ASIA PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL &OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOLOGY(APEOD)
1989 – 2018
RESEARCH DATABASEThis database is compiled for and presented at the
15th APEODS 2019 in Malaysia in acknowledgment of the
APEOD group 30th anniversary.

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We appreciate and thank all contributors from Singapore, Australia, Taiwan,
Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines for their dedication to compile theircountries research lists enabling the making of this book possible.
Thank you to all local dermatologists who contributed in reviewing andwriting synopses to highlight local issues.
We appreciate Dr Nazirin Ariffin's and Hany Hashim’s tireless efforts inreviewing and their recommendations so as to make this manuscript, abetter read.

Thank you Siti Khalijah Zainudin for spending time in assisting me making
this e-book possible.

Thank you to Dr. Chan Lee Chin and the Dermatological Society of Malaysia
for their support in publishing and launching this book at the 15th Asia
Pacific Environmental and Occupational Dermatology Symposium in Kuala
Lumpur on 12th September 2019.

DEDICATIONTo all dedicated dermatologist in the Asia Pacific region and the team at
ICDRG, who shared their experiences and knowledge with us, thank youvery much.

For the aspiring dermatologists with special interest in Environmental andOccupational Dermatology, may you overcome the future challenges andachieve to greater heights.

ii

EDITOR
Rohna Ridzwan
Malaysia

CONTRIBUTORS(Asia Pacific Dermatologists)

Goh Chee Leok
Singapore

Rosemary Nixon
Australia

Chu Chia-Yu
TaiwanSri Awalia Febriana
Indonesia

Lillian Lopez-Villafuerte

Waranya BoonchaiPhilippines

Thailand

CONTRIBUTORS(Malaysian Dermatologists)
Asmah Johar
Saadiah Sulaiman
Voo Sook Yee Michelle
Rajalingam Ramalingam
Ch’ng Chin Chwen
Moonyza Akmal Ahmad Kamil
Latha R Selvarajah
Nazatul Shima Abdul Rahim
Tee Shwu Hoon
Wan Syameen Afira Wan Ahmad Kamal

iii

CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
Dedication
Contributors
Introduction

Section 1 Contact & Occupational Dermatoses
x Historyx Research at a glance

ii
ii
iii

01-02
03-25

Section 2 APEOD Research lists
26-113x Papers publishedx Collaborative studies
x Papers presented but not published in Journals
Section 3 Recognising various contact reactions
x Contact dermatitis (site specific)
x Immediate contact reaction
x Other types of contact reactions
Section 4 Contact dermatitis in
x Children
x Elderly
x Atopic dermatitis
x Psoriasis
x Private practicex Rural populationiv

114-140

141-145

Section 5 Occupational dermatoses (OD)x Dermatitis vs. Non-dermatitis OD
x Contact agent* Chemicals* Plants* Foodx Occupation* Builders* Cleaners* Farmer* Health Care Workers (HCW)* Factory workers* Service Providers* Uniform Personnel

Section 6 Allergens

x Top allergen* 1989-1998* 1999-2008* 2009-2018

146-175

176-260x Top allergen series* Metal* Rubber* Preservatives* Fragrancev

x Source of allergen* Cosmetics* Medicaments* Plants* Food* Animals* Materials

Section 7 Clinical & laboratory tests

261-265

Section 8 Management
x Disease severity index
x Quality of Lifex OD awarenessx Education
Prognosis266-272xxxxPatch Test Beyond Standard Series
Patch Test Reading
Screening tests
Other confirmatory tests

Abbreviations
Abbreviations (Journal)vi

273-275276-280

INTRODUCTION
This book highlights the various contact reactions andoccupational dermatoses that had occurred in 10 Asia Pacificcountries. The highlights is based on evidence from theresearch observation on environmental and occupationaldermatology published in international and local journals,
unpublished papers presented at national or international
conferences, dissertation papers in contact and occupationaldermatology kept in universities for the past 30 years.

Dermatologists from these countries have contributed
researches conducted in their own respective countries or
researches done in collaboration with other countries forcompilation: Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. Research topics from India,
Japan and New Zealand were retrieved from the internet andfrom the book by See Ket Ng, Chee Leok Goh: The Principles
and Practice of Contact and Occupational Dermatology in the
Asia Pacific Region. World Scientific 2001.
This research list is then sorted according to subject matter. We
have included synopsis of certain interesting topics for readers
on-the-go. The synopsis is based on data extracted from fulltext or abstracts of original research in posters or oralpresentations in conferences and not confined to publishedarticles.

01

Publications made in research journals that are not available
online may have been missed, and some issues pertaining tocontact dermatitis might not be addressed in full. Added tothis, the number of publications far outnumber those tabledresearch articles on specific contact sensitizers/source ofallergen.
This book should raise the reader's awareness of contact andoccupational dermatoses that occurred in this region as wellas highlight major concerns for the past 30 years, ascompared to before 1989. Since we live in the same
geosphere, with similar flora and fauna, there is a possibilityof parallel conditions that can occur in another country,
having the same effect in ours. We can learn from theneighbouring countries, how they identify, investigate,
manage and solve these conditions.

For the benefit of all who dwell in the Asia Pacific region, we
hope other Asian countries will contribute their research
topics to this database as reference for future dermatologists,
not only in Asia but also the world.

Rohna Ridzwan

02

SECTION 1
CONTACT & OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSESIN ASIA PACIFIC REGION
FOR THE PAST 30 YEARSHistory

Research at a Glance
BEFORE 1989
1989 - 1998
1999 - 20082009 - 2018

03

HISTORY OF
CONTACT & OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSESIN ASIA PACIFIC REGION FOR THE PAST 30 YEARSAgricultural Era

In the pre-industrial era (before 1989), work mostly involved exposure
to the local flora and fauna sensitizers. In India, there have been several
documentation on local plant allergens causing phytodermatitis,
photocontact dermatitis and the airborne contact dermatitis (ABCD).
Between 1989 and 1998, Parthenium, Xanthium, Helianthus andChrysanthemum were allergens causing ABCD and they cross react toeach other. Between 2009 and 2018, the Indian team created their own
plant series that give a higher yield of patch test (PT) positivity to plantsensitizers. Parthenium was also reported in Japan. Since we share thesame flora and fauna, we may want to use the Indian plant series toconfirm contact allergy to plants in this region.
In Southeast Asia, we may add Rengas sensitizer to the Indian plantseries since occupational dermatitis has been documented in Singapore,
Malaysia and Philippines, among wood factory workers. Each Asian
country may have their own plant causing phytodermatitis. Gravellia sp.
is common in both Australia and New Zealand. In Australia, tea tree oil
10% is added to their baseline PT series to pick up contact sensitivity to
tea tree oil skin care products. Contact dermatitis to several types ofgrass have been documented in 1980’s till millennium in Singapore.
Besides plants causing occupational dermatoses, animals too havecontributed to outbreak of dermatitis. Between 1989 and 2008, during
Thai agricultural era, cercaria was identified as the cause of the rice
farmers' itch. It was postulated that the flood brought snails infested
with Schistosoma spindale cercaria to the fields. During the period from2009 to 2018, the Indian rice farmers’ feet dermatitis was attributed tocontact to animal manure.

04

In the Pacific region, the Australian farmers were faced with theagriculture pest, the Rutherglen bug that also bites. In a non-agricultural
setting, there was an outbreak in Singapore of dermatitis caused bytussock moths in the 1990s; an outbreak of rove beetle (Paederus
insect) dermatitis was noted in 2009 in Malaysia, followed by similar
Paederus outbreak amongst Thais millitary personnel in 2014.

Improper handling of pesticides in plantations had caused occupationaldermatitis in Japan and Malaysia in the 1980s followed by Taiwan and
New Zealand in the 1990s and Indonesia in 2013. Taiwan reported skincancer among paraquat workers in 1995. In the past 10 years, nonmelanoma skin cancer was linked to pesticide exposure in India whereas
in the Philippines, skin cancer was linked to exposure to arsenic in the
farmland. Similarly, Indonesian had reported arsenicosis associated withskin cancer.

Rubber plantation was introduced by British colonists in Malaysia. The
British assisted in planting rubber trees extensively in 1937 on acommercial basis. Behl PN, dermatologist from India documented
contact dermatitis to rubber footwear in 1963. Occupational glove
dermatitis among construction workers in the prefabrication factory andmotorbike rubber handles was only observed in Singapore in the mid
1980s.

In the early 1990s, with the AIDS scare, glove dermatitis is noted among
health care workers (HCWs) in Singapore and Malaysia. Thailand andTaiwan reported it in the millennium (1999-2008). Currently there areglove dermatitis still observed in builders in India and HCW from
Australia, Indonesia, Japan and Thailand. Marius Rademaker, a New
Zealand dermatologist concluded in his study that Carba mix is a usefulindicator of rubber sensitivity and can pick up patients with contact
dermatitis to rubber compounds. During that time, in Malaysia we notedsome patients have positive patch tests to 3 sensitizers from Trolab
rubber series in the 1990s.
Currently the 3 of the top 5 rubber sensitizers are from Chemotechniquerubber series. One would have missed 9 out of 10 children if patch test is05

done with only European standard series and if patch test were donewith only shoe series, all 10 children would not have been identified.

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to latex in gloves was observed in
Thailand among HCWs in the late 1990’s. It was in the early millennium
when Japan observed this reaction to barium rubber catheter.
Hairdressers and HCWs were reported with Type 1 latex sensitization to
gloves in Australia, Japan, Thailand and Malaysia. In the present decade,dental students from Thailand, Philippines hospital housekeepers andAustralian HCWs had been sensitized to latex gloves.

For the past 30 years, the food responsible for immediate reaction werechestnut, worm in fish sushi, chitosan and garlic in Japan, corn andparmesan cheese (Australia), prawn/lobster (New Zealand, Singapore)and nuts (New Zealand). Food that caused contact dermatitis in the past
30 years are cinnamon (Singapore, Australia), mango peel (Taiwan),turmeric (Singapore, Malaysia, India, Philippines), garlic (India) andSpearmint (Australia). Contact dermatitis in food handlers is increasing
gradually in the last 30 years. Most of them are at risk of Occupational
Irritant Contact dermatitis (OICD) because of wet work. These are thefew occupations at risk with the causative sensitizers: Meat sorter withType I reaction to lamb liver, ox liver & mixture of lamb & beef blood;
Baker developing CD to cinnamon and sodium metabisulfite; pastry chefwith CD to lime in and white bean paste worker sensitized toparvalbumin & phaseolin.

Industrialization Era
Singapore and Taiwan underwent transformation to become
industrialised countries much earlier compared to the rest of South
East Asia and were faced with all the challenges in environmental andoccupational dermatoses in 1980s. Chrome allergy was initially fromcontact to cement for builders and then it affected workers in theelectronic industries, currently it involved the public who weresensitized to chrome in dental alloys and hand phones. Singapore,
Thailand and Taiwan reported contact dermatitis to industrial chemicals

06when exposed to dielectric fluids and soldering flux. Epoxy resin allergy
is still of concern in people living in Australia and New Zealand.

Contact dermatitis also occurred in cottage industries in Asian countries.
Cottage industries reflect the country’s culture and craftsmanship. In
India, it affected the workers in cashew nut, beedi, agarbatti, carpet
weaving, copper ware and wood carving factories. In Indonesia, it was
the batik, leather shoe industrial and shipyard workers. In Japan and
Thailand, the lacquer and pottery ceramic workers were affected. The
Rengas wood factory affected Singapore and Indonesian workers whilst
plywood factory affected the Kiwis.

CultureThe well-documented effect of culture on contact dermatitis and contact
dyspigmentation is the use of kumkum, bindi, alta and participating inHoli festival celebration. Some ladies have been noted to have contact
dermatitis to the turmeric coating the string that holds the gold pendant.
In Malaysia, initially ladies wearing scarf with the brooch under the chin
had contact dermatitis to the nickel content in the brooch. This is easily
preventable with the ready to wear scarf that is sewn under the chin.
Contact dermatitis to tattoo have been observed and documented inAustralia and Thailand. The current trend in the use of non-permanentskin painting has also resulted in contact dermatitis as seen in India,
Australia and Thailand.

Lifestyle Influence
As the country’s economy improved, lifestyle change too because theaffluent public now can afford to acquire products which used to be lessprioritised. Contact dermatitis to cosmetics, sunscreen, skin, hair anddental care products, nail cosmetics, fragrances, clothing and footwear
are apparently on the rise. Topical medication and antiseptics arereadily made available to the public. Immediate type hypersensitivity
reaction to the commonly used Chlorhexidine was noted in Singapore in
the 1990’s and now being recognised and detected in Australia andMalaysia in this current decade.

07

Occupation
Occupation at risk of contact dermatitis seen in the 1980s andthroughout from 1989 to 2018 were the construction workers (builders)and farmers. India, Indonesia and Malaysia are still monitoring theircontact dermatitis among pesticide handler in this decade (2009-2018).
Hairdressers were of concern in Taiwan initially, now they are at highrisk in Australia, Indonesia and Thailand. HCWs were monitored forglove allergy by at least 5 countries for the past 2 decades (1998-2018).
Australia is at the forefront in occupational dermatoses management.
They have incorporated assessment tool occupational contact dermatitis
disease severity index (OCDDSI) that correlates with patient’s quality oflife (QOL). Australasian dermatologists have embarked in educating theworkers at risk, career counsellors as well as public education via publicjournal and forum regarding occupational dermatoses. They instituted
wet work control measures in the country.

Children
Lastly, contact dermatitis is not confined to adults. Our children are at
risk too. In Australia, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore andThailand, children were noted to have positive patch test positive tofragrance, medicament, metal, preservatives, plant and rubber chemicalsensitizers.

Thus there is a need to learn to recognise, investigate, monitor andcontrol the concentration of sensitizers present in the environment for asafer place to live and work in our country.

08Research At A Glance
Phytocontact dermatitis & Phytophoto CD
1980s
ABCD toplantsIndia

Grass(Wedelia
trilobata)
SingaporePhytodermatoses
India
Phytophotodermatitis
India

Rengas wood
Singapore
TobaccoleavesJapan

1989-1998

1999-2008

ABCD toplantsIndia

ABCD(Jap cedar)
Japan

Phyto
dermatoses
Hibiscus
Japan

Phyto
dermatoses
Asteraceae
ThailandPhyto dermatoses- Eucalyptus sp &Tanacetumparthenium
Japan

WoodenrosaryThailandRengasMalaysia

Grass OD
Singapore

JasmineThailandRengasPhilippines

Sawdusts,
Elm tree leaf,
Grevillea
Australia

Kiwi fruit vine,
Lichen acids
New Zealand

GrassSingapore

Kacip Fatimah
Malaysia

Asparagus
officinalis,
Hydrangea &Phytophotodermatitis
NZ

2009-2018
ABCD signs
India

Indian plant seriesIndia

Phyto photodermatitis
Thailand

Grevillea sp.
Australia,
New Zealand

Tea Tree Oil
Australia

09

1980s1989-1998

Agricultural Era
OD in Farmers
Rice farmers'
itch (cercarial)
ThailandPest bite & reaction to animal farm

1999-20082009-2018

Rice field worker
Legs & feetdermatitis(animal manure)
Forearm urticaria
India
Rutherglen bug
bite
Australia

Mice allergencause severe
exacerbation AD inanimal farmtechnician.
(Occupational
autoeczematisationof atopic dermatitis)
Australia

101980s1989-1998

1999-2008

Pesticides used in plantation causing dermatitis
CaptafolJapan

Pesticides
dermatitis
Malaysia

Herbicides induce
Erythroderma
Malaysia
Fruit farm
pesticides(Captafol, Folpet &Captan)TaiwanPesticides
New ZealandOccupational Cancer

Skin cancer(Paraquat)
Taiwan2009-2018

Orchid farm
pesticides(Methamidophos)
Indonesia
Pesticide mix(herbicide &fungicide)
Malaysia

Skin cancer NMSC
(pesticides)
India

SCC in corn farmer
Philippines
Skin cancers(arsenicosis)Indonesia

111980s1989-1998

1999-2008

Contact dermatitis to Rubber products
Factory
gloves &motorbikehandleSingapore

Carba mix as
indicator of
rubber allergy
New Zealand
Condoms
New Zealand

Glove & shoes
Thailand

Neoprene knee
brace
Australia

GlovesSingapore

Rubber products Rubber
Malaysia
products
Taiwan
Shoes
India

12

Shoes
India

2009-2018

Atopic Periorbital
dermatitis
India
Rubber PT series
Malaysia

Gloves dermatitis
DentalAustralia
Builders
India

HCW
Indonesia, Japan,
Thailand

Shoe dermatitis
Indonesia

1980s1989-1998

Latex immediate reaction

Double Use test
for latex gloves
allergyThailand

1999-2008

Latex
sensitization
Hairdressers
Australia
HCW –Japan,
Malaysia,
Thailand
DentalThailand2009-2018

Latex
sensitization
Dental students
ThailandHousekeeper
Philippines

HCW(disposable gloves)
Australia

NRL sensitizers
Hev b 1, 3, 5,͸ǤͲʹεͳɊ
Singapore
BariumcatheterJapan

Gloves allergy
awareness
(HCW)
Japan

13

1980s1989-1998

Type 1 Reaction to Food

Food allergies(squid allergen
Todp1)
Japan
CU to seafood
ThailandContact dermatitis to Food
CinnamonSingapore

Mango peels
TaiwanTurmeric
Singapore

CinnamonAustralia

1999-20082009-2018

Anaphylaxis
Chestnut,
worm in sushi,
ChitosanJapan

Immediate
reaction (garlic)
Japan

Corn
ParmesancheeseAustralia

CU prawn/ lobster
Singapore
Seafood & nuts
New ZealandSeafood & nuts
New Zealand
Food
Singapore

Food/spices
Systemic CD
India

Benzoate(children)
India
GarlicIndia

Spearmint oil
Australia
Turmeric
India
Philippines
Malaysia

14

1980s1989-1998

Food handler (OD)
Cinnamon(Baker)Australia

Seafood (CU)ThailandWet work (OICD)
Australia

Industrial Era
Explosives CD
Singapore
Cement CD
Electronic
Singapore,workers &TaiwanBuilders
Singapore,
ABCD
Taiwan(Chromate)
Singapore
Prognosis
chromate CD
Prevention of Australia
cement CD
Singapore

1999-20082009-2018

CME for foodhandlers
Australia

Lime (Pastry Chef)
Australia

Electronic
workers
Singapore,
Thailand

ABCD
India

Noodle worker
Type I reaction (OICD)
to Lamb organ & Thailand
blood. (Meatsorter)White bean paste
Australia
workerJapan
Sodiummetabisulfite
Prawn (CU)
Australia
Singapore

Builders & Mason
India

Leathersteering wheel Cement
Australia
Australia

Dental alloy
Japan

Mobile phone
Australia
Housekeeper
Philippines15

1980s1989-1998

Industrial chemicals
Organic
solvent indegreasing
induced EM(Trichloroethylene),
Polyvinyl
Chloride,
Soldering
flux(colophony
ABCD)
Singapore

Dielectric fluids
Singapore
Ethyl ethoxymethylene
cyanoacetate
Taiwan1999-2008

Dielectric
fluidsSingapore

Soldering flux
ThailandEpoxy Resin dermatitis
OD & immediate
hypersensitivity
reaction
Australia

16

Prognosis Australia

OD construction
workers,
painters,
engineer,windscreen
repairers
New Zealand

2009-2018

1980s1989-1998

1999-2008

OD among SMI/ cottage industries workers
Cashew nut
India

Colourdeveloper,
Furniture,
Herbal tea(Mesonia
Chinensis)
Singapore

Furniture(Rengas)Thailand
Lacquer(uroshiol)
Japan

Colourdeveloper(Hydroxylamine
Sulphate)
Singapore
Batik
Indonesia

Phenolformaldehyde
resin inplywood
New ZealandBeedi rollers,
KitchenIndia

2009-2018

Cashew nut
India

Wood craftsman
India
Copper ware
India

Pottery & ceramic
ThailandBeedi rollers,
Carpet,India

Cooling tower
Australia
Batik
Indonesia

Leather shoeIndonesia
Shipyard
Indonesia

Agarbatti
India

17

1980s1989-1998

Lifestyle
Cultural influence
Pigmented CD(Sudan 1
Kumkum)A Bindi adhesive(Colophony)
Singapore
Holi festivalchemical injury
due to colours
India

Cosmetics induce pigment change
Pigmented
CD(cosmetics,
fragrance)
Japan

18

Alta Leucoderma(Azo dye)India

1999-20082009-2018

Kumkum CD
India

Kumkumpigmented CD
India

KumkumPigmented CD
India

Leucoderma
Rhododendrol
Japan

Pigmented CD(fragrance &cosmetics)
Thailand1980s1989-1998

Cosmetics Top Allergens

Balsam of Peru
India, Malaysia
Bronopol,ethylenediamine,lanolinIndonesia

Fragrance mix,
Isothiazolin,
Quaternium,
Wool alcohol
Malaysia

Lipstick,
Liquid paraffin,
Sidhoor
India

Parabens PPD
India, Indonesia,
Malaysia

1999-2008

Gallate mix,
PPD ,Thimerasol
India

Fragrance,
Mercury(Ammoniated)
Preservatives
Thailand2009-2018

Chloro- acetamide,
Diazolidinyl urea,
DMDM hydantoin,
Imidazolidinylurea.
Australia
Euxyl K400,
Formaldehyde,
Kathon CG,
Quaternium-15
Australia, Malaysia
GallateIndia, Malaysia
Fragrance
Preservatives
Metals PPD
Malaysia

Thimerasol
India, Malaysia

19

1980s1989-1998

Sunscreen & skin lightener CD
Skinlightening
cream(AmmoniatedMercury)
TaiwanSunscreen(CD & PACD)
Australia,
New ZealandSingapore

Make-up dermatitis

Nickel in eye
shadowdermatitis
PPD & Nickel inface, scalp & neckdermatitis
Singapore20

1999-20082009-2018

Bleachingcream
Sodiummetabisulfite
TaiwanSkin lightener
5,5'dipropylbiphenyl2,2'-diolJapan

Sunscreen
Triethanolamine
TaiwanWhitening cream(Kojic acid)ThailandWhiteningcream(Kojic acid)ThailandRicinoleic acid& lip
preparation incheilitis
Singapore
Propylene
glycolricinoleate in
lipstickdermatitis
Japan

Carmine in cosmetic
blush dermatitis
Japan

Regular cosmetics
Philippines1980s1989-1998

1999-2008

Skin care products induce anaphylaxis

Skin Care products induce dermatitis
Deodorant
Chlorphenesin
Singapore

2009-2018

Facial soap hydrolysed wheat
protein(Glupearl 19S)
Soy based cosmetic
Japan

Cosmetic lotion Facial cleanser& cleansing
Thailandfoam.
1,3-butylen
Massage oil
Japan(Turmeric)Philippines
Facial cleanser
ThailandBaby wipes
dermatitis in carers
Moisturising(MI)lotionSkin cleanser (MI)Quaternium
Moisturiser
Sorbolene(Isopropyl myristate)lotionAustralia
Australia

21

1980sHair care CD
Zinc
Pyrithione &PPDSingapore

1989-1998

1999-20082009-2018

Wet work ICD(Hairdresser)
Australia

Latex glove &Hairdressing seriesammonium
Additional sensitizers
persulphate CU required(Hairdresser)
Japan
Australia
Ammonium
Canine antipersulfate,PPD,
dandruff
Tolueneshampoo
2,5-diamine,(Miconazole)
Glyceryl
New Zealandmonothioglycolate(Hairdresser)
Australia
PPD, Pure henna,
black tea & Indigo(Hair dye allergy)
Australia

22

1980s1989-1998

Dental cosmetics contact reaction
Mercury
amalgam(Lichenoid& lichenplanus)Australia,
New Zealand

1999-20082009-2018

Mercury
amalgamJapan

Mercury amalgam(Lichenoid &lichen planus)
Australia,
New Zealand(Cheilitis),Thailand
Coppersulphate
amalgamThailand

Dental alloy
Au, Ag, Pd
Japan

Nail cosmetics CD

Acrylic nails
Australia

Dentalimplant &screwJapan (Ti)

Acrylic nails(hydroxyethyl
methacrylate)
Nail polish(Tosylamide
formaldehyde resin)
Australia

23

1980sFragrance CD
Fragrance
Photo CD(Musk
ambrette)
Singapore

1989-1998

1999-20082009-2018

Lavender oil
Japan
New Zealand(Difflam®gel)

GeraniolJapan

Cinnamyl alcohol,
cinnamal CD
Malaysia, Thailand

Fragrance CD,
6-methyl
coumarin CD,
Essential oils
OD
(Aromatherapi
sts)ThailandFragrance
pigmented CD
Thailand

Ylang Ylang oil
Malaysia

Pustular CD
Essential oil & (Oakmost absolute,
Fragrance mix FM2, citral)
Australia
TaiwanEssential oil
Oak moss,
Usnic acid
New Zealand

Clothing/ Material CD24

1980s

Before 1989

1989-1998

1999-2008

Batik (OICD)
Indonesia

Sanitary pad
Australia

Black trousers(4,5-dichloro-2-noctyl-4-isothiazolin3)
Mattress gel sheet(2-N-octyl-4isothiazolin-3)
Japan

Nylon stocking
dermatitis(Epsilonaminocaproaic
acid)
Japan
Pillow casepigmented CD(Naphthol AS)
Japan

Footwear CD

Chromate,
Colophony,
PTBF resin,
RubberAustralia(MDBGN),New ZealandSockdermatitis(Basic Red 46)
Textile dyeallergy (PPD)
Australia
Wetsuitdermatitis(PTBF resin)
Japan

Adhesives,
Dyes(black),
Leather,
Metal, Plastic,
Polishing
agents,RubberIndia

Textile allergy
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
releaser,
Basic Red 46,
Disperse blue 106 &126,
PPD
Australia

Rubber Dye
India

Rubber,Preservatives
Adhesives
LeatherIndonesia

25

SECTION 2
APEOD RESEARCH LIST
(1989-2018)
Asia*India *Indonesia *Japan *Malaysia*Philippines *Singapore *Taiwan *Thailand
Pacific Region*Australia *New ZealandResearch List
(1980-1988)

Collaborative studies
Papers presented but not published in Journals

26

ASIAN(1989-2018)
RESEARCH LIST
Indian Studies
1. Sharma SC, Kaur S. Contact dermatitis from Compositae plants.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1990;56:27-30.

2. Sharma SC, Kaur S. Contact dermatitis from Dahlia pinnata.
Contact Dermatitis. 1990 Sep;23 (3):204-5.
3. Tanwar RC, Shama SC, Kaur S. Chyrsanthemum contact
dermatitis: clinical patterns and patch testing with ehtanolic
extracts. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1990;56:112-114.

4. George ND, Srinivas CR, Balachandran C, Shenoi SD. Sensitivity tovarious ingredients topical preparation following prolonged use.
Contact Dermatitis. 1990;23(5):367-382.
5. Bajaj AK, Gupta SC, Chatterjee AK, Singh KG. Contact sensitivity topolyethylene glycols. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;22:291.

6. Singh KK, Singh G, Chandra S, Mukhija RD, Mohan L. Allergic
contact dermatitis to antibacterial agents. Indian J Dermatol
Venereol Leprol. 1991;57(2):86-88.
7. Handa S, Sharma SC, Sharma VK, Kaur S. Footwear dermatitis Clinical patterns and contact allergens. Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Leprol 1991;57(3):174--177.

8. Pasricha JS, Parmar KA. Contact dermatitis due to hydroquinone.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1991;57:194.

9. Pasricha JS, Nanda A, Bajaj N. Contact dermatitis due to minoxidil.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1991;57:235-6.

27

10.Bajaj AK, Gupta SC, Chatterjee AK, Singh KG. Shoe dermatitis in
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Japanese Studies
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4. Tanaka M, Kobayashi S, Miyakawa S. Contact dermatitis from nylon
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5. Miyazawa H, Fukamachi H, Inagaki Y, et al. Identification of the firstmajor allergen of a squid (Todarodes pacificus). J Allergy Clin
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8. Yagami, Akiko & Matsunaga, Kayoko & Akita, H & Suzuki, K & Ueda,
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11.Yamamoto A, Morita A, Tsuji T, Suzuki K, Matsunaga K. Contact
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14.Akita H, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K. Allergic contact dermatitis dueto phenylephrine hydrochloride, with an unusual patch test
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15.Nagashima C, Tomitaka-Yagami A, Matsunaga K. Contact dermatitis
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Contact dermatitis. 2004 Aug;51(2): 90-91.

17.Fujie S, Yagami A, Suzuki K, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K. A case of thelatex-induced anaphylaxis by contact with barium enema catheter.
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19.Yagami T, Haishima Y, Tsuchiya T, Tomitaka-Yagami A, Kano H,
Matsunaga K. Proteomic analysis of putative latex allergens. Int
Arch allergy and immunology. 2004 Sep;135(1):3-11.

20.Kato Y, Yagami A, Matsunaga K. A case of anaphylaxis caused by thehealth food chitosan. Arerugi. 2005 Dec; 54(12):1427-1429.

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22.Kameyama R, Yagami A, Yamakita T, Nakagawa M, Nagase K,
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following saury intake. Arerugi. 2006 Nov;55(11):1429-1432.

23.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Kano H, Matsunaga K. Follow-up study of latexallergic health care workers in Japan. Allergol Int. 2006
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26.Fukutomi Y, Taniguchi M, Takino S, Tanimoto H, Sekiya K, Saito M etal. 5 Japanese patients with wheat-dependent exercise-induced
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27.Atsushi Fukunaga, Satoshi Nishiyama, Hideki Shimizu, Hiroshi
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29.Suzuki K1, Hirokawa K, Yagami A, Matsunaga K. Allergic contact
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33.Emi Nishijima Sakanashi, Katsuko Kikuchi, Mitsuaki Matsumura,
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37.Nishigori C, Aoyama Y, Ito A, Suzuki K, Suzuki T, Tanemura A, Ito M,
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39.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Sano A, Kobayashi T, Iwata Y,
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trousers. Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Nov;75(5):326-328.

49.Ito A, Nishioka K, Kanto H, Yagami A, Yamada S, Sugiura M,
Yasunaga C, Yoshii K, Kobayashi H, Adachi A, Ikezawa Y, Washizaki
K, Inui S, Miyazawa H, Oiso N, Nakata T, Matsunaga K. A multiinstitutional joint study of contact dermatitis related to haircolouring and perming agents in Japan. Contact Dermatitis. 2017
Jul;77(1):42-48.

50.Yagami A, Aihara M, Ikezawa Z, Hide M, Kishikawa R, Morita E,
Chinuki Y, Fukutomi Y, Urisu A, Fukushima A, Itagaki Y, Sugiura S,
Tanaka H, Teshima R, Kato Z, Noguchi E, Nakamura M, Saito H,
Matsunaga K. Outbreak of immediate-type hydrolyzed wheat
protein allergy due to a facial soap in Japan. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2017 Sep;140(3):879–881.e7.

51.Shono M, Numata M, Sasaki K. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by
Solvent Orange 60 in spectacle frames in Japan. Contact Dermatitis.
2018 Jan;78(1):83-84.
52.Hashimoto T, Yokozeki H. Occupational contact dermatitis due to
Eucalyptus species and Tanacetum parthenium. Contact Dermatitis.
2019 May;80(5):333-334.

43

Malaysian Studies

1. Rohna R, Suraiya H, Ganesapillai T. Be aware of rubber allergy. HKL
J Med. 1995;1:152.

2. Rohna R, Suraiya H. Mask facies. HKL J Med. 1995;1:74-76.

3. Rohna R, Ganesapillai T Be aware of cosmetic allergy. Malaysian J
Dermatol. 1997;10:20-23.
4. Rohna R, Suraiya H. Rubber allergy at the Dermatology clinic, HKL J
Med Malaysia. 1998;53:161-164.

5. Rohna R. Metal allergy. Malaysian J Dermatol. 1998 Dec;54 (suppB):55.

6. Shahnaz M, Azizah MR, Hasma H, Mok KL, Yip E, Ganesapillai T,
Suraiya H, Nasuruddin BA. Prevalence of latex hypersensitivity
among health care workers in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 1999
Mar;54(1):26-31.
7. Rohna R, Ganesapillai T, Salbiah D, Zaiton I. Occupationaldermatoses as seen in Dermatology clinic, Med J Malaysia. 1999
March; 54:128-131.

8. Rohna Ridzwan. Update on contact dermatitis and rubber allergy.
Malaysian J Dermatol. 2000 Sep;13:8-10.

9. Jamia Azdina Jamal, Peter Houghton, Rohna R. Contact dermatitis
caused by Kacip Fatimah.
www.fskb,ukm.my/jurnal/jilid
5204(1)2006/Jamia 520Azdina.pdf

10.Henry BB Foong, EM Taylor, N Ibrahim. Allergic contact dermatitis
in a private practice Dermatology clinic in Ipoh: a seven-year
retrospective study. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2007 Aug;19:47-49.

11.Tan WC, Chan LC. An outbreak of Rove Beetle dermatitis in Penang
Hospital: A report of 37 cases. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2009
June;22:38-42.

12.Priya G, Asmah J, Gangaram HB, Suraiya HH. Clinical pattern andcausative allergens of hand and or feet eczema identified from44

patch test - a retrospective 5-year study. Malaysian J Dermatol.
2009 Dec;23:41-50.

13.Felix Yap Boon Bee. The pattern of allergic contact hand dermatitis
at a tertiary skin clinic in Sarawak, Malaysia. Dermatitis. 2010 MayJune;21(3):179-181.

14.Shamsul Kamal bin Abd. Latip. Knowledge on occupational healthand safety among healthcare workers in Penampang, Putatan andInanam health clinics Sabah.Thesis for Masters in Public Health,
University Malaysia Sarawak 2011.

15.Samsuddin N, Syed Osman Idid SZ, Adham Taib M, Mohd Aris MS,
Saad NW, Mohd Said SA. Pesticides management and chemicalhandling practices among female workers in several estates in
Peningsular Malaysia. Malaysian J Public Health Med. 2011;11(Suppl
2).
16.Leelavathi M, Le Y, Tohid H, Hasliza A. Contact dermatitis
presenting as non-healing wound: case report. Asia Pac Fam Med.
2011;10(1):6.
17.Peter Ch’ng WB, Rohna R. Patch testing with different series:
retrospective study from Selayang Hospital, Malaysia. Malaysian J
Dermatol. 2011 Jul;27:20.

18.Michelle Voo SY, Rohna R. Patch testing with preservative
sensitizers. A 1 year retrospective study from Selayang Hospital.
Malaysian J Dermatol. 2013 Jul;30:1-6.
19.Leelavathi M, Mazlin MB, Adawiyah J. Homemade remedies causing
contact dermatitis: case report on two patients with acne. Med
Health 2013;8(1):37-4.

20.Sharifah Rosniza SNC, Rohna R, Kasmawati T et al. Pattern ofallergic contact dermatitis in school children in Selayang Hospital,
Malaysia. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2013 Dec;31:13-18.

45

21.Yusoff A, Murray SA, Abd Rahman N, John J, Mohamad D, & Tin Oo
M. Self-reported latex glove allergy among dental personnel in
Kelantan state, Malaysia. Interl Med J. 2013 Jun;20:323-325.

22.Norazura M, Rohna R. Metal allergy in Selayang Hospital. Malaysian
J Dermatol. 2014 July;32:13-19.

23.Peter Ch’ng WB. Prevalence of positive patch test among healthcare
workers to rubber additives, natural rubber latex and synthetic
rubber gloves and risk factors associated with positive patch test.
Malaysian J Dermatol. 2014 July;32:43.
24.Wan Syamee AWAK, Tarita T, Rohna R, Zuraini A. Contact
dermatitis to a turmeric coated wedding thali: a case report.
Malaysian J Dermatol. 2015 Dec;35:16-19.

25.Xavier G, Yong KY, Pubalan M. The wrath of the rengas: a report ofsevere contact dermatitis and implications for public health in rural
areas. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2016 Dec;37:41-43.
26.How KN, Tang MM, Jagjit Singh RK, Asmah J. Contact sensitisation in
adults: a 5-year retrospective review in Hospital Kuala Lumpur.
Med J Malaysia. 2017 Apr;72(2):113-118.

27.Heah SK, Noorlaily MN, Asmah J. Prevalence of skin diseases in
Dermatology outpatient clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian J
Dermatol. 2017 Jun;38:19-24.

28.Siti Mariam M, Vivien How . Beyond self-report or reality: The
health symptoms and the knowledge, attitude and practice ofpesticide usage among estate workers in oil palm plantations,
Malaysia. J Occupational Safety & Health. 2017 Jun:14(1):1-8.
29.Ng CS. Chlorhexidine preparations: Risk of hypersensitivity
reactions. National pharmaceutical regulatory agency. MADRAC
Newsletter. 2017; 23(2):1-2.
30.Ng FY, Wan Ahmad Kamal WSA, Sinnaiyah L, Hazfaneza AH, Rohna
R. Retrospective analysis of patch test results between 2011 and2013 in Hospital Selayang, Malaysia. Malaysian J Dermatol. 201846

Jun;40:4-9.

31.Sharifah Rosniza SNC, Tang MM, Leong KF, Sabeera B, Asmah J.
Patch testing in children and adolescents: 7 Years’ Experience in
Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2018 Jun;40:27-35.

32.Adawiyah J. Evaluating the effect of chlorpheniramine on patch test
reactions amongst eczema patients sensitised to nickel. Med Health.
2018;13:71-76.

47

Filipinos Studies

1. Arcilla J. Contact dermatitis: it's prevalence and relevance in our
industrializing world. Philippine J Dermatol Dermatol Surg.
1991;2:51-52.

2. Verallo-Rowell V, Pineda B. European Standard and the SSLI
patch test trays: a prelimanary paired comparison study.
Philippine J Dermatol Dermatol Surg. 1991;2:73-77.
3. Gabriel MT, Reyes CV, David R, Tianco E. Survey of Dermatoses
seen among the evacuees from Zambales after the Mt. Pinatubo
eruption. J Philippine Dermatol Soc. September 1992;1:Number 1.

4. Encarnacion LA, Mallari RS et al. Survey of the ten most common
skin diseases seen at the outpatient department of 6 dermatology
training institutions from 1992 to 1996. J Philippine Dermatol Soc.
1997;6:2.

5. Jesusa Barcelona-Tan, Elizabeth Amelia V. Tianco, Cecilia RoxasRosete, Contact Dermatitis Study Group. Common allergens incontact dermatitis as determined by patch testing: a 4-year
experienceat Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Venter (JRRMMC) preliminary report. J Philippine Med Assoc. 1996 Jul-1997
Jun;72:61-66.

6. Pascual R, Jardiel J, Villafuerte L. Contact Dermatitis from
Katialis: Irritant or Allergy? A Preliminary report. J Philippine Soc
Cutaneous Med. 2002 Sept;3(1):26-32.
7. Lonabel A. Encarnacion. Knowing the allergens in cosmetics. J
Philippine Dermatol Soc. 2003 May;12: Number 1.

8. Villafuerte L, Bunagan M. A Five-year study of patch test reactionsin the Dept. of Dermatology of Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical
Center. J Philippine Dermatol Soc. 2005 May;14: Number 1.

9. Abigail Co. Tazarotene 0.1% cream is effective in treatment offacial photodamage. J Philippine Dermatol Soc. 2005 Nov:14: 73.

48

10.Generao FK. Prevalence of hand eczema and contact allergy
among Manila-based dentist. Dermatitis. 2007 Jun; 18(2): 115.

11.Navarro M, Villafuerte LL.
Contact dermatitis to rubber
prosthesis. Dermatitis. 2007 Jun;18(2):116–117.

12.Chan HP, Maibach HI. Moustache p-Phenylenediamine dye allergic
contact dermatitis with distal site involvement—an atypicalpresentation. Contact Dermatitis 2007; 58:179-180.

13.Villafuerte L.
Contact dermatitis from Amulet. Contact
Dermatitis. 2007: 57:199-200.
14.Villafuerte, L. Cultural Practices and Contact Dermatitis in thePhilippines. Australas J Dermatol. 2007 Sep;48 (Supp 2).

15.Thong H-Y, Yokota M, Chan HP, Maibach HI. Possible anergy to
generalize orally elicited allergic contact dermatitis tocorticosteroid. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;58:126–128.

16.Verallo-Rowell VM, Pua JM, Bautista D. Visible Light Photopatch
Testing of Common Photocontactants in Female Filipino Adults
With and Without Melasma: A Cross-sectional Study. J Drugs
Dermatol. 2008 Feb;7(2):149-56.
17.Verallo-Rowell VM. Melasma with Hyperpigmentation at classic
photosensitivity sites: Photopatch Tests of twenty sequential
patients from the Philippines. Oral presentation. Dermatitis. 2010
Nov-Dec; 21(6):350-351.

18.Chan HP, Maibach HI. Hair highlights and severe acute irritantdermatitis (“Burn”) of the scalp. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2010 Dec; 29(4):229-33.

19.Verallo-Rowell VM. The Validated Hypoallergenic Cosmetics
Rating System: its 30-Year Evolution and Effect on the Prevalenceof Cosmetic Reactions. Dermatitis. 2011 Mar-Apr;22(2):80-97.

20.Pearl Weena Marie E Sabido, Clarissa V Cellona, Lonabel A
Encarnacion. Cosmetic intolerance syndrome in a Filipino woman:49

a case report. J Philippine Dermatol Soc. 2012 May;21:Number 1.

21.Guevara, Bryan Edgar Ko, Victoria P. Guillano, Mary Jo S.
Bunagan, Alvin S. Concha. Knowledge, attitude and practices
concerning sun exposure and sun protection among adulttriathletes in Metro Manila, Cebu, and Davao Ciity, Philippines: A
cross-sectional study. J Philippine Dermatol Soc. 2016 May;25:19.
22.Villafuerte L, Clores K. Contact dermatitis to turmeric in a
massage oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Jul;75(1):52-3.

23.Ang-Tangtatco, Jennifer Aileen, Karen Lee Alabado, Lalaine
Visitacion. Squamous cell carcinoma secondary to arsenic
keratoses in a father and son." J Philippine Dermatol Soc. 2017
May;26(1):69-73.

24.Dellariarte, John Michael F., Shereen Reine S. Rodriguez, Vermen
M. Verallo-Rowell. "Allergic contact dermatitis to propolis
presenting as tinea pedis." J Philippine Dermatol Soc. May
2017;26(1): 74-77.
25.Escueta LJA, Johannes FD. A case report on Chironex sp (boxjellyfish envenomation and literature review on the appropriate
management. J Philippine Dermatol Soc. 2017 May;26(1):85-87.

26.Verallo-Rowell VM, Katalbas SS, Evangelista MTP, Dayrit J.
Review update on topical therapy for psoriasis. Current
Dermatology Reports. Springer 2018 Mar;7(1):24-36.
27.Asuncion CA, Dy-Rabo KD, Quinio MF, Lavadia MA. Occupational
skin diseases among Institutional housekeeping personnel in a
Philippine government hospital. J Philippine Dermatol Soc. 2018
May;27(1):8-11.

50

Singaporean Studies

1. Goh CL. An epidemiological comparison between occupational andnon-occupational hand eczema. Br J Dermatol. 1989 Jan;12(1) :7782.
2. Goh CL, Boontanorm A. Eczema of the face, scalp and neckcompared with eczema elsewhere. Contact Dermatitis. 1989 Jan;20(1):57-75.

3. Goh CL. Urticarial papular and plaque eruptions. A noneczematous
manifestation of allergic contact dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. 1989
April;28(3):172-176.

4. Goh CL. Cross sensitivity to multiple topical corticosteroids. Contact
Dermatitis. 1989 Jan;20(1):65-67.
5. Goh CL. Contact allergy to topical medicament. Int J Dermatol. 1989
Jan-Feb;28(1):25-28.

6. Goh CL. Contact allergy to surgeons’ gloves in their patients. Contact
Dermatitis. 1989 Mar;20(3):223.

7. Goh CL, Ng SK, Kwok SF. Allergic contact dermatitis from nickel in
eye shadows. Contact Dermatitis. 1989 May; 20(5):380-381.

8. Goh CL. Eczema of the Face, Scalp and Neck: An epidemiologicalcomparison by site. J Dermatol. 1989 Jun; 16 (3): 223-226.
9. Goh CL. Contact allergy to topical antimicrobials I, epidemiology in
Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1989 July; 21:46-48.

10. Goh CL. Contact sensitivity to aopical antimicrobials II, sensitizing
potential of some topical antimicrobials. Contact Dermatitis. 1989
Sept;21(3):166-171.
11. Ng SK, Goh CL. Contact Allergy to sodium hypochlorite in Eusol.
Contact Dermatitis. 1989 Oct; 21(4): 281.
12. Ng SK. Common environmental contact allergens in Singapore.
Singapore Med J. 1990; 31:616-618.
13. Goh CL. Compound allergy to Spectraban 15 lotion and Zovirax
cream. Contact Dermatitis. 1990 Jan;22(1)61-2.

5114. Goh CL, Gan SL. The effects of a barrier cream and an afterwork
emollient cream on occupational dermatitis from cutting oil.
Contact Dermatitis. 1990; 23(4): 296.

15. Koh D, Goh CL, Jeyaratnam J, Kee WC, Ong CN. Dermatologicalsymptoms among visual display unit operators using plasma
display and cathode ray tube screens. Ann Acad Med Singapore.
1990 Sept;19(5):617-620.

16. Goh CL. Allergic contact dermatitis and onycholysis fromhydroxylamine sulphate in colour developer. Contact Dermatitis.
1990 Feb; 22(2) : 109.
17. Wong WK, Goh CL, Chan KW. Contact uritcaria fromchlorhexidine. Contact Dermatitis. 1990 Jan; 22(1): 52

18. Chia SE, Goh CL. Prognosis of occupational dermatosis in
Singapore workers. Am J Contact Dermat. 1991 June; 2(2): 105 109.
19. Lim J, Goh CL, Lee CT. Perioral and mucosal oedema due tocontact allergy to proflavin. Contact Dermatitis. 1991
Sept;25(3):195-196.
20. Ooi PL, Goh CL, Goh KT, Lee HS. Tussockosis: An outbreak ofdermatitis caused by Tussock moths in Singapore. Contact
Dermatitis. 1991 Mar;24(3):197-200.

21. Goh CL. Mechanism in allergic contact dermatitis. Indian J
Dermatol Venereol Leprol. May-June 1991, 57(3):167-170.
22. Goh CL. Cutting oil dermatitis on guinea pig skin (I) - cutting oil
dermatitis and barrier cream. Contact Dermatitis. 1991 Jan;24(1): 16 - 21.

23. Goh CL. Cutting oil dermatitis on guinea pig skin (II) - emollient
creams and cutting oil dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1991 Feb;
24(2): 81 - 85.
24. Goh CL. Occupational dermatosis in Singapore - changing pattern1985 – 1989. Hifu (Skin Research). 1991:95-100.

52

25. Goh CL. Comparative Study of TRUE test and Finn chamber patch
test techniques in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1992 Aug; 27(2):84 - 89.

26. Wong WK, C Tan, Ng SK, Goh CL. Thimerosal allergy and its
relevance in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1992 Mar;26(3):195196.
27. Lim J, Goh CL, Ng SK, Wong WK. Changing trends in theepidemiology of contact dermatitis in Singapore. Contact
Dermatitis. 1992 May; 26(5) : 321 - 326.

28. Lim JT, Ng SK, Goh CL. Contact cheilitis in Singapore. Contact
Dermatitis. 1992 Oct;27(4):263-264.

29. Goh CL, Ho SF. Contact dermatitis from dielectric fluids inelectrodischarge machining. Contact Dermatitis. 1993 Mar;28(3):134-138.
30. Goh CL, C Chua-Ty, Koh SL. A descriptive profile of eczema in a
tertiary dermatological referral centre in Singapore. Ann Acad Med
Singapore. 1993 May; 22(3) : 307 - 315.
31. Goh CL, Gan SL. Efficacies of a barrier cream and an after workemollient cream against cutting fluid dermatitis in metal workers :A prospective study. Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Sept; 31(3) : 176 –180.

32. Leow YH, Wong WK, Ng SK, Goh CL. 2 years experience ofphotopatch testing in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Sept; 31(3): 181 – 182.
33. Goh CL, Wong WK, Ng SK. Comparison Between 1-day and 2-day
occlusion times in patch testing. Contact Dermatitis. 1994
July:31(1):48-50.

34. Goh CL, Gan SL. The incidence of cutting fluid dermatitis amongmetal workers in a metal fabrication factory: A prospective study.
Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Aug;31 (2):111-115.

53

35. Goh CL. Common industrial processes and occupational irritants
and allergens - an update. Ann Acad Med Singapore.. 1994
Sept;23(5):690-698.

36. Wong W K, Ng SK, Goh CL. Grass allergy among national servicemen
in Singapore - A preliminary report. Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Feb;
30 (2): 108 - 109.

37. Goh CL, Yuen R. A study of occupational skin disease in the metalindustry (1986 - 1990). Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1994 Sept; 23(5):639 - 644.
38. Goh CL. Cutting fluid dermatitis - epidemiology and an appraisal .
Environ Dermatol. 1994;1(1):3-11.

39. Koh D, Lee BL, Ong HY, Ong CN, Wong WK, Ng SK, Goh CL.
Colophony in bindi adhesive. Contact Dermatitis. 1995
Mar;32(3):186.
40. Leow YH, Ng SK, Wong WK, Goh CL. Allergic contact dermatitis from
epoxy resin in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1995 Nov;33(5):355356.

41. Leow YH, Ng SK, Wong WK, Goh CL. Contact allergic potential of
topical traditional Chinese medicaments in Singapore. Am J Contact
Dermat. 1995 Mar:5:1:4-8.

42. Goh CL, Gan SL. Change in cement manufacturing process, a cause
for decline in chromate allergy? Contact Dermatitis. 1996;34:51-54.
43. Goh CL. Skin problems related to office work environment – A
review. J Occup Med. 1996 Jan;8(1):20–22.
44. Goh CL. Prognosis of contact dermatitis following secondary
preventive measures. Curr Probl Dermatol. 1996;25:154-62.

45. Tan HH, Chan TLM, Goh CL. Occupational skin disease in workers
from the electronics industry in Singapore. Am J Contact Dermat.
1997 Dec;8(4):210-214.

46. Goh CL. Prognosis of contact and occupational dermatitis. Clinics
Dermatol. 1997 July- August;15:No. 4.

54

47. Goh CL. Comparing skin irritancy in atopic & non-Atopics to sodium
lauryl sulphate and benzalkonium chloride using TEWL
measurement. Environ Dermatol. 1997; 4(1): 30 – 32.
48. Goh CL. Contact dermatitis in atopics and non-atopics:
epidemiology study. Environ Dermatol. 1997;4(1):15–19.

An

49. Kwok YKC, Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. An update on the top ten
contact allergens in National Skin Centre 1992 - 1996. Environ
Dermatol. 1997;4(3):189-194.
50. Wong SS, Chan MTS, Gan SL, Ng SK, Goh CL. Occupational chromate
allergy in Singapore: A study of 87 patients and a review from 1983
– 1995. Am J Contact Dermat. 1998 March;9(1):1-5.

51. Goh CL. Nonoccupational contact dermatitis. Clinics Dermatol.
1998;16:119–127.

52. Khoo BP, Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. Corticosteroid contact
hypersensitivity screening in Singapore. Am J Contact Dermat. 1998
June;9(2):87-91.
53. Goh CL, Ling R. A retrospective epidemiology study of contact
eczema among the elderly attending a tertiary Dermatology referral
centre in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 1998;29(10):442-446.

54. Ang P, Ng SK, Goh CL. Sunscreen allergy in Singapore. Am J Contact
Dermat. 1998 Mar;9(1):42-44.

55. Ng PPL, Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. Allergic contact dermatitis to
epoxy resin. Am J Contact Dermat. 1998 Mar;9(1): 55 – 56.

56. Tan E, Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. A study of the sensitization rate tosesquiterpene lactone mix in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1999;
41: 80-83.

57. Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. An unusual cause of post-auriculardermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2000 May: 42 (5): 308.

5558. David Koh, Charles Tan, Ng SK, Tan BT, Leow YH, Goh CL. Screening
for p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in hair-care products by thin-layer
chromatography (TLC). Contact Dermatitis. 2000 Sept;43(3):182-3.

59. Lim SW, Goh CL. Epidemiology of eczematous cheilitis at a tertiary
dermatological referral centre in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis.
2000;43:322-326.

60. Anthony Goon, Goh CL. Epidemiology of occupational skin diseasein Singapore 1989-1998. Contact Dermatitis. 2000 Sep:43(3): 133136.

61. David Koh, Leow YH, Goh CL. Occupational allergic contact
dermatitis in Singapore. Science Total Environ. 2001 May;270: 97101.

62. Anthony Goon TJ, Goh CL. Occupational skin diseases in national
servicemen and military personnel in Singapore, 1989-1999.
Contact Dermatitis. 2001;44:89-90.

63. Goon ATJ, Goh CL. Comparison of allergic contact dermatitis casesin the private and subsidised clinics in the National Skin Centre,
Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2001 Sep;30 (5): 485-488.
64. Chan YC, Ng SK, Goh CL. Positive patch-test reactions to paraphenylenediamine, their clinical relevance and the concept ofclinical tolerance. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;45:217-220.

65. Loh TH, Leow YH, Gan SL, Goh CL. Prognosis of occupationaldermatosis. Contact Dermatitis. 2002 Sep;47(3):166.
66. Goh CL. The role of moisturizers in irritant contact dermatitis.
Exogenous Dermatol. 2002;1:180-185.

67. Goon AT, Goh CL. Relevance of positive patch test reactions inpatients attending a dermatology tertiary referral centre. Contact
Dermatitis. 2003 Nov;49(5):255-7.
68. Goon AT, Leow YH, Chan YH, Goh CL. Correlation between laser
doppler perfusion imaging and visual scoring of patch test sites insubjects with experimentally induced allergic and irritant contact56

reactions. Skin Res Technol. 2004 Feb; 10(1):64-6.

69. Tang MB, Leow YH, Ng V, Koh D, Goh CL. Latex sensitization in
healthcare workers in Singpaore. Ann Acad Med Singapore.
2005;34(5):376-82.

70. Goon A, Leow YH, Chan YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. Atopy patch testing withaeroallergens in patients with atopic dermatitis and controls in
Singapore. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30(6):627-31.

71. Koh D, Ng V, Leow YH, Goh CL. A study of natural rubber latex
allergens in gloves used by healthcare workers in Singapore. Br J
Dermatol. 2005;153(5):954-9.

72. Goon A, Goh CL. Metal allergy in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis.
2005:52:130-132.

73. Goon AT, Goh CL. Patch testing of Singapore children andadolescents our experience over 18 years. Pediatr Dermatol.
2006:23(2):117-20.

74. Foo CC, Goh A, Leow YH, Goh CL. Adverse skin reactions to personal
protective equipment against severe acute respiratory syndrome –a descriptive study in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 2006.
55(5):291-4.

75. Lim YL, Goon A. Occupational skin diseases in Singapore 20032004: an epidemiologic update. Contact Dermatitis. 2007
Mar;56(3):157-9.

76. Lim KS, Tang MB, Goon AT, Leow YH. The role of topical traditionalchinese medicaments as contact sensitisers in chronic venous leg
ulcer patients. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007 Nov;36(11):942-6.

77. CL Goh, A Goon, Trichloroethylene dermatotoxicology: an update.
Expert Rev Dermatol. 2008;3(2):173-8.

78. Goh CL, Tang BY, Briantais P, Kaoukhov A, Soto P. Adapalene gel
0.1% is better tolerated than Tretinoin gel 0.025% among healthy
volunteers of various ethic origins.
J Dermatol Treat.
2009:20(5):282-8.

57

79. Teo S, Goon ATJ, Siang LH, Gan SL, David Koh; Occupationaldermatoses in restaurant, catering and fast-food outlets in
Singapore. Occup Med. 2009 Oct;59(7):466–471.

80. Lee HY, Goon A, Choy K, Leow YH. Acrylate-induced hand dermatitis
in the manufacture of contact lenses. Contact Dermatitis. 2009
Aug;61(2):117-8.
81. Goon A, Goh CL. Plant dermatitis: Asian perspective. Indian J
Dermatol. 2011:56(6);707-710.

82. Chuah SY, Leow YH, Goon AT, Theng CT, Chong WS. Photopatch
testing in Asians: a 5-year experience in Singapore. Photodermatol
Photoimmunol Photomed. 2013 Jun;29(3):116-20.

83. Cheng S, Leow YH, Goh CL, Goon A. Contact sensitivity topreservatives in Singapore: frequency of sensitization to 11
common preservatives 2006-2011. Dermatitis. 2014 MarApr;25(2):77-82.
84. Ochi H, Cheng SW, Leow YH, Goon AT. Contact allergy trends in
Singapore - a retrospective study of patch test data from 2009 to
2013. Contact Dermatitis. 2017 Jan;76(1):49-50.

58

Taiwanese Studies

1. Hsu CK, Sun CC, Su MS, Kuo EF, Wu YC. Systemic contact allergy
from occupational contact with ethyl ethoxymethylene
cyanoacetate. Contact Dermatitis. 1992 Jul;27(1):58-9.

2. Sun CC, Sue MS. Sulfur spring dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1995
Jan;32(1):31-4.

3. Jee SH, Kuo HW, Su WP, Chang CH, Sun CC, Wang JD. Photodamage
and skin cancer among paraquat workers. Int J Dermatol. 1995
Jul;34(7):466-9.

4. Sun CC, Guo YL, Lin RS. Occupational hand dermatitis in a tertiaryreferral dermatology clinic in Taipei. Contact Dermatitis. 1995; 33:
414-418.

5. Guo YL, Wang BJ, Lee CC, Wang JD. Prevalence of dermatoses andskin sensitisation associated with use of pesticides in fruit
farmers of southern Taiwan. Occ Env Med. 1996;53:427-431.

6. Sun CC, Chen CS. Frequency and determinants of occupational
contact dermatitis in 2793 consecutively-investigated patients.
Contact Dermatitis. 1998; 38: 230-231.
7. Chu CY, Sun CC. Allergic contact dermatitis from triethanolamine
in a sunscreen. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;44(1):41-2.

8. Chu CY, Sun CC. Allergic contact dermatitis from acrylonitrile. Am
J Contact Dermat. 2001;12(2):113-4.

9. Wang CS, Tseng MP, Sun CC. Allergic contact dermatitis ofparaphenylenediamine. Dermatol Sinica. 2001;19:184-189.

10. Chen HH, Sun CC, Tseng MP. Patch testing with fragrance mix: a13-year experience. Dermatol Sinica. 2002;20:90-96.

11. Yi-Hsing Chen, Joung-Liang Lan. Latex allergy and latex-fruit
syndrome among medical workers in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc.
2002;101(9):622-626.

5912. Thong HY, Tseng MP, Sun CC, et al. Evaluation of formaldehyde
allergy in a patient-test population. Dermatol Sinica. 2003;21:119125.

13. Thong HY, Tseng MP, Sun CC. A survey of the formaldehyde
content in commercially available shampoos and skin carecosmetics, its regulation; and a brief review of currently available
methods of formaldehyde determination. Dermatol Sinica. 2003;
21:209-215.

14. Chu CY, Chen YL, Lin LJ, Sun CC. Allergic contact dermatitis from
etofenamate without cross-sensitization to other anthranilic acidderivatives. Dermatology. 2003;206:341-2.
15. Chu CY, Sun CC, Tseng MP, Wang CY, Hu SC. Contact allergy tosunscreen - 21 years experience. Dermatol Sinica. 2003;21(4):344-52.

16. Chen HH, Sun CC, Tseng MP, et al. A patch test study of 27 crude
drugs commonly used in Chinese topical medicaments. Contact
Dermatitis. 2003;49:8-14.

17. Chen HH, Sun CC, Tseng MP. Type IV hypersensitivity from rubber
chemicals: a 15-year experience in Taiwan. Dermatology.
2004;208:319-325.

18. Chan JY, Chu CY. Chronic radiodermatitis following percutaneous
coronary interventions. Dermatol Sinica. 2004; 22 (2): 148-152.

19. Tjiu JW, Chu CY, Sun CC. 1,2-ethanedithiol-induced erythemamultiforme-like contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh).
2004; 84 (5): 393-396.

20. Chu CY, Pontén A, Sun CC, Jee SH. Concomitant contact allergy to
the resins, reactive diluents and hardener of a bisphenol A/Fbased epoxy resin in subway construction workers. Contact
Dermatitis. 2006; 54: 131-139.
21. Lee MS, Chu CY. Allergens of contact allergy to essential oils in
Taiwan. Dermatologica Sinica. 2006;24(2):82-93.

22. Ho CH, Sun CC, Tseng MP, Chu CY. Patch testing for hand60dermatitis - 20 years
2006;24(4): 238-246.

experience.

Dermatologica Sinica.

23. Lee MF, Chen YH, Lin H.-C, Wang HL, Hwang GY, Wu CH.
Identification of Hevamine and Hev b 1 as Major Latex Allergens
in Taiwan. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006;139:38-44.
24. Yang CH, Chu CY. Systemic contact dermatitis from valacyclovir.
Dermatologica Sinica. 2007;25(1):24-29.

25. Wan KS, Lue HC. Latex allergy in health care workers in Taiwan:
prevalence, clinical features. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2007
Apr;80(5):455-7.

26. Huang PY, Chu CY. Allergic contact dermatitis due to sodium
metabisulfite in a bleaching cream. Contact Dermatitis.
2007:56(2): 123-124.

27. Cheng TY, Tseng YH, Sun CC, Chu CY. Contact sensitization tometals in Taiwan. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;59(6):353-360.

28. Lin CT, Hung DZ, Chen DY, Wu HJ, Lan JL, Chen YH. A hospitalbased screening study of latex allergy and latex sensitization
among medical workers in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect.
2008 Dec;41(6):499-506.

29. Shih YH, Sun CC, Tseng YH, Chu CY. Contact dermatitis to topical
medicaments: A retrospective study from a tertiary referral
center in Taiwan. Dermatologica Sinica. 2015;33(4):181-6.

30. Liao SL, Tseng YH, Chu CY. Contact allergy tomethylisothiazolinone/
methylchloroisothiazolinone:A
retrospective case series in a referral center in northern Taiwan.
Dermatologica Sinica. 2017;35(4):201-205.

61

Thais Studies

1. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Allergic contact urticaria of thehands due to seafood and allergic contact dermatitis to rubber
gloves in food handlers. Thai J Dermatol. 1990;6(2):119-22.
2. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Contact dermatitis to jasmine
flower in bracelets and garland makers. Thai J Dermatol.
1990;6:29-33.

3. Kullavanijaya P. Cercarial dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol. 1990;6:711.
4. Wongwaisayawan H, Kullavanijaya P. Common skin diseases:
outpatient from the Institute of Dermatology. Bull Med Services.
1990;15:354-359.
5. Gritiyarangsan P. A three-year photopatch study in Thailand. J
Dermatol Sci. 1991;2(5):371-5.

6. Timpatanapong P, Charuwichitratana S, Rajatanavin N,
Sakuntapai A. Predictive patch testing of "Medigloves" onhumans using the repeated insult technique. J Med Assoc Thai.
1991;74(1):35-42.
7. Kullavanijaya P, Wongwaisayawan H. Outbreak of cercarial
dermatitis in Thailand. Int J Dermatol. 1993;32:113-115.

8. Kullavanijaya P, Ophaswongse S. A study of dermatitis in thelacquer ware industry. Contact Dermatitis. 1997;36(5):244-6.

9. Seriapinan S. Prevalence of allergic reactions in patients patch
tested in Hatyai regional Hospital (1995-1997). Thai J Dermatol.
1997;13(4):227-34.
10. Tanglertsampan C, Patrakarn S, Vassansiri E. Double use tests forlatex allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 1997;36(6):311-2.

11. Tresukosol P, Ophaswongse S, Kullavanijaya P. Cutaneous
reaction to cosmetic lip tattooing. Contact Dermatitis.
1997;36(3):176-7.

6212. Tanglertsampan C, Boontanorm A, Ngamsiripol S. Allergic contact
dermatitis to thimerosal : a case report. Thai J Dermatol.
1998;14(2):57-62.

13. Tanglertsampan C, Patrakarn S, Vassansiri E. Contact urticaria
from rubber gloves: an occupational skin disorder for health care
workers. J Med Assoc Thai. 1998;81(1):71-4.

14. Huiprasert P. Allergic contact dermatitis from kojic acid. Thai J
Dermatol. 2000;16(2):128-130.

15. Pachimsawat P, Nimmanon V. Allergic contact dermatitis todental rubber latex products: a case report. J Dent Assoc Thai.
2000;50(2):107-113.
16. Tresukosol P, Kullavanijaya P. Occupational fingertips dermatitis
caused by nickel in garland maker. Thai J Dermatol.
2000;16(2):124-127.

17. Gritiyarangsan P, Akaraphanth R, Kullavanijaya P. Clinical study
on facial cleanser in acne vulgaris. Thai J Dermatol. 2001;17:116124.

18. Huiprasert P. Contact dermatitis from skin painting. Thai J
Dermatol. 2001;17(3):156-158.

19. Kullavanijaya P, Pratchyapruit W, Duangdeeden I. The study ofacute skin irritation potential of a skincare product by the human
4-h patch testing. Thai J Dermatol. 2002;18:5-12.

20. Tampanya V, Puvabanditsin P. Contact dermatitis to budesonide
nasal spray. Thai J Dermatol. 2002;18(1):25-31.

21. Puvabanditsin P, Sungkeaw S. The cause of hand dermatitis in thelatex rubber gloves users. Thai J Dermatol. 2003;19(1):4-10.

22. Tanglertsampan C. Allergic contact dermatitis fromformaldehyde with initially negative repeated open application
test. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48(3):171-2.

6323. Deekajorndech T, Kingwatanakul P, Wananukul S. Acute renal
failure in a child with jellyfish contact dermatitis. J Med Assoc
Thai. 2004;87 Suppl 2:S292-4.
24. Lertshunhakiat S, Tresukosol P. Common causes of shoes
dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol. 2004;1:36-46.
25. Puvabanditsin P. Fragrance
2005;21(3):113-38.

allergy.

Thai

J

Dermatol.

26. Tresukosol P, Ophaswongse S. Allergic contact dermatitis caused
by wooden rosary. Thai J Dermatol. 2005;21(1):24-35.
27. Uabookul T, Tanglertsampan C. Misconceptions about allergic
contact dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol. 2005;21(1):36-38.

28. Vachiramon V, Wattanakrai P. Photoallergic contact sensitization
to 6-methylcoumarin in poikiloderma of Civatte. Dermatitis.
2005;16(3):136-8.

29. Wongpiyabovorn J, Puvabanditsin P. Result of standard patch testin patients suspected of having allergic contact dermatitis. J Med
Assoc Thai. 2005;88 Suppl 4:S177-83.

30. Wattanakrai P, Chalermdamrichai P. Occupational contact
dermatitis from soldering flux in an electronic worker. Thai J
Dermatol. 2006;22(3):128-132.
31. Duangdeeden S. Role of open application test in nickel allergic
contact dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol. 2006;22(3):97-101.
32. Wattanakrai P, Techaritpitak. Compositae
dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol. 2006;22(3):109-118.

(Asteraceae)

33. Boonchai W, Iamtharachai P, Sunthonpalin P. Occupational
allergic contact dermatitis from essential oils in aromatherapists.
Contact Dermatitis. 2007;56(3):181-2.

34. Eakwattanakul W, Udompataikul M, Palungwachira P. A study on
the effectiveness of an emollient containing dexpanthenol intreatment of hand contact dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol.
2007;23(3):127-134.

64

35. Wattanakrai P, Rajatanavin N. Thimerosal allergy and clinicalrelevance in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(9):1775-9.

36. Boonchai W, Iamtharachai P, Sunthonpalin P. Prevalence ofallergic
contactdermatitis
inThailand.
Dermatitis.
2008;19(3):142-5.

37. Yenyuwadi A. Occupational cumulative irritant contact dermatitis
among noodle plant workers. Thai J Dermatol. 2009;25(2):118125.
38. Boonchai W, Iamtharachai P. The pH of commonly available
soaps, liquid cleansers, detergents and alcohol gels. Dermatitis.
2010;21(3):154-6.
39. Disphanurat W. Contact allergy in eczema patients in Thammasat
University Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010;93 Suppl 7:S7-14
40. Boonchai W, Desomchoke R, Iamtharachai P. Trend of contact
allergy to cosmetic ingredients in Thais over a period of 10 years.
Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65(6):311-6.

41. Kannawat N, Puangpet P, Tresukosol P, Sajjachareonpong P.
Cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis in facial dermatitis patientsat the Institute of Dermatology, Thailand. Thai J Dermatol.
2011;27(4):236-246.
42. Ongmahutmongkol P, Sajjachareonpong P. The relationship ofhouse dust mite and facial dermatitis in atopic dermatitis. Thai J
Dermatol. 2009;25:208-217.
43. Vangveeravong M, Sirikul J, Daengsuwan T. Latex allergy indental students: a cross-sectional study. J Med Assoc Thai.
2011;94(Suppl 3):S1-8.
44. Kasemsarn P, Boonchai W. Usefulness of Patch Testing in
Dermatology. Siriraj Med J. 2012;64(2):73-7.

6545. Tienthavorn T, Tresukosol P. Pigmented contact dermatitis withhistology of lichenoid dermatitis: A reported case. Thai J
Dermatol. 2012;28(2):137-142.

46. Tresukosol P, Swasdivanich C. Hand contact dermatitis in
hairdressers: clinical and causative allergens, experience in
Bangkok. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2012;30(4):306-12.
47. Boonchai W, Desomchoke R, Iamtharachai P, Sornmek D. Factors
influencing patients’ awareness of the benefits of patch testing: A
questionnaire survey. Siriraj Med J. 2013;65(4):96-9.

48. Boonchai W, Kasemsarn P. Suitability of patch test allergens forstandard series in Thai patients: Ten-year retrospective review ofpatch test results. J Dermatol. 2013;40(1):65-7.

49. Suwannahitatorn P, Jatapai A, Rangsin R. An outbreak ofpaederus dermatitis in Thai military personnel. J Med Assoc Thai.
2014;97:S96-S100.
50. Techakajornkeart R, Boonchai W. Drug patch testing. Thai J
Dermatol. 2014;30(2):127-36.
51. Boonchai W, Chaiwanon O, Kasemsarn P. Risk assessment for
nickel contact allergy. J Dermatol. 2014;41(12):1065-8.

52. Boonchai W, Iamtharachai P. Risk factors for common contact
allergens and patch test results using a modified European
baseline series in patients tested during between 2000 and 2009at Siriraj Hospital. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2014;32(1):60-5.

53. Boonchai W, Sirikudta W, Iamtharachai P, Kasemsarn P. Latex
glove-related symptoms among health care workers: a selfreport questionnaire-based survey. Dermatitis. 2014;25(3):1359.

54. Boonchai W, Thanomkitti K, Kasemsarn P. Occupational contact
dermatitis in tertiary university hospital: A 5-year retrospective
study. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014;97(11):1182-1188.

66

55. Iamtharachai P, Bunyavaree M, Suiwongsa B, Kasemsarn P,
Boonchai W. Resource saving in patch test procedure. Thai J
Dermatol. 2014;30(3):153-8.

56. Supapvanich C, Povey AC, Vocht FD. Latex sensitization and risk
factors in female nurses in Thai governmental hospitals. Int J
Occup Med Environ Health. 2014;27(1):93-103.

57. Boonchai W1, Sirikudta W, Iamtharachai P, Kasemsarn P. Latex
glove-related symptoms among health care workers: a selfreport questionnaire-based survey. Dermatitis. 2014 MayJun;25(3):135-9.

58. Tienthavorn T, Tresukosol P, Sudtikoonaseth P. Patch testing andhistopathology in Thai patients with hyperpigmentation due to
Erythema dyschromicum perstans, Lichen planus pigmentosus,
and pigmented contact dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol.
2014;32(2):185-92.

59. Boonchai W, Maneeprasopchoke P, Suiwongsa B, Kasemsarn P.
Assessment of nickel and cobalt release from jewelry from a nonnickel directive country. Dermatitis. 2015;26(1):44-8.

60. Boonchai
W,
Sathaworawong
A,
WongpraparutC,
Wanitphakdeedecha R. The sensitization potential of sunscreen
after ablative fractional skin resurfacing using modified humanrepeated insult patch test. J Dermatolog Treat. 2015;26(5):485-8.

61. Choovichian V, Chatapat L, Piyaphanee W. A Bubble Turtle:
bullous contact dermatitis after a black Henna tattoo in a
backpacker in Thailand. J Travel Med. 2015;22(4):287-8.

62. Saiphiroonthong W, Sithisarankul P, Sajjacharoenpong P.
Prevalence and associated factors of hand dermatitis among
pottery and ceramics workers in Rachaburi province. Thammasat
Med J. 2015;15(2):251-9.

6763. Boonchai W, Bunyavaree M, Winayanuwattikun W, Kasemsarn P.
Contact sensitizers in commercial hair dye products sold in
Thailand. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74(4):222-9.

64. Bunyavaree M, Kasemsarn P, Boonchai W. Cosmetic preservative
labelling on the Thai market. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74(4):217-21.
65. Chaithirayanon S. Comparative Study between Talcum and Zinc
Oxide Cream for the Prevention of Irritant Contact Diaper
Dermatitis in Infants. J Med Assoc Thai. 2016;99:S1-S6.

66. Kasemsarn P, Iamphonrat T, Boonchai W. Risk factors andcommon contact allergens in facial allergic contact dermatitis
patients. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(4):417-24.

67. Ngarmjiratam N, Wattanakrai P. Photoallergic contact dermatitis
caused by Quisqualis indica (Combretum indicum). Contact
Dermatitis. 2016;74(5):313-4.

68. Pongpairoj K, Puangpet P, Thaiwat S, McFadden JP. Should
Evernia furfuracea be included in a baseline screening series ofcontact allergens? Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74(4):257-8.
69. Tempark T, Chatproedprai S, Wananukul S. Localized contact
dermatitis from Ferula asafetida oleogum-resin essential oil, a
traditional topical preparation for stomach ache and flatulence.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82(4):467.
70. Thanyavuthi A, Boonchai W, Kasemsarn P. Amalgam Contact
Allergy in Oral Lichenoid Lesions. Dermatitis. 2016;27(4):215-21.

71. Thongprasom K. Glycerin borax treatment of exfoliative cheilitis
Induced by sodium lauryl sulfate: a case report. Acta Stomatol
Croat. 2016;50(2):158-161.

72. Vejanurug P, Tresukosol P, Sajjachareonpong P, Puangpet P.
Fragrance allergy could be missed without patch testing with 26
individualfragranceallergens.
Contact
Dermatitis.
2016;74(4):230-5.

6873. Dararattanaroj W, Pootongkam S, Rojanawatsirivej N,
Wongpiyabovorn J. Patterns and risk factors of causative contact
allergens in Thai adult patients with contact dermatitis. Asian Pac
J Allergy Immunol. 2017;35(1):27-32.
74. Pongpairoj K, Puangpet P, Thaiwat S, McFadden JP. Diagnosing
allergic contact dermatitis through elimination, perception,
detection and deduction. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(5):651-61.

75. Praisuthirat K, Supapong S, Sajjachareonpong P. Prevalence andassociated factors of hand contact dermatitis among foodhandlers in Department of Medical Service Hospital and Hospitalin the Central Region of Thailand. J Preventive Med Assoc
Thailand. 2017;7:148.

76. Boonchai W, Kasemsarn P, Maneeprasopchoke P, Chayangsu O,
Bunyaratavej S. A study of erythematous facial dermatoses inThais dermatologic patients in a university hospital. J Med Assoc
Thai. 2018;101(6):843-849.

77. Boonchai W, Maneeprasopchoke P, Chaweekulrat P, Kasemsarn
P. Associated factors of widespread pattern of dermatitis among
patch test population: 12-Year retrospective study. Australas J
Dermatol. 2019 Feb;60(1):e40-e45.

78. Boonchai W, Varothai S, Winayanuwattikun W, Phaitoonvatanakij
S, Chaweekulrat P, Kasemsarn P. Randomized investigatorblinded comparative study of moisturizer containing 4-tbutylcyclohexanol and licochalcone A versus 0.02%
triamcinolone acetonide cream in facial dermatitis. J Cosmet
Dermatol. 2018 Dec;17(6):1130-1135.

79. Varothai S, Winayanuwattikun W, Phaitoonvatanakij S,
Kasemsarn P, Boonchai W. An investigator-blinded, randomized,
prospective, comparative study of efficacy of four antiinflammatory and barrier hand moisturizers in patients withchronic hand dermatitis. Dermatol Ther. 2018 Sep;31(5):e12670.

69

PACIFIC REGION(1989-2018)
RESEARCH LIST
Australian Studies

1. Wall LM, Gebauer KA. Attitudes towards and knowledge ofoccupational skin disease amongst support personnel.
Australas J Dermatol. 1990;31(2):81-7.

2. Nixon RL. Allergy to oxybenzone andDermatitis 1990; 23:27.

mexenone. Contact

3. Nixon R, Frowen K. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by epoxy
resins. J Occup Health Saf, Aust, NZ. 1991; 7: 417- 424.
4. Wall LM, Gebauer KA. Occupational skin disease in Western
Australia. Contact Dermatitis. 1991 Feb;24(2):101-9.

5. Wall LM, Gebauer KA. A follow-up study of occupational skindisease in Western Australia. Contact Dermatitis. 1991
Apr;24(4):241-3.
6. Nixon, RL. Cosmetics: Benefits, untruths, adverse reaction.
Patient Management. 1992 Sept:51-55.

7. Halbert AR, Gebauer KA, Wall LM. Prognosis of occupational
chromate dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1992 Oct;27(4):214-9.
8. Foley P, Nixon R, Marks R, Frowen K and Thompson S. The
frequency of reactions to sunscreens: results of a longitudinal
population-based study on the regular use of sunscreens inAustralia. Br J Dermatol 1993; 128:512-518.
9. Rosen RH, Freeman S. Prognosis of occupational contact
dermatitis in New South Wales, Australia. Contact Dermatitis.
1993;29:88 - 93.
10.Czarnecki D, Nixon R, Bekhor P, Mason G. Delayed prolonged
contact urticaria from the elm tree. Contact Dermatitis. 1993;
28:196.

70

11.Nixon RL. Occupational skin disease. Modern Medicine. 1994
July; 30-39.
12.Freeman S, Lee MS, Gudmundsen K. Adverse contact reactions
to sculptured acrylic nails: 4 case reports and a literature
review. Contact Dermatitis. 1995 Dec;33(6):381-5.

13.Freeman S. Corticosteroid allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 1995
Oct;33(4):240-2.

14.Pang BK1, Freeman S. Oral lichenoid lesions caused by allergy
to mercury in amalgam fillings. Contact Dermatitis. 1995
Dec;33(6):423-7.
15.Nixon R. Cinnamon allergy in a baker. Australas J Dermatol.
1995 Feb;36(1):41.
16.Nixon RL. Contact dermatitis and occupational skin disease.
Med J Aust. 1996;165:47-52.

17.Nixon RL, Frowen KE, Lewis AE. Skin reactions to sunscreens.
Australas J Dermatol. 1997 Jun;38 Suppl 1:S83-5.

18.Nixon RL. Material safety data sheets and allergic contact
dermatitis: a misleading case. Australas J Dermatol. 1997
Aug;38(3):165.

19.Cook DK, Freeman S. Allergic contact dermatitis to plants: ananalysis of 68 patients tested at the Skin and Cancer
Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 1997 Aug;38(3):129-31.

20.Freeman S. Shoe dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1997
May;36(5):247-51.

21.Freeman S, Stephens R. Cheilitis: analysis of 75 cases referred
to a contact dermatitis clinic. Am J Contact Dermat. 1999
Dec;10(4):198-200.

22.Nixon R, Orchard D. Positive para-phenylene diamine (PPD)
reactions following paint-on tattoos. Australas J Dermatol 1999;
40:120.

71

23.Kumar A, Freeman S. Protein contact dermatitis in foodworkers. Case report of a meat sorter and summary of sevenother cases. Australas J Dermatol. 1999 Aug;40(3):138-40.

24.MacKenzie-Wood AR, Freeman S. Unclassified endogenous
eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 1999 Jul;41(1):18-21.

25.Bannister MJ, Freeman S. Adult-onset atopic dermatitis.
Australas J Dermatol 2000;41: 225–228.

26.Mohamed M, Nixon R. Severe allergic contact dermatitis
induced by paraphenylenediamine in paint-on temporary'tattoos'. Australas J Dermatol. 2000 Aug;41(3):168-71.
27.Nixon R. Occupational Skin Disease. Medicine Today 2000 April;
73-83.

28.Chow ET. Multiple corticosteroid allergies. Australas J Dermatol
2001;42(1):62-3.
29.Cook N, Freeman S. Report of 19 cases of photoallergic contact
dermatitis to sunscreens seen at the Skin and Cancer
Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;42(4):257-9.

30.Nixon R. Occupational Skin Disease – Focus on Contact
Dermatitis. Modern Medicine. 2001; 18:41-51.

31.Lee A, Nixon R. Contact dermatitis from sodium metabisulfite ina baker. Contact Dermatitis. 2001; 44:127-128.

32.Lee A, Nixon R. Occupational skin disease in hairdressers, acontinuing medical education review. Australas J Dermatol.
2001; 42:1-8.

33.Lee A, Nixon R, Frowen K. Reduction of use of latex gloves infood handlers: an intervention study. Contact Dermatitis. 2001
Feb;44(2):75-9.
34.Sajjachareonpong P, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis
occurring in a skin graft site. Contact Dermatitis. 2002; 47:172173.

72

35.Cook N, Freeman S. Photosensitive dermatitis due to sunscreenallergy in a child. Australas J Dermatol. 2002 May;43(2):133-5.

36.Sajjachareonpong P, Lee A, Nixon R. Immediate-type latex
hypersensitivity in a hairdresser. Australas J Dermatol 2002;
43:150-151.

37.Saunders H, Nixon R. Septic arthritis complicating allergic
contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2003; 48:116-7.

38.Scardamaglia L, Nixon R, Fewings J. Compound tincture ofbenzoin: a common contact allergen? Australas J Dermatol.
2003; 44: 180-4.

39.Saunders H, Keegel T, Nixon R, Frowen K. Career counsellors
and occupational contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;
48:189-190.
40.Moyle M, Frowen K, Nixon R. Use of gloves in protection fromdiallyl disulphide allergy. Australas J Dermatol. 2004;45:223-5.

41.Saunders H, O’Brien T, Nixon R. Textile dye allergic contact
dermatitis, following paraphenylenediamine sensitisation froma temporary tattoo. Australas J Dermatol. 2004;45:229-31.

42.Opie J, Lee A, Frowen K, Fewings J, Nixon R. Foot dermatitis
caused by the dye Basic Red 46 in acrylic-blend socks. Contact
Dermatitis. 2004;49:297-303.

43.Cahill J, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis tomethylprednisolone aceponate in a topical corticosteroid.
Australas J Dermatol. 2004;45:192-3.

44.Keegel T, Saunders S, Sajjachareonpong P, Milne R, Nixon R.
Topical corticosteroid allergy in an urban Australian centre.
Contact Dermatitis. 2004;50:6-14.
45.Cahill J, Nixon R. Localized recurrence of chromate dermatitis.
Contact Dermatitis. 2004; 51:214.

73

46.Sajjachareonpong P, Cahill J, Saunders H, Keegel T, Nixon R.
Persistent post-occupational dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis.
2004; 51:278-283.

47.Cahill J, Keegel T, Nixon R. The prognosis of occupational
contact dermatitis in 2004. Contact Dermatitis. 2004; 51:219226.
48.Nixon R, Frowen K, Moyle M. Occupational dermatoses. AustFam Physician. 2005 May;34(5):327-33.

49.Sakata S, Cahill J, Barton D, Nixon R. Occupational allergic
contact dermatitis to bisphenol F epoxy resin. Australas J
Dermatol. 2005; 46:90-92.

50.Cahill J, Keegel T, Dharmage S, Nugriaty D, Nixon R. Prognosisof contact dermatitis in epoxy resin workers. Contact
Dermatitis. 2005; 52:1-8.

51.Cahill J, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to quaternium 15
in a moisturizing lotion. Australas J Dermatol. 2005; 46: 284285.

52.Graham M, Nixon R, Burrell L J, Bolger C, Johnson P D R,
Grayson M L. Low rates of cutaneous adverse reactions toalcohol-based hand hygiene solution during prolonged use in alarge teaching hospital Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;
49:4404-4405.

53.Keegel T1, Cahill J, Noonan A, Dharmage S, Saunders H, Frowen
K, Nixon R. Incidence and prevalence rates for occupational
contact dermatitis in an Australian suburban area. Contact
Dermatitis. 2005 May;52(5):254-9.
54.Sakata S, Cahill J, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis tothiourea in a neoprene knee brace. Australas J Dermatol.
2005;47:67-9.
55.Nixon R, Moyle M. Occupational Contact dermatitis. Suspect it,
treat it and refer if persistent. Medicine Today. 2006, 7:24-35.

74

56.Nixon R, Roberts H, Frowen K, Sim M. Knowledge of skinhazards and the use of gloves by Australian hairdressing
students and practising hairdressers. Contact Dermatitis.
2006;54:112-116.

57.Anavekar N, Nixon R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis
to cobalt octoate utilised as an accelerator in a polyester resin.
Australas J Dermatol. 2006: 47: 143-4.

58.Sutton T, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to sodium
benzoate chloroacetamide in a sorbolene lotion. Australas J
Dermatol. 2006; 47:209-10.

59.Curr, Nathan & Nixon, Rosemary. Allergic contact dermatitis to
Basic Red 46 occurring in an HIV-positive patient. The Australas
J Dermatol. 2006;47:195-7.

60.Roberts H, Frowen K, Sim M, Nixon R. Prevalence of atopy in a
population of hairdressing students and practising hairdressers
in Melbourne, Australia. Australas J Dermatol. 2006; 47:172177.

61.Moyle M, Keegel T, Noonan A, Nixon R. Skin care inoccupational contact dermatitis of the hands. Australas J
Dermatol. 2006; 47(2).

62.Liu W. Nixon RL. Corn contact urticaria in a nurse. Australas J
Dermatol. 2007;48:150-1.

63.Williams JDL Moyle M and Nixon R Occupational contact
urticaria from parmesan cheese. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;
56:113-4.

64.Williams JDL, Slodownik D and Nixon RL. Occupational allergic
contact dermatitis from potassium dichromate in a leather
steering wheel. Contact Dermatitis. 2007.

75

65.Keegel T, Saunders H, LaMontagne A, Nixon R. Are material
safety data sheets useful in the diagnosis and management ofoccupational contact dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis. 2007; 57:
331-6.
66.Cahill J, Williams J, Nixon R. Occupational autoeczematisation
or atopic eczema precipitated by occupational contact
dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis. 2007: 56:21-26.

67.Slodownik D and Nixon R. Occupational factors in skin diseases.
Curr Probl Dermatol. 2007; 35: 173-89.

68.Keegel T, Erbas B, Cahill J, Noonan A, Dharmage S and Nixon R.
Occupational
contact dermatitis in Australia: Diagnostic and management
practices, and severity of impairment. Contact Dermatitis. 2007:
56:318-324.
69.Rutherford T, Nixon R, Tam M and Tate B. Allergy to tea tree
oil: Retrospective review of 41 cases with positive patch tests
at the Skin and Cancer Foundation, Victoria, over 4 ½ years.
Australas J Dermatol. 2007; 48: 83-7.

70.Williams JDL, Nixon RL, Lee A. Recurrent allergic contact
dermatitis due to allergen transfer by sunglasses. Contact
Dermatitis. 2007; 57: 120-121.

71.Williams JD Frowen KE and Nixon RL. Allergic contact
dermatitis from methyldibromoglutaronitrile in a sanitary pad
and a review of Australian clinic data. Contact Dermatitis.
2007;56:164-7.
72.Slodownik D, Williams J, Lee A, Tate B, Nixon R. Controversies
regarding the sensitive skin syndrome. Expert Rev Dermatol.
2007; 2:579-84.

73.Slodownik D, Lee A, Nixon R. Irritant contact dermatitis: areview including illustrative cases from our clinic. Australas J
Dermatol. 2008; 49: 1-11.

76

74.Nixon R. An Australian dermatologist’s perspective on latex
allergy and an update on latex use in the operating room.
Japanese J Latex Allergy. 2008;12:1-14.

75.Williams JDL, Lee AYL, Matheson M, Frowen KE, Noonan A andNixon RL. Occupational contact urticaria: Australian data. Br J
Dermatol. 2008; 159: 125-131.

76.Curr N, Dharmage S, Keegel T, Lee A, Saunders H, Nixon R. The
validity and reliability of the occupational contact dermatitis
disease severity index. Contact Dermatitis. 2008 Sep;59(3):15764.
77.Keegel T, Moyle M, Dharmage S, Frowen K, Nixon RL.
Epidemiology of occupational contact dermatitis: a systematic
review. International J Dermatol. 2009; 48: 571-578.
78.Nixon R, Williams J, Matheson M, Palmer A, Frowen K,
Dharmage SC. Describing outcomes in occupational dermatitis.
Recent Adv Res Updat. 2009;10:301-8.

79.Slodownik D, Williams J, Frowen K, Palmer A, Matheson M,
Nixon R. The additive value of patch testing with patients' own
products at an occupational dermatology clinic. Contact
Dermatitis. 2009 Oct;61(4):231-5. doi: 10.1111/j.16000536.2009.01610.x.

80.Borchard K, Nixon R. Hyaluronidase allergy: a rare cause of
periorbital inflammation after ophthalmic surgery. Australas J
Dermatol. 2010;51:49-51.

81.Curr N, Matheson MC, Dharmage S, Nixon R. Does theoccupational contact dermatitis disease severity index
correlate with quality of life in patients with occupational
contact dermatitis of the hands? Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62:251-2.
82.Slodownik D, Williams J, Tate, Tam M, Frowen K, Nixon R.
Textile allergy: the Melbourne Experience. Contact Dermatitis.
2011;65: 38-42.

77

83.Tan S, Tam M, Nixon RL. Allergic contact dermatitis toMyroxylon pereirae (Balsam of Peru) in Lucas Papaw
Ointment® causing cheilitis. Australas J Dermatol. 2011;
52:222-223.
84.Tan S and Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to chromate in a
mobile phone. Contact Dermatitis. 2011; 65: 246-7.

85.Lau MY, Matheson MC, Burgess JA, Dharmage SC, Nixon R.
Disease severity and quality of life in a follow-up study ofpatients with occupational contact dermatitis. Contact
Dermatitis. 2011 Sep;65(3):138-45.
86.Cahill J and Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis in healthcare
workers to diazolidinylurea present in Microshield
antimicrobial hand gel. MJA 2011; 194: 664-5.

87.Lau MYZ, Burgess JA, Nixon R, Dharmage S, Matheson MC. A
review of the impact of occupational contact dermatitis on
quality of life. J Allergy. 2011: 2011: 964509.
88.Bhabha F, Palmer A, Nixon R. Are reusable rubber gloves
associated with latex allergy? Contact Dermatitis. 2012
Dec;67(6):381-2.

89.Nguyen R, Lee A. Allergic contact dermatitis caused byisocyanates in resin jewellery. Contact Dermatitis. 2012
July;67(1):56-57.

90.Pan Y, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to topicalpreparations of bufexamac. Australas J Dermatol. 2012;53:20110.

91.Bhaba F, Nixon R.Occupational exposure to laboratory animals
causing a severe exacerbation of atopic eczema. Australas J
Dermatol. 2012;53:154-5.
92.Gunatheesen S, Tam M, Tate B, Palmer A, Nixon R.
Retrospective study of oral lichen planus and allergy tospearmint oil. Australas J Dermatol. 2012:55:224-228.

78

93.Chow ET, Avolio AM, Lee A, Nixon R. Frequency of positive
patch test reactions to preservatives: The Australianexperience. Australas J Dermatol. 2013 Feb;54(1):31-5.
94.Keegel T, Nixon R, LaMontagne AD. Exposure to wet-work inworking Australians. Contact Dermatitis. 2012; 66: 87-94.

95.Keegel T, MacFarlane E, Nixon RL, LaMontagne AD. Provision ofcontrol measures for exposure of the hands to wet-working
conditions in Australian workplaces. Int Archives Occ Health.
2012;18:313-19.
96.Toholka R, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis
chlorhexidine. Australas J Dermatol. 2013; 54: 303-6.

to97.Lyons G, Nixon, R. Allergic contact dermatitis to acrylates in
ECG monitoring electrodes. Australas J Dermatol. 54: 39-40.

98.Gamboni SE, Allen KJ and Nixon RL. Infant feeding and thedevelopment of food allergies and atopic eczema: An update.
Australas
J
Dermatol.
2013
May;54(2):85-9.
doi:
10.1111/j.1440-0960.2012.00950.x. Epub 2012 Oct 22.
99.Holness DL, Beaton D, Harniman E, DeKoven J, Skotnicki-Grant
S, Nixon R, Switzer-McIntyre S. Hand and upper extremity
function in workers with hand dermatitis. Dermatitis.
2013;24:131-6.

100. Hannam S and Nixon R. How to Treat: Occupational contact
dermatitis. Australian Doctor. 2013 April.

101. Lyons G, Keegel TG, Palmer A, Nixon R. Occupational dermatitis
in hairdressers: do they claim workers' compensation? Contact
Dermatitis 2013;68:163-168.
102. Lyons G, Roberts H, Palmer A, Matheson M, Nixon R.
Hairdressers presenting to an occupational clinic in Melbourne,
Australia. Contact Dermatitis. 2013; 68: 300-306.

103. Boyapati A, Tate B, Tam M, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis
from methylisothiazolinone: exposure from baby wipes causing79

hand dermatitis in carers. Australas J Dermatol. 2013;54:264-7.

104. Gamboni SE, Nixon RL. Allergic contact stomatitis to dodecyl
gallate and a review of the relevance of positive patch test
results to gallates. Australas J Dermatol. 2013;54:213-7.

105. Gamboni SE, Simmons I, Palmer A, Nixon RL. Allergic contact
dermatitis to indium in jewellery, detected through the use of
the Contact Allergen Bank Australia. Australas J Dermatol. 2013;
54:139-40.

106. Lai-Kwon J, Ly L, Tam M, Nixon R. Unsuspected allergic contact
dermatitis to alcohol swabs following neurosurgery. Australas J
Dermatol. 2014;55:296-8.
107. Wong CC and Nixon RL. Systemic allergic dermatitis to cobalt
and cobalt toxicity from a metal on metal hip replacement.
Contact Dermatitis. 2014; 71:113-114.

108. Sheeran C, Cahill J, Nixon R. Glove-related hand urticaria causedby disposable gloves in healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis.
2014 Aug;71(2):115-6.
109. Toholka R, Nixon R. Suspected allergic contact dermatitis to a
iodopropynyl butylcarbamate occurring in an alcohol hand rub
commonly used in Australian healthcare settings. Australas J
Dermatol. 2014;55:70-71.

110. Qunyh V L, Nixon R. The rising trend in allergic contact
dermatitis to acrylicnail products. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;
56: 221-3.

111. Keegel T, McFarlane, Driscoll T, Nixon R. Use of antiseptic handrubs in the healthand community services industry: an
Australian population-based survey. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;
73:157-62.

112. Toholka R, Wang YS, Tate B, Tam M, Cahill J, Palmer A, Nixon R.
The first Australian Baseline Series: Recommendations forpatch testing in suspected contact dermatitis. Australas J
Dermatol. 2015 May;56(2):107-15.

80113. Wong C, Liu W, Gies P, Nixon R. Think UV not heat. Australas J
Dermatol. 2015;56:275-278.

114. Lolatgis HA, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis following
epoxy resin exposure to a paint in a recreational setting.
Australas J Dermatol. 2015 Nov;56(4):312-3.
115. Verma A, Tam N, Nixon R. Pustular allergic contact dermatitis
caused by fragrances. Contact Dermatitis. 2015; 72: 245-8.

116. Higgins C, Palmer A, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis tolanolin in an ocular lubricant gel. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;
doi: 10.1111/ajd.12426.
117. Cahill, JL, Williams JD, Matheson MC, Palmer AM, Burgess JA,
Dharmage SC, Nixon RL. Occupational skin disease in Victoria,
Australia. Australas J Dermatol. 2015; 57: 108-114.

118. Wong C, Gamboni S, Palmer A, Nixon R. Occupational allergic
contact dermatitis from cement: estimating the size of the
problem in Australia. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56:290-293.

119. Maor D and Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis tomethylchloroisothiazolinone in cooling tower technicians.
Dermatitis. 2015 Jan-Feb;26(1):62-4.

120. Meani R, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis caused byranitidine hydrochloride in a veterinary product. Contact
Dermatitis. 2015; 73:125-6.

121. Palmer M, Nixon R. Polysensitisation in a laboratory scientist
associated with allergic contact dermatitis to methyl
isothiozolinone in skin cleansers. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;
56: 56-8.

122. Higgins C, Cahill J, Nixon R. A new stonemasonry surface
adhesive causing occupational allergic contact dermatitis tomethyl methacrylate. Contact Dermatitis. 2015; 73:121-3.
123. Jenkins D, Chow ET. Allergic contact dermatitis to paraphenylenediamine: The experience of Liverpool Dermatology.

81Australas J Dermatol. 2015; 56:40-43.

124. Assarian Z, Nixon R. Protein contact dermatitis caused by limein a pastry chef. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73:54-6.

125. Higgins C, Nixon R. Facial allergic contact dermatitis without
hand dermatitis from disposable latex gloves. Contact
Dermatitis. 2016;74:246-25.

126. Higgins C, Nixon R. Disposable nitrile gloves protect
hairdressers from systemic exposure to paratoluenediamine(commentary) Occup Environ Med. 2016;73:219-20.
127. Higgins CL, Rosemary L Nixon Periorbital allergic contact
dermatitis caused by lanolin in a lubricating eye ointment.
Australas J Dermatol 2016;57:68-78.

128. Higgins CL, Palmer AM, Cahill JL, Nixon RL. Occupational skindisease among Australian healthcare workers: a retrospective
analysis from an occupational dermatology clinic, 1993- 2014.
Contact Dermatitis. 2016; 75:213-22.
129. Bala H, Nixon RL. Periocular dermatitis. Published at
http://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/ periocular-dermatitis.

130. Tizi S and Nixon RL. Patch testing in Australia: Is it adequate?
Australas J Dermatol. 2016; 57:192-8.
131. Swan B, Higgins C, Tam M, Nixon, R. Allergic contact dermatitis
to substitute hair dyes in a patient allergic to paraphenylenediamine: pure henna, black tea and indigo powder.
Australas J Dermatol. 2016; 57:219-22.
132. Adler N, Bala HR, Nixon RL. The Rutherglen bug: an agricultural
pest and a novel biting culprit. Australas J Dermatol.
2017;58:245-6.

133. Meani RE, Nixon RL. Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
caused by allergic contact dermatitis to grevillea Robyn
Gordon. Australas J Dermatol. 2017 Feb;58(1):e8-e10.

134. Agner T, Nixon R. Hand eczema should be taken seriously.

82

Commentary, Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(4) p854-855.

135. Tong P, Chow ET. Isopropyl myristate contact allergy: could
your moisturiser be the culprit. Contact Dermatitis.
2017;77(3):184-85.

136. Lee S, Maor D, Palmer A, Nixon RL, et al. Declining prevalence ofallergic contact dermatitis caused by tosylamide formaldehyde
resin in nail polish. Contact Dermatitis. 2018 Sep;79(3):184185.

137. Nixon RL, Higgins CL, Maor D, Bala HR, Lalji A, Heim K. Does
clinical testing support the current guidance definition of
prolonged contact for nickel allergy? Contact Dermatitis.
2018;79:356-64.

138. Vu M, Rajgopal Bala H, Cahill J, Toholka R, Nixon R. Immediate
hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine. Australas J Dermatol. 2018
Feb;59(1):55-56.

139. Flury U, Palmer A, Nixon R. The methylisothiazolinone contact
allergy epidemic in Australia. Contact Dermatitis. 2018
May;79(3).
140. Keegel T and Nixon R. Wet work and healthcare workers: Useof hand disinfectants not associated with self-reported eczema.
Commentary. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178: 324-5.

141. Harris A, Saikal S, Scurry J, Relic J, Nixon RL, Chee P. Severe
cutaneous eruptions following the topical use of preparations
containing bufexamac: is it time to reconsider its registrationby the Therapeutics Goods Agency in Australia? Australas J
Dermatol. 2019 Feb;60(1):53-56.

142. Felmingham C, Nixon R, Palmer A, Lee A. Allergic contact
dermatitis caused by benzisothiazolinone in a continuous
positive airway pressure mask liquid soap. Contact Dermatitis.
Epub 2019 Mar 23.

83

Kiwi Studies

1. Rademaker M, Forsyth A. Carba mix: a useful indicator of rubber
sensitivity. Current Topics in Contact Dermatitis. 1989;136-139.
2. Rademaker M, Forsyth V. Allergic reactions to rubber condoms.
Genitourin Med. 1989;65(3):194-195.

3. Rademaker M, Forsyth A. Condoms and Rubber Allergy: A
Preliminary Report of a New “Hypoallergenic” Condom. Current
Topics in Contact Dermatitis. 1989;133-135.

4. Rademaker M, Forsyth A. Contact dermatitis in children. Contact
Dermatitis. 1989;20(2):104-107.

5. Todd P, Garioch J, Lamey PJ, Lewis M, Forsyth A, Rademaker M.
Patch testing in lichenoid reactions of the mouth and oral lichen
planus. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;23(4):300.
6. Todd P, Garioch J, Lamey PJ, Lewis M, Forsyth A, Rademaker M.
The significance of a positive patch test to mercury in oraldisease. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;23(4):301-302.

7. Garioch JJ, Todd P, Forsyth A. Allergic contact dermatitis
reactions to latex examination gloves. Contact Dermatitis.
1990;23 (4), 250-251.

8. Nicholls DS, Christmas TI, Greig DE. Oedemerid blister beetle
dermatosis: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 May;22(5 Pt
1):815-9.
9. Rademaker M. Superficial dermatophyte infections. N Z Med J.
1993 Jan 27;106(948):14-6.

10.Duffill MB. Milkers' chilblains. N Z Med J. 1993 Mar
24;106(952):101-3.

11.Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis from lavenderfragrance in Difflam® gel. Contact Dermatitis. 1994;31(1),58-59.
12.Rademaker M, Duffill MB.. Allergic contact dermatitis to
Toxicodendron succedaneum (rhus tree): an autumn epidemic.

84

N Z Med J. 1995 Apr 12;108(997):121-3.

13.Rademaker M, Dunffill MB. Toxicodendron succedaneum (Rhustree), New Zealand's poison ivy. Contact Dermatitis.
1995;33:357-358.

14.Rademaker M. Duffill MB. Allergic contact dermatitis in families– simultaneous occurrence. Contact Dermatitis. 1995
Feb;32(2):111.

15.Rademaker M, Wood B, Greig DE. Multiple medicament allergies
in two patients with chronic leg ulceration. Australas J Dermatol.
1996 Aug;37(3):151-2.
16.Wood B. Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis from lichen
acids. Contact Dermatitis. 1996 May;34(5):370

17.Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis from kiwi fruit vine
(actinidia chinensis). Contact Dermatitis. 1996 Mar;34(3):221-2.

18.Oakley A. Photodermatitis from sunscreen. N Z Med J. 1997 Jan
24;110(1036):17-8.
19.Rademaker M1, Wood B, Greig D. Contact dermatitis from
cetostearyl alcohol. Australas J Dermatol. 1997 Nov;38(4):220-1.

20.Rademaker M. Occupational contact dermatitis among New
Zealand farmers. Australas J Dermatol. 1998 Aug;39(3):164-7.

21.Rademaker M. Allergy to lichen acids in a fragrance. Australas J
Dermatol. 2000 Feb;41(1):50-1.

22.Rademaker M. Occupational epoxy resin allergic contact
dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol. 2000 Dec;41(4):222-4 ·23.Rademaker M, Yung A. Contact dermatitis to Asparagus
officinalis. Australas J Dermatol. 2000;41(4):262-263.
24.Bleasel N, Tate B, Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis
following exposure to essential oils. Australas J Dermatol.
2002;43(3):211-213.

85

25.Rademaker M. Contact dermatitis to phenol-formaldehyde resin
in two plywood factory workers. Australas J Dermatol.
2002;43(3):224-225.

26.Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis to a sanitary pad.
Australas J Dermatol. 2004;45 (4):234-235
27.Rademaker M. Occupational contact dermatitis to hydrangea.
Australas J Dermatol. 2005;44:220–221.

28.Derraik JGB, Rademaker M. Phytophotodermatitis caused bycontact with a fig tree (Ficus carica). N Z Med J. (Online)
2007;120 (1259)
29.Rademaker M, Barker S.Contact dermatitis to a canine antidandruff shampoo. Australas J Dermatol. 2007;48 (1), 62-63

30.Derraik JGB, Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis fromexposure to Grevillea robusta in New Zealand. Australas J
Dermatol. 2009;50:125 – 128.

31.Rademaker M, Derraik JGB. Phytophotodermatitis caused by
Ficus pumila. Contact dermatitis. 2012;67(1):53-56.

32.Harvey G, Oakley A, M Rademaker M. Erythema multiforme
secondary to imiquimod. Australas J Dermatol. 2016;57:55.

33.Kool B, Chandra D, Fitzharris P. Adult food-induced anaphylaxis
hospital presentations in New Zealand. Postgrad Med J.
2016;0:1–5.
34.Douwes J, Slater T, Shanthakumar Mathangi et al. Determinantsof hand dermatitis, urticaria and loss of skin barrier function in
professional cleaners in New Zealand. Int J Occup Environ
Health. 2017; 23(2).110-119.

86

APEOD (1980-1988) RESEARCH LIST
1. Wall LM,
Calnan CD. Occupational nickel Australia
dermatitis in the electroforming industry. Contact
Dermatitis. 1980;6(6).
2. Wall LM. Nickel penetration through rubber gloves. Australia
Contact Dermatitis. 1980 Dec;6(7):461-3.
3. Wall LM, Oakes D, Rycroft RJG. Virus warts in meat Australia
handlers. Contact Dermatitis. 1981;7(5).
4. Bajaj AK, Covil DC, Bhargava SN. Contact dermatitis India
due to plants. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.
1982;48:268-70.
5. Singh KK, Singh C. Airborne contact dermatitis in India
Varanasi. IndianJ
Dermatol
Venereol
Leprol. 1986;52:140-2.
6. Sharma VK, Kaur S. Contact dermatitis due to India
plants in Chandigarh. Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Leprol. 1987;53:26-30.

7. Srinivas CR, Kulkarni SB, Menon SK, Krupashankar India
DS, Iyengar MA, Singh KK, et al. Allergenic agent incontactdermatitis
from
Holigarna
ferruginea. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:219-22.
8. Pasricha JS, Puri A. Contact Dermatitis Due To India
Eucalyptus Oil. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.
1986 Jul-Aug;52(4):201-202.
9. Pasricha JS, Barua KN. Contact hypersensitivity to India
Mikenia scandens - a recently introduced wild
creeper of Assam and Meghalaya. Indian J Dermatol
Venereol Leprol. 1987;53:112-3.

87

10.Pasricha JS, Srinivas CR, Krupashanker DS et al. India
Contact dermatitis due to cashew nut (Anacardium
Occidentale) shell oil, pericarp and kernel. Indian J
Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1988;54:36-37.

11.Pasricha JS, Srinivas CR, Krupashankar DS et al. India
Occupational dermatoses among the cashew nut
workersinKarnataka. Indian Journal of
Dermatology,
Venereology
andLeprology. 1988;54(1):15-20.

12.Matsushita T, Nomura S, Wakatsuki I. Japan
Epidemiology of contact dermatitis from pesticides
in Japan. Contact Dermatitis.1980;6:255-9.

13.Ohyama K, Uehara T, Nohara T, Nomura S, Arao T. Japan
Contact dermatitis due to tobacco leaves. Nihon
Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi. 1986;96:1677-80.

14.Ramasamy and Nursiah. A survey of pesticide use Malaysia
and associated incidence of poisoning in Peninsular
Malaysia. J Plant Prot Tropics. 1988;5(1):1-10.

15.Christmas TI, Nicholls D, Holloway BA, Greig D. New Zealand
Blister beetle dermatosis in New Zealand. N Z Med
J. 1987 Aug;100(830):515-7.
16.McKerrow KJ, Greig DE. Piroxicam-induced New Zealandphotosensitive dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1986 Dec;15(6):1237-41.
17.Goh C L, Rajan VS. Contact sensitivity to Singapore
trinitrotoluene.
Contact
Dermatitis.
1983
Sept;9(5):433-434.
18.Goh C L, Kwok S F, Rajan VS. Cross sensitivity in Singapore
colourdevelopers Contact Dermatitis. 1984
May;10(5):280-285.

88

19.Goh C L. Allergic contact dermatitis from tetryl and Singapore
trinitrotoluene.
Contact
Dermatitis.
1984
Feb;10(2):108.
20.Goh C L, Lim KB. Allergic contact dermatitis to zinc Singapore
pyrithione.
Contact
Dermatitis.
1984
Aug;11(2):120.
21.Phoo WH, Chan OY, Rajan VS, Tan K J, Thiru Singapore
Moorthy T, Goh CL. Stevens Johnson Syndrome
associated with occupational exposure totrichloroethylene. Contact Dermatitis. 1984
May;10(5):270-276.
22.Goh CL, Ng S K. Allergic contact dermatitis to Singapore
Ranitidine. Contact Dermatitis. 1984 Oct;11(4):252.
23.Goh CL, Soh SD. Occupational dermatoses in Singapore
Singapore.
Contact
Dermatitis.
1984
Nov;11(5):288-293.
24.Goh CL, Ng SK. Photoallergic contact dermatitis to Singapore
carbimazole.
Contact
Dermatitis.
1985
Jan;12(1):58-59.

25.Goh CL. Irritant dermatitis from tri-N-butyl tin Singapore
oxide in paint. Contact Dermatitis. 1985
Mar;12(3):161-3.
26.Goh CL, Ng SK. Photodermatitis from Musk Singapore
Ambrette in barbers’ cologne. Contact Dermatitis.
1985 April;12(4):229-30.
27.Goh CL. Occupational dermatitis from soldering Singapore
flux in the electronic industry. Contact Dermatitis.
1985 Aug;13(2):85-90.
28.Goh CL, Tham SN. Photosensitivity to Musk Singapore
Ambrette. Austr J Derm. 1985 Dec;26(3):133-136.

89

29.Goh CL. Chromate sensitivity in Singapore. Int J Singapore
Derm. 1985;24:514-517.

30.Goh CL, Kwok SF. A simple method for the Singapore
qualitative analysis of Musk Ambrette, Musk
Ketone and Musk in Cologne. Contact Dermatitis.
1986 Jan;14(1):53-56.
31.Goh CL, Ng SK. Contact allergy to salicyclic acid. Singapore
Contact Dermatitis. 1985 Feb;14(2):114.
32.Goh CL. Report on occupational dermatitis in a Singapore
prefabrication construction factory in Singapore:
Investigation into preventive measures. RDAS,
Science Council of Singapore. Project no. 8394/25.
Dec 1985:1-71.

33.Goh CL. Contact allergy to Wedelia Trilobata. Singapore
Contact Dermatitis. 1986 Feb;14(2):126.
34.Goh CL. Prevalence of contact allergy by age, sex Singapore
and race. Contact Dermatitis. 1986 Apr;14(4):23740.
35.Goh CL. Sickness absence due to occupational Singapore
dermatoses in a prefabrication construction
factory. Contact Dermatitis. 1986 Jul;15(1):28-31.
36.Goh CL. Contact Sensitivity in Singapore. Hifu (Skin Singapore
Research). 1986. (Supplement 2):28:41-51.
37.Goh CL, Wong PH, Kwok SF, Gan SL. Chromate Singapore
allergy:total Chromium and Hexavalent Chromate
in the Air. Derm-Beruf-Umwelt. 1986 SeptOct;34(5):132-134.

38.Goh CL, Kozuka T. Pigmented contact dermatitis Singapore
from“Kumkum”.
Clin-Exp-Dermatol.
1986
Nov;11(6):603-6.

90

39.Goh CL, Kwok SF. Prevention of Cement Dermatitis Singapore
in Construction Workers with Iron Sulphate. Asia
Pacific J Public Health. 1987;1(1):91-93.
40.Goh CL, Kwok SF. The influence of temperature on Singapore
the concentration homogeneity of patch test
materials. Contact Dermatitis. 1986 Oct;15(4):2314.

41.Goh CL. Contact sensitivity to proflavine. Int-J- Singapore
Dermatol. 1986 Sept;25(7):449-51.
42.Goh CL, Kwok SF. Chromate allergy: chromate Singapore
content of Asian cement. J Dermatol. 1986
Oct;13(5):393-395.
43.Goh CL, Gan SL, Ngui SJ. Occupational dermatitis in Singapore
a prefabrication construction factory. Contact
Dermatitis. 1986 Oct;15(4):235-240.

44.Goh CL, Kwok SF, Gan SL. Cobalt and nickel Singapore
contents of Asian cements. Contact Dermatitis.
1986 Sept;15(3):169-72.

45.Goh CL. Anaphylaxis from topical neomycin and Singapore
bacitracin.
Australas-J-Dermatol.
1986
Dec;27(3):125-126.
46.Goh CL, Ng SK. Nickel dermatitis simulating sycosis Singapore
barbae. Contact Dermatitis. 1987 Jan;16(1):42.
47.Goh CL. Hand dermatitis due to rubber motorcycle Singapore
handle allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 1987
Jan;16(1):40-1.

48.Goh CL, Ng SK. Contact allergy to iodoform and Singapore
bismuth subnitrate. Contact Dermatitis. 1987
Feb;16(2):109-10.

91

49.Goh CL. Occupational skin disease in Singapore: Singapore
epidemiology and causative allergens. Annals Acad
Med Sing. 1987 Apri;16(2):303-305.
50.Goh CL. Allergic contact dermatitis from cosmetics Singapore- A report from Singapore. J Dermatol. 1987
June;14(3):248-252.
51.Goh CL. Dermatitis from chlorphenesin in a Singapore
deodorant.
Contact
Dermatitis.
1987
May;16(5):287.
52.Goh CL. Erythema multiform-like and purpuric Singapore
eruption due to contact allergy to proflavine.
Contact Dermatitis. 1987 Jul;17(1):53-54.
53.Goh CL. Common occupational irritants and Singapore
allergens in Singapore. Hifu (Skin Research).
1987:29:493-500.
54.Goh CL, Ng SK. Airborne contact dermatitis to Singapore
colophony in soldering flux. Contact Dermatitis.
1987 Aug;17(2):89-91.

55.Goh CL, Gan SL. Rubber allergy among Singapore
construction workers in a prefabrication
construction factory. Clin-Exp-Dermatol. 1987
Sept;12(5):332-334.
56.Goh C L. Allergic contact dermatitis to Curcuma Singapore
longa (Turmeric). Contact Dermatitis. 1987
Sept;17(3):186.
57.Goh CL. Occupational dermatitis from proflavine. Singapore
Contact Dermatitis. 1987 Oct;17(4):256.
58.Gan SL, Goh CL, Lee CS, Hui KH. Occupational Singapore
dermatosis among sanders in the furnitureindustry. Contact Dermatitis. 1987 Oct;17(4):237240.

92

59.Goh CL. Allergic contact dermatitis to Mace tear Singapore
gas. Australas J Dermatol. 1987 Dec;28(3):115-116.
60.Goh CL, Chia SE. Skin irritability to sodium lauryl Singapore
sulphate - as measured by skin water vapour loss by sex and race. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1988
Jan;13(1):16-9.
61.Goh CL, Ng SK. A cutaneous manifestation of Singapore
trichloroethylene toxicity. Contact Dermatitis. 1988
Jan;18(1):59-61.

62.Lee HS, Goh CL. Occupational dermatoses among Singapore
chrome platers. Contact Dermatitis. 1988
Feb;18(2):89-93.
63.Goh C L. Occupational dermatitis from Mesonia Singapore
chinensis. Contact Dermatitis. 1988 Feb;18(2):113.

64.Goh CL. Occupational dermatitis from gold plating. Singapore
Contact Dermatitis. 1988 Feb;18(2):122-123.
65.Goh CL. Photoallergic contact dermatitis. Contact & Singapore
Photo Dermatitis. 1988:2:9-12.

66.Goh CL, Ho SF. An outbreak of acneiform eruption Singapore
in a polyvinyl chloride manufacturing factory.
Derm-Beruf-Umwelt. 1988 Mar - Apri;36(2):53-57
67.Goh CL. Immunologic mechanism in contact allergy Singapore- A Review. Annals Acad Med Sing. 1988
April;17(2):243-246.
68.Goh CL. An Epidemiological Comparison Between Singapore
Hand Eczema and Non-Hand Eczema. Br J
Dermatol. 1988 Jun;118(6):797-801.
69.Goh CL. Epidemiology of contact allergy in Singapore
Singapore. Int J Dermatol. 1988 June;27(5):308311.

9370.Goh CL. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis Singapore
from Rengas wood. Contact Dermatitis. 1988
May;18(5):300.

71.Kozuka I, Goh CL, Doi T, Yioshikawa-K. Sudan I as a Singapore
cause of pigmented contact dermatitis in“Kumkum” (an Indian cosmetic). Annals Acad Med
Sing. 1988 Oct;17(4):492-494.
72.Goh CL. A Comparison of the Effect of UVB and Singapore
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate on Skin Water Vapour
Loss. Annals Acad Med Sing. 1988 Oct;17(4):495497.
73.Goh CL. Occupational dermatoses - an update. Singapore
Annals Acad Med Sing. 1988 Oct;17(4):557-562.
74.Goh CL. Erythema Multiform-like Eruption from Singapore
Trinitrotoluene Allergy. Int J Dermatol. 1988
Nov;27(9):650-651.

75.Goh CL, Ng SK. Bullous Contact Allergy from Singapore
Cinnamon. Derm-Beruf-Umwelt. 1988 NovDec;36(6):186-187.
76.Goh CL, Ng SK. Occupational allergic contact Singapore
dermatitis from metallic mercury. Contact
Dermatitis. 1988 Sept;19(3):232-233.
77.Cheng PC, Chow YK, Lee BS. Cement contact Taiwan
dermatitis. Dermatol Sinica. 1985;3:73-80.
78.Sun CC. Allergic contact dermatitis on the face from Taiwan
contact with nickel and ammoniated mercury inspectacle frames and skin-lightening creams.
Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:306-309.

79.Sun CC. Patch testing of organic and inorganic Taiwan
mercurials. J Formos Med Assoc. 1988:87:76-82.

94

COLLABORATIVE STUDIES
Acrylates & resins

1. Goon A, Isaksson M, Zimerson E, Goh CL, Bruze M. Singapore &Contact allergy to (meth)acrylates in the dental Sweden
series in southern Sweden: Simultaneous positive
patch test reaction patterns and possible screenallergens. Contact Dermatitis. 2006:55(4):219-26.
2. Goon ATJ, Bruze M, Zimerson E, Goh CL. Contact Singapore &allergy to acrylates/methacrylates in the acrylate Sweden
and nail acrylics series in southern Sweden:
simultaneous positive patch test reaction patterns
and possible screening allergens. Contact Dermatitis.
2007 Jul;57(1):21-7.
3. Goon AT, Bruze M, Zimerson E, Goh CL, Soo-Quee Singpore &Koh D, Isaksson M. Screening for acrylate/ Sweden
methacrylate allergy in the baseline series: ourexperience in Sweden and Singapore. Contact
Dermatitis. 2008: 59(5):307-13.
4. Goon AT, Bruze M, Zimerson E, Sörensen Ö, Goh CL, Singpore &Koh DS, Isaksson M. Variation in allergen content Sweden
over time of acrylates/methacrylates in patch test
preparations. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Jan;164(1):11624.

5. Goon AT, Bruze M, Zimerson E, Sörensen O, Goh CL, Singpore &Koh DS, Isaksson M. Correlation between stated and Sweden
measuredconcentrationsofacrylateandmethacrylate allergens in patch-test preparations.
Dermatitis. 2011 Feb;22(1):27-32.

6. Goon AT, Bruze M, Zimerson E, Goossens A, Goh CL, Singapore &Isaksson M. High frequency of false-positive Sweden
reactions in attempted patch testing withacrylate/methacrylate mixes. Contact Dermatitis.

95

2012 Sep; 67(3):157-61.

7. Chu CY, Pontén A, Sun CC, Jee SH. Concomitant Taiwan &contact allergy to the resins, reactive diluents and Sweden
hardener of a bisphenol A/F-based epoxy resin in
subway construction workers. Contact Dermatitis.
2006;54:131-139.
8. Isaksson I, Ale I, Andersen K, Diepgen T, Elsner P,
Goosens A, Goh CL, Jerajani H, Maibach H, Matsunaga
K, McFadden J, Nixon R, Sasseville D, Bruxe M.
Multicenter patch testing with a resol resin based on
phenol and formaldehyde within the International
Contact dermatitis Research Group. Dermatitis.
2015; 26: 230-4.

ICDRG &
Australia,
India,
Japan,
Singapore

2. Alikhan A, Cheng LS, Ale I, Andersen KE, Bruze M,
Eun HC, Goh CL, Goossens A, Lachapelle JM,
McFadden J, Nixon R, Sasseville D, Maibach HI.
Revised minimal baseline series of the International
Contact Dermatitis Research Group: evidence-based
approach. Dermatitis. 2011 Apr;22(2):121-2.

ICDRG,
USA,
Australia,
Korea &
Singpore

Patch Test Baseline series

1. Lachapelle JM, Ale SI, Freeman S, Frosch PJ, Goh CL, ICDRG &Hannuksela M, Hayakawa R, Maibach HI, Wahlberg Singapore
JE. Proposal for a Revised International Standard
Series of Patch Tests. Contact Dermatitis.
1997;36:121–123.

3. Pongpairoj K, Puangpet P, Thaiwat S, McFadden JP. Thailand &Should Evernia furfuracea be included in a baseline Englandscreening series of contact allergens? Contact
Dermatitis. 2016;74(4):257-8.

Clinical

1. Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Allergic contact
cheilitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;33(6):365-70.

96

Thailand &USA

2. Chan HP, Maibach HI. Hair Highlights and Severe
Acute Irritant Dermatitis (“Burn”) of the Scalp.
Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2010 Dec; 29(4):229-33.

Philippines& USA

3. McFadden J P, Puangpet P, Basketter D A, Dearman England &R J, Kimber I. Why does allergic contact dermatitis Thailand
exist? Br J Dermatol. 2013;168(4):692-9.

4. Puangpet P, Lai-Cheong J, McFadden J P. Chemical Thailand &atopy. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68: 208-13.
England
5. Pongpairoj K, Puangpet P, Thaiwat S, McFadden JP.
Diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis throughelimination, perception, detection and deduction.
Am J Clin Dermatol 2017;18(5):651-61.
6. Pongpairoj K, Ale I, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Diepgen
TL, Elsner PU, Goh CL, Goossens A, Jerajani H,
Lachapelle JM, Lee JY, Maibach HI, Matsunaga K,
Nixon R, Puangpet P, Sasseville D, Thaiwat S,
McFadden JP. Proposed ICDRG classification of theclinical presentation of contact allergy. Dermatitis
2016;27(5):248-58.

Dyes

Thailand &EnglandICDRG,
Australia,
India,
Japan,
Korea,
Thailand &Singapore

1. Jowsey IR, Basketter DA, Mcfadden JP, England &Kullavanijaya P, Duangdeeden I. Elicitation Thailand
response characteristics to permanent hair dye inparaphenylenediamine-allergic volunteers. Contact
Dermatitis. 2006;55:330-334.

2. ChanHP,
MaibachHI.
Moustachep- Philippines &Phenylenediamine dye allergic contact dermatitis USA
with distal site involvement—an atypicalpresentation. Contact Dermatitis. 2007; 58:179180.

973. Puangpet P, White J M L, White I R, McFadden J P. Thailand &Allergic contact dermatitis caused by a black Englandpermanent
marker.
Contact
Dermatitis.
2012;67:375–85.
4. Isaksson M, Ale I, Andersen KE, Diepgen T, Goh CL, ICDRG,
Goossens R A, Jerajani H, Maibach HI, Sasseville D, India &Bruze M. Patch Testing To a Textile Dye Mix by the Singapore
International Contact Dermatitis Research Group.
Dermatitis. 2015 Jul-Aug;26(4):170-6.

Footwear dermatitis

1. Febriana SA, Soebono H, Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar Indonesia &ML. Contact allergy in Indonesian patients with foot Denmark
eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2014 Jun;70:57.

2. Febriana SA, Soebono H, Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar Indonesia &ML. Contact allergy in Indonesian patients with foot Denmark
eczema attributed to shoe. J Eur Acad Dermatol
Venereol. 2015 Aug;29(8):1582-9.
3. Febriana SA, Zimerson E, Svedman C, Haryadi W, Indonesia,
Soebono H, Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar ML. Thin Denmark &layer chromatography and gas chromatography- Sweden
mass spectrometry (GCMS) examination of
footwear materials from patients with shoedermatitis.
Contact
Dermatitis.
2015
Apr;72(4):248-52.

Fragrance

1. Christensson JB, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Johansen ICDRG, Australia
JD, Garcia-Bravo B, Gimenez Arnau A, Goh CL, Nixon & Singapore
R, White IR. Air oxidised linalool- a frequent causeof fragrance contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis.
2012; 67: 247-59.

98

2. Christensson JB, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Johansen
JD, Garcia-Bravo B, Gimenez Arnau A, Goh CL, Nixon
R, White IR. An international multicenter study on
the allergenic activity of air oxidised R-limonene.
Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68:214-23.

ICDRG
Australia&
Singapore

4. Bråred Christensson J, Karlberg AT, Andersen KE,
Bruze M, Johansen JD, Garcia-Bravo B, Giménez
Arnau A, Goh CL, Nixon R, White IR. Oxidized
limonene and oxidized linalool - concomitantcontact allergy to common fragrance terpenes.
Contact Dermatitis. 2016 May;74(5):273-80.

ICDRG,
Australia&
Singapore

3. Bråred Christensson J, Andersen KE, Bruze M,
Johansen JD, Garcia-Bravo B, Gimenez Arnau A, Goh
CL, Nixon R, White IR. Positive patch test reactions
to oxidized limonene: exposure and relevance.
Contact Dermatitis. 2014 Nov;71(5):264-72.

ICDRG,
Australia&
Singapore

Guidelines

1. Du Pleiss J Stefaniak A, Eloff F, Kudla I, Steiner M, International
Agner T, John S, Holness L, Nixon R., Chou T. + Australia
International guidelines for the in vivo assessmentof skin properties in non-clinical settings: Part 2.
transepidermal water loss and skin hydration. Skin
Res Technol. 2013 Aug;19(3): 265 - 78.
2. Stefaniaks A, Du Pleiss J, John SM, Eloff F, Agner T,
Chou T-C, Nixon R, Steiner M, Kudla I, Holness L.
International guidelines for the in vivo assessmentof skin properties in non-clinical settings: part 1.
pH. Skin Res Technol. 2013 May;19(2):59-68.

Australia
Canada,Denmark,
Germany,South Africa,
Taiwan,United States,
3. Diepgen TL, Andersen KE, Chosidow O, Coenraads Australia &PJ, Elsner P, English J, Fartasch M, Gimenez-Arnau ESCD
A, Nixon R, Sasseville D, Agner T. Guidelines for99

diagnosis, prevention and treatment of handeczema. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2015 Jan;13(1):e122.

Immunology

1. McFadden JP, White IR, Basketter D, Puangpet P, England &Kimber I. The cosmetic allergy conundrum: Thailand
inference of an immunoregulatory response tocosmetic
allergens.
Contact
Dermatitis.
2013;69(3):129-37.

2. McFadden J P, Basketter D A, Dearman R J, Thailand &Puangpet P, Kimber I. Hapten-chemical-atopy England
hypothesis III: the potential role of airborne
chemicals. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:45-51.
3. McFadden JP, Thyssen JP, Basketter DA, Puangpet England &P, Kimber I. Th2 immune skewing in Thailand
pregnancy/early life, chemical exposure and thedevelopment of atopic disease and allergy. Br J
Dermatol 2015;172(3):584-91.

Latex / Non-latex

1. Asmah Johar, Dawn L Lim, Siti Arija Mad Arif, Di Malaysia &Hawarden, George du Toit, Eugene G Weinberg, Cas South Africa
Motala, G Fieggen, Hoong Yeet Yeang, Paul C Potter.
Low prevalence of latex sensitivity in South African
spina bifida children in Cape Town - festschrift
article. Curr Allergy Clin Im. 2017 Dec;30(4):239 244.
2. Maryam Sakinah J, Wan Muhamad Aiman WM, Malaysia &Iman J, Hanisah J, Mardhiah J, Muhammad Sya q MI, Palestine
Said AG, Emad Ibrahim HS, Doaa kamal IS, Sharifah
I, Nor Wajihan M, Siti Maryam AJ, Saadiah S. Low
Dermatitis
PotentialofaPowder-Free,100

“Accelerator-Free” Non Natural Rubber Latex
Gloves Using Modi ed Draize Study. Malaysian J
Dermatol. 2017 Jun;38:65-71.

Medicaments & Metals

1. Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Topical nonsteroidal Thailand
anti-inflammatory drugs: allergic and photoallergic & USA
contact dermatitis and phototoxicity. Contact
Dermatitis. 1993;29(2):57-64.

2. Thong H-Y, Yokota M, Chan HP, Maibach HI. Philippine
Possible anergy to generalize orally elicited allergic s & USA
contact dermatitis to corticosteroid. Contact
Dermatitis. 2008; 58: 126–128.
3. Hamann CR, Hamann DJ, Hamann QJ, Hamann CP, Thailand
Boonchai W, Li LF, et al. Assessment of nickel & USA
release from earrings randomly purchased in China
and Thailand using the dimethylglyoxime test.
Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62(4):232-40.
4. Hamann CR, Boonchai W, Wen L, Sakanashi EN,
Chu CY, Hamann K, Hamann CP, Sinniah K, Hamann
D. Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in
549 skin lightening products: Is mercury toxicity ahidden global health hazard? J Am Acad Dermatol(JAAD). 2014;70(2):281-7.

USA,
Taiwan,Thailand& Japan

Occupational Dermatoses

1. Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads Indonesia &PJ. Inventory of chemicals used and worker’s Denmark
exposure in two Indonesian leather factories.
Contact Dermatitis. 2010 Sept; 63:104

101

2. Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads Indonesia &PJ. Inventory of the Chemicals and the Exposure of Denmark
the Workers’ Skin to these at Two Leather Factories
in Indonesia. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012;
85:517-526

3. Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads Indonesia &PJ. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis and Denmark
patch test results of leather workers at two
Indonesian tanneries. Contact Dermatitis 2012;
67(5): 277–283.
4. Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads Indonesia &PJ. Occupational Contact Allergy caused by Denmark
benzidine in three tannery workers. Contact
Dermatitis. 2012;66(6):340–355.
5. Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads Indonesia &PJ. Occupational skin exposure and occupational Denmark
dermatoses in Indonesian shoe manufacturing.
Contact Dermatitis. 2012 Jun; 66:47.
6. Febriana SA, Soebono H, Coenraads PJ. Indonesia &Occupational skin hazards and prevalence of Denmark
occupational skin diseases in shoe manufacturing
workers in Indonesia. Int Arch Occup Environ
Health 2014; 87:185–194.
7. Oosterhaven JA, Febriana SA, Soebono H, Denmark &Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar ML. Result of patch Indonesia
testing in Indonesia shoe factory workers. J Eur
Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017 Jan;31(1):e15-e17

Plant / Plant products

1. Mak RK, White IR, White JM, McFadden JP, Goon AJ. Singapore &Lower incidence of sesquiterpene lactone Englandsensitivity in a population in Asia versus a102

population in Europe: an effect of chrysanthemum
tea? Contact Dermatitis. 2007 Sep;57(3):163-4.

2. Alikhan A, Chan HP, Maibach HI. Product-Induced Philippines &Contact Urticaria: Solanaceae and Alliaceae” USA
Presented as Poster at the 17th International
Contact Dermatitis Symposium (ICDS) / 10th AsiaPacific
Environmental
andOccupational
Dermatology Symposium, November 5 to 9, 2009,
Kyoto, Japan.
3. Sorenen JA, Clemensen KK, Nixon RL, Diepgen TL Denmark
and Agner T. Tobacco smoking and hand eczema- is Australia &there an association? Contact Dermatitis. Germany
2015;73:326-335.

Preservatives

1. Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Alcohol dermatitis: Thailand &allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria USA
syndrome.
A review.
Contact Dermatitis.
1994;30(1):1-6.
2. Puangpet P, Chawarung A, McFadden J.P. Thailand &Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinon Englande and methylisothiazolinone allergy. Dermatitis.
2015;26(2):99-102.
3. Engfeldt M, Ale I, Andersen KE, Elsner P, Goh CL,
Goossens A, Jerajani H, Matsunaga K, Bruze M.
Multicenter
Patch
Testing
With
Methylchloroisothizoline/Methylisothiazolinone in
100 and 200 ppm Within the International Contact
Dermatitis Research Group. Dermatitis. 2017
May/Jun;28(3):215-218.

ICDRG
India,
Japan &
Singapore103

4. Isaksson M, Ale I, Andersen KE, Elsner P, Goh CL,
Goossens A, Jerajani H, Matsunaga K, McFadden J,
Bruze M.
Multicenter Patch Testing With
Methylisothiazolinone
andMethylchloroisothiazolinone/
Methylisothiazolinone Within the International
Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Dermatitis.
2017 May/Jun;28(3):210-214.

ICDRG
India,
Japan &
Singapore

PAPERS PRESENTED BUT NOT PUBLISHED IN
JOURNALS
1. Clinico Epidemiological Study of Occupational India
Dermatoses in Industrial Workers by Akhilesh
Shukla and Paschal D’Souza. Presented at 2017
Annual Meeting Abstracts - American Contact
Dermatitis Society.

2. Prevalensi dan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap Indonesia
terjadinya dermatitis kontak iritan kumulatif padapekerja kebersihan lantai (cleaning service) Rumah
Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta by Susmeiati in
1998.
3. Prevalensi kepositifan uji tempel dihubungkan Indonesia
dengan status atopi pada pekerja bagian pembuatanbahan di sebuah pabrik cinderamata by Sandy in
2003.
4. Proporsi kepositifan hasil uji tempel kromium Indonesia
heksavalen pada kelompok pekerja di lapangan dan
dalam ruangan sebuah pabrik semen (dikorelasikan
dengan kadar kromium dalam darah by Sinta D in
2008.

104

5. Proporsi kepositifan uji tempel zat warna nafla Indonesia
dihubungkan dengan perilaku perajin batik terhadap
penggunaan alat pelindung diri di lingkungan kerja
by Windy KB. 2010.
6. Occupational contact dermatitis in beauty salon Indonesia
workers in the district of Condong Catur south
Sleman Yogyakarta by Dewi FY, Cekti C, Trisnowati
N and Indrastuti N. Presented in APEODS XII,
Yogyakarta Indonesia 2013.
7. Occupational contact dermatitis in hospital workers Indonesia
by Dewi FY, Indrastuti N and Winarni DR. Presented
in APEODS XII, Yogyakarta Indonesia 2013.
8. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from Indonesia
tobacco: two case reports by Dewi VA, Verdy,
Budiyanto A, Soebono H and Indrastuti N. Presented
in APEODS XII, Yogyakarta Indonesia 2013.
9. Comparison of skin irritation level between world Indonesia
health organization (who) formulation-1, ethanol
with n-propanol combination and chlorhexidine
gluconate containing hand disinfectants among
healthcare workers by Sansan MV and Tejo BA.
Presented in APEODS XII, Yogyakarta Indonesia
2013.
10.Irritancy ranking of 10 detergent use commonly by Indonesia
the Indonesian household by Verdy, Syamsinar,
Winarni DR, Budiyanto A and Indrastuti N.
Presented in APEODS XII, Yogyakarta Indonesia
2013.
11.Verdy, Balgis, Soebono H, Indrastuti N. Occupational Indonesia
contact dermatitis on orchid farm worker: a casereport. Presented in APEODS XII, Yogyakarta
Indonesia 2013.

105

12.Occupational Contact Dermatitis on Nurse’s Hand in Indonesia
Hospital Ward by Ariwibowo L, Dekti C,
Silvyningrum T, Indrastuti N and Danarti R.
Presented in APEODS XII, Yogyakarta Indonesia
2013.
13.Occupational Contact Dermatitis in Hairdressers: 3 Indonesia
Cases series by Cekti C, Dewi YD, Trisnowati N andIndrastuti N. Presented in APEODS XII, Yogyakarta
Indonesia 2013.
14.Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Indonesia
Indonesia Pottery Workers by Sri Awalia Febriana,
Windhy Keumala Budianti, Retno Widowati
Soebario, Niken Indrastuti, Erik Zimerson, Marléne
Isaksson and Magnus Bruze. Presented in Asia
Pacific Enviromental Occupational Dermatology(APEODS), Manila. 2015
15.Pittfall in the diagnosis of occupational skin diseases Indonesia
by Sri Awalia Febriana. Presented in PIT Perdoski ,Balikpapan 2015.
16.Occupational dermatoses in Indonesia by Sri Awalia Indonesia
Febriana. Invited speaker at Regional Conference
Dermatology Singapore 2016.
17.Identification of occupational and environmental Indonesia
hazard and occupational skin diseases in Indonesian
Batik Home Industry by Sri Awalia Febriana, Erdina,
Kusuma, Niken Indrastuti and Fajar Waskita.
Presented in ESCD Manchester.
18.Proporsi hasil uji tusuk positif terhadap allergen Indonesia
hidup dihubungkan dengan masa kerja dan riwayat
atopi responden di bagian penghancur uang sebuahbank di Jakarta by Rina G.

106

19.Pattern of contact dermatitis at the Department of Malaysia
Dermatology, General Hospital Kuala Lumpur in
1989 by Gan AT, Wong LH and Ganesapillai T.
Presented at 1st Asia Pacific Environmental
Occupational Dermatology Symposium, National
Skin Centre, Singopore 22-24 June 1991.
20.Exfoliative dermatitis following contact with Malaysia
herbicide Roundup by Ganesapillai T, Gan AT, Chew
HN. Paper presented at 1st Asia Pacific
Environmental
Occupational
Dermatology
Symposium, National Skin Centre, Singapore, 22-24
June 1991.
21.Pattern of contact and photocontact dermatitis at Malaysia
Hospital Kuala Lumpur - a two-year study by Rohna
R. Presented at Update in Contact Allergy &Occupational Dermatoses, Kuala Lumpur, 6 April
1996.
22.Occupational chickenpox by Razali I and Rohna R. Malaysia
Presented at Selangor occupational skin disease
symposium, Selayang Hospital, 12th July 2000.
23.Non-rubber
glovesenviornmental
rubber Malaysia
dermatosis by Goh Cheng Beh, Rohna R and Riza R.
Poster presentation at 8th APEOD symposium,
Westin Philippines Plaza, Manila, Philippines 2005
October 25-27.
24.Outcome of patients with facial dermatitis post- Malaysia
patch testing by Raoul Roger Sibert, Rohna R and
Kasmawati T. Poster presented at Annual
Dermatology Congress, JW Marriot Hotel, Putrajaya,
8 August 2008.
25.Occupational dermatoses among hospital cleaning Malaysia
workers in Sarawak General Hospital by Ayu Akida
Abdul Rashid. Thesis for Masters in Public Health,
University Malaysia Sarawak in 2010.

107

26.Contact to rubber sensitisizer in patient with hand, Malaysia
feet and hand-feet dermatitis by Hazfaneza AH,
Rohna R and Kasmawati T. Poster presented at 37th
Malaysian Annual Dermatology Congress, 14-17
September 2012.
27.Pattern of Ylang Ylang Oil Allergy In Selayang Malaysia
Hospital, Malaysia by Azlin Tee JT, Rohna R, Ng FY,
Norhasmie R, Logesh S, Ong SB, Nur Ashiela MS and
Siti Nasuha R. Poster presented at 40th Malaysian
Annual Dermatology Congress, Weil Hotel, Ipoh,
Perak, 14-17 September 2015.
28.A year data analysis of the patch test sensitizers that Malaysia
provide high diagnostic yield done in public hospitalin year 2015 by Ong SB, Azlin T, Rohna R andNorhasmie R. Presented at 41st Malaysian Annual
Dermatology Congress, Kuching Sarawak, 16-18
September 2016.
29.Contact dermatitis in children and adolescents in Malaysia
public hospital by Azlin TJ Tee, Ong SB, Rohna R andNorhasmie R. 41st Malaysian Annual Dermatology
Congress, Kuching Sarawak, 16-18 September 2016.
30.Tang Min Moon. Chlorhexidine induced Anaphylaxis Malaysia- The hidden culprit. Presented at the Joint Congressof APAAACI & APAPARI 2016, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. Oct 2016.
31.Short contact patch test profile in patients with Malaysia
history of urticaria and atopic dermatitis in Selayang
Hospital from January to December 2016 by Nur
Ashikin Ahmad, Ong Sai Beng, Rohna Ridzwan.
Poster presented at the 14th APEODS in Taiwan 1719 Nov 2017.

108

32.Hand dermatitis in health care worker: is it allergic Malaysia
or irritant contact dermatitis? by Prisheila , Teoh TY
and Rohna R. Poster presented at 42nd Malaysian
Annual Dermatology Congress, VE Hotel, Kuala
Lumpur, 24-27 August 2017.
33.A two-year retrospective study of contact dermatitis Malaysia
to cosmetics in public hospital by Ong Sai Beng andRohna Ridzwan. Poster presented at 42nd
Malaysian Annual Dermatology Congress, VE Hotel,
Kuala Lumpur, 24-27 August 2017.
34.Positive patch test to copper sulphate and copper Malaysia
oxide, is there any relevance? By Teoh TY, Siti
Nasuha R, MD. Salwa R, Rohna R and Wan Syameen
Afira WAK . Poster presentation at 14th APEOD
symposium, Taiwan 17-18 November 2017.

35.A study of the ten most common allergens among Philippines
JRRMMC Dermatology Outpatient Department
patients as determined by patch testing by David,
Rosemary, Gabriel, Ma. Theresa, Tan, Jesusa B,
Tianco, Elizabeth and Amelia V. 1992.
36.A comparative study of patch testing in patients Philippines
with dermatitis and eczemas versus normal
subjects: a preliminary report by Tan, Tianco,
Rosales and Rosete. 1993.
37.Patch testing at the East Avenue Medical Center by Philippines
Topacio-Torres Milali, Marquez-Aquino Marijean
and Rivera IV Francisco. 1999.

38.The prevalence of eczema and occupationally Philippines
related contact dermatitis as determined by history,
physical examination and patch testing amongnurses employed at the Jose R.Reyes Memorial
Medical center by Aranas, Agnes Mitzel/ HabitanPalmero, Ma. Lourdes/ Villafuerte, Lillian L. 2000.

109

39.Prevalence and relevance of patch test reactions at Philippines
the JRRMMC dermatology department: 1996-2001
by Palmero and Villafuerte. 2001.
40.Patch testing among dermatology patients and Philippines
hospital personnel with contact dermatitis byVillanueva-Favorito, Marielle and Lavadia, Ma.
Angela M. 2001.
41.Common contact allergens in a private clinic Setting: Philippines
A 5-Year retrospective study by Angelina Onrubia,
MD and Sylvia Jacinto. 2007.
42.Contact dermatitis among florist at the Philippine Philippines
Dangwa Floral market by Puyat Maria Luisa T,
Ismael Daisy K and Villafuerte. 2007.
43.Patch testing children and adolescents: a seven year Philippines
experience in Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Centerby Co Cristina C and Villafuerte Lillian L. 2009
44.A double-blind randomized controlled assessment Philippinesof Cottonique® underwear products vs control
among patients with underwear contact dermatitis
by Gregorio-Elizaga Abigail, Verallo-Rowell VM.
Poster Presentation, American Contact Dermatitis
Society Annual Meeting, 2009 March.

45.Reactivity to Philippine peso coin patch test in Philippines
nickel-sensitized subjects with recurrent handeczema: a quasi-experimental study by Lui Elaine
Charmaine P and Tianco Elizabeth Amelia V. 2010.
46.Clinical profile of patient diagnosed with contact Philippines
dermatitis: A five year retrospective study in East
Avenue Medical Center-Department of Dermatology
out patient department from January 2004 to
December 2008 by Yohann Kae Panis and Lavadia
Ma Angela M 2010.

110

47.Patch test reaction among patient with atopic Philippines
dermatitis at JRRMMC: A Quasi-experimental study
by Gorkhali, Yaptinchay and Villafuerte. 2012.
48.Sun Kissed: A Case of Plasma Cell Cheilitis by Dr. Philippines
Catherine Ann Cifra and Dr. Marielle Villanueva(June 2012) - Case of a farmer with probableoccupational/environmentally caused dermatosis.
49.Patch test reactivity to common allergens and Philippines
dimethyfumarate in Filipino patients with footdermatitis by Shyam Raj Upadhayay, Casintahan andVillafuerte. 2013.
50.7 -Year retrospective study on Patch test in Philippines
JRRMMC by Lim and Villafuerte. 2013.
51.Patch Testing in a Tertiary Government Hospital by Philippines
Dy, Kirsten, Santos, Ana Aurelia, Soebyanto, Amelia
and Lavadia, Ma. Angela. 2015.
52.The prevalence of skin diseases among police Philippines
personnel in a local camp in Metro Manila by Santos,
Ana Aurelia; Mabilin-Prieto, Karen; Lavadia, Ma.
Angela. 2015.
53.Generalized Argyria in a Filipino male secondary to Philippines
colloidal silver ingestion by Dr. Patricia Ysabel G.
Oreta and Ma. Angela M. Lavadia. 2015.
54.Dilemmas in the management of multiple squamous Philippines
cell carcinoma in an 80-year-old salt farmer by Dr.
Patricia Ysabel G. Oreta and Dr. Charlene Ang-Tiu.
2015.
55.A retrospective analysis of patch test results in Philippines
adults 50 years old and above from 2013 to 2015 at
Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center by Dipasupil,
Villafuerte and Flores. 2016

111

56.Dermatologic Quality Of Life of arsenic-affected Philippines
patients from Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines
admitted an A Tertiary Hospital by Tugon, Mary
Renebe R.; Dumlao, Maria Antonette; Lavadia, Ma.
Angela M. ;Arcega, Dee Jay B. 2016.
57.Impact of allergen avoidance on the Quality of Life Philippines
among patch test positive patients with allergic
contact dermatitis by Serrano, Mark Gerald
R./Villafuerte, Lillian L./ Doria-Ruiz, Melanie Joy.
2017.
58.Effect of group-based education on the knowledge of Philippines
occupational contact dermatitis prevention among
Institutional housekeeping personnel in agovernment hospital: A randomized controlled trial
by Asuncion, Camille Ann Dy-Rabo, Kirsten Diane
Quinio, Maria Franchesca and Lavadia, Ma. Angela.
2017.

59.Common dermatoses and predisposing factors in Philippines
food handlers in a University Campus: a crosssectional study by Ramirez, Patricia Anne Nicole O.;
Ibañez, Alexis Paula D. and Lavadia, Ma. Angela.
2017.
60.Demographic and clinical profile of probable Philippines
arsenicosis cases residing in a selected ruralcommunity by Panlilio, Hazel Lizette M;
Encarnacion, Maria Rosa Noliza F; Dumlao, Ma.
Antonette; Lavadia, Ma. Angela M. 2017.
61.Cutaneous
delayed-type
hypersensitivity
to Philippines
cosmetics in patients with rosacea: a prospectivecontrolled study reviewed by Verallo-Rowell.

112

62.Incidence of patch test proven allergic contact Philippines
dermatitis secondary to common preservatives
among patient of Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical
Center Department of Dermatology by Santos,
Villafuerte and Torres. 2018
63.The prevalence of specific IgE-confirmed chicken Philippines
hypersensitivity among atopic dermatitis patientswith self-reported chicken meat allergy by LinMendoza, Villafuerte and Tablizo. 2018
64.Photopatch testing demonstrates visible light Philippines
photoallergic contact dermatitis in patients withmelasma; Report of 3 Cases by Verallo-Rowell VM,
Ingente-Tablante MC, Ramas-Uypitching T, Bernal V,
Oropeza NS, Sayoc-Ugalde MB and Almoro V.

113

SECTION 3
CONTACT REACTIONSContact Dermatitis
Head
Periocular
Lips
Hands
Feet
Wound
Airborne distribution
Photo distribution
Widespread

Immediate Contact Reactions
Bite/sting
Chemical
Food
Latex

Other Types of Contact Reactions
Erythema multiforme
Lichenoid / lichen planus
Hyperpigmentation
Granuloma
Leucoderma

114

CD AT SPECIFIC SITES
Head

1. Goh CL, Boontanorm A. Eczema of the face, Scalp Singapore
and Neck Compared with Eczema Elsewhere.
Contact Dermatitis. 1989 Jan; 20(1) : 57-75.
2. Chan HP, Maibach HI. Hair Highlights and Severe Philippines
Acute Irritant Dermatitis (“Burn”) of the Scalp.
Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2010 Dec; 29(4):229-33.
3. Koh D, Lee BL, Ong HY, Ong CN, Wong WK, Ng SK, Singapore
Goh CL. Colophony in Bindi Adhesive. Contact
Dermatitis. 1995 Mar; 32(3): 186.
4. Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. An unusual cause of post- Singapore
auricular dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2000
May: 42 (5): 308.
5. Shono M, Numata M, Sasaki K. Allergic contact Japandermatitis caused by Solvent Orange 60 inspectacle frames in Japan. Contact Dermatitis.
2018 Jan;78(1):83-84.
6. Tan S and Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to Australia
chromate in a mobile phone.Contact Dermatitis
2011; 65: 246-7

7. Gritiyarangsan P, Akaraphanth R, Kullavanijaya P. Thailand
Clinical study on facial cleanser in acne vulgaris.
Thai J Dermatol. 2001;17:116-124.
8. Ongmahutmongkol P, Sajjachareonpong P. The Thailand
relationship of house dust mite and facial
dermatitis in atopic dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol.
2009;25:208-217

9. Kannawat N, Puangpet P, Tresukosol P, Thailand
Sajjachareonpong P. Cosmetic allergic contact
dermatitis in facial dermatitis patients at the115

Institute of Dermatology, Thailand.
Dermatol. 2011;27(4):236-246

Thai J

10.Kasemsarn P, Iamphonrat T, Boonchai W. Risk
factors and common contact allergens in facial
allergic contact dermatitis patients. Int J Dermatol.
2016;55(4):417-24

Thailand

11.Higgins C, Nixon R. Facial allergic contact Australia
dermatitis without hand dermatitis from
disposable latex gloves. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;
74: 246-25.
Taiwan12.Liao SL, Tseng YH, Chu CY. Contact allergy tomethylisothiazolinone/
methylchloroisothiazolinone: A retrospective caseseries in a referral center in northern Taiwan.
Dermatologica Sinica. 2017; 35 (4): 201-205.
13.Boonchai W, Kasemsarn P, Maneeprasopchoke P, Thailand
Chayangsu O, Bunyaratavej S. A study oferythematous facial dermatoses in Thais
dermatologic patients in a university hospital. J
Med Assoc Thai. 2018;101(6):843-849.
Thailand
14.Boonchai W, Varothai S, Winayanuwattikun W,
Phaitoonvatanakij S, Chaweekulrat P, Kasemsarn
P. Randomized investigator-blinded comparative
study
ofmoisturizer
containing
4-tbutylcyclohexanol and licochalcone A versus
0.02% triamcinolone acetonide cream in facial
dermatitis.
J
CosmetDermatol.
2018
Dec;17(6):1130-1135.
15.Wang CS, Tseng MP, Sun CC. Allergic contact Taiwan
dermatitis of paraphenylenediamine. Dermatol
Sinica. 2001; 19: 184-189.

116

Periocular

1. Goh CL, Ng SK, Kwok SF. Allergic Contact Dermatitis Singapore
from Nickel in Eye shadows. Contact Dermatitis.
1989 May; 20(5) : 380 - 381.
2. Akita H, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K. Allergic contact Japandermatitis due to phenylephrine hydrochloride,with an unusual patch test reaction. Contact
dermatitis. 2003 Nov;49;5: 232-235.

3. Borchard K, Nixon R. Hyaluronidase allergy: a rare Austraalia
cause of periorbital inflammation after ophthalmic
surgery. Australas J Dermatol. 2010; 51: 49-51.
Japan
4. Fujishima H. Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) by
anti-allergic agents. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res.
2013;S6:014.
5. Higgins C, Palmer A, Nixon R. Allergic contact Australia
dermatitis to lanolin in an ocular lubricant gel.
Australas
J
Dermatol.
2015;
doi:
10.1111/ajd.12426.
6. Higgins CL, Rosemary L Nixon Periorbital allergic Australia
contact dermatitis caused by lanolin in a lubricating
eye ointment. Australas J Dermatol. 2016; 57: 6878.

7. Bala H, Nixon RL. Periocular dermatitis. Published Australia
at http://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/ perioculardermatitis.
8. Sugimoto, N., Kuribayashi, K., Yamamoto, Y. et al. Japan
Drugs - Real World Outcomes (2018) 5: 45.

9. Shono M, Numata M, Sasaki K. Allergic contact Japandermatitis caused by Solvent Orange 60 inspectacle frames in Japan. Contact Dermatitis. 2018
Jan;78(1):83-84.

117

Lips

1. Lim JT, Ng SK, Goh CL. Contact cheilitis in Singapore
Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1992 Oct; 27(4): 263- 264.
Thailand2. Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Allergic contact
cheilitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;33(6):365-70.
3. Tresukosol P, Ophaswongse S, Kullavanijaya P. Thailand
Cutaneous reaction to cosmetic lip tattooing.
Contact Dermatitis. 1997;36(3):176-7.
Australia
4. Freeman S, Stephens R. Cheilitis: analysis of 75
cases referred to a contact dermatitis clinic. Am J
Contact Dermat. 1999 Dec;10(4):198-200.

5. Lim SW, Goh CL. Epidemiology of eczematous Singapore
cheilitis at a tertiary dermatological referral centrein Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 2000; 43: 322326.
Japan
6. Sowa J, Suzuki K, Tsuruta K, Akamatsu H,
Matsunaga K. Allergic contact dermatitis frompropylene glycol ricinoleate in a lipstick. Contact
dermatitis. 2003 Apr;48(4):228-229.
7. Tan S, Tam M, Nixon RL. Allergic contact dermatitis Australia
to Myroxylon pereirae (Balsam of Peru) in Lucas
Papaw Ointment® causing cheilitis. Australas J
Dermatol. 2011; 52:222-223.
Australia
8. Gamboni SE, Nixon RL. Allergic contact stomatitis
to dodecyl gallate and a review of the relevance of
positive patch test results to gallates. Australas J
Dermatol 2013; 54: 213-7.
9. Thongprasom K. Glycerin Borax Treatment of Thailand
Exfoliative Cheilitis Induced by Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate: A Case Report. Acta Stomatol Croat118

2016;50(2):158-161.

10.Contact dermatitis in children and adolescents inpublic hospital by Azlin TJ Tee, Ong SB, Rohna R
and Norhasmie R. Presented at 41st Malaysian
AnnualDermatology
Congress,
Kuching
Sarawak,16-18 September 2016.

Malaysia

Hands

1. Goh CL. An Epidemiological Comparison between Singapore
Occupational and Non-Occupational Hand Eczema.
Br J Dermatol. 1989 Jan; 120 (1):77-82.
Taiwan2. Sun CC, Guo YL, Lin RS. Occupational handdermatitis in a tertiary referral dermatology clinic
in Taipei. Contact Dermatitis. 1995; 33: 414-418.
3. Tresukosol P, Kullavanijaya P. Occupational Thailand
fingertips dermatitis caused by nickel in garlandmaker. Thai J Dermatol. 2000;16(2):124-127.
Thailand4. Puvabanditsin P, Sungkeaw S. The cause of handdermatitis in the latex rubber gloves users. Thai J
Dermatol. 2003;19(1):4-10
5. "Reena Rai, Thowfeeq Ahmed, Kalyani Rajeev India
Nair, C R Srinivas. Occupational Dermatoses
Among Kitchen Workers In A Chain Of VegetarianHotel. Indian J Dermatol. 2003;48(3):151-153.
6. Ho CH, Sun CC, Tseng MP, Chu CY. Patch testing for Taiwan
handdermatitis—20
years
experience.
Dermatologica Sinica. 2006;24(4):238-246.

7. Lee HY, Goon A, Choy K, Leow YH Acrylate-induced Singapore
hand dermatitis in the manufacture of contactlenses. Contact Dermatitis. 2009 Aug;61(2):117-8.

119

8. Yenyuwadi A. Occupational cumulative irritantcontact dermatitis among noodle plant workers.
Thai J Dermatol. 2009;25(2):118-125.

Thailand9. Felix Yap Boon Bee. The pattern of allergic contact Malaysia
hand dermatitis at a Tertiary skin clinic in Sarawak,
Malaysia. Dermatitis. 2010 May-June; 21(3):179–
181.
Thailand
10.Tresukosol P, Swasdivanich C. Hand contact
dermatitis in hairdressers: clinical and causative
allergens, experience in Bangkok. Asian Pac J
Allergy Immunol. 2012;30(4):306-12.

11.Holness DL, Beaton D, Harniman E, DeKoven J, Australia
Skotnicki-Grant S, Nixon R, Switzer-McIntyre S.
Hand and upper extremity function in workers withhand dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2013;24: 131-6.
Australia
12.Boyapati A, Tate B, Tam M, Nixon R. Allergic contact
dermatitis
frommethylisothiazolinone: exposure from baby wipes
causing hand dermatitis in carers. Australas J
Dermatol. 2013;54:264-7.

13.Gamboni SE, Simmons I, Palmer A, Nixon RL. Australia
Allergic contact dermatitis to indium in jewellery,detected through the use of the Contact Allergen
Bank Australia. Australas J Dermatol. 2013; 54:13940.
Indonesia
14.Ariwibowo L, Cekti C, Silvyningrum T, Indrastuti N,
Danarti R. Occupational contact dermatitis on
Nurse’s Hand in Hospital Ward. Media Dermato
Venerelogica Indonesiana. 2013;40:42s-49s.
15.Cekti C, Dewi YD, Trisnowati N, Indrastuti N. Indonesia
Occupational contact dermatitis in hairdressers: 3
cases series. Media Dermato Venerelogica

120Indonesiana. 2014;41(3):108 -113.

16.SaiphiroonthongW,
Sithisarankul
P, Thailand
Sajjacharoenpong P. Prevalence and associatedfactors of hand dermatitis among pottery andceramics workers in Rachaburi province.
Thammasat Med J 2015;15(2):251-9.

17.Meani R, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis Australia
caused by ranitidine hydrochloride in aveterinary
product.
Contact
Dermatitis.
2015;73:125-6.
India
18.Vincy Nelson, Rakesh PS, Simon S, Hashim A,
Usman A, Anzil AR. Work related health problemsof female workers engaged in Cashew processing
Industries- a cross-sectional study from Kollam
district, Kerala, southern India. Indian J Comm
Health. 2016;28(4):359-363.
19.Bhachech HT et al. A study of patch testing in India
subjects with hand eczema of different
occupational groups. Int J Community Med Public
Health. 2016 Sep;3(9):2566-2570.
Thailand
20.Praisuthirat K, Supapong S, Sajjachareonpong P.
Prevalence and associated factors of hand contact
dermatitis among food handlers in Department ofMedical Service Hospital and hospital in the central
region of Thailand. J Preventive Med Assoc Thai.
2017;7:148.
21.Liao SL, Tseng YH, Chu CY. Contact allergy to Taiwan
methylisothiazolinone/
methylchloroisothiazolinone: A retrospective caseseries in a referral center in northern Taiwan.
Dermatologica Sinica. 2017; 35 (4): 201-205.

121

22.Felix Yap Boon Bee. The pattern of allergic contact
hand dermatitis at a tertiary skin clinic in Sarawak,
Malaysia. Dermatitis. 2010 May-June;21(3):179 181.

Malaysia

23.Prisheila , Teoh TY, Rohna R. Hand dermatitis in Malaysia
health care worker: is it allergic or irritant contact
dermatitis? Poster presented at 42nd Malaysian
Annual Dermatology Congress, 24-27 August 2017.
Malaysia
24.Priya G, Asmah J, Gangaram HB, Suraiya HH.
Clinical pattern and causative allergens of hand and/ or feet eczema identified from patch test - a
retrospective 5 year study. Malaysian J Dermatol.
2009 Dec;23:41-50.
25.Contact to rubber sensitisizer in patient with hand, Malaysia
feet and hand-feet dermatitis by Hazfaneza AH,
Rohna R and Kasmawati T. Poster presented at
37th Malaysian Annual Dermatology Congress, 1417 September 2012.

Feet

1. Bajaj AK, Gupta SC, Chatterjee AK, Singh KG. Shoe India
dermatitis in India: further observations. Contact
Dermatitis. 1991 Feb;24(2):149-51.
India
2. S Handa, SC Sharma, VK Sharma, S Kaur. Footwear
Dermatitis - Clinical Patterns and Contact Allergens.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1991;57(3):174177.

3. Freeman S. Shoe dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. Australia
1997 May;36(5):247-51.
Thailand4. Lertshunhakiat S, Tresukosol P. Common causes ofshoes dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol. 2004;1:36-46.

122

5. Chowdhuri S, Ghosh S. Epidemio-allergological India
study in 155 cases of footwear dermatitis. Indian J
Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73:319-22.
Indonesia
6. Febriana SA, Soebono H, Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar
ML. Contact allergy in Indonesian patients with footeczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2014 Jun;70:57.

7. Febriana SA, Zimerson E, Svedman C, Haryadi W, Indonesia
Soebono H, Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar ML. Thinlayer chromatography and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) examination of
footwear materials from patients with shoedermatitis.
Contact
Dermatitis.
2015
Apr;72(4):248-52.
8. Febriana SA, Soebono H, Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar Indonesia
ML. Contact allergy in Indonesian patients with footeczema attributed to shoe. J Eur Acad Dermatol
Venereol. 2015 Aug;29(8):1582-9.

9. Garg T, Agarwal S, Rana S, Chander R. Patch testing India
in patients with suspected footwear dermatitis: A
retrospective study. Indian Dermatol Online J.
2017;8:323-7.
Malaysia
10.Priya G, Asmah J, Gangaram HB, Suraiya HH.
Clinical pattern and causative allergens of hand and/ or feet eczema identified from patch test - a
retrospective 5 year study. Malaysian J Dermatol.
2009 Dec;23:41-50.

Wound

1. Dermatitis kontak alergi oleh kerana obat topikal di Indonesia
klinik Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Dr. Sardjito
Yogyakarta oleh Suyoto, Moedjatmini, Sunaryo.
Proc 8th Nat Congr Perdoski 1995: 131-134.

123

2. Rademaker M1, Wood B, Greig DE. Multiple
medicament allergies in two patients with chronic
leg ulceration. Australas J Dermatol. 1996
Aug;37(3):151-2.

New Zealand

3. Leelavathi M, Le Y, Tohid H, Hasliza A. Contact Malaysia
dermatitis presenting as non-healing wound: casereport. Asia Pacific Family Medicine. 2011;10(1):6.

Airborne contact dermatitis

1. Pasricha J S, Nandakishore Th. Airborne contact India
dermatitis due to Chrysanthemum with true crosssensitivity to Parthenium hysterophorus and
Xanthium strumarium. Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Leprol. 1992 Jan;58(4): 268-271.
2. Pasricha J S, Verma K K, D'Souza P. Airborne India
contact dermatitis caused exclusively by xanthium
strumarium. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.
1995;61:354-5.

3. Yokozeki H, Satoh T, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Japan
Airborne contact dermatitis due to Japanese cedarpollen.Contact Dermatitis. 2007;56:224–8.
4. Handa S, De D, Mahajan R. Airborne contact India
dermatitis
current
perspectives
inetiopathogenesis and management. Indian J
Dermatol. 2011;56(6):700-6.

5. Mai Tokunaga, Hiroko Fujii, Kayo Okada, Yoshiko Japan
Kagemoto, Takashi Nomura, Miki Tanioka, Yumi
Matsumura, Yoshiki Miyachi. Occupational airborne
contact dermatitis by Isothiazolinones contained inwall paint products. Allergology International.
2013;62:395-397.

124

6. McFadden J P, Basketter D A, Dearman R J, UK &Puangpet P, Kimber I. Hapten-chemical-atopy Thailand
hypothesis III: the potential role of airborne
chemicals. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:45-51.

Photocontact Dermatitis in Asia
Synopsis by
Dr. Tee Shwu Hoon

These are the countries that performed research in photocontact
allergy during this 30years study in decreasing order: Philippines,
Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan and Japan. The following are thephotocontact allergens identified in various countries:
Japan:

Methy and propyl paraben,
diisopropanolamine.
Philippines: Perfume; Plant ; Scandinavian PT Series, SSLI Sunscreen
Series.
Thailand:Sulfanilamide, Jadit, chlorpromazine, promethazine,
fenticlor
NSAIDS topicals(tiaprofenic acid, ketoprofen, carprofen, benoxaprofen,
piroxicam, tiaprofenic acid, ketoprofen, carprofen,suprofen, benzydamine)
6-methylcoumarin
Quisqualis indica
Singapore: Parsol MCX, oxybenzone, mexenone, 2-ethylhexyl-4dimethylaminobenzoate, ketoprofen gel in sunscreens.
Taiwan:Bipyridine

Filipinos perform patch test using additional series from Chemotechnique
Diagnostics (24 fragrance, 22 North American photopatch, 13 plants) and8 cosmetic allergens from Skin Sciences Laboratory Inc. Investigations
other than photopatch test were performed in Taiwan to confirm thephoto contact reaction.

125

Topical NSAIDS and sunscreen ingredients are the common allergens
identified in photocontact dermatitis or occupational dermatitis in Asian
countries. Other than Asian countries, active agents in sunscreen werealso implicated as the commonest cause of photocontact dermatitis inAustralia. Excessive sun exposure in Asian populations staying incountries with tropical climate increases the risk of photocontact andoccupational dermatitis.

Photocontact dermatitis research list in
Asia Pacific Region

1. Gritiyarangsan P. A three-year photopatch study in Thailand
Thailand. J Dermatol Sci. 1991;2(5):371-5.
2. Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Topical nonsteroidal Thailand
anti-inflammatory drugs: allergic and photoallergic
contact dermatitis and phototoxicity. Contact
Dermatitis. 1993;29(2):57-64.

3. Leow YH, Wong WK, Ng SK, Goh CL. 2 Years Singapore
Experience of Photopatch Testing in Singapore.
Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Sept;31(3):18 –182.
4. Rohna R, Suraiya H. Mask Facies. HKL J Med, Malaysia
1995;1:74-76.

5. Jee SH, Kuo HW, Su WP, Chang CH, Sun CC, Wang JD. Taiwan
Photodamage and skin cancer among paraquat
workers. Int J Dermatol. 1995 Jul;34(7):466-9.
New
6. Oakley A. Photodermatitis from sunscreen. N Z Med
ZealandJ. 1997 Jan; 110(1036):17-8.

7. Ang P, Ng SK, Goh CL. Sunscreen Allergy in Singapore
Singapore. Am J Contact Dermatitis. 1998 Mar;9 (1):42 – 44.

126

8. Cook N, Freeman S. Report of 19 cases of Australia
photoallergic contact dermatitis to sunscreens seenat the Skin and Cancer Foundation. Australas J
Dermatol. 2001 Nov;42(4):257-9.

9. Cook N, Freeman S. Photosensitive dermatitis due Australia
to sunscreen allergy in a child. Australas J Dermatol.
2002 May;43(2):133-5.
Thailand
10.Vachiramon V, Wattanakrai P. Photoallergic contact
sensitization to 6-methylcoumarin in poikiloderma
of Civatte. Dermatitis. 2005;16(3):136-8.

11.Tazarotene 0.1% cream is effective in treatment of Philippines
facial photodamage. J Phil Dermatol Soc. 2005
Nov;14: 73.
12.Verallo-Rowell VM, Pua JM, Bautista D. Visible Light Philippines
Photopatch Testing of Common Photocontactantsin Female Filipino Adults With and Without
Melasma: A Cross-sectional Study. Drugs Dermatol.
2008 Feb;7(2): 149-56.

13.Melasma with Hyperpigmentation at classic Philippines
photosensitivity sites: Photopatch Tests of twenty
sequential patients from the Philippines. Blending
Science with Best Practice A joint meeting of theExperimental Contact Dermatitis Research Groupand the American Contact Dermatitis Society.
Dallas, Texas. Dermatitis 2010 Oct;21(6):350-351.
14.Oiso N, Kawada A. Review of allergic and Japan
photoallergic contact dermatitis from an ingredientin a medicament vehicle consisting of a compress,
poultice, plaster, and tape. J Allergy (Cairo).
2011;2011:169432.

127

15.Verallo-Rowell VM. Photodermatoses in the Philippines
Philippines. Skin & Skin Diseases in Asia
Commemorative Book, 22nd World Congress
Dermatology May 2011. Chapter 7.
16.Chuah SY, Leow YH, Goon AT, Theng CT, Chong WS. Singapore
Photopatch testing in Asians: a 5-year experience inSingapore. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed.
2013 Jun;29(3):116-20.

17.Ngarmjiratam N, Wattanakrai P. Photoallergic Thailand
contact dermatitis caused by Quisqualis indica(Combretum
indicum).
Contact Dermatitis.
2016;74(5):313-4
18.Guevara, Bryan Edgar Ko, Victoria P. Guillano, Mary Philippines
Jo S. Bunagan, Alvin S. Concha. Knowledge, attitude
and practices concerning sun exposure and sun
protection among adult triathletes in Metro Manila,
Cebu, and Davao Ciity, Philippines: A crosssectional study. J Phil Dermatol Soc. 2016 May; 19.

19.Verallo-Rowell VM. Photo-protection in Brown Philippines
Skin. Handog E, Macarayo J, Melasma & Vitiligo in
Brown Skin, Springer1st ed. 2017 Feb;Sect 4 Chap
3: 337-350.
20.Photopatch Testing Demonstrates Visible Light Philippines
Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis in patients with
Melasma; Report of 3 Cases by Verallo-Rowell VM,
Ingente-Tablante MC, Ramas-Uypitching T, Bernal
V, Oropeza NS, Sayoc-Ugalde MB, Almoro V.

Widespread dermatitis

1. Hsu CK, Sun CC, Su MS, Kuo EF, Wu YC. Systemiccontact allergy from occupational contact with
Taiwanethyl ethoxymethylene cyanoacetate. Contact
Dermatitis. 1992 Jul;27(1):58-9.

128

2. Pachimsawat P, Nimmanon V. Allergic contact
dermatitis to dental rubber latex products: a case Thailand
report. J Dent Assoc Thai 2000;50(2):107-113
3. Bajaj A K, Saraswat A. Systemic contact dermatitis.
India
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2006;72:99-102.

4. Yang CH, Chu CY. Systemic contact dermatitis fromvalacyclovir. Dermatologica Sinica. 2007;25(1):24- Taiwan
29.
5. Thong H-Y, Yokota M, Chan HP, Maibach HI.
Possible anergy to generalize orally elicited allergic
Philippines
contact dermatitis to corticosteroid. Contact
Dermatitis. 2008;58:126–128.
6. Wong CC and Nixon RL. Systemic allergic dermatitis
to cobalt and cobalt toxicity from a metal on metal
Australia
hip replacement. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71:113114.
7. Boonchai W, Maneeprasopchoke P, Chaweekulrat P,
Kasemsarn P. Associated factors of widespreadpattern of dermatitis among patch test population: Thailand
12-Year retrospective study. Australas J Dermatol.
2019 Feb;60(1):e40-e45.

129

IMMEDIATE CONTACT REACTIONS
Bite / Sting

1. Tomitaka A, Suzuki K, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K. Japan
Anaphylaxis after hamster bites: a rare case?
Contact dermatitis. 2002 Feb;46(2):113.

2. Escueta, Luella Joy A., and Johannes F. Dayrit. "A Philippines
case report on Chironex sp (box jellyfish
envenomation and literature review on theappropriate management." Journal of the Philippine
Dermatological Society. 2017 May; 26(1):85-87.

Chemical agent

1. Lim J, Goh CL, Lee CT. Perioral and Mucosal Oedema Singapore
due to Contact Allergy to Proflavin. Contact
Dermatitis. 1991 Sept;25(3):195 -196.
2. Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Alcohol dermatitis: Thailand
allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria
syndrome.
A
review.
Contact Dermatitis
1994;30(1):1-6.
3. Yama. moto A, Morita A, Tsuji T, Suzuki K, Japan
Matsunaga K. Contact urticaria from geraniol.
Contact dermatitis. 2002 Jan 46;1: 52.
4. Rumi Suzuki, Kunitaro Fukuyama,Yasuhiro Japan
Miyazaki,Takeshi Namiki. Contact urticaria
syndrome and protein contact dermatitis caused byglycerin enema. JAAD Case Rep. 2016 Mar; 2(2):108–110.

5. Chlorhexidine induced Anaphylaxis - The hidden Malaysia
culprit by Tang Min Moon. Presented at the Joint
Congress of APAAACI & APAPARI 2016, Kuala
lumpur, Malaysia. Oct 2016.

130

6. Ng Chiew Seng. Chlorhexidine preparations: Risk of Malaysia
hypersensitivity reactions. National Pharmaceutical
Regulatory Agency. MADRAC Newsletter. 2017;23(2):1-2.
7. Short contact patch test profile in patients with Malaysia
history of urticaria and atopic dermatitis in
Selayang Hospital from January to December 2016
by Nur Ashikin A, Ong SB and Rohna R. Presented
at the 14th APEODS in Taiwan 17-19 Nov 2017.

8. Douwes J, Slater T, Shanthakumar Mathangi et al. New Zealand
Determinants of hand dermatitis, urticaria and lossof skin barrier function in professional cleaners in
New Zealand. Int J Occup
Environ Health
2017;23(2);110-119.
9. Vu M, Rajgopal Bala H, Cahill J, Toholka R, Nixon R. Australia
Immediate hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine.
Australas J Dermatol. 2018 Feb;59(1):55-56.

Food

1. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Allergic contact Thailand
urticaria of the hands due to seafood and allergic
contact dermatitis to rubber gloves in foodhandlers. Thai J Dermatol 1990;6(2):119-22
2. Miyazawa H, Fukamachi H, Inagaki Y, et al. Japan
Identification of the first major allergen of a squid(Todarodes pacificus). J Allergy Clin Immunol
1996;98:948–53.

3. Yagami, Akiko & Matsunaga, Kayoko & Akita, H & Japan
Suzuki, K & Ueda, H. Four cases with latex allergy
followed by anaphylaxis to chestnut. Ä =[Allergy]. 2000;49:327-34.

131

4. Kato Y, Yagami A, Matsunaga K. A case ofanaphylaxis caused by the health food chitosan.
Arerugi = [Allergy] 2005 Dec; 54(12):1427-1429.

Japan

5. Yagami A, Matsunaga K, Yagami T. Latex allergy, Japan
contact urticaria, anaphylaxis, latex-fruit syndrome,
powder-free gloves]. Nihon rinsho. Jpn J Clin Med.
2005 May;63(Suppl 5):173-178.
Japan
6. Kameyama R, Yagami A, Yamakita T, Nakagawa M,
Nagase K, Ichikawa H, Matsunaga K. A case of
immediate allergy to anisakis following saury
intake. Arerugi = [Allergy] 2006 Nov.;55(11):14291432.

7. Liu W. Nixon RL. Corn contact urticaria in a nurse. Australia
Australas J Dermatol. 2007;48:150-1.
8. Williams JDL Moyle M and Nixon R Occupational Australia
contact urticaria from parmesan cheese. Contact
Dermatitis. 2007; 56:113-4.

9. Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Sano A, Japan
Kobayashi T, Iwata Y, Arima M, Hara K, Matsunaga
K. Occupational food allergy due to parvalbuminandphaseolin
inducedby
epicutaneous
sensitization. Allergol Int : official journal of theJapanese
SocietyofAllergology.
2015July;64(3):287-288.
Japan
10.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Sano A, Iwata Y, Arima M,
Moriyama T, Matsunaga K. Immediate allergy due
to raw garlic (Allium sativum L). J Dermatol. 2015
Oct;42(10):1026-1027.
11.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Sano A, Iwata Y, Japan
Kobayashi T, Suzuki M, Hara K, Teshima R,
Matsunaga K. Case of anaphylactic reaction to soy
following percutaneous sensitization by soy-based132ingredients in cosmetic products. J Dermatol. 2015
Sep;42(9):917-918.

12.Kool B, Chandra D, Fitzharris P. Adult food-induced New
anaphylaxis hospital presentations in New Zealand. Zealand
Postgrad Med J. 2016;0:1–5.
13.The prevalence of specific IgE-confirmed chicken Philippines
hypersensitivity among atopic dermatitis patientswith self-reported chicken meat allergy by LinMendoza, Villafuerte and Tablizo in 2018.

Latex Allergy in Asia
Synopsis by
Dr. Nazatul Shima Abdul Rahim
Countries that publish on immediate allergy to latex products during this30-year study in descending orders are Thailand, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia
and Singapore.
Trend of latex allergy in various countries

Thailand: HCW (1998), Dental students (2011),
Nurses & HCW (2014)
Japan: HCW (2004),
Barium enema catheter (2004),
Glove & fruit (2005), HCW(2006).

Taiwan: HCW (2002, 2007, 2008)

Malaysia: Patch test patients (1996),
HCW (1999).

Singapore: HCW (2005)

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Diagnostic tests performed
Japan

i. RAST (latex, banana, kiwi, grapefruit, avocado)
ii. SPT (latex allergy, banana, grapefruit, avocado)
iii. Scratch test(balloon, catheter)
iv. Use testv. Proteomic strategies(allergonomics)
Thailand i. Double use test / use test for latex allergyii. SPT for latex allergyiii. Specific IgE to latex
iv. Repeated insult technique with sterilised glove
Taiwani. SPT for latex allergyii. Specific IgE to latexiii. Specific IgE to melon, banana, kiwi, tomato andchestnut
iv. ELISA & immunoblotting (IgE antibody to latex)
Singapore i. SPT for latex allergyii. Specific IgE to latexiii. Enzyme immunometric assay technique (todetermine specific allergen levels of Hev b 1, Hev b
3, Hev b 5, Hev b 6.02)
Malaysia i. SPT for latex allergy
ii. Use test

In 1999, prevalence of latex hypersensitivity among Malaysian HCW was
3.1% (4/130) which is low when compared to USA which reported aprevalence of as high as 16.9%. In 2002, 8.6% (26) HCW in Taiwan had
Type 1 latex allergy. In 2007, the prevalence of latex allergy among HCW
was only 2.3% (3/130). In 2008, 6% of HCW in Taiwan had immediate
reactions to latex products. Highest prevalence of allergy in thoseworking in intensive care units and medical laboratories.

134

In Thailand, the latex sensitization rate in dental students in 2011 was
14.2% and is higher than the general population. The possible risk factors
included personal history of allergic diseases, duration and frequency of
exposure.

In Japan, there here have been no latex allergy-related deaths. Following
educational activities regarding latex allergy and replacement of thehospital’s powdered gloves with low allergenic latex or non-latex, no newlatex allergy patients have appeared among the HCWs in a Japanese
university hospital since June 2001.
Thus, educational activities are paramount in the management of latex
allergy among HCW.

Immediate reaction to latex products(Asia- Pacific Region)

1. Rademaker M, Forsyth V. Allergic reactions to New
rubbercondoms.
Sex
TransmInfect. Zealand
1989;65(3):194-195.
2. Rademaker M, Forsyth A. Condoms and Rubber New
Allergy: A Preliminary Report of a New Zealand“Hypoallergenic” Condom. Current Topics inContact Dermatitis. 1989;133-135.

3. Tanglertsampan C, Patrakarn S, Vassansiri E. Thailand
Contact urticaria from rubber gloves: an
occupational skin disorder for health care workers.
J Med Assoc Thai. 1998;81(1):71-4.
4. Rohna R, Suraiya H. Rubber allergy at the Malaysia
Dermatology clinic, HKL. Med J Malaysia.
1998;53:161-164.

135

5. Shahnaz M1, Azizah MR, Hasma H, Mok KL, Yip E, Malaysia
Ganesapillai T, Suraiya H, Nasuruddin BA.
Prevalence of latex hypersensitivity among healthcare workers in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 1999
Mar;54(1):26-31.

6. Lee A, Nixon R, Frowen K. Reduction of use of latex Australia
gloves in food handlers: an intervention study.
Contact Dermatitis. 2001 Feb;44(2):75-9.
7. Sajjachareonpong P, Lee A, Nixon R. Immediate- Australia
type latex hypersensitivity in a hairdresser.
Australas J Dermatol. 2002; 43:150-151.
8. Yi-Hsing Chen, Joung-Liang Lan. Latex allergy and Taiwan
latex-fruit syndrome among medical workers in
Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2002;101(9):622-626.
9. Kano H, Yagami A, Suzuki K, Akita H, Akamatsu H, Japan
Matsunaga K, Ono Y. Survey of awareness andcurrent state of latex allergy among all health care
workers at a university hospital]. Arerugi. 2004 Jul
53;7: 659-668.
10.Fujie S, Yagami A, Suzuki K, Akamatsu H, Japan
Matsunaga K. A case of the latex-induced
anaphylaxis by contact with barium enema
catheter. Arerugi = [Allergy] 2004 Jan 53;1: 38-42.

11.Tang MB, Leow YH, Ng V, Koh D, Goh CL.. Latex Singapore
sensitization in healthcare workers in Singpaore.
Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2005. 34(5):376-82
12.Koh D, Ng V, Leow YH, Goh CL. A study of natural Singapore
rubber latex allergens in gloves used by healthcare
workers in Singapore Br J Dermatol 2005.
153(5):954-9

136

13.Yagami A, Matsunaga K, Yagami T. Latex allergy, Japan
contact
urticaria,
anaphylaxis,
latex-fruit
syndrome, powder-free gloves]. Nihon rinsho. Jpn
Clin Med. 2005 May 63 ;Suppl 5: 173-178.

14.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Kano H, Matsunaga K. Follow- Japanup study of latex-allergic health care workers inJapan. Allergol Int : official journal of the JapaneseSociety of Allergology. 2006 Sep 55;3:321-327.

15.Wan KS, Lue HC. Latex allergy in health care Taiwan
workers in Taiwan: prevalence, clinical features.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2007
Apr;80(5):455-7.
16.Lin CT, Hung DZ, Chen DY, Wu HJ, Lan JL, Chen YH. Taiwan
A hospital-based screening study of latex allergy
and latex sensitization among medical workers in
Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2008
Dec;41(6):499-506.

17.Williams JDL, Lee AYL, Matheson M, Frowen KE, Australia
Noonan A and Nixon RL. Occupational contact
urticaria: Australian data. Br J Dermatol.
2008;159:125-131.
18.Vangveeravong M, Sirikul J, Daengsuwan T. Latex Thailand
allergy in dental students: a cross-sectional study. J
Med Assoc Thai 2011;94 (Suppl 3):S1-8.

19.Sheeran C, Cahill J, Nixon R. Glove-related hand Australia
urticaria caused by disposable gloves in healthcare
workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2014 Aug;71(2):1156.
20.Boonchai W, Sirikudta W, Iamtharachai P, Thailand
Kasemsarn P. Latex glove-related symptoms among
health care workers: a self-report questionnairebased survey. Dermatitis. 2014;25(3):135-9.

137

21.Supapvanich C, Povey AC, Vocht FD. Latex Thailand
sensitization and risk factors in female nurses inThai governmental hospitals. Int J Occup Med
Environ Health. 2014;27(1):93-103.

OTHER TYPES OF CONTACT REACTIONSErythema multiforme

1. Goh CL. Urticarial papular and plaque eruptions. Singapore
A noneczematous manifestation of allergic contact
dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. 1989 April; 28(3):172176.
2. Harvey G, Oakley A, M Rademaker M. Erythema New
multiforme secondary to imiquimod. Australas J Zealand
Dermatol. 2016;57:55.

Lichenoid / Lichen planus

1. Pang BK1, Freeman S. Oral lichenoid lesions Australia
caused by allergy to mercury in amalgam fillings.
Contact Dermatitis. 1995 Dec;33(6):423-7.
2. Gunatheesen S, Tam M, Tate B, Palmer A, Nixon R. Australia
Retrospective study of oral lichen planus andallergy to spearmint oil. Australas J Dermatol.
2012:55:224-228.
3. Thanyavuthi A, Boonchai W, Kasemsarn P. Thailand
Amalgam contact allergy in oral lichenoid lesions.
Dermatitis 2016;27(4):215-21.

Hyperpigmentation

1. Osawa J, Takekawa K, Onuma S, Kitamura K, Japan
Ikezawa Z. Pigmented contact dermatitis due toNaphthol AS in a pillow case. Contact Dermatitis.

138

1997;37:37–38

2. Shenoi
ShruthakirthiD,
Rao
Raghavendra. India
Pigmented contact dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol
Venereol Leprol. 2007 Sep-Oct;73(5): 285-287.

3. Tienthavorn T, Tresukosol P. Pigmented contact Thailand
dermatitis with histology of lichenoid dermatitis:
A reported case. Thai J Dermatol. 2012;28(2):137142.
4. Tienthavorn T, Tresukosol P, Sudtikoonaseth P. Thailand
Patch testing and histopathology in Thai patientswith hyperpigmentation due to erythemadyschromicum
perstans,lichenplanuspigmentosus, and pigmented contact dermatitis.
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2014;32(2):185-92.
5. Vachiramon V, Wattanakrai P. Photoallergic Thailand
contact sensitization to 6-methylcoumarin inpoikilodermaofCivatte.
Dermatitis.
2005;16(3):136-8.

6. Verallo-Rowell VM, Pua JM, Bautista D. Visible Philppines
Light
Photopatch
TestingofCommonPhotocontactants in Female Filipino Adults Withand Without Melasma: A Cross-sectional Study. J
Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Feb;7(2):149-56.

7. Verallo-Rowell
VM.
Melasmawith Philppines
Hyperpigmentation at classic photosensitivity
sites: Photopatch Tests of twenty sequential
patients from the Philippines. Dermatitis. 2010
Oct;21(6):350-351.

139

Granuloma

1. Nagashima C, Tomitaka-Yagami A, Tsuruta K, Japan
Yatsushiro H, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K,
Kawamura T, Kobayashi H. Electron-beamtreatment of allergic granuloma due to goldpierced earrings. Contact dermatitis. 2004
Aug 51;2: 90-91
2. Sasaki R, Suzuki K, Hayashi T, Inasaka H, Japan
Matsunaga K. Improvement of Cheilitis
granulomatosa after Dental Treatment. Case Rep
Dermatol. 2011 May-Aug; 3(2): 151–154.

Leucoderma

1. Nishigori C, Aoyama Y, Ito A, Suzuki K, Suzuki T, Japan
Tanemura A, Ito M, Katayama I, Oiso N, Kagohashi
Y, Sugiura S, Fukai K, Funasaka Y, Yamashita T,
Matsunaga K. Guide for medical professionals (i.e.,dermatologists) for the management of
Rhododenol-induced leukoderma. J Dermatol.
2015 Feb;42(2):113-128.
2. Yagami A, Suzuki K, Sano A, Takahashi M, Japan
Kobayashi T, Morita Y, Ando A, Iwata Y, Matsunaga
K.
Rhododendrol-induced
leukoderma
accompanied by allergic contact dermatitis caused
by a non-rhododendrol skin-lightening agent, 5,5'dipropylbiphenyl-2,2'-diol. J
Dermatol.
2015
Jul;42(7): 739-740.

140

SECTION 4
CONTACT DERMATITIS

inChildren & Adolescent
Elderly
Atopic dermatitis
Psoriasis
Private practice
Rural population

141

Prevalence of CD in
Children / Adolescent
1. Goon AT, Goh CL. Patch testing of Singapore Singapore
children and adolescents our experience over 18
years. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006:23(2):117-20.

2. Patch testing children and adolescents: a seven Philippines
year experience in Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical
Center by Co Cristina C and Villafuerte Lillian L in2009.
3. Sarma N, Ghosh S. Clinico-allergological pattern of India
allergic contact dermatitis among 70 Indianchildren. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010
Jan-Feb;76(1):38-44.

4. Garg T, Yadav P, Meena S, Chander R. Allergic India
contact dermatitis in children: Culpable factors,
diagnosis and management. Astrocyte 2014;1:3340.

5. Sharifah Rosniza SNC, Rohna R, Kasmawati T et al. Malaysia
Pattern of allergic contact dermatitis in school
children in Selayang Hospital, Malaysia. Malaysian
J Dermatol. 2013 Dec;31:13-18.

6. Contact dermatitis in children and adolescents in Malaysia
public hospital by Azlin TJ T, Ong SB, Rohna R andNorhasmie R. Presented at 41st Malaysian Annual
Dermatology Congress, Kuching Sarawak, 16-18
September 2016.
7. Sharifah Rosniza, Min Moon Tang, Kin Fon Leong, Malaysia
Sabeera Begum, Asmah Johar. Patch Testing inChildren and Adolescents: 7 Years’ Experience in
Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian J Dermatol.
2018 June;40:27-35.

142

8. Patch testing in Thai children presented with Thailand
eczema by Puangpet P, Boonpuen N and Jamjanya
S. Presented at International contact dermatitis
congress in 2018, Rosario, Argentina.

Case reports of CD in Children / Adolescent

1. Rademaker M, Duffill MB. Allergic contact New Zealanddermatitis to Toxicodendron succedaneum (rhustree): an autumn epidemic. N Z Med J. 1995 Apr
12;108(997):121-3.
2. Cook N, Freeman S. Photosensitive dermatitis due Australia
to sunscreen allergy in a child. Australas J
Dermatol. 2002 May;43 (2):133-5.
3. Deekajorndech T, Kingwatanakul P, Wananukul S. Thailand
Acute renal failure in a child with jellyfish contact
dermatitis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87 Suppl
2:S292-4
4. Tempark T, Chatproedprai S, Wananukul S. Thailand
Localized contact dermatitis from Ferula asafetida
oleogum-resin essential oil, a traditional topicalpreparation for stomach ache and flatulence.
IndianJ
Dermatol
Venereol
Leprol.
2016;82(4):467.

5. Chaithirayanon S. Comparative Study between Thailand
Talcum and Zinc Oxide Cream for the Preventionof Irritant Contact Diaper Dermatitis in Infants. J
Med Assoc Thai. 2016;99:S1-S6.

143

Contact Dermatitis in Elderly
1. Goh CL, Ling R. A retrospective epidemiology Singapore
study of contact eczema among the elderly
attending a tertiary Dermatology referral centre in
Singapore. Singapore Med J. 1998;29(10):442-446.

Contact Dermatitis in
Atopic Dermatitis & Psoriasis

1. Bannister MJ, Freeman S. Adult-onset atopic Australia
dermatitis. Australas J Dermatology. 2000;41:
225–228 2000.

2. Goon A, Leow YH, Chan YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. Atopy Singapore
patch testing with aeroallergens in patients withatopic dermatitis and controls in Singapore. ClinExp Dermatol. 2005;30(6):627-31.
3. Roberts H, Frowen K, Sim M, Nixon R. Prevalence Australia
of atopy in a population of hairdressing students
and practising hairdressers in Melbourne,
Australia. Australas J Dermatol. 2006; 47:172-177.

4. Cahill J, Williams J, Nixon R. Occupational Australia
autoeczematisation or atopic eczema precipitatedby occupational contact dermatitis? Contact
Dermatitis. 2007: 56:21-26.
5. "Bhaba F, Nixon R.Occupational exposure to Australia
laboratory animals causing a severe exacerbationof atopic eczema. Australas J Dermatol
2012;53:154-5

144

6. Patch test reaction among patient with atopic Philippines
dermatitis at JRRMMC: A Quasi-experimental
study by Gorkhali, Yaptinchay and Villafuerte in2012.
7. Puangpet P, Lai-Cheong J, McFadden J P. Chemical Thailand
atopy. Contact Dermatitis 2013;68: 208-13.
8. Vivek Malhotra, Inderjeet Kaur, Abir Saraswat, India
Bhushan Kumar. Frequency of patch-test
positivity in patients with psoriasis: A prospective
controlled study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2002; 82:432-435.

Private Practice & Rural Population

1. Goon ATJ, Goh CL. Comparison of allergic contact Singapore
dermatitis cases in the private and subsidised
clinics in the National Skin Centre, Singapore. Ann
Acad Med Singapore. 2001 Sep;30(5):485-488.
2. Henry BB Foong, EM Taylor, N Ibrahim. Allergic Malaysia
contact dermatitis in a private practice
Dermatology clinic in Ipoh: A Seven-year
retrospective study. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2007
Aug;19:47-49.

3. Common contact allergens in a private clinic Philippines
setting: A 5-year retrospective study by Angelina
Onrubia and Sylvia Jacinto in 2007.
4. Mehta MJ, Diwan NG, Nair PA, Vora RV. Experience India
and feasibility of patch testing in allergic contact
dermatitis in rural population. Indian J Allergy
Asthma Immunol. 2015;29:40-5.

145

SECTION 5
OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSES (OD)

Occupational Dermatitis&
Non-dermatitis OD
AgentsChemicals
PlantsFood

Occupation

Farmers
HCW
Service providers
Industrial workers
Construction workers
Cleaners
Uniform staff

146

OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSES IN ASIA
Synopsis by
Dr. Asmah Johar
Countries that perform various research in occupational contact allergy
during this 30-year study in descending orders are Indonesia, India,
Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, Philippines and Japan. These dataalso include those who did case reports on 1-3 cases and poster or oralpresentations in a conference but did not publish the article. They are
original research and not a review of other research publications fromother authors.

Occupational Type 1 allergy
Thailand:

Malaysia:
Japan:

Seafood CU (1990)
Latex sensitization (1998, 2011)
Glove (1998, 2002, 2014)

Latex sensitization (1999)

Latex allergy (2004, 2006)
Food allergy (2015)

Singapore: Latex sensitization (2005)
Prawn & lobster allergy (2009)

Diagnostic test for Type 1 Occupational contact allergy
Thailandi. Double use test / use test
for latex allergyii. SPT for latex allergyiii. Specific IgE to latex
iv. Repeated insult
technique with sterilised
glove

147

Malaysia

Japan

Singaporei. SPT for latex allergy
ii. Use test – 20 min finger
coti. Specific IgE toparvalbumin and Gly m5,
SPT to raw fish, prawn,
octopus, shellfish, anisakis
ii. 2 Dimensional western
blot to white kidney beani. SPT for latex allergy
ii. specific IgE to latex

Occupational dermatitis

In some countries because of their occupation in certain sectors involving
farming or industries, the research publications/reports are specific to thepotential allergens identified:Japan ACD to lacquer resin. Thai and Japanese lacquer trees are 2
distinct species but both are from Anacardiaceace family. ACD
and ICD to okra (hibiscus) farming in 1990’s.

India Plant dermatitis, agriculture related to chrysanthemum
growers, coconut plantation, padi field, cashew nut processing
industries are still prevalent.

Indonesia Batik workers and tannery workers have more reports on
occupational disease.

Singapore Most occupational dermatoses research were carried out
before the year 2010.

148

Occupational allergens in Asia
Japan Okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.), urushiol, latex, MI:2methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, BIT:1,2-benzisothiazolin-3one,
MCI:
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one,parvalbumin & phaseolin, thiuram mix, dithiocarbamate
mix, Eucalyptus species and Tanacetum parthenium.

India Parthenium, Chrysanthemum, Dahlia & Tagetes,
Xanthium & Parthenium, cement, potassium dichromate,epoxy resin, cobalt, nickel, thiuram mixture & blackrubber mix, sesquiterpene lactone mix, parthenolide,achillea
millefolium,
fragrancemix,
paraben,mercaptomix, PPD, fragrance mix, thiomersal, cetrimide,
MBT,
formaldehyde,
chromium,cobalt,chromium(hexavalent), Balsam of Peru
Philippine Nickel, chromiumIndonesia Rengas, potassium dichromate, DPG, benzidine, sodium
metabisulphate,naflacolour,orchidplant,
methamidophos,
ethanol
withn-propanol&
chlorhexidine gluconate.
Thailand Seafood, Schistosoma spindale cercaria, Jasmine, gloves,
latex protein, resin, essential oils, PPD, nickel sulphate,fragrance mix, p-toluenediamine sulphate, ammonium
persulfate & p-aminophenol, potassium dichromate,
fragrances, carba mix, cobalt chloride and thiuram mix.

Singapore Nickel, epoxy resin & rubber, Hydroxylamine Sulphate,
Cutting Oil, Dielectric Fluids containing hydrocarbons
that are aromatic, paraffinic or naphthenic, cutting
fluids(neat mineral oils), Axonopus compressus (carpet
grass), Ischaemum muticum (seashore centipede grass),
Imperata cylindrica (lalang), Panicum maximum (Guinea
grass) and Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass),
chromate, rubber chemicals, latex, latex Hev b1,3,5,6.02,
Trichloroethylene, acrylates, prawn and lobster.

149

Taiwan Ethyl ethoxymethylene cyanoacetate, Captofol, Folpet,
Captan, Potassium dichromate, cobalt, fragrance mix,
Epoxy resin, Thiuram mix, p-phenylenediamine,acrylonitrile, PPD, Nickel sulfate, Balsam of Peru,
medicaments, colophony, rubber chemicals, 1,2ethanedithiol, m-xylene diamine, 1,6-hexanediol
diglycidyl ether, Epoxy resin of Bisphenol F-type &Trimethylpropane, , Epoxy resin of Bisphenol A-type &Triglycidyl ether, Kathon CG and essential oils.

Malaysia Thiuram mix, Mercapto mix, PPD mix, black rubber,
MBT, latex, pewter dust (silver), Phenol-formaldehyde,
Epoxy resin, fragrance, Chromium, Cobalt, balsam ofPeru & paraben mix.

Most of the allergens are found in other countries causing occupational
contact dermatitis. However there are a few agricultural activities orindustries which have none or limited publications similar to othercountries.
Allergens Countries
Hibiscus Japan,
Denmark,
India,
Australia
Urushiol Japan

Parthenium India
hysterophorus

Cashew nut India,
BrazilRice field India
animal manure
Cercarial Indonesia,
dermatitis Thailand
Batik Indonesia

Orchid Indonesia,
Denmark

150

Allergens Countries

Pottery UK, Denmark
Jasmine India, Thailand

Soldering flux Thailand,
Japan,
Singapore, USA
Isothiazoline in wall paint Japan

Thailand, UK
Essential oil aromatherapists
Hydroxylamine sulphite Singapore
Shoe Indonesia

Tobacco Indonesia

Patch test using local or additional series in Asia
Japan Japanese standard series, additional concentration ofsuspected chemicals, plant parts for Okra and urushiol
in sap of Japanese raw lacquer.
India Chrysanthemum extracts or standardised plant extracts,
Indian standard series, Chemotechnique plant series,
strip patch test to potassium dichromate, Indiancosmetic series, foot series, fragrance series, textile
series.
Indonesia Shoe series, nafla colour, parts of orchid plants
including roots, coconut hides and Photopatch test to
specific allergens.
Thailand Jasmine flower, Siriraj standard series (European
standard series and International standard series andadditional allergens/series according to individual
occupation using Chemotechnique allergens).
Singapore Axonopus compressus (carpet grass), Ischaemum
muticum (seashore centipede grass), Imperata
cylindrica (lalang), Panicum maximum (Guinea grass)and Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass).
Taiwan Agricultural chemical allergens (Captofol, Folpet,
Captan), additional suspected allergens series according
to individual occupation, m-xylene diamine, 1,6hexanediol diglycidyl ether, epoxy resin of Bisphenol Ftype & Trimethylpropane, epoxy resin of Bisphenol Atype and Triglycidyl ether.
Malaysia Rubber series, photoallergen series, pewter dust andrubber gloves

In Asia, there are more reports in industry related activities rather thanagriculture though certain countries have well-developed agriculture
practices.

151

Molecular related techniques such as microarray IgE is too expensive forresearch purposes therefore hinder research progress. There are paucity of
researches on knowledge of Occupational diseases, more recent
epidemiology of Occupational diseases in a country and Quality of life
research. ACD or ICD is dependant on the type of occupation and whether
manual labour is involved. When manual labours are involved, there are
more ICD.

OD Prevalence (Asia Pacific)

1. Goh CL. An Epidemiological Comparison between Singapore
Occupational and Non-Occupational Hand Eczema. Br
J Dermatol.1989 Jan;120(1):77- 82.

2. Goh CL. Occupational Dermatosis in Singapore - Singapore
Changing Pattern 1985 – 1989. Hifu (Skin Research);
1991:95-100.
3. Rademaker M. Occupational contact dermatitis New
among New Zealand farmers. Australas J Dermatol. Zealand1998 Aug;39(3):164-7.

4. Anthony Goon, Goh CL. Epidemiology of occupational Singapore
skin disease in Singapore 1989-1998. Contact
Dermatitis. 2000 Sep:43(3):133-136.

5. David Koh, Leow YH, Goh CL. Occupational allergic Singapore
contact dermatitis in Singapore. The Science Total
Environ. 2001 May;270:97-101.
6. Lim YL, Goon A. Occupational skin diseases in Singapore
Singapore 2003-2004: an epidemiologic update.
Contact Dermatitis. 2007 Mar;56(3):157-9.
7. Wall LM, Gebauer KA. Occupational skin disease in Australia
Western Australia. Contact Dermatitis. 1991
Feb;24(2):101-9.
8. Nixon RL. Contact dermatitis and occupational skin. Australia
Med J Aust. 1996;165:47-52.

152

9. Keegel T1, Cahill J, Noonan A, Dharmage S, Saunders Australia
H, Frowen K, Nixon R. Incidence and prevalence rates
for occupational contact dermatitis in an Australiansuburbanarea.
Contact
Dermatitis.
2005
May;52(5):254-9.
10.Cahill, JL, Williams JD, Matheson MC, Palmer AM, Australia
Burgess JA, Dharmage SC, Nixon RL. Occupational
skin disease in Victoria, Australia. Australas J
Dermatol. 2015;57:108-114.
11.Sun CC, Guo YL, Lin RS. Occupational hand dermatitis Taiwan
in a tertiary referral dermatology clinic in Taipei.
Contact Dermatitis. 1995;33:414-418.
12.Sun CC, Chen CS. Frequency and determinants of Taiwan
occupational
contactdermatitis
in2793
consecutively-investigatedpatients.
Contact
Dermatitis.1998;38:230-231 231.
13.Ho CH, Sun CC, Tseng MP, Chu CY. Patch testing for Taiwan
hand dermatitis - 20 years experience. Dermatologica
Sinica. 2006;24(4):238-246.
14.Bhatia R, Sharma VK. Occupational dermatoses: An India
Asian perspective. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.
2017;83:525-35.

15.Kumaravel Sadagopan, Deepa Kalappan, Nirmala India
Sivaprakasam, Vinoth. Patch test results from an
occupational and contact dermatitis clinic in a
tertiary care hospital of Southern India: aretrospective study. J Clinical & Diagnositic Res. 2017
Aug;11(8):WC 11-14.

16.Rohna R, Ganesapillai T, Salbiah D, Zaiton I. Malaysia
Occupational Dermatoses as seen in Dermatology
clinic, HKL. Med J Malaysia. 1999 Mar; 54:128-131.

153

17.Boonchai W, Thanomkitti K, Kasemsarn P. Thailand
Occupational contact dermatitis in tertiary university
hospital: A 5-year retrospective study. J Med Assoc
Thai. 2014;97(11):1182-1188.
18.Sugiura K, Sugiura M. Occupational Dermatoses. J Clin JapanExp Dermatol Res. 2016;7:e107.

Non-dermatitis
Occupational Dermatoses

Occupational systemic contact allergy

Hsu CK, Sun CC, Su MS, Kuo EF, Wu YC. Systemic Taiwan
ethoxymethylene contact allergy from occupational
contact with ethyl cyanoacetate. Contact Dermatitis.
1992 Jul;27(1):58-9.

Occupational infection

Rademaker M. Superficial dermatophyte infections. N Z New
Med J. 1993 Jan 27;106(948):14-6.
ZealandOccupational ABCD

Mai Tokunaga, Hiroko Fujii, Kayo Okada, Yoshiko Japan
Kagemoto, Takashi Nomura, Miki Tanioka, Yumi
Matsumura, Yoshiki Miyachi. Occupational Airborne
Contact Dermatitis by Isothiazolinones Contained in
Wall Paint Products. Allergology International.
2013;62:395-397.

Occupational Urticaria

1. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Allergic contact Thailand
urticaria of the hands due to seafood and allergic
contact dermatitis to rubber gloves in food handlers.
Thai J Dermatol. 1990;6(2):119-22.

154

2. Tanglertsampan C, Patrakarn S, Vassansiri E. Contact Thailand
urticaria from rubber gloves: an occupational skindisorder for health care workers. J Med Assoc Thai.
1998;81(1):71-4.
3. Shahnaz M1, Azizah MR, Hasma H, Mok KL, Yip E, Malaysia
Ganesapillai T, Suraiya H, Nasuruddin BA. Prevalenceof latex hypersensitivity among health care workers
in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 1999 Mar;54(1):26-31.

4. Sajjachareonpong P, Lee A, Nixon R. Immediate-type Australia
latex hypersensitivity in a hairdresser. Australas J
Dermatol. 2002; 43:150-151.
5. Kano H, Yagami A, Suzuki K, Akita H, Akamatsu H, Japan
Matsunaga K, Ono Y. Survey of awareness andcurrent state of latex allergy among all health care
workers at a university hospital]. Arerugi =[Allergy]. 2004 Jul 53;7: 659-668.

6. Tang MB, Leow YH, Ng V, Koh D, Goh CL.. Latex Singapore
sensitization in healthcare workers in Singpaore. Ann
Acad Med Singapore. 2005. 34(5):376-82
7. Koh D, Ng V, Leow YH, Goh CL. A study of natural Singapore
rubber latex allergens in gloves used by healthcare
workers in Singapore. Br J Dermatol. 2005.
153(5):954-9
8. Yagami A, Suzuki K, Kano H, Matsunaga K. Follow-up Japan
study of latex-allergic health care workers in Japan.
Allergol Int : official journal of the Japanese Society ofAllergology. 2006 Sep 55;3:321-327.

9. Nixon R. An Australian dermatologist’s perspective Australia
on latex allergy and an update on latex use in theoperating room. Japanese J Latex Allergy. 2008;12:114.

155

10.Williams JDL, Lee AYL, Matheson M, Frowen KE, Australia
Noonan A and Nixon RL. Occupational contact
urticaria: Australian data. Br J Dermatol.
2008;159:125-131.
11.Vangveeravong M, Sirikul J, Daengsuwan T. Latex Thailand
allergy in dental students: a cross-sectional study. J
Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94 (Suppl 3):S1-8.

12.Sheeran C, Cahill J, Nixon R. Glove-related hand Australia
urticaria caused by disposable gloves in healthcare
workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2014 Aug;71(2):115-6.
13.Boonchai W, Sirikudta W, Iamtharachai P, Kasemsarn Thailand
P. Latex glove-related symptoms among health care
workers: a self-report questionnaire-based survey.
Dermatitis. 2014;25(3):135-9.

14.Supapvanich C, Povey AC, Vocht FD. Latex Thailand
sensitization and risk factors in female nurses in Thaigovernmental hospitals. Int J Occup Med Environ
Health. 2014;27(1):93-103.
15.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Sano A, Kobayashi JapanT, Iwata Y, Arima M, Hara K, Matsunaga K.
Occupational food allergy due to parvalbumin andphaseolin induced by epicutaneous sensitization.
Allergol Int : official journal of the Japanese Society ofAllergology. 2015 July;64(3):287-288.

Causative Agent

Chemical agent

1. Hsu CK, Sun CC, Su MS, Kuo EF, Wu YC. Systemic Taiwan
contact allergy from occupational contact with ethyl
ethoxymethylene cyanoacetate. Contact Dermatitis.
1992 Jul;27(1):58-9.

156

2. Goh CL. Cutting fluid dermatitis - epidemiology and Singapore
an appraisal . Environ Dermatol (Official Journal of
the Japanese Society for Contact Dermatitis).
994;1(1):3-11.
3. Nixon R, Frowen K. Allergic contact dermatitis caused Australia
by epoxy resins. J Occup Health Safety, Aust, NZ. 1991;
7: 417- 424.

4. Ng PPL, Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. Allergic contact Singapore
Dermatitis to Epoxy Resin. Am J Contact Dermat.
1998 Mar;9(1):55-56.
5. Sakata S, Cahill J, Barton D, Nixon R. Occupational Australia
allergic contact dermatitis to bisphenol F epoxy resin.
Australas J Dermatol. 2005; 46:90-92.
6. Cahill J, Keegel T, Dharmage S, Nugriaty D, Nixon R. Australia
Prognosis of contact dermatitis in epoxy resin
workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2005;52:1-8.

7. Anavekar N, Nixon R. Occupational allergic contact Australia
dermatitis to cobalt octoate utilised as an accelerator
in apolyester resin. Australas J Dermatol.
2006:47:143-4.
8. Rohna R, Suraiya H. Rubber allergy at the Malaysia
Dermatology clinic, HKL. Med J Malaysia.
1998;53:161-164.
9. Chen HH, Sun CC, Tseng MP. Type IV hypersensitivity Taiwan
from rubber chemicals: a 15-year experience in
Taiwan. Dermatology. 2004;208:319-325.

10.Peter Ch’ng WB. Prevalence of positive patch test Malaysia
among healthcare workers to rubber additives,
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11.Chu CY, Sun CC. Allergic contact dermatitis from Taiwan
acrylonitrile. Am J Contact Dermat 2001;12 (2):113-4.

12.Chen HH, Sun CC, Tseng MP. Patch testing with Taiwan
fragrance mix: a 13-year experience. Dermatol Sinica.
2002;20:90-96.
13.Tjiu JW, Chu CY, Sun CC. 1,2-ethanedithiol-induced Taiwan
erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis. Acta
Derm Venereol (Stockh). 2004;84(5):393-396.

14.GohCL,
Goon
A,
Trichloroethylene Singapore
dermatotoxicology: an update. Expert Review ofDermatology. 2008;3(2):173-8.
15.Liao SL, Tseng YH, Chu CY. Contact allergy to Taiwan
methylisothiazolinone/ methylchloroisothiazolinone:
A retrospective case series in a referral center innorthern
Taiwan.
Dermatologica
Sinica.
2017;35(4):201-205

Plants

1. Matsushita T, Aoyama K, Manda F, Ueda A, Yoshida M, Japan
Okamura J. Occupational dermatoses in farmers
growing okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) Contact
Dermatitis. 1989;21:321–5.
2. Sharma SC1, Kaur S. Contact dermatitis from India
Compositae plants. Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Leprol. 1990;56:27-30.
3. Tanwar RC, Shama SC, Kaur S. Chyrsanthemum India
Contact dermatitis: clinical patterns and patch testingwith ehtanolic extracts. Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Leprol. 1990;56:112-114.
4. Pasricha J S, Nandakishore Th. Airborne contact India
dermatitis due to Chrysanthemum with true crosssensitivity to Parthenium hysterophorus and158

Xanthium strumarium. Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Leprol. 1992 Jan;58(4):268-271.

5. R, Shenoy SD, Edison KP. Occupational dermatosis in India
coconut palm climbers. Contact dermatitis.
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6. Rademaker M, Duffill MB. Allergic contact dermatitis New
to Toxicodendron succedaneum (rhus tree): an Zealandautumn epidemic. N Z Med J. 1995 Apr
12;108(997):121-3.
7. Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis from kiwi New
fruit vine (actinidia chinensis). Contact Dermatitis. Zealand
1996 Mar;34(3):221-2.

8. Koh D, Goh CL, HTW Tan, Ng SK, Wong WK. Allergic Singapore
contact dermatitis to grasses. Contact Dermatitis.
1997 Mar;37:32 – 34.
9. Derraik JGB, Rademaker M. Allergic contact New
dermatitis from exposure to Grevillea robusta in New Zealand
Zealand. Australas J Dermatol. 2009;50:125–128.

10.Tests for phytoallergens and contact dermatitis Philippines
among florist of a Philippine floral market by Puyat
Maria Luisa T, Ismael Daisy K and Villafuerte, Lillian
L. Presented at 19th Regional conference ofDermatology. October 20, 2010. Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia.
11.Dipankar De, Sanjeev Handa. Relevance of plant India
series of allergens (Chemotechnique Diagnostics) in
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159

12.Hashimoto T, Yokozeki H. Occupational contact Japandermatitis due to Eucalyptus species and Tanacetumparthenium.
Contact
Dermatitis.
2019
May;80(5):333-334.

Food

1. Nixon R. Cinnamon allergy in a baker. Australas J Australia
Dermatol. 1995 Feb;36(1):41.
2. Lee A, Nixon R. Contact dermatitis from sodium Australia
metabisulfite in a baker. Contact Dermatitis.
2001;44:127-128.

3. Assarian Z, Nixon R. Protein contact dermatitis Australia
caused by lime in a pastry chef. Contact Dermatitis.
2015;73:54-6.
4. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Allergic contact Thailand
urticaria of the hands due to seafood and allergic
contact dermatitis to rubber gloves in food handlers.
Thai J Dermatol. 1990;6(2):119-22.

5. Kumar A, Freeman S. Protein contact dermatitis in Australia
food workers. Case report of a meat sorter andsummary of seven other cases. Australas J Dermatol.
1999 Aug;40(3):138-40.
6. Yenyuwadi A. Occupational cumulative irritant Thailand
contact dermatitis among noodle plant workers. ThaiJ Dermatol. 2009;25(2):118-125.

7. Lee A, Nixon R, Frowen K. Reduction of use of latex Australia
gloves in food handlers: an intervention study.
Contact Dermatitis. 2001 Feb;44(2):75-9.
8. Rai R, Ahmed T, Nair KR, Srinivas CR . Occupational India
dermatoses among kitchen workers In a chain ofvegetarian hotel. Indian J Dermatol. 2003;48(3):151153.

160

9. Sylvia Teo, Anthony Teik-Jin Goon, Lee Hock Siang, Singapore
Gan Siok Lin, David Koh; Occupational dermatoses inrestaurant, catering and fast-food outlets in
Singapore. Occupational
Medicine.
2009
Oct;59(7):466–471.
10.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Sano A, Kobayashi JapanT, Iwata Y, Arima M, Hara K, Matsunaga K.
Occupational food allergy due to parvalbumin andphaseolin induced by epicutaneous sensitization.
Allergol Int : official journal of the Japanese Society ofAllergology. 2015 July;64(3): 287-288.

11.Praisuthirat K, Supapong S, Sajjachareonpong P. Thailand
Prevalence and associated factors of hand contact
dermatitis among food handlers in Department ofMedical Service Hospital and Hospital in the Central
Region of Thailand. J Preventive Med Assoc Thailand.
2017;7:148.

12.Common dermatoses and predisposing factors in Philippines
food handlers in a university campus: a crosssectional study by Ramirez PANO, Ibañez APD and
Lavadia, MA. Presented at 23rd ASEAN-AustralasianRegional Conference of Dermatology, Surabaya,
Indonesia, 2018.

Occupations

Health care workers

1. Tanglertsampan C, Patrakarn S, Vassansiri E. Contact Thailand
urticaria from rubber gloves: an occupational skindisorder for health care workers. J Med Assoc Thai.
1998;81(1):71-4

161

2. Rohna R, Suraiya H. Rubber allergy at the Malaysia
Dermatology clinic, HKL. Med J Malaysia.
1998;53:161-164.
3. Shahnaz M1, Azizah MR, Hasma H, Mok KL, Yip E, Malaysia
Ganesapillai T, Suraiya H, Nasuruddin BA. Prevalenceof latex hypersensitivity among health care workers
in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 1999 Mar;54(1):26-31.

4. Tang MB, Leow YH, Ng V, Koh D, Goh CL. Latex Singapore
sensitization in healthcare workers in Singpaore. Ann
Acad Med Singapore. 2005. 34(5):376-82.

5. Koh D, Ng V, Leow YH, Goh CL. A study of natural Singapore
rubber latex allergens in gloves used by healthcare
workers in Singapore Br J Dermatol 2005.
153(5):954-9
6. Vangveeravong M, Sirikul J, Daengsuwan T. Latex Thailand
allergy in dental students: a cross-sectional study. J
Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94 Suppl 3:S1-8.

7. Bhabha F, Palmer A, Nixon R. Are reusable rubber Australia
gloves associated with latex allergy? Contact
Dermatitis. 2012 Dec;67(6):381-2.
8. Supapvanich C, Povey AC, Vocht FD. Latex Thailand
sensitization and risk factors in female nurses in Thaigovernmental hospitals. Int J Occup Med Environ
Health. 2014;27(1):93-103.

9. Sheeran C, Cahill J, Nixon R. Glove-related hand Australia
urticaria caused by disposable gloves in healthcare
workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2014 Aug;71(2):115-6.
10.Boonchai W1, Sirikudta W, Iamtharachai P, Thailand
Kasemsarn P. Latex glove-related symptoms among
health care workers: a self-report questionnaire-162

based survey. Dermatitis. 2014 May-Jun;25(3):135-9.

11.Vu M, Rajgopal Bala H, Cahill J, Toholka R, Nixon R. Australia
Immediate hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine.
hypersensitivity2018 Feb;59(1):55-56.

12.Clinical profile of nurses with chronic eczema at the Philippines
Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center by Palmero
ML and Villafuerte LL. Presented at 6th Asian
Dermatological Congress. 11-13 November 2001
Bangkok, Thailand.
13.Occupational contact dermatitis in hospital workers Indonesia
by Dewi FY, Indrastuti N and Winarni DR. Presented
in APEODS XII, Yogyakarta Indonesia 2013.
14.Ariwibowo L, Cekti C, Silvyningrum T, Indrastuti N, Indonesia
Danarti R. Occupational Contact Dermatitis on
Nurse’s Hand in Hospital Ward. Media Dermato
Venerelogica Indonesiana 2013;40:42s-49s.
15.Higgins CL, Palmer AM, Cahill JL, Nixon RL. Australia
Occupational skin disease among Australian
healthcare workers: a retrospective analysis from an
occupational dermatology clinic, 1993-2014. Contact
Dermatitis 2016; 75:213-22.
16.Puvabanditsin P, Sungkeaw S. The cause of hand Thailand
dermatitis in the latex rubber gloves users. Thai J
Dermatol. 2003;19(1):4-10.
17.Peter Ch’ng WB. Prevalence of positive patch test Malaysia
among healthcare workers to rubber additives,
natural rubber latex and synthetic rubber gloves andrisk factors associated with positive patch test.
Malaysian J Dermatol. 2014 July;32:43.

163

18.Mariko Sugiura, Keiji Sugiura. Occupational Japandermatitis caused by vulcanization accelerator ofgloves. Occup Med Health Aff. 2016;4(6):253.

19.Cahill J, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to Australia
quaternium 15 in a moisturizing lotion. Australas J
Dermatol. 2005;46:284-285.

20.Graham M, Nixon R, Burrell L J, Bolger C, Johnson P D Australia
R, Grayson M L. Low rates of cutaneous adverse
reactions to alcohol-based hand hygiene solution
during prolonged use in a large teaching hospital .
Antimicrobial
AgentsandChemotherapy.
2005;49:4404-4405.

21.Comparison of skin irritation level between world Indonesia
health organization (who) formulation-1, ethanol
with n-propanol combination and chlorhexidine
gluconate containing hand disinfectants among
healthcare workers by Sansan MV andTejo BA.
Presented in APEODS XII, Yogyakarta Indonesia
2013.
22.Toholka R, Nixon R. Suspected allergic contact Australia
dermatitis to a iodopropynyl butylcarbamate
occurring in an alcohol hand rub commonly used inAustralian healthcare settings. Australas J Dermatol.
2014; 55:70-71.
23.Keegel T, McFarlane, Driscoll T, Nixon R. Use of Australia
antiseptic hand rubs in the healthand community
services industry: an Australian population-based
survey. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:157-62.

164

24.Rizadin Anshar, Ratih Pramuningtyas, Devi Usdiana. Indonesia
Wet work correlation with the incidence ofoccupational contact dermatitis to health care in X
hospital, Tanjung , Tabalong, Kalimantan Selatan.
Biomedika. August 2016;8(2):25-30
25.Keegel T and Nixon R. Wet work and healthcare Australia
workers: Use of hand disinfectants not associatedwith self-reported eczema. Commentary, Br J
Dermatol. 2018;178: 324-5.

26.Meani R, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis caused Australia
byranitidinehydrochlorideinaveterinary product. Contact Dermatitis. 2015; 73:
125-6.
27.Zeerak S, Hassan I, Rasool F, Bhat YJ, Bashir S. Pattern Indiaof skin diseases and occupational dermatoses inveterinarians and veterinary workers of Kashmir.
Indian Dermatol Online J 2017;8:449-53

28.Occupational chickenpox by Mohd Razali Ibrahim Malaysia
and Rohna R. Presented in Occupational Dermatoses& Occupational Chickenpox Symposium for Selangor
Heath Care Providers, Ministry of Health, 12 July
2000.

Service providers

1. Boonchai W, Iamtharachai P, Sunthonpalin P. Thailand
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2. Gupta M. Cosmetic contact sensitivity among India
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165

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dermatitis
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4. Wang CS, Tseng MP, Sun CC. Allergic contact Taiwan
dermatitis of paraphenylenediamine. Dermatol Sinica.
2001;19:184-189.

5. Lee A, Nixon R. Occupational skin disease in Australia
hairdressers, a continuing medical education review.
Australas J Dermatol. 2001;42:1-8.

6. Sajjachareonpong P, Lee A, Nixon R. Immediate-type Australia
latex hypersensitivity in a hairdresser Australas J
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7. Roberts H, Frowen K, Sim M, Nixon R. Prevalence of Australia
atopy in a population of hairdressing students andpractising hairdressers in Melbourne, Australia.
Australas J Dermatol. 2006; 47:172-177.
8. Tresukosol P, Swasdivanich C. Hand contact Thailand
dermatitis in hairdressers: clinical and causative
allergens, experience in Bangkok. Asian Pac J Allergy
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9. Lyons G, Keegel TG, Palmer A, Nixon R. Occupational Australia
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10.Lyons G, Roberts H, Palmer A, Matheson M, Nixon R. Australia
Hairdressers presenting to an occupational clinic in
Melbourne,
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Contact
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11.Cekti C, Dewi YD, Trisnowati N, Indrastuti N. Indonesia
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2014;41(3):108-113.

12.Malhotra V, Dogra A, Gupta SK, Kaur S. A study of India
profile of contact dermatitis in housewives withreference to vegetables, soaps and detergents. Int J
Res Dermatol. 2018 July-Sep;4(3):332-339.

13.Ayu Lestari Nofiyanti, Dwi, Antony. Contact irritant Indonesia
dermatitis in a laundry worker. J Medula Unila. 2017
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14.Maor D and Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to Australia
methylchloroisothiazolinone in cooling tower
technicians. Dermatitis. 2015 Jan-Feb;26(1):62-4.

15.Goh CL. Skin problems related to office work Singapore
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Heavy Industries

1. Goh CL. Allergic contact dermatitis and onycholysis Singapore
from hydroxylamine sulphate in colour developer.
Contact Dermatitis. 1990 Feb; 22(2):109.
2. Goh CL. Common industrial processes and Singapore
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Annals Acad Med Sing. 1994 Sept;23(5):690-698.
3. Goh CL, Gan SL. The effects of a barrier cream and an Singapore
after work emollient cream on occupationaldermatitis from Cutting Oil. Contact Dermatitis.
1990;23(4):296.

4. Goh CL, Ho SF. Contact dermatitis from dielectric Singapore
fluids in electrodischarge machine. Contact
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167

5. Goh CL, Gan SL. Efficacies of a barrier cream and an Singapore
after work emollient cream against cutting fluid
dermatitis in metal workers : a prospective study.
Contact Dermatitis. 1994: Sept;31(3):176–180.
6. Goh CL, Gan SL. The Incidence of Cutting Fluid Singapore
Dermatitis Among Metal Workers in a Metal
Fabrication Factory: A Prospective Study. Contact
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7. Goh CL, Yuen R. A Study of Occupational Skin Singapore
Disease in the Metal Industry (1986 - 1990). Annals,
Acad Med Sing 1994 Sept; 23(5): 639 - 644
8. Tan HH, Chan TLM, Goh CL. Occupational skin Singapore
disease in workers from the electronics industry in
Singapore. Am J Contact Dermatitis. 1997 Nov:
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9. Wattanakrai P, Chalermdamrichai P. Occupational Thailand
contact dermatitis from soldering flux in anelectronic worker. Thai J Dermatol. 2006;22(3):128132.

10.Soekanto H. Dermatitis kontak akibat kerja pada Indonesia
industri kayu rengas. Pertemuan ilmiah. Dermatosis
akibat kerja (Jakarta) 1995:71-76.

11.Lee HY, Goon A, Choy K, Leow YH. Acrylate-induced Singapore
hand dermatitis in the manufacture of contactlenses. Contact Dermatitis. 2009 Aug;61(2):117-8.
12.Clinico Epidemiological Study of Occupational India
Dermatoses in Industrial Workers by Akhilesh
Shukla and Paschal D’Souza. Presented at 2017
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168Farmers

1. Kullavanijaya P, Wongwaisayawan H. Outbreak of Thailand
cercarial dermatitis in Thailand. Int J Dermatol.
1993;32:113-115.
2. Shiva, Sumitra Singh, Shailendra Kumar Singhl. India
Prevalence of occupational skin diseases among rice
field workers in Haryana. Int J Community Med
Public Health. 2017 Apr;4(4):1011-1015
3. Guo YL, Wang BJ, Lee CC, Wang JD. Prevalence of Taiwan
dermatoses and skin sensitisation associated withuse of pesticides in fruit farmers of southern
Taiwan. Occ Env Med. 1996;53:427-431.

4. Rademaker M. Occupational contact dermatitis New
among New Zealand farmers. Australas J Dermatol. Zealand1998 Aug;39(3):164-7.

5. Balgis, Verdy, Soebono H, Indrastuti N. Dermatitis Indonesia
kontak okupasional pada pekerja kebun anggrek:
satu laporan kasus. Media Dermato Venerelogica
Indonesiana. 2015; 42(1):23-27.

6. Sun Kissed: A Case of Plasma Cell Cheilitis by Dr. Philippines
Catherine Ann Cifra and Dr. Marielle Villanueva(June 2012) - Case of a farmer with probableoccupational/environmentally caused dermatosis
7. Jee SH, Kuo HW, Su WP, Chang CH, Sun CC, Wang JD. Taiwan
Photodamage and skin cancer among paraquat
workers. Int J Dermatol. 1995 Jul;34(7):466-9.

8. Dilemmas in the Management of Multiple Squamous Philippines
Cell Carcinoma in an 80-year-old Salt Farmer by Dr.
Patricia Ysabel G. Oreta and Dr. Charlene Ang-Tiu in
2015.
9. Fifinela R, Githa R, Sri Linuwih M, Dewi S. Indonesia
Occupational skin cancer and precancerous lesion. J

169

Gen
ProcedDermatol
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VenereolIndones

10.Ang-Tangtatco, Jennifer Aileen, Karen Lee Alabado, Philippines
Lalaine Visitacion. Squamous cell carcinoma
secondary to arsenic keratoses in a father and son. J
Phil Dermatol Soc. 2017 May;26 (1):69-73.

Cottage industries

1. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Contact Thailand
dermatitis to jasmine flower in bracelets andgarland makers. Thai J Dermatol. 1990;6:29-33.
2. Tresukosol P, Kullavanijaya P. Occupational Thailand
fingertips dermatitis caused by nickel in garlandmaker. Thai J Dermatol. 2000;16(2):124-127.
3. Kawai K, Nakagawa M, Kawai K, Konishi K, Liew ML, Japan
Yasuno H, et al. Hyposensitization to urushiol
amongJapaneselacquercraftsmen. Contact
Dermatitis. 1991;24:146–7.

4. Kullavanijaya P, Ophaswongse S. A study of Thailand
dermatitis in the lacquer ware industry. Contact
Dermatitis. 1997;36(5):244-6.

5. Dermatosis akibat kerja pada pekerja batik oleh Indonesia
Soebone H, Kusbandono L and Suyoto. Pertemuan
ilmiah. Dermatosis akibat kerja (Jakarta) 1995:70.
6. Proporsi kepositifan uji tempel zat warna nafla Indonesia
dihubungkan dengan perilaku perajin batik
terhadap penggunaan alat pelindung diri dilingkungan kerja oleh Windy K B. 2010.
7. Soebaryo RW. Batik Manufacturing Workers. In: Indonesia
Rustemeyer T, Elsner P, John SM, Maibach HI, eds.
Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology. 2nd ed. Berlin
Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2012:1289-95.

170

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Workers. In: John SW, Johanses JD, Rustemeyer T,
Elsner P, Maibach HI. Kanerva's Occupational
Dermatology
3rded:
Springer;2018.
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_124-2.
9. Prevalensi kepositifan uji tempel dihubungkan Indonesia
dengan status atopi pada pekerja bagian pembuatanbahan di sebuah pabrik cinderamata oleh Sandy.
2003
10.Factors associated with contact dermatitis at Indonesia
processing and filling sections in PT by Febria
Suryani. Cosmar Indonesia South Tangerang. 2011
11.Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads Indonesia
PJ. Inventory of chemicals used and worker’s
exposure in two Indonesian leather factories.
Contact Dermatitis. 2010 Sept; 63:104.
12.Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads
PJ. Inventory of the Chemicals and the Exposure of
the Workers’ Skin to these at Two Leather Factories
in Indonesia. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2012;
85:517-526.
13.Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads
PJ. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis andpatch test results of leather workers at two
Indonesian tanneries. Contact Dermatitis 2012;
67(5): 277–283.
14.Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads
PJ. Occupational Contact Allergy caused bybenzidine in three tannery workers. Contact
Dermatitis 2012;66(6):340–355.

Indonesia

Indonesia

Indonesia &Denmark

15.Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads Indonesia &PJ. Occupational skin exposure and occupational Denmark
dermatoses in Indonesian shoe manufacturing.

171

Contact Dermatitis. 2012 Jun;66:47.

16.Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from Indonesia
tobacco: two case reports by Dewi VA, Verdy,
Budiyanto A, Soebono H, Indrastuti N. Presented in
APEODS XII, Yogyakarta Indonesia 2013.

17.Febriana SA, Soebono H, Coenraads PJ. Occupational Indonesia &skin hazards and prevalence of occupational skin Denmark
diseases in shoe manufacturing workers inIndonesia. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014;
87:185–194

18.Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Indonesia &Indonesia Pottery Workers by Sri Awalia Febriana, Sweden
Windhy Keumala Budianti, Retno Widowati
Soebario, Niken Indrastuti, Erik Zimerson, Marléne
Isaksson, Magnus Bruze. Presented in Asia Pacific
Enviromental Occupational Dermatology (13th
APEODS), Manila. 2015
19.SaiphiroonthongW,
Sithisarankul
P, Thailand
Sajjacharoenpong P. Prevalence and associatedfactors of hand dermatitis among pottery andceramics workers in Rachaburi province.
Thammasat Med J. 2015;15(2):251-9.

20.Higgins C, Cahill J, Nixon R. A new stonemasonry Australia
surface adhesive causing occupational allergic
contact dermatitis to methyl methacrylate. Contact
Dermatitis. 2015; 73:121-3.

21. Vincy Nelson, Rakesh PS, Simon S, Hashim A, Usman India
A, Anzil AR. Work related health problems of female
workers engaged in Cashew processing Industries- across-sectional study from Kollam district, Kerala,
southern
India.
Indian J Comm Health.
2016;28(4):359-363.

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22. Akhtar S, Hassan I, Rasool F, Bhat YJ, Sheikh G. India
Occupational Dermatoses among Cottage Industry
Workers of Kashmir Valley in North India. Indian
Dermatol Online J. 2017;8(3):181-185.

Builders

1. Goh CL, Gan SL. Change in cement manufacturing Singapore
process, a cause for decline in chromate allergy?
Contact Dermatitis. 1996;34:51–54.
2. Maria Kuruvila, S. Dubey, P. GahalautIndian. Patternof skin diseases among migrant construction
workers in Mangalore. J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.
2006 Mar-Apr;72(2):129-132.
3. Chu CY, Pontén A, Sun CC, Jee SH. Concomitantcontact allergy to the resins, reactive diluents andhardener of a bisphenol A/F-based epoxy resin in
subway construction workers. Contact Dermatitis.
2006;54:131-139.
4. Proporsi kepositifan hasil uji tempel kromium
heksavalen pada kelompok pekerja di lapangan dan
dalam ruangan sebuah pabrik semen (dikorelasikan
dengan kadar kromium dalam darah) by Sinta D in2008.
5. Sarma N. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis
among construction workers in India. Indian J
Dermatol. 2009;54:137-41.

India

TaiwanIndonesia

India

6. Sitalakshmi R, Saikumar P, Jeyachandran P, India
Manoharan, Thangavel, Thomas J. Civil construction
work: The unseen contributor to the occupationaland global disease burden. 2016;20:103-8.
7. Bharathi S, Ramasamy PP. A study on Chromium India
induced occupational dermatoses among theconstruction workers attending tertiary care
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Experimental Dermatol. 2018 Apr-Jun;4(2):110-115.

8. K. Narashimman, V. Gomathi. Clinical evaluation of India
common allergens in contact dermatitis to cement.
Int J Res Dermatol. 2018 May;4(2):172-175.

Cleaners

1. Prevalensi dan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap Indonesia
terjadinya dermatitis kontak iritan kumulatif padapekerja kebersihan lantai (cleaning service) Rumah
Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta by Susmeiati in1998.
2. Occupational dermatoses among hospital cleaning Malaysia
workers in Sarawak General Hospital by Ayu Akida
Abdul Rashid. Thesis for Masters in Public Health,
University Malaysia Sarawak in 2010.

3. Occupational contact dermatitis prevalence and Indonesia
factors affecting the workers cleaning service at theGeneral Hospital of Abdul Moeloek by Fitria
Saftarina, Hendra Tarigan Sibero, Muhammad
Aditya, Bela Riski Dinanti. Presented at Prosiding
Seminar Presentasi Artikel Ilmiah Dies Natalis FK
Unila ke 13, Bandar Lampung. Oktober 2015.

4. Douwes J, Slater T, Shanthakumar Mathangi et al. New
Determinants of hand dermatitis, urticaria and loss Zealandof skin barrier function in professional cleaners in
New Zealand. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2017;23(2).110-119.
5. Asuncion, Camille Ann, Kirsten Diane Dy-Rabo, Philippines
Maria Franchesca Quinio, Ma. Angela Lavadia.
Occupational Skin Diseases Among Institutional
Housekeeping
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inaPhilippine
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2018 May;27(1):8-11.

174

Uniform personnel

1. Wong W K, Ng SK, Goh CL. Grass allergy among
National Servicemen in Singapore -a preliminary
report. Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Feb;30(2):108-109.
2. Anthony Goon TJ, Goh CL. Occupational skin Singapore
diseases in national servicemen and military
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Dermatitis. 2001;44:89-90.
3. Jindal, AK, YSM, Mukherji, S Biradar, C I, Naveen India
Phuyal. Study of occupational risks to personnel inan Air Force station. Ind J Aerospace Med.
2013;57(2):1-8.

4. Suwannahitatorn P, Jatapai A, Rangsin R. An Thailand
outbreak of paederus dermatitis in Thai military
personnel. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014;97:S96-S100.

5. The prevalence of skin diseases among police Philippines
personnel in a local camp in metro Manila by Santos
AA; Mabilin-Prieto K; Lavadia MA in 2015.

175

SECTION 6ALLERGENS

Top Patch Test Allergen
1989-1998
1999-20082009-2018

Allergen series
Metal
Rubber chemicals
Preservatives
Fragrance

Source of Allergen
Cosmetics
Medicaments
PlantsFood
Animals
Materials

176

I. Tracking Top Contact Allergen in Asia
Synopsis by
Dr. Moonyza Akmal Ahmad Kamil
Countries that perform regular research in monitoring the top patch testallergens during this 30-year study in descending orders are Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and India. Unfortunately, we were unable tolist up the top positive patch test allergens in Philippines due to inability tohave access to their papers.

Standard Series used in Patch Test

Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand use either European standard orInternational series. The Indian local Standard Series differs from theEuropean Standard Series by inclusion of propylene glycol, nitrofurazone,
gentamicin, chlorocresol, PEG-400 and ethylenediamine chloride, while
Sesquiterpene lactone mix and primin allergens were excluded.

In a study on preservatives in Singapore, a modified European standard
series was used, which included the following 4 preservatives: paraben mix,
methylchloroisothiazolinone/ methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI; 5-chloro-2methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one/2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one), Quaternium
15 and methyldibromoglutaronitrile (1,2-dibromo - 2,4-dicyanobutane).
Where clinically indicated, patients were also tested to an additional 7
preservatives:
2-phenoxyethanol,
Bronopol,diazolidinylurea,
methyldibromoglutaronitrile + phenoxyethanol, imidazolidinylurea,
formaldehyde, and 1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin (DMDM
hydantoin).

There were also studies using additional series, but were not constituted asa form of local series.

177

Allergens / Patch Test Series Utilised

Cosmetic series
Dental series
Fragrance substances in cosmetic product in accordance with EU
Cosmetics Directive
Metal series
Photoallergen (Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Vellinge, Sweden)
Plant series
Preservatives (AllergEAZE)
Psoriasis series
Rubber series
Own products
Detergents
Kum-kum
Kerosene
Native medication
Turmeric
Vegetables (garlic, onion, Aloe Vera and lemon)

178

List of Allergens
Singapore NSC Standard series(< 2003)Black rubber mix 0.6%,
Cobalt chloride 1%
Colophony 20%,
Epoxy resin 1%
Fragrance mix 8%,
Neomycin 20%,
Nickel sulfate 5%,
Parabens 15%,
Paraphenylene diamine 1%,
Potassium dichromate 0.5%,
Mercaptobenzothiazole(MBT) 2%,Thiuram mix 1%,
Wool alcohol 30%,
Amerchol 50%,
Amerchol 100%,
Betamethasone valerate 2%,
Budesonide 0.1%,
Cetyl stearyl alcohol 20%

Ethanol Tixocortol-21-pivalate 1%,
Ethylenediamine
dihydrochloride 1%,
Flavine 0.5%,
Fluocinolone
acetonide 0.25%,
Formalin 2%,
Gold sodium
Thiosulfate 0.5%,
Hydrocortisone-17butyrate 1%
Mercapto mix 1%,
Mercapto mix 2%
Olive oil,
PCMX (4-chloro-3-xylenol) 0.5%
Quinoline mix 6%,
Sesquiterpene lactone Mix 0.1%,
Thimerosal (Merthiolate) 0.1%,
Turpentine 0.3%

179Indian Standard Series
Balsum of Peru 10%,
Benzocaine 5%,
Black rubber mix 0.6%
Chlorocresol 1%,
Cobalt sulphate 5%,
Colophony 10%,
Epoxy resins 1%
Formaldehyde 2%, ,Fragrance mix 8%,
Neomycin sulphate 20%

Nickel sulphate 5%,
Nitrofurazon 1%
Paraben mix 9%,
Paraphenylene diamine 1%,
Parthenium 15%,
Potassium dichromate 0.1%,
Mercaptobenzothiazol 1%
Thiurum mix 1%,
Vaseline 100%
Wool alcohol 30%,

Additional:
Gentamycin sulphate 20%
Clioquinol 5%Black rubber mix 0.6%
polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400)
As per Indian standard battery (CODFI) INS-1000

Siriraj Standard Series
European Std Series &Internatioanl Std Series

PLUS
Carbamix ,Ethylenedine dihydrochloride,
Gold sodium thiosulfate dehydrate,
Tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide,
MINUS
Lyral & Primin

180

Monitoring Top Positive Patch Test Allergens(1989 to 2018)
The common allergens are mostly the same in most of the listed Asian
countries around the same period of time, but with some differences inprevalence & percentages of the allergens involved.
It is also noted that age of patients, the underlying skin condition, cultural
habits and lifestyle, as well as occupation landscape play important roles
in contact allergy.
Additional series may be used when clinically indicated.

1989-1998 Top Positive Patch Test Allergens
India

Singapore

Fragrance mix
NiCr
Thiurum mix
PPD
Cinnamic
aldehyde
Balsam of Peru
Epoxy resin
Paraben mix
Carba rubbermix
Bronopol2-MBT
Wool alcohol
Mercapto mix

Ni
Fragrancemix
Neomycin
Lanolin Colophony
FlavineRubber chemicals
Clioquinol
Chromates
Contact urticarial:
Proteinaceous
foodstuff
Rubberlatex products
Photoallergic CD
Musk ambretteSunscreen:
Parsol MCX, PABA

Malaysia
Metal:
Ni, Cr, Co
Cosmetics: Fragrance Mix,
Balsam of Peru, PPD freebase, Wool alcohol,
Isothiazolie, Quaternium,
Paraben,Rubber: Thiuram mix,
Mercapto mix, PPD Blackrubber mix, MBT
OD: Epoxy resin, RC, Metals,
Photoallergens
Psoralen, Musk ambrette,
Hexachlorophene,
Food
Garlic, Mango
Plant
Lalang, Lemon grass, Cow
grass, Kacip Fatimah

181

1999-2008 Top Positive Patch Test Allergens
India

Singapore

NickelChromate
CobaltParabens
Fragrance mix
Kathon CG,
Benzotriazol,
Hydroquinone,
Gallatte mix(kum kum dermatitis)

Chromate
NickelCobaltFragrance mix
Myroxylon pareirae
PPD
Colophony
Neomycin
Gold thiosulfate
Thimerosal
Lanolin

Dithranol,
Fragrance mix,
Neomycin &Nitrofurazone inpsoriatic pts

Malaysia(Private clinic)
NickelFragrance
Balsam of Peru

Cobalt
Chromate
Parabens
Wool alcohol
Neomycin
Flavine
Chlocresol
Thiuram mix
Mercapto mix

Allergen in additional series or patient’s own product182

2009-2018 Top Positive Patch Test Allergens
India
Parabens,
Chromate
Fragrance mix
Nickel,Cobalt,Mercury
Aluminium
Fragrances
Neomycin
Preservatives
Thiuram mix
Black rubber mix
Aluminium OH
Balsam of Peru
Formaldehyde
Chlorocresol
PPD
Epoxy resin
Parthenium
Mercury salts
Sesquiterpene
Thimerosal
Gallate Mix
Kathon CG
Benzotriazolhydroquinone

Singapore

ThailandNickelNickelCobaltFragrance
Fragrance mix
Kathon CG
PPD
Sunscreen:
Gold
Oxybenzone
Mexenone
Carba mix
2-ethylhexyl-4Thiuram
dimethylaminobenzoate Ethylenediamine
Ketoprofen gel
Fragrance
Evernia
furfuracea
Cinnamyl alcohol
Kathon CG

183

2009-2018 Top Allergens
Malaysia
Selayang (2011-2013)
NickelCobalt Paraben mix
Balsam of Peru
Chromate
Rubber additives:
DPG
CPPD
N-Cyclohexylthiophthalimide
Fragrance mix 1
Ylang ylang oil

184

Malaysia
Selayang (2015)
Nickel,Chromate,
CobaltDPG

Kathon CG
Paraben mix
Fragrance mix I
Formaldehyde
Povidone iodine 10%
Copper sulphate
Textile Dye Mix
MI
PPD
Neomycin
MBGDN/PE
Euxyl 400(2%)
Colophony
Balsam of Peru
Wool alcohol
Iodopropynl
Butylcarbamate
Gold sodium
thiosulphate 2%

Malaysia
HKL (2018)
Nickel sulphate
Potassium
dichromate
Kathon CG
Fragrance mix

Cobalt chloride
Palladium chloride,
Stannous chloride,
Miconazole,
Gold sodium
thiosulfate,Thimerosal.

2009-2018 Positive Patch Test Allergens inChildren and Adolescents
Malaysian
Selayang (2013)

Paraben mix
Rubber chemical
NickelFragrances
Topical medicaments
Dental series

Malaysian
HKL (2018)

NickelFragrance mix
Chromate
CobaltKathon CG
Thimerosal

Allergen in additional series or patient’s own product
The above allergens are also noted in other countries at the same
decade. However, the prevalence of contact allergy may differ from 1
country to the other. For example, in nickel allergy, a higher percentage
was seen in Singapore compared to those in Europe/America/Japan,
although nickel is still the commonest contact allergen throughout theworld in the same decade.

Another example would be sunscreen, which is the most common
photoallergen in Singapore, similar to European Multicentre Photopatch
Test Study. For example, a study in Malaysia in 2013, found that thecommonest allergen was paraben mix, which differs from the US andEuropean countries. But this was similar to nearby Asia country like inIndia.

185

Research List on Top Patch Test Allergens in
Asia Pacific Region
1. Ng SK. Common environmental contact allergens in Singapore
Singapore. Singapore Med J. 1990; 31:616-618.
2. Lim J, Goh CL, Ng SK, Wong WK. Changing trends in the Singapore
epidemiology of contact dermatitis in Singapore. Contact
Dermatitis. 1992 May; 26(5):321-326.

3. Goh CL, C Chua-Ty, Koh SL. A Descriptive Profile of Singapore
Eczema in a Tertiary Dermatological Referral Centre in
Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1993
May;22(3):307-315.

4. Leow YH, Wong WK, Ng SK, Goh CL. 2 years experience of Singapore
photopatch testing in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis.
1994 Sept; 31(3):181– 182.
5. Kwok YKC, Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. An update on the top Singapore
ten contact allergens in National Skin Centre 1992 –1996. Env Dermatol. 1997;4(3):189-194.
6. Goh CL, Ling R. A retrospective epidemiology study of Singapore
contact eczema among the elderly attending a tertiary
Dermatology referral centre in Singapore. Singapore Med
J. 1998;29(10):442–446.

7. Goon ATJ, Goh CL. Comparison of allergic contact Singapore
dermatitis cases in the private and subsidised clinics in
the National Skin Centre, Singapore. Ann Acad Med
Singapore. 2001 Sep;30(5):485-488.
8. Goon AT, Goh CL. Relevance of positive patch test Singapore
reactions in patients attending a dermatology tertiaryreferral centre. Contact Dermatitis. 2003 Nov;49(5):2557.

186

9. Goon AT, Goh CL. Patch testing of Singapore children Singapore
and adolescents our experience over 18 years. Pediatr
Dermatol. 2006:23(2):117-20.

10.Chuah SY, Leow YH, Goon AT, Theng CT, Chong WS. Singapore
Photopatch testing in Asians: a 5-year experience inSingapore. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed.
2013 Jun;29(3):116-20.
11.Ochi H, Cheng SW, Leow YH, Goon AT. Contact allergy Singapore
trends in Singapore – a retrospective study of patch test
data from 2009 to 2013. Contact Dermatitis. 2017
Jan;76(1):49-50.
12.Pattern of contact dermatitis at the Department of Malaysia
Dermatology, General Hospital Kuala Lumpur in 1989 by
Gan AT, Wong LH and Ganesapillai T. Presented at 1st
Asia Pacific Environmental Occupational Dermatology
Symposium, National Skin Centre, Singopore 22-24 June
1991.
13.Pattern of contact and photocontact dermatitis at Malaysia
Hospital Kuala Lumpur – a two-year study by Rohna R.
Presented at Update in Contact Allergy & Occupational
Dermatoses, Kuala Lumpur, 6 April 1997.
14.Henry BB Foong, EM Taylor, N Ibrahim. Allergic contact Malaysia
dermatitis in a private practice Dermatology clinic in
Ipoh: a seven-year retrospective study. Malaysian J
Dermatol. 2007 Aug;19:47-49.
15.Peter Ch’ng WB, Rohna R. Patch testing with different Malaysia
series: retrospective study from Selayang Hospital,
Malaysia. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2011 Jul;27:20.
16.Sharifah Rosniza SNC, Rohna R, Kasmawati T et al. Malaysia
Pattern of allergic contact dermatitis in school children
in Selayang Hospital, Malaysia. Malaysian J Dermatol.
2013 Dec;31:13-18.

187

17.A year data analysis of the patch test sensitizers that Malaysia
provide high diagnostic yield done in public hospital inyear 2015 by Ong SB, Azlin T, Rohna R and Norhasmie R.
Presented at 41st
Malaysian Annual Dermatology
Congress, Kuching Sarawak, 16-18 September 2016.

18.Azlin TJ Tee, Ong SB, Rohna R, Norhasmie R. Contact Malaysia
dermatitis in children and adolescents in public hospital.
41st Malaysian Annual Dermatology Congress, Kuching
Sarawak, 16-18 September 2016.
19.How KN, Tang MM, Jagjit Singh RK, Asmah J. Contact Malaysia
sensitisation in adults: a 5-year retrospective review in
Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Med J Malaysia. 2017
Apr;72(2):113-118.
20.Ng FY, Wan Ahmad Kamal WSA, Sinnaiyah L, Hazfaneza Malaysia
AH, Rohna R. Retrospective analysis of patch test results
between 2011 and 2013 in Hospital Selayang, Malaysia.
Malaysian J Dermatol. 2018 Jun;40:4-9.

21.Sharifah Rosniza SNC, Tang MM, Leong KF, Sabeera B, Malaysia
Asmah J. Patch testing in children and adolescents: 7
Years’ Experience in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian J
Dermatol. 2018 Jun;40:27-35.

22.Seriapinan S. Prevalence of allergic reactions in patients Thailand
patch tested in Hatyai regional Hospital (1995-1997).
Thai J Dermatol. 1997;13(4):227-34.
23.Wongpiyabovorn J, Puvabanditsin P. Result of standard Thailand
patch test in patients suspected of having allergic contact
dermatitis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88 Suppl 4:S177-83.

24.Boonchai W, Iamtharachai P, Sunthonpalin P. Prevalence Thailandof allergic contact dermatitis in Thailand. Dermatitis.
2008;19(3):142-5.

188

25.Disphanurat W. Contact allergy in eczema patients in Thailand
Thammasat University Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai.
2010;93 Suppl 7:S7-14
26.Boonchai W, Kasemsarn P. Suitability of patch test Thailand
allergens for standard series in Thai patients: Ten-year
retrospective review of patch test results. J Dermatol.
2013;40(1):65-7.
27.Boonchai W, Iamtharachai P. Risk factors for common Thailand
contact allergens and patch test results using a modified
European baseline series in patients tested during
between 2000 and 2009 at Siriraj Hospital. Asian Pac J
Allergy Immunol. 2014;32(1):60-5.
28.Boonchai W, Thanomkitti K, Kasemsarn P. Occupational Thailand
contact dermatitis in tertiary university hospital: A 5year retrospective study. J Med Assoc Thai.
2014;97(11):1182-1188.

29.Pongpairoj K, Puangpet P, Thaiwat S, McFadden JP. Thailand
Should Evernia furfuracea be included in a baseline
screening series of contact allergens? Contact Dermatitis.
2016;74(4):257-8.
30.Vejanurug P, Tresukosol P, Sajjachareonpong P, Thailand
Puangpet P. Fragrance allergy could be missed without
patch testing with 26 individual fragrance allergens.
Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74(4):230-5.
31.Dararattanaroj W, Pootongkam S, Rojanawatsirivej N, Thailand
Wongpiyabovorn J. Patterns and risk factors of causative
contact allergens in Thai adult patients with contact
dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2017;35(1):2732.

189

32.Jesusa Barcelona-Tan, Elizabeth Amelia V. Tianco, Cecilia Philippines
Roxas-Rosete, Contact Dermatitis Study Group. Common
allergens in contact dermatitis as determined by patch
testing: a 4-year experienceat Jose R. Reyes Memorial
Medical Venter (JRRMMC) – preliminary report. J Phil
Med Assoc. 1996 Jul-1997 Jun;72:61-66.
33.A study of the ten most common allergens among Philippines
JRRMMC Dermatology Outpatient Department patientsas determined by patch testing by David Rosemary,Gabriel Ma Theresa, Tan Jesusa B and Tianco Elizabeth
Amelia V in 1992.

34.A Comparative Study of Patch Testing in Patients with Philippines
Dermatitis and Eczemas Versus Normal Subjects: A
Preliminary Report by Tan, Tianco, Rosales and Rosete in1993.
35.Patch Testing at the East Avenue Medical Center by Philippines
Topacio-Torres Milali, Marquez-Aquino Marijean andRivera IV, Francisco in 1999.
36.Prevalence and relevance of patch test reactions at the Philippines
JRRMMC dermatology department: 1996-2001 by
Palmero and Villafuerte in 2001.
37.Patch testing among Dermatology patients and hospital Philippines
personnel with contact dermatitis by Villanueva-Favorito
Marielle and Lavadia Ma Angela M in 2001.
38.Villafuerte L, Bunagan M. A Five-year study of patch test Philippines
reactions in the Dept. of Dermatology of Jose R. Reyes
Memorial Medical Center. J Phil Dermatol Soc. 2005
May;14: No. 1.
39.Common contact allergens in a private clinic setting: A 5- Philippines
year retrospective study by Angelina Onrubia and Sylvia
Jacinto in 2007.

190

40.Patch testing children and adolescents: a seven year Philippines
experience in Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center by
Co Cristina C and Villafuerte Lillian L in 2009.
41.Clinical profile of patient diagnosed with contact Philippines
dermatitis: A five year retrospective study in East
Avenue Medical Center-Department of Dermatology out
patient department from January 2004 to December
2008 by Yohann Kae Panis and Lavadia Ma Angela M in2010.

42.Patch test reaction among patient with atopic dermatitis Philippines
at JRRMMC: A Quasi-experimental study by Gorkhali,
Yaptinchay and Villafuerte in 2012.
43.7 –Year retrospective study on patch test in JRRMMC by Philippines
Lim and Villafuerte in 2013.
44.Patch Testing in a Tertiary Government Hospital by Dy, Philippines
Kirsten, Santos, Ana Aurelia, Soebyanto, Amelia and
Lavadia, Ma. Angela. 2015.
45.A retrospective analysis of patch test results in adults 50 Philippines
years old and above from 2013 to 2015 at Jose R. Reyes
Memorial Medical Center by Dipasupil, Villafuerte andFlores in 2016.
46.Malhotra V, Kaur I, Saraswat A, Kumar B. Frequency of India
patch-test positivity in patients with psoriasis: A
prospective controlled study. Acta Derm Venereol.
2002;82:432-435.
47.Sarma N, Ghosh S.. Clinico-allergological pattern of India
allergic contact dermatitis among 70 Indian children.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010 JanFeb;76(1):38-44.

191

48.Garg T, Yadav P, Meena S, Chander R. Allergic contact India
dermatitis in children: Culpable factors, diagnosis andmanagement. Astrocyte 2014;1:33-40.
49.Mehta MJ, Diwan NG, Nair PA, Vora RV. Experience and India
feasibility of patch testing in allergic contact dermatitis
in rural population. Indian J Allergy Asthma Immunol.
2015;29:40-5.

50.Kumaravel Sadagopan, Deepa Kalappan, Nirmala India
Sivaprakasam, Vinoth. Patch Test Results from an
Occupational and Contact Dermatitis Clinic in a Tertiary
Care Hospital of Southern India: A Retrospective Study. J
Clinical & Diagnositic Res. 2017 Aug;11(8):WC11-14.
51.Guruprasad Kalyanrao Y, Ashok Kumar B. Nagure. India
Clinical profile of patients with allergic contact
dermatitis attending tertiary care hospital. Int J Res
Dermatol. 2017 Dec;3(4):517-522.
52.Yoganand J Phulari. Clinical correlation of patch testing India
in suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Int J Biomed Res.
2017; 8(09): 547-550.

53.Slodownik D, Williams J, Frowen K, Palmer A, Matheson Australia
M, Nixon R. The additive value of patch testing withpatients’ own products at an occupational dermatology
clinic. Contact Dermatitis. 2009 Oct;61(4):231-5.
54.Toholka R, Wang YS, Tate B, Tam M, Cahill J, Palmer A, Australia
Nixon R. The first Australian Baseline Series:
Recommendations for patch testing in suspected contact
dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol. 2015 May;56(2):10715.

192

II Top Patch Test Seriesa)Contact Reaction to Metals in Asia
Synopsis by
Dr. Ch’ng Chin Chwen
Countries that performed research once/several times in metal allergy
during this 30-year study in descending orders are Thailand, Singapore,
Japan. India, Taiwan, Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. In the 80s and
90s – chromium allergy in cement worker, less after due to change incement manufacturing process in Singapore and Thailand. However stillreported in India up to lately. Between 1998 to 2003, gold allergy
became prominent.
The metal allergens causing contact dermatitis identified in each country
is as follows:
Thailand: Chromium (1996), (2006, 2014)
Nickel (2014)
Nickel & Cobalt (2015)
Copper & almalgam (2016)

Singapore: Chromium(1996),
Chromium & Gold (1998)
Nickel, Chromium, cobalt, gold (2005)
Japan:

India:

Gold (2004),
Amalgam (2011)
Nickel, Cobalt, Chrome, Zinc (2012),
Gold-Silver-Palladium alloy (2013)
Titanium (2016)
Chromium & Cobalt (2006)
Chrmium, Cobalt & Nickel (2009)193

Taiwan:

Chromium & Cobalt (2018)

Chromium, Nickel (2006)
Nickel, Thiomerasol, Chromium, (2008)

Malaysia: Nickel, Cobalt, Chromium (1998)
Nickel, Cobalt, Chromium,Gold sodium thiosulphate (2014)
Copper (2017)

Indonesia: Chromium (2008)

In addition to the Standard series, Japan, Singapore Taiwan and Malaysia
also performed patch test to metal series in patients suspected of having
metal allergy. Thailand performed open application test in nickel ACD to
confirm the skin reaction.

194

Research List on Metal Allergy in
Asia Pacific Region
Prevalence
1. Rohna R. Metal allergy. Malaysian J Dermatol. 1998
Dec;54(Supp B):55.
2. Goon A, Goh CL. Metal allergy in Singapore. Contact
Dermatitis. 2005:52:130-132.
3. Ho CH, Sun CC, Tseng MP, Chu CY. Patch testing forhand dermatitis – 20 years experience. Dermatologica
Sinica. 2006;24(4): 238-246.
4. Cheng TY, Tseng YH, Sun CC, Chu CY. Contact
sensitization to metals in Taiwan. Contact Dermatitis.
2008;59(6):353-360.
5. Yoko Yoshihisa, Tadamichi Shimizu. Metal allergy andsystemic contact dermatitis: An overview. Dermatol
Res Prac. 2012;(2012) :749561.

Malaysia

Singapore
TaiwanTaiwanJapan

6. Norazura M, Rohna R. Metal allergy in Selayang Malaysia
Hospital. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2014 July;32:13-19.
7. Singh K, Gupta SK, Gupta V, Brar SK. Clinico- India
epidemiological study on metal-induced contact
dermatitis from North India. J Pakistan Assoc Dermatol.
2015;25(3):169-176.

Nickel Allergy

1. Goh CL. An epidemiological comparison between Singapore
occupational and non-occupational hand eczema. Br J
Dermatol. 1989 Jan;12(1) :77-82.

2. Goh CL, Ng SK, Kwok SF. Allergic contact dermatitis Singapore
from nickel in eye shadows. Contact Dermatitis. 1989

195

May; 20(5):380-381.

3. Tresukosol P, Kullavanijaya P. Occupational fingertips Thailand
dermatitis caused by nickel in garland maker. Thai J
Dermatol. 2000;16(2):124-127.

4. Goon A, Goh CL. Metal allergy in Singapore. Contact Singapore
Dermatitis. 2005:52:130-132.
5. Duangdeeden S. Role of open application test in nickel Thailand
allergic contact dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol.
2006;22(3):97-101.
6. Emi Nishijima Sakanashi, Katsuko Kikuchi, Mitsuaki Japan
Matsumura, Miura Hiroyuki and Kazuhisa Bessho.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Dental Alloys: Evaluation,
Diagnosis and Treatment in Japan — Reflectance
Confocal Laser Microscopy, an Emerging Method to
Evaluate Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Confocal Laser
Microscopy, Neil Lagali. IntechOpen. 2013 Mar. DOI:
10.5772/55720.

7. Boonchai W, Thanomkitti K, Kasemsarn P. Occupational Thailand
contact dermatitis in tertiary university hospital: A 5year retrospective study. J Med Assoc Thai.
2014;97(11):1182-1188.
8. Boonchai W, Chaiwanon O, Kasemsarn P. Risk Thailand
assessment for nickel contact allergy. J Dermatol.
2014;41(12):1065-8.
9. Boonchai W, Maneeprasopchoke P, Suiwongsa B, Thailand
Kasemsarn P. Assessment of nickel and cobalt releasefrom jewelry from a non-nickel directive country.
Dermatitis. 2015;26(1):44-8.

196Chromate Allergy
1. Goh CL, Gan SL. Change in cement manufacturing Singapore
process, a cause for decline in chromate allergy?
Contact Dermatitis 1996; 34:51-54.
2. Wong SS, Chan MTS, Gan SL, Ng SK, Goh CL. Singapore
Occupational chromate allergy in Singapore: A study of
87 patients and a review from 1983 – 1995. Am J
Contact Dermat. 1998 March;9(1):1-5.

3. Goon A, Goh CL. Metal allergy in Singapore. Contact Singapore
Dermatitis. 2005:52:130-132.
4. Kuruvila M, Dubey S, GahalautIndian P. Pattern of skin India
diseases among migrant construction workers in
Mangalore. J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2006 MarApr;72(2):129-132.
5. Proporsi kepositifan hasil uji 203 hotop kromium Indonesia
heksavalen pada kelompok pekerja di lapangan dan
dalam ruangan sebuah pabrik semen (dikorelasikan
dengan kadar kromium dalam darah by Sinta D in 2008.
6. Sarma N. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis India
among construction workers in India. Indian J Dermatol.
2009;54:137-41.
7. Bharathi S, Ramasamy PP. A study on Chromium India
induced occupational dermatoses among theconstruction workers attending tertiary care hospital in
Coimbatore. IP Indian Journal of Clinical andExperimental Dermatology. 2018 Apr-Jun;4(2):110-115.

8. Narashimman K, Gomathi V. Clinical evaluation of India
common allergens in contact dermatitis to cement. Int J
Res Dermatol. 2018 May;4(2):172-175.

9. Febriana SA , Jungbauer F, Soebono, H, Coenraads PJ. Indonesia
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis and patch test

197

results of leather workers at two Indonesian tanneries.
Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67(5):277-283.

Gold Allergy

1. Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. A Preliminary Study of Gold Singapore
Sensitization in Singapore” – Short Communications.
Contact Dermatitis. 1998;38/3):169-170.
2. Nonaka H, Nakada T, Iijima M. Gold allergy in Japan. Japan
Contact Dermatitis. 2003 Feb;48(2):112-4.
3. Nagashima C, Tomitaka-Yagami A, Tsuruta K, Japan
Yatsushiro H, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K, Kawamura T,
Kobayashi H. Electron-beam treatment of allergic
granuloma due to gold pierced earrings. Contact
dermatitis. 2004 Aug;51(2): 90-91.

4. Goon A, Goh CL. Metal allergy in Singapore. Contact Singapore
Dermatitis. 2005:52:130-132.
5. Emi Nishijima Sakanashi, Katsuko Kikuchi, Mitsuaki Japan
Matsumura, Miura Hiroyuki and Kazuhisa Bessho.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Dental Alloys: Evaluation,
Diagnosis and Treatment in Japan — Reflectance
Confocal Laser Microscopy, an Emerging Method to
Evaluate Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Confocal Laser
Microscopy, Neil Lagali. Intech Open. 2013 Mar. DOI:
10.5772/55720.

Dental Alloy Allergy

1. Sasaki R, Suzuki K, Hayashi T, Inasaka H, Matsunaga K. Japan
Improvement of cheilitis granulomatosa after dental
treatment. Case Rep Dermatol. 2011 May;3(2):151154.

198

2. Emi Nishijima Sakanashi, Katsuko Kikuchi, Mitsuaki Japan
Matsumura, Miura Hiroyuki and Kazuhisa Bessho.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Dental Alloys: Evaluation,
Diagnosis and Treatment in Japan — Reflectance
Confocal Laser Microscopy, an Emerging Method to
Evaluate Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Confocal Laser
Microscopy, Neil Lagali. Intech Open. 2013 Mar. DOI:
10.5772/55720.

3. Hosoki M, Nishigawa K, Miyamoto Y, Ohe G, Matsuka Y. Japan
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by titanium screws
anddentalimplants.
J
Prosthodontic
Res.
2016;60(3):213-219.

Mercury Allergy

1. Sasaki R, Suzuki K, Hayashi T, Inasaka H, Matsunaga K. Japan
Improvement of cheilitis granulomatosa after dental
treatment. Case Rep Dermatol. 2011 May;3(2):151154.
2. Emi Nishijima Sakanashi, Katsuko Kikuchi, Mitsuaki Japan
Matsumura, Miura Hiroyuki and Kazuhisa Bessho.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Dental Alloys: Evaluation,
Diagnosis and Treatment in Japan — Reflectance
Confocal Laser Microscopy, an Emerging Method to
Evaluate Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Confocal Laser
Microscopy, Neil Lagali. Intech Open. 2013 Mar. DOI:
10.5772/55720.

3. Thanyavuthi A, Boonchai W, Kasemsarn P. Amalgam Thailand
Contact Allergy in Oral Lichenoid Lesions. Dermatitis.
2016;27(4):215-21.

Copper Allergy

1. Thanyavuthi A, Boonchai W, Kasemsarn P. Amalgam Thailand
Contact Allergy in Oral Lichenoid Lesions. Dermatitis.

199

2016;27(4):215-21.

2. Positive patch test to copper sulphate and copper oxide, Malaysia
is there any relevance? By Teoh TY, Siti Nasuha R, MD.
Salwa R, Rohna R and Wan Syameen Afira WAK. Poster
presentation at 14th APEOD symposium, Taiwan 17-18
November 2017.

b) Rubber Chemical Allergy in Asia
Synopsis by
Dr. Nazatul Shima Abdul Rahim
In Japan, the rates of type IV allergy caused by latex and rubber
additives are 16.7% and 14.6% respectively. In the United States,
Canada, Australia and Europe, 5% to 10% of the populations haveallergies against rubber additives.

North American Contact Dermatitis Group found statistically significant
differences in rubber allergy between men and women. In general,
dermatitis of the hands and feet were commoner in men than women
although face and neck dermatitis were more frequent in women.
Contrasting findings were noted in a study in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
The number of women with rubber allergy is more than twice that ofmales. Hand dermatitis from rubber glove allergy was commoner infemale nurses, domestic workers and cleaners.

The pattern of contact dermatitis seen at the Kuala Lumpur Hospitalhas changed. The top 3 allergens noted in 1989 were cetavlon (22.9%),
nickel (14.5%) and colophony (8.5%). In 1996, rubber chemicals(19%) became the second top common after nickel (36%). The main
factor contributing to this change in pattern is the usage of gloves as auniversal precaution during the AIDS scare in 1990’s.

200

Rubber Chemical Allergens detected in
Asian countries
India Black rubber mix, Mercaptobenzothiazole, Thiuram mix
Indonesia 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, rubber materials

Japan Natural rubber products, Thiuram, Dithiocarbamate,
Mercapto mix
Malaysia Thiuram mix, Mercapto mix, PPD black rubber mix, 4,4
Dihydroxybiphenyl, N-Cyclohexylthiophthalimide, 1,2phenylguanidine, monobenzole, 3hexamethylaminotetramine, Dibenzothiazyle disulphide,
Ethylenethiourea, Phenylnaphthalene,
Mercaptobenzothiazole, latex product. N-Cyclohexyl-Nphenyl-4-phenylenediamine (CPPD) and Diphenylguanidine

Philippine Rubber prosthesis, Thiuram mix, rubber chemicals,
Singapore Rubber chemicals
Taiwan Thiuram mix, Mercapto mix, Carba mix, black-rubber mix

The top five allergens noted in the 10 year Spanish study in 1993
were Thiuram mix, Carba mix, black rubber mix, Mercapto mix andNaphthyl mix. In 1990’s, Malaysia’s the top five incriminating rubber
allergens in this series were Thiuram mix (ES), Mercapto mix (ES),PPD black rubber mix (ES), 4,4 Dihydroxybiphenyl (RS) and NCyclohexylthiophthalimide (RS) and N,N-Diphenylguanidine.

After 2010,
N,N-Diphenylguanidine, N-Cyclohexyl-N-phenyl-4phenylenediamine (CPPD) and N-Cyclohexylthiophthalimide have
replace the rubber chemicals in European series (Thiuram mix,
Mercapto mix, Mercaptobenzothiazole and N-Isopropyl-N Phenyl
Paraphenylenediamine (PPD black rubber mix) as top 30 common
allergens in Malaysia. Inclusion of rubber series in patch testing had
increased the pick up rate of rubber allergy. Some of the patients weremore sensitive to the less common rubber allergens.

201

Patch test performed with additional/local seriesplus own products to confirm rubber allergy
India Indian Standard Battery of Patch Test Allergens, IndianStandard Series and indigenous antigens

Indonesia Shoe series, 12 additional allergens, Own shoe material

Japan Japanese standard series, additional concentration ofsuspected chemicals – nitrile gloves, thiuram mix, anddithiocarbamate mix
Malaysia Rubber chemical series, Rubber gloves
Philippines European Standard Patch Test Series
Singapore Modified ICDRG Standard Series, Photopatch test
Taiwan Additional suspected allergens series according toindividual occupation
Thailand Rubber Chemicals series
Contact dermatitis due to additives may also be a result of increased
used of additives. Across the world, the number of products using
additives may actually exceed those using latex, and additives such as
Thiuram, Mercapto and Carba mix are part of various products used in
the workplace and encountered in people’s daily lives-including
medicines, foods, and pesticides.

202

Research List on Contact Dermatitis to Rubber Chemical in
Asia Pacific Region
1. Rohna R, Suraiya H. Rubber allergy at the Dermatology Malaysia
clinic, HKL. Med J Malaysia. 1998;53:161-164.

2. Chen HH, Sun CC, Tseng MP. Type IV hypersensitivity Taiwan
from rubber chemicals: a 15-year experience in Taiwan.
Dermatology. 2004;208:319-325.

3. Ng FY, Wan Ahmad Kamal WSA, Sinnaiyah L, Hazfaneza Malaysia
AH, Rohna R. Retrospective analysis of patch test results
between 2011 and 2013 in Hospital Selayang, Malaysia.
Malaysian J Dermatol. 2018 Jun;40:4-9.

Occupational Dermatitis

1. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Allergic contact Thailand
urticaria of the hands due to seafood and allergic contact
dermatitis to rubber gloves in food handlers. Thai J
Dermatol. 1990;6(2):119-22.

2. Rademaker M. Occupational contact dermatitis among New Zealand
New Zealand farmers. Australas J Dermatol. 1998
Aug;39(3):164-7.
3. Pachimsawat P, Nimmanon V. Allergic contact dermatitis Thailand
to dental rubber latex products: a case report. J Dent
Assoc Thai. 2000;50(2):107-113.
4. Puvabanditsin P, Sungkeaw S. The cause of hand Thailand
dermatitis in the latex rubber gloves users. Thai J
Dermatol. 2003;19(1):4-10.

5. Moyle M, Frowen K, Nixon R. Use of gloves in protection Australia
from diallyl disulphide allergy. Australas J Dermatol.
2004;45:223-5.

203

6. Non-rubber gloves 210 hotopatch 210 ct rubber Malaysia
dermatosis by Goh Cheng Beh, Rohna R and Riza R. Poster
presentation at 8th APEOD symposium, Westin
Philippines Plaza, Manila, Philippines 2005 October 2527.

7. Generao FK, Cellona CV. Prevalence of Hand Eczema and Philippines
Contact Allergy among Manila-based Dentist: A crosssectional study. Dermatitis. 2007 Jun;18(2):115.
8. Sarma N. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis among India
construction workers in India. Indian J Dermatol.
2009;54:137-41.

9. Peter Ch’ng WB. Prevalence of positive patch test among Malaysia
healthcare workers to rubber additives, natural rubber
latex and synthetic rubber gloves and risk factors
associated with positive patch test. Malaysian J Dermatol.
2014 July;32:43.
10.Mariko Sugiura, Keiji Sugiura. Occupational dermatitis Japancaused by vulcanization accelerator of gloves. Occup Med
Health Aff. 2016;4(6):253.

11.Asuncion CA, Dy-Rabo KD, Quinio MF, Lavadia MA. Philippines
Occupational skin diseases among Institutional
housekeeping personnel in a Philippine government
hospital. J Philippine Dermatol Soc. 2018 May;27(1):8-11.

Non-Occupational Dermatitis

1. Goh CL. An epidemiological comparison between Singapore
occupational and non-occupational hand eczema. Br J
Dermatol. 1989 Jan;12(1) :77-82.

2. Goh CL. Contact allergy to surgeons’ gloves in their Singapore
patients. Contact Dermatitis. 1989 Mar;20(3):223.

204

3. Freeman S. Shoe dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1997 Australia
May;36(5):247-51.
4. Sakata S, Cahill J, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to Australia
thiourea in a neoprene knee brace. Australas J Dermatol.
2005;47:67-9.

5. Navarro M, Villafuerte LL. Contact dermatitis to rubber Philippines
prosthesis. Dermatitis. 2007 Jun;18(2):116–117.
6. Chowdhuri S, Ghosh S. Epidemio-allergological study in India
155 cases of footwear dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol
Venereol Leprol. 2007;73:319-22.

7. Febriana SA, Soebono H, Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar ML. Indonesia
Contact allergy in Indonesian patients with foot eczema
attributed to shoe. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015
Aug;29(8):1582-9.
8. Higgins C, Nixon R. Facial allergic contact dermatitis Australia
without hand dermatitis from disposable latex gloves.
Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74:246-25.

c) Contact Sensitivity to Preservatives in Asia
Synopsis by
Dr. Voo Sook Yee Michelle & Dr. Rohna Ridzwan
Countries that performed research on preservative allergy during this30-year study-are Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan,
Philippines, Indonesia and India. Benzalkonium chloride andformaldehyde had caused immediate hypersensitivity reaction in 3
countries as shown

205

Korea: Benzalkonium chloride causing anaphylaxis from a nebulizer
solution (SH Kim, et al 2004).
Japan: Formaldehyde causing type 1 reaction in root canal sealantafter dental treatment (Kijima A, et al 2007).
Taiwan:Anaphylaxis to Benzalkonium chloride-coated central
venous catheter (Shih CK, et 2010).

Common allergens identified in each country
Thailand:Singapore:

Japan:
India:

Taiwan:
Malaysia:

Indonesia:

206

Thimerosal (1998, 2007), Formaldehyde (2003),
Kathon CG (2015, 2018).

Benzalkonium chloride (1989), Thimerosal (1992),
Paraben (2014), Kathon CG (2014), Quartenium-15(2014), MDBGN (2014), Diazolidinylurea (2014).

Formaldehyde (2003), Isothiazolin (2010, 2013, 2014),
Kathon CG (2013).
Paraben (1992-1994, 2006, 2010, 2017), Kathon CG(2006, 2017), Thimerosal (2006, 2017), Gallate mix(2006, 2017), Formaldehyde (2007).

Formaldehyde (2003), Kathon CG (2017).

Paraben (1997, 2010, 2013, 2017), isothiazolin (1997),
Kathon CG (2013, 2015), Formaldehyde (2013, 2015),
MBDGN (2015), Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (2015),
Thimerosal (2015).

Parabens (1995, 2014), Bronopol (1995).

Philippines: Parabens (2005), Formaldehyde (2012),
Thimerosal (2012).
Korea:

Benzalkonium chloride, Thimerosal, Τ
(2012).

In addition to the Standard series, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Korea
and China also performed patch test to additional series in their patientssuspected of having preservative allergy.
Singapore: Preservatives from modified European Baseline Series
and other preservatives from Chemotechnique
Diagnostics (Chong S, et al 2014).

Malaysia:

Thailand*:

Korea*:
China*:

Preservatives from European Baseline series, Cosmetic
Series (SYM Voo 2013). Preservatives from AllergEAZE(2015).
Preservatives from Baseline series from
Chemotechnique Diagnostics and additional allergens
from other series (Boonchai W et al, 2011).
Preservatives from Cosmetic Series, benzalkonium
chloride, chlorphenesin (Lee SS 2012).

Modified European Standard Series (Wang WH, et al
2005)*Patients with cosmetic dermatitis

In Korea and Japan, investigations other than patch test were performed
to confirm the skin reaction.

207

Korea:Japan:

Irritancy patch testing performed on volunteer subjects.
(Lee SS, et al 2012).

Liquid chromatography (Kawakami T, et al 2014).

There is lack of studies done in trend of preservative allergy in the
countries across Asia. The sensitization frequency of the preservative
allergens varies, depending on the timing of the study, the cohort ofpatients patch tested, exposure, cultural background and local regulation.

Nevertheless Thailand and Malaysia have high frequency of sensitization
to Methylchloroisothiazolinone/ Methylisothiazolinone. However this is
not found in Singapore, while Taiwan reported an increase in contact
allergy to this preservative after 2005.
Thailand: 13.6% among adult patients with contact dermatitis
2012- (Dararattanaroj W, et al 2017).

Malaysia: 12.9% among adult patients in Hospital Kuala Lumpur
2011-2015 (Kang NH, et al 2017).
Korea:
Taiwan:6.5% among adults and paediatric patients in
Hospital Selayang 2011-2013 (Ng FY, et al 2018).

5.5% among patients with cosmetic dermatitis bet
2010 -2011 (Lee SS, et al 2012).

2.1% among all patients with allergic contact
dermatitis between 1987- 2006 compared to 5.9%
between 2006-2015 (Liao SL, et al 2017).

Singapore: 1.75% among all patients with allergic contact
dermatitis 2006-2011(Cheng S, et al 2014).

208

Preservatives Contact Sensitivity in
Asia Pacific Region
Prevalence

1. Kar S, Srinivas CR, Balachandran C, Shenoi SD. Patch test India
with preservatives. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.
1992;58:25-6.

2. Wang WH, Li LF, Lu XY, Wang J. Cosmetic dermatitis in China
Chinese eczema patients patch tested with a modified
Europeanstandard
seriesof allergens. Contact
dermatitis. 2005 Dec; 53(6): 314-9.

3. Lee SS, Hong DK, Jeong NJ, Lee JH et al. Multicenter study Korea
of preservative sensitivity in patients with suspectedcosmetic contact dermatitis in Korea. J Dermatol. 2012
Aug;39(8):677-81.

4. Chow ET, Avolio AM, Lee A, Nixon R. Frequency of Australia
positive patch test reactions to preservatives: The
Australian experience.
Australas J Dermatol. 2013
Feb;54(1):31-5.
5. Michelle Voo SY, Rohna R. Patch testing with Malaysia
preservative sensitizers. A 1 year retrospective study
from Selayang Hospital. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2013
Jul;30:1-6.

6. Cheng S, Leow YH, Goh CL, Goon A. Contact sensitivity to Singapore
preservatives in Singapore: frequency of sensitization to
11 common preservatives 2006-2011. Dermatitis. 2014
Mar-Apr;25(2):77-82.

209

7. Ong Sai Beng, Azlin Tee, Rohna Ridzwan, Norhasmie Malaysia
Ramli. A year data analysis of the patch test sensitizers
that provide high diagnostic yield done in public hospitalin year 2015. Poster presented at 41st Malaysian Annual
Dermatology Congress, Kuching Sarawak,
16-18
September 2016.
8. Liao SL, Tseng YH, Chu CY. Contact allergy to Taiwan
methylisothiazolinone/ methylchloroisothiazolinone: A
retrospective case series in a referral center in northern
Taiwan. Dermatologica Sinica. 2017;35(4):201-205.

Specific Preservatives

1. Wong WK, C Tan, Ng SK, Goh CL. Thimerosal allergy and Singapore
Its relevance in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1992
Mar;26(3):195-196.
2. Tanglertsampan C, Boontanorm A, Ngamsiripol S. Thailand
Allergic contact dermatitis to thimerosal : a case report.
Thai J Dermatol. 1998;14(2):57-62.

3. Wattanakrai P, Rajatanavin N. Thimerosal allergy and Thailand
clinical relevance in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai.
2007;90(9):1775-9.
4. Thong HY, Tseng MP, Sun CC, et al. Evaluation of Taiwan
formaldehyde allergy in a patch-test population.
Dermatol Sinica. 2003;21:119-125.

5. Tanglertsampan C. Allergic contact dermatitis from Thailand
formaldehyde with initially negative repeated open
application test. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48(3):171-2.

6. Gamboni SE, Nixon RL. Allergic contact stomatitis to Australia
dodecyl gallate and a review of the relevance of positive210

patch test results to gallates. Australas J Dermatol.
2013;54:213-7.

7. Puangpet
P,
ChawarungA,
McFadden
J.P. Thailand
Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone
andmethylisothiazolinone
allergy.
Dermatitis.
2015;26(2):99-102.
8. Kwon HJ, Kim JM, Oh WJ, Park KY et al. Allergic contact Korea
dermatitis caused by a moisturizer containing
iodopropynyl butylcarbamate. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018
Jan; 43(1):62-63.

9. Flury U, Palmer A, Nixon R. The methylisothiazolinone Australia
contact allergy epidemic in Australia. Contact Dermatitis.
2018 May;79(3):189-191.

Preservatives in cleansing agent
1. Boyapati A, Tate B, Tam M, Nixon R. Allergic contact Australia
dermatitis from methylisothiazolinone: exposure frombaby wipes causing hand dermatitis in carers. Australas
J Dermatol. 2013;54:264-7.
2. Toholka R, Nixon R. Suspected allergic contact dermatitis Australia
to a iodopropynyl butylcarbamate occurring in an
alcohol hand rub commonly used in Australian
healthcare settings. Australas J Dermatol. 2014;55:70-71.

3. Lai-Kwon J, Ly L, Tam M, Nixon R. Unsuspected allergic Australia
contact dermatitis to alcohol swabs following
neurosurgery. Australas J Dermatol. 2014;55:296-8.
4. Felmingham C, Nixon R, Palmer A, Lee A. Allergic contact Australia
dermatitis caused by benzisothiazolinone in acontinuous positive airway pressure mask liquid soap.
Contact Dermatitis. Epub 2019 Mar 23.

211

Preservatives in cosmetics
1. Dogra A, Minocha Y C, Sood V K, Dewan S P. Contact India
dermatitis due to cosmetics and their ingredients. IndianJ Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1994;60:72-5.

2. Lubis SR, Nasution D, Lubis E et al. Dermatitis kontak yang Indonesia
disebabkan oleh pemakaian kosmetik di RS Prigandi
Medan Indonesia. Proc 8th Nat Cong Perdoski
3;1995:961-966.
3. A Nath, D Mohan Thappa. Patch Testing In Cosmetic India
Dermatoses: A Report From South India. The Internet
Journal of Dermatology. 2006 Volume 5 Number 1.

4. Cekti C, Dewi YD, Trisnowati N, Indrastuti N. Indonesia
Occupational contact dermatitis in hairdresser: 3 caseseries. MDVI 2014; 41(3):108-113.
5. Gupta M. Cosmetic contact sensitivity among beauticians India
and hairdressers: a clinicoepidemiological study. Egypt J
Dermatol Venerol 2017;37:7-10

6. Ong Sai Beng, Rohna Ridzwan. A two-year retrospective Malaysia
study of contact dermatitis to cosmetics in public
hospital. Poster presented at 42nd Malaysian Annual
Dermatology Congress, VE Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, 24-27
August 2017.

Preservatives in other items
1. Atsushi Fukunaga, Satoshi Nishiyama, Hideki Shimizu, Japan
Hiroshi Nagai, Tatsuya Horikawa, Ayumi Mori, Noboru
Inoue, Kazumi Sasaki and Chikako Nishigori. Nonoccupational allergic contact dermatitis from 2-N-octyl4- isothiazolin-3-one in a Japanese mattress gel-sheet
used for cooling. Contact Dermatitis. 2010: 62: 317–318;

212

2. Tokunaga M, Fujii H, Okada K, Kagemoto Y, Nomura T, Japan
Tanioka M, Matsumura Y, Miyachi Y. Occupational
Airborne Contact Dermatitis by Isothiazolinones
Contained in Wall Paint Products. Allergol Int.
2013;62:395-397d) Contact sensitivity in Fragrancein Asia Pacific

1. Verma A, Tam N, Nixon R. Pustular allergic contact Australia
dermatitis caused by fragrances. Contact Dermatitis.
2015; 72: 245-8.
2. Sugiura M, Hayakawa R, Kato Y, Sugiura K, Hashimoto R. Japan
Results of patch testing with lavender oil in Japan.
Contact Dermatitis. 2000 Sep;43(3):157-60.
3. Yamamoto A, Morita A, Tsuji T, Suzuki K, Matsunaga K. Japan
Contact urticaria from geraniol. Contact dermatitis. 2002
Jan; 46(1): 52.

4. Pattern of Ylang Ylang Oil Allergy In Selayang Hospital, Malaysia
Malaysia by Azlin Tee JT, Rohna R, Ng FY, Norhasmie R,
Logesh S, Ong SB, Nur Ashiela MS and Siti Nasuha R.
Poster presented at 40th Malaysian Annual Dermatology
Congress, Weil Hotel, Ipoh, Perak, 14-17 September
2015.
5. Chen HH, Sun CC, Tseng MP. Patch testing with fragrance Taiwan
mix: a 13-year experience. Dermatol Sinica. 2002;20:9096.
6. Lee MS, Chu CY. Allergens of contact allergy to essential Taiwan
oils in Taiwan. Dermatologica Sinica. 2006;24(2):82-93.

213

7. Vejanurug P, Tresukosol P, Sajjachareonpong P, Thailand
Puangpet P. Fragrance allergy could be missed without
patch testing with 26 individual fragrance allergens.
Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74(4):230-5.
8. Boonchai W, Iamtharachai P, Sunthonpalin P. Thailand
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from essential
oils
inaromatherapists.
Contact
Dermatitis.
2007;56(3):181-2.

9. Puvabanditsin P. Fragrance allergy. Thai J Dermatol. Thailand
2005;21(3):113-38.
10.Tienthavorn T, Tresukosol P, Sudtikoonaseth P. Patch Thailand
testing and histopathology in Thai patients withhyperpigmentation due to Erythema dyschromicum
perstans, Lichen planus pigmentosus, and pigmented
contact dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol.
2014;32(2):185-92.
11.Vachiramon V, Wattanakrai P. Photoallergic contact Thailand
sensitization to 6-methylcoumarin in poikiloderma of
Civatte. Dermatitis. 2005;16(3):136-8.

214III Source of Allergena)Cosmetics Contact Reaction in Asia
Synopsis by
Dr. Saadiah Sulaiman & Dr. Rohna Ridzwan
Participating countries that performed research in cosmetic allergy
during this 30-year study are Thailand, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan,
Philippines, India, Malaysia and Indonesia. The source of allergens arefrom make-ups, skin lightening cream, sunscreen, tattoo / skin painting
and the skin, hair and dental care products.
The cosmetic reaction varies from contact dermatitis, photocontact
dermatitis, dyspigmentation, cosmetic intolerance and hypersensitivity
reaction. It is important to note that the true prevalence of allergic
reactions to cosmetics remains unknown, as reactions are often notreported because those affected simply discontinue use of the agent
instead of seeking medical care.

Fragrances and preservatives remains the most prevalent ingredient incausing contact dermatitis. In Thailand, there were 1247 cases (239males and 1008 females; mean age 38.5 years). Fragrance chemicals andpreservatives were the most commonly recognized cosmetic allergens.
Ammoniated mercury was the only allergen that showed a significantly
increased frequency over the 10-year period (p = 0.0008).

Of the 549 tested products, 6.0% (n = 33) contained mercury above 1000
ppm. In all, 45% of mercury-containing samples contained mercury inexcess of 10,000 ppm. Of lightening products purchased in the UnitedStates, 3.3% were found to contain mercury in excess of 1000 ppm
despite being a banned component for such purpose.

215

Common allergens identified in each country
Thailand Red & blue pigment, Kojic acid, fragrance chemicals,preservatives, ammoniated mercury, PPD, cosmetic
preservatives & hairdressing sensitizers, Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate (irritant), Evernia furfuracea, black henna tattoo.

Japan Propylene glycol ricinoleate, 1,3-Butylene glycol andGlycerol,Mercury&
amalgam,Carmine,5,5’Dipropylbiphenyl-2,2’-diol, Rhododendrol, Rhododendrol &5,5’-dipropylbiphenyl-2,2’-diol,
Soy,
PPD.
PMethylaminophenol and o-Aminophenol , Cysteamine HCl .

Taiwan Triethanolamine, PPD. Sodium metabisulfite, MI/MCI,
essential oil, benzocaine, PABA, (Formaldehyde, sunscreenno specific info)

Singapore Cosmetics, Spectraban 15 Lotion & Zovirax Cream, Nickel,
Colophony & Abietic / Dehydroabietic acids, ParsolMCX& oxybenzone, PPD, Ricinoleic acid & lip preparation.

Philippine Fragrance mix, Formaldehyde, Nickel sulfate, Benzoyl
peroxide, & Thimerosal and hair dyes.
Malaysia Preservatives, Fragrance, Metals, PPD, Nickel, Potassium
Dichromate, Thimerosal & Cobalt chloride.
Indonesia PPD, Ethylenediamine, Parabens, Lanolin,
Paraben mix, Quaternium & Fragrance mix.

Bronopol,India Nickel sulphate, Parabens, Kathon CG, Benzotriazol, tertiarybutyl Hydroquinone, Quaternium-15, Balsam of Peru,
Potassium Dichromate, Cobalt chloride, Gallate mix,
Cetrimide, Thimerosal, PPD, Fragrance mix, Methyl paraben,
Colophony & Balsam of Peru.

216

Patch test to additional series/ patients’ own products
besides Standard series
Thailand Red & blue pigment, Kojic acid, Fragrance chemicals,
Preservatives, Ammoniated mercury, occupational
chemical & cosmetics, Mercury, preservatives, Sodium
Lauryl Sulfate, Evernia furfuracea, black henna tattoo &PPD (24hr patch test).
Japan Propylene glycol ricinoleate, 1,3-Butylene glycol andGlycerol, 1,3-Butylene glycol and Glycerol, Rhododendrol& 5,5’-Dipropylbiphenyl-2,2’-diol, p-Methylaminophenol& o-Aminophenol.
Taiwan Triethanolamine, Sunscreen, Sodium metabisulfite &Mercury(Photopatchtest).
Singapore Spectraban 15 Lotion and Zovirax Cream, Ricinoleic acid& lip preparation, Parsol MCX & oxybenzone &Abietic/dehydroabietic acids.
India Gallate mix , Cetrimide , Thiomersal & Cosmetic
allergen.
Malaysia Cosmetic, Fragrance, Rubber, Metal, Hairdressing or
Dental series from Chemotechnique Diagnostics whenindicated. Preservatives series from AllergEAZE.
Indonesia Bronopol

The frequency of positive patch test reactions observed following 24-hr
exposure to complete permanent hair dyes is comparable to thatobserved following 48-hr exposure to 1% PPD/petrolatum in thoseindividuals whose degree of sensitization is such that they typicallypresent ++ or +++ reactions diagnostically.
In vitro test to determine irritation using artificial skin are available
routinely in countries such as Japan and Malaysia. Although reference tosuch tests are not made in the publications, this does not mean that the
tests are not available to be done to confirm such reaction. This in vitro

217

irritation test utilised the reconstructed human epidermis from normal
human keratinocytes model as the medium to demonstrate irritation
effects of skin care products and commonly utilised by cosmetic
industries during product development.
For sensitisation test, Buehler tests and guinea pig maximisation test
which are routinely used to test for biocompatibilities of rubber gloves in
MS ISO IEC accredited laboratories in Malaysia, is also available todetermine the potential of cosmetic ingredient in causing sensitisation.
Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA), as an alternative, to utilise less numberof guinea pigs and in vitro skin sensitisation tests are not readily available
in this region.

Other Diagnostic Tests Performed

Thailand Human 4-h Patch Testing.
Patch testing and Histopathology.
Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skinlightening products.

Japan Contact leucoderma- Rhododendrol, Type 1 allergy
anaphylaxis-soy, specific IgE antibodies against Glupearl
19S
Taiwan Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skinlightening products. Ammoniated mercury in spectacle
frames and skin-lightening creams.

Singapore Screening for p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in hair-care
products by Thin-layer Chromatography

Malaysia Modified Draize 95 test, human repeat insult patch test,
human skin irritation test (ISO 10993-10-2010(E)),
cumulative irritation test, ocular irritation test.
Transepidermal water loss- evaporameter. Comedogenicity
test.

218

Trend in Cosmetic Allergy

Cosmetic allergy is culturally related and also determined by theprevalence of usage of ingredients in products. Socioeconomic factors
also play a key role. In view of the cultural practices, ethnic variation of
responses and environment peculiar to each geographical region, in orderto cater for its needs, each country may need to have its own patch series
modified from the available standard series.

Incorporation of fragrances in baby products, lotions, cleansers and babyoils by industries is of major concern because of lifelong sensitisationthat starts at an early age. New trends in the popularity of usage ofessential oils as aromatherapy has caused increasing sensitisation. Also
noted, the people who were diagnosed as having ACD to essential oils alsofrequently had positive reactions to fragrance mix (77.8%). Among thepatients with contact allergy to MI/MCI, those with associated source ofessential oil (n = 6), 83.3% (n = 5). Contact allergy to Kathon CG could be
attributed to its use as preservative in essential oil.

Outbreak of wheat allergy as noted among Japanese, reported in 2009,
following incorporation of wheat in facial soap, which is supposed to benatural, as an ingredient that has moisturising effect. Such allergy is anacute hypersensitivity reaction rather than contact allergy. However,
now, in 2019, except for a few reported cases of clinical allergy in France,
this does not seem to be a major problem in other region despite the useof wheat in cosmetic products in other countries. The risk of allergy canbe reduced by using lower molecular weight protein, less than 30kDa.
(The SCCS adopted this opinion at its 6th plenary meeting of 18 June2014).
Mercury allergy was studied in Japan, 2007, 2011, which was attributed
to dental amalgam. Studies in Taiwan and Thailand, 2014, showedmercury was detected in cosmetic as lightening agent. This pose a danger
to individuals who are already sensitised to mercury from dental
amalgam.

219

There is an increasing incident of PPD allergy due to its incorporation intohaircare products such as shampoos. Once sensitized to PPD, individuals
may suffer from ACD not only related to future use of PPD-containing
hair dyes but also to compounds sharing structural similarity to PPD
caused by cross-reactivity, such as henna.

Liao et al, Taiwan 2017 noted the incidence of contact allergy to Kathon
CG (MI/MCI) increased from 2.1% (3/145) to 5.4% (11/202) after 2005
(P = 0.1665).

Other observations
In terms of diagnostic, there seems to be a problem in diagnosing
a positive sensitisation reactions. Example is sodium lauryl sulphate
which is a standard irritant, but being incriminated as a cause of allergic
contact dermatitis. The newer less irritating surfactant, cocamidopropyl
betaine (CAPB), has been shown 42 out of 429 patients (9.8%) had apositive reaction to CAPB(China).
For non standard allergen, efforts should be made to ascertain the highest
non irritating concentration before subjecting to patch testing in order toeliminate irritation effects.
The emergence of many new cosmetic products with new ingredients inthe market has caused increasing cosmetic intolerance. However, thisproblem is underdiagnosed because most cases are not reported.

Cutaneous reaction to cosmetic may not necessarily be caused by anallergy, but rather cutaneous irritation following repeated use.
Hence, patch test results using non standard allergens need to beinterpreted with caution. Initiatives taken by cosmetic manufacturer to
conduct cumulative irritation test during product development may help
minimise this problem.
Use of food ingredients with high molecular weight protein such wheat,soy, oat in cosmetic may have long term effects through sensitisation,

220

that may cause lifelong allergy to common staple food, thus is a serious
morbidity especially in children, is wise not to be included in cosmetic
ingredients.
(Of 302 children seen at a pediatric dermatology unit in Bordeaux,France, nearly one third had a positive skin reaction to oats, report Dr.
Franck Boralevi, at the Hospital Pelligrin-Enfants and colleagues.)

There are minimal studies on the dermatitis caused by botanical extracts
in cosmetics in this region. Topical cosmetics containing botanicalingredients are often falsely believed by consumers to be safer than theirsynthetic or chemical counterparts. This is of concern considering theinclusion of new botanical extracts in cosmetic products. . Extracts
derived from Compositae plants, propolis, and limonene, along with anumber of essential oils and waxes, are popular in cosmetics and serve as
botanical sources are increasingly implicated in causing adverse skinreactions.

Screening allergens for suspected botanical dermatitis may include Teatree oil, Lichen acid mix, Geranium oil, Spearmint oil, Dandelion, Neroli
oil, and Lavender, Sandalwood oil, Cananga oil, Rose oil, Ylang-Ylang oil
and Compositae.

Interestingly Magnolia bark extract, Honokiol and Magnolol, which areimportant components of Chinese (Kampo) have been used for hundredsof years as Oriental medicine in Asia Pacific has recently been proven tohave anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiangiogenic, antitumour
anxiolytic,, neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects.
It modulates NF-kB, and has potential for treating inflammatory
dermatologic disorders. Ironically, with its incorporation in cosmetics
over the past few years, in 2015, the first case of contact allergy has beenreported in Europe instead of this region. Perhaps, oral consumption has
induced tolerance.

221

Contamination of cosmetics, in particular by bacteria, as a cause ofcosmetic induced dermatitis, though not directly implicated poses a real
problem. In warm climatic conditions of the Asia Pacific region,
cosmetics, kept at room temperature, have chances of contamination
despite good preservatives. In a study on microbial contamination
published in Malaysia on six cosmetic products consisting of creams andlotions purchased from the local market in Faisalabad, reveals all
cosmetic samples contaminated with varying degree of E. coli, P.
aeruginosa , staph. aureus and Aspergilus niger in six samples of creamand lotion purchased from the local market in Faisalabad.
In another study in Denmark, on patients with eczema, a total of 32
different products were collected from the 20 different patients, 6 jars
and 26 tubes. Microorganisms were found in 20 of the 32 products(63%). In 11 (55%) of the 20 products microorganisms were isolated
from the cream itself, 30% of the contaminated products contained S.
aureus.
Non-bacterial contamination may not necessarily be inadvertent, butrather purportedly introduced to exert certain function.

From time to time, cosmetics have been withdrawn from the market as aresult of adulteration with scheduled poison. Among those identified arehydroquinone and mercury for whitening effects, tretinoin for antiageing,
diphenhydramine for anti itch. (Malaysia 2014,2018)

Most
recently,
antibiotics,
metronidazole,chloramphenicol,
sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, and antifungals, ketoconazole andgriseofulvin have been identified in cosmetics in 12 cosmetic products(May 2019).
This alarming phenomenon only represents the tip of the iceberg of all
the cosmetic adulteration committed by the few cosmetic manufacturers.
Thus there is need for more comprehensive and intensive post market
surveillance on cosmetics by the authority.

222

Cosmetic Dermatoses in Asia Pacific Region
1. Goh CL, Ng SK, Kwok SF. Allergic contact dermatitis from Singapore
nickel in eye shadows. Contact Dermatitis. 1989 May;
20(5):380-381.
2. Zhang, X M, Niklasson, B, Li, S Y. Patch testing in cases of China
eczema and dermatitis in Beijing, China. Contact
Dermatitis 1991:25:224-229.

3. Nixon, RL. Cosmetics: Benefits, untruths, adverse reaction. Australia
Patient Management. 1992 Sept:51-55.
4. Dogra A, Minocha YC, Sood VK, Dewan SP. Contact Indian
dermatitis due to cosmetics and their ingredients. Indian J
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5. Koh D, Lee BL, Ong HY, Ong CN, Wong WK, Ng SK, Goh CL. Singapore
Colophony in bindi adhesive. Contact Dermatitis. 1995
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6. Lubis SR, Nasution D, Lubis E et al. Dermatitis kontak yang Indonesia
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7. Lee, T Y, Lam, T H. Patch testing of 490 patients in Hong Hong Kong
Kong. Contact Dermatitis. 1996:35:23-26.
8. Rohna R, Ganesapillai T. Be aware of cosmetic allergy. Malaysia
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9. Lonabel A. Encarnacion. Knowing the allergens in Philippines
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10.Li LF, Guo J, Wang J. Environmental contact factors in China
eczema and the results of patch testing Chinese patientswith a modified European standard series ofallergens. Contact Dermatitis. 2004:51:22-25.

11.Akhtar N, Rashid MM, Chowdhury AQ, Ali E, Chowdhury Bangladesh
AM. Patch test for the detection of contact
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12.Wang WH, Li LF, Wang J. Cosmetic dermatitis in Chinese China
eczema patients patch tested with a modified European
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13.Nath A, Thappa DM. Patch testing In cosmetic dermatoses: Indian
A Report From South India. Internet J Dermatol. 2006;5:1.
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dioctyl maleate in a moisturizer. Contact Dermatitis. 2006
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15.Li LF, Liu G, Wang J. Prevalence and 1-year outcome of China
facial allergic contact dermatitis in patients patch tested ina University Hospital. Contact Dermatitis. 2007:57:187190.
16.Li LF. A study of the sensitization rate to cocamidopropyl China
betaine in patients patch tested in a university hospital of
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17.Suzuki K1, Hirokawa K, Yagami A, Matsunaga K. Allergic Japan
contact dermatitis from carmine in cosmetic blush.
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18.Verallo-Rowell VM. The Validated Hypoallergenic Philippines
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P. Cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis in facial dermatitis
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20.Boonchai W, Desomchoke R, Iamtharachai P. Trend of Thailand
contact allergy to cosmetic ingredients in Thais over a
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21.McFadden JP, White IR, Basketter D, Puangpet P, Kimber I. Thailand
The cosmetic allergy conundrum: inference of an
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22.Zhao J, Li LF. Contact sensitization to cosmetic series of China
allergens in a general population in Beijing. J Cosmet
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23.Kumar P, Paulose R. Patch testing in suspected allergic Indian
contact dermatitis to cosmetics. Dermatol Res Pract. 2014;
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24.Kasemsarn P, Iamphonrat T, Boonchai W. Risk factors and Thailand
common contact allergens in facial allergic contact
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25.Bala H, Nixon RL. Periocular dermatitis. Published at
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Australia

26.Rohna R. Contact allergic dermatitis to cosmetics and Malaysia
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27.A two-year retrospective study of contact dermatitis to
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cosmetics in public hospital by Ong Sai Beng and Rohna
Ridzwan. Poster presented at 42nd Malaysian Annual
Dermatology Congress, VE Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, 24-27
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225

Sunscreen Dermatitis
1. Goh CL. Compound allergy to Spectraban 15 lotion andzovirax cream. Contact Dermatitis. 1990 Jan;22(1)61-2.

2. Nixon RL. Allergy to oxybenzone and mexenone. Contact
Dermatitis 1990;23:27.

Singapore
Australia

3. Foley P, Nixon R, Marks R, Frowen K and Thompson S. Australia
The frequency of reactions to sunscreens: results of alongitudinal population-based study on the regular use ofsunscreens in Australia. Br J Dermatol. 1993;128:512-518.
4. Nixon RL, Frowen KE, Lewis AE. Skin reactions to Australia
sunscreens. Australas J Dermatol. 1997 Jun;38 Suppl
1:S83-5.

5. Chu CY, Sun CC. Allergic contact dermatitis from Taiwan
triethanolamine in a sunscreen. Contact Dermatitis.
2001;44(1):41-2.
Taiwan6. Chu CY, Sun CC, Tseng MP, Wang CY, Hu SC. Contact
allergy to sunscreen – 21 years experience. Dermatol
Sinica. 2003;21(4): 344-52.

Skin-lightening Agent Dermatitis

1. Pasricha JS, Parmar KA. Contact dermatitis due to Indianhydroquinone. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol
1991;57:194.
2. Huiprasert P. Allergic contact dermatitis from kojic acid. Thailand
Thai J Dermatol. 2000;16(2):128-130.
3. Huang PY, Chu CY. Allergic contact dermatitis due to Taiwan
sodium metabisulfite in a bleaching cream. Contact
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226

4. Suzuki K, Yagami A, Matsunaga K. Allergic contact Japandermatitis caused by a skin-lightening agent, 5,5’dipropylbiphenyl-2,2’-diol. Contact dermatitis. 2012
Jan; 66(1):51-52.

Cosmetics Cheilitis

1. Lim JT, Ng SK, Goh CL. Contact cheilitis in Singapore. Singapore
Contact Dermatitis. 1992 Oct;27(4):263-264.
2. Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Allergic contact cheilitis. Thailand
Contact Dermatitis. 1995;33(6):365-70.

3. Freeman S, Stephens R. Cheilitis: analysis of 75 cases Australia
referred to a contact dermatitis clinic. Am J Contact
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4. Lim SW, Goh CL. Epidemiology of eczematous cheilitis at a Singapore
tertiary dermatological referral centre in Singapore.
Contact Dermatitis. 2000;43:322-326.

5. Sowa J, Suzuki K, Tsuruta K, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K. Japan
Allergic contact dermatitis from propylene glycol
ricinoleate in a lipstick. Contact dermatitis. 2003
Apr;48(4): 228-229.
6. Thongprasom K. Glycerin borax treatment of exfoliative Thailand
cheilitis Induced by sodium lauryl sulfate: a case report.
Acta Stomatol Croat. 2016;50(2):158-161.

7. Positive patch test to copper sulphate and copper oxide, is Malaysia
there any relevance? By Teoh TY, Siti Nasuha R, MD. Salwa
R, Rohna R and Wan Syameen Afira WAK. Poster
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8. Contact cheilitis: A 5 year review in the Department of Malaysia
Dermatology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur by Sharifah Rosniza
Syed Nong Chek and Tang Min Moon. Presented at
Malaysian Annual Dermatology Conference in Malaysia on
27-30 September 2018.

Tattoo/Skin Painting Dermatitis

1. Tresukosol P, Ophaswongse S, Kullavanijaya P. Thailand
Cutaneous reaction to cosmetic lip tattooing. Contact
Dermatitis. 1997;36(3):176-7.
2. Nixon R, Orchard D. Positive para-phenylene diamine Australia(PPD) reactions following paint-on tattoos. Australas J
Dermatol 1999;40:120.

3. Mohamed M, Nixon R. Severe allergic contact dermatitis Australia
induced by paraphenylenediamine in paint-on
temporary ‘tattoos’. Australas J Dermatol. 2000
Aug;41(3):168-71.
Thailand4. Huiprasert P. Contact dermatitis from skin painting. ThaiJ Dermatol. 2001;17(3):156-158.
5. Choovichian V, Chatapat L, Piyaphanee W. A Bubble Thailand
Turtle: bullous contact dermatitis after a black Hennatattoo in a backpacker in Thailand. J Travel Med.
2015;22(4):287-8.

Dental & Nail Care Dermatitis

1. Pang BK1, Freeman S. Oral lichenoid lesions caused by Australia
allergy to mercury in amalgam fillings. Contact
Dermatitis. 1995 Dec;33(6):423-7

228

2. Sasaki R, Suzuki K, Hayashi T, Inasaka H, Matsunaga K. Japan
Improvement of cheilitis granulomatosa after dental
treatment. Case Rep Dermatol. 2011 May; 3(2):151-154.
3. Freeman S, Lee MS, Gudmundsen K. Adverse contact Australia
reactions to sculptured acrylic nails: 4 case reports and aliterature
review.
Contact
Dermatitis.
1995
Dec;33(6):381-5.

4. Qunyh V L, Nixon R. The rising trend in allergic contact Australia
dermatitis to acrylicnail products. Australas J Dermatol.
2015; 56: 221-3.
5. Lee S, Maor D, Palmer A, Nixon RL, et al. Declining Australia
prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis caused bytosylamide formaldehyde resin in nail polish. Contact
Dermatitis. 2018 Sep;79(3):184-185.

Hair Care Dermatitis

1. Goh CL, Boonta A. Eczema of the face, scalp and neck Singapore
compared with eczema elsewhere. Contact Dermatitis.
1989 Jan; 20(1):57-75.
2. Chan YC, Ng SK, Goh CL. Positive patch-test reactions to Singapore
para-phenylenediamine, their clinical relevance and theconcept of clinical tolerance. Contact Dermatitis.
2001;45:217-220.
3. Wang CS, Tseng MP, Sun CC. Allergic contact dermatitis of Taiwan
paraphenylenediamine. Dermatol Sinica. 2001;19:184189.

4. Jowsey IR, Basketter DA, Mcfadden JP, Kullavanijaya P, Thailand
Duangdeeden I. Elicitation response characteristics topermanent hair dye in paraphenylenediamine-allergic
volunteers. Contact Dermatitis. 2006;55:330-334.

229

5. Chan HP, Maibach HI. Hair highlights and severe acute Philippines
irritant dermatitis (“Burn”) of the scalp. Cutan Ocul
Toxicol. 2010 Dec; 29 (4):229-33.
6. Jenkins D, Chow ET. Allergic contact dermatitis to para- Australia
phenylenediamine: The experience of Liverpool
Dermatology. Australas J Dermatol. 2015; 56:40-43.
7. Boonchai W, Bunyavaree M, Winayanuwattikun W, Thailand
Kasemsarn P. Contact sensitizers in commercial hair dye
products sold in Thailand. Contact Dermatitis.
2016;74(4):222-9.

8. Swan B, Higgins C, Tam M, Nixon, R. Allergic contact Australia
dermatitis to substitute hair dyes in a patient allergic topara-phenylenediamine: pure henna, black tea and indigo
powder. Australas J Dermatol. 2016; 57:219-22.
9. Ito A, Nishioka K, Kanto H, Yagami A, Yamada S, Sugiura JapanM, Yasunaga C, Yoshii K, Kobayashi H, Adachi A, Ikezawa
Y, Washizaki K, Inui S, Miyazawa H, Oiso N, Nakata T,
Matsunaga K. A multi-institutional joint study of contact
dermatitis related to hair colouring and perming agents inJapan. Contact Dermatitis. 2017 Jul;77(1):42-48.

Skin Care Dermatitis

1. Gritiyarangsan P, Akaraphanth R, Kullavanijaya P. Thailand
Clinical study on facial cleanser in acne vulgaris. Thai J
Dermatol. 2001;17:116-124.

2. Kullavanijaya P, Pratchyapruit W, Duangdeeden I. The Thailand
study of acute skin irritation potential of a skincare
product by the human 4-h patch testing. Thai J Dermatol.
2002;18:5-12.

230

3. Cahill J, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to Australia
quaternium 15 in a moisturizing lotion. Australas J
Dermatol. 2005; 46:284-285.

4. Sutton T, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to sodium Australiabenzoate chloroacetamide in a sorbolene lotion.
Australas J Dermatol. 2006; 47:209-10.
5. Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N, Kishimoto S. Allergic Japan
contact dermatitis due to 1,3-butylene glycol andglycerol. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;56:297–298.

6. Boyapati A, Tate B, Tam M, Nixon R. Allergic contact Australia
dermatitis from methylisothiazolinone: exposure frombaby wipes causing hand dermatitis in carers. Australas J
Dermatol. 2013;54:264-7.
7. Pongpairoj K, Puangpet P, Thaiwat S, McFadden JP. Thailand
Should Evernia furfuracea be included in a baseline
screening series of contact allergens? Contact Dermatitis.
2016;74(4):257-8.

8. Tong P, Chow ET. Isopropyl myristate contact allergy: Australia
could your moisturiser be the culprit. Contact Dermatitis.
2017;77(3):184-85.

Cosmetic photocontact dermatitis

1. Oakley A. Photodermatitis from sunscreen. N Z Med J. New
1997 Jan 24;110(1036):17-8.
Zealand

2. Ang P, Ng SK, Goh CL. Sunscreen Allergy in Singapore. Am Singapore
J Contact Dermat. 1998 Mar;9(1):42-44.
3. Cook N, Freeman S. Report of 19 cases of photoallergic Australia
contact dermatitis to sunscreens seen at the Skin andCancer Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 2001

231

Nov;42(4):257-9.

4. Cook N, Freeman S. Photosensitive dermatitis due to Australia
sunscreen allergy in a child. Australas J Dermatol. 2002
May;43(2):133-5.

Cosmetic intolerance & dyspigmentation

1. Pearl Weena Marie E Sabido, Clarissa V Cellona, Lonabel Philippines
A Encarnacion. Cosmetic intolerance syndrome in a
Filipino woman: a case report. J Phil Dermatol Soc. 2012
May;21:Number 1.
2. Tienthavorn T, Tresukosol P, Sudtikoonaseth P. Patch Thailand
testing and histopathology in Thai patients withhyperpigmentation due to Erythema dyschromicum
perstans, Lichen planus pigmentosus, and pigmented
contact dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol.
2014;32(2):185-92.
3. Nishigori C, Aoyama Y, Ito A, Suzuki K, Suzuki T, Japan
Tanemura A, Ito M, Katayama I, Oiso N, Kagohashi Y,
Sugiura S, Fukai K, Funasaka Y, Yamashita T, Matsunaga
K. Guide for medical professionals (i.e., dermatologists)forthemanagementof
Rhododenol-induced
leukoderma. J Dermatol. 2015 Feb;42(2):113-128.
4. Yagami A, Suzuki K, Sano A, Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Japan
Morita Y, Ando A, Iwata Y, Matsunaga K. Rhododendrolinduced leukoderma accompanied by allergic contact
dermatitis caused by a non-rhododendrol skin-lightening
agent, 5,5’-dipropylbiphenyl-2,2’-diol. J Dermatol. 2015
Jul;42(7): 739-740.

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Cosmetic Hypersensitivity Reaction
1. Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Sano A, Iwata Y, Japan
Kobayashi T, Suzuki M, Hara K, Teshima R, Matsunaga K.
Case of anaphylactic reaction to soy following
percutaneous sensitization by soy-based ingredients incosmetic products. J Dermatol. 2015 Sep;42(9):917-918.
2. Fukutomi Y, Taniguchi M, Takino S, Tanimoto H, Sekiya JapanK, Saito M et al. 5 Japanese patients with wheatdependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) afterusing the facial soap. Jpn J Allergol. 2009;58:1325.

3. Yagami A, Aihara M, Ikezawa Z, Hide M, Kishikawa R, Japan
Morita E, Chinuki Y, Fukutomi Y, Urisu A, Fukushima A,
Itagaki Y, Sugiura S, Tanaka H, Teshima R, Kato Z,
Noguchi E, Nakamura M, Saito H, Matsunaga K. Outbreakof immediate-type hydrolyzed wheat protein allergy due
to a facial soap in Japan. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017
Sep;140(3):879–881.e7.

Cosmetic Occupational Dermatitis

1. Puangpet P, Lai-Cheong J, McFadden J P. Chemical atopy. Thailand
Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68: 208-13.
Indonesia
2. Factors associated with contact dermatitis at processing
and filling sections in PT.Cosmar Indonesia South
Tangerang by Febria Suryani in 2011.
3. Cekti C, Dewi YD, Trisnowati N, Indrastuti N. Indonesia
Occupational contact dermatitis in hairdresser: 3 caseseries. Media Dermato Venerelogica Indonesiana. 2014;41(3):108-113.

233

4. Gupta M. Cosmetic contact sensitivity among beauticians India
and hairdressers: a clinicoepidemiological study. Egypt J
Dermatol Venerol. 2017;37:7-10.
5. Liao SL, Tseng YH, Chu CY. Contact allergy to Taiwan
methylisothiazolinone/ methylchloroisothiazolinone: A
retrospective case series in a referral center in northern
Taiwan. Dermatologica Sinica. 2017;35 (4):201-205.

Cosmetic Adulteration

1. https://www.pharmacy.gov.my/v2/en/news/09-jul2014/consumers-cautioned-against-using-cosmeticproduct-containing-scheduled-poison.html

Malaysia

2. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/02/33838 Malaysia
3/three-poisonous-cosmetic-products-banned-healthministry
3. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/41937 Malaysia
6/health-ministry-bans-14-poisonous-skincare-products
4. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/49093 Malaysia
0/stay-away-these-12-beauty-products
5. https://www.pharmacy.gov.my/v2/en/news/09-jul2014/consumers-cautioned-against-using-cosmeticproduct-containing-scheduled-poison.html

234

Malaysiab) Topical Medicament Contact Allergy in Asia
Synopsis by
Dr. Latha R Selvarajah
Countries that perform research once/several times incontact allergy to plant during this 30-year study indescending orders are Singapore, India, Taiwan, Japan,
Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia.

The incidence of type 1 allergy to topical medicaments islow. These urticariogenic agents were identified in Japan,
Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.
Japan: Glycerin enema (CUS)
Malaysia: Chlorhexidine (anaphylaxis)

Singapore: Chlorhexidine (contact urticaria)
Proflavine (angioedema)
Thailand: Alcohol (CUS)

Contact dermatitis medicamentosa
Singapore:

India:
Taiwan:Antimicrobials (1989, 1991)
Topical steroids (1989, 1998)
Traditional medication (1995, 2007)
Anti-acne (2009)
Antimicrobials (1990 - 1993, 2018)
NSAIDS (2003, 2015),

235

Japan:Thailand:

Malaysia:
Philippines:

Indonesia:

Chemotherapy agent (2003)
Traditional medication (2003, 2015).
Acyclovir (2007)
Topical steroids (2015)
Antimicrobials (2015)
Eye drop (2003, 2011 & 2013)

Antimicrobials antihistamine
Topical NSAIDS (1993)
Budesonide nasal spray (2002)
Thimerasol (2007)
Traditional medication (2016)

Acriflavin (2011)
Traditional medication (2013)

Traditional medication
Katialis (2002)
Chemotherapy agent (2014)
Topical antipsoriasis (2018)
Sulphonamides (1995)

Flavine has been constantly reported as an allergen for contact
dermatitis in Singapore, India and Malaysia. Traditional Chinese
medications as an allergen for contact dermatitis seem to be getting
more frequently reported probably as its usage is becoming more
popular in Asian countries. Frequency of contact dermatitis to topicalcorticosteroids is low.
Other allergens commonly indicated in contact dermatitis among thecountries are nickel, topical antimicrobials (especially neomycin) andfragrance. This is probably because these compounds are frequently
used in Asian countries.

236

European standard series is still popular among the Asian countries.
These countries performed additional tests to confirm the diagnosis.
Japan: Closed scratch patch test
(eye drop).
Prick test & scratch patch test
(glycerine enema).

Thailand: Photopatch test forx Sulfanilamide,
x Jaditx Chlorpromazine
x Promethazine
x NSAIDS.

Singapore: Biopsy(non-eczematous rash)

Medicament Allergy Studies in Asia Pacific
Medicament Hypersensitivity Reaction
1. Wong WK, Goh CL, Chan KW. Contact uritcaria from Singapore
chlorhexidine. Contact Dermatitis. 1990 Jan; 22(1): 52

2. Tang Min Moon. Chlorhexidine induced Anaphylaxis – Malaysia
The hidden culprit. Presented at the Joint Congress of
APAAACI & APAPARI 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
October 2016.

237

3. Ng Chiew Seng. Chlorhexidine preparations: Risk of Malaysia
hypersensitivity reactions. National Pharmaceutical
Regulatory Agency. MADRAC Newsletter. 2017; 23(2):12.

4. Vu M, Rajgopal Bala H, Cahill J, Toholka R, Nixon R. Australia
Immediate hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine. Australas J
Dermatol. 2018 Feb;59(1):55-56.

5. Lim J, Goh CL, Lee CT. Perioral and mucosal oedema due Singapore
to contact allergy to proflavin. Contact Dermatitis. 1991
Sept;25(3):195-196.
6. Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Alcohol dermatitis: allergic Thailand
contact dermatitis and contact urticaria syndrome. A
review. Contact Dermatitis 1994;30(1):1-6.
7. Suzuki R, Fukuyama K, Miyazaki Y, Namiki T. Contact Japanurticaria syndrome and protein contact dermatitis
caused by glycerin enema. JAAD Case Rep. 2016
Mar;2(2):108-110.

Severe contact skin eruption

1. Goh CL. Urticarial papular and plaque eruptions. A Singapore
noneczematous manifestation of allergic contact
dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. 1989 April;28(3):172-176.

2. Bajaj AK, Saraswat A. Systemic contact dermatitis. India
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2006;72:99-102.

3. Yang CH, Chu CY. Systemic contact dermatitis from Taiwan
valacyclovir. Dermatologica Sinica. 2007;25(1):24-29.

4. Harris A, Saikal S, Scurry J, Relic J, Nixon RL, Chee P. Australia
Severe cutaneous eruptions following the topical use of
preparations containing bufexamac: is it time to238

reconsider its registration by the Therapeutics Goods
Agency in Australia?
Australas J Dermatol. 2019
Feb;60(1):53-56.

Contact dermatitis medicamentosa

1. Goh CL. Contact allergy to topical medicament. Int J Singapore
Dermatol. 1989 Jan-Feb;28(1):25-28.
2. Goh CL. Compound allergy to Spectraban 15 lotion and Singapore
Zovirax cream. Contact Dermatitis. 1990 Jan;22(1)61-2.

3. Pasricha JS, Nanda A, Bajaj N. Contact dermatitis due to India
minoxidil. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol
1991;57:235-6.
4. Suyoto, Moedjatmini, Sunaryo. Dermatitis kontak alergi Indonesia
oleh kerana obat topikal di klinik Penyakit Kulit dan
Kelamin RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta. Proc 8th Nat
Congr Perdoski. 1995:131-134.

5. Pascual R, Jardiel J, Villafuerte, L. Contact Dermatitis Philippinesfrom Katialis: Irritant or Allergy? A Preliminary report. J
Philippine Soc Cutaneous Med. 2002 Sept;3(1):26-32.
6. Goh CL, Tang BY, Briantais P, Kaoukhov A, Soto P. Singapore
Adapalene gel 0.1% is better tolerated than Tretinoin
gel 0.025% among healthy volunteers of various ethic
origins. J Dermatol Treat. 2009:20(5):282-8.
Japan
7. Oiso N, Kawada A. Review of allergic and photoallergic
contact dermatitis from an ingredient in a medicament
vehicle consisting of a compress, poultice, plaster andtape. J Allergy (Cairo). 2011;2011:169432.
8. Horita K, Tomita C, Yasoshima M, Matsunaga K. Optimal Japanevaluation time point for patch testing to predict skinirritation of commercial topical drugs. J Dermatol. 2015
Sep;42(9):851-860.

239

9. Shih YH, Sun CC, Tseng YH, Chu CY. Contact dermatitis
to topical medicaments: A retrospective study from atertiary referral center in Taiwan. Dermatologica Sinica.
2015;33(4):181-6.

Taiwan10.Verallo-Rowell VM, Katalbas SS, Evangelista MTP, Philippines
Dayrit J. Review update on topical therapy for psoriasis.
Current Dermatology Reports.
Springer 2018
Mar;7(1):24-36.

Periorbital Dermatitis

1. Akita H, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K. Allergic contact Japandermatitis due to phenylephrine hydrochloride, with an
unusual patch test reaction. Contact dermatitis. 2003
Nov;49(5): 232-235.
Australia
2. Borchard K, Nixon R. Hyaluronidase allergy: a rare causeof periorbital inflammation after ophthalmic surgery.
Australas J Dermatol. 2010;51:49-51.
3. Fujishima H. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) by anti- Japan
allergic agents. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 2013.S6:014.
Australia
4. Higgins C, Palmer A, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis
to lanolin in an ocular lubricant gel. Australas J
Dermatol. 2015; doi: 10.1111/ajd.12426.
5. Higgins CL, Rosemary L Nixon Periorbital allergic Australia
contact dermatitis caused by lanolin in a lubricating eye
ointment. Australas J Dermatol 2016;57:68-78.
6. Sugimoto N, Kuribayashi K, Yamamoto Y et al. Drugs – Japan
Real World Outcomes. 2018;5:45.

240

Medicament Photocontact dermatitis
1. Gritiyarangsan P. A three-year photopatch study inThailand. J Dermatol Sci. 1991;2(5):371-5.

2. Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: allergic and photoallergic contact
dermatitis and phototoxicity. Contact Dermatitis.
1993;29(2):57-64.

3. Oiso N, Kawada A. Review of allergic and photoallergic
contact dermatitis from an ingredient in a medicament
vehicle consisting of a compress, poultice, plaster, andtape. J Allergy (Cairo). 2011;2011:169432.

ThailandThailandJapan

Topical Antimicrobial agent

1. Goh CL. Contact allergy to topical antimicrobials I, Singapore
epidemiology in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1989
July; 21:46-48.

2. Goh CL. Contact sensitivity to aopical antimicrobials II, Singapore
sensitizing potential of some topical antimicrobials.
Contact Dermatitis. 1989 Sept;21(3):166-171.
3. Singh KK, Singh G, Chandra S, Mukhija RD, Mohan L. India
Allergic contact dermatitis to antibacterial agents.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1991;57(2):86-88.
India
4. Bajaj AK, Gupta SC, Chatterjee AK. Contact sensitivity to
topical aminoglycosides in India. Contact dermatitis.
1992;27(3):204.
5. Saha M, Srinias CR, Shenoi SD, Balachandran C, Sandhya India
Acharya. Sensitivity to topical medicaments amongsuspected cases of footwear dermatitis. Contact
Dermatitis. 1993 Jan;28(1):44-5.

2416. Scardamaglia L, Nixon R, Fewings J. Compound tincture Australia
of benzoin: a common contact allergen? Australas J
Dermatol. 2003;44:180-4.
7. Bajaj AK, Saraswat A. Systemic contact dermatitis. India
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2006;72:99-102.
8. Leelavathi M, Le Y, Tohid H, Hasliza A. Contact Malaysia
dermatitis presenting as non-healing wound: casereport. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2011;10(1):6.

Topical Steroid

1. Goh CL. Cross sensitivity to multiple topical Singapore
corticosteroids. Contact Dermatitis. 1989 Jan;20(1):6567.
Australia
2. Freeman S. Corticosteroid allergy. Contact Dermatitis.
1995 Oct;33(4):240-2.
3. Rademaker M, Wood B, Greig DE. Multiple medicament New
allergies in two patients with chronic leg ulceration. ZealandAustralas J Dermatol. 1996 Aug;37(3):151-2.
4. Khoo BP, Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. Corticosteroid Singapore
contact hypersensitivity screening in Singapore. Am J
Contact Dermat. 1998 June;9(2):87-91.
Australia
5. Chow ET. Multiple corticosteroid allergies. Australas J
Dermatol 2001;42(1):62-3.
6. Tampanya V, Puvabanditsin P. Contact dermatitis to Thailand
budesonide nasal spray. Thai J Dermatol. 2002;18(1):2531.
Australia
7. Keegel T, Saunders S, Sajjachareonpong P, Milne R,
Nixon R. Topical corticosteroid allergy in an urban
Australian centre. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;50:6-14.

242

8. Cahill J, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to Australia
methylprednisolone
aceponateinatopicalcorticosteroid. Australas J Dermatol. 2004;45:192-3.
9. Bajaj AK, Saraswat A. Systemic contact dermatitis. India
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2006;72:99-102.

Traditional topical preparation

1. Leow YH, Ng SK, Wong WK, Goh CL. Contact Allergic Singapore
Potential of Topical Traditional Chinese Medicaments in
Singapore. Am J Contact Dermat. 1995 Mar: 5:1:4-8.
Taiwan2. Chen HH, Sun CC, Tseng MP, et al. A patch test study of
27 crude drugs commonly used in Chinese topical
medicaments. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;49:8-14.
3. Lim KS, Tang MB, Goon AT, Leow YH. The role of topical Singapore
traditional chinese medicaments as contact sensitisersin chronic venous leg ulcer patients. Ann Acad Med
Singapore. 2007 Nov;36(11):942-6.
4. Gunatheesen S, Tam M, Tate B, Palmer A, Nixon R. Australia
Retrospective study of oral lichen planus and allergy tospearmint oil. Australas J Dermatol. 2012:55:224-228.
Malaysia
5. Leelavathi M, Mazlin MB, Adawiyah J. Homemade
remedies causing contact dermatitis: case report on twopatients with acne. Med Health 2013;8(1):37-4.
6. Higgins C, Palmer A, Nixon R. Eucalyptus oil: contact Australia
allergy and safety. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;72:344-6.
Comment243

7. Tempark T, Chatproedprai S, Wananukul S. Localized Thailand
contact dermatitis from Ferula asafetida oleogum-resin
essential oil, a traditional topical preparation forstomach ache and flatulence. Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Leprol. 2016;82(4):467.

Topical anti-inflammatory medications

1. Chu CY, Chen YL, Lin LJ, Sun CC. Allergic contact Taiwan
dermatitis from etofenamate without cross-sensitization
to other anthranilic acid derivatives. Dermatology.
2003;206:341-2.
Japan
2. Oiso N, Kawada A. Review of allergic and photoallergic
contact dermatitis from an ingredient in a medicament
vehicle consisting of a compress, poultice, plaster andtape. J Allergy (Cairo). 2011;2011:169432.

3. Pan Y, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis to topical Australia
preparations of bufexamac. Australas J Dermatol.
2012;53:201-10.

Topical medicament additional ingredients
1. Bajaj AK, Gupta SC, Chatterjee AK, Singh KG. Contact India
sensitivity to polyethylene glycols. Contact Dermatitis.
1990;22:291.
2. George ND, Srinivas CR, Balachandran C, Shenoi SD. India
Sensitivity to various ingredients topical preparation
following
prolongeduse.
Contact Dermatitis.
1990;23(5):367-382.

3. Rademaker M1, Wood B, Greig D. Contact dermatitis New
from cetostearyl alcohol. Australas J Dermatol. 1997 Zealand244Nov;38(4):220-1.

4. Wattanakrai P, Rajatanavin N. Thimerosal allergy andclinical relevance in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai.
2007;90(9):1775-9.

Thailand5. Tan S, Tam M, Nixon RL. Allergic contact dermatitis to Australia
Myroxylon pereirae (Balsam of Peru) in Lucas Papaw
Ointment® causing cheilitis. Australas J Dermatol. 2011;
52:222-223.

Medicament Occupational Dermatitis

1. Meani R, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Australia
ranitidine hydrochloride in a veterinary product.
Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73:125-6.
2. Vu M, Rajgopal Bala H, Cahill J, Toholka R, Nixon R. Australia
Immediate hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine. Australas J
Dermatol. 2018 Feb;59(1):55-56.

c) Plant & Plant Product Contact Allergy
Synopsis by
Dr. Rajalingam Ramalingam

Countries that perform research once/several times in contact allergy
to plant during this 30-year study in descending orders are India,
Japan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. In
Japan, hydrolysed wheat protein in facial soap had caused wheatdependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. The Japanese had also
observed anaphylaxis with Soy-based cosmetics. Hevea brasiliensis
latex causing immediate hypersensitivity reaction (Refer to section 3)
had been observed in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia,
Thailand and Japan.

245

Contact Dermatitis to Phytoallergens
India:

Parthenium hysterophorus, Xanthium strumarium,
Chrysanthemum morifolium, Dahlia pinnata, Tagetes
indica and Helianthus annuus.
Japan: Cryptotaemia japonica, Okra, Japanese lacquer
tree/urushiol, Japanese cedar pollen, Eucalyptus
species and Tanacetum parthenium
Thailand: Jasmine, Wooden rosary, Compositae/Asteraceae,
Quisqualis indica, Evernia furfuracea
Singapore: Grass, Sesquiterpene lactone
Malaysia: Kacip Fatimah, Rengas and Turmeric
Philippines: Turmeric and phytoallergenIndonesia: Rengas

Patch test allergens
Singapore: European standard series,
Rubber series
India: European standard series,
Indian standard series
Malaysia: European standard series,
Plant & textile series
Thailand: Modified European standard series
Additional Thai series,
Scandinavian standard series,
Sunscreen series
Japan: Japanese standard series

Investigations Beyond Patch test
India: Infra-red spectrophotometry246Singapore: Skin-prick test for latex, CAP-FEIA for latex
Japan: Specific serum IgE, histopathology

There is no apparent trend in phytoallergen. This is due to the wide
variety of phytoallergen explored in the various countries. This in turncan be attributed to the heterogeneous nature of local cottage industries
or agriculture-based practices, which vary greatly from one country toanother. Nevertheless, in India, it is noted that the common plantallergens are largely the same in the 1990s and early 2010s, while inJapan, a bigger variety of plant allergens were reported.

Plant Allergy Studies in Asia Pacific Region

1. Kanzaki T. Contact dermatitis due to Cryptotaemia Japanjaponica Makino. Contact Dermatitis. 1989;20:60-1.
2. Matsushita T, Aoyama K, Manda F, Ueda A, Yoshida M, Japan
Okamura J. Occupational dermatoses in farmers growing
okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) Contact Dermatitis.
1989;21:321–5.

3. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Contact dermatitis to Thailand
Jasmine flower in bracelets and garland makers. Thai J
Dermatol. 1990;6:29-33.
4. Sharma SC, Kaur S. Contact dermatitis from Compositae India
plants. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1990;56:27-30.

5. Sharma SC1, Kaur S. Contact dermatitis from Dahlia India
pinnata. Contact Dermatitis. 1990 Sep;23(3):204-5
6. Tanwar RC, Shama SC, Kaur S. Chyrsanthemum contact India
dermatitis: clinical patterns and patch testing withethanolic extracts.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Leprol. 1990;56:112-114.

247

7. Kawai K, Nakagawa M, Kawai K, Konishi K, Liew ML, Japan
Yasuno H, et al. Hyposensitization to urushiol among
Japanese lacquer craftsmen. Contact Dermatitis.
1991;24:146-7.
8. Pasricha JS, Nandakishore Th. Airborne contact dermatitis India
due to Chrysanthemum with true cross sensitivity toParthenium hysterophorus and Xanthium strumarium.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1992 Jan;58(4).
9. R, Shenoy SD, Edison KP. Occupational dermatosis in India
coconut palm climbers. Contact dermatitis. 1992;26:143

10.Czarnecki D, Nixon R, Bekhor P, Mason G. Delayed Australia
prolonged contact urticaria from the elm tree. Contact
Dermatitis. 1993;28:196.
11.Nandakishore Th, Pasricha JS. Pattern of cross-sensitivity India
between
4
Compositae
plants,Parthenium
hysterophorus, Xanthium strumarium, Helianthus
annuus and Chrysanthemum coronarium, in Indian
patients. Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Mar;30(3):162-7.

12.Pasricha JS. A high rate of cross-sensitivity between India
Parthenium hysterophorus and Xanthium strmariumin Indian patients with contact dermatitis. J Europ Acad
Dermatol Venreol Leprol. 1994;3: 36-43.

13.Wong W K, Ng SK, Goh CL. Grass Allergy Among National Singapore
Servicemen in Singapore – A Preliminary Report. Contact
Dermatitis. 1994 Feb;30(2):108-109.
14.Pasricha J S, Verma K K, D’Souza P. Airborne contact India
dermatitis caused exclusively by Xanthium strumarium.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1995;61:354-5.

248

15.Soekanto H. Dermatitis kontak akibat kerja pada industri Indonesia
kayu Rengas. Pertemuan ilmiah. Dermatosis akibat kerja(Jakarta). 1995:71-76.
16.Rademaker M, Duffill MB.. Allergic contact dermatitis to New
Toxicodendron succedaneum (rhus tree): an autumn Zealandepidemic. NZ Med J. 1995 Apr;108(997):121-3.

17.RademakerM,
Dunffill
MB.
Toxicodendron New
succedaneum (Rhus tree), New Zealand’s poison ivy. ZealandContact Dermatitis. 1995;33:357-358.
18.Rademaker M. Duffill MB. Allergic contact dermatitis in
families – simultaneous occurrence. Contact Dermatitis.
1995 Feb;32(2):111.
19.Wood B. Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis fromlichen acids. Contact Dermatitis. 1996 May;34(5):370.

New
ZealandNew
Zealand

20.Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis from kiwi fruit New
vine (actinidia chinensis). Contact Dermatitis. 1996 ZealandMar;34(3):221-2.

21.Koh D, Goh CL, HTW Tan, Ng SK, Wong WK. Allergic Singapore
Contact Dermatitis to Grasses. Contact Dermatitis. 1997
Mar;37: 32-34.
22.Cook DK, Freeman S. Allergic contact dermatitis to plants: Australiaan analysis of 68 patients tested at the Skin and Cancer
Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 1997 Aug;38(3):12931.

23.Tan E, Leow YH, Ng SK, Goh CL. A Study of the Singapore
Sensitization Rate to Sesquiterpene Lactone Mix in
Singapore. Contact Dermatitis, 1999;41:80-83
24.Tresukosol P, Ophaswongse S. Allergic contact dermatitis Thailand
caused by wooden rosary. Thai J Dermatol.
2005;21(1):24-35.

249

25.Jamia Azdina Jamal, Peter Houghton, Rohna Ridzwan. Malaysia
Contact Dermatitis caused by Kacip
Fatimah.
www.fskb,ukm.my/jurnal/jilid
5204(1)2006/Jamia
520Azdina.pdf.

26.Wattanakrai P, Techaritpitak. Compositae (Asteraceae) Thailand
dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol. 2006;22(3):109-118.
27.Yokozeki H, Satoh T, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Airborne Japan
contact dermatitis due to Japanese cedar pollen. Contact
Dermatitis. 2007; 56:224–8.

28.Rutherford T, Nixon R, Tam M and Tate B. Allergy to tea Australia
tree oil: Retrospective review of 41 cases with positive
patch tests at the Skin and Cancer Foundation, Victoria,
over 4 ½ years. Australas J Dermatol. 2007;48:83-7.
29.Williams JDL, Nixon RL, Lee A. Recurrent allergic contact Australia
dermatitis due to allergen transfer by sunglasses. Contact
Dermatitis. 2007; 57:120-121.
30.Fukutomi Y, Taniguchi M, Takino S, Tanimoto H, Sekiya K, Japan
Saito M et al. 5 Japanese patients with wheat-dependent
exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) after using thefacial soap. Jpn J Allergol. 2009; 58: 1325

31.Tests for phytoallergens and contact dermatitis among Philippines
florist of a Philippine floral market by Villafuerte L.
Presented at 19th Regional Conference of Dermatology.
October 20, 2010. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
32.Goon A, Goh CL. Plant dermatitis: Asian perspective. Singapore
Indian J Dermatol. 2011:56(6);707-710.
33.Handa S, De D, Mahajan R. Airborne contact dermatitis – India
current
perspectives
inetiopathogenesisandmanagement. Indian J Dermatol. 2011;56(6):700-6.

250

34.Dipankar De, Sanjeev Handa. Relevance of plant series of India
allergens (Chemotechnique Diagnostics) in North Indian
patients suspected of Occupational contact dermatitis toplants. JAAD. May 2014;70(5), Sup 1: AB70.

35.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Sano A, Iwata Y, Japan
Kobayashi T, Suzuki M, Hara K, Teshima R, Matsunaga K.
Case of anaphylactic reaction to soy following
percutaneous sensitization by soy-based ingredients incosmetic products. J Dermatol. 2015 Sep;42(9):917-918.

36.Wan Syamee AWAK, Tarita T, Rohna R, Zuraini A. Contact Malaysia
dermatitis to a turmeric coated wedding thali: a casereport. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2015 Dec;35:16-19.

37.Villafuerte L, Clores K. Contact dermatitis to turmeric in Philippines
a massage oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Jul;75(1):52-3.
38.Vincy Nelson, Rakesh PS, Simon S, Hashim A, Usman A, India
Anzil AR. Work related health problems of female workers
engaged in Cashew processing Industries- a crosssectional study from Kollam district, Kerala, southern
India. Indian J Comm Health. 2016;28(4):359-363.

39.Pongpairoj K, Puangpet P, Thaiwat S, McFadden JP. Should Thailand
Evernia furfuracea be included in a baseline screening
series of contact allergens? Contact Dermatitis.
2016;74(4):257-8.
40.Xavier G, Yong KY, Pubalan M. The wrath of the Rengas: a Malaysia
report of severe contact dermatitis and implications for
public health In rural areas. Malaysian J Dermatol. 2016
Dec;37:41-43.

41.Ngarmjiratam N, Wattanakrai P. Photoallergic contact Thailand
dermatitis caused by Quisqualis indica (Combretum
indicum). Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74(5):313-4.

251

42.Meani RE, Nixon RL. Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia Australia
caused by allergic contact dermatitis to Grevillea Robyn
Gordon. Australas J Dermatol. 2017 Feb;58(1):e8-e10.
43.Akhtar S, Hassan I, Rasool F, Bhat YJ, Sheikh G. India
Occupational Dermatoses among Cottage Industry
Workers of Kashmir Valley in North India. Indian
Dermatol Online J. 2017;8(3):181-185.

44.Yagami A, Aihara M, Ikezawa Z, Hide M, et al. Outbreak of Japan
immediate-type hydrolyzed wheat protein allergy due
to a facial soap in Japan. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017
Sep;140(3):879–881.e7.
45.Hashimoto T, Yokozeki H. Occupational contact dermatitis Japandue to Eucalyptus species and Tanacetum parthenium.
Contact Dermatitis. 2019 May;80(5):333-334d) Contact Allergy to Food in Asia
Synopsis by
Dr. Rajalingam Ramalingam
Countries that had performed several studies in contact allergy to foodduring this 30-year study in descending frequency are, Japan, India andThailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Philippines. These are the allergens
identified in contact dermatitis to food.
Japan: Pacific flying squid,
white kidney beans& fishIndia: Garlic
Garlic that had caused a Type IV allergy in India in 2018 is also capable ofinducing a Type I reaction as reported in Japan in 2015. The following areother urticariogenic foods that had been reported in different countries.
Japan: Chestnut (anaphylaxis),252

Chitosan (anaphylaxis),
Anasakis worm in sushi fish,
Garlic and soy
Philippines: Chicken meat
Singapore: Prawn and lobster
Thailand: Seafood
Australia: Cheese and corn

India is using their local standard series for patch test. Whereas Japanand Singapore had performed investigations other than patch test to
confirm the causative food allergens.
Japan: Skin prick test,
Scratch test,
Specific IgE immunoblotting, chromatography,
Mouse polyclonal & monoclonal antibodies,
Mass spectrometric analysis, Electrophoresis
Singapore: Skin prick test

Food Allergy Studies in Asia Pacific

1. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Allergic contact Thailand
urticaria of the hands due to seafood and allergic
contact dermatitis to rubber gloves in food handlers.
Thai J Dermatol. 1990; 6(2):119-22
2. Miyazawa H, Fukamachi H, Inagaki Y, et al. Identification Japanof the first major allergen of a squid (Todarodes
pacificus). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98:948–53.

3. Kumar A, Freeman S. Protein contact dermatitis in food Australia
workers. Case report of a meat sorter and summary ofseven other cases. Australas J Dermatol. 1999
Aug;40(3):138-40.

253

4. Yagami, Akiko & Matsunaga, Kayoko & Akita, H & Japan
Suzuki, K & Ueda, H. Four cases with latex allergy
followed by anaphylaxis to chestnut. Ä = [Allergy].
2000;49:327-34.
5. Reena Rai, Thowfeeq Ahmed, Kalyani Rajeev Nair, C R India
Srinivas. Occupational Dermatoses Among Kitchen
Workers In A Chain Of Vegetarian Hotel. Indian J
Dermatol. 2003;48(3):151-153.

6. Kato Y, Yagami A, Matsunaga K. A case of anaphylaxis Japancaused by the health food chitosan. Arerugi =[Allergy] 2005 Dec 54;12:1427-1429.

7. Yagami A, Matsunaga K, Yagami T. Latex allergy, contact Japanurticaria, anaphylaxis, latex-fruit syndrome, powderfree gloves. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinicalmedicine. 2005 May;63(Suppl 5):173-178.
8. Kameyama R, Yagami A, Yamakita T, Nakagawa M, Japan
Nagase K, Ichikawa H, Matsunaga K. A case of immediate
allergy to anisakis following saury intake. Arerugi =[Allergy] 2006 Nov;55;11:1429-1432.
9. Bajaj A K, Saraswat A. Systemic contact dermatitis. India
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2006;72:99-102.

10.Liu W. Nixon RL. Corn contact urticaria in a nurse. Australia
Australas J Dermatol. 2007;48:150-1.

11.Williams JDL Moyle M and Nixon R Occupational contact Australia
urticaria from parmesan cheese. Contact Dermatitis.
2007; 56:113-4.
12.Yenyuwadi A. Occupational cumulative irritant contact Thailand
dermatitis among noodle plant workers. Thai J
Dermatol. 2009;25(2):118-125.

254

13.Teo S, Goon ATJ, Siang LH, Gan SL, David Koh; Singapore
Occupational dermatoses in restaurant, catering andfast-food outlets in Singapore. Occup Med. 2009
Oct;59(7):466–471.
14.Gamboni SE, Allen KJ and Nixon RL. Infant feeding and Australia
the development of food allergies and atopic eczema: An
update. Australas J Dermatol. 2013 May;54(2):85-9.
15.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Sano A, Kobayashi T, Japan
Iwata Y, Arima M, Hara K, Matsunaga K. Occupational
food allergy due to parvalbumin and phaseolin induced
by epicutaneous sensitization. Allergol Int. 2015
July; 64(3): 287-288.
16.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Sano A, Iwata Y, Arima M, Moriyama JapanT, Matsunaga K. Immediate allergy due to raw garlic(Allium sativum L). J Dermatol. 2015 Oct;42(10):10261027.
17.Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Sano A, Iwata Y, Japan
Kobayashi T, Suzuki M, Hara K, Teshima R, Matsunaga K.
Case of anaphylactic reaction to soy following
percutaneous sensitization by soy-based ingredients incosmetic products. J Dermatol. 2015 Sep;42(9): 917918.

18.Assarian Z, Nixon R. Protein contact dermatitis caused Australia
by lime in a pastry chef. Contact Dermatitis. 2015; 73:
54-6.
19.Kool B, Chandra D, Fitzharris P. Adult food-induced New
anaphylaxis hospital presentations in New Zealand. Zealand
Postgrad Med J. 2016;0:1–5.

255

20.Praisuthirat K, Supapong S, Sajjachareonpong P. Thailand
Prevalence and associated factors of hand contact
dermatitis among food handlers in Department ofMedical Service Hospital and Hospital in the Central
Region of Thailand. J Preventive Med Assoc Thailand.
2017;7:148.
21.Malhotra V, Dogra A, Gupta SK, Kaur S. A study of profile Indiaof contact dermatitis in housewives with reference tovegetables, soaps and detergents. Int J Res Dermatol.
2018 July-Sep;4(3):332-339.

e) Contact Reaction to Animals
Hypersensitivity reaction

1. Chittmittrapap K, Kullavanijaya P. Allergic contact Thailand
urticaria of the hands due to seafood and allergic
contact dermatitis to rubber gloves in food handlers.
Thai J Dermatol. 1990;6(2):119-22.

2. Tomitaka A, Suzuki K, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K. Japan
Anaphylaxis after hamster bites: a rare case? Contact
dermatitis. 2002 Feb 46;2:113.

3. The prevalence of specific IgE-confirmed chicken Philippines
hypersensitivity among atopic dermatitis patients with
self-reported chicken meat allergy by Lin-Mendoza,
Villafuerte and Tablizo in 2018.

256

Contact dermatitis with severe consequences
1. Deekajorndech T, Kingwatanakul P, Wananukul S. Thailand
Acute renal failure in a child with jellyfish contact
dermatitis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87 Suppl 2:S292-4.
2. Escueta LJA, Johannes FD. A case report on Chironex Philippines
sp (box jellyfish envenomation and literature review
on the appropriate management. J Philippine Dermatol
Soc. 2017 May;26(1):85-87.
3. Bhaba F, Nixon R. Occupational exposure to laboratory Australia
animals causing a severe exacerbation of atopic
eczema. Australas J Dermatol. 2012;53:154-5.
4. Ongmahutmongkol P, Sajjachareonpong P. The Thailand
relationship of house dust mite and facial dermatitis in
atopic dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol. 2009;25:208-217.

Agricultural pests

1. Kullavanijaya P. Cercarial dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol. Thailand
1990;6:7-11.

2. Shiva SS, Singh SK. Prevalence of occupational skin India
diseases among rice field workers in Haryana. Int J
Community Med Public Health. 2017 Apr;4(4):10111015.

3. Adler N, Bala HR, Nixon RL. The Rutherglen bug: an Australia
agricultural pest and a novel biting culprit. Australas J
Dermatol. 2017;58:245-6.

257

Dermatitis Outbreak
1. Ooi PL, Goh CL, Goh KT, Lee HS. Tussockosis: An Singapore
Outbreak of Dermatitis caused by Tussock Moths in
Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 1991 Mar;24(3):197200.

2. Kullavanijaya P, Wongwaisayawan H. Outbreak of Thailand
cercarial dermatitis in Thailand. Int J Dermatol.
1993;32:113-115.
3. Tan WC, Chan LC. An outbreak of Rove Beetle Malaysia
dermatitis in Penang Hospital: A report of 37 cases.
Malaysian J Dermatol. 2009 June;22:38-42.

4. Suwannahitatorn P, Jatapai A, Rangsin R. An outbreak Thailandof paederus dermatitis in Thai military personnel. J
Med Assoc Thai. 2014;97:S96-S100.

III Source of Allergenf) Contact Dermatitis to Material
1. Tanaka M, Kobayashi S, Miyakawa S. Contact dermatitis Japan
from nylon 6 in Japan. Contact Dermatitis. 1993
Apr;28(4):250.

2. Opie J, Lee A, Frowen K, Fewings J, Nixon R. Foot Australia
dermatitis caused by the dye Basic Red 46 in acrylicblend socks. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;49:297-303.

258

3. Curr, Nathan & Nixon, Rosemary. Allergic contact Australia
dermatitis to Basic Red 46 occurring in an HIV-positive
patient. The Australas J Dermatol. 2006;47:195-7.
4. Nagashima C, Tomitaka-Yagami A, Matsunaga K. Japan
Contact dermatitis due to para-tertiary-butylphenolformaldehyde resin in a wetsuit. Contact dermatitis.
2003 Nov;49(5):267-268.

5. Umekoji A, Fukai K, Sowa-Osako J, Manabe M, Japan
Kikugawa M, Ishii K, Sasaki K, Tsuruta D. Allergic
contact dermatitis caused by the preservative 4,5dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
inblack
trousers. Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Nov;75(5):326-328.

6. Osawa J, Takekawa K, Onuma S, Kitamura K, Ikezawa Z. Japan
Pigmented contact dermatitis due to Naphthol AS in apillow case. Contact Dermatitis. 1997;37:37-38.

7. Kawakami T, Isama K, Ikarashi Y. Analysis of 19 Japan
preservatives in Polyvinyl Alcohol Cooling Towels Usedin Japan by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
with Photo Diode Array Detector. J Environ Anal Chem.
2015;2:122.
8. Saunders H, O’Brien T, Nixon R. Textile dye allergic Australia
contact dermatitis, following paraphenylenediamine
sensitisation from a temporary tattoo. Australas J
Dermatol. 2004;45:229-31.

9. Slodownik D, Williams J, Tate, Tam M, Frowen K, Nixon Australia
R. Textile allergy: the Melbourne Experience. Contact
Dermatitis. 2011;65: 38-42.

259

10.Soebone H, Kusbandono L, Suyoto. Dermatosis akibat Indonesia
kerja pada pekerja batik. Pertemuan ilmiah.
Dermatosis akibat kerja (Jakarta) 1995:70. In: See Ket
Ng, Chee Leok Goh. The Principles and Practice ofContact and Occupational Dermatology in the Asia
Pacific Region. World Scientific 2001:154.

11.Soebaryo RW. Batik Manufacturing Workers. In: Indonesia
Rustemeyer T, Elsner P, John SM, Maibach HI, eds.
Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology. 2nd ed. Berlin
Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag;2012:1289-95.
12.Soebaryo RW, Budianti WK. Batik Manufacturing Indonesia
Workers. In: John SW, Johanses JD, Rustemeyer T,
Elsner P, Maibach HI. Kanerva’s Occupational
Dermatology 3rd ed: Springer; 2018. Doi:10.1007/9783-319-40221-5_124-2.

260

SECTION 7INVESTIGATIONSClinical Tests

x Patch Test Beyond Standard Series
x Patch Test Reading

Laboratory Tests

x Screening tests
x Other confirmatory tests

261

Research List in Clinical Tests
Patch Test Beyond Standard Series
1. Sharma SC, Kaur S. Contact dermatitis from Dahlia India
pinnata. Contact Dermatitis. 1990 Sep;23(3):204-5

2. Tanwar RC, Shama SC, Kaur S. Chyrsanthemum contact India
dermatitis: clinical patterns and patch testing withethanolic extracts. Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Leprol. 1990;56:112-114.
3. Pasricha J S, Nanda A, Bajaj N. Contact dermatitis due to India
minoxidil. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1991;57:
235-6.

4. Duangdeeden S. Role of open application test in nickel Thailand
allergic contact dermatitis. Thai J Dermatol.
2006;22(3):97-101.

5. Verallo-Rowell VM, Pua JM, Bautista D. Visible Light Philippines
Photopatch Testing of Common Photocontactants inFemale Filipino Adults With and Without Melasma: A
Cross-sectional Study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008
Feb;7(2):149-56.
6. A double-blind randomized controlled assessment of Philippines
Cottonique® underwear products vs control among
patients with underwear contact dermatitis by
Gregorio-Elizaga Abigail, Verallo-Rowell VM. Poster
Presentation, American Contact Dermatitis Society
Annual Meeting, 2009 March.

7. Melasma
withHyperpigmentation
atclassic Philippines
photosensitivity sites: Photopatch Tests of twenty
sequential patients from the Philippines. Dermatitis.
2010;21(6): 350-351.

262

8. Tests for Phytoallergens and Contact Dermatitis among Philippines
Florist of a Philippine Floral Market by Villafuerte
Lillian L. 19th Regional Conference of Dermatology.
October 20, 2010. Kota Kinabalu ,Sabah, Malaysia.
9. Fujishima H. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) by anti- Japan
allergic agents. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res. 2013.S6:014.
10.Dipankar De, Sanjeev Handa. Relevance of plant series Indiaof allergens (Chemotechnique Diagnostics) in North
Indian patients suspected of Occupational contact
dermatitis to plants. JAAD May 2014;70(5), Sup 1: AB70
11.Kumar P, Paulose R. Patch testing in suspected allergic India
contact dermatitis to cosmetics. Dermatol Res Pract.
2014; 2014: 695387

12.Villafuerte L, Clores K. Contact Dermatitis to Turmeric Philippines
in a Massage Oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Jul;75(1):523.

Patch Test Reading

1. Inoue T, Katoh N, Kishimoto S, Matsunaga K. Inhibitory Japaneffects of oral prednisolone and fexofenadine on skin
responses by prick tests with histamine and compound48/80. J Dermatol Sci. 2002 Dec;30(3):180-184.

2. Kullavanijaya P, Pratchyapruit W, Duangdeeden I. The Thailand
study of acute skin irritation potential of a skincare
product by the human 4-h patch testing. Thai J
Dermatol. 2002;18:5-12.
3. Horita K, Tomita C, Yasoshima M, Matsunaga K. Optimal Japanevaluation time point for patch testing to predict skinirritation of commercial topical drugs. J Dermatology.
2015 Sep;42(9):851-860.

263

Research List in Laboratory Tests
Screening tests
1. David Koh, Charles Tan, Ng SK, Tan BT, Leow YH, Goh Singapore
CL. Screening for p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in haircare products by thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
Contact Dermatitis. 2000 Sept;43(3):182-3.
2. Thong HY, Tseng MP, Sun CC. A survey of the Taiwan
formaldehyde content in commercially available
shampoos and skin care cosmetics, its regulation; and abrief review of currently available methods offormaldehyde determination. Dermatol Sinica. 2003; 21:
209-215.

3. Verallo-Rowell VM. The Validated Hypoallergenic Philippines
Cosmetics Rating System: its 30-Year Evolution andEffect on the Prevalence of Cosmetic Reactions.
Dermatitis. 2011 Mar-Apr;22(2):80-97.

4. Verallo-Rowell VM, (with the VSRC Research Team). In- Philippines
vivo SPF Determination using the US-FDA-2011
Sunscreen Final Monograph - Mandated Xenon Arc
Solar Simulator.
5. Kawakami T, Isama K, Ikarashi Y. Analysis of 19 Japan
preservatives in Polyvinyl Alcohol Cooling Towels Usedin Japan by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
with Photo Diode Array Detector. J Environ Anal Chem.
2015;2:122.
6. Hamann CR, Boonchai W, Wen L, Sakanashi EN, Chu CY,
Hamann K, Hamann CP, Sinniah K, Hamann D.
Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skinlightening products: Is mercury toxicity a hidden global
health hazard? J Am Acad Dermatol (JAAD).
2014;70(2):281-7.

264

USA,
Taiwan,Thailand& Japan

7. Zakaria, Airin & Ho, Yu Bin. (2015). Heavy metals Malaysia
contamination in lipsticks and their associated healthrisks to lipstick consumers. Regulatory toxicology
pharmacology. 2015:RTP.73.10.1016.

8. Matsunaga K, Kuroda Y, Sakai S, Adachi R, Teshima R, Japan
Yagami A, Itagaki H. Anaphylactic augmentation by
epicutaneous sensitization to acid-hydrolyzed wheat
protein in a guinea pig model. J Toxicol Sci. 2015
Jan;40(6):752.
9. Lim JS, Ho YB, Hamsan H. Heavy metals contamination Malaysia
in eye shadows sold in Malaysia and user’s potential
health risks. Ann Trop Med Public Health. 2017;10:5664.

Other confirmatory tests

1. Yagami T, Haishima Y, Tsuchiya T, Tomitaka-Yagami A, Japan
Kano H, Matsunaga K. Proteomic analysis of putative
latex allergens. Int Arch allergy and immunology. 2004
Sep; 135(1): 3-11.

2. Lee MF, Chen YH, Lin H.-C, Wang HL, Hwang GY, Wu CH. Taiwan
Identification of Hevamine and Hev b 1 as Major Latex
Allergens in Taiwan. Int Arch Allergy Immunol.
2006;139:38-44.

3. Tanglertsampan C, Patrakarn S, Vassansiri E. Double use Thailand
tests
for
latex
allergy.
Contact
Dermatitis
1997;36(6):311-2.

4. Tienthavorn T, Tresukosol P, Sudtikoonaseth P. Patch Thailand
testing and histopathology in Thai patients withhyperpigmentation due to Erythema dyschromicum
perstans, Lichen planus pigmentosus, and pigmented
contact dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol.
2014;32(2):185-92.

265

SECTION 8
OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSESMANAGEMENTx Disease Severity Index
x Quality Of Lifex OD Awarenessx Education
PROGNOSIS

266

Occupational Dermatoses Management Studies
Disease Severity Index
1. Curr N, Dharmage S, Keegel T, Lee A, Saunders H, Nixon Australia
R. The validity and reliability of the occupational contact
dermatitis disease severity index. Contact Dermatitis.
2008 Sep;59(3):157-64.
2. Curr N, Matheson MC, Dharmage S, Nixon R. Does the Australia
occupational contact dermatitis disease severity index
correlate with quality of life in patients withoccupational contact dermatitis of the hands? Contact
Dermatitis 2010; 62:251-2.

3. Lau MY, Matheson MC, Burgess JA, Dharmage SC, Nixon Australia
R. Disease severity and quality of life in a follow-up
study of patients with occupational contact dermatitis.
Contact Dermatitis. 2011 Sep;65(3):138-45.

Quality Of Life
1. Lau MYZ, Burgess JA, Nixon R, Dharmage S, Matheson Australia
MC. A review of the impact of occupational contact
dermatitis on quality of life. J Allergy. 2011: 2011:
964509.
2. Bhatia R, Sharma VK, Ramam M, Sethuraman G, Yadav India
CP. Clinical profile and quality of life of patients withoccupational contact dermatitis from New Delhi, India.
Contact dermatitis. 2015;73(3).

3. Wall LM, Gebauer KA. A follow-up study of occupational Australiaskin disease in Western Australia. Contact Dermatitis.
1991 Apr;24(4):241-3.

267

4. Sajjachareonpong P, Cahill J, Saunders H, Keegel T, Australia
Nixon R. Persistent post-occupational dermatitis.
Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51:278-283.

OD Awareness

1. Wall LM, Gebauer KA. Attitudes towards and knowledge Australiaof occupational skin disease amongst support personnel.
Australas J Dermatol. 1990;31(2):81-7.
2. Lee A, Nixon R, Frowen K. Reduction of use of latex Australia
gloves in food handlers: an intervention study. Contact
Dermatitis. 2001 Feb;44(2):75-9.
3. Nixon R, Roberts H, Frowen K, Sim M. Knowledge of skin Australia
hazards and the use of gloves by Australian hairdressing
students and practising hairdressers. Contact
Dermatitis. 2006; 54:112-116.
4. Kano H, Yagami A, Suzuki K, Akita H, Akamatsu H, Japan
Matsunaga K, Ono Y. Survey of awareness and current
state of latex allergy among all health care workers at auniversity hospital]. Arerugi = [Allergy] 2004 Jul
53;7: 659-668.

5. Shamsul Kamal bin Abd. Latip. Knowledge on Malaysia
occupational health and safety among healthcare
workers in Penampang, Putatan and Inanam healthclinics Sabah. Thesis for Masters in Public Health,
University Malaysia Sarawak 2011.

6. Samsuddin N1, Syed Osman Idid SZ, Adham Taib M, Malaysia
Mohd Aris MS, Saad NW, Mohd Said SA. Pesticides
management and chemical handling practices amongfemale workers in several estates in Peningsular
Malaysia. Malaysian J Public Health Med. 2011;11(Suppl
2).

268

7. Yusoff A, Murray SA, Abd Rahman N, John J, Mohamad D, Malaysia
Tin Oo M. Self-reported latex glove allergy among dental
personnel in Kelantan state, Malaysia. Int Med J
Malaysia. 2013 Jun;20:323-325.

8. Boonchai W1, Sirikudta W, Iamtharachai P, Kasemsarn Thailand
P. Latex glove-related symptoms among health care
workers: a self-report questionnaire-based survey.
Dermatitis. 2014 May-Jun;25(3): 135-9.
9. Siti Mariam Mazlan, Vivien How . Beyond Self-Report or Malaysia
Reality: The Health Symptoms and The Knowledge,
Attitude and Practice of Pesticide Usage among Estate
Workers in Oil Palm Plantations, Malaysia. J
Occupational Safety & Health. 2017 June:14(1):1-8.

10.Guevara, Bryan Edgar Ko, Victoria P. Guillano, Mary Jo S. Philippines
Bunagan, Alvin S. Concha. Knowledge, attitude andpractices concerning sun exposure and sun protection
among adult triathletes in Metro Manila, Cebu, andDavao Ciity, Philippines: A cross-sectional study. J Phil
Dermatol Soc. 2016 May;25:19.

Education in Occupational Dermatoses

1. Nixon RL. Occupational skin disease. Modern Medicine. Australia
1994 Jul:30-39.

2. Nixon R. Occupational Skin Disease. Medicine Today. Australia
2000 Apr;73-83.
3. Nixon R. Occupational Skin Disease – Focus on Contact Australia
Dermatitis. Modern Medicine. 2001;18:41-51.
4. Nixon R, Frowen K, Moyle M. Occupational dermatoses. Australia
Aust Fam Physician. 2005 May;34(5):327-33.

269

5. Nixon R, Moyle M. Occupational Contact dermatitis. Australia
Suspect it, treat it and refer if persistent! Medicine
Today. 2006;7:24-35 .

6. Keegel T, Erbas B, Cahill J, Noonan A, Dharmage S and Australia
Nixon R. Occupational contact dermatitis in Australia:
Diagnostic and management practices, and severity of
impairment. Contact Dermatitis. 2007: 56:318-324.
7. Slodownik D and Nixon R. Occupational factors in skin Australia
diseases. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2007; 35: 173-89.

8. Nixon R. An Australian dermatologist’s perspective on Australia
latex allergy and an update on latex use in the operatingroom. Japanese J Latex Allergy. 2008;12:1-14.
9. Hannam S and Nixon R. How to Treat: Occupational Australia
contact dermatitis. Australian Doctor. 2013 April.

10.Effect of Group-Based Education on the Knowledge of Philippines
Occupational Contact Dermatitis Prevention Among
Institutional Housekeeping Personnel in a Government
Hospital: A Randomized Controlled Trial by Asuncion,
Camille Ann Dy-Rabo, Kirsten Diane Quinio, MariaFranchesca and Lavadia, Ma. Angela in 2017.

Skin Care

11.Moyle M, Keegel T, Noonan A, Nixon R. Skin care in Australia
occupational contact dermatitis of the hands. Australas J
Dermatol. 2006; 47(2).

Wet work

12.Keegel T, Nixon R, LaMontagne AD. Exposure to wet- Australia
work in working Australians. Contact Dermatitis.
2012;66: 87-94.

270

13.Keegel T, MacFarlane E, Nixon RL, LaMontagne AD. Australia
Provision of control measures for exposure of the hands
to wet-working conditions in Australian workplaces. Int
Archives Occ Health. 2012;18:313-19.

MSDS

14.Nixon RL. Material safety data sheets and allergic Australia
contact dermatitis: a misleading case. Australas J
Dermatol. 1997 Aug;38(3):165.
15.Keegel T, Saunders H, LaMontagne A, Nixon R. Are Australiamaterial
safetydata
sheetsuseful in the diagnosis and management of occupational
contact dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57:331-6.

Studies in Prognosis of Patients with
Occupational Dermatoses
1. Chia SE, Goh CL. Prognosis of Occupational Dermatosis Singapore
in Singapore Workers. Am J Contact Dermat. 1991 Jun;2(2):105 – 109.
2. Goh CL. Prognosis of contact and occupational Singapore
dermatitis. Clinics in Dermatol. 1997 July- August;15:
No.4.

3. Loh TH, Leow YH, Gan SL, Goh CL. Prognosis of Singapore
occupational dermatosis. Contact Dermatitis. 2002
Sep;47(3):166..
Australia
4. Rosen RH, Freeman S. Prognosis of occupational contact
dermatitis in New South Wales, Australia. Contact
Dermatitis. 1993;29:88-93.
5. Halbert AR, Gebauer KA, Wall LM. Prognosis of Australia271

occupational chromate dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis.
1992 Oct;27(4):214-9.

6. Cahill J, Keegel T, Nixon R. The prognosis of occupational Australia
contact dermatitis in 2004. Contact Dermatitis.
2004;51:219-226.

7. Nixon R, Williams J, Matheson M, Palmer A, Frowen K, Australia
Dharmage SC. Describing outcomes in occupationaldermatitis. Recent Adv Res Updat. 2009;10:301-8.
8. Cahill J, Williams J, Nixon R. Occupational Australia
autoeczematisation or atopic eczema precipitated byoccupational contact dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis.
2007:56:21-26.

9. Bhaba F, Nixon R. Occupational exposure to laboratory Australia
animals causing a severe exacerbation of atopic eczema.
Australas J Dermatol. 2012;53:154-5.
10.Puangpet P, Lai-Cheong J, McFadden J P. Chemical atopy. Thailand
Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68:208-13.

272

ABBREVIATIONS
ABCD
Acad
ACD
Ag
APEOD

APEODS

Arborist
Assoc
Au
Australas
Br
Captafol

Captan
CD
CoCl2
CU
CPPD
CUS
Dithiocarbamato
DMDM Hydantoin
DOI
ECG
ELISA
EnvironEuxyl K400
FEIA
FMI
FMII

Airborne Contact Dermatitis
AcademyAllergic contact dermatitis
SilverAsia Pacific Environmental & Occupational
Dermatology
Asia Pacific environmental & occupational
Dermatology symposium
Tree surgeon
Association
Gold
AustralasianBritishFungicide – N-(1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylthio) -4cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide
Fungicide
Contact Dermatitis
Cobalt chloride
Contact urticaria
N-Cyclohexyl-N-phenyl-4-phenylenediamine
Contact urticaria syndrome
Pesticides ethylenebis
1,3-Dimethylol-5,5-Dimethyl Hydantaoin(Formaldehyde releaser)
Digital object identifierElectrocardiogram
Enzyme-linked immunoassay
Environmental
Methyldibromoglutaronitrile & phenoxyethanol
Fluorescence Enzyme immunoassay
Fragrance Mix 1
Fragrance Mix II

273

Folpet
HCl
HCW
Hev
Hg
HWP
ICD
IgE
Jan
JRRMMCK2Cr2O7
Kathon CG (MCI/MI)

Kojic acid

Maneb
MCI
MDBGN
MDVI
Methamidophos
MI
MSDS
NiSO4
NMSC
NRL
OCD
OCDDSI
OD
OICD
PACD
Pd
Pediatr
PPD
PTBF resin
PVC

274

Fungicide
Hydrochloride
Health care workers
Natural rubber latex protein
Mercury
Hydrolysed wheat protein
Irritant contact dermtitis
Immunoglobulin E
JanuaryJose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center
Potassium dichromate
Combination of Methylchloroisothiazolinone &Methylisothiazolinone
Chelation agent produced by several species offungi, especially Aspergillus oryzae,
Pesticides manganese
Methylchloroisothiazolinone
Methyldibromoglutaronitrile
Media Dermato Venerelogica Indonesiana
Pesticides
Methylisothiazolinone
Medical Safety Data Sheet
Nickel sulfate
Non melanoma skin cancer
Natural rubber latex
Occupational contact dermatitis
OCD disease severity index
Occupational dermatoses
Occupational Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Photoallergic contact dermatitis
Palladium
PaediatricParaphenylenediamine
p-tertiary-Butylphenol-Formaldehyde resin,
Polyvinyl chloride

QOL
RAST
RC
SCC
SCCS
SCD
SMI
SPT

Quality of life
Radioallergosorbent test
Rubber chemical
Squamous cell carcinoma
Scientific committee on Consumer Safety
Systemic contact dermatitis
Small medium industries
Skin prick test

275

ABBREVIATIONS
Acta Derm Venereol
Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)
Acta Stomatol Croat
Allergol Int
Am J Clin Dermatol.

(Journal Titles)

Acta Dermato-Venereologica
Acta dermato-venereologica
Acta stomatologica Croatica
Allergology International
American Journal of Clinical
Dermatology
Am J Contact Dermat.
American Journal of Contact Dermatitis
Ann Acad Med Singapore
Annals, Academy ofMedicine, Singapore (AAMS)
Ann Trop Med Public Health
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public
HealthAntimicrob Agents Chemother Antimicrobial Agents andChemotherapyÄAllergy
Asia Pac Fam Med
Asia Pacific Family Medicine
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol
Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and
Immunology
Astrocyte
Multidisciplinary Medical journal
Aust Fam Physician
Australian Family Physician
Australas J Dermatol
Australasian Journal of Dermatology
Australian Doctor
Australian Doctor
Biomedika
Online Journal of Faculty of Medicine of
University Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Br J Dermatol
British Journal of Dermatology,
Case Rep Dermatol
Case reports in Dermatology
Clin Exp Dermatol.
Clinical Experimental Dermatology
Clinics in Dermatol
Clinics in Dermatology
Contact Dermatitis
Contact Dermatitis
Curr Probl DermatolCurrent Problems in Dermatology
Current Dermatology Reports Current Dermatology Reports Journal
Cutan Ocul Toxicol
Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology
Dermatitis
Journal of American Contact Dermatitis

276

Society
Dermatology Research and Practice
Dermatologica Sinica
Dermatology and therapy.
Dermatology : International journal forclinical and investigative dermatology.
Drugs Real World OutcomesDrugs - Real World Outcomes
Egypt J Dermatol Venerol.
Egyptian Journal of Dermatology and
Venerology
Environ Dermatol
Environmental Dermatology
Exogenous Dermatol
Exogenous Dermatology
Expert Rev Dermatol
Expert review of dermatology
Genitourin Med
Genitourinary Medicine
HKL J Med
Hospital Kuala Lumpur Journal of
Medicine
Ind J Aerospace Med
Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine
Indian Dermatol Online J.
Indian Dermatology Online Journal
Indian J Allergy Asthma
Indian Journal of Allergy, Asthma &Immunol.
Immunology
Indian J Comm HealthIndian Journal of Community HealthIndian J Dermatol
Indian Journal of Dermatology
Indian J Dermatol Venereol
Indian Journal of Dermatology
LeprolVereology & Leprology
Indian J Occup Environ Med
Indian Journal of Occupational &Environmental Medicine
Indian J Paediatr Dermatol
Indian Journal of PaediatricDermatology
Int Arch Allergy ImmunolInternational archives of allergy andimmunology
Int Arch Occup Environ Health International Archivesof Occupational and Environmental
HealthInt Archives Occ HealthInternational Archieves of Occupational
HealthInt J Biomed Res
International Journal of Biomedical
Dermatol Res Prac
Dermatol Sin
Dermatol Ther
Dermatology (Basel)

277

Int J Community Med Public
HealthInt J Dermatol
Int J Occup Environ Health
Int J Res Dermatol

Intech OpenInterl Med J
Internet J Dermatol
IP Indian Journal of Clinicaland Experimental
Dermatology.
J Allergy
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
J Clin Exp Dermatol Res
J Clinical & Diagnositic Res
J Cosmet Dermatol
J Dermatol
J Dermatol Sci
J Dermatol Treat
J Drugs Dermatol
J Environ Anal Chem

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
J Formos Med Assoc

J Gen Proced Dermatol
Venereol Indones

278

Research
International Journal Of Community
Medicine And Public HealthInternational Journal of Dermatology
International Journal of Occupational
and Environmental HealthInternational Journal Of Research In
Dermatology
Publisher of open access books
Internal Medicine JournalInternet Journal of Dermatology
IP Indian Journal of Clinical andExperimental Dermatology

Journal of Allergy
Journal of Clinical Immunology
Journal of Clinical & Experimental
Dermatology Research
Journal of Clinical & Diagnositic
Research
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology
Journal of Dermatology
Journal of Dermatological Science
The Journal of dermatological treatment
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
Journal of Environmental Analytical
Chemistry
Journal of theEuropean Academy of Dermatology and
Venereology
Journal of the Formosan Medical
Association
Journal of general-proceduraldermatology & venereology Indonesia

J Med Assoc Thai.

Journal of the Medical Association ofThailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet.
J Medula Unila
Medical Professional Journal of
Universitas Lampung
J Occup Health Saf, Aust, NZ
Journal of occupational health andsafety, Australia and New Zealand
J Occup Med
Journal of occupational medicine
J Occupational Safety & Health. Journal of Occupational Safety and
HealthJ Pakistan Assoc Dermatol
Journal of Pakistan Association of
Dermatologists
J Phil Dermatol Soc
Journal of the Philippine DermatologicalSociety (JPDS)J Phil Med Assoc.
Journal of the Philippine Islands Medical
Association
J Philippine Soc Cutaneous
Journal of Philippine Society ofMed
Cutaneous Medicine
J Preventive Med Assoc
Journal of Preventive Medicine
Thailand
Association of Thailand
J Prosthodontic Res.
Journal of Prosthodontic Research.
J Toxicol Sci
Journal of Toxicological Sciences
J Travel Med
Journal of Travel Medicine
JAAD
Journal of the American Academy ofDermatology
JAAD Case Rep
Journal of the American Academy ofDermatology Case Reports
Japanese J Latex Allergy
Japanese Journal of Latex Allergy
Jpn J AllergolJapanese Journal of Allergology
Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Journal of Public Health
MADRAC Newsletter
Malaysian Adver Drug Reaction
Advisory Committee Newsletter
Malaysian J Dermatol (MJD)
Malaysian Journal of Dermatology
Malaysian J Public Health Med Malaysian Journal of Public Health
Medicine
MDVIMedia Dermato-Venerelogica

279

Indonesiana
Medicine & Health
The Medical Journal of Australia
Medical Journal of Malaysia
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology
and Infection
MJA
The Medical Journal of Australia
Modern Medicine
Modern Medicine
N Z Med J
The New Zealand Medical Journal
Natl Med J India
National Medical Journal of India
Nippon Rinsho Jpn J Clin Med Nippon rinsho. Japanese Journal of
Clinical Medicine
Occ Env Med
Occupational and Environmental
Medicine (OEM)
Occup Med
Occupational Medicine
Occup Med Health Aff
Occupational Medicine and Health
Affairs
Pediatr Dermatol
Pediatric Dermatology
Phil J Dermatol Dermatol Surg Philippine Journal of Dermatology andDermatologic Surgery
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photodermatology, photoimmunology &Photomed
photomedicine
Regulatory toxicology andRegulatory toxicology andpharmacology
pharmacology
Science Total Environ
The Science of the Total Environment
Singapore Med J
Singapore Medical Journal
Siriraj Med J
Siriraj Medical Journal.
Skin Res Technol
Skin Research & Technology
South Asian J Cancer
South Asian Journal of Cancer
Thai J Dermatol.
Thai Journal of Dermatology
Thammasat Med J
Thammasat Medical Journal
Med & Health
Med J Aust
Med J Malaysia (MJM)
Microbiol Immunol Infect280