Deconstructing Next
Generation Transport:
An Industry, Technology
and Services
Overview

Monique J.Morrow mmorrow@cisco.com
Distinguished Consulting Engineer, APAC SP CTO
October 9 2007

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1Agenda Industry Dynamics
 Ethernet Trends and Convergence Standards Overview
 Service Mapping Summary

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April 2007

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Market Trends and Focus
 Ethernet at access for service aggregation
 Require service flexible architecture Capex and Opex efficient OAM and Network management key
 High availability and resiliency
 “Adaptation” of packet switching technologies to the transport domain
 Utilization of legacy strategy where ATM technology was used both asa “transmission” and a “switching” technology
 Migration to IP/MPLS and Ethernet based core switching Elimination of unneeded control plane capabilities and functionalities intransmission applications
 Multiple overlay and supplemental proposals and techniques, including
T-MPLS,PBB-TE, to adapt IP/MPLS and Ethernet to the transport
arena

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Packet Transport Market Dynamics
 Traditional circuit switched transport systems are migrating toward packet
based technologies


SDH/SONET platforms provide low speed bandwidth granularity network
services and high speed long haul transmission services

 IP adoption and convergence simplifies packet transport networks in theaccess/aggregation and metro domains to reduce CapEx and OpEx in next
generation networks

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Where we are today !!

L3 Services

ATM / FRSONET/SDH

Physical Layer

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Physical Layer

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Physical Layer

6

Characteristics and issues
 Network centric
Circuit orientated Multiple networks
OPEX and CAPEX inefficiencies
Provisioning and service assurance complexities
Complexity between layers

 ATM and F/R technology is tailing off
Service capabilities
Bandwidth concerns

 NG SDH/SONET days numbered
TDM and circuits not well suited for packet transport
Acknowledged by transport vendors and SPs
Discussion is now about high performance packet networks

 Service capability may still be required
Regulation
Evolution may not be possible
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Next Generation Transport Requirements
PortalMonitoring

Subscriber
Database Identity

Billing

Address
Mgmt

PolicyDefinition Presence Mediation

Policy Plane (per Subscriber)

Residential

AccessAggregationAG

L3 Serviceedge

L3 Core

802
.1ad

AG

Business

DSL/PON
CPE

Corporate

Ethernet

Single Tier
Hub & Spokeor Ring

FR/ATM

MobileE1/ATM

Ethernet

Legacy Services

NGN application

OthersPoint to Point
Point to MP
Multi-point

ATM
Frame
TDM

Efficient IP multicast
Efficient VoD delivery
Call Admission Control

Standards based
Cost Effective
QoS, TE and recovery
Fast provisioning

Optional

Mandatory© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Mandatory
Optional

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Ethernet Transport And
Convergence

April 2007

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Existing roles and responsibilities
L3 Services

IP
Department

ATM

ATM
Department
SONET/SDH

Transport
Department
Physical Layer

Physical Layer

cWDM
dWDM
Fibre

Physical Layer
cWDM
dWDM
Fibre

 Organisational lines drawn based on networks
 Cross charging between groups
Transport to ATM, Transport to IP, ATM to IP
Creates considerable friction
Can cause organisational breakdowns (IP department buys dark fibre, dwdm gear)
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10Characteristics
 Multiple networks
Different services, different capabilities

 Complex interaction between layers
 Layer 3 components tend to be fairly centralised in nature Most SPs believe the number of networks has to be rationalized New services are demanding more bandwidth
Existing transport and ATM networks will not scale
All see the need to build a high speed packet transport networks

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11Service Requirements
ConsumerBusiness

Wholesale

Evolvedservices

PSTN
Internet

TDM/ATMEthernet

TDM/ATM Ethernet

MigrateVoice

L2 VPNs

L2 VPNs

Pt2Pt
Pt2MPtMPt2MPt

Pt2Pt
Pt2MPtMPt2MPt

RAN backhaul
IP transition

L3 VPNs

L3 VPNs

Migrate and evolve to
Ethernet

Voice / Video / data

PSTN / Multimedia

Video

Over the Top
Walled Garden

Connectionless

Mobility

Value-add Services
Based on L3 visibility

L2TP
Connectionless

Mobile

TDM
ATM

Migrate and evolve to
Ethernet

F/R

Evolve to Ethernet
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12Moving forward Service Oriented Architecture
Functionality placed where it makes sense for optimal service delivery
Infrastructure and demographics
Traffic flows

 IP is the service protocol
Not Ethernet, Not optical, Not MPLS
Other than dumbest optical transport all NGN networks need IP disciplines
So do the organisations running them

 Network convergence
CAPEX and OPEX reduction
Ease of provisioning and service assurance

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Control Plane Comparison

Provider Backbone Transport and T-MPLS
Network Management System
Control Plane for PT2PT Services

Forwarding
TablesEdge

Forwarding
TablesForwarding
Tables

IP/MPLS
Network Management System

Edge

Edge

IP/MPLS
Control
Plane

IP/MPLS
Control
Plane

IP/MPLS
Control
Plane

Forwarding
TablesForwarding
TablesForwarding
Tables NMS based Control Plane Integrated Control Plane Long term support integrated control plane?

 Multi-service Control PlanePBT and T-MPLS  G-MPLS
G-MPLS – Link state Protocol, RSVP etc

 Single Service Control Plane

Edge

L1, L2, L3
Pt2Pt, Multipoint

Pt2Pt Only

PBT
PBT
and
/ T-MPLS
IP/MPLS: Simply
Have similar
movesedge
complexity
functions—to
PBT not more
the simple,
NetworkitManagement
simply moves
layer
the complexity
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Packet Transport forwarding and control plane IP/MPLS (EoMPLS and VPLS):Lot of initial success: - but mainly sold as next generation ATM
Based on the encapsulation customer traffic in two or more labels
Label forwarding within the core based on provider label
IP/MPLS control plane Provider Backbone Bridge-Traffic Engineering :Emerging Ethernet solution
Based on encapsulation of customer traffic in backbone mac address
Ethernet forwarding within the core based on provider backbone mac address
NMS based control plane (discussing the use of G-MPLS) PBT:Vendor proprietary

 T-MPLS :Emerging
Based on the encapsulation customer traffic in two or more labels
Label forwarding within the core based on provider label
NMS based control plane (discussing the use of G-MPLS)

 Arguments over which option
CAPEX cost :- Ethernet and transport solutions are cheaper than IP solutions
Complexity of IP control plane :- OPEX associated with operating the solution

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Technology Uncertainty / Forecasting~7 years

IPv6
EFTCore Draft

1996

Release

2001

2004

Q1
2003

Large
Deploy2006

MP(Lamda)S GMPLS
Core Draft~7 years

MPLS
1996 MPLS Group

Formed at IETF

Tag Switching
ships

Release
MPLS-TE

Large
Deploy~1 Year802.1ahLate 2005

2005

Acceptance of Idea
Standard Work Initiated© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006

Less than 1 YearPBB-TE/PBT…

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2006

First large-scale
deployments
Cisco Confidential

Late
2008+
16

Standards
Overview

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T-MPLS and IETF MPLS T-MPLS supporter’s claim it is a subset of IETF MPLS
Pseudo-wire concept, same Ethertype
T-MPLS simplifications are covered by the IETF MPLS RFCs

 Inter-operability will be challenging
Different OAM mechanisms
Different signaling protocols for pseudo-wires
Different control planes using same Ethertype (label management) SG 15 Q.12 September 2007
Agreement to use IETF Standards Process for T-MPLS future work and to examine the existing
ITU-T Recommendations by IETF to resolve any issues (inconsistencies, incompatibilities oromissions) with the use of IETF MPLS by amending already approved (or consented) ITU-T
Recommendations.

 draft-ietf-pwe3-mpls-transport-01

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IEEE 802.1Qay Provider Backbone Bridges
Traffic Engineering New work item to define traffic engineering extensions
for 802.1ah
 IEEE 802.1 Project Authorization Request (PAR)approved in November 2006
 Standardization expected to take at least 2-3 years Motivated by provider backbone transport (PBT)
discussion
 How similar/different PBB-TE and PBT will look is
unknown

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19802.3ah
Customer

Service Provider

MPLS Core

Ethernet
Access

MPLS
AccessCE 1

CE 2

Link Layer
OAM

802.3ah802.3ah 802.3ah

 Link Level OAM
 Operates on point-to-point link, not propagated beyond a single hop.
 Slow Protocol (Max rate of 10 frames per second) Functions:
OAM discovery – Discover OAM capabilities on peer device
Link monitoring – Event notification when error thresholds exceeded
Remote MIB Variable Retrieval – Polling and response (but not writing) of 802.3ah MIB
Remote Failure indication – Inform peer that receive path is down.
Remote Loopback – Puts peer in (near-end) intrusive loopback state. Statistics can becollected while testing link.
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20802.1ag Connectivity Fault Management (CFM)
Customer

Service Provider

MPLS Core

Ethernet
AccessCE 1

uPE B PE-Agg B nPE B

MPLS
Access
nPE A

uPE A

CE 2

CustomerDomainService Provider
DomainOperator Domain

 End to End per EVC OAM
 Hierarchical Maintenance Domains
MEPs/MIPs

 Standard Ethernet Frames (in-band)Continuity Check
Loopback
Link Trace
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Y.1731
 CFM plus…
ETH-LCK (out of service diagnostics)
Multicast Loopback
AIS
TEST
Maintenance Communication Channel
Experimental OAM
Performance Management (Delay, Packet loss, Jitter)

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E-LMI
Customer

Service Provider

MPLS Core

Ethernet
Access
CE 1

uPE B

MPLS
AccessuPE A

CE 2

Service
Layer OAM

E-LMI

E-LMI

 Asymmetric protocol, applicable on UNI only (uPE to CE)
 Specifies procedures & message formats exchanged and NOT how uPE collects
OAM data – relies on Service/Network OAM running uPE to uPE Allows uPE to communicate to CE:
EVC Status
Remote UNI Status
CE-VLAN to EVC Map
BW Profiles

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MPLS Evolution

Frame
Relay

Ethernet

IP
ATM
Services Services
IP
PNNI

MPLS

MPLS VPNs: Scalable
Network based VPNs

IP+ATM Switch

IP + ATM Integration

Ethernet

ATM

Layer 2 Integration for
a converged network
IP
OpticalServices Services
IP

Traffic Engineering:
Bandwidth
Optimization of traffic
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O-UNI

Bandwidth Protection andResiliency© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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MPLS

IP+Optical Switch

IP+Optical Integration
24

Pseudo Wire Reference Model
LSP (PSN Tunnel)
Pseudo WirePE

IP/MPLS

CE

PE

Attachment
Circuit

CE

Attachment
Circuit

Emulated Layer 2 Service

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A pseudowire (PW) connects native Layer 2 attachment circuitsEstablishment of PWs is signaled between PEs using LDP

LSP ultimately carries PW traffic between PEs© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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25Recent IP/MPLS Standards Published by IETF
In last 12-14 Months, Few of them..
RFC 4364

BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (PS)

Feb-06

RFC 4665

Service Requirements for Layer 2 Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Networks

Sep-06

RFC 4664

Framework for Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs)

Sep-06

RFC 4684

Constrained Route Distribution for Border Gateway Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching(BGP/MPLS) Internet Protocol (IP) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

Nov-06

RFC 4659

BGP-MPLS IP Virtual Private Network (VPN) Extension for IPv6 VPN

Sep-06

RFC 4577

OSPF as the Provider/Customer Edge Protocol for BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

Jun-06

RFC 4447

Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance using the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

Apr-06

RFC 4385

Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Control Word for Use over an MPLS PSN

Feb-06

RFC 4197

Requirements for Edge-to-Edge Emulation of Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) Circuits over Packet
Switching Networks

Oct-05

RFC 4448

Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Ethernet Over MPLS Networks

Apr-06

RFC 4553

Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over Packet (SAToP)

Jun-06

RFC 4623

Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Fragmentation and Reassembly

Apr-06

RFC 4619

Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Frame Relay Over MPLS Networks

Sep-06

RFC 4618

Encapsulation Methods for Transport of PPP/High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) over MPLS
Networks

Sep-06

RFC 4717

Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) over MPLS Networks

Dec-06

RFC 4655

A Path Computation Element (PCE) Based Architecture

Aug-06

RFC 4657

Path Computation Element (PCE) Communication Protocol Generic Requirements

Sep-06

RFC 4674

Requirements for Path Computation Element (PCE) Discovery

Oct-06

RFC 4368

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label-Controlled ATM and Frame-Relay Management Interface
Definition

Jan-06MPLS Japan 2007

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Recent IP/MPLS Standards Published by IETF
Continued…2
RFC 4379

Detecting Multi-Protocol Label Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures

Feb-06

RFC 4378

A Framework for Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Operations and Management (OAM)

Feb-06

RFC 4377

Operations and Management (OAM) Requirements for Multi-Protocol Label Switched (MPLS) Networks

Feb-06

RFC 4420

Encoding of Attributes for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switched Path (LSP)
Establishment Using Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)

Feb-06

RFC 4461

Signaling Requirements for Point to Multipoint Traffic Engineered MPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs)

Apr-06

RFC 4561

Definition of a Record Route Object (RRO) Node-Id Sub-Object

Jun-06

RFC 4687

Operations and Management (OAM) Requirements for Point-to-Multipoint MPLS Networks

Sep-06

RFC 4328

Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Extensions for G.709 Optical Transport
Networks Control

Jan-06

RFC 4327

Link Management Protocol (LMP) Management Information Base (MIB)

Jan-06

RFC 4394

A Transport Network View of the Link Management Protocol (LMP)

Feb-06

RFC 4397

A Lexicography for the Interpretation of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS)
Terminology within The Context of the ITU-T's Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON)
Architecture

Feb-06

RFC 4426

Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Recovery Functional Specification

Mar-06

RFC 4427

Recovery (Protection and Restoration) Terminology for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching(GMPLS)

Mar-06

RFC 4428

Analysis of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)-based Recovery Mechanisms(including Protection and Restoration)

Mar-06

RFC 4558

Node-ID Based Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Hello: A Clarification Statement

Jun-06MPLS Japan 2007

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Recent IP/MPLS Standards Published by IETF
Continued…3
RFC 4606

Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Extensions for Synchronous Optical Network(SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Control

Aug-06

RFC 4631

Link Management Protocol (LMP) Management Information Base (MIB)

Sep-06

RFC 4652

Evaluation of Existing Routing Protocols against Automatic Switched Optical Network (ASON) Routing
Requirements

Oct-06

RFC 4736

Reoptimization of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE) Loosely Routed
Label Switch Path (LSP)

Nov-06

RFC 4726

A Framework for Inter-Domain Multiprotocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering

Nov-06

RFC 4783

GMPLS - Communication of Alarm Information

Dec-06

RFC 4221

MPLS Management Overview (I)Nov-05

RFC 4216

MPLS Inter-AS TE Requirements (I)Nov-05

RFC 4208

GMPLS User-Network Interface (UNI) (PS)Nov-05

RFC 4206

LSP Hierarchy with GMPLS (PS)

Oct-06

RFC 4201

Link Bundling in MPLS-TE (PS)

Oct-05

RFC 4127

Russian Dolls Bandwidth Constraints Model for DS-TE (Exp)Jun-05

RFC 4125

Maximum Allocation Bandwidth Constraints Model for DS-TE (Exp)Jun-05

RFC 4124

Protocol Extensions for Support of DS-TE (PS)

Jun-05

RFC 4105

Requirements for Inter-Area MPLS TE (I)

Jun-05

RFC 4090

Fast Reroute Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels (PS)

Jun-05

Apart from this list, there are many draft standards thatwere published in this period which will eventually
become new standards in coming months.
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28Service Mappingand Applicability

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Network Service Portfolio

Subscriber Services

Network Services

Transport Network

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Layer 3

Multipoint

Layer 2

Point-to-point

Layer 1

Multipoint

Point-to-pointIP VPN
Video Conferencing
Internet Access (business)
LAN Extension
VoIP
IPTV
Hosting
Internet Access (residential)
Audio Conferencing
Data transport© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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30Building Network Services What are the important services ?
 What are the transport requirements?
– Point to Point Transport– Multipoint Transport– Multicast for Video Delivery– Legacy Integration & TDM Circuit Emulation

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Multi-vendor Interoperability
 Multi-Vendor Interoperability is key to ensure– No Proprietary Implementation is Deployed– No vendor Lock-in– Investment protection

 Crucial to test Multi-vendor interoperability for criticalservices/requirements of the network to ensure right selection oftechnology– Traffic protection– Services : Point-to-Point, Multipoint-to-Multipoint, Multicast– Legacy Integration (e.g. ATM Transport)– Quality of Service– OAM

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32Some Historical Background of Layer 3 vs. Layer 2
 In past 10 years, there have been at least 2 major attempts to“revolutionize” networking by introducing a Layer 2 approach witharguments that Layer 3 is either unnecessary, more complex and more
expensive –– End-to-End Pure Layer 2 Switching– ATM LAN Emulation

 Both failed Miserably with time!
 IP/MPLS is revolutionary in a way since it unites the benefits of both
Layer 2 and Layer 3 together!

Didn’t we finish the L2 vs L3 wars already?

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Is a Layer 2 Based Solution Cheaper than aLayer 3 Based Solution ?
Some considerations: Cost of overlay networks required for legacy integration
 Cost of network management system
 Cost of overlay network/intelligence required for supporting
Multicast and Video Cost of manual provisioning & management since network doesn’t
have intelligent control plane Cost of adding Intelligence (GMPLS) to the solution that has nocontrol plane Cost of important features on network elements like HierarchicalQoS (H-QoS), etc

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Summary

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35Summary
Key Points to Consider Before Selecting
Technology for Building your Next Generation
Ethernet Network Technology State, Standardization, Maturity, Field Proven, Future Roadmap
 Network Intelligence: Integrated Control Plane or Proprietary NMS Control
Plane Is Selected Technology agnostic of transport protocols so that it allows you tomigrate smoothly
 Are All Required Services can be offered by the Technology or basic services
itself requires workarounds.
 Is technology Multi-Vendor Interoperable
 Last but not the least, its combined capital & operational cost

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有難う

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