Journal of Global Resources
Volume 4
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

January 2017

Page 88-98

12
URBANIZATION AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS OF BANGALORE
CITY, KARNATAKA, INDIA
D. Rajasekaran
Associate Professor of Geography, Govt. Arts College, Bangalore, India
Email: drdrajsekaran@gmail.com
Abstract: Bangaluru (earlier known as Bangalore) is the capital of Karnataka and is theprimate city of South India - one of the largest growing metropolitan regions of the world.
With the Information Technology (IT) and Bio-Technology (BT) boom, Bangalore is one of
the fastest growing cities in India and Asia. Bangalore serves as the global example of thepotentials and problems facing mega-cities in the developing nations. – Bangalore isamong the top 10 polluted cities in the country as found by the Ministry of Environment.
The prime cause for pollution is by emissions of motor vehicles. But, there is no
mechanism as such to check the increasing vehicular pollution that is affecting the air
quality and health of people in the so-called Garden City. Earlier, commuters had to inhale
a lot of petrol and diesel exhaust smoke at signals, but now because of increasing LPGfuel vehicles, they complain of inhaling more gaseous substances, dust from paved roads
and soils, building construction dustier leads hazards to health. – Bangalore city along withthe problem of Air Pollution, there is an acute shortage of piped drinking water; therefore
city has 3.12 lakhs bore wells. Bangalore’s urban future is grave - because of heavy
mineral/metals found in groundwater are fluoride, zinc copper, lead, manganese,
chromium, iron, nitrate and aluminium which are hazards to health. Therefore, the study
reveals to focus on the effects of the Bangalore City’s air pollution especially Particulate
Matter (PM10) – exceeds recommended standards levels and the contaminated groundwater – chemicals which lead to various health hazards are analysed and some of thesuggestions are dealt in it.
Key words: Ambient Air Quality, Emissions, Particulate Matter, Water Contamination
Introduction
Bengaluru (earlier known as Bangalore) is the capital of Karnataka and is the primate cityof South India - one of the largest growing metropolitan regions of the world. With theInformation Technology (IT) and Bio-Technology (BT) boom, Bangalore is one of thefastest growing cities in India and Asia. Bangalore serves as the global example of thepotentials and problems facing mega-cities in the developing nations. The Bangalore has
the highest demography and the only metropolitan city, of Karnataka, which it has 95 lacksof population as per the 2011 census. Presently 2015 Bangalore has a population of
10,839,725. The intensity, quantity, and frequency of both urban, suburban and movementwith other cities are same factor of increasing transportation problem and acute shortageof piped drinking water in the Bangalore area; particularly in transportation utility
development could not comply with the demand. The dependency of urban population ontransportation systems on fossil fuels is quite high and same manner dependency on bore
well water also quite high.
Bangalore is among the top 10 polluted cities in the country as found by the Ministryof Environment. The prime cause for pollution is by emissions of motor vehicles. But, there
is no mechanism as such to check the increasing vehicular pollution that is affecting the air
quality and health of people in the so-called Garden City. Earlier, commuters had to inhale
a lot of petrol and diesel exhaust smoke at signals, but now because of increasing LPGfuel vehicles, they complain of inhaling more gaseous substances, dust from paved roads

88and soils, building construction dust are leads hazards to health. Bangalore city along withthe problem of air pollution, there is an acute shortage of piped drinking water; therefore
city has 3.12 lakhs bore wells. Bangalore’s urban future is grave - because of heavy
mineral/metals found in ground water are fluoride, zinc copper, lead, manganese,
chromium, iron, nitrate and aluminium which are hazards to health. Therefore, the study
reveals to focus on the effects of the Bangalore City’s air pollution especially Particulate
Matter (PM10) – exceeds recommended standards levels and the contaminated groundwater – chemicals which lead to various health hazards are analysed and some of thesuggestions are dealt in it.
Study Area
Bangalore is emerged as the third largest metropolis in India with a population of about 8.4
million as per the Census 2011, and is among one of the fastest growing cities in Asia. It isalso the capital of the state of Karnataka. The name Bangalore is an Anglicized version of
the city's name in Kannada language, Bengaluru. The Bangalore city is considered as theprincipal administrative, industrial, commercial, educational and cultural capital of the stateof Karnataka, in the South-Western part of India. Blessed with a strong educational andtechnological base and agreeable climate, Bangalore is witnessing a tremendous growth inindustry, trade and commerce leading to a rapid growth of the city and large scaleurbanization. It is globally recognized as IT capital of India and also as a well-developed
industrial city. The city which was originally developed as a Garden City has slowly
transformed into an industrial and software hub of India.
Bangalore City is located in Bangalore District of south east of Karnataka State. It is
located in the heart of the Deccan Plateau. The area lies between 12o 58’ to 13o 0’ North
Latitude and 77o 37’ to 78o 18’ East Longitude and at an average elevation of 949 meters(3,113 feet) above mean sea level. It covers an area of about 2190 sq. kms. It has amaximum temperature of 33o C to lowest minimum of 14o C. Climatic conditions are March
to May warmest, June to September rainy and December to January cold. It has amoderate and pleasant climate. Summers are mild and winters are cool. Bangalore isaccessible by air, road, and rail.

89

Problems
The main problems that are overlooked across the globe are pollution. The Pollution isevident in many different forms, such as, water, sound, light, radioactive, land, and air. The
Toxic mix of unbridled vehicular growth, dusty constructions and chemical emission
triggers unprecedented air pollution. Rising traffic congestion is a serious issue confronting
Bangalore. The combination of population and economic growth of Bangalore contributes
to the increased number registered vehicles and miles/kilometres driven. The only way is to
reduce the problem of air pollution is the elimination or reduction of fossil fuels used by
vehicles. Added to this problem is the fact that there is no rail-based commuter system,
which only compounds the situation.
Thus, the increases in population, migration, uncontrolled urban expansion, income,economic growth, energy consumption and mobility have created a serious for air pollution
problems, in cities throughout the world. The study is to find the emissions from thevehicles and their impact on the environment. This deals with the present scenario of air
pollution and the effects on environment in Bangalore city. The worst thing about vehicularpollution is that it cannot be avoided as the vehicular emissions are emitted at the nearground level where we breathe and the polluted air - especially Particulate Matter (PM10) –exceeds recommended standards in all wards contributed from vehicles, dust from paved
roads and soil, reveals a study on the effects of air pollution leads to diseases.
Objectives• To know the history of growth of increasing population in Bangalore city.
• To know the effects of rapid urban growth, urbanization on land use and to that ofTransportation in Bangalore city.
• To study the impact of vehicular population on the environment.
• To identify the types of pollutants released from vehicles in Bangalore city.
• To identify the type of Chemicals found in groundwater in Bangalore city.
• To identify the types of diseases caused by pollutants released in Bangalore city.
• To forecast and suggestion for controlling measures of air pollution in Bangalore.
Methodology
In the present study of Urbanization and its Environmental Health Hazards of Bangalore
City, Karnataka – South India data from secondary as well as primary sources like
Bangalore District Census Hand Book, data from Bangalore Road Transport office. And
data of Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) covered area has been collected andanalysed. As the study is qualitative in nature simple tables and suitable maps have been
generated. Since Bangalore City is a dynamic metropolis there are a series of popular
articles published in leading dailies from which information has been elicited.
Urban Growth
The population of Bangalore city stands at 6.5 million in 2001 and 9.5 million as per 2011,
and continuing with this growth rate, the city’s population is expected to reach around 21
and 32 million in 2021 and 2041 respectively. With the Information Technology (IT) boom,
Bangalore is one of the fastest growing cities in India and Asia. With the emerging BioTechnology (BT) boom, Bangalore’s population growth may be even faster in the forthcoming decades. Bangalore is booming with other growth which is evident from its
nicknames viz. “India’s Silicon Valley”, “Fashion Capital of India”, “The Pub City of India”,
and so on. All these factors contribute to the growth of population of city. The table 1 below
shows the growth trends.

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Year

1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011

Table 1: Population Growth of Bangalore City, 1901-2011
Area (in km2)
Population
Sex
Density
Decadal
Ratio
Variation in
PercentNA
163,091982
NA-60.35
189,485
958
NA
8.47
NA
240,054
931
NA
12.25
NA
309,785
928
NA
22.79
NA
410,967
922
NA
25.11
NA
786,343
895
NA
69.77
501.21
1,206,961
890
2,408
19.61
177.301,664,208
886
9,386
46.55
365.652,921,751
900
7,991
59.08
445.914,130,288
903
9,263
38.44
531.006,537,124
908
2,985
35.09
800.009,588,910
908
4,378
46.68

Source: Census of India, District Census Handbook -2001 & 2011.

Land Use Analysis
This was carried out using data of Landsat satellite using supervised pattern classifier Gaussian maximum likelihood algorithm using GRASS. Four major types of land use
classes were considered: built-up area, forestland, open area, and water body. The resultsof the analysis are shown in tabulated in table 2.

Class
Year
1973
1992
1999
2002
2006
2010
2020

Table 2: Land Use- Changes &Projected in Bangalore City
Urban
Vegetation
Water
OthersPercent
Percent
Percent
Percent
7.97
68.27
3.40
20.35
27.30
46.22
2.60
23.86
35.37
45.77
2.26
13.61
37.75
38.72
1.84
21.69
43.23
28.83
1.57
26.37
54.42
23.41
0.90
21.27
70.64
13.55
0.74
15.07

Source: Data Collected from District Census Handbook -2001 & 2011 and BDA (Bangalore
Development Authority) and Compiled by Author.

This showcased sprawl in the region, hence greater Bangalore with 10 km buffer
was also analysed for years 2008, 2010, 2012 and land use is as tabulated in table 3. Thisdata was further considered for modelling of urban growth for the year 2020.
Class
Year
2008
2010
2012

Table 3: Land Use during 2008, 2010 and 2012
Built up Area
Water
Vegetation
Percent
Percent
Percent
24.85
0.53
38.35
28.48
0.78
36.57
29.33
0.58
33.68

OthersPercent
36.27
34.17
36.41

Source: Data Collected from District Census Handbook -2001 & 2011 and Bruhat Bangalore
Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)

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Urban density is computed for the period 1973 to 2010 & projected 2020 land use
and is depicted below, which illustrates that there has been a linear growth in almost all
directions shows the Figure below.
Figure 1: Land Use Change Analysed 1973-2010 & Projected 2020

With this increase in rapid urban growth, which is likely to increase travel demandsignificantly in Bangalore city. Given current trends, by 2020 the Bangalore city will have a
1.3 crore population will reach 2 largest city including the nearby cities of other states
capital such as, Hyderabad, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram in south India by 2030.
Air Pollution
Bangalore is among the top 10 polluted cities in the country as found by the Ministry ofEnvironment. The prime cause for pollution is by emissions of motor vehicles. But, there isno mechanism as such to check the increasing vehicular pollution that is affecting the air
quality and health of people in the so-called Garden City. Air pollution is addition of any
harmful gaseous, liquid or solid particles or substances to the atmosphere, whichcauses the damaging of the environment, human health on quality of life in urban areathat can endanger the health of human beings, plants animals, or damage materials
reduce visibility or release undesirable odors. By this one of the great problems faced
in urban areas throughout the world is the increase in vehicles due to imbalance
between the public transport and the increase in population, mobility and last mileconnectivity. This increase in the number of vehicles has led to increase in congestion
and the increase in pollution by the private vehicles polluting such a natural resourceby various human activities will substantially change the composition of air. This maylead to many short term and long term implications on the life of plants and animals.
Besides the change in composition, the pollution may directly add some poisonous andharmful gases - which may cause series of health complications.
Transportation is one of the important of economic activity and beneficial social
interactions. While the transportation sector is also a major source of air pollution in
Bangalore, estimated to account for nearly all of carbon monoxide (CO), more than 80
percent of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 40 percent of volatile organic compounds (VOC), 20
percent of sulphur dioxide (SO2), and 35 percent of PM10. The growing problems related
to the increase in the number of vehicles from transportation sector presents a wide range
of issues viz. air pollution, noise, congestion, accidents and increased travel time anddelays. It was evident from the existing information that air pollution controls and lacks of
security are also very worrisome. The key question is how to reduce the adverse
environmental impacts and other negative effects of transportation without giving up the
benefits of transportation. The table no.4 shows the number of registered and share ofdifferent modes of vehicles in Bangalore city on December 31, 2013.

92

Table 4: Vehicles Registered in Bangalore (As on December 31, 2013)
Types of Vehicles
2013
Two Wheelers
33,85,343
Cars
9,61,740
Three wheelers (Auto Rickshaws)
1,36,871
Trucks / Lorries
53,606
Total
49,20,035
Source: Deccan Herald News Paper and RTO Bangalore.

Table 5: Registered Number of Vehicles, Bangalore and Forecast
Vehicles Types
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Two Wheelers
1,11,750 4,58,860 10,67,430 29,51,520 48,35,610 67,19,700
Three wheelers
10,044
17,37961,424
1,15,401
1,69,378
2,23,355
Cars
31,73882,205
2,01,052
6,97,745 11,94,438 16,91,131
Jeeps
3,554
6,376
6,827
9,104
11,381
13,658
Taxi
1,120
2,511
6,299
32,81859,33785,856
Buses
4,671
4,516
20,65635,72350,79065,857
Trucks8,236
19,14941,887
1,39,573
2,37,259
3,34,945
Tractors
1,929
1,993
6,158
20,55534,952
49,349Trailers
1,734
1,723
5,544
12,487
19,43026,373
Maxi cab**
4,238
23,15342,06860,983
Others549
3,574
16,54284,018
1,51,494
2,18,970
Total
1,75,325 5,98,286 14,38,057 41,22,097 68,06,137 9,490,177
Source: RTO’s, District Census Hand Book, Bangalore

The urban air pollution is contributed generally by a variety of sources such asindustrial, commercial and transportation sectors. However, at Bangalore air pollution
problems which are quite severe are mainly compounded by the transportation sector while
the other sources such as industrial etc. are contributing less. As the core transportation
sector presently consists mainly of petrol and diesel driven vehicles operating throughout
the city, the major air pollutant components are contributed by the automobile exhaustemissions, which consist of; Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended
Particulate Matter (RSPM), Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur, Carbon Monoxide etc.
Presently many of these air pollutant concentrations are being monitored by the Karnataka
State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) at some locations and by the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) at some selected important intersections of the city.
Table 6: Choking Lungs-Air quality comparison of Bangalore City 2010 – 2013
Pollutant Areas
Pollutant *
2010
2011
2012
2013
Standard
Sulphur dioxide
16
50
16.5
16.1
19.3
White Field
Nitrogen oxide
37.9
30.4
30.1
31
40
Dust particles
122
122
86
162
60
Sulphur dioxide
29.5
40
72.6
83
65.8
City Railway
Nitrogen oxide
19.9
15.4
8.9
8.3
50
Station
Dust particles
72
61
55
99
60
Sulphur dioxide
15
50
1402
13.9
16.1
Mysore Road
Nitrogen oxide
34.5
29
31.3
31
40
Dust particles
65
80
58
169
60
Sulphur dioxide
13
20
13.3
12.7
12.6
Victoria Hospital
Nitrogen oxide
33.4
27.2
28.1
30
30
Dust particles
59
64
51
152
6
*Pollutants measured as micrograms/metre/cube
Source: Data Compiled from Daily News Paper-Deccan Herald.

93

Supplementary data relating to the vehicle demography- i.e. statistics of vehicle
population over the years to the present day, vehicle category data, annual fuelconsumption for the city vehicle population, pollution emission factors for various types ofautomobile fuel uses were collected to evaluate precisely the air pollution status at the
proposed, the accepted criteria for Air Quality Index are given in Table 7.
Table 7: Generally accepted criteria for AQI
Range
Criteria
0 to 25
Clean Air
26 to 50Light Air Pollution
51 to 75
Moderate Air Pollution
AQI > 75
Heavy pollution
AQI > 100
Severe Air Pollution
Source: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB).
Table 8: Details of AQI values and Criteria at Metro Corridors
Name of Stations*AQI Values
Air Quality Criteria
Yeshwanthpur
256
Severe Air Pollution
Navarang Junction (Rajajinagar)
148
Severe Air Pollution
Seshadripuram / Swastik Circle
140
Severe Air Pollution
Anand Rao Circle
National College / Vanivilas Circle
South End Circle
KIMS Circle
Sri Aurobindo Circle (Jayanagar 5th block)

189
238
173
146
178

Severe Air Pollution
Severe Air Pollution
Severe Air Pollution
Severe Air Pollution
Severe Air Pollution

KIMCO Junction Vijay Bus Depot Mysore Road
Vijayanagar Tollgate (Magadi Junction)
Okalipuram
Anil Kumble Circle

256
140
310
76

Severe Air Pollution
Severe Air Pollution
Severe Air Pollution
Heavy Air Pollution

Shanthala Silks (Majestic)
Trinity Circle
Cauvery Bhavan (Mysore Bank Circle)
Old Madras Road

314
232
241
194

Severe Air Pollution
Severe Air Pollution
Severe Air Pollution
Severe Air Pollution*AQI - Air Quality Index
Source: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB).

Emission Inventory
Emission inventory is an estimate of the amount of pollutants emitted into atmosphere.
Characterized by the following aspects:(i) Type of activities that cause emissions.
(ii) Chemical or physical identity of the pollutants included.
(iii) Geographic location, and(iv) Time period over which emissions are estimated.
Transport sector is the major contributor of emissions of PM10–Particulate Matterand NOx-Nitrogen Oxide in Bangalore whereas Industrial sector is the number one emitterfor SO2 -Sulphur dioxide emissions. Over the years, PM10 emissions have fallen mainly due
to a shift away from coal and wood for both domestic heating and industrial use, and are94

predicted to fall in future with change in fuel use trends and technology improvements. As
shown in Table 3.16, transport sector of Bangalore is the major source for PM10 emissions
contributing nearly 45 percent of total. The main source of NO emissions
emission in Bangalore isx

motor vehicles (75 percent),
percent while DG sets contribute about 20 percent.
percent Domestic andcommercial sector combustion is only minor sources of NOx. The main source of SO2
emissions is industry. This source contributes 60 percent of the total SO emissions in
2

Bangalore. The other major sources are transport and domestic sources.
Table 9: Emission Inventory
nventory in Bangalore (t/day)
PM10
NOx

Sources
Transport
Road Dust
Domestic
Industry
Commercial
Construction
Others (DG set)

22.4
10.9
108
7.8
0.1
2.7
3.6

146.36
0
2.73
1.2
0.2
0
51

SO2
2.31
0
0.68
8.2
0.02
0
3.35

Source: TERI, 2011a
PM-Particulate Matter, NO -Nitrogen
Nitrogen oxide, SO -Sulfur dioxidex2Bangalore City’s Air Pollution – Particulate Matter

Environmental Health Hazards lead to high levels of Air Pollution - Bangalore City
Environmental pollution in its many forms has affected human health - Cancer, asthma,skin diseases, neuro and coronary problems, vision and even foetal illnesses. And all arefatal. Air pollution is by far thethe most harmful form of pollution in our environment. Air
pollution is cause by the injurious smoke emitted by cars, buses, trucks, trains, andfactories, namely sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Even smoke fromburning leaves and cigarettes
cigarettes are harmful to the environment causing a lot of damage to
man and the atmosphere. Evidence of increasing air pollution is seen in lung cancer,
asthma, allergies, and various breathing problems along with severe and irreparable
damage to flora and fauna.
fauna. Even the most natural phenomenon of migratory birds has
been hampered, with severe air pollution preventing them from reaching their seasonal
metropolitan destinations of centuries.
Increasing air pollution levels, shrinking greenery and shrinking of lunglspaces overthe past few years has made Bangalore City the Asthma capital of India. Due to rapid
urbanization and pollution has led to increase incidence of Asthma - children are mostvulnerable to asthma. According to Paediatric Pulmonologist – “Though“Thoug asthma can be95

hereditary, the Environment plays a key role in causing the disease”. Changing lifestyle,eating habits and rise in traffic congestion are some of the reason leading to asthma
among the urban population. It confirms that 50 per cent of PM10 is a result of paved roadand soil dust and 19 per cent due to vehicles. Vehicular pollution, on the other hand,contributes to 50 per cent of PM2.5, which is more hazardous to health. PM consists ofaerosols, smoke, fumes, dust, ash and pollen. While PM2.5 is particles smaller than 2.5
micrometers, PM10 is particulate matter up to 10 micrometers in size. In certain areas,
PM10 exceeded up to three times the recommended permissible limit of 60 microgram/m3.
To analyse the effects of air pollutants on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Bangalore, it
obtained in excess of one million death records and found that the CVD deaths contributed
to almost 40 per cent of total mortality. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), however, was found to bewell under permissible limits, due to the various measures taken by the government suchas reduction of sulphur content in diesel fuel and wider use of liquefied petroleum gas(LPG), instead of coal as domestic fuel. An Environmental Health Information System
Model (ENVHIS) based on Geographic Information System (GIS) was designed specificallyto conduct a spatiotemporal analysis of the effects of air pollution on CVD. With support
from various authorities such as BBMP, KSPCB (Karnataka State Pollution Control Board)
and Transport department, data including demographic, air pollution data, vehicular data
and mortality data was obtained and used for analysis.“Particulate matter can penetrate therespiratory tract initially, by entering the nasal passages and into the alveoli. Due to theirexcessive penetrability, they then enter deep into the lungs and are deposited within the
tracheobronchial tree, respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
The particulates then enter the bloodstream resulting in significant health problems”. Risingpollution levels in Bangalore City over a period have led to an increase in the number ofhealth ailments among citizens. Skin diseases, allergies, respiratory problems, etc, are on
the rise. Fine dust particles are potential triggers for skin diseases. With the depletingozone layer, sun burns are quite commonly reported among the people say dermatologists.
Those travelling often are at higher risk of suffering from clogged skin pores. Due toexposure to pollution, causes related to pimples and eczemas are on the rise, andpossibilities of scalp-related problems like dandruff and itching increased with suspended
dust particles. Hence, it is important to take good care of hair and scalp. The same canalso lead to critical conditions like skin cancer if ignored in the long run. Extra care isadvised for those with sensitive skin.Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution may not
only lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, but also causes damage to the
Kidneys. On average, the livelihood of developing membranous nephropathy, an immune
disorder of the kidneys that can lead to kidney failure, it increase 13 percent annually over
11 years a study says by researchers from Southern Medical University in China. The
latest study says that due to Air Pollution children's loss their memory power and also the
IQ. The life of the human being will reduce to three to three and half years.
Environmental Health Hazards Lead to Water Contamination- Bangalore City
Rapid urbanization, mindless development, erratic industrialization coupled with poor
sewage and solid waste management has not only depleted the groundwater levels, but
has also irreversibly contaminated the water table in Bangalore. With the Bangalore Water
Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) distributing River Cauvery water to only six lakhodd households, a large population depends on groundwater for potable and non-potablepurposes. Most of residents, especially those living in the fringe areas, either buy water or
adopt reverse osmosis or RO (a filtration methodology) for purifying drinking water, as
groundwater is unsafe for direct consumption.
In fact Bangalore City has only 30 per cent is open area, and has a normal annual
rainfall in the city is 830 mm. Bangalore City receives 66,400 hectare meter per annum(hhm/pa) of water, out of which 17,000 hhm/pa is the surface run-off of the total rainwater.
Bangalore City exploits 12,450 hhm/pa of groundwater, but only 2,100 hhm/pa of water isrecharged in the groundwater annually. Evaporation-transpiration water loss is 47,235

96

hhm/pa. Water consumption in Bangalore City is 140 litres per day per head. The totalrequirement of water in the city is 48,600 hhm/pa. But city receives only 35,605 hhm/pa ofwater is tapped from distant river sources like Cauvery and other sources. The shortfall inwater requirement of about 13,000 hhm/pa will be managed through bore wells. Presently
Bangalore City has 3.12 lakh bore wells.
Suggestions
1. Air Quality of the urban “pollution dome” due to fuel driven vehicles as expected tobe diffused to a large extent by improving the air quality (CO2, SO2, NOX, Pb
reduction).
2. While constructions of buildings it should be cover, so that dust will be avoided.
3. The rain water will be drained properly on both sides of the roads so that soil dust
will avoided.
4. Huge reduction due to reduction of fueled vehicles and opting for electrical traction.
5. The noise along corridors will be reduced as on-road vehicular population density
goes down and the noise in other areas can be marginal due to overall reduction ofdensity.
6. Quality of life improved by reduced vehicles on road, lesser pollution, lesser roadaccidents, quicker and comfortable mode of transport.
7. CO2 fixing by increased potential for growing trees both along corridors and otherselected areas of forestation.
8. With traffic decongestion being the key, the primary aim of the Bangalore Metroshould be to encourage commuters to leave their vehicles in their garages and use
public transport. Positioned as a complementary, rather than competitive mode oftransport, the Bangalore Metro should work in tandem with other transport system
like buses and mono rails.
9. The city bus corridors will not run parallel to Bangalore Metro corridors; insteadbuses will act as feeders. The mono rail network planned for the city will not overlap
with that of the metro, but will connect at major junctions as feeders.
10. On certain high density corridors, three wheelers will be regulated. Feeder bus
services will be provided to all the metro stations. Bus bays and parking facilities forprivate vehicles will be available at all major stations. State-of-the-art satellite buscum-metro terminals are being planned in the city outskirts, to control the entry ofinter-city buses.
11. Rainwater harvesting should be made compulsory for all residents.
12. Maintaining sanitation is a must both while collecting garbage as well at thedisposal points and stringent laws should be enforced to treat and dispose ofeffluents safely.
Conclusion
The Bangalore City with rapid urbanization and its environmental issues focused problems
could be to some extent reduced by creating and concentrating on developing suburbs;
reduce the traffic congestion and air pollution through Metro project being an infrastructure
project for Bangalore city designed to promote an efficient and commuter friendly transport
sector for the benefit of the urban community is also expected to bring in a number of
positive impacts on the environment and the general public. Depending upon theirsignificance and magnitude, some of them could be considered as tangible while others
could be viewed as intangible benefits. The positive impacts of metro would be steadily
realized during sustained running operations of the metro system. The Bangalore Metrocomes with a package deal. Comfortable, quick, safer and economical, its energy
requirement per passenger km. is only one-fifth of that of road based systems. Commutersand children can breathe easy; there will be no air pollution as the system runs on electric
power. The economic rate of return is 22.3percent.To introduction of Monorail; (ELRTS)
elevated rail system, BRTS Bus route transport system, fuel price etc.

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Lake rejuvenation and rainwater harvesting are the recommended solutions to thegrowing groundwater contamination in the City. Technology must be adopted to tackle
groundwater contamination. A de-nitrification plant can be a boon to remove nitrate inwater. Lake rejuvenation must be campaigned for aggressively, which will also increase thegroundwater table. Rainwater harvesting should be made compulsory for all residents. We
have messed up with the industrial effluent discharge system in the City, which is the main
reason for heavy metal contamination. Stringent laws should be enforced to treat anddispose of effluents safely. It is high time for both the government and the public to act tocurb groundwater contamination.To improve the quality of air and water there is a need ofstrict enforcement and monitoring program by the Karnataka Pollution Control Board.
References
1. “Alarming levels of particulate matter in all wards” An article in Deccan Herald,
Bangalore, and Dt.18-12-2015.
2. Ashish Bose (1978) – “India’s Urbanization”, 1901-2001 Second revised edition,
published by Tata McGraw-Hill. Company Limited, New Delhi.
3. Bangalore City Corporation, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.
4. Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.
5. Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), Government of Karnataka,
Bangalore.
6. Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation (BMRC), Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.
7. Census of India 2001, Kendriya Sadan, Koramangala, Bangalore.
8. Desphande C.D., B. Arunachalam, L.S. Bhat (1980) – “Impact of Metropolitan City on
the surrounding region” Concept Publications, New Delhi.
9. “KSPCB herds recyclers for treating e-waste” - An article in Deccan Herald, Bangalore,
Dt.06-05-2010.
10. News articles in the daily variety of local leading News Papers are referred.
11. “No breathing room” - An article in Deccan Herald, Bangalore, Dt.08-05-2010.
12. Thakur Binda (1991) “Land Urilization and Urbanization”, Deep and Deep
Publication, Varanasi, UP. India.
13. Prakasa Rao. V.L.S., V.K. Tewari (1979) “The Structure of an Indian Meteropolis” – A
study of Bangalore, Allied Publ. Pvt. Ltd.
14. “Reducing emission the Auto Way” - An article in Deccan Herald, Bangalore, Dt.24-112009.
15. Singh R.L. (1963) “Bangalore an Urban Survey” – The National Geographical society ofIndia, Tata Publications, Varanasi, UP, India.
16. “Shrinking lung space fuelling asthma” - An article in Deccan Herald, Bangalore, Dt.0405-2010.
17. “Traffic Management goes Hi-Tech” - An article in Deccan Herald, Bangalore, Dt.29-122009.

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