Traffic management for Motorcycle dependent cities:
Lessons learned from Hanoi

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen
Director, Consulting Centre for Transportation Development
Lecturer, Section of Transport Planning and Management
University of Transport and Communications

Hanoi, Jan. 16th, 2019

Contents
 General Introduction
 Hanoi transport development from the past
 Current issues and challenges
 Traffic Management solutions for MDCs
 Conclusions and recommendation

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

Slide 2

Motorcycle dependent city: Definition
MDC is an urban area, where MC is the maintransportation mode, and the urbanization
process is influenced by MC usage

 Critical traffic congestion Serious pollution status
 Traffic accidents in emergency situation

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi 16.01.2019

Slide 3

Hanoi transport: an overview of history

1901 non-motorizedtransport

2005 Motorcycle & others
1/9/2019

1950 -1980 Public
transport & Bicycles

2010 Motorcycles & Other

1990s Bicycle andMotorcycles

Today: Cars & Motorcycles

MDC: Demand- Supply unbalance

Increase inPollution

Growth ofTransport
infrastructure

Growth ofTravel Demand

Increase inCongestion

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.2019

Pressure onExisting
TransportInfrastructure

Slide 5MDCs: Problems and Issues

 Insufficient road traffic infrastructure and traffic
safety facility
 Public Transportation at low level, inappropriate

House hold income (mil. VND/month)Mixed and tangled traffic of cars, MCs, BCs andpedestrians> 50% people living in two-wheeler accessed only blocks
CarMCs1 MCBCNo veh.

Vehicle ownership
1/9/2019

 Poor accessibility and mobility
 High motorcycle ownership increase Lack of people’s safety awareness and knowledge
 Disregard of traffic rule Lack of safety and efficient driving mannerCurrent situation: A motorcycle dependent transport system
HANOI

SYDNEYLONDONSINGAPORE

POPULATION(MIL.)

7.0

4.6

7.8

5.1

AREA (km2)

3,345

1,580

1,580712

DENSITY(PERS./HA)

2129

4972

PUBLICTRANSPORT RATE

11%

14%

40%

57%

AUTO

0.04

0.58

0.31

0.12

MOTO

0.61

nananaVEH./
HEAD

Current situation: A motorcycle dependent transport system
Vehicle Ownership in Hanoi (1995-2016)
MCO: from 205 to 716 MC/1000 Pop
AO: 25 to 83 Auto/1000 Pop
900
800700600500
4003002001000

MCO (MC/1000Pop)

AO (Autos/1000 pop)
(NTSC, 2018)

1/9/2019
8

Current situation: A motorcycle dependent transport system
100%

Percentage of mode-km traveled

90%
80%
70%
Khác

60%

Xe buýt50%

Ô tô

40%

Xe máyXe đạp30%

Đi bộ20%10%0%Hồ Chí Minh
(N=799)Hà Nội(N=745)

Bình Dương(N=706)

An Giang(N=697)

Quảng Nam
(N=709)Thanh Hóa
(N=691)(Vu A.T., 2018)• An average Hanoian makes 4.2 trip per day = 20 km per day• About 60% of total travelled distance made by motorcycles.
9Increasing fleet of vehicles
The number of private vehicles increase rapidly in HN and HCMC
 The number of private vehicle increase average 6 - 7%/year The number is predicted to increase continuously due to theurbanization
 Traffic congestion increase significantly (if no effective solution taken,
in 2020 the traffic congestion in HN will happen at every time andevery location in the city (MOT,2016))

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen
Section of Transport Planning and Management

Urban Transport Problems

 AccidentsHigh rate of fatalities
Occurred mainly on the urban arterials and sub-urban highways
Severe accidents occurred frequently during night time and off-peakperiod Congestion

Extremely high volume
Unreasonable travel time and speed

 Pollution


Noise: the most serious environmental problem of motorcyle usage
Air pollution: high rate of NOx, CO, COx, PM, PM10,…

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

Slide 11Current situation: Traffic accident

Source: Hanoi Traffic Safety Committee (HTSC), 2017

Traffic Safety Policy
Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen
Section of Transport Planning and Management

Current situation: Traffic accident(death/billion pax-km)
Road Fatality Per 100.000 pop (2008-2016)
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0

13.6 13.4

12.3

11.1
9.0

9.0

8.6

8.0

8.3

8.1

6.0
4.0
2.0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


MC riders take the highest fatal risk
Aus., US, UK: MC > 500cc, high speeds/EXPW  higher death rates
Taiwan: MC = 100-125cc, low speeds/cities  lower death rate
Vietnam: MC fatal rate = 1.5 Taiwan
13Current situation: Emission from transport

The main air pollutants in VietNam are total suspended particles (TPS), PM10(particles with diameter ≤ 10µm), O3, CO, SO2, NOx,… and noise (MONRE,2013).
Vietnam is located in the area where air quality levels exceed the WHO limits(WHO,2016).

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen
Section of Transport Planning and Management

Current situation: Air Quality Index

1/9/2019

Causes of the Problems

 Internal Causes: Transport Issues
––Demand: high intensity and imbalanced distribution
Vehicles: mixed vehicles on the traffic flowBehaviours: immature responses to motorisation of transport, withoutconsideration to pedestrian,–Road Network: imbalanced distribution, lack of hierachy, nonstandard alleys––––

Parking: lack of space and facilities, without consideration to MC
Public transport: low availability and quality
Traffic Management: confusing and low effectiveness
Urban and Transport Plans: failed by−±––Ambitious goals and objectives
Foreigner dependent planning
Lack of resources (technical, financial, human)
Complicated structure and low competency institutions

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019Slide 16

Causes of the Problems

 External Causes: Urban development IssuesPolitical and socio-economic conditions


Frequently changing laws and regulations, and institutional structure

Quickly increasing income–

Social conflicts between different income groups and cultural trends.

Demographic conditions–

Rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation±

High density population

Urban form and Land use conditions–

Mono-centric urban form±–

Mixed land use in the city centre
Sprawled and uncontrolled development in the newly urbanised areas±

Two-wheeler accessed only block

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

Slide 17

Urban Master Plan: Issues & Problems

Insufficient
Plans &Policies
Low/Delay
Performance

Inappropriatesolutions

Ambitious & Biased
Objectives

LegalIssues

SocialIssues

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

TechnicalIssues

Resource
IssuesInstitutionalIssues
Slide 18

Urban Transport Management issues

 Low density urban development concept
 Extreme car-based or rail-based transport development
concept Absence of travel demand management solution
 Absence of urban freight transport solution
 Absence of solution for motorcycle dependence Absence of solution for parking
 Absence of safety and environmental objectives

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

Slide 19

Low performance level Institutional Performance

Slow and irrational decisions
Ineffective institutional andofficial performance control
evaluation system
Low competency’s project
management institutions

 Operational performance

Delay and mounting costs ofprojects
Hanging over projects
Ineffective quality control ofprojects
Low effective enforcement

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

Slide 20

Social and Legal Issues

 Social Issues
Large and increasing income gap
Large and increasing opportunity and welfare gap
Restoration and strengthening Extreme Familirism andSuperstitions

 Legal issuesLack of laws and regulations in master planning, implementationand operation
Unclear and overlapping laws and regulations
Solely segmented urban development planning structure (SEDP,UCMP, ULP, UTMP, UIP, UTP, UWSP, UWWTP, …)
Top-down and Centralization in decision making process
Unclear responsibility definition of institutions & positions

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

Slide 21

Technical, Resource and Institutional Issues

 Technical Issues






Architecture and Static Planning Concept
Incomplete urban planning hierarchy
Delay in time of constructing the master plan
Lack of technical guidelines, standards, and tools
Lack of qualified data Resource IssuesLack of financial resource
Lack of qualified human resource

 Institutional issuesConfusions between political and administrative functions
Unclear functional and responsibility definitions
Lack of cooperation and coordination

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

Slide 22

What do we want: A sustainable transport system(Source: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2375Mobilizing%20Sustainable%20Transport.pdf)

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi 16.01.2019

Slide 23

Which way for urban and transport system in MDCs
Walkingcities

Bus cities

Strong motorisation( low-cost cities)

MDCs
MDCs

Original Railcities

Earlyreplaceof rail bybuses

NMT Cities

Unrestrained/rapid motorisation; Highinvestment in road building; rapid
sprawling suburbs, strongly reduceinvesment in mass transit?
Strong/Early motorisation, lowinvestement in public transport
Early restrain of motorisation

Continuemotorisation

Automobilecities

Slow: motorisation: restrained vehicle use;
moderate road buidling

Traffic saturated
cities"Bangkok syndrome"

Urban
Transport
Development
Scenariosfor Hanoi

Srongly restrain motorisation and vechicle use,
Investement in Modern buses; Transit oriented landuse; investement in NMT facilities
Continue motorisation; Do
nothing else

Traffic disasters

Continue motorisation; Heavy
investment in road road builing;
rapid sprawling suburbs

Very low accessibility
Economic stagnation,
pollution, urban decay

Car dependence become"built in"?

ModernBus Cities?

?

Automobile cities

Modern BusCities(Curitiba,Spectrum of city types between
autmobile cities and modern transitcities?

[adapted from Barter (1999)]
Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi 16.01.2019

General evoluation path of the cities

Mass-transit oriented land use patterns
become the norm; Investement in NMT
facilities

Mass-transit oriented land use
patterns become the norm;
Investement in Rail Transit

Unrestrained/rapid motorisation; Highivestment in road building; rapid sprawlingsuburbs, strongly reduce invesment inmass transit

Weak centre

Note:Investment in Rail transit (whenaffordable); Transit oriented land usedevelopment?
Modern TransitCities(Rail oriented)

Modern Transit
Cities?

Strong centre?

Low oil-dependent city

Evolution path of some early industrialised cities

Oil-dependent City

Suitable path for Motorcycle Dependent Cities cities

Congested& oil-dependent City

Slide 24

Traffic management
Traffic management is to influence transport supply and travel
demand through a bundle of measures without having absolute newtransport capacity, in order to optimise the positive and negative
impacts of transport.

(destination choice)

3. Operate traffic

Management oftravel demand

2. Shift traffic• time• mode• space

Management oftransport supply. 1. Avoid traffic[Apdapted from Boltze (2003]
Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.2019

Slide 25

Management-based Transport Development Strategies

Conflict Solving
Measures

Traffic
Management

Strategy

Manifested
Problems

Transport Situation[Source: Adapted from Khuat (2006)]
Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.2019

Slide 26

Comprehensive strategy for urban transport management
Strategic ApproachNo.

MeasureArea of ApplicationGeneral

ModalUnitConurbation

CityCentreArterial

TwowheelerBlockY

1

Public Transport Routing Improvement

YX

X

X

X

X

2

Public Transport Scheduling Improvement

YX

X

X

X

X

3

Public Transport User Incentives

Y

X

X

X

X

Y

4

Public Transport Information ServiceY

X

X

X

X

X

Y

5

Public Transport Management Centre

YX

6
7Sidewalks and Crossing Facilities
Non-motorised Transport Zone

Y

X
X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X
X

8

NMT Traffic Information ServiceY

X

X

X

X

X

X

9Vehicle Taxes and Duties for IMVs

X

X

X

X

X

X

10 Vehicle Registration Control

Y

X

X

X

11 Signalisation of Intersection Control

X

Y

X

X

X

X

12 Traffic Calming and Speed Reduction

X

Y

X

X

X

X

13 Urban Traffic Information ServiceX

X

X

Y

14 Land Use Change
City Logistic Management System
15Improvement

X

X

X

Y

X

X

X

Y

X

X

X

X
X

X

Note
PT: Public Transport, NMT: Non-motorised transport, IMV: Individual motorised vehicle,
X: Fully applicable, Y: Partly applicable, Blank cell: Not applicable

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.2019

Slide 27

Public transport routing improvementTuyến buýt cấp I: Nội đôXe 80 HK
Tần suất: 12 xe/hNăng lực TK: 960 HK/h/hướng

Xe 80 HKTần suất: 4-6 xe/hNăng lực TK: 320-480 HK/h/hướng

Tuyến buýt cấp III:Tuyến buýt cấp II: VùngXe 45-60 HK
Tần suất: 4-6 xe/hNăng lực TK: 180-360 HK/h/hướng

Tuyến buýt cấp II:

Xe 45-60 HK
Tần suất: 12 xe/hNăng lực TK: 540-720HK/h/hướng

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.2019Tuyến buýt cấp I: VùngXe 12-30 HK
Tần suất: 12 xe/hNăng lực TK: 144-360 HK/h/hướng

Source: TRANCONCEN (2011)

Public transport scheduling improvementNguồn: FGSV: Merkblatt zum Integralen Taktfahrplan. Köln 2001Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.2019

Public transport information improvment

2Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.201930

Taxes and Duties for Individual Motorized Vehicles

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.201931

Integrated Traffic Management Centre

Source: Straßenverkehrsamt Stadt Frankfurt am Main: IGLZ – Integrierte Gesamtverkehrs-Leitzentrale der Stadt Frankfurt am Main. 2006 /www.mainziel.deDr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.2019

Traffic Signal Control: Public Transport Priority

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.201933

Urban Traffic Information: Regional Traffic Routing

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.201934

Urban Traffic Information: Driver information

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.201935

Urban Traffic Information: Intelligent Parking Management

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.201936

Infrastructure priority for NMT

http://www.nycbikemaps.com/

http://sf.streetsblog.org
http://afamily.vn/tam-su/20080917015338511/Nong-nan-mua-thu.chn

Traffic Calming Zone

SydneyHà Nội

http://vnexpress.net/gl/the-gioi/australia-trong-toi/2011/04/mot-goc-sydney/ http://thethaovanhoa.vn/475N20111117085254343T0/ngo-nho-pho-nho.htm

38Compact city concept and Land use changeDr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.201939

Land use change based on MRT system
Example: Buranda BRT Station (Queensland, Australia)Plan and priority for changes
Project:o 2 Office & commercial buildingo 5 Residential High rise buildingo 1 Hotel
o Open space

BeforeDr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.2019

AfterConclusion Hanoi still strongly depends on motorcycle in term ofaccessibility and mobility
 Car use is growing and evidently causing both congestion andaccidents
 Almost no chance to have balance car dependent situation
 Transit Oriented Development is a solution which may be thebest but may not be the optimal solution within 10 to 15 years
 Cleaner and Safer Motorcycle usage in combination with bus
transport improvement should be emphasized!!!
 Traffic Management must become key strategy in the urban
transport development process

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi, 16.01.2019

Slide 41

Recommendations
Establishing a comprehensive macro Traffic Model to use as the basis fordevelopment plan and traffic management of the transport systemTraffic Management Strategy must become major strategy in formulation andimplementation of Urban Transport Master

Conducting a comprehensive study on traffic management plan for the city in aperiod of 5 year with a vision to 10 year.



Identifying the functions and responsibilities of related governmental
authorities and agencies in traffic management.

Recognizing urban traffic quality as one of the key performance indicators ofthe city development toward a sustainable vision

Applying the Management-Based Transport Strategies in planning practiceStrengthening capacity of institutions and human resources

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

Slide 42Contact:Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen
Section of Transport Planning and Management,
Consulting Center for Transport Development#409, A9, Dai hoc Giao thong Van tai
Lang Thuong, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Vietnam
Tel: +84-24-37664053
Fax: +84-24-37666496
Email: huyen318@gmail.com
lethuhuyen@utc.edu.vn

Dr.-Ing. Le Thu Huyen, Hanoi- 16.01.2019

Slide 43