Ruby Coast Research Centre
Health and Environment International Trust
Mapua, Nelson, New Zealand
In collaboration with:
United Nations University, International Institute of Global Health,Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
andLund University, Umea University, Sweden
Australian National University, Australia
University College London, United Kingdom
Nelson-Marlborough Institute of Technology, New ZealandTechnical report 2014:1

Hothaps Program Update,June 2014 :Progress report on a program for assessment andprevention of impacts of climate conditions and climatechange on working people
by Tord Kjellstrom, Health and environment International trust, Mapua, New Zealand,
Bruno Lemke and Matthias Otto, Nelson-Marlborough Institute of Technology,
Nelson, New Zealand

Olivia Hyatt, David Briggs, Chris Freyberg, consultants, Nelson, New Zealand1

THE “Hothaps” Program Update, June, 2014
Hothaps = High Occupational Temperature: Health and Productivity Suppression
Aims
This program is designed to carry out and facilitate research and analysis on effects of heat
exposure on working people (including gender aspects and effects on pregnant women and on
children), to quantify climate change-related increases in workplace heat exposures and theimpact this will have on human health and productivity in different locations around the world,
and to identify feasible ways to prevent or reduce such exposures and effects. Impacts ofincreasing heat on health equity and associated links to economic development and human rights
will also be assessed. The ultimate aim is to improve the understanding of the potential working
life consequences of climate change and to promote effective prevention..
Overview
This program includes studies that: Develop better methods for assessing human heat exposure and heat stress using a varietyof heat stress indexes Measure and model current and future heat exposures in different parts of the world
 Describe the history and local cultural aspects of heat impacts on working people
 Link to other bio-meteorological research on the biological mechanisms and clinicalconsequences of heat exposure.
 Test methods to measure effects of heat on human health and performance (particularly
physical activity and work capacity)
 Apply such methods in Hothaps field studies in different parts of the world, focusing on
workplaces in already hot locations (includes heat waves and continuous hot climates)
 Quantify the exposure-response relationships for direct heat effects and other workplace
related effects of climate conditions
 Analyse the age- and gender-specific impacts of heat stress, including studies of pregnant
women, working children, school children, elderly workers and other vulnerable groups Use climate change model outputs from internationally agreed models to estimate future
trends of heat and cold exposures and the likely impacts on health and humanperformance of working people at local, national, regional and global level (using
globally gridded data)
 Estimate the “burden of disease and injury” due to heat exposure Estimate the social and economic consequences of these Hothaps impacts
The Hothaps program welcomes independent research and analysis on any of these topics as it is
not “possessive” of its’ methods and results. The emerging evidence about the “Hothaps effect”
is a “public good” that should be shared freely in order to facilitate and encourage preventive
actions in any location. Background information, analysis methods and Hothaps study results
will be provided and regularly updated on the website www.ClimateCHIP.org and on websitesof the collaborating institutions.

2Background
The recent global assessment of climate change impacts on human health has, however, brought thebroader health and well-being impacts of heat on working people to a higher visibility (IPCC, 2014).
The increasing heat exposure due to climate change during the hottest parts of the day in the hottest
seasons will affect the productivity of people who have to work in the ambient climate, and the impacts
on economic output is likely to be very large (DARA, 2012). In many tropical and sub-tropical countries
the loss of labor productivity due to workplace heat will increase by billions of US dollars each year
(DARA, 2012). Workplace heat will affect outdoor workers and many indoor workers in factories orother workplaces (even offices) without air conditioning (ISO, 1989; Parsons, 2014). Because physicalwork activities add surplus heat production inside the human body to the accumulated heat load, heatstress becomes a particular problem for working people when heat exposure from outside the body ishigh. If the ambient air temperature is higher than 37 °C, heat transfer goes into the body, and only
evaporation of sweat can reduce body heat (Parsons, 2014). However, such evaporation is less and lesseffective as the humidity level goes up, and at 100% relative humidity sweating continues but it creates nobody heat loss via evaporation.
Because of these well known physiological conditions, working people in non-cooled workplaceenvironments are particularly vulnerable to heat strain in the form of clinical health effects or reduced
physical performance (includes work capacity or productivity) as climate change causes temperatures toincrease in most areas of the world (Kjellstrom et al., 2009a; Kjellstrom et al., 2013). The Hothaps
program was designed and started to meet the need for analysis of increasing heat exposure as a problem
in different parts of the world, and to identify effective heat prevention methods that can be integrated
into future developments of working environments (indoors and outdoors) in agriculture, construction,
manufacturing and services (Kjellstrom et al., 2009b; Kjellstrom et al., 2014). Heat is of course also a
problem for clinical health effects, including heat wave mortality, which are described and quantified in a
number of studies and reviews (e.g. McMichael et al., 1996, 2003; Costello et al., 2009). The heat effects
on daily activities, work tasks and leisure sports are however generally ignored (as they are notconsidered “health effects”) and the Hothaps program is aiming at filling the evidence gap.

References*Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, Ball S, Bell S, Bellamy R, et al. (2009) (Lancet-University College London
Commission). Managing the health effects of climate change. The Lancet 373: 1693-1733.
*DARA (2012) Climate Vulnerability Monitor 2012. Madrid, Fundacion DARA Internacional.
*IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Contribution of working group 2 to the fifth assessment report. Healthimpacts chapter. Geneva: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
*ISO (1989) Hot environments - Estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb
globe temperature). ISO Standard 7243. Geneva: International Standards Organization.
*KjellstromT, Holmer I, Lemke B. (2009a) Workplace heat stress, health and productivity – an increasing challenge
for low and middle income countries during climate change. Global Health Action 2009; 2: DOI
10.3402/gha.v210.2047.
*Kjellstrom T, Gabrysch S, Lemke B, Dear K. (2009b) The “Hothaps” program for assessment of climate change
impacts on occupational health and productivity: An invitation to carry out field studies. Global Health Action 2009;
2: (on website: www.globalhealthaction.net). DOI 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2082.
*Kjellstrom T, Lemke B, Otto M (2013) Mapping occupational heat exposure and effects in South-East Asia:
Ongoing time trends 1980-2009 and future estimates to 2050. Indust Health 51: 56-67.
*Kjellstrom et al., (2014) Climate change impact on Occupational heat stress and related health and productivity
effects. Technical report (in press on www.ClimateCHIP.org).
*Parsons K.(2014) Human thermal environments. The effects of hot, moderate and cold temperatures on humanhealth, comfort and performance.3rd edition. London: Taylor & Francis; 2014.

3

Program development
The program started in 2008 and the progress and outputs have been presented in more than 90
publications (see Appendix). Further work is needed before it can be fully integrated into comprehensive
assessments of the human health and well-being impacts of climate conditions and climate change. From
the outset, method descriptions, guidance materials and proposed research protocols for Hothaps havebeen made freely available. This has stimulated new studies in different parts of the world. A website
with relevant information and a Hothaps-Soft database and software have been developed (see:www.ClimateCHIP.org).
The program was initiated by the research group Health and Environment International Trust, Ltd, in New
Zealand, and has received significant financial (via research grants) and other support during the firstyears of development from Australian National University, National Centre for Epidemiology andPopulation Health (NCEPH), Canberra, Australia (ANU), Umea University, Centre for Global HealthResearch, Umea, Sweden (UMU), University College London, Institute for Global Health, London,
United Kingdom, and University of Tromso, Centre for International Health, Tromso, Norway. Links
have also been made with Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago,
Wellington, New Zealand, the Nelson-Marlborough Institute of Technology, Nelson, New Zealand, and anumber of academic units in tropical cooperating countries.
In 2014 Hothaps was made a key component of the Environmental Health program of the United Nations
University International Institute of Global Health (IIGH), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is also an
important part of the interdisciplinary project on HEAT at the Pufendorf Institute, Lund University, Lund,
Sweden. It contributes to the AVOID2 program at University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom,
and the climate change and health research program at University of Wisconsin, Global Health Institute,
Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

The program was developed by Professor Tord Kjellstrom who has been:-

Director, Office of Global and Integrated Environmental Health, WHO, Geneva, 1985-1997
Professor of Environmental Health, University of Auckland, 1998-2002
Director, Health and Environment International Trust, Mapua, New Zealand, 2000 - ......
Visiting Fellow, Professor, ANU, NCEPH, Australia, 2002 - .....
Senior Professor, Umeå University, Sweden, 2010-2013
Honorary Professor, University College London, 2011 –Visiting Professor, United Nations University, IIGH, Malaysia, 2014 –Visiting Research Fellow, Lund University, Sweden, 2014 -The research team in New Zealand includes: Tord Kjellstrom; and Bruno Lemke and Matthias Otto,
Nelson-Marlborough Institute of Technology; Olivia Hyatt, Chris Freyberg, Dave Briggs, Anna Crosbie,
Carolyn Hughes and Adrienne Taylor, consultant researchers, New ZealandDuring the development the program has benefitted from important scientific and other input
from a number of experienced scientist including:
Tony McMichael, Liz Hanna, Keith Dear, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health,
Australian National University, Australia
Peter Byass, Rainer Sauerborn, Drs Joacim Rocklov, Maria Nilsson, Rebekah Lucas, Centre for Global
Health Research, Umeå University, Sweden
Jon Oyvind Odland, International Health, University of Tromsö, Norway

4

Anthony Costello, Michael Davies, Anna Mavrogianni, University College London, United Kingdom
Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar Holmer, Maria Albin, Kristina Jakobsson, Lund University, Sweden
Hannu Rintamaki, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
Ken Parsons, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
Shin-ichi Sawada, National Institute of Occupational Health, Japan
Martin Manning, Ralph Chapman, Victoria University, New ZealandPhilippa Howden-Chapman, Otago University, New Zealand
Marc Schenker, University of California, Davis, USA
In addition, there are a number of scientists from specific countries who have been active contributors inpublished work to date. These include:
Juma Rahmna, Bangladesh, Jennifer Crowe, Costa Rica, Luis Blanco, Nicaragua
Ramon Antonio Garcia-Trabanino, El Salvador
Hildaura A de Patino and Anabel Tatis, Panama
Angie Mathee, Joy Oba, Mark Collinson, Stephen Tollman, Jonny Myers, South Africa
Leonie Dapi, Cameroon
Ahmed Balogun, Nigeria
Vidhya Venugopal, Pranab Nag, Anjira Nag, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Sushil K Dash, Subhashis Sahu,
Wasundhara Joshi, India
Bandana Pradhan, Nepal Keith Dear, China
Benjawan Tawatsupa, Uma Langkulsen, Nuntavarn Vichit-Vadakan, Sasitorn Taptagaporn,Thailand
Nguyen Bich Diep, Duong Khanh Van, Nguyen Thu Ha, Vietnam
Steve Sherwood, Peng Bi, Australia
Sudhvir Singh, Alistair Woodward, Simon Hales, New Zealand
Marc Schenker, Jonathan Patz, Thoams Bernard, USA Christer Hogstedt, Sweden….. additional people have provided unpublished Hothaps input
Descriptions of current and likely future workplace heat exposure around the world
Hothaps has accumulated grid cell (0.5 x 0.5 degrees) data for the whole world on monthly climate
variables, which can be used to calculate the occupational heat stress index WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe
Temperature), or any other heat index, in any part of the world and any month. The map below shows theexample of 30-year average (1980-2009) of monthly average WBGT in the afternoons indoors or in fullshade for the hottest month in each part of the world (e.g. hottest summer days are August in the USA andEgypt; April in India; January in Australia).
The seven hottest days each month can be estimated at 2-3 °C higher levels than those in the map, and thethree hottest days may be up to 5 °C hotter than the levels in the map. The WBGT heat level outdoors inthe sun in the afternoons is usually 2-3 °C hotter than the indoor or full shade values. It is clear thatmoderate or high risk of heat stress in outdoor or non-cooled indoor environments is an important
problem for many countries in the tropical and sub-tropical zones. The Hothaps website
www.ClimateCHIP.org includes heat analysis tools for this type of gridded data available for each place
on Earth. This map was included in the IPCC (2014) health impact chapter. The heat exposure intensity
scale below the map (shown as different colors on the map) is based on the international standard forprevention of workplace heat effects (ISO, 1989). When WBGT reaches 25 or 26 °C, the heat stress on
people carrying out very intensive labor is so high that frequent rest periods are recommended. The higher
the WBGT, the more rest is needed.

5

Another Hothaps analysis tool is the Hothaps-Soft software and database with daily data from thousandsof weather stations around the world. In a few seconds the actual measured climate data as well as
calculated WBGT, UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index), and other heat stress relevant variables canbe presented in graphics like the two below for the airports in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) and Miami(USA). The time trends for 1980-2013 can be calculated and data for the same grid cell (CRU = Climate
Research Unit) as where the weather station is located can be shown (as shown for Miami below). The
annual trends for average WBGTmax (afternoon values) are 0.3 °C per decade in Kuala Lumpur and 0.1 –0.15 °C per decade in Miami.

The ongoing work for Hothaps will include calculations from risk functions of different health effects ofclimate conditions as well as the potentially related social and economic impacts. The resulting “Heatexposure health impact assessments” can also be presented as maps and trend graphs. The maps andgraphics tools are made available for local analysis, and they will create new opportunities for health6

authorities, educational institutions (including high schools), and other interested organizations to maketheir own analysis and develop training and information on local climate change impacts on health andwell-being.
This analysis makes it possible also to estimate the percentage of annual daylight work hours lost because
it is too hot to work, indicating the work capacity and labor productivity loss (as for SE Asia below,
included in a recent report, Kjellstrom et al., 2014).
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

A = 1975
B = 2030
South-East South-East South-East South-East
Asia, heavy
Asia,
Asia, heavy
Asia,
outdoors moderateindoors
moderate
outdoorsindoors

C = 2050

The work capacity loss and health impact data can also be presented in maps and the website
www.ClimateCHIP.org makes it possible to zoom in directly on specific sites.

Completed Hothaps activities--

Methods development for heat stress indicators measurement and calculation
Publication of initial risk assessment based on reviews of available reports
Field studies and reports from Taiwan, Thailand, India, Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand,
Nigeria, Cameroon, South Africa, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.
Development of heat mapping methods and publications for selected regions, including Africa
and South-East Asia
Development of Hothaps-Soft software and database for local heat analysis
Downloading of RCP modeled data by 0.5 x 0.5 degree grid cells
Estimating global and regional impact of heat on working people, health and social effects, andeconomic outcomes as a part of the Comparative Risk Assessment carried out for the WHO
global impact analysis

Establishing the website www.ClimateCHIP.org for information and sharing of tools,
data and new analysis

Ongoing Hothaps activities- Special studies of heat stress and prevention in India, and communication and promotion of-

results (funded by Sida, Sweden)
Field studies of core body temperature increase in young working women due to ambient heatand continuous physically active work in order to assess risk for impacts on pregnancy (United
Nations University)

7

-

-

-

Nationwide study of workers in Australia, including dehydration analysis (funded by NHMRC,
Australia)
Heat effects on agricultural workers in California (funded by NIOSH, USA)
Publication of reports on Hothaps-Soft software development and other methods development
Global mapping of heat stress and cold stress, and health risks and productivity losses, as well as
links to air conditioning use
Cooperation with Central American and USA scientists in assessing chronic kidney disease
epidemic and its relationship to heat exposure and dehydration
Analysis of architectural design and urban design impacts on local heat exposures in buildings
Further development of ClimateCHIP website
Producing ClimateCHIPs (Climate Change Health Impacts and Prevention profiles) for selected
countries and regions.
Analyzing the economic impacts of different climate change effects on health and well-being
Producing short notes for websites on Hothaps issues and the emerging research and analysis
results.
Facilitating inter-disciplinary cooperation via new links between climatologists, health scientists,social scientists, economists, architects/engineers, etc.
Strengthening Hothaps networking and communication for climate change policy development at
national and international level

Potential planned Hothaps activities-

Further field studies in countries (plans on track for Egypt, Ghana, Ethiopia, India, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Thailand, China, Colombia, Brazil and USA)
Effect of heat on agricultural workers productivity and impacts on local food production in low
income areas
Effects of indoor classroom heat on school children’s learning ability
Establishing heat and cold exposure response relationships and definition of a “Livable climate”
Defining thresholds for need for cooling systems in residential and workplace buildings
Identifying eco-friendly cooling systems for workplaces and schools
Global mapping of need for air cooling in workplaces analyzing potential for renewable energy
solutions8Appendix.
Publications list for Hothaps reports, 2000-2014 (Chronological order); updated to 25 June 2014.
Peer reviewed journal articlesth

1. Kjellstrom, T. Climate change, heat exposure and labour productivity. Proc. ISEE 2000, 12 Conferenceof the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology, Buffalo, USA, August, 2000. Epidemiology, 2000,
11, S144. http://www.epidem.com/pt/re/epidemiology/fulltext.00001648-20000700000380.htm;jsessionid=LvLN9dlhWV9G6nKbj28KLJD1Q2kJy1tGvmhpwhKt4xvknH4dDhJx!1412394389!181195629!8091!-1
2. Hales, S., Salmond, C., Town, I.C., Kjellstrom, T. and Woodward, A. Daily mortality in relation to weather
and air pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand. Aust. NZ J PH, 2000, 24, 89-91.
3. McMichael AJ, Kjellstrom T. Sustainable Development, Global Environmental Change and Public Health.
Isuma, Fall 2002: 43-50.
4. D'Souza RM, Becker N, Hall G, Kjellstrom T, Bambrick H, Kelsall L, Hanigan I, Guest C. Climatic factors
associated with admissions of diarrhoea in children under the age of five years. (Abstract). Epidemiology,
2005; 16(5): S60.
5. D'Souza RM, Becker NG, Kjellstrom T, Bambrick H, Woodruff R, Kelsall L, Hanigan I, Guest C. Influence ofclimatic factors on hospitalizations and emergency room presentations of asthma and other respiratory
conditions in children.(Abstract). Epidemiology, 2005; 16(5): S50.
6. Dear K, Ranmuthugala G, Kjellstrom T, Skinner C and Hanigan I. Effects of temperature and ozone on daily
mortality during the August 2003 heat wave in France. Arch. Environ Occup Health, 2005, 60: 205-212.
7. Friel S, Marmot M, McMichael AJ,Kjellstrom T, Vågerö D. Global health equity and climate stabilisation need for a common agenda. The Lancet, 2008; 372: 1677-1683.
8. Kjellstrom T and Weaver HJ. Climate Change and Health -- impacts, vulnerability, adaptation andmitigation. NSW Publ Health Bulletin, 2009, 20, 5-9
9. Kjellstrom T. Climate change, direct heat exposure, health and well-being in low and middle income
countries. Global Health Action, 2009 2.
10. Crowe J, van Wendel de Joode B, Wesseling C. A pilot field evaluation on heat stress in sugar cane workers
in Costa Rica: What to do next? Global Health Action 2009, 2. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2062
11. Kjellstrom T, Kovats S, Lloyd SJ, Holt T, Tol RSJ. The direct impact of climate change on regional labour
productivity. Int Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2009, 64, 217-227 (on website:
http://ensembles-eu.metoffice.com/docs/kjellstrom_2009_prod_paper.pdf).
12. Kjellstrom T, Holmer I, Lemke B. Workplace heat stress, health and productivity – an increasing challenge
for low and middle income countries during climate change. Global Health Action 2009(on website:www.globalhealthaction.net). DOI 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2047.
13. Kjellstrom T, Gabrysch S, Lemke B, Dear K. The “Hothaps” program for assessment of climate change
impacts on occupational health and productivity: An invitation to carry out field studies. Global Health Action
2009, 2. (on website: www.globalhealthaction.net). DOI 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2082.
14. Sauerborn R, Kjellstrom T, Nilsson M. Health as a crucial driver for climate policy. Global Health Action
2009, 2. (on website: www.globalhealthaction.net). DOI 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2104.
15. Jendritzky G, Tinz B. The thermal environment of the human being on the global scale. Global Health
Action 2009, 2. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2005
16. Ayyappan R, Sambandam S, Rajkumar P, Balakrishnan K. Work-related heat stress concerns in automotive
industries: a case study from Chennai, India. Global Health Action 2009, 2. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2060
17. Lin R-T, Chan C-C. Effects of heat on workers’ health and productivity in Taiwan. Global Health Action
2009, 2. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2024

9

18. Parsons K. Maintaining health, comfort and productivity in heat waves. Global Health Action 2009, 2. DOI:
10.3402/gha.v2i0.2057
19. Delgado Cortez O. Heat stress assessment among workers in a Nicaraguan sugar cane farm. Global Health
Action 2009, 2. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2069
20. Preet R, Nilsson M, Schumann B, Evengard B. The gender perspective in climate change and global health.
Global Health Action, 2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5720
21. Crowe J, Moya-Bonilla JM, Roman-Solano B, Robles-Ramirez A. Heat exposure in sugar cane workers in
Costa Rica during the non-harvest season. Global Health Action, 2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5619
22. Kjellstrom T, Butler A-J, Lucas R, Bonita R. Public health impact of global heating due to climate change –potential effects on chronic non-communicable diseases. International Journal of Public Health 2010, 55, 97103. DOI: 10.1007/s00038-009-0090-2.
23. Langkulsen U, Vichit-Vadakan N, Taptagaporn S. Health Impact of climate change on occupational healthand productivity in Thailand. Global Health Action, 2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5607
24. Mathee A, Oba J, Rose A. Climate change impacts on working people (The Hothaps initiative): findings of
the South African pilot study. Global Health Action, 2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5612
25. Balakrishnan K, Ayyappan R, Dasu V, Stephen JC, Sivaperumal MR, Kumarasamy D, Mukhopadhyay K,
Ghosh S, Sambandam S. Case studies on heat stress related perceptions in different industrial sectors insouthern India. Global Health Action, 2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5635
26. Balogun AA, Balogun IA, Adeyewa ZD. Comparison of urban and rural heat stress conditions in a hot
humid tropical city. Global Health Action, 2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5614
27. Bennet C, McMichael T. Non-heat related impacts of climate change on working populations.Global
Health Action, 2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5640
28. Berry HL, Bowen K, Kjellstrom T. Climate change and mental health: a causal pathways framework. Int J
Public Health, 2010, 55, 123-132, DOI: 10.1007/s00038-009-0112-0
29. Tawatsupa B, Lim L, Kjellstrom T, Seubsman S, Sleigh A, Thai Cohort Study Team. The association between
overall health, psychological stress and occupational heat stress among a large national cohort of 40,913 Thai
workers. Global Health Action 2010, 3: 5034 - DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5034
30. Byass P, Twine W, Collinson M, Tollman S, Kjellstrom T. Assessing a population’s exposure to heat andhumidity: an empirical approach. Global Health Action, 2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5421.
31. Hanna EG, Kjellstrom T, Bennett C, Dear KM. Climate change and rising heat: population health
implications for working people in Australia. Asia Pacific J Publ Health, December 15, 2010, doi:
10.1177/1010539510391457.
32. Bi P, Williams S, Loughnan M, Lloyd G, Hansen A, Kjellstrom T, Dear K, Saniotis A. The effects of extreme
heat on human mortality and morbidity in Australia: implications for public health. Asia Pacific Journal Public
Health 2011. 23 (2 Suppl):27S-36.
33. Nilsson M, Kjellstrom T. Invited editorial: climate change impacts on working people: how to develop
prevention policies. Global Health Action, 2010, 3 (DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5774)
34. Hyatt O, Lemke B, Kjellstrom T. Regional maps of occupational heat exposure: past, present and potential
future. Global Health Action. 2010, 3.( DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5715)
35. Dapi LN, Rocklov J, Nguefack-Tsague G, Tetanye E, Kjellstrom T. Heat impact on school children in
Cameroon, Africa: potential health threat from climate change. Global Health Action, 2010, 3 (DOI:
10.3402/gha.v3i0.5610)
36. Hollowell DR Human perceptions and reactions to environmental heat – a brief note of issues of concern
in relation to occupational health. Global Health Action, 2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5632
37. Holmer I Climate change and occupational heat stress: methods for assessment. Global Health Action,
2010, 3. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5719
38. Sherwood S, Kjellstrom T,Green D. Heat stress in a warming world.. Australasian Science, 2010, 31, 18-20.
39. Friel S, Hancock T, Kjellstrom T, McGranahan G, Monge P, Roy Y. Urban Health Inequities and the addedpressure of Climate Change: An Action-Oriented Research Agenda. J Urban Health, 2011 (on web 23 August)1040. Hanna EG, Kjellstrom T, Bennett C, Dear K. Climate change and rising heat: population health implications
for working people in Australia. Asia-Pacific JPubl Health. 2011;23(2 Supp):14S-26S
41. Dash SK, Kjellstrom T Workplace heat stress in the context of rising temperature in India. Current Science,
2011, 101, 496-503.
42. Kjellstrom T. Climate change, occupational health and workplace productivity. Proc. OH&S Forum 2011.
Helsinki, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. pp. 178-182.
http://www.ttl.fi/en/publications/Electronic_publications/Documents/Forum2011_proceedings.pdf
43. Kjellstrom T, Crowe J. Climate change, workplace heat exposure and occupational health in Central
America. Int J Environmental Occupational Health, 2011, 17, 270-281.
44. Tawatsupa B, Lim LL-Y, Kjellstrom T, Seubsman S, Sleigh A & the Thai Cohort Study team. Association
Between Occupational Heat Stress and Kidney Disease Among 37 816 Workers in the Thai Cohort Study (TCS).
Journal of Epidemiology, 2012. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20110082.
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jea/advpub/0/advpub_1202140291/_article
45. Lemke B, Kjellstrom T. Calculating workplace WBGT from meteorological data. Industrial Health, 2012, 50,
267-278.
46. Kjellstrom T, Lemke B, Otto M Mapping occupational heat exposure and effects in South-East Asia:
Ongoing time trends 1980-2009 and future estimates to 2050. Indust Health 2013, 51: 56-67.
47. Kjellstrom T, McMichael AJ Climate change threats to population health and well-being: the imperative ofprotective solutions that will last. Global Health Action, 2013, 6, DOI = doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20816.
http://www.globalhealthaction.net/index.php/gha/article/view/20816
48. Smith KR, Frumkin H, Balakrishnan K, Butler CD, Chafe Z, Fairlie I, Kinney P, Kjellstrom T, Mauzerall DL,
McKone TE, McMichael AJ, Schneider M. Energy and human health, Annual Review of Public Health 2013, 34:
159-188, (web published, Jan 16, 2013, 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114404)
49. Sahu S, Sett M, Kjellstrom T. Heat Exposure, Cardiovascular Stress and Work Productivity in Rice
Harvesters in India: Implications for a Climate Change Future. Ind Health, 2013, 51, 424-431.
50. Sheffield PE, Herrera JGR, Lemke B, Kjellstrom T, Romero LEB. Current and future heat stress in
Nicaraguan work places under a changing climate. Ind Health, 2013, 51, 123-127.
51. Adam-Poupart A, Labreche F, Smargiassy A, Duguay P, Busque M-A, Gagne C, Rintamaki H, Kjellstrom T,
Zayed J. Climate change and occupational health and safety in a temperature climate: Potential impacts andresearch priorities in Quebec, Canada. Ind Health, 2013, 51, 68-78.
52. Tawatsupa B, Yiengprugsawan V, Kjellstrom T, Berecki-Gisolf J, Seubsman SA, Sleigh A. Association
between heat stress and occupational injury among Thai workers: findings of teh Thai Cohort Study. Ind
Health 2013, 51, 34-46.
53. Kjellstrom T, Sawada S, Bernard TE, Parsons K, Rintamaki H, Holmer I. Climate change and occupational
heat problems. Editorial, Ind Health, 2013, 51, 1-2.
54. Crowe J, Wesseling C, Roman Solano B, Pinto Umana M, Robles Ramirez A, Kjellstrom T, Morales D,
Nilsson M. Heat exposure in sugar cane harvesters in Costa Rica. Am J Ind Med, 2013, (on line).
55. Singh S, Hanna L, Kjellstrom T. Working in Australia’s heat: health promotion concerns for health andproductivity. Health Pro Internat, 2013; DOI:10.1093/heapro/dat027
56. Lundgren K, Kjellstrom T. Sustainability challenges from climate change and air conditioning use in urban
areas. Sustainability 2013, 5, 3116-3128; doi:10.3390/su5073116
57. Crowe J, Nilsson M, Kjellstrom T, Wesseling I. Heat-related symptoms in sugar cane harvesters. Amer J
Prev Med, 2014 (in press)
58. Kjellstrom T, Lemke B, Hyatt O, Otto M. Climate change and occupational health: a South African
perspective. South Africa Med J, 2014 (in press)
59. Kjellstrom T, Hisham Hashim J. Impact of climate conditions on occupational health and related economic
losses: a new feature of global and urban health in the context of climate change. Asia-Pac J Publ Health 2014
(in press)

1160. Lucas RAI, Epstein Y, Kjellstrom T. Excessive occupational heat exposure – a significant ergonomic
challenge and health risk for current and future workers. Extreme Physiology & Medicine, 2014 (in press)
61. Cotterill L, Bierre S, KJellstrom T, Hales S. “You just keep walking into that pen”, sheep shearers’
experiences, perceptions and responses to heat. Law and Business Australia, 2014 (in press).

Review articles, book chapters, books, major report chapters
62. Holdren, J.P., Smith, K.R., Wang, X., Kjellstrom, T. et al. Energy, Environment and health. In: United
Nations Development Program. World Energy Assessment. UNDP, New York (2000)
63. Kjellstrom T Air Quality and Health In: Cromar N, Cameron S, and Fallowfield H, eds. Environmental
Health in Australia and New Zealand. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. pp. 274-292 (2004)
64. Cullen MR, Rosenstock L and Kjellstrom T. Occupational and environmental health and safety indeveloping countries. In: Rosenstock L, Cullen MR, Brodkin CA and Redlich CA eds. Textbook of clinicaloccupational and environmental medicine. Second edition. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 183-192 (2005)
65. McMichael, A.J., Kjellstrom, T. and Smith, K.R. Environmental Health. In: Merson, M., Black, R. and Mills,
ndA.J., eds. International Public Health. 2 edition. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, Md., pp. 393-444 (2006).
66. Kjellstrom, T.,Lodh, M., McMichael, T., Ranmuthugala, G., Shrestha, R. and Kingsland, S. Air and waterpollution: Burden and strategies for control. In: Measham A., et al., Disease control priorities in developingnd
countries, 2 edition. World Bank book. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 817-832 (2006).
67. Bonita R, Beaglehole R and Kjellstrom T.Basic epidemiology, second edition. World health organization,
Geneva (2007)
68. Hogstedt, C., Wegman, D., Kjellstrom, T. The consequences of economic globalization on working
conditions, labor relations and workers’ health. In: Wamala, S and Kawachi, I. Globalization and health.
Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 138-157 (2007)
69. Kjellstrom T and Hogstedt C Global situation concerning work-related injuries and diseases. In: Elgstrand
K and Pettersson I. Eds. OSH for Development. Stockholm, Royal Institute of Technology, pp. 741-761. (2009).
70. Pershagen G, Kjellstrom T, Bellander T. Air pollution interacts with Climate Change – consequences forhuman health. In: Pleijel H Ed. Air pollution & climate change. Two sides of the same coin? Stockholm, Swedish
Environmental Protection Agency, 2009; pp. 89-96.
71. Kjellstrom T, Monge P. Global climate change and cities. In Vlahov D, Ivey Boufford J, Pearson C, Norris L.
Eds. Urban health: global perspectives. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 2010, pp. 69-90.
72. Kjellstrom T. Climate change, workplace heat, and health (Box 5-1). In BS Levy, DH Wegman, SL Baron, RK
Sokas (Eds.). Occupational and Environmental Health: Recognizing and Preventing Disease and Injury (Sixth
Edition). New York: Oxford University Press, 2011, p.104.
73. Kjellstrom T, Lemke B, Venugopal V (2013). Occupational health and safety impacts of climate conditions.
In: Pielke R. Climate Vulnerability. New York, Elsevier Publ Co. pp. 145-156.
74. Kjellstrom,T, McMichael T, Smith K, Singh S. Environmental Health. In: Merson MH et al. Eds. Globalrd
Health, 3 edition. Boston, Jones and Bartlett Learning, 2012. Pp. 481-537.
75. Smith KR, Balakrishnan K, Butler C, Chafe Z, Fairlie I, Kinney P, Kjellstrom T, et al. Energy and Health. In:
Johansson TB, Patwardhan A, Nakicenovic N, Gomez-Echeverri L, Eds. Global Energy Assessment (GEA). New
York, Cambridge Univ Press, 2012, pp. 255-324.
76. Kjellstrom T. Climate change undermines the livable climate in large areas of the world: A key
transformation issue for human living and working conditions of most people on the planet. In: Proc.
Transformation in a changing climate. Oslo, University of Oslo, 2013, pp. 97-104.
77. Smith KR, Woodward A, Campbell-Lendrum D, Chadee D, Honda Y, Liu Q, Olwoch J, Revich B, Sauerborn R,
Aranda C, Berry H, Butler C, Chafe Z, Cushing L, Ebi K, Kjellstrom T, et al. Chapter 11. Human health: Impacts,
Adaptation and Co-benefits. In: IPCC WG2 report 2014, http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5Chap11_FGDall.pdf.
78. Kjellstrom T, Lemke B, Otto M, Hyatt O, Briggs D, Freyberg C. Heat impacts on human performance and12daily life. In: Levy B, Patz J. Eds. Climate change and Public Health. New York, Oxford Univ Press, 2014 (inpress).
79. Kjellstrom T, Lucas R, Lemke B, Otto M, Venugopal V. Measuring and estimating occupational heat
exposure and effects in relation to climate change: “Hothaps” tools for impact assessments and prevention
approaches. In: Butler CD, Ed. Climate change and Global health. Wallingford, UK, CABI.org, 2014 (in press).
80. Kjellstrom T, Lucas R, Lemke B, Sahu S. Occupational heat effects: a global health and economic threat due
to climate change. In: Butler CD, Ed. Climate change and Global health. Wallingford, UK, CABI.org, 2014 (inpress).

Popular science articles/presentations, technical reports
81. Kjellstrom, T., Kingsland, S., Hanigan I. Health impacts on Canberra residents of smoke from the January
2003 bushfires. Report to ACT Health (2004).
82. Amitrano L, Hargreaves R, Page I, Hennessy K, Lee T, Snow M, Winton L, Woodruff R, Kjellstrom T (2006)
An Assessment of the Need to Adapt Buildings for the Unavoidable Consequences of Climate Change.A reportfor the Australian Greenhouse Office, 101 pp.
83. Kjellstrom, T., and Knowledge Network on Urban Settings (including Howden-Chapman P). Our cities, ourhealth, our future: Acting on social determinants for health equity in urban settings. Report to the WHO
Commission on Social Determinants of Health from the Knowledge Network on Urban Settings (the KNUS
report). WHO Kobe Centre, Kobe, Japan (2008).
84. Berry HL, Kelly BJ, Hanigan IC, Coates JH, McMichael AJ, Welsh JA, Kjellstrom T. Rural mental healthimpacts of climate change. Commissioned report for the Garnaut Climate Change Review. Canberra: The
Australian National University. 2008; 40 pp.
85. Kjellstrom T, Ferguson R, Taylor A. The total public health impact of road transport in Sweden. Technicalreport. Borlange, Swedish National Road Authority, 2009. (website:
http://publikationswebbutik.vv.se/upload/4863/2009_67_health_impact_assessment_and_public_health_cos
ts_of_the_road_transport_sector.pdf)
86. Kjellstrom T. Global climate change and health -- a new theme for research in environmental medicine.
Technical report. Stockholm, Sweden: National Institute of Environmental Medicine; 2009.
(website: http://ki.se/content/1/c6/08/58/71/Klimatrapport091020.pdf)
87. Kjellstrom T.Climate change exposures, chronic diseases and mental health in urban populations -- athreat to health security, particularly for the poor and disadvantaged. Technical report to the WHO Kobe
Centre. Kobe, Japan: World Health Organization; 2009.
88. Kjellstrom T, Lemke B, Hyatt O. Increased workplace heat exposure due to climate change: a potential
threat to occupational health, worker productivity and local economic development in Asia and the Pacificregion. Asian-Pacific Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, May, 2011.
89. Lemke B, Hyatt O, Kjellstrom T.Estimating workplace heat exposure using weather station and climate
modelling data: new tools to estimate climate change impacts on occupational health in Asia and the Pacificregion. Asian-Pacific Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, May, 2011.
90. Kjellstrom T, Odland JO, Nilsson M. Progress in the Hothaps program assessing impacts and prevention ofheat effects on working people in relation to local climate change. Asian-Pacific Newsletter on Occupational
Health and Safety, May, 2011.
91. Kjellstrom T, Lemke B, Otto M. Climate change, occupational heat stress and impacts on health andproductivity in Africa. African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, Dec 2011, 21, 44-47.
92. Kjellstrom T, Odland J O, Nilsson M. Hothaps Update, Progress report on a program for assessment andprevention of climate change impacts on working people Technical report 2011:1. Umea, Sweden, Umea
Center for Global Health Research. Aug 2011,
http://www.climateandhealth.net/static/en/34/images/hothaps-update-110827.pdf

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