ASIIAN DISSASTEER RED
DUCTIOON CENTER
V
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Diisasster Ris
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Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1.
OVERVIEW OF DISASTER SITUATION IN THE WORLD, INDONESIA AND JAPAN
1.1.
Natural and human-made disasters trend in the world
1.2.
Overview of disaster situation in Indonesia
1.2.1. Structure Organization of National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB)
1.2.2. Disaster Management Framework in Indonesia
1.2.3. Disaster management plan
1.2.4. Disaster management related budget in Indonesia
1.3.

Overview of disaster situation in Japan
1.3.1. Structure organization of National Government and Cabinet Office (Disaster
Management)
1.3.2. Disaster Management Framework in Japan
1.3.3. Disaster management plan
1.3.4. Disaster management related budget in JapanCHAPTER 2.
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND PARADIGM
2.1.
Disaster Risk Reduction - What is it and why do need it?
2.2.
The importance of building resilient to disasters
2.3.
Paradigm Shift From Emergency Response To Disaster Risk Reduction
CHAPTER 3.
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN INDONESIA AND JAPAN
3.1
Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia
3.1.1. Strengthening legislation and institutional capacity
3.1.2. Disaster Planning
3.1.3. Research, education and Training
3.1.4. Increased participation and community capacity disaster risk reduction
3.1.5. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
3.1.6. Early Warning System
3.1.7. Preparedness
3.2

Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan
3.2.1 Disaster Information System and Risk Asessment
A) The authority of unified information management agencies
B) Advanced information management organizationC) Advanced information technology systems
3.2.2 Disaster Early Warning3.2.2.1
3.2.2.2

3.2.3

3.2.4

3.2.5

3.2.6

Disaster Early Warning Profile
Disaster Early Warning SystemA) Meticulous Structure for monitoring to Various Disasters
B) Earthquakes and Tsunamis monitoringC) Vulcanic monitoring
3.2.2.3
Flood early warningA) Flood MonitoringB) Flood Early WarningC) Flood Prevention Warnings
3.2.2.4
Earthquake Early WarningA) Earthquake ObservationsB) Issuance of Earthquake Information
3.2.2.5
Tsunami Early Warning
Disaster Reduction And Prevention Project3.2.3.1
Improvement Of Disaster Prevention Facilities
3.2.3.2
Construction of disaster prevention projects
Disaster Reduction Activity
3.2.4.1
Disaster Drill
3.2.4.2
Disaster Volunteer Training
Disaster Education And Research
3.2.5.1 Disaster education
A) Variety of disaster MuseumB) Variety of Disaster Prevention And Education Publicity MaterialsC) Education and promotion of universal Internet Disaster Reduction
Disaster research

Conclusion and Lesson learning
References

CHAPTER 1.
OVERVIEW OF DISASTER SITUATION IN

THE WORLD, INDONESIA AND JAPAN1.1. Natural and human-made disasters trend in the world

Fig. 1. Trends in occurrence and victims
In 2011, 332 natural disasters were registered, less than the average annual
disaster frequency observed from 2001 to 2010 (384). However, the human andeconomic impacts of the disasters in 2011 were massive. Natural disasters killed a
total of 30.773 people and caused 244.7 million victims worldwide (see Figure 1).
Economic damages from natural disasters were the highest ever registered, with anestimated US$ 366.1 billion.
Over the last decade, China, the United States, the Philippines, India andIndonesia constitute together the top 5 countries that are most frequently hit by
natural disasters. In 2011, the Philippines experienced the highest number ofnatural disasters ever registered in its history (33). The country was affected by 18
floods and landslides, 12 storms, 2 volcanic eruptions and one earthquake. Tropical
cyclone 'Washi' (Sendong) struck the country in December and caused 1.439
deaths, making it the most lethal storm worldwide in 2011.

1|Page

The ratio of natural disaster in the World (2000 – 2011)
Ratio of Natural disaster related to climate change is high

The ratio of affected people by natural disaster in the World (2000 – 2011)
Ratio of Natural disaster related to climate change is around 90%
Amongst the top 10 countries in terms of disaster mortality in 2011, sevencountries are classified as high-income or upper-middle income economies (seeWorld Bank income classification). These countries accounted for 79.2% of global
reported disaster mortality in 2011, mainly due to the Tōhoku earthquake andthtsunami in Japan on March 11 . This mega-disaster caused nearly 19.850 deaths,
2|Pagerepresenting 64.5% of worldwide disaster mortality in 2011.
The Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan was the most expensive natural
disaster ever recorded, with estimated economic damages of US$ 210.0 billion.
Floods in Thailand that occurred from August to December (US$ 40.0 billion), thendFebruary 22 earthquake in New Zealand (US$ 15.0 billion), and storms in the
United States in May (US$ 14.0 billion) and April (US$ 11.0 billion) also added
significantly to the total disaster damages of 2011.
The disaster that made the most victims in 2011 was the flood that affected China in
June, causing 67.9 million victims. Furthermore, China was affected by a droughtfrom January to May (35.0 million victims), a storm in April (22.0 million victims) andanother flood in September (20.0 million victims), further contributing to a total of
159.3 million victims in China in 2011, a figure representing 65.1% of global
reported disaster victims. Droughts and consecutive famines made many victims in
Ethiopia (4.8 million), Kenya (4.3 million) and Somalia (4.0 million). Whenconsidering the population size of the country, 42.9% of Somalia’s population wasmade victim of natural disasters in 2011, mostly due to drought.

1.2. Overview of disaster situation in Indonesia
Major disasters are wildfire, drought, earthquakes, Epidemic, floods, Massmovement, forest fires, vulcanos

The Ratio of Natural Disaster (2000 – 2011)
3|Page

The ratio of affected people by natural disaster (2000 – 2011)

Table 1. Top 10 Natural Disasters in Indonesia 2)

4|PageSummarized Table of Natural Disasters in Indonesia
Type of# ofdisaster

EventsDrought

Drought

Killed9(seismic

Earthquake

activity)

Unspecified

533,80217,80030,0658,477,214

7,059,326

295

83,11069,2099 168,372

580,520

4,506,600

18,70864,502500,733

1,802

2,549,600

90,63835

49,992

1,777

2,037

1,236,455

247,50064

38,639

7,734

2,528

5,028,453

2,157,909

38

76,18932,696112,000 -

11

2,000 -

51

ave. per event
Flash flood

32

ave. per event
General flood

66

ave. per event
Storm

1

surge/coastal flood
ave. per event
VolcanoVolcanic eruption

52

18,271

1,176,026

344,390351

22,6166,623

300

3,034,478

9,329,000

33

337,164

1,036,556

ave. per event
Wildfire

Forest fire(000 US$)

1,037

ave. per event
Flood

Affected

160,200

ave. per event
TsunamiDamage4,804,220102(ground shaking)

Total

9,329

ave. per event
Earthquake

from 1900 to 20139ave. per event
Created on: Mar-21-2013. - Data version: v12.07

Source: "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Databasewww.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels - Belgium"

Table 2. Summarized Table of Natural Disasters in Indonesia
DuringJanuary

2013,

BNPB

recorded120

disasters

occurredinIndonesia. This is the data while considering the catastrophic events have all beenreported to BNPB. Of 120 disasters caused 126 people dead, 113,747 people suffer
5|Pageand displaced, 940 houses damaged, 2.717 houses were damaged, 10,945 houses
with minor damage, and damage to public facilities.

Flooding in Pluit residential Jakarta

Flooding in the center of Jakarta
Approximately

96

percentofdisasters

is

still

dominatedbyhydro-meteorological disasters such as floods, landslides, cyclones, tidal waves, floods
and landslides. During the January 2013, 36 floods occurred that caused 61 people diedand 110.129 people suffered and fled. Jakarta Flood that occurred during 15-27
January 2013 caused 41 people dead refugees reach 45,000. Similarly landslide that
occurred 25 times leaving 40 people dead. While the tornado, occurred 42 times theincidence and cause the death of the victim as many as 3 people, 616 homes wereseverely damaged, 2626 houses were damaged, 2145 houses with minor damage, one
health facility, 6 educational facilities, and 14 worship facilities
6|PageEvacuation of flood victims in jakarta
To cope with the disaster, BNPB has done a good disaster preparedness andemergency response. For emergency standby and emergency response to floods andlandslides since the end of December 2012 to the present, the fund has distributed
BNPB ready around Rp 180 billion to various regions in Indonesia affected. Previously
been made contingency plans floods and landslides at the national level. In addition tocoordinate with ministries / agencies and BPBD, socialization, rehearsal, and so on. In
disaster management, mentoring BNPB Government, both logistical assistance,
equipment, funding, managerial and administrative.

Tornado in Wonosobo, Demak
7|PageYear 2013 has entered the fourth month. During this first quarterly tri disasternot incessantly occur in various regions in Indonesia, ranging from floods, landslides,
hurricanes, to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Based BNPB recording, transient
data has been mentioned occurred more than 300 disasters in the first quarter, so on
average 10 times the event occurs every day. It is proved so much disaster threat topeople's lives in Indonesia, especially those living in disaster-prone areas. A total of
95% over a hydro-meteorological disasters such as floods, land landslides, andtornado.

Flooding on Grobogan, Center of JavaThe number of catastrophic events from earlier in the year to March, tend to
decrease, ie 120 times in January, decreased to 91 times the incident in February, and95 times in the month of March. In 3 months cyclones always dominate, followed byfloods. In terms of casualties and damage, to date the dead and missing from thedisaster more of 200 lives, where the dead and missing mostly caused by floods andother disasters landslides. A total of 306 disaster events occurs, also causing damage
to the house 2.818 damaged units, 3.316 units were damaged, 20,759 units minor
damage, besides 27 educational facilities, 26 units worship facilities, health facilities and8 units also not spared from damage.

8|PageLandslide on west Bandung, West JavaThe victim died and disappeared in March 2013 due to the many landslides, asmany as 20 people, of which 17 of them are victims of landslides that occurred in District
Cililin, West Bandung, West Java.
Occurrence of landslides in the Village District Mukapayung Cililin West
Bandung regency of West Java province occurred in
Early morning of March 25, 2013. Some of the factors that triggered the landslides are
as follows:Heavy rains since early morning at 03.00 am, with high rainfall 52mm / day or
4 times the normal daily precipitation ;1.

The thickness of the soil is very thick, the roots just do not hang down to bedrock;2.

The slope was very precipitous;

3.

Effect of water eyes causing erosion of the middle ground that is on it unstable
In addition to causing deaths and missing in landslide Cililin also made 466

displaced soul. Some houses also recorded damage, rather heavily damaged 14 units
and 31 units scattered minor damage Hamlet Sand Tawir, Cikoneng, and Cigadung
Wetan.
To cope with this disaster, the joint team of BPBD, military, police, some socialorganizations, Indonesian Red Cross, and local communities to make some effort, ie tosearch victims buried by landslides and evacuate residents whose homes are
threatened. Some posts were also established disaster management, namely postal
logistics, public kitchens, health, and command posts.

9|Page1.2.1.

Structuree Organizatiion of Nation
nal Agency for
f Disaster ManagemenM
nt (BNPB)

Structture Organizzation of BNNPB
1.2.2.

Disaster ManagemenM
nt Frameworrk in Indoneesia
Law Noo. 24/2007 on Disaste
er Managem
ment as thee basis to ddevelop Na
ationalSystemm for Disaste
er Management in Indonnesia, Disasster Manage
ement System is“an overall regula
ating syste
em which include legislation, insstitutionalization,planninng, budgetin
ng and scieence for disa
aster mana
agement, in order to en
nsure
the impplementationn of disaste
er managem
ment is well-integrated aand coordin
nated”BNP
PB’s duties :a. Guiddelines & directivesd: prevention, emergencyy response,, rehabilitation &reco
onstruction.
b. Stanndardisation & the need of DM imple
ementationc. Inforrmasi of actiivities to the public
d. Report to Presid
dent once ea
ach month & any timedl assistanceee. Makking use of domestic/int’f. Accoountability of budget
g. Guiddelines on BPBD
B

10 | P a g e

National Level
President
National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB)

Province Level
Governor
Regional Agency for Disaster Management (Province BPBD)

Regenty/Municipal Level
Regent/Mayoralty
Regional Agency for Disaster Management (Regenty/Municipal BPBD)
Fig 1 Administrative Disaster Management System in Indonesia

1.2.3.

Disaster management plan
BNPB policy direction and strategy is the result of the identification of thestrategic environment BNPB conducted on the internal and external environment.
Based on the results of the strategic environmental assessment externally andinternally as well as synchronization to the direction of national policies andstrategies in the field of disaster management, the policy and strategy of the
National Agency for Disaster Management activities within the next five years(2010-2014) is
1. Disaster implementation of planned, directed, coordinated, integrated andcomprehensive and accountable
2. Increased awareness, ability and preparedness for disasters through thecreation of a rapid reaction force of disaster3. Completion of handling emergency disaster victims in post-disaster areas
quickly, accurately and effectively, and coordinated / integrated
4. Completion of recovery of physical infrastructure in the region andnon-physicalthe after disaster of an integrated and comprehensive
11 | P a g e

1.2.4.

Disaster management related budget in Indonesia
National disaster management plan 2010-2014 (Renas PB) load the programand focus priorities as the basis to make disaster management. Program is atranslation of the vision and mission as well as the choice of action inaccordance with the risk management. Indonesia disaster management systemthat is currently being built has 5 pillars in the form of sub-system legislation,planning, institutional, funding and capacity building. System was built toaddress the problems facing today and translated into the following programs :1) Strengthening legislation and institutional capacity; 2) Disaster planning; 3)
Research, education and training; 4) Increased participation and community
capacity

disaster risk reduction; 5) Disaster prevention and mitigation; 6) Early

warning; 7) Preparedness; 8) Emergency Response; 9) Rehabilitation andreconstruction.
As for the budget needed to undertake disaster relief during the 5-year term in anational disaster management plan is Rp. 64.475.060.000.000,- (Sixty four trilion
four hundreds seventy five billion sixty million rupiahs) or an average of Rp.
12.895.012.000.000,- (Twelve trillion eight hundred ninety five billion twelve
million rupiahs) per year.
Indicative budget of each program in the national disaster management plan :Indicative budget

No.

Program1.

Strengthening legislation and institutional capacity

2.

Disaster planning

24.16

3.

Research, education and training

368.504.

Increased participation and community capacity(billion Rp.)
30,638.00

2,855.60

disaster risk reduction
5.

Disaster prevention and mitigation

6,665.50

6.

Early warning

822.007.

Preparedness

7,415.80

8.

Emergency Response

1,008.50

9.

Rehabilitation and reconstruction

14,677.00
Total

64,475.06

Source of funding for the implementation of disaster management plansobtained from the state budget revenue and expenditure (APBN), budget
12 | P a g e

revenue and expenditure (APBD), and the support of the private sector anddonor agencies. budget comes from the state budget funds allocated annually
through the budget of each ministry / agency to ensure that disastermanagement can run continuously
By government law no. 24/2007 on disaster management and government
regulation no. 22/2008 on the funding and management of disaster relief,disaster relief funds are used by governments, local governments, BNPB and /or appropriate duties and functions. in a disaster situation, the funds allocated fordisaster relief programs for disaster risk reduction. the situation there is thepotential for disaster, the funds allocated for disaster preparedness activities, thedevelopment of early warning systems and disaster mitigation activities. toanticipate emergency situations, the government is ready to allocate funds(on-call budget) that should be available for emergency response needs.
1.3. Overview of disaster situation in JapanThe ratio of natural disaster (2000 – 2011)13 | P a g e

The ratio of affected people by natural disaster (2000 – 2011)
Japan has wide variety of natural disasters. Also one of the countries affected
unpredicted events of natural disaster such as :^ Earthquakes^ Tsunamis^ Volcanic Eruptions^ Typhoons (July – October)^ Heavy Monsoon Rains (May)^ Floods^ Landslides^ Snow Avalanches
Japan is since 1950 many large scales Earthquake, Tsunami, and Typhoons struck
the country, which caused massive damage and great loss of economy. That kind ofenormous disasters killed huge amount of people. In fact the development ofdisaster counter measures has been contributing to the development of sustainabledisaster management system especially, advanced weather forecasting system anddisaster communication system.
a.

The commonest disaster in Japan is Earthquake. Japan can have up to 5000
earthquakes each year, which is about 10% out of the total occurred of theworld.
The government also publishes a map showing the probability that each areaof Japan will experience tremors equivalent to a rating of Shindo Lower 6 or
14 | P a g ehigher within the next 30 years. (At this level, furniture shifts and most people
find it difficult to remain on their feet.)

Chart 1. Probability of Shindo Lower 6 Tremors within the Next 30 Years(Source: Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station (J-SHIS))
Map data showing predicted seismic activity is based on research dataobtained by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster
Prevention. The map can be enlarged to show detailed information for any
location in Japan.
As well as publishes a map multi-hazard (flood, inland flood, highwave, tsunami, sediment, volcano) showing the probability that each area ofJapan.
As a result of Earthquakes, Tsunami can also develop to cause
catastrophic damages to the coastal belt of the country, which are large waves
that crash up against the shore and can wash away people, buildings, andbridges. For example recent EQ and Tsunami (2011, Tohoku Pacific Ocean
Earthquake)
The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred on March, 11, 2011 at
2:46 pm at a magnitude of 9.0 at a depth approximately 25 kilometer and
15 | P a g e

tsunami hit along Sanriku offing, near the east coast of Honshu, Japan. The
magnitude of the main shock was the largest in Japan’s History. Either way it
was the strongest quake ever recorded in Japan. It has been followed by morethan 150 powerful aftershocks. Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquake followed byjet storm tsunami of 10 meters high waves devastated the entire eastern Japan
namely Fukushima prefecture, Iwate, Sendai, Soma city, Miyagi prefecture.
The confirmed death toll from the earthquake and Tsunami thatbattered Japan’s northeast coast rose to 14,084 and Japan holds out little hopefor 13,551 officially listed as missing10. Larges areas of the countrysideremained surrounded by water and unreachable.
The government said 275,000 people have been evacuated toemergency shelters. Civil society has emphasized the need for morecommunity involvement through organizing community volunteers. Meanwhile,community members of those affected areas have started working which willgear up the relief and rehabilitation activities of the earthquake and Tsunami
affected areas. The Great Hanshin Awaji experience and other disaster related
experiences had helped Japan to recover soon from this great disaster andhuman catastrophe.
b.

Volcanic eruptions are the next dangerous disaster facing in Japan. There are
108 active volcanoes in Japan which means 7 % of the world’s total active
volcanoes over in Japan. A volcanic eruption can discharge ash and lava allover the surrounding areas including populated area too.

c.

During the rainy season Typhoons are occurring in Japan. Severe storm maycause many damages along with landslides and floods. Japan hits about 29
Typhoons in the year. Some recorded due to the worst meteorological changes,
which cause significant damage and loss of the human life.

Namely to show on chart 2 – 4 of some statistic actual parameter.

16 | P a g eChart 2. The number of deaths and missing
persons in disasters

Chart 3. The number of deaths and missing
persons by type of disaster. (Source : Preparedby the cabinet office based on date from The
Fire and Disaster Management Agency )Chart 4. Amount of damage to facilities due to disasters.(source prepared by the Cabinet office based on data from related ministries)

17 | P a g e

1.3.1.

Structure organization of National Government and Cabinet Office(Disaster
Management)

Structure organization of National Government andCabinet Office(Disaster Management)
1.3.2.

Disaster Management Framework in Japan

18 | P a g eChart 5. Disaster Management System
In Japan, the disaster management system has been developed andstrengthened following the bitter experiences of large-scale natural disasters
and accidents. Disaster Management of Japan is categorized into 3 levels
including national, regional and municipal level. The significance of each levelis detailed as follows :a. National level
The Prime Minister is the National Commander through the National
Disaster Management Council, and the designed government organizations(23 ministries and agencies), and designated public cooperation (63organizations including independent administrative agencies, Bank of Japan,
Japanese Red Cross Society, NHK, electricity and gas companies). In thisconnection, the national council is responsible for formulation and promoting
the implementation of the Basic Disaster Management Plan.
Meanwhile, the other two designed agencies of government and public
cooperation are responsible for formulation and implementation of the Disaster
Management operation plan.
b. Prefectural level
The Governor is the commander ordering via the Prefectural Disaster
Management Council, and the designed government organization and public
corporations in local. The prefectural council will conjunctionally work with the
19 | P a g e

mentioned designed agencies to formulate and promote the implementation of
Local Disaster Management Plan.
c. Municipal level
In this level, the Mayor of City, Town and Village is the commander, as
the same of Governor in prefectural level, will take function through Municipal
Disaster Management Council to formulate and promote the implementation of
Local Disaster Management Plan. To correlate with the three disastermanagement systems, Japan has made up the basic plans, operation plan, toeffectively response to various types of disaster and to properly use in areas.
The first is Basic Disaster Management Plan the key plan for disaster reduction
activities prepared by the Central Disaster Management Council based on the
Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, the second is Disaster Management
Operation Plan made up by each designed government organization anddesigned public corporation, and the last one is Local Disaster Management
Plan set up by each prefectural and municipal council. The last two plans are
based on the Basic Disaster Management Plan.
1.3.3.

Disaster management plan
Basic Disaster Management Plan is the plan to state on comprehensive
and long- term disaster reduction issues such as disaster management related
system, disaster reduction projects, early and appropriate disaster recovery andrehabilitation, as well is scientific and technical research. For the Plan‘s structure,
it consists of various plans for each type of disasters which is categorized into 2
main points of natural disaster and accident disasters. (Chart 6.)

20 | P a g eChart 6. Structure of basic disaster management plan
The tangible countermeasures will be taken by each stakeholder suchas the national and local governments, public corporations and other entities interm of the disaster phrases of prevention and preparedness, emergency
response, as well as recovery and rehabilitation. Additionally, the conceptual
formulation of the Basic Disaster Management Plan has emphasized on theimportant points of hazard and risk mapping, clarification of Jurisdiction,
responsibilities and procedures on establishment of emergency response
headquarter, evacuation guidance and order to citizens, designation ofevacuation area in advance, procedure for disaster information gathering anddissemination, and public participation.
1.3.4.

Disaster management related budget in JapanThe National budget for disaster management is approximately 4.5
trillion yen (average annual budget from 1955 to 2004), accounting for
approximately 5% of the total amount of budget for general accounts. The
percentage for each field is a) Scientific Technology Research 1.3% b) Disasterprevention and preparedness, 23.6% c) National Land Conservation 48.7% d)
Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation, 26.4%. This year after Great Tohoku
Earthquake, Government of Japan allocated 63 trillion yen for rescue, relief andrehabilitation. (Source internet)

CHAPTER 2
2.1 Disaster Risk Reduction - What is it and why do need it?
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying,assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic
vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and otherhazards that trigger them : Here it has been strongly influenced by the mass of

21 | P a g e

research on vulnerability that has appeared in print since the mid-1970s.[1] It is the
responsibility of development and relief agencies alike. It should be an integral partof the way such organisations do their work, not an add-on or one-off action. DRR is
verywide-ranging:

Its

scope

is

much

broaderanddeeperthan

conventional emergency management. There is potential for DRR initiatives in justabout every sector of development and humanitarian work.
Another approach is the circle of disaster management (disaster management
cycle) which consists of two major activities. The first was before the disaster(pre-event) and the second is the aftermath of a disaster (post-event). Activities
after a disaster can be a disaster response / emergency response (emergency
response) or disaster recovery. Activities undertaken before the disaster can be adisaster preparedness (disaster preparedness) and disaster mitigation (reducing
the impact of disasters). There is also a mention of the term disaster reduction, as a
combination of disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness (Makki, 2006).
The most commonly cited definition of DRR is one used by UN agencies suchas UNISDR and UNDP: "The conceptual framework of elements considered withthe possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society,to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impactsof hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development."[2]RISK MANAGEMENT

Preparedness
Early warning

Mitigation
Protection

RecoveryEmergency
Responses/
Reconstruction
Damages, Losses &Rehabilitation

Needs

Assessment,

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Disaster management cycle
12

Wisner B et al. 2004, At Risk: Natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters (London:
Routledge)
Living With Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives, UNISDR, 2004; pg. 17

22 | P a g e

The disaster risk reduction framework is composed of the following fields ofaction, as described in Living with Risk : a global review of disaster reduction
initiatives :a. Riskawarenessandassessment

includinghazardanalysisandvulnerability/capacity analysis;b. Knowledge development including education, training, research andinformation;c. Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including organizational,
policy, legislation and community action;
d. Application of measures including environmental management, land-use
and urban planning, protection of critical facilities, application of scienceand technology, partnership and networking, and financial instruments;
e. Early warning systems including forecasting, dissemination of warnings,
preparedness measures and reaction capacities.
“Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a program that is very urgent to be done by
governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the entire community
because the majority of the Indonesian people living in areas that have highpotential for the occurrence of natural disasters. If the program is not implemented
soon, the potential loss of both property and life will be very large. It happened
because of the perspective of geological Indonesia is a region located at themeeting point of tectonic plates, the Eurasian and Indo Australian plate, which isalways moving so potentially cause cracks / fractures which can cause earthquakes
and tsunamis.” This statement monthly speaker at the seminar conducted by theCentre for Rural and Regional Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, on
Thursday, March 4, 2010. The seminar has become a tradition every otherThursday of the first week, featuring speakers on that occasion, Dr. Ir. Dwikorita
Karnawati a disaster expert from the Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada
University.
In contrast to the paradigm that has been adopted by the government is only
looking at the extent of the disaster risk reduction activities of the technical side ofdisaster, speakers with colleagues from the Faculty of Engineering has been trying
to implement a new model that DRR DRR-based approach to holistic /comprehensive. Such programs not only touch the technical aspects but also social,economic and cultural aspects. This approach was developed on the basis of the
23 | P a g e

fact that people who have both economic security it also has good resistance todisaster anyway. The case of the earthquake that struck Chile causing casualties
were far fewer than the case of catastrophic earthquake in Haiti is one of the facts
that support this assumption. Although the earthquake in Chile have a greater
magnitude of the earthquake in Haiti, but the incident caused fatalities are muchless compared to the catastrophic earthquake in Haiti. Socio-economic conditionsof Chile's citizens better citizens in Haiti is the deciding factor.
2.2 The importance of building resilient to disasters
Building disaster resilience is the term we use to describe the process ofhelping communities and countries to be better prepared to withstand and rapidly
recover from a shock such as an earthquake, Tsunami, Vulcano, drought, flood or
cyclone.
Why is disaster resilience important?
In 2010 natural disasters affected more than 200 million people, killed nearly
270,000 and caused around $110 billion of damage. In 2011 we faced the first
famine of the 21st Century in the Horn of Africa, multiple earthquakes, tsunamis
and other natural disasters around the word.
Over the coming decades it is expected that both the frequency and intensity ofdisasters will continue to increase as a result of climate change, urban migration,
population growth and increased scarcity of natural resources.
This currently, a new paradigm in disaster management, implementation,
guided by the results declaration Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2009-2015,
namely (1) ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with astrong institutional basis for implementation, (2) identify, assess and monitor
disaster risks and enhance early warning, (3) use of knowledge, innovation andeducation to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels, (4) reduce the risk
factors underlying, (5) strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response.
Efforts to empower communities in disaster-prone areas is very important sothat they know about the potential disasters that frequently occur and understandthe natural signs that signaled the coming disaster, together explore the values of
local wisdom to preserve the balance of nature as well as knowing what to do if
there is a disaster . The public were invited to map its territory, making evacuationroute where to save themselves if there is a disaster, where the safe spot to gather
and which agency should be contacted. This is important, because until now eventhe experts can not predict when the days are a disaster occurs.
24 | P a g e

All of this is a real effort involving the community so that they are aware ofdisaster, is in line with the concept of community development seeks to empower
individuals and groups of people by providing information and skills they need toeffect change in their own communities. The effort to mobilize the community
should start from the principle that within any community has a lot of knowledge andexperience which, if used in creative ways, can be channeled into collective action
to achieve the desired goals.
According to the Disaster Management Consultants (Ujang Dede Lasmana) :State government announced a tough or resiliens to disaster, but it will notmaterialize if the preparedness and resilience of not starting a family. Family
preparedness is the foundation of the State of disaster resilience. Families who
have resilience or rapid recovery after the disaster accounted for the largest portionof the nation's resilience. Standby family will support preparedness and risk
reduction measures as a culture for the civilization of a nation.
In this case there are seven simple steps that can be done to make families
resilient and survive in times of disaster or emergency occurs. These seven steps
are executed since the days before the disaster until after a disaster occurs. Steps
1-4 are the Pre-disaster phase, while step 5 when disaster / emergency, to steps
6-7 after a disaster / emergency occurs. Depending on the type of disaster, could
step in on the current phase of a disaster, such as floods
The following 7 steps are :1. Recognize Threat in Around the Home
2. Create an Emergency Plan For Family
3. Prepare Emergency Bag
4. Secure Home and Simulation Perform Together Whole Family Members
5. Emergency Measures to Protect Yourself While Happen
6. How to Provide Emergency Relief
7. Keep communication and beware danger supplementary
Characteristics of disaster resilient communities
To get to the disaster resilient communities, we must improve our ability to 4
things :1. Our ability to anticipate every threat or imminent harm. Therefore thisstage we supposedly able to make predictions, analysis, identification andreview of disaster risk. This capability requires science and technology,
25 | P a g eboth the advanced and the appropriate. Also of modern knowledge to
wisdom that already exist in the local community. Lessons can we takenfrom May 26, 2006 earthquake disaster is that the area Opaque long time,
which is prone to earthquakes a time will happen again (between 50 or 60
years will come). It should be anticipated.
2. The ability to resist or avoid threats the disaster. Ability to fight reallydepends of the magnitude of the threat that we face. Is the ability resources
we are able to deal with the impact forces that would posed? As an
example that still exist in our memory, the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010.
Hot clouds glide up to 17 km from the peak of Merapi, could we resist or
reject heat glide material is said to reach 800 degrees celcius it? If not able,
then we should avoid trajectory of the hot clouds or "wedhus gembel" is. inthe event avoid these hazards, we return to the philosophy keep the public
to danger. a job which is not easy to do.
3. The ability to adapt the disaster and its aftermath posed. If we are notable to resist or dodge, then we should be able to reduce, divert or accept
the risk that a disaster will happen. Principles apply risk management tocope with disasters. Effort minimize or mitigate the impact of disasters,such as making buildings earthquake resistant, build shelter vertically,making evacuation paths and so should applied. Risk transfer or risk
transfer, such as insurance disaster began to be cultivated. Basically adapt
disaster is intended that the public's ability to receive the higher the risk. It
is concerned with philosophy, living harmony with disaster.
4. The ability to recover quickly after the disaster. Resilience of thecommunity in dealing with disasters can be seen from the ability (power
Resilience) to recover after a disaster overwritten. Community in DI
Yogyakarta, Bantul regency in particular have proved This toughness. Afterthe earthquake disaster in 2006, Local governments and communities in
Yogyakarta and Java Central has been able to carry out rehabilitation andreconstruction the damage inflicted. Even according to reports The World
Bank, the recovery has gained appreciation from the world internationally,
because in 2 years has been resolved. Not all disasters can be recovered
quickly, many examples catastrophic events that make a society or country
be worse off.

26 | P a g e

2.3 Paradigm Shift From Emergency Response To Disaster Risk Reduction
In the midst of the search is comprehensive alternative paradigm, a new
approach emerged in seeing the disaster. Paradigm that is the perspective inmanaging the disaster as a whole began to see threats to cause effects that may
occur. This approach is known as the approach to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR).
This approach saw the disaster as part of reasonableness, when elements ofvulnerability was met with threats. Disaster was not seen as a rebuke moreover
destiny, so do not be seen as a disaster merely a natural phenomenon that impacts
forget.
Indonesia's emergency response paradigm shift in paradigm towards Disaster
Risk Reduction very real stipulated in law no. 24 in 2007. Disaster management
focused on aspects of disaster risk reduction, not just emergency response.
Disaster risk reduction management is disaster planning system that starts fromprevention, mitigation, preparedness, early warning and other governments byinvolving all stakeholders, public, private. The principle of participation the primaryvalue. Especially the inclusion of all elements in all disaster risk reduction activities
becomes inevitable. Considerable paradigm shift in the level of regulatory policy
with the birth of supporting disaster risk reduction management, followed byinstitutional processes that underpin disaster risk reduction activities

CHAPTER 3 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN INDONESIA AND JAPAN
3.1.

Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia

3.1.1. Strengthening legislation and institutional capacity
a. Formulation of rules, regulations and standard operating procedure forDisaster containing PB mechanism, including the division of tasks,
responsibilities and resources, as well as coordination
Already Establishment BPBDs throughout the region provinces, regencies
and municipalities in Indonesia.
b. Standardization guidelines and reference disasterc. Coordinating planning and policy making and policy implementation at thelevel of synchronization across ministries / agencies
d. Establishment and strengthening BPBD and completeness (Command
Operational Center, the Regional Rapid Reaction Force)Strengthening the capacity building by developing operational center.
27 | P a g e

The main function of this development is the operational center for Disaster
Management as a center of information for disaster management,
coordination and implementation of early warning systems, coordination andcommand the emergency response operations.

Command the emergency response operations center
Operational center will be equipped with information systems and modern
communication

procedures

andworkingmechanisms

andspecific

standards.
e. Strengthening capacities in the region Disaster Managementf.

Increasing the capacity of Human Resources in Disaster (technical PB) andthe provision sufficient volunteers

g. Regionalization formation Depo Logistics, Training Centre and operational
center for the development of infrastructure and resource optimization
DisasterIndonesia is an archipelago and located in disaster-prone areas. In
order to deal with the disaster, BNPB distribute aid equipment to the 33
provinces and 265 districts / cities as disaster preparedness andinstitutional strengthening Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD)
in January 2012.

28 | P a g e

Rubber boats and tents

Command/Rescue Car and ambulanceDistribution of aid to the province in the form of 33 BPBDs Logistics andEquipment. Logistical support in the form of food packs, clothing packs,
other logistics package, and the package's death. While aid equipment suchas evacuation equipment, communications, temporary shelter, vehicle
operation, such as automobile rescue, rescue command car, car field
kitchens, water treatment car, ambulance, truck versatile, trail bike.

29 | P a g e

Logistik dan evacuation equipment
While aid to BPBDs 265 districts / cities in the form of basic equipment,
namely PB evacuation equipment, communications, temporary shelter, trail
bike, portable water treatment. However, due to limited budgets, from
BPBDs 265 districts / cities that received aid, new BPBDs 208 districts /cities receiving aid Operational Vehicle (Rescue Car, Rescue HT Cars,
Rescue Command Car ) and as many as 66 BPBDs districts / cities get
Field Kitchen Car.

Field Kitchen Car

Field Technical Training held in Bogor, West Java Date 23 to 24
February 2012 which was followed by participants from BNPB and BPBD
numbered 48 people. Technical training field include navigation (GPS),30 | P a g e

rescue and evacuation,public kitchens and shelters, emergency tents, andrubber boats. Expected to attend Technical Training Field to equip
participants and improve human resources in Disaster Response andunderstand how addressing disaster quickly and effectively, and can share
their experiences in the workplace and the community unit.

Disaster drills for regional agency disaster management and volunteers

3.1.2. Disaster planninga. Preparation National Planning Disaster and preparation regional
Planning Disaster.
b. Mainstreaming Disaster plans into development plans
3.1.3. Research, education and training
a. Research and development of science and disaster management
technology.
Disaster risk reduction is promoted by the National Agency for
Disaster Management (BNPB) responded by Gadjah Mada University toestablish cooperation in the field of research. The signing of amemorandum of understanding (MoU) between UGM and BNPB washeld in December 2011. College as a center of excellence have31 | P a g e

contributed through disaster research which is then used as a basis forpolicy formulation by the government.
Follow-up to the signing of a memorandum of understanding with the
UGM-BNPB is the implementation of research cooperation of both sides,in this case the Centre for Disaster Studies (PSBA) to be representativeof the UGM. until now have been 12 state universities that have beensigned Memorandum of understanding.
Head of BNPB said colleges have an important role in disaster relief
efforts. There are at least four areas that could be done by theuniversities as agents of disaster research, disaster consultant, partnerin the preparation of the Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD),
and in the development of technology products for disaster mitigation.
b. Increased utilization and application of science and technology (throughapplied research) for Disaster Management, including for early warning
At the national level, early warning systems for several types ofhazards, such as earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and floods
are available and functioning, and have been disseminated to thecommunities at risk. Evaluation on the early warning system for several
types of disasters in the community level has also been done
professionally. This effort has been supported by experts from research
institutions/universities/disaster studies, by adapting the early warning
system to the development of the local situation and condition, as well
as by taking the existing indigenous knowledge and culture into account.
For instance, the early warning system developed by the community of
Merapi Forum. However, in many other regions, due to the limited
capacity of human resources, the response to the early warning systembeing advocated still requires to be upscale.
c. Integrating Disaster knowledge elements in school curriculumd. Implementation of disaster preparedness programs in schools
Disaster Risk Management Based on School Programme(PRBBS)is a program that facilitates the child and the school to have disaster
preparedness in the face by way of capacity building through anunderstanding of disaster, mapping training, evacuation, and theexchange of information related P3K the theme.
This activity was conducted in January-July 2009, in six primaryschools in Bogor located around the river Ciliwung the SDN Katulampa
32 | P a g e

1, 2 Katulampa SDN, SDN Katulampa 3, Kaler Sempur SDN, SDN and
SDN Sempur Kidul Kampung Rambutan.
PRBBS developed with a 'child-centered' and 'adapt to climatechange'. Related mitigation - adaptation to global climate change.
Material PRBBS also enriched with educational materials andenvironmental protection. PRBBS organized by PILI Green Network
along Dike Foundation and supported by the Indonesian Disaster Plan
Indonesia.

Disaster Risk Management Based on School Programme

DRR education for tsunami disaster on Banda Acehe. Resource capacity building for disaster education
Increased public awareness in the field of disaster management
33 | P a g e

needs to be improved, especially in the world of school, since there aremany schools in disaster-prone areas. These efforts are carried out
considering most of the kids do not know the school and get the full
attention related disaster risk reduction education.
This activity is a series of events beginning of an effort to improve thecapacity of teachers who were in the area at risk. Expected that after the
training, the participants can understand the knowledge about thebasics of disaster preparedness through the concept of school-based
school disaster preparedness, including basic first aid practices andskills in integrating the material into the disaster-school activities.
Over 50 students of senior high school (SMA) 1 Banda Aceh,

theirteachers with Prepadness Community (Compass) TDMRC Unsyiah,
title Facilitator Training of Trainers on Disaster Preparedness School
Hall of SMA 1 Banda Aceh, a form of capacity building andstrengthening preparedness unit (task force) in disaster managementlevels of students.
The material presented at the first meeting include: team building,basic concepts facilitator, known disasters in the school environment.
On the second day of the introduction of the concept of school-based
disaster preparedness, and design school watching SOP. Topped witha table top simulation space and outside the classroom.

Training for trainers on Disaster Preparedness
Senior high school (SMA 1) Banda Acehf.

Information sharing and learning between regions and with othercountries

g. Public education through the dissemination of information related todisasterA great hope for the media because the media has very important role34 | P a g e

in "socializing" not only catastrophic events, but also the DRR andrehabilitation and reconstruction. Government, in this case BNPB and
BPBD provincial / district / city need media support as one of the actors
or agents that can disseminate information or disaster news andknowledge and influence society.
The media is expected to build community awareness or the public,
especially the paradigm of risk reduction disaster or any understanding
in the face of threats or situations during the disaster. DRR
mainstreaming paradigm is important because the public will be able toknow the risk or disaster around him so community resilience in theface of a disaster can be materialized. Meanwhile, the strategic role liesin the ability media in the dissemination of news or information related todisaster making it accessible to people everywhere.
In addition to reporting on DRR, the media has should be able toprovide appropriate information and accurately related to the disaster.
Therefore, people who located in the disaster area can understand andprepare what to do to avoid a potential disaster that may occur. Publicawareness of the expectations together because the majority ofIndonesian people who live in middle and the potential catastrophic risk.
However, the media also need to get support from the organizers
Government disaster management, be it access to the data or disaster
information.
3.1.4. Increased participation and community capacity

disaster risk

reductiona. Strengthening the role of the media in fostering culture of preparedness
for public participationb. Development forum for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the region
BNPB encourage the growth of informal institutions in the form offorums both nationally and locally. Nationally has been established
National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction which consists of college
forums, civil society forums, forums international community, media
forum, a forum of business institutions and forums from the Government.
It was created as a platform a forum to improve coordination
mechanisms among Indonesia's disaster management actors. as isrealized with coordination in the NT is one point weak in the NT. This35 | P a g e

establishment is in line with the mandate of Law. 24/2007 because
basically this platform underpinning parties to be able to communicate
and contribute in implementation of disaster management in Indonesia.
Along with the efforts to institutionalize DRR at the national level,
many provinces and districts/municipalities throughout Indonesia havestarted to set-up local platforms in several regions, especially those withsimilar hazard such as Forum Merapi (for volcano eruption hazard),
Forum Bengawan Solo (for river basin flood hazard), and other hazards.
Platforms were also established based on themes, such as Consortiumfor Disaster Education, or based on stakeholder groups, such as the
University Forum for DM/ DRR which has 27 members of universities
scattered in various parts of the country.

Head of BNPB visits to Merapi Radio Communityc. Increasing the participation of volunteers and stakeholders
d. The development of community-based disaster risk reduction program
Anticipation and disaster management is not the responsibility of
government

completely,butasharedresponsibility

betweengovernment and society.
Since 2007, with support from Cordaid Governmental Development
Program held a Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR).
CBDRR

is a participatory process of community empowerment tomanage before, during, and after disasters.
Community invited to perform studies of disasters, disastermanagement plan, and execute it through self-help groups involving
various stakeholders. Through this program, people are expected to beable to manage disaster risk independently to avoid, control risks,
reduce, and recover from the impact of disasters
Programme location :36 | P a g e^ Pucung hamlet, Wukirsari village, Imogiri, Bantul regency,
Yogyakarta with the threat of earthquakes and drought^ Gajihan hamlet, Pandes village, Wedi, Klaten regency, Central Java
with earthquake threat^ Ngargomulyo village, Shaman District, Magelang regency, Central
Java, with the threat of volcanic eruption
e. Diversification of revenue for community and social safety nets in areas
prone to disastersf.

The establishment of a funding mechanism for disaster risk (disasterinsurance)
Risk transfer as one of the efforts in the management developing
more risk in developed countries. it is associated with the level of
security or safety culture has grown well in line with the level ofdeveloped countries welfare demands that affect the level of assurance
protection. However, with the increasing awareness of the rights andobligations of all actors countermeasures disaster in Indonesia as
mandated in the Act No.. 24/2007, protection against catastrophic
threats a right for citizens and the Government should be ensure thefulfillment of these rights through a variety of efforts management ofthese risks is through disaster insurance.
This discourse continues to roll over and be expected within the not solong through the guarantee of disaster insurance supported by theGovernment of Indonesia can be implemented.

g. Specific risk reduction and preparedness for women, children andmarginalized groups
3.1.5. Disaster prevention and mitigation
a. Disaster risk mapping
In the framework realize the disaster risk reduction and to increase thecapacity of disaster management providers in the area as well as
providing a stock of knowledge in the mapping of the affected areas,
Data Information and Public Relations Center BNPB conducting
Technical Guidance Geographic Information System (GIS) with thetheme "Use of GIS Technology in Disaster Management" held on
Banjarmasin,South

Kalimantan

regional

agencyfordisastermanagement (BPBD)
37 | P a g e

BNPB provide GIS training to regional BPBD
b. Formulation of control policies on the control and management of natural
resources with a potentially catastrophic
c. Formulation of policies on insightful environmental management ofdisaster riskd. Monitoring and evaluation of regulations related to the management ofenvironmental / natural resource oriented disaster risk
e. Determination of spatial and land-based disaster risk
Management of natural disasters canDisasters can be defined asdone to mitigate. Mitigation"A series of efforts to reduce the risk

disaster, either through physical development
increase

and awareness andability to deal with the threat of disaster ".

Effort or activity in the prevention and mitigation are done
avoid the disasters and reduce risk

aims tocaused by the disaster. Disastermitigation is part of the implementation of disaster management in the
38 | P a g e

situation there is a potential disaster.
Disaster mitigation can be translated in the context of spatialplanning as a tool to prevent / avoid / eliminate hazards (hazard),
reduce vulnerability, and increase the resilience of an area / region
tertentu.Implementasinya can be realized in the Spatial Plan are
categorized as one means of mitigating passive disaster.passive
disaster.
Some fundamental things in the arrangement of space-based
mitigation natural disasters, which are as follows :1.

Spatial based recognition and understanding of disaster risk in
the area that will be laid out so that the necessary zoning
hazard.

2.

Regulating the use of space that has hazards, through setting
function space, building rules, restrictions on the use of3.

Development of a structure with respect to the needs ofinfrastructure / facilities supporting critical disaster-prone areas.

4.

Provision of pathways and local evacuation and emergency
assistance to anticipation of an emergencyf.

Implementation of mitigation structural and non-structural
Structural mitigation efforts or actions are taken to reduce the risk ofdisasters by making structural or physical entity that can mitigate or
reduce the threat to protect the public from the threat of natural
disasters. Mitigation may be structural or physical bunker construction
and installation of the early warning system.
Other structural mitigation efforts is to build a facility for the
installation of warning sirens around the foot of Mount Merapi as an
early warning system (EWS). Physical Mitigation is expected to serveas an emergency marker for people to be prepared when the threat
comes arrived - arrived. If the EWS alarm sounds, people should leave
the area of disaster preparedness Mount Merapi on safe radius set by
the government.
Non-structural mitigation or nonphysical are efforts to increase thecapacity of institutions and communities in order to have a reliable
resource that is always ready, alert, and aware of the occurrence of
natural disasters. In general, non-physical mitigation in the form of
39 | P a g esocialization and training pre disaster
Non-physical mitigation in the form of socialization can also be used
as awareness raising for the people living at the foot of Mount Merapi.
This socialization may include transfer of knowledge and experience
about the threat of hazards that may arise as a result of the naturalgeographical structure in which people live and settle. By knowing thenature and character of the residence, the community is expected to beready and alert to any threat of natural disasters around the residence.
In addition to socialization, pre-disaster training for the communities
around the base of Mount Merapi is also very necessary. Training canbe either the introduction or initiation and early detection of threats that
can arise from the Mount Merapi disaster. Communities also need to begiven training and sufficient knowledge at this stage of evacuation
procedures, management stretchers and tents, prep kitchen, refugee
management, and coordination with the village government. All
non-structural mitigation efforts are expected to bring awareness to thecommunity about the importance of preparedness as a manifestation ofefforts to minimize and anticipate the number of casualties in the eventof a disaster.
g. Research and Development
ITB Disaster Mitigation Research Center is an organization under
the framework of Research and Community Service Institute - Institut
Teknologi Bandung which was formed in April 2011. Disaster Mitigation
Research Center ITB was formed in the hope of a role in conducting
research and activities to promote disaster mitigation in Indonesia withthe support of various national and international organizations. Thus,
this research centers can respond to the national need to reduce theimpact of disasters as well as ongoing efforts to institutionalize andresearch activities and initiatives in the field of disaster mitigation has
been done by ITB for twenty years back.
ITB Disaster Mitigation Research Center is expected to conduct
research and development in the field of disaster mitigation for urban
and rural areas through advocacy in support of strategic policy andlegal mechanisms, identify and analyze the impact of disasters,
disseminate and transfer knowledge and skills through training,
workshops, seminars and research-based activities and based society.
40 | P a g e

3.1.6. Early warning Systema. Development of Early Warning System
As we all know, BMKG has established Indonesia Tsunami Early
Warning System (InaTEWS) and they are committed also to support themulti-hazards and multi platform concept. As such, the BMKG is also
releasing early warning information for weather and climate, in addition
to earthquake and tsunami. It is also important to acknowledge thatIndonesia Tsunami Early Warning System is serving not only nationally
but also internationally as it covers three regions, namely the Indian
Ocean, the Pacific and the South China Sea. As such, regional
cooperation and partnership is critical to ensure that the system can be
mutually benefitting all relevant countries.
There are four elements of early warning, namely, risk knowledge,
technical monitoring and warning service, communication anddissemination of warnings, and community response capability. All
these four elements must be presence in order to build an effective
people-centered early warning system. BNPB, as the National Agency
for Disaster Management, is mostly engaged with the response
capability which aims to strengthen the ability of communities to
respond to natural disasters through enhanced education of natural
hazard risks,
community
participationanddisaster

preparedness
.
There

is

no doubt thatthe ability forthecommunity tounderstandthe risks that
they

are

posed

INA Tsunami Early Warning Systemwith, are very critical. The community must respect the warning service
41 | P a g eand know how to react to the warning signs. To build such capacity at
the community level requires education and effective preparedness
programmes.
At the national level, early warning systems for several types ofhazards, such as earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and floods
are available and functioning, and have been disseminated to thecommunities at risk. Evaluation on the early warning system for several
types of disasters in the community level has also been done
professionally. This effort has been supported by experts from research
institutions/universities/disaster studies, by adapting the early warning
system to the development of the local situation and condition, as well
as by taking the existing indigenous knowledge and culture into account.
For instance, the early warning system developed by the community of
Merapi Forum. However, in many other regions, due to the limited
capacity of human resources, the response to the early warning systembeing advocated still requires to be upscale.

3.1.7. Preparednessa.

Strengthening National Disaster Rapid Response Assistance Easternand Western region
This “stand-by-force”, currently known as Satuan Reaksi Cepat
Penanggulangan Bencana (SRC-PB), will consist of knowledgeable
and skilled personnel in disaster response from government andnon-government institutions, as well as international organizations. Twobased-operations for SRC-PB are in the process of being established,
namely Jakarta to cover the western part of the country and Malang of
East Java Province to cover the eastern part.
SRC-PB will perform multi-functions, such as management andliaising with relevant institutions, operation, planning, and coordination
for logistics and humanitarian assistance movement, communicationand information, as well as administration. The main objective of
SRC-PB is to assist the local government of the affected area in theearly phase of disaster response in undertaking the following activities:
rapid assessment in timely manner; provide recommendation for the
status/level of disaster; search, rescue and evacuation; provide basic
42 | P a g e

humanitarian needs; protect the vulnerable groups; recover the vital
public facility and infrastructure.

INDRRA Disaster Drill
Effective emergency stand-by capacity is indeed a criticalcomponent of a preparedness system. As such, stand-by capacity
should comprise of monitoring systems as well as human, physical, andlogistics resources. The National Agency for Disaster Management(BNPB), as mandated by Law Number 24 Year 2007 on Disaster
Management is committed to continuously and strategically strengthen
the capacity of SRC-PB, which includes regular testing and updatingbased on lessons learned in responses or through simulation exercises.
In fact, the first simulation exercise for SRC-PB will be undertaken on
the 10th of December in Bengkulu.

43 | P a g e

Indonesia Disaster Rapid Response Assistance (SRC PB)In this globalization era, it is very likely that the occurrence of adisaster in an area will bring an extensive impact that is beyond theboundaries of a State administration. Consequently, there is a need togather joint efforts or solidarity in facing disasters. This humanitarianaffair hardly recognizes the differences in ideology, and may evenbecome means to bring peace and unity to the nation. As many othercountries that had been struck by disasters with devastating impact,
Indonesia has felt tremendous support and solidarity from various
nations in facing the Tsunami in Aceh, the earthquake in Nias,
Yogyakarta, as well as the one in West Sumatra that occurred in late
September of this year.
b.

International cooperation in improving preparedness and emergency
response
We are certainly grateful for the continuous supports extended by
the international communities, both through bilateral and multi-lateral
cooperation, for strengthening the resilience, preparedness andcapacities at local and national level. Being a disaster-prone country
which also serves as a laboratory for disaster management, we earn
numerous invaluable lessons learned and best practices from handlingvarious disasters response and disaster risk reduction implementation.
44 | P a g e

We firmly believe that these lessons learnt and best practices are also
benefitting the international community, including donors, in enhancing
their support for strengthening the resilience, preparedness andcapacities in other parts of the world.
One of the prominent challenges that we all have to be vigilant of isthe moral phenomena of the affected population post the occurrence ofdisaster. External intervention should not bring adverse impact on the
moral values of the affected population. When major disaster withdevastating impact strikes, usually access to the affected areas
becomes limited or even completely closed due to the damages causedby the disaster. This situation disturbs chains of logistics supply andeventually leads to imbalance supply and demands of resources withinthat affected areas and its surroundings. In such stage, various means
may be explored to ensure the required resources become available sothat humanitarian assistance can be provided on timely manner.
However, thorough consideration must be taken into account to ensurethat external intervention will not create dependency, nor will it disrupt
the social and economic structure and value of the affected population.

Building partnership for better DM with other countries
Indonesia will maintain its commitment to strengthening its
capacities and preparedness measures as part of our efforts inenhancing the resilience to disasters at national and local level.
45 | P a g eSignificant support from the international community has been
benefitting not only for the Indonesian people but also globally. The
strong partnership of the Government of Indonesia and its national andinternational partners has proven to be one of the key contributors to
the significant milestones achieved within the last six years.
To date Indonesia has been active at the regional and international
levels in promoting disaster risk reduction. Together with the other
ASEAN countries, for instance, Indonesia is involved in the ASEAN
Regional Programme on Disaster Management (ARPDM), a 2004-2010
cooperation framework to create a disaster resilient region. The
programme has been enhanced by the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster
Management

andEmergency

Response(AADMER).

AIFDRPartnership programme fully supports and ensures the prominent roleof Indonesia for the implementation of AADMER.

AMCDRR on Yogyakarta,

October 2012

Lastly, it is our hope that with the support of AIFDR, we will establish
a Center of Excellence for Disaster Management for the Asia andPacific region. We trust that the establishment of this Center of
Excellence will enhance not only the bilateral relationship between
Indonesia and Australia, but it will also strengthen the partnershipamong DRR actors in this region. This cooperation is also expected to
46 | P a g e

continue until the ultimate goal is achieved, that is, to strengthen the
DRR capacity of Asia Pacific region which can be reflected in thesignificant decrease of impacts on damages and losses, along with theresilience of people in this region against future disastersc.

Establishment of Rapid Response Assistance at the regional leveld.

Provision and preparation of basic supply of goodse.

Provision of basic healthf.

The provision of emergency shelter and temporary needs
In facing those challenges mentioned above, the Government ofIndonesia has a vision, that is, to build the resilience of the nation.
Currently, four different approaches are being utilized in enhancing theresilience, preparedness measures and capacities in disaster response.
The first one is to intensively cultivate the“anticipative approach” in facing the existing hazards. Anticipative
approach such as further researches, studies and innovation that canbe utilized to enhance the creation of early warning systems, innovationoftemporary

shelterusing

local/indigenous

knowledge,law

enforcement on the application of building codes, evacuation drills andsimulation for communities, establishment of well-equipped crisis center,
etc, must be encouraged. The community of Padang City, for example,
has set an exemplary anticipative approach as they are able to use theirown social capital in building temporary shelter in various places prone
to tsunami. The National Agency for Disaster Management, withsupport from international community, is in the process of establishingtwelve regional logistics depots that can also function as training center.
Professional Indonesia Rapid Response Assistance (INDRRA), consistof personnel from various line ministries, military and police, as well as
academician, has also been established for western and easternregions.
g.

Increased accessibility of airports and seaports in vulnerable areas tomeet the standards of emergencyh.

Improved communication and provision of access to data and real-time
information for emergency response, development of information
technology
Conditions disaster-prone on Klaten, making the Regency Klaten to
procure the two-way radios or handy-talkies (HT) for the 26 district head
47 | P a g eand 33 heads of Working Unit (SKPD). HT expected to be used tocommunicate in an emergency.
Klaten including disaster-prone areas, whether floods, hurricanes,
landslides, earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Handy-Talkies are very
important for coordinating the event of any disaster and coordinatingroutine when the condition of peace.
Klaten classified the fourth rank the categories of Central Javadisasterprone

areas.

Experienceanearthquake,

2006,

all

communication devices can not be used, either mobile or landline
phone. Thus, communication depends only on Handy-Talkies.
Handy-Talkies did not know blank, mobile phone signal is very limited. If
there is a threat of danger, just turned up the volume so that people
could hear the Handy-Talkies.
Klaten're working to improve disaster preparedness. In the normal,
Handy-Talkies may be used to report on. Later, the district head will be
required to report the situation area every morning and afternoon.
Could in time of emergency, they can use Handy-Talkies at any time tocoordinate with relevant agencies.
Development cellular communication system emergency. Whendisasters occur, cellular networks infrastructure usually collapse for theminimum of one week. To enable the people to communicate using
their mobile phones we propose emergency cellular network based on
OpenBTS technology.

Data transferring flow
Due to heavy traffic when disasters happen, we make the network
only serves Short Message Service to the people in disaster area.
48 | P a g e

Using this emergency networks people can share their position andcondition. In addition, we also propose two rapid asessments
application that can be used by first responder team member.
Both of the applications are implemented in Android-based mobile
phones. The first application is for Disaster Victim Rapid Asessment.
Using this application, the first responder team members can rapidly
asses the victim’s conditions. The results can be used by disastermitigation management team to allocate medical supplies andresources even if the victims haven’t arrived to the hospitals. The
second application is for Damage Rapid Asessment. It can be used toassess the damage resulted by the disaster. The results can be used bydisaster mitigation management team to calculate cost projection inafter disaster recovery process. Both of the applications have beendeveloped but the emergency cellular network is still in the early designphase.
i.

Preparation of contingency plansj.

Improved counseling, training and emergency response mechanisms
drillsDisaster Management Drill with Community,
others institutions on Central Sulawesi

49 | P a g e

Disaster Management evacuation drill

Disaster management emergency response drill
Palu is a seismic area that has a high tectonic activity of faults
Palukoro that extends from the Makassar Strait to the north coast of the
Gulf of Bone fracture with a length of 250 km. In the city of Palu, Palu
fault crossing of the Gulf of entry into the mainland, cutting the heart.
These active faults move at speeds up to 1.7 cm / year. On 01-12-1927
at 13:37 pm magnitude 6.5 earthquake and 15-meter tsunami triggered.
50 | P a g e

14 people died, 50 were injured, and hundreds of buildings destroyed.
Also 1968 tsunami. Frequent tsunami, in the growing community of
local wisdom with the term tsunami balumba bose (ocean waves),
balumba latollu (wave three), lembo pounding, and Boombang Tellu.
On Friday (23/11/2012) in the field Talise Palu, BNPB conductdisaster drills involving various elements that exist. Rehearsal attended
by 750 people from SRC PB actors, BPBDs, military, police, Tagana,National's SAR Institution, Health Department, Public Works, Local
Governments, NGOs, international organizations, mass organizations,
universities, public, school children, and others. Rehearsal aims to test
the ability of disaster management, rescue and evacuation, emergency
health, shelter, logistics, emergency repairs and community self
evacuations.
In opening ceremony, Chief BNPB, Dr. Syamsul Maarif, MSi. said
that, "Disaster management is local. means that every disaster in every
region has different characteristics. handling disaster must be adjustedwith the physical, economic, social and culture. Affairs disaster isshared between government affairs, public and business. We alreadyknow the hazards in Palu. society needs to be prepared preparedness.
existing local wisdom tsunami in Palu as balumba bose and balumba
latollu which means high waves after the earthquake, should be
developed so that people can survive the tsunami. "3.2.

Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan

3.2.1. Disaster information system and Risk asessment
3.2.1. Disaster information system
Disaster information play important role in the disaster rescue. There isno accurate, timely and comprehensive disaster information, the government
disaster control work will not be able to effectively carry out. Disasters
governance requires the government must build the relevant aspects of
information involving emergency incident management information network,
the information from different processing systems into the same agencies andemergency command center and interact with each other, so that the agency
can directly from the database and user access to data collected from theenvironment. Only authoritative information first-hand for the first time, thegovernment was likely to be successful disaster relief. Japan is a model in
51 | P a g e

this regard, its core institutions developed network management and modern
information technology makes efficient information transmission channels in
disaster management.
A) The authority of unified information management agencies
Japan believes that the information can come from many different
grassroots organizations, all information should go into a core of information
management agency, and the agency is able to achieve a peacetime
disasters quick disaster information acquisition, analysis, processing, andeffective use of effective coordination of specific management department,
disaster control. To this end, Japan has established in the Cabinet the
Cabinet Intelligence survey room as the core information management
agencies responsible for intelligence gathering, aggregation, analysis andcomprehensive utilization of working to strengthen national disaster
information centralized control.
The institution in the information management has a commandingheight, the major responsibilities of the commander of the global: 1.
Responsible for intelligence on the situation at home and abroad, thedomestic and foreign media rhetoric, scholars have suggested that thecollection, analysis, important content on a regular basis, or feel free to reportto the Prime Minister and Chief Cabinet Secretary. 2. Coordination meeting
regularly with relevant ministries and agencies held a joint intelligencecollection, analysis.3. Responsible for the transmission of intelligence
between the relevant ministries and agencies, with the prime minister's
residence in the event of a large-scale disasters or emergencies, and collectrelevant information from the public institutions of civil society needed.
The institutions set up Cabinet Intelligence summary center,
multi-purpose satellite broadcast system is equipped with the latest
technology, to prevent information leaks and outsiders sneak into the securityof information systems, multimedia summary of national crises management
information through multiple channels of information and communication
systems to information and intelligence to strengthen the agency to collect,aggregate analysis capabilities. Through this agency, Japan paradigm toachieve unified management of disaster-related information on the different
levels of government and relevant departments, departments cooperate witheach other, the accuracy of the science of efficient communication of disaster52 | P a g e

information as well as relief decisions.
B) Advanced information management organization
The reason why Japan disaster information system effective,
advanced information management organization is another important factor,
in addition to the authority and unified information management agencies
contributed. In Japan, information management institutions to assist theauthority to do disaster information collection, aggregation, analysis andcomprehensive utilization, the establishment of advanced information
management organizations from the central to local levels.
In the central government, the establishment of the Ministry of Land,
InfrastructureandTransport

Provinceandits

outside,

the

Japan

Meteorological Agency, fire agencies, the Joint Chiefs of Staff under theintelligence department and other information management organizations. As
major disaster information management organizations, the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport, the Japan Meteorological Agency responsible
for collecting, publishing and management of disaster information in disaster
forecasting and disaster.
In addition to the central ministries and agencies have a set ofintelligence information transmission system, the relevant government
agencies and organizations, and the relevant departments of the local
governments at all levels have set up their own disaster informationtransmission system. Tokyo Prefecture Disaster Countermeasures such as in
the event of a disaster, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Fire
Department, Department of Construction, Department of Education and otherrelevant departments through their own intelligence transmission system willcollect disaster intelligence is directly transferred to the Tokyo Metropolitan
DisasterPrevention

Centertheheadquarters,

disaster

Response

Headquarters then disaster intelligence analysis collate, draw the entire
Tokyo Metropolitan affected.
C) Advanced information technology systems
Information technology support system is another strong pillar ofJapan disaster information system with remarkable results, but also toachieve the protection of the emergency response linkage.

53 | P a g e

On the one hand, Japan has the world famous Phoenix Disaster
Management System, including information network system, the release ofenvironmental information phone system, disaster assessment systems,
maps, information systems, disaster information systems, visual information
systems, communications support system of disaster management, disaster
response countermeasures support system functions software emergency
system after receiving the alarm of the incident through a variety of systems
to understand the incident had occurred, the type, level, the consequences
need emergency information such as the type and quantity of the resource,
and then quickly effective response.
On the other hand, digital, information, networking, and otherhigh-tech features, the highly developed communications systems used indisaster management, disaster information system has a state-of-the-art
technical support. For example, after the Great Hanshin Earthquake, Japan,
has established a national disaster information network.
In addition to the country to establish a meteorological disasterprevention and intelligence, regional meteorological observations intelligence,river basin intelligence, road disaster intelligence system, flexible use of map
information as well as GPS, GIS and CAD, RS and other technologies, theseinformation systems to achieve fast and accurate reach to collect disaster
information.
3.2.1. Disaster risk assessment
The scientific management of the disaster information cannot be separated from thehazard assessment. Leave the hazard assessment, the Government will not bescreening the genuineness of the disaster information, the government disasterprevention, disaster relief, disaster reduction decision-making cannot guarantee theaccuracy of the science. Disaster information and efficient operation, the protection of
the government decision-making accuracy, timeliness, Japan established a disaster
assessment mechanism.
1.Japan has a set of comprehensive disaster assessment background database. Japandisaster has occurred in the history of historical disaster statistics, historical disasterrecords document major historical disaster cases in the form established a complete
historical background database, a detailed collection of Japan's history of previous
54 | P a g e

disasters, disaster, disaster situation disaster losses, the government disaster relief
decision data, to help the government to determine the specific hazards in different
regions of the disaster law and absorb the lessons of previous decision-making by theGovernment. Japan disaster prevention, disaster relief, mitigation spared prepared forthe extensive collection of various regions in Japan terrain, socio-economic background,hydrological and meteorological characteristics of homes background and specificdisaster-prone region specific background information, establish a thorough backgrounddisaster assessment database, and provide reference for the government to assess thesituation.
2. Establishment of a rapid and effective disaster assessment model. With this model,
the government is able to analyze and grasp of the extent of disasters, scope, size andloss mitigation to ensure timeliness and accuracy.
3. Establishment Disaster assessment expert system. Responsible for the disaster andmajor natural disasters trend in consultation with, and rushed to the disaster site
disaster assessment. Such as towns, buildings and other infrastructure seismic experts
responsible for the disaster-stricken town buildings and infrastructure damage
assessment; disaster management and relief experts is responsible for property
damage to the victims, the local Government disaster response capacity and disasteremergency management effectiveness, victims living conditions, relief needs forevaluation.
Similarly, the risk assessment is also the basis of the disaster warning. Disaster risk
assessment has become an important basis for Japan to develop the urban disasterprevention plan and countermeasures, play an important role in the work of urban
disaster prevention and mitigation. According to the Japan disaster prevention andmitigation planning requirements of the system, the main purpose of disaster risk
assessment analysis of representative areas, disaster research and to determine
disaster prevention urban plan representative areas and key areas of disasterprevention plan implementation of the recovery plan.
As required by law, at all levels of administrative regions in Japan through the various
types of risk assessment methods to determine the degree of hazard. For doing thework of disaster risk assessment, the assessment and a local risk map identifies theearthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides and other disaster-pronearea, and indicate the appropriate emergency evacuation routes throughout Japan.
Geographical Survey Institute of Japan through various surveys, provide basic
information to draw different types of major Japanese plains and surrounding areas and
55 | P a g e

active volcanoes risk maps. Some communities often organize community-based risk
map design activities proposed countermeasures to cope with various disasters
threatened to raise public awareness on the risk map.
For example, since 1975, the Tokyo local municipal assessment object classificationassessment every five years by the risk of the building, the fire risk and the emergency
shelter risk, draw around risk, as a the basis for the preparation of disaster prevention
and mitigation plans and contingency plans. In February 2008, Tokyo released the 6thcomprehensive risk assessment results including Tokyo 5099 municipal.
Case research 2: the hazard map in Japan
Japanese municipalities generally create and distribute hazard maps that show the areamostvulnerable to earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, and landslides, as well
as evacuation information. The Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) conducts surveys
that provide basic information for the creation of various types of hazard maps for the
major Japanese plains and surrounding areas, and for active volcanoes. It createsthematic maps, such as topographical maps showing geographical information relevant
for disaster reduction, and compiles statistical data.
Flood Hazard Map
To ensure that residents know the flood risk in advance and can take prompt andappropriate evacuation measures in the case of a disaster, the MLIT and prefectural
governments (which areresponsible for managing rivers) identify flood hazard areas along rivers designated forflood forecasting and water level reporting activities, based on flood simulations using
the planned rainfall for those rivers. Municipalities that contain areas where flooding
from rivers is expected to occur are creating flood hazard maps that include suchinformation as flood hazard areas and probable water depths (provided by rivermanagers), evacuation sites, and flood forecast communication methods. Municipalities
are working to distribute their flood hazard maps by displaying and distributing them atgovernment offices, distributing them to individual homes, displaying them at civic halls
and hospitals, publishing them in newsletters, on websites, and inphone directories, conducting evacuation drills using the hazard maps, using them asteaching materials in elementary and junior high schools, and holding community
meetings about them.
56 | P a g e

Tsunami Hazard Map
In the event of a massive trench earthquake such as those which are feared to be
imminent in the Tokai region and the Tonankai/Nankai regions, the national government
estimates that normous damage will be sustained from the resulting local tsunami. To
mitigate such tsunami damage, efforts must be made to develop technologies for evenmore rapidly issuing tsunami early warning information, and to raise awareness of thetsunami damage risks attheindividual

andcommunity level so thatwarning information will
be used appropriatelybyresidents

evacuation.
national

forThe

government

has set a goal of having
tsunami hazard maps
createdforallmunicipalities that needto implement tsunami
disasterreductionmeasures. To this end, it

Image 6 Tsunami Hazard Map

investigated several issues with regard to supporting the creation and use of hazard
maps by local government bodies, and created a tsunami hazard map manual in 2004.
Also, to mitigate tsunami damage along the coast, the Japan Coast Guard is performing
calculations for the tsunamis that would likely be generated by the kind of massive
earthquakes believed to be imminent, and is working on developing tsunami disaster
reduction information diagrams that map those results.

Earthquake Hazard Map
Japanese government also created Earthquake Hazard Map, in case of Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo seismic hazard map, clearly marked above 7,6 6 weak earthquake affected area
housing collapse of the region's risk, the risk of fire, emergency transportation roads,
shelter and other information clearly marked, the local people can clearly understandthe risk of the region where, where security. This greatly increases the chance of
57 | P a g e

survival of the people after disasters.

Image 8 earthquake Hazard Map in Chiyo

Volcano Hazard Map
Creating volcano hazard maps that take into account the activity patterns of eachvolcano and the particular disaster hazards of a specific location is an effective way toensure that residents are prepared to take prompt and appropriate evacuation actions
based on volcano early warning information. Volcano hazard maps are useful for raising
the disaster reduction awareness of people who live near volcanoes, facilitating theformulation of suitable disaster reduction plans by local government bodies, andencouraging appropriate land use. The creation of these maps is being promoted
primarily by relevant local government bodies, with the technical support andcooperation of the national government, and they are currently available for 37
volcanoes.

58 | P a g e

Image 8 Volcano Hazard Map

3.2.2

Disaster early warning

3.2.2.1. Disaster early warning profile
Monitoring and early warning process and the behavior of the government to effectively
prevent and respond to emergencies, identification, analysis and assessment of various
risks, timely posted to the relevant personnel and regional hazard warning.
The goal of the monitoring and early warning is to strengthen the study of theoccurrence and development of all types of emergencies and derivative law, to improve
the information network, to improve monitoring and early warning level, and to ensurethat the potential risks early discovery, early reporting, early.
Early warning including monitoring and warning.
Monitoring is the scientific method to collect major hazard, hazardous area, the spatial
distribution of the critical infrastructure and important protection goals, information about
the health and social security situation, and close monitoring of the various factors that
may cause emergencies, to collect information about risks, grasp the changes first-handinformation of the risks and emergencies, and to provide important information on the
59 | P a g e

basis of scientific early warning and take timely and effective measures.
The warning is based on unexpected events past and present data, information andmaterials, use logical reasoning and scientific forecasting methods and techniques, therisk factors that may arise in the future, the development trend and evolution to makeestimates and inference. Issued the exact warning information, the government and the
public to understand the trend of developments in advance, in order to take timely
coping strategies to prevent or eliminate the adverse consequences of a series ofactivities.
Fundamentally speaking, the monitoring and early warning is based on historical data
and real data to predict the future, the management department of timely, accurate
grasp of the current situation and the future, be aware, and to make early arrangements.
Monitoring for early warning service, is the basis and premise of the warning. The
monitoring focus more on the long-term, continuous primary data collection process, isa normal behavior. The warning is monitoring based on advance warning prior forecast
danger that may occur in the future, through a variety of warning channels, drew theattention of the relevant parties.
3.2.2.2

Disaster early warning system

Japan is a country prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and other natural
disasters. On the basis of previous disasters, the lessons learned, the Japanese
gradually establish and improve a set of strict disaster warning mechanism.
A) Meticulous Structure for monitoring to Various Disasters
To issue early warning information regarding earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,and severe weather disasters that is useful to the disaster reduction activities ofresidents

anddisastermanagement

organizations,

and

to

therebymitigate

disaster-related damage, it is essential that efforts be made to develop and strengthen
the monitoring systems that provide accurate, real-time information about these
phenomena, and that those systems be maintained and managed appropriately. In
Japan, organizations involved in disaster reduction, especially the Japan Meteorological
Agency (JMA), use 24-hour systems to carefully monitor various natural phenomena
and weather conditions.
The JMA has developed a system called the Computer System for Meteorological
Services (COSMETS). It uses a telephone-line-based weather information transmission
60 | P a g e

system to collect observation data and disseminate information, and a super computer
system to conduct analyses and make predictions. The JMA serves as thetelecommunications hub for the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) that is being
operated cooperatively by weather organizations worldwide, and thus is also
exchanging observation data with other relevant nations.
B) Earthquakes and Tsunamis monitoring
The national government, local governments, and research organizations have installed
seismometers, seismic intensity meters, and tsunami monitoring facilities throughout
the country, and the JMA collects this observation data to monitor seismic activity andtsunamis.
C)Vulcanic monitoring
The JMA has installed seismometers and other volcano observation equipment at 30 of
the most active of Japan's 108 volcanoes. It also has a 24-hour system for collecting
and monitoring data, including the data from observation equipment installed by otherrelevant organizations, at its four Volcano Observations and Information Centers. The
JMA routinely patrols other active volcanoes to check their activity status. If any
abnormalities are detected, observations of the site are stepped up through the
installation of observation equipment that can be monitored in real time. University andother research institutions are promoting volcanic eruption research through everyday
observations of 36 active volcanoes.
3.2.2.3.

Flood early warningA) Flood Monitoring
The MLIT and prefectural governments observe the rainfall and water level in the rivers
that they manage for disaster reduction monitoring purposes. The MLIT assesses therainfall situation (distribution and strength) throughout Japan for the rivers managed by
the national government from 26 radar rainfall observation stations nationwide. It also
conducts observations at about 2,500 rainfall observation stations and about 2,000
water level observation stations all over Japan using visual observation methods,
mechanical observation equipment, and a wireless telemeter system that transmits
automatically observed data from remote locations.
B) Flood early warning
Hazard zones have been designated for those rivers deemed important to disaster61 | P a g e

reduction, and the MLIT or prefectural government, whichever manages each river,works with the JMA to issue forecasts regarding flooding. The JMA handles the waterconditions (rainfall, snow melt) while the MLIT or prefectural government handles thewater situation (river water levels and flow volumes). By working closely together, they
can issue flood forecasts that include predictions of future rainfall, water levels, and flow
volumes. This information is communicated to residents via the municipal flood
prevention management entities that conduct flood prevention activities (flood
prevention corps), and via the media.
C) Flood Prevention Warnings
Flood prevention warnings are issued for the purpose of enabling river managers toprovide guidelines for activity preparations and deployment to municipal flood
prevention management entities and other organizations involved in flood prevention.
When serious flood damage is expected to occur along a river, the MLIT or prefectural
government responsible for that river designates hazard zones and issues flood
prevention warnings when the water level rises to the pre-designated water level(preparations for flood prevention activities) or the warning water level (implementationof flood prevention activities).
3.2.2.4

Earthquake early warningA)Earthquake Observations
To quickly locate the hypocenter and estimate the magnitude of an earthquake after it
occurs and to promptly issue tsunami forecasts, the JMA has installed seismometers at
about 180 sites nationwide (approximately every 60 km). It also constantly monitors
seismic activity by collecting observation data from online data sources, including
high-sensitivity seismometers used by research institutions. The JMA issues seismic
intensity information for a total of approximately 3,900 locations nationwide. To do this,it uses data from its own seismic intensity
meters, installed at about 600 sites nationwide (approximately every 20 km) to measure
the intensity of ground motion, as well as data from seismic intensity meters installed by
local governments at about 2,800 sites, and data from strong-motion seismographs
installed by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Natural Disaster
Prevention (NIED) at about 470 of its approximately 1,000 strong-motion seismic
observation (K-NET) facilities.
In addition, to gain a more thorough understanding of earthquakes and crustal activities
and to provide basic observations for survey research, earthquake observations are
62 | P a g e

conducted using high-sensitivity seismometers and broadband seismometers throughpartnerships with relevant research institutions such as the NIED, in accordance withthe guidelines of the national government's Headquarters for Earthquake Research
Promotion. The Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) has set up about 1,200 GPS
stations all over Japan to form the GPS Earth Observation NET work, which it uses tomonitor and analyze crustal movements based on regular field measurement data.
These observation data are shared with relevant organizations.
B)Issuance of Earthquake Information
As soon as an earthquake occurs in or around Japan, the JMA analyzes the data fromvarious seismometers and seismic intensity meters. Within about two minutes, it issues
a "seismic intensity information" report for earthquakes of intensity 3 or greater, andwithin five minutes issues an "earthquake information" report indicating the hypocenterand magnitude of the earthquake, and the seismic intensity in the municipalities wherestrong shaking was observed.

Image 9 JMA Seismic Station
3.2.2.5. Tsunami early warning
Most of the tsunami damage in Japan has been caused by "local tsunamis" which weregenerated by earthquakes near the coast and made landfall within only several minutes
to several tens of minutes after the earthquake. Because of this, tsunami early warnings
63 | P a g e

require thedevelopment of data analysis and transmission systems that can operate in extremely
short periods of time.
The JMA conducts tsunami observations at 100 sites nationwide, including about 70 of
its own
facilities as well as observation facilities installed by such organizations as the Japan
Coast Guard and local government bodies. The Port and Airport Research Institute andthe University of Tokyo Earthquake Research Institute have jointly installed GPS tidegauges 13 km off theCape of Muroto and are conducting demonstration experiments using those gauges.
After an earthquake generated along the Pacific coast in September 2004, a tsunami
with a height of 10 cm was observed.
When a large earthquake with the potential to cause a tsunami occurs, the JMA selects
a corresponding scenario from the "tsunami database," which stores estimates of thetsunami height along the coast and the time it will take to reach shore. Tsunami
forecasts can then be made based on this information. When a tsunami is expected tocause coastal damage, the JMA issues a tsunami warning or advisory within about
three minutes after the earthquake and then follows up with announcements about theestimated height and arrival time of the tsunami.
Tsunami advisories are issued when estimates indicate a tsunami wave height of about
0.5 m, while tsunami warnings are issued for wave heights of 2 m. Major tsunami
warnings are issued for wave heights of 3 m or higher. The tsunami warnings aretransmitted immediately to disaster management organizations and media outlets using
the Information Network for Disaster Prevention and satellite systems. The warnings arethen forwarded to residents.

64 | P a g e

Image 10 Tsunami early warning
Case research 3: Utilization of Earthquake Early Warnings An earthquake early
warning (EEW)
Utilization of Earthquake Early Warnings An earthquake early warning (EEW)
announces the estimated arrival time of the S-wave of the earthquake and seismic
intensity in each region. This
information is based on the estimated hypocenter and magnitude of the earthquake
quickly calculated from the P-wave data obtained at seismic stations near the epicenter.
(The P-wave is a longitudinal wave that propagates 6-7 km/s through the earth's crust,
while the S-wave is a transverse wave that propagates 3.5-4 km/s through the earth's
crust, arriving later and causing the more severely destructive phenomena.) The timelag between the P-wave and the S-wave can make it possible to mitigate earthquake
damage by enabling disaster prevention actions to be taken before the major shaking
begins (when the S-wave arrives).
Currently the JMA provisionally provides EEWs to a limited number of organizations,such as railroad companies, construction companies, and local governments using datafrom its own seismometers specially designed for the EEW throughout Japan and from65 | P a g ethe high-sensitivity earthquake observation network (Hi-net) stations installed by the
NIED in 700 locations nationwide. The elapsed time between the issuance of the EEW
and the start of major shaking will differ significantly depending on a location's distancefrom the epicenter. EEWs may not be issued in time to areas located just above thehypocenter of an inland earthquake. However, when a large earthquake occurs near an
ocean trench, there may be a time lag, albeit a very short one (ten seconds to several
tens of seconds), between the issuance of the EEW and the start of severe shaking.
This may be just enough time to mitigate damage by triggering emergency stops on
trains, plant operations, and elevators, or even just by allowing people to take basic
risk-reduction actions, such as extinguishing flames or taking cover under a desk.

Image 11 earthquake early warning

3.2.3.

Disaster reduction and prevention project3.2.3.1 Improvement of disaster prevention facilities
Disaster management activities quickly and efficiently and the continue improvement ofdisaster prevention measures and equipment that including the observation equipment,materials and equipment needed in the emergency response, the emergency
intelligence liaison and communication systems, transportation facilities, shelter and the
66 | P a g epath of the facilities, the facilities of the disaster countermeasures headquarters.
Japan most of the area are built or under construction, disaster prevention base thisdisaster prevention facilities in peacetime as parks, stadiums, disaster prevention andeducation base, as well as material reserves base can be immediately converted to
refuge in emergency disasters the place can be used as an emergency command
center, material deployment center, medical security center has become important
disaster preparedness base.
In addition, for this type of high-risk urban area, Japan is promoting preparedness suchas the establishment of green space, implementation of seismic inspection andreinforcement of existing buildings, improvement and inspection of public facilities andearthquake disaster prevention measures lifeline facilities, in order to try to reduce thepopulation and threats to wealth was concentrated in the urban areas.
3.2.3.2

Construction of disaster prevention projects

Improve the ecological environment, intensify the construction of disaster prevention
projects is an important foundation for the work of disaster prevention and mitigation.
Japan has promoted Homeland preservation carried out a long time a large-scale
survey activities, and developed such as watershed conservation, flood cause ofcoastalengineering

steep

collapse

Countermeasures

career,sewer

systemtransformation, land improvements, such as medium-term or long-term plans, andproposed and is propulsion more land preservation advancing the project.
Case research 4: soil erosion control dam (prevent debris flow )Part of soil, stone and gravel making up a hillside and river bed is intermingled withwater from long-continuing or localized rainfall, becomes slushy like porridge and is
carried downstream at a dash. The flow is called a “debris flow”.
A Sabo dam stop s the flow of a lot of mud and rocks that may cause a disaster, andthen carries them downstream slowly and safely.
Sabo dam as preventive measures against debris flows Sabo dams built in the
upstream areas of mountain streams accumulate sediment and suppress production
and flow of sediment. Those built at the exits of valleys work as a direct barrier to a
67 | P a g e

debris flow which has occurred. A sabo dam with slits is particularly effective in
capturing a debris flow because it has a larger capacity of sand pool under normal
conditions. In case that there is a fear of flow-down of driftwood, a slit sabo dam is built
as a preventive measure.

Image 12 Sabo dam

the dam allows sediment to flow down-stream under normal conditions. when a large
scale debris flow occurs, sediment is captured and temporarily held here to prevent
disasters in downstream areas.

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Image 13 Sabo dam Principle of operation

Case research 5: seawall in Japan (prevent tsunami and typhoon )Japan have at least 43 per cent of Japan’s 35,500 kilometres coastline is lined withconcrete seawalls or other structures designed to protect the country against typhoons
and tsunamis.
The design and type of a seawall varies depending on unique aspects specific to eachlocation, and the erosional processes and environment which they are placed in. There
are three main types of seawalls: vertical; curved or stepped; and mounds.
A) Vertical seawalls are built in particularly exposed situations. These reflect wave
energy and, under storm conditions, standing waves (clapotis) will develop. In somecases piles are placed in front of the wall to lessen wave energy slightly.
B) Curved seawalls are designed to enable waves to break to dissipate wave energy
and to repel waves back to the sea. The curve can also prevent the wave overtopping
the wall and provides additional protection for the toe of the wall.
C) Mound-type structures are used in less demanding settings where lower energy
erosional processes operate. The least exposed sites involve the lowest-cost bulkheads
and revetments of sand bags or geotextiles. These serve to armour the shore and69 | P a g eminimise erosion and may be either watertight or porous, which allows water to filter
through after the wave energy has been dissipated

Image 14 Seawall in wakayama
Case research 6: Miki Earthquake Disaster Memorial ParkThe park is ordinarily used for sports and recreation as well as for disaster prevention
education and training of personnel. In the event of a major disaster, it will support
afflicted areas in the prefecture
as a core facility of the regional
emergency management basenetwork

fortheentireprefecture.
In the event of a disaster, thiswillbecome

a

base

for

collecting relief supplies. The
approximately

5,000

squaremeters of space below the stands are used for storage.
Different facilities have different functions in event of disaster. For example, athletics
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stadium responsible for supply base, baseball stadium responsible for temporary
heliport, gymnasium responsible for supply base, tennis courts responsible forassembly and accommodation of emergency relief workers.

Image 15 Miki Earthquake Disaster Memorial Park

3.2.4. Disaster reduction activity
In order to promote disaster reduction activities, need the cooperation of every citizen,
the citizen should understand the importance of disaster reduction, therefore, through avariety of disaster reduction activities, citizens mitigation concerns.
Japan Disaster Prevention Day on September 1, Disaster Prevention Week from
August 30 to September 5, the central and local governments are usually a series ofactivities, such as disaster prevention and exhibitions, disaster prevention seminars anddisaster drills race.
In addition, the Disaster Management and Volunteer Day January 17, and disastermanagement volunteers Week, January 15-21, to carry out a series of promotion ofvolunteer activities and local disaster management promotion activities.
3.2.4.1. Disaster drill
In order to make sure that every department of disaster management system indisasters quickly and effectively carry out a variety of activities established, as well as
71 | P a g ethe public have the right disaster the corresponding consciousness and knowledge.
Japan has carried out wide-ranging and in-depth disaster prevention training andexercises. Disaster prevention training and drill has become an important part ofJapan's disaster preparedness. Public through participation in disaster management
training or on TV-related activities, there are more opportunities to reach out and think
about disaster management.
In recent years, some of the actual disaster prevention training methods wereintroduced, such as role-playing exercises, prior to any relevant information to theparticipants in such drills, participants must make a judgment based on the informationin the training process and the response. September 1 Disaster Prevention Day, thegovernment and related institutions co-organize large-scale disaster prevention drills
throughout Japan. In addition, throughout the whole year on regular basis will be heldon the basis of historical disasters disaster prevention drill.
Disaster prevention training and drills in Japan can be said to be a regular activity,
whether it is for disaster management professionals, or the general public, the businesssector, etc. are a regular or occasional disaster preparedness training and drills, thedisaster prevention training and drills has become an important way to one of ordinary
Japanese disaster prevention knowledge and education in Japan.
3.2.4.2. Disaster Volunteer Training
Japan's disaster volunteer training has become one of the important aspects of disaster
reduction activities in Japan. When disaster occurs, local residents take the initiative totake action, fire fighting, flood fighting, search and rescue, refuge effectively is very
important to help the disaster management activities. Therefore, the establishment ofvoluntary organization of the local disaster management aware of the residents of theimportance of community solidarity, these organizations are generally equipped withappropriate materials and equipment, disaster management training on a regular basis.
According to statistics, more than 50% of Japanese households to participate in thelocal disaster management volunteer organization involved in disaster relief volunteers
around $ 130 million in the 1995 Hanshin earthquake. These groups, the central
government and local governments are encouraged to disseminate relevant information
through public relations and education to create a good learning environment, and its
base of preparatory activities to promote the development of support organizations andvolunteer activities.

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3.2.5.

Disaster education and research

3.2.5.1. Disaster education
Japan gave me the most impressive is Japan's disaster prevention education has been
deeply integrated into the daily life of the Japanese people. Of course, this because
high-frequency earthquakes, typhoons and other disasters, but also shows that theJapanese government and people to the positive attitude towards learning how to
respond to natural disasters.
Japan's disaster management work is very important aspect to the lives of ordinary
people through a variety of ways to enter into the unusual social life.
A）Variety of disaster Museum
In Japan, on the one hand, due to too many losses of natural disasters, on the one hand,but also conform to the needs of disaster management. Japan has established a large
number of disaster museums.
Asian Disaster Reduction Center located in Japan's Hyogo Prefecture, the area is the
1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake affected areas, the Asian Disaster Reduction
Center where the office building of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Memorial
neighbors, exhibited a lot of kind data. There will be a lot of visitors in Museum opening
hours, including students and the elderly by organization and school.
Many disaster Museum are established to commemorate the earthquake and disasterprevention projects built after the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, not only as amemorial stadium, has also become important disaster prevention publicity andeducation base.

Image 17 Variety of disaster Museum
73 | P a g eB）Variety of disaster prevention and education publicity materials
In Japan, whether visiting the disaster prevention facilities, or visit some of the disastermanagement agency, to participate in a number of disaster prevention activities can be
exposed to a lot of disaster prevention and publicity materials.
Public disaster manual is a very typical example, the manual describes the common
local disaster and its victims in disaster prevention and self-help method, generally haveseveral languages such as Japanese, English, Chinese and Korean. Many disastermanagement agencies have own characteristics promotional materials, such as
newspapers, magazines, and manuals.
Japan's disaster prevention publicity materials a great feature is the use of cartoon
image to explain the instructions, in such a lively, user-friendly form of disasterprevention knowledge to the general public popularity, especially for primary andsecondary students, more quickly accept this kind of disaster risk reduction education.

Image 18 Public disaster manualC）Education and promotion of universal Internet Disaster Reduction
Powerful resources of the Internet in today's information age, the Internet is widely usedin all walks of life, that the areas of disaster prevention in Japan is no exception. Japan
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disaster management department and relevant departments have established a
dedicated website or web page as the propaganda disaster prevention knowledge anddissemination of disaster information platform. Disaster preparedness is an important
topic in the official website of the central government and local governments in Japanand around the disaster plan, disaster prevention and disaster map information can befound on such sites. Professional departments also have their own disaster plan on its
website is very easy to access.
Japan weather forecast page is a comprehensive disaster information publishingplatform, contains meteorological information to the earthquake, volcanic eruption,
marine disasters, disaster information and early warning information. The general public
can be very convenient inspection, as an essential reference for daily life.
3.2.6. Disaster research
Japan attaches great importance to disaster prevention and research and development,
the government and some public bodies are specialized research institutions, the focus
of its research and development include the following aspects:
1. Mechanism of abnormal phenomena of natural disasters as well as forecast
technology.
2. Earthquake rapid response system, such as the earthquake management information
systems, emergency medical, life-saving systems.
3. High degree of concentration in urban areas to reduce catastrophic losses
Countermeasures.
4. Hub functions, cultural facilities, science and technology and research facilities
protection system.
5. Disaster management support system.
6. Advanced road traffic system.
7. Road, sea, air traffic safety countermeasures.
8. Social infrastructure aging countermeasures.
9. The harmful hazardous material security countermeasures and social crime.
Case research 8: Nojima Fault Museum in Hyogo Prefecture
Nojima Fault Preservation Museum is located in Awaji city in Awaji Island. It is near thenorthwest coast of the island, and is located about 10 km southwest of the north end of
the island.

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The Great Hanshin Earthquake occured at 5:46 a.m. on January 17th, 1995. It caused
considerable damage mainly in the south part of Hyogo Prefecture. The earthquake
caused 6,434 deaths and injured 43,792 people. And about 640 thousand houses wasdestroyed. The number of deaths was the highest since in the postwar period. It wascentered at the north end of Awaji Island, at a depth of 16 kilometers. It had themagnitude of 7.3 (Japan Meteorological Agency scale). An active fault runs from thenorthwest coast, through Kobe city, to Itami city at the north of Osaka city. Because thefault shifted, this great earthquake was occured. When the earthquake occured, the real
fault appeared on the surface of the ground at Nojima district in Awaji city. Two parts ofthe ground slipped about 1-2 meters each other, and one part raised 0.5-1.2 meters.
Then this fault was designated as a natural monument. And the museum has been built
on a part of the fault.
In the museum, we can see the real fault about 140 meters long. And many photos andrestored models about the earthquake are displayed. Additionally, we can experience
the same quake as the Great Hanshin Earthquake in a model room.
Case research 9: Community-Based Disaster Reduction Activities (use Hazard
map)Community-Based Disaster Reduction education is very important. Hazard maps aredesigned to ensure that the residents who use them better understand the hazards intheir area and will take the appropriate actions when a disaster strikes. The maps are
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useless, however, if people do not know they are available. Some communities
therefore organize activities designed to increase public understanding of hazard maps
and activities to create community-based disaster reduction maps. These include "townwatching" activities in which people actually go around the town they live in and identify
its disaster risks, and workshops on disaster reduction. Such activities raise local
residents' awareness of disasters and disaster reduction, lead to suggestions for
improving the community's vulnerabilities, and contribute significantly to improving thedisaster reduction capabilities of the community.

Image 19 Hazard map Activities

Conclusion and Lesson learning
Indonesia is one country that is frequently hit by disasters, whether natural,social and non-natural. This disaster has been a good lesson for the Indonesian
government, the public, the business community college funding. All elements of society
must unite with each other to realize the nation's face of disaster resilience. Steps canbe performed in towards face of disaster resilient nation that is, institutional revitalization,social resilience, economic resilience and toughness and technology
DuringJanuary

2013,

BNPB

recorded119

disasters

occurredinIndonesia. This is the data while considering the catastrophic events have all beenreported to BNPB. Of 119 disasters caused 126 people dead, 113,747 people suffer
77 | P a g eand displaced, 940 houses damaged, 2.717 houses were damaged, 10,945 houses
with minor damage, and damage to public facilities.
Approximately

96

percentofdisasters

is

still

dominatedbyhydro-meteorological disasters such as floods, landslides, cyclones, tidal waves, floods
and landslides.
With the enhancement of economic and social development and humanactivities, the loss of the natural disasters in order to faster growth. At present,
Indonesia has made in disaster information management a series of progress, but there
are still many shortcomings, especially in the face of the catastrophe of inadequate
preparation, Indonesia can learn a lot of experience in Japan.
A. Realising a resilient nations and communities face of disaster is certainly a long-term
process, synergy between generations and the need to continuously between
Governments, communities and businesses. Role BNPB and BPBD be a central key inachieving the noble vision. Because according to the function is as coordination,command and implementing the humanitarian tasks in the response disasters require
cooperation with various sectors. All requires time, commitment and hard work. Without
it we only will be facing a disaster. Learnt from Japan, Japan has a high public
dedication, trust, loyal and obedient to the government so that they are ready to work
together to face disasters especially Japan also have people who have mentally hard,
never give up and complain to the circumstances, Japanese people make “Gambaru”
as their philosophy, Gambaru means “Let's struggle and never give up”.
B. In contrast to the paradigm that has been adopted by the government is only looking
at the extent of the disaster risk reduction activities of the technical side of disaster,
speakers with colleagues from the Faculty of Engineering has been trying to implement
a new model that DRR-based approach to holistic / comprehensive. Such programs not
only touch the technical aspects but also social, economic and cultural aspects. Thisapproach was developed on the basis of the fact that people who have both economic
security it also has good resistance to disaster anyway. Japan had already been using
this method because they have a culture and a good economy so that disastermanagement is part of their culture that can not be separated from their lives, andthey've instilled this culture since their small school kindergarten.
C. Full use of modern information technology, to build a well-developed information
technology support system.
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Advanced information technology and information system in disaster emergency
management is very important. Japan a few minutes, the earthquake situation anddisaster statistics can achieve quick report of Indonesia's earthquake situation it takes
15 to 30 minutes the disaster the quick report should take 5 to 10 hours, access to
information and the transmission speed is seriously lagging behind. Therefore, thisshould be the full development of modern information technology, to establish
nationwide efficient and effective the disaster information technology systems. Japan's
experience, the use of map information as well as the global satellite positioning (GPS)technology the space integrated management (GIS) and computer-aided design (CAD),
remote sensing (RS), multimedia, virtual reality technology, the Internet combined,building operations strong intelligence collection system (such as geographic
information systems, information resources such as databases) and so on. IT support
system will greatly improve the disaster information collection and transmission of
accurate, efficient, timely and comprehensive goals to achieve.
D. Quickly and accurately assess the information system to ensure true and reliabledisaster information.
Learn from the experience of the Japanese disaster management, in order to ensurethat the decision-making and information communication correctly, you must set thescientific analysis and evaluation system: First, it is necessary to improve the overall
quality of the information analysts to grasp the scientific method of analysis. Second, weneed to introduce professional analysis tools, to ensure that the conclusion is as
accurate as possible. analysis Third, we must establish a system of disaster
assessment system, such as a complete disaster assessment background database,rapid and effective disaster assessment model, authoritative experts of disaster
assessment system. Thus objectively reflect the actual scope of the disaster, the extent,
size and loss and to ensure the timeliness, in order to facilitate the timely developmentof relief decisions. Fourth, we must design natural disaster risk maps in each city, theentire society and the people in the disaster prevention ability and consciousness.
E. Strengthen disaster information publicity, education, drills, training, socialization
mechanisms construct disaster information.
How informed the extent of the disaster-related information, as well as the actual ability
to respond to disasters, public awareness of disaster crisis directly affects the level ofthe government to respond to disasters. Public disaster awareness in our country still isvery weak, and obviously cannot keep the frequency and extent of the outbreak by the
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disaster. We want to learn from the advanced experience of Japan, First, we must instillrisk awareness to the public through the mass media and various forms of propaganda,
to develop their disaster prevention and awareness, to enrich their knowledge and skills
to cope with; public two recurring disaster prevention rescue skills education andtraining, to absorb the public and social organizations involved in disaster relief
exercises, enhanced with governmental disaster awareness, improve their endurance,and disaster response capacity, educate the community and the normalization of thedisaster prevention and relief.
References[1] www.bnpb.go.id[2] National Planning BNPB 2010 – 2014[3] National Action Planning BNPB 2010 – 2012
[4] Pikiran dan Gagasan Penanggulangan bencana di Indonesia (minds and ideas ofdisaster management in Indonesia)[5] Documentation of activity BNPB on 2012
[6] Annual 2011 preventionweb.net[7] Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, 2012, Disaster Management in Japan[8] Japan's Natural Disaster Early Warning Systems and International Cooperative
Efforts, 2006, Government of Japan[9] Revealing Risk Redefining Development, 2011, United Nations[10] www.bousai.go.jp[11] www.adrc.asia[12] www.jma.go.jp

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