Research disaster reduction and prevention
management in Japan and lessons learned(FINAL RESEARCH REPORT)

Submitted by
LIUNANJIANG VISITING RESEARCHER ADRC KOBE
JAPAN NOV 2012

Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of theADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on themaps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the
ADRC.

Table of Contents
1. Disaster reduction and prevention background
2. Disaster reduction and prevention management in china
2.1. Disaster management system and disaster law
2.2. Disaster risk assessment
2.3. Disaster early warning
2.4. Disaster reduction and prevention project
2.5. Disaster reduction activity
2.6. Disaster education
2.7. Challenges in disaster reduction and prevention management
3. Disaster reduction and prevention management in Japan
3.1. Disaster law and disaster management system
3.1.1 Disaster law
3.1.2 Disaster management system
Case research 1: Disaster management planning system in Japan

3.2. Disaster information system and risk assessment
3.2.1. Disaster Information system
3.2.2. Disaster risk assessment
Case research 2: the hazard map in Japan

3.3. Disaster early warning
3.3.1. Disaster early warning profile
3.3.2. Disaster early warning system
3.3.3. Flood early warning
3.3.4. Earthquake early warning
3.3.5. Tsunami early warning
Case research 3: Utilization of Earthquake Early Warnings An earthquake early warning(EEW)

3.4. Disaster reduction and prevention project3.4.1. Improvement of disaster prevention facilities
3.4.2. Construction of disaster prevention projects
Case research 4: soil erosion control dam (prevent debris flow )Case research 5: seawall in Japan (prevent tsunami and typhoon )Case research 6: Miki Earthquake Disaster Memorial Park
3.5 Disaster reduction activity
3.5.1. Disaster drill
3.5.2. Disaster Volunteer Training
Case research 7: Himeji city disaster drill

3.6. Disaster education and research
3.6.1. Disaster education
3.6.2. Disaster research
Case research 8: Nojima Fault Museum in Hyogo Prefecture
Case research 9: Community-Based Disaster Reduction Activities (use Hazard map)
4. Conclusion and Lesson learning
5. References

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirst of all,, thanks ADRC to give me a valuable chance to be visiting researcher and it is great
pleasure for me to express my deepest gratitude to all ADRC staff to help me a lot in Japan.
According to this research experiences, I learned lots of advanced disaster knowledge andtechnology to enhance my disaster level, like disaster risk assessment,, disaster reduction project,hazard map, disaster drill and so on.
on At the same time, I had a great opportunity to get to know
Japan history,
istory, culture and traditions. Japan are very attractive to me, I am so exciting to studying
in Japan for three months.
I also sincerely grateful to the Government of Japan, Company of Japan, Kobe University andmore other organization to give me chance to visiting and lecture. Let
et me research deeply andstudy more advanced
ced technology before I never hear about that.
I would like to express my gratitude to all ADRC staff again, because I have terribleteye sick inJapan, Ms Shiomi,
hiomi, Ms Nakamura and Ms Yoshida took me to the eye clinic
clinic many times. The
other staffs also more care of my sick. Without them, without good health, I cannot
cancontinue myresearch plan.
Special thank Ms.Shiomi and Mr.Moriwaki who during the entire period of my research has
been rendering their help and assistance and accompanyingaus in most friendly.
friendly These friendly
not only related to our research plan, but also to our cultural and entertainment activities. It is
most effective way to let us enjoyed our staying in Japan.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude
grati
to the Japanese, when I live in Japan, Much more
Japanese give me convenience.
ce. This experiences will be treasure in my life. When I came backmy country, I will share these advanced knowledge and technology to my friends. Also share
Japanese friendly to the Chinese people. I wish china and Japan have friendly connection in the
future.

（LIUNANJIANG） 刘南江
ASSISTANTSSISTANT RESEARCHERNATION DISASTER REDUCTION CENTER OF CHINA

1. Disaster reduction and prevention background
Three phases in disaster management is distinguished:
Disaster reduction and prevention
Disaster response and rescue
Disaster recovery and reconstruction
In Chinese word “don't fight without any preparation”. The same principle applies to disaster. In
my mind, disaster reduction and prevention is more important than other phases.
According to world bank data, damage from all hazards between 1970 and 2008 totaled $2,300
billion (in 2008 dollars), or 0.23 percent of cumulative world output.
Even when scaled by output, poor countries with few assets incur little damage, and richcountries (with more capital) effectively prevent damage. Middle-income countries incur thegreatest proportional damage (image1), suggesting why absolute damage has been rising.
Institutions that reduce damage develop more slowly than assets as countries urbanize andprosper. But this is not immutable, even poor countries can undertake effective reduction, andmore can rise to the challenge of doing so.
Image 1 Damages shrink Africa but expand middle-income countries

Nature disaster is inevitable. Natural disasters prevention-oriented rather than passively wait
until after the disasters to take urgent action. Disasters such as disease, if person always pay
attention to their own health, the disease is not likely to have the chance of invasion. However,
although the reaction of the international community is in time, but the investment in disaster
reduction is far from adequate. If the investment in disaster reduction will be pay more, thenreturn in the future will be several times.

2. Disaster reduction and prevention management in china
2.1. Disaster management system and disaster law
2.1.1 Disaster management system
China has established the disaster reduction and relief leading system characterized by unified
leadership, departmental accountability, graded management and local operational control.
Under the unified leadership of State Council, the range of disaster reduction and relief agencies
at the central level were erected including National Committee for Disaster Reduction,Stateflood control and drought relief headquarter, State Council's earthquake rescue and relief
headquarters, Headquarter of China Forest Fire Prevention and Integrated National Disaster
Relief Coordination Office etc to fulfill the responsibilities of coordination and organization ofdisaster reduction and relief operation, in correspondence, the local governments also structured
the disaster reduction and relief coordinative agencies with the similar functions.
2.1.2 Disaster reduction state plan
October 2006, China promulgated << The State Science and Technology Development Plan for"the Eleventh Five Year">> that placed national public security response technical system setup
and capacity-building of addressing public security disastrous accidents and unexpected public
accidents as one of priorities of future development. Nature disaster monitoring and prevention
topped the agenda of public security issues in "Program outline for national medium and longterm scientific and technical development (2006-2020)" with disaster reduction and prevention
posed as the filed that scientific support focuses on. August 2007 China issued<<Comprehensive disaster reduction plan for "the Eleventh Five Year">> with the precise
requirements to local governments to mainstream disaster reduction into local economical andsocial development, which represents the significant move of Chinese government to echo theWorld Conference on Disaster Reduction and <<“Hyogo Framework for Action.”>> by making
effort to build disaster risk reduction (DRR) into national sustainable policies, plans, and actions.
The play emphasized the importance of disaster prevention, disaster reduction, disaster
preparedness and vulnerability decrease, targeting the capacity-building, involving the aspects
of disaster early warning and forecast, emergency response command, institutional andlegislation building, risk management, community DRR, scientific support and advocacy andeducation, it presented from comprehensive perspective the guiding ideas, objective of the plan,major work and projects, implementation measures; the plan call for all regions and departments
to compile the disaster reduction plan in conformation with local conditions and bring it into
local economical social development plan with the highlighted tasks to address the inadequate
disaster reduction work and substantially uplift the capacity of integrated disaster reduction.
Acting upon the requirements of the plan, China’s government stressed the effort on disastermonitoring and early-warning, emergency relief command, disaster management, urban-ruralcommunity disaster reduction, scientific support and advocacy and education to proactively
improve country’s capacity in dealing with disasters.
“National earthquake prevention plan(2006-2020),” “National geographic disaster prevention‘eleventh-five-year ’plan”, “metrological development ‘the eleventh five year ’plan ”,“hydrological development ‘eleventh-five-year ’plan” as well as other specific plans withdetailed work assigned to prevent and respond disasters. Now, the ministry of civil affairs works
together with national development and reform commission to compose <<Comprehensive
disaster reduction plan for "the twelfth Five Year"(2011-2015)>> with the overall arrangementof disaster reduction capacity-building work.
2.1.3 Disaster reduction law
China pays great attention to legislation of disaster reduction activities with the series of laws
and regulations issued and enforced and mainstream the disaster reduction operation into
legalization. In recent years, about 30 laws or regulations related to disaster prevention andreduction have been enacted and implemented or revised such as “unexpected accidents
response laws in People’s Republic of China”, “earthquake prevention and disaster reduction
law in People’s Republic of China”, “flood resistance law in People’s Republic of China”, “sandprevention and resistance law in People’s Republic of China”, “fire prevention law in People’s
Republic of China”, “nature disaster relief regulation”, “drought relief regulation in People’s
Republic of China”, “flood prevention regulation in People’s Republic of China”, “forest fire
prevention regulation”, “grassland fire prevention regulation”, “geographic disaster prevention
regulation”, “destructive earthquake emergency response regulation” and others suchlike.
According to the actual work, China will further intensify legislation of dis aster reduction.
2.2. Disaster risk assessment
China is planning to launch the comprehensive investigation project of disaster risks anddisaster reduction capacity in key areas. This project aims to investigate the nature disaster risks
and disaster reduction capacity in key areas at all aspects to identify major underlying risks anddetermine the disaster reduction resources and capacity limits in order to build the database forunderlying risks and disaster reduction capacity with the risk evaluation model to set disasterrisk management platform of national level and in key areas to form risk monitoring andevaluation operation system at national level and in key areas.
2.3. Disaster early warning
Based on the metrological, hydrological, earthquake, geological, maritime, environmental

observation network, the government has continue to intensiy density of monitoring, and built
nature disaster dynamic monitoring system including ocean bed observation and space-groundobservation. The primary disaster monitoring and early-warning system has been formed.
--Disaster remote-sensing monitoring system: 6th September 2008, china successfully launched
the small satellites constellation of environment and disaster monitoring A, B, which enabledchina to move significant step forward in building disaster remote sensing system. Constellationand other disaster reduction application operative systems provided sound platform for disastermonitoring, early-warning, assessment and emergency relief command.
--Metrological early-warning and forecast system. After successfully launch of “Feng Yun”
series of satellites, altogether 146 weather radar of new generation, 91 high altitudes
metrological detection station with “L wave” system and 25420 regional metrologicalobservation stations will be constructed. The primary specialized metrological observation
network was built targeting atmosphere ingredients, acid rain, sand storm, thunder andlightening, agricultural metrology and traffic metrology. The digital forecast and prediction
system was developed to deliver disastrous weather approaching early-warning information
with metrological early-warning information release platform shaped through radio, TV,
Newspaper, cell phone, internet and others covering rural-urban communities.
--Water and flood monitoring and forecast, early-warning system. The hydrological monitoring
system was established comprising 3171 hydrological stations, 1244 water level station,14602
rainfall station, 61 hydrological laboratory and 12683 underground water observation wells.
Flood early warning and forecast, underground monitoring system and water resource
management system and water resource data have been built.
--Earthquake monitoring and forecast system. 937 fixed stations and 1000 mobile stations were
set up that could accurately and timely monitor the earthquake with 3 magnitude and higher.
1300 fixed stations for pre-earthquake observation and mobile 4000 points were fitted.
Earthquake prediction and forecast analysis consultation platform at the national level andprovincial level have been formed. High speed earthquake data information network consistingof 700 information panel points has been constructed and earthquake rapid information SMS
delivery service of cell phone has been provided.
--Geographic disaster monitoring system. Since 2003, the government started geographic
disaster early-warning and forecast work, about 12000 points of underlying geographic risk has
been identified. Special monitoring network for collapse and flash in “three gorges” areas, aswell as specialized ground settlement observation network were created in Shanghai, Beijing,
Tianjin etc.
--Marine disaster forecast system. The previous marine observation facilities, equipments andapparatus have been retrofitted and upgraded to increase the capacity of observation andmonitoring off shore. The floating buoy observation capacity and facet investigation capacity
entered into the advancement stage. The butch of marine observation stations has beentransformed and some center stations were converted with communication systems. Sea-gas
interaction and sea weather change observation and evaluation system is undergoing
construction. The operative observation on marine disasters such as sea level rising, sea water
invasion, and salty wave and others related to climate changes will be proactively processed.
--Fire early-warning and monitoring system in forests and grasslands. To better dynamic，

monitoring system on forest and grassland fire by applying satellites remote-sensing aircrafts
navigation, video surveillance, observation and ground patrol. The forest fire graded
early-warning response and evaluation technology system for forest fire.
--Sand storm monitoring and evaluation system. Sand storm satellites remote-sensing evaluation
system and cell phone MSM platform were erected with the sand storm ground monitoring
stations in key north areas. Four-level teams of National, provincial, city and county will beorganized with the primary coverage of sand storm monitoring network involving north areas in
China.
The government has reinforced the research on disaster early-warning with the focus on last
kilometer of disaster information passage to guarantee the public’s access to information.
Meanwhile, fully employ scientific resources, conduct disaster consultation, carry out
evaluation and identification. To utilize the satellites and other technologies for transforming
risk assessment, monitoring and early-warning to timely issue the early-warning and offer thedecision-making support for disaster relief and social-economical development.
2.4. Disaster reduction and prevention project
In recent years, the government has implemented a series of major disaster reduction projects
related to flood prevention, drought relief, wind and sand storm prevention, ecological recovery.
--Management project of rivers. The government increases its input to the rivers management
through dynamic finance policies, national debt issuance to accelerate the process of rivers
management. At the present time, the big dam on middle and down Stream of Yangzi River has
been fully restored; standard dam construction on down Stream of Haunches River is fully
unfolded. 19 major projects for Huaihe river management were beacially completed. Threegorges projects, Xiao langdi project on Huanghe River and Linhuai project on Huaihe River andother nexus projects have been fully brought into practical use. The capacity against flood in
major rivers has been significantly uplifted with parts of rivers capability to resist the flood
which occurs once in 100 years. The capability of flood prevention in middle and small rivers
also has seen the improvement. Sea dam in some key areas has raised its standards to meet theflood in 50 years record high.

--Restoration project of dangerous houses of low-income rural families. The government pays
attention to improve dwelling houses capacity to resist the disasters by carrying out
technological instruction and quality inspection during the process of houses reconstruction in
the affected areas in terms of site selection, housing design and construction and completion
check. The government also links the poverty alleviation work with disaster reduction housing
settlement. From 2005-May 2009, total capital investment 1753.5 billion Yuan were transferredto the various parts of country for 5.8016 millions houses of low-income rural families restoredor newly built which benefit 1.8051 million families and 6.4965 million people.
--Restoration school buildings, since 2001, the government started to reconstruct and solidify
the middle and primary school buildings across the country. By 2005, the central budget
dedicated 9 billion Yuan for the designated project containing 40 000 schools with buildings
repaired or rebuilt. Since 2006, the milled and primary school buildings renovation costs havebeen covered into the funds for rural compulsory education security mechanism.
--Security projects of middle and primary schools building, since 2009, the government takes
three years to implement the projects to consolidate school buildings and enhance the disaster
resistance capacity in middle and primary schools in order to afford the school buildings to fit
the earthquake resistance and prevention standards as well as fit the requirements for landslide,rock collapse, mud and rock flow, tropical circle and fires precaution.
--Consolidation project of risky water reservoirs. In March 2008, the government
issued<<specific plan on risk removal and consolidation project of risky water reservoirs>> that
rendered the tasks to finalized risk removal and consolidation project of risky water reservoirsof large-medium-sized and small major water reservoirs in three years. In 2008, the government
has earmarked the special plan on 4035 suchlike projects accounting for 65% of the total 6240
risky water reservoirs.
--Drinking water safety project. During the period of “eleventh five year” (2000-2005), thegovernment diverted 22.3 billion Yuan to address the drinking water needs of 67 millions people,
which marked the end of the history of extremely insufficient drinking water in rural areas.
From 2006, the work related to drinking water in rural areas has moved into new stage ofensuring the safety of drinking water. In 2006-2008, the central government committed 23.8
billions Yuan to deal with drinking water safety issues in rural areas to satisfy 109 millions ofpeople’s need with subsidies of local governments in the worth of 22.6 billions Yuan--Water and soil erosion recovery projects, in the 80s of 20 century, the government began to
conduct the recovery projects in key areas of Huanghe River and Yangzi River with serious
water and soil erosion. At the end of“Ninth five period”(1996-2000), the government

expanded the input on the management of recovery projects with the coverage extending toupper and middle streams of 7 big rivers in China including Yangzi River, Huanghe River,Huaihe River, Haihe River, Songliao River, Taihu River. By 2008, the key prevention andrecovery projects covered 260 thousands of kilo squares water and soil erosion areas with 70%
of recovered areas in key projects and 40% sand reduction. The soil erosion reduction in the
Jialing River –upper stream of Yangzi River reached one third. The Huanghe River has seen silt
and sand volume decrease of 3 tones every year since then.
--Farmland irrigation work, since “Ninth five period”(1996-2000), the country raised the inputof the resources to carry out installation of the farmland engineering irrigation facilities focusing
on extent supportive projects in large irrigation areas and water efficient use to improve theirrigation capacity and enhance the strengths to cope with flood and drought.
--Ecological and environment management projects. At the beginning of 21 century, thegovernment continues its effort to protect the nature forest resources, recover the forest land
from cultivation land, “three north forest belt building”, plant the forests in key areas of Yangzi
River, Address the sand storm source in Beijing, Tianjin regions, deal with the desertification in
karst areas, preserve wild animals and plants, build nature preservation areas, build seashore
forest belt, covert pastoral areas into grassland in order to curb the desertification and desert
expansion and lessen the damages inflicted by extreme weathers. The government also engagedin ecological recovery projects, it designated 6 ecological recovery pilots such as Shanxi
province with coal extraction areas. Meanwhile, the effort also is delivered to create ecologicalprovince, city and county as well as to build better ecological prefectures and villages with 103
counties of key ecological-building demonstrative projects promoted.
--Prevention projects on construction. The government has adopted<<Management regulation
on public facilities of city’s administration >>, and issued <<Planning standards on earthquake
resistance and disaster prevention in the cities>>, <<Earthquake resistance design regulation in
prefectures and villages>>, <<Demarcation map of dynamic diameters of China’s earthquake>>to refine management regulation on safety rating of major construction projects. The
government forwarded the implementation of earthquake resistance project for dwelling houses
in rural areas and about 6.6 million earthquake resistance houses were constructed andrenovated. After the “Wechuan” earthquake, <<Classification standards of earthquake
prevention on construction projects>> and <<Design regulation of earthquake prevention onbuildings>> were modified.
--Disaster prevention on roads, since 2006, the government began to operate disaster prevention
projects on roads based on the road conditions affected by earthquake and flood. Up to 2008,
1.54 billion Yuan was intended to comprehensively treat the facilities installed on road sides,
constructing stuff of the bridges and water drainage (water-proof) with focusing on add andrenew the disaster prevention facilities equipped with roads in mountainous areas to enable theimprovement of disaster prevention capacity of the roads.

--Disaster emergency relief materials reserve. The disaster emergency relief materials reserve
network based on material reserve warehouses have been created and National emergency reliefmaterials reserve system continues to be transformed. Now, altogether 17 central level reliefmaterials reserve warehouses for life need were built. Disaster relief warehouses are also set up
in some provinces, cities and counties which shaped the primary emergency relief materials
reserve system. The emergency relief materials provision mechanism also is improved throughthe contract with manufactures for urgently needed products and index setup of disaster relief
products manufacture.
2.5. Disaster reduction activity
To build the professional personnel development into the national professional personnel
development plan, and eventually construct the disaster reduction education system and training
platform.
--To embed the disaster reduction into national education system and strengthen the professional
personnel development by fully utilizing disaster reduction researches and scientific advantages
to foster multi-level qualified disaster reduction personnel. To enhance the disaster reduction
and prevention subject-building based on currently fiscal management systems available that
support technological universities and institutions of disaster prevention and reduction as well
as facilitate to open colleges of technology and management of disaster prevention andreduction management in order to increase the education quality.
--Integrate the disaster prevention and reduction into cadre’s training program. Administrative
institutions at all levels, cadre institutions launch the specific training programs on disasterprevention and reduction as well as emergency management in accordance with the need tocreate the professional teams. To make the effort to build the national emergency management
personnel training base to provide the trainings of disaster prevention and reduction emergency
management for senior management personnel and senior researchers of the institutional
agencies or enterprises. The national earthquake emergency rescue training base has been
established and put into use.
--Trainings with specific theme of emergency management for leaders. “Disaster emergency
management workshop for provincial governors” and “Unexpected accidents emergency
management workshop for provincial governors (ministerial level)”. Leaders who areresponsible fro disaster prevention and reduction as well as emergency management of allprovinces as well as from counterpart departments of the State Council took part in workshops.
Since 2005, the special Disaster emergency management training programs have beenproactively conducted that effectively raise the comprehensive quality and capability of disastermanagement personnel to address the nature disasters and other unexpected accidents.

2005-2006, four times of Disaster emergency management trainings for city leaders, since 2006,
four times of flood resistance and drought relief trainings for administrative leaders of the citylevel were held.
--Emergency rescue capacity trainings for rescue teams and enterprises. The governments at alllevel work together with relevant departments organize and conduct the disaster prevention andreduction, emergency management trainings for enterprises directors and management
personnel by applying the methods of assembly trainings or self-trainings. The trainings could
improve the capabilities of those participated in operating rescue effort, self-prevention andcoordinative work.
2.6. Disaster education
First, the “National day for disaster prevention
and reduction” was settled. 12th May 2008,
after the “Wenchuan” destructive earthquake,the disaster prevention and reduction draw
great attention of society in China. Approvedby the State council, since 2009, the day of
12th May has become “National day ofdisaster prevention and reduction”. All regions
and all departments regard this day as aplatform to strengthen disaster prevention andreduction education by popularize relevant
knowledge and skills to public in order toincrease the awareness and address the
emerging problems in dealing with disasters in
the very region or departments. On the first

Image 2 National day of disaster prevention
and reduction Icon“day of disaster prevention and reduction” in 2009, the member departments of the National
committee for disaster reduction sophisticatedly organized and devised the various advocacy
and education activities with designated theme, rich contents and diverse forms supported byenhanced local leadership across the country.
Second, the China’s government attached great attention to the disaster prevention and reduction
publicity and education. On “International disaster reduction day” in October every year thecountry holds diverse substantial disaster reduction publicity and education programs. The
relevant departments and local governments place the disaster reduction publicity bulletin in
public areas, newspaper, magazines, TV, radio, internet all launch the special column to spreadthe disaster reduction knowledge and provide public non-profitable ad to teach people practicaldisaster prevention and danger avoidance skills. The middle and primary schools open thedisaster prevention and reduction curriculums and conduct various drills. The National
committee for disaster reduction authorized competent organizations and experts to compile agreat amount of publicity materials, practical manuals, mutual and self assistance materials, aswell as maps, video disks, animation works to extend widely knowledge of disaster
reduction and prevention. Red Cross and other NGOs dynamically hold first aid
trainings for popularize knowledge and skills of rescue which has played vital roles inraising disaster prevention and reduction awareness and capacity of whole society.
Since 2005 the education of disaster prevention and reduction has been incorporated
into annual working plan of all departments with wide-spread public access to disasterprevention and reduction knowledge for awareness rising.

2.7. Challenges in disaster reduction and prevention management
China faces lots of challenges in its work of disaster reduction and prevention in the future.
First is the density of monitoring network for natural disasters, the accuracy of early-warningand forecasting, level and timeliness of information dissemination need to be further improved.
Second is these are no disaster risk assessment database and hazard map in china. That is why
Chinese government will build disaster risk assessment database in the future.
Third is in some areas, urban infrastructure standards for disaster prevention and reduction are
low; the construction of shelters is lagging behind; and the abilities of disaster prevention andreduction is still relatively weak.
Fourth is the supply of emergency relief materials is not enough to meet the needs of disaster
relief in variety and quantity; emergency equipment, technical means, telecommunication andemergency broadcasting facilities for disaster relief are out-of-date. The support abilities ofscience and technology for disaster prevention and reduction need to be further improved.
Fifth is central government and local government do not care disaster drill, most of public
people never participated in disaster drill in their life.
Sixth is the development of talents for disaster prevention and reduction is lagging behind;inter-departments and trans-regional cooperation mechanism need to be further improved; thesystem of publicity, education and training for disaster prevention and reduction must still be
improved; and public awareness and ability of disaster prevention and reduction needs to beraised.

3. Disaster reduction and prevention management in Japan
In Japan, each year due to natural disasters
will cause a large number of personnel
casualties and property losses, due to thespecial geographical environment. Japanoccurred 1923 mid-off East earthquake,
1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake,2011 East Japan earthquake that sufferedheavy casualties and huge economic
losses, so the Japanese government andthe whole society to give special attention
to natural disasters.

Image 3 Japan Geographical environment

3.1. Disaster law and disastermanagement system
3.1.1: Disaster law
Without excellent disaster legal system, excellent disaster management system cannot exist.
Disaster management system in Japan is gradually formed on the basis of the legal system ofdisaster prevention and mitigation Japan to pass legislation to ensure that the disastercountermeasures various measures and undertaking implementation.
Japan's disaster management and legal system can be traced back to<<prepare against natural
disasters Reserve Act>> in 1880, the law to pass legislation in order to ensure adequate supplyof food and supplies in case of a disaster or famine when food and material reserves. After 100
years of development in Japan is not only to establish the basic disaster prevention
law<<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>> and implementation of each phases of disasters
law, such as disaster preparedness, emergency response, disaster recovery and reconstruction,
gradually formed legal system of disaster management.
A)Clear responsibility of <<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>>

After vote by Congress, <<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>> promulgation andimplementation on October 31, 1961, this is the one including the provisions of the General
Provisions (Disaster Basic Law and the definition of the disaster, as well as all levels ofgovernment, government agencies and organizations and civic responsibility and obligations),
disaster prevention and relief group relations, disaster planning, disaster prevention, disasteremergency response and post-disaster reconstruction, fiscal and financial measures, disasteremergency and so on. This act include in 10 categories and 117 legal. provisions as well as all
previous modified to illustrate the Annex, the purpose of the act is to make up for the
deficiencies of the old and mitigation framework to promote the government to carry out
comprehensive disaster management system. After the <<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>>the promulgation of the Central Disaster Management Council faced a variety of problems
encountered in the practical application of, in particular, has experienced valuable lessons in theactual disaster response based on the number of different modifications of the Basic Law.
<<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>> has five goals .1. Clear and mitigation responsibilities,
preparedness, emergency response and disaster recovery and reconstruction program. 2.
Promote the administration of disaster reduction. 3. Promote the administrative disastermanagement efforts. 4. Provide public financial resources. 5. Establish procedures to enter
disaster emergency.
<<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>> main features of disaster prevention andaccountability, which rely on countries, social organizations and all citizens of the concerted
efforts of the disaster prevention system. Behind more details:
1. Central government's Disaster Prevention and responsibility. the central government-makers
and implementation of the national disaster planning and disaster prevention measures.
2. Prefectural responsibilities and obligations. Japan is a system of local autonomy, therefore
regional disaster prevention must rely on the local government's financial and material resources
to implement.
3. Municipal obligations. As the basic level of local government, make sure that the disasterfrom the loss of life and property of the residents of the region, as much as possible to get theassistance of the relevant authorities and other local public bodies, the development of theregion's disaster prevention planning, and to promote the implementation of the contents ofdisaster planning.
4. Obligations of public authorities. the development of the business scope of the authority or
the industry-related disaster planning, the disaster prevention activities in accordance with thecontents of the Basic Law of disasters and other disaster-related laws and regulations. In orderto ensure that national and local governments to the smooth implementation of disaster planning,the designated public authorities have the responsibility and obligation to provide the assistancewithin the scope of its business to the local government.
5. Civic responsibility. <<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>> stipulates that the local publicbodies, common groups in the area of disaster prevention facilities managers, the general public
responsibilities in disaster preparedness. As well as the responsibility and the public in theprocess of disaster prevention and mitigation performance reward and punishment provisions.
B) Perfect legal system
In the promulgation and implementation of the <<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>>, Japan
has also developed a variety of specialized laws and regulations, and gradually established arelatively perfect legal system of disaster management.
Japan's Disaster Countermeasures legal in accordance with the content and nature of the law,
can be divided into the basic law, the relevant laws of the disaster prevention and disasterplanning, disaster contingency corresponding to the relevant laws, the law of the post-disasterreconstruction and rehabilitation law, disaster management organizations. These regulations not
only become disasters the basis of the various phases of disaster management activities, also
legal protection and the basis for the establishment of a disaster management organization
system.
C) Characteristics of the legal system of Japan disaster
Characteristics of the legal system of Japan disaster, first is established the basic law<<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>>, clear from the responsibility of government toordinary citizens of different groups of disaster prevention, and to promote the administration of
the Comprehensive Disaster Prevention and financial assistance.
Second is established around the cycle of the disaster preparedness, emergency response,
disaster recovery and reconstruction of a variety of specialized legal or legal, legal support tomake all kinds of disaster-related activities, not only standardize the various activities, but also
actively promote disaster manage the rapid development.
Third is disaster events to promote disaster legal construction Throughout the development ofdisaster management in Japan, can be said is a time of disaster events to promote theestablishment and gradual improvement of Japan's disaster management system which isreflected in the construction of the legal system of disaster management in Japan,
institution-building, management mechanism and so on, such as the Asian Disaster Reduction
Center in Kobe, Japan established an important international disaster relief organizations after

the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake.
Fourth is disaster management laws to abide by established laws, visit some of Japan's disastermanagement agency, able to see most of the relevant legal texts on the file cabinet is very
eye-catching, relevant laws and regulations of Japan's disaster management has become Japan tocarry out various the basis and foundation of the disaster management activities.
3.1.2: Disaster management system
A) Central government disaster management
According to <<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>> and the administrative system in Japan,
the Japanese government establish from the central to the municipal disaster managementadministrative system. The Central government established the Central Disaster Management
Council. Central Disaster Management Council is the Japan disaster preparedness highest
administrative authority responsible for the formulate the Disaster Prevention basic plan as abasis for mitigation procedures, and to discuss other important issues on disaster reduction.
Meanwhile, Central Disaster Management Council have important organization andcoordinating role, responsible for coordination between the central government departments, therelationship between central government agencies and local governments, as well as local publicagencies on disaster prevention, to assist local governments and administrative authorities todevelop and implementation of the areas disaster planning and disaster prevention and businessplanning. In the central level, the cabinet office build up minister of state for disastermanagement, special Setting up director-general for disaster management and deputy
director-general for disaster management. In the next level, setting up director for disastermanagement, director for disaster prevention and preparedness, director for disaster response
operations, director for post-disaster recovery and reconstruction, director for earthquake andvolcanic disaster management. So we can see the visible Japanese government emphasis
disasters.
In the local level, established a Prefectural (Municipal) Disaster Management Council, it
members from local government agencies, to specified institutions local officials of publicagencies and other organizations. Council is responsible for designating places basic disasterprevention plan and other plans. Because the implementation of local self-government system inJapan, the place to be in accordance with the requirements of the national basic disasterprevention plan, combined with the characteristics of the region to develop a disaster plan for
the region, in the area of disaster prevention and career, in addition to the part of the country
rely on the cause of disaster prevention budget of will be based primarily on the characteristics

and needs of the region, the establishment of the region through local budget disaster emergency
response, disaster recovery and disaster countermeasures system, When disaster occurs, if thedisaster reached the central, prefectural, Municipal government standards, each levels
government need to establish disaster countermeasures headquarters to provide disaster rescue.

Image 4 outline of the disaster management system

B) Specialized mechanism in disaster management
Each levels of government to establish the appropriate disaster countermeasures system, at thesame time, Japanese government has also established various specialized agencies, disastermanagement agencies with clearly defined functions.
1. Preparedness system
In Japan, the Japan Meteorological Agency, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
and its outer Bureau is a major disaster information management department, including disaster
forecasting, disaster prediction and disaster management disaster information collection released.
The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport is also responsible for involving theconstruction and management of the river, transport, urban and regional development
infrastructure.

2. Rescue system
Police, military, and medical institutions responsible for the rescue of the disaster in Japan,
These constitute the Japan disaster rescue system.

Case research 1: Disaster management planning system in Japan
Many disasters and losses seriously makes Japan attaches great importance to the establishmentof disaster management planning, <<Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act>> to develop adisaster plan to make specific provisions,, the Central Government must formulate a nation
disaster management planning, public utility agencies and organizations must development ofbusiness-related disaster prevention and business plans, local governments must establish aplace within the scope of this administrative disaster plan.

Image 5 structure of basic disaster management planA) Nation Disaster management planning
Specified by the Central Disaster Management Council, clearly establish the basic guidelines fordisaster mitigation organizations and systems to promote disaster prevention program, andtimely and correct conduct disaster recovery and reconstruction, specified mitigation scientificresearch programs, as well as specify the priority of disaster management, business plans andlocal plans terms, based on the experience of the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, disasterprevention and basic plan is a comprehensive amendment, plans to clear the central government,
public agencies, local governments to implement the functions of the disaster Prevention andCountermeasures plan also describes the disaster countermeasures in accordance with thedifferent types of disaster preparedness disaster preparedness, emergency response andpost-disaster recovery and reconstruction process of the basic procedures.
B) Disaster management mechanism Plan
According to the disaster management plan, specified by the designated government agencies
and public institutions. To determine agencies should bear mitigation countermeasures, such as
the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, the Meteorological Agency and so developed
a disaster preparedness plan within the scope of its business.
C) Local disaster management Plan
By prefectures, Municipal disaster management council Chief Executive in accordance with thedisaster plan and local disaster management is responsible for designating determined by the
local mitigation agencies should bear mitigation countermeasures in general, all regions are inaccordance with the hazard to develop earthquake disaster prevention plan and flooding Hazards
disaster Plan (including snowstorms, fires, hazardous materials incidents, unexpected major
incidents). salient features of the natural disasters that may occur in the region has a very
specific predictions, including personnel killed (death, serious injury, minor injuries), building
damage (full destroyed, half destroyed), the fire situation, the number of in need of asylum, thevarious quantities are estimates to bits, in this case, effectively develop all kinds of local disasterprevention measures.

3.2. Disaster information system and risk assessment
3.2.1. Disaster information system
Disaster information play important role in the disaster rescue. There is no accurate, timely andcomprehensive disaster information, the government disaster control work will not be able toeffectively carry out. Disasters governance requires the government must build the relevant
aspects of information involving emergency incident management information network, theinformation from different processing systems into the same agencies and emergency command
center and interact with each other, so that the agency can directly from the database and user
access to data collected from the environment. Only authoritative information first-hand for the
first time, the government was likely to be successful disaster relief. Japan is a model in thisregard, its core institutions developed network management and modern information technology
makes efficient information transmission channels in disaster management, China should learn
and draw lessons from the Japanese disaster information management has several
characteristics.
A) The authority of unified information management agencies
Japan believes that the information can come from many different grassroots organizations, allinformation should go into a core of information management agency, and the agency is able toachieve a peacetime disasters quick disaster information acquisition, analysis, processing, andeffective use of effective coordination of specific management department, disaster control. To
this end, Japan has established in the Cabinet the Cabinet Intelligence survey room as the core
information management agencies responsible for intelligence gathering, aggregation, analysis
and comprehensive utilization of working to strengthen national disaster information centralized
control.
The institution in the information management has a commanding height, the major
responsibilities of the commander of the global: 1. Responsible for intelligence on the situation
at home and abroad, the domestic and foreign media rhetoric, scholars have suggested that thecollection, analysis, important content on a regular basis, or feel free to report to the Prime
Minister and Chief Cabinet Secretary. 2. Coordination meeting regularly with relevant
ministries and agencies held a joint intelligence collection, analysis.3. Responsible for thetransmission of intelligence between the relevant ministries and agencies, with the prime
minister's residence in the event of a large-scale disasters or emergencies, and collect relevant
information from the public institutions of civil society needed.
The institutions set up Cabinet Intelligence summary center, multi-purpose satellite broadcast
system is equipped with the latest technology, to prevent information leaks and outsiders sneak
into the security of information systems, multimedia summary of national crises managementinformation through multiple channels of information and communication systems to
information and intelligence to strengthen the agency to collect, aggregate analysis capabilities.
Through this agency, Japan paradigm to achieve unified management of disaster-related
information on the different levels of government and relevant departments, departments
cooperate with each other, the accuracy of the science of efficient communication of disaster
information as well as relief decisions.
B) Advanced information management organization
The reason why Japan disaster information system effective, advanced information management
organization is another important factor, in addition to the authority and unified information
management agencies contributed. In Japan, information management institutions to assist theauthority to do disaster information collection, aggregation, analysis and comprehensive
utilization, the establishment of advanced information management organizations from thecentral to local levels.
In the central government, the establishment of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport Province and its outside, the Japan Meteorological Agency, fire agencies, the Joint
Chiefs of Staff under the intelligence department and other information management
organizations. As major disaster information management organizations, the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport, the Japan Meteorological Agency responsible for collecting,publishing and management of disaster information in disaster forecasting and disaster.
In addition to the central ministries and agencies have a set of intelligence informationtransmission system, the relevant government agencies and organizations, and the relevant
departments of the local governments at all levels have set up their own disaster informationtransmission system. Tokyo Prefecture Disaster Countermeasures such as in the event of adisaster, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Fire Department, Department ofConstruction, Department of Education and other relevant departments through their own
intelligence transmission system will collect disaster intelligence is directly transferred to theTokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Center the headquarters, disaster Response
Headquarters then disaster intelligence analysis collate, draw the entire Tokyo Metropolitan
affected.

C) Advanced information technology systems
Information technology support system is another strong pillar of Japan disaster information
system with remarkable results, but also to achieve the protection of the emergency response
linkage.
On the one hand, Japan has the world famous Phoenix Disaster Management System, including
information network system, the release of environmental information phone system, disaster
assessment systems, maps, information systems, disaster information systems, visual
information systems, communications support system of disaster management, disaster response
countermeasures support system functions software emergency system after receiving the alarmof the incident through a variety of systems to understand the incident had occurred, the type,level, the consequences need emergency information such as the type and quantity of theresource, and then quickly effective response.
On the other hand, digital, information, networking, and other high-tech features, the highly
developed communications systems used in disaster management, disaster information system
has a state-of-the-art technical support. For example, after the Great Hanshin Earthquake, Japan,
has established a national disaster information network.
In addition to the country to establish a meteorological disaster prevention and intelligence,
regional meteorological observations intelligence, river basin intelligence, road disasterintelligence system, flexible use of map information as well as GPS, GIS and CAD, RS andother technologies, these information systems to achieve fast and accurate reach to collectdisaster information.
3.2.1. Disaster risk assessment
The scientific management of the disaster information cannot be separated from the hazard
assessment. Leave the hazard assessment, the Government will not be screening thegenuineness of the disaster information, the government disaster prevention, disaster relief,disaster reduction decision-making cannot guarantee the accuracy of the science. Disaster
information and efficient operation, the protection of the government decision-making accuracy,
timeliness, Japan established a disaster assessment mechanism.
1.Japan has a set of comprehensive disaster assessment background database. Japan disaster has
occurred in the history of historical disaster statistics, historical disaster records document major
historical disaster cases in the form established a complete historical background database, adetailed collection of Japan's history of previous disasters, disaster, disaster situation disasterlosses, the government disaster relief decision data, to help the government to determine thespecific hazards in different regions of the disaster law and absorb the lessons of previous
decision-making by the Government. Japan disaster prevention, disaster relief, mitigation sparedprepared for the extensive collection of various regions in Japan terrain, socio-economic
background, hydrological and meteorological characteristics of homes background and specificdisaster-prone region specific background information, establish a thorough background disaster
assessment database, and provide reference for the government to assess the situation.
2. Establishment of a rapid and effective disaster assessment model. With this model, thegovernment is able to analyze and grasp of the extent of disasters, scope, size and loss
mitigation to ensure timeliness and accuracy.
3. Establishment Disaster assessment expert system. Responsible for the disaster and major
natural disasters trend in consultation with, and rushed to the disaster site disaster assessment.
Such as towns, buildings and other infrastructure seismic experts responsible for thedisaster-stricken town buildings and infrastructure damage assessment; disaster management
and relief experts is responsible for property damage to the victims, the local Government
disaster response capacity and disaster emergency management effectiveness, victims living
conditions, relief needs for evaluation.
Similarly, the risk assessment is also the basis of the disaster warning. Disaster risk assessment
has become an important basis for Japan to develop the urban disaster prevention plan andcountermeasures, play an important role in the work of urban disaster prevention and mitigation.
According to the Japan disaster prevention and mitigation planning requirements of the system,
the main purpose of disaster risk assessment analysis of representative areas, disaster researchand to determine disaster prevention urban plan representative areas and key areas of disasterprevention plan implementation of the recovery plan.
As required by law, at all levels of administrative regions in Japan through the various types ofrisk assessment methods to determine the degree of hazard. For doing the work of disaster risk
assessment, the assessment and a local risk map identifies the earthquake, tsunami, volcanic
eruptions, floods, landslides and other disaster-prone area, and indicate the appropriate
emergency evacuation routes throughout Japan.
Geographical Survey Institute of Japan through various surveys, provide basic information to
draw different types of major Japanese plains and surrounding areas and active volcanoes risk
maps. Some communities often organize community-based risk map design activities proposed
countermeasures to cope with various disasters threatened to raise public awareness on the riskmap.

For example, since 1975, the Tokyo local municipal assessment object classification assessment
every five years by the risk of the building, the fire risk and the emergency shelter risk, draw
around risk, as a the basis for the preparation of disaster prevention and mitigation plans andcontingency plans. In February 2008, Tokyo released the 6th comprehensive risk assessment
results including Tokyo 5099 municipal.

Case research 2: the hazard map in Japan
Japanese municipalities generally create and distribute hazard maps that show the area mostvulnerable to earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, and landslides, as well as
evacuation information. The Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) conducts surveys that provide
basic information for the creation of various types of hazard maps for the major Japanese plains
and surrounding areas, and for active volcanoes. It creates thematic maps, such as topographicalmaps showing geographical information relevant for disaster reduction, and compiles statistical
data.
Flood Hazard Map
To ensure that residents
know the flood risk inadvance and can takeprompt and appropriate
evacuation measures in
the case of a disaster, the
MLIT and prefectural
governments (which areresponsible for managing
rivers)identifyfloodhazard areas along rivers
designated

for

flood

forecasting

and

water

level reporting activities,
based on flood simulations

Image 6 Flood Hazard Map in Chiyousing the planned rainfall for those rivers. Municipalities that contain areas where flooding fromrivers is expected to occur are creating flood hazard maps that include such information as flood
hazard areas and probable water depths (provided by river managers), evacuation sites, andflood forecast communication methods. Municipalities are working to distribute their floodhazard maps by displaying and distributing them at government offices, distributing them toindividual homes, displaying them at civic halls and hospitals, publishing them in newsletters,
on websites, and inphone directories, conducting evacuation drills using the hazard maps, using them as teachingmaterials in elementary and junior high schools, and holding community meetings about them.
Tsunami Hazard Map
In the event of a massive
trench earthquake such as
those which are feared to
be imminent in the Tokai
regionandtheTonankai/Nankai regions,the national government
estimatesthat

normousdamage will be sustained
from the resulting local
tsunami. To mitigate suchtsunami damage, efforts
must be made to develop
technologies
more

for

rapidlyeven

Image 7 Tsunami Hazard Map

issuingtsunami early warning information, and to raise awareness of the tsunami damage risks at theindividual and community level so that warning information will be used appropriately byresidents for evacuation. The national government has set a goal of having tsunami hazard maps
created for all municipalities that need to implement tsunami disaster reduction measures. To
this end, it investigated several issues with regard to supporting the creation and use of hazard
maps by local government bodies, and created a tsunami hazard map manual in 2004. Also, tomitigate tsunami damage along the coast, the Japan Coast Guard is performing calculations forthe tsunamis that would likely be generated by the kind of massive earthquakes believed to be
imminent, and is working on developing tsunami disaster reduction information diagrams that
map those results.

Earthquake Hazard Map
Japanese government also created Earthquake Hazard Map, in case of Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
seismic hazard map, clearly marked above 7,6 6 weak earthquake affected area housing collapseof the region's risk, the risk of fire, emergency transportation roads, shelter and otherinformation clearly marked, the local people can clearly understand the risk of the region where,
where security. This greatly increases the chance of survival of the people after disasters.

Image 8 earthquake Hazard Map in ChiyoVolcano Hazard Map
Creating volcano hazard maps that take into account the activity patterns of each volcano andthe particular disaster hazards of a specific location is an effective way to ensure that residents
are prepared to take prompt and appropriate evacuation actions based on volcano early warning
information. Volcano hazard maps are useful for raising the disaster reduction awareness ofpeople who live near volcanoes, facilitating the formulation of suitable disaster reduction plansby local government bodies, and encouraging appropriate land use. The creation of these maps
is being promoted primarily by relevant local government bodies, with the technical support
and cooperation of the national government, and they are currently available for 37 volcanoes.

Image 8 Volcano Hazard Map

3.3. Disaster early warning
3.3.1. Disaster early warning profile
Monitoring and early warning process and the behavior of the government to effectively
prevent and respond to emergencies, identification, analysis and assessment of various
risks, timely posted to the relevant personnel and regional hazard warning.
The goal of the monitoring and early warning is to strengthen the study of theoccurrence and development of all types of emergencies and derivative law, to improve
the information network, to improve monitoring and early warning level, and to ensurethat the potential risks early discovery, early reporting, early.

Early warning including monitoring and warning.
Monitoring is the scientific method to collect major hazard, hazardous area, the spatial
distribution of the critical infrastructure and important protection goals, information about thehealth and social security situation, and close monitoring of the various factors that may cause
emergencies, to collect information about risks, grasp the changes first-hand information of therisks and emergencies, and to provide important information on the basis of scientific early
warning and take timely and effective measures.
The warning is based on unexpected events past and present data, information and materials, use
logical reasoning and scientific forecasting methods and techniques, the risk factors that may
arise in the future, the development trend and evolution to make estimates and inference. Issued
the exact warning information, the government and the public to understand the trend ofdevelopments in advance, in order to take timely coping strategies to prevent or eliminate theadverse consequences of a series of activities.
Fundamentally speaking, the monitoring and early warning is based on historical data and real
data to predict the future, the management department of timely, accurate grasp of the current
situation and the future, be aware, and to make early arrangements. Monitoring for early
warning service, is the basis and premise of the warning. The monitoring focus more on thelong-term, continuous primary data collection process, is a normal behavior. The warning ismonitoring based on advance warning prior forecast danger that may occur in the future,through a variety of warning channels, drew the attention of the relevant parties.

3.3.2. Disaster early warning system
Japan is a country prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and other natural disasters. On thebasis of previous disasters, the lessons learned, the Japanese gradually establish and improve a
set of strict disaster warning mechanism.
A)Meticulous Structure for monitoring to Various Disasters
To issue early warning information regarding earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, andsevere weather disasters that is useful to the disaster reduction activities of residents and disastermanagement organizations, and to thereby mitigate disaster-related damage, it is essential thatefforts be made to develop and strengthen the monitoring systems that provide accurate,
real-time information about these phenomena, and that those systems be maintained andmanaged appropriately. In Japan, organizations involved in disaster reduction, especially theJapan Meteorological Agency (JMA), use 24-hour systems to carefully monitor various natural
phenomena and weather conditions.
The JMA has developed a system called the Computer System for Meteorological Services(COSMETS). It uses a telephone-line-based weather information transmission system to collectobservation data and disseminate information, and a super computer system to conduct analyses
and make predictions. The JMA serves as the telecommunications hub for the Global
Telecommunication System (GTS) that is being operated cooperatively by weatherorganizations worldwide, and thus is also exchanging observation data with other relevant
nations.
B)Earthquakes and Tsunamis monitoring
The national government, local governments, and research organizations have installed
seismometers, seismic intensity meters, and tsunami monitoring facilities throughout thecountry, and the JMA collects this observation data to monitor seismic activity and tsunamis.
C)Volcanic monitoring
The JMA has installed seismometers and other volcano observation equipment at 30 of the mostactive of Japan's 108 volcanoes. It also has a 24-hour system for collecting and monitoring data,
including the data from observation equipment installed by other relevant organizations, at its
four Volcano Observations and Information Centers. The JMA routinely patrols other active
volcanoes to check their activity status. If any abnormalities are detected, observations of thesite are stepped up through the installation of observation equipment that can be monitored inreal time. University and other research institutions are promoting volcanic eruption researchthrough everyday observations of 36 active volcanoes.
3.3.3 Flood early warningA) Flood Monitoring
The MLIT and prefectural governments observe the rainfall and water level in the rivers thatthey manage for disaster reduction monitoring purposes. The MLIT assesses the rainfall
situation (distribution and strength) throughout Japan for the rivers managed by the national
government from 26 radar rainfall observation stations nationwide. It also conducts
observations at about 2,500 rainfall observation stations and about 2,000 water level observation
stations all over Japan using visual observation methods, mechanical observation equipment,
and a wireless telemeter system that transmits automatically observed data from remotelocations.
B) Flood early warning
Hazard zones have been designated for those rivers deemed important to disaster reduction, andthe MLIT or prefectural government, whichever manages each river, works with the JMA toissue forecasts regarding flooding. The JMA handles the water conditions (rainfall, snow melt)
while the MLIT or prefectural government handles the water situation (river water levels andflow volumes). By working closely together, they can issue flood forecasts that include
predictions of future rainfall, water levels, and flow volumes. This information is communicatedto residents via the municipal flood prevention management entities that conduct flood
prevention activities (flood prevention corps), and via the media.
C) Flood Prevention Warnings
Flood prevention warnings are issued for the purpose of enabling river managers to provide
guidelines for activity preparations and deployment to municipal flood prevention management
entities and other organizations involved in flood prevention. When serious flood damage is
expected to occur along a river, the MLIT or prefectural government responsible for that river
designates hazard zones and issues flood prevention warnings when the water level rises to thepre-designated water level (preparations for flood prevention activities) or the warning waterlevel (implementation of flood prevention activities).
3.3.4 Earthquake early warningA)Earthquake Observations
To quickly locate the hypocenter and estimate the magnitude of an earthquake after it occurs
and to promptly issue tsunami forecasts, the JMA has installed seismometers at about 180 sites
nationwide (approximately every 60 km). It also constantly monitors seismic activity bycollecting observation data from online data sources, including high-sensitivity seismometers
used by research institutions. The JMA issues seismic intensity information for a total of
approximately 3,900 locations nationwide. To do this, it uses data from its own seismic intensity
meters, installed at about 600 sites nationwide (approximately every 20 km) to measure theintensity of ground motion, as well as data from seismic intensity meters installed by local
governments at about 2,800 sites, and data from strong-motion seismographs installed by the
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Natural Disaster Prevention (NIED) at about
470 of its approximately 1,000 strong-motion seismic observation (K-NET) facilities.
In addition, to gain a more thorough understanding of earthquakes and crustal activities and toprovide basic observations for survey research, earthquake observations are conducted using
high-sensitivity seismometers and broadband seismometers through partnerships with relevant
research institutions such as the NIED, in accordance with the guidelines of the national
government's Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion. The Geographical Survey
Institute (GSI) has set up about 1,200 GPS stations all over Japan to form the GPS Earth
Observation NET work, which it uses to monitor and analyze crustal movements based on
regular field measurement data. These observation data are shared with relevant organizations.
B)Issuance of Earthquake Information
As soon as an earthquake occurs in or around Japan, the JMA analyzes the data from various
seismometers and seismic intensity meters. Within about two minutes, it issues a "seismic
intensity information" report for earthquakes of intensity 3 or greater, and within five minutes
issues an "earthquake information" report indicating the hypocenter and magnitude of theearthquake, and the seismic intensity in the municipalities where strong shaking was observed.

Image 9 JMA Seismic Station

3.3.5. Tsunami early warning
Most of the tsunami damage in Japan has been caused by "local tsunamis" which weregenerated by earthquakes near the coast and made landfall within only several minutes toseveral tens of minutes after the earthquake. Because of this, tsunami early warnings require thedevelopment of data analysis and transmission systems that can operate in extremely shortperiods of time.
The JMA conducts tsunami observations at 100 sites nationwide, including about 70 of its own
facilities as well as observation facilities installed by such organizations as the Japan Coast
Guard and local government bodies. The Port and Airport Research Institute and the Universityof Tokyo Earthquake Research Institute have jointly installed GPS tide gauges 13 km off theCape of Muroto and are conducting demonstration experiments using those gauges. After anearthquake generated along the Pacific coast in September 2004, a tsunami with a height of 10
cm was observed.
When a large earthquake with the potential to cause a tsunami occurs, the JMA selects acorresponding scenario from the "tsunami database," which stores estimates of the tsunami
height along the coast and the time it will take to reach shore. Tsunami forecasts can then be
made based on this information. When a tsunami is expected to cause coastal damage, the JMA

issues a tsunami warning or advisory within about three minutes after the earthquake and thenfollows up with announcements about the estimated height and arrival time of the tsunami.
Tsunami advisories are issued when estimates indicate a tsunami wave height of about 0.5 m,
while tsunami warnings are issued for wave heights of 2 m. Major tsunami warnings are issued
for wave heights of 3 m or higher. The tsunami warnings are transmitted immediately to disastermanagement organizations and media outlets using the Information Network for Disaster
Prevention and satellite systems. The warnings are then forwarded to residents.

Image 10 Tsunami early warning

Case research 3: Utilization of Earthquake Early Warnings An earthquake early
warning (EEW)
Utilization of Earthquake Early Warnings An earthquake early warning (EEW) announces theestimated arrival time of the S-wave of the earthquake and seismic intensity in each region. This
information is based on the estimated hypocenter and magnitude of the earthquake quickly
calculated from the P-wave data obtained at seismic stations near the epicenter. (The P-wave isa longitudinal wave that propagates 6-7 km/s through the earth's crust, while the S-wave is atransverse wave that propagates 3.5-4 km/s through the earth's crust, arriving later and causing
the more severely destructive phenomena.) The time lag between the P-wave and the S-wave
can make it possible to mitigate earthquake damage by enabling disaster prevention actions tobe taken before the major shaking begins (when the S-wave arrives).
Currently the JMA provisionally provides EEWs to a limited number of organizations, such asrailroad companies, construction companies, and local governments using data from its own
seismometers specially designed for the EEW throughout Japan and from the high-sensitivity
earthquake observation network (Hi-net) stations installed by the NIED in 700 locations
nationwide. The elapsed time between the issuance of the EEW and the start of major shaking
will differ significantly depending on a location's distance from the epicenter. EEWs may not be
issued in time to areas located just above the hypocenter of an inland earthquake. However,when a large earthquake occurs near an ocean trench, there may be a time lag, albeit a very shortone (ten seconds to several tens of seconds), between the issuance of the EEW and the start ofsevere shaking. This may be just enough time to mitigate damage by triggering emergency stops
on trains, plant operations, and elevators, or even just by allowing people to take basic
risk-reduction actions, such as extinguishing flames or taking cover under a desk.

Image 11 earthquake early warning3.4. Disaster reduction and prevention project3.4.1 Improvement of disaster prevention facilities
Disaster management activities quickly and efficiently and the continue improvement of disasterprevention measures and equipment that including the observation equipment, materials andequipment needed in the emergency response, the emergency intelligence liaison andcommunication systems, transportation facilities, shelter and the path of the facilities, thefacilities of the disaster countermeasures headquarters.
Japan most of the area are built or under construction, disaster prevention base this disasterprevention facilities in peacetime as parks, stadiums, disaster prevention and education base, as
well as material reserves base can be immediately converted to refuge in emergency disasters
the place can be used as an emergency command center, material deployment center, medical
security center has become important disaster preparedness base.
In addition, for this type of high-risk urban area, Japan is promoting preparedness such as theestablishment of green space, implementation of seismic inspection and reinforcement ofexisting buildings, improvement and inspection of public facilities and earthquake disasterprevention measures lifeline facilities, in order to try to reduce the population and threats to
wealth was concentrated in the urban areas.
3.4.2 Construction of disaster prevention projects
Improve the ecological environment, intensify the construction of disaster prevention projects is
an important foundation for the work of disaster prevention and mitigation.
Japan has promoted Homeland preservation carried out a long time a large-scale survey
activities, and developed such as watershed conservation, flood cause of coastal engineering
steep collapse Countermeasures career, sewer system transformation, land improvements, suchas medium-term or long-term plans, and proposed and is propulsion more land preservation
advancing the project.

Case research 4: soil erosion control dam (prevent debris flow )Part of soil, stone and gravel making up a hillside and river bed is intermingled with water fromlong-continuing or localized rainfall, becomes slushy like porridge and is carried downstream at
a dash. The flow is called a “debris flow”.
A Sabo dam stop s the flow of a lot of mud and rocks that may cause a disaster, and then carries
them downstream slowly and safely.
Sabo dam as preventive measures against debris flows Sabo dams built in the upstream areas ofmountain streams accumulate sediment and suppress production and flow of sediment. Thosebuilt at the exits of valleys work as a direct barrier to a debris flow which has occurred. A sabo
dam with slits is particularly effective in capturing a debris flow because it has a larger capacityof sand pool under normal conditions. In case that there is a fear of flow-down of driftwood, aslit sabo dam is built as a preventive measure.

Image 12 Sabo damthe dam allows sediment to flow down-stream under normal conditions. when a large scaledebris flow occurs, sediment is captured and temporarily held here to prevent disasters indownstream areas.

Image 13 Sabo dam Principle of operation

Case research 5: seawall in Japan (prevent tsunami and typhoon )Japan have at least 43 per cent of Japan’s 35,500 kilometres coastline is lined with concrete
seawalls or other structures designed to protect the country against typhoons and tsunamis.
The design and type of a seawall varies depending on unique aspects specific to each location,and the erosional processes and environment which they are placed in. There are three maintypes of seawalls: vertical; curved or stepped; and mounds.
A) Vertical seawalls are built in particularly exposed situations. These reflect wave energy and,
under storm conditions, standing waves (clapotis) will develop. In some cases piles are placedin front of the wall to lessen wave energy slightly.
B) Curved seawalls are designed to enable waves to break to dissipate wave energy and to repel
waves back to the sea. The curve can also prevent the wave overtopping the wall and provides
additional protection for the toe of the wall.
C) Mound-type structures are used in less demanding settings where lower energy erosional

processes operate. The least exposed sites involve the lowest-cost bulkheads and revetments ofsand bags or geotextiles. These serve to armour the shore and minimise erosion and may beeither watertight or porous, which allows water to filter through after the wave energy has beendissipated

Image 14 Seawall in Wakayama

Case research 6: Miki Earthquake Disaster Memorial ParkThe park is ordinarily used for sports and recreation as well as for disaster prevention educationand training of personnel. In the event of a major disaster, it will support afflicted areas in theprefecture as a core facility of the regional emergency management base network for the entire
prefecture.
In the event of a disaster, this will become a base for collecting relief supplies. The
approximately 5,000 square meters of space below the stands are used for storage.
Different facilities have different functions in event of disaster. For example, athletics stadium
responsible for supply base, baseball stadium responsible for temporary heliport, gymnasium
responsible for supply base, tennis courts responsible for assembly and accommodation of
emergency relief workers.

Image 15 Miki Earthquake Disaster Memorial Park

3.5. Disaster reduction activity
In order to promote disaster reduction activities, need the cooperation of every citizen, thecitizen should understand the importance of disaster reduction, therefore, through a variety ofdisaster reduction activities, citizens mitigation concerns.
Japan Disaster Prevention Day on September 1, Disaster Prevention Week from August 30 to
September 5, the central and local governments are usually a series of activities, such as disasterprevention and exhibitions, disaster prevention seminars and disaster drills race.

In addition, the Disaster Management and Volunteer Day January 17, and disaster management
volunteers Week, January 15-21, to carry out a series of promotion of volunteer activities andlocal disaster management promotion activities.
3.5.1. Disaster drill
In order to make sure that every department of disaster management system in disasters quickly
and effectively carry out a variety of activities established, as well as the public have the rightdisaster the corresponding consciousness and knowledge. Japan has carried out wide-ranging
and in-depth disaster prevention training and exercises. Disaster prevention training and drill
has become an important part of Japan's disaster preparedness. Public through participation indisaster management training or on TV-related activities, there are more opportunities to reachout and think about disaster management.
In recent years, some of the actual disaster prevention training methods were introduced, such as
role-playing exercises, prior to any relevant information to the participants in such drills,
participants must make a judgment based on the information in the training process and the
response. September 1 Disaster Prevention Day, the government and related institutions
co-organize large-scale disaster prevention drills throughout Japan. In addition, throughout thewhole year on regular basis will be held on the basis of historical disasters disaster prevention
drill.
Disaster prevention training and drills in Japan can be said to be a regular activity, whether it isfor disaster management professionals, or the general public, the business sector, etc. are aregular or occasional disaster preparedness training and drills, the disaster prevention training
and drills has become an important way to one of ordinary Japanese disaster prevention
knowledge and education in Japan.
3.5.2. Disaster Volunteer Training
Japan's disaster volunteer training has become one of the important aspects of disaster reduction
activities in Japan. When disaster occurs, local residents take the initiative to take action, firefighting, flood fighting, search and rescue, refuge effectively is very important to help thedisaster management activities. Therefore, the establishment of voluntary organization of thelocal disaster management aware of the residents of the importance of community solidarity,
these organizations are generally equipped with appropriate materials and equipment, disastermanagement training on a regular basis.
According to statistics, more than 50% of Japanese households to participate in the local
disaster management volunteer organization involved in disaster relief volunteers around $ 130
million in the 1995 Hanshin earthquake. These groups, the central government and local

governments are encouraged to disseminate relevant information through public relations andeducation to create a good learning environment, and its base of preparatory activities topromote the development of support organizations and volunteer activities.

Case research 7: Himeji city disaster drill
Practical drills are carried out with the participation of local residents such as voluntary disaster
response organizations, with the aim of enhancing the awareness of citizens regarding disasterprevention, improving voluntary disaster response capabilities and strengthening cooperation.
September 1st, I was fortunate to site to watch the Himeji city disaster drill. I was very shocking
this drill.
Organizations participated in the training of more than about 40 and more than 2,000 people. In
addition to the army, police, fire, and other specialized rescue teams, as well as electricity,
telecommunications, gas, water, health care, water, and other relevant professional rescue teams.
Public mainly from social groups, college students, this drill lasted 2 hours, motor vehicles andhelicopters deployed to build multiple analog ruins of earthquake. The disaster drills show theentire contents of the post-earthquake rescue. For example Self-help and mutual aid, emergency
evacuation, rescue teams search and rescue, fire fighting, helicopter flight rescue, medical
assistance, and so on.
Most lament is the Japanese public and Rescue volunteers into the exercise a high degree ofawareness of disaster prevention and social responsibility. In the drill site, the drill personnel
obey the command of the shock rescue the disposal of the wounded, to accept a variety of drills
training students also saw in the drill field, such as: the use of fire extinguishers, ropes knotted,
bandaging the wounded.

Image 16 disaster drill site

3.6. Disaster education and research
3.6.1. Disaster education
Japan gave me the most impressive is Japan's disaster prevention education has been deeply
integrated into the daily life of the Japanese people. Of course, this because high-frequency
earthquakes, typhoons and other disasters, but also shows that the Japanese government andpeople to the positive attitude towards learning how to respond to natural disasters.
Japan's disaster management work is very important aspect to the lives of ordinary people
through a variety of ways to enter into the unusual social life.

）Variety of disaster Museum

A

In Japan, on the one hand, due to too many losses of natural disasters, on the one hand, but also
conform to the needs of disaster management. Japan has established a large number of disastermuseums.
Asian Disaster Reduction Center located in Japan's Hyogo Prefecture, the area is the 1995 Great
Hanshin-Awaji earthquake affected areas, the Asian Disaster Reduction Center where the officebuilding of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Memorial neighbors, exhibited a lot of kind
data. There will be a lot of visitors in Museum opening hours, including students and the elderly

by organization and school.
Many disaster Museum are established to commemorate the earthquake and disaster prevention
projects built after the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, not only as a memorial stadium,has also become important disaster prevention publicity and education base.

Image 17 Variety of disaster Museum）Variety of disaster prevention and education publicity materials

B

In Japan, whether visiting the disaster prevention facilities, or visit some of the disastermanagement agency, to participate in a number of disaster prevention activities can be exposed
to a lot of disaster prevention and publicity materials.
Public disaster manual is a very typical example, the manual describes the common local
disaster and its victims in disaster prevention and self-help method, generally have several
languages such as Japanese, English, Chinese and Korean. Many disaster management agencies
have own characteristics promotional materials, such as newspapers, magazines, and manuals.
Japan's disaster prevention publicity materials a great feature is the use of cartoon image toexplain the instructions, in such a lively, user-friendly form of disaster prevention knowledge tothe general public popularity, especially for primary and secondary students, more quickly

accept this kind of disaster risk reduction education.

Image 18 Public disaster manual）Education and promotion of universal Internet Disaster Reduction

C

Powerful resources of the Internet in today's information age, the Internet is widely used in all
walks of life, that the areas of disaster prevention in Japan is no exception. Japan disastermanagement department and relevant departments have established a dedicated website or web
page as the propaganda disaster prevention knowledge and dissemination of disaster
information platform. Disaster preparedness is an important topic in the official website of thecentral government and local governments in Japan and around the disaster plan, disasterprevention and disaster map information can be found on such sites. Professional departments
also have their own disaster plan on its website is very easy to access.
Japan weather forecast page is a comprehensive disaster information publishing platform,
contains meteorological information to the earthquake, volcanic eruption, marine disasters,
disaster information and early warning information. The general public can be very convenient
inspection, as an essential reference for daily life.

3.6.2. Disaster research
Japan attaches great importance to disaster prevention and research and development, thegovernment and some public bodies are specialized research institutions, the focus of its
research and development include the following aspects:
1. Mechanism of abnormal phenomena of natural disasters as well as forecast technology.
2. Earthquake rapid response system, such as the earthquake management information systems,
emergency medical, life-saving systems.
3. High degree of concentration in urban areas to reduce catastrophic losses Countermeasures.
4. Hub functions, cultural facilities, science and technology and research facilities protection
system.
5. Disaster management support system.
6. Advanced road traffic system.
7. Road, sea, air traffic safety countermeasures.
8. Social infrastructure aging countermeasures.
9. The harmful hazardous material security countermeasures and social crime.

Case research 8: Nojima Fault Museum in Hyogo Prefecture
Nojima Fault Preservation Museum is located in Awaji city in Awaji Island. It is near thenorthwest coast of the island, and is located about 10 km southwest of the north end of theisland.
The Great Hanshin Earthquake occured at 5:46 a.m. on January 17th, 1995. It caused
considerable damage mainly in the south part of Hyogo Prefecture. The earthquake caused
6,434 deaths and injured 43,792 people. And about 640 thousand houses was destroyed. The
number of deaths was the highest since in the postwar period. It was centered at the north end of
Awaji Island, at a depth of 16 kilometers. It had the magnitude of 7.3 (Japan Meteorological
Agency scale). An active fault runs from the northwest coast, through Kobe city, to Itami city at
the north of Osaka city. Because the fault shifted, this great earthquake was occured. When theearthquake occured, the real fault appeared on the surface of the ground at Nojima district in
Awaji city. Two parts of the ground slipped about 1-2 meters each other, and one part raised
0.5-1.2 meters. Then this fault was designated as a natural monument. And the museum has
been built on a part of the fault.
In the museum, we can see the real fault about 140 meters long. And many photos and restoredmodels about the earthquake are displayed. Additionally, we can experience the same quake as
the Great Hanshin Earthquake in a model room.

Image 18 Nojima Fault Museum in Hyogo Prefecture

Case research 9: Community-Based Disaster Reduction Activities (use Hazard
map)

Image 19 Hazard map Activities
Community-Based Disaster Reduction education is very important. Hazard maps aredesigned to ensure that the residents who use them better understand the hazards intheir area and will take the appropriate actions when a disaster strikes. The maps areuseless, however, if people do not know they are available. Some communities therefore
organize activities designed to increase public understanding of hazard maps andactivities to create community-based disaster reduction maps. These include "townwatching" activities in which people actually go around the town they live in andidentify its disaster risks, and workshops on disaster reduction. Such activities raiselocal residents' awareness of disasters and disaster reduction, lead to suggestions for
improving the community's vulnerabilities, and contribute significantly to improving
the disaster reduction capabilities of the community.

Conclusion and Lesson learning
China is the one of the larger losses countries by natural disaster. For nearly 50 years, theaverage annual natural and man-made disasters caused about 10 million deaths and direct
economic losses of up to state revenue 1/6 to 1/10.With the enhancement of economic andsocial development and human activities, the loss of the natural disasters in order to faster
growth. At present, China has made in disaster information management a series of progress,
but there are still many shortcomings, especially in the face of the catastrophe of inadequate
preparation, China can learn a lot of experience in Japan.
A. Authoritative and unified disaster information management to achieve efficient cooperation
between the disaster information management departments.
By the impact of the planned economic system, China has been the sub-sector, sub-hazard, asingle system of disaster relief and disaster management mode, the objective properties of thedisaster as the standard to determine the appropriate government responsibility, china has yet
authoritative disaster information management agencies to co-ordinate disaster management,
especially in the face of catastrophe relief headquarters, each are formed on an ad hoc basis, andthe lack of preparation. China should learn from the experience of Japan set up a disaster thecore management agencies, and unified management of different levels of government andrelevant departments of disaster information, promote efficient communication departments
cooperate with each other and Disaster Information.
B. Streamline disaster information transmission level to construct a smooth and complete
disaster information transmission mechanism.
In China, the disaster was inverted V-shaped flow information. After the disaster, all kinds ofinformation in accordance with the Town - County - City - Province - Central 5 levels,
eventually reaching the central government, wasting too much time to relief, the practice canlearn from Japan: adjusted by modifying the relevant laws and regulations, in the past layers
reported mechanism sub-sector, sub sector to the in functional paralysis cases, direct report ofthe central Government.
C. Full use of modern information technology, to build a well-developed information
technology support system.

Advanced information technology and information system in disaster emergency management isvery important. Japan a few minutes, the earthquake situation and disaster statistics can achieve
quick report of China's earthquake situation it takes 15 to 30 minutes the disaster the quick
report should take 5 to 10 hours, access to information and the transmission speed is seriously
lagging behind. Therefore, this should be the full development of modern information
technology, to establish nationwide efficient and effective the disaster information technology
systems. Japan's experience, the use of map information as well as the global satellite
positioning (GPS) technology the space integrated management (GIS) and computer-aided
design (CAD), remote sensing (RS), multimedia, virtual reality technology, the Internet
combined, building operations strong intelligence collection system (such as geographic
information systems, information resources such as databases) and so on. IT support system will
greatly improve the disaster information collection and transmission of accurate, efficient,
timely and comprehensive goals to achieve.
D. Quickly and accurately assess the information system to ensure true and reliable disaster
information.
Information analysis and evaluation system are in blank state in China disaster management.
Learn from the experience of the Japanese disaster management, in order to ensure that thedecision-making and information communication correctly, you must set the scientific analysis
and evaluation system: First, it is necessary to improve the overall quality of the information
analysts to grasp the scientific method of analysis. Second, we need to introduce professional
analysis tools, to ensure that the conclusion is as accurate as possible. analysis Third, we must
establish a system of disaster assessment system, such as a complete disaster assessment
background database, rapid and effective disaster assessment model, authoritative experts ofdisaster assessment system. Thus objectively reflect the actual scope of the disaster, the extent,
size and loss and to ensure the timeliness, in order to facilitate the timely development of relief
decisions. Fourth, we must design natural disaster risk maps in each city, the entire society andthe people in the disaster prevention ability and consciousness.
E. Strengthen disaster information publicity, education, drills, training, socialization
mechanisms construct disaster information.
How informed the extent of the disaster-related information, as well as the actual ability torespond to disasters, public awareness of disaster crisis directly affects the level of thegovernment to respond to disasters. Public disaster awareness in our country is very weak, andobviously cannot keep the frequency and extent of the outbreak by the disaster. We want to learn
from the advanced experience of Japan, First, we must instill risk awareness to the publicthrough the mass media and various forms of propaganda, to develop their disaster prevention
and awareness, to enrich their knowledge and skills to cope with; public two recurring disasterprevention rescue skills education and training, to absorb the public and social organizations
involved in disaster relief exercises, enhanced with governmental disaster awareness, improvetheir endurance, and disaster response capacity, educate the community and the normalization of
the disaster prevention and relief.

References[1]Natural Hazards Un Natural Disasters the Economics of Effective Prevention, 2006, theunited nations and the world bank[2]Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, 2012, Disaster Management in Japan[3]Japan's Natural Disaster Early Warning Systems and International Cooperative Efforts, 2006,
Government of Japan[4]Think about future MT.Rokko, 2012, Rokko Sabo Office[5]Revealing Risk Redefining Development, 2011, United Nations[6] National Research Council，“Reducing Disaster Losses Through Better Information”，2003

National Academy of Sciences[7]滕五晓、加藤孝明、小出治著：《日本灾害对策体制》，中国建筑工业出版社，2003[8]

姚国章. 日本自然灾害预警系统建设报告[J]. 电子政务, 2007

[9]姚国章. 日本自然灾害预警运行体系管窥[J]. 中国应急管理, 2008[10]

朱凤岚. 日本灾害危机管理及其启示[N]. 中国证券报,2008[11]

张庆阳.日本气象厅的地震、海啸、火山灾害预警 中国气象报, 2011[12] www.bousai.go.jp[13] www.adrc.or.jp

[14] www.jma.go.jp[15] www.fdma.go.jp[16] www.fdma.go.jp