Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)
Vi iti Researcher
Visiting
Rh P
Programme FY2012B

D C Rana
Joint Secretary
Government of Himachal Pradesh
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
INDIA

Disclaimer
This report was compiledThiil d byb an ADRC visitingi ii
researcher (VR) from ADRC member countries. Theviews expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect
the views of the ADRC. The boundaries and names
shown and the designations used on the maps in thereport also do not imply official endorsement oracceptance by the ADRC.

Obj iObjectives
off theh SStudydy To critically review the current system of ERS in Indiay Study
S d IInternational
ilB
Best PPractices
iiin ERSy Suggest a Model ERS for the Country

Defining Emergency Managementy The word ‘emergency’ originated from Latin word

‘emergere’ which means ‘arise, bring to light’.
y Oxford dictionary defines emergency as “serious,unexpected and often dangerous situation requiring
unexpected,immediate action.”y UNISDR - Emergency management means the organizationand management of resources and responsibilities foraddressing all aspects of emergencies, in particularpreparedness response and initial recovery steps.
preparedness,steps It
involves plans and institutional arrangements to engage
pand gguide the efforts of all stakeholders in comprehensive
and coordinated ways to respond to entire spectrum ofemergency needs.
y The FEMA Principles
Pri ci les of Emergency
E erge c Management
Ma age e t

Emergency Responsey UNISDR – Response consists of “the provision of emergency

services and public assistance during or immediately after adisaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts,
ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needsof the people affected.
affected ……. Sometimes called ‘disasterdisasterrelief’.”y Immediate response
pphase of an emergency
pg y may
ycommence with early warning.
y Response encompasses all activities taken to save lives andreduce damage from the event and includes assimilation
anddissemination
ofinformation,
emergency
communication, coordination, providing emergency
assistance to victims,victims etc.
etc
y Effective coordination of disaster assistance is often crucial,
particularly when many organizations respond

Components of ERS
y Legal and Institutional Frameworky Emergency Services
y Contingency Planningy Earlyy Warningg System
yy Communication and Information Managementy Summoning of Emergency Services
y Coordination Mechanism

Current Status of ERS in India

Legal and Institutional Set-up
Set upy Prior of 1990s – totallyy relief centricy Relief Commissioners and Crisis Management System
y 1990s – IDNDR – DM Cell Shifted to MHA from MOA
y Disaster Management Act, 2005
y New
N institutions
i tit ti
set-uptcreatedt d andd notified
tifi dy New Authorities at the State and District Level notstaffed
ff d andd functional
fil ini most off theh cases
y Co-existence of old and new system – more
pronounced
d at theh national
il levell l where
hnew system
has come into existence.

Source: MHA, GOI

Emergency Services in Indiay Ambulance
A b lSService
i beingb i run bby multiple
lti l agencies
iy Fire Services – No uniformity
y Current
Ctddeficiency
fi i
off FiFire SServices
ias per SFAC norms:-Fire stations – 97.54%;
Fi fiFirefighting
h i andd rescue vehicles
hi l – 80.04%;
80 04% anddFire personnel – 96.28%
Ci il Defence
D f
S i
dd d as one theirh iy Civil
Services– DM added
activities in 2011 by amending the CD Act.
y 10 Battalions of NDRF raised under the Act which aredrawn from the CPMFs and stationed around thecountry.

C iContingencyPlPlanningiy National Crisis Management Plan, 2003
y SOPs
SOP ffor R
Responding
di to N
Naturall Di
Disasters, 2010y Disaster Management Plans-No National DM Plan
Many States are yet to finalize their State Plans
Most of the district DMPs not finalized
Local Level Planning is yet to take off

Nodal Agencies for Issuing Early Warning
Name of the Disaster

AgencyCycloneIndian Meteorological Department (IMD)

TsunamiFloodsIndian National Centre for Oceanic Information
Services (INCOIS)()
Central Water Commission (CWC)

Landslide

Geological Survey of India (GSI)

Avalanches

Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment(SASE)
Indian Meteorological Department

Heat and Cold Wave

Source: SOPs, 2010, MHA, GOI

Source: SOPs
SOPs, 20102010, MHA
MHA, GOI

Some Sample Weather Forecastand Earthquake Reports

Source: IMD Websites

Multiple Toll Free Numbers
PoliceAmbulance

FireEOC

Other Important Control Rooms

100

102,, 1298,,
108, 112

101

District – 1077
State andNational - 1070

Chennai Traffic Police - 103.
Delhi Traffic Police - 1095.
Kolkata Traffic Police - 1073.
Bangalore Traffic Police - 108 and100.
Women crisis response – 1091
Child Di
DistresstSServicei - 1098

Coordination Mechanism

SphereIndia
Initiatives
and NDMA
Guidelines
IAGs
URS

Source: MHA, GOI

Case Studies of Recent Major Disasters –Summary of Lessons Learnt
y Timely and effective early warning could have saved many

preciousi
li
lives
andd given
il d time
leadtif theforth emergency services
iand government machinery to respond.
y Emergency
g y communication network which failed after disaster
hampered disaster response.
y Absence of legal and institutional institutions such as SDMA wasfelt and immediately after Orissa Super Cyclone and GujaratEarthquake such institutions were immediately set-up.
y Inter-agency coordination mechanisms are required at all levels
h humanitarianhi i agency act ini a coordinated
did way.
to ensure thaty Information management is very important in the aftermath of adisaster.
y Multi-hazard DMPs would have improved emergency response.

Relevant International BestPractices

Legal Framework of Japany 7 basic acts
y 18 disaster prevention and preparedness legislations
y 3 legislations governing disaster emergency response
y 23 disaster recovery and reconstruction and financial

measures actsy Act on Special Measures for Promotion of Tonankai andNankai Earthquake Disaster ManagementManagement, 2002
y Japan has learnt from disasters and this learning isreflected in her laws,laws policies and plansy The first DMP was prepared in 1963 and subsequently
revised several time.
time

Earlyy Warningg System
yin Japanpy JMA main agency to monitor and issue alerts/warnings
y Observation system for earthquakes and EEWS and useof EEWS (2006)y Information Network for Disaster Prevention (INDiP)y JJ-Alert – Since 9th February,y, 2007y Legal Framework - Section 57 of the Disaster
Countermeasures Basic Act,, ((Act No. 223,, November15, 1961)

Source: JMA

J-Alert System

Source: FDMA, GOJ

Source: MIC, GOJ

Tsunami Advisory – Solomon Island
E thEarthquakekU
User-friendly
f i dl W
Weatherth FForecastt

Source: JMA, GOJ

Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS)– USA
Source: FEMA

Information Management SystempJapany Earthquake
E hk Di
Disaster IInformation
fi SSystem (DIS)y Real Damage Analysis System by Artificial Satellite (RAS)y Disaster Information Sharing Platform (PF)y In house Radio Network and Response System

Source: Cabinet Office, GOJ

Emergency Response and Communication
System of Osaka Gas Engineering Co. Ltd., Japany The Co. supplies gas in Kansai region of Japan which

comprises of six prefectures namely Hyogo,Hyogo Osaka,Osaka
Kyoto, Nara, Wakayama and Shiga consisting of 6.3
million households/customers.
y Intelligent gas meters installed at each customer’s
locationy Low pressure gas supply is automatically shut off inearthquakes capable of damaging pipelines andstructures by an automatic shut-off
shut off system
y Gas supply can be shut off remotely from the Central
Control Center and BackBack-Up
Up Center

Automatic Shut-off
Shut off System

Source: Osaka Gas

In house Radio Network
In-house

Source: Osaka Gas

Use of ICT during Large-scale Disaster for
Humanitarian Response and Coordination

Case Study 1: 2010 Haiti Earthquake

Case Studyy 2: 2011 GEJET

Courtesy: MIC

Courtesy: WB Knowledge Notes

Summoningg of Services – Universal Emergency
g yTelephone Number
Sr. No.

Name of the Country/Region

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.

USA
Australia
United Kingdom
European Union Member Countries
FranceNew ZealandSouth Africa
Nigeria
Sudan
BahrainCambodia
East Timor
MyanmarHong Kong
North Korea
KuwaitMacau
M ldi
Maldives
Malaysia
Oman
Philippines
Qatar
Thailand
Solomon Island
CanadaGreenland
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Honduras
Haiti
Surinam
Uruguay
Venezuela

Emergency Helpline
911
000/112999/112
112
112
111
10111/10177
199
999
999
117
112
191
999
819
112
999
112
999
999
117
999
999
111
911
112
911
118
199
118
115
911
171

Case of European Uniony Directive No. 98/10/EC (ONP: provisions for the open

telephone networks and the universal service intelecommunications)y 112 became the single European emergency number in1991
y Being answered to in several foreign languagesy It is to be first implemented alongside the alreadyi ti systems.
texistingy The 112 European Emergency Number Association
Foundation was created in order to promote theknowledge and appropriate use of the EuropeanEmergency
g y Number 112

Case Study of Romania
y The Single National Emergency Call System (SNECS) 112

became functional in 2004
y The SNECS consists of emergency
g y call answeringg centers
known as Public Safety Answering Points (PSAP)
y Special Telecommunications Services (STS), a legalggovernment operator operates the SNECS which works
through 40 PSAP
y Automatic Number Identification (ANI), Automatic Location
Identification (ALI) and Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)y The
Th STS uses Phoenix,
Phi DimetraDi
andd conventional
il UHF andd
VHF networks to achieves local cooperation for theresponseCommunication Network of 112 in Romania

Source: 112 Network Romania

Emergency Management System, Hyogo
Prefecture, Japanyyy

The Disaster Management Center
Phoenix Disaster ManagementSystem
Hyogo Prefectural Emergency
Management and Training Center

Source: Hyogo Prefectural Govt, JapanP t l 117
Patrol117- Philippines
Phili iy Launched in 2003
2003, a local counterpart of th eUS 9-1-1,
911

by the DILG
y 117 – a Call Centery Call relayed to the appropriate agency and monitored

Source: Hyogo Prefectural Govt, Japan

Model Emergency Response
S tSystemforf India
I diUniversal Emergency Number and Integrationof services
y There is need not only to integrate all the toll freenumbers but also to integrate
gnumerous control roomsy One Central control room/call center and one each for
ES at the state level with back-upp center is ggood enoughgy Resources of these services should be centrally
managedg at the state level only
yUy Utilizing the modern ICT tools the calls in these centersshould be assisted by CACH and CAD should be used for
dispatching emergency resources.

Comprehensive and Integrated Legal andInstitutional Frameworky Integration of old and new system
y TheTh new systems createdd underd theh Act
A should
h ld beb

staffed and made functional
y Needd to fill
f ll up legall l andd policylfframework
k whichh h ismore glaring in case of post-disaster scenario¥y Need to proactively take concrete actions with tangible
and measurable outputs to reduce the damages fromf t
futureearthquakes
thkRecommendations Contd…
y Strengthening of Fire Services
y Communication
Ci i andd IInformation
fi M
Management SSystem
y Use of ICT, Social Media and Community Radioy Integrating the existing communication networks
y Integrated Contingency Planningy Effective and User-friendly Early Warning System
y Inter Agency Coordination and Unified ResponseMechanism

A Model of Coordination Mechanism
Source: Arunima Chatterjee
and other et. al.

Thanks !
DDomoA
Arigato-gozaimasu
ii!