Participatory approaches and geospatialmodeling for increased resilience to climate change at the watershed level

PWLM Guidebook
Participatory Watershed Land-use Management

Participatory Watershed Land-Use Management (PWLM) Guidebook: Participatory approaches and geospatialmodeling for increased resilience to climate change at the watershed level
Authors:
Brian A. Johnson, Damasa B. Magcale-Macandog, Pankaj Kumar, Rajarshi Dasgupta, Masayuki Kawai, Isao Endo, Milben
BragaisLayout and design: Aoki, Masato© Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, and Japanese Ministry of Environment. All rights reserved.
Publisher: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
2108-11, Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan
Tel: +81-46-855-3700 , Fax: +81-46-855-3709
E-mail: iges@iges.or.jp
URL: http://www.iges.or.jp
IGES is an international research institute conducting practical and innovative research for realising sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,without prior permission in writing from IGES. Although every effort is made to ensure objectivity and balance, the publication of research results or translation does not imply IGES endorsement or acquiescence with its conclusions or theendorsement of IGES financers. IGES maintains a position of neutrality at all times on issues concerning public policy.
Hence conclusions that are reached in IGES publications should be understood to be those of the authors and not attributed to staff members, officers, directors, trustees, funders, or to IGES itself.

Suggested citation:
Johnson, B.A., Magcale-Macandog, D. M., Kumar, P., Dasgupta, R., Kawai, M., Endo, I., Bragais, M. (2021). Participatory watershed land-use management (PWLM) guidebook: Participatory approaches and geospatial modeling for increased resilience to climate change at the watershed level. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.

Acknowledgements
The development of this PWLM guidebook was kindly supported by the Japanese Ministry of Environment under the“Knowledge sharing and human resources development on climate change adaptation in the Asia-Pacific region” project, for the fiscal years 2019-2020. We would like to express our thanks to the Japanese government for their support andguidance throughout this project. We would also like to thank all of the local and national government officials from thePhilippines who participated in on-site/online trainings and helped us to improve this PWLM guidebook, specifically the
local governments of: Biñan, Santa Rosa City, Cabuyao, Silang, Calamba City, Tagaytay City, Tanauan City, Los Baños, Santo
Tomas, Malvar, Lipa City, Alaminos, Bay, Calauan, Victoria, Pila, Nagcarlan, and Santa Cruz; and the Laguna Lake Development Authority. Without your support, this project and guidebook would not have been possible.

Concept and objectives of this PWLM Guidebook
This guidebook is intended to provide an overview of how to conduct climate change and land-use change impact assessments, so that the impacts on water, biodiversity, and health can be better understood at the local level. A key aspectof the guidebook is the tutorials provided for conducting climate change/land-use change scenario analysis and impact
assessment using free software. The methodology presented (PWLM) and training materials provided can help local governments with their climate change adaptation and land-use planning, and is designed to complement/support countries’
official processes. Using these training materials as a basis, more intensive in-person (or online) trainings can also be
conducted to provide more specialized or location-specific trainings in priority sites.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1:

Introduction
Chapter 2:

Land-use change scenario analysis
Chapter 3:

Climate change scenario analysis
Chapter 4:

Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

4

12

22

32

Chapter 5:

Water quality impact assessment using the Water Evaluation
and Planning (WEAP) tool
Chapter 6:

Habitat quality impact assessment using InVEST software

56

82

Chapter 7:

Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduceland-use and climate change risks

90

Chapter 1: Introduction
Overview
This guidebook introduces several concepts and methodologies for evaluating andbuilding resilience to climate change and land-use change at a “watershed” (i.e.
river basin) scale. Specifically, it presents a framework that we developed, called“Participatory Watershed Land-use Management” (PWLM), which utilizes various
participatory approaches and geospatial modeling techniques to quantitatively
evaluate the potential impacts of climate change and land-use changes, and to develop suitable countermeasures, at the watershed scale.
The target of the PWLM approach is to help the local governments located within awatershed work together to quantify climate change/ land-use change impacts anddevelop more resilient development plans, so that future generations can be protected from climate-related hazards and continue enjoying the benefits provided bynature. This guidebook is intended for technical experts (environmental scientists,hydrologists, GIS experts, etc.) and managers/policymakers working at the local
level.
Before continuing, we recommend you watch our YouTube video (https://youtu.be/
QZ6LCxgaZgg) to get a basic understanding of the PWLM approach.

Brian A. Johnson

In this chapter, you will:

Damasa B. Magcale-Macandog
Isao Endo

YouTube video on PWLM

Learn how climate change and land-use change can affect communities’ resilience at awatershed scale.
Be introduced to the steps involved in the Participatory Watershed Land-use Management (PWLM) approach, which will be covered in detail in subsequent chapters.

4

Main concepts
Climate change and land-use change can have significant(1) The frequency and level of extremity of the climate-re-

impacts on people’s exposure to climate-related hazards.

lated hazards experienced in the locality;

In many parts of the world, extreme weather events like(2) The level of exposure to these climate-related hazards,

typhoons and droughts are expected to occur more ande.g. the number of people and properties located in the

more frequently due to global climate change, while large-

impacted areas; andscale conversion of forests and other natural habitats to(3) The level of vulnerability of the people/infrastructure/urban and agricultural areas is also causing soil erosion

environment in the areas exposed to the climate-related

and increased river flooding in many places.

hazards

Local disaster risks associated with climate change are

Figure 1.1 shows how all three factors (i.e. hazards, ex-typically thought of as being related to three factors:

posure, and vulnerability) interact to determine disasterrisk.

Hazards

Vulnerability
・Physical

・Extreme Climatic events;

・Social・Changing weather patterns

Risk・Financial

・Environmental

・Population

・Agriculture

・Infrastructure
・Property

Exposure
Figure 1.1. Concepts of hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and risk.

(i.e. a “stimulus”) is likely to directly and indirectly affectand land-use change can have a variety of other local im-a location of interest. The impact chain can be developed

pacts. For example, loss/degradation of natural forests due

based on scientific models, local knowledge, or other rel-to changing climate conditions or land-use conversion

evant information. One example of an impact chain is

may result in the loss of biodiversity (due to loss of theshown in Figure 1.2 to demonstrate the approach. From

habitat of the species living in the forest) and deteriora-

this example in Figure 1.2, we can see that climate changetion of water quality (because the forest areas help reduce(increasing rainfall and extreme rainfall events), urban

runoff of contaminants into water bodies), among otherland expansion, and agricultural land expansion can havethings. To help visualize how these types of changes inmany interlinked direct and indirect impacts. Althoughclimate and/or land-use can impact the environment andthe impact chain does not quantify the impacts identified,society, one interesting tool is called the “impact chain”

in cases where more than one stimulus is found to lead

(https://www.pik-potsdam.de/cigrasp-2/ic/ic.html).

to the same impact, we can understand that this impact

The impact chain is basically a graphical representation

is likely significant, so efforts should be made to mitigate

of how a specific climate or land-use modification

the problem.

5

Chapter 1: Introduction

Aside from their impacts on disaster risk, climate change

Figure 1.2. Impact chain considering threestimuli: increasing rainfall and extreme
rainfall events due to climate change, urban land expansion, and agricultural land
expansion.

Why is a watershed scale important?
Water-related impacts of climate change and land-use

change hazards within a watershed. For example, a citychange, including increased flooding, water quality deg-located in the higher elevation upstream part of a wa-radation, and drought, are typically experienced at a “wa-tershed may not experience flooding or poor river watertershed” scale, i.e. a river basin or sub-basin scale (Watch

quality, but if they do not take it into account, their land-Video 1.1. for a detailed explanation of what watersheds

use decisions – e.g. their decision to convert forestedare). Changes to the land conditions and/or the climate

lands to impervious urban areas – may unwittingly leadin upstream areas of a watershed can have dramatic

to increased flooding (due to higher rainfall runoff (Figure

impacts on the population living in the lower elevation

1.1) or lower water quality (due to waste discharge fromdownstream areas (see Figure 1.3 for an example). On theurban areas) in the downstream cities located within theother hand, local climate change and land-use plans aresame watershed. Thus, coordinated land-use planningtypically formulated at the city or town level rather thanefforts at a watershed level are essential for ensuring re-a watershed level. This can lead to a disconnect between

silience to climate change and land-use change.

the local plans and the actual climate change/land-use
YouTube video on PWLM

Video 1.1. What is a watershed (https://youtu.be/QOrVotzBNto)?
Source: Battle River Watershed.

Figure 1.3. How climate change and land-use change in the upstream area of a watershed can lead to negative impacts downstream. In this example, increased rainfall (due to climate change)
and the conversion of forest to residential land-use leads to higher
rainfall-runoff and more flooding downstream.

Chapter 1: Introduction
6

Participatory Watershed Land-use Management (PWLM)
approach
To estimate how climate change and land-use change

The PWLM approach utilizes a combination of participa-

will affect a watershed, planners and policymakers first

tory processes and geospatial modeling techniques forneed to have an understanding of how the climate andthis impact assessment and policy development, and con-the land-use are likely to change in the future (e.g. oversists of four main steps:

the next 10, 20, or 50 years). Once future climate and land-

1. Scenario development: Future scenarios of land-use

use scenarios are identified, they can serve as input datachange and climate change are identified ;for different types of computer simulation models to estimate the impacts of these changes, e.g. on flood hazard,

2. Impact assessment: Impacts of the future land-use

water quality, or biodiversity. The “Participatory Water-change/climate change scenario(s) are analyzed us-

shed Land-use Management” (PWLM) approach presented

ing different computer models and software;in this guidebook is intended to help with this process.

3. Countermeasure identification: Local governments

The PWLM approach can help complement qualitative

within the watershed identify countermeasuresapproaches like the impact chain (Figure 1.2) by helping

based on the risk assessments, and try to agree upon

to quantify the potential impacts of future climate change

some priority countermeasures relevant at the water-

and/or land-use change.

shed scale;
4. Climate resilient land-use planning and imple-

In the PWLM approach, future climate and land-use sce-

mentation: Local governments use the identified

narios are generated, the impacts of these changes arecountermeasures to improve their land-use plans, andestimated using free software/computer models, local

for development of climate change adaptation actions

governments identify countermeasures to reduce theseand policies. The identified countermeasures can also

impacts, and finally the local governments adopt thesebe used to develop project proposals for domestic orcountermeasures in local plans and policies to increaseinternational sources of climate change adaptation

their resilience to climate change. If some of the identified

funding (e.g. through the Green Climate Fund:countermeasures require external funding from national

https://www.greenclimate.fund/).

or international sources to implement (e.g. costly infrastructure like artificial wetlands or stormwater retention

Figure 1.2 provides an overview of these four steps, andponds), they can be used as a basis to develop proposals

the processes and software/tools required for each step.

for climate change adaptation funding from sources

All of these processes are described in more detail in thelike the Green Climate Fund (https://www.greenclimate.

subsequent chapters, and you will learn how to apply

fund/). We hope that by using the PWLM approach, local

them yourselves through a series of hands-on tutorials.

governments and other stakeholders can better understand the potential impacts of climate change and landuse change at the watershed scale, so that more effective
policies, plans, and infrastructure can be put in place.

Chapter 1: Introduction

7

・Flood impact assessment.

・Stakeholder consultations.
・Participatory mapping of futureland-use.

・Water quality impact assessment.

Scenario
Analysis・Downscaling climate model data

Software used:

・Improving local plans andpolicies incorporating identiﬁed
countermeasures.
・Applying for climate adaptation
funding to implement
countermeasures.

ImpactAssessment

Step 1

Step 2

Step 4

Step 3

Climate resilient
land-useplanning andimplementation

Countermeasure
Identiﬁcation

・Habitat quality impact
assessment
Software used:

・Stakeholder consultations.
・Participatory countermeasuredevelopment.

Figure 1.2. Four steps of the PWLM approach, and the different processes and software/tools required in each step.

Step 1: Scenario Development (covered in Chapters 2 and 3)
In the first step of PWLM, future scenarios of land-use change and climate change are developed through participatory
mapping (for land-use scenarios) and downscaling of climate model projections (for climate change scenarios).

Land-use scenario development
To understand the likely future land-use changes of aonto a printed map using markers and tracing paper (seewatershed, a participatory mapping approach is used.

Figure 1.3 for some examples). Each local government

For this, a stakeholder consultation workshop should

then presents its future land-use plans to the other local

be organized, wherein representatives from each local

governments in the watershed, so that all have a better

government within a watershed share their land-use

understanding of the future land-use conditions of theand development plans. A map of the future land-use iswatershed. Later, the sketched maps are digitized andcreated through a participatory mapping activity. Local

georeferenced using the free Geographic Information

government officials sketch their planned future land-

Systems (GIS) software “QGIS”. Chapter 2 of this guidebook

use conversions (e.g. based on their land-use plan, or theirprovides a step-by-step tutorial on how to perform thisknowledge of planned land acquisitions/development)

land-use scenario development.

Climate change scenario development

Chapter 1: Introduction

To understand the future climate changes of a watershed,

Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Due to the high level ofprojections from General Circulation Models (GCMs, a.k.a.

uncertainty of these future climate change estimates,

Global Climate Models) or Regional Circulation Models

multiple scenarios should be used to show a range of pos-

(RCMs, a.k.a. Regional Climate Models) are used. GCMs/

sible futures. For higher accuracy, the climate model data

RCMs are computer models of the future climate, assum-

should also be downscaled and bias-corrected using local

ing different levels of future greenhouse gas emissions.

climate observations. Chapter 3 of this guidebook covers

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

the basics of GCMs, how to acquire the GCM data, and how

has estimated these future levels of emissions underto visualize it in QGIS software.

different socioeconomic scenarios known as Relative

8

Step 1: Scenario development (Participatory GIS)

Figure 1.3. Participatory future land-use mapping activity.

Main outputs of Step 1

Software used in Step 1

1. Current land-use map
2. Future land-use map

QGIS: https://www.qgis.org/en/site/

3. Downscaled climate data

(current and future daily/monthly data)

Chapter 1: Introduction

9

Step 2: Impact Assessment (Chapters 4, 5, and 6)
In the second step of PWLM, impact assessment, comput-

Chapter 4 of this guidebook shows you how to perform

er modeling software is used to estimate various impacts

river water quality impact assessment using the Waterof the future land-use and climate changes. For the PWLM

Environment and Planning (WEAP) software, using dataapproach to be open to as many as possible, in this guide-from a case study site in the Philippines. Chapter 5 showsbook we have demonstrated how to conduct all of the im-

you how to perform flood hazard impact assessment us-pact assessments using freely available GIS and modelinging three software packages: QGIS, HEC-HMS, and HEC-

software.

RAS. Chapter 6 shows you how to perform habitat quality
impact assessment using the InVEST software package.

Main outputs of Step 2
Water quality parameters(current and future)

Flood hazard maps
(current and future)

Habitat quality maps
(current and future)

Software used in Step 2
QGIS: https://www.qgis.org/en/site/
HEC-HMS: https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/
HEC-RAS: https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/
Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP): https://www.weap21.org/
InVEST: https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/invest

Step 3: Countermeasure Identification (Chapter 7)
In the third step of PWLM, countermeasures to reduce thenegative impacts of future land-use changes and climatechange are identified using a participatory process. For
this, the results of the impact assessments from Step 2
are presented to all of the local governments within thewatershed, and the local government officials are asked tothink of potential countermeasures and write them down(e.g. using markers and adhesive notecards, as shown in
Figure 1.4). Each local government presents their identified countermeasures, and finally, some common/priority

Figure 1.3. Stakeholder consultations to develop countermea-

countermeasures are discussed and identified for the wa-

sures for reducing the impacts of future land-use changes

tershed as a whole.

and climate change.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Main outputs of Step 3

Software used in Step 3

List of countermeasures identiﬁed by each local government in the watershed
List of priority countermeasures for watershed as a whole10

No speciﬁc software neededStep 4: Climate resilient land-use planning and implementation (Chapter 7)
In the final step of PWLM, the priority countermeasuresmate Fund or other national/international climate adap-

identified from Step 3 are used as a basis for developing

tation funds. Examples of the types of adaptation projects

more climate resilient land-use plans and other policies,

funded by the Green Climate Fund can be found at https://

as well as for implementing climate change adaptation

www.greenclimate.fund/projects?f[]=field_theme:235. The

actions and infrastructure. This is probably the most im-

Green Climate Fund and other types of adaptation funds

portant step of PWLM, as the goal of this step is to trans-

typically require a climate change impact assessment tolate the scientific information generated through PWLM

be conducted prior to applying for project funding (to jus-

into concrete actions.

tify why the funds are needed, and to estimate the benefits of the proposed project). The impact assessments from

Some countermeasures identified through PWLM may

step 2 of PWLM provide the basis for this assessment.

be possible for local governments to implement on theirown (e.g. changing zoning regulations or building codes),In Chapter 6 of this guidebook, we show some specific ex-

while some measures may be too costly for the local

amples of the types of actions that could be taken in step

governments to implement without external aid. In case

4 of PWLM, based on the results of a case study conducted

external aid is necessary, the identified countermeasuresin the Philippines.

can be proposed as projects for funding by the Green Cli-

Main outputs of Step 4

Software used in Step 4

1. More climate resilient local policies and plans
No speciﬁc software needed
2. Project proposals for climate change adaptation-related funds(to help implement any identiﬁed countermeasures that require external funding)

References
Endo, I., Magcale-Macandog, D. B., Kojima, S., Johnson, B. A., Bragais, M. A., Macandog, P. B. M., & Scheyvens, H. (2017). Participatory land-use approach for integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation into basin-scale local planning. Sustainable
cities and society, 35, 47-56.

11

Chapter 1: Introduction

Kumar, P., Johnson, B. A., Dasgupta, R., Avtar, R., Chakraborty, S., Kawai, M., & Magcale-Macandog, D. B. (2020). Participatory approach for more robust water resource management: Case study of the Santa Rosa sub-watershed of the Philippines. Water, 12(4),1172.

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario
analysis

Overview of this chapter
Land-use changes can have a significant impact on the biodiversity, water quality,
Brian A. Johnson

and damage caused by extreme weather events in a watershed. This chapter gives
an overview of the impacts of land-use changes, and demonstrates how to performland-use change scenario analysis. In the chapter, you will learn how to create yourown maps of the current and future land-use of a study site using free Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) software. This represents the land-use change scenario
development component of PWLM Step 1 (“Scenario Analysis”). These maps willserve as the basis for conducting land-use change impact assessments in PWLM
Step 2 (“Impact Assessment”), which are explained in Chapters 4-5.

After completing the chapter, you will beable to:
Perform basic GIS operations in QGIS software (https://qgis.org/en/site/);Generate your own land-use maps showing the current and future (planned) land-use.

12

Main concepts
As introduced in Chapter 1, land-use is a major factor that

Aside from flooding, land-use change can also have aaffects a community’s resilience to climate change andmajor impact on the water quality and biodiversity of aclimate-related hazards. Conserving and restoring forests,

watershed, among other things. As one example, whenwetlands, and other natural ecosystems can reduce theinformal or formal settlements are constructed nearby acause of climate change (CO2 emissions) as well as theriver bank (as in Figure 2.1.), there is often a deterioration

potential impacts like increased flooding and landslidesof the river water quality due to the discharge of house-(by minimizing surface runoff and soil erosion). In con-hold wastes into the rivers. As another example, when a

trast, converting natural ecosystems or other highly-veg-

natural area near a river bank is converted to agriculturaletated areas into urban or intensive agricultural areas canuse, there is often increased soil erosion and pollution

have the opposite effect, resulting in the release of CO2

from fertilizers and pesticides. In both of these examples,emissions from deforestation/forest degradation as well

the increased pollution from these land-use changes will

as increased climate-related hazards like floods and land-

negatively affect the river water quality (e.g. for drinking,slides (due to increased runoff and erosion). This influ-

bathing, or irrigation), and may also affect the animals

ence of land-use on stormwater runoff can be clearly seen

and plants living in the river.

by looking at the rainfall-runoff coefficients (called ”curve
numbers” (Soil Conservation Service, 1986)) of different
land-use types, developed by the U.S. Soil Conservation
Service (see Table 2.1.).

13

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario analysis

Figure 2.1. Informal settlement built along a river bank near Manila, Philippines.

"Curve Number" (i.e. rainfallrunoff coefﬁcient) for hydrologic
soil groups A-D

Land-use / land-cover

Impervious areas

Open spaces(parks, golf courses, cemeteries, etc.)

Row crops

Fallow

Woods/grass combination(Orchard or tree farm)

Impervious areas

A

B

C

D

Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc.

98

98

98

98

Poor condition (grass cover < 50%)

68

79

86

89

Fair condition (grass cover 50 to 75%)

49

69

79

84

Good condition (grass cover > 75%)

39

61

74

80

Straight row (SR)

67

78

85

89

Contoured (C)

65

75

85

86

Bare soil

77

86

91

94

Crop residue cover (CR)

74

83

88

90

Poor

57

73

82

86

Fair

43

65

76

82

Good

32

58

72

79

Poor

45

66

77

83

Fair

36

60

73

79

Good

30

55

70

77

Curve Number value

0-50

50-70

70-90

90+

Table 2.1. Soil conservation service runoff Curve Numbers (CNs) of different land-use types, taking into account the soil type(hydrologic soil groups). Higher CN values indicate more rainfall runoff. Adapted from (Soil Conservation Service, 1986).

Of course, many other factors must be considered for land-

updated by your local government), this will probably be

use planning, such as demand for urban, agricultural, andthe best data to use for an impact assessment. If a local

recreational land to meet the needs of growing popula-land-use map is not available, you can check online fortions and economies. In this chapter, we try to provide you

other existing global-, regional-, or national-level land-with training in some of the tools/software that can help

use maps to determine if they meet the level of detail (e.g.

to better understand and manage the potential impacts

high enough spatial resolution, and a sufficient number ofof future land-use changes. The first step of this land-use

land-use classes mapped) and accuracy that you require.

change impact assessment process is to identify or cre-

Finally, in case you need a more accurate/up-to-date/

ate the needed land-use maps; i.e. (i) a map of the current

detailed land-use map than what is available, you canland-use, and (ii) a map of the planned (or potential) land-

always create your own by carefully digitizing land-use

use for a desired date in the future. The quality and quan-polygons over a satellite image base map using GIS soft-

tity of available land-use data vary significantly from one

ware. This digitizing process will be explained later in thelocation to another, so identifying the appropriate land-

chapter. A similar decision process can be used to identi-

use map(s) is not always a simple process. If an accurate

fy the appropriate source of future land-use data (Figure

and up-to-date local land-use map is already available for3.1.2).

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario analysis

your city/town (e.g. a land-use map produced by/regularly

Land-use map( current condition )Land-use map( future condition )Local Land-use map withacceptable level of accuracy
available?

Land-use map available (e.g.fromland-use/zoning plans) at thedesired time period in the future?

yes

Use this data

no

yes

Coarser (national, regional, or global)
land-use map with acceptable level ofaccuracy available?
yes
Use this data

Use this datano
Use a participatory (GIS) mapping
approach or a land-use simulation
model to estimate the future landuse conditions

noDigitize a new land-use map using asatellite image as a base map.

Figure 2.2. Process for identifying sources of current and future land-use data to use for impact assessments.
14

Tutorial
This tutorial focuses on the process for preparing current and future land-use maps of a case study site, using free GIS
software. We have provided all of the data for this tutorial in the folder entitled “QGIS_training”.

Step 1. Downloading and running QGISMuch of the tutorial in this chapter is focused on QGIS, a free Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software package thatis used commonly around the world. QGIS has a relatively simple user interface, and runs on Windows, Mac, Linux, andAndroid operating systems. You can downloaded the latest version of the software from https://www.qgis.org/en/site/. For
the sake of this tutorial, we have already downloaded QGIS and provided it to you with this training package, so you canskip this downloading step.

a

To install QGIS on your computer, double-click the “osgeo4w-setup-x86_64.exe” file and follow the installation instructions. For this tutorial, we are using the version of QGIS for Windows operating systems.

b Open QGIS Desktop using the Windows Start menu.
After QGIS opens, you will see a browser menu on
the left, and recent projects in the main window.

Step 2. Loading GIS data of the boundary of a sample study site.

a

To install QGIS on your computer, double-click the“osgeo4w-setup-x86_64.exe” file and follow the
installation instructions. For this tutorial, we areusing the version of QGIS for Windows operating
systems.

a

You will see two watersheds, the San Cristobal
watershed and the San Juan watershed. Check thedetails of the added files by clicking on the “Identify features” icon in QGIS. You can also check byright-clicking on “NewWatersheds” in the Layers
menu, and selecting “Open attribute table”. The“NAME” row shows the name of the watershed thatthe polygon contains, and the other rows show thesize, area, and average population density of thewatershed.

15

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario analysis

Step 3. Inspecting the data and modifying the layer style

Step 4. Adding a current land-use map (“NAMRIA2015_LC.shp”) and visualizing each land-use class asa different color.

aDrag the data from the “current_LU” folder using
Windows file explorer or the Browser window in
QGIS

a

b
b

c

For easier visualization, you will assign a uniquecolor to the polygons representing each land-use
class. To do this, click on the “NAMRIA2015_LC”

Practice zooming in and out to the study area boundary using the magnifier and “pan” icons above them ap w i n dow.

Practice turning on/off thetwo map layers by checking on/off the check boxes inthe Layers window, and re-ordering the maps by dragging them up and down in the Layers window. Finally,practice changing the colors of each land-use class by

map layer in the Layers window to highlight thislayer, and then click the Layer Styling Panel icon
. In the Layer Styling window, change the symbol
type from “Single Symbol” to “Categorized”, andspecify the “AGC12” column as the column containing the land-use information. Finally, click the“Classify” icon.

clicking the color box next to it in the “Symbol” columnof the “Layer styling” window.

Step 5. Create a future land-use map based on the outputs of a participatory mapping activity.

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario analysis

In Step 4, we loaded a GIS shapefile containing the cur-planning processes) as well as any other relevant stake-rent land-use. For land-use change impact assessments,

holders. This kind of activity typically involves printing

however, we also need a map showing the potential futureout a large poster-size map of the watershed, showing theland-use. This could be a land-use map based on your mu-

watershed boundary, the administrative boundaries, thenicipality’s land-use or zoning plan, which may alreadycurrent land-use, the major roads and rivers, and otherbe in GIS format. If no future land-use/zoning map exists

important geographic features. The local government

already, a common approach to understand the potential

staff then sketch the planned (or likely) future land-use

future land-use conditions of a watershed is to conductchanges using colored markers. To translate this analog

a participatory land-use mapping activity with relevant

data to digital GIS format, we can finally digitize it using

local government staff (i.e. those involved in land-use

GIS software.

16

5.1. Creating a current land-use map to use as a basis for participatory mapping activity
Let’s create a very basic current land-use map that could be printed out and used for a participatory mapping activity.

a

Click on the “Project” menu, then click “Layout Manager…” from the dropdown box. A Layout Manager window willappear. Under New from Template header in this window, make sure “Empty layout” is selected and click the “Create…” button. In the “Creat print layout Title” window that appears, please enter “San Cristobal” as the title, and thenclick “OK”.

b A new window entitled “San Cristobal” will appear. [If you close this window, you can open it again by clicking again

on the “Project” menu, and then clicking “Layouts”, and “San Cristobal”.] In the next steps, you will create the current
land-use map layout for San Cristobal watershed using the tools in this window.

To add a map to the layout, click on the “Add Item” menu, and click “Add Map” in the dropdown box. A crosshairs willappear for your mouse pointer, and you can click and drag a rectangle that will display the GIS layers in this layout.
You can move the map or resize it by dragging or stretching the rectangle.

17

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario analysiscd Add a map legend by clicking on the “Add item” menu and clicking “Add legend” in the dropdown box. You can draw
a rectangle to indicate where you want the legend to go. Usually, map legends go in one of the corners of the map layout, where they will not obstruct the GIS layers shown in the map.

e

Add a scale bar to the map by clicking on the “Add item” menu and clicking “Add Scale Bar” in the dropdown box. You
can draw a rectangle to indicate where you want the scale bar to go. Usually, scale bars also go in one of the cornersof the map layout, where they will not obstruct the GIS layers shown in the map. Your layout window will look something like this after adding the Legend and scale bar:f

Add a title for the map. Click again on the “Add item” menu, and click “Add label” in the dropdown box. Drag a rectangle in the top part of the layout window where the title will go. By default, the title text is “Lorem ipssum”. Let’schange this title by right-clicking on “Lorem ipsum”, and clicking “Item properties” from the dropdown box, and thenentering a new title: “San Cristobal: Current Land-use”. You can make the text larger by clicking on the “Font” menu,
and selecting a larger font size (try size 36 font).

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario analysisgZoom into your area of interest in the map (e.g. the two watersheds). If you forgot how to zoom in, refer to step 4 (c)h Save the layout by clicking the “Layout” menu, and clicking “Save project”. You can also click the disk icon below theLayout menu to save.

i

Finally, save the layout as a .pdf file by clicking the “Layout” menu, and clicking “Export to pdf” in the dropdown box.
Name the file “San Cristobal watershed” and save it in the “QGIS_outputs” folder.

Now you have completed the process of creating an existing land-use map of a watershed, which can be printed out andused to conduct a participatory mapping activity! The actual participatory mapping can be done by providing markers ofdifferent colors to the participants, and asking them to draw out their planned future land-use changes in different colors.
For example, they might digitize new planned urban developments in red, new parks or other green spaces in green, andnew agricultural areas in yellow. Once this is completed, this analog data will need to be digitized into a new GIS layer.
18

Step 5.2. Digitizing the future land-use map created through a participatory mapping activity.
In the next steps, we will practice the digitizing process in QGIS so that you can digitize a future (or current) land-use
map using GIS software.

aOpen the Layer menu, click “Create Layer”, then click “New Shapefile Layer”.

b Set the file and file path by clicking the […] icon. Please name the file “Future_LU.shp”, and place it in the “QGIS_
training” folder.

cChange the geometry type from “Point” to “Polygon”.

d For additional dimensions, specify “None”.
e

Set the coordinate system and map projection to match the other GIS datasets (WGS 1984, UTM Zone 51N).

f

Add a New Field to the file, called “AGC12”. This field will contain the future land-use class information of each polygon that you will digitize. Set the Type to Text data, and the Length to 50. Click the “Add to Fields List” icon.

representing the future land-use of the watershed.

g

Make sure everything matches the screenshot below. Then click “OK”

19

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario analysis

For now, this is just an empty shapefile. As the next step, we need to digitize polygons

h Highlight the “Future_LU” layer in the Layers window, and click the Toggle Editing iconi

Try digitizing a new polygon representing the “Built-up” land-use class. Click the Add Polygon Feature icon
Left click in the map display at a location where you’d like to start digitizing a polygon feature, then keep left
clicking to add vertices (corners) of the polygon. When you’ve got the shape you want, right click to close thepolygon. For this exercise, just try adding 5-6 vertices for the polygon, like the example shown below. (If you
aren’t happy with the polygon you made, and want to redo it, click the Undo icon). Add a unique ID number (1)and a land-use class (Built-up).

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario analysisjTurn on “Snapping” to that the digitized polygons snap to one another, to allow for easier mapping. Click the“Project” menu, then “Snapping Options”.

k Click the “Enable Snapping” icon . Choose “Vertex and Segment”. This will ensure that polygons you digitize
will snap to the existing polygons, and help avoid topological errors like overlapping polygons or gaps between
polygons.

20

lDigitize another polygon with 5 vertices, this time of an “Annual Crop” land-use feature. Digitize it adjacent to
the “Built-up” polygon you digitized earlier to practice snapping, and assign it an ID of 2.

m Try digitizing a few more polygons of the other types of land-use features. Assign a different color to each landuse class in this new layer. Go back to Step 4(b) if you need to refresh your memory of how to do this.

n Finally, save your edits by clicking on the “Save Layer Edits” icon!!!!

Congratulations, you’ve learned the basics of displaying and digitizing land-use data in QGIS!
For a longer and more general QGIS tutorial, please also check the QGIS website: https://docs.qgis.org/3.4/en/docs/
In the next steps, we will practice the digitizing process in QGIS so that you can digitize a future (or current) land-use
map using GIS software.

References
Soil Conservation Service. (1986). Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds. In Technical Release 55.

21

Chapter 2: Land-use scenario analysis

training_manual/create_vector_data/create_new_vector.html.

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysis

Overview of this chapter
Due to increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere, theEarth’s climate is changing at the global scale. The main change is increased global
temperatures, while the magnitude of the temperature changes varies from location to location. Climate change is affecting the water cycle as well, leading to more
rainfall in some regions and less in others, and changing the seasonal rainfall patterns in many places (causing more/less drought or flooding, depending on the geographic region). To better understand local climate changes, projections from global
climate models (i.e. general circulation models; GCMs) or regional climate models
Pankaj Kumar
Brian A. Johnson(RCMs) are typically downscaled using statistical approaches, and then bias-corrected using local climate observation data. These downscaled and bias-correctedclimate projections can be extremely useful for estimating the local impacts of climate change and identifying appropriate adaptation actions.

After completing the chapter, you will beable to:This chapter will introduce you to GCMs and downscaling, and show you how to access downscaled climate data.
Understand what GCMs are and how they are generated;
Download GCM data (future precipitation and temperature climate variables); andVisualize the climate change projection using QGIS software.

22

Main concepts
Climate change and its impacts
Climate change is caused by a variety of natural and

The hydrosphere is possibly the most negatively affected

anthropogenic factors. Some natural factors affecting

component of the Earth system. Considering freshwaterclimate include variations in solar radiation and theas a finite resource, many scientific studies have focusedoccurrence of volcanic eruptions. Human activities likeon evaluating the effects of climate change on precipita-

burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, however, aretion patterns and hydrologic regimes (Dore 2005, Kleinn etbelieved to be the main drivers of climate change (due toal. 2005, Abbs et al. 2007). These studies and other similar

increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) inones have highlighted the impacts of climate change on

the atmosphere).

regional precipitation trends, which include increased
flooding and drought as well as deteriorating water qual-

Global climate change is disrupting the ways that people

ity in many regions. Developing nations, many of whichlive and interact with their environment. Some of the im-have inadequate infrastructure and/or water governancepacts of climate change include the alteration of natural

systems, are likely to be most significantly affected. Asia,

ecosystems, interruption of food production and water

having the highest gap between freshwater supply andsupply, damage to infrastructure, and human morbidity

demand, is expected to bear the brunt of these global

and mortality (e.g. from increased heat stroke, drought, orchanges.

climate-induced disasters) (IPCC, 2014). The consequencesof climate change are already becoming evident in termsof the changes in the amount, intensity and frequency of
precipitation, and temperature in many parts of the world.

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysis

23

Climate change projections
It is difficult to precisely predict the future climate at atemperature. These climate projections are derived from

specific location (e.g. city or town) due to uncertainties

general circulation models (GCMs), also called global cli-from climate models and various other sources. Under-

mate models. A GCM is a mathematical model of the gen-standing of the general trend of climate change and vari-eral circulation of the planet’s atmosphere or oceans, andability, however, is important for impact assessment andis based on mathematical equations that represent theclimate change adaptation. Climate projections are thephysical processes described in figure 3.1. GCMs simulate

main tools used to understand the expected impacts of

the responses of changes in greenhouse gas concentra-

climate change on different sectors of a country. Climate

tions, and provide estimates of climate variables in the

projections consist of a synthetic time-series of climate

future (Mishra and Herath, 2011).

variables, such as daily or monthly precipitation and

Figure 3.1. Climate model data (adopted from Aparicio and Zucker, 2015)

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysis

The GCM outputs are based on coarse resolution infor-

GCMs (and the downscaled data from them) are generat-mation (e.g. orography and elevation) for the generation

ed based on estimated future greenhouse gas emissions,of climatic variables, and are typically of a coarse spatialwhich are calculated for different socioeconomic sce-

resolution (hundreds of km pixel size). However, forcing

narios. The most widely-used of these socioeconomic

and circulation that affect local climate generally occur

scenarios are the so-called “representative concentration

at much finer scale than that of GCM. Therefore, direct use

pathways” (RCPs), including RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, andof GCM outputs is not suitable for local climate change

RCP 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010). The RCPs are labeled according

impact assessments, and hence spatial downscaling isto the approximate global radiative-forcing level at 2100,

required. Spatial downscaling is the process of derivingwith RCP 2.6 estimating the lowest amount of climate

finer resolution (i.e. local) of climate data from the coarsechange by the year 2100, and RCP 8.5 estimating the high-

GCM output for the climate change impact studies at local

est amount of climate change by 2100.

level. There are various downscaling techniques to convert the GCM outputs into locally applicable climate data.
Although we will not discuss them in detail here, more
information on downscaling methods can be found in
Mishra and Herath (2011).

24

Tutorial
Step 1. Downloading GCM data
Although GCM data can be downloaded from various sources, the most common one is from IPCC, as shown below.

Figure 3.2. GCM data source from IPCC website

Please follow following steps to download GCM data from this site:a

Go to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) data distribution site:
https://www.ipcc-data.org/

es for IPCC Assessment Report 5 (AR5). This site has both past climatological data as well as projected data.

c

Now click the tab discover, view and download data. This page has all the observed climate data, IPCC Assessment
Report 5 (AR5) observed climate change impacts. Most importantly, this page has the global climate model outputs,
as shown below.

25

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysisb Click the tab “guidance” to get different guidelines regarding how to select scenarios, fact sheet and scenario process-dClick “Global Climate Model Output” link, and following page will opene

Click “Results from GCM-Runs for the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) based on the IPCC-RCP scenarios”, and following page will open.

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysise
All the outputs shown here are from The IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), which relies heavily on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), a large climate modelling process coordinated by the World
Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The format for GCM output from all the RCP is in NetCDF/CF. NetCDF files
can be opened and visualized in QGIS. For more details, please click the link output format NetCDF/CF (an overview is shown in the screenshot below http://cfconventions.org/ ).

26

f

To get data for a particular location, you need to click on following link:
https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/mips/cmip5/data-portal.html., and the page below will open:

g Click “availability” on the left hand side menu and following page will open. Click the “PCMDI” link to go to the
webpage for downloading the climate model data.

27

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysis

h Before downloading the data, first you need to create account by clicking “Create Account” in top right corner.

i

After clicking the link, add the requested information (email address, user name, password, First/Last name,etc.) and you will receive an “OpenID Login”. After inputting this OpenID and clicking the Login button, you
can enter your user name and password.

jAfter logging in, click on the CMIP5 link as shown below.

k The webpage below will open. Now you can choose which climate model and climate variables to download
data for. Please click the + icon next to “Project” to expand the list of projects, and check on the box next to“CMIP5”. Next, click the + icon next to “Experiment” and check the box for “rcp85”. Finally, click the + icon
next to “Variable Long Name” and check on the boxes next to “Air Temperature” and “Precipitation”. Once all ofthese model components are selected, click the “Search” box and the available models will be displayed. The
first model displayed is MIROC-ESM-CHEM, generated by the University of Tokyo, the National Institute forEnvironmental Studies, and the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology.

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysislClick on “List Files” for the first model in the list (“MIROC-ESM-CHEM”)… To download the precipitation climate data (“Precipitation flux”), click the “HTTP Download” link for the variable number 25, “pr_Amon_MRROC....”. To download the Precipitation data, click the “HTTP Download” link for the variable “prc_Amon…”

28

Step 2. Opening the climate model data in QGIS
Although GCM data can be downloaded from various sources, the most common one is from IPCC, as shown below.

a Open QGIS software (See Chapter 2 if you don’t remember how to do this!).
b Click on the “Layer” menu and then click “Add Raster Layer”.
cSelect the NetCDF file “pr_Anon….” and click “Open”.

d Then click “Add”. Then choose the desired coordinate reference system (“WGS 1984”) and click “OK” to add the
NetCDF layer in QGIS.

To understand this layer, click on it in the “Layers” menu. By default, it shows as a “Multiband color” image, withmodel results for 3 years shown as a color map.

29

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysisefChange this to “Singleband gray” to visualize the climate model results for a single month. As you can see,the dates are indicated by the number of days since 01/01/1850 (January 01, 1850). Please select Band 1140: time
=91660.5 (days since 1850-1-1), this corresponds to the month of December in the year 2100.

g As you can see, the resulting map shows the spatial distribution of precipitation for the month of December in theyear 2100. To convert these precipitation flux measurements (in units of kg/m2/s) to average millimeters of precip-

itation per day, these values would need to be multiplied by 86,400. To convert to monthly precipitation, they would
then be multiplied by the number of days in the month of interest (i.e. 31 in the case of December).

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysis

h Now try to download and display the data for the average maximum monthly temperature variable (“tasmax”
variable)

Congratulations, you’ve learned how to download and visualize climate model data in QGIS!

30

References
Abbs, D., McInnes, K., Rafter, T. (2007) The impact of climate change on extreme rainfall and coastal sea levels over south-east
Queensland. Departmental report by CSIRO, Victoria, Australia, pp.39.
Aparicio, I.G., Zucker, A. (2015) Meteorological data for RES-E integration studies- State of the art review; EUR 27587;
10.2790/349276.
Dore, M.H.I. (2005) Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: what do we know? Environmental International, 31 (8): 1167-81.
IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, 2014, Geneva,
Switzerland, pp 151.
Klein, R.J.T., Schipper, E.L.F., Dessai, S. (2005) Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: threeresearch questions. Environmental Science and Policy 8(6), 579–588. DOI:10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.010
Mishra, B.K., Herath S. (2011) Climate Projections Downscaling and Impact Assessment on Precipitation over Upper
Bagmati River basin, Nepal, Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Addressing Climate Change for Sustainable Development through Up-Scaling Renewable Energy Technologies, 275-281.
Moss, R.H., Edmonds, J.A., Hibbard, K.A., Manning, M.R., Rose, S.K., van Vuuren, D.P., Timothy, R., Carter, T.R., Emori, S., Kainuma,
M., Kram, T., Meehl, G.A., Mitchell, J.F.B., Nakicenovic, N., Riahi, K., Smith, S.J., Stouffer, R.J., Thomson, A.M., Weyant, J.P., Wilbanks, T.W. (2010) The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature, 463:747–756.

Chapter 3: Climate change scenario analysis

31

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

Overview of this chapter
As discussed in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, land-use changes and climate change often have impacts on flood hazard and exposure. This chapter gives an overview oftools and methods for flood modeling, which can help to understand and visualize
the impacts of these changes on flood extent given a certain rainfall event. The
chapter also provides a tutorial for simulating flood hazard using free software like
Milben A. Bragais
Brian A. Johnson

QGIS, HEC-HMS, and HEC-RAS, providing step-by-step instructions on data preparation, rainfall and runoff curve generation, flood simulation, and flood extent computation. Using current and future (predicted) land-use maps as inputs in the floodmodelling, you will be able to quantitatively compare the effects of land-use change
as the flood extent.

After completing the chapter, you will beable to:Prepare data for flood modeling using QGIS software;
Generate rainfall and runoff curve using HEC-HMS
Conduct hydraulic modeling using HEC-RAS software to simulate the water movement
and flood extent under two land-use scenarios;
Compare the flood extent of the two scenarios in a simple overlay visualization

32

Main concepts
Flooding is one of the most significant climate-related

stage and timing of runoff, or simply the generation of ahazards globally, so simulation and mapping of flood

rainfall and runoff curve. HEC-HMS was developed by thehazards is critical for disaster risk reduction and climate

United States Army Corps of Engineers, and is designed tochange adaptation efforts. The availability of free soft-

simulate the complete hydrologic processes of watershedware and tools for flood modeling and visualization likesystems. The output in this modelling, the hydrograph for

QGIS, HEC-HMS, and HEC-RAS make it possible to con-a rainfall event, is used as an input to conduct hydraulicduct flood hazard impact assessments and use the resultsmodelling using HEC-RAS software.

for science-based decision, e.g. to improve local landuse plans, disaster plans, and climate change adaptation

HEC-RAS, or the “Hydrologic Engineering Center, Riverplans to make the landscape less susceptible to flooding.

Analysis System” is a computer program designed tomodel water flow through systems of open channels and

The flood modelling process requires a lot of data prepara-

surface profiles. As with HEC-HMS, HEC-RAS is also de-tion using GIS. One of the best tools for this is the free andveloped by the United States Army Corps of Engineers,

open-source GIS software known as QGIS, introduced inand both are available online for free download and use

Chapter 2. This application enables the user to store, view,(HEC-HMS: https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/edit, analyze, and visualize geospatial data. It helps flood

hec-hms/downloads.aspx, HEC-RAS: https://www.hec.

modelers to handle data efficiently and prepare input thatusace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/download.aspx). The

can be opened across any GIS and flood modelling plat-main output of HEC-RAS is a map of the flood extent andforms. Along with QGIS, HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS are addi-

the behavior of the flood water as it runs over the terrain.

tional free softwares that offer hydrologic and hydraulicUsing the current and future land-use/land cover maps

modelling capabilities, respectively.

as inputs in the flood modelling, researchers can analyze
the effects of the land-use/land cover change on the flood

HEC-HMS, or the “Hydrologic Engineering Center, Hy-extent under different development scenarios, as shown

drologic Modeling System” is a numerical model thatin the example in Figure 5.1.

simulates watersheds and channels to predict the flow,

use scenarios (current condition and future planned land-use).
Overlaying the results can show how the future condition will
be impacted by planned land-use changes.

The remainder of this chapter is a tutorial for using QGIS,HEC-HMS, and HEC-RAS, which utilizes data from a casestudy site, the Silang-Santa Rosa subwatershed in the Philippines. Because this is a long tutorial, we have broken it
down into three separate Modules. Module 1 focuses on datapreparation using QGIS, Module 2 focuses on flood simulation using HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS, and Module 3 focuses onvisualizing the outputs of the flood simulation using QGIS.

33

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

Figure 4.1. Comparison of flood extent under two different land-Tutorial
Module 1: GIS Data Preparation using QGIS
Objectives

Materials

The objective of this module is to inspect and / or pre-

1. QGIS version 3.14

pare the GIS data needed for the flood modelling. Spe-

2. QuickMapServices plugincifically, this module discusses how:

3. Digital elevation model (DEM)

1. To download and install the needed software for the

4. Shapefiles (Land cover, Administrative boundary, River

input preparation;polylines)

2. To check the integrity of the needed data by checking

5. River discharge data in excel fileits properties and attribute table;
3. To prepare and format the data layers like the watershed boundary and river polylines; and4. To organize other data to be used in the flood simulation like the discharge data in excel file.

Software Download and InstallationaVisit qgis.org to download the latest QGIS software version. QGIS is a free and open source geographic information
system.

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

Select the version that suits your workstation. Click the download icon to start downloading the software.

bInstall the version of QGIS that was downloaded. Click next to start the installation and click finish after the setup iscompleted.

34

Data InspectionaOpen QGIS then load the given Raster (DEM1) and Vector (Watershed boundary2 , Laguna lake boundary3 , riverb

Inspect the properties of each layer. Right click on the layer on the table of contents (TOC) then click properties. On thepolylines4, current land cover polygon5, and future land cover polygon6) data.

properties window, click the information tab and check the coordinate reference system (CRS) of the layer.

Data
RASTER• DEM

Layer Name

• Laguna_IfSAR.tif

CRS
EPSG:32651 - WGS 84 / UTM
zone 51N – Projected

VECTOR• srr_watershed_boundary• Laguna lake boundary shapeﬁle• lagunalake.shp• River shapeﬁle• river.shp• Current land cover shapeﬁle• CurrentLC_2014.shp• Future land cover shapeﬁle• FutureLC_2025.shp

EPSG:32651 - WGS 84 / UTM
zone 51N – Projected

1 IfSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) derived DTM with 5m x 5m resolution from National Mapping and Resources Information Authority (NAMRIA)
2 Silang-Sta. Rosa Subwatershed boundary from Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) GIS data

3 Laguna Lake boundary extracted from the administrative data boundary downloaded GADM website
4 Silang-Sta. Rosa subwatershed tributaries digitized using Google Earth satellite image

5 2014 Land cover generated using Landsat 8 from the United States Geological Survey (USGS)

6 2025 Land cover from the participatory mapping activity participated by the Local Government Units in the subwatershed

35

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software• Watershed boundary shapeﬁlec

Add plugin to load satellite image as basemap. Click the Plugins tab > click Manage and Install Plugins > the wait
for the Fetching repositories window to finish fetching > click All on the Plugins window then type QuickMapServices on the space > click Install Plugin > wait for the installation to finish then click Close.

d Opening QuickMapServices plugin and loading of Google satellite image to see if the river network is plotted cor-

rectly in the map. Click Web > QuickMapServices > Google > Google Satellite. After the Google satelite is loaded in
the Map display, please uncheck the other layers in the table of contents except srr_watershed_boundary, river,and Google Satellite.

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareeZoom in the Map display to see if the river network is plotted correctly in the map. Edit the river shapefile if there
are incorrectly plotted polylines. Right Click the river layer in the TOC > click Toggle Editing. On the toolbars, click
Vertex Tool (Current Layer) then hover your cursor in the river section to be adjusted. Adjust the vertext of the river
section to correct part in the map. Once finished, click Toogle editing icon in the toolbar then click save to saveand stop the editing mode.

36

f

Save the project as Module1_Exercise inside the Flood Modelling folder.

See that the project is now named as Module1_Exercise located in the upper rigt of the QGIS display.

g

Checking the attribute table of the two land cover layers. Right click the CurrentLC_2014 layer in the TOC > click
Open Attribute Table. Make sure that the table has LCOVER and MannN columns for the land cover classes
and Manning’s roughness coeeficient values, respectively. Do the same to check the attribute table of the FutureLC_2025 layer to see if it has LCOVER and MannN columns.

inside the watershed. Take note of the recorded starting and ending time and date. Make sure to have the computed discharge voulume in cubic meter per second (m3/s)

37

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareh Checking the river discharge data in Exel file collected using a capacitive water level logger installed in the dam

Module 2: Flood Simulation using HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS
Objectives

Materials

The objective of this module is to conduct hydrologic and

1. HEC-HMS version 4.7.1

hydraulic simulation to compute and compare the flooded

2. HEC-RAS version 5.0.7

area under the current and future land cover data. Specifi-

3. QGIS version 3.14

cally, this module aims:

4. Data from Module 1 (DEM, Shapefiles, Rainfall, and Dis-

1. To download and install HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS tocharge data)

conduct the flood simulation;
2. To use the data from module 1 to generate hydrographand prepare geometric and unsteady flow data input inthe flood modelling software;
3. To conduct unsteady flow analysis between the current
and future land cover layers as sources of the Manning’s roughness coefficient values; and4. To download and compute the resulting maximum
flood extent generated after running both the unsteadyflow analysis of the current and future land cover layers.

Software Download and Installation

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareaVisit hec.usace.army.mil website to download the latest HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS software versions.

b

Download and install the both HEC-HMS 4.7.1 and HEC-RAS 5.0.7 setup Packages and Documentation under the Primary Download Site for Windows. Double click the downloaded software > click Next > Choose I agree to the above
Terms and Conditions for Use > click Next to define the Destination Folder > Click install the lastly, click the Finish
button.

38

Creating a HEC-HMS Projecta

Double click the HEC-MHS iconb

Import the basin model prepared using GIS software and create Meteorologic Models, Control Specifications, andcCreate simulation run using the Compute Tab > click Compute icon > copy the Predicted Inflow in the Time-Series Re-

in the desktop. Under the File tab, click Save Project As > locate the folder tosave the project > type SantaRosaRiver under the Title space as the project File Name.

Time-series Data under Components tab.

39

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

sults table to be used in the hydraulic modelling.

Creating a HEC-RAS Projecta

Double click the HEC-RAS iconb

Under the Option tab, click the Unit System (US Customary/SI)… Select System International (Metric System) and tickin the desktop. Under the File tab, click Save Project As > locate the folder to savethe project > type SantaRosaRiver under the Title space as the project File Name.

Set as default for new projects > click OK.

Loading Map layers using RAS Mapper

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareaClick this iconb

Go to Flood Modelling >Data > Shapefile folder and select river.prj > click OK.

in the HEC-RAS window. Under the Tools tab of the RAS Mapper window, please click Set Projec-tion for Project…Browse the data where you can find a projection file that can be used for your project area.

40c

Under the Tools tab of RAS Mapper, click New Terrain… > click the ‘+’ sign to add the DEM data.

dNavigate to the Data folder then click Laguna_IfSAR.tif > click Open.

e

Under the New Terrain Layers click Create. Wait as the RAS Mapper window create terrain then click the close button
once done.

fUnder the Tools tab of RAS Mapper, click New Land Cover… > click the ‘+’ sign to add the current land cover layer.

41

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

See that a Terrain layer is now on the TOC.

g

Navigate to the Data folder then click CurrentLC_2014.shp > click Open.

h Select LCOVER and MannN columns in the provided space > click Create > click Close.

See that a new map layer, Mannings_n is now on the TOC.

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareiUnder the Tools tab of RAS Mapper, click Add Web Imagery… > select Google Satellite > click OK.

See that Google Satellite layer is now on the TOC.

j

Under the Tools tab of RAS Mapper, click Add Map Layers… > Navigate to the Data folder > under the Shapefile folder,select lagunalake.shp, river.shp, and srr_watershed_boundary. shp > click Open.

See that three new map layers are added to the TOC, Lagunalake, River, and srr_watershed_boundary.
42

Geometric Data Preparation
Click the View/Edit geometric data icon.

b

Click Select layers to view in background icon > tick river and srr_watershed_boundary layers > click Close.

cCreate 2D Flow Area. Zoom in to the downstream area. Click 2D Flow Area icon > trace the downstream area > double
click to end digitizing > type Flow Area as the name for the created 2D flow area > click OK.

43

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwaread Click Edit 2D Flow Areas > click Generate Computation Points on Regular Interval with All Breaklines… > type 5 for theComputation Point Spacing for both Spacing DX and Spacing DY > click Generate Points in 2D Flow Area > click OK.

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwaree

Click File tab under in the Geometric Data window > click Save Geometric Data > type SRR as the Title of the Geomet-fOpen RAS Mapper window. Right click Mannings_n > click Associate with Geometry > click OK > select Mannings_n

ric Data > click OK.

in the manage Geometry Association window > click Close.

44g

Go to Geometric Data – SRR window. Click Edit 2D Flow Areas > click Edit Land Cover to Manning’s n… > click OK.

h Create Boundary Condition Inflow. Zoom in to the upper portion of the Flow Area. Click SA/2DArea BC Lines icon >trace a line across the river in the inflow area > double click to end digitizing > type Inflow as the name of the boundary condition > click OK.

Create Boundary Condition Outflow. Zoom in to the lower portion of the Flow Area. Click SA/2DArea BC Lines icon >trace a line across the boundary in the outflow area > double click to end digitizing > type Outflow as the name of theboundary condition > click OK > go to File tab > click Save Geometry Data.

45

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareiUnsteady Flow Data Preparation

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareaClick the Edit tab > click Unsteady Flow Datab

Under the Boundary Condition column, click the blank space in row 1 > click Normal Depth under the Boundary Con-c

Open the Discharge excel file under the Data folder. Use the data in the excel file to fill up the Flow Hydrograph win-

dition Types section > type 0.01 for the Friction Slope > click OK.

dows’ information need.

46

d Under the Boundary Condition column in the Unsteady Flow Data window, click the blank space in row 2 > click Flow
Hydrograph under the Boundary Condition Types section > input 1 minute for the Data time interval > select Fixed
Start Time then input Date: October 24, 2012 and Time: 1330 > click No. Ordinates tab > type 2751 > click OK > copy theObserved Discharge values in the excel file the paste it in the Flow column in the Flow hydrograph window > input 0.05
in as the EG Slope for distributing flow along BC Line > click Plot Data to check the hydrograph > click OK.

e

Click File tab under in the Unsteady Flow Data window > click Save Unsteady Flow Data > type Ofel as the Title of the
Unsteady Flow Data > click OK.

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

Unsteady Flow AnalysisaClick the Run tab > click Unsteady Flow Analysis

47

b

Click the File tab in the Unsteady Flow Analysis window > click Save Plan > type Current as Title of the plan > typec

Tick all (except sediment) under Programs to Run section > input starting date and time: October 24, 2012, 1330 > input

2014 as short ID > click OK.

starting date and time: October 26, 2012, 1120 > select 1 Minute for both Computational Interval and hydrograph Output
Interval > select 10 Minutes for both Mapping Output Interval and Detailed Output Interval > click File tab > click Save
Plan > click Compute.

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

Wait to finish the computation > congratulations if you see the three blue bars > click Close.

View and Export Results in RAS MapperaOpen RAS Mapper > view the Depth in TOC > click the Play icon to see the flood simulation.

48

b

Right click Depth layer > click Edit Map Parameters > tick Maximum for the Unsteady Profile and Polygon BoundarycRight click Inundation Boundary in the TOC > click Compute/Update Stored Map (Map not created).

at Value under the Map Output Mode section > click Save Map.

d Export result as Shapefile. Right click Inundation Boundary in the TOC > click Export Layer > click Save Features toShapefile > navigate to Output folder to save the file.

49

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

See that the maximum flood extent boundary has been created.

Run the Simulation for Future Landcovera

Repeat the process in adding New Land Cover data but this time, use the FutureLC_2025.shp.
Under the Tools tab of RAS Mapper, click New Land Cover… > click the ‘+’ sign to add the future land cover layer.

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwarebNavigate to the Data folder then click FutureLC_2025.shp > click Open.

c

Select LCOVER and MannN columns in the provided space > click OK for the Overwrite window > click Create > click
Close.

See that a new map layer, Mannings_n is now on the TOC.

50

d Open RAS Mapper window. Right click Mannings_n > click Associate with Geometry > click OK > select Mannings_nin the Manage Geometry Association window > click Close.

Go to Geometric Data – SRR window. Click Edit 2D Flow Areas > click Edit Land Cover to Manning’s n… > click OK.

fCreate a new plan under the Unsteady Flow Analysis. Name the plan Future with short ID: 2025. Run the simulation
and repeat the process of viewing the results in RAS Mapper and exporting results in shapefile. Name the ouput
shapefile as Future_flood.

51

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareeModule 3: Flood Extent Comparison using QGIS
Objectives

Materials

The objective of this module is to compare the flood extent

1. QGIS version 3.14of the two land cover scenarios. Specifically, this module

2. QuickMapServices plugin

discusses how:

3. Shapefiles (Watershed boundary, river polylines, and1. To compute the area in hectares of the two flood ex-

flood extent boundaries)

tents;
2. To stylize the two flood extents; and3. To overlay the two flood extent layers in preparation formap lay-out.

Flood Area Computation

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareaOpen QGIS > click Add Vector Layers > navigate to the Output folder > select both current and future flood extentbRight click the Current Flood layer in the TOC > click Open Attribute Table > click the Toggle editing mode icon > clickc

Click Open field calculator > tick Update existing field > choose Area_ha > find Geometry, double click on $Area thenshapefiles > click Open > click Add > click Close.

New field > type Area_ha for the Name > select Decimal number (real) for the Type > click OK.

type / 1000 > click OK.
The Area of the Current_flood shapefile is 6,143.89
hectares. Click Toggle editing mode icon to stop editing > click Save.

52

d Do the same process in number 1 for the Future Flood layer.
The Area of the Current_flood shapefile is 6,816.17 hectares.

Stylizing the LayersaRight click the Current Flood layer in the TOC > click Properties… > click Symbology tab > click Simple fill > click thecolor bar in front of Fill color and change it to Blue using the color wheel > click OK >under the stroke style, select No
Pen > click OK.

Do the same process in number 2 for the Future Flood layer. This time choose color Red for the Fill color section.

53

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwarebc

Save the project. Go to File tab > click Save > navigate to Output folder > type Flood_extent for the File name > click
Save.

d Load watershed boundary layer. Click Add Vector Layers > navigate to the Data folder > select srr_watershed_boundary.shp > click Open > click Add > click Close.

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS softwareeRight click the river layer in the TOC > click Properties… > click Symbology tab > click Simple fill > under the Fill style,select No Brush > under the stroke color, choose Black color from the color wheel > click OK > under Stroke width, input
1 > click OK.

54

f

Add Google satellite image. Click Web > QuickMapServices > Google > Google Satellite. After the Google satelite isloaded, arrange the layers in the TOC in order from the top to bottom: srr_watershed_boundary, Current_flood, Future_
flood, and Google Satellite.

Bragais, M., Johnson, B. A., Magcale-Macandog, D. B., & Endo, I. (2016). Land cover change and flood extent in Silang-Sta. Rosa
sub-watershed. Los Baños, Philippines: Hayama, Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
Bragais, M. A., Johnson, B. A., Onishi, A., Endo, I., & Damasa B. Magcale-Macandog. (2017a). Flood extent of different land-use
scenarios under event-based precipitation in Silang-Sta. Rosa subwatershed, Philippines. Hayama, Japan: Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies.
Endo, I., Johson, B., Kojima, S., Chiba, Y., Nakata, M., Bragais, M., Macandog, P. B. (2015). Making land-use climate sensitive: A pilot
to integrate climate change adaptation and mitigation. Hayama, Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
Endo, I., Magcale-Macandog, D., Kojima, S., Johnson B., Bragais, M., Macandogb, P., Scheyvens, H. Participatory land-use approach for integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation into basin-scale local planning. Sustainable Cities and Society
35 (2017) 47–5
https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/
https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/
https://www.qgis.org/en/site/
https://www.gadm.org/
Johnson, B. A., Endo, I., Magcale-Macandog, D. B., Bragais, M., & Macandog, P. B. M. (2015). Recent land cover change in the Silang-Sta. Rosa sub-watershed of the Philippines, and implications for flood risk. Hayama, Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)
National Mapping and Resources Information Authority (NAMRIA)

55

Chapter 4: Flood impact assessment using HEC-RAS software

References

Chapter 5: Water quality impact
assessment

Overview of this chapter
Surface water quality is closely linked to human activities (e.g. water demand,
wastewater discharge/runoff, and land-use/land-management) as well as local
climate conditions. Thus, changes in population, water treatment infrastructure,
Pankaj Kumar
Brian A. Johnson

land-use, and climate all result in modification of the water quality of nearby rivers/
lakes/coastal waters.
This Chapter will show you how to simulate the future water quality of a watershedusing the “Water Evaluation and Planning System” (WEAP) software package, whichis free for users in developing countries. You will learn to conduct several different
types of scenarios, to understand and model the impacts of population growth, infrastructure development, land-use change, and climate change on water quality.

After completing the chapter, you will beable to:This chapter will introduce you to GCMs and downscaling, and show you how to access downscaled climate data.
Use WEAP software to estimate the water quality of a watershed;Integrate future population projections, infrastructure-related information, land-use,and climate information to develop different scenarios of the future water quality.

56

Main concepts
Improving urban water environment is of great signifi-

alyze/simulate the current/future water quality. WEAP iscance, considering the importance of clean water for bio-

widely used as a decision support tool for integrated water

diversity and ecosystem services. Clean water is needed toresources management and planning. The model allows

ensure healthy fish stocks, and that water is clean enoughfor the estimation of rainfall runoff and pollutant trans-

for recreational activities, bathing, tourism, cultural andport from a catchment to nearby water bodies. WEAP canreligious activities, etc. To analyze the sustainability of

support environmental master planning functionalities

future urban development with regards to water resourc-by accounting for wastewater generation and treatment,

es, various scientific tools can be used, e.g. to forecast theand includes a catchment module for rainfall-runoff sim-

future state of urban water environment under different

ulation (an essential input parameter for water quality

scenarios. These tools are useful in that their outputs

modeling. Other benefits of WEAP are that it is not data

provide science-based evidence for decision-making, andintensive, and that it is freely available to people in devel-

the involvement of local stakeholders in the process canoping countries.

improve the modeling results (e.g. by better accounting
for the local context) as well as build the capacities of the

In this chapter, we will show how the WEAP model

stakeholders involved in water management.

can be used to simulate future total water demand andwater quality variables (targeting the year 2030) in theThis chapter presents the Water Evaluation and Planning

Santa Rosa watershed of the Philippines, and to assess(WEAP) took, a computer modeling tool that takes into ac-

different management policies.

count hydrological and water quality components to an-

Model set-up
ing. The daily volume of domestic wastewater generation

istrative boundary of the study area and river map is im-in this area of the Philippines ranges from around 100-180

ported into the software. After tracing the river on the top

liters per day per capita, however because of non-avail-of the administrative map, we create our problem domain.

ability of precise data in some of the areas it was fixed at

The whole problem domain (and its different components)

130 liters of average daily consumption per capita. Apart

is divided into several sub-catchments, which are furtherof this, we do need to plot river gauge stations, groundsubdivided into different sub-basins, to consider influent

water supply and finally different types of links (return

locations of river and its major tributaries being repre-

flow, transmission flow, and runoff/infiltration) to finalize

sented by respective WEAP nodes. Other major consider-model set-up.

ations are many demand sites (number usually depend onlower administrative unit of study area by which data is

Scenario analysis is carried out by defining a time

available) and wastewater treatment plant to accurately

horizon for which alternative wastewater generation

represent the current situation of the study area. Here,and management options are explored, which is 2030

demand sites denote domestic (population) defined within this case. The business as usual condition is repre-

their attributes explaining water consumption and waste-

sented by a reference scenario with selection of all thewater discharge in concerned river. As a countermeasure,existing elements as currently active. Consequently,

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered as

new WWTPs (hypothetically considered as counter-

pollution handling facilities with design specifications

measures) are modeled as scenarios representing devi-

including total capacity and removal efficiencies of pol-ations from the current conditions (reference scenario).

lutants. In this case, an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

The baseline year under the current reference scenario

reactor (USAB) type of wastewater treatment plant with its

for all study areas also varies based on the past data

pollutant removal efficiency is considered in the model-

availabilities.

57

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

To run the WEAP tool, first vector or raster file of admin-Model performance evaluation
Before doing future scenario analysis, performance of thesimulation part is validated by comparing the simulated

WEAP simulation should be assessed based on the asso-

and observed concentration of water quality concentra-

ciation between the observed and simulated values of thetions at some observation points. Selection of the loca-

hydrological and water quality parameters. For this Chap-

tions and times in the case presented in this Chapter were

ter’s case study, hydrology module parameters (mainly ef-

made on the basis of consistent availability of observed

fective precipitation and runoff/infiltration) were adjusted

water quality data. Once satisfactory correlation between

during simulation in order to reproduce the observed

observed and simulated values were confirmed statisti-monthly stream flows for the period of certain year forcally, future simulation for both water quality and hydro-hydrology module validation. Whereas the water quality

logical parameters were initiated.

Initial Value

Step

Effective precipitation

100%

±0.5%

Runoff/inﬁltration ratio

50/50

±5/5

X mg/L or CFU/100ml±0.5%

Parameter

Household discharged water quality parametersconcentrations both at the observation site and river head

Tutorial
Risk assessment (For water quality component)
WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model is used based on the following benefits:
Freely available for developing countries

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

A highly flexible hydrologic-water quality model
WEAP can model large number of pollutants
GIS-based, graphical drag & drop interface
Scenario management capabilities

Expected outcome

12With scenario based simulation, we will be able topredict what will be the future situation of the water
environment

It will also help to identify what are the suitable
mitigation/adaptation measures for improving thiswater environment and what is the best strategic location to establish these infrastructures as countermeasures

58

The WEAP model framework and model structure are shown in the two images below.
Looking in to the flowchart of the model framework, it has four major components viz. WEAP model set up (schematic diagram and data input), calibration, validation and finally simulation. Structure of the model consists of four components e.g.
schematic diagram, data input, scenario analysis and finally evaluation of scientific data for policy formulation (providing
credible scientific evidence for policy formulation).

WEAP
model setup

• Initial data preparation (GIS layers, river cross section, water quality, hydrometeorological parameters, wastewater management infrastructures etc.)• Model set up was done for the base year (2013) using Rainfall-Runoff method

Calibration• Model calibration using trial and error trial on hydraulic (effective precipitation,
runoff/infiltration), and water quality (BOD) parameters• Satisfactory statistical performance

Validation• Correlation between observed and simulated data for both hydraulic and water
quality parameters• Satisfactory statistical performance

Simulation• Scenario building [two scenarios: a) Business as usual, b) With measures]

Policy recommendation based on the scientific findings for making robust futureplans for water resource management
Flowchart showing work framework.

Current Account(a) Demand and wastewater generation (based on population and per capita water consumption/day); (b) River runoff (function of river cross section at
various locations and precipitation at catchment site); (c ) Water quality at river head; (d) WWTPs (Pollutant removal facility works as a function of seweragecollection rate and removal efficiency); (e) Simulation (calibration and validation)

Scenario Building
Both scenarios are based on current account(a) Business as usual (Here main input data will be change in population and precipitation from 2015 onwards)(b) With measures (Here main input data will be change in population, precipitation, sewerage collection rate and capacity of WWTPs)

Evaluation(a) Pollutant loading(b) Efficiency of existing policies and plans

Flowchart showing model structure.

59

}
}
}
}

Schematic

Data
WEAP
components
Scenario

Evaluation

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

Study Definitiona) Spatial boundary (city administrative boundary, river stretch within the city); b) Time Horizon (2013 -2030); c) System components (Different nodes like
Demand site, WWTPs, Catchment site, Groundwater); (d) Network configuration (each node will be linked with different links viz. return flow,
runoff/infiltration, transmission), all nodes and links are based on mass balance equation

Steps needed prior to proceeding with this WEAP tutoriala Before working with WEAP software, download andb Copy the “WEAP_training_St_Rosa” folder, contain-

register it from http://www.weap21.org/. After that,ing the data necessary for this tutorial. Now, you areyou will need to request and procure the free license

ready to move on to Step 1 of this tutorial

to proceed.

Step 1. Establish a New, Blank Area.

aOpen WEAP for the first time. A project area called “Weaping River Basin” will appear. Click on the Area -> Create Areamenu option to make a new, blank area.

d A window, as shown below, will appear in which you should click on the “Initially Blank” option. In the next steps, youwill be defining this area for a specific geographic area of the world - so you can name the area based on this selection
if you like (e.g., St Rosa Area).

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentc

After clicking “OK” you will be prompted to save changes to the Santa Rosa River Basin. After clicking yes, you will get
the following screen:60

d Click “OK” again. In the next screen, you will select the geographic area for your project from the world map that appears. Use your cursor to draw a rectangle around the area that your project will represent. The boundaries will appear as a green rectangle as shown below.

You can then use the slider bar on the lower left of the window to zoom into this selected area.

f

You can redraw you green rectangle to best capture the area you want in this view. Click on “OK” when you are satisfied with your area boundaries. Note that you can modify these boundaries later by choosing “Set Area Boundaries”
on the pull-down menu under Schematic on the top menu bar.

61

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmenteStep 2. Add a GIS layer to the Areaa

You can add GIS-based Raster and Vector maps to your project area - these maps can help you to orient and construct
your system and refine area boundaries. To add a Raster or Vector layer, right click in the middle window to the left of
the Schematic and select “Add a Raster Layer” or “Add a Vector Layer.”

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentb

A window will appear, in which you can navigate to the “WEAP_training_St_Rosa” folder. Add the “SantaRosaSubwa-cNext, add the “waterwaysSR.shp” file, which contains the river network in the study area. And now toggle off the othertershed.shp” file in this folder. After adding the file it will look like as follows:background layers like country, cities, state as shown in the figure below

62

Step 3. Setting General Parameters
Now we’re going to proceed with learning how to navigate through WEAP and its functionalities.

a Click “General” from menu and using drop down menu select different options and set the different parameters like to
set Years and Time Steps.

b Set the Current Accounts Year to 2013 and the Last Year of Scenarios to 2030. Set the Time Steps per year to 12. Set theTime Step Boundary to “Based on calendar month” and starting in January (see below) Keep the default (SI units) fornow.
Here the year 2013 will serve as the “Current Accounts” year for this project. The Current Accounts year is chosen toserve as the base year for the model, and all system information (e.g., demand, supply data) is input into the Current
Accounts. The Current Accounts is the dataset from which scenarios are built. Scenarios explore possible changes
to the system in future years after the Current Accounts year. A default scenario, the “Reference Scenario” carries
forward the Current Accounts data into the entire project period specified (here, 2013 to 2030) and serves as a point ofcomparison for other scenarios in which changes may be made to the system data.

cSimilarly, under “General”, the units also be set.

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

63

d

Next if we want to do the simulation of water quality parameters, we need to select general—water quality parameterseHowever if we need to add other parameter, we can do that after click add button and adjust units as our observed data

and must click enable water quality modeling. By default, WEAP will simulate temperature, BOD and DO.

as shown below.

Step 4. Save a version of your Area
Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentaSelect “Save Version” under the “Area” menu. After saving all the files will be saved in folder named as WEAP area
where your set up file are there.

64

Step 5. Entering Elements into the SchematicFirst, we will draw a Rivera

Click on the “River” symbol in the Element window and hold the click as you drag the symbol over to the map. Release
the click when you have positioned the cursor over the upper left starting point of the main section of the river. Movethe cursor, and you will notice a line being generated from that starting point.

Important Note- The direction of drawing matters: the first point you draw will be the head of the riverfrom where water will flow. You can edit the river course later on by simply clicking-moving any partof the river to create a new point, or right-clicking any point to delete it.

In the next several steps, you will draw the main river, drawing from the upstream (upper left) to the downstream (lower
right) area, clicking once to end each segment that you draw. You can follow the line of the river as closely as you like,or you can draw a less detailed representation (below). Note though, that how closely you follow the actual course of
the river will have implications for the performance of certain functionalities in WEAP. For example, if you plan tomodel water quality parameters along the river, it would be advantageous to construct the river element as closely
as possible to the actual river course, because WEAP will need to calculate residence times in the river (a functionof reach lengths) to perform water quality simulations. Zooming in on the river (using the zooming bar in the lower
schematic window) can help if you want to follow the rivers path more closely. You do not need to draw a river on the
branch coming horizontally from the left. You can also adjust the river later if you want to add more detail.

First deselect country and other information not necessary for the schematic diagram development.

cClick on the symbol river in the element window.

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentb65

d Please start your drawing from the point which you consider as upstream (around the lower left area shown in the redbox below). Try to draw the river as shown in the image below. Once you finish drawing the river, double click to end
the drawing. A window will appear ask you to name the drawn river. Put the name you want.

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmente

Now remove background layer of river network from GIS layer we have imported before as shown below.

f

Now to adjust the size of river node in compare to the model domain, click onset WEAP node label size as a dropdown
menu under schematic tab.

66

gAdjust the size putting curser on the zooming tool shown below. Once satisfied click OK.

h Now set the label name using Set WEAP Node Label Size under Schematic. Adjust as per your wish.

As river name is not appearing on the screen, right click and select move label. And with cursor you can move theplacement of the label wherever you want.

67

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentijFinally it will look like screen shown below.

Step 6. Enter Data for the Main River
There are two ways to navigate to the data entry section of WEAP to enter data for the Main River. Let’s try them.

aRight-click on the Main River and select Edit data and any item in the list.

b

Switch to the Data view by clicking on the Data symbol on the left of the main screen. Select: Supply and Resources/
River /Main River in the Data tree. You may have to click on the “plus sign” icon beside the Supply and Resources
branch in order to view all of the additional branches below it in the tree.

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentc

Alternatively, you can use the Tree pull-down menu and select “Expand All” to view all branches.

68Entering Elements into the Schematicd

The “Inflows and Outflows” window should be open - if it isn’t, click on the appropriate button. Click on the “Headflow”eClick on the area just beneath the bar labeled “2013” in the data input window to view a pull-down menu icon. Selectf

Use the Monthly Time Series Wizard and enter the following data series:g

Note that as you enter each data point, the data is shown graphically also. Do not input or change any other data yet.

tab.

the “Monthly Time-Series Wizard” from the drop--down menu.

Push Finish to close the wizard.

drawal and return points, WEAP will automatically create new reaches.

69

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

Note- WEAP divides up rivers into reaches (segments). Originally your river has only one reach; as you add with-

Step 7. Create an Urban Demand Site and Enter the Related DataaCreating a demand node is similar to the process you used to create a river. Return to the Schematic view and pull ademand node symbol onto the schematic from the Element window, releasing the click when you have positioned
the node on the left bank of the river (facing downstream) inside the administrative boundary of the study area
shown in black line. Enter the name of this demand node as “St Rosa” in the dialog box, and set the demand priority
to 1.

b

Right click on the Big City demand site and select “Edit data” and “Annual Activity Level.” This is the alternative way
to edit data, rather than clicking on the “Data” view icon on the side bar menu and searching through the data tree.

b
Note- The Demand Priority represents the level of priority for allocation of constrained resources among multiple demand sites. WEAP will attempt to supply all demand sites with highest Demand Priority, then moving tolower priority sites until all of the demand is met or all of the resources are used, whichever happens first

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentc

You must first select the units before entering data. Click on the “N/A” under Unit in the Annual Activity level tab. Pull
down the arrow that appears, select “People”, and click “OK.”70d In the space under the field labeled ”2000”, enter the Annual Activity Level as 296619.

eNext, click on the “Annual Water Use Rate” tab and enter 300 under the year 2013.

Note- The monthly variation is expressed as a percentage of the yearly value. The values for all of the months
have to sum up to 100% over the full year. If you don’t specify monthly variation, WEAP will prescribe a monthly
variation based on the number of days in each month. We will not edit these values for the city demand, but wewill edit them later for the agricultural demand.

71

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

f Finally, click on the “Consumption” tab and enter 15. Note that the units are pre-set to “percent.”

Step 8. Create an Catchment and groundwater supply for the demand siteaPull the catchment node symbol into the project area and position it on the river head and name it as “C”. But during
the complex simulation, we can divide whole study area in to different sub-catchments. It will be used to generateriver discharge and runoff.

bTick the box for active in current account.

c

Now we add groundwater supply, as we will assume people in the study area consume only groundwater

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

d Add a wastewater treatment plant and named as WWTP.

Note - For all nodes we should tick the box active in current account except WWTP. As we will make one scenario with proposed WWTPs.

72

Step 9. Connect the Demand with a Supply
You now need to tell WEAP how demand is satisfied. This is accomplished by connecting a supply resource to eachdemand site. Return to the Schematic view and create links to connect catchment, groundwater, river and demandsites. Do this by dragging the different links e.g. Transmission Link first to a position on the groundwater, releasing
the click, then pulling the link to demand site and double clicking on this demand node.
Create a Runoff/infiltration link to connect catchment to riverbCreate a Transmission link to connect from the groundwater to demand sitecCreate a Return flow link to connect demand site to river.

dCreate a flow link to connect demand site to WWTP, and a Return flow link to connect WWTP to river.

Note- Position of runoff/infiltration link connecting catchment to the river matters a lot.
Be aware that the position you will release
the click of runoff/infiltration link, will beconsidered as river head in the model by default.

73

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentaStep 10. Entering the dataaSelect “C” in the assumption tree, first select catchment method. Ideally soil-moisture method is best suitable method to calculate runoff as it divides the aquifer in two layers vadose zone and saturated zone mimicking the real world
situation more closely. However number of input data is quite huge. In this case (St Rosa), because of data scarcity, we
have selected rainfall-runoff (simplified coefficient method).

Data for catchment “C”

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentb

Now give the values for the area of each land-use/land cover type in the study area. Click dataClick C click add andc

Now within Land Use Tab, fill all the area information for all the land use types, as shown below.

add “Agriculture”, “Builtup”, “Grassland”, and “Tree” land-use/land cover types.

74

d Now click on the climate tab, and open the precipitation monthly time-series wizard.

Enter the monthly precipitation values, shown belowfNext, click the water quality tab. We can give the input in terms of either intensity or concentration of the water quality parameters. We will use concentration, setting a value of 12 mg/l, as shown below.

75

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmenteg

Now we will give water quality data for the river, but first we have to enable the water quality module within the riveras shown below.

h Now give the value of distance marker and river cross section. For distance marker, as the length of river investigated is 25.5 km, put “0” below river head flow and 25.5 km for the tail flow point.

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmenti

For the river cross section, click flow stage width as shown below, and give all the input data shown below.

j

Now give values for WWTP as a mitigation measures. We gave value for its treatment capacity, removal rate for different contaminants (e.g. BOD as shown below), which we have analyzed in this study as shown in below figure.

76

Step 11. Generate different scenarios
Now once the reference scenario is done, we can start building scenarios to include drivers and pressures which havepotential to impact water quality in the future. For our simulation case of Santa Rosa, we have built scenarios including population growth, climate change, mitigation measures i.e. installing wastewater treating infrastructure.

aTo build new scenario, click manage scenario, a new window will pop up, where we need to put the name of scenario.
Then the message will be asked that this scenario is based on. Select reference as shown in the image below:aOnce new scenario is built, then we need to change the concerning parameter in the new scenario, while keeping
other parameters same as reference. For example, for a scenario considering population growth, annual activity or
population value will be increased from the reference year to the target year as shown in figure below.

bCreate a new scenario called popgrowth (2014-2030). Enter the following population values for the years 2014-2030 (inthe Annual Activity Level tab):D1
St Rosa

2013

2966192014

31029320153245982016338328201735263920183675562019

3831042020

3993092021

4158802022

4331392023

4511152024

4698362025

4893342026

5090052027

529467change, land-use change, and new WWTPs. If you’d like to run these differ-

2028

550752ent scenarios, please see the “WEAP input data readme.doc” file inside the2029

5728922030

595922

WEAP_training_St_Rosa folder for the values to input.

77

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

Similarly, when can build scenarios to incorporate the impacts of climateYearStep 12. Run the model (Calibration, validation, simulation)aOnce done with data input and saving the model, press result button. There will a pop-out message which will appear is “Results are out of date. Do you want to recalculate now?” as shown below. Press yes.
After running the model, we might encounter messages like the following:
Demand site return flow fractions must sum to 100 percent. In this the sum
is 200 percent. It means I have missed allocating the wastewater going to
WWTP for the treatment and remainder coming back to the river as discharge.

Click Ok and rectify the issue in the window that will pop out thereafter.

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessmentb

Click from StRosa from dropdown of return flows on the left side of schematic diagram.

c

Now again press result for model simulation, and new window will pop-up showing result for water demand as
shown below.

78d Now select the desired parameters from the dropdown menu to see the simulated result like water quality as shown
below.

e

We can change the chart type like bar, line, stack etc. based on our interest just by clicking and selecting it from sidef

We can also export this simulated result data as an Excel sheet by right clicking on the windows and exporting theseg

We can also change the type of graph we wanted to display like no comparison, relative to population growth, landmenu.

data sets in to the desired folders. Later you can edit these output to draw different graphs as per your convenience.

use land cover, climate change, and different mitigation measures as shown in the drop down menu shown below.

79

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

Example: relative to climate change means reference scenario result in compare to climate change scenario

h We can also display the graphs in different ways by selecting the option as shown below. Here result is shown interms of data along with map.

i

The excel file will look this the screen shot shown below.

jOnce satisfied with schematic diagram development for problem domain and giving all necessary input data required for simulation, calibration followed by validation need to be done to estimate the credibility of the model performance.

SummaryObservedof parameters used and steps for calibration in this study.

(a)Initial value

Steps

Final calibrated
value for St Rosa

Effective precipitation

100%± 0.5%

93%

Runoff/inﬁltration ratio

50%

± 5/5

55/45

100000cipitation and runoff/infiltration ratio)

10000

and the result is shown in the Table be-E.coli (CFU/100ml)

10000000
1000000

10(a)Observed
Simulated

100000Once statistically satisfied with the model calibration,
the next step is validation.
For validation, we can compare the
10000
1
1000
observed to simulated values of the water quality
parameter(s) frombase year toSt_Rosa_DS
current
year.
St_Rosa_US
St_Rosa_MS

Location

100

10Here, the result of the validation in our study is shown in figure below. It is found thatobserved value for both param-

60

eters are significantly related.

BOD (mg/L)

50

10000000

Parameters

Unit

Fishable(Class C)

Bathable(Class B)

BOD

mg/L

4

3

E.Coli. (*Fecal
Coliform)

MPN/1
00ml

5000

500

(b)

40 (a)

1000000

Observed

St_Rosa_US
60

Observed
Simulated

30

10000

20

Parameters

Unit

10

BOD

mg/L

4

3

E.Coli. (*Fecal
Coliform)

MPN/1
00ml

5000

500

1000

100
10

0

1

Simulated

100000Fishable(Class C)

Bathable(Class B)

1

St_Rosa_US

St_Rosa_MS

St_Rosa_DS

St_Rosa_US
St_Rosa_MS
Location

Location

60

50

(b)

Parameters

Unit

Fishable(Class C)

Bathable(Class B)

BOD

mg/L

4

3

E.Coli. (*Fecal
Coliform)

MPN/1
00ml

5000

500

40
30
20

80

10
0

St_Rosa_US

St_Rosa_MS

St_Rosa_DS

St_Rosa_MS

Observed

Location

St_Rosa_DS

Simulated

40
30
20
10
0

St_Rosa_US

St_Rosa_DS

Summary of validation
for(b)
two water
parameters i.e. BOD and E.coli
Observed quality
Simulated
50
BOD (mg/L)

l100

E.coli (CFU/100ml)

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

low.

1000

Simulated

Parameters

used for two parameters (effective pre-BOD (mg/L)kE.coli (CFU/100ml)

10000000

For calibration, following steps were1000000

St_Rosa_MS

Location

St_Rosa_DSm Finally, after validating the model, we can analyze the results of the model simulations. Simulation results for two
water quality parameters i.e. BOD and E.coli are shown in the two figures below. These figures were produced by ed-iting the exported data from the model using Microsoft Excel. Please create similar charts using Microsoft Excel or
your choice of spreadsheet software. As you have only considered the population growth scenario in this tutorial,
your outputs will be a bit different from those shown below.

Simulated Water quality (considering Population growth, Climate change and LULC change)
100
90

2015
2030_pi_cc45
2030_pi_cc45_lc

80

BOD (mg/L)

70

2030_pi
2030_pi_cc85
2030_pi_cc85_lc

Upstream
St Rosa US
St Rosa MS
St Rosa DS
Downstream

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

St_Rosa_US

100000000

Ecoli(CFU/100ml)

100000002015
2030_pi_cc85

St_Rosa_MS

Loca�on
2030_pi
2030_pi_cc45_lc

St_Rosa_DS

2030_pi_cc45
2030_pi_cc85_lc

1000000
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1

St_Rosa_US

St_Rosa_MS

St_Rosa_DS

Congratulations, you’ve learned how to perform water quality simulation using WEAP!

References
Sieber, J., Purkey, D. (2011). Water Evaluation and Planning System. User guide for WEAP21; Stockholm Environment Institute, U.S.
Center: Somerville, MA, USA; Available online: http://www.weap21.org/.

81

Chapter 5: Water quality impact assessment

Loca�onHere, 2015- current condi�on, 2030_pi – Scenario withpopula�on growth only, 2030_pi_cc45 – Scenario withpopula�on growth and climate change (moderate RCP
4.5), 2030_pi_cc85 – Scenario with popula�on growthand climate change (extreme RCP 8.5),
2030_pi_cc45_lc – Scenario with popula�on growth,
climate change (moderate RCP 4.5) and land use/landcover change, 2030_pi_cc45_lc – Scenario withpopula�on growth, climate change (extreme RCP 8.5)
and land use/land cover change

Chapter 6: Habitat Quality Impact Assessment Using InVEST
SoftwareOverview of this chapter
Land-use changes can affect biodiversity positively (e.g. restoration of a degraded
forest), negatively (e.g. conversion of a natural area to built-up land), or in mixed
Rajarshi Dasgupta

ways. The spatial pattern of the land-use changes is also impactful. For example, if

Brian A. Johnson

a large forest patch becomes very fragmented, there may not be enough food, water,and other resources in the smaller forest patches for the remaining plants and animals to survive. In other words, these species lose their home, which is scientifically referred to as “habitat”. This chapter will show you how to create your own mapsof the current and future habitat quality, i.e. the ability of the landscape to sustain
biodiversity, using free Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and ecosystem services modeling (InVEST) tools. These maps can help you to conserve the valuablebiodiversity within your watershed.

After completing the chapter, you will beable to:
Perform basic data collection and pre-process the data
Estimate and map habitat quality using the InVEST ecosystem service model82

Main concepts
What is Habitat Quality?
Habitat quality refers to the ability of the ecosystem toother words, InVEST’s habitat quality model provides anprovide conditions appropriate for a species to survive

indirect assessment of the impacts of land use changes(based on the amount of resources available for survival,

on biodiversity, i.e. how land-use decisions will contribute

reproduction, and population persistence) (Hall et al 1997).

to the degradation/restoration of biodiversity. Within the

Simply put, high habitat quality supports the propagation

InVEST model, habitat quality is determined principallyof native biodiversity. In this module, we will learn how to

by four factors: the relative impact of each threat to biodi-

conduct habitat quality modeling using the InVEST mod-versity, the relative sensitivity of each habitat type to each

el. The InVEST model utilizes habitat quality as a proxythreat, the distance between habitats and the sources offor a more detailed biodiversity assessment, which gener-

different threats, and the degree to which the land is le-ally requires more time and cost to conduct (e.g. due to thegally protected from these threats.

need for intensive field data collection and sampling). In

What is InVEST model?
sive, and therefore applicable even in data-deficit regions.

el. InVEST stands for integrated valuation of ecosystem

The spatial resolution of this model is also very flexible,

services and tradeoffs. This is a suite of spatially-explicit

allowing users to operate at any scale, ranging from local,

ecosystem services modeling tools developed by theregional, to even global. This gives it an advantage overfamous Natural Capital Project of Stanford University.

conventional ecosystem service modelling tools, which

InVEST is a set of 26 biophysical models (many others areare generally bounded by scales and require a lot of pri-under development), which can be run independently, ormary data generation. However, as there is no functional-

as script tools in the ArcGIS/ ArcTool Box environment.

ity in InVEST for manipulating or viewing the map inputs/

All of these models are spatially explicit, and thus, use

outputs, we need to use other GIS software like QGIS ormaps as input and generate maps as output. It feeds on

ArcGIS to prepare the map inputs and view the modelling

spatial information, while the scope of non-spatial infor-

results. Therefore, to operate In-

mation that can be incorporated is more restricted. All

VEST, a basic understanding ofof the calculations in InVEST are done at the pixel scale

GIS software is necessary. Please(e.g. a 30 meter x 30 meter grid cell for many commonlyrefer to Chapter 2 for informa-used land-use maps). Yet, there are several advantages oftion on how to use QGIS for datausing InVEST models. Firstly, they are seldom data inten-

preparation and viewing.

Where do you find InVEST download links?
The current version of InVEST is 3.7. This can be downloaded from the following link. However, it is recommended to workon previous version (e.g. 3.6), as the current version may be still under development and may lack some functions.
Model download page: https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/invest
User Manual: http://releases.naturalcapitalproject.org/invest-userguide/latest/

Brief Overview of InVEST Habitat Quality Model
The InVEST Habitat Quality Model is one of the core mod-a function of four factors: (a) the relative impact of each

els under the InVEST Suite, which aim to determine con-threat to biodiversity, (b) the relative sensitivity of eachservation of biodiversity using landscape patterns andhabitat type to each threat, (c) the distance between habi-

fragmentations, using land-use and biodiversity threattats and sources of threats, and the (d) degree to which themaps as proxies. As mentioned, InVEST HQ models habi-

land is legally protected from these threats. The modeltat quality and rarity as proxies for biodiversity, ultimately

operates on two basic assumptions: that the legal protec-

estimating the extent of habitat and vegetation types

tion of land is always effective (which may or may not be

across a landscape, and their state of degradation. Within

the case, in reality) and that all threats to a landscape are

the InVEST environment, Habitat quality and rarity are

additive.
83

Chapter 6: Habitat Quality Impact Assessment Using InVEST Software

By this time, you must be curious about the InVEST mod-

How it works?
The InVEST Habitat Quality model combines informa-

useful in areas where species distribution data are poortion on land-use/land cover and threats to biodiversity toor lacking. Extensive species occurrence (presence/ab-

produce habitat quality maps. This approach generates

sence) data may be available in many places for current

two key sets of information that are useful in making an

conditions. However, modeling the change in occurrence,

initial assessment of conservation needs: the relative ex-persistence, or vulnerability of multiple species undertent and degradation of different types of habitat types infuture conditions is often impossible or infeasible. Whilea region, and changes across time. This approach furthera habitat approach leaves out the detailed species occur-

allows rapid assessment of the status of and change inrence data, several of its components represent advances

habitat as a proxy for more detailed measures of biodiver-in functionality over many existing biodiversity con-sity status. If habitat changes are taken as representative

servation planning tools; The most significant being theof genetic, species, or ecosystem changes, the user isability to characterize the sensitivity of habitat types toassuming that areas with high quality habitat will better

various threats. Not all habitats are affected by all threats

support all levels of biodiversity and that decreases inin the same way, and the InVEST model accounts for thishabitat extent and quality over time means a decline invariability. Further, the model allows users to estimate

biodiversity persistence, resilience, breadth and depth in

the relative impacts of each threat, so that threats thatthe area of decline.

are more damaging to biodiversity persistence can be
represented as such. For example, grassland could be par-Chapter 6: Habitat Quality Impact Assessment Using InVEST Software

The habitat rarity portion of the model indicates the ex-ticularly sensitive to threats generated by urban areas, yet

tent and pattern of natural land cover types on the current

moderately sensitive to threats generated by roads. In ad-

or a potential future landscape vis-a-vis the extent of thedition, the distance over which a threat is likely degrade

same natural land cover types in some baseline period.

natural systems can be incorporated into the model. Mod-

Rarity maps allow users to create a map of the rarest hab-el assessment of the current landscape can be used as anitats on the landscape relative to the baseline chosen by

input to a coarse-filter assessment of current conservation

the user to represent the mix of habitats on the landscapeneeds and opportunities. Model assessment of potentialthat is most appropriate for the study area’s native biodi-

LULC futures can be used to measure potential changes

versity.

in habitat extent, quality, and rarity on a landscape andconservation needs and opportunities in the future. For

The model requires basic spatial data that are available

more details regarding the model functions, please see

almost anywhere in the world, making it particularly

the InVEST use guide manual.

Tutorial
In the following tutorial, you will learn how to run theurban areas), land-use map(s) and the level of perceived

InVEST model using sample data prepared for the Santa

threat (in grid, or raster, map format). If you have experi-

Rosa watershed, Philippines. In practice, habitat quality

ence with GIS, preparing spatial data for InVEST is rela-modelling typically requires data preparation in a GIS en-

tively straightforward. Here, we will show how to run thevironment before inputting it to InVEST. For instance, to

InVEST Habitat Quality model, as well as how to prepare

run the InVEST model, we need to derive maps of various

and view the input/output data in QGIS.

threats to biodiversity (e.g. based on distance to roads oraOpen QGIS and start a new project (Click Project -> New).
Refer back to Chapter 2 if you are unsure how to access or open QGIS.

84

b

Add a map of streets.
First, we will add a streets map of the study area. Click the “Layer” menu and then the “Add vector layer” icon. Navigate to the folder “HQA_DATA\Data for pre-processing” and add the Roads_2014.shp file to the map.

c

Add a map of the land-use
Next, we will add the land-use/land-cover maps of the study area, including the year 2015 and 2025 (projected) landuse/land-cover maps. The process is similar to Step 2. Click the “Layer” menu and then the “Add raster layer” icon.
Navigate to the “HQA_data/ InVEST HQ Modeling/” folder and add the 2015_LU.tif and 2025_LU.tif files. You can recolthis).

d Add the “Processing” plug-in for QGIS.
Click on the “Plugins” menu and then click “Manage and install plugins”. Click in the box next to the Processing
plugin to add plugin to QGIS. Then click “Close”.

85

Chapter 6: Habitat Quality Impact Assessment Using InVEST Softwareor these land-use maps as desired for visualization purposes (refer back to Chapter 3 if you can’t remember how to doeGenerate a “threat map” by applying a 100 meter buffer to all streetsa. Click on the “Vector” menu, highlight “Geoprocessing Tools”, and then click “Buffer”. Make sure the “Roads_2014” isselected as the input layer, and set the Distance to 100 meters.
b. Save the output to the “Habitat Quality modeling/outputs” folder as a .shp file named “streets_buffered”. Finally,
click “Run”. This should create a new polygon shapefile, with polygons showing all areas within 100 meters of existing roads. For this tutorial, we assume that these areas within 100 meters of roads are likely to experience greater threat to biodiversity (e.g. due to noise, air pollution, and/or physical disturbances of the landscape).

fConvert vector shapefile to raster (.tif) file
Click on the “Raster” menu, highlight “Conversion”, and click “Rasterize (Vector to Raster)”. Set the input layer as thebuffered shapefile, set the “Fixed value to burn” to 1 (indicating all pixels within the buffer zone will have a value of 1
in the output raster image). Set the “Output rastersize units” to Georeferenced units (indicating meters, in this map), and set both the cell width andcell height to 30. For output extent, click … andthen “Use layer extent”, and select “Roads_2014”as layer the layer extent (click OK). Next, click on

Chapter 6: Habitat Quality Impact Assessment Using InVEST Software“Advanced parameters”, and set the Output data
type as “byte” (binary values). Finally, under “Rasterized”, click the … icon and “Save to file”, savethe file as streets_buffer.tif.
You have now successfully prepared this threat map for input to InVEST to perform habitat quality modeling. Ina real setting, the next step would be to repeat this process for the land-use map, by generating additional buffers
around land-use types that pose threats to biodiversity (e.g. built-up areas). The procedure is the same. Inside theHabitat Quality modeling folder, you can find shape files for agriculture and urban areas for 2015. You can repeat thesame procedure as mentioned above. All output files should be saved in the threat folder. Here, we will skip this forthe sake of brevity, and move on to the procedures for using these input datasets in InVEST.

g

Open INVEST Habitat Quality Model
From the Windows “Start” menu, scroll down andclick “InVEST 3.6” (or whichever version you have)and then “Habitat Quality”. The screen shown below will appear.

86

h Set the “Workspace”
The next step is define the workplace, i.e. the folder containing all of the raster map input files. Please note all of the
new files you generate using InVEST will also be saved here. To save time, we have prepared all of the necessary datain the “HQA_data/ InVEST HQ Modeling” folder, so please set it as the workspace.

i

From the InVEST HQ Modeling folder, select the Current Land Cover map (2015LU.tif) and Future Land Cover map (2025LU.tif).
Optionally, if you have a base map (such as an old map), you can use it as reference by setting it as the Baseline Land
Cover. Otherwise, please leave it blank. Remember, all of the land-use maps need to be of same spatial resolution andshould have the same categories of land use classes.

jSelect the folder containing all of the threat maps (“Threat rasters”).
InVEST will automatically find each one in the threat maps in the user-specified Folder, based on names in the
Threats data table. Please set this folder as the “HQA_data/ InVEST HQ Modeling/Threat Rasters” folder. As mentioned earlier, threat rasters are maps with values ranging from 0 to 1, with values of 0 meaning that a particular
pixel has no influence on habitat quality (i.e. pixels farther than 100 meters from a street, given the threat map generated in Steps 5-6), whereas values of 1 means the pixel has a high threat (i.e. pixels within 100 meters of a street,given the map generated in Steps 5-6). Logically speaking, if we construct a road, the threat value should graduallyfade as we go further from it. Here, we have included three threat rasters: one based on the distance to roads (within
100 meters = high threat), another based on distance to built-up or urban areas (within 200 meters = high threat), andanother based on distance to agricultural areas (within 200 meters = high threat).

Land-use shapefile with built-up areas extracted (left), 200-meter buffer around built-up areas (middle), and final
threat raster map (right)

Land-use shapefile with agricultural areas extracted (left), 200 meter buffer around built-up areas (middle), and final
threat raster map (right)
87

Chapter 6: Habitat Quality Impact Assessment Using InVEST Software

Streets shapefile (left), 100 meter buffer around streets (middle), and final threat raster map (right)

k Set distance decay functions and weights for each threat
In the threat data column, you need to put a .csv file (threat.csv) with decay functions and weights of threat classes.
Please navigate to the HQA_data/ InVEST HQ Modeling folder and select Threats.csv for this parameter. Decay functions can be exponential or linear. You can use a
consultative process of experts to determine themaximum distance where the impact of roads,
urban area and agriculture area are applicable. For
instance, urban areas have more impact (weight)
on habitat degradation compared to roads. Thereafter, you can use decay functions either exponential or linear, as deemed suitable. This means thatthe influence fades out linearly or exponentially.

l

In the sensitivity column, please add the sensitivity.csv file.
Please note that in practice, these Excel files need to be prepared using literature survey and/or consultative workshops. For instance, you can use Simpson and Sharon diversity indices as proxies to create the sensitivity values
for each land use classes. For this, you can use any recent biodiversity survey reports or conduct the survey as yourown. In the sensitivity file, we need to identify the
habitat class (whether the specific LU class is ahabitat or not, identified by 1 and 0), then, provide
relative influence (in a scale of 0 to 1, where 1 ishighest inference) of each land use class on theothers. For example, forest (which is a habitat in

Chapter 6: Habitat Quality Impact Assessment Using InVEST Software

this case), is heavily influenced by urbanizationand moderately influenced by agriculture. You canput relative scoring based on expert judgment or
your own demarcation criteria. The excel file, as
shown below, needs to be saved as .csv file. Also,
as shown below, please see the naming requirements.

Set the “Half-constant” parameter to 0.5.

m Click “Run”!
You will see the following window if all your model parameters are readable by the computer. If not, an error message with suggested changes will appear.

After couple of iterations, your model finally completes. The
following window will appear if it is completed successfully.

88

n Open the output maps using QGISNavigate to the specified workspace folder. You will see an output folder within your working folder. You will find aseries of processed maps inside it. There are two types of maps, which will give you the desired information on (1)current and future habitat quality (quality_c.tif and quality_f.tif) (2) current and future degradation potential (deg_sum_c.tif and deg_sum_f.tif). You can display these file in QGIS by clicking on the “Layer” menu, highlighting “AddLayer” and clicking on “Add Raster layer”.
The Habitat Quality map shows the relative level of habitat degradation based on the current and future landscape(i.e. the land-use that exists, the spatial pattern of the land-use, and the threats present). Higher values indicate better habitat quality as well as the distribution of habitat quality across the rest of the landscape. This quality score isunitless and does not refer to any particular biodiversity measure. For degradation potential, a high score in a gridcell means habitat degradation in the cell is high relative to other cells. These cells are susceptible to the loss of
biodiversity. You can use different colors and examine the output closely. This is your final modelling product andallows you to compare the habitat quality for both the current and future. Here, we show these final outputs for thecurrent (2015) land-use below.

89

Chapter 6: Habitat Quality Impact Assessment Using InVEST Software

Congratulations, you’ve learned the basics of habitat quality mapping using InVEST software!

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures
to reduce land-use and climatechange risks

Overview of this chapter
As discussed in the previous chapters, land-use changes can exacerbate the impacts of climate change, e.g. by causing increased soil erosion and more rapid rainDamasa B. Magcale-Macandog

fall run-off when vegetated areas are converted to impervious/built-up urban areas.

Masayuki Kawai

The participatory watershed land-use management (PWLM) approach presented in

Paula Beatrice M. Macandog

this guidebook provides a framework to assess these impacts, and aids in designing

Isao Endo

appropriate climate change adaptation measures with local governments and other

Brian A. Johnson

relevant stakeholders. Previous chapters have focused on the scenario development
and impact assessment steps of PWLM. The focus of this chapter is to provide some
guidance for adaptation measure development and implementation, utilizing theresults of the different impact assessments. It is based mainly on lessons learned
from our case study in the Santa Rosa watershed in the Philippines.

In this chapter, you will learn:
How to identify countermeasures through a participatory process;
About potential technologies and funding sources for climate change adaptation;
About mechanisms for enhancing collaboration between local governments for better
watershed-level planning, e.g. through the establishment of watershed management
councils and payment for ecosystem service (PES) schemes.

90Main concepts
Science-based climate actions can be aided by the use avelopment, and Impact Assessment) represent the (mostly)

framework that involves several key elements including:technical aspects of this framework, while the third andidentifying potential future climate change scenarios;

fourth steps (Countermeasure Development, and Climate

assessing the impacts of the predicted changes; devel-

Resilient Land-use Planning and Implementation) repre-

oping, appraising, and prioritizing management options

sent the policy aspects. In this chapter, we demonstrate(e.g., policies, measures); mainstreaming the options into

how these third and fourth steps of the PWLM approachdevelopment planning; implementing the options; andcan be implemented through a case study of the Santa

monitoring and evaluating the progress and results of the

Rosa Watershed of the Philippines. This case study is pre-implementation (Endo et al., 2017). The PWLM approachsented here because the local governments made several

presented in this guidebook incorporates these elements

remarkable achievements, including:in its four steps. The first two steps of PWLM (Scenario De-

Incorporating these measures in their land-use plans;
Developing a watershed management council to better manage land-use and climatechange impacts at the watershed scale; andCompleting training courses on the use of several impact assessment models/software.

Countermeasures to reduce land-use change and climate

use planning and management at the watershed scale (e.g.

change impacts are, by their nature, site specific, so theto reduce land-use change/climate change impacts on allmeasures presented here should be taken as some goodcommunities in the watershed), and capacity building toexamples rather than “best practices”. What is importantenable government staff to make better decisions related

is that the countermeasures identified contribute to: en-to climate change/land-use change, among other things.

hanced collaboration between municipalities, better land-

Case Study of Santa Rosa Watershed
Introduction
The Santa Rosa watershed is a watershed at risk of im-

for various economic sectors, serving diverse functions

mense degradation; In the past two decades it has under-

for the fishery sector, providing irrigation water for agri-

gone massive land-use changes brought about by rapid

cultural sector, serving as transport route for lakeshore

urbanization and industrialization (Lasco & Espaldon,

dwellers and some other products, generating energy for

2005; Magcale-Macandog et al., 2011), and further land-usehydroelectric power and other industrial uses. But thechanges are expected in the near future. The watershed

rapid growth in commerce and population is a potentialconsists of four local government units: Silang (upstream),threat to water resources due to loss of recharge areas

and Santa Rosa City, Biñan, and Cabuyao (downstream).

and wetlands (WWF, 2009), reducing natural capacity ofThese municipalities have experienced a boom in indus-

the subwatershed to retain water and hold rainfall during

trial zones, commercial establishments, and high-to-me-

rainy days. It has already resulted in widespread flooding

dium end residential developments because of their

due to excessive runoff from upland areas or from risingproximity and good transport links to Metro Manila andlake levels, which were triggered by Typhoon Ondoy inSouthern Luzon. The watershed plays an important role2009 (Tongson, 2012). Other environmental problems fromin the entire region of Calabarzon, one of the most popu-

unsustainable growth in Santa Rosa include water scar-

lated regions in the Philippines, because it drains into thecity in urban areas and water pollution in the lake. Ulti-

Laguna de Bay Lake. The lake is important source of water

mately, flooding, water scarcity and pollution affect theand livelihood for the communities. It is also importanthouseholds and livelihoods of the communities.
91

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduce land-use and climate change risks

Identifying land-use change/climate change countermeasures at a watershed scale;Participatory countermeasure identification
In the Santa Rosa watershed, countermeasures to reduce

sentative from each LGU then presented and explained

future land-use change/climate change impacts were

the identified countermeasures to the whole group (Figure

identified through consultation meetings with local

7.1.). In this way, the countermeasures could be sharedofficials from the City/Municipal Planning Office, City/

among all LGUs in the watershed. Finally, there was a

Municipal Environmental Office and City/Municipal

question and answer/discussion section to identify andEngineering Office of the local government units (LGUs)

summarize the priority/common countermeasures at thelocated within the watershed. The participants from eachwatershed scale.

LGU were grouped together in one table. The results ofthe scenario and impact assessments (covered in Chapters 4-6) were presented in the form of maps and charts.

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduce land-use and climate change risks

The scenarios shown were the current land-use (derived
from recent satellite images) and the future land use (forthe period ~2025-2030) based on a participatory mapping
done in Step 1 of the PWLM approach (Chapter 2).
Using this information, the LGU officials were asked to
discuss among themselves to identify the actions thatcan be taken to address these land-use change/climatechange impacts in their locality. The countermeasures
could be tailored based on their local physiographic conditions, population distribution, needs, future development plans and availability of resources. They were asked
to write their identified countermeasures on notecards,

Figure 7.1. Consultation meeting with LGU officials and iden-

and when completed, all of the notecards were collectedtification of countermeasures to reduce the negative impactsof land-use change/climate change.

and displayed at the front of the meeting room. A repre-

Priority countermeasures
Having considered the impact of future development andFirstly, improving zoning ordinances aimed to ease and/climate change in terms of flooding and water quality,

or evade flood risks by, for example, regulating develop-

the LGUs devised three categories of priority measures toment and relocating informal settlers in highly flood-

reduce the negative impact of these changes: Zoning en-prone areas. Runoff mitigation measures (including tree

hancement measures, river rehabilitation measures, andplanting, green roofs/green parking lots) were also sug-

capacity development measures (Table 7.1).

gested to be mandated when forest or agricultural landis converted for other purposes, so-as to reduce flood impacts and mitigate water quality degradation (e.g. due toincreased erosion or runoff of pollutants).

92

Table 7.1. Priority measures to reduce the negative impacts of land-use change/climate change on flooding and water quality.

MeasureZoning enhancement

Description
To avoid and alleviate climate
impact, and to sequester carbon
dioxideActionEnforce development controls andstrengthen building codes (e.g.
elevated ﬂooring) in areas highly
susceptible to ﬂooding
Construction of ﬂoodwalls.
Devise relocation plan for informal
settlers in ﬂood-prone areas.

River rehabilitation

All areas

When forest or agricultural land is converted tobuilt-up areas, mandate runoff mitigation
measures such as tree planting, green parking
design, water-permeable paving, and vegetatedroofs.
Take actions for the strict enforcement of zoning
ordinances.
Harmonize land-use among the local governments
to make the river basin more resilient toclimate-related disasters.
Regular river cleanup
Protection and improvement of environment
through replanting of endemic and indigenous
plant species

Upstream area

Proper zoning and land use planning

Midstream area

Rehabilitation of easement and riverbanks
Slope protection along riverbanks

Downstream area

Control encroachment of settlements in easement
areas
Dredging of sediments
Solid and liquid waste management
Planting of endemic and indigenous plant species
Improvement of drainage

Capacity development

To build and strengthen the abilityof local government to design andimplement climate actions

Needs assessments (NA) on CCA,
CCM , disaster preparedness andmanagement

Develop survey/assessment instrument todetermine the needs for training and publicawareness activities; Conduct the NA.

Development of campaign materials
and training modules for CCA, CCM ,disaster preparedness andmanagement

Develop campaign materials and training modules
for CCA, CCM, disaster preparedness andmanagement.

Conduct of trainings and events

Organize trainings and events to increaseawareness and preparedness.

In regards to river rehabilitation, a number of ecosys-

typhoons, resulting in frequent flooding in the city. Solid

tem-based and structural countermeasures were iden-

wastes dumped in the riverine channels tend to clog thetified as priority countermeasures. Foremost of thesenarrow drainage channels, which further exacerbates thecountermeasures was river rehabilitation through dredg-

risk of flooding. Thus, regular river and drainage clean-ing, river clean-up, and slope protection of river banks.

up was decided as necessary to allow the free flow of rain

The Santa Rosa river is the major drainage system inwater and run-off water to minimize occurrence of flood-

the watershed. Figure 7.2 shows that it contains manying in the city. River dredging was another countermea-

narrow streams and tributaries (<10 meters width) in thesure to increase the river depth in the downstream area

upstream areas that feed into the main river that culmi-

and thus increase the carrying capacity of the riverinenates at a dam (Macabling dam). Beyond the dam are nar-system. The riverbanks in the upstream and midstreamrow (Figure 7.2) and shallow (Figure 7.3) irrigation canals

areas of the river system are prone to riverbank erosion,and drainage canal systems that supply irrigation waterparticularly during the typhoon season (Figure 7.4). Thus

to rice fields in the downstream area since the Spanish

slope protection of river banks through reforestation ofcolonial era. These canal systems are not designed for

upstream areas and riparian areas will minimize the risk

urban drainage, and easily overflow during heavy rains/of river bank erosion.
93

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduce land-use and climate change risks

To increase water retaining
capacity and reduce erosion (e.g.,reforestation, river cleanup,
dredging, and riverbank
reinforcement)

Land-use / land-coverFigure 7.2. Santa Rosa river width. (Source: Zafaralla et al.,Figure 7.3. Silang-Sta. Rosa river depth. (Source: Zafaralla et2012)

al., 2012)

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduce land-use and climate change risks

Figure 7.4. (a) Depth of flooding and debris, and (b) eroded river banks of Sta. Rosa-Silang River. (Source: Zafaralla et al., 2012)

Lastly, the LGUs proposed that training activities should be implemented to strengthen the capacity of local government
staff. This includes the assessment of training needs and the development of training materials. Along these lines, a series of training workshops were organized in 2019-2020 (photos shown in Figure 7.5.) to build the capacities of the LGU
staff to conduct their own land-use change and climate change impact assessments using the free models/software presented in Chapters 3-65 of this guidebook (QGIS, WEAP, InVEST). Participants who completed these trainings were given
certificates, and technical support was provided to help the LGU staff utilize these tools for their planning processes.

Figure 7.5. Training workshop for LGU staff on impact assessment models/software(right) and water quality analysis methods/tools (right).

94

Proposed projects for implementing the identified measures
As part of the identification of countemeasures, immedi-

agricultural land is converted. Watercourse management

ate actions were also proposed according to the needs ofprojects in the downstream basin were also recommend-each local government (Table 7.2). To avoid and alleviate

ed to maintain and improve watershed protection func-

flood risks, it was suggested that the building codes intion (i.e., flood alleviation, water retention ability) of eco-high-risk areas in the downstream area (Santa Rosa City)

system. Additionally, the activities for operationalizing an

be strengthened and that Land Developer’s guidelines

integrated watershed management council (IWMC), called

be prepared in the upstream municipality (Silang) to im-

the Santa Rosa Watershed Management Council, wereplement runoff mitigation measures where forest and/or

proposed.

Project
Operationalize
Integrated Watershed
Management Council(IWMC)

Objective
Operationalize
IWMC

ActivityCouncil meetings
Rules of procedure

Expected output

Proponent

Rules of procedure/ institutionalarrangement established

Laguna Lake Development
Authority

Initial activities designed/
initiated

Action plan
Joint activities
Monitoring / supervision

Watercourse
management

Enhancewatershedprotection
function

Riverbank reinforcement
Dredging

Water retention ability of river
system maintained/ improved

Biñan,
Cabuyao,
Santa Rosa LGUs

Local building codes devised
and implemented

Santa Rosa LGU

Developers guidelines devised
and implemented

Silang, in cooperation with
Santa Rosa LGU

River cleaning
Afforestation & reforestation

Local building codes

Strengthenbuilding codes inhigh-risk areas toprotect people andassetsDraft local ordinances tomandate runoff mitigation
measures
Administer legislative actions
to request for approval
Monitor/ supervise complianceLand developers
guidelines

Promotesustainable landdevelopment andconversion

Draft administrative guidelines
for the private sector to
implement runoff mitigation
measures
Organize IEC to familiarize
stakeholders of proposed
guidelines
Monitor/ supervise compliance

95

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduce land-use and climate change risks

Table 7.2: List of proposed projects.

Identifying funding opportunities for proposed projects
The next step after identifying these actions/projects is toApproval Process) project, “Multi-Hazard Impact-Basedlook for potential funding agencies to support and finance

Forecasting and Early Warning System for the Philip-

these projects. Two possible external funding sourcespines” has been approved by GCF secretariat in Novem-

were identified for this financing: one national fund called

ber 2019 in Philippines. The project will strengthen thethe People Survival Fund (PSF), and one international

Philippines’ ability to adjust to climate impacts, and im-

fund called the Green Climate Fund (GCF). The PSF is spe-

plement long-term climate risk reduction and adaptation

cial fund in the Philippine National Treasury that financ-measures. It will build on best practice in multi-hazard

es climate change adaptation programs and projects. GCF,

early warning systems and link with forecast-based ac-on the other hand, is a dedicated fund set up by the United

tion to maximize impacts on the ground. This includes

Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2010

climate-resilient development planning and investment

to help developing countries reduce their GHG emissions(GCF website: https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/and enhance their ability to respond to climate change.

sap010). Further information on GCF proposal development and the process can be obtained from GCF official

A series of planning workshops with the LGU officials

website (https://www.greenclimate.fund/)

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduce land-use and climate change risksof the Sta. Rosa-Silang subwatershed was conducted tobrainstorm and plan for the development of a proposal

Aside from external funds for projects, green bonds arefor PSF. The outline of the People’s Survival Fund (PSF)

another important future opportunity of fund raising

proposal was designed in one of the planning workshops.

from private sector and local government. Green Bonds

The projects that were included in the PSF proposal wereare defined as “Bonds issued in order to raise finance forthe identified action projects presented in Table 7.2. A

climate change solutions and labelled as green by theTechnical Working Group was established to discuss theissuer. They can be issued by governments, banks, mu-

PSF proposal. Parallel to these planning workshops withnicipalities or corporations and can be applied to any debt

LGUs is the conduct of consultation meetings with the La-format” (Climate Bond Initiative 2018). Green Bonds haveguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) and the Climate

been rapidly spreading in the world. The amount of global

Change Commission. The objectives of the meetings with

Green Bond issuance was USD3.1 billion in 2012; however,

LLDA were to present and discuss the framework of thein 2018, issuance grew to USD167.3 billion (Ministry of

proposal for PSF as well as to seek support and involve-

the Environment based on data on the CBI website). The

ment of LLDA in the project implementation. One of the

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Philippines

major concerns in the packaging of the proposal is thehas approved on 16 August 2018, the “Guidelines on thesubmission of the proposal by multiple LGUs and LLDA.

Issuance of Green Bonds under the ASEAN Green Bonds

At one point, the idea of LLDA as the lead implementingStandards.” These Guidelines set out to adopt the ASEAN

agency of the project was explored. The development ofGreen Bond Standards and provide for the rules and pro-the PSF proposal underwent several drafts and improve-cedures for the issuance of ASEAN Green Bonds in thement by the researchers (IGES-UPLB team), LGUs andPhilippines. The eligible Green Project categories includes

LLDA. Consultation meetings were also done with the

but are not limited to 1) Renewable energy, 2) Energy effi-

Climate Change Commission to gather more information

ciency, 3) Pollution prevention and control 4) Environmen-

about the funding scheme, requirements for the proposal

tally sustainable management of living natural resources

submission and to explore the possibility of submitting

and land use , 5) Terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity con-a proposal by multiple cities. A draft of the PSF proposal

servation, 6) Clean transportation 7) Sustainable water

was shared with CCC for initial comments.

and wastewater management, 8) Climate change adaptation, 9) Eco-efficient and/or circular economy adapted

Development of GCF project proposal based on this proj-

products, 10) production technologies and processes andect is under consideration and still early stage. CCC is the11) Green buildings. These categories all can involve/cover

National Designated Authority to endorse all proposals

the adaptation options identified in this Chapter. Further

for GCF. CCC looks at the quality of the proposal before

information on the trend of Green Bond can be obtained

endorsing to GCF. Land Bank is the national accredited

from following websites:

entity implementing GCF projects. One SAP (Simplified
International Capital Market Association:

https://www.icmagroup.org/green-social-and-sustainability-bonds/green-bond-principles-gbp/
Climate Bonds Initiative: https://www.climatebonds.net/
The Green Bond Issuance Promotion Platform: http://greenbondplatform.env.go.jp/en/
96Potential adaptation technologies
Since this project was supported by the Ministry of the

In addition, Santa Rosa city previously developed “LandEnvironment of Japan, it is possible to introduce adap-

Developers Guidebook for the Santa Rosa Watershed” intation technology developed in Japan, another country

2011 with support from WWF. It introduces several best

facing climate related disasters in recent years. The

storm water management practices (1. Reducing impervi-

Japanese government publishes technologies owned byous surfaces, 2. Low impact development, 3. Water deten-

private companies on the Climate Change Adaptation

tion ponds, 4. Grass filter strips, 5. Grassed swales, level

Platform (A-PLAT: https://adaptation-platform.nies.go.jp/

spreader, 7. Rock-line channel, 8. Check dams, 9. Sedimenten/lets/adaptationbiz.html).

basin, and 10. Sediment trap). Effective use of the results
and outputs of such past projects is also important.

(right) and water quality analysis methods/tools (right).

Enhancing collaboration between local governments for watershed-level planning
An Integrated Watershed Management Council for thegovernment agency to provide oversight/coordination)

Santa Rosa watershed was formalized by the signing of aand the four LGUs, as well as water utility companies,

Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) among the mayors ofriver councils, NGOs, and private companies (including

the four LGUs in the watershed and the General Manager

Asia Brewery and Malayan University). Since 2017, withof the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) (Figure

the election of the IWMC officers led by LLDA, the council

7.7). This became the very first watershed management

is conducting quarterly meetings to create and implement

council established in the entire Laguna Lake basin, andthe integrated watershed management plan. The continu-

aims to harmonize land-use and make collective efforts

ing success of the IWMC lies in the continued commit-

to address weather-related disasters at the watershed

ment and active participation of its members.

level. The council members include the LLDA (national

Figure 7.5. Training workshop for LGU staff on impact assessment models/software(right) and water quality analysis methods/tools (right).
97

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduce land-use and climate change risks

Figure 7.5. Training workshop for LGU staff on impact assessment models/softwareIncorporating countermeasures into land-use plans
The local governments in the Santa Rosa watershed are(i.e. provincial assembly), the CLUPs serve as the basis

in the process of revising their Comprehensive Land-for formulating the local Comprehensive Development

use Plans (CLUPs), following not only the Republic Act

Plan (CDP) and Local Development Investment Programs

No. 9729 stipulating that climate change shall be main-(LDIP) (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, 2013). It is

streamed into government policy formulations (Congressessential that the scientific information provided throughof the Philippines, 2009), but also the national guidelines

these types of impact assessments be incorporated into

requiring that local climate change actions shall be main-these local plans. Notably, the City of Santa Rosa revised

streamed into CLUPs (Housing and Land Use Regulatory

their CLUP based on the climate change countermeasures

Board, 2013). Upon the approval by the Housing and Landand flood hazard maps produced using the PWLM ap-

Use Regulatory Board and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan

proach (Figure 7.8.) (City of Santa Rosa, 2016).

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduce land-use and climate change risks

Fig. 7.8. Revised CLUP of Sta Rosa City (2018-2026) and the incorporation of the
PWLM outputs for countermeasures to climate change.

Potential for payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes at the watershed scale
Finally, payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemesthat PES is difficult to implement for many technical andwere mentioned to be of interest by the LGUs in the Santa

non-technical (political and legal) reasons, as well as due

Rosa watershed. The downstream LGU (Santa Rosa City)

to lack of experience among the LGUs in regards to PES.

was particularly interested in providing payments to the

To support these PES efforts, a series of concept notes on

upstream LGU (Silang) to conserve the natural habitats“Economic analysis in the Santa Rosa watershed: Scoping

around the river so-as to mitigate flooding and maintain/

the possibility for a payments for ecosystem services (PES)

improve the river water quality. However, they expressed

scheme” was written with the following parts:

1. Understanding the Theoretical Framework of a Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) Scheme
2. Considerations in designing PES schemes: Targeting Ecosystem Service Buyers and Sellers
3. Considerations in designing PES schemes: Establishing Ecological Linkages and Valuing Ecosystem Services
4. Considerations in designing PES schemes: Land Management Options for PES Schemes
5. Considerations in designing PES schemes: Determining the Price of Ecosystem Services and Funding for PES
6. Considerations in designing PES schemes: Establishing Payment Mechanisms
7. Overview of PES Cases in the Philippines
Please see Appendices for these write-ups.

98Conclusion
In this final chapter of the PWLM Guidebook, we have presented a case study to demonstrate how countermeasures, identified through the PWLM approach, can be identified and then implemented to increase the resilience of coastal communities in climate hazard-prone regions. We sincerely hope that this guidebook, including the various tutorials included init, can help you to identify the future impacts of climate change and land use change in your own locality, and to develop
policies and projects to reduce these future risks.

Afroz, T. and Baser, M.M. (2014). Adaptation to climate change in the international climate change regime: Challenges and responses. In E. Albrecht, M. Schmidt, M. Miβler-Behr, and S.P.N. Spyra (Eds.), Implementing adaptation strategies by legal, economic and planning instruments on climate change (pp. 1-11). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Borromeo, K. (2015). Major announcements to drive transformative climate action unveiled ahead of 215 Paris Climate Conference. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from http://c40-production_images.s3.amazonaws.com/other_uploads/images/229_ICLEI_World_Congress_Seoul_Press_Release.original.pdf?1428627838
Brisboek, G.R., Swart, R.J., and van der Knapp, W.G.M. (2009). The mitigation-adaptation dichotomy and the role of spatial planning. Habitat International, 33, 230-237.
City of Sta. Rosa (2016). Local climate change action plan 2016-20125. Sta. Rosa, Philippines: City of Sta. Rosa.
Climate Bond Initiative (2018) BONDS AND CLIMATE CHANGE THE STATE OF THE MARKET 2018
Congress of the Philippines (2009). Republic Act No. 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009. Manila, Philippines: Congress of thePhilippines.
Davoudi, S., Crawford, J., and Mehmood, A. (2010). Climate change and spatial planning response. In S. Davoudi, J. Crawford and
A. Mehmood (Eds.). Planning for climate change: strategies for mitigation and adaptation for spatial planners. London, UK andWashington DC, USA: Earthsan.
Endo, I., Magcale-Macandog, D.B., Kojima, S., Johnson, B.A., Bragais, M.A., Macandog, P.B.M., and Scheyvens, H. (2017). Participatory land-use approach for integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation into basin-scale local planning. Sustainable
Cities and Society 35: 47-56.
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (2013). CLUP guidebook: A guide to comprehensive land use preparation. Vol. 1, Quezon
City, Philippines: Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board.
Johnson, B.A., Endo, I., Magcale-Macandog, D.B., Bragais, M., and Macandog, P.B.M. (2015). Recent land cover change in the Silang-Sta. Rosa sub-watershed of the Philippines, and implications for flood risk. Hayama, Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
Lasco, R.D. and Espaldon, M.V. (2005). Ecosystems and people: Philippine millennium ecosystem assessment sub-global assessment. Los Baños, Philippines: University of the Philippines Los Baños.
Laguna Lake Development Authority, City of Biñan, City of Cabuyao, City of Santa Rosa, & Municipality of Silang (2014). Memorandum of Agreement for the implementation of an integrated watershed management program for the Santa Rosa sub-watershed. Quezon, Philippines: Laguna Lake Development Authority.
Local Government Academy (2014). LGU guidebook on the formumaltion of local climate change action plan (LCCAP). Pasig,
Philippines: Department of Interior and Local Government.
Magcale-Macandog, D.B., Balon, J.L., Engay, K.G. and Nicopior, O.B.S. (2011). Understanding the patterns: Drivers and impacts ofland use change in Sta. Rosa subwatershed using participatory approaches. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 14 (December), 1-12.
Tongson, E.E. (2012). Geography and public planning: Sta. Rosa watershed, a case study in interlocal, public-private sector resource management. Quezon, Philippines: University of the Philippines, Diliman.
UNFCCC (1992). United Nations framework convention on climate change. Bon, Germany: UNFCCC.
WWF-Philippines (2009). Santa Rosa watershed hydrology and hydrogeology report. Quezo, Philippines: WWF-Philippines
Zafaralla, M.T., Magcale-Macandog, D.B., Lachica, G.C., Luna, D.A., Miel, J.C. and Sumilang, M.V. (2012). Ecological Profile of the
Silang - Santa Rosa River and a Program for the Restoration/Rehabilitation of its Degraded Streams (Final Report). Report submitted to Save Silang-Santa Rosa River Foundation, Inc. (S3R2). Santa Rosa City, Laguna

99

Chapter 7: Identifying and implementing countermeasures to reduce land-use and climate change risks

References

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan
Tel: 046-826-3700 E-mail: iges@iges.or.jp
https://www.iges.or.jp/