Article

Electric Bike Product Conception and Styling According to
Design Trends
Leonardo Frizziero, Marco Freddi, Gabriele Bucchi, Lorenzo Coltelli and Christian Leon-Cardenas *Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento, 2,40136 Bologna, Italy; leonardo.frizziero@unibo.it (L.F.); marco.freddi@studio.unibo.it (M.F.);
gabriele.bucchi@studio.unibo.it (G.B.); lorenzo.coltelli@studio.unibo.it (L.C.)* Correspondence: christian.leon2@unibo.it

Citation: Frizziero, L.; Freddi, M.;
Bucchi, G.; Coltelli, L.;
Leon-Cardenas, C. Electric Bike
Product Conception and StylingAccording to Design Trends. Designs

Abstract: The following case study portrays the several steps required to conceive a product fromscratch. The first step involves an in-depth analysis of today’s electric bicycle market in order toobtain data and information relating to the levels of innovation and comfort required by customers.
Then, we evaluate the implementation of a useful method to understand the level of innovation thatthe product must have to be competitive on the market. The second part studies the architecture of
the product, considering the different components already sold on the market which will become
part of the project. The third part concerns a comparison between different stylistic trends that thevehicle may have (in order to outline the best one). The fourth part concerns the CAD realization of
the virtual model complete with all its parts, including a structural verification study of the frame.
The last part studies the presentation of the product to the customer, exploring different effective
ways to communicate what the strengths of the new product will be (also allowing them to customize
it before its realization). The plan for the realization of the new product, starting from the concept toarrive at the final presentation to the customer, follows the methods proposed by applying a series ofsteps to develop a generic new product in an efficient, sensible, and methodical manner. Therefore,
we will refer to quality function deployment (QFD), benchmarking (BM), design for X, until reaching
the final prototyping and testing phases.
Keywords: electric bicycle; innovation; market; concept; architecture; QFD; benchmarking; SDE;
design for X; rendering

2022, 6, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/
designs6030042
Academic Editor: Julian D. Booker
Received: 31 March 2022
Accepted: 20 April 2022
Published: 26 April 2022
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.

Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms andconditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction
1.1. Environment Analysis
Nowadays it is important for almost everyone to have a personal vehicle available fordaily commuting. Whether it is for work needs, to spend free time outdoors, or to take yourchildren to school, a vehicle such as the electric bicycle can be particularly convenient andnecessary. This also allows you to release your available time from the timetables offered bypublic services [1,2]. This can also be seen as a challenge in favor of economic development
and environmental sustainability, in terms of a better use of available resources, and interms of a lower environmental impact [3,4]. As peoples’ lives become more and more busy,
and the streets also become busier and full of vehicles of any kind, the time it takes to travel
is on average unexpectedly increasing [5]. It is easy to understand how the environment
suffers from this in a proportional way, despite the constant attention to the reduction ofemissions by the competent authorities [6]. From a totally and globally future-oriented
perspective, it is evident that e-bikes represent a solution to all of these problems [7].
Contrary to what one might think, the electric bicycle is not a novelty of recent decades
but much more dated. The first prototypes date back to about a hundred years ago [8].
Today, however, they are a source of investment for new companies and start-ups that arecontributing to their spread on a global scale [9].

Designs 2022, 6, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030042

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/designs

Designs 2022, 6, 42

Sport-technik, Giant Bicycles, Riese and Muller, Merida, etc. However, the European region represents around 39% of the e-bike market [13].
There is the greatest diffusion of e-bikes in the European context in Germany. In fact,many Germans consider the e-bike the most suitable means for their travels. Even if to alesser extent than in Germany, e-bikes are now extremely popular in France and Italy. In
2 of 17
European countries where the population prefers means of transport other than e-bikes,
an incentive system is being implemented to encourage the purchase of electric bicycles(as for example in the United Kingdom) [14]. In previous years, many users used e-bikes
for sport
leisure, existing
but today
they are increasingly
to movingin urban
There andare alreadyregulations
regarding theusedclassificationof quickly
electric bicycles
traffic.
manufacturers
try tomake the productintriguing For
by focusing
andmayThevary
according to thegeographicalarea of reference.
example,onin aesthetic
2016 inimprovement,on the use ofthat
high-quality
materials,
and bythe batteries
integrable
Englandit was establishedthese vehicles
can enjoy
themakingsame rights
as normal
pedal
in the frame[15]. they
In fact,
producerinterested
in increasingby
itsamarket
bicycles,providedareeachequipped
withisanengine characterized
power shareof lesswithinthana constantly
250
W [10]. growing sector by offering increasingly innovative and captivating products[16]. Europe undoubtedly dominates the e-bike market. However, this product is mar1.2.
Analysisof the E-Bike
Marketketedin practicallyevery
country in the world, according to numerous variants described
Statistically,
salescountries
are expected
to 2020
withinfive yearsin
below.
Even in cold
suchtoasdouble
Russiacomparedand Mongolia
there
has thebeennext
an increase[Figure[11],
despiteinthe
slightyears.
negative
ofthatrecenttimes due toand
COVID-19.
Thevehicle
sales
sales of1]thisproduct
recentThistrendshows
a comfortableergonomic
forecasts
see China assold
the evenmaininprotagonist
and, ingeneral,the areasof EastAsia
can be successfully
geographicallylesspredisposed
areas
for itsuse.[12].

Figure 1. E-bike production in EU in 2020 (× million units).
Figure 1. E-bike production in EU in 2020 (× million units).

Some of the best known and most commercialized e-bike brands are Trek Bikes, M1
Sport-technik, Giant Bicycles, Riese and Muller, Merida, etc. However, the European region
represents around 39% of the e-bike market [13].
There is the greatest diffusion of e-bikes in the European context in Germany. In fact,many Germans consider the e-bike the most suitable means for their travels. Even if to alesser extent than in Germany, e-bikes are now extremely popular in France and Italy. In
European countries where the population prefers means of transport other than e-bikes,
an incentive system is being implemented to encourage the purchase of electric bicycles(as for example in the United Kingdom) [14]. In previous years, many users used e-bikes
for sport and leisure, but today they are increasingly used to moving quickly in urban
traffic. The manufacturers try to make the product intriguing by focusing on aesthetic
improvement, on the use of high-quality materials, and by making the batteries integrable
in the frame [15]. In fact, each producer is interested in increasing its market share within aconstantly growing sector by offering increasingly innovative and captivating products [16].
Europe undoubtedly dominates the e-bike market. However, this product is marketed inpractically every country in the world, according to numerous variants described below.
Even in cold countries such as Russia and Mongolia there has been an increase in sales ofthis product in recent years. This shows that a comfortable and ergonomic vehicle can be
successfully sold even in geographically less predisposed areas for its use.
One of the most frequent perplexities of customers who are preparing to buy an e-bike
mainly concern battery life. It is not possible to give a precise answer as autonomy depends

Designs 2022, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Designs 2022, 6, 42

3 of 17

One of the most frequent perplexities of customers who are preparing to buy an e3 of 17
bike mainly concern battery life. It is not possible to give a precise answer as autonomy
depends on many variables such as the battery capacity, the type of bike chosen, the trip
to be made, the user’s weight, etc. These factors just listed are just some of many factors
on many
variablessuch
the battery
capacity, thechosen,thetrip to be
made,
and
therefore,in fact,
theasnumberof kilometres
thattype
can ofbebikecoveredwitha batterychargetheuser’sweight,etc.
These
factors
justlisted
are
just
some
of
many
factors
andtherefore,
could fall within a very wide range [17]. Another common concern is in regards to thein fact, recharge
the numberof kilometres
candepends
be covereda batteryand
chargecouldoffall
batterytime.
The latter thatmainlyonwiththe capacity
qualitythewithin
bata
very
wide
range
[17].
Anothercommonconcernisinregards
tothebattery
rechargetime.
tery. In any case, most of the batteries have a recharge time of at least a few hours at least.
The
lattermainlydepends
onthecapacity
andqualityofthebattery.
In
any
case,
most
Charging a battery is very simple. In fact, you just need to connect the battery cable to anof the batteriesa recharge
time oftechnology
at least a few
hours atisleast.
Charging abattery
batteryelectricaloutlet. have
The most
widespreadfor e-bikes
the lithium-ion
is veryguarantees
simple. Ina fact,
just need
connectbattery
to an electricalwhichgoodyou
capacity
and tolow
weight.theOneof thecabledisadvantagesof theoutlet.
lithThemostwidespread
technology
fore-bikesisthelithium-ion
battery
which
guarantees
ium-ion battery is the susceptibility to temperature variations. In fact, the latter involve aa
good capacity
and low weight.
Oneof the disadvantagesof thebattery
thevariationin its capacity.
A furtherdisadvantage
is due to thelonglithium-ion
charging times.
Asisthesusceptibility
totemperature
variations.
In
fact,
the
latterinvolveavariationinits
capacity.
number of recharge cycles increases, there will be a loss of capacity. The lithium-ion batA further disadvantage is due to the long charging times. As the number of recharge cycles
tery is currently one of many existing technologies that has the highest number of charge
increases, there will be a loss of capacity. The lithium-ion battery is currently one of many
cycles [18].
existing technologies that has the highest number of charge cycles [18].
Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the market context in which the productTherefore, this study is aimed at assessing the market context in which the product will
will have to compete. Then, we proceed by evaluating which are the main characteristics
have to compete. Then, we proceed by evaluating which are the main characteristics that thethat the e-bike will have to possess through a series of methodologies that are subsee-bike will have to possess through a series of methodologies that are subsequently analysed
quently analysed in depth. Characteristics that define the engineering targets of the prodin depth. Characteristics that define the engineering targets of the product components
uct components that will be part of the final model and preliminary choices for its comthat will be part of the final model and preliminary choices for its commercialization. Only
mercialization. Only by establishing a good database obtained from these steps is it posby establishing a good database obtained from these steps is it possible to proceed with thesible to proceed with the creation of the virtual model of the product and its development.
creation of the virtual model of the product and its development.
2.2.Materials
Materialsand
andMethods
Methods
The
proposed
The proposedstages
stagesthat
thatoutlined
outlinedthe
theproposed
proposedmethodology
methodologyininthis
thisstudy
studyarearesumsummarizedon
Figure2,whichexplains
theperformed
steps
in
order
to
arrivetoamarized on Figure 2, which explains the performed steps in order to arrive to avirtual
virtualproduct
productprototype
prototypewhich
whichisisfeasible
feasibletotothethemarket.
market.

FigureFigure2.2.Methods
Methodsused
usedlogicallogicalscheme.
scheme.

2.1.Market
MarketFeasibility
FeasibilityAssessment
Assessment
2.1.
2.1.1.Tool:
Tool:Quality
QualityFunction
FunctionDeployment
Deployment(QFD)(QFD)
2.1.1.
TheQFD
QFDmethod
methodwidely
widelyused
usedtotoportray
portrayaamarket
marketanalysis,
analysis,that
thatsubsequently
subsequentlywould
would
The
allowtotodeploy
deployaalist
listofofcustomer-driven
customer-drivencharacteristics.
characteristics.This
Thistype
typeofofanalysis
analysishas
hasbeenbeen
allow
applied in all types of industries [19], and therefore this study aims to om automotive [20],applied in all types of industries [19], and therefore this study aims to om automotive [20],chemicals [21], towards the food industry [22], and even information technologies [23].
chemicals [21], towards the food industry [22], and even information technologies [23].
Needs for a proposed service could be assessed regarding transportation [24], quality [25],Needs for a proposed service could be assessed regarding transportation [24], quality [25],and medical services [26]. Moreover, this method is based on the use of two main comand medical services [26]. Moreover, this method is based on the use of two main compoponents: the six “wh-questions” (who, what, when, where, why, how) together withnents: the six “wh-questions” (who, what, when, where, why, how) together with 2 valu2 valuation matrices, relative importance matrix, and dependence/independence matrix.
ation matrices, relative importance matrix, and dependence/independence matrix. The six
The six questions are used to identify the client needs. Afterwards, the result is used to set
questions are used to identify the client needs. Afterwards, the result is used to set up theup the matrix study. The relative importance matrix uses a range of numbers between 0
and 2, whilst the dependence/independence matrix uses a fixed set of values (0, 1, 3, 9),depending on the importance value resulted to each junction between line and column: 0
is assigned if the row requirement is more important than the column requirement; 2 isDesigns 2022, 6, 42

4 of 17

assigned if the column requirement is believed to be more important; and 1 is assigned ifthey both are important.
WHO
Designed for daily commuting and therefore aimed at those who love to move quickly
in the city without too much physical effort. Also intended for those who want to keep
fit thus practising physical activity. Intended for all ages in compliance with current
regulations (in the UK you must be at least 14 years old).
WHAT
The best quality requirements of customers: needing of a powerful and fast vehicle,
low weight, safety, appealing design, comfort, ergonomics, low price, customizable, usefuland smart accessories, space-saving, easy to use, easy and fast recharge of the battery.
WHERE
Urban and suburban roads. Cycle paths. Limited traffic area. States where there willbe the development of communication routes suitable for bicycles.
HOW
On a technical level, the electric motor is powered by a battery and is controlled bya control unit that manages the additional thrust based on the reading of biometric andenvironmental values.
The values are provided in real time by a series of sensors that can be positioned
externally on the frame or inside the components themselves. The sensors measure cadence(the number of rides per minute), the speed of the bicycle, braking (cut-off sensors). In themost advanced models also the effort, that is the pressure we exert on the pedals.
The battery has a variable autonomy depending on numerous factors such as speed,
weight, terrain, steepness of the route, pedalling of the cyclist, time of use, delivery mode,
etc. Depending on these factors, the power required to travel the routes varies.
WHY
Cost savings: insurance, fuel. Low cost of electricity. Eco-friendly, environmental
interest. Fun, sport, free time. Commuting journeys. Need to have your own vehicle in
the COVID-19 period. Avoid traffic. For those who need to move over small and medium
distances in a short time. Moving without excessive effort thanks to the electric motor.
Keeping fit. Government incentives.
WHEN
Seasonality: frequently used in spring, summer, autumn, less in winter. Mainly
suitable for the summer but can also be used during the rest of the year. In your free timeor for work and study trips that require a short time, so the product can be marketed in any
season of the year.
2.1.2. Requirements Obtained
POWERFUL ENGINE/SPEED: the motor of an electric bike, by law, cannot exceed
250 Watts of power and the power supply is cut off when you exceed 25 km/h. The
technical differences between the engines are limited compared to other means of transport.
Depending on the consumer’s needs, however, the most suitable motor can be chosen. An
electric bicycle with a high mechanical moment (around 70–80 Nm) is suitable for steeper
climbs, while lower values are satisfactory for circulation in cities (up to 40 Nm). The poweris linked to the mechanical moment through the following relationship:[W] = ([Nm] × 2π × [rpm])/60
LOW WEIGHT: an electric bicycle weighs more than a normal bicycle due to thepresence of additional components such as the motor and battery. It is therefore importantthat the additional weight due to these components is adequately compensated for by
the power they provide. It is preferable to have values as low as possible as this would
allow you to use less power during the journey and therefore increase the autonomy timeof the bicycle. In addition, a low weight improves ease of use. For example, if you arein a situation where you are unable to continue for a small stretch of the route, you canDesigns 2022, 6, 42

5 of 17

continue with the bicycle by hand or lift it without excessive physical effort. Generally, a
low weight-to-damage can be achieved with battery and motor performance.
SAFETY: travel safety depends on the effectiveness of the devices installed on theelectric bicycle, their maintenance and the cyclist’s caution. The main devices are tires that
ensure good grip, stable handlebars, brakes, bell, lights, reflectors. The electric bicycle,
more than the normal one, travels at higher speeds, so it is extremely important that thebrakes are working well. For braking, an independent device is required for each axle thatacts promptly and effectively on the respective wheels. They can both act on the wheel,on the hub, and generally on the transmission components. The brake can be operated byhand or by foot and the transmission can take place via flexible cables or hydraulic systems.
APPEALING DESIGN: a feature that the customer takes into consideration whenbuying a bicycle concerns its aesthetic appearance. There is a need to purchase not only auseful object, but also a beautiful one to look at. Designers must therefore guarantee thefunctionality of the bicycle by creating new and captivating shapes. Observing various
models, the diversity in the shape of the frames, in the choice of colors, etc. catches the eye.
COMFORTABLE: the electric bicycle must be a convenient means of making shortand medium-distance daily commutes, such as commuting from home to work or home touniversity, etc. Convenience also includes the possibility of reaching areas that would not bereachable by other means of transport without excessive physical effort. The electric bicycle,
in fact, can travel on roads, cycle paths, and restricted traffic areas (ZTL). Furthermore, byusing an electric bicycle you can avoid traffic and can be tied exactly where you want to go.
ERGONOMIC: the bicycle must be able to adapt to the characteristics of the user.
In order to the cyclist to travel without assuming incorrect positions, the saddle must be
comfortable, the height of the handlebars and the saddle must be adjustable. In addition,
the shape and grip of the handlebar is of particular importance so that the hands, wrists
and arms do not get tired during the trip.
LOW PRICE: the costs incurred by the user are mainly the price of the electric bicycle
and the consumption of electricity. In the purchasing process, the customer will try tochoose the product that best suits his needs at the lowest possible price. Electricity consumption is a few euro cents per kilowatt hour and is a cost that must be borne regardlessof the electric bicycle the customer chooses; therefore, it is an almost negligible cost item.
CUSTOMIZABLE: customization allows the customer to design the bicycle he wants
to be produced from the start. It has the possibility to decide the style, the components, theaccessories, the shape of the frame, the colours, the type of motor and battery etc.
USEFUL ACCESSORIES: it can be useful for those who use the bicycle for sports orfor excursions in their free time. They are electronic devices that can be speedometers,
odometers, sensors that measure biometric parameters, etc. They are necessary to informthe cyclist of the remaining range, instant speed, kilometres travelled and any other datathat you want to keep monitored.
EASY TO RECHARGEABLE AND FASTLY: to recharge the electric bike, you need toinsert the charger plug into the power socket and connect it to the battery. The most usedbatteries for electric bicycles are lithium-ion and differ in size, weight, capacity, price andmanagement system. To calculate the battery recharge time in hours, divide the capacity inampere-hours [Ah] by the ampere [A] provided by the charger. Therefore, the greater thebattery capacity with the same Ampere supplied, the longer the recharging time will be. On
the other hand, a battery with a low capacity has a lower range. What makes batteries fromdifferent manufacturers comparable is their energy capacity, which is given in watt hours[Wh]. The higher the value, the more kilometers you can travel on one charge. However,generally a high energy capacity value means having a heavier battery. The range of electricbicycles depends on many different factors, the main ones being the energy capacity of thebattery, the motor, the weight, the wind (for or against), the terrain, the steepness of theroute, the age of the battery.

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NOT BULKY: a space-saving electric bicycle is ideal for those with little space at homeor in the garage, or for those who want to take it with them in the car or on public transport
and allows for greater handling.
EASY TO USE: simple instructions, understandable and achievable by the whole population.
2.1.3. Independence Matrix
In order to understand which are the most independent characteristics of the product,a matrix has been created [Table 1]. Values from 0 to 9 have been assigned according to howmuch the characteristics in the rows depend on the ones in the columns. The four mostindependent characteristics of the e-bike are: smart, appealing design, ergonomics andrecharge. The score values shown in the following tables was carried out in the initial phaseof the project and may require the participation of all people directly involved in the project,from designers and engineers to potential future customers. Their opinion of the latter was
obtained from initial surveys and market interviews. The methodology explained arrives
until the point of accurate product conception and design born from a first market study;
we have outlined the possibility of a second product acceptance assessment to be carriedout once the product is finished.
2.1.4. Importance Matrix
The second matrix on Table 2 depicts the degree of importance of the selected customer
requirements. To do this, a number from 0 to 2 is used to denote whether the row value
is more important than the value of the column [27]. According to: 2 = the row element
is more important than the column, 1 = both elements are of equal importance, 0 = therow element is less important than the column element. Afterwards, the values fromeach row are summed, and the property with the highest resulting value is therefore themost important one. In this case, the highest ranked options were ergonomics, price, andcomfort (Table 2).
The same approach has been used to study the importance of the technical requirements of the product: values from 0 to 2 has been assigned to the characteristics in the rows,
based on: 0 if the row is less important than the column, 1 if they have the same importanceand 2 if the row is more important. The four most important requirements of the e-bike aresafety, comfort, ergonomics, and recharge capacity.
2.1.5. What-How Matrix
The matrix shown on Table 3 is used to discover the features to highly focus on. The
technical characteristics derived from the benchmarking analysis are in the columns, whilst
the customer requirements derived from the QFD analysis are in the rows. A value from0 to 9 according to how much each row can be satisfied by each column. This analysis
arrived to the selection of row parameters recharge, price, ergonomics, and control. We
chose these four characteristics as the key-points of our product.
Adding the values of the column features such as price, frame, weight, and suspension.
The highest-scored parameter was the frame, and this is therefore the main differentiating feature of the product. The goal was to create a new model of electric bicycle capableof offering desirable functionality and performance by the competition. Furthermore, theaspect relating to the aesthetics of the product was considered of fundamental importance;
this is challenging to manage as electric bicycles often have similar shapes and appearances,offering little possibility of aesthetic innovation due to the constructive simplicity of thistype of vehicles. It was opted for an extreme simplification of its geometries.

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Table 1. Independence matrix.
Power/Speed Weight
Power/Speed
WeightSafetyAppealing
DesignComfortErgonomics
Price
CustomSmart
Recharge
Space-Saving
Easy to Use
Total

SafetyAppealing Design3

3
3

Comfort Ergonomics

9
9
9

3
9
3

3
36

9

9
3

9

3

3

3

9
9
1
3
9

9
3
3
3

3
3
3

9
9
48

9
39

9
3
1
9
9
9
61

Price

Custom

9
9

3
3

9
37

24

Recharge Space-Saving
9
9

9
9

Easy to Use

Total

3

39
48
39

9
3

9
3
3
3

Smart

3
1
9
1

9

3

9
9
1

3
3
1
3

35

3
3
3
3
46

22

Price

Custom

Smart

3

36

9

9

9
3

9
3

3

3

39

9
42

9

63
33
39
33
23
21
43
39

27

Table 2. Importance matrix.
Requirements
Power/Speed
WeightSafetyAppealing
DesignComfortErgonomics
Price
CustomSmart
Recharge
Space-Saving
Easy to UsePower/Speed Weight

SafetyAppealing Design

Comfort Ergonomics

Recharge Space-Saving

Easy to Use

Total

1
1
2

1
1
2

0
0
1

2
2
2

0
1
1

0
0
1

1
0
0

1
1
2

2
2
2

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

11
11
16

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

4

2
2
1
1
0
1
1
1

1
2
2
1
0
1
1
1

1
1
2
0
0
1
1
1

2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2

1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1

1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1

1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1

2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1

2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2

1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1

2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1

1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1

17
18
18
7
4
16
8
14

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Table 3. What-how matrix.

Appealing
designComfortErgonomics
Price
CustomSmart
Recharge
Space-saving
Total

Price

Motor
TorqueWattage

Watt
Hours

ChargeTime

Distance
Eco Mode

Distance Sport
Mode

Frame

Susp
ensionBrakesType

WeightMaximum
Speed

TOTAL

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

9

3

3

0

0

18

3
3
9
3
9
3
3
46

0
0
3
0
0
0
0
13

0
0
3
0
0
3
0
16

0
0
3
0
0
9
0
24

3
0
3
0
3
9
0
27

0
0
3
0
3
3
0
24

0
0
3
0
3
3
0
24

9
9
3
3
3
0
9
66

9
3
3
1
0
0
3
37

3
3
3
1
0
0
1
29

9
9
3
1
0
3
3
52

0
0
3
0
3
0
0
24

27
27
42
9
24
33
19

Designs 2022, 6, 42

9 of 172.2. Benchmarking Analysis
To create an innovative product, a look to the concurrent models is necessary. The
matrix on Table 4 has been created to show the main features of the concurrence’s products.
11 e-bikes have been studied, shown on Figure 3, and an innovative column has born. It
is made of the best value for each row (technical characteristic), thus creating the ideal
product. In parallel, a top-flop analysis on this matrix has been carried out. Looking at
the best value for each characteristic, one point was assigned to the best product for thatfeature. Doing the same for the worst value and subtracting one point, we have summed
the values for each model and a delta number was the result of the study. The best 8delta
Designs 2022, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW
of 17
was that of Ride1Up Core-5 and Stromer ST1X, with a value of 2. The worst was that ofSuper73 Z1, with a value of −3. To create an innovative product, we need to design amodel with more than two technical features better than the ones in the innovative column.
The highest-scored parameter was the frame, and this is therefore the main differenTable
Benchmarking
matrix. The goal was to create a new model of electric bicycle capatiating4.featureof the product.
ble of offering desirable functionality and performance by the competition. Furthermore,
iGO
Rad Power
Riese &
Innovation
Brand
CUBE
CUBE
Orbea
Ride1Up
StromerSuper73 Yamaha
the aspect
relating
to the aestheticsof the productimElectric
Bikes
Müller was considered of fundamental
Columnportance;
thisischallenging
tomanageaselectric
bicyclesoften
have
similarshapesandKathmandu
Town
Core
HybridGAIN
RadRoverDeliteinnovationGT
Cross
appearances,of aesthetic
Model
HybridExtreme offering little possibilityCore-5
ST1 X due toZ1 the constructive simPro 625
D50
Step-Thru 1
TouringCore
Oneplicity
400
3.0
of this type of vehicles. It was opted for an extreme simplification of its geometries.
UnisexPrice ($)
Torque (Nm)
Wattage (W)Watt hours (Wh)Charge time (h)Distance in eco
mode (Km)Distance insport mode
(Km)
Frame

3999
85
250
625
11

2599
1899
2999
1699
1195
7479
4199
1395
2399
1195
50
80
40
80
60
75
35
35
70
85
250
750
250
500
250
800
500
250
800
2.2. Benchmarking
Analysis 750
400
624
250
672
624
500
618
556.8
500
672
4
5
4
4
4
3.5 TheTo createan 3.5innovative6 product, a4 look to 4.5
the concurrent
modelsis necessary.

153

145
72
64
129
121
32 concurrence’s
129
161
matrix on80Table 4161
has been createdto show
the mainfeaturesof theprod-

48
UnisexSuspension

Front

Brakes type
Weight (kg)Maximum speed
(kph)
Top
Flop
Delta

Hydr
26.4
32
1
2
−1

ucts. 11 e-bikes have been studied, shown on Figure 3, and an innovative column has born.
48
42
40
32
56
64
24
48
64
It is made of the best value for each row (technical characteristic), thus creating the ideal
UnisexCrossbar
Crossbar
Unisexanalysis
Crossbar
Crossbar
Crossbar out.
Crossbar/ the
product.
In parallel,
a top-flopon this Crossbar
matrix has
been carried
Looking at
Carbon
Front
Front
Front
None
Full
None
None
None
/
fiber
best value for eachcharacteristic, one point was assigned to the best product for that feaHydr
Mech
Mech
Mech
Mech
Hydr
Hydr
Mech
Mech
/
ture.
Doing
the
same
worst value
one point,
24.7
33.5
11.3 for the32.4
22.2and subtracting
28.5
26.7
31.7we have
19.7 summed
11.3 theand a32delta number
was the
The32best delta
25values for
43each model
25
45
32 result of
45 the study.
32
45 wasCore-5and Stromer
ST1X,
of 2.3 The worst
was thatof Super73
1that of Ride1Up03
1
1 with a value
0
0
0
2
1
3
0
0
2
1
3
1
Z1,
with
a
value
of
−3.
To
createaninnovative
product,
weneedtodesign
a
model
with
−1
−1
0
1
1
−2
2
−3
−1
more than two technical features better than the ones in the innovative column.
64

Figure 3. Benchmarking models: (a) CUBE Kathmandu, (b) Super73, (c) Yamaha, (d) CUBE Town,
FigureBenchmarking
models:(a) CUBE
Kathmandu,(b) Super73,(c) Yamaha,(d) CUBE(e) iGO3.Electric,(f) Ride1Up,(g) Riese& Muller,(h) Orbea,(i) Stromer,and (j) Rad
PowerTown,
Bikes.(e)iGO Electric, (f) Ride1Up, (g) Riese & Muller, (h) Orbea, (i) Stromer, and (j) Rad Power Bikes.
Table 4. Benchmarking matrix.

Brand

CUBE
Kath-

CUBE

Town

iGO ElecOrbea
tric

InnoRadRiese &
vationPower Ride1Up
Stromer Super73 Yamaha
Müller
ColBikesumn
Ra-Designs 2022, 6, 42

10 of 17

3. Description of the Case Study
3.1. Product Architecture
The product architecture is a schematic image of the product that shows a 2D plantwith all of the performances targeted from market and competitor analysis. In this phase
we showed the handlebar of the e-bike and the possible battery locations. We chose to place
the battery in triangle of the frame. It is the most common and logical position. Then, we
looked at which battery and motor were the suitable for our product. Since weight andcharging time were the leading feature, we chose the Bosch Active Line Plus as motor, andthe Bosch Powerpack 300 as battery. Regarding the display, since another innovative aspectof our product is the connectivity, we chose the Bosch Nyon which enables one to install
many high-tech software and apps.
3.2. Innovation
We decided to place on the bike a crash detection system that can send SOS message
in case of emergency, similar to the proposal of Dabir et al. [28]. It is made of an intelligent
fall sensor that, through connection to the dedicated app, sends an SOS message to theemergency numbers registered by the user. The device consists of a small precision detector
and a free smartphone app. When the sensor detects an anomaly (combining data about
position, rotation and acceleration), it sends a signal to the app, which displays a message
for the user on the smartphone/display. At this point, the user has 30 s to interact withthe app and in case of no interaction it automatically sends a distress request with theexact location thanks to the GPS location to all personal emergency contacts as well as
to the members of the community in the vicinity. The community is made up of users
who have the device on their bike or those who have downloaded the app and who havemade themselves available in case of need through the dedicated function. Moreover,
our product is designed to be smart. For example, it allows digital connection between
riders by means of GPS, similar to the proposal of Lin et al. [29]. In addition, it could
be developed to include maintenance tracking service on all of the components, such as
tires, battery, motor etc. This is an outstanding parameter for the project, as on most of
the bikes and electric bikes currently marketed lacks the capacity of connecting all users
in an inter-communication network, making it both more fun to use and safer. using anavant-garde product such as this.
To sum up, we looked for innovation in four areas, deriving from the what-how matrix:
charge time, frame, software and apps, and weight.
Concerning the battery charge time, we chose the Bosch Powerpack 300, with acharge time of just 2.5 h [30], lower than 3.5 h deriving from the innovation column of thebenchmarking matrix.
Moving on to the frame, we decided to take aluminum as material due to its lightness.
Moreover, the frame design is thought to be used by both women and men.
The third innovation is about connectivity. Thanks to the Nyon display [31] andsuitable apps, many customizable options can be applied to the bike. It can be updatedwith new maps as well as it allows digital connection between riders through geolocation.
In addition, it is possible to choose the riding mode selection, thus modifying the power
supply of the motor and providing a more comfortable journey.
Finally, concerning the lightness, thanks to materials and design we managed to designa bike weighting only 12.5 kg, improving the best value of the benchmarking matrix (which
was 13.5 kg).
3.3. Sketching
Here the preliminary sketches of the e-bike were made according to four different
styles: natural, stone, retro, advanced. Each style was inspired according to the benchmark
targets established. There are sketches for each: one is lateral, one is 34 front, and one is 34
back. In addition, we painted the background due to the fact that we think the environment
in which we present the product could influence the product perception itself.

ply of the motor and providing a more comfortable journey.
Finally, concerning the lightness, thanks to materials and design we managed to design a bike weighting only 12.5 kg, improving the best value of the benchmarking matrix(which was 13.5 kg).
Designs 2022, 6, 42

11 of 173.3. Sketching
Here the preliminary sketches of the e-bike were made according to four differentThe
retro style,onadvanced.
Figure 4, proposed
Graziella
stile-inspired
Thanksstyles: natural,stone,seen
retro,
Each style awas
inspiredaccording tomodel.
the benchmark
toits
popularity
inmass
culture,
it
could
be
a
good
idea
to
be
developedandimproved.
targets established. There are sketches for each: one is lateral, one is ¾ front, and one is ¾
For
this
is oneof thestylistic due
choicethatfactshouldbe consideredin theback.
In reason,
addition,it wepaintedthefourbackgroundto thethat wethink the environdesign
ment inprocess.
which we present the product could influence the product perception itself.
The
styleseen
proposalis stone,seen in aFigure
5. Itstile-inspired
recalls somemodel.
social culture
The second
retro style,on Figure4, proposed
Graziella
Thanksestablishedshapesofbikesharing
service.
Itshowsprominent
lines
and
a
significant
size.
to its popularity in mass culture, it could be a good idea to be developed and improved.
Since
weight
is
one
of
the
leadingfeaturesof
ourproduct,
thisversionshouldbecarefully
For this reason, it is one of the four stylistic choice that should be considered in the design
optimized
process. in order to have a competitive performance-to-weight ratio.

Designs 2022, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Designs 2022, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW

11 of 17
11 of 17

Figure 4.
4. Retrò
Retrò sketches.
sketches.
FigureThe second style proposal is stone, seen in Figure 5. It recalls some social culture
established shapes of bike sharing service. It shows prominent lines and a significant size.
Since weight is one of the leading features of our product, this version should be carefully
optimized in order to have a competitive performance-to-weight ratio.

Figure5.
Stonesketches.
sketches
Figure5.5.StoneStonesketches
FigureThisthird
thirdstyle
styleisis thethe advanced one,
some
This
third
style
is
one, seen
seenononFigure
Figure6.6.
6.For
Forsomesomeaspects
aspectsititshows
shows
This
on
Figuresomesimilaritieswith
withthethe previous
previous one, but with
with aa strong
stronglimitation:
limitation:due
similarities
stronglimitation:duetotoits
itsframeframedesign,design,it itrecallsaatypical
typicalmen-suited
men-suited bike.
bike. Since
recalls
Since we
we want
wantaaproductproductthat
thatcancanbebegendergendertransversal
transversal
muchasaspossible,
possible, this
this solution
solution mustasasmuchabandoned.
thissolutionmust bebe abandoned.
abandoned.

Figure 6. Advanced sketches.
FigureFigure 6.
6. Advanced
Advanced sketches.
sketches.

The natural style here proposed on Figure 7 is a classic city bike, with a light frame,
The natural
here proposed
onthe
Figure7 istube.
a classic
city bike,between
with a lightsuspensions
andstyle
the battery
located onlower
The trade-offstyleframe,andsuspensions
andthebattery
located
on
the
lower
tube.
The
trade-off
betweenstyle
andinnovation is here optimized, to offer a comfortable product, but in line with the times.
innovationis hereto offer aones,
comfortablebuttoinbeline
the times.
For this reason
andoptimized,
the aforementioned
this styleproduct,
turned out
the with
best option
to
For
this
reasonandtheaforementioned
ones,
this
style
turned
out
to
be
the
best
option tocreate an innovative product.
create an innovative product.

Designs 2022, 6, 42

12 of 17

Figure 6. Advanced sketches.

The
on Figure
Figure77isisaaclassic
classiccity
citybike,
bike,withwitha alight
lightframe,frame,
Thenatural
natural style
style here
here proposed
proposed on
suspensions
andthebattery
located
on
the
lower
tube.
The
trade-off
betweenstyle
andsuspensions and the battery located on the lower tube. The trade-off between style andinnovationis
here
optimized,
to
offer
a
comfortableproduct,
but
in
line
with
the
times.
innovation is here optimized, to offer a comfortable product, but in line with the times.
For
ones, this
this style
styleturned
turnedout
outtotobe
bethe
thebestbestoption
optiontoto
Forthisthisreason
reasonandand thethe aforementioned
aforementioned ones,
createaninnovative
product.
create an innovative product.

Figure7.7.Natural
Naturalsketches.
sketches.
FigureDesigns 2022, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW4.4.Results
Results

12 of 17Afterthethesketches,sketches, aa more
more detailed view
After
view ofof thethe models
modelsisisneeded.
needed.This
Thisisiscarried
carriedout
out
throughthe
the 2D2D drawings
drawings ofstyle).
In In
thisthis
phase,
it isitimportanttothroughof thethefourfourbikes
bikes(one(oneperperstyle).
phase,
is importantto havea generalview
theproduct,
product,withwiththethemostmostimportant
importantdimensions
dimensions shown
shown inin thehavea general
view
ofofthedrawings. Therefore,
Therefore, we
we chosechose toto develop
develop thethe natural
natural style,style, according
according toto thethe customers’
customers’
needs and the technical features deriving from the what-how matrix. Therefore, after thedrawing, aa CAD
CAD model
drawing,model ofof thethe bikebike frame
frame has
has been
been developed
developed (as(as seen
seen inin Figure
Figure 8).
8).

FigureCAD model
model ofof thethe e-bike.
e-bike.
Figure 8.
8. Blueprint
Blueprint with
with main
main dimensions
dimensions andand CAD

Thanks to its shape, the product can be used by both
both women
women andand men.
men. All of thedetails related to the parts of this model, seen on Figure 9, have been studied as much as
possible. A possible electronic device holder, useful in case the cyclist wants a display on
the handlebar,
handlebar,waswasalsoalso
modeled.
Thisbe particularly
convenientconsideringthemodeled.
This
cancanbe particularly
convenientconsidering
the safetyof the product,as the as
display
could could
offer aoffer
geolocation
serviceusefulusefulfor thefor
cyclistto besafetyof the product,
the display
a geolocation
servicethe cyclist
foundin an inemergency.
Additionally,
the stylized
bottlebottle
cage, thesaddle,the handlebartobe foundan emergency.
Additionally,
the stylized
cage,
the saddle,
the hanwith
thegriptheareas,
wheels,the pedals,
and theand
chain
thought
to include
qualitydlebarwith
griptheareas,
the wheels,the pedals,
thewerechain
were thought
to include
materials
and finishing.
In addition,
the installationof a quickofdisassembly
and assembly
qualitymaterials
and finishing.
In addition,
the installationa quick disassembly
andsystem of system
the wheels
wasconsidered
to transport
the bicyclethe
efficiently,
allowing itallowto beassemblyof thewheelswas considered
to transport
bicycle efficiently,
quickly
loadedon analternativemeans of transport
as thesuch
car asor thea camper.
ing it to bequickly
loadedon an alternativemeans of suchtransport
car or a camper.
Another important aspect of the frame is the material. After having analyzed pros andcons of the most common materials, aluminum was chosen due to its cost and lightness.
Going on with the work, an optimization of the frame was necessary, in order to minimize

Designs 2022, 6, 42

Figure 8. Blueprint with main dimensions and CAD model of the e-bike.

13 of 17

Thanks to its shape, the product can be used by both women and men. All of thethestresseson thea staticloads
a simulation
instudied
Ansys showeddetails
relatedto model.
the partsAfterof thismodel,
seenanalysis,on Figure9, have been
as muchaas
peak
of
37
MPa
in
the
lower
area
and
a
maximum
displacement
of
0.242
mm
in
the back.on
possible. A possible electronic device holder, useful in case the cyclist wants a display
Thefiniteelement
analysiswascarriedoutbyimposing
thesymmetry
of
the
frame
along
the handlebar, was also modeled. This can be particularly convenient consideringthethelongitudinalplane, asin theorder
to speed
upofferthe meshingand calculation
process
bycyclistthesafetyof the product,
displaycould
a geolocation
service usefulfor thesoftware.
Subsequently,
Figure 10shows a seriesof external
loads
actingon the bicycle
to be foundin an emergency.
Additionally,
the stylized
bottlecage,
the saddle,
the hanframe
wereimposed:1500
Nofweightforce
onthesaddle,
30
N
and
50
N
in
the centerofdlebar with the grip areas, the wheels, the pedals, and the chain were thought
to include
gravity of the battery and of the motor; in this way it is possible to simulate the physicalquality materials and finishing. In addition, the installation of a quick disassembly andeffect linked to the structural deformation and to the stress of the frame due to the presence
assembly system of the wheels was considered to transport the bicycle efficiently, allowof the cyclist and of the two main components that allow the electric drive of the vehicle.
ing it to be quickly loaded on an alternative means of transport such as the car or a camper.

Designs 2022, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW

13 of 17

showed a peak of 37 MPa in the lower area and a maximum displacement of 0.242 mm in
the back. The finite element analysis was carried out by imposing the symmetry of theframe along the longitudinal plane, in order to speed up the meshing and calculation process by the software. Subsequently, Figure 10 shows a series of external loads acting on
the bicycle frame were imposed: 1500 N of weight force on the saddle, 30 N and 50 N in
the center of gravity of the battery and of the motor; in this way it is possible to simulatethephysicaleffectlinkedtomodel:the structuraldeformationand tomotor,
the stressBosh-brandedof the framebattery
due
FigureDetailparts
Boschactive-line
electricalFigure9. 9.
Detailparts
of ofthethemodel:(1)(1)
Bosch
active-line
electrical
motor, (2)(2)
Bosh-branded battery
topack,the presenceofthecyclist
and
of
the
two
main
components
that
allow
the
electric
drive(3) stylish bottle holder, (4) speed sensor, (5) display holder, and (6,7) quick release system for
pack, (3) stylish bottle holder, (4) speed sensor, (5) display holder, and (6,7) quick release system forofthe
thewheels.
vehiclethe wheels.

Another important aspect of the frame is the material. After having analyzed pros
and cons of the most common materials, aluminum was chosen due to its cost and lightness. Going on with the work, an optimization of the frame was necessary, in order tominimize the stresses on the model. After a static loads analysis, a simulation in Ansys

Figure 10.
10. FemFem results
results (displacements(displacements andand stresses)
stresses) evaluatedevaluated on
onAnsys.
Ansys.
FigureOnce thethe virtual
virtual modelingmodeling of thethe productproduct waswas completed,completed, a final
final rendering
rendering was
was also
also
Oncecreatedfor
forananinitial,
initial,physical
prototyping[FigureIt is conceived
as an efficientcreatedphysical
prototyping[Figure11]. It11].
is conceived
as an efficientmethodmethodof presenting
the productfinished before
product
beforeis even manufactured.
Moreover,ofpresenting
the finished
it iseven itmanufactured.
Moreover,it makes itit
possiblecustomizesome finalsome
characteristics
such as theshapeof somethe parts,
color,
makes itto
possibleto customize
final characteristics
suchas theshapeparts,
of somethe color, the desired materials and so on, allowing the customer to instantly observe theeffect of a different set-up. Being able to show the rendered product before its production
is essential to understand how much it can be appreciated and at the same time customized from customer to customer.

Designs 2022, 6, 42

14 of 17

the desired materials and so on, allowing the customer to instantly observe the effect of adifferent set-up. Being able to show the rendered product before its production is essential
Designs 2022, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW
of 17
to understand how much it can be appreciated and at the same time customized14from
customer to customer.
Designs 2022, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW
14 of 17

Figure 11. Renderings obtained on Inventor.
Figureobtained onon Inventor.
Inventor.
Figure 11.
11. Renderings
Renderings obtained

The final
carriedoutoutmakingthethemostof thepoThefinal rendering
rendering shown
shownononFigure
Figure1212was
was
carriedmakingmostof theThe
final
renderingshowntoon
Figure12 waslighting
carried out
makingthemosttoofthe
the pointpotentialof
Inventor
Raytracing
obtainrealistic
andshadow
effects
potential of Inventor Raytracing to obtain realistic lighting and shadow effects to the point
tentialof Inventor
Raytracing
to obtain
realisticOnly
lighting
andwayshadow
effects totothe
pointofmakingthe productproductseem real
real
and tangible.
tangible.
in thisthis
is it
it possible
possible
optimallyofmakingtheseem
andOnly inway isto optimallyof makingthe productseem real andproducttangible.materials,
Only in thisway
is it possible
tosurfaces
optimally
simulatethethethereflectionof some(ussimulate
the final
finalappearance
appearanceofofthe
the productmaterials,
reflectionof somesurfaces
simulatethefinal
appearanceoftheproductmaterials,
thereflectionofsome
surfaces(usingamulti-exposure
HDR
acquisition),andthepositioning
of
the
bike
in
a
naturalenvi(using a multi-exposure HDR acquisition), and the positioning of the bike in a natural
ing a multi-exposure
HDR
acquisition),and the positioningof the bike in a naturalenvironment
suchsuchas theoneoneproposed.
Lastly,proposedenvironment
as theproposed.
Lastly,thethetechnicaltechnicalspecifications
specificationsofof thethe proposedronment
such
as
the
one
proposed.
Lastly,thetechnical
specifications
oftheproposedproject carried
carried out
out areare shownshown onon Table
Table5.5.
project
project carried out are shown on Table 5.

Figure12. Final rendering of the product obtained using Inventor Raytracing.
Figure 12. Final rendering of the product obtained using Inventor Raytracing.
Figure 12. Final rendering of the product obtained using Inventor Raytracing.
Table
product technicaltechnical specifications.
specifications.
Table 5.
5. Proposed
Proposed productThe use of a CAD system at the base of the design process allows modifications of all

Distance
SaddleWheel
DiameMax
Riderand an evaluation by potential
RangeperperDistance
SaddleWheel
DiameMax
Rider
kinds
even after
a firstpresentationof theproduct
Model
Material
Wheelbase
MaxSpeed
Speed Weight
Weight Range buyers.
Model
Material
WheelbaseMax
Handlebar
ter
WeightChargeHandlebar
ter
WeightChargeFor example, to increase the level of comfort offered using this bike, it was decided to add
E-motion
48
69 cm
cm
122 cmcm
150kg
kg
25km/hkm/h
kg
40–100kmkm
E-motion Aluminum
Aluminum
48 cm
cm
69
122
150
25
1313kg40–100Battery
Capacity
Charge
Time
Motor
Power
RPM
WeightTorqueSpeed
Battery
Capacity
Charge Time
Motor
Power
RPM
WeightTorqueSpeed
Lithium-ion
2.5
Brushless
500 W
W
105
3.2kg
kg
Nm
km/h
Lithium-ion 300
300Wh
Wh
2.5 h
h
Brushless
500
105
3.2
5050Nm2525km/hTheof aa CAD
CAD systemsystem at
at thethebasebaseofofthe
thedesigndesignprocessprocessallows
allowsmodifications
modificationsofofallall
The useuse ofDesigns 2022, 6, 42

15 of 17

a luggage shelf both at the front and back of the vehicle, as seen on Figure 13. The solutions
that can be thought of are practically unlimited and it is necessary to investigate them in a
relationship of direct dialogue with consumers. The level of product customization thatcan be achieved today is not even comparable to what companies could offer even just ten
years ago. This is made possible thanks to the advances that computer aided design (CAD)systems technology has made and continues to make in recent years.
Designs 2022, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW
15 of 17
Table 5. Proposed product technical specifications.
Model

Material

E-motion

Aluminum

Battery

Capacity

Lithiumion

300 WhFor example,
offeredusing thisto addDistance
Saddle-to increase
Wheelthe level of comfortMax
Rider
Maxbike, it was decided
Range
per
Wheelbase
WeightDiameter
Weight
Speed
ChargeaHandlebar
luggage shelf bothat the front and back of thevehicle, as seen
on Figure 13. The solutions
that48canofcm
are practicallythemkmincmbe thought69
122 cmunlimited
150andkg it is necessary
25 km/h to investigate
13 kg
40–100arelationshipofdirectdialoguewithconsumers.
The
level
of
product
customizationthat
Charge Time
Motor
Power
RPM
WeightTorqueSpeed
can be achieved today is not even comparable to what companies could offer even just ten
2.5ago.
h This is madeBrushless
500 W to the advances
105
kg
50
Nmdesign
25 (CAD)km/h
years
possible thanks
that3.2
computeraidedsystems technology has made and continues to make in recent years.

Figure 13. Addition of the luggage rack and the basket as a possible custom solution proposed by a
Figure13. Addition of the luggage rack and the basket as a possible custom solution proposed by acustomer.
customer.

5. Future Developments
5. Future Developments
Some of the most important devices of the e-bike are the battery and motor. The forSome of the most important devices of the e-bike are the battery and motor. The
mer accumulates energy and provides it when needed, while the latter gives force. One offormer accumulates energy and provides it when needed, while the latter gives force. One
the most challenging aspects in manufacturing this type of vehicle is providing the riderof the most challenging aspects in manufacturing this type of vehicle is providing thewith the possibility to control torque and speed across many different conditions. Since
rider with the possibility to control torque and speed across many different conditions.
the battery can store a finite quantity of energy, its efficiency must be optimized. In addiSince the battery can store a finite quantity of energy, its efficiency must be optimized. Intion, another relevant feature is the weight of the battery. Increasing its size would mean
addition, another relevant feature is the weight of the battery. Increasing its size would
improving the capacity. But, on the other hand, this would result in a heavier vehicle,
mean improving the capacity. But, on the other hand, this would result in a heavier vehicle,
therefore less comfortable and efficient. All of these considerations lead to the necessity totherefore less comfortable and efficient. All of these considerations lead to the necessity
design carefully the right capacity of this fundamental tool. Moreover, another goal forto design carefully the right capacity of this fundamental tool. Moreover, another goal
manufacturers is designing e-bikes equipped with intelligent and functional tools, thatfor manufacturers is designing e-bikes equipped with intelligent and functional tools,
could interact with displays, smartphones and smartwatches, requiring the least quantitythat could interact with displays, smartphones and smartwatches, requiring the leastof power. These and other features of e-bikes are the ones on which designers and manuquantity of power. These and other features of e-bikes are the ones on which designers andfacturers will need to focus on in order to keep creating innovative and better vehicles.
manufacturers will need to focus on in order to keep creating innovative and better vehicles.
6. Conclusions
6. Conclusions
Developing a new product in the electric bicycle market is a challenge nowadays. The
Developing a new product in the electric bicycle market is a challenge nowadays. The
bicycle is a vehicle that has existed for years and over the course of history until now inbicycle is a vehicle that has existed for years and over the course of history until now inwhich a wide array of products exists, offering different solutions depending on the target
which a wide array of products exists, offering different solutions depending on the target
customer’s behavior. To innovate in this segment is particularly difficult on a productcustomer’s behavior. To innovate in this segment is particularly difficult on a product such
such as this. However, the QFD method described and applied in the previous paraas this. However, the QFD method described and applied in the previous paragraphs,
graphs, made it possible to delineate in detail the design phases of the new prototype
made it possible to delineate in detail the design phases of the new prototype listed, making
listed, making it possible to clearly derive how many and which technical and qualitative
it possible to clearly derive how many and which technical and qualitative characteristics
characteristics it should have. Showing the product to the customer effectively is essential;
augmented reality allows you to observe it in the real environment, allowing a better identification of the customer in using the product. The product rendering is instead essential
to show him what the aesthetics of the product will be even after a possible customization
process by the customer.

Designs 2022, 6, 42

16 of 17it should have. Showing the product to the customer effectively is essential; augmented
reality allows you to observe it in the real environment, allowing a better identification of
the customer in using the product. The product rendering is instead essential to show him
what the aesthetics of the product will be even after a possible customization process by
the customer.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.F. and M.F.; methodology, L.F.; software, L.F.; validation,
C.L.-C., L.F. and L.C.; formal analysis, C.L.-C.; investigation, G.B.; resources, L.F.; data curation, C.L.C.; writing—original draft preparation, C.L.-C.; writing—review and editing, C.L.-C.; visualization,
M.F.; supervision, L.F.; project administration, L.F.; funding acquisition, L.F. All authors have readand agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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