FOOD OF BALEEN WHALES COLLECTED IN RECENT
JAPANESE ANTARCTIC WHALING EXPEDITIONSTAKAHISA NEMOTO
The research on foods of baleen whales in the Antarctic Ocean has
been established by Mackintosh & Wheeler (1929), Hardy & Gunther(1935), Peters (rn55), Marr (1956) and Nemoto (1959). In a former
report (Nemoto, 1959), I have described two species of food planktons
other than Euphausia superba Dana as the staple foods for the Antarctic
baleen whales. These are a small krill, Thysanoessa macrura G. 0.
Sars for blue and fin whales and a pelagic amphipod Parathemisto
gaudichaudi (Guer.) for sei whales respectively. The materials on foodsof baleen whales which have been collected during the successive Japanese investigations will be analysed in due course. But it is thought
convenient to summarize here the peculiar feature of the food of baleen
whales observed in recent operations, since it needs some time before
the report can be compiled as the second report.
DISCUSSION

Japanese pelagic whaling expeditions have covered all the Antarctic
Ocean except the whaling area II after the year 1946, and recent
expeditions have been operating comparatively lower southern latitudes
in 1960 and 1961. Before the year 1958, the most whales had beencaught within the Antarctic convergence excluding some sperm whales
being caught in the outward or homeward routes to and from theAntarctic. Those whaling operations are usually called 'the pack-ice
operation' by Japanese whalers.
In 1959-60 whaling season, many fin whales were captured in thewhaling area IV from 55° to 60° south latitude, and some Japanesewhaling fleets caught comparatively many blue whales (what we callpigmy blue whales) around the waters of Kerguelen Is. in March, thelate of the season. In this boundary waters between the Antarctic
Ocean and the Indian Ocean, fin whales also appeared in the catch.
Further, considerable number of fin and sei whales were caught in thelower latitudes of the area V in the Antarctic, ranging from 175° east
to 175° west longitude and 47° to 53° south latitude in that season.
89

90

T. NEMOTO

This whaling ground was also situated at the far north waters of the
Antarctic convergence as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3.
In 1960-61 whaling season, the whaling ground in the lower latitudesof the Antarctic Ocean expands further. Many blue, fin and sei whales
have been caught in the adjacent waters not only to Kerguelen Is. but
also Prince Edward Is. and Crozet Is., in the north zone of the
Antarctic convergence. The most northern position extends to the latitudes of 42° south in South Madagascar ridge. On the other hand, theusual pack-ice operation has conducted in the whaling area V and VI
in the first and the middle of the whaling season, but whaling ships
come up from 65° to 55° latitude in 150° W near the Antarctic convergence,
which runs along comparatively higher latitudes in that region. As
illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, many sei and fin whales have been caught
in the waters just south of the Antarctic convergence. From theobservations in the whaling ships and the research on the materials
collected on those whales, a map showing the distribution of foodspecies of southern baleen whales is compiled here as a preliminary
report.

As a staple food of blue (pigmy blue) whales in the waters aroundKerguelen Is., a krill Euphausia vallentini Stebbing was found in 195960 season (Nemoto, 1961). Those blue (pigmy blue) whales captured in
the neighbouring waters from Kerguelen to Heard Island between
March 17 and March 26 in 1960 (Ichihara, 1961), took considerable
amounts of krill Euphausia vallentini. E. vallentini is a moderate
euphausiid mainly distributing throughout the sub-Antarctic zone between the Antarctic convergence and sub-Antarctic convergence (John,
1936), but it is stated the southern range of the main group of E.
vallentini extends to the south a little way through the Antarctic
convergence (Mackintosh, 1960). John describes that E. vallentini isfound a little way south of the Antarctic convergence in winter only.
He considers that the flow of Antarctic surface waters to the north,strongest in summer when snow and ice are melting in the south isreduced in winter, and the slowing up of the current leads to a southern
movement of sub-Antarctic waters at the surface. The fact thatwaters of the Antarctic ocean south of the Antarctic convergence ismixed with sub-Antarctic water in winter may causes the south extending of E. vallentini. As it is described in John's figure and a discussion
by Mackintosh (1960), E. vallentini occurs in circumpolar waters, and it
should be noted it occurs especially in the stations where the ridge ofthe sea bottom is prominent. The waters around Pacific-Antarctic ridge,
Atlantic-Antarctic ridge, Falkland shelf, Aukland shelf and Antipodes

FOOD OF BALEEN WHALES91

Is. shelf fairly coincide with the main occurrences of E. vallentini mJohn's report.
Perhaps the most southern occurrence of the main group of E. vallentini
revealed by this study to which I would first draw attention is foundalong the Kerguelen-Gaussberg ridge streching south-eastery from
Kerguelen Is. through MacDonald Is., Heard Is. and Banzare Sea
Mount. In this waters along the ridge, E. vallentini penetrates into
the Antarctic Ocean as far as 54 ° South latitude through the Antarctic
convergence in the summer season. Although the standing crop of E.
vallentini has not been examined successfully in the southern seas yet,the real amount of the E. vallentini is abundant from the consideration
on stomach contents of baleen whales caught in these waters. This
fact may be proved by the distribution and number of blue and fin
whales feeding on E. vallentini.
I suggest that, from the above facts, the waters around Crozet Is.
and near islands possess the possibility of being feeding ground of blue
(pigmy blue) whales (Nemoto, 1961), and many blue (pigmy blue) and fin
whales have been captured in the waters around Prince Edward Is. andCrozet Is. as well as in Kerguelen waters in 1960-61 season, the mainfood of which is also Euphausia vallentini as expected. Usually blue
whales are feeding on Euphausia superba or Thysanoessa macrura in
the waters of the pack-ice in the Antarctic, and they are not so common
in the off waters off the pack-ice. Those blue (pigmy blue) whales are
now considered as a distinct population from the usual blue whales in
the high Antarctic (Ichihara, 1961), but the reason why the populationof those blue (pigmy blue) whales is made in the lower latitudes ofsouthern sea is unsolved. This problem will be discussed again in thefollowing part of this paper.
If Euphausia vallentini is very abundant in the shallower waters ofsea mounts or the shelf of islands along the Antarctic convergence andsub-Antarctic zone, it may be foods of other baleen whales in thewaters around Tristan da Cuhna Gr., Falkland shelf, Campell Is.,
Aukland Is., Antipodes Is., and Tasmanian shelf as well as Prince
Edward Is. and Kerguelen Is. waters. As a matter of fact, E. vallentini
is found in stomachs of fin and sei whales in the waters of Antipodes
Is. and Campell Is. bank, south of New Zealand.
The case that one blue (pigmy blue) whale fed on Parathemisto
gaudichaudi in Kerguelen Is. waters is also a notable finding in recent
investigation in the southern ocean.
Fin whales had been captured mainly from the whaling area III to
the area IV in 1958-59 season. These fin whales were feeding on

T. NEMOTO

92

Euphausia superba in the pack-ice waters, some of which were feedingon Thysanoessa macrura in the area VI as before. All whales captured
in the years distributed in the waters south of 60° south latitude toward
the pack-ice. In the following season in 1959-60, the catch of fin whales
re===============~~~-=--=--~~~=~--==-==~-~=-==~==-===================-~--,

1-r.====530'====\,
f~i<lullv
AMPHIPODA

0
•

\\
\,,

THYSANOESSA MACRURA
EUPHAUSlA VALLENTJNI@DREPANOPliS .PECTlNATUS- - - - _ ANTARCTIC CONVERGENCE

Fig. 1. Distribution of foods of baleen whales in the Antarctic

in the high Antarctic waters decreased considerably, but some 5900 fin
whales were captured in the whaling area IV from 55°to 60° south
latitude. The main whaling ground situated at the Kerguelen Gaussberg ridge and the east of Banzare sea mount. Euphausia superba isthe dominant food in the waters. Although the further collection of

FOOD OF BALEEN WHALES

93

material is in need, 1 year group and immature 2 years group are
dominant, and the full grown 2 years group is scarce in collections.
Since the boundary of Euphausia superba may be shown in Fig. 1, itis protruding to the north in this region. When I compare with theFig. 1 to the figure of Marr (Marr, 1956 Fig. 1), the figure of Marrlacks the project distribution of E. superba. However, Marr notes a
instance that the deflection of East wind drift associated with the
Kerguelen Gaussberg Ridge brings forth the northward distribution oflarval forms of E. superba.
From the distribution of temperature, salinity and oxygen content,
the northward current makes result of the transference of water from
East wind Drift to West Wind Drift in the east of Kerguelen Gaussberg
ridge (Deacon, 1937).
Recently Baker has added the unpublished data on the distributionof adolescent and adult E. superba to the figure of Marr (Baker, 1956,
Fig. 6). From the comparison between the Baker's figure and Marr's
one, it is clear that a considerable occurrence of E. superba is added in
the region of Kerguelen-Gaussberg ridge. So, it is reasonable to consider the concentration of E. superba in the middle Antarctic in 195961 seasons is due to the drift of adlescent forms of E. superba fromthe East Wind Drift region. If this assumption is true, the suitch of
the main concentration of E. superba from the east to the west in thisregion in 1960 and 1961 is apparently originated from the change of thenorthern encroachment of cold water from East Wind Drift bringing
E. superba. The fact that the number of baleen whales feeding on E.
superba decreases entirely in the west waters of Kerguelen Gaussberg
ridge where the West Wind Drift is strong may also prove above consideration.
In any case, it should be noted that the excessive concentration of
E. superba has occurred in the West Wind Drift region. These waters
are, as Beklemishev describes (Beklemishev, 1960), situated at the routeof the cyclones of the Indian ocean polar front and those of theAtlantic polar front, and may cause the upwelling of the adlescent formof Euphausia superba, which is brought in the strongest current oflower stratum of the surface current along the Kerguelen Gaussberg
ridge (Marr, 1956).
The northern limit of the distribution of Euphausia superba is discussed by Marr (Marr, 1956). He consideres the northern boundary of
maximum abundance of E. superba coincides with the boundary of theEast Wind and the West Wind drifts, and the single occurrence is far
to the south of the Antarctic Convergence except the neighbourhood ofSouth Georgia. But recent investigations on food of whales reveals

94

T.NEMOTO

that the abundant occurrences of E. superba should be added in thethree sea regions in the middle Antarctic at least.
As shown in Fig. 1, in the lower Antarctic waters from 0° to 30°
east longitude, where the effect of Weddel Drift current is observed,
E. superba is very important for fin whales just within the Antarctic
convergence. This tendency of the concentration of E. superba isalready described in the figure by Baker (Baker, 1956, Fig. 6). The
second region is Kerguelen-Gaussberg waters, and the third in 150°
west waters. It may be interesting to mention that the two currents
Weddell and Ross currents bring the adolescent forms of E. superba
to the north as far as the boundary of the Antarctic convergence.
In the Antarctic and southern waters, following species of euphausiids
have been described in the published papers (John, 1936; Mackintosh,
1960, etc.).
Euphausia crystallorophias Holt & Tattersall
E. superba DanaE. frigida Hansen
E. triacantha Holt & Tattersal
E. vallentini Stebbing
E. longirostris Hansen
E. lucens Hansen
E. similis Sars
E. similis var. armata Hansen
Thysanoessa macrura Sars
T. vicina Hansen
Among those euphausiids, only E. vallentini, E. superba, E. crystallorophias and Thysanoessa macrura have been described as foods ofsouthern baleen whales (Mackintosh, 1942; John, 1936; Nemoto, 1959
etc.). All those food euphausiids display the shoaling habit clearly,
which is very important for the swallowing feeding type whales, blue,
fin and humpback whales (Nemoto, 1959). Two moderate sized euphausiid Euphausia frigida and E. triacantha also distribute in the
Antarctic zone (John, 1936; Baker, 1956). But they do not demonstrate
typical shoaling habit especially in the latter (Baker, 1956) m thesurface of the waters.
From the point, E. similis may be a food for baleen whales in thelower sub-Antarctic zone because it makes the heavy shoal sometimes.
Owing to the scarcity of the catch, there was much less certainty
about the staple food of sei whales in the southern hemisphere before
a report was published. In the report (Nemoto, 1959), I studied sei
whales recently increased in the Antarctic summer, and described

FOOD OF BALEEN WHALES

95

pelagic Amphipoda, Parathemisto gaudichaudi as a principal food of sei
whales in the southern hemisphere besides E. superba, and suggested thesouthern sei whales distribute from the sub-antarctic zone to the lower
Antarctic zone feeding on the scattering zooplanktons such as pelagic
amphipods and copepods.
After the year 1957, comparatively many sei whales have been caught,
the considerable part of which have been feeding on Parathemisto
gaudichaudi. Especially in 1959-60 season, sei whales captured in thesubantarctic waters between 170° east and 170° west longitude havetaken the amphipods. The complete taxonomic studies on those amphipods is still not solved owing to the scacity of the materials, however,
the most of them are considered Parathemisto gaudichaudi. As Barnard
describes (Barnard, 1932), it occurs everywhere in the south Atlantic
and the southern Indian Ocean. The circumpolar occurrence of P.
gaudichaudi is also described by Baker (Baker, 1954).
TABLE 1. FOOD SPECIES FOUND IN STOMACHS OF SEI WHALES IN THE
INDIAN OCEAN SECTOR OF THE ANTARCTIC IN 1961
0° ~ 70°E

ti

Latitude Range(South)

""
"'
"""'
~

~

~

..,,:;::....,..,

:;::

~

tl

"'
~

ro

'"d
0

.8'
,.c:

70°E ~ 130°E...,"'~.....,
""'

6

50~55

55~60
60~65

10
7
1

1

""
~

<I)

s
~

""
~

z

5

1

14
49

P.

40~45
45~50

ti

ti

.,:;::

Q

0

11
11

"'~

"'

~

1
24
3

..,,:;::.....,.,
:;::

"'
~

..,

l

.'".,""
"ti

~

"'~

~
.,:;::

....,

""'

<I)

"'
~

""'

~

""
~

z0

2

3

1

22

2

14

1

12
18

Q

A.C.

Parathemisto gaudichaudi performs distinct vertical migration in thewaters around South Georgia (Hardy & Gunther, 1935), but it does not
display the distinct vertical migration in the higher latitudes of thesouthern ocean (Mackintosh, 1934). This is no doubt partly connectedwith the reduction or the absence of darkness in summer in the highlatitudes (Mackintosh, 1934). The feeding percentage of sei whales, as
the correspondence, is higher in the morning or in the evening in thelower latitudes of the Antarctic.
The most northern position of the capture in sei whales in 1960-61
season extends to 42° south in 40° east, where all sei whales have vacantstomachs, but fin whales in these lower sub-Antarctic region take
Euphausia vallentini. Sei whales in the high Antarctic take E. superba

T. NEMOTO

96

as before in the whaling area IV. But many sei whales caught in thewhaling area VI take amphipoda including Parathemisto gaudichaudi
heavily along with E. superba.
There are three cases of sei whales feeding on a small copepod
Drepanopus pectinatus Brady. This may be the first description of a
copepod found in the stomach of baleen whales except the description
by Peteres (1955). Two sei whales take exclusively Drepanopus pectinatus in the waters adjacent to Kerguelen Is., and another sei whale
caught in the Crozet Is. waters with the mixture of Euphausia vallentini.
Although these cases are the first observations of dominant occurrencesin the southern hemisphere, sei whales are usually feeding on copepods
in the northern hemisphere, as they have baleen plates of the finebaleen fringe.
TABLE 2.

PELAGIC WHALING CATCH IN RECENT 10 YEARS.
Species of whales caughtYears
1951~52
1952~53
1953~54
1954~55

1955~56
1956~57
1957~58

1958~59
1959~60
1960~61

Blue

Fin

5,124
3,866
2,684
2,163
1,611
1,505
1,684
1,191
1,230*
1,739*

20,52021,19724,98625,87825,28925,70025,222
25,837
26,41527,299Humpback
1,546
954
594
493
1,432
679
396
2,394
1,338
709

Sei
32
123
251
146
276
712
2,385
1,402
3,234
4,280

Including what we call pigmy blue whales

Drepanopus pectinatus is firstly described from the Kerguelen Is.
waters (Brady, 1883). Hardy & Gunther (1935) discuss the ecology of
it in the waters of South Georgia and Vervoort (1957) describes it fromthe bays or inlet of Kerguelen Is. Vervoort states further D. pectinatus
is found exclusively in a tow of plankton net. In the southern oceanof the Antarctic, D. pectinatus has not been observed (Mackintosh,1934), and Tanaka (1960) also do not observes it in the west waters of
Crozet Is. From above descriptions and observations, D. pictinatus isconsidered as a coastal form in the circumpolar high sub-Antarctic andlower Antarctic zone. Subsequently, D. pectinatus is not important forthe oceanic forms and schools of baleen whales as their foods. Many

FOOD OF BALEEN WHALES

97

southern right whales which swarmed in Kerguelen, Prince Edward
and Crozet Is. waters in 19 century (Townsend, 1935) might take thecopepod with their fine baleen fringes.
It is not certain if other micro cope pods in the southern ocean may
be foods for sei whales, however, sei whales feed in the waters where
the standing crop of copepods and other micro zooplanktons demonstrate
the maximum abundance (Foxton, 1956). These areas are observed alittle south of the Antarctic convergence, and some other micro organisms will be found as their foods in future investigations.
DISTRIBUTION OF BALEEN WHALES

From the observations in recent 5 years in the Antarctic and thesouthern ocean, it should be recognized that the pattern of the whale
distribution and foods of baleen whales are changing to some extent.
The most striking points, which are very interesting for the biology ofbaleen whales may be summarized as followings.
1. Sei whales-Usually sei whales had been only observed by pelagic
expeditions in the latter part of the whaling season in small numberin the Antarctic. Recent catch statistics prove that many sei whales
have been caught in the Antarctic zone in summer suggesting that they
enter the Antarctic in many schools to feed.
Of course, this may partly due to the decrease of another valuable
baleen whales, blue, fin and humpback whales, but it is said that sei
whales are realy increasing in the Antarctic by whalers.
As the age groups of sei whales caught in recent expeditions are
considerably older, sei whales are considered to have been migratingin the lower Antarctic or the high sub-Antarctic areas before recent
seasons.
The reason why so many sei whales come to feed in the Antarctic
is still unsettled yet, however, three suppositions are given here. One
reason is that the increase of the number of sei whales causes the
population pressure among sei whales and they seek the feeding groundin the Antarctic. The second is the decrease of the number of southern
fin and blue whales which have been feeding in the Antarctic zone.
This also means the turned chasing to sei whales instead of blue andfin whales. In a formar report (Nemoto, 1959), I note the 'Balance'
among each baleen whale species in the feeding ground as a conditionof whale migration to feeding areas. The decrease of blue and fin
whales may bring about the spread of the feeding range of sei whales inthe southern ocean, as sei whales sometimes share the food E. superba
with blue and fin whales in the southern latitudes. The third is the

T.NEMOTO

98

change of oceanographic condition in the Antarctic. The surface temperature and other surroundings, and fluctuations in the abundance ofstanding crop of food planktons have the important control for the
migration of sei whales.

.500+
•

Fig. 2.

100-500•

50-100

•

10-50
1-10

14

Distribution of sei whales caught Japanese whaling in 1960 and 1961.

2. Blue whale-The second striking feature in the recent operationis the catch of blue (pigmy blue) whales in the lower waters of the
Antarctic zone and high sub-Antarctic zone. Blue whales caught in thelower waters of Kerguelen Is. are considered to belong to a distinct
population apart from the usual Antarctic blue whales and may becalled pigmy blue whales (Ichihara, 1961). Blue whales which possess
the same character have also been caught in the adjacent waters to
Prince Edward Is. and Crozet Is. Although the process of the segregation in these blue (pigmy blue) whales in those region is still remained
unsolved, the reduction of body length in the blue (pigmy blue) whales

FOOD OF BALEEN WHALES

99

may be due to the water temperature and abundance of foods as wellas the population pressure among the population. The three explanations
considered in relation to the number of blue whales for the process ofthe segregation are followings.
The one is that blue (pigmy blue) whales in the lower waters wereseparated by the population pressure from the usual blue whales in thehigh Antarctic already in the time when the pack-ice waters were
occupied by many usual blue whales.
170 \\'•

1000+
500-1000

•

0 ',

•

100-500•

50-100,,Fig. 3. Distribution of fin whales caught Japanese whaling in 1960 and 1961.

That blue (pigmy blue) whales have come to feed in the lower
latitudes owing to the decrease of blue whales by whaling is the otherexplanation. This example is found in a land animal Buffalo (Bubalis
caffer) in South Africa. They were living in the plain when their
number is numerous. But after the decrease of the number of animals
by the rinderpest, they were feeding in the bush along the river.
The isolation owing a mutation is third assumption.

T. NEMOTO

100

To consider the migration of blue fin and sei whales in the lower
Antarctic in summer, the observations on baleen whales in Indian Ocean
is very important. In the lower latitudes of the Indian Ocean, considerable number of rorquals are found according to the observation carriedout by ships (Brown, 1957). The direct evidence that baleen whales
observed in Indian Ocean may have relation to those whales is not
170"W

.500+
•

100

100-500•

50-100

•

10-50

•

1-10

ro

......... ,,' ... \
I
I
I
I
I

'

:
I

I

I

ANTARC;.IC CONVERGENCE

Fig. 4.

Distribution of blue whales caught Japanese whaling in 1960 and 1961.

obtained yet, however, there may be some relations between the observations from St. Paul ridge to Amsterdam St. Paul Plateau from
December to May, and the baleen whales in Kerguelen, Crozet andPrince Edward Is. waters.
The provisional report compiled by Zenkonich (1960) clearly shows theobsevation of blue and fin whales in the waters of Prince Edward andCrozet Is. If these blue (pigmy blue) whales come up to the north in
winter season of the southern hemisphere leaving the feeding ground,
two routes in St. Paul ridge and Madagascar ridge are drawn. The

FOOD OF BALEEN WHALES

101

observations in these routes are comparatively scarce, and there still
remains the possibility of the stay of blue whales in the waters as
the ice limit in these areas are far in the south.
3. Fin whales-The fact that so many fin whales have been caught in
the lower latitudes of the Antarctic also suggests the fluctuation in thestanding crop of euphausiids in the Antarctic. As disscussed in theformer part, Euphausia superba in the waters of Kerguelen Gaussberg
ridge is apparently originated in the East Wind Drift waters. And thescarcity of findings of fin whales in the pack-ice waters in 1959-60
season may prove the lean crop of E. superba in the pack ice waters.
Euphausia vallentini has not described in the published report on foodof whales in the lower latitudes of southern whaling grounds (Mackintosh& Wheeler 1929, Dall & Dunstan, 1957), but its abundance in recent
years is proved by the numerous fin whales feeding it. If these fluctuations in the crop of euphausiids realy exist, they must be originatedin some ecological conditions such as the outburst according to thechange of oceanographical conditions, and must have the important role
for the feeding migration of baleen whales in general.
SUMMARY

1. In recent Japanese whaling expeditions in the Antarctic, Euphausia
superba Dana has distributed along the Kerguelen Gaussberg ridge
waters as far as 55° south latitude from the pack-ice as a main foodof baleen whales. Including other observation in Boubet Is. waters andRoss Sea, the northern boundary of the dominant occurrence in Euphausia
superba as whales' food is considered a little north against the result
hitherto established.
2. Blue and fin whales in the waters of the lower latitudes aroundPrince Edward Is., Crozet Is. and Kerguelen Is. are feeding exclusively
on Euphausia vallentini Sttebing. A few sei whales in above waters
also feed on E. vallentini. E. vallentini is observed also in the shelfof Antipodes Is. Aukland Is. and Campbell Is.
~ "3. Including Parathemisto gaudichandi (Guer.), pelagic am phi pods
are important as a food of sei whales in the southern ocean. P. gaudichandi occurs most abundantly in the waters along the Antarctic convergence. A copepod Drepanopus pectinatus Brady is taken by three.
sei whales in the coastal waters of islands in the sub-Antarctic zone in
Indian Ocean in 1960 and 1961.
4. The distribution of blue, fin and sei whales is studied especiallyin relation to the fluctuation of foods abundance and individual numberof whales in the population as a preliminary report. This problem will
be very important theme in the future research.

102

T.NEMOTOACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Yoshiyuki Matsue ofthe University of Tokyo for his kind criticism on euphausiids, and Dr.
Otohiko Tanaka of the Kyushu University kindly comments a copepod
Drepanopus pectinatus Brady, upon which part of this study is based.

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- - - (1956). The distribution and life history of Euphausia triacantha Holt & Tattersal. Discovery Rep., 29: 309-40.
BARNARD, K. H. (1932). Amphipoda. Discovery Rep., 5: 1-326.
BEKLEMISHEV, C. W. (1960). Southern atomospheric cyclones and the whale feeding grounds
in the Antarctic. Nature, 187: 530-1.
BRADY, G. S. (1883) Report on the copepods collected by H. M. S. Challenger during theyears 1873-76. Challenger Rep., 8, part 23:
DALL, W. & D. DUNSTAN (1957). Euphausia superba Dana from a humpback whale Megaptera nodosa (Bonnaterre) caught off Southern Queensland. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tid.,
46 (1): 6-12.
DEACON, G. E. R. (1937). The hydrology of the southern ocean. Discovery Rep., 15: 1-124.
FOXTON, P. (1956). The distribution of the standing crop of zooplankton in the southernocean. Discovery Rep., 28: 191-236.
HARDY, A. C. & E. R. GUNTHER (1935). The plankton of the South Georgia whaling groundand adjacent waters, 1926-27. Discovery Rep., 11: 1-377.
ICHIHARA, T. (1961). Blue whales in the waters around Kerguelen Island. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tid., 50 (1): 1-20.
JOHN, D. D. (1936). The southf'rn species of the genus Euphausia. Discovery Rep., 14:
193-324.
MACKINTOSH, N. A. (1934). Distribution of macro-planktons in the Atlantic sector of the
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(1937). The seasonal circulation of the Antarctic macro-plankton. Discovery Rep.,
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- - - (1942). The southern stock of baleen whales. Discovery Rep., 22: 197-300.
- - - (1946). The Antarctic convergence and the distribution of surface temperature in
Antarctic waters. Discovery Rep., 23: 177-217.
- - - (1960). The pattern of distribution of the Antarctic fauna.
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Lond., B, 152: 624-31.
MACKINTOSH, N. A. & J. F. G. WHEELER (1929). The southern blue and fin whales. Discovery Rep., 1:
MARR, J. W. S. (1956). Euphausia superba and the Antarctic surface current. Norsk
Hvalfangst-Tid., 45 (3): 127-34.
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