07
SERVICE CENTRES IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT : A CASE STUDY OF JAUNPUR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH
Dinesh Kumar
Assistant Professor Govt. M. G. M. Postgraduate College, Itarsi, (M.P.) India
Email: kumardinesh.bhu2014@gmail.com

How to cite this paper:
Kumar,
Dinesh(2022)
Service centres in ruraldevelopment : A case study ofJaunpur
district,
Uttar
Pradesh, Journal of Global
Resources, Vol. 08 (01)DOI:
10.46587/JGR.2022.v08i01.007

Received: 12 Sep. 2021
Reviewed: 21 Oct. 2021
Revised: 01 Nov. 2021
Final Accepted: 14 Nov. 2021

Abstract: This paper attempts to deal with the identifying theservice centers and calculation of the spatial arrangement withcomplementary area of service centres in Jaunpur district
Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The study area is situated in
Eastern Uttar Pradesh of the Middle Ganga Plain. The study is
exclusively based on secondary data collected at block levelfrom different offices. The centrality score has been calculatedon the basis of three type of indices like functional centrality
index, working population index and tertiary population index.
There are 31 function or services selected judicially from fivesectors (administrative, agricultural and financial, educational,
health and transport and communication) to measure thecentrality of service centre. The thissen polygon and berry
breaking point method has been used for measure thecomplementary area. Total 88 service centres have been
identified as first, second, third, fourth and fifth order service
centre. The number of I, II, III, IV, and V order centres accounts
for 43, 24, 16, 4, and 1 respectively.
Key words: Service Centre, Function Centrality Index,
Complimentary Area.

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Introduction
In any region, the developmental growth does not start everywhere and all alone, it starts in theform of points or development poles, with various intensities then it extends along different
channels with varying terminal effects to the whole of economy (Perroux, 1955). Any permanent
settlements who’s having some functions for fulfill the socio and economic demands of nearby
areas may be known as a Service Centre. The population, existing infrastructure facilities,
distance and movement of the people have been used to identify the service center andcomplementary area. The studies regarding service centre were done by many scholars like
Hagerstrand (1952), Berry (1967) and Sen et al. (1971). Some scholars have also attempted
empirical studies to test theories of Christaller (1933) and Losch (1954) in different region. The
important among them are Smailes (1944), Perroux (1950), Brush (1953), Bracey (1953), Misra
and Shivalingaih (1970), Misra (1972, 1974), Roy and Patil (1977) etc. Misra, R.P (1974)
propounded the concept of ‘Growth Foci’ by integrating the basic elements of central place theory,
Growth Pole theory and spatial diffusion of innovation theory and proposed five- tier hierarchy
from top to bottom as Growth Pole (national level), Growth Centre (regional level), Growth Point(sub-regional level), Service Centre (micro regional level), Growth Foci as central village (local
level). Further, some of notable scholars who had applied geospatial tools and techniques forregional planning were Mishra (1985), R.K. Mallick (1998), L.R. Yadav and R.S. Singh (2009),
Sarkar (2018), Khan and Ahamad (2013), Chaturvedi (2013), etc.
Objectives
The study has attempted:(i)
To identify the service centers(ii)
To observe the spatial arrangement of service centres and(iii)
To study the complementary area and spatial-functional gaps of service centre in the
area.
Study Area
Jaunpur district (25˚ 26’ N to 26˚ 11’N and 82˚ 8’ E to 83˚ 5’ E) is situated in Eastern Uttar Pradeshof the Middle Ganga Plain. The study area has cover 4035 km2 with having population of
44,94,204 persons (Census 2011). There are ten rivers which flow in the district namely Gomati,
Sai, Varuna, Basuhi, Pili, Tambura, Mongar, Gangi, Besu and Nand river. The Gomati and Sai
Rivers flow in middle part of the district (Fig. 1). The surface of district is about flat while someundulation is seen in the part of riverine areas.
Data Base and Methodology
The present study is based on secondary data collected from the different government offices likePrimary Census Abstract of Uttar Pradesh (2011), District Census Handbook, Agriculture Reportfrom Krishi Bhavan, Zila Sankhikiya Patrika from Vikas Bhavan and different websites. The data
were tabulated and analyzed for composite function index by using centrality function index (CFI),
working population index (WI) and tertiary population index (TI). Centrality index calculated withthe help of weighting technique. Here also used the berry “Breaking Point Equation” and Thiessen
polygon methods for marking the service area of service centre. Micro Soft excel and Arc GIS
10.2 software have been used for computation and cartographic presentation in regional variationof development.
Identification of Service Centre
In present study to pointing all the 3287 villages of the district for identifying the order of service
centres; hence sampling techniques have been used to select the potential service centres. In
such a way, as much as 88 potential villages (centres) are selected to measure the hierarchy
levels of centres by considering the criteria given below:
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

A stable settlement which has minimum 2000 population;
It must have at least five basic functions from all functional groups, like education,
health, and transport, etc.;
The service centre should be connected by rail or road transport ;It must constitute at least 0.10 percent share of the total population; andIt must account at least 0.13 values as functional centrality index.

In some cases, the first criteria related to the required number of populations is ignored
where there is high functional availability due to some socio, economic and political reasons(Table 1).
Figure 01: Study Area

Result and Discussion
Measurement of Centrality
Several Indian scholars have also computed the centrality of a service center on the basis of
population engaged in retail sectors or commercial activities or tertiary services (Singh, 1966;
Singh 1971; Singh, 1977). Bhatt (1976) had used a weighting technique to compute the centralityof service centers. Some scholars have measured the functional hierarchy of settlements basedon people’s choice of centers to fulfill their needs (Sen et al., 1971; Kayastha and Mishra, 1981;
Mishra, 1985). In this study, the hierarchy of service centres has been derived by using Composite
Functionality Index (CFI) based on three indices (i) Functional Centrality Index, (ii) Working
Population Index, and (iii) Tertiary Population Index.
Functional Centrality Index Value (FCI)
FCI is the measurement of functional availability of any centre. It has been computed by adding
the all-available functions weightage of any centre and then it is divided by the combined
weightage of all selected centres. In this study agricultural and finance (Fig. 2 A), educational(Fig. 2 B), health (Fig. 2 C), transport and communication (Fig. 2 D) and transport type 31
functions or services have been taken for the computation of FCI.

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This may be calculated as:𝑛

FCI = ∑

𝑊𝑖𝑑
× 100
𝑤

𝑖

Where, FCI = Functional centrality index
Wid =Weightage for dth centre
W=Total Weightage of all the centres.
Working Population Index (WI)WI has been calculated after using the following formula:
Wd
WId =
× 100
Wt
th
Where WId =Worker index of d centre
Wd =Working population of dth centres
Wt= Total working population in the district
The Tertiary Population Index (TI)
TI is computed using the following formula:
Td
× 100
Tt
Where TId = Tertiary population index of dth centre
Td= Tertiary population of dth centre
Tt= Total Tertiary population in the district
Finally, after taking the average values of these three indices, the Composite Functional Index(CFI) for a particular service centre has been computed. This can be expressed as:
FCI + WId + TId
CFI =3
Similarly, the CFI of all service centres has been calculated. High CFI show the highcentrality index mean more functional availability and vice versa.
TId =Hierarchy of Service Centre
There are 88 rural settlements have been identified as service centres in the district with term andconditions. On the basis of the centrality score, the service centres have been classified into fivehierarchic orders, using the value of mean and standard deviation. Those centres get the lowscore treated as the first-order service centre and highest scorer centre treated as the fifth-order
centre.
First Order Service Centre
There are forty-three centres marked as first service centre with the centrality score of 0.1 to 0.25.
These centres fulfill local people's need with limited choices and relatively lower order of functions.
Most of them are equipped with a basic level of services like sub-post office, primary co-operative
societies, family planning centres, and sub-centers, sub-primary health centre, seed and fertilizer
depot, etc.
Second-Order Service Centre
There are twenty-four centres counted in second-order which are Barsathi, Sujanganj, Meerganj,
Paharpur, Singaramau, Thana Gaddi, Suetha Kalan, Trilochan Mahadev, Dharmapur, Sirkoni,
Karanja Kalan, Karchhuli, Deokali, Dhaniya Mau, Kachgaon, Newariha, Jamunipur, Samodhpur,
Surapur, Mani Kalan, Habibpur, Fatehganj, Sarai Deeh, Kunwarpur which is the major market in
the district. These centrality score of these centres are 0.25-0.5. It has been sub PHC, seniorsecondary school, agriculture services, co-operative bank, agricultural credit society, branch
office, roadways bus stop etc. for the influence area.

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Third Order Service Centre
Sixteen centres at block level and tahsil namely Mongra Badshahpur, Khetasarai, Khuthan,
Badlapur, Jalalpur, Rampur, Naupedwa, Muftiganj, Chandwak, Gaura Badashahpur, Baksha,
Jafarabad, Pali, Mahrajganj, Sikrara, Jamalapur have been identified as third order service
centres. In this order centres are mostly big markets and block headquarters with composite
centrality index value range from 0.5 to 10. Transport facilities, along with the spatial location ofsuch centres have made a distinction from the lower order centres. It also has some administrative
services like Police station, Post office, telephone exchange, electricity office etc.
Table 01: Weighted Score for the Selected Functions in Jaunpur District
FunctionalGroup
Health#Selected Services

1
Hospital Allopathic
2
Family Welfare Centre
3
Maternity And Child Welfare Centre
4
Veterinary Hospital5
Community Health Centre
6
Primary Health Centre
7
Primary Health Sub Centre
Education
8
Govt. Secondary School
9
Govt. Senior Secondary School
10
Govt. Degree College
11
Govt.-Polytechnic
Agricultural and
12
Nationalized Bank
Finance13
Co-Operative Bank
14
Agricultural Credit Society
15
Mandis17
Cold Storage
Transport and18
Branch OfficeCommunication
19
Post Office
21
BSNL Exchange
22
Public Bus Service
23
Roadways Bus Stop
24
Railway Station
25
National Highway
26
State Highway
27
Major District Road
Administrative
28
Police Station
29
Block Headquarters
30
Tahsil Headquarters
31
District Headquarters
Source: Calculated by the author on basis of Census 2011

Number ofServices
58
46
82
46
22
29
72
566
151
37
4
145
52
224
4
22
26
391
69
188
33
32
66.49 km332.23 km
219.00 km
27
22
6
1

Weighted
Score
56.67
71.45
40.08
71.45
149.40113.34
44.41
5.80
21.76
88.83
88.83
22.66
63.21
14.67
1095.66
149.40126.42
8.40
47.63
17.48
99.60
102.71
49.43
9.89
7.50
121.74156.52547.833287.00

Fourth Order Service Centre
There are four centres at Tahsil level namely Mariyahu, Shahganj, Machhalishahar, and Kerakat
are occupy the fourth order in the hierarchy with the composite centrality index value range from10 to 20. These four centres are Tahsils headquarters which CFI values are more than ten like12.99 (Mariyahu), 12.25 (Shahganj), 12.14 (Machhalishahar), and 11.5 (Kerakat). Relatively high
FCI with high Weighted Index and Tertiary Index values are responsible for their current position
as a fourth-order centres. Here the administrative institutions, as well as infrastructuraladvantages, play a significant role behind its relative functional effect compare to other lowerorder centres.
Fifth Order Service Centre
The Jaunpur with CFI value 24.10 is only one fifth-order service centre. It is the district
headquarters and situated in central location. Jaunpur city has huge population base (180362

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persons) of the district. At this service centre the majority of the functional services are available
in huge quantity and best quality. This centre has been well connected through National highway(NH-31), two big railway station (Jaunpur junction and Jaunpur city) both of at the main route ofLucknow, Kanpur, and Delhi via Faizabad and Sultanpur. It has district headquarters and manyother services. Because of these facts, it works as the heart for the whole artery of the district,pumping the goods and services to vast hinterlands.
Figure 02: Functional Centrality Index Value (FCI)

Complementary Area of Service Centre
Estimation of complementary area of Service Centres After identification of service centres,
the estimation of zone of influence at each level in the functional hierarchy is a very challenging
task of service centre study. The area which is served by a particular centre is known as its
complementary region or zone of influence or hinterland. In present study, delamination of thecomplementary area has done by following methods:
1.
A statistical or theoretical method
2.
Qualitative or empirical methods
Then by the Berry method of ‘Breaking Point Equation’ to derive the hinterlands of market
centres for retail distribution with Thiessen Polygons Method (1911). This method has been usedin the present investigation to demarcate the boundary of the service area between two centres.
This method can be expressed as:
d2
P =
𝐶1
1 + √𝐶2
Where,
P = Common point where two hinterlands meet measured from the later centre

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C1 = Composite Functional Index of centre ‘1’
C2 = Composite Functional Index of centre ‘2’
d = Distance between the two centres.
Figure 03: Hierarchy of Service Centre

There are 43 first order service centres provide small scale services to the surrounding
villages. The hinterlands of these order are about to 45 sq. km. The distance between two centre
is about 5 to 7 km. However, some spatial gaps pertaining to first order centres were marked
during analysis which needs due consideration for the proper supply of goods and services at
grass –root level. The 25 centres of second order mainly located between third order service
centre and serve the settlement which situated about 10 km. The hinterlands of these order areabout to 90 sq. km. Sixteen third order centres mostly of block headquarters and market centres.
The average distance between these centres about 15 km and the complementary area of theseorder is about to 190 km2. Four order centres are well connected with metalled road. These aremostly situated in surrounding the district headquarters at the distance of about 25 to 30 km andthe complementary area of these order is about to 800 sq. km. The whole area of study is thecomplementary area of fifth order of service centre. The people of the study area are totallydependent for the administrative work in these centres. (Fig.3).
Conclusion
The concluding points are that any permanent settlements who’s having some functions
for fulfill the socio and economic needs of surrounding areas may be known as a Service Centre.
The study area is situated in Eastern Uttar Pradesh of the Middle Ganga Plain and cover 4035
sq. km. with having population of 44,94,204 persons. In this study total 88 potential villages(centres) have been selected to measure the hierarchy levels of centres by considering the criteriaof centrality function index (CFI), working population index (WI) and tertiary population index (TI).
There are forty-three centres marked as first service centre which score the centrality value of 0.1
to 0.25. these centres have provided the primary services like sub-post office, primary cooperative societies, family planning centres, and sub-centers, etc., twenty-four centres in secondorder having the centrality score of 0.25 - 0.5 . It has been provided the services of sub PHC,
senior secondary school, agriculture services, co-operative bank, agricultural credit society,

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branch office, roadways bus stop etc. for the influence area. Sixteen third order centres at blocklevel and tahsil headquarters (centrality index of 0.5 to 10), have administrative services like
Police station, Post office, telephone exchange, electricity office etc. while four centres at Tahsil
level namely Mariyahu, Shahganj, Machhalishahar, and Kerakat as fourth order. Here theadministrative institutions, as well as infrastructural advantages, play a significant role behind its
relative functional effect compare to other lower-order centres. and the Jaunpur with CFI value
24.10 is only one fifth-order service centre. It has district headquarters and many other services,
it works as the heart for the whole artery of the district, pumping the goods and services to vasthinterlands. The hinterlands of first order are about to 45 sq. km, second order about to 90 km2,
third order about to 190 km2, fourth order is about to 800 km2 and Fifth order service centre cover
all the area of district.
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