Residual Mix methodology for IREC issuing countries

AUTHORSHANNE LERCHE RAADAL AND MEHRDAD GHORBANI
MOOSELU

REPORT NO.
OR.15.23

YEAR
2023

ISBN NO.
978-82-7520-916-8

ISSN NO.
2703-8610

REPORT TYPE
Commissioned report

PROJECT TITLE
Residual Mix Methodology I-REC
PROJECT NUMBER
3400
COMMISSIONED BY
I-REC Standard
NUMBER OF PAGES
11
KEY WORDS
Residual Mix, Renewable Energy Certificates, Electricity, Tracking systems
PHOTO FRONTPAGE
I-REC issuing countries, taken from: https://www.irecstandard.org/world-map/

CONFIDENTIALITY
OpenResidual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

Summary
The International REC Standard Foundation (I-REC Standard) is a non-profit organization that provides a
standard for developing attribute tracking systems. The I-REC Standard ensures the highest quality systems
and adherence to best practices designed to avoid double counting, double certificate issuance, and double
attribute claims.
An I-REC certificate for renewable electricity, I-REC(E) or I-REC, represents the environmental attributes of
the generation of one-megawatt hour (MWh) of energy produced by renewable sources, and can be used tomake end-user claims for energy/electricity consumption. According to the GHG Protocol a Residual Mix
should be used by end-users for any electricity consumption not tied to an I-REC or other recognized tracking
system that meets the Scope 2 Quality Criteria. The emissions from all untracked and unclaimed energy
comprise a Residual Mix emission factor. Hence, the Residual Mix is an integral element in preventing double
counting of renewable energy attributes in any energy tracking system. However, country specific Residual
Mix emission factors are not frequently available for consumer Scope 2 calculations. Through this report, theI-REC Standard Foundation expects to contribute to enhance transparency and robust energy attributemarkets globally.
This report recommends implementing a modified Issuance Based (IB) method for calculating Residual Mixes
to be used for I-REC issuing countries, valid for national tracking markets that are not legislatively linked in
the same way as European markets are. It is further recommended that the national Residual Mixes are
published within one year after the generation year, which means January in year X+2 for generation at any
point in year X. However, redemption (or cancelation) data for attribute tracking certificates might still not
be definitive at the date of publication.
The modified method calculates the Residual Mix by withdrawing the issued volume from the generated
volume in the respective year. It is therefore based on two assumptions: (1) potential unclaimed issued IRECs at the moment of publication are assumed to be redeemed over time, and (2) the Residual Mix volume
is assumed to correspond to the volume of Untracked Electricity Consumption in the respective country.
Hence, the occurrence of a potential surplus/deficit of attributes is not considered. Two checkpoint
assumption tests are recommended to verify the potential impact of both assumptions for the Residual Mix
calculation.
The report also presents two different ways for calculating the direct CO2 emission factor for the Residual
Mix, depending on the availability of data.
Finally, it is recommended that I-REC Standard regularly reviews these methodologies and assumptions toensure continued applicability.
I-REC should regularly review annual calculated Residual Mixes and underlying assumptions to ensure thecontinued validity of the method. If, for example, surpluses and deficits of attribute certificates in markets
are considered substantial or consistently increasing, or if unredeemed certificate rates tend to increase, theI-REC Foundation should reevaluate these methodologies and/or propose modifications such as
implementing an expiry date for I-RECs (like in the European GO system).

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Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

Contents
Summary..............................................................................................................................................................i
1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1

2

Relationship of I-REC(E) certificates and Residual Mix ........................................................................... 2

3

Residual Mix method used by the European GO system ........................................................................ 3
3.1 Determining volume of Domestic Residual Mix .............................................................................. 3
3.2 Determining the CO2 emission factor for the National Residual Mix .............................................. 4
3.3 Determining surplus/deficit of attributes ....................................................................................... 44

Suggested method for Residual Mix calculation for I-REC issuing countries .......................................... 5
4.1 Calculating the volume of the Residual Mix .................................................................................... 5
4.2 Additional assumption tests ............................................................................................................ 6
4.2.1 Checkpoint 1: The volume of unredeemed I-RECs .................................................................. 6
4.2.2 Checkpoint 2: Surplus/deficit of available attributes at publication date............................... 7
4.3 Direct CO2 emission factor for the Residual Mix ............................................................................. 95

Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 10

6

References ............................................................................................................................................. 11ii

Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

1 Introduction
The International REC Standard Foundation (I-REC Standard) is a non-profit organization that provides a
standard for developing attribute tracking systems. The I-REC Standard ensures the highest quality systems
and adherence to best practices designed to avoid double counting, double certificate issuance, and double
attribute claims.
The I-REC Standard is acknowledged by major reporting frameworks such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol(GHGP)1, Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)2, the Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi)3 and RE1004 as areliable backbone for credible and auditable tracking instruments. Through the International Attribute
Tracking Standard, the I-REC Standard outlines a set of requirements to ensure the quality of accredited
attribute tracking systems in order to meet the expectations of stakeholders, market parties, and end-users.
An attribute tracking system for renewable electricity certificates such as I-REC(E) provides a digital platform
to register basic information about each MWh of renewable electricity being generated and tracked up to
the point of consumption. This makes it possible for I-REC(E) to be purchased by end-users that want to claim
the attributes of the underlying renewable energy generation that the certificate represents. Since grids
transmit power from a mix of renewable and non-renewable sources, end-users that have not purchased
certificates for renewable energy they consume cannot make a claim to its underlying attributes. Instead,they must use a Residual Mix calculation, described in this document, that excludes the attributes claimed
by certificate holders.
NORSUS is supporting the I-REC Standard with this work area. This report presents the a recommended
method for Residual Mix calculation for I-REC(E) issuing countries.

1

See GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance available at https://ghgprotocol.org/scope-2-guidance
https://www.cdp.net/en3
https://sciencebasedtargets.org/
4
https://www.there100.org/
2

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Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

2 Relationship of I-REC(E) certificates and Residual Mix
I-REC(E) can be used to certify end-user claims on their electricity consumption. For any electricity consumed
but not accompanied by I-REC(E) or other recognized tracking instruments, end-users obtain the attributes(e.g., technology type, associated carbon emission, other environmental and societal benefits) of theelectricity system’s remaining, or residual, mix. Therefore, the electricity disclosed or shown to these endusers will represent a mix of electricity generated from different untracked and unclaimed energy sources in
the respective country or region (Raadal, 2013). End-users who do not claim I-REC(E), or another recognized
tracking system, must claim the Residual Mix – an integral part of energy tracking systems for preventing
double counting in energy source disclosure (Kuronen, Lethovaara, & Jakobssen, 2020). A Residual Mix
emission factor is needed when a nontrivial share of the renewable production sources is removed from thegrid emissions average. The removal of these attributes, as defined below, can be done at the point of IREC(E) issuance or at the point of I-REC(E) redemption.

Figure 1 The principle of separating a production mix into a specific electricity mix (claimed by I-RECs) and a Residual
Mix (based on Raadal (2013)).

As seen in Figure 1, the more I-REC(E) that are removed, the less of these attributes will be in the Residual
Mix. In general, this results in a residual grid mix with a higher carbon emissions factor and lower portions ofrenewable electricity. In a full-disclosure environment where all generation assets – both fossil andrenewable – receive a certificate, a residual grid mix is not required.
In Europe, where Guarantees of Origin (GOs) are internationally traded and recognized, a centralized
calculation of the Residual Mix which covers all the participating countries is needed. Centralized Residual
Mixes have been calculated, based on the methodology developed during the EU funded projects E-Track II,
RE-DISS and RE-DISS II. The Association of Issuing Bodies (AIB) took over the calculation in 2015 and renewed
the calculation methodology in 2020. The first explicit requirements to calculate and use Residual Mix wereintroduced in directive (EU) 2018/2001, the so called RED II (Kuronen et al., 2020).
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Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

3 Residual Mix method used by the European GO system
As mentioned above, the AIB is responsible for calculating Residual Mixes for all countries in the European
Guarantees of Origin (GO) system. This is based on the system for GOs and Electricity Disclosure as describedin the EU Directives (European Commission, 2018) (European Commision, 2009). The Residual Mix calculation
method used by the AIB was introduced through the E-Track and RE-DISS projects.
Through these projects, two ways for calculating the Residual Mix were identified: the Issuance Based
Method (IB) and the Transaction Based Method (TB) (Kuronen et al., 2020). From 2019, the AIB changed its
method for Residual Mix calculations from TB to IB (https://www.aib-net.org/facts/european-residualmix/2019). The major reason for this was the challenges related to the increased trading activity between
national registries within the EU. The IB Method, as used by the AIB, is presented in the following chapters.

3.1 Determining volume of Domestic Residual Mix
The IB Method is based on issued and, in the case of the EU, expired GO volumes, to determine available
attributes in the Residual Mix, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Principle for the Issuance Based method for determining the volume of Domestic Residual Mix for a country(Figure 11 in Kuronen et al. (2020)).

As seen in the figure above, the Residual Mix within a national (domestic) market is calculated by subtracting
the issued volume from the total generated volume in year X, then adding the expired volume (issued
attributes not redeemed by their expiry date). This is expressed by Equation 1.
Equation 1 The volume (MWh) of Domestic Residual Mix for year X

Domestic RMyear X = Generationyear X – Issued attributesApril year X – March, year X+1 + Expired attributesApril, year X – March,year X+1

As seen from Equation 1, overall generation in calendar year X is considered alongside the volume of issued
and expired attribute certificates during the period April year X – March year X+1.
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Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

3.2 Determining the CO2 emission factor for the National Residual Mix
The CO2 emissions of the Domestic Residual Mix are calculated by subtracting the emissions associated with
the issued and expired attributes from the emissions of the overall Production Mix. The overall CO2 emissions
are calculated by multiplying each energy source in the Domestic Residual Mix by its respective CO2 emissions
factor (g CO2/kWh) and volume. Finally, the CO2 emission factor for the Residual Mix is calculated by dividing
the overall CO2 emissions by the overall volume of the Domestic Residual Mix. This is shown in Equation 2.
Equation 2. Direct CO2 emission factor for the Domestic Residual Mix

CO2 emission factor [g CO2/kWh] = total CO2 emissions Domestic Residual Mix [g CO2]/volume of Domestic
Residual Mix [kWh]The CO2 emission factors for different energy sources should be obtained from official or recognized sources,
e.g., from Annex 3 in AIB’s report “European Residual Mixes. Results of the calculation of Residual Mixes forthe calendar year 2022” (AIB (Association of Issuing Bodies), 2023).

3.3 Determining surplus/deficit of attributes
The “Untracked Consumption” represents the electricity consumption which has not been claimed by endconsumers with explicit tracking instruments (like GOs or other recognized tracking mechanisms). Since theEuropean market is considered a unified and single market, and since there is significant cross-border tradein physical electricity and attributes (GOs), it is necessary to determine whether there is a surplus or deficit
of attributes for the “Untracked Consumption” in each country. The IB method calculates the Untracked
Consumption by subtracting all redemptions from total consumption (see details in chapter 4.2.2 ). The
attributes related to the Untracked Consumption is given by the Residual Mix, and represent theconsumption mix for all end-users who do not claim GOs in the respective country. However, if the volumeof the Residual Mix does not correspond to the volume of Untracked Electricity Consumption in therespective country a surplus or deficit of attributes for the Untracked Consumption occurs. This volume iscalculated, as shown in Equation 3.
Equation 3 Determining surplus or deficit of attributes in a country.

If: Domestic Residual Mix > Untracked Consumption -> Surplus
Surplus = Domestic Residual Mix - Untracked Consumption
If: Domestic Residual Mix < Untracked Consumption -> Deficit
Deficit = Untracked Consumption - Domestic Residual Mix
The Residual Mix methodology in the European tracking system also includes a European Attribute Mix whichbalances all surpluses and deficits in the participating countries. Countries with a surplus of attributes provide
the European Attribute Mix with attributes while deficit countries are provided with attributes from
European Attribute Mix. Details on how the Domestic Residual Mixes are adjusted with the European
Attribute Mix to calculate Final Residual Mixes is described in Kuronen et al. (2020).

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Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

4 Suggested method for Residual Mix calculation for I-REC
issuing countries
A major challenge for Residual Mix calculations is timing. It is recommended that the national Residual Mixes
are published within one year after the generation year, which means January in year X+2 for generation at
any point in year X. However, redemption (or cancelation) data of attribute tracking certificates might still
not be definitive at the date of publication. The I-REC code does not have any date of expiry for issued IRECs, but it operates with two issuance deadlines for electricity generated in year X (Everson, 2022): May 31
in year X+1 (for production periods between January and June in year X), and September 30 in year X+1 (forproduction periods between July and December in year X), respectively. Hence, the proposed methodology
needs to consider the fact that a portion of I-RECs issued might not yet have been redeemed at the time of
the Residual Mix publication.
The suggested Residual Mix calculation method for I-REC issuing countries is a modified version of the AIB
European Residual Mix calculation, valid for national tracking markets that are not legislatively linked in thesame way as European markets are (RE100 et al., 2022). The method only takes the issued volume into
account and does not consider unclaimed certificates. It is therefore based on the following assumptions:
1. Potential unclaimed issued I-RECs at the moment of publication are redeemed over time. While a
temporary mismatch between issuance and redeemed volumes may exist at the time of publicationof the Residual Mix and given there is some flexibility on vintage requirements by major reporting
standards, this unbalance is assumed to become smaller over time.
2. Cross-border trading is negligible. The Residual Mix volume is assumed to correspond to the volumeof Untracked Electricity Consumption in the respective country. The major reporting standards thatrecommend claims from the use of renewable electricity are based on renewable generation
attributes coming from the same geographic region that defines a market (i.e., individual countries
are considered distinct markets for renewable electricity). Exceptions are the US and the EU regional
markets which have their own EAC tracking systems reflecting a common regulatory framework thatallows cross-border trading (RECs between the US and Canada, and GOs between different EU
countries).
Both assumptions imply that the volume of the national Residual Mix equals the volume of Untracked
Electricity Consumption. Hence, no surplus/deficit of attributes is taken into consideration, which means
there is no need for adjusting the national Residual Mixes with a calculated “I-REC Attribute Mix” (reflecting
the “European Attribute Mix”). Additionally, potential import and export of physical electricity are notaccounted for in the national Residual Mix.
Two checkpoint assumption tests are recommended to verify the potential impact of both the abovementioned assumptions for the Residual Mix calculation. The recommended procedures for thesecheckpoints are given in sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 . Finally, two different ways for calculating the direct CO2
emission factor for the Residual Mix, depending on the availability of data, are presented in section 4.3.

4.1 Calculating the volume of the Residual Mix
As described above, the suggested Residual Mix calculation method is based on a modified version of theIssuance-based (IB) AIB European Residual mix calculation methodology. As shown in Figure 2 above, the IB
approach is calculated by withdrawing the issued volume from the generated volume in year X and then5Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

adding the expired volume. The I-REC code does not have any date of expiry for issued I-RECs, but it operates
with two issuance deadlines for electricity generated in year X (Everson, 2022): May 31 in year X+1 (forproduction periods between January and June in year X), and September 30 in year X+1 (for production
periods between July and December in year X), respectively.
The principle for the suggested modified Residual Mix calculation method for I-REC issuing countries is shownin Figure 3 and Equation 4 below.

Figure 3 Principle for calculating the volume of the national Residual Mix.

As seen in Figure 3, the adapted equation for determining the volume (MWh) of a national Residual Mix inyear X for a country is calculated by withdrawing the national issued I-REC volume from the national
generation volume. This is presented in Equation 4.
Equation 4: Volume (MWh) of national Residual Mix for year X

National RMyear X = National Generationyear X – National Issued attributes (vintage X)January year X – September year X+1
Information about national electricity generation can be found in IEA (or similar) annual reports. Other
national reports, if available, can be used if noted in the Residual Mix report. For countries which have othernational recognized tracking mechanisms, the issued volume from these should also be subtracted from theoverall generation volume in Equation 4. However, the availability of both issued and redemption data forthese mechanisms will determine in which way these data can be included in the calculations. The I-REC
secretariat, together with national authorities, will define potential other recognized tracking mechanisms.

4.2 Additional assumption tests
4.2.1 Checkpoint 1: The volume of unredeemed I-RECs
As described above, Residual Mixes should be published within one year after end of the generation year.
Hence, I-RECs issued by September 30 in year X+1 have a maximum three months to be redeemed to becorrectly included in the Residual Mix calculation. The volume of issued but still unredeemed I-RECs (vintage
X) in country A by end of year X+1 is expressed by Equation 5 (see also Figure 3). It should be noted that
potential other tracking mechanisms beyond I-RECs should be included in these checkpoint calculations if
official redemption (or cancelation) data exists.
Equation 5 The volume (MWh) of issued, unredeemed I-RECs (vintage year X) in country A by end of year X+1.

Issued unredeemed I-RECX = National Issued VolumeX+1 – RNa, X+1 - RE, X+1
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Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

Where:
National Issued Volume X+1 =Total issued I-RECs for electricity generated in country A in year X by theend of year X+1 (MWh)RNa, X+1: Redeemed NationalX+1 = Total redeemed I-RECs for electricity generated in year X by the end ofyear X+1, issued and redeemed in country A (MWh)RE, X+1: Redeemed exportedX+1 = Total redeemed I-RECs for electricity generated in year X by the end ofyear X+1, issued in country A and redeemed in another country (MWh)Since the Residual Mix calculation withdraws all issued I-RECs, there is a probability that there still exists a
certain number of unredeemed I-RECs at the publication date of the Residual Mix. Hence, the Residual Mix
might contain fewer renewable attributes than what is the actual situation. However, as I-RECs being issued
in year X still can be redeemed after the date of publication, the “actual” Residual Mix will most likely movetowards the calculated one.
The difference between issued and unredeemed I-RECs should be compared to the total issued certificate
volume, the total generation volume and the Residual Mix volume for the country in question to determine
the potential impact on the Residual Mix.

4.2.2 Checkpoint 2: Surplus/deficit of available attributes at publication dateIn order to calculate whether there is a surplus or deficit of available attributes for the Untracked Electricity
Consumption, the volume of the national Residual Mix (Equation 4) needs to be compared with the volumeof Untracked Consumption in the respective country.
The Untracked Electricity Consumption is obtained by withdrawing redeemed I-RECs (both national andimported) from the country’s annual electricity consumption volume. The principle for calculating theUntracked Electricity Consumption is shown in Figure 4 below. For simplification, it is assumed that thenational generation volume equals the national consumption volume in the country.

Figure 4 Principle for calculating of the volume of the Untracked Electricity Consumption.

As described earlier, the publication date for the Residual Mixes should be maximum 1 year after end of thegeneration year. Hence, I-RECs issued by September 30 in year X+1 have a maximum of three months to beredeemed to be correctly included in the Residual Mix calculation. The volume of Untracked Electricity incountry A by end of year X+1 is expressed by Equation 6 (see also Figure 4).
It should be noted that potential other tracking mechanisms beyond I-RECs should be included in thesecheckpoint calculations if official redemption data exists.
7

Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

Equation 6 The volume (MWh) of Untracked Electricity Consumption in country A for year X

Untracked Electricity ConsumptionX = National Generation VolumeX – RNa, X+1 - RI, X+1
Where:
National Generation VolumeX = Generated electricity in year X in country A (MWh)RNa, X+1: Redeemed National X+1 = Total redeemed I-RECs for electricity generated in year X by the end ofyear X+1, issued and redeemed in country A (MWh)RI, X+1: Redeemed imported X+1 = Total redeemed I-RECs for electricity generated in year X by the end ofyear X+1, issued in another country and redeemed in country A (MWh)By adapting Equation 3 above, the potential surplus/deficit of attributes can be calculated from Equation 7:
Equation 7 Calculation of potential surplus or deficit of attributes.

Surplus/deficit of attributes = National Residual MixyearX - Untracked ConsumptionyearX
If the calculated volume of attributes results in a negative number, the country has a deficit of attributes,
while a surplus of attributes is the situation if the calculation ends up with a positive number.
From Figure 3 and Figure 4 it can be seen that Equation 4 can be rewritten as follows when replacing National
Issued attributes (vintage X) with RNa + RE + INR:
Rewritten Equation 4 Volume (MWh) of national Residual Mix for year X.

National RMyear X = National Generationyear X – National Issued attributes (vintage X)1.1 year X – 30.9 year X+1= National Generationyear X – (RNa + RE + INR)
By substituting into Equation 7, the National Residual Mix calculation from the rewritten Equation 4 and thenthe Untracked Consumption calculation from Equation 6, we obtain Equation 8.

Equation 8 Calculation of potential surplus or deficit of attributes

Surplus/deficit of attributes = RI, X+1 - RE, X+1 - INR
From Equation 8 the potential surplus or deficit of attributes depends on the difference between imported
and exported I-RECs, as well as the number of not-redeemed I-RECs. If import equals export, only the notredeemed I-RECs define the deficit of attributes. As mentioned above, as I-RECs being issued in year X still
can be redeemed after the date of publication of the Residual Mix, it is reasonable to assume no
surplus/deficit of attributes is taken into consideration over time. This means there is no need for adjusting
the national Residual Mixes with a calculated “I-REC Attribute Mix” (reflecting the “European Attribute Mix”).
The calculated surplus/deficit of attributes should be compared to the Untracked Consumption volume(vintage year X) for the country in question to assess the potential impact on the Residual Mix.

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Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

4.3 Direct CO2 emission factor for the Residual Mix
The direct CO2 emission factor for the Residual Mix (EFRM) can be calculated in two different ways, dependingon the availability of data. These are explained below. If the country in question has other national tracking
mechanisms, the total issued volume for both I-RECs and the other mechanisms should be included whencalculating the Residual Mix, and, as such, in calculating the Residual Mix emission factor.
1. Based on the national emission factor (EFNa)
If there exists an official figure for the national emission factor (EFNa) for electricity generation, the Residual
Mix emission factor (EFRM) should be calculated as shown in Equation 9.
Equation 9 Residual Mix emission factor (EFRM) based on national emission factor (EFNa).

EFRM = EFNa * Volume Total generation [TWh]/Volume Residual Mix [TWh]2. Based on specific emission factors for each energy source in the Residual Mix
If an official number for national emission factor (EFNa) for electricity generation does not exist, the Residual
Mix emission factor (EFRM) can be calculated as shown in Equation 10.
Equation 10 Residual Mix emission factor (EFRM) based on specific emission factors per energy source

where k is the number of energy sources in the Residual Mix.
As described in chapter 3.2, the direct CO2 emission factors per kWh for electricity generated by different
energy sources can be provided by different sources. An example is given in Annex 3 in AIB’s report “European
Residual Mixes. Results of the calculation of Residual Mixes for the calendar year 2022” (AIB (Association of
Issuing Bodies), 2023).

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Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

5 Recommendations
This report recommends implementing a modified Issuance Based (IB) method for calculating Residual Mixes
to be used for I-REC issuing countries, valid for national tracking markets that are not legislatively linked in
the same way as European markets are. It is further recommended that the national Residual Mixes are
published within one year after the generation year, which means January in year X+2 for generation at any
point in year X. However, a major challenge for Residual Mix calculations is timing and redemption (orcancelation) data for attribute tracking certificates might still not be definitive at the date of publication.
Hence, the occurrence of a potential surplus/deficit of attributes is not considered, which means that the
proposed methodology is based on two assumptions: (1) potential unclaimed issued I-RECs at the momentof publication are assumed to be redeemed over time, and (2) the Residual Mix volume is assumed tocorrespond to the volume of Untracked Electricity Consumption in the respective country. Two checkpoint
assumption tests are recommended to verify the potential impact of the assumptions for the Residual Mix
calculation.
The report also presents two different ways for calculating the direct CO2 emission factor for the Residual
Mix, depending on the availability of data.
I-REC should regularly review annual calculated Residual Mixes and underlying assumptions to ensure thecontinued validity of the method. If, for example, surpluses and deficits of attribute certificates in markets
are considered substantial or consistently increasing, or if unredeemed certificate rates tend to increase, theI-REC Foundation should reevaluate these methodologies and/or propose modifications such as
implementing an expiry date for I-RECs (like in the European GO system).

10Residual Mix methodology for I-REC issuing countries

6 References
AIB (Association of Issuing Bodies). (2023). European Residual Mixes. Results of the calculation of Residual
Mixes for the calendar year 2022. Version 1.0, 2023-06-01 (Version 1.0, 2023-06-01). Retrieved fromhttps://www.aib-net.org/sites/default/files/assets/facts/residualmix/2022/AIB_2022_Residual_Mix_Results_.pdf
Directive 2009/72/ec of the european parliament and of the council of 13 July 2009 concerning common
rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC, (2009).
Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the
promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, (2018).
Everson, E. (2022). Evident Code for I-REC(Electricity). Retrieved from https://www.irecstandard.org/the-irece-code-i-recs-for-electricity/
Kuronen, A., Lethovaara, M., & Jakobssen, S. (2020). Issuance Based Residual Mix Calculation Methodology.
Retrievedfromhttps://www.aib-net.org/sites/default/files/assets/facts/residualmix/2022/RM%20EAM%20IB%20Calculation%20Methodology%20V1_2.pdf
RE100, CLIMATE GROUP, & CDP. (2022). RE100 TECHNICAL CRITERIA. Retrieved fromhttps://www.there100.org/sites/re100/files/2022-12/Dec%2012%20%20RE100%20technical%20criteria%20%2B%20appendices.pdf
Raadal, H. L. (2013). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from electricity generation systems. Tracking andclaiming in environmental reporting. (PhD). The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Retrieved
from https://norsus.no/wp-content/uploads/thesis-hanne-final_excl-appendices.pdf?v=1 (Thesis no
2013:32, ISSN 1503-1667, ISBN 978-82-575-1133-3)

11

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