• Click to edit Master text styles– Second level

Bali Guidelines and Asia
• TheThird level– Fourth level» Fifth level

Osaka University
Noriko Okubo
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project• Click to edit Master text styles– Second level

Whatis Green Access Project• Third level– Fourth level» Fifth level

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectAarhus Convention and“Green Access Rights”

ー “Environmental issues are best
• Clickto edit Master
textparticipationstyleshandledwith theof all– Secondlevel citizens, at the relevant
concerned• Third level
level.”(Principle10)– Fourth level
ー “Green» accessrights” based on
Fifth level
Aarhus Convention (1998)(1) Access to information(2) Right to participate in decisionmaking(3) Access to justice
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectWhat is the aim?

Tobuilda systemof public• Clickto edit
Master text
styles participation
andcooperationin which collective– Secondlevel
environmental
activities generate• Third level– Fourth level
synergisticeffects» Fifth level

Guarantee of Green Access Rights
Creation of a sustainable society
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectJapan’s Strengths and Weaknesses
・Environmental litigation has played significant•rolesClickeditMasteroftext
stylesfortotheprogress
environmentalpolicies.
– Second level・Grassroots
activities
Third level
・New •developments(1990s～)– Fourth level
consulting
committee, proposal systems» Fifth level

・Complaints: “Our opinions have never beenreflected in public policies, no matter how much
efforts we make to participate in discussions”.
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectNeeds for innovation
・People feel tired of cooperating.
•・ManyClick difficult
to edit cases
Mastertotext
stylesUS-base-related
resolve,– Second level
environmental
issue in Henoko (Okinawa), and• Third
levelplant issues in many regions.
nuclearpower– Fourth level» Fifth level・To propose appropriate PP models for Japanesesociety that also meet global standards
・ To preserve originality of Japan’s leading cases
outcomes
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectGreen Access Project Ⅰ(2010-2013)

・Comparative studies of green access, focusing• Click to edit Master text styles
on the Parties of the Aarhus Convention– Second level・Questionnaire surveys on actual situation of PP• Third level
・Making –thedatabaseof the PP ordinances inFourthlevel
Japan (local» level)
Fifth level
・Making the database of the legal provisions
concerning the new types of PP (national level)
・Reviews of consultation models in the field oftransportation and proposals for innovation

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectGreen Access Project Ⅱ (1)Making legal Indicators for P10

・Variation of measures to implement P10•social/cultural
Click to editconditions
Master text
stylescountry/regionof each・Important:make comparative study– Second tolevelto share their good practices.
• Third level– Fourth level» Fifth level

・Elaborating international legal performanceindicators on P10

・Promotion of environmental democracy
・Protection of human rights
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectGreen Access Project Ⅱ (2)Possibilities for an Asian version of Aarhus

・Aarhus Convention is open to any state. /• Click to edit Master text styles
・However, all 47 Parties from UNECE region.
– Second・UNEP
Balilevel
Guidelines (2010)• Third level・Latin-American
and Caribbean countries are– Fourth level
now planningto have their own regional» Fifth level
instrument.
・No such movement in Asia

Why not?
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectToday’s topic
・To
discusscommonand• Clickto edit Mastertextcharacteristics
stylesissues of each region and to share those– Second levelgood• practices
Third level– Fourthlevel
・Focusingon» Fifth level
Right to participate in decision-making
Access to justice

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectDevelopments
instylesthe reform of• Clickto edit Master text

environmental
law and public– Secondlevel• Third levelparticipation
after
1992
– Fourth level» Fifth level

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project• Click to edit Master text styles

Constitutional provision of the– Second level
environmental right and• Third level– Fourthlevelparticipation
principle» Fifth level

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectConstitution and environmental right・The environmental right to live in a healthy•environment
Click to edit
text nowadays
stylesis Masterguaranteedbyconstitutions,case law, and the specific– Second level
environmental• Third levellaws of many countries.
– Fourth
・Provisions
arelevelnormally very simple.
» Fifth level‘All citizens shall have the right to a healthy andpleasant environment’, and the substance of theenvironmental right Is determined by Act (Korea).
・In South Asian countries, environmental rights
may be guaranteed as a part of the right to life bycase law (India).
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project2007 Constitution of Thailand

・Various and detailed provisions• Click to edit Master text styles
・Article 67– Second level
Right• Thirdof PP,
rightofacommunity
tosuelevelgovernment– Fourth level» Fifthlevel
Any projector activity
which may seriously affecta community’s environmental quality is not
permitted without EIA/ HIA with a public hearing,
and a hearing of an independent organization,
including representatives from environmentalNGOs.
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project• Click to edit Master text styles

Reform– Secondlevel of environmental law• Third level
aftertheRioSummitandPP– Fourth level» Fifth level

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Provisions for P10 principle(Indonesia, China etc.)‘Everybody shall be entitled to environmental education,• Click toaccess,edit Mastertext styles
information
participation
access and justice accessin fulfilling
the right– Secondlevelto a proper and healthy environment’.
Remark• Third level
Right to lodge
a levelcomplaint– Fourth
Recently, the »number
Fifth levelof SLAPPs has increased in some
Asian countries. A SLAPP is a civil complaint or
counterclaim filed against NGO/individuals because of theircommunication to a government or the electorate on anissue of some public interest or concern.
Important: to specify the right to lodge a complaint
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Provisions for role of eNGOs

Registration system for ENGOs (Thailand)• Click to edit Master text styles– Second level
・NGOs
may
requestofgovernment
thevarious• Third levelsupports–fora public relations campaign,
Fourth level
environmental
research,and providing legal aid to» Fifthlevelvictims of pollution, etc.
・NGOs may nominate private sector
representatives for the National Environment
Board.

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectCommunity rights(e.g. Indonesia)
・Communities have the equal and broad right andopportunity
participate
in environmental• Click to toedit
Masteractively
text styles
protection in the form of social control, providing– Second level
suggestions, opinions, or recommendations, making• Thirdlevelobjections
or complaints,or providing reports.
– Fourth level
・Involvementof communities should be based on the» Fifth level
principle of provisionof information transparently andcompletely.
・Right of communities to file class
RemarkCommunity-based approach in Asian countries

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectHow to improve the formality of PPin EIA
・India (reform in 2006)• Key
Clicktoedit
Mastertext
stylesstakeholders, including gram panchayat (village– Second
levelmarginal groups, and community-basedcouncils),
women,organizations
are identified.
• Third level
The entire
process– Fourthlevel is video recorded to ensure a fair
process.
» Fifth level・TaiwanDeveloper prepares a draft EIA report based on theopinions of the competent authority, experts, groups, andlocal residents.
The EIA Act also includes a provision for a citizen lawsuitthat is similar to the US scheme.
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectAccess
to justice• Click toedit Mastertext stylesand theof the– Secondestablishmentlevel• Third level

environmental
courts– Fourth level» Fifth level

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectSoutheast Asia
1 Expansion of standing by case law•・Oposa
Click toedit
Mastertext styles
casein thePhilippines
TheSupremelevel
Court ruled that children might sue to– Secondenforce• thatThirdrightlevelon behalf of both their generation andfuture generations.
– Fourth level
2 Introduction»ofFifthpublic
level interest litigation by legislation
・Indonesia: NGO has a right to file lawsuits in the interestof environment.
・Requirements: similar to many European countries
organizations are incorporated, purpose of environmental
conservation, two years of substantive activities

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectSouth Asia

・Initiatives to use environmental public interest• Click to edit Master text styles
lawsuits– Second level
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc.
• Third level
・Public interest
lawsuits based on the constitution– Fourth level» Fifthlevela lawsuit to get administrative
M. C. Mehta
filedauthorities to take action against people living
along the Ganga River for disposing of municipal
and human waste in the river. The court ordered
the government to have all educational institutions
provide environmental education.
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectEast Asia
・Introduction of EPIL has been slow relative to the rest•of Clickto edit
Asia: NoEPIL Masterin Japantext
or instyles
Korea– Second level・Taiwan:Introductionof citizen lawsuit system in almost all• Third level
main environmental– Fourth level laws which allow for
administrative
lawsuits» Fifthlevel seeking injunctions to be filed
compelling administrative agencies to enact thenecessary measures against polluters.
・China2012 revised Civil Procedure Act/ Environmental
Protection Law of 2014 allow civil PIL.

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectEstablishment of environmental court/division
How to improve judicial review process?
1 Environmental court in India•・National
Click toeditTribunal
Mastertext styles
Greenin 2010
Newlaw:level
Purpose of public hearings was to involve– caseSecondmembersof thelevel
public in order to have their full participation, and• Thirdthe procedure was intended to render the decision fair and– Fourth levelparticipative and not to thrust such a decision on people who» Fifthlevelmay be unawareof theimplications thereof (National GreenTribunal, on 16 April).
・ 117 ordinary courts are designated as environmental courts.
2 Environmental division
・Thailand
Court of Justice and Administrative Court
・Chinaグリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectSpecial procedures for environmental cases
Example in the Philipines
・ ‘Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases’ (2010).
•・ Innovative
Click to edit
Mastertext
stylesmeasures, such as citizen lawsuits,– Second level
environmental
protection orders, a Writ of Kalikasan,
continuingmandamus,and anti-SLAPP clauses• Thirdlevel
・Writ of Kalikasan:
Remedy available to a natural person/– Fourth level
NGO on behalfof alevel
person whose constitutional right to a» Fifthbalanced and healthful ecology is violated, by an unlawful
act or omission of a public official/private individual
・Continuing mandamus: Writ issued by court, directing anagency to perform an act decreed by a final judgment,
which remains effective until the judgment is fully satisfied.

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project• Click to edit Master text styles

perspectives– SecondFuturelevel• Third level– Fourth level» Fifth level

グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectJapan and Asia
Green access rights have been strengthened in many
Asiancountries
the last20 years.
• Clickto editover
Mastertext
stylesThis kind of rightsbased approach seems to be increasingly. On the one– Second level
hand, there are also some common, for example, stressing• Thirdleveland capacity building, and promoting PIL.
community
rights– Fourthlevel
On the otherhand,
There is insufficient implementation ofPP provisions.» Fifth level
In comparison with other countries, in general, PP inJapan has been traditionally grounded in voluntary
activities. This is the primary characteristics of Japaneseenvironmental policy. This could be called the JapaneseEnvironmental Cooperation Model, a kind of voluntarybased approach in contrast to the rights-based approach of
the Aarhus Convention.
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access ProjectNext Step
It may be important to appropriately combine the rights•based
Clickapproachto editand
Mastertext styles approach inthe voluntary-based
Japanin orderlevelto improve the effectiveness of PP. A– SecondJapanesemodel• Third
levelcould contribute to effective
implementation of legal provisions for PP in Asia.
– Fourth level
In this context,
it might» Fifthlevel be effective to developinternational indicators on P10, and to evaluate each legal
structure and its implementation based on such commonindicators.
Now, new leading projects for such indicators as EDI (theEnvironmental Democracy Index) by the TAI are running.
Also, it is important to develop and improve this process.
グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project