20 November, 2007

Global Code of Ethics for
Science and Engineering

Hidekazu Kanemitsu
Kanazawa Institute of Technology
1Introduction

1. Normative ethical research
2. Descriptive ethical research
3. Values to be involved in global code of ethics

2

Normative Ethical ResearchAnalysis of existing code of ethics¾literature search¾analysis of existing code of ethics

Examination of new “values”¾examination of Asian values

3Common Valuespositive duties regarding mutual support,
loyalty, and reciprocity
negative duties to refrain from harmful
actionsnorms for rudimentary fairness andprocedural justice
Bok, Sissela, Common Values, University of Missouri
Press, 1995, p.13.
Harris, Charles E. Jr., "Internationalizing Professional
Codes in Engineering," Science and Engineering
Ethics, Vol.10–3, 2004, pp. 509-10.
4Basic Principles by Unger
1 truth, honesty, trustworthiness
2 respect for human life and welfare, includingthat of posterity
3 fair play

4 openness
5 competence
Stephen H. Unger, “Code of Engineering Ethics”, Deborah G. Johnson (ed)., EthicalIssues in Engineering (excerpt from Stephen H. Unger, Controlling Technology: Ethics
and the Responsible Engineer, Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1982), p. 107.
5

Themes Presented by Luegenbiel
1 public safety

7

human rights

2 competence

8rights of engineers

3 honesty and objectivity

9intellectual property

4 avoidance of conflicts ofinterest
5 confidentiality

10 preservation of the naturalenvironment
11 concern for the implicationsof technology

6 making decisions that are 12 public role for engineers
fair and merit-based
Heinz C. Luegenbiehl, “Themes for an International Code of Ethics ofEngineering Ethics”, Proceeding of the 2003 ASEE/WFEO International
Colloquium, 2003
6World Federation of Engineering Organizations
sustainable development and the environment
protection of the public and the environment
faithful agent of clients and employers
competence and knowledge
fairness and integrity in the workplace
professional accountability and leadership
http://www.unesco.org/wfeo/ethics.html#127

North American Free Trade Agreement
truth, honesty, and trustworthiness
fairness, courtesy and good faith toward clients,
colleagues and others
health, safety and welfare of public (hold paramount)competence
examine the societal and environmental impact ofactions and projects
http://www.niee.org/Nafta_Report.htm
8Themes Presented by Luegenbiel (again)
1 public safety

7

human rights

2 competence

8rights of engineers

3 honesty and objectivity

9intellectual property

4 avoidance of conflicts ofinterest
5 confidentiality

10 preservation of the naturalenvironment
11 concern for the implicationsof technology

6 making decisions that are 12 public role for engineers
fair and merit-based
Heinz C. Luegenbiehl, “Themes for an International Code of Ethics ofEngineering Ethics”, Proceeding of the 2003 ASEE/WFEO International
Colloquium, 2003
9Core Values•honesty, truth, trustworthy•fairness•openness (accountability, disclose all relevant information)•competence•confidentiality•public safety, health, welfare•faithful agent of clients and employers

10Analysis of Existing International COE

Classification of values¾Micro level¾Meso level¾Macro level●Conduct and Ethics in Engineering Practice Related to theNorth American Free Trade Agreement●The WFEO Model Code of Ethics●FEANI Code of Conduct●Asian Engineers' Guideline of Engineer

11

Values in Existing International COE
Micro level (values to be respected as individual)honesty, truth, trustworthy
core

fairness
openness (accountability, disclose all
relevant information)

12

Values in Existing International COE
Meso level (values to be respected as professional
competence
confidentiality
core
public safety, health, welfare
faithful agent of clients and employers

13Values in Existing International COE
Meso level (values to be respected as professional)
professional development (continuingcompetence)
professional dignity
professional professional integrity
whistle blowing in the public interest
intellectual property
quality of product14

Values in Existing International COE
Macro level (values to be respected for society andenvironment)sustainable development andenvironment
environment humankind's continued existence
benefit and welfare of mankind

15

Values in Existing International COE
Macro level (values to be respected for society andenvironment)
conscious of the importance of scienceand technology for mankind
impact societal and environmental consequencesof actions or projects
assess all the impacts

16

Values in Existing International COE
Macro level (values to be respected for society andenvironment)
public role

public interest / public roll

local system of values
tolerance
traditional and cultural values

17Analysis of Existing Japanese COE
Survey by Science Council of Japan (2005)¾54 Japanese academies

18Values in Existing Japanese COEcare for social impact

social responsibility/society/user/impact/others(others・other companies・other fields・other job
title)/mankind/public/19

Values in Existing Japanese COE

accountability
official announcement/public
information/release/publicity/information
supplement/disclosure/explanation/description/cl
ear indication/outgoingcorrespondence/publication/assertion/report/record/clear notification

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Values in Existing Japanese COE

concrete contents of social impact

risk/harm/disbenefit/disadvantage/danger/burden/pain/harmful/accidental/invasion/casualty/healthdamage/life/safety/property/peace of mind/health21Values in Existing Japanese COE

rights (of test subjects etc.)

human rights/personality/privacy/dignity/right ofself-determination/individual
information/anonymity/will/wish

22

Values in Existing Japanese COE

fairnesshonest/conscience/faithful/equity/justness/rightn
ess/pertinence/bona fides

23

Values in Existing Japanese COE

moral・compliancelaw/moral/norm/rule/institution/regulation/declar
ation/byelaw/canon/guideline/agreement/common sense/humanity/principle24

Values in Existing Japanese COE
improvement and keeping in the quality ofresearch (and/or researcher)competence/improvement/education/training/acquirement/lucubration/nourishmen/induction
course/guidance/supervision/accession/cultivati
on/enlightenment/learning from experience25

Values in Existing Japanese COE

consensus・consent

contract/agreement/comprehension/expressionof intention/acknowledgement/acceptance26

Values in Existing Japanese COE

treatment of intellectual effort

intellectual property/intellectualproduct/patent/copyright27

Values in Existing Japanese COE

matters concerning information management

confidential/use for purposes other than theoriginal intent/leakage

28

Values in Existing Japanese COE

guarantee of objectivity of fact and datavalidity/grounds

29Values in Existing Japanese COE

acceptance of diversity (of research)

multiplicity/reciprocal/exchange of opinions・
information

30

Values in Existing Japanese COE

not otherwise classified
happiness/welfare/benefit/health/wellbeing/peace/responsibility/commitment/evaluati
on/deliberation/examen/colloquy/earth/environm
ent/nature

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Examination of New Values
Examination of Asian values¾Mottainai“Mottainai is not just about material loss, but also
about the sense of respect and compassion for thestory behind every material objects.”
Planet Link (ed.), Mottainai, Magazine House, 2005, p.9.
(Japanese-English parallel translation)¾harmony32

Asian Values
Asian values
the lowest possible consumption of
raw materials and energy (WFEO)“Mottainai”
the lowest production of wastes andany kind of pollution (WFEO)

33

Asian Values
Asian values
harmonious living with neighboring peopleand nature (Asian)inter-relational harmony (WFEO)
collaboration of appropriate experts
Harmony(FEANI)
solidarity (among Asian engineers) (Asian)
oppose prejudice and discriminative
treatment (Asian)34

1. Normative ethical research
2. Descriptive ethical research
3. Values to be involved in global code of ethics

35

Survey of Values
Delphi method¾based on a structured process for collectingand distilling knowledge from a group ofexperts by means of a series ofquestionnaires interspersed with controlled
opinion feedback
Samantha Pang, “The Delphi Method –theoretical, methodological, andpractical considerations”, Second International Workshop on "The Formationof Ethics Crossroads and the Constitution of Science and Engineering Ethics”,
2006.

36

Survey of Values
International Comparative Survey of Values
in Science and Engineering -First Round¾Identify the experts• mailing list (ECTM, JSEE, etc.)• Global Ethics Observatory, UNESCO¾Send a questionnaire37

Survey of Values
Send a questionnaire¾ Question: How do you think that when a scientist and anengineer make decisions what do they think asimportant? (For example, values, principles, and/or
behaviors that scientists and engineers think asimportant.)¾ Question: How do you think that when a scientist and anengineer make decisions what they should think mostimportant? (For example, values, principles, and/or
behaviors that scientists and engineers should think as
most important.)

38Survey of Values -First Roundresponses from 47 people in 17 countries
Our research center's analysis first derived thevalues that can be seen directly in the responses.
¾33 values
Next, among the responses were some values notdirectly apparent, but are embedded values; wehave clarified them.
¾7 valuesTotal of 40 values
39Survey of Values -First Round1. accuracy（precision, low uncertainty, etc.）
2. accountability
3. autonomy
4. benefit of others
5. competency and skill（professional competence,
thorough knowledge and evaluation of existing researchand good practice in the problem area, etc.）
6. career
7. creativity（developing new values, originality & ingenuity,creating new technology, uniqueness etc.）
8. curiosity（interest, inquisitiveness, etc.）40

Survey of Values -First Round9. dignity
10. economic efficiency（profit, cost, financial aspects,high level management sense, etc.）
11. efficiency
12. elegance
13. equity
14. ethical awareness（understanding relevant
ethical/social/legal actions, etc.）
15. feasibility
16. justice
17. moral responsibility（ethical conduct, moral values,etc.）
18. objectivity

41

Survey of Values -First Round20. precautionary principle
21. prestige（personal success, self assessment, etc.）
22. respect of others（respect of others [other people, othercultures, other religions, animals and nature, andincluding humankind's future, society's future,environmental future], etc.）
23. professional responsibility
24. public benefit（human benefit, benefit of others, etc.）
25. religious values（e.g. Islamic religion）++We would notlimit this to Islamic only++
26. safety
27. subjective judgment towards risk, relief, rest, ease42

Survey of Values -First Round28. scientific knowledge（scientific principles, scientificevidence, espistemological values, etc.）
29. sustainability
30. technical solution
31. truth
32. truthfulness
33. usefulness

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Survey of Values -First Round34. cooperation（consultation with elders and otherexperienced specialists, etc.）
35. cultural diversity（global perspective, one's own
culture & international standards, importance of every
culture, etc.）
36. culture and/or principle of organization（scientificcommunity's code of conduct, corporate culture,
academic assessment, enhancement of corporate
value, advancement of one's corporation andorganization, etc.）

44Survey of Values -First Round37. contribution to society（human health and safety,world peace, scholarship and knowledge specificallyto contribute to society's welfare,knowledge/country/humanity contribution, spread ofsocial success, building safety/safe society, etc.）
38. dialogue with public
39. social impact（societal consequences, science &technology's purpose, environmental care, public
acceptance, social impact, support from society, etc.）
40. welfare of mankind（continuous improvement of
human knowledge and life, solving serious humanproblems-for example, global epidemics andmalnutrition, etc.）
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Survey of Values -Second Roundquestionnaire¾ Question: How important do you think these 40 values
are to scientists and engineers? Please select a level.
Level 0 (not important to scientists/engineers) ~ 4(absolutely necessary to scientists/engineers)¾ Question: Among these 40 values, which to you think areespecially important? Please select at least 5 values thatyou think should be included in a code of ethics orguideline. (Please enter the number of the values above.)

46

Survey of Values -Second Round1. accuracy
2. accountability
3. autonomy

3.61
3.61
3.23

4. benefit of others
5. competency and skill
6. career
7. creativity
8. curiosity
9. dignity
10. economic efficiency

2.69
3.69
2.76
3.38
3.61
2.61
2.61

responses from 13 people in 6 countries

47

Survey of Values -Second Round11. efficiency
12. elegance
13. equity

3.00
2.15
3.00

14. ethical awareness15. feasibility
16. justice
17. moral responsibility
18. objectivity
19. perseverance
20. precautionary principle

3.38
2.843.07
3.69
3.53
3.61
3.00

responses from 13 people in 6 countries

48

Survey of Values -Second Round21. prestige
22. respect of others
23. professional responsibility

2.30
3.23
3.92

24. public benefit
3.38
25. religious values
1.92
26. safety
3.46
27. subjective judgment towards risk 2.69
28. scientific knowledge
3.61
29. sustainability
3.23
30. technical solution
3.07
responses from 13 people in 6 countries

49

Survey of Values -Second Round31. truth
32. truthfulness
33. usefulness

3.46
3.84
2.69

34. cooperation
35. cultural diversity
36. culture and/or principle of organization
37. contribution to society
38. dialogue with public
39. social impact
40. welfare of mankind

3.15
3.07
2.84
3.23
3.00
3.23
3.07

responses from 13 people in 6 countries

50

Survey of Values -in Korea1. accuracy
2. accountability
3. autonomy

3.71
3.17
2.82

4. benefit of others
5. competency and skill
6. career
7. creativity
8. curiosity
9. dignity
10. economic efficiency

2.69
3.35
3.17
3.59
3.12
2.41
3.15

responses from 39 people in Korea

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Survey of Values -in Korea11. efficiency
12. elegance
13. equity

3.00
2.35
2.74

14. ethical awareness15. feasibility
16. justice
17. moral responsibility
18. objectivity
19. perseverance
20. precautionary principle

2.92
3.00
2.79
3.17
3.12
2.71
2.74

responses from 39 people in Korea

52

Survey of Values -in Korea21. prestige
22. respect of others
23. professional responsibility

2.23
2.71
3.56

24. public benefit
3.30
25. religious values
1.43
26. safety
3.43
27. subjective judgment towards risk 2.51
28. scientific knowledge
3.10
29. sustainability
2.94
30. technical solution
3.33
responses from 39 people in Korea

53

Survey of Values -in Korea31. truth
32. truthfulness
33. usefulness

3.20
3.10
3.05

34. cooperation
35. cultural diversity
36. culture and/or principle of organization
37. contribution to society
38. dialogue with public
39. social impact
40. welfare of mankind

2.94
2.30
2.28
2.82
2.35
2.64
3.00

responses from 39 people in Korea

54

Survey of Values -Second RoundOur survey¾23 professional responsibility: 3.92
¾32 truthfulness: 3.84
¾5 competency and skill: 3.69¾17 moral responsibility: 3.69

Survey in Korea¾1 accuracy: 3.71
¾7 creativity: 3.59
¾23 professional responsibility: 3.56
¾26 safety: 3.43
55

Survey of Values -Second RoundOur survey¾17 moral responsibility (7)¾23 professional responsibility (7)¾14 ethical awareness (5)¾32 truthfulness (5)Survey in Korea¾23 professional responsibility (28)¾1 accuracy (26)¾7 creativity (25)56

1. Normative ethical research
2. Descriptive ethical research
3. Values to be involved in global code of ethics57

Micro Level
Values to be respected as individual¾Core values• honesty, truth, trustworthy• fairness• openness (accountability, disclose all relevantinformation)¾Values to be considered• autonomy• dignity• elegance58

Meso Levelvalues to be respected as professional¾core values• competence• public safety, health, welfare• faithful agent of clients and employers¾professional responsibility• professional development (continuingcompetence)• professional dignity• intellectual property• accuracy• objectivity
59

Macro Levelvalues to be respected for society andenvironment¾environment• sustainability• earth, nature• Mottainai¾social impact• conscious of the importance of science andtechnology for mankind• societal and environmental consequences ofactions or projects• assess all the impacts• risk60

Macro Levelvalues to be respected for society andenvironment¾public role
• consensus, consent• dialog with public• contribution to society• welfare of mankind¾rights• human rights• privacy, individual information

61

New Valuesvalues to be considered as Asian values¾tolerance• local system of values• traditional and cultural values• cultural diversity• respect of others¾harmony• harmonious living with neighboring people andnature• inter-relational harmony• collaboration• oppose prejudice and discriminative treatment
62

Global Code of Ethics
We need a platform that can be used forengineering practice and engineering
education in any area.

continual cross-cultural dialog
open dialog other than expert group63

20 November, 2007

Thank you very muchfor your patience

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