07
AGRICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS IN FLOODPLAIN ZONE OF MIDDLE GANGA
PLAIN
Dinesh Kumar
Assistant Professor Govt. M. G. M. Postgraduate College, Itarsi, M.P., India
Email: kumardinesh.bhu2014@gmail.com

How to cite this paper:
DineshKumar(2023)
Agricultural Characteristics inFloodplain one of Middle
Ganga Plain, Journal of
Global Resources, Vol. 09
(01)
DOI:
10.46587/JGR.2023.v09i01.007

Received: 21 Nov. 2022
Reviewed: 30 Dec. 2022
Final Accepted: 09 Jan. 2023

Abstract: This paper has been attempted to study thedifference dimensions of agriculture like crop diversification,
cropping intensity, crop combination, crop ranking, irrigation
intensity and land use efficiency in floodplain zone of middle
Ganga plain. Agriculture plays a very important role in theeconomic development of our country (India), where 65
percent of rural population is directly or indirectly depended
on the agricultural for survival. The largest population ofIndia has been livening in Ganga floodplain so it has
necessary to study the different agricultural characteristics.
The major objectives of the study are to analyze the spatial
pattern of agriculture diversification, crop ranking, crop
combination and to calculate the irrigation intensity, cropping
intensity, land use efficiency of Jaunpur district. The present
study has been exclusively based on secondary data whichcollected from different offices and websites. Crop
diversification measure by Singh (1976) formula which wasslightly modified the Bhatia (1965) formula, cropping
intensity analyzed with the help of Singh (1974) method andcrop combination determined by Kikukazu Doi (1959)
method. In the Jaunpur district the irrigation intensity has
been 140.10, crop diversification index has been 38.69,
cropping intensity index has 100.07. In study area wheat isthe dominant crop, paddy dominated as the second crop andmaize is the third crop. There are three types crop
combinations like wheat-rice, wheat-rice-maize and wheatmaize- rice.
Key words: Crop Diversification, Cropping Intensity, Crop
Combination, Crop Ranking, Irrigation Intensity.

68Introduction
Today, India has facing two most vital problems which are directly related to agriculturaldevelopment like increasing population and agricultural development disparities. Despite
different scientific developments in other sectors of economy, agriculture is still the backboneof the rural economy, dependent on the physical endowments of environments (Mishra, 1985).
While agriculture plays a very important role in the economic development of the country where
65 percent of rural population is directly or indirectly depended on the agricultural for survival.
Agriculture and allied sectors contribute nearly 17.8 percent and 17 percent of gross domestic
product (GDP) of India (Siddiqui, et al. 2012). The largest population of India has been livening
in Ganga floodplain. In the present time the shrinkage of agricultural land due to development
process and shortage of land due to increasing of population put tremendous pressure upon
the existing pieces of cultivated land (Mishra and Sarkar 2013). Therefore, it has beennecessary to study the different dimension of agriculture in middle Ganga plain. Due to which
how to fulfill the increasing demand. In this dimension. There are various authors who madeefforts agricultural development either in the form of individual aspect or as an indicator ofsocio-economic development. A few may be mentioned as Tiwari (1986), Mishra (1988), Tyagi(1994), Talib et al. (1995), Banarjee (1997), Siddiqui (1999), Dutta et al. (2001), Agarwala andHazarika (2002), Gaikwad and Pawar (2007), Bisani and Aneja (2008), Sharma (2014), Kumar
and Mishra (2017).
Study area
Jaunpur district (25˚ 26’ N to 26˚ 11’N and 82˚ 8’ E to 83˚ 5’ E) is situated in Eastern Uttar
Pradesh of the Middle Ganga Plain. Total area of the district is 4038 km2 having population of
44,94,204 persons (Census 2011). There are eight rivers which flow in district namely Gomati,
Sai, Varuna, Basuhi, Pili, Tambura, Mongar and Gangi. The Gomati and Sai Rivers flow in
middle part of the district (Figure 1). Physiographically Jaunpur is divided in six floodplain zone
namely floodplain zones (Active Channel, New Flood Plain Zone I, New Floodplain Zone II,
Old Floodplain Zone I, Old Flood Plain Zone II, Depressed Low Land . The surface of district
is about flat and some undulation is seen in the part of riverine areas. The slope of the districtis towards the south east and relief varies from 77 meters to 89 meters from mean sea level.
The district is covered by mainly two type soils like loam (Domat) and clay (Matiyar). The loamy
soil found in Jaunpur, Kerakat and some part of Shahganj Tahsil. Clay soil found in Shahganj,
Machhalishahar and Kerakat Tehsil. Most of the people engaged in agricultural work.
Objectives
The major objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To analyze the spatial pattern of agriculture diversification, crop ranking, crop
combination and in Jaunpur district.
2. To calculate the irrigation intensity, cropping intensity, land use efficiency of study area.
Methodology
The present study is exclusively based on secondary data collected from the different offices
like District Census Handbook, Agriculture Report from Krishi Bhavan, Zila Sankhikiya Patrika
from Vikas Bhavan and different websites. In this study crop diversification measure by Singh(1976) formula which is slightly modified the Bhatia (1965) formula, cropping intensity analyzed
with the help of Singh (1974) method and crop combination determined by Kikukazu Doi (1959)
method. Apart from this irrigation intensity measure with the help of gross irrigation area andnet shown area and land use efficiency calculated with the help of three positive variables like
69

NSA, cropped area shown more than once and irrigated area and two negative variables likeland not available for cultivation and another uncultivated land. The data were tabulated andanalyzed by using statistical methods, like mean, standard deviation (SD) and inter correlation
matrix. Mean and SD methods has been used for dividing the blocks into three categories, i.e.,high (above mean + ½ SD), medium (Mean + ½ SD to Mean- ½ SD) and low (Below mean ½ SD). The correlation measurement has been completed with the help of Carl Pearson
correlation method. Micro soft Excel and Arc GIS 10.2 software used for computation andcartographic presentation of regional variation and development.
Figure 01: The Study Area

Result and Discussion
Irrigation Intensity
Irrigation is the most important factor for agricultural works, and it helps to increase theproduction by facilitating higher intensity of cropping. Higher intensity shows that the farmers
do not depend on monsoon for irrigation and vice versa. It is observed that the use of a higher
level of modern agro-input is almost limited to irrigated land. It is mathematically expressed as:
𝐺𝐼𝐴

I1 = 𝑁𝑆𝐴 𝑋 100
Where Ii= Irrigation Intensity

GIA= Gross Irrigation Area

NSA= Net Shown Area

Based on the above formula after calculation of the irrigation intensity. The average
irrigation intensity of district is 140.10. High irrigation intensity found in Karanjakala block whilelowest intensity shows in Sirkoni block because of the canal irrigation absent in the Sirkoni
block. All blocks categorised in three groups. The northern and southern blocks have highirrigation intensity because here, the canal and ponds are used for irrigation. While thesurrounding blocks of Jaunpur city have moderate irrigation intensity but the tract of Sai-Gomati

70River is less irrigated area because the primary source the area is the pump set and about
these blocks are demarked as red zone block by the government (Figure 2 A).
Crop Diversification
Crop Diversification denotes the multiplication of agricultural activities where the crops
compere each other for occupying space. Several Agricultural scientists and geographers havedeveloped the formula to measure the diversification magnitude. However, the work of Bhatia(1965) is more precise, Singh (1976) has slightly modified Bhatia’s Formula (Icd) as Given
Below:
Icd=

Per cent of total harvest area under 'n' crops
Number of 'n' crops

Where‘n’ crops are those crops which individually occupy more than 5 per cent of the total croppedarea.
Low index shows the high diversification while high index indicates shows the low
diversification of crop in the study area. Based on the calculated diversification index, the wholestudy region is divided into three categories. The average crop diversification index is 38.69.
The high group of crop diversification indices sows above 39.93, and high crop diversification
found in nine blocks namely Dharmapur, Mariyahu, Muftiganj, Suithakala, Ramnagar,
Shahganj, Machhalishahar, Sujanganj, and Jalalpur (Fig. 2 B)
Land Use Efficiency
Land use Efficiency may be defined in terms of the effectiveness of land with which particular
land unit produces in response to the successive sees of capital and other inputs that are
combined with the term in the production process (Barlowe and Johnson, 1954). We havechosen the five variables like NSA, cropped area shown more than once and irrigated area asa positive indicator while land not available for cultivation and another uncultivated land as
negative variables for calculating the land use efficacy (Table 1 and Figure 2 C). The
percentage of all positive variable have been arranged in ascending order and percentage ofthe negative variable have been arranged as descending order. For the positive variable highrank assign for high value and low-rank assign for low value while for the negative variables,
low-rank assign for high value and low-rank assign for high value. After assigning the rank
block-wise to add all the rank and divide by no of variables (Five). The ranking co-efficient has
been obtained. The value of co-efficient grouped into three categories based on (mean +- ½
sd).
The low land-use efficiency find in the middle part of the study are due to undulating
surface, low irrigated are, riverine area etc. while high land-use efficiency shows in north andsouthwest part of study area due to flat terrain, canal irrigation system, high NSA and lessuncultivable land and western part of the district covered by moderate land-use efficiency(Table 1). For the balanced development in the district, adequate emphasis should be given
to removing the imbalance in land-use efficiency, which can be done through the improvementin irrigated facilities.
The present study shows that highly irrigated blocks occupied more land under double
cropping, indicating, thereby a positive correlation between irrigation facilities and cropping
intensity. After a critical analysis of selected variables. It is found that in the context of landuse efficiency, the present condition of Jaunpur district almost satisfactory.
71

Figure 02: A- Irrigation Intensity. B-Crop Diversification. C- Land use Efficiency. D
Cropping Intensity

72

Table 01: Block wise Land use Efficiency

Block
Suithakala
Shahganj
Khuthan
Karanjakala
Badlapur
Mahrajganj
BakshaSujanganj
M. Badshahpur
Machhalishahar
Mariyahu
Barsathi
SikraraDharmapur
RamnagarRampurMuftiganj
Jalalpur
Kerakat
Dobhi
Sirkoni

NSA
(%)
Rank
60.83
21
62.93
19
61.79
20
74.57
2
74.16
3
70.52
13
74.98
1
70.13
14
70.88
12
71.03
11
71.11
10
68.67
16
73.62
4
72.19
9
69.38
15
66.21
17
72.99
6
72.61
7
72.54
8
73.06
5
63.79
18

More Than
once
(%)
Rank
42.44
21
42.97
20
44.70
18
49.44
10
50.98
4
49.12
12
51.88
2
48.94
14
49.20
11
49.01
13
49.76
9
47.31
15
51.00
3
52.93
1
46.40
16
44.91
17
50.66
5
50.52
6
50.13
7
50.07
8
44.34
19

NIA
(%)
58.45
58.39
49.00
74.95
60.53
59.11
55.38
63.10
70.52
69.60
66.44
61.69
67.17
65.75
61.87
53.83
66.67
65.19
64.03
64.96
48.78

Rank
16
17
20
1
14
15
18
11
2
3
6
13
4
7
12
19
5
8
10
9
21

Land notAvailable for
Agriculture
(%)
Rank
2.10
12
2.40
17
2.27
15
2.44
18
2.17
14
1.66
8
0.99
1
1.70
9
1.01
2
1.58
7
2.35
16
3.13
21
1.93
11
2.10
13
2.91
20
2.85
19
1.40
6
1.31
5
1.77
10
1.12
3
1.29
4

Other
Uncultivated
Land
(%)
Rank
1.52
11
1.92
14
1.59
5
2.32
12
1.56
2
1.25
3
0.75
1
1.29
8
0.97
21
1.22
20
1.90
17
3.90
18
1.35
10
1.54
6
3.26
19
2.42
9
1.22
15
1.20
16
1.34
7
1.16
13
1.19
4

Efficiency
Co-efficient16.2 (H)
17.4 (H)
15.6 (H)
8.6 (L)
7.4 (L)10.2 (M)
4.6 (L)11.2 (M)
9.6 (M)
10.8 (M)11.6 (M)
16.6 (H)
6.4 (L)
7.2 (L)16.4 (H)
16.2 (H)
7.4 (L)
8.4 (L)
8.4 (L)
7.6 (L)13.2 (H)

Source: Calculated by the author based on Zila Sankhikiy Patrika, 2021

Cropping Intensity
The intensity of cropping indicates the yield raising capacity of land, which is increased byraising more than one crop in the same area or field during an agriculture year (Singh, 1974).
The cropping intensity is expressed in terms of the total cropped area as a percentage of the
net shown area in the agricultural year: it can be expressed as
Cropping intensity =

𝐺𝑆𝐴
𝑋 100
𝑁𝑆𝐴

Where GSA = Grass Shown area and NSA = Net Sown Area
The cropping intensity in the district increased by 15.12 percent during 2001-2021.
Higher the index grater is the efficiency of land use. The spatial pattern of cropping intensity in
the Jaunpur district varies significantly and the average cropping intensity index is 100.07.
Dharmapur and Khuthan block have maximum cropping intensity means these blocks
maximum used of their sown area due to agricultural knowledge and means of irrigation. While
the middle and east part of blocks namely Khuthan, Mariyahu, Sujanganj, Suithakala,
Mahrajganj, Jalalpur, Sirkoni, Muftiganj, Mungra Badshahpur, Sikrara, Baksha, Kerakat,
Machhalishahar, Barsathi, Badlapur and Dobhi block counted in the medium category due tosome positive factors irrigation sources and agricultural inputs and some North East andSouthern two blocks use their minimum land due to wetland problems (Table 2 and Figure 2
D).

73

Table 02: Block wise Irrigation intensity and Cropping intensity (Percent)Irrigation Intensity
Cropping Intensity
2001
2021
Change2001
2021
127.37 151.02
23.65
154.47
169.77122.77 147.08
24.31
147.63168.28124.53 124.68
0.15
151.52172.35143.19 159.48
16.29
159.27166.3099.75 130.35
30.60
149.49168.75113.67 131.52
17.85
155.84169.66
123.65 120.57-3.08
161.83169.19117.11 140.82
23.71
148.41
169.78107.90 155.21
47.31
151.91
169.41
107.47 153.63
46.16
144.87169.0096.58 148.36
51.78
148.40169.9788.17 140.42
52.25
154.05168.90125.05 143.29
18.24
164.97169.28143.01 145.22
2.21
158.44173.33139.47 139.07-0.40
160.72166.8885.72 130.89
45.17
147.40167.82136.45 142.34
5.90
156.79169.41119.84 140.43
20.59
153.40169.58130.64 139.83
9.20
152.48169.10137.25 138.39
1.14
155.40168.54150.80 119.52-31.28160.05
169.52120.97 140.10
19.13
154.16169.28Source: Calculated based on Zila Sankhikiy Patrika, 2021
Block
Suithakala
Shahganj
Khuthan
Karanjakala
Badlapur
Mahrajganj
BakshaSujanganj
Mungra Badshahpur
Machhalishahar
Mariyahu
Barsathi
SikraraDharmapur
RamnagarRampurMuftiganj
Jalalpur
Kerakat
Dobhi
SirkoniChange
15.29
20.64
20.83
7.03
19.26
13.81
7.36
21.37
17.50
24.12
21.58
14.85
4.32
14.88
6.17
20.42
12.62
16.17
16.63
13.13
9.46
15.12

Crop Ranking
The ranking of crops is decided by the areal coverage of crops, which gives a clear-cut pictureof the relationship between crops and soil with cropping structure. In present study, crops havebeen ranked at the block level based on available data of percentage coverage of the cropped
area by different crops. We have chosen seven crops which are covered the more than 95%
area of the total cropped area then calculate the average cropped area between 2011 to 2021,
therefore, we chosen the best four crops according to their cropped area.
In the study area, wheat is the dominant crop in all blocks due to productive land, lessneed for low irrigation rainfall, and suitable climatic condition. Paddy dominated as the second
crop in nineteen blocks, but maize is in Sirkoni and Baksha block as a second-ranking crop
because it the tract of Gomati and Sai River and with having less irrigational sources andundulating surface and rice need a plain area for water stability and more than irrigation ofmaize. There is little diversification in third crop ranking. Maize is the third crop in 15 blocks,
but in Suithakala, Sujanganj, Mugara Badshahpur, Ramnagar, and Rampur have pulses are
dominant while rice is the third crop in Sirkoni and Baksha due to less irrigation. Morediversification is found among the fourth crop ranking crops (Pulses, maize, vegetable). Pulses
are the dominant as the fourth crop in 15 blocks and its production manly in OFZ II due tohigher of Floodplain Zone and need less irrigation, but Suithakala, Sujanganj, Mugara
Badshahpur, Rampur and Ramnagar have maize as the fourth crop while Karanjakala hasvegetable as a fourth dominating crop because of the demand of urban population and their
one mandi of vegetable in Karanjakala block (Figure 3).

74Figure 03: Crop Ranking

Crop Combination
Crops are generally grown in combination (Weaver, 1954). The pattern of crop combination
provides rise to spatial predominates of certain crops are combination resulting in theemergence of crop regions, and such analysis would ultimately minimize the changes ofoversimplified generalization (Ali. M., 1978). The Distributional pattern of crops havedeveloped crop predominance area, which has given rise to different crop combination units.
The crops are generally grown in combination, and it is rarely found that a particular crop
occupies a position of total isolation form other crops in each areal unit at a given point of time
(Hussain, 1982). Crop combination study in geography is fruitful in many ways; firstly, it
provides an adequate understanding of an individual crop; secondary combination regions are
essential for the construction of a more complex structure of vivid agriculture regions (Weaver,1954). Weaver made the study of crop combination first attempt for delineation of agriculture
regions in 1954 for studies of Middle East countries, Thomas (1963) modified Weaver formula75

by including all crops with zero percent value and Bhatia (1965), and Rafiullah (1956) alsostudies the crop combination regions. For a comprehensive and clear understanding of the
agricultural crops mosaics, agricultural regionalization, and planning, the combinational
analysis of crops become a necessary one. Crop combination are directly mirrored the existing
physio-socio-cultural environment prevailing area. (For a more objective grouping of crop
combination region, several the statistical techniques have invented among which Kikukazu
Doi (1959) formula has been found to be quite satisfactory. This can be expressed as:𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑆𝐷) = ∑𝑑 2
Doi has also held the cultivated land is distributed equally among all crops. Doi has
greatly simplified the calculation of minimum deviation by creating a table. For this combination,
it is not necessary to square the difference of real or theoretical percentage area for a
combination form this table. In this table, for determining the combination of crops, it is a criticalvalue for the next crop of the next crop of the combination in terms of the sum of the percentage
of all crops. In determining the crop combination based on this table, it is kept in mind that if
the percentage area of the next crop is more than that critical value, then it will be included in
the combination; otherwise, it is not considered. Based on Doi method, the result shows that
there are three types crop combinations in the study area (Figure 4). That are given below
Figure 04: Crop Combination

Wheat-Rice
The OFZ I, OFZ II and wetland area mostly cropped by two crop wheat and rice-wheat is themain crop and rice is the secondary crops of Jaunpur district and Suithakala, Shahganj,76

Mahrajganj, Sujanganj, Mungra Badshahpur, Machhalishahar, Mariyahu, Barsathi, Ramnagar,
Rampur Muftiganj, Jalalpur, Kerakat and Dobhi have wheat rice combination. Due to medium
fertile soil, wetland, and other factors.
Wheat-Rice-Maize
Khuthan, Karanjakala, Badlapur, Sikrara, and Dharmapur counts in three crop combination.
These blocks have NFZ I, and NFZ II and maize also considered as main crops due to fertile
soil and undulating surface because maize wants less irrigation.
Wheat-Maize- Rice
Baksha and Sirkoni block are maize dominated area after wheat because these are less
irrigated crops. Rice production less quantity in these areas because it is waterlogged copeand this zone are negatively considered for water availability.
Correlation matrix of variables
Correlation matrix shows the inter-correlation among all the dimension. All the dimension has
positively correlated by each other. Irrigation intensity is moderate positively correlate withcropping intensity, low moderate correlation found between cropping intensity and land use
efficiency while rest of the aspects low positively correlate (Table 3 and Figure 5).
Table 03: Correlation between different aspects of agriculture
Irrigation
Intensity
1
0.56
0.21
0.19

Category
Irrigation Intensity
Cropping Intensity
Land use efficiency
Crop diversification

Cropping
Intensity

Land use
efficiency

Cropdiversification

1
0.31
0.22

1
0.09

1

30

30

25

25

Cropping Intensity

Cropping Intensity

Figure 05: Correlation between Cropping intensity, Irrigation intensity and Land use

20
15
10
5
0

20
15
10

5
0

-50

0

50

100

0

10

Land use efficiency

20

Irrigation Intensity
Conclusion
A study related to agricultural characteristics of Jaunpur district during year 2021 shows that
there are many disparities in agriculture diversification, crop ranking, crop combination and to
calculate the irrigation intensity, cropping intensity, land use efficiency. High irrigation intensity
found in Karanjakala block while lowest intensity shows in Sirkoni block because of the canalirrigation absent in the Sirkoni block. The present study shows that highly irrigated blocks
occupied more land under double cropping, indicating, thereby a positive correlation between
irrigation facilities and cropping intensity. Dharmapur and Khuthan block have maximum
cropping intensity means these blocks maximum used of their sown area due to agricultural
knowledge and means of irrigation. While the middle and east part of blocks namely Khuthan,Mariyahu, Sujanganj, Suithakala, Mahrajganj, Jalalpur, Sirkoni, Muftiganj, Mungra

77Badshahpur, Sikrara, Baksha, Kerakat, Machhalishahar, Barsathi, Badlapur and Dobhi block
counted in the medium category due to some positive factors irrigation sources and agricultural
inputs. In study area wheat is the dominant crop in all blocks while paddy second dominatedin nineteen blocks and maize is in Sirkoni and Baksha block as a second-ranking crop because
it the tract of Gomati and Sai River. The OFZ I, OFZ II and wetland area mostly cropped by
two crop wheat and rice-wheat, Khuthan, Karanjakala, Badlapur, Sikrara, and Dharmapurcounts in three crops.
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