Journal of Global Resources
Biannual International Peer-Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print)/2455-2445 (Online)

January 2021
Volume 07 (01)
Crossref DOI 10.46587

DOI: 10.46587/JGR.2021.v07i01.004

04
PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY STUDY OF
DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACT OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF ANISOMELES INDICA(L.) KUNTZE. FROM DIBRUGARH, ASSAM
Junali Chetia*1 and L.R. Saikia2*Silapathar College, Silapathar, Dhemaji, Assam, India
2Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India*Correspondence author Email: junali.chetia@yahoo.com
1

Abstract: Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, a commonly used and easily available medicinal
plant which have not studied in detail from Dibrugarh, Assam. The study revealed thattannin, flavonoid, terpenoid, steroid, glycoside, cardiac glycoside, saponin, reducing sugar
and phenol are recorded in all the tested parts of the plant. Methanol and ethanol extracts
recorded highest phenol and flavonoid content respectively. Water extract of mature leaves
recorded highest antioxidant inhibition (86.84±3.17 percent) against DPPH. Acetoneextract of all the parts recorded good inhibition against the tested microbial strains thanother extracts of the plant. The use of different parts, instead of using whole plant will help
in sustainable management of the medicinal plant.
Key words: Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Sustainable, ManagementIntroduction
Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze is an erect aromatic perennial herb found throughout India
as weed in waste places, roadsides and forests clearing (Wealth of India, 1985). The plant
belongs to the family Lamiaceae having numerous traditional uses. The various parts likeleaves, stem, flowers and essential oils are used in various practices. The plant is used invarious folk medicines and have various medicinal properties like-antioxidant, antimicrobial,
anticancer, neuroprotective, antimalarial (Ramachandran and Nair, 1981; Sikarwar andKaushik, 1993; Tiwari, 1995; Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 1997; Sudhakar and Chetty, 1998;
Dharmasiri et al., 2000; Wang and Huang, 2005; Batish et al., 2007; Hsieh et al.,2008;
Shaik and Balakumar, 2014; Ulhe and Narkhede, 2014). Besides having various medicinal
values, the plant is not studied well from the study area. As, the biochemical properties ofplant always differ from place to place and habitat to habitat, their study is necessary fromvarious places to know their differences in their activities. The main aim of the work is toperform qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity andantimicrobial assay of different extracts of different aerial parts of the plant. Use of different
solvent extracts on the basis of their polarity level also reveal differences in their activities.
The use of different aerial parts besides using whole plant will also help in sustainable
management of these medicinal plants.
Analysis
Samples were collected from Dibrugarh district of Assam at their full bloomed stage. Thesamples were brought to the laboratory of Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh
University. Different parts were separated and cleaned properly and washed under runningwater to remove dust and other debris. The materials were air dried at room temperature.
The materials were grounded to fine powder using electric grinder. The fine powder waskept in air tight bottles for further analysis. Extracts were prepared in five solvents vizwater, methanol, ethanol, acetone and petroleum ether by cold maceration methods andare known as cold extracts. Hot extract of petroleum ether was prepared in soxhlet
apparatus. The dried extracts were dissolved in DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) to obtain36

sample solution at 1mg/ml of concentration. Aqueous extracts were dissolved in distilledwater at 1mg/ml of concentration. Qualitative analysis for detection of various
phytochemicals were performed using standard laboratory methods. Total phenol content(TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of the sample extract was estimated following themethod described by Malik and Singh (1980) and Mervat and Hanan (2009)
respectively. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was determined by the method
described by Stanojevic et al. (2009) and Re et al. (1999) respectively. Antimicrobialactivity of the bacterial strains was carried out by agar well diffusion method described by
Nair et al. (2005) using 6mm borer. All the experiments were done in triplicate and meanand SD was calculated and are presented in ± form.
Results and Discussion
The qualitative phytochemical analysis of different parts of the plant are presented inTable 1. Tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides,
saponins, reducing sugar and phenols are recorded and phlobatanin, anthraquinone,free-anthraquinone and alkaloids are absent. Yasmin et al. (2011); Ulhe and Narkhede(2013); Shaik and Balakumar (2014) also reported these phytochemicals in the plant.
The difference in presence and absence of these phytochemicals might be due to themicroclimate and soil condition of the area from where the plant is collected. The
quantitative estimation for total phenol and flavonoids content are presented in Table 2.
Methanol and ethanol extract showed better extraction of phenolic substances thanwater, acetone and petroleum ether extracts at 1mg/ml of concentration. Methanol
extract of young leaves recorded highest (34.97±5.02 mgCE/gm dry extract) phenol
content. The flavonoid content was recorded highest (2.88±0.00 mgQE/gm dry extract)in ethanol extract of inflorescence. Maqbool et al., (2016) recorded a wide range ofphenol and flavonoid content from 1145.5±0.593 to 198.5±0.395 mg/L of GAE and3123.7±0.395 to 1154.5±0.376 mg/L of Quercetin Equivalent respectively in methanol
extract of the leaves. This experiment suggested that the extraction efficiency of various
solvents may vary with respect to the phytochemicals present in the plant samples.
Table 3 presents the antioxidant activity of the sample extracts of A. indica.
Water extracts of young and mature leaves (84.03±0.00 percent and 86.84±3.17percent) and methanol extract of young leaves (81.95±0.00 percent) recorded higher
antioxidant activity than other extracts of other parts of the plant against DPPH at 500µlof sample at 1mg/ml of concentration. The results of the present study supported theprevious reports from different parts of the country (Yasmin et al., 2011; Baranwal etal., 2012; Kundu et al., 2013; Shaik and Balakumar, 2014; Dixit and Sharma, 2014).
Maqbool et al., (2016) studied the antioxidant activities of methanol extract of leaves
and recorded significant antioxidant activities in TEAC (Trolox Equivalent AntioxidantActivity) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). The more antioxidant activity
recorded by leaves might be due to the more amounts of phytochemicals present inleaves. The results of antimicrobial activity study of the sample extracts of A. indica arepresented in Table 4. The acetone extract recorded more antibacterial activity against
various tested bacterial and fungal strains. Yogesh and Krishnakant, (2011); Naise andBhadange, (2013); Dixit and Sharma (2014) also revealed antimicrobial activities ofsolvent extracts of the plant. The difference in antimicrobial activities in different solvent
extracts of different parts might be due to the phytochemicals which are responsible forthe antimicrobial activity of plant.

37

Tannin

Phlobatanninn

Flavonoid

Terpenoid

Steroid

Glycoside

Cardiac
Glycoside

Saponin

Anthraquinone

Free
Anthraquinone

Carotenoid

Alkaloid

Reducing
Sugar
PhenolTable 01: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of different parts of Anisomeles
indica (L.) Kuntze

Young Leaf+-++++++--+-++

Mature Leaf+-++++++--+-++

Inflorescence+-++++++--+-++Stem+-++++++----++

Sample‘+’ present, ‘-‘absent
Table 02: Quantitative estimation for total phenol and total flavonoid content ofsample extracts of different parts of Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze

Young leaf
Mature leaf
InflorescenceStem

6.53 5.80 1.30
±0.96 ±0.14 ±0.01
10.22 5.91 1.26
±0.78 ±0.98 ±0.00
13.08 4.09 1.26
±0.94 ±0.00 ±0.00
1.01 1.10 1.05
±0.00 ±0.10 ±0.00

1.06 1.61 2.62 1.65
±0.02 ±0.00 ±0.13 ±0.02
1.31 2.09 1.68 1.54
±0.00 ±0.66 ±0.00 ±0.00
0.98 2.00 2.88 2.87
±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.00 ±0.00
0.91 1.08 1.05 1.73
±0.01 ±0.00 ±0.03 ±0.04

Petroleum
ether
extract

Acetoneextract

Ethanol
extract

Methanolextract

Water
Extract

Petroleum
ether
extract

34.97
±5.02
12.59
±2.65
2.98
±0.00
3.77
±0.52

Acetoneextract

2.22
±0.12
4.47
±0.00
1.57
±0.00
1.79
±0.00

Ethanol
extract

Methanolextract

Sample(mg/ml)↓Water
Extract

Total phenol content (mg catechol Total flavonoid content (mg quercetin
equivalent/gm dry extract)equivalent/gm dry extract)

0.95
±0.00
1.00
±0.10
0.89
±0.00
0.84
±0.01

Table 03: Antioxidant activity study of sample extracts of different parts ofAnisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze

Young Leaf
Mature Leaf
Inflorescence
Stem
Ascorbic acid

84.03
±0.00
86.84
±3.17
72.65
±0.53
55.22
±0.14

81.95 75.93 61.52 62.91±0.00 ±0.36 ±5.48 ±0.87
79.57 79.7 60.32 55.56±4.78 ±1.06 ±0.00 ±0.02
73.78 74.68 72.33 65.47±0.00 ±2.48 ±0.00 ±1.30
39.34 30.07 44.58 63.22±1.77 ±0.37 ±0.33 ±1.0190.28 ±0.02

Petroleum
ether
extract

Acetoneextract

74.99 74.27 77.86 78.55 65.41±0.36 ±0.00 ±0.11 ±0.00 ±0.49
68.16 87.56 76.67 78.07 55.98±2.77 ±2.01 ±0.44 ±1.55 ±0.11
63.79 63.44 58.07 55.87 51.64±1.73 ±0.44 ±0.36 ±0.56 ±0.51
81.93 44.88 45.00 48.99 50.29±1.24 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.23 ±0.64
89.00 ±0.00

38Ethanol
extract

Methanolextract

ABTS radical scavenging activity(% inhibition in mg/ml)

Water
Extract

Petroleum
ether
extract

Acetoneextract

Ethanol
extract

Methanolextract

Sample (500µl)↓WaterExtract

DPPH radical scavenging activity(% inhibition in mg/ml)

Table 04: Antimicrobial activity study of sample extracts of different parts ofAnisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze

S. epidermis

E.coliE. faecalis

P. vulgaris

C. albicans

P. chrysogenum

Diameter of Zone of Inhibition (mm)Bacterial strains
Fungal strains

----

10±0-

12±1

10±1-

-

-

-

-

14±1

12±1-

-

-

12±2

8±1

14±2-

16±3

12±2

10±0-

-

8±1-

---

-

8±0

8±1

10±1

8±0
12.6±08±010±0---10±110±2--

B. cereus

S. aureus

Water Extracts--Methanol Extract

8±19±110.2±2.4

Ethanol Extract

8±014.5±1.5

Inflorescence

Mature Leaf

Young Leaf

SampleB. subtilis

Extracts (mg/ml)

Petroleum Ether Extract

15.25±1.05-

Hot Petroleum Ether extract

8±112±28±18±1

Water Extracts
Methanol Extract
Ethanol Extract
Acetone Extract
Petroleum Ether Extract
Hot Petroleum Ether extract
Water Extracts
Methanol Extract
Ethanol Extract

8±18±110±2-8±010±214±18±110±08±09±110±214±28±18±110±210±28±18±0

Acetone Extract

8±012±010±2Petroleum Ether Extract
Hot Petroleum Ether extract
Water Extracts
Methanol Extract-Ethanol Extract-

12±212±1 8±0
10.4±1.
6

Acetone Extract10±0

Acetone Extract

8±112±014±2 14±28±0 12±111±18±010.8±2.812±2 14±2
10±08±010±0--10±212±08±0--14±2
26.7±4.3
-

14±1-

---

-

8±09±1--16.4±2.8-

Petroleum Ether Extract
Hot Petroleum Ether extract 10±2 8±0 8±0 8±0Diameter of the cork borer=6mm, ‘-’ indicates no inhibition-8±0--

8±010±2

10±08±0--Stem

8±08±0Conclusion
The methanol and ethanol extracts recorded more phenol and flavonoid content
respectively. The acetone extract of different parts of the plant recorded good antimicrobial
inhibition than other extracts of the plant. The more polar solvent can extract more
phytochemicals the non-polar solvent extracts. As all the solvent extracts recorded more orless antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, different parts of a plant can be used instead ofusing whole plant, which will also help in sustainable management of these traditionallyused medicinal plant.
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