07
ANALYSIS OF SPRING WATER AND STRATEGIES TO MAKE THEM SUSTAINABLE IN
ORDER TO DEVELOP WELLNESS AND SPA TOURISM IN PARTS OF HIMALAYA
Garima Dubey1, Gauhar Mahmood2 and Amina Zakiah3*1Architect-Landscape Architect, New Delhi, India
Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
3
Environment Management Consultant, New Delhi, India*Correspondence Author email: garimadubey90@yahoo.in

2

How to cite this paper:
Dubey, Garima; Mahmood,
Gauhar and Zakiah, Amina(2021) Analysis of springwater and strategies to makethem sustainable in order todevelop wellness and spa
tourism in parts of Himalaya,
Journal of Global Resources,
Vol. 07 (02)DOI:
10.46587/JGR.2021.v07i02.007

Received: 21 March 2021
Reviewed: 10 April 2021
Revised: 11 May 2021
Final Accepted: 23 May 2021

Freely available Online
www.isdesr.org

Abstract: The therapeutic Himalayan Spring water hasapplication in Indian yoga practices and hydrotherapy forcuring various deadly diseases. Seeing this as a great
potential, many stakeholders are investing in thedevelopment of wellness tourism with other premium
services in the Himalayan region. Thousands of tourists fromaround the globe are ready to spend a sizeable amount ofmoney on a single-night stay on these yoga ashrams andresorts for their wellness. The paper attempts to identify thepotential locations for developing wellness tourism based on
spring water (like Badgam, Anantnag, Udhampur, Kathua,
Kullu, Shimla, Mandi, Kangra, Uttarkashi, Tehri, Dehradun,
Rudraprayag, Southern and western parts of Sikkim). The
paper also discusses the possible design and development
considerations that will attract more tourist’s footfall without
affecting the spring water quality and sensitive ecosystemsof the Himalayan region. The footfall is at peak during Julyfollowed by months of April, June, September, October, May,
and November whereas the spring discharge reduces 70-80
percent during summer months and hence there is a water
shortage during this time. With the help of hydro landscapesolutions, we can develop the spring water on sustainablegrounds which will ensure an optimum supply of this water
to help tourism grow. The study and its findings are helpful
for architects, planners, administration, water supply
authorities, yogic ashrams, resorts, etc.
Keywords: Himalayan Spring Water, Hydrogeology,
Sustainability, Wellness Tourism

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Introduction
The great Indian Himalayas also known as the water tower of India has its importance ingenerating and contributing to the 10 largest river systems in Asia. The unique geologicalfeature and varying topography are responsible for groundwater movement and aquifer
recharge which consequently contributes to the drainage systems of this region. The springwater obtained from glacial melt and rainfall oozes out of fracture and joints of these rugged
mountains is the purest form of water on earth. This spring water is not only a dependable
source and supporting life systems in the Himalayan region but also is popular for its
therapeutical properties. The quality of this water is so pure that many industries are directly
selling this as packaged drinking water with a negligible cost for purification. Moreover, thespring water in this region is rich in minerals and several beneficial micro-organisms which are
beneficial for health.
Not only the spring water is sacred from a religious and cultural point of view, but also
people from all over the world believe in its healing properties and wonders it does to theirhealth even treating many incurable diseases like cancer, arthritis, abdominal disorders, etc.
The Himalayan region also filled with various pilgrimage sites which have equal potential todevelop tourism based on spring water and providing an ashram-based lifestyle experience tothe visitors. There are several sulphur springs in the Mandi region along the Sutlej river, having
the ability to cure bones and joint-related problems. Moreover, due to less urbanization andpollution, the climatic conditions together with the air quality is so pure that people who havespent even 10 to 15 days living in the Himalayan region reported that they were able to control
their blood pressure and other health problems.
Many investors see this region as a potential to develop and promote activities likehealth resorts, yoga ashrams, and wellness spa centres. With the other favourable conditions
like climate, air quality, beautiful landscapes, spring water, herbal vegetation people are readyto spend premium prices to get health benefits from this region. Additionally, these resorts will
also provide a leisure experience for the tourist who is willing to come for a business meeting
and avoid highly polluted cities like Delhi, Chandigarh, Gurgaon, Noida, etc.
The areas like Sukhnag, Anantnag, Verinag, Hazratbal, Udhampur, Kathua in Jammu
and Kashmir region, Kullu, Manali, Manikaran, Kasol, Vashishta, Shimla, Mandi, Kangra in
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarkashi, Syansu, Nandgaon, Bugdi khala, Neel garh, Dhaulagiri,
Rishikesh, Dehradun, Mussoorie, Rudraprayag, Gaurikund in Uttarakhand, southern andwestern parts of Sikkim have good discharge potential to supply enough quantities of thisspring water to develop tourism. However, the water can be scarce during the dry seasons of
the year i.e., from March to June. With the help of hydro landscape solutions, this water canbe made sustainable to fulfil the desired requirement.
Study Area
The Indian Himalayan region spreads over an area of 5,33,000sqkm lying between latitudes
26°20’ and 35°40’ North and between latitudes 75°50’ and 95°40’ East. It covers the Indianstates of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh in the North, Sikkim,
Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura in the North-Eastalong with the hilly districts of Dima, Hasao and Karhi, Anglolng in Assam region andDarjeeling, Kalimpong in West Bengal. The physiographically and litho-structurally, there are
four distinctive terranes of the Himalayas: (Valdiya 2010) (Rao n.d.)a. The Siwalik: The elevation of this region is below 900m and composed of
unconsolidated sedimentary rocks that are deposited in a lake formed after plate
collision. This part is fossiliferous and is relatively bestow with water because of their
Journal of Global Resources, July 2021, Volume 07 (02) Garima Dubey, G. Mahmood and A. Zakiah Page 68 | 11

partly consolidated form of sediments. The rocky and uneven Siwalik ranges are
separated by south-facing cliffs whereas, northern cliffs form various cascades andwaterfalls. The long flat rugged terrains are known as duns which represent gravelly
deposits within depression or filling of dried lakes. The terrain is sparsely populated
and is covered with dense forest.
b. Himachal or lesser Himalayas: these are non-fossiliferous ranges lying in the north of
Siwalik. Comprise of Pir Panjal, Dhauladhar, Mussoorie, Nainital, Mahabharat ranges
with elevation between 900m – 3000m constitute slightly metamorphosed sedimentaryrocks like slates, quartzites, limestones and phyllites. Towards Siwalik, these are highly
rugged and thickly forested ranges. Northern part is lofty towards Kumaun and Nepal
that stretches gentler terrains. The summits are rounded with gentler slopes andflowing streams in undulating stretches. The valleys of rivers like Ravi, Yamuna,
Ganga, Kali, Gandaki, Satluj, Kosi, Arun and Subansiri forms deep gorges and defiles.
It is comparatively densely populated part of the Himalayas. The terrane mostly
consists of Precambrian rocks of 540 year and older age. The thick layer ofmetamorphic and granitic rocks covers sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The rocks areembedded in soil.
c. The Himadri or greater Himalayas: These are snow covered and rough peaks mostly
comprises of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks along with igneous rocks (granites
of different ages). These terranes face water shortages and are mostly depended on
spring water. Elevation varies between 3000m to 8000m. It covers Nanga parbat(8126m), Nun-Kung (7135m), Kedarnath (6900m), Badrinath(7138m), Nanda
Devi(7817m), Dhaulagiri (8172m), Sagarmath (8848m), Kanchanjangha (8598m) andNamcha Barwa (7756m). Its Southern face is divided by precipitous high cliffs whereas
Northern part is steep slopes which forms cascade and high forced streams. The
terrane consists of thick stack of high-grade metamorphic rocks and gneissic granite
encroached by 40-20-million-year-old light-coloured granites.
d. Tethys Himalaya: the rugged Tethys Himalayan terrain lies after Himadri terranes. It is
made up of sedimentary rocks of late Precambrain (greater than 600million year) tocretaceous and Eocene (95 to 45 million year) age. The region is sparsely vegetated.
Himalaya province ends up against the zone where India joins with Asia and this area
is characterized by deep faults and series of 60- to 48-million-year-old volcanic islands.

Figure 01: Expanse of Himalayas in India along with its physiographic and lithostructural divisions (Source: As per data from Valdiya, 2010)

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Scope and Objectives of the Study
There are various studies available on the health benefits of spring water, geothermal springs
in wellness tourism in different parts of the world, and the importance of Himalayan springwater for sustaining life in the Himalaya. The potential areas for developing wellness tourism(in the Indian Himalayan region) which specifically involves Indian yoga practices, naturopathy,hydrotherapy and Ayurveda practices based on health benefits of spring water and its
sustainable development have not been addressed in any research. This study aims at
providing policies and suggestions for making spring water a sustainable source in developing
wellness tourism in potential zones of the Himalayan region.
Objectives
a. To understand the process of spring formation in Himalayan region.
b. To understand the importance of spring water with special reference to its use innaturopathy, yoga and sowa-rigpa medicine.
c. To analyse the regional spring areas in parts of Himalayas and understand the water
discharge capacity in different months in order to figure out lean period of water
shortage.
d. To understand monthly footfall pattern of the tourist in this region.
e. To compare and analyse the water spring water quality in these regions.
f. To understand spring water tourism in other parts of the world and draw a comparison
with Himalayan context.
g. To discuss planning and design strategies that can be considered while developing
tourism in these areas.
h. Finally, to suggest hydro- landscape measure for the sustainable development ofspring water to maintain supply throughout the year.
METHODS AND MATERIAL
Methods of Data Collection and Analysis
The Himalayan region has been selected for the study as it has got an enormous amount ofspring water sources that are unutilized and the valuable water generally drains away in open
and gets wasted. The birthplace of yoga, pollution-free environment, beautiful landscapes, andits spiritual importance makes it an excellent choice for developing health tourism. The data ismostly collected with the help of various online texts, books like geodynamic evolution by KS
Valdiya, Geology of India by DN Wadia, and Geology of India by IM Ramakrishnan and R.
Vaidyanadhan to understand the geology and process of spring formation in the Himalayan
region. Research work on healing properties of spring water and its use in naturopathy andyoga. Central groundwater reports of various districts in the study area to understand the springdischarge along with the studies on rainfall and spring discharge capacity relationship. The
tourist footfall pattern of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim was also understoodusing data from the Ministry of tourism. Research data for understanding spring water tourism
all around the world was referred to draw a comparison and potential in the Himalayan region.
The above data and its analysis were useful in deriving planning and design strategies
to develop wellness tourism with consideration to fragile Himalayan ecology and spring
recharge zone. In the end, with the understanding of water demands in the lean period,
strategies that can be adopted to make the spring water sustainable using hydro landscapesolutions are discussed.

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Formation of Springs in Himalayan Region
Unconsolidated granular materials like gravels, cobbles, pebbles, and sand deposits arepotential areas for water to flow and seep down. The ground water moves and get stored
through synclinal folds, faults, joints, and stratified rocks. This groundwater is then discharged
in the form of springs and seepages through fault lines, fractures, joints, and permeable layers.
The groundwater collects in the valleys and can be found as a discontinuous local body likelandslide-debris fans and cones, water or river terraces in perched aquifers (confined –unconfined both) along with the areas of jointing, fracturing, and faulting. The areas with low
steeps and flat grounds accompanying deeply weathered rocks are generally the areas ofrecharge and the areas with steep slopes, cliffs, and first and second-order stream at slope
breaks are discharge areas. (Bhartarya 1989)
The glacier melt snow water and rainwater are the two main sources of aquifer recharge
in this region. The glacial meltwater helps to recharge water in Himalayan water specially inthe dry season which explains the perennial nature of Himalayan springs.

Figure 02: Formation of springs in Himalayan region (Source: Author generated)
Importance of Himalayan Springs in Indian naturopathy, medicine and Ayurveda
The spring water obtained from Himalayan region has great importance and application innaturopathy along with yogic activities. The geothermal hot springs in have mentioned theirimportance in Sowa-Rigpa medicine which was practiced in entire Trans- Himalayan region.
Sowa-Rigpa meaning knowledge of healing is currently practiced in Himalayan regions like
Ladakh, Lahoul, Spiti, parts of Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
This form of treatment is trusted by people more than they trust in modern medicine and isbased on fundamental principles of Panchamahabutha (five big elements), Tridosha (threeenergies i.e., vata, pitta, kaph), Sapta Dhatu (seven body tissues), do’s and don’ts, dietaryguideline, pulse examination etc like Ayurveda.
Hydrotherapy which involves the use of spring water is used for the treatment of many
diseases like headache, breast cancer, skin cancer, arthritis, indigestion etc. The water in

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these springs is rich in minerals like sulphur, germanium, boron, copper, chromium etc, which
imparts it special healing properties. (mantralay n.d.) (Chauhan 2016)
Analysis of Regional Spring Areas in Parts of Himalayas
Table 01: Spring Potential in Himalayan Region for Tourism
#

Areas

Spring type

Number ofsprings

1.

Contact zones andfractures in hilly areas

More than 30
locationsContact zones andfractures in hilly areas

8 locations andmore

4,32,000 to 57,88,800

3.

Hazratbal andSukhnag(Badgam district)
Anantnag andVerinag(Anantnag)
UdhampurMore than 100
locations

86,400-8,64,000

4.

Kathua6.

Kullu, Manali,
Kasol, Vashisht
and Manikaran(kullu district)Mandi district

More than 20
locations
20 and more
locations43,200-10,02,240

5.

Along Fractured zone
and limestone
formation
Mostly along contact
zone and hilly areas
Gravity springs bycontact formations

20 and more
locations43,200- 57,88,800

7.

Shimla district
Kangra district

38 and more
locations-43,200-57,88,800

8.

Fracture zones andcontact zone in hilly
areas
Gravity, contact andfracture type
Fractures, faults andthrust zones

2.

Uttarakhand
Uttarkashi
Fractures and fault
district
10. Syansu,
Joints and Fractured
48
Nandgaon,
type(Tehri district)
11. Rishikesh,
Gravitaty springs inMore than 70
Mussourie,
Shivalik region
Dehradun in
Dehradun district
12. Rudraprayag,
Gravity springs and
275 and more
Gaurikund,contact formation
Sikkim
13. South Sikkim
Gravity springs
14. East Sikkim
Fractured zones
Source: Central Ground Water Board, Himalayan Region
9.

Minimum andMaximum Dischargeof springs (L/day)
8,640 to 2,00,67,264

43,200-21,60,000

86,400 to 34,56,000
and more
2,592-2,76,480
43,200- 10,02,240

1,728- 97,63,200

43,200- 17,28,000

11,520-1,87,200
21,600-1,55,520

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Figure 03: Location of Potential Spring Region in Himalayas (source: author generated)
Monthly Fluctuation in Water Discharge of the Springs
The studies conducted on the relationship between rainfall and spring discharge capacity showthat the quantity of spring discharge increases during or after the rainfall period. The springdischarge is maximum in months like June, July, August, and September and is least during
dry months of March, April and May (Girish C.S. Negi and Varun 2004) (S. S. Rawat 2018).
Monthly Tourist Footfall Trend in Himalayan Region

Figure04: Month wise tourist footfall pattern for Himalayan states(Source: data from Ministry of tourism- survey for Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim)

As per the reports from tourist survey of India for Himalayan region, the tourist footfall
was more during the months of April, May, June, July and December.
Study of Spring Water Quality
The study results show that the spring water quality in Hazratbal, Srinagar outweighed thespring water quality in Kullu valley, Himachal Pradesh in parameters like Electrical
Conductivity, TDS, Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Sulphate & Nitrate content. The difference

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in spring water quality can be attributed to the fact that Himachal Pradesh has more Tourist
footfall & population than Srinagar subjecting the water resources available under stress.
Table 02: Water quality studies in Hazratbal Srinagar and Kullu valley, Himachal Prd.
Parameters

Observed rang ofsamples
In Hazratbal, Srinagar
6.7 – 11
136 – 968

Observed rang of samples
In Kullu valley, Himachal
Pradesh
6.5 – 7.85
41 – 1795

Desirable
Limit

Salinity (mg/l)
Total Dissolved Solids(mg/l)
Total alkalinity (mg/l)

62 – 452
94 – 682--25-1368-600

39 – 156---

300

Chloride(mg/l)
Total Hardness (mg/l)

5 – 3748 – 274

18-393
---

250
300

Ph
Conductivity (uS/cm)

Calcium (mg/l)
5 -56
10-114Magnesium (mg/l)
1 – 42
5 -52
Sulphate (mg/l)
6 – 53
4 -134Iron (ug/l)
0.008 – 3.503-Nitrate (ug/l)
214 - 3844
0 - 224000
Source: Studies conducted by- (Adeela Hamid, 2018) and (Nandni Thakur, 2018

6.5 – 8.5
750

75
30
200
300
45000

Spring Water Tourism in Other Parts of The WorldThe developing countries Germany, Austria, France, Romania, Czech Republic, Israel, Turkey,
China, etc. are providing tourism on thermal spring with area-specific healing methods.
(Boekstein 2014). These countries are not only utilizing springs for wellness tourism but also
promoting its value in sightseeing, entertainment, and vacation complex.
The water management solutions in these regions are broadly done in two ways:
a. By reducing overexploitation of spring water. In this scenario, the judicious use ofavailable water resources and recycling the spring water for irrigation and otherpurposes is preferred.
b. Adopting ground water management practices like artificial recharge of aquifers,
recharge wells, induced infiltration of subsurface water.
Results and Discussion
From the above studies, it is quite clear that the quality and quantity of spring water largely
depends upon the geological, hydro-geological, and topographical features of the Himalayan
region along with its climate. The therapeutical properties of the spring water and its wide use
in yoga, naturopathy, and Ayurveda make it a unique feature to be utilized for health tourism
in India. There are millions of springs in the Himalayan region but only a few of them aresustainable throughout the year. The areas mentioned in table 1 show only number of
discovered springs and their minimum to maximum yield throughout the year. These locations
have the potential to be developed for ashrams and resorts based on spring water healing.
The aquifers are mostly dried up in summer seasons and hence the spring discharge isfunctional only through glacial meltwater and the quantity reduces drastically. Areas lying in
Sikkim and Shimla region have a fair scope of developing tourism but the water discharge ispretty low due to seepage losses. Similarly, in most of the areas, the resorts and ashrams may
face a shortage of water and that will affect their business.
The peak months of maximum tourist footfall is around the summer period in the
Himalayan region as these are the holiday period in many foreign countries. The other group
might be the business class people who want to conduct meetings along with the leisure
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experience benefiting their health. The weather in the Himalayan region remains cool andfavourable for tourists at this time so people like to visit. The spring water quality may gethindered because of the growing tourism in this area. An unplanned approach can result in
disturbing the fragile ecosystems of the Himalayan region and even affect the spring recharge
areas resulting in low water levels in aquifers. Hence, there is a need to figure out a road map
for further development. Springwater tourism in other countries is mainly based on thermal
springs and their application in wellness tourism is different in each country. In India, Ayurveda,
naturopathy, and yoga are the unique selling feature for wellness tourism industries. Speciallythe Himalayan region, also known as Yoga bhumi (land of yoga) with its high spiritual values,
tourists would like to come here and experience the same (Adarsh Aggarwal 2008).
Strategies for Wellness Tourism Development
To tackle problems like landslides, pollution, water shortage, disturbance in natural drainage,
and destruction of natural resources and scenic beauty in the Himalayan region, MOEF has
provided guidelines, action plans, and regulations for sustainable development in the
Himalayan region. (Governance for sustaining Himalayan ecosystem n.d.). The text also
covers the ecotourism policies, commercial tourism regulations, regulations for solid waste
management, and building regulations as per the Himalayan context.
Following strategies can be implemented for a sustainable wellness tourism development:
The increasing population, topsoil erosion, erratic rainfall pattern, and unplanned
urbanization deeply disturbs the catchments areas for spring. (Sandeep Tambe1 2012) (S. S.
Rawat 2018) Therefore, developmental planning should be done after allocating natural
resources and paying consideration to them.
The idea for developing health resorts and yoga ashrams is best suited to the areas
lying in the Shivalik region. Because of comparatively lower altitudes, the oxygen content in
the air is more so the tourists will not find difficulty in breathing. The chances of cloud burst
and glacier burst are also very less compared to the higher altitudes and hence make it safer.
Moreover, from the studies, the chances of spring water formation are more in foothills.
The water from these springs contributes to the various rivers in the Himalayan region
and their therapeutical properties are imparted in the river water as well. Therefore, theconstruction of these resorts or any other kind of settlement can be planned to leave a 200m
margin from river edges. The provisions for waste management should also be dealt withutmost care to prevent groundwater from getting polluted.
The tourists’ activities should be planned considering the existing landscape and lofty
topography of the Himalayan regions. The mountains are snow-capped during the winterseasons and hence activities like ice skating, skiing, or any other sports activities which canbe performed on snow can be considered while designing landscapes for tourists. Moreover,with the Himalayan thermal springs as energy, the rooms of these resorts can be kept warmwithout depending largely on any other active source during harsh winter seasons (Chauhan2016). However, in Rohtang pass, NGT has exposed ban on commercial activities to stop
environmental degradation.
The plantation palate of these resorts and yogic ashrams should be using indigenous
varieties for their self-sustenance. The yogic ashrams and resorts can include therapeuticalgardens, sensory gardens, vegetable gardens, and herbal gardens for their tourists. The
design of these ashrams can be inspired by the vernacular architecture of the specific area.

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Methods and Guidelines to Make Spring Water Sustainable
The development agencies and ministries are stressing over recharging the water sources andaquifers in the Himalayan region. The reports by NITI aayog and MOEF have initiated springwater management programs to revive dying springs. The Dhara Vikas program in Sikkim,
Swajal initiative in Uttarakhand, spring shed management in Meghalaya, etc. are examples
that with proper techniques and planning, the capacity discharge of Himalayan springs can beincreased (Governance for sustaining Himalayan ecosystem n.d.) (Dr. Akhilesh Gupta 2018)
The spring water quantity in this context can be enhanced with the help of following strategies:
•

•

•
•

•

The spring water from spa, swimming pools, bath tubs etc can be treated on site andcan be used for flushing or irrigation purposes. This process can be done both bycreating grey water oasis or by chemical and mechanical treatment.
The recharge zones serving the springs can be demarcated and mapped. These areas
can be customised for watershed measure like bunds, trenches and ponds along thecontour direction to improve spring discharge.
The water from these springs can directly be channelized to the resorts as in Himalayan
region, the seepage loss is very high.
The spring water can also be stored in subsurface check dams in downward direction
to obtain spring water from seepage losses. This water can be stored in reservoirs andcan be supplied to the resorts through pipelines.
The spring is a valuable resource hence it should be used judiciously. With the help of
rainwater harvesting master plans for these resorts and ashrams, the water requiredfor irrigation, cleaning and other purposes can be revived. This will help in lessening
the burden and exploitation of the valuable spring water.

Conclusion
The study revealed that the perennial nature and quality of spring water is a major play ingeological, topography, climate, and hydrogeological setting of the Himalayan region. The
Himalayan spring water has proven healing effects on health and finds great application inIndian naturopathy, yoga, hydrotherapy, and Ayurveda which is the reason why tourists fromall over the world would like to visit for leisure with health tourism experience. The paper has
examined the potential locations for wellness tourism by analysing spring water availability in
Himalayan regions. Furthermore, with proper planning and strategies discussed in the paper,
environment and tourist friendly tourism in Himalayan context. Finally, with the help ofsuggested policies and guidelines, we can make the springs water sustainable.
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Journal of Global Resources, July 2021, Volume 07 (02) Garima Dubey, G. Mahmood and A. Zakiah Page 77 | 11