04
RIVERS OF RAJASTHAN: A CARTOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION AND ASSESSMENT
OF THEIR CONDITION
Balak Ram
Former Principal Scientist, ICAR- Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Raj., India
Email: dr.brmayank@gmail.com

How to cite this paper:
Balak Ram (2023) Rivers ofRajasthan: A Cartographic
Presentation
andAssessmentof
theirCondition, Journal of Global
Resources, Vol. 09 (01)DOI:
10.46587/JGR.2023.v09i01.004

Received: 11 Sep. 2022
Reviewed: 30 Oct. 2022
Final Accepted: 09 Dec. 2022

Abstract: Based on the interpretation of all the Survey ofIndia topographical sheets of Rajasthan on 1:50,000 scale
and Google Earth Images, basin wise a total of 455 rivers
are identified and mapped and flow charts are prepared.
Basin wise water resources development & planningdocuments are consulted to find out their characteristics,
problems and potentials. Chambal, Mahi and Luni basins
have good network of rivers. A large number of small
rivers/nallah originating from low hills and uplands, are lostin sandy/alluvial plains. Overall unwarranted humanactivities are sole responsible for deterioration of rivercondition. Encroachment over river bed for agriculture andhabitation is common where river passes through alluvium
or sandy plain. This happened particularly in Sabi,
Banganga, Shekhawati and Ruparail basins. Here large
stretches of river have lost their existence. Other menace
are: river sand mining; discharge of sewage and industrial
effluents; dumping mining waste and slurry of marble,
sandstone and granite processing units. Large scale mining
activities have blocked natural drainage system andreduced free flow of rainwater in rivers. Suggestions are
given to improve the river condition and increase water yield.
Key words: Mapping, River Basins, Deterioration of River
Health, Surface Water Resources, Reservoirs.

37Introduction
Rivers are prime source of fresh water, nutrient flow, food, transportation, energy supply andultimately improving national economy. Flow is the most important and significant variable ofa river ecosystem. It recharges ground water in its flood plain (Sekhar, 2016). Thus, a river, isultimate sink for surface runoff in its basin. This necessitates man’s duty to protect andmaintain river’s health and existence. But in recent past, the natural fresh water flow in therivers has been overexploited by diversion of river water for agriculture, industrial and domestic
uses on one hand and contamination of rivers by industrial and domestic pollutants. This has
led to deterioration of river health and damage to river ecosystem. The impact of this menace
is more serious in water scarce Rajasthan State. Its 39.65 percent terrain virtually has no
drainage and all the existing rivers excepting Chambal and Mahi, are seasonal. Ground water
is too scarce, deep to very deep and saline. As such per capita availability of water reported
by Neeti Ayog (TERI, 2017) in Rajasthan is just 736 cubic meters. In order to manage andplan this precious and limited natural resource, we should have updated data base of eachriver/stream and nallah within the State. Of course good work has been done to bringdocument of all the river basins by Water Resources Planning Department of Rajasthan (2014)
through Tahal Group and Hydrogeological Atlases by GWD and EUSPP (2013). At basin level
CAZRI has carried out detailed study of Luni Basin (Dhir et al. 1982, Shankarnarayan and Kar,
1983, Singh and Ram, 1997, Singh et al. 1999, Bajpai, 2004, Vohra, 2007, Kumar,2019).Important studies are carried out for Banas river basin by Ali and Khan, 2013, Dubey etal. 2015); Raj Rachna et al. 1999 on Mahi river basin; Yadav et al. 2019 on Banganga basin;
and Jain, D. 2018, on Khari river basin respectively. But in all the river basin maps names of
only selected rivers are given. As such to have better perception of such a planning unit, allpossible rivers and local nallah are shown with their name for all 13 effective river basins in
the State. Besides, for each of the river basin flow charts are prepared to show sequence ofleft and right bank tributaries and sub-tributaries. Using multi-faceted dataset, the present
condition of the rivers including their degradation, constraints, threats and challenges arehighlighted. Possible remedial measures are given to restore, rejuvenate and improve thephysical and environmental status.
Rajasthan State: Location and Environment
The Rajasthan State covers 342239 sq. km. or 10.4 percent of country’s total geographicalarea. It is located between 23o 30' to 30 o 11' north latitudes and 69 o 29' to 78 o 17' east
longitudes. The district has 33 districts, 244 tehsils and 249 Panchayat Samiti (Development
blocks). Estimated total population of the state in 2021 comes to 82.4 million and total
livestock 56.8 million as per livestock census 2019. Density of population varies from 17 in
Jaisalmer to 595 in Jaipur district with decennial growth rate of 21.3 percent. From 1961 to2011 the state population has increased from 20.16 million to 68.55 million. The hot arid region
towards west of Aravalli is covered with blown sand dotted with dunes which belong to the
Pleistocene and recent times and forms part of ‘Thar’ Desert. The alluvium covering part ofeastern plain and flood plain belong to recent and sub-recent period. The ravines flanking the
Chambal and its tributaries are of very recent origin. Rest central, southern and eastern parts
are characterized by variety of exposed rocks which include schist, quartzite, marble, andgneiss of Cambrian age. The Aravalli, the oldest hill range of the world, comprises of theAravalli super group and Delhi super group with banded gneissic complex. South eastern partis occupied by basaltic flow of Deccan trap of Cretaceous period.

38

The climate of Rajasthan ranges from semi-arid to arid on the west of Aravalli andsemi-arid to sub-humid on the east of Aravalli. The mean annual rainfall varies from less than
100 mm in the extreme western part of Jaisalmer to more than 920 mm in the eastern parts of
Jhalawar and Banswara. The annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) vary from less than
1300 mm in the district of Banswara and Dungarpur in eastern Rajasthan to more than 2000
mm in Jaisalmer district in the extreme west. There is wide variation in temperature ranging
from below freezing point in winter to as high as 47 o to 48 o C in summer.
There are 14 major river basins divided into 59 sub-basins but most of them are
ephemeral and flowing just for one and a half month during rainy season. Rajasthan has only
1.16 percent of country’s total surface water resources. The surface water available at 50
percent dependability is 21.71 BCM out of which only 16.05 BCM is techno-economicallyutilizable. The storage capacity generated as yet is 11.29 BCM. Out of total reporting area ofthe state forest constitute 8.08 percent, area put to non-agricultural uses 5.85 percent, barren
and uncultivable land 6.92 percent, permanent pasture/grazing land 4.86 percent, land undermisc. tree crops & groves 0.08 percent, culturable waste land 10.84 percent, current fallow
4.54 percent, other fallow land 6.25 percent, net area sown 52.58 percent, gross cropped
area 80.24 percent and area sown more than once 27.66 percent as per land use statistics
2019-20 (Anon 2021).
The State has been divided into 15 defined and remaining outside basin. In total thesebasins have 58 sub-basins. Further, there are 727 water storage bunds with a total storage
capacity of 12626.32 Mm3/yr. These include 22 large bunds, 256 medium & small bunds and449 minor bunds. The present (16.04.22) water storage capacity is estimated to 4963.25
Mm3/yr. (Anon.2022). Kota division has highest percentage (63.8) of water storage in tanks
while Jodhpur Division has just 2.4 percent. Estimated surface water resources of the State is25318.62 Mm3/yr (Tahal Group. 2014). So far the irrigation resources are concerned, there
are 24 major, 84 medium and 3331 minor irrigation projects with a live storage capacity of6259.94 Mm3/yr, 2133.53 Mm3/yr and 3448.92 Mm3/yr. respectively. Out of 3302 minor dams,
693 are under Water Resources Department and 2609 under Panchayti Raj Department.
Method and Materials
Survey of India Topographical Sheets on 1:50,000 scale consulted to locate the rivers andimportant ‘nallah’ of a particular basin and record their names; order of tributaries and subtributaries; topographical characteristics; place of origin and confluence; and dams/reservoirs.
District Gazetteers are consulted to find out missing names of rivers. Rajasthan State Map on
1:1,000,000 scale has been used to form base of river basins. Basic details of the active river
basins of Rajasthan has been obtained from the basin wise report of Water Resources
Planning Department of Rajasthan (2014) and Hydrogeological Atlases by Ground Water
Department, Rajasthan and EUSPP (2013). Flow charts for each of the river basin has been
prepared to show the order of left bank and right bank tributaries and sub-tributaries joining
the main river from its origin to confluence with the major river/sea. Appraisal of degradedcondition, physical end environmental problems and threats of rivers has been done throughinterpretation of Google Satellite Images and study of related reports and articles.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Salient Features and River System
There are 41 major rivers in Rajasthan which drain into Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal whilesome form inland drainage. The state has been divided into 15 river basins and 58 sub-basins.
Of them 13 are active basins leaving behind Ghaggar and outside basin area under inlanddrainage. Under each basin, the details of sub-basins, catchment area, number ofdams/reservoirs, mean annual water yield and volume of water storage are given in table 1.
In total there are 24 large dams, 84 medium dams and 3331 minor dams with storage capacityof 11870.98 MCM and mean annual virgin water yield of 25378.62 Mm3. Chambal catchment
has got maximum runoff water followed by Mahi, Banas, Luni etc. (NBSS&LUP, 2000). The
drainage density is comparatively low in north-western sandy plain (0.20 to 0.40 km/ sq. km.)and higher (0.41 to 1.21 km/ sq. km.) in south-eastern plateau. Basin wise salient features andcharacteristics are given below.
Banas River Basin: Banas is the most important river basin comprising 47060.27 sq. km. or
13.75 percent area of semi-arid eastern plain of Rajasthan covering 11 districts right from
Udaipur in south west to Karauli in the east. It has 10 sub-basins viz. Banas, Berach, Dain,
Gudia, Kalisil, Khari, Kothari, Mashi, Morel and Sodra (Figure 1). In total 71 rivers andimportant nallah are located and mapped. The basin has 9 major dams viz. Bisalpur,
Chhaparwara, Galwa, Gosunda, Kalakh Sagar, Morel, Rajsamand and Tordi Sagar. Besides,
there are 33 medium and 1314 minor irrigation bunds. Pollution from mining, sewage andimpact of sand mining are major challenges.
Figure 01: Banas River Basin

Chambal River Basin: Chambal is the perennial river, contribute greatly in development ofRajasthan on one hand and putting challenge to manage its vast ravine land. The basin witha catchment area of 31242.50 sq. km. has 7 sub-basins viz. Chakan, Chambal downstream,
Chambal upstream, Kalisindh, Kunu, Mej, Parbati covering 8 districts viz. Jhalawar, Baran,Kota, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Dhaulpur of flood prone eastern plainand humid south east plain (Figure 2). Over all 112 rivers/ nalah are identified and mapped
within the basin. There are 6 major, 21 medium and 250 minor irrigation dams/reservoirs.
Major dams are Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar, Kota Barrage. Guda, Harishchandra
Sagar and Parbati Pickup Weir. Rampant sand mining, industrial and domestic pollutants and40increased number of water harvesting structures affecting flow (Tahalka, 2013). Performanceof Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar has been reduced to 72.86 percent,47.71 percent and 32.695 respectively declined by more than 25 percent during the last 25
years (SANDROP, 2016).
Figure 02: Chambal River Basin

Mahi River Basin: After Chambal, Mahi is the only perennial river in Rajasthan. It originatesfrom Mahi Kanta hills in northern slops of Vindhyan Range in Dhar district, M.P. It enters
Banswara district in Rajasthan near Chandargarh. The basin occupies 16610.63 sq. km.
covering Banswara and Dungarpur and Pratapgarh districts and southern part of Udaipur
district (Figure 3). It falls in sub-humid southern plateau & Aravalli and humid southern plateau
agro-climatic zones. There are 6 sub-basins viz. Anas, Bhadar, Jakham, Moran, Som andMahi. In total 56 rivers are identified and mapped across the basin. Significantly the basin
comes under tribal region of southern Rajasthan. The basin has 4 large, 2 medium and 244
minor irrigation projects. The large dams are Jaisamand, Som Kamla Amba, Mahi Bajaj Sagar
and Jakham.
Figure 03: Mahi River Basin

Luni River Basin: Luni is the largest river basin of arid western Rajasthan with a catchment
area of 69302.10 sq. km. or 20.25 percent occupying mainly Pali, Jalor, Jodhpur and Ajmer
districts (Figure 4). It has 12 sub-basins viz. Bandi, Bandi (Hemawas), Guhiya, Jawai, Jojri,
Khari, Khari (Hemawas), Luni, Mithri, Sagi, Sukri, Sukri (Sayla). All over 54 rivers are identified
and mapped. There are a number of local nallah whose names could not gathered. The basin
has 2 major irrigatin dams (Jawai and Sardar Samand), 11 medium and 904 minor irrigation
projects. High sewage, industrial pollution, rampant mining and reduction in flow are major
impact.

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Figure0 4: Luni River basin

Banganga River Basin: West-east flowing Banganga river basin through Jaipur, Alwar,
Dausa and Bharatpur districts constitutes 8583.43 sq. km. catchment area and yield 754.83
Mm3 virgin water. Important right bank tributaries are Dudhala, Suri and Kaloa kho, and while
Kharori, Sanwan and Palasan are left bank tributaries (Figure 5). In total 18 rivers/nala are
identified and mapped. Gravel and sand mining have been two most destructive activities on
Banganga river basin. River bed is encroached at various places by adjacent farm owners
who keep expanding their area. From Bawanpada and Shekhpura onward, the river bed isextensively encroached for agricultural use. Near Dausa wells have been sunk right into river
bed from where water is pumped through motor pump. Jamba Ramgarh Dam near Jaipur is
dry since 2006 with no respite. Excessive encroachments, increased number of water
harvesting structures and sand mining.
Figure 05: Banganga River basin

Gambhir or Utangan River Basin: Gambhir river originate from Langa P.F. upland south
east of Karauli town, flow 288 km and drains into Yamuna River from right bank near Rithauli
village, Agra district. The basin mainly includes Karauli, Bharatput and Dhaulpur districts.
Besides, a small parts of Sawai Madhopur and Dausa are also included (Figure 6). With total
catchment area of 4693.52 sq. km., the basin has five right bank tributaries viz. Nehro, Khari,
Jagar, Kukund and Kawar rivers as well as another 10 rivers/nala. Mean annual virgin water
yield from the basin comes to 700.89 Mm3. There are 3 medium dam viz. Baretha, Jaggar andPanchana and another 98 minor bunds. Total availability of fresh water comes to 1607.28
Mm3. Obstruction and reduction in river flow, pollution from industrial and municipal sewage,
encroachment of rivers/tanks and rampant mining are major factors for deterioration of river
health and ecosystem.

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Figure 06: Gambhir River basin

Shekhawati River Basin: The basin 9750.88 sq. km. catchment area has three sub basinsviz. Mendha, Kantli and Doha. Mendha (covering Sikar, Jaipur and Nagaur districts) with its 5
nalah flow towards west and drain into Sambhar Lake. 4 more rivers/nalah join Sambhar Lakefrom Ajmer side (Figure 7). Similarly 3 small rivers join Ranoli Tank towards SE of Sikar town.
Kantli sub-basin with flow direction towards north cover Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Churu district.
Kantli with few streams from upper reached ultimately terminate within alluvial plain near
Naurangpura village in Churu district. Dohan sub-basin with flow direction towards north easthas 4 tributaries and flow through Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts. Shekhawati basin has
just one medium reservoir (Raipur Patan on Krishnawati River) and 63 minor irrigation
projects. Overall, there are 22 listed rivers /nalah in the basin.
Figure 7: Shekhawati River basin

Sabi River Basin: Sabi river basin with a catchment area of 4523. 67 sq. km. occupies majorarea of Alwar district (62.11 percent) followed by Jaipur (29.3 percent) and Sikar (8.59
percent).From its origin in Sikar, Sabi runs157 km in Rajasthan up to Akali village and finallymerge in Dhasa bund in Haryana. Sota, Karmali, Banganga and Chaundi are its important
tributaries (Figure 8). Another 10 rivers/local nala are identified in the basin. The mean water
yield from this basin is 348.09 Mm3. Buchara and Chhitalo are two medium irrigation dams.
Besides, there are 67 minor irrigation bunds. Change in landscape, urbanisation, introductionof industries and intensive agriculture. Several streams vanished due to construction andurban growth particularly of Bhiwadi, Neemrana and Behror. Sabi hardly flow now. Right from
Barnagar and Bagawas the river bed is almost grabbed and put under agriculture.

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Figure 08: Sabi River basin

Ruparail River Basin: Ruparail river basin has a catchment area of 4033.66 sq. km. spreadover Alwar and Bharatpur districts. Originating from Udainath hills, flow 104 km and terminate
at Sikri Patti Bund near Wazir Kheri (Figure 9). Thanaghazi, Madhogarh, Siliserh, Sukhri,
Silveri and Keduki are its tributaries. Mean water yield from the basin is 641.38 Mm3. Sikri Ber
is major and Jaisamand is medium bund. There are 54 minor irrigation bunds. Obstruction andreduction in runoff, shrinkage and encroachment of river catchment, thinning of water
channels, and unprecedented increase of built-up area are main impacts on the river ecosystem. The river bed of Ruparail from Khareli Gujaran onward is almost converted under
agriculture.
Figure 09: Ruparail River basin

Parbati River Basin: A tributary of Gambhir, Parbati river basin constitutes 1883.07 sq. km.
area within Karauli and Dhaulpur districts in eastern most part of Rajasthan (Figure 10).
Parbati has 16 tributaries and sub- tributaries which yield 427.18 Mm3 mean virgin water. It
has a major parbati dam, 2 medium dams Urmila Sagar and Ram Sagar and 17 minor irrigation
bunds.
Figure 10: Parbati River basin

44Sabarmati River Basin: Sabarmati river basin with a total catchment area of 4130.12 sq. km.
located in southern Rajasthan within Aravalli range of hills comprising major part of Udaipur(83.47 percent), Dungarpur (14.81 percent) and small parts Sirohi and Pali districts (Figure11). Virtually it may be called as ‘Upper Sabarmati basin’ since part of Rajasthan just comprise
23.68 percent of the entire basin area. The basin has 4 sub-basins viz. Sabarmati, Akal,
Vatrak and Sei with a total of 18 rivers. It has 54 minor irrigation tanks. Among them Sei Dam
is important. Water erosion, high level of deforestation, diversion of water from its tributaries
to meet needs of urban areas, are major constraints.
Figure 11: Sabarmati River basinWest Banas River Basin: West Banas River basin with a catchment area of 1831.34 sq. km.
is located within sub-humid southern plain and Aravalli agro-climatic zone covering mainly
Sirohi district (Figure 12). The historic Mount Abu is spread within this region. 14 rivers andfew ‘nallah’ are identified and mapped. West Banas Dam is only medium irrigation project.
There are 19 minor irrigation bunds. Mean surface water availability is 299.21 Mm3 whileavailability of saline ground water is 5.15 Mm3. On the other hand, there is high demand of
fresh water for Mount Abu tourism circle. Thus proper planning for storage, management anddistribution of water is very essential.
Figure 12: West Banas River basin

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Sukli River Basin: Sukli or Sipu River is right bank tributary of West Banas River joining near
Rampur, NE of Deesa in Gujarat. It has 10 tributaries and equal number of local nallah. Dior,
Gogua, Devangan Sili and Vigan are some of them (Figure 13). The basin has a catchment
area of 990.44 sq. km. entirely within Sirohi District and falls within transitional plains of Lunibasin agro-climatic zone. Sukli Selwara is the only medium irrigation project. However there
are 18 minor irrigation bunds. Revdar is an important town of the region.
Figure 13: Sukli River basin

Other Nallah Basin: It is most insignificant small river basin covering an area of 1900.3 sq.
km. of Jalor and Sirohi districts. Bargaon and Sukal are important rivers (Figure 14). Besides,
there are 16 plus nallah. All these originate western slopes of Jaswantpura and Nandwana
hills which are covered with obstacle sand dunes having a height up to 35 meters from mean
ground level and as such from gullies. These streams running 10 to 15 km towards west, areultimately disappear in sandy plains. There is no water harvesting structure. Hence the basinrarely contribute to meet drinking water needs in the area or benefiting agriculture.
Figure 14: Other Nallah River basin

Inland Drainage Area: Some of the isolated and small rivulet within this vast region are:Harsor river and Thaola nala in Nagaur; Sukri and Ghugri (near Lathi), Masurdi (south of
Jaisalmer), Kakani (west of Jaisalmer) and Ratadevalwali Nadi (near Hamira); Ranigaon ka
nala near Barmer, Like river between Hira ki Dhani and Gol; Kawas ka nala, Viratara nadi westof Chohtan; Kheorayal nala near Sheo; and Gajner nala, Raneri and Gurha in Bikaner districts.
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Degradation of Rivers and Threats
Growth of population; urbanization & industrialisation; rampant, widespread, uncontrolled andunscientific mining activities; intensification of agriculture; high water demand, emergence ofstrong land mafia group; and uninterrupted conversion of common/ ‘gair mumkin land’ forunwarranted uses, are most dominant factors for degradation of river ecosystem as a whole;constantly declining quality and quantity of fresh water resources; and ultimately, the pollutionof land, water and air. Widespread, rampant and unscientific mining is another factor
responsible for deterioration of river health.
Rajasthan has more than 33000 mine lease which is highest in the country. The State
also stood second in terms of legal sand mining (SANDRP, 2019). Two major source of waterpollution in Rajasthan are sewage and industrial affluent. Mining exerts pressure on
environment at many stages of the processes of exploitation, extraction, processing and postcloser operation. Mineral purification process generates tailing wastes which discharged intopons and further into river/lake (Joy et al. 2020). CPCB (2015) claimed that water quality of
11 rivers are non-complying with range to BOD. These locations are on eight rivers viz. Banas,
Chambal, Kalisindh, Parbati, Jawai, Ujad, Chhapi and Ghaggar. The amount of sand extracted
illegally in Rajasthan is around 99 lakh metric tonne. It is estimated that 4.69 MLD of industrial
affluent is generated in the state. With four districts Bhilwara, Pali, Barmer and Jodhpur
together generate more than 50 percent waste water. In terms of chemical load, Udaipur ranks
highest followed by Chittorgarh, Bhilwara and Kota. BOD is maximum from Alwar (Moudgil,
2016). Major stretches of highly polluted rivers are: Chambal–Down stream of Kota; Kothari Down stream of Bhilwara; Bandi -Down stream of Pali; Jojri -Down stream of Jodhpur; Aha Down stream of Udaipur; Gambhiri -Down stream of Chittorgarh; and Berach - Down streamof Chittorgarh (India River Week, 2016). Major impact of industrial and domestic pollutants onriver health are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Destroyed river bed badly.
River bed farming has completely destroyed.
Affected biodiversity
Affected aquatic and fauna
Change in depth of river

Conclusion
With the help of topographical sheets on 1:50, 000 scale and visual interpretation of Google
Earth images, 455 plus rivers covering 14 active river basins of Rajasthan, are identified, andmapped. However a large number of local ‘nallah’ are left out for want of their names. Except
Chambal and Mahi which are perennial rivers, all others are seasonal just flowing one and ahalf month during the year. There are a number of rivers/streams originating from low hills anduplands, do not confluence with any river and terminate in midway within alluvium or sandy
plains. Chambal, Luni, Banas and Mahi are important river basins which together yield 77.98
percent of the gross mean annual virgin water yield (25378.62Mm3). Banas, Luni, Chambal
and Mahi river basins are highly affected by rampant mining activities (including river sandmining); discharge of industrial effluents and municipal sewage; over exploitation and use ofwater resources; deforestation and encroachments. Aquatic life, flora and fauna are highly
threatened in Chambal river ecosystem due to pollution, lowering of water level disruption offree flow of water. Rivers of Banganga, Sabi, and Ruparail basins are rarely flow during
monsoon period and many of them lost their existence due to large scale encroachments ofriver beds for agriculture, housing and commercial use. In order to improve river health and47their rejubination, there are ways, proven technologies, and development measures but inorder to implement them at ground level, it is essential to have strong will to do so within all
actors of this sector, coordination, cooperation and accountability.
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