a reﬂectance FTIR method for determination of dissolved CO, concentration in rhyolitic glasses.
Goechim. Coscmoshim. Acta., 0., -/1+῍-/13.
Nichols, A.R.L. and Wysoczanski, R. J. (,**1) Using FT-IR 

micro-FTIR spectroscopy to measure volatile contents insmall and unexposed inclusions hosted in olivine crystals.
Chem. Geol., ,.,, -1+ῌ-2..
Roggensack, K., Hervig, R.L., Mcknight, S.B., Williams, S.
N. (+331) Explosive basaltic volcanism from Cerro
Negro volcano : inﬂuence of volatiles on eruptive style.
Science, ,11, +0-3ῌ+0.,.
Saito, G., Kazahaya, K., Shinohara, H., Stimac, J. and
Kawanabe, Y. (,**+) Variation of volatile concentration
in a magma system of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano deduced
from melt inclusion analyses. J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res., +*2, ++ῌ-+.

49

Silver, L.A., Ihinger, P.D. and Stolper, E.M. (+33*) The
inﬂuence of bulk composition on the speciation of waterin silicate glasses, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., +*., +.,ῌ+0,.
Stolper, E.M. (+32,) Water in silicate glasses : an infrared
spectroscopic study. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 2+, +ῌ+1.
 (+33.) FT-IR !"#$% & , ' ()*+,- ,-*p.
Wallace, P. J. (,**/) Volatiles in subduction zone magmas :concentrations and ﬂuxes based on melt inclusion andvolcanic gas data. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., +.*, ,+1ῌ,.*.
./01 23 4