01
ANALYSIS OF GREEN CAMPUS POTENTIAL IN PARTS OF ARID ZONE USINGHYDRO-LANDSCAPE TECHNIQUE
Monika,1 Amina Zakiah2 and Gauhar Mahmood3
1

Assistant Professor, Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh, India
2
Environmental Consultants Aqua Explorers, Delhi, India
3
Professor, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
Email: aminazakiah23@gmail.com

How to cite this paper:

Monika; Zakiah, Amina andMahmood, Gauhar (2022)
Analysis of green campus
potential in parts of arid zoneusinghydro-landscapetechnique, Journal of Global
Resources, Vol. 08 (01)DOI:
10.46587/JGR.2022.v08i01.001

Received: 07 Nov. 2021
Reviewed: 18 Nov. 2021
Revised: 27 Nov. 2021
Final Accepted: 02 Dec. 2021

Abstract: India is a massive country with wide range ofclimatic condition in terms of rainfall, temperature, depth ofground water level, soil cover etc. These variations may affect
the ground cover such as in Tropical and sub-tropical zone the scarcity of rainfall and the micro-climate becomes
conducive for the growth of vegetation where as in arid zonesuch as Gujarat and Rajasthan- the soil and water are not very
favorable, as a consequence scarcity of vegetation. The
current view on climatic analysis of India clearly indicates thatthe development of Green Campus in arid climate zone will bea challenging issue especially in the field of landscapearchitecture. The basic issues related to arid climate isdepletion in the depth of ground water level condition by virtueof which the vegetation in general is decreasing. In this way,
the hydro-landscape technique will be useful for Green
Campus development in part of arid zone with selective areas
conducive to develop of soil moisture content. The present
study is with the application of hydro-landscape technique todevelop the green campus in arid climate in order to establish
the area with conducive environment.
Key words: Hydro-Landscape, Micro-Climate, Arid Zone,
Green Campus.

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Introduction
India is a naturally vast country with lots of variation in climatic condition where the rainfall varied
from 100mm per year in the extreme arid climate like Jaisalmer and 11000mm per year in theextreme tropical climate like Dehradun, Meghalaya. There is a variety of soil as ground cover isavailable where the pure sandy soil with sand dunes characterization is encountered in theextreme arid climate. Similarly, the muddy and clayey soil with very thin cover is available in the
Meghalaya region where most of the areas are exposed with rock out crop. Due to a great
variation in rainfall and the soil cover, vegetation cover varied accordingly. Most of the climaticcondition in India like Tropical and sub-tropical zone where the scarcity of rainfall and the microclimate becomes conducive for the growth of vegetation. As a result, the tropical and sub-tropicalarea in India is not facing much problem for the establishment of Green Campus. However, theother side of the climatic condition of India i.e. semi-arid to arid region are facing difficult andcomplex issues pertaining to development of Green Campus. The semi-arid climate where ever
have got the conducive environment like water and soil with comparatively good character
develop the vegetation. The most challenging part in India for the development of Green Campus
in arid climate especially, the part of Gujarat and Rajasthan where soil and water are not very
conducive, as a result vegetation suffers. The above-mentioned climatic analysis of India clearlyshows that the development of Green Campus in arid climate zone will be a challenging issue
especially in the field of landscape architecture.
The basic issues related to arid climate is variation in water level condition which is going
down day by day and has required the declining trend by virtue of which the vegetation in generalis decreasing. All these are related to climate change and pressure on the temperature condition
where the temperature is increasing and rate of evaporation and transpiration is also increasing.
As a result, most of the plant species do not get the requisite amount of soil moisture andtherefore, the roots of the vegetation do not give the proper energy and food. Therefore, most of
the vegetation are losing its chlorophyll value and canopy, its density and pattern. In order toestablish the relationship among soil, water and vegetation, water plays an important role and itis the only variable factor which could be decreased or increased depending upon the feasibility
and designing of Green Campus because soil is a constant parameter which doesn’t change. It
is being in general in arid climate whenever the hydro-physiographic units are conducive in nature,
which results the positive growth in Green Campus. For example, within arid zone area, agradation zone is occupied by the sand and dunes where the vegetation is almost nil. In thegradation, if the area is closer to water body in that case the possibility of vegetation is there.
However, if the gradation zone is away from water body, then the vegetation growth has been
affected and very less vegetative growth is possible. Most of the vegetation are grown in thegradation part of arid zone where the possibility of the water body during the rainy season areencountered and in the dry season, some of the vegetation sustained due to soil moisture content.
The above analysis clearly indicates the possibility of the Green Campus within arid zone
wherever the area has drought comparatively good soil moisture content with the help of hydrolandscape technique.
Objective
The following are the objectives of study:
1. To delineate the arid climate zone in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat as study area.
2. To assess the climatic factor such as rainfall, temperature and humidity.
3. To delineate the soil map for the area.
4. To delineate the hydrological map of the study area. (depth of water level map for premonsoon and post monsoon along the fluctuation map.)
Finally, to develop for Green Campuses within the arid region in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat
using hydro-landscape technique.
Scope of the Study
Due to climate change and increase in temperature, the green vegetation is suffering in parts ofarid climatic zone especially in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Besides, the urbanization and tourism arealso playing a negative role to the natural green vegetation cover. The present study will provide
an idea for development of Green Campus in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat in arid climate zone
Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) Monika, A. Zakiah and Gauhar Mahmood Page | 2

using hydro-landscape technique. So far, no extensive research has been done in this area toestablish the relationship among soil, water and vegetation. Because in our country, all thesethree subjects have been done in isolation. This study is the amalgamation of all threeorganizational research in one platform as the hydro-landscape require the advance researchmethodologies used by soil organization, water resource organization as well as the horticulture
department.
Research Methodology
The following consideration has been undertaken in order to fulfill the scope and objective of thestudy for the development of Green Campus in the study area using hydro-landscape techniques.
The climate map of India was taken as reference point in order to delineate the arid climate in the
study area for which a map has been prepared for the location of the study area to super impose
the various required issues pertaining to development of Green Campus using hydro-landscapetechnique (Fig. 1).
Figure 01: Arid zone map, Source: www.mapsofindia.com

The study area was referred to rainfall map of India sighted by India Meteorological
Department and other literatures like book of Hydrology by Prof. K. Subramanya for the
preparation of the Iso-hytal map for the depiction of rainfall. The temperature map was preparedusing Iso-thermic analysis for the study area and Iso-thermic zoning has been done for theassessment of temperature in the study area using India Meteorological Department data.
Similarly, humidity map was prepared using IMD Department. Soil map of the study area ofRajasthan and Gujarat arid zone were prepared from Agricultural department. Hydro map was
prepared by CGWB for the year 2019-2020. Based on that the following maps are prepared (refer
CGWB 2019-2020 Report of Gujarat and Rajasthan):
1. Ground water level fluctuation
2. Annual water level fluctuation
3. Decadal water level fluctuation average
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Delineation of Arid Zone
As per our research theme for the development of Green Campus, the main objective with acomplex situation falls under arid zone because of the parameters such as rainfall, temperature,
evaporation, evapo-transpiration, water level condition and water body with precise relation
among soil, water and vegetation. Since the tropical zone falls under high rainfall condition withgood variety of soil and rock coverage. Therefore, the vegetation cover has brought the enormous
potential in the tropical zone where the natural green coverage has got the sufficient amount ofarea. Hence, the development of green campus in this area doesn’t require the recognized efforts.
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The sub-tropical zone has also good potential of rainfall, temperature, humidity, evaporation andevapo-transpiration with good potential of water level condition. Therefore, the sub-tropical zone
like the tropical zone has got the good natural potential of green campus. The semi-arid zone has
got the low medium potential for the development of the green campus especially in the urban
area where the built-up zone is increasing gradually overwhelmed with the latest state of hour.
The semi-arid zone can be developed for the green campus in point of view if the water
management is taken care with the use of all variety of water like rainwater, treated waste water,
flood water, water from the water-logged area. The most challenging job for the development of
the green campus in arid zone on account of low rainfall, high temperature climate, highevaporation rate and deep-water level condition along with occasional water bodies will bechallenging job. The delineation of the arid zone has been classified on the basis of low rainfall,high temperature, sandy soil, dry vegetation covers as well as low potential of water bodies anddeep-water level condition. The arid zone falls mostly in Rajasthan and partly it covers Gujarat as
per delineation of the map. (Fig. 1)
ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATIC FACTOR: RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
The assessment of the climatic factor such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation and evapotranspiration along with the depth to water level and water level fluctuation which may be discuss
as follows:
1. Analysis of rainfall condition and behavior in arid zone area
The average annual rainfall has been considered on the basis of data taken from the IMD sources.
The average annual rainfall of the study area varies from 100mm to 1000mm (Fig.2).
Figure 01: Annual rainfall of Arid Zone

Source: www.mapsofindia.com

The area has been classified further in four annual average rainfall zone which may be describedas follow:
Table 01: Analysis of Annual Average Rainfall Condition
Annual average
rainfall (mm)600-1000
400-600
200-400
100-200

Area of arid zone
Udaipur, Rajasmand, Bhilwara
Patan, Bnaskantha, Sirohi, Jaipur,
Tonk etc.
Barmer, Nagaur, Sikar, Jhujhunu,
Churu
Jaisalmer, Sri GangaNagar,
Bikaner

Covers in percentof the total arid zone
5.5
21.21

Covered area
(sq.km.)17597.34
67855.67

50.05

160100.32

23.2274263.65

On the basis of analysis of annual average rainfall condition, it is found that the area falls
under 600-1000mm annual average rainfall will have the highest potential zone for thedevelopment of green campus. The analysis of the map further indicates the location of the

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) Monika, A. Zakiah and Gauhar Mahmood Page | 4highest potential zone for the development of the green campus subject to the condition ofurbanization and tourism potential etc. The annual average rainfall ranges from 200mm-400mm
comprises the largest area in the arid zone as compared to the other areas and will have thechallenging task for the development of the green campus subject to the urbanization and tourism
potential. Whereas the annual average rainfall 100-200mm ranges will be high complex situation
for the development of the green campus.
2. Iso-thermic analysis of arid zone:
The Iso-thermic analysis indicates variation available in the study area of arid zone. Maximum
and minimum annual temperature on the basis of IMD data was prepared with classification offour zone as shown (Fig.3 and 4). The average annual maximum temperature has been takenfrom pre-monsoon (June) whereas the annual minimum temperature from January.
Figure 03: Maximum temperature ofarid zone

Figure 04: Minimum temperature of aridzone

Source: en.climate-data.org

Averageannualminimum
temperature

Average annual
maximum
temperature map

Table 02: Analysis of Annual Average Maximum and Minimum Temperature of Arid Zone
Range
(in ⁰ C)Area of Arid Zone

34-36
36-38

SW
South and SE (Rajasmand, Bhilwara, Ajmer andPatan)
Central part to North and North West
(Banaskantha, Jodhpur, Barmer, Nagaur, Churu,
Pali, Sikar and Jhunjhunu)
Bikaner, Jalore and Sirohi
North (Bikaner, Nagaur, Sikar, Jaipur, Churu, Sri
Ganganagar)
North west and Central (Rajasmand, Bhilwara,
Ajmer and Patan)
South West
Kutch, Patan, Mehsana and Sabar Kantha

38-40

40-42
6-8
8-10
10-12
12-14

Coversinpercent of thetotal arid zone
14
11.86

Covered area
(sq.km)38-40

121294.94

35.88
34.47

114779.64
75792.48

20.5365680.33

8.87
46.8

28387
149957.1745796
37946.47

3. Humidity analysis of arid zone:
Humidity represents the moisture in the air and it is a dependent factor of evaporation, evapotranspiration, depth of water level and settlement pattern. The analysis of the humidity can beclassified as follows (Fig. 5):

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Figure 05: Annual Humidity of arid zone

Source: India Meteorological Department

Zone 1 covers the Eastern part with variation from 65-75 percent which clearly indicatesthe good condition of rainfall, depth to water level, and evaporation factors. It covers 5.5 percentof the total area and occupies 17597.34 sq.km area in arid zone. Zone 2 humidity ranges from55-65 percent. It covers almost Central part of the area at places. It is also found in chunk ofpatches in the Southern part of the area. It covers 21.21 percent of the total area and occupies
67855.67 sq.km area in arid zone. Zone 3 ranges from 30-55 percent. It covers 50.05 percent of
the total area and occupies 160100.32 sq.km area in arid zone. Zone 4 covers Western part ofarea where humidity varies from 0-30 percent. This area clearly indicates the absence of water
bodies, low rainfall and high temperature ranges. It covers 23.22 percent of the total area andoccupies 74263.65 sq.km area in arid zone.
4. Analysis of evaporation:
For the analysis of the evaporation was undertaken using IMD data (Fig.6) and also book ofHydrology by Prof. Subramanayam. The area like temperature, rainfall, and humidity also has
been classified in the four categories as follow:
Figure 06: Annual Evaporation of arid zone,

Source: IMD and Hydrology by Subramanayam

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Zone 1 occupies Eastern margin of the area where the rainfall recorded as highest and depth ofwater is comparatively shallow. Evaporation rate in the zone 1-1.2m per year which clearly
indicates that any water body in this area less than 1.2m depth will be dry in the pre-monsoon
season. However, the evaporation rate will be gradual as per the post-monsoon to pre-monsoons
water level of the water body. Zone 2 has evaporation rate varies from 1.2-1.5m per year further
indicates that any water body behind less than 1.5m will not able to survive throughout the year.
Zone 3 comprises of evaporation rate varies from 1.5-1.8m per year indicates that any water bodyless than 1.8m deep will not be able to survive. Zone 4 comprises of evaporation rate varies from
1.8-2.2m per year in which any water body less than 2.2m will dry during the pre-monsoon period
i.e. May –June.
5. Analysis of evapo-transpiration:
The evapo-transpiration is based upon the evaporation as well as transpiration from thevegetation cover. On the basis of evaporation and transpiration, the area may have classified infour categories (Fig.7) :Figure 07: Annual evapotranspiration of arid zone

Source: IMD and Hydrology by Subramanayam

Zone 1 comprises of evapo-transpiration rate ranging from 2-2.5m/year which clearly
indicate the maximum evapo-transpiration in this area is due to high density of vegetation andtheir foliage and canopy, shadow of the tree reduces that the direct falling of sun rays on the water
body. As a result, the evapo-transpiration in this range recorded maximum because of thevegetation density as well as water bodies are found comparatively high density. Zone 2 recorded
range from 1.5-2m/year comes under second category because of the vegetation density andwater body which is comparatively lesser than zone 1. By virtue of which the transpiration rate
becomes less and evaporation also decreases due to lesser no. of water bodies as compare tozone 1. Zone 3 comprises of evapo transpiration rate ranging from 1.2-1.5m/year clearly indicate
low to medium density of vegetation with comparatively lesser no. of water bodies. Zone 4
comprises of evapo-transpiration rate ranging from 1-1.2m/year. This is the lowest evapotranspiration and evaporation in the study area. Because of varied less to nil water bodies andvery few low-density vegetation.
Soil Analysis
On the basis of soil category in the area, soil is main constituent of the arid zone area. The soil
represents the rock type of area because these are the local soil and the genesis of these soil isdue to physical and chemical weathering of the rock. Most of the area in arid zone are covered
with soil with them and thick density. However, the mineral composition of the soil depends upon
the mineral composition of the rock. Because these soils are entirely different from the IndoGangetic soil. Because in the Indo-Gangetic soil, the soil changes to long transportation. As aresult, the geometry of the soil and the chemical composition of the soil changes from its motherrock. However, in case of arid region, the soil is an insitu product and by virtue of which the soil
inherits the geo-chemical property of the rock which may be taken care for the feasibility of theplantation scheme. The soil classification as per phi alus of the soil may be demarcated in thefollowing map (Fig. 8) which represents the soil characterization on the basis of its grain size. Theinterpretation of the soil on the basis of its geo-chemical properties may be interpreted as the

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following map (Fig. 9). this soil map clearly indicates the relationship of the soil with the motherrock and represents the insitu conditions.
Figure 08: Classification of soil in arid zone

Source: Department of Agriculture U.S in 1949

Figure 09: Type of Soil in arid zone

Source: Department of Agriculture of Gujarat and Rajasthan

The western margin of the arid zone area represents the arid soil and the central part toNorth-Eastern to South Western represents the alluvial soil. The Central part and partly Easternpart represent the laterite soil which is rich in iron. The black soil has been encountered in the
Eastern margin and the Southern margin of the area.
Delineation of Hydrological Analysis of Arid Region
Hydrological condition represents the impact of rain water infiltration in the sub-surface and thesub-surface area depends on the soil and rock condition. It is seen that wherever the highpermeable soil encounter, the depth of water level become shallow and it also depends on rainwater potential. The interpretation of the water level may be demonstrated to the various maps
prepared during the following months. These are May 2019, August 2019, November 2019 andJanuary 2020. In the month of May 2019 (Fig.10), the minimum depth water level recorded in thesouthern part and partly South Eastern of the area whereas the maximum depth water level
recorded in Northern and Western part of the area. So it is seen from the interpretation of thedepth water level for the month of May 2019, the max. depth water level was recorded in the aridzone of the area whereas the min. depth water level was recorded in the Southern and Easternpart of the area.
Figure 10: Depth to water level Pre-monsoon Figure11: Depth to water level Pre-Monsoon
May 2019
August 2019

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20,
Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20,
Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

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Here in the month of August 2019 (Fig. 11), it is recorded that most of depth water level
map as shallow water level was recorded in Southern and South Eastern margin whereas the
maximum water level recorded in Northern and North Western margin of the area. However, thepattern follows similar to that the month of May which clearly indicate that the depth to water level
condition get affected due to monsoon condition. However, the pattern doesn’t change.
Figure 12: Depth to water level Post Monsoon
November 2019

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20,
Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

Figure 2: Depth to water level
Pre-Monsoon January 2020

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20,
Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

November 2019 map (Fig.12) represents post- monsoon map. Here also like to othermaps the Southern and Eastern part brought the shallowest level whereas Northern and Westernpart occupies the deepest level. In the month of January 2020 (Fig.13), it is seen that declining
trend of water level in the area and most of the Southern and Central part of the area requires
comparatively the deepest water level condition. However, the pattern remains the same i.e.
Southern and Eastern part of the area whereas in the Northern and Western margin of the area,
the deepest water level was recorded.
Water Level Fluctuation
The water level fluctuation direct response of the rain water infiltration in the ground water withdue consideration of the permeability of the soil and also water retention capacity. The water level
fluctuation was recorded on the basis of rise and fall of the water level from pre-monsoon to postmonsoon of the region. And it is seen that the Southern and Western part of the area with Central
and Eastern part and surprisingly the Northern part shows the rising trend of water level whereas
the Western part and partly Central and North Eastern part shows the declining trend of waterlevel. These conditions are very important for the development of the green campuses. (Fig.14)
Figure 14: Fluctuation of Ground Water May 2019- August 2019

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20, Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

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The water level fluctuation in the Southern and Northern with Central and Eastern partshows the rising trend of water level whereas the Western part and partly North western partshows the declining trend of water level. (Fig.15)
Figure 15: Fluctuation of Ground Water May 2019- January 2020

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20, Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

The water level fluctuation in the Southern, partly western and Northern with Central andEastern part shows the rising trend of water level whereas partly Western and Northern partshows the declining trend of water level which is minor in scale. (Fig.16)
Figure 16: Fluctuation of Ground Water May 2019- November 2019,

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20, Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

Decadal Variation
The map represents the decadal rise and fall from May 2009-18 (Fig.17) with the help of 10 years’
data. The red colour shows the fall in water level condition and dark blue colour shows the rise inwater level condition. However, the colour represent the water level rise and fall. Theinterpretation of the map indicates clearly the water level behavior and impact assessment on the
ground water abstraction by the natural and man-made activities and also due to urbanization. It
is seen that water level in May-June and January map and water level fluctuation of thesubsequent month that the rich zones had been converted into low rising zone and most of them
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in the Southern and almost Southern, Western, Northern and Eastern and almost in the entire
arid zone there is a drastic fall in water level condition. Surprisingly, the Western margin of thearid zone has got marginal rise of the water level. This is because of the low to very low
urbanization due to climatic condition.
Figure 17: Decadal water variation of water level, Figure 18: Decadal Water variation ofwater level May 2019
August 2019

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20,
Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20,
Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

The interpretation of the map August 2009-18 (Fig.18) indicates clearly the water level
behavior and impact assessment on the ground water abstraction by the natural and man-madeactivities and also due to urbanization. It is seen that rich zones had been converted into low
rising zone and most of them in the Southern and almost Southern, Central, Northern zone. It isseen that water level variation in November 2009-2018 (Fig.19) has surprisingly shows the riseof water in Northern, Central and Southern and Eastern part of arid zone whereas the water isfalling in Western part of arid zone. As compare to water level variation in January 2010-19(Fig.20), it reveals that water level is rising except the western part of arid zone. Rise is scatteredfrom south east to south-central, north western, western and west central parts of the State.
Figure 19: Decadal water variation of water level Figure 20: Decadal water variation ofNovember 2019
water level January 2020

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20,
Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

Source: Ground water year book Rajasthan 2019-20,
Ground water year book Gujarat 2019-20

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) Monika, A. Zakiah and Gauhar Mahmood Page | 11Interpretation Based on Parameters
The interpretation variable is the assessment of natural green campus potential from very low
potential i.e. Jaisalmer to very high potential area passing through Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur,
Sikar and Jaipur and many more sections which run from West to East. In order to assess thenatural potential zone, the following criteria have been adopted:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Average ground water level
Annual average evaporation and evapo-transpiration
Average temperature and
Humidity based on the soil cover of the arid zone.

The interpretation of the curve taken as following:1.

In a very low potential area (Fig.21) i.e. Jaisalmer, humidity was recorded 15 percent and thetemperature was recorded as 24⁰C i.e. average of maximum and minimum temperature
whereas the average ground water level was 40m, annual average evaporation 2m/year andevapo-transpiration 1.1m/year. The dominant soil in this area is arid i.e. coarse sandy soil
mix with fine to medium soil. It has been observed that low humidity and high rate ofevaporation and evapo-transpiration with deep water level condition becomes worse when
the local soil is coarse mix with fine dust which absorbs lot of solar radiation as a result thearea converted into desert.
Figure 21: Natural Green Campus Potential Assessment from west to east sectionin arid zone

Source: Author

In Jodhpur, the humidity is high whereas the annual average evaporation andevapotranspiration rate are medium with deep water level condition makes low potential for green
campus development as the local soil is coarse mix with medium sand and fine dust particle which
absorbs lot of solar radiation which may converted area into desert. In Nagaur, green patches are
more as compare to Jaisalmer and Jodhpur as the soil is arid and alluvial (i.e. mix of coarse, clay
and loam) and evaporation, evapotranspiration, humidity, water level conditions are better.
Therefore, natural green area has been encountered in better condition as compare to Jaisalmer
and Jodhpur. In the hierarchy of interpretation based on parameters, Sikar is also having highpotential to develop Green campus development. Jaipur has been observed as very high potentialzone for Green Campus development because of soil type i.e. Alluvial and Black soil which isnatural weathered rock soil and having better climatic condition.
2. The interpretation of various parameters assessment from Barmer, Jalore, Pali, Rajasmand to
Bhilwara becomes better potential for Green Campus development. (Fig.22)

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Barmer has been found with high humidity i.e. 42 percent with low annual average evaporation
1.6m/year and evapotranspiration 1.3m/year whereas the average temperature was recorded
25⁰C with arid soil having coarse and medium sand with dust particle in this area which resulted
into desert having medium potential to develop green campus development. In Jalore, thepermeability of soil is very high with good fissure zone along with more iron content. Therefore,
being metallic in nature, vegetation cover losses due to high permeability, deep ground waterlevel condition i.e. 35m, medium temperature 25⁰C, high evaporation and evapotranspiration withlaterite soil. Pali has comparatively better condition because of alluvial soil having coarse sandmix with clayey and loam due to local depression in arid zone. It has good potential as it has goodsoil content with low evaporation and evapotranspiration, shallow ground water level as compare
to Barmer and Jalore.
Figure 22: Natural Green Campus Potential Assessment from west to east section in Arid
Zone

Rajasmand has shallow water level condition having laterite soil. It has potential for natural
green campus development compare to Jalore as its evaporation 1.3m/year andevapotranspiration 1.7m/year rate are better. It has been observed that Bhilwara has highpotential for green campus development shallow ground water level condition i.e., 7.1m, lowannual average evaporation 1.2m/year and evapotranspiration 1.7m/year, average temperature
23⁰C with laterite and black soil (natural weathered rock soil) increase very high potential area forgreen campus development.
3. Kutch has saline water zone due to oceanic intrusion. Therefore, area has got low groundwater level potential because of water quality and alluvial soil and has very low potential forgreen campus development. (Fig.23)
Figure 23: Natural Green Campus Potential Assessment from west to east section inarid zone

Patan has deep water ground water level and low intrusion of saline water with shallow
ground water level i.e. 10.38m whereas high average temperature and humidity. As compare to
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Kutch, it has low potential. Mehsana and Sabar Kantha have better water level condition and do
not have any intrusion of sea water in this arid zone.
Conclusion and Recommendation
In order to develop the Green Campus within the arid zone, it has been divided into four microzone from west to east. The basis of the classification of this zones are rainfall, temperature,humidity, evaporation and evapotranspiration and natural soil condition. It is seen that the Easternzone has got comparatively the highest potential for the development of the green campus andthe Western zone has lowest potential for further development of green campus. After the Easternzone, another micro-level zone has been developed which has got the second category ofdevelopment of Green campus followed by Central micro-zone has medium to low potential ascompare to the western micro zone which has got very low potential for the development of green
campus. It is also concluded that the highest potential zone has got very limited area. The second
category of the micro level potential zone has got low to medium aerial extent and the third
category of micro level potential zone has very vast area and finally the low potential micro-levelzone in the Western part has got the lowest aerial extent.
Further, it is recommended that that water will be decisive factor in all the condition for thedevelopment of the Green Campus since at present rainfall and ground water is the only sourceof water. Therefore, the innovative technique like comprehensive water management plan, rainwater harvesting master plan, recycling and reuse of waste water with the pace of developmentof the area due to urbanization which is possible to develop the Western part and Central partalso for the Green Campus development and the Western and Central part of the area must adopt
the conservation and development of water resources to develop the green campus for thevarious projects. However, the first and second category of the area which is located in Easternand adjoining part must take care about the preservation of natural green campus so that thefurther deterioration should not take place.
This research also aims to develop the water body to revitalize the water bodies alongwith good vegetation cover with the help of innovative ideas using latest state of art.
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Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) Monika, A. Zakiah and Gauhar Mahmood Page | 14