04
CRIME PATTERN & PREVENTION THROUGH URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNUSING GIS
Rupesh Kumar Gupta
Assistant Professor, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Email: gisrs2004@gmail.com

How to cite this paper:
Gupta,
RupeshKumar(2021) Pattern & Preventionof Crime through Urban
Environmental Design Using
GIS, Journal of Global
Resources, Vol. 07 (02)DOI:
10.46587/JGR.2021.v07i02.004

Received: 28 March 2021
Reviewed: 25 April 2021
Revised: 17 May 2021
Final Accepted: 25 May 2021

Freely available Online
www.isdesr.org

Abstract: The current study investigates the spatial patternof crime, with a focus on specific locations and times.
Crime is not strewn throughout cities; rather, there arecertain areas in cities that are relatively small but where
crime occurs much more frequently than elsewhere (the socalled "hotspots"), making them highly vulnerable andpredictable. This paper investigates the relationshipbetween "hotspots" and urban environment features like aslayout design and criminal attribution in relation to location.
The research is based on previously published data, asmall primary survey, and GPS-GIS mapping. The study
discovered that faulty building design, crowded highmobility areas, isolated dark places, parks, shades, andvacant plots are the most vulnerable to crime. It has been
observed that increasing surveillance and developing
infrastructure such as metalled road-drains, parks, metro
stations, and so on do not reduce crime but rather shift thelocation of crime from one location to another. The findings
highlight the importance of rethinking specific aspects ofurban design. This has sparked an increased interest in the
study of communities and urban design.

Keywords: Mega City, Crime Mapping, Layout Design,
GPS, GIS

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Introduction
Crime is a part of any societies considering that its origin. It varies from one community toanother. Even within one community it doesn’t occur equally in all locations and nor in thesame way. This is observed that the micro environment and layout design of the places play
an important role behind the crime. Crime is an activity which is against the law. The conceptof crime is the straightforward definition of crime is that “crime is something that is against
the law” (Rosiers & Bittle, 2004), and defined in the dictionary as “an act punishable by law,
as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare” Erdogan, 2007). Due to thecomplex nature of the subject of crime, its varied causes and consequences, various
academic disciplines such as criminology, sociology, geography, psychology anddemography study it from their own perspective. Clark and Marshall (1952) wrote: “A crime isany act or omission prohibited by public law for protecting the public and punishable by thestate in a judicial proceeding in its own name”. Similarly, Tappan (1960) defined that “A crime
is an instrumental act or omission in violation of criminal law, committed without justificationand sanctioned by the state as felony or misdemeanour”. In city planning and especially inurban design, the concept of crime is based on the reality that crime occurs in a space(Gupta,2020a). Therefore, city planning designs spaces to prevent crime. The criminality fact
in city planning depends on principles to design special spaces that prevent crime, thinking
that the crime depends on the space. The criminality facts and its space explanation help
determine the planned design space for the city planner. To create a secure urban manmade space, it is necessary to accurately consider the fact of criminality (Duzgun, 2007). As
can be seen here, approaches to crime and research topics differ from discipline todiscipline. Sociology studies the social reasons for crime, while psychology focuses on theindividual that commits the crime. City planning, especially urban design is concerned withphysical attributes of an urban space that affect the occurrence of crime.
Crime rates are not evenly distributed over geographical areas in urban settings. That
is to say, incidents are not distributed randomly; rather, there are certain areas in cities thatare relatively small, but where crimes occur much more frequently than elsewhere (the socalled “hotspots”), making them highly vulnerable and predictable (Goldsmith & McGuire,2000). This has drawn attention to the study of localities and urban design. It was Newman(1972) who first identified the relationship between specific aspects of urban design andlevels of crime. In his theory “Crime Prevention through Environmental Design”, he argues
that urban design influences the incidence of crime and the formation of hotspots. Other
authors have also claimed that urban design and environment may play a part in whether tocommit a crime (Geason & Wilson, 1989); for example, the lack of natural vigilance, poor
lighting and other variables means that a small area may easily be transformed into a
potential crime hotspot.
According to Crowe (2000), urban design and the proper use of the urban space may
help reduce fear of crime, and even its incidence, contributing to an improvement in quality oflife. Prevention requires criminal justice agencies to be proactive rather than reactive, andproactivity requires the ability to predict crime hotspots and concentrations. Prediction israrely possible from individual events, thus there is a direct link between prevention andpatterns of criminality, in the form “prevention requires proactivity requires predictability
requires patterns” (Ratcliffe 2009). The importance of identifying patterns as a precursor toeffective crime prevention has been identified by practitioners who recognize the inherent
ability of crime mapping to identify patterns and hotspots, taking advantage of Tobler’s first

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rule of geography, that “Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more
related than distant things” (Tobler, 1970, Gupta, 2020b).
In conclusion, as Brantingham and Brantingham (1981) said, there are four things
that have effects on the occurrence of crime. These are law, offender, target, and place.
Brantingham and Brantingham (1981), claim that “without an offender, someone who breaks
the law, there is no crime. Without some object, target, or victim, there is no crime. Without aplace in time and space where the other three come together, there is no crime”. Crime
occurs when these dimensions are in concurrence. However, this paper deals with only the
fourth dimension of crime, which is “place”. It strives to understand crime and crime
prevention according to city planning principles, especially urban design, in the context of thecase study of Delhi (Gupta, 2020a). This paper is divided into 4 parts, focusing respectively
on the following issues: 1. the distribution of crimes and the identification of high-crime prone
areas (hotspots); 2. the association between the hotspot of crime and the layout design ofbuildings, 3. developed the inventories map of crime prone area and the preventive measurethrough a map of that area and, 4. The ascription of offender related to different crime
location.
Aim and research question
The following objectives have been planned as the basis for the investigation of
the problem of this study. This study analyzes the spatial pattern of crime in different areas ofDelhi and selects the most vulnerable (top ten) crime prone places for further study of its
layout design and micro environment. Next, to prepare a detailed inventory map of land uses
and security arrangement existing crime prone places, as well as perspective planned anddesigned map has been prepared for each hotspot to prevent crimes.
Study Area
National Capital Territory is spread over an area of 1483 sq. km. between 28023'17"N &28053'00"N latitudes and between 76050'24"E & 77020'37"E longitudes (figure 1). The
demographic changes in NCT Delhi occurred more rapidly in last hundred years and overforty-fold (1911-0.41 to 2011-18.45 million) increase in its population has been noticed, but it
was not uniform during the past century. In the late twentieth century, the National Capital
Territory of Delhi has grown more rapidly in terms of population (Census of India). As mostscholars agree, that the exploding population growth has created insurmountable challenges
including socio-economic development, protection of the environment, development of
infrastructure, congestion, high density, rural-urban transformation and the burgeoning
growth of slum dwellers and social security and growth of crime in the state.
Data and Methodology
For this purpose, we go through government official published data like national crime
research bureau (NCRB), Delhi Police website, different document-report-policies papers,
research thesis, observational data of projects, magazine, articles, and daily newspaper andPrimary field information of last 10 years. Then we prepared a list of crime-prone area of
Delhi. We observed that some areas where the frequency of crime is much more, so
according to the frequency of crime we revised the list. For the time constraints and resource
limitation, we selected the top ten (high-frequency crime area in the last 10 years) crimeprone areas from that list for further study. After that, we visited all ten most vulnerable areasand interacted with local people, municipal bodies, local police, government and private
official, as well as a small shopkeeper, to know about the exact location (hotspots) of thecrime and reason behind it. Then we came to know that entire area or locality is not crime
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prone, but the particular location (hotspots) of that area is crime-prone, where the crime
occurred frequently in last 10 years (Figure 1). These are Anand Vihar Metro Terminal,
Seemapuri Bus Stop, Gokalpuri Bus stop & Metro station, Old Delhi Railway & Metro Station,
New Delhi Railway & Metro Station, Sarai Kale Kha Bus Terminal & Nizamuddin Railway
Station, Kashmiri Gate Bus & Metro Terminal, Vishwavidyalaya Metro station, Jahangirpuri
Metro station and Vasant Vihar Bus stop.
Once we know about the ten major hotspot locations of crime, then we prepared astructured questionnaire and randomly interviewing 250 individuals in each crime hotspot(this means that total 10x250 questionnaire) in 2014. To bring out the effect more clearly, aseparate interview of 250 people each from the same 10 hotspots undertaken in 2018
through random sample method. We tried to investigate the crime occurred in each place,surrounding environment of the hotspot, and mapping layout design of the surrounding
building of hotspots. The data for the micro physical environment also collected by making
inventory map of dark/isolated places, open/close parking, forest, bushy patches, crowed
area and installation of surveillance devices etc. for each identified stations/stand. We
prepared an inventory map in the dimensions of 500 meters from the center of all hotspot
places through GPS. Geographical Information System (ESRI Arc GIS-Arc Map) and Global
Poisoning System (Trimble-Juno 3B Handheld GPS) techniques have been used formapping of micro-environment in and around the hotspot places.

Figure 01: Major Crime Hotspots
Spatial Pattern of Crime
When we talk about crime and place, then one question emerges in the mind that is, where
and why the crime has taken place and what was the supporting factor of that crime. So first
let’s go through these stages. The first stage is to ask where the recorded crime took place inaddition, who committed the crime and why? This helps to build up a profile of the places orenvironments where most crime and control encounters occur alongside profiles of offenders
and victims.

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A second stage is to consider how places can be altered in ways that might reduce
crime. This can involve several of factors, from definitions of what makes a particular location‘crime-prone’ or ‘safe’ to the arrangement and purpose of buildings to local beliefs ormemories about a place. It can also involve several agents, from planners, developers andpoliticians, ones who have the power to change the spaces, to ordinary people who have theeveryday task of negotiating existing spaces. A third stage is to consider how we come toknow about space and crime in the first place and what we do with that knowledge. Mapping
statistics has been a central methodological tool in this kind of criminological research. This
raises questions about the source of the statistics and the nature of mapping technology. To
plan and design a place, it is necessary to understand the land use pattern, its management,
surveillance mechanism (natural and digital) and social organizational structure. With thisperspective, the ascriptions of each of the selected hotspots were prepared. A brief accountis as under:a) Anand Vihar (Bus, Rail and Metro Terminal): Anand Vihar is one of the major transit
places where Railway Junction, Bus Terminal, and Metro Terminal service are available, we
may call it Tri Junction-where commuters interchange and move in a different direction(figure 2, & 11). This is highly crowded and because of that most of the crime occurs here.
The major crimes are pick pocketing, assault, snatching and abuse. Due to Tri-junction andsharing of a border with another state (Uttar Pradesh) offenders would commit the crime andescape easily. Most of the offenders lived in Kodia Pul, Ghazipur, Hasanpur Village, Old
Seemapuri, Dilshad Garden, Kalyanpuri, Seelampur, and Jhilmil area. All these areas are
low income, urban slum, low literacy and poor infrastructure (table-1). There are many
uncared dark areas and abandoned buildings within the terminal boundary with no properelectric lights and digital surveillance devices. Wide-open unmaintained sewers drain withsmall tree/bushes alongside it is running between the terminal and outer ring road (figure-2).
Crowding at Outer Ring Road is a common feature during peak hours. It is a high crimeprone place where pick-pocketing and snatching are the most prevalent.

Figure 02: Anand Vihar Railway Station (Sources: Google Earth, 2018 and GPS Survey)b) Seemapuri Bus Terminal: Another hotspot of crime is Seemapuri, near the border of
Uttar Pradesh. It is also a bus terminal and urban slum makes it a high crime-prone area
(figure3, & 11). Another lacuna is poor infrastructure, low literacy rate and presence of
Bangladeshi population makes it easy for offenders to escape to other states like Uttar
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Pradesh. Most of the offender lived in Sunder Nagari, Anand Vihar, Old Seemapuri, Old
Seelampur, and Nand Nagri (table-1). Many unplanned Jhuggi Jhopri clusters have come up
along the western side of the road. A dense economically low-class residential colony ispresent in the east. With the poor arrangement of lights, no surveillance devices, dark
patches and crowding at the bus stop, pickpocketing and snatching incidents (53 percent)are high here. Relocation of Jhuggi Jhopri from parks, and public places and provision of
CCTV Cameras, proper maintenance of encroached parks, illumination of the entire area andpolice surveillance are necessary to prevent/control crimes at this place (figure 3).

Figure 03: Seemapuri Bus Depot (Sources: Google Earth, 2018 and GPS Survey)c) Gokalpuri Bus Stand: In the eastern part of Delhi, Gokalpuri bus stand and metro station
are another prominent crime-prone transit place, covered by a low-income group alongside
the long drain and near to major traffic point-Gole Chakkar, which make this place more
crowded and crime-prone (figure 4, &11). Assault, Snatching, Rape, Abuse and pickpocketing are more prominent here and most of the offenders are living in Loni Border,
Seelampur, Maujpur, Nand Nagri, Rehman Building, Kardam Puri, Khajuri Khas, Jafrabad,
Seemapuri, and Chitrakoot (table-1). Within 500m in the south many vacant plots,
unmaintained graveyards, open drains alongside the road are present. Faulty design of flyover on the round about blocks the visibility on both sides. Such features create fear ofcrimes, particularly in the college students and school children. This area needs propermonitoring of graveyards along with illumination, digital surveillance and creating visibility
across the flyover (figure 4).
d) Vishwavidyalaya Metro Station: In the northern part of Delhi, one more important transit
places and major commuters’ point are Viswavidyalaya metro station, where most of theyoung students are present during the day and night, which makes it a favorable place of thecrime (figure5 & 11). The offenders lived in Majnu Ka Tilla, Ganda Nalla, Azadpur,
Jahangirpuri etc. and involved in snatching, abuse and pick pocketing. Snatching and pickpocketing are prominent here. There are few bushy patches and vacant, unmaintained andabandoned parking area here which create a fear of crime at this place. The area along the
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Nazafgarh drain is not maintained properly, darkness at night creates fear of crime to thevisitors. It needs a proper arrangement of electric lights and regular digital surveillance. Herenon-serious crimes like snatching, abuse, pick pocketing, smoking and drinking areprevalent, this is as per the perception of the people (figure 5).

Figure 04: Ghokulpur (Sources: Google Earth, 2018 and GPS Survey)

Figure 05: Delhi University Area (Sources: Google Earth, 2018 and GPS Survey)e) Jahangirpuri Metro Station: In the northern border area, near bypass expresswayJahangirpuri is in the north part of Delhi and close to the border of Haryana near to DelhiBahadurgarh-Sonipat Expressway (figure 6, &11). Most of the crimes that take place here issnatching, assault, abuse, pick pocketing etc. the offenders lived in Samaypur Badli,
Wazirpur, Azadpur, Sunder Nagri, Old Seemapuri, Bhalswa Dairy, etc.
This place is surrounded by the economically low-class residential colony and Jhuggi
Jhopri cluster in the North-east. In the south, there is a vacant plot and a major transport
corridor. The unmaintained vacant plots, lonely bushy area and near Haryana makes it a

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suitable hotspot for crime. Areas under major trilateral fly-over called outer Circle Bypass
require proper digital surveillance and police monitoring (figure 6).

Figure 06: Jahangpuri Area (Sources: Google Earth, 2018 and GPS Survey)f) New Delhi Railway & Metro Station: In central Delhi, New Delhi railway & metro station is
one of the major terminals where the mobility of people is always very high during the day
and night (figure 7& 11). Most of the offenders are living in Paharganj, Anand Parbat,
Pulbangash, Chandni Chowk, Seelampur and Ghaziabad, are involved in Snatching,molestation, abuse and Motor vehicle theft. In the railway junction, there is Paharganj
market, an urban slum-like Multani Dhanda, Ram Nagar, Aram Bagh, and the parking area ofthe station are highly crime prone.
The entrance to New Delhi is from two sides; Paharganj and Ajmeri Gate. The area infront of railway station towards Paharganj is perceived to be more fear due to un-monitored
crowding of the public, auto and manual rickshaw, a shelter for diversified people like
Matkawala, Rail Hawker, etc. The platform is safe by the respondents but the areas along
the railway line attract crime due to unmaintained and abandoned railway boogies.
Therefore, areas along the railway line should be cleaned and maintained with proper
illumination and installation of the CCTV cameras and proper fencing (figure 7).
g) Kashmiri Gate-ISBT/Metro Terminal: In the north of Delhi, Kashmere Gate is one of thelargest Inter State Bus Terminal (ISBT) and Metro Terminal in Delhi where many commutersinterchange his services and moved in a different direction (figure 8 &11). This is a center ofhigh mobility of people in day and night, that’s the reason this is a favourable hotspot for
criminal. Because of its multifaceted communication point, various crimes such as pickpocketing, abuse, and snatching have occurred here. The offender lives in Khajuri Khas,
Nand Nagri, Yamuna Bazar, Seelampur, Usmanpur and Chandni Chowk (table-1). In adiameter of 500m the highest crime hotspot is the places under the flyover and theparking lots. There are many dark places which create fear in public because toimproper lighting and poor maintenance. It is a crowded place due to the interchange
point of commuters of bus, metro and rail. The bus parking has many dark corners,
which requires monitoring through a digital device with a camera. The area under
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and along the flyover should be maintained through the clearing of bushes and trees
and installation of digital devices along with the high density of police patrolling in thenight (figure 8).

Figure 07: New Delhi Railway & Metro Station (Sources: Google Earth, 2018 and GPS Survey)

Figure 08: Kashmiri Gate-ISBT (Sources: Google Earth, 2018 and GPS Survey)h) Sarai kale Khan ISBT and Nizammuddin Railway Station: In the south-west part ofDelhi, Sarai Kalen Kha is another major interstate Bus terminal and close to Major Railway
Station-Hazrat Nizzamudin, where mobility of people is always high (figure 9 &11). Due tohigh crowded place, it is a haven for criminals, most of the non-heinous crime like pickpocketing, assault, abuse and snatching occurred here. The offenders live in Mayur Vihar,
Ishaq Basti, Neela Gumbad, Beholpur, Noida, Nizamuddin and Ganga Vihar (table-1). The
entrance areas of the station are very crowded without proper monitoring by the traffic police.
There are bushy and dark places behind the industrial site, which need to be pruned so thatthe area can be lighted up and the visibility can be maintained. CCTV cameras should beinstalled. The belt along the Yamuna River is highly crime prone and the road leading to
Nizamuddin Railway Station from ring road is prone to snatch and pick-pocketing. CCTV

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cameras should be monitored properly crowded streets. Parks and streets should use
surveillance devices to prevent crime (figure 9).

Figure 09: Nizammuddin Railway Station (Sources: Google Earth, 2018 and GPS Survey)i) Vasant Kunj (Nelson Shopping Center) Bus Stand: In the southern part of Delhi, one ofthe prominent places in Vasant Kunj, where assault, abuse, molestation, snatching and pickpocketing are usual incidence (figure 10 &11). Most of the offender lived in Kapashera
Border, Mahipalpur Village, Rangpuri Pahari and Munirka Village (table-1). This place has
wide, un-landscaped patches along the roads without surveillance devices and proper light atnight. The divider is wide and rough. At night the entire area gives a deserted look which isfavourable for criminals to commit crimes. Within 500 m from this place, there are open wide
areas with bushes and tree without fencing and surveillance device. Therefore, there is aneed for proper fencing, the arrangement of lights, pruning of trees and bushes to enhance
visibility and landscaping of patches along both sides of the road. This will prevent criminals
from committing crimes and will remove fear from the mind of the public (figure 10).

Figure 10: Vasant Kunj (Sources: Google Earth, 2018 and GPS Survey)
Journal of Global Resources, July 2021, Volume 07 (02) Rupesh Kumar Gupta Page 41 | 15j) Old Delhi Railway Station: As we found, the offender easily targeted the railway station
and bus terminal as well as Old Delhi Railway station, are the major hotspots for offenders
because of the crowd and high mobility of people (figure 11). Crimes such as pick pocketing,snatching occurred here. Other crimes like motor vehicle theft are also common. Most of theoffenders lived in Kodia Pul, Seemapuri, Narela, Pulbangash, Sadar Bazaar, Yamuna Bazar,
Chandni Chowk, Fatehpuri, and Seelampur area (table-1). This is a very busy hotspot place
and people from diverse socio-economic background arrive here. Presence of tea cornernear parking, the crowd outside the station and area near foot-over Bridge is being crime
prone in the night. Although railway platform is well under surveillance, however areas alongrail tracks need proper maintenance, fencing and installation of digital devices.
Anand Vihar stands first among all the above crime hotspots and it could be due tothe tri-junction of railway-metro and buses terminal. Due to tri-junction the area known as thehigh mobility of people, the floating population from the different direction and vacant plots/
isolated places, bushy areas nearby the hotspot and being next to the Uttar Pradesh border
are the features, which make it crime-prone and hotspot of this region. We also observedthat less of surveillance and patrolling of cops to be the reason for the high level of crime.
This is observed that pick-pocketing, snatching, assault and abuse are the frequent
incidences which are recorded at a higher rate in these places, whereas the hotspot like Old
Delhi and Nizamuddin recorded less crime compared to other places. The reason for lesscrime was because of well-illuminated roads, public awareness, electronic surveillance andlack of vacant place and dark spaces, well-maintained parks and less blind corners. Rape,murder, robbery and burglary were recorded lowest among all the crime cutting across all the
hotspot places. The reason for this could be that there is no simple way of escaping becauseof the crowded area. Through the above discussion, we can say that with the modification of
the built environment can reduce the opportunity of crime and to promote community
responsibility (Gupta, 2020a). The planning and design of a place play an important role inchoosing a place to commit a crime by the offender.
It is observed that the major crime-prone area in perused then in north-east:
Seemapuri, Usmanpur, Mustafabad, New Usmanpur, Kalyanpuri, in western part; Najafgarh,
Dabri, southern Vasant Vihar, Najafgarh and northern part Jahangirpuri, Bhalswa Dairy,
Wazirpur, etc. comes out as prominent (table-1). It is seen that the areas lying on the borders
are most prone to crime. These are places where criminals from Uttar Pradesh and Haryana
find a haven. It is easy to move from Anand Vihar, Kalyanpuri to Noida and Ghaziabad andfrom Jahangirpuri, Sultanpuri to Jhajjar or Sonepat. It is found that there are no changes in
the ascription of offenders during two time periods. Table 1 shows the detail ascription of
criminal in relation to crime hotspots of the city.
These are the crime like pick pocketing (17 percent) followed by snatching (13percent), assault (17 percent), while burglary is the lowest (0.14 percent) were very familiarin most of the crime hotspots (figure 12). The spatial pattern of crimes at hotspot places, likepick pocketing (27 percent) has been reported highest followed by snatching (26 percent) at
Seemapuri Bus terminal, whereas snatching is lowest at Vishwavidyalaya Metro Station and
New Delhi Railway Station (12 percent each). Among all, the highest incidence ofmolestation was recorded at Vishwavidyalaya Metro Station (21 percent) followed by Vasant
Kunj (NSC) Bus Stand, both come under posh areas.

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Figure 11: Major Hot Spots of Crime

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The overall study shows that Bus Stand was most vulnerable to crime (25 percent) as
they are neither patrolling by police nor well-maintained surveillance devices. Next is toRailway Station (21 percent), followed by bus terminal-ISBT (16 percent) because it is undersurveillance by the terminal authorities and covered by boundary walls, whereas the metro
station (7 percent) had less crime due to proper special security personal and monitor
through digital Surveillance devices (figure 13).
Table 01: Ascription of Criminals in Hotspots
Hotspots

Distance between offenders Residence to Crime hotspot (in Km.)
Source Areas
Newly Emerging
Area which are No(Common in both years)
Areas in 2018
more
Anand Vihar
Jhilmil (4.2), Ghazipur (2.97), Hasanpur
Kodia Pul (13.4), Noida
Bus/Metro & Rail
Village (3.2), Old Seemapuri (4.32),(15.37), Kalyanpuri
Terminal
Dilshad Garden (4.98)(5.75)
Seemapuri Bus
Anand Vihar (6.10), Old Seelampur
Nand Nagri (3.9)
Sunder Nagari (1.93),
Depot(6.64)
Old Seemapuri (0.75)
Gokalpuri Bus Stand
Seelampur (4.54), Nand Nagri (3.4),
Jafrabad (3.7),
Loni Border (2.5),
Khajuri Khas (4.42), Kardam Puri (0.86)
Seemapuri (6.3)
Maujpur (2.1), Rehman
Building (3.04),
Chitrakoot (1.8)
Vishwavidyalaya
Majnu Ka Tilla (1.21), Ganda Nalla
Vijay Nagar (1.8)
Roshnara Park (3.72),
Metro Terminal(0.60), Azadpur (4.8), Jahangirpuri (7.13)
Timarpur(1.3km)
Jahangirpuri Metro
Samaypur Badli (6.5), Adarsh Nagar
Bhalswa Dairy
GTB Nagar (6.32),
Terminal(2.31), Wazirpur (4.9), Azadpur (2.10)(2.9), Old
Mangolpuri (10.7),
Seemapuri (22.7)
Sunder Nagri (18.8)
Old Delhi Railway
Chandni Chowk (3.0), Seemapuri (11.5),
Kashmiri Gate
Kodia Pul (2.1),
Terminal
Pulbangash (4.2), Sadar Bazaar (5.5),(2.1), Yamuna
Fatehpuri (1.79),
Seelampuri (6.6)
Bazar (1.8)
Shastri Park (5), Narela(33.3)New Delhi Railway
Ajmeri Gate (0.8), Seelampur (11.00),
Anand Parbat
Ghaziabad (32.2),
Terminal
Paharganj (1.00)(5.5), Sarai Rohilla Pulbangash (4.52),(6.3), Chandni
Gandhi Nagar (9.6)
Chowk (2.7), Mori
Gate (5.6)
Kashmere Gate ISBT Khajuri Khas (8.4), Usmanpur (6.5),
Yamuna Bazar (3.5)
Nand Nagri (11.7), Chandni Chowk(2.88), Mori Gate (0.95), Seelampur (6.2)
Sarai Kale Khan Bus
Neela Gumbad (2.3), Ganaga Vihar
Beholpur (1.3),
Ishaq Basti (0.45)& Nizammuddin(1.7), Mayur Vihar (7.9), Mori Gate
Noida (17.8km),
railway Terminal(12.65),
Nazimuddin (2.8)
Vasant Kunj (Nelson
Rangpuri Pahari (2.9)
Mahipalpur Village Kapashera Border
Shopping Center)(4.5), Mahipalpur(11.1), Mahipalpur
Bus StandExtn. (4.5)(4.1), Munirka Village(3.64)
Source: Primary Survey, 2014 and 2018

Figure 12: Perception of Crime at hotspots (Source: Primary Survey, 2014 and 2018)
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Figure 13: Major Crime Prone Places (in percent) (Source: Primary Survey, 2014 and 2018)
Figure 14 reveals that most of the crime (24.72 percent) occurred in 100 to 500
meters from the railway/bus/metro station. The 22.88 percent crime occurred in 50-100
meter, and very less crime occurred inside the bus stand, railway station and metro station.
The figure shows that maximum (83 percent) crimes occurred within 500 meters from the
major hotspots after that crime decreased.

Figure 14: Distance and Crime (in percent) (Source: Primary Survey, 2014 and 2018)
Conclusion
This paper presents a spatial pattern of crime and describes the areas with a significantly
high frequency of crime due to poor layout design of buildings. This is observed that there
were no major changes in criminal ascription between five years. Brantingham and
Brantingham, 1995; discussed that the crime occurs when there is a motivated offender, a
suitable target and lack of prevention; converging at the same place in same time. This paper
brings out that poor infrastructure, faulty design and building layout, inadequate protection
and lack of surveillance provide opportunity to the offender. When the infrastructure is
improved, it reduces the opportunity for crime which was when metro station, fencing ofdrains and lighting came up in areas such as Sarai Kale Khan/Nizamuddin, Gokalpuri(Gupta,2020a). Validating the Routine Activity Theory, the findings of this paper also showthat most of the time the criminals travelled shorter distances that is 4 kms to commit crime.
Remedial actions to reduce a feeling of insecurity should be directed, in the first phase, at
aspects of urban design, by introducing urban facilities that would encourage thedevelopment of a natural vigilance system, ensuring that buildings and public areas are wellkept and clean, eliminating vestiges of vandalism and graffiti, and providing adequate nighttime lighting. A natural system of vigilance should also be implemented by residents within
Journal of Global Resources, July 2021, Volume 07 (02) Rupesh Kumar Gupta Page 45 | 15

their own homes/institutions/establishments through an alteration in attitudes and behavior.
They should be more integrated into the community and encouraged to use shop windows,
doors and windows that enable visual contact with the outside. We might expect thiscombination of factors to lead to better levels of security, with the consequent reduction offeelings of insecurity. However, these measures are by no means a panacea that will solve
the crime problem once and for all; policies of micro planning and inclusion should also be
implemented alongside these, in order for positive effects to be seen in crime prevention.
Coordination between people, neighbours, and society, as well as police patrolling, should be
encouraged as short-term measure. A long-term strategy for reducing such crimes is toimplement smart city measures, which will make the city less vulnerable to crime.
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