Blazing a trail for science in the 21st century.
Connecting Tohoku and the world.

The International Linear Collider

JANUARY 2015
Iwate PrefectureandIwate Prefecture Conferencefor the Promotion of the ILC© Rey. Hori

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Welcome to The Kitakami Mountain Range, the candidate site for the ILC!

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What will we learn from the ILC?
Near Geneva, Switzerland lies the CERN research center
that runs the largest accelerator in the world, the Large Hadron
Collider(LHC). The LHC is a circular accelerator 27km in circumference, and was the source of huge news in July 2012 when it
discovered the Higgs particle. While the LHC collides protons,

which are complex particles, the ILC will collide electrons andpositrons, which are elementary particles. Colliding them
together will create new elementary particles and make it easierto understand their reactions. Scientists can then learn more
about the nature of the Higgs particle.

Φ27km
50km

protonprotonpositronelectronpositron
protonelectron

quark

quark

protonComplex！

Simple！
Yuki Akimoto「http://higgstan.com/」

Radiation therapy equipment

What is an accelerator?
An accelerator is a machinethat accelerates electrically charged
particles. There are many accelerators being used in fields essential toour daily lives, such as industry andmedicine.

【Examples of accelerators】

・Electron microscopes: These devices accelerat electrons into abeam over a specimen, and form images by detecting andamplifying the secondary electrons that are generated.
・Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Radioisotopes produced byaccelerators are inserted into glucose which is introduced into thebody, and emitted positrons can then be detected. It is used inclinical oncology.
・Radiation therapy equipment (cancer treatment): Protons andother particles are accelerated and then aimed at cancerous cells inthe body as treatment.

What are elementary particles?
The smallest units that compose matter or force. They areparticles that cannot be subdivided any further. Examples are
leptons such as electrons and neutrinos, and the quarks thatcompose protons and neutrons.
© Kaori Kurokawa

When will the ILC be built?
The ILC is being planned and designed by an internationalteam of scientists. Here is the history and future schedule of theILC.
December 2012
August 20132013 – 2018

matｔermolecule

atom

protonquark

How much will the ILC cost?
According to the Technical Design Report released in 2012,construction (accelerator and facilities) cost was estimated as
830 billion yen. Annual operating costs will be approximately 36
billion yen.
These costs will be divided among participating countries,
but the host country is expected to provide approximately half ofthe construction cost.

Photo : Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

2018
In the late 2020’s

Technical Design Report released, outlining details of theaccelerator design.
Japan decided on the Kitakami mountain range as its
candidate site.
International negotiations between possible participatedcountries on the items such as cost distribution
Finalize the accelerator design
Final site decision
Start construction (Projected to take around 10 years)
Start operation.

Reconstruction from the Great East Japanand Tsunami and the ILC

The ILC will be facility at the forefront of particle research near
Sanriku, Iwate’s coastal region. If the ILC’s is be built here, the area will
be surrounded by an international academic research city where domestic and foreign scientists live and work, and where related industries will
also gather. This will cultivate the dreams for the future in our children,and lead to a true reconstruction of not just the devastated areas, but ofall Tohoku.
To achieve that aim, Iwate Prefecture is joining forces with Tohoku
industry, academia, and government to bring the ILC to Tohoku.

Glossary＊1 Positron ......... The antiparticle of an electron. It has a positive electric charge, and has the same mass as an electron.
＊2 Big Bang ....... The cosmic explosion that is thought to have occurred at the beginning of the Universe. The Big Bang theory supposes that the Universe
began with an explosion (the ‘Big Bang’) 13.8 billion years ago followed by the expansion of the Universe in which elementary particles,atoms, molecules, stars, and galaxies were formed.
＊3 Higgs boson... A particle that is thought to fill the Universe just as water fills the sea, and gives mass to elementary particles. Just after the Big Bang, allparticles were massless. When the Universe expanded and cooled, the sea of the Higgs field was formed, and it became difficult for theparticles to move around, because of the resistance from the sea. It is thought that this difficulty in moving led to the mass of particles.

Overview of the ILC

Damping Ring
A damping ring is a closed storage ring that decreases
the volume of the particle bunches making up a beam,
creating bunches that are denser and more compact. TheILC design has two damping rings, one for the electron
beam and one for the positron beam.

Particle Detectors

Main Linac© Rey. Hori

© Rey. Hori

Accelerator Tunnel

Two principal linear accelerators(main linacs),
one for electrons and one for positrons, will accelerate bunches of particles to 99.99999999% of thespeed of the light.
〔Cryomodule〕
Each accelerator consists of hollow structurescalled superconducting cavities, nestled within aseries of cooled vessels known as cryomodules.
The module uses liquid helium to cool the cavities
to minus 271℃ to make them superconducting.
〔Superconductive Accelerating Cavities〕
These important structures are considered
the heart of the ILC. They are made of a metal
called niobium.

An image of electrons accelerated
with in the superconductive
accelerator cavity unit

© Rey. Hori

The accelerator tunnel will have two rooms; onefor the main linac (right), and the other for klystrons(left),the device that supplies the accelerator with theelectricity it needs.

Superconductive Accelerating Cavities© Rey. Hori

Photo : KEK© Rey. Hori

What are the requirements
for the ILC site?

What is the ILC?
The International Linear Collider (or ILC) will be one of the world largest scientific endeavors. Built in a
31km-50km-long tunnel underground, the state-of-the-art electron and positron (＊1) linear collider willchange our understanding of the universe. Scientists and engineers worldwide are collaborating to realize
this unique project. It will be the only one in the world.

How does the ILC work?
In the 31km-50km-long, 100-meter deep underground tunnel,the ILC will accelerate the beam ofelectrons and positrons to nearly the speed of light, and collide them against each other. The head-on
collisions in the central region will recreate the conditions just after the Big Bang (＊2) ,revealing what
happened at the beginning of the Universe. The collision will also create many diverse particles, including
the Higgs boson (＊3) , the particle responsible for mass.
By measuring these particles, we will be able to start tackling a mystery that has long plagued thehuman race – How did mass and the universe come into existence? In addition, accelerator technologies canbe used in so many diverse fields such as medicine, biology, the creation of new materials, information/communications, measurements, the environment, and energy.

The particle detectors will record the electron-positron
collisions. ILC will have two detectors, ILD and SiD, installedin the center of the accelerator tunnel. Having these twodetectors will allow vital cross-checking of the experiments.

Main
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Linac© Form One / ILC

The site must accommodate 31km-50km-long accelerator, theaccess tunnels, and the large cavern for the particle detectors.
It is absolutely necessary that it be built in stable bedrock that is
free of artificial vibrations and active faults so that electrons andpositrons can collide with precision.

What happens if the ILC isbuilt here?

sElectron

Linac

31km

If the ILC becomes a reality, about 3,000 scientists and engineers
around all over the world will come with their families to live in the area,leading to the creation of an international and multicultural city inTohoku. An international hub of knowledge will be formed in ourbackyard, with leading edge research inspiring our children and giving
them dreams.

The great features of the Kitakami Mountain Range Site
Sturdy granite distributed across 50km, with no active faults
The electrons and positrons to be used in the experiments
are extremely small particles. In order to collide them together
with precision, the ILC must be built at a site with sturdy
bedrock and low vibrations. Plus, the site must keep thosefeatures for a length of 31km-50km.
Tohoku’s Kitakami mountain is one of the best spots in theworld. The underground area of the Kitakami mountains thatstretch between Oshu City and Ichinoseki City, Iwate prefecture
consist of sturdy granite bedrock. The area stretches from northto south, with Hitokabe bedrock in the north and Senmaya
bedrock in the south. Together with Tohoku University, Iwate
prefecture conducted a detailed geological survey from December 2012 to the spring of 2013 and confirmed that the Kitakami
mountain was a suitable area for the ILC.

Even though the Tohoku region suffered immense damage
from the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, we knowthat the ground itself is extremely stable. Under the Kitakami
mountains holds a national observatory called the Esashi EarthTides Station, which detected no effect whatsoever from theearthquake on the facility’s devices.
Core Samples
Near North an end

Center Region

Satetsu-gawa River

Geological Cross Section
HITOKABE Granite

SENMAYA Granite

ORIKABE Granite

INAI Group
Mudstone/
Sandstone

Geological Map
ORIKABE Granite

HITOKABE Granite

INAI Group
Mudstone/
Sandstone

SENMAYA Granite

Approval number 60635130-A-20131024-001

Kitakami Site Center Region

A great environment
for business and society
・The site has great international access toand from Sendai, Hanamaki, Narita, andHaneda airports
・Sendai has many urban functions, withTohoku University cooperating with manyother institutions of higher learning andresearch organizations
・A great place to live because of its coolclimate, Sanriku Reconstruction NationalPark, ski resorts, hot springs, marine
sports, and much more・History, culture, and a bountiful naturalenvironment, with World Heritage sites
Hiraizumi (cultural) and Shirakami-Sanchi(natural)
・A safe and reliable area, and a clean andpure environment without pollution

A c c e s sAccess to Tokyo from around the worldFrankfurt

12h 15min

TohokuBeijingVancouver

4h 20min

8h 55minIwate
prefecturalParis

12h 30min

New York
12h 30min

LondonLos AngelesRome

San Francisco

10h 15min

12h 35min

9h 40min12h 50min

Narita International Airport

Singapore
7h 45minSydney9h 40minShin-Aomori Station

Access to Ichinoseki / Oshu from Tokyo■Iwateprefectural

When using Shinkansen bullet train (shortest possible time)
8min by Taxi

Shin-Hanamaki Station

Iwate Hanamaki
Airport

Iwate Prefectural University●
Iwate University●

Mizusawa-Esashi
StationIchinosekiStation(Oshu)

Sendai Station

About 10min

Ichinoseki Station(Ichinoseki)

Tohoku University●About 23min

Seindai Station

Morioka Station
Iwate Hanamaki
AirportAbout 15min

Mizusawa-Esashi Station

Kitakami
Mountain

Sendai Airport Access Line
26min〈the rapid service train17min〉

Sendai Airport

Sendai Airport

About 1h 42min

Ueno Station

41min by Keisei Skyliner

47min by Keisei Skyliner

Tokyo Station

NaritaInternational
Airport56min by Narita Eexpress

30min by Tokyo MonorailTokyoStation

Tsukuba Science City

Narita International Airport
Haneda Airport

Haneda Airport

Inquiries
Science and ILC Promotion Division, Department of Policy and Regional Affairs
Iwate Prefectural Government(020-8507) 10-1, Uchimaru, Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture

TEL 019-629-5217
E-mail AB0009@pref.iwate.jp※Contacting the Conference
Iwate Prefecture Conference for the Promotion of the ILC(020-8507) 14-12, Shimizucho, Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture

TEL 019-624-5880
E-mail daihyo@ccimorioka.or.jp