ϫ-2 ᅜእࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗㄪᰝ
࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗඛࡢᴫせ࡜㑅ᐃ⌮⏤

659 ࡢᴫせ㸸
659 ࡣࠊࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ

௒ᅇࡢࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻࡢ

࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࢥࣥࢺࣛࢡࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡿࠋ659 ࡣࠊᘓ୙ື⏘ࠊᘓタࠊ⾜ᨻࠊᩍ⫱ࠊ◊✲ᶵ㛵ࠊ༠఍ࡢࡒタ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥࡀࠊఱᖺࡶఱୡ௦࡟

ࢀࡒࢀࡢศ㔝࠿ࡽࠊ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗᑐ㇟ࢆ㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋࡶࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࠊ฼⏝⪅ࠊఫẸࠊ⎔ቃࡢ⚟฼ࠊ⤒῭ⓗ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊྛศ㔝࠿ࡽィ  ௳ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ

౯್ࠊ฼┈ࢆಖドࡍࡿࠊࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆ⪃៖ࡋᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ௨ୗ࡟ࠊ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗඛ

ࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸஦ᴗࡢᐇ⌧࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊၟ

࡜࡞ࡿྛ⤌⧊ࡢᴫせ࡜㑅ᐃពᅗࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿࠋᴗ᪋タࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ᪋タࠊఫᏯࠊ࢖ࣥࣇࣛࢫࢺࣛࢡ

୙ື⏘ศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ$5$ ࡜ </9$ ࠿ࡽ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ
࣮ࣗ࡬ࡢ༠ຊࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⤌⧊ᴫせ࡜㑅ᐃពᅗࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
$5$ ࡢᴫせ㸸ࢳ࣮ࣕࠊࣟࢪࢫࢸ࢕ࢡࢫ㛵㐃᪋タ࡞࡝ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࣭ᘓタ࡞࡝ᖜᗈ࠸⏝㏵ࡢᘓ≀࡟⢭㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㑅ᐃ⌮⏤㸸
659 ࡣᘓタศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏࡟≉໬ࡋ࡚

$5$㸦ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻఫᏯ㔠⼥㛤Ⓨࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸧ࡣࠊ࠸ࡿヂ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᑡᩘ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ୰኱つᶍᮌ㐀ᘓ⎔ቃ┬ࡢ⟶㎄ୗ࡟࠶ࡿᨻᗓᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡓᚋࡢࣇ⠏ࡢᘓタࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤒㦂ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟ᮌ㐀ࡢ๭࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻࡢఫᏯ୙㊊ࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟  ᖺྜࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௻ᴗࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶࡟タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀ௨᮶ࠊࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻᅜෆࡢ᪂

ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᘓタศ㔝࠿ࡽࡢᮌ㐀࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣇ࢓࢖⠏ఫᏯ  ୓ᡞ௨ୖ㸦඲ఫᏯ⏕⏘㔞ࡢ⣙ 㸧ࢆࢼࣥࢫࡸ⪏ஂᛶ➼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢពぢ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊᮌ㐀ຓᡂࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㏆ᖺᮌ㐀㞟ྜఫᏯࡢᘓタ࡟ຊࢆධᘓ⠏ࡢᘓタ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃㄢ㢟ࡸၥ㢟Ⅼࠊࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞ᮌ㐀ࡢᬑཬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿពぢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࣄࣖ

</9$ ࡢᴫせ㸸ࣜࣥࢢ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡓࡵࠊ659 ࢆ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ

</9$ ࡢ࣮࢜ࢼ࣮ࡣ࣊ࣝࢩࣥ࢟኱ᏛࡢᏛ⏕⤌ྜඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋ

࡛࠶ࡾࠊ</9$ ࡢ฼┈ࡣᏛ⏕ࡢάືࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓ⾜ᨻ࡛ࡣࠊ⎔ቃ┬࡜࣊ࣝࢩࣥ࢟ᕷ㸦㒔ᕷ⎔ቃㄢ㸧ࡵ࡟౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠊ</9$ ࡢ஦ᴗ࠿ࡽ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡬ࡢ༠ຊࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀ

άືࡣࠊ୙ື⏘࡜ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ㒊㛛࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ⨨࠸࡚ࡢ⤌⧊ᴫせ࡜㑅ᐃពᅗࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ィ⏬ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚⾤ࡸ♫఍࡜⎔ቃ┬ࡢᴫせ㸸୍య໬ࡋ⥆ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ពᛮỴᐃ⎔ቃ┬ࡣࠊࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻᨻᗓࡢ⎔ቃ࣭ఫᏯᨻ⟇ࢆࡶࡗࡓ஦ᴗ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢆ⟇ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㛵㐃ࡍࡿᨻ⟇ࡣࠊ⎔ቃಖㆤࠊᅵ㑅ᐃ⌮⏤㸸ᆅ฼⏝ࠊ⮬↛ಖㆤࠊᘓタࠊఫᏯ࡞࡝ࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸$5$ ࡣ୙ື⏘ศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏ࡢ᥎㐍࡟࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⎔ቃ┬ࡣࠊ⾜ᨻ༊ᇦෆࡢᡓ␎ⓗຊࢆධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿබⓗ࡞⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ</9$࡞ィ⏬ࡢ❧᱌࡜⟶⌮ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ἲᚊࡢ㉳ⲡࠊ⎔ቃၥࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶᮌ㐀࡟ຊࢆධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ୍

㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿༠ຊࡢ㈐௵ࡶᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ඲యⓗ⯡ⓗ࡞⤌⧊࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ௒ᅇࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗࡣࠊ

࡞┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㨩ຊⓗ࡛Ᏻ඲࡞⏕ά⎔ቃࢆసࡾࠊ

୙ື⏘ศ㔝࠿ࡽࡳࡓᮌ㐀࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣇ࢓࢖ࢼࣥࢫ

⏕≀ከᵝᛶࢆᏲࡾࠊ⎔ቃ◚ቯࢆ㜵Ṇࡋࠊࣇ࢕ࣥࣛ

ࡸ⪏ஂᛶ➼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢពぢࢆࠊᮌ㐀ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿ❧ࣥࢻࡢఫᏯ஦᝟ࢆᨵၿࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᥖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ሙཬࡧ୍⯡ⓗ࡞❧ሙ㸦ᚲࡎࡋࡶᮌ㐀ࢆ᥎㐍ࡋ࡚࠸࣊ࣝࢩࣥ࢟ᕷ㸦㒔ᕷ⎔ቃㄢ㸧ࡢᴫせ㸸࡞࠸㸧࠿ࡽࠊࣄࣖࣜࣥࢢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊ

࣊ࣝࢩࣥ࢟ᕷ㸦㒔ᕷ⎔ቃㄢ㸧ࡣࠊ࣊ࣝࢩࣥ࢟ࡢ

ୖグࡢ  ♫ࢆ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋ㒔ᕷ⎔ቃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿィ⏬ࠊᘓタࠊ⥔ᣢ⟶⌮ࠊᘓ⠏つᘓタศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ659 ࠿ࡽ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡬ࡢ༠ຊ

ไࠊ⎔ቃࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡞࡝ࢆᢸᙜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㒊⨫࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ⤌⧊ᴫせ࡜㑅ᐃពᅗࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛㒔ᕷ⎔ቃ஦ᴗ㒊ࡢྛ㒊㛛ࡢᴗົࡣࠊ㒔ᕷ⎔ቃጤဨ࠶ࡿࠋ఍ࠊᘓ⠏≀࣭බඹ≀ᑠጤဨ఍ࠊ⎔ቃ࣭チㄆྍศ⛉఍ࠊ㒔ᕷ⎔ቃㄢࡢᙺ⫋⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐠Ⴀࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡿᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡾࠊᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏ࡢᬑཬࡸ⪏ஂᛶ࡟㛵㑅ᐃ⌮⏤㸸ࢃࡿ⌧≧ࠊㄢ㢟ࡸၥ㢟Ⅼࠊ◊✲ෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⥙⨶⎔ቃ┬ࡣᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏ࡢᬑཬࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛ࠊᨻ

ⓗ࡟ᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᗓᶵ㛵࡛୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡿᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏ࡢᐃࡋࡓࠋᬑཬࡸ⪏ஂᛶ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ⌧≧ࠊㄢ㢟ࡸၥ㢟Ⅼࠊ/&$◊✲ᶵ㛵࡛ࡣࠊ977 ࠿ࡽ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡬ࡢ༠ຊ

ࡸᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏㛵ࢃࡿᨻ⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⥙⨶ⓗ࡟ᢕᥱࡋࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ⤌⧊ᴫせ࡜㑅ᐃពᅗࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛

࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋࡲ

࠶ࡿࠋࡓࠊ࣊ࣝࢩࣥ࢟ᕷ㸦㒔ᕷ⎔ቃㄢ㸧ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶᮌ

977 ࡢᴫせ㸸㐀ࡔࡅ࡟≉໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࣮࢝࣎ࣥࢽ

977 ࡣࠊࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻᨻᗓ࡟ᒓࡍࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ

࣮ࣗࢺࣛࣝᐇ⌧࡟ྥࡅ࡚ᮌ㐀ࡢά⏝࡟ຊࢆධࢀ

ࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿ◊✲ᶵ㛵࡛ࡍࠋ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ◊✲࡜ᢏጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞⾜ᨻᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⾜ᨻ⾡ࡢά⏝࡜ၟᴗ໬ࢆ᥎㐍ࡋࠊ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࡢᡭẁࢆ㏻ࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡢᮌ㐀࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪏ஂᛶ➼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ

ࡌ࡚ࠊᆅ⌫つᶍࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟ࢆࠊ௻ᴗࡸ♫఍ࡢᣢពぢ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞ᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏ࡢᬑཬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⥆ⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗࡟ࡘ࡞ࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋពぢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࣄࣖࣜࣥࢢ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡓࡵࠊ࢖

㑅ᐃ⌮⏤㸸ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋ

977 ࡣࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿ◊✲ᶵ㛵࠿ࡘᩍ⫱ศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ࢔࢔ࣝࢺ኱Ꮫ㸦ᘓ⠏Ꮫ⛉㸧࡜ࢱᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏ࡢᬑཬࡸ⪏ஂᛶ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ⌧≧ࠊㄢ㢟ࡸၥࣥ࣌ࣞ኱Ꮫ㸦ᘓ⠏Ꮫ⛉㸧࠿ࡽ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡬ࡢ༠

㢟Ⅼࠊ/ &$ ࡸ᪤Ꮡࢫࢺࢵࢡࡢά⏝ࢆྵࡵࡓ◊✲ຊࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⤌⧊ᴫせ࡜㑅ᐃពᅗࡣෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⥙⨶ⓗ࡟ᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ

௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࣅ࣮ࣗඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋ࢔࢔ࣝࢺ኱Ꮫ㸦ᘓ⠏Ꮫ⛉㸧ࡢᴫせ㸸࢔࢔ࣝࢺ኱Ꮫࡣࠊࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻ࣭࢚ࢫ࣏࣮ᕷࡢ
࢜ࢱࢽ࢚࣑࡟࣓࢖ࣥ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫࢆᵓ࠼ࡿᏛ㝿ⓗ༠఍ᶵ㛵࡛ࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࣅࣝࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ༠఍࠿ࡽ
࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡬ࡢ༠ຊࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ⤌⧊ᴫせ࡜㑅ᐃពᅗࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡞኱Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢᏛ㒊ࢆࡶࡕࠊྜィ࡛⣙ 

ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࣅࣝࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ༠఍ࡢᴫせ㸸ேࡢᏛ⏕࡜  ேࡢ⫋ဨ㸦࠺ࡕ  ேࡀᩍᤵ㸧ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࣅࣝࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ༠఍㸦),*%&㸧ࡣࠊᘓ⠏ࡀᅾ⡠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊᘓ⠏Ꮫ⛉ࡣࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻ

⎔ቃࡀẼೃኚືࢆゎỴࡍࡿ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓ

ࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿ◊✲ᶵ㛵࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏ࢆྵࡵࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋάືࡢຠᯝࡣࠊໟᣓⓗ࡞ከࡃࡢ◊✲࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

༠ຊ࡜ࠊᑓ㛛ᐙࡸᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢពぢ࡟ࢱࣥ࣌ࣞ኱Ꮫ㸦ᘓ⠏Ꮫ⛉㸧ࡢᴫせ㸸ࡼࡗ࡚ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ♫఍࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⎔ቃⓗ࡞᪉ࢱࣥ࣌ࣞ኱Ꮫࡣࠊ ᖺึࡵ࡟ࢱࣥ࣌ࣞ኱Ꮫ࡜

ྥᛶࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿάື࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢱࣥ࣌ࣞᢏ⾡኱Ꮫࡀྜేࡋࠊࢱࣥ࣌ࣞᛂ⏝⛉Ꮫ኱㑅ᐃ⌮⏤㸸Ꮫ࡜⥭ᐦ࡞㐃ᦠࢆಖࡘ㈈ᅋᆺࡢ᪂ࢱࣥ࣌ࣞ኱Ꮫ

ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࣅࣝࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ༠఍ࡣࠊ⎔ቃㄆドᶵ㛵࡜࡜ࡋ࡚ㄌ⏕ࡋࡓࠋୡ⏺ࢺࢵࣉࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ◊✲࡜࢖ࣀࡋ࡚ࠊᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏ࡢᬑཬࡸ⪏ஂᛶ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ⌧≧ࠊㄢ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆ⼥ྜࡉࡏࠊ⏘ᴗࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫࠊබ

㢟ࡸၥ㢟Ⅼࠊ/ &$ ࡸ᪤Ꮡࢫࢺࢵࢡࡢά⏝ࢆྵࡵඹ㒊㛛࡟฼┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࢔ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㛤ࡓ◊✲ෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ

Ⓨ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊᘓ⠏Ꮫ⛉ࡣ࢔࢔ࣝࢺ

࣮ࣗඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋ኱Ꮫ࡜୪ࢇ࡛ࠊᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏࡟㛵ࡍࡿከࡃࡢ◊✲࡟ྲྀḟ㡯௨㝆࡟ྛ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ⤖ᯝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿࠋ

ࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㑅ᐃ⌮⏤㸸࢔࢔ࣝࢺ኱㸦ᘓ⠏Ꮫ⛉㸧࡜ࢱࣥ࣌ࣞ኱Ꮫ㸦ᘓ⠏Ꮫ⛉㸧ࡣᮌ㐀ᘓ⠏࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻࢆ௦⾲ࡍ













,QWHUYLHZ PHHWLQJIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIILQDQFHDQGGXUDELOLW\   








 WK -DQXDU\ 

0LQLVWU\RI(QYLURQPHQWPHHWLQJURRP DPSR 9DOOLXV  69  $5$ 6HQLRU 6SHFLDOLVW  6         $5$          9HVD,MDV 9, $5$ 6HQLRU$UFKLWHFW     $5$          6KLQ 0XUDNDPL  60  6XJL\DPD 8
 QL 3URIHVVRU   
 
 

+LURNL ,VKL\DPD  +,  2VDND & LW\ 8 QL $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU              'DLVKL 6DNDJXFKL '6  1
 LKRQ )XNXVKL8QL $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU    








  

Ŷ


















   *HQHUDOFRQGLWLRQRIPDUNHWIRUUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJ                  &XUUHQWVLWXDWLRQRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ   *HQHUDOFRQGLWLRQRIPDUNHWIRUUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJ &RXOG\RXH[SODLQDERXW\RXURUJDQL]DWLRQ" '6  $5$9$  $VXQWRUDNHQQXVWXRWDQQRQ 9DOWXXVNXQWD  EHFDPH $5$ LQ  X
 QGHUPLQLVWU\ R I (QYLURQPHQW ,W LV D OLWWOH E
 LW X QLTXH SURFHVV R
 I WKH GHYHORSPHQW R
 I WKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQ E
 XW S UREDEO\ WKH UHDVRQ LV WKDW WKH $5$KDVEHHQZRUNLQJFRQFHUQLQJOLYLQJ HQYLURQPHQW , Z
 LOO VKDUH WKH VOLGHVIRURXURUJDQL]DWLRQ3OHDVHUHIHUWRWKHVH
VOLGHVIRUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQ 9, 

 :KDWLVWKHJHQHUDOOLIHF\FOHIRUEXLOGLQJLQ)LQODQG" 60  /LIH VSDQ G
 HSHQGVRQWKHVWUXFWXUHW\SHEXWJHQHUDOO\EHWZHHQ\HDUV:RRG
FRQVWUXFWLRQLVVDPHDVFRQFUHWHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGLWLV\HDUV 69  +RZPXFKLVWKHEXGJHWIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHLQJHQHUDO" +,  0DLQWHQDQFHEXGJHW,QFOXGHGLQWKHUHQW*HQHUDOO\HXURSHUIORRUVTXDUHPHWHU 69  RISD\PHQWZKHQWKHWHQDQWVWDUWOLYLQJLQWKHDSDUWPHQWDQGLWZLOOEHSDLGEDFNZKHQWKHWHQDQWZLOOPRYHRXW 9,  3UHFDVW FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUH LV FRPPRQO\ XVHG LQ PXOWLVWRU\ UHVLGHQWLDO E
 XLOGLQJEHFDXVHLWZLOOOHDGWRVKRUWHUFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGLQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ 9,   ,VZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQSRSXODULQWKHPDUNHWRI)LQODQG" 60  <HVLWLVJHWWLQJSRSXODU%XW$5$LVQHXWUDOWRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIFRQVWUXFWLRQPHDQLQJQRWRQO\SULRULWL]HZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ 9,   :KHQWKHVKRUWDJHRIKRXVLQJZLOOEHVROYHG" 60 ,QSHRSOHVWDUWHGPRYLQJELJFLWLHVDQG$5$KDVEHHQSURYLGLQJWKHGZHOOLQJVEXWQRWVROYHG\HW 9,  6XEVLGHV IRU Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQZLOOEHDSSOLHGEHFDXVHDERXWPRUHH[SHQVLYHWKDQFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJLILWLVVDPHVSHF 9,    \HDUV LQWHUHVW IRU  DQGLIWKHPDUNHWDYHUDJHLQWHUHVWLVRYHULWZLOOEH
FRYHUHG6KRUWHUORDQLQWHUHVW\HDUVLVFXUUHQWO\WKHPDUNHWLQWHUHVWLVRYHU
 60  ,Q)LQODQGWKHODQGSULFHLVVWLOOUHODWLYHO\FKHDSHUHYHQLQ+HOVLQNL6XEVLGHVIRUODQGFRVWLVHXURSHUIORRUVTXDUHPHWHU&RQVWUXFWLRQFRVWLVDERXWHXURSHUIORRUVTXDUHPHWHU1RUPDOPDUNHWODQGSULFHLVHXURSHUIORRUVTXDUHPHWHU 9,  7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWLVDOZD\VEDVHGRQWKHPDUNHWFRPSHWLWLRQ 69  7KH UHDVRQ IRU WKH VXEVLGH LV WR FUHDWH VRFLDOPL[KRXVHLQRXWRIWKHEXLOGLQJ7KH
H[WUDFRVWIRUQHZFRQVWUXFWLRQLVVKDUHGE\DOOWHQDQWVLQDOORWKHUEXLOGLQJV 9,    &XUUHQWVLWXDWLRQRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ  :KDWNLQGRIPHWKRGVDUHXVHGIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQ)LQODQG" +,  *HQHUDOVWUXFWXUDOPHWKRGXVHGIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLV7LPEHUIODPH
3ODWIRUPSUHIDEULFDWHGPHWKRGIUDPHHOHPHQWVDQGPRGXODUFRQVWUXFWLRQ,ZLOODOVRVKDUHQG UHIHUHQFHIRUWKHGHWDLOV3OHDVHUHIHUWRWKHVOLGHV 9,   +RZKDYHWKHUHJXODWLRQVRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQFKDQJHGLQ)LQODQG" '6  %\   RQO\  WK IORRU ZDV SRVVLEOH E
 \ ZRRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ ,Q  ILUVW  IORRUDSDUWPHQWZDVEXLOWLQZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ /9/HOHPHQWV\VWHP DQGWKHV\VWHPZDVXVHG LQ  G
 ZHOOLQJV DSDUWPHQW LQ +HOVLQNL 2
 QO\ R QH SURMHFW Z
 DV UHDOL]HG E
 XW Q
 RRWKHUSURMHFWZDVUHDOL]HG 9,  'XULQJ  SRVW D
 QG EHDPV Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV UHDOL]HG D
 QG GXULQJ &/7 FRQVWUXFWLRQ Z
 DV UHDOL]HG ' LIIHUHQW W\SHV R
 I Z RRG E
 XLOGLQJV KDYHEHHQUHDOL]HG 9,   :KHQ\RXFRQGXFWDSURMHFWKRZZLOOWKHEXGJHWEHFRPSDUHG" '6  &RQFUHWH FRQVWUXFWLRQ Z
 LOO E
 H FRPSDUHG E
 \ FRVW FRPSHWLWLRQ SURYLGHGIURPGLIIHUHQWFRQWUDFWRUV E
 XW Z RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ G
 RHV Q
 RW Q
 HHG WR E
 H FRPSDUHG EHFDXVH Q
 RW VR
PDQ\FRPSDQLHVFRXOGGRZRRGEXLOGLQJ 69  %HQHILWV IRU Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV LQ VKRUWHU FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZRUN R
 Q WKH VLWH E
 XW PRUH
WLPHLQWKHIDFWRU\LQWRWDOGXUDWLRQDOPRVWVDPH 9,   +RZPXFKLVWKHURXJKSULFHRIDSUWPHQWIRUWKHFRVWSHUVTXDUHPHWHU" 60  )RUH[DPSOHLQWKHFDVHRIWK IORRULQ-RHQVXXHXURSHUIORRUVTXDUHPHWHU ,Q
WKHFDVHRI3XXNXRNNDLQ-\YDVN\ODHXURSHUIORRUVTXDUHPHWHU/DQGSULFHDQG
FRQVWUXFWLRQSULFHLVPXFKFKHDSHULQFRXQWU\VLGH 9,   ,VWKHUHDQ\SUREOHPIRUEXLOGLQJLQWHUPVRIGXUDELOLW\LQ)LQODQG"





3UREOHPRIPROGLVPRUHFRPPRQLQFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJ1RWLVZRRGEXLOGLQJ 9,   'R\RXWKLQNZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQZLOOEHPRUHSRSXODULQ)LQODQG" '6   7UDGLWLRQDOO\ORJVWUXFWXUHKDVEHHQXVHGDQGZDVWKHJROGHQDJHIRUVWRU\DSDUWPHQWVLQ)LQODQG%HWZHHQRQO\RQHPXOWLVWRU\ZRRGDSDUWPHQWZDVUHDOL]HG 7KHUH Z
 DV D  ELJ ILUH LQ 7XUNX D
 QG WKDW UHVWULFWHG ILUH UHJXODWLRQV IRU Z
 RRG
FRQVWUXFWLRQDQGKDVEHHQGLIILFXOWWREXLOGKLJKHUEXLOGLQJZLWKZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQE\ 9,  ,Q   PRUH WKDW  WK IORRU E
 \ZRRGVWUXFWXUHEHFDPHSRVVLEOHFXUUHQWO\WK IORRULVSRVVLEOH7KHVLWXDWLRQLVJHWWLQJEHWWHU 69  ,I ZH ORRN DW WKH FDVH R
 I $XVWULD $XVWULD K
 DV G
 LIIHUHQW ILUH U HJXODWLRQV IRU ZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ ) RU LQVWDQFH WKHUH LV QR Q
 HHG RI VSULQNOHU HYHQ IRU WK IORRU ZRRGEXLOGLQJ 9,   :KDWFDQZHGRWRVSUHDGPRUHZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" +,  $UFKLWHFWVPXVWNQRZWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQV\VWHPGLPHQVLRQDQGWRPDNH'PRGHOVRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQIRUHQJLQHHUVDQGFRQWUDFWRU 69  )RUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQXQLYHUVLW\VKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGLQWKHUHVHDUFKDQGPRQLWRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW LQ WKH ILUVW   \HDUV R
 I WKH SURMHFW$5$UHVHUYHV
HXURVIRUWKHUHVHDUFKDQG$5$LVKDSS\WRFROODERUDWHLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\LQWKH
SUDFWLFDOSURMHFWV 9,   

'6  $5$9$ $VXQWRUDNHQQXVWXRWDQQRQ9DOWXXVNXQWD           $5$  

$5$

9, 




 60   




69 



+, 
 

 
 








69 


9, 

9, 




 



$5$
5&

6




9, 





60 
$5$

 

9, 

 
5&


9, 




 



60 

 
                        
9, 

 
69 

 
VRFLDO PL[KRXVH                             9,   

 




+, 


9, 




 




 

&/7



'6 




/9/






9, 







9, 


  5&

 


   





'6 

69 

9, 

       
3XXNXRNND       
  

9, 







 



 


  


5&

9, 



 '6 











   9, 






Ŷ





9, 






69 





+, 


 

 






'



69 

$5$ 



9, 


















The Role of ARA in subsidizing Social andAffordable Housing in Finland
Vesa Ijäs/Sampo Vallius 4.1.2023/

14.6.2022 International Social Housing Festival, Director Jarmo Lindén
Housing Finance and Development Centre of Finland

Content Finland in general Short housing history
 How Social and Affordable housing is financed?
 Co-operation between Government and municipalities - Case Helsinki Social Housing operators ± Clients of ARA
 Cost-based rents and housing benefits Tenant selection
 :KDW¶V good in Finnish systems - some shortcomingsIndependance Day: 6th December (1917)

Finland = mostly forests,
swamps and lakes«
338 465 km2
Urbanization rate:
Urban areas cover
72,3% (2018)

Average:
16 / km2

5% of land area

Green =
Very sparsely
populatedcountrysideurban

5,5 million inhabitans-

4,8 million Finns
0,3 million Swedes
0,4 million Foreign
languages

9.1.2023

Housing Stock in
Finland 31.12.2020:

In 2018, 2019,2020,2021 and 2022, theWorld Happiness Reportranked Finland theworld's happiest
country

1,6 million (30 %)rental tenants.
- 37 % in ARA-homes- 63 % in private/market rental

3,25 Million homes
65% is owner-occupancy
and35% rental + right-ofoccupancy

Municipalities
own over 60%

Owner-occupancy
homes 1 652 000:

- Single family homes- Limited liability housing
companies

PRS Market priced
Rental homes
825 500

ARAhomes
401 500
Other orunknown
377 000

Small investors
own around65 %.

9.1.2023

ARA² housing stock under restrictions(following SGEI rules by EU)Ordinary rental dwellings

250 000± Over 70 % owned by municipality-owned companies

Rental dwellings for special groups±±

Rental dwellings for elderly
Rental dwellings for students±

Other different special groups

 ARA- rental dwellings in total

100 000

350 000



Right of occupancy dwellings

50 000

ARA ±dwellings total

400 000+ 50 000 dwellings
without restrictions± 13 % of all housing

Right-of-occupancy homes since 1990













A right-of-occupancy home combines the security of owning your own home with the flexibility of renting
ARA grants a loan for 85% of the approved construction and building site price
The holder of the right-of-occupancy pays 15 % of the real construction price of the right-of-occupancy home
Resident pays a monthly fee, which is like rent including maintenance and amortization of loan - fee has to be
below the market rent level in the same area
Right-of-occupancy home can never be redeemed, it retains its right-of-occupancy status. In right-of-occupancy
home residenti has the same security of tenure as in owner-occupied homes.
For applying the right-of-occupancy homes the applicant must have a queue number from the municipal housing
authority. THIS WILL BE REFORMED 2023: ARA will give national queue numbers
After getting the queue number it is possible to fill in the apartment application to the registers of the companies
offering right-of-occupancy homes
there is no income limit, but the applicant cannot have too much of assets. For over 55 years old applicants
there are no assets limit either

The resident moving out will get back the money he invested (15%), adjusted with the building
cost index.
Existing stock over 50 000 homes ± all ARA subsidised

9.1.2023

ARA was established in 1949
1949 Housing production committee (ARAVA)The state housing loans programme - first for 5 years - wasestablished WRVROYH³WHPSRUDU\KRXVLQJVKRUWDJH´The agency and the loans were named ARAVA(Asuntorakennustuotannon valtuuskunta)

1966 National Housing board (AH)

1983 Moved under the new Ministry of Environment

1993 The Housing Fund of Finland (ARA)

Concentrating on Social Housing

2008 The Housing Finance and Development Centre of
Finland (ARA)

Regionalised from Helsinki to Lahti

Second World War ± in
which Finland lost 100 000
lives - caused housing
shortage as well
120 000 homes were left in areas annexed by
the Soviet Union = 400 000 evicted from thoseareas had to be rehoused rapidly
20 000 homes were ruined by Russian
airstrikes to cities
15 000 homes were destroyd and burned byGerman army in Lapland 1944-1945= together over 10% housing stock was lost

 .



Baby Boomers were born after the WW II:
1946-1949 annually was born over 100 000 children
 ARAVA was helping to solve
housing problems of families
 Great move to the cities
started in Finland in thesixties Last year only 45 000
children were born«Concentrating on Home Ownership

Owner-occupancy
445 000
Rental housing
592 000
Right-of-Occupancy
51 000$5$¶VHistory
since 1949:
Government
subsidised
housing starts
by tenure status
1949Ǧ2018
over 1,1 million
dwellings= 1/3 of allurbanization

Concentratingon Social Housing

and share ofowner occupancyHousing production in Finland 2000 ± 2021
Market and ARA and %-share of ARA
Private investments havebeen booming on PRS
since 2015: housing
Construction is historicallyhigh - but apartment size
is smaller and smaller =0DUNHW´solution´WR
Affordability crisis«

ARA-stimulation
during Financial Crisis

ARA Implements Government Housing Policy(supply side policies)

An expert
partner anddeveloper ofhousing

ARA implements government housing policy, aiming forsustainable and affordable housing

ARA is part of public administration and operates under the
Ministry of the Environment

delivers grants, subsidies, and guarantees related to housing
and construction and renovation of housing

guides and monitors the use of ARA housing stock

is involved in housing development projects, like
Homelessness and suburbs development

manages expert tasks and information services related tohousing and housing markets, and carries out related researchoversees building energy performance certificatesFinnish Housing Support System is Mixed= Combination of Supply and Demand Side measures Demand linked subsidies
 promoting housing consumption
 housing allowances (over 2 Billion)
 tax-relief for interest on housing
loans (will be abolished totally2023)
 Tax relief in selling (after 2 years)
 First time buyer interest subsidy(ASP ±scheme)
 Partial guarantee for home loans Over 90 % of all subsidies

 Supply linked subsidies (ARA) encouraging social housing production
and renovation
 interest-subsidy loans with guarantee
 investment grants
 Renovation and other grants
 Less than 10 % of subsidies

9.1.2023

ARA provides funding and subsidies forsocial and affordable housing projects
 LOANS = 2 335 Million Euros in 2022
 Interest subsidy loans for new construction, renovation, and acquisition
 guarantee loans for rental housing construction and housing company renovations

 GRANTS = 330 Million Euros in 2022
 investment subsidies for special groups, energy grants, repair grants, infrastructure grants,
housing advice etc.

 The funds for grants and subsidies are provided mainly from the Housing Fund of Finland(operated by ARA) and partly from government budget ± all mandated by parliament
Loans are mainly from
Municipality Financesince 2008Government Budget 2022:
ARAs Grants for Housing 2019 => 2022 (Million Euros) Investment grants for special groups

2019

2022

0¼0¼

 Start-up grants (MAL)
Most grants
are mandates fromThe Housing Fundof Finland, which isOff-budget fund with
5,8 Billion Euros,
Operated by ARA

0¼

40,0 0¼

 Infrastructure grants for municipalities 0$/ 0¼0¼

 Repair grants0¼

33,850¼

 Demolition grants

0¼

8,0 0¼

 Housing advice grants0¼

3,9 0¼

 Research & development

0¼

0,7 0¼0¼

 Infrastructure for charging of electric cars grants0¼ Preventation of economic difficulties in rental housing0¼-

 Promoting co-operative housing pilots

0¼-

 Energy efficiency grants-0¼

 Grants for municipalities to replace oil-heating0¼

 Promoting use of purpose change grant-0¼

 Promoting housing accessiblity for elderly-0¼

 Grants for suburbs renewal projects-

0¼

 Grants for remodelling services to eradicate homelessness(Ministry of Social and Health Affairs)

 Together

185,0 0¼

0¼

3300¼+79%

Housing Fund of )LQODQG¶V (VAR) loans andobligations at the end of 2021
Interest subsidies and grants are paid from this Fund

Housing Fund of Finland
was established in 1990³:KHQLWFRPHVWRVWDWH-subsidised
housing, the Housing Fund of Finland
will retain its position as
an extra-budgetary fund andwe will seek new sources of income
for the fund. We will ensure thatthe state support system promotes
innovative, environmentally
IULHQGO\KRXVLQJVROXWLRQV´
ARA Jarmo Lindén 5.11.2010

20,9 Billion Euros

Government Programme 2019:

Own capital of the Fund is 5,8 Billion EurosIn Finland Social / Affordable Housing
is achieved with combination of: ARA interest subsidy loans (1950 Million Euros 2022 = 10 000 new dwellings)
±
±
±
±
±
±

ARA accepts plans and costs of every project (Design for all ±principle, accessibility)
Bidding for construction, economic cycle effects, social housing production counter-cyclicalLong running time of loans, usually 40 years
High LTV of ARA loans, usually 95% of acquisition costs
Government guarantee is included in ARA interest subsidy loans (free of charge)
Direct grants are combined with ARA loans, investment grants up to 50% and start-up grants¾ Affordable price/rent of building site (Municipalities support Social Housing projects withcheaper plots than market price, EU/SGEI regulations)¾ Affordable rent in ARA Housing = cost recovery principle: In Helsinki -60% vs PRS¾ Owners of social rental housing= municipalities and non-profit private actors¾ Co-operation between Government and Municipalities is necessary - Agreements on
Land Use, Housing and Traffic - targets for social housing production¾ Both supply (ARA) and demand (housing benefits) side subsidies are needed to achieveaffordability with good quality housing for all$5$¶V supply side support is very cheap measure forgovernment ± high impact with low cost!
Stock of interest subsidy loans 2001-2021 Paid interest subsidies 2001-2021
Stock of interest subsidy loans 12/20210¼ 0¼ 

9.1.2023

Interest subsidy loan with investment grants
for special groups 0¼
 Special groups: Homeless, people with mental problems, disabled, elderlywith dementia, students and youth Grant Categories:
I Grant category maximum 15% (e.g. students and youth housing)
II Grant category 20 - 25% (supported housing e.g for people with mental problems)

III Grant category 35 - 40% (service housing for elderly 24/7)
IV Grant category 50% (long-term homelessness, disabled people)
9.1.2023

Investment Grants for Social Rental Housing of Special
Groups 2005- 2020: 1,4 Billion Euros grants + 4,5 Billion
Euros interest subsidy loans for 54 000 dwellings
ARA has approved
6 Billion investments for
54 000 rental homesduring 2005-2020
for Special Groups

This funding wasused to renovate
shelters to housing:
50% grant + 50% loan

Special Group

Rental dwellings
NumberShareGrantsMillion ¼

Averagegrant /
dwelling ¼

Share

Elderly people (with dementia)

21 990

41 %

776,2

54 %

35 296Students

19 793

37 %

152,9

11 %

7 725

Disabled persons

4 885

9%

281,3

20 %

57 575Homeless people

2 265

4%

88,8

6%

39 184

Persons with mental problems

1 391

3%

43,2

3%

31 052Others (e.g youth with special needs)

3 294

6%

99,2

7%

30 131

2005 - 2020

53 618100 %1 441,5100 %26 885Renovation and energy subsidies granted by ARA
Subsidies for housing companies and
ARA-entities

Subsidies for the households
Subsidy for elderdy

Accessibility subsidy

Elevator subsidy
Subsidy for disabled
peopleSubsidy for EV homecharging
infrastructure

Subsidy for housecondition
examinations andrenovations planning

Subsidy for energy
efficiency renovations

Subsidy for energy
efficiency renovations
Subsidy for housecondition
examinations andrenovations planning

9.1.2023

Renovation subsidies
 Lift grant
 subsidies are granted for installing new lifts in old blocks of flats whose
stairwells lack them maximum grant 45 % of costs
 About 100 lifts annually (together over 4000)

 Subsidies for the renovation of homes for elderly or disabled
people (max 70 % of costs)
 to improve accessibility or safety and make possible to live in own home longer
 for the renovation of homes which are in permanent residential use and at least
one of the residents is over 65 years old or disabled, income and wealth limits(means-testing) Accessbility grant making residential buildings accessible to people with impaired mobility
 construction of ramps, widening of front doors and construction of railings
 the goal is unimpeded accessibility to the building and its flats and common
areas from outside
 Maximum grant 45% of costs

The other side of the story:
Demolition of rental housing
in Kemi, Lapland (April 2020)
ARA has demolition grants

Agreements on Land use, Transport andHousing 2020-2023/2031(MAL)± between Government and Municipalities

Agreements
since year
2000

 Agreements between Government and municipalities in the Helsinki metropolitan area andTampere, Turku and Oulu regions
 Aims to promote of an adequate amount of dwellings and plots for the dwellings
 Includes ARA subsidies for housing production
 ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHJUDQWVIRUPXQLFLSDOLWLHV 0¼
 Start-up grants (3000 -10 000 euros/dwelling in social rental production + wood extra) Municipalities commit to take care of plot supply also to social housing (20-30 % of housing) Government investments in collective transport systems and other traffic arrangements Housing production target in Helsinki region: 66 000 new dwellings in 2020-2023, of which
ARA Social housing 18 200 dwellings = 27,6% of all (4600 /year) Based on joint responsibility to develop urban regions in sustainable way Government target: Finland should be carbon neutral year 2035
 the goal of eradicating homelessness was integrated into the new MAL agreements New MAL Agreements for 3 regions: Jyväskylä, Kuopio and Lahti regions
9.1.2023

$5$¶V Clients = Social Housing Providers

9.1.2023



Subsidising Social Housing projects requires the consent of the municipality inquestionSocial housing is carried out by municipality-owned companies or designatednon-profit organisation, which ARA approves and monitorsCompanies owned by Finnish municipalities
 Municipality-owned social housing companies (around 1000 ) Biggest HEKA = Helsinki City Housing Company (over 50 000 homes)

Designated borrowers (around 600)
 Designated by ARA, borrowers have to commit rules and legal frameworkof owning social rental dwellings
 Non-profit organisations: biggest Y Foundation (around 18 000 homes)
 Special purpose associations:± E.g student housing foundations and elderly housing organisations

Restrictions in ARA subsidised rental
dwellings
 To ensure that subsidies are benefiting the tenants and dwellings are kept in intended use Rental use obligation for 40 years (ARA can liberate if there is no need in region)
 Cost recovery principle in rent setting => rents under market rents

 Selling of dwellings is regulated and needs permission of ARA
 Tenant selection principles: priority for those who are in greatest need for housing andwith smallest income should have the priority (no income cap) Tenant democracy (co-decision law) Finnish Social Housing subsidies are considered as Services of General Economic
Interests (EU/SGEI)
9.1.2023

Tenant Selection Criterias in Social Rental Apartments
 Tenants are selected based on their need for housing and the search criteria, nota queueing system The tenants selection principles are based in Finnish law. The selection criteria
include need for housing, wealth and income
 Priority is given to the homeless and other applicants of limited means andlow income who have the most urgent situation.
 If more than one applicant is in equally urgent need for housing, the applicants'
income and assets are compared. Priority will be given to the lowest income
applicants When selecting tenants, attention is also paid to maintaining a varied resident
structure in the building and a healthy social balance in the residential area Selection and prioritization is done by landlord and monitored by the municipality
 ARA steers and guides the process in general

Urgency levels (Helsinki City):
https://www.hel.fi/kaupunkiymparisto/asunnonhaku-en/apply-for-an-apartment/apply-for-anara-apartment/selection-criteria/selection-criteria














Extremely urgent (AT1), for example:
Homeless individuals or people still living with relatives or friends
Employees in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area with no home
Renters with a fixed-term or terminated lease agreement
Adults still living with their parents
People subletting a home
Urgent (AT2), for example:
Current apartment is too small (more than 1 person per room)([FHVVLYHKRXVLQJFRVWV PRUHWKDQSHUFHQWRIDKRXVHKROG¶VJURVVLQFRPHLVFXUUHQWO\EHLQJ
spent on housing, as defined in EU statistics on income and living conditions)
In need of housing (AT3), for example:'HVLUHWRPRYHLVGXHWRWKHFXUUHQWDSDUWPHQW¶VHTXLSPHQWOHYHOORFDWLRQHWFAt present, 80 % of those who have received a social housing apartment of City of Helsinki have
had an extremely urgent needThe rent setting procedure in the social housing in Finland






The rent of ARA apartments covers the capital costs recurred from construction/renovation loans and themaintenance, heating and management costs of the building = Cost recovery principle
However according to social housing laws the rents of all the state-subsidised social housing properties,
owned by one owner can be leveled
Each housing company can use leveling procedures by its own choice. Rent leveling is however
forbidden between market financed housing and subsidised housing of the same owner (market rents can
support social rents but not vice versa)
Helsinki City Housing Company (Heka) owns approximately 50 000 subsidised social housing apartments(the biggest rental housing provider in Finland):± the yearly revenues are the same as the yearly, payment-based, costs that occur from constructing,repairing, maintaining, and managing all the apartments financed by interest-subsidised loans.
± These costs are collected into total costs which are then leveled to rents for each apartment. In Heka theleveling of the total costs to rents is based on WKH´XVHYDOXH´RIWKHEXLOGLQJV.
± The use value-based rent leveling model is based on scoring the parameters of the buildings: the age ofthe building, performed renovations, location, quality of the building, and the type of the building± The goal of the rent leveling is to assure that the yearly rent chances for all tenants are moderate andthat the rent reflects the use-value of the rental unit in relation to every rental unit of the owner

Cost recovery principle in practice: Difference of ARA-averagerent and PRS rents in biggest cities 2020
22,5
20,0
17,5

PRS rent higher
than ARA rent:
Helsinki +62%
Espoo
+39%
Vantaa +32%
Turku
+26%
Tampere +24%

15,0
12,5

8,1

¼VT
4,9

4,3
3,0

2,2

2,8

2,5

2,9

2,8

2,7

1,6

2,4

10,0
7,5
5,0
2,5

Average ARA ±rents ¼sqm/month0,0

The average rent of the Helsinki City Housing Company (Heka) will be only 0.8% higher in 2022 than 2021. The average rent inHeka housing units in 2022 is EUR 12.10 per square metre per month. Heka is the largest landlord in Finland. More than 92,000
residents of Helsinki live in our approximately 50,000 social rental apartments.

Cost control and steering of plans






Building projects are influenced by cost and quality monitored by ARA
Aims to build high-quality dwellings at reasonable costs
Rents are based on these costs accepted by ARA = Cost recovery principle
In ARA-construction as a rule is competition in tendering
Information on construction cost is gathered by ARA and it makes possible to ensurethat building projects are based on reasonable construction costs and support is notchannelled into input prices

Steering of planning± Accessibility, energy-efficiency± Costs can be higher if - for example - energy-efficiency improvements areincluded

9.1.2023

Difference between ARA Social housing new production (red) andprivate new production (blue) in Metropolitan cities, October 2020
¼VT

+97%

+52%
+31%

Lähteet ARA-tietokanta ja Rakennuslehden selvitys:
https://www.rakennuslehti.fi/2020/11/uusien-asuntojen-kauppa-kay-kovilla-kierroksilla-helsingissa-ja-espoossa-vantaallakaupat-romahtivat/Housing Benefits and social assistance for housing
was 2 591 Million Euros in 2020 (3,8 % Government
Budget and 1,1% GDP)
2500

Asumistuki

ARA-tuetϮϬϮϬ͗ϮϮϯϮDΦ

2000

Asuntolainojen korkovähennys

ϭϲϮDΦ;ĂǀƵƐƚƵŬƐŝĂͿϯϱDΦ
Housing benefits

Million euros

In 2020, Kela (the National
Social Insurance Institution)
paid a total of 2 232 million
EUR in housing benefits. The
amount increased by 4.2% inreal terms from the previous
year. At the end of the year,
859 212 people lived inhouseholds that received
housing benefits, which is
15.5% of the Finnish
population.

1500

1000

Tax-relief of Mortgage interest(will be totally abolished 2023)

500

ARA-subsidies

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

0
1995

On top of that: in 2020 Kelapaid 359 0¼RIVRFLDO
assistance to compensate
housing costs
9.1.2023

Maximum housing cost for general housing benefit in 2021:
Benefit covers 80% of housing costs (if no income) Municipalities in category 1: Helsinki Municipalities in category 2: Espoo,
Kauniainen ja Vantaa
 Municipalities in category 3: Hyvinkää,
Hämeenlinna, Joensuu, Jyväskylä,
Järvenpää, Kajaani, Kerava, Kirkkonummi,
Kouvola, Kuopio, Lahti, Lappeenranta, Lohja,
Mikkeli, Nokia, Nurmijärvi, Oulu, Pori, Porvoo,
Raisio, Riihimäki, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki,
Sipoo, Siuntio, Tampere, Turku, Tuusula,
Vaasa and Vihti
 All other municipalities belong to category 4.

https://www.kela.fi/web/en/housing-costs-and-types-of-homes

KELA = The National Social InsuranceInstitution of FinlandEspooVantaaGovernment Spending on Housing Allowances inOECD as % of GDP (2020 or last year available)
https://www.oecd.org/housing/data/affordable-housing-database/housing-policies.htm
United Kingdom

1,38%

Finland0,88%

Germany

0,73%

Denmark

0,72%

France0,69%Netherlands

0,53%

New Zealand

0,43%

Sweden0,32%Australia

0,24%

Greece0,21%

Iceland0,21%Israel0,15%

Czech Republic

0,15%

United States

0,13%

Ireland0,12%Norway0,10%Austria

0,09%

Estonia

0,06%

9.1.2023

0,00%

0,20%

0,40%

0,60%

0,80%

1,00%

1,20%

1,40%

1,60%



Social (ARA) vs. market housing (PRS):
two brand new dwellings in Jätkäsaari
HEKA/ ARA studio:
30 P5HQW¼monthMarket priced studio:
23 P5HQW¼month¼PPRS has free rent setting
since 1995

In 2021 average sizeof ARA studios was
39,9 m2
ARA Jarmo Lindén 5.11.2010

Social Housing has high quality standards:
ARA is optimazing cost-quality -relationship











Good quality + Affordable rents
Heating is always part of rent
Other services like Wifi,«DQGalways sauna available!
Not too small (average 50 m2)
Design for all ± accessibility!
Social Mix in housing areas
Good location and public
transport nearby
Facililities for communitybuildning
Promoting decarbonation of
housingA look at the participantsof the Tampere
Käräjätörmä
multigenerational
cooperative village designcompetition

Towards ecological living:
ARA is developing and piloting new innovative
housing solutions


Major development projects:Zero energy residential area: Tuusulan
Rykmentinpuisto, Housing Fair 2020
The first certified passive energy apartmentbuilding in Finland: Assisted living centre
Onnelanpolku, 2014
The first zero energy apartment building,Järvenpää and Kuopio, 2012

ARA-home 2049 contest for architectural
students

Käräjätörmä multigeneration cooperative
village, competition and implementation 2017±2019
ARA design contest on an energy-efficient
residential area, 2016
ARA-EFL Accessible Housing design contest,
2015±2016
ARA-home 2049 international contest, 2012

ARA design contest on energy-efficient
residential area

ARA and EFL student competition onaccessible housing

Helsinki: SOCIAL MIX
Housing Policy Objectives
Existing housing stock= 22% ARA homes

Objectives for forms oftenures in annual housing
production:

New targets 2023:
8000 new homes/year=1750 %
50

30

= 240020

Arava/ ARA production by occupancy arrangement andtotal housing production in Helsinki in 1971±2020

Occupancy types of existing and planned residential buildings in
the Jätkäsaari waterfront housing area (City of Helsinki, HSY)
Social Mix in practice
The City of Helsinki owns
70 % of its land area
7KH&LW\¶VKRXVLQJDVVHWV
consist of 63 000 housing
units, of which 50 000 are
ARA-subsidised rented
housing units and 5 000
ARA Right-of-occupancy
housing.
The City also has its own
housing developer

ARA is subsidizing Housing Advice services
 ARA has had mandate to promote and subsidize housing advice services in ARA-housing since2009 Year 2021 we had 0¼IRUgrants

 Year 2022 we have 0¼ for agreements with municipalities to enhance and develop housing
advice Focus will be on making housing advice more readily available and on preventing homelessness,particularly among young people and migrants
 To improve access to housing advice, Government will give an Act proposal for Parliament innext autumn to make it a statutory service 2023 and allocate resources for it In future Housing advice services must be available to all, irrespective of the form of housing

Homelessness Reports has been published since 1987 ² 35nd
Edition on 2021 is available in English

https://www.ara.fi/enUS/Materials/Homelessness_reports/Homelessness_in_Finland_2021(63305)

Alone living
Homeless:
2008: 8260
2021: 3948
Change - 4312
= - 52% since
Housing First was
implemented 2008Social Housing in Finland

Pragmatic approach ± path dependancy
Based on wide co-operation between government and municipalities
Government has not withdrawn from responsibility on supply side
Use of EU SGEI-regulations (mofidied with Brussels laws)

 Some shortcomings:

9.1.2023± Originally based on large scale productíon of new housing, not managementof existing stock± Loan system based on back-weighted amortization (40 years, inflation
expectation) ± most of construction loan exists when need for renovation± Who are right and motivated owners of social housing stock besides
municipalities?
± Scattered housing difficult to organise

Summary: Essential in Finnish social housing policy Housing is a core element in ensuring welfare - markets do not provide affordable
housing for all
 &RQVWLWXWLRQRI)LQODQG³The public authorities shall promote the right of everyone to
KRXVLQJDQGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRDUUDQJHWKHLURZQ´
 Combination of supply and demand side subsidies (mixed model)
 Housing needs of low income households and shortage of rental housing in growthcentresHigh housing costs especially in Helsinki region
Housing markets are more balanced outside Helsinki metropolitan area

 Needs to promote housing for special groups

Ageing population, sheltered homes
Housing of the disabled persons, aim to abandon institutions
Housing for homeless persons
Housing for youth and students

 Integrated residential areas (social stability, no slums, no segregation)Social and other housing situated side by side = Social Mix principle
Tenant selection criterias in social housing but also aim to avoid segregation in house level



2003

Housing is based on long-term
commitment for affordability andhigh quality

Thank you!
Jarmo.linden@ara.fi

2021



The Role of ARA in subsidizing Social andAffordable Housing in Finland
Vesa Ijäs/Sampo Vallius 4.1.2023/

14.6.2022 International Social Housing Festival, Director Jarmo Lindén
Housing Finance and Development Centre of Finland

Content Finland in general Short housing history
 How Social and Affordable housing is financed?
 Co-operation between Government and municipalities - Case Helsinki Social Housing operators ± Clients of ARA
 Cost-based rents and housing benefits Tenant selection
 :KDW¶V good in Finnish systems - some shortcomingsIndependance Day: 6th December (1917)

Finland = mostly forests,
swamps and lakes«
338 465 km2
Urbanization rate:
Urban areas cover
72,3% (2018)

Average:
16 / km2

5% of land area

Green =
Very sparsely
populatedcountrysideurban

5,5 million inhabitans-

4,8 million Finns
0,3 million Swedes
0,4 million Foreign
languages

9.1.2023

Housing Stock in
Finland 31.12.2020:

In 2018, 2019,2020,2021 and 2022, theWorld Happiness Reportranked Finland theworld's happiest
country

1,6 million (30 %)rental tenants.
- 37 % in ARA-homes- 63 % in private/market rental

3,25 Million homes
65% is owner-occupancy
and35% rental + right-ofoccupancy

Municipalities
own over 60%

Owner-occupancy
homes 1 652 000:

- Single family homes- Limited liability housing
companies

PRS Market priced
Rental homes
825 500

ARAhomes
401 500
Other orunknown
377 000

Small investors
own around65 %.

9.1.2023

ARA² housing stock under restrictions(following SGEI rules by EU)Ordinary rental dwellings

250 000± Over 70 % owned by municipality-owned companies

Rental dwellings for special groups±±

Rental dwellings for elderly
Rental dwellings for students±

Other different special groups

 ARA- rental dwellings in total

100 000

350 000



Right of occupancy dwellings

50 000

ARA ±dwellings total

400 000+ 50 000 dwellings
without restrictions± 13 % of all housing

Right-of-occupancy homes since 1990













A right-of-occupancy home combines the security of owning your own home with the flexibility of renting
ARA grants a loan for 85% of the approved construction and building site price
The holder of the right-of-occupancy pays 15 % of the real construction price of the right-of-occupancy home
Resident pays a monthly fee, which is like rent including maintenance and amortization of loan - fee has to be
below the market rent level in the same area
Right-of-occupancy home can never be redeemed, it retains its right-of-occupancy status. In right-of-occupancy
home residenti has the same security of tenure as in owner-occupied homes.
For applying the right-of-occupancy homes the applicant must have a queue number from the municipal housing
authority. THIS WILL BE REFORMED 2023: ARA will give national queue numbers
After getting the queue number it is possible to fill in the apartment application to the registers of the companies
offering right-of-occupancy homes
there is no income limit, but the applicant cannot have too much of assets. For over 55 years old applicants
there are no assets limit either

The resident moving out will get back the money he invested (15%), adjusted with the building
cost index.
Existing stock over 50 000 homes ± all ARA subsidised

9.1.2023

ARA was established in 1949
1949 Housing production committee (ARAVA)The state housing loans programme - first for 5 years - wasestablished WRVROYH³WHPSRUDU\KRXVLQJVKRUWDJH´The agency and the loans were named ARAVA(Asuntorakennustuotannon valtuuskunta)

1966 National Housing board (AH)

1983 Moved under the new Ministry of Environment

1993 The Housing Fund of Finland (ARA)

Concentrating on Social Housing

2008 The Housing Finance and Development Centre of
Finland (ARA)

Regionalised from Helsinki to Lahti

Second World War ± in
which Finland lost 100 000
lives - caused housing
shortage as well
120 000 homes were left in areas annexed by
the Soviet Union = 400 000 evicted from thoseareas had to be rehoused rapidly
20 000 homes were ruined by Russian
airstrikes to cities
15 000 homes were destroyd and burned byGerman army in Lapland 1944-1945= together over 10% housing stock was lost

 .



Baby Boomers were born after the WW II:
1946-1949 annually was born over 100 000 children
 ARAVA was helping to solve
housing problems of families
 Great move to the cities
started in Finland in thesixties Last year only 45 000
children were born«Concentrating on Home Ownership

Owner-occupancy
445 000
Rental housing
592 000
Right-of-Occupancy
51 000$5$¶VHistory
since 1949:
Government
subsidised
housing starts
by tenure status
1949Ǧ2018
over 1,1 million
dwellings= 1/3 of allurbanization

Concentratingon Social Housing

and share ofowner occupancyHousing production in Finland 2000 ± 2021
Market and ARA and %-share of ARA
Private investments havebeen booming on PRS
since 2015: housing
Construction is historicallyhigh - but apartment size
is smaller and smaller =0DUNHW´solution´WR
Affordability crisis«

ARA-stimulation
during Financial Crisis

ARA Implements Government Housing Policy(supply side policies)

An expert
partner anddeveloper ofhousing

ARA implements government housing policy, aiming forsustainable and affordable housing

ARA is part of public administration and operates under the
Ministry of the Environment

delivers grants, subsidies, and guarantees related to housing
and construction and renovation of housing

guides and monitors the use of ARA housing stock

is involved in housing development projects, like
Homelessness and suburbs development

manages expert tasks and information services related tohousing and housing markets, and carries out related researchoversees building energy performance certificatesFinnish Housing Support System is Mixed= Combination of Supply and Demand Side measures Demand linked subsidies
 promoting housing consumption
 housing allowances (over 2 Billion)
 tax-relief for interest on housing
loans (will be abolished totally2023)
 Tax relief in selling (after 2 years)
 First time buyer interest subsidy(ASP ±scheme)
 Partial guarantee for home loans Over 90 % of all subsidies

 Supply linked subsidies (ARA) encouraging social housing production
and renovation
 interest-subsidy loans with guarantee
 investment grants
 Renovation and other grants
 Less than 10 % of subsidies

9.1.2023

ARA provides funding and subsidies forsocial and affordable housing projects
 LOANS = 2 335 Million Euros in 2022
 Interest subsidy loans for new construction, renovation, and acquisition
 guarantee loans for rental housing construction and housing company renovations

 GRANTS = 330 Million Euros in 2022
 investment subsidies for special groups, energy grants, repair grants, infrastructure grants,
housing advice etc.

 The funds for grants and subsidies are provided mainly from the Housing Fund of Finland(operated by ARA) and partly from government budget ± all mandated by parliament
Loans are mainly from
Municipality Financesince 2008Government Budget 2022:
ARAs Grants for Housing 2019 => 2022 (Million Euros) Investment grants for special groups

2019

2022

0¼0¼

 Start-up grants (MAL)
Most grants
are mandates fromThe Housing Fundof Finland, which isOff-budget fund with
5,8 Billion Euros,
Operated by ARA

0¼

40,0 0¼

 Infrastructure grants for municipalities 0$/ 0¼0¼

 Repair grants0¼

33,850¼

 Demolition grants

0¼

8,0 0¼

 Housing advice grants0¼

3,9 0¼

 Research & development

0¼

0,7 0¼0¼

 Infrastructure for charging of electric cars grants0¼ Preventation of economic difficulties in rental housing0¼-

 Promoting co-operative housing pilots

0¼-

 Energy efficiency grants-0¼

 Grants for municipalities to replace oil-heating0¼

 Promoting use of purpose change grant-0¼

 Promoting housing accessiblity for elderly-0¼

 Grants for suburbs renewal projects-

0¼

 Grants for remodelling services to eradicate homelessness(Ministry of Social and Health Affairs)

 Together

185,0 0¼

0¼

3300¼+79%

Housing Fund of )LQODQG¶V (VAR) loans andobligations at the end of 2021
Interest subsidies and grants are paid from this Fund

Housing Fund of Finland
was established in 1990³:KHQLWFRPHVWRVWDWH-subsidised
housing, the Housing Fund of Finland
will retain its position as
an extra-budgetary fund andwe will seek new sources of income
for the fund. We will ensure thatthe state support system promotes
innovative, environmentally
IULHQGO\KRXVLQJVROXWLRQV´
ARA Jarmo Lindén 5.11.2010

20,9 Billion Euros

Government Programme 2019:

Own capital of the Fund is 5,8 Billion EurosIn Finland Social / Affordable Housing
is achieved with combination of: ARA interest subsidy loans (1950 Million Euros 2022 = 10 000 new dwellings)
±
±
±
±
±
±

ARA accepts plans and costs of every project (Design for all ±principle, accessibility)
Bidding for construction, economic cycle effects, social housing production counter-cyclicalLong running time of loans, usually 40 years
High LTV of ARA loans, usually 95% of acquisition costs
Government guarantee is included in ARA interest subsidy loans (free of charge)
Direct grants are combined with ARA loans, investment grants up to 50% and start-up grants¾ Affordable price/rent of building site (Municipalities support Social Housing projects withcheaper plots than market price, EU/SGEI regulations)¾ Affordable rent in ARA Housing = cost recovery principle: In Helsinki -60% vs PRS¾ Owners of social rental housing= municipalities and non-profit private actors¾ Co-operation between Government and Municipalities is necessary - Agreements on
Land Use, Housing and Traffic - targets for social housing production¾ Both supply (ARA) and demand (housing benefits) side subsidies are needed to achieveaffordability with good quality housing for all$5$¶V supply side support is very cheap measure forgovernment ± high impact with low cost!
Stock of interest subsidy loans 2001-2021 Paid interest subsidies 2001-2021
Stock of interest subsidy loans 12/20210¼ 0¼ 

9.1.2023

Interest subsidy loan with investment grants
for special groups 0¼
 Special groups: Homeless, people with mental problems, disabled, elderlywith dementia, students and youth Grant Categories:
I Grant category maximum 15% (e.g. students and youth housing)
II Grant category 20 - 25% (supported housing e.g for people with mental problems)

III Grant category 35 - 40% (service housing for elderly 24/7)
IV Grant category 50% (long-term homelessness, disabled people)
9.1.2023

Investment Grants for Social Rental Housing of Special
Groups 2005- 2020: 1,4 Billion Euros grants + 4,5 Billion
Euros interest subsidy loans for 54 000 dwellings
ARA has approved
6 Billion investments for
54 000 rental homesduring 2005-2020
for Special Groups

This funding wasused to renovate
shelters to housing:
50% grant + 50% loan

Special Group

Rental dwellings
NumberShareGrantsMillion ¼

Averagegrant /
dwelling ¼

Share

Elderly people (with dementia)

21 990

41 %

776,2

54 %

35 296Students

19 793

37 %

152,9

11 %

7 725

Disabled persons

4 885

9%

281,3

20 %

57 575Homeless people

2 265

4%

88,8

6%

39 184

Persons with mental problems

1 391

3%

43,2

3%

31 052Others (e.g youth with special needs)

3 294

6%

99,2

7%

30 131

2005 - 2020

53 618100 %1 441,5100 %26 885Renovation and energy subsidies granted by ARA
Subsidies for housing companies and
ARA-entities

Subsidies for the households
Subsidy for elderdy

Accessibility subsidy

Elevator subsidy
Subsidy for disabled
peopleSubsidy for EV homecharging
infrastructure

Subsidy for housecondition
examinations andrenovations planning

Subsidy for energy
efficiency renovations

Subsidy for energy
efficiency renovations
Subsidy for housecondition
examinations andrenovations planning

9.1.2023

Renovation subsidies
 Lift grant
 subsidies are granted for installing new lifts in old blocks of flats whose
stairwells lack them maximum grant 45 % of costs
 About 100 lifts annually (together over 4000)

 Subsidies for the renovation of homes for elderly or disabled
people (max 70 % of costs)
 to improve accessibility or safety and make possible to live in own home longer
 for the renovation of homes which are in permanent residential use and at least
one of the residents is over 65 years old or disabled, income and wealth limits(means-testing) Accessbility grant making residential buildings accessible to people with impaired mobility
 construction of ramps, widening of front doors and construction of railings
 the goal is unimpeded accessibility to the building and its flats and common
areas from outside
 Maximum grant 45% of costs

The other side of the story:
Demolition of rental housing
in Kemi, Lapland (April 2020)
ARA has demolition grants

Agreements on Land use, Transport andHousing 2020-2023/2031(MAL)± between Government and Municipalities

Agreements
since year
2000

 Agreements between Government and municipalities in the Helsinki metropolitan area andTampere, Turku and Oulu regions
 Aims to promote of an adequate amount of dwellings and plots for the dwellings
 Includes ARA subsidies for housing production
 ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHJUDQWVIRUPXQLFLSDOLWLHV 0¼
 Start-up grants (3000 -10 000 euros/dwelling in social rental production + wood extra) Municipalities commit to take care of plot supply also to social housing (20-30 % of housing) Government investments in collective transport systems and other traffic arrangements Housing production target in Helsinki region: 66 000 new dwellings in 2020-2023, of which
ARA Social housing 18 200 dwellings = 27,6% of all (4600 /year) Based on joint responsibility to develop urban regions in sustainable way Government target: Finland should be carbon neutral year 2035
 the goal of eradicating homelessness was integrated into the new MAL agreements New MAL Agreements for 3 regions: Jyväskylä, Kuopio and Lahti regions
9.1.2023

$5$¶V Clients = Social Housing Providers

9.1.2023



Subsidising Social Housing projects requires the consent of the municipality inquestionSocial housing is carried out by municipality-owned companies or designatednon-profit organisation, which ARA approves and monitorsCompanies owned by Finnish municipalities
 Municipality-owned social housing companies (around 1000 ) Biggest HEKA = Helsinki City Housing Company (over 50 000 homes)

Designated borrowers (around 600)
 Designated by ARA, borrowers have to commit rules and legal frameworkof owning social rental dwellings
 Non-profit organisations: biggest Y Foundation (around 18 000 homes)
 Special purpose associations:± E.g student housing foundations and elderly housing organisations

Restrictions in ARA subsidised rental
dwellings
 To ensure that subsidies are benefiting the tenants and dwellings are kept in intended use Rental use obligation for 40 years (ARA can liberate if there is no need in region)
 Cost recovery principle in rent setting => rents under market rents

 Selling of dwellings is regulated and needs permission of ARA
 Tenant selection principles: priority for those who are in greatest need for housing andwith smallest income should have the priority (no income cap) Tenant democracy (co-decision law) Finnish Social Housing subsidies are considered as Services of General Economic
Interests (EU/SGEI)
9.1.2023

Tenant Selection Criterias in Social Rental Apartments
 Tenants are selected based on their need for housing and the search criteria, nota queueing system The tenants selection principles are based in Finnish law. The selection criteria
include need for housing, wealth and income
 Priority is given to the homeless and other applicants of limited means andlow income who have the most urgent situation.
 If more than one applicant is in equally urgent need for housing, the applicants'
income and assets are compared. Priority will be given to the lowest income
applicants When selecting tenants, attention is also paid to maintaining a varied resident
structure in the building and a healthy social balance in the residential area Selection and prioritization is done by landlord and monitored by the municipality
 ARA steers and guides the process in general

Urgency levels (Helsinki City):
https://www.hel.fi/kaupunkiymparisto/asunnonhaku-en/apply-for-an-apartment/apply-for-anara-apartment/selection-criteria/selection-criteria














Extremely urgent (AT1), for example:
Homeless individuals or people still living with relatives or friends
Employees in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area with no home
Renters with a fixed-term or terminated lease agreement
Adults still living with their parents
People subletting a home
Urgent (AT2), for example:
Current apartment is too small (more than 1 person per room)([FHVVLYHKRXVLQJFRVWV PRUHWKDQSHUFHQWRIDKRXVHKROG¶VJURVVLQFRPHLVFXUUHQWO\EHLQJ
spent on housing, as defined in EU statistics on income and living conditions)
In need of housing (AT3), for example:'HVLUHWRPRYHLVGXHWRWKHFXUUHQWDSDUWPHQW¶VHTXLSPHQWOHYHOORFDWLRQHWFAt present, 80 % of those who have received a social housing apartment of City of Helsinki have
had an extremely urgent needThe rent setting procedure in the social housing in Finland






The rent of ARA apartments covers the capital costs recurred from construction/renovation loans and themaintenance, heating and management costs of the building = Cost recovery principle
However according to social housing laws the rents of all the state-subsidised social housing properties,
owned by one owner can be leveled
Each housing company can use leveling procedures by its own choice. Rent leveling is however
forbidden between market financed housing and subsidised housing of the same owner (market rents can
support social rents but not vice versa)
Helsinki City Housing Company (Heka) owns approximately 50 000 subsidised social housing apartments(the biggest rental housing provider in Finland):± the yearly revenues are the same as the yearly, payment-based, costs that occur from constructing,repairing, maintaining, and managing all the apartments financed by interest-subsidised loans.
± These costs are collected into total costs which are then leveled to rents for each apartment. In Heka theleveling of the total costs to rents is based on WKH´XVHYDOXH´RIWKHEXLOGLQJV.
± The use value-based rent leveling model is based on scoring the parameters of the buildings: the age ofthe building, performed renovations, location, quality of the building, and the type of the building± The goal of the rent leveling is to assure that the yearly rent chances for all tenants are moderate andthat the rent reflects the use-value of the rental unit in relation to every rental unit of the owner

Cost recovery principle in practice: Difference of ARA-averagerent and PRS rents in biggest cities 2020
22,5
20,0
17,5

PRS rent higher
than ARA rent:
Helsinki +62%
Espoo
+39%
Vantaa +32%
Turku
+26%
Tampere +24%

15,0
12,5

8,1

¼VT
4,9

4,3
3,0

2,2

2,8

2,5

2,9

2,8

2,7

1,6

2,4

10,0
7,5
5,0
2,5

Average ARA ±rents ¼sqm/month0,0

The average rent of the Helsinki City Housing Company (Heka) will be only 0.8% higher in 2022 than 2021. The average rent inHeka housing units in 2022 is EUR 12.10 per square metre per month. Heka is the largest landlord in Finland. More than 92,000
residents of Helsinki live in our approximately 50,000 social rental apartments.

Cost control and steering of plans






Building projects are influenced by cost and quality monitored by ARA
Aims to build high-quality dwellings at reasonable costs
Rents are based on these costs accepted by ARA = Cost recovery principle
In ARA-construction as a rule is competition in tendering
Information on construction cost is gathered by ARA and it makes possible to ensurethat building projects are based on reasonable construction costs and support is notchannelled into input prices

Steering of planning± Accessibility, energy-efficiency± Costs can be higher if - for example - energy-efficiency improvements areincluded

9.1.2023

Difference between ARA Social housing new production (red) andprivate new production (blue) in Metropolitan cities, October 2020
¼VT

+97%

+52%
+31%

Lähteet ARA-tietokanta ja Rakennuslehden selvitys:
https://www.rakennuslehti.fi/2020/11/uusien-asuntojen-kauppa-kay-kovilla-kierroksilla-helsingissa-ja-espoossa-vantaallakaupat-romahtivat/Housing Benefits and social assistance for housing
was 2 591 Million Euros in 2020 (3,8 % Government
Budget and 1,1% GDP)
2500

Asumistuki

ARA-tuetϮϬϮϬ͗ϮϮϯϮDΦ

2000

Asuntolainojen korkovähennys

ϭϲϮDΦ;ĂǀƵƐƚƵŬƐŝĂͿϯϱDΦ
Housing benefits

Million euros

In 2020, Kela (the National
Social Insurance Institution)
paid a total of 2 232 million
EUR in housing benefits. The
amount increased by 4.2% inreal terms from the previous
year. At the end of the year,
859 212 people lived inhouseholds that received
housing benefits, which is
15.5% of the Finnish
population.

1500

1000

Tax-relief of Mortgage interest(will be totally abolished 2023)

500

ARA-subsidies

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

0
1995

On top of that: in 2020 Kelapaid 359 0¼RIVRFLDO
assistance to compensate
housing costs
9.1.2023

Maximum housing cost for general housing benefit in 2021:
Benefit covers 80% of housing costs (if no income) Municipalities in category 1: Helsinki Municipalities in category 2: Espoo,
Kauniainen ja Vantaa
 Municipalities in category 3: Hyvinkää,
Hämeenlinna, Joensuu, Jyväskylä,
Järvenpää, Kajaani, Kerava, Kirkkonummi,
Kouvola, Kuopio, Lahti, Lappeenranta, Lohja,
Mikkeli, Nokia, Nurmijärvi, Oulu, Pori, Porvoo,
Raisio, Riihimäki, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki,
Sipoo, Siuntio, Tampere, Turku, Tuusula,
Vaasa and Vihti
 All other municipalities belong to category 4.

https://www.kela.fi/web/en/housing-costs-and-types-of-homes

KELA = The National Social InsuranceInstitution of FinlandEspooVantaaGovernment Spending on Housing Allowances inOECD as % of GDP (2020 or last year available)
https://www.oecd.org/housing/data/affordable-housing-database/housing-policies.htm
United Kingdom

1,38%

Finland0,88%

Germany

0,73%

Denmark

0,72%

France0,69%Netherlands

0,53%

New Zealand

0,43%

Sweden0,32%Australia

0,24%

Greece0,21%

Iceland0,21%Israel0,15%

Czech Republic

0,15%

United States

0,13%

Ireland0,12%Norway0,10%Austria

0,09%

Estonia

0,06%

9.1.2023

0,00%

0,20%

0,40%

0,60%

0,80%

1,00%

1,20%

1,40%

1,60%



Social (ARA) vs. market housing (PRS):
two brand new dwellings in Jätkäsaari
HEKA/ ARA studio:
30 P5HQW¼monthMarket priced studio:
23 P5HQW¼month¼PPRS has free rent setting
since 1995

In 2021 average sizeof ARA studios was
39,9 m2
ARA Jarmo Lindén 5.11.2010

Social Housing has high quality standards:
ARA is optimazing cost-quality -relationship











Good quality + Affordable rents
Heating is always part of rent
Other services like Wifi,«DQGalways sauna available!
Not too small (average 50 m2)
Design for all ± accessibility!
Social Mix in housing areas
Good location and public
transport nearby
Facililities for communitybuildning
Promoting decarbonation of
housingA look at the participantsof the Tampere
Käräjätörmä
multigenerational
cooperative village designcompetition

Towards ecological living:
ARA is developing and piloting new innovative
housing solutions


Major development projects:Zero energy residential area: Tuusulan
Rykmentinpuisto, Housing Fair 2020
The first certified passive energy apartmentbuilding in Finland: Assisted living centre
Onnelanpolku, 2014
The first zero energy apartment building,Järvenpää and Kuopio, 2012

ARA-home 2049 contest for architectural
students

Käräjätörmä multigeneration cooperative
village, competition and implementation 2017±2019
ARA design contest on an energy-efficient
residential area, 2016
ARA-EFL Accessible Housing design contest,
2015±2016
ARA-home 2049 international contest, 2012

ARA design contest on energy-efficient
residential area

ARA and EFL student competition onaccessible housing

Helsinki: SOCIAL MIX
Housing Policy Objectives
Existing housing stock= 22% ARA homes

Objectives for forms oftenures in annual housing
production:

New targets 2023:
8000 new homes/year=1750 %
50

30

= 240020

Arava/ ARA production by occupancy arrangement andtotal housing production in Helsinki in 1971±2020

Occupancy types of existing and planned residential buildings in
the Jätkäsaari waterfront housing area (City of Helsinki, HSY)
Social Mix in practice
The City of Helsinki owns
70 % of its land area
7KH&LW\¶VKRXVLQJDVVHWV
consist of 63 000 housing
units, of which 50 000 are
ARA-subsidised rented
housing units and 5 000
ARA Right-of-occupancy
housing.
The City also has its own
housing developer

ARA is subsidizing Housing Advice services
 ARA has had mandate to promote and subsidize housing advice services in ARA-housing since2009 Year 2021 we had 0¼IRUgrants

 Year 2022 we have 0¼ for agreements with municipalities to enhance and develop housing
advice Focus will be on making housing advice more readily available and on preventing homelessness,particularly among young people and migrants
 To improve access to housing advice, Government will give an Act proposal for Parliament innext autumn to make it a statutory service 2023 and allocate resources for it In future Housing advice services must be available to all, irrespective of the form of housing

Homelessness Reports has been published since 1987 ² 35nd
Edition on 2021 is available in English

https://www.ara.fi/enUS/Materials/Homelessness_reports/Homelessness_in_Finland_2021(63305)

Alone living
Homeless:
2008: 8260
2021: 3948
Change - 4312
= - 52% since
Housing First was
implemented 2008Social Housing in Finland

Pragmatic approach ± path dependancy
Based on wide co-operation between government and municipalities
Government has not withdrawn from responsibility on supply side
Use of EU SGEI-regulations (mofidied with Brussels laws)

 Some shortcomings:

9.1.2023± Originally based on large scale productíon of new housing, not managementof existing stock± Loan system based on back-weighted amortization (40 years, inflation
expectation) ± most of construction loan exists when need for renovation± Who are right and motivated owners of social housing stock besides
municipalities?
± Scattered housing difficult to organise

Summary: Essential in Finnish social housing policy Housing is a core element in ensuring welfare - markets do not provide affordable
housing for all
 &RQVWLWXWLRQRI)LQODQG³The public authorities shall promote the right of everyone to
KRXVLQJDQGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRDUUDQJHWKHLURZQ´
 Combination of supply and demand side subsidies (mixed model)
 Housing needs of low income households and shortage of rental housing in growthcentresHigh housing costs especially in Helsinki region
Housing markets are more balanced outside Helsinki metropolitan area

 Needs to promote housing for special groups

Ageing population, sheltered homes
Housing of the disabled persons, aim to abandon institutions
Housing for homeless persons
Housing for youth and students

 Integrated residential areas (social stability, no slums, no segregation)Social and other housing situated side by side = Social Mix principle
Tenant selection criterias in social housing but also aim to avoid segregation in house level



2003

Housing is based on long-term
commitment for affordability andhigh quality

Thank you!
Jarmo.linden@ara.fi

2021













,QWHUYLHZ PHHWLQJIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIILQDQFHDQGGXUDELOLW\   








 WK -DQXDU\ 659KHDGTXDUWHUPHHWLQJURRP659


 LLPX $LUDNVLQHQ  0$  659 6HQLRU 9LFH 3UHVLGHQW           659  
0
 
  
      6KLQ0XUDNDPL 60 6XJL\DPD8QL 3URIHVVRU     +LURNL,VKL\DPD +, 2VDND&LW\8QL $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU              'DLVKL 6DNDJXFKL '6  1
 LKRQ )XNXVKL 8 QL $VVRFLDWH
3URIHVVRU  

Ŷ


















   *HQHUDOFRQGLWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFHIRUZRRGEXLOGLQJ                 )RUHFDVWRIIXWXUHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ  *HQHUDOFRQGLWLRQRIPDUNHWIRUZRRGEXLOGLQJ  +RZGR\RXVHHZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQJHQHUDO" 60  :RRG DSDUWPHQW D
 QG UHVLGHQWLDO E
 XLOGLQJ D
 UH SRSXODUGXHWROHVV&2 HPLVVLRQDQG
FDUERQIRRWSULQW 0$  7KH XVHUV DUH PRUHZLOOLQJWRKDYHZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIOLYLQJFRPIRUWDQG
WKH EXLOGLQJ RZQHU LV LQWHUHVWHG LQ WKH YDOXHV OLNH JUHHQ FHUWLILFDWH LQ WKH FXUUHQWPDUNHW 7
 KH FLW\ LV DOVR SXVKLQJ ³*UHHQ FLW\  ´ DQG WKH\ Z
 RXOG OLNH WR UHDFKFDUERQQHXWUDOWKURXJKODQGXVHSODQQLQJZKLFKDOORZVWREXLOGRQO\ZRRGEXLOGLQJVLQVRPHDUHDV 0$   :KDWNLQGRIEXLOGLQJW\SHLVSRSXODUIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" 60  ,Q FDVH R
 I VFKRRO E
 \ Z RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH E
 XLOGLQJ Z
 LOOEHORZHU&2 HPLVVLRQVRWKDWDVWKHLQFHQWLYHWKHFLW\ZLOOSD\IRUWKHUHGXFWLRQRI&2ZKLFKZLOOLPSURYHWKHFRVWFRPSHWLWLYHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ 0$  7KH SULFH IRU WKH DSDUWPHQWV E
 \ Z RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ Z
 DV FKHDSHU WKDQ FRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJLQVRPHFDVHV1RZDGD\V)LQODQGKDVEHHQFXWWLQJPRUHIRUHVWVZKLFKZLOOUDLVHWKHSULFHRIZRRG 0$   +RZLVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHSODQIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" +,  /LIHVSDQLVVHWDVORQJDVFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJ7KHUHLVQRGLIIHUHQFHLQEXLOGLQJW\SHV+RZHYHU Z
 RRG IDoDGH PXVW E
 H FDUHIXOO\ PDLQWDLQHGDWOHDVWRQFHLQ\HDUV7KH
PDLQWHQDQFH FRVW IRU Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ D OLWWOH ELW KLJKHU WKDQ FRQFUHWH E
 XLOGLQJEHFDXVHZRRGQHHGVPRUHUHJXODUPDLQWHQDFH 0$   'R\RXKDYHVRPHNLQGVRIPDLQWHQDQFHSODQIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" '6  7KH ORDG IRU WKHPDLQWHQDQFHLQZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGFRQFUHWHLVDOPRVWVDPHDVORQJDVLWLVXVHGLQVLGHRUORDGEHDULQJFRPSRQHQWV 0$   \HDUV OLIH H[SHFWDQF\ LV XVHG IRU WKH VLPXODWLRQ LQJHQHUDO6HUYLFHKDQGERRNLQHDFKSURMHFWZLOOJLYHWKHFRVWHVWLPDWLRQDQGWLPLQJIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHLQ\HDUVVFDOH 0$    )RUHFDVWRIIXWXUHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ  +RZGR\RXVHHWKHIXWXUHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" 7KH NH\ LV K
 RZ WR UHGXFH WKH FRVW 7
 KH ULVN R
 I SULFH ULVLQJ IRU WKH IXWXUH LVDOZD\VH[LVWLQJQRPDWWHUZKDWVWUXFWXUH\RXZLOOXVHIRUEXLOGLQJ 0$  7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWLVKLJKHULQ+HOVLQNLWKDQLQ1RUWKSDUWRUDQ\RWKHUFRXQWU\VLGHDUHD 7
 KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVW JHQHUDOO\GLIIHUVIURPHXURSHUIORRUVTXDUHPHWHU 0$   7KHFRVWIRUPDLQWHQDQFHZLOOEHEDUULHUWRVSUHDGZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" 60 
 KH PDLQWHQDQFH FRVW LQFOXGHV FOHDQLQJ LV  HXUR SHU IORRU VTXDUH  1RW VR PXFK 7
PHWHU & OHDQLQJ LV PHDQLQJ G
 DLO\ FOHDQLQJ 5
 HSDLU Z
 RUN ZLOO E
 H D GGHG R
 Q WRS R
 I LW 0$  7KHUH DUH WZR PRGHOV IRU WKHRSHUDWLRQRIEXLOGLQJ7KHRQHLVMXVWEXLOGLQJDQGWKHVHFRQG LV LQFOXGLQJ   \HDUV UHODWLRQVKLS IRU WKH PDLQWHQDQFH R
 I WKH E
 XLOGLQJPRQLWRULQJWKHTXDOLW\RIZRRGDQGEXLOGLQJFRQGLWLRQ 0$  7KHFRVWIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIZRRGEXLOGLQJLVDELWGLIIHUHQWIURPFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJEHFDXVHRIWKHZRRGIDoDGHLVRIWHQXVHGLQZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQZRRGEXLOGLQJFRXOGFRVWDELWPRUHEXWQRWVRELJGLIIHUHQFHH[FHSWWKHRXWVLGHZRRG 0$   7KHPHWKRGVRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQFDQEHFKRVHQLQHDFKSURMHFW" +,  &XUUHQWO\&/7LVPRUHSRSXODUEHFDXVHRIWKHSUHIDEULFDWHGPHWKRG&/7LVJHQHUDOO\PRUH H[SHQVLYH Q
 RW NQRZLQJ H[DFWO\ K
 RZ PXFK SHUFHQWDJH PRUH H[SHQVLYH 7
 KH
GHWDLOV R
 I &
 /7 LV G
 HSHQGHQW R
 Q WKH SURGXFHU HYHQ WKRXJK WKHFRQFUHWHLVJHQHUDOO\VDPH:RRGFRQVWUXFWLRQVKRXOGEHPRUHVWDQGDUGL]HG 0$   ,VWKHUHDQ\VSHFLDOZRUNHUIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" 60  *HQHUDOO\ VDPH ZRUNHU Z
 LWK FRQFUHWH E
 XLOGLQJ %XW ZRRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV QRW VR
FRPPRQIRUWKHZRUNHU7KXVWKHUHLVVSHFLDOWUDLQLQJRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQIRUZRUNHUEHIRUHWKH\VWDUWZRUNLQJLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVLWH 0$   :KDWGR\RXWKLQNRIWKHEHQHILWWRXVHZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQ\RXUSURMHFW" '6  :RRG VWUXFWXUH K
 DV E HQHILWV LQ WKHLU OLJKW Z
 HLJKW  HDV\ FRQVWUXFWLRQ  &
 2 HPLVVLRQDQG SHRSOH S
 UHIHU ZRRG VPHOO D
 QG IHHOLQJ LQ LQWHULRU 'LVDGYDQWDJHV DUH QRLVH ILUH
VDIHW\DQGPRLVWXUH 0$  &RQFUHWH VHFWRU K
 DV E HHQ GRPLQDWLQJ WKH PDUNHW E
 XW Z RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ K
 DV PRUH
SRWHQWLDOVLQWHUPVRIHQYLURQPHQWDOUHDVRQVDQGEHWWHUOLYLQJHQYLURQPHQW 0$  ,Q RWKHU (XURSHDQ FRXQWULHV 6ZHGHQ LV LQ VLPLODU FRQGLWLRQ E
 XW R WKHU FRXQWU\ OLNH1HWKHUODQGVKDVGLIILFXOW\WRJHWJRRGTXDOLW\RIZRRG 0$ 





,QFDVHRIODJHUVL]HRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQWKHEXLOGLQJKDVVSULQNOHUDQGQRWVRPXFKULVN R
 I ILUH EXW R
 QWKHFRQWUDU\WKHUHLVDULVNRIZDWHUGDPDJH$OVRJ\SVXPERDUGZLOOSURWHFWWKHEXLOGLQJIURPWKHILUHLQFDVHRIZRRGEXLOGLQJ 0$   :KDW NLQG R
 IZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQFRXOGEHFRPSHWLWLYHLQWKHPDUNHWDQGZKDWZLOOEH
NH\WRSLFV" +,  $5$ LV WDNLQJ PRUH F RVWHIIHFWLYH Z
 D\ RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ 659 LV XVLQJ Z
 RRG
FRQVWUXFWLRQ IRU D
  ELW K
 LJKHU LQFRPH DUHD R
 U K LJKHUVSHFEXLOGLQJVRWKDWWKH
SULFHGLIIHUHQFHLVQRWDELJSUREOHPIRUWKHFOLHQWV 0$  7KH PDLQWHQDQFH GXUDWLRQ IRU FRQFUHWH E
 XLOGLQJ LV OHVV WKDQZRRG7KHUHLVVHUYLFHERRNIRUHDFKSURMHFWIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHDQGPRGHOFDVHVIRUPDLQWHQDQFHLQHDFKSKDVH 0$ 
 XLOGLQJ LQ -DSDQ Z
 H KDYH D E
 XLOGLQJ FLUFXPVWDQFH UHDFK HQHUJ\  ,Q ODUJHU VFDOH E
VDYLQJDQGWU\WRFRQWUROPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW 60   \HDUV D
 JR WKHSULFHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQZRRGDQGFRQFUHWHZDVQRW7KH
UHDVRQ WR PDNH D J
 DS LV WKDW VSULQNOHU Z
 LOO EH Q
 HHGHG IRU K
 LJKHU E
 XLOGLQJ DQ\ZD\ZKHWKHUZRRGRUFRQFUHWH 0$  7KH PDLQ GULYHULV&2 HPLVVLRQDQGSHRSOHFRPIRUWIRUKLJKHUSULFH&RPSDULQJ
\HDUVDJRWKHPDUNHWWHQGVWRSUHIHUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ 0$   
 
 

 







60 
&2



0$ 







0$ 


 

 


&2

60 
&2


0$ 

5&


0$ 



+, 
 


5&
 0$ 

5&












'6 
 

 



  

 


 


5&


0$ 
5&







0$ 





0$ 



 

0$ 



60 
 


 


 













0$ 







0$ 
5&




0$ 



+, 
 &/7

&/7




&/7
0$ 



60 
 



5&



0$ 



'6 
 

 

 

 


&2


0$ 


0$ 

0$ 







0$ 

 

    $5$ 






Ŷ




+, 
               

  


  

659

  


0$ 




























,QWHUYLHZIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRI/&$      /&$        








 WK -DQXDU\ *UHHQEXLOGLQJFRXQFLOPHHWLQJURRP
 LLVD 7DKNDQHQ  07  *UHHQ E
0 XLOGLQJ FRXQFLO /HDGLQJ 6SHFLDOLVW                       6KLQ 0XUDNDPL  60    +LURNL ,VKL\DPD  +,  2VDND & LW\
6XJL\DPD 8
 QL 3URIHVVRU    
8QL $VVRFLDWH 3URIHVVRU               'DLVKL 6DNDJXFKL '6 1LKRQ)XNXVKL8QL $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU  

Ŷ


















   *HQHUDOFRQGLWLRQDQG/&$IRUZRRGEXLOGLQJ/&$   )RUHFDVWRIIXWXUHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ   *HQHUDOFRQGLWLRQDQG/&$IRUZRRGEXLOGLQJ  &RXOG\RXH[SODLQ\RXURUJDQL]DWLRQ" 60  ),*%&¶V JLYHV WKH FHUWLILFDWH D
 QG DUH RUJDQL]HG E
 \   FRPSDQLHV R
 I DUFKLWHFWXUHILUPV D
 QG FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRPSDQLHV ),*%& E
 HORQJV WR:RUOG*UHHQ%XLOGLQJ&RXQFLOE\QDWLRQDO*%&VDQG),*%&LVSDUWRI(XURSHUHJLRQDOQHWZRUN 07 
  +RZLVWKHUHJXODWLRQVIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQ)LQODQG" +,  WK VWRULHV DUH PD[LPXP IRU Z
 RRG VWUXFWXUH EHFDXVH R
 I ILUH UHJXODWLRQVKRXUVIRU
ILUHSURRILVUHTXLUHGIRUVWRULHVKHLJKW 07  +\EULG VWUXFWXUH OLNH FRQFUHWH D
 QG Z RRG DUHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHUHJXODWLRQVRIZKROHZRRG EXLOGLQJ LQ )LQODQG ZKLFK Z
 LOO PDNH Z
 RRG VWUXFWXUH PRUH G
 LIILFXOW WR ILW WKHUHJXODWLRQV 07   7KHSXEOLFVHFWRULVSRVLWLYHIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" '6  7KH JRYHUQPHQW D
 QG FLW\ DUH WULHG WR SXVKLQJ Z
 RRG VWUXFWXUHEHFDXVHRIWKHEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFHLQ/&$LQJHQHUDO 07  ),*%& Z LOO WU\WRFRQWULEXWHWRWKHVHFWRU¶VVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWIRULQGXVWU\DQG
JRYHUQPHQW),*%&DOVRSXEOLVKFRPPRQPHWULFVOLNHJXLGHERRNDQGDQDO\VLVUHSRUWIRUJUHHQEXLOGLQJDQGVXVWDLQDELOLW\ 07 
 7KHJXLGHERRNLVFRPPRQO\XVHGLQ(8RULQ)LQODQG" 60  7KHJXLGHERRNLVXVHGIRU)LQODQGLQJHQHUDO7KHGLIIHUHQFHLVIRULQVWDQFH)LQODQGXVH R QO\ $$ % && LQ WKH FULWHULD %% LV H[FOXGHG EHFDXVH LW LV LQ XVHVWDJHDQGXQFHUWDLQIXWXUHWKLQJ 07 
  7KHFULWHULDLVXVHGIRUQHZEXLOGLQJRUROGEXLOGLQJ" 60 







,WLVIRUQHZEXLOGLQJDQGPDMRUUHQRYDWLRQRIROGEXLOGLQJ%5(($0LQ8VHLVXVHGIRUROG E XLOGLQJDQG/(('1HZ&RQVWUXFWLRQLVXVHGIRUQHZEXLOGLQJ,Q)LQODQG/(('VLOYHULVWKHJRYHUQPHQWOHJLVODWLRQOHYHODQG/(('JROGLVUHTXLUHGIRUWKHGHYHORSHU 07 
(QHUJ\ H
 IILFLHQF\ K
 DV EHHQ PDLQ LQWHUHVWV IRU WKH JRYHUQPHQW EHFDXVH LW ZLOO EH
HQYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\DQGOHDGWRFRVWUHGXFWLRQ 07 

  )URP/&$ZLOOEHPDQGDWRU\IRUWKHEXLOGLQJSHUPLVVLRQ" '6  1RZ VWLOO LQ WKH SDUOLDPHQW VWDJH D
 QG QH[W JRYHUQPHQW Z
 LOO PDNHDILQDOGHFLVLRQ,W
GHSHQGVRQWKHQH[WYRWHDQGHOHFWLRQ 07 
  ,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDWWKHFULWHULDIRUWKHFHUWLILFDWHDUHGLIIHUHQWIURPHDFKFRXQWU\'RHVWKLVUHDOO\ZRUNZKHQ\RXQHHGWRHYDOXDWHHDFKSURMHFW" +,  6RPH FRXQWULHV Z
 LOO WDNH $ R
 WKHU Z
 LOOH[FOXGH%7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQFHVEXWWKH\DUH
VPDOO 07 
   )RUHFDVWRIIXWXUHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ I FDUERQ VLQN  /DWHO\ LQ )LQODQG FXWWLQJ IRUHVW LV JHWWLQJ ELJJHU FRQFHUQ EHFDXVH R
FDSDELOLW\" '6  <HV LW LV WUXH &RQFUHWH LQGXVWU\ D QG Z RRG LQGXVWU\ DUH S
 XOOLQJ WKH PDUNHW E
 HKLQG8VLQJWRRPXFKZRRGLVQRWJRRGWKLQJLQWHUPVELRGLYHUVLW\7KHEHVWZD\LVWRXVH
JRRG T
 XDOLW\ Z
 RRG IRU ORQJHU OLNH FDVFDGLQJXVHDQGORQJSURGXFWOLIHF\FOHWRVWRUHFDUERQLQSURGXFWV 07 
  0DUNHWPLJKWWKLQNWKDWFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJFDQODVW\HDUVEXWZRRGEXLOGLQJGRHVQRWODVW:KDWGR\RXWKLQNRIEXLOGLQJOLIHVSDQ" +,  7KLV LV Q
 RW QHFHVVDULO\ WUXH ) RU ORQJHU XVH R
 U ORQJHU OLIH F\FOH Z
 LOO EH NH\ D
 QG
PDLQWHQDQFHSODQZLOOEHHYHQPRUHLPSRUWDQWLQWKHIXWXUH 07 
  7KHUH LV D ORW R
 I GLVFXVVLRQ WKDW Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV EHQHILFLDO IRU HQYLURQPHQW LQ-DSDQ+RZDERXWLQ)LQODQG" '6  <HVVDPHVLWXDWLRQ 07  $W OHDVW 0LLVD¶V R
 SLQLRQ Z
 RRG VWUXFWXUHLVJHQHUDOO\HQYLURQPHQWDOO\EHQHILFLDOLI\RX
GRQRWFXWWRRPXFKZRRGRUZHXVHSURGXFWORQJHUDQGORQJHUOLIHF\FOH '6   :KDWLVWKHEDUULHUIRUWKHVSUHDGRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" 60 
 IIHFWLYHQHVV ODFNRIH[SHUWLVHILUHUHJXODWLRQVDQGFRQFUHWHLQGXVWU\LVVWURQJ &RVW H
LQ WKH PDUNHW (VSHFLDOO\ E
 LJ FRQWUDFWRU VXFK 6NDQVND 65. D
 QG <57 ZLOO NHHSWUDGLWLRQDO ZD\ R I FRQFUHWH FRQVWUXFWLRQ 7
 KH\ E
 HORQJ WR J
 UHHQEXLOGLQJDVVRFLDWLRQEXWWKH\DUHQRWHDJHUWRGRZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ 07 
  7KHGXUDELOLW\RIZRRGEXLOGLQJZLOOEHDQLVVXHZKHQ\RXEXLOGZRRGEXLOGLQJ" +,  1RUPDOO\QRW7KHGXUDELOLW\RIZRRGZLOOEHXVHGDVH[FXVHWRDYRLGZRRGVWUXFWXUH
 07    ),*%&



 

 



 

 



 
   


/&$
60 

),*%&





*%&


07 









07 
5&



07


'6 

/&$



),*%&




07 
),*%&
07
(8





$$ % &&               
07 

%%      
%5(($0
LQ8VH     
/(('                   
1HZ&RQVWUXFWLRQ                    
/(('  
/(('



07 

 

07 
 
 


/&$

'6 

07 



 $  


 


+, 
%
07






'6 









       

 5&

 


07 
                07           




+, 

07 



  
 



'6 
07 

'6 


 




60 

6NDQVND



Ŷ



5&




07


 



65. <57




07 

















Towards embodied
carbon benchmarks
for buildings in Europe#1 Facing the data challengeTowards embodied carbon benchmarks
for buildings in Europe#1 Facing the data challenge

Project name

Towards EU embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings

Date

March 2022

Authors

Martin Röck, Andreas Sørensen, Jacob Steinmann,Lise Hvid Horup, Buket Tozan, Xavier Le Den,
Harpa Birgisdottir

Contributors

Kirsten Lynge, Lise Hvid Horup, Buket Tozan,
Harpa Birgisdottir

Ramboll
35, Square de Meeûs
1000 Brussels
Belgium
T +32 02 737 96 80
F +32 02 737 96 99
https://ramboll.com

Disclaimer
In this report, the widely used term ‘embodied carbon’ is applied. It is considered to be synonymous with ‘embodied GHG
emissions’ herein. The data and values presented in the following consider both CO2 and non-CO2 GHG emissions, thereference unit applied is kilogram CO2e (equivalent) expressed per m2, per capita, or m2 and year, respectively.

Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude towards everyone that has accompanied the work in this project and helped improve the results with valuable input and critical comments. This includes:
The Built Environment team of Laudes Foundation, in person of Maya Faerch and James Drinkwater
The steering committee of the study, composed of Stephen Richardson (World Green Building Council), Josefina Lindblom (European Commission, DG Environment), Sven Bienert (International Real Estate Business School at Regensburg
University), and Lars Ostenfeld-Riemann (Ramboll)
The data partners, for France: Florian Piton, Marine, Vesson, Sylviane Nibel (CSTB); for the Netherlands: Mantijn van Leeuwen, Marvin Spitsbaard, (NIBE) Ruben Zonnevijlle (Dutch Green Building Council); for Belgium: Karen Allacker (KU Leuven); for Finland: Matti Kuittinen (Ministry of Environment), Anni Viitala (Granlund), Sara Tikka (One Click LCA); (CSTB);
Others: Anouk Muller, Markus Auinger (PORR); Mirko Farnetani (Hilson Moran)
Lastly, we would like to thank the Communications teams of Ramboll and Laudes Foundation for getting the message
spread.

Cite asRöck M, Sørensen A, Steinmann J, Le Den X, Lynge K, Horup L H,, Tozan B, Birgisdottir H. Towards Embodied Carbon
Benchmarks for Buildings in Europe – Facing the data challenge, 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6120522





Executive
summary
Rationale – Why isthis important?
“Embodied carbon” consists ofall the greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions associated with thematerials and construction
processes used throughout thewhole life cycle of a building1.
While past efforts have mostly
focused on increasing energy
efficiency in building operation,
recent research on the GHG
emissions across the full life
cycle of a building highlights
the increasing importance of
embodied GHG emissions in relation to producing and processing construction
materials. The urgent state ofclimate change requires rapid
action without any further delay.
The “Towards Embodied Carbon Benchmarks for buildings
in Europe” project was set upby Ramboll Build AAU - Aalborg
Universitet with the support of
the Laudes Foundation. Througha series of four reports2, the objective is to improve our understanding of embodied carbon
in buildings and to set framework conditions for reducing
it. In order to do so, the project
explores the concept of embod-

ied carbon baselines, targets,and benchmarks for buildings in
Europe. In particular, the focus
is on upfront embodied emissions which represent the largest
share of embodied carbon andcan be shaped at the design
stage.
For this purpose, data on the
GHG emissions from building
construction is essential for
calculating the current baseline levels of embodied carbon.
Additionally, the current data
landscape will shape the options
available to us for monitoring
future buildings against specificbenchmarks, once these havebeen established. Therefore, thisreport describes the experience
gained in collecting building-level embodied carbon data fromlife cycle assessments (LCAs).

rent level of embodied carbon
in buildings. This would allow
relatively robust conclusions to
be made regarding the baseline
level.
However, the data collection
process conducted across Europe resulted in only five countries being identified for which
sufficient data could be used.
These were Belgium, Denmark,Finland, France and theNetherlands. Figure 1
summarises and illustrates thesituation across Europe.
The data collection processhighlighted a series of data challenges which resulted in the low
number of cases which could
be used. These challenges are
summarised in Table 1.

Results – What did
we find?
The objective of this part of the
project was to compile LCA datafrom European countries, forwhich 50 cases or more could
be found. Each case represents
a building where LCA data wasavailable which could be used toprovide information on the cur-

Embodied carbon therefore includes: material extraction, transport to manufacturer, manufacturing, transport to site, construction, maintenance, repair, replacement, refurbishment, deconstruction, transport to end-of-life facilities, processing, disposal.
1.

2.

Reports: #1: Facing the data challenge; #2: Setting the baseline; #3: Defining a carbon budget; #4: Bridging the gapTable 1: Key challenges encountered in the LCA data collection
Challenge

Definition

Effect on building LCA data

Availability

Existence of data at thenational level

In many European countries, the practice ofconducting LCAs does not exist, or the results are not
fed into a central repository.

Accessibility

Possibility to accessexisting data

LCA data may be collected into a central repository
but is not shared by the owner because of dataprotection or intellectual property concerns.

Quality

Data meets accuracy,completeness,timeliness, validity, anduniqueness criteria

Entries in national databases vary in completeness,have unclear time origins or include duplications.

Comparability

Data scope andcollection method arecomparable with eachotherThe scope of life cycle stages, building parts orenvironmental impacts, or the data collection andresults calculation methods differ. This is a particularchallenge when comparing data across countries.

RepresentativenessThe data represents thebuilding stock, in terms of
new construction, well

Even if all the above factors are met, data can comefrom selected buildings with high environmental performance, for instance where obtaining sustainability
certification is envisaged. This delivers a skewed andincomplete picture of the embodied carbon in newbuildings. Sufficient data points are needed for eachdifferent building type to be able to draw representative conclusions. The larger the sample, the better it isin this respect.

Figure 1: Overview of data availability in Europe

Data available and>50 cases collected
Data available and<50 cases collected

No information

Conclusions – What does thismean?
In conclusion, we found that the LCA data required
for a benchmarking system to reduce embodied
carbon in new buildings needs to be more extensive. Furthermore, the challenges identified in thisreport need to be addressed and overcome quickly
in order to avoid any delay to action being taken.
The experience from those countries for which data
could be collected shows that overcoming the challenges is the result of incentives to conduct LCAs
and to make the results available being includedin national legislation and other policy initiatives.
Additionally, the effectiveness of data collection
can be increased through triple-helix cooperation
between the public and private sectors, as well as
academia and not-for-profit partners.

Private sector

Datacollection

PublicsectorAcademiaCall to action – Whatshould we do?
Based on the findings of thiswork, we arrive at the following
recommendations:
National LCA methods and datacollection systems are urgently
needed to avoid any further
delay in this fundamental step
towards measuring and reducing embodied carbon as part ofwhole life carbon emissions.
To this end, legal or sectoral
requirements that mandate theproduction of LCAs in accordance with standardised calculation and documentation methodologies are highly relevant at
national level, as well as harmonisation at EU level through tools
such as the Level(s) framework.
Standardisation based on coordination between stakeholders
in the building design and construction value chain should, forexample, include: scope of life
cycle modules, scope of building elements, reference study
period, environmental data on
building materials, etc.
Data collection and compilation efforts are needed fromall those involved in designing
and assessing buildings. For thispurpose, collaboration and complementary activities between
public institutions, building

designers, investors, certification
organisations and researchers
are needed. This step requires
a common language and standardised method for LCAs,
as described in the first point
above.
As this process may take sometime, the challenge of gaps
in data could also be mitigated through the following
approaches. These should beconsidered complementary.
• Data on recent and current
building projects could be
generated at a centralised
level by applying a single
LCA method in order toprovide information on these
specific cases, as it is likely that this data can still beobtained. This exercise would
benefit from input from thedifferent actors involved, including the building industry,certification bodies, researchers and public bodies. This
cooperation could be greatly
facilitated through the useof standardised calculation
methods and software tools
to form a central database. A
similar approach has provided
a large database in France.
• Existing data, that has beencreated in a scattered form
using varying methodologies
by different stakeholders, has
the potential to be gathered

together and harmonised toform a centralised database.
Harmonisation methods,
adapted to the specific differences between the LCA methodologies, could be agreed
upon by a coalition of actors
to support this undertaking.
Examples of such action are
the international activities
in Annex 72 to the IEA-EBC
Programme, as well as the UK
initiatives LETI and BRE.
• Where empirical data faces
the challenges described inthis report, relying on results from modelled buildingarchetypes could provide
an insight into the life-cycle
impacts. Building archetypes
offer the advantage of providing representative and comparable values. However, limits
remain in translating building stock models into LCA
data, which is challenging,particularly for the diverse
landscape of non-residentialbuildings. Also, monitoring
future buildings, in comparison with benchmarks, is notpossible. Nonetheless, efforts
to translate this data canhelp in the transition towards
standardised empirical LCA
data. This approach has beenused successfully in projects
such as the Tabula/Episcope
project.

Contents
1.

Introduction

2. What is the situation on building LCA data in Europe?

13

2.1 The ambition

3

2.2 The reality

3

3. What are the issues with LCA data?

4

3.1 Data availability

4

3.2 Data accessibility

5

3.3 Data quality

5

3.4 Data comparability

5

3.5 Data representativeness6

4. What can be done about it?

7

4.1 Incentives for LCA data collection in legislation and government initiatives

7

4.2 Effective data collection through triple-helix cooperation

8

5. Conclusions and recommendations

10

5.1 Conclusions

10

5.2 Recommendations

10

Appendix 1 - Country sheets on embodied carbon LCA data

12

Appendix 2 - Embodied Carbon Landscape in the EU

18

Appendix 3 - References

25



Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

1

1. Introduction
As the effects of the accelerating climate and ecological crises are becoming evident, the need for transformational climate action is rising. Based on decades of climate science and driven by the increasing pressure
from civil society, policymakers in the European Union (EU) and beyond are making bold claims to reducegreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for their respective regions and activities.
Building construction and operation are amongst the most significant activities driving current GHG emissions, representing 37% of global GHG emissions[1]. At the same time, increasing the energy efficiency ofboth existing and new buildings, as well as shifting to sustainable construction practices, are considered tobe major opportunities for decarbonising the economy in the coming decades.
Altogether, the total amount of embodied and operation emissions is referred to as whole-life carbon
emissions. Reducing this total sum of emissions in a building is of the highest priority, to which this work
aims to contribute.
While past efforts have mostly focused on increasing energy efficiency in building operation, recent
research on GHG emissions across the full life cycle of buildings highlights the increasing importance of
embodied GHG emissions, in relation to producing and processing construction materials. “Embodied carbon” refers to all the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with materials and construction processes
throughout the whole lifecycle of a building3.
These embodied emissions in buildings are rarely addressed in policy strategies and instruments. However, if embodied carbon is not included in building decarbonisation targets, a failure to meet global
decarbonisation targets is highly likely. This is because the total climate impact of buildings would remain
only partly addressed. Thus, the need and potential for reducing embodied emissions require attention andalignment as part of European and global efforts to combat climate change. Against the backdrop of increasing efforts to understand and reduce the whole life cycle of carbon in buildings, the project “Towards
Embodied Carbon Benchmarks for the European Building Industry” was set up.
In particular, setting a performance system for embodied emissions at the building level can provide relevant guidance for policymakers and the building industry. Developing the foundations of such a performance system for new buildings has been the objective of the project “Towards Embodied Carbon Benchmarks for buildings in Europe”, set up by Ramboll and Build AAU - Aalborg University, with the support of
the Laudes Foundation. This includes a baseline of current embodied carbon levels in new buildings, as wellas considerations of the available carbon budget for these emissions. Together with a review of data availability and quality, these elements form the basis of a performance system in the form of benchmarks for
reducing embodied carbon.
This project focused on the European Union (EU). This is due to its position as a pioneer in GHG emission
reduction policies with instruments such as the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the Taxonomy
for Sustainable Activities and the EU Climate Transition Benchmark Regulation. Additionally, the life-cycle
perspective of buildings is receiving increased policy awareness. These instruments and initiatives will havean increased impact on the building industry. This project seeks to inform the current debate involving policymakers and industry alike and to stimulate the development and application of benchmarks for embodied
carbon in the EU and beyond.

Embodied carbon therefore includes: material extraction, transport to manufacturer, manufacturing, transport to site, construction, use phase, maintenance,
repair, replacement, refurbishment, deconstruction, transport to end of life facilities, processing, disposal.

3.



2

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

The series of reports produced as part of this project provides insights and developments on the following
questions:
1. What data is available on embodied carbon in the EU?
2. Where are we now? What is the current status of embodied carbon in new buildings?
3. Where do we need to be? What level of embodied carbon is aligned with the available carbon budget?
4. How can we close the gap? How can benchmarks to reduce embodied carbon be set?
The report herein is the first report in this series.

Figure 2: Overview of the series of reports produced under the “Towards Embodied Carbon Benchmarks for buildings in Europe” project#1 What data is available on embodied carbon?
Embodied carbon data availability and quality in the EU#2 Where are we now?
Baseline for embodied carbon inbuildings based on LCA data

#3 Where do we need to be?
Target setting for embodied carbon
according to global carbon budgets#4 How can we close the gap?
Recommendations for EU embodied
carbon benchmarks in buildings

The purpose of the report herein is to summarise the insights gained on embodied carbon data fromlife cycle assessments (LCA). A search for such data was carried out across EU countries (and the United
Kingdom) to form a basis for the baseline setting process and for drawing up a benchmarking framework.
The report presents the current situation as encountered in the EU countries and the UK, points to the key
issues in LCA data and provides solutions for overcoming these challenges. The findings in the report aresupplemented with country sheets for the five countries for which sufficient data was available: Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France and the Netherlands.

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

3

2. What is the situation on building LCA data in
Europe?
2.1 The ambition
Developing robust recommendations for a benchmarking system for embodied carbon in buildings
requires an evidence base in order to be able to understand the status quo and to set the baseline for
reduction efforts.
For calculating the baseline of embodied carbon in new construction in the EU, this study aimed atgathering national datasets consisting of at least 50 cases of high-quality building LCA data per country
from EU Member States and the United Kingdom. This target was set to create a sample for analysis that
was as broad as possible, while taking into account the currently limited collection of building LCA data.
However, considering the overall number of construction projects, this target number was deemed sufficientfor making feasible statements on the embodied carbon levels in new buildings.

2.2 The reality
The research into the national methods and cases of available LCA data for all EU Member States revealed
that obtaining a larger amount of data is impossible in the majority of countries. The results show that the
majority of EU Member States have low to no LCA data available for calculating bottom-up embodied
carbon benchmarks, with only five Member States identified as having 50 or more LCA cases available. The
details for these five countries are compiled in the country sheets in Appendix 1, while an overview of theembodied carbon data landscape in all EU Member States is provided in Appendix 2.
Figure 3 summarises and illustrates the data available in European countries, as assessed during thedata collection process for this project. It illustrates that, within the countries included in the study,
samples of sufficient size and quality could only be collected in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France andthe Netherlands. In four additional countries, some data could be identified, but it did not pass the thresholdof 50 cases.
This highlights a significant variation in the building LCA data
available, which limited a broader coverage of countries to assess
current embodied carbon levels.
This impacted the calculation of
the baseline and the carbon budgets, as well as the determinationof benchmarks required to guidethe reduction of said emissions.
The variation in the data landscapeand the need for this evidence basehighlights the urgency for expanding and improving data collection,and suggests that lessons could belearnt from the Member States included in this study at the forefrontof data collection. The following
sections provide additional analysis
and discussion of what drives data
development and data accessibility
in these countries.

Figure : Overview of data availability in Europe

Data available and>50 cases collected
Data available and<50 cases collected

No information



4

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

3. What are the issues with LCA data?
This section summarises the key issues encountered in the data collection and analysis process. As
suggested by the map of data availability in Figure 3, embodied carbon LCA data can be challenging tocome by, as in most EU Member States there is no precedent or requirement to develop LCAs which include
embodied carbon in buildings. However, other factors may also pose data challenges when using LCA data
to develop embodied carbon benchmarks. This includes the following points (as summarised in Table 2
above) which will be discussed below, based on the experience gained from the data collection at national
level.

Table 2: Key challenges encountered in LCA data collection
Challenge

Description

Availability

Existence of data at national level

Accessibility

Possibility to access existing data

Quality

Data meets accuracy, completeness, timeliness, validity and uniqueness criteria

Comparability

Data scope and collection methods are comparable with each other

Representativeness

Data represents the building stock, in terms of new construction, well

3.1 Data availability
As already outlined, finding existing LCA data for buildings has proved challenging in most countries. In
many of the countries in which the expected sample size could not be reached, LCAs are not commonly
performed in practice or are not collected. The reasons for this can be a lack of awareness, guidance on
methodology, or incentives for LCAs for building projects. Two examples highlight the challenges of data
availability from countries in which data could not be collected.
Firstly, in Poland, where there is no regulation on whole life carbon, the Polish Green Buildings Council
expressed difficulties in accessing data on embodied carbon as the results of LCAs are not systematicallygathered into a central repository. In this case, the development of LCA data was driven by investmentcompanies and developers expressing an interest in conducting LCAs on construction projects to achieve
voluntary sustainability certifications. Thus, the data was found to remain with the private sector (building
owners, consultancy companies conducting the LCAs, the LCA tool owner, or certification bodies); and was
not readily accessible by research institutions or the green building council. This case was found to be representative of the majority of EU Member States where the lack of a central LCA repository and private sector
data holding were found to create barriers to developing nation-wide embodied carbon benchmarks. Thiscase, therefore, is emblematic of the data availability and accessibility challenges.
In the Czech Republic, an active academic research project (CVUT) was identified on the topic of building
LCA, its implementation in the design process, and the definition of carbon targets for buildings. However,the limited number of available building LCA case studies prevented the inclusion of these LCA cases in thisstudy’s analysis. This suggests that future support for local actors to build on this experience in order toincrease the number of LCA cases could enable a suitable database to be established in the future. Consequently, this is representative of the lack of data availability.

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

5

3.2 Data accessibility
If data is collected through LCAs at the building level, this data may still not be usable in a general assessment of embodied carbon in the country due to challenges in accessing the data. In the countries forwhich data has been successfully collected for this study, the data partners were able and willing to share
their data. In other countries, this was not possible. In such cases, the consideration of an EU level baseline
for embodied carbon is not possible in the current situation.
For instance, in Germany, we found a different landscape. Here, due, on the one hand, to the requirement for
federal buildings to conduct a BNB assessment including an LCA, and, on the other hand, a popular uptakeof the DGNB buildings certifications, LCA data was found to be available and held by the DGNB. However,barriers were encountered in accessing it due to data protection and intellectual property considerations.
This became such a challenge that the data could not actually be accessed for this study. By the end of thisproject, and as a useful and timely contribution to the overall discussion around embodied carbon benchmarks, the DGNB published their own report on benchmarks for embodied carbon in buildings in Germany[2]. The findings of this report proved to be consistent with the findings present in report #2 “Setting thebaseline” of this study.

3.3 Data quality
To be able to use the data as an evidence base for a robust assessment of current embodied carbon levels,
quality criteria have to be met. This relates to the accuracy of building data, the completeness of reported
data for each of the cases in the datasets, the timeliness of reporting to reflect the current level of embodied
carbon, and duplications in the dataset. Variations in these criteria impacted the results and reduced confidence in the findings and related recommendations.
For instance, the embodied carbon data collection in France provides a contrast as, in this case, the data
was both easily accessible and plentiful. This can be attributed to the existence of a central data repository
held by a public body, and the key role of the Ministry of Ecological Transition in ensuring data is collected as
per the E+C- experiment, and forthcoming RE2020. However, as the data was being processed, challenges
were encountered regarding the completeness of the entries, where incomplete cases had to be removed.
Consequently, what started as 1,197 LCA cases had to be reduced to 486 due to quality considerations.

3.4 Data comparability
The consistency of the data quality is linked to the comparability of data based on the collection method.
This challenge is particularly relevant when comparing and aggregating data from different countries in an
EU-level baseline, or proposing actions such as a benchmarking system at EU-level. For these applications,the different approaches used further reduce the robustness of the evidence base.
Two main parameters can differ and impact the comparability:• Scope of life cycle stages• Assessment methods
Firstly, as Figure 4 shows, the inclusion of life cycle modules in the scope of the collected data differs
between all of the five national LCA methods compared in detail in this project. The comparison illustrates
that France’s LCA scope is the most encompassing, with Denmark’s being the least encompassing. Differences in the inclusion or exclusion of certain life cycle modules led to different baseline and LCA results. It
is, therefore, important to consider, in the context of developing a harmonised baseline, which baselines canbe used to set targets and benchmarks on embodied carbon, as the baseline for one country may be higher
than another; not due to a higher embodied carbon footprint, but due to the inclusion of a broader scope.



6

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

Figure 4: Life cycle modules included in the scope of the collected data

Secondly, other elements in the assessment method can also vary and cause challenges in comparing thedata. For example, the reference study period differs to some extent between the analysed cases (see Figure4), which was also found to be the case for the scope of building parts included, and the background data
used for modelling the building LCA. For instance, in France, the division of building parts was sometimes
carried out using proxies, which could create biases as a result of their sources and the purposes they serve.

3.5 Data representativeness
Even if all of the aforementioned challenges are overcome, the data collected may not be representative of
the new buildings or building stock in total, and may therefore provide an incomplete and skewed pictureof the embodied carbon situation. For instance, this was discovered in the cases provided from Denmarkand Finland, but also more generally for other EU Member States. The key challenge is that the majority of
LCA studies are carried out for buildings which are already high-performance or new builds, and are lesscommonly carried out for average low-budget construction projects. This suggests that greater attention
should be given to ensure the availability and accessibility of LCA cases for different building typologies
to be able to ensure that the eventual national benchmark is representative of the general building stock.
For this purpose, a large sample is highly beneficial, while smaller samples need to be particularly
well-structured in order to be able to provide a full picture.
Conversely, there exist examples of alternatives. In Belgium, for example, KU Leuven could provide therequired building case studies. There is a dedicated method for building LCA, called the MMG(Environmental Profile of Building Elements) method, and an open-access, online tool developed by thethree regions in Belgium (Flanders, Walloon Region and the Brussels region) called TOTEM. KU Leuven
had previously modelled the LCAs of various buildings as part of their research, these included studies ofrepresentative buildings, developed on the basis of the Belgian TABULA archetypes. KU Leuven could
update their assessments and provide high quality case studies and detailed LCA results data.

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

7

4. What can be done about it?
The data challenges described in the previous chapter create a difficulty in establishing a robust benchmarking system for embodied carbon. On the one hand, this is caused by the challenges in establishing thebaseline while, on the other hand, a comparison of future buildings against reference values also relies on aclearly defined methodology.
The data collection process and experience gained by the project team point to promising solutions in overcoming these barriers.

4.1 Incentives for LCA data collection in legislation andgovernment initiatives
EU and national legislation or other forms of government initiatives can support LCA data collection bycreating incentives, reducing barriers and promoting standard methods.
An assessment of regulatory measures covering embodied carbon across EU Member States found that very
few Member States have developed legislation that includes requirements or standards for LCA methodology or embodied carbon in buildings (see annex 1). Thus far, Denmark, Finland, France and the Netherlands
are the only Member States with existing or forthcoming regulatory measures covering embodied carbon.
However, to achieve an overview of embodied carbon legislation in the EU, the project team reached out
to EU Member State infrastructure, development, and construction departments. The results indicate that
additional Member States are in the process of planning legislation to set standards for both the level of
embodied carbon emissions in buildings, and LCA methodology. For example, this is taking place in Sweden,
where a second version of the Klimatdeklaration (a regulation to be enforced in 2022 making it obligatory
to conduct LCAs on new builds [3]) is being planned for 2027, which will include limit values for LCA results.
In Switzerland, it was also noted that an LCA-based regulation is being planned, and a public official from
Lithuania responded that plans are underway to prepare a methodology for modelling whole buildings
life cycle emissions, including embodied carbon. Furthermore, in Ireland, a public official remarked thatthe international certification schemes for non-residential buildings LEED and BREEAM are driving interest
amongst professionals wanting to calculate embodied carbon emissions, and that an increased interest fromthe investment community in embodied carbon has also been experienced. The official added that withthese developments, alongside the Level(s) and the introduction of legislation in Finland, the Netherlands
and France, they believed a plan for legislation would be forthcoming:The data collection and analysis in thisstudy focused on the life cycle embodied carbon emissions of newly constructed buildings. In the context
of the European renovation wave and the general need to revalue and further develop existing buildings
stocks, there is an increased interest in understanding embodied carbon from retrofitting. We want to highlight a recent report by the European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) on the ‘Decarbonisation of buildings for climate, health and jobs’ [9]. Therein, with regard to embodied carbon in both newbuilding construction and building renovation, the author states:“There are currently no definitive plans in Ireland for regulations but there are a number of positive
indicators that this is likely to happen over the next five years. Holland and France have alreadyintroduced regulations, with Finland introducing regulations in 2025 and other countries likely
to follow.
Changes to the EU Construction Products Directive will likely see a requirement for use of
ecological footprinting of products through either EPD or Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) The EUcommission has introduced the Level(s) framework”



8

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

Three key types of regulatory measures on embodied carbon and LCA methodology were identified.
These are:
• A requirement to calculate LCAs on public buildings, as exemplified by Germany.
• A requirement to calculate LCAs on all buildings, as exemplified by France (progressively from 2022
onwards), the Netherlands and Denmark (from 2023 onwards for all buildings).
• A graduated standard for the level of embodied carbon allowed in buildings with the benchmark
changing over time, as exemplified in Denmark and in France (both for whole life carbon, i.e. embodied
and operational emissions).
The assessment suggests that requirements for LCA calculations on buildings leads to a greater number
of LCA cases available per country and, as exemplified by the study, a greater number of available LCA
cases allows for more accurate target-setting and benchmarking for policy making.

4.2 Effective data collection through triple-helix cooperation
In addition to government initiatives to promote and support data collection, greater effort is neededon implementing said collection. Here, the experiences from the five countries highlight that, where data
is available, triple helix cooperation between public, private, and research/not-for-profit partners plays asignificant role.
In Denmark, for example, the Danish Housing and Planning Authority could commission a study to calculatea baseline and an embodied carbon benchmark from the Build institute of Aalborg University, who werethen able to use data collected by the Danish Green Building Council. This exemplifies the necessity forpartnerships between the agencies driving action on whole life carbon in the building sector. In addition,
it displays the key role of national governments in having a financial investment and internal motivation todevelop embodied carbon benchmarks (in this case, for the purpose of regulatory development).
Similarly, in Finland, the 50 cases required were available due to a government-led initiative in 2016, where
the Finnish Ministry of Environment began testing and planning for LCA-based regulation. In order to carryout such scoping and planning, technical assistance and data was provided by two Finnish consultancy
firms: Granlund and OneClickLCA. The result was legislation that includes mandatory requirements for LCAs
on new constructions including limit values on WLC.
In the Netherlands, data development was found to be driven by a mandatory requirement for LCAs to be
conducted on new buildings in order to obtain a building permit. In addition, since 2018, the LCAs mustalso meet a limit value which includes a maximum impact from the global warming potential, in addition toother environmental impact categories (expressed in €/m2). The calculation tool and national database are
maintained by the Stichting Bouwkwalitei foundation. However, for the purpose of the project, several data
partners were also included in order to obtain the data required, with each having access to different building level calculations from private projects. The NIBE coordinated this process: collecting data at the level ofthe construction work and anonymising it. This case similarly suggests that it is the regulatory requirement
which is driving the uptake of data development.
In Belgium, there is no requirement to produce LCAs or include embodied carbon in the certification
schemes. In this case, data is available as three regional authorities, in collaboration with a research institution, developed an open-access LCA tool called TOTEM. As application of the tool makes the building eligible for BREEAM certification and achieving said certification is becoming more important to investors, useof the tool has become widespread. This has led to a database of MMGs (Environmental Profile of Building
Elements) being created, from which, in this case, KU Leuven could develop building archetypes and model a baseline of embodied carbon for Belgium, based on the generic building archetypes provided by the
Tabula archetype definitions.
In France, data availability can be attributed to the cooperation between the CSTB and the Ministry of
Ecological Transition which, firstly through the E+C- labeling scheme, and very soon through the RE2020,
have created strong incentives for LCAs to be conducted on new buildings. This encouragement has led toa sizable, open-access building LCA database, although with variable quality. A similar database will be set
up for the RE2020 cases.

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

9

An additional case to note is that of the UK, where popular uptake of BREEAM and LEED has led to over
11,800 new buildings being certified, and 285 buildings already in use being certified [4].The wide use of
BREEAM and LEED may explain why many of the bigger consultancy firms in the UK are familiar with conducting LCAs. Another example is London, where regional legislation lays down requirements for new residential buildings with more than 150 housing units or with a floor area exceeding specific limits, dependingon the location in the London area. For these construction projects, an LCA must be conducted in order togain a building permit. This has further increased the number of LCA cases in the UK. This was, in large part,
attributed to the LETI public/private partnership. Additionally, advances in product-level environmental
data in the BRE IMPACT database mean that data barriers to LCAs have been reduced.
In all cases, governmental initiatives and support, alongside partnership approaches, are highlighted as
being key in driving data development. This suggests that methods to incentivise governmental buy-in todevelop studies, or legislation to tackle embodied carbon, or standardising LCA methods may facilitate thecalculation of future embodied carbon baselines, targets and benchmarks across the EU. Finally, the findings
suggest that popular uptake of certifications and the new Level(s) framework, alongside increased investor
interest in certified buildings (e.g. buildings with BREEAM certification), may further incentivise LCA harmonisation and thus data development on embodied carbon.



10

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

5. Conclusions and recommendations
5.1 Conclusions
This report has provided an overview of embodied carbon data availability from LCAs across EU Member
States.
The process, and resulting dataset, show that LCA data on embodied carbon in the EU is sparse, and that
there are data collection and analysis challenges to overcome in terms of accessibility, quality, comparability
and representativeness. In Europe, it was only possible to obtain samples of more than 50 cases of buildings
from Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
The report herein highlights two relevant solutions for overcoming the current challenges, based on theexperiences observed in the five frontrunner countries:• Firstly, legislation in EU Member States that addresses embodied carbon and sets standards or requirements for LCAs is beneficial in creating the framework needed for harmonised data collection (e.g. theLevel(s) framework), and it increases investor interest in certified buildings (e.g. BREEAM).
• Secondly, triple helix cooperation in the form of partnerships between governmental agencies, research
and/or not-for-profit institutions, and private enterprise acts as a key component in the development of
databases, legislation and benchmarks on embodied carbon in buildings. Governmental support in thecommissioning of LCA-based studies to identify embodied carbon baselines, benchmarks or targets wasfound to be of particular importance.

5.2 Recommendations
Based on these findings, we arrive at the following recommendations:
National LCA methods and data collection systems are urgently needed to avoid any further delay in thisfundamental step towards measuring and reducing embodied carbon as part of whole life carbon emissions.
To this end, legal or sectoral requirements that mandate the production of LCAs in accordance withstandardised calculation and documentation methodologies are highly relevant at national level, as
well as harmonisation at EU level through tools such as the Level(s) framework. Standardisation based on
coordination between stakeholders in the building design and construction value chain should, for example,
include: scope of life cycle modules, scope of building elements, reference study period, environmental dataon building materials, etc.
Data collection and compilation efforts are needed from all those involved in designing & assessingbuildings. For this purpose, collaboration and complementary activities between public institutions,building designers, investors, certification organisations and researchers are needed. This step requires acommon language and standardised methods for LCAs as described in the first point above.
As this process may take some time, the challenge of gaps in data could also be mitigated through thefollowing approaches. These should be considered complementary.
• Data on recent and current building projects could be generated at a centralised level by applying asingle LCA method in order to provide information on these specific cases as it is likely that this data
can still be obtained. This exercise would benefit from input from the different actors involved, including
the building industry, certification bodies, researchers and public bodies. This cooperation could be greatly facilitated through the use of standardised calculation methods and software tools to form a central
database. A similar approach has provided a large database in France.
• Existing data, that has been created in a scattered form using varying methodologies bydifferent stakeholders, has the potential to be gathered together and harmonised to form a centralised
database. Harmonisation methods, adapted to the specific differences between the LCA methodologies,
could be agreed upon by a coalition of actors to support this undertaking. Examples of such action are
the international activities in Annex 72 to the IEA-EBC Programme, as well as the UK initiatives LETI and
BRE.



Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

11• Where empirical data faces the challenges described in this report, relying on results from modelledbuilding archetypes could provide an insight into the life-cycle impacts. Building archetypes offer theadvantage of providing representative and comparable values. However, limits remain in translating building stock models into LCA data, which is challenging, particularly for the diverse landscape of non-residential buildings. Also, monitoring future buildings, in comparison with benchmarks, is not possible.
Nonetheless, efforts to translate this data can help in the transition towards standardised empirical LCA
data. This approach has been used successfully in projects such as the Tabula/Episcope project.

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

12- COUNTRY SHEETS ON EMBODIED CARBON LCA DATARamboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

13

BELGIUM
Overall data situation in the country, and the relation to the data collected for this project.
To date, Belgian building practitioners use the TOTEM tool1 for the life cycle assessment of buildings. The TOTEM tool is an open-accessonline tool developed by the three regions in Belgium (Flanders, Walloon Region and Brussels region) and that uses the MMG(Environmental Profile of Building Elements) method. The tool has been available since February 2018 and is frequently updated toinclude new features, enlarge the database, include new methodological developments, etc. Although the use of the TOTEM tool inpractice is not mandatory, it is being used by many practitioners and is often referred to in design contests.
Since March 2020 TOTEM is available for BREEAM certification2. It concerns the standards "BREEAM International New Construction2013 and 2016" and "BREEAM International Refurbishment and Fit Out 2015 calculators", in the material criterion "MAT 01". TOTEM
allows buildings to obtain a rating of "5+ EXEMPLARY", which is the maximum number of credits for this criterion.
GRO is a sustainability meter that the Facilities Company of the Flemish government uses for all construction projects, regardless ofscale and function, in order to realize its ambition in the field of sustainability and circular construction. The GRO refers to TOTEM forthe assessment of the environmental impact of materials and hence TOTEM is also used by building practitioners using the GRO.
KU Leuven was, and still is, involved in the development of the MMG method and the TOTEM tool and has provided this project with105 cases. The MMG method has been used for the data in this project.

Status on LCA methodology

Status on LCA-based regulation

The MMG methodology embedded in the TOTEM tool is common
and widely accepted in the Belgian construction sector. All life
cycle modules are included, except for module D. The MMG
method version as used in this project, follows the EN 15804:A1
and a set of additional environmental impact categories (in linewith ILCD3). The environmental impacts are reported both incharacterized values and as a single score, expressed in EURO(external environmental cost).

There is no LCA-based regulation yet for construction in Belgium.
It is expected that this will be the case in the near future, although
no exact timing is given by the authorities yet.

The method has fixed transport scenarios, cleaning scenarios
and waste scenarios for the construction materials. The service
life of the building is fixed to 60 years.

Identified key actors

x KU Leuven: The Design and Engineering of Construction and Architecture unit at KU Leuven has
taken part in developing the MMG method.

on the topic

x VITO: has taken part in developing the MMG method.
x BBRI: has taken part in developing the MMG method.
x Public Authorities of Wallonia: Supported the development of the TOTEM tool for the life cycle
assessment of buildings.
x OVAM, the Public Waste Agency Flanders: Supported the development of the TOTEM tool for the life
cycle assessment of buildings.
x %UXVVHOV¶ (QYLURQPHQW 2IILFH 6XSSRUWHG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH 727(0 WRRO IRU WKH OLIH F\FOH
assessment of buildings.

Data collected for this project
Number of casesand data source

Scope of data

Number of cases: 105
Source: Cases from KU Leuven (Karen Allacker, Martin Röck) based on the modelling of the Belgium TABULA4 casesin the MMG LCA Tool with adaptation to contemporary energy performance requirements.
The cases were initially conducted as part of the work of the research group in the context of master thesis and PhD
research. Cases are based on the modelling of the Belgium TABULA cases in the MMG LCA Tool with adaptation tocontemporary energy performance requirements for the purpose of the Laudes/Ramboll project.
Modules: A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B2, B4, B6, B7, C1, C2, C3, C4
Reference study period: 60 years
Square meter definition: Gross floor area (Belgian definition)
Tool: MMG-Building-LCA-Tool developed by KU Leuven (identical methodology as the TOTEM tool)
Background data: Ecoinvent 2.2 database
Other comments on scope: Module D not included

1 https://www.totem-building.be/

2
BREEAM is an environmental assessment method and rating system for buildings, with 200,000 buildings with certified BREEAM
assessment ratings and over a million registered for assessment since it was first launched in 1990.
3 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC58190
4 The TABULA/EPISCOPE projects developed Building Typologies for Energy Performance Assessment of National Building Stocks for various European countries -https://episcope.eu/welcome/Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

14

DENMARK
Overall data situation in the country, and the relation to the data collected for this project.
Until today the main incentive to conduct a building LCA in Denmark has been in relation to DGNB certifications of buildings. The DGNB
certification is operated by Green Building Council Denmark, who has developed a Danish version of the DGNB system, that originatesfrom Germany. The method description of Danish LCA criteria and reference values used differs slightly from the German version.
In 2020 The Danish Green Building Institute reported that 90 DGNB projects had been conducted over the past 8 years [4]. It is notmandatory to conduct an LCA as a part of a DGNB project, but as it counts so much in the final DGNB score, in practice, all projects
get one done.
BUILD at Aalborg University conducted an analysis of the climate impacts of 60 building cases suggesting benchmark of whole life
carbon in Denmark [5] . About 40 of the 60 building cases where DGBN certified buildings that all had been through conformity checkin relation to the certification process. BUILD and Ramboll have provided this project with 60 and 12 cases, respectively.

Status on LCA methodology

Status on LCA-based regulation

The most LCAs in Denmark has been generated as a part of
DGNB-projects. The Danish version of DGNB has been developedby the Danish Green Building Council with involvement from theindustry and expertise form BUILD. The scope of the LCA
includes the following life cycle modules: A1, A2, A3, B4, B6, C3,
C4 and D. BUILD has been developing a Danish LCA tool called
LCAbyg, which is most often used in DGNB projects today. The
same scope is expected to be used in the forthcoming whole life
carbon requirements in the building regulation from 2023.

A Voluntary Sustainability Class for buildings was introduced by theauthorities in May 2020, and which now is in a testing phase witha two-year test phase from mid-2020 to mid-2022. LCA is one ofnine criteria. The LCA criteria includes expansion of the scopecompared to previous practice (including A4 and A5), but test
phase of the Voluntary Sustainability Class includes no limit values.

In addition to DGNB and the forthcoming requirements in thebuilding regulation, a Voluntary Sustainability Class for buildings
was introduced by the authorities in May 2020 with a two-year
test phase from mid-2020 to mid-2022. LCA is one of nine
criteria in the Voluntary Sustainability Class. It builds upon the
DGNB-scope, but with two further modules included: A4 and A5.
The Voluntary Sustainability Class contains detailed guidelines
for methodology and key assumptions, e.g. that must be
performed in accordance with EN15978, EN15804 and relevant
product category rules (PCRs).
Module A4 and A5 are also included as voluntary modules in the
new DGNB-DK 2020 manual from 2021.
When reporting for the Voluntary Sustainability Class, it isrecommended to use LCAbyg, but this is not mandatory. Thereis a strong acceptance in the industry of the LCA scope andmethod described in DGNB and the overlapping method
described in the rather new Voluntary Sustainability Class.

Identified key actors
on the topic

In March 2021, the Danish government with cross-parliamentary
support issued a new national strategy on sustainable construction
including requirements on whole life carbon in new constructionsin the building regulation enters into force in 2023. The
forthcoming changes in the building regulation require that whole
life carbon is assessed in all new constructions, and that buildings
larger than 1000 m2 shall fulfill a mandatory limit value of 12 kg
CO2/m2/year and that they have the possibility to fulfill a more
ambitious voluntary CO2 class with a limit value of 8 kg
CO2/m2/year. The strategy also includes phasing and tightening
CO2 requirements in the period 2023 to 2029. From 2025 buildings
smaller than 1000 m2 will also have to comply with limits on whole
life carbon. The regulation will be reviewed every second year to
set new, stricter requirements. The sketched pathway fortightening the regulation ends with limits in 2029 at 7,5 kg/CO2eq/year for all buildings and 5 kg/CO2-eq/year for the voluntary
CO2 class.

x The Danish Housing and Planning Authority: Administrates and develops building regulation.
x The Danish Green Building Council (DK-DBC): Advocates for action on embodied carbon and provides
certifications to buildings based on certain standards.
x BUILD, Department of the built environment, Aalborg University: Influential department on building
research and on developing suggestions for future building regulation. BUILD is responsible forverifying the LCAs conducted as a part of the Voluntary Sustainability Class.

Data collected for this project
Number of cases and data
sourceNumber of cases: 72 (60 from Build and 12 from Ramboll)Scope of data

Modules: A1, A2, A3, B4, B6, C3, C4 and D

Source: The Ramboll cases have initial been conducted as a part of DGNB-DK projects. The 60 cases
from build have been conducted or updated as a part of a report by BUILD for The Danish Housing and
Planning Authority (BUILD, 2021). 37 of the 60 cases are also DGNB projects.
Reference study period: 50 years
Square meter definition: Gross floor area (Danish definition)
Tool: LCAbyg (developed by Build AAU)
Background data: /&$E\JLQFOXGHVWKHgNREDXGDWDEDVHDVJHQHULFGDWDDQGSRVVLELOLW\WRXVH(3'¶V
when appropriate. BUILD cases are mostly calculated with generic data based on Ökobau 2020. The
updated version of the 60 buLOGLQJFDVHVIURPDOVRLQFOXGHVXVHRIDYHUDJHVHFWRU(3'¶VIRU'DQLVK
concrete and wood (BUILD, 2021).
Other comments on scope: Module D is calculated separately

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

15

FINLAND
Overall data situation in the country, and the relation to the data collected for this project.
At present, there is no systematic collection of buildings-level LCA data in Finland. However, in the future, the government aims todevelop requirements for collecting, analyzing, and aggregating generic reference data based on normative climate declarations ofbuildings.
Regarding product-level LCA data, there is an EPD operator (RTS) in Finland. This is, however, not run by authorities. The government
has developed a generic database (www.CO2data.fi) for typical construction products and processes.
The data used for this project was created as a part of the test phase of upcoming regulation, the Climate Declaration for Buildings.
Two different consultants (Granlund and OneClickLCA) were assigned by the Finnish Ministry of The Environment to deliver cases forthis project.

Status on LCA methodology

Status on LCA-based regulation

The Ministry of The Environment published the 2nd version of thewhole life carbon assessment of buildings in June 2021. It isbased on European standards and Level(s), as well as feedback
from the first public consultation round from the summer of2020. The method is a draft developed for the upcoming LCA
regulation and will be updated after the ongoing public hearing
round in autumn 2021. Reporting following this method includes
the following life cycle stages: A1-A5, B4, B6, C1-C4 and D.

In Finland the initial planning and testing of LCA-based regulation
began in 2016 by the Finnish Ministry of The Environment, whodeveloped a roadmap for reducing the carbon footprint ofbuildings. An upcoming regulation is currently being developed
XQGHU WKH QDPH RI µ7KH &OLPDWH 'HFODUDWLRQ¶ DQG LQFOXGHV
mandatory LCA-studies on all new construction as well as limit
values to whole life carbon. The regulation will be implemented at
latest in 2025.

Identified key actors
on the topic

x The Ministry of The Environment: Responsible for developing the upcoming regulation and the related
methods and reporting standards behind it.
x SYKE (Finnish Center of the Environment): In charge of CO2data.fi, the national generic databasefor building products and processes.
x Green Building Council Finland: In charge of Embodied Carbon Commitments (voluntarycommitments for companies to decrease the embodied carbon of their products).
x OneClickLCA: An influential consultancy company and LCA tool provider with large amounts of datafrom Finish LCA studies (as well as data from other countries).

Data collected for this project
Number of cases and data
sourceNumber of cases: 59

Scope of data

Modules: A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B4, (B5), B6, C1, C2, C3, C4, D

Source: 40 cases from Bionova and 19 cases from Granlund Oy.
Reference study period: 50 years
Square meter definition: Heated floor area (Finnish definition)
Tool: One Click LCA
Background data: Various sources
Other comments on scope: Cases from Granlund Oy do not include module B5 in the scope of the LCA
while cases from OnceClickLCA do include module B5. Module D is calculated separately for all cases.

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

16

FRANCE
Overall data situation in the country, and the relation to the data collected for this project.
The collected LCA data from France comes from the Scientific and Technical Centre for Buildings (CSTB) database, which has been
generated as a part of the voluntary reporting on whole life carbon encouraged in an experiment launched by the French Ministries incharge of construction and environment in 2016, in parallel of the second period of the RT2012 regulation. The database, called E+CObservatory, is open source and contains 1197 cases. The LCA cases all follow the guidelines presented in the E+C- framework which
has been used as an experimental precursor to the coming embodied carbon regulation for new buildings RE2020 (E as environmental)
which enters into force from January 2022 (with several steps). CSTB has made an assessment of the quality of the LCAs in the
database and found that they are of varying quality. For this project, CSTB has pointed us to 712 cases of good high quality. For the
analysis in the Embodied Carbon Benchmarks project, these have been further filtered down to 486 cases, removing cases with missing
data.

Status on LCA methodology

Status on LCA-based regulation

The LCA methodology defined in E+C-, which is based on themethods described in the European Standard EN15978 (2012),
with minor variation, is common and widely accepted in the
French construction sector and will help the transition to the
mandatory RE2020 regulation in 2022. Nevertheless, theRE2020 LCA methodology differs from the E+C- one and from
EN15978 on several points, and the GWP results obtained with
RE2020 are not directly comparable to the one obtained with
E+C- EHFDXVH D ³G\QDPLF´ /&$ PHWKRG ZDV LQWURGXFHG LQ
RE2020 for GWP indicator.

In 2022 a substantial revision, called RE2020, enters into force.
This replace the RT2012 regulation. It is applicable for new
residential buildings from January 2022 and for new offices andschools from July 2022. So far conducting an LCA was optional,
encouraged by voluntary certifications, but the new regulation
introduces mandatory LCA-studies on these 3 building types. The
next revision of the RE2020 regulation is expected to include LCArequirements for all building types. The regulation also includes
other sustainability measures, such as requirements to report ontransportation of building materials, energy- and water use on thebuilding site, as well as waste from the construction site. The
regulation has been developed by the Ministry for EcologicalTransition with technical support from CSTB and the involvementof many stakeholders.
For residential buildings (single homes and apartment buildings),
regulatory thresholds were defined for operational energy-related
carbon and embodied carbon, first for 2022 and becoming
gradually stricter (smaller) until 2031. For embodied carbon, the2031 value will be the 2022 one minus 1/3.
For other types of buildings, carbon thresholds are not defined yet,but they will probably follow a similar approach.

Identified key actors
on the topic

x Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB): A public industrial and commercial company
that supports the Ministry for Ecological Transition in collecting LCA data through certifications andclassifications for buildings.
x HQETM: Certification that rewards buildings sustainable design, construction, operation andresponsible management as well as urban planning projects. Accredited operators are Certivéa andCerqual Qualitel Certification.
x Alliance HQE-GBC: French Green Building Council.
x Ministry for Ecological Transition: The governmental department responsible for the development
and enforcement of the RE2020.

Data collected for this project
Number of cases and data
sourceNumber of cases: 487

Scope of data

Modules: All life cycle modules

Source: &DVHV IURP WKH )UHQFK GDWDEDVH ³(&- 2EVHUYDWRU\´ 7KH FDVHV KDYH EHHQ VHOHFWHG ZLWK
assistance from CSTB.
Reference study period: 50 years
Square meter definition: GFA (French GHILQLWLRQ³VXUIDFHGHSODQFKHU´
Tool: 9 tools were allowed in the E+C- experiment, among them the LCA tool ELODIE developed by
CSTB.
Background data: INIES database (including specific EPDs complemented by generic datasets)
Other comments on scope: for materials, 1/3 of Module D is included if beneficialRamboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

17

NETHERLANDS
Overall data situation in the country, and the relation to the data collected for this project.
In the Netherlands, LCA data on product level is generated by industry, and after mandatory review, it can be uploaded to a National
GDWDEDVH NQRZQ DV WKH ³1DWLRQDOH 0LOLHXGDWDEDVH´ )URP WKH QDWLRQDO GDWDEDVH WKH GDWD LV SURYLGHG WR DQ DSSURYHG VRIWZDUH IRr
calculations on the level of construction work (both building and infrastructural works). A team dedicated to the National Environmental
Database maintains the system and the database and provides access (under license) to the data. The database contains both LCA on
VSHFLILFSURGXFWV (3'¶V DQGJHQHULFGDWD
The data for this project is collected on the level of construction works. The data was provided by several data partners that haveaccess to building level calculations from their customers, or from the projects they have worked on. The data is made anonymous so
it cannot be traced back to the specific building. NIBE has conducted the data collection and has a proprietary list of the individual
buildings and data owners that have provided the data.

Status on LCA methodology

Status on LCA-based regulation

Conducting an LCA is mandatory for obtaining a building permit
in The Netherlands. The requirements for the LCA are described
LQ³%HSDOLQJVPHWKRGH0LOLHXSUHVWDWLH%RXZZHUNHQ´ PHWKRGIRU
calculating the environmental performance from buildings). All
life cycle modules are included in the obligatory method. The³%HSDOLQJVPHWKRGH0LOLHXSUHVWDWLH%RXZZHUNHQ´IROORZVWKH(1
15804:A2 and provides additional information regarding
scenarios and default environmental profiles for transport andenergy.

In the Netherlands it is required to conduct an LCA in order to geta building permit. This was introduced in 2012. The results fromthe LCA must live up to a limit value (since 2018), that sets a
maximum of impact from GWP as well as other environmental
impact categories. The limit is expresVHGLQ¼PDQGLVFDOFXODWHG
by a weighting of all impact categories (shadow prices). Thisimplicates that one cannot derive the resulting GWP/m2, if one
RQO\KDVWKHUHVXOWVLQ¼P

The method has fixed waste percentages for building materials.
These are respectively 3% for prefab elements (e.g. concreteelements), 5% for in-situ applied materials (e.g. bricks) and 15%
IRUµDVVLVWLQJPDWHULDOV¶ HJSDLQW 

Identified key actors
on the topic

The limit value is tightened periodically and is announced todecrease IURP LQWURGXFWLRQYDOXH ¼PLQWR¼P
in 2030. The Dutch software for performing calculations on Building
level also provides the underlying environmental effects (like
GWP). Consequently, the user can also obtain environmental effectdata, per LCA module for the complete building.

x Stichting Bouwkwaliteit (The Building Quality Foundation): In charge of developing the national LCA
methodology. The members are both governmental representatives and industry players.
x NIBE: An influential, private consultancy firm specialized in services related to sustainable
construction.
x Dutch Green Building Council: Advocates for action on embodied carbon and provides certifications
to buildings based on certain standards.

Data collected for this project
Number of cases and data
sourceNumber of cases: 50

Scope of data

Modules: A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3, B4, C1, C2, C3, C4, D

Source: NIBE.
Reference study period: 50 or 75 years
Square meter definition: Gross floor area (Dutch definition)
Tool: SimaPro
Background data: Ecoinvent 3.6
Other comments on scope: Module D is subtracted (credit)Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

18- EMBODIED CARBON LANDSCAPE IN THE EURamboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

CountryStandardized
LCA
method/scope (Y/N)

Embodied(Y/N)

Austria

No, but there isanationallyacceptedmethodology

Nocarbon19

regulation

Relevant regulations:

Embodied carbon front runners(govt/ academia/ industry/certification bodies)

Details / comments

IBO ± Österreichisches Institut für
Baubiologie und -ökologie

While there is no formal government-set methodology, IBO ± Österreichisches
Institut für Baubiologie und -ökologie has published what constitutes the nearest toa national embodied impact evaluation methodology. The name of this methodology
is Ökoindex 3 (Ökologischer Kennwert der thermischen Gebäudehülle). Thismethodology is a weighted score of global warming potential (carbon footprint),
primary energy depletion, and acidification, expressed as an A to E rating. The scaleof performance has been fixed by IBO. The calculation data applied for theseanalyses are provided by Baubook, which is a limited company owned by a regionalenergy association and IBO.

IBO ÖKOPASS

Austria has a governmental environmental rating system called klimaaktiv, whichapplies the Ökoindex 3 as the methodology for the building materials environmental
impact assessment. Materials assessment is a mandatory part of the certification.
Performing well in this certification can make residential buildings eligible
for an additional environment-related subsidy. This certification has been applied toover 500 buildings.
Belgium

No, but there isanationallyacceptedmethodologyNo

See section above

See section above

Data not obtained

Regulation soon to include operational energy

Relevant regulations:
Circular Flanders: Green Deal
Circular Building, Open Call
Innovative
Circular
EconomyProjects%UXVVHOV µ*XLGH GH JHVWLRQ GHVdéchets
deconstruction,
Programme Régional en Economie
Circulaire (PREC)
Wallonia: TOTEM: instrument toevaluatetheenvironmental
impact of buildings

Bulgaria

No

No³7KH XSFRPLQJ OHJLVODWLRQ WUDQVSRVLQJ WKH (3%' DW QDWLRQDO OHYHO ZLOO HQVXUH WKDW
energy performance requirements are part of the building codes. It is also requiredby the EPBD to relate energy performance requirements to primary energy
consumption, in order to have a more accurate picture of the energy
quality and related CO2. No requirements for compulsory use of renewable energy
in new buildings. However, in the Energy Efficiency Law it is mentioned that the
renewable energy use should be considered as a possible option during the design
SKDVHRIWKHEXLOGLQJV´Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

carbon20

CountryStandardized
LCA
method/scope (Y/N)

Embodied(Y/N)

regulation

Embodied carbon front runners(govt/ academia/ industry/certification bodies)

CroatiaDataobtainednot

Data not obtained

Data not obtained

CyprusDataobtainednot

Data not obtained

Data not obtained

Czech
Republic

No

No

Technical and Testing Institute of
Civil Engineering Prague, sp(TZÚS Praha, sp)

Research
Instituteof
Civil
Engineering±&HUWLILNDþQt
VSROHþQRVWVUR 9Ò36
Denmark

Yes

Yes
Relevant regulations:The
National
Strategy
Sustainable Construction

Estonia

No

for

No
Relevant regulations: (VWRQLD¶V
2030 National Energy and Climate
Plan (NECP 2030)

Danish Ministry of Environment
and Food; Ministry of Industry,Business and Financial Affairs;
Danish Energy Agency

Details / comments**embodied carbon is optionalà SBToolCZ is Czech method for complex quality
assessment of building performance in which the characteristics of the building andits surroundings are evaluated with respect to the sustainable development.
%XLOGLQJ¶V LPSDFWV RQ WKH HQYLURQPHQW VRFLDO-cultural aspects, functional andtechnical quality, economic and management issues and location of a building are
included in the assessment.
The method contains a set of criteria which is evaluated based on the basic
characteristics of the building and its surrounding; and based on this evaluation thebuilding obtain one of the three certificates (bronze, silver or gold)
See section above

Build Institute, Aalborg University
Danish Green Building Council
Ministry of Economic Affairs andCommunications
TalTech expert level knowledge
working on the development of
national
methodology
andcreating LCA materials database(for CO2eq emissions).

Currently there is an ongoing study by TalTech, which should establish suitable
method and scope, is carried out. The results of the study will be finalized by theend of the year 2021.
The proposed method is carefully aligned with the European Standards EN
15804+A2:2019 and EN 15978, the European Level(s) framework, and withinternational best practice.
Scope: A1-A5, B4, B6, D.
Scope of functional systems: Ground, Wall, Slab, Roof.
Impact of use stage operational energy (B6) is considered via EPC (EPBD)
requirements. As Estonia has very high grid electricity emissions factor, it isimportant and can be considered as part of LCA assessment.
An official from Estonia notes that the number of experienced individuals andenterprises capable of performing LCA assessments is low, and that less than 10
individuals/enterprises could be identified with such skillsets. It is estimated thatless than 5 cases are available.

FinlandYes

Yes

See section above

See section aboveRamboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

CountryStandardized
LCA
method/scope (Y/N)

Embodied(Y/N)

FranceYes

GermanyNo,butanationallyacceptedmethod exists

21

carbonregulation

Embodied carbon front runners(govt/ academia/ industry/certification bodies)

Details / comments

Yes

See section above

See section above

No

DGNB

Relevant frameworks:

BNB

Bewertungssystem
Bauen or BNB

The Federal Ministry for theEnvironment,
NatureConservation,
Building
andNuclear Safety

In Germany there is no national LCA-based regulation. However, an official method
for assessingthesustainabilityofabuilding,
BNB (Bewertungssystem für Nachhaltiges Bauen), has been developed andintroduced in 2009. Conducting an LCA is a part of this assessment, and the resultsfrom the LCA will be a part of the final score. The score determines whether
the building obtains a bronze, silver or gold level.

Nachhaltiges

DeutscheGesellschaft
fürNachhaltiges
Bauen(German
Sustainable
Building
Council,
DGNB) BNB Assessment

Since 2011 it has been obligatory for all federal buildings to conduct an BNB
assessment, and as a part of this, an LCA. Federal buildings must obtain a silver
level in order to get a building permit.

Sustainable

Although there are no requirements at national level for the execution of building
LCAs, there are some states that set regional requirements where they have alsochosen to follow the BNB system, and also require a minimum of silver level.

Building.

Deutsche

System forGesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB) is the
mostpopularsustainability certification scheme in Germany. The results from an LCA counts inthe overall score, and DGNB is therefore a driver in normalizing the use of LCAs in
the German construction sector.
GreeceNo

No

Not assessed

Relevant regulation:
National
strategy
IrelandNo,butanationallyapproved
method exists

circularNo
Relevant regulation:
EN15978

economyEN15978 sets out how the full life cycle carbon and other environmental impacts
should be calculated setting out the modules relevant to each part of the building
lifecycle.
There are currently no definitive plans in Ireland for regulations but there are anumber of positive indicators that this is likely to happen over the next five years.
,UHODQG¶VQDWLRQDOFHUWLILFDWLRQVFKHPHIRUKRPHV± Home Performance Index awards
credits for embodied carbon calculation and LCA. The international certification
schemes for non-residential buildings LEED and BREEAM also award credits for the
calculation of Life Cycle Assessment and embodied carbon. This is driving interest
amongst professionals in calculation.
However, there is also an increasing interest from the investment community inembodied carbon and this is likely to grow over the coming years.

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

CountryStandardized
LCA
method/scope (Y/N)

Embodied
(Y/N)

Italy

No

No

carbon22

regulation

Relevant legislation:

Embodied carbon front runners(govt/ academia/ industry/certification bodies)

Details / comments

Casaclima
Nature,Casaclima
Nature, GBC Home Ministry ofEnvironment

No systematic collection of data on embodied carbon from of the Italian systems
evaluate embodied carbon.

Towards a Model of Circular
Economy for Italy - Overview andStrategic Framework
LativaDataobtained

LithuaniaNo

not

Data not obtained

No data obtainedNo

Environmental Protection Agency
in Lithuania which is subordinate
to the Ministry of Environment of
the Republic of Lithuania is one of
the main institutions involved in/LWKXDQLD¶V
JUHHQKRXVH
JDV
(GHG)
emissionsinventory
preparation.

LuxembourgNoobtaineddata

No data obtained

No data obtained

Malta

No
obtaineddata

No data obtained

No data obtained

Netherlands

No,
but
a
nationallyapproved
method exists

No

See section above

There are is regulatory measures on embodied carbon. No national, common agreed
LCA method or tools has been identified.

There are plans to prepare the methodology for modelling whole building life cycle
and to model all stages of life cycle it is important to have this information
about construction products. The preparation should begin in 2023.
One of the plans of the Ministry for the future is to prepare the methodology formodelling building life cycle to evaluate the impact of structures, buildings,
construction products/materials on the environment, climate change, health,the opportunities of waste recycling, second use, circular economy principles
in all stages of building life cycle (planning, design, construction, use,demolition). To evaluate these things like formation of waste, greenhouse gas
emission in the whole cycle of the building in the early stages of planningand design would be very helpful and useful for all participating in the fields
of waste and construction sectors. The preparation of the methodology is planned
to start in 2023.

See section above

Relevant regulation:
A Circular Economy in the
Netherlands by 2050 + Dutch
Building
Code (Bouwbesluit2012), Article 5.9.



Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

CountryStandardized
LCA
method/scope (Y/N)

Embodied(Y/N)

PolandNo

PortugalNo

carbon23

regulation

Embodied carbon front runners(govt/ academia/ industry/certification bodies)

Details / comments

No

Polish Green Building Council
Institute of Innovation andResponsible Development Polish
Circular Hotspot

There is no regulation of whole life carbon in Poland. Large investment companies
and developers are showing interest in conducting LCAs on construction projects as
a part of voluntary sustainability certifications. The Polish Green Building Council
expressed difficulties on getting data on the topic of embodied carbon, since theresults of the LCAs are not systematically gathered in a central repository. As inmany other countries, the data stays with the building owners, the consultancy
companies
conducting
the
LCAs,
the
providers oftheLCA
tools or the certification bodies.

No regulation includes embodied
carbon.

Certification: LiderA

LiderA: acronym for Leading for the Environment for sustainable construction, is thedesignation of a Portuguese voluntary system that aims to carry out.

Romania Green Building Council
and
the
Green
Homes
Certification

In Romania, the energy performance certificate has been compulsory for newbuildings since 2007. Romania has building code requirements only for new buildings
and no whole building energy performance-based requirements for new buildings
and renovations.

Relevant regulation:
Action plan for circular economy in
Portugal: 2017-2020
Green Growth Commitment
RomaniaNo

No regulation includes embodied
carbon.
Relevant regulations:
5RPDQLD¶V VWUDWHJ\ IRU WKHtransition to a circular economy(ROCES) 2020-2030

Owners Association Office

Romania has prescriptive/ element-based criteria for thermal insulation and an
overall heat transfer coefficient G-value.
From 2011 energy certificates are mandatory whenever a flat or house is sold or
rented, thus creating an awareness raising wave that could be used to push for astronger refurbishment and a new nearly zero-energy construction programme.

SlovakiaNoobtained

Slovenia

Nodata

No data obtained

No data obtained

No

Ministry of the Environment andSpatial Planning

Relevant regulations:
Roadmap towards the
economy in Slovenia

circular

The majority of LCA in Slovenia is still done on product level (for EPDs). It isestimated there are less than 5 cases.

ZAG



Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

CountryStandardized
LCA
method/scope (Y/N)

Embodied
(Y/N)

Spain

No

No

carbon24

regulation

Relevant regulations
Climate Change law (recently
approved in 2021), ³HQFRXUDJHV
the use of materials with thesmallestpossiblecarbonIRRWSULQW´
VERDEcertification (GBC
España),avolunteer Spanish sustainability
rating system that used aqualitative LCA based approach in
the assessment process.

SwedenYes

Yes
Relevant regulation:
The Climate Declaration Act for
new buildings

Switzerland

No

No

Embodied carbon front runners(govt/ academia/ industry/certification bodies)

Details / comments

x GBC(España) (https://gbce.es/blo
g/proyecto/buildinglife/)x ITEC(Catalunia) BEDEC databa
se (https://metabase.itec.es/v
ide/es/bedec)
x Instituto Torroja(Madrid) (https://www.openda
p.es/)
x Asociación Ecómetro(Madrid) (http://ecometro.org/evaluar-un-proyecto/)
x University of Sevilla (TEP 130
and TEP 986) (Andalusia)
x Other Spanish universities
such as University of Granada(TEP 968), University of
Zaragoza, UPM, UPC,UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle
and Climate Change
BoverketSome academic studies have been made on embodied carbon in the Spanishbuilding stock, but with variation in scope and method, since there is no agreed
national standard on how to conduct an LCA (Soust-Verdaguer, 2021). It might bepossible to collect enough data from these studies to do a baseline, but it would takea lot of effort to make the data comparable due to the different methodologicalapproaches. There are no regulatory measures on embodied carbon in Spain, nor
any official methods or tools.
More than 50 Spanish LCA case studies indexed
publicationsaredetected in Scopus in the last 5 years, however, different methods and tools
are used for the LCA implementation.

The National Board of Housing,
Building and Planning

In 2022 regulation targeting sustainable construction called Klimatdeklaration (theclimate declaration) will come into force in Sweden. As a part of this, it will become
obligatory to conduct building LCAs on new build (Boverket, 2020). A
second version of the regulation is to be implemented in 2027, where limit values
for the results from the LCA will be introduced.

x LCA studies related to the SIA
x PORR (construction company)

There is upcoming LCA-based regulation (BPIE, 2021). The construction company
PORR provided a cross-country dataset of 22 cases for AT, DE, CH for the study.

Ramboll - Towards embodied carbon benchmarks for buildings in Europe

25- REFERENCES[1]

GlobalABC, 2020 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT, (2020).

[2]

A. Braune, L. Ekhvaia, K. Quante, Benchmarks for greenhouse gas emisisons from building
construction. Results of a study with 50 buildings, (2021). https://static.dgnb.de/fileadmin/dgnbev/de/themen/Klimaschutz/Toolbox/2021_DGNB_Study_Benchmarks_for_greenhouse_gas_emissio
ns_from_building_construction.pdf?m=1641813821 (accessed February 23, 2022).

[3]

Boverket,
Klimatdeklaration
vid
uppförande
av
byggnadBoverket,(2020).
https://www.boverket.se/sv/byggande/uppdrag/klimatdeklaration/ (accessed February 23, 2022).

[4]

T. Institute, Klimavenligt byggeri og LCA, (2021) 1±28. https://www.trafikstyrelsen.dk/da//media/TBST-DA/Byggeri/Lister/Publikationer/Klimavenligt-byggeri-og-LCA-2021.pdf.

[5]

R.K. Zimmermann, C.M.E. Andersen, K. Kanafani, H. Birgisdottir, Whole Life Carbon Assessment of
60 buildings Possibilities to develop benchmark values for LCA of buildings (BUILD Report 2021:12),
2021.



Green Building
Council Finland
Miisa Tähkänen
Leading Specialist
Miisa.tahkanen@figbc.fi

Green Building Council
Finland aims for sustainablebuilt environment
Strong expertise and extensive collaboration
have been at the heart of our operations since),*%&·VIRXQGLQJLQ
The impact of our work is based on thecooperation of our members, experts, and ourinternational network.

Our vision
Our vision is that in 2035 the Finnish built environment is a key part of the solution
for mitigating climate change and operates as a circular economy

Our objective
Our objective is that in 2030
 Properties reach net zero energy consumption
 Production and constructions emissions are reduced 40 % from 2020
 Built environment operates as a circular economy

World Green
Building Council
We are part of theworldwide World Green
Building Council network. At
the moment the network
consists of about 70 national
GBCs located all around theworld.
World Green Building
Council network has five
Regional Networks
FIGBC is part of Europe
Regional Network.
Green Building&RXQFLO)LQODQG·V
Core Functions

Committees and Expert
Groups ),*%&·V&RPPLWWHHVDQG([SHUW*URXSVDUH

networks made up of our member
RUJDQLVDWLRQV· experts
 Each has its own objectives that contribute to
WKHVHFWRU·VVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWCommon metrics matter Common understanding and agreement of essential terminology is important.

Using common terms increases the reliability of claims on carbon neutrality or
emissions compensation.
 Green Building Council Finland published Guidebook for responsible

Voluntary Emissions Compensation in the Building Sector in 2022
 Green Building Council Finland published Guidebook for applying DNSH 2,
4, and 6 Criteria of the EU Taxonomy on in 2022
 The Guidebook provides concrete instructions for the aqcuisition of highquality and responsibly sourced emission compensations),*%&·V&RPPLWWHHV·3XEOLFDWLRQV Definition of Sustainable Infrastucture Net Zero Energy Consumption for Properties
 Definition of Sustainable Urban Planning Steps for Low-Carbon Property Energy

Consumption

Just now Net Zero Carbon Buildings Guidebook has
progressed to pilot phase´0RVWSHRSOHKDYHJRRGLQWHQWLRQV
and want to make a difference. The
hard bit is we've all locked ourselves
into patterns that make it very difficult
to be the first person or company orindustry to step forward. But I'mabsolutely confident ZHFDQGRWKLVµLouise Kjellerup Roper, CEO of Volans, a UK think-tank [1}Sustainable Real
Estate Market inFinland
Miisa TähkänenBackground 1
 Traditionally the environmental impact of construction projects has been seen tolargely be a result of the energy consumption of buildings. Though energy
consumption does create a massive amount of greenhouse gases, we have come tonotice that more and more attention should be placed on the embodied carbon of
construction products.
 In modern energy efficient buildings over half of life lifecycle emissions might beproduced before the building is even taken into use. That's why it is key to also focus
on the emissions resulting from the production of construction materials and of theconstruction sites themselves. These are called embodied emissions.

Background 2
Building emissions should always be evaluated as a lifecycle assessment. The calculation of emissions should
begin with the sourcing of natural materials, run through the construction product industry and construction
sites into the energy consumption of buildings and finally the recycling of demolition waste.



There are generally accepted systems for analyzing such lifecycle emissions such as the EN Standard EN15978
ĂŶĚƚŚĞhŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ>ĞǀĞůƐĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ͘tŚŽůĞůŝĨĞĐĂƌďŽŶĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŚĂƐĂůƐŽďĞĞŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞmajor environmental certifications used in real estate projects. The certifications are voluntary but are more ofa rule than an exception in the commercial real estate investment market.



A trend can be seen throughout the Nordic countries, and more recently also in the Baltics, to regulate the life
cycle emissions of construction. Life cycle emissions would be regulated as a part of the building permit processsimilarly as energy efficiency has been done for several years. Legislation is in place already the Netherlands,
France, Sweden and Denmark and is being developed also in Finland, Norway and Estonia in the near future.

Renewable energy in the real estate sector

Electricity

Residential

OfficeHeating

Commercial

Industry

Environmental certifications

Will certify all
Will certify all new and major renovations, maybe
some exisiting

Will certify someHigh sustainability ambitions, but no certifications
No certifications

Certifications in the market

Whole Life Carbon
in the Finnish
Context
Miisa Tähkänen From energy efficiency towhole life carbon

Helle Reder Momsen, Pohjoismainen ministerineuvosto, 2022.
Esitetty Vähähiilisen rakentamisen vuosiseminaarissa 4.4.2022

 How biogenic carbon inconsidered in LCA (YM,
20212). Source: Granlund
2022

Recomendations for timber construction 1
 Wood products help reduce the carbon footprint through lower emissions fromproduction chains The origin of wood must come from sustainably managed forests, or it will turn into
an emissions source!
 There are many uncertainties related to the calculation of the temporary carbon stockof wood products as climate benefits
 With current recycling methods, carbon stock is released at the end of the life cycle
resulting to emissions just shifting The assumption that the raw material is carbon neutral only applies in the very
long term. In the short term, cutting down a tree can create "carbon debt".
 ĺ Increasing the stock cannot be considered comparable to emission reductions
and is not recommended to be used in the pursuit of carbon neutrality

Source: Granlund 2022


Recomendations for timber construction 2
 Increasing the recycling of wood products to prevent the release of boundcarbon at the end of the life cycle
 Use of wood for long-lasting products
 Carbon stored in the frame is retained for the longest time Improving the recycling of shorter-term parts very important Site disposable timber (e.g. moulds) out of use / circulation!
 NOTE: use in construction is the longest-term use Looking at the origin of wood and the use of the forest!
 Can forest use control better promote the development of carbon stocks
and avoid a drop in the development of carbon storage?
Source: Granlund 2022

Näyttää suunnan,
auttaa matkalla.













,QWHUYLHZ PHHWLQJIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIILQDQFHDQGGXUDELOLW\   








 WK -DQXDU\ <OYDPHHWLQJURRP<OYD







 QWWL5XXVND $5 <OYD &KLHI6XVWDLQDELOLW\2IILFHU      $ <OYD 
 
  
    
6KLQ0XUDNDPL 60 6XJL\DPD8QL 3URIHVVRU    +LURNL,VKL\DPD +, 2VDND&LW\8QL $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU               'DLVKL 6DNDJXFKL '6  1
 LKRQ )XNXVKL 8 QL $VVRFLDWH
3URIHVVRU  

Ŷ






















   *HQHUDOFRQGLWLRQRIZRRGEXLOGLQJ   )RUHFDVWRIIXWXUHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ   *HQHUDOFRQGLWLRQRIZRRGEXLOGLQJ  &RXOG\RXH[SODLQ\RXURUJDQL]DWLRQ" 60  <OYDLVRZQHGE\VWXGHQWXQLRQRI+HOVLQNLXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV $5  0DLQEXVLQHVVLVVWXGHQWDSDUWPHQWDQGUHVWDXUDQWEXVLQHVV7KHSURILWLVJRLQJEDFNWRVWXGHQWRI+HOVLQNLXQLYHUVLW\ $5  <OYD LV NHHQ D
 QG UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKHEHVWRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\5HDOHVWDWHWHDPLQ<OYDKDVDSURMHFWPDQDJHUDQGKLUHDFRQWUDFWRUIRUHDFKSURMHFW $5  7ZRPRGHOVIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQVHUYLFH2QHLVWRSURYLGHDOLVWRIFULWHULDIRUWKHFRQWUDFWRUDQGWKH\ZLOORYHUVHHGHVLJQDQGEXGJHW7KHRWKHULV WR PDQDJH WKH SURMHFW D
 V <OYD 7
 KH SURMHFW GHFLVLRQ Z
 LOO E
 HPDLQO\EDVHGRQWKHFRPSHWLWLRQ&RQVWUXFWLRQVHUYLFHPHDQVWKDWDFRQWUDFWRUZLOOEHDSDUWRI<OYDWHDP $5  6XVWDLQDELOLW\ IRU<OYDLVKLJKO\LPSRUWDQW<OYDRZQVGLIIHUHQWEXLOGLQJVZLWKGLIIHUHQWDJHV7KHILUVWWKLQJLVPDQDJLQJH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJ7KHVHFRQGRQHLVWRUHDFKFDUERQQHXWUDO E\   EX\LQJ HPLVVLRQ IUHH VHUYLFHOLNHKHDWSRPSV\VWHPIURPGRPHVWLF
PDUNHW (PLVVLRQ IUHH SROLF\ R
 IILFLDOO\ VWDUWHG IURP   ) RU HPLVVLRQ IUHH FXWWLQJHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWDQGWU\LQJWRGHYHORSWKHV\VWHP $5   :KDWNLQGRISROLF\GR\RXKDYHZKHQ\RXGRDSURMHFW" '6  )RUQHZEXLOGLQJZKROHOLIHF\FOHPXVWEHFDUERQQHXWUDO&DOFXODWLQJFDUERQIRRWSULQWIRU HDFK SURMHFW D
 QG FRPSDULQJ HPLVVLRQ D
 QGFRVWRIVWUXFWXUHFRQFUHWHDQGZRRGVWUXFWXUH ,QYHVWLJDWLQJ UHGXFWLRQ R
 I HPLVVLRQE\JUHHQVWUDWHJ\LVFRQYHUWHGWRHXURDQGPDNHGHFLVLRQ $5    )RUHFDVWRIIXWXUHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ  6XVWDLQDEOHPDWHULDOWHQGVWREHPRUHH[SHQVLYH:KDWGR\RXWKLQNRIWKHFRVW" +,  &DUERQLVQRWHFRQRPLFDOO\YLVLEOHEXWFDUERQSULFLQJZD\RIWKLQNLQJZLOOEHDSSOLHG
WR WKLQN RI WKH WRWDO FRVW D
 QG YDOXH LQ WKH PDUNHW (QYLURQPHQW XQIULHQGO\ E
 XLOGLQJPLJKWEHDYRLGHGE\FRPSDQLHVRUPDUNHW $5  <OYDZRXOGOLNHWRGRFKDOOHQJHDQGVKRZQHZSRVVLELOLW\WRPDUNHWDQGLQGXVWU\ $FWLYHVWXGHQWVZLOOEHLQWHUHVWHGLQVWXGHQWSROLWLFVDQGDOVRVXVWDLQDELOLW\EXW<OYDLVLQGHSHQGHQWIURPWKHXQLRQDQGWKHERDUGPHPEHURI<OYDFRQVLVWVRISURIHVVLRQDOV $5   'RHV<OYDEXLOGRURZQZRRGEXLOGLQJ" 60  <HV <OYD R
 ZQHG ZRRG ORJ FDELQ NP IURP +HOVLQNL D
 QG YLOOD LQ HDVWHUQ ) LQODQG
6FKRRO S
 XEOLF E
 XLOGLQJV E
 XLOG LQ   K
 DGLQGRRUDLUSUREOHPDQGUHSODFHGE\ZRRG VWUXFWXUH ,Q WKLV  \HDUV WKH QXPEHU R
 I PXOWLVWRU\ Z
 RRG E
 XLOGLQJVLQFUHDVHG %XW PDQ\ R I ZRRG EXLOGLQJV PXVW E
 H FRYHUHG E
 \ J\SVXP ERDUG D QG
FDQQRW IHHO WKDW WKH\ DUH DFWXDOO\ZRRGEXLOGLQJ)LUHVDIHW\DQGVRXQGSUREOHPDUH
DOVREDUULHUIRUZRRGVWUXFWXUH $5   +RZDERXWWKHFRVWRIZRRGEXLOGLQJ" '6  :RRG E
 XLOGLQJ K
 DV UHODWLYHO\ PRUH PDLQWHQDQFH FRVW FRPSDULQJFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJLI
WKHIDFDGHLVE\ZRRG7KHGHWDLOVRIZRRGEXLOGLQJVDUHPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGDQGPRUH
GHPDQGLQJ IURP WKH LQLWLDO GHVLJQ VWDJH ZKLFK Z
 LOO H
 QG X SZLWKORQJHUGHVLJQWLPH
&RQFUHWH E
 XLOGLQJ LV PRUH VWDQGDUGL]HG D
 QG EHWWHU SULFH FRPSHWLWLRQ ) RU ZRRGEXLOGLQJWKHFKRLFHVDUHPRUHOLPLWHGDQGWHQGWREHPRUHH[SHQVLYH $5   :RRGVWUXFWXUHLVSURYLGHGE\DUFKLWHFWRUPDWHULDOVXSSOLHU" +,  1RUPDOO\ Z
 RRG VWUXFWXUH V\VWHP Z LOO E
 H SURYLGHG E
 \ WKH VXSSOLHU 0RUH H[SHULHQFHZLOO OHDG WR VKRUWHU GHVLJQ D
 QG FRQVWUXFWLRQ WLPH +RZHYHU WKH QXPEHU R
 I ZRRGVWUXFWXUHHQJLQHHULVVWLOOODFNLQJHYHQLQ)LQODQG7KHWLPHIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWZLOOEH
GHSHQGHQW R
 Q K RZ PDQ\ E
 XLOGLQJV \RX Z
 LOO EXLOG HYHU\ \HDU D QG PRUH E
 XLOGLQJH[SHULHQFHVZLOOVXUHO\KHOSWKHGHYHORSPHQW)RUFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJWKHUHJXODWLRQLVYHU\ VLPSOH LQ WHUPV R
 I ILUH UHJXODWLRQ %XW IRU Z
 RRG VWUXFWXUH WKH U HJXODWLRQV D UHGLIIHUHQWLQDUHDVDQGORFDOUXOHVWKHVXSSOLHUVDUHOLPLWHGZKLFKPDNHWKHVSUHDGRIZRRGVWUXFWXUHPRUHFRPSOLFDWHG $5   ,VWKHUHDQ\RSHQGDWDEDVHLQ)LQODQG" +,  )RULQVWDQFH&2ILLVH[LVWLQJDQGVKDULQJGLIIHUHQWNLQGRI&2 HPLVVLRQIRUGLIIHUHQWSDUWV DQG FRPSRQHQWV 3XXLQIR LV DOVR D Q H[DPSOH D
 QG VKRZLQJ G
 LIIHUHQW W\SHV R
 I
GHWDLOV $5   )RU<OYDVXVWDLQDELOLW\LVLPSRUWDQWEXWQRWIRFXVLQJRQZRRGVWUXFWXUH:K\" '6  )RUH[DPSOH<OYDWULHVWRSXWZRRGVWUXFWXUH OLJKWZHLJKW RQWRSRIH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJ FRQFUHWH EXWLWZDVWHFKQLFDOO\GLIILFXOW)URPWKLVH[SHULHQFH<OYDXQGHUVWDQGLWLVQRWHDV\WRXVHZRRGVWUXFWXUHIRUUHQRYDWLRQ)RUWKHFDVHRIQHZEXLOGLQJVRQWKH
RWKHUKDQG&LW\RI+HOVLQNLZLOOVRPHWLPHVUHTXLUHZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQVRPHDUHDVDQGWKDWZLOOHQFRXUDJHFRPSDQLHVWRXVHPRUHZRRG$FFRUGLQJWRQHZHVWUHVHDUFKFDUERQVLQNLQ)LQQLVKIRUHVWGHFUHDVHVDQG)LQODQGKDVEHHQFXWWLQJVRPXFKIRUHVWODWHO\ D QG Q
 RW VXVWDLQDEOH 8VLQJ Z
 RRG LV Q
 RW DOZD\V VXVWDLQDEOH D
 QG FOHDUHU / &$FDOFXODWLRQ LV QHHGHG DQG IRUHVW PDQDJHPHQW VKRXOG E
 H DOVR VXVWDLQDEOH 7R XVHZRRGZHQHHGDOLQNWRIRUHVW $5   'R\RXKDYHVRPHWKLQJWRDGGWR\RXUFRPPHQWV" '6  $QRWKHULPSRUWDQWSHUVSHFWLYHLVWRXWLOL]HH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVDQGVWUXFWXUHV'HPROLVKLQJROGEXLOGLQJVDQGEXLOGLQJQHZEXLOGLQJVHYHQZLWKZRRGLVVXVWDLQDEOH"
7KLV S
 RLQW PXVW E
 H LQFOXGHG LQWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQSURMHFW0DNLQJEHVWXVHRIH[LVWLQJUHVRXUFHDQGPDWHULDOZLOOEHDOVRLPSRUWDQWIRUVXVWDLQDELOLW\)RUWKHUHQRYDWLRQSXUSRVHRIH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJZRRGLVVRIWDQGHDVLHUWREHUHGHVLJQIRUUHQRYDWLRQWRH[WHQGOLIHF\FOHDQGWRUDLVHEXLOGLQJSHUIRUPDQFH $5     <OYD$5  <OYD <OYD
<OYD


 


 

 <OYD 
 




60 



$5 


$5 



<OYD



$5 

<OYD

$5 
<OYD




$5 






$5 

 
 



  
 

 





'6 

5&



$5 



+, 







 <OYD


 
<OYD
 $5 

$5  <OYD <OYD



 



60 
NP






$5 
'6 


5&




$5 

 
 


 





 <OYD

 


 

 



$5 

 
 





 
 





+, 


$5 

5&





$5 
+, 
&2IL&2
$5


3XXLQIR







<OYD

5&



$5 

$5 







$5 

 
 



          $5 




Ŷ



/&$




'6 





   $5 
                   




























,QWHUYLHZPHHWLQJIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIGXUDELOLW\         








 WK -DQXDU\ $DOWR8QLYHUVLW\0DLQEXLOGLQJ









Ŷ





3HNND +HLNNLQHQ  3+  $DOWR 8
 QL     LKRQ)XNXVKL8QL $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU
1         'DLVKL 6DNDJXFKL '6 










  7KH JHQHUDO PDLQWHQDQFH S
 ODQ LQ)LQODQG                  6LWXDWLRQRI)LQQLVKPDUNHWIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG/&$     /&$      7KH JHQHUDO PDLQWHQDQFH S
 ODQ LQ)LQODQG                 $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH LQWHUYLHZ IURP G
 LIIHUHQW FRPSDQLHV WKHUH VHHPV WKDW WKHUH LV Q
 RVSHFLILFPDLQWHQDQFHSODQIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ,VLWWUXH" '6 ,WKLQNWKDWLWLVVRPHKRZWUXH2QO\LQWKHFDVHRIZRRGIDoDGHLWKDVVSHFLILFSODQIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVROXWLRQV$OVRWKHUHLVDOVRVHUYLFHERRNIRUHDFKSURMHFW 3+ ,VWKHUHDQ\UHJXODWLRQRUVWDQGDUGVSHFLILFDOO\IRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" '6 $V ORQJ D
 V \RX G
 R Q RW XVH Z
 RRG RXWVLGH WKH ORDG IRU WKH PDLQWHQDQFH VKRXOGQRWGLIIHUHQWIURPVWUXFWXUHRUFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUH5DNNHQXV7LHWRLVSURYLGLQJWKHVWDQGDUGERRN IRU WKH PDLQWHQDQFH LQ JHQHUDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ D
 QG WKHUH LVZRRGSDUWVOLNHIORRUDQGFODGGLQJDVZHOOLQWKHERRN 3+ ,Q-DSDQZKHQZHEXLOGFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJZHUHVHUYHGPDLQWHQDQFHEXGJHWOHWVVD\RIWKHWRWDOFRVW,VWKHUHDQ\EXGJHWUHVHUYHIRUSURMHFWLQ)LQODQG '6 
$WOHVWDV,NQRZWKHUHLVQRVHWXSSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHEXGJHWLQHDFKSURMHFW&LW\RI+HOVLQNLKDVVHYHUDOZRRGDSDUWPHQWVDQGWKH\VKRXOGNQRZWKHQXPEHURUGDWDIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHFRVW 3+ 

 URP R) QH DJHQF\ Z H LQWHUYLHZHG , KHDUG  HXUR S
 HU IORRU VTXDUH PHWHU IRU WKH
PDLQWHQDQFH WKH\ UHVHUYH ' RHV WKLV VRXQG UHDVRQDEOH IRU \RX D V WKH EXGJHW RIPDLQWHQDQFH" '6 ,W G RHV Q
 RW VRXQG VR PXFK E
 XW LW LV R
 IFRXUVHEHWWHUWKDQQRWKLQJ$JDLQLIZRRGLVXVHG D V ORDG EHDULQJ VWUXFWXUH Z
 RRGLVQRWH[SRVHGWRRXWVLGHDQGQRWDIIHFWHGE\89 RU Z
 DWHU 7KXV WKH Z
 D\ IRU WKH PDLQWHQDQFH VKRXOG Q
 RW E
 H VSHFLILF FRPSDULQJRWKHUVWUXFWXUHVXFKDVFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHRUVWHHOVWUXFWXUH 3+   6LWXDWLRQRI)LQQLVKPDUNHWIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG/&$     /&$     $ERXW WKH OLIHF\FOH R
 I Z RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ Z
 H K HDUG WKDW ) LQODQGLVFXWWLQJWRRPXFKZRRGDQGVXVWDLQDEOHIRUHVWU\LVQRWDFKLHYHGDWWKHPRPHQW,VLWWUXH" '6 
7KHUHDUHDORWRIGLVFXVVLRQEXWFXUUHQWO\LWGHSHQGVRQZKRP\RXZLOODVNWKLVWRSLF
,Q P\ R
 SLQLRQ WKHDPRXQWRIZRRGZHXVHGIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQLVYHU\OLPLWHGDQGKDVQRWDIIHFWHGVRPXFK 3+ 'R\RXKDYHVRPHH[SHULHQFHV5 'SURMHFWIRUUHQRYDWLRQDQGVRPHSUDFWLFDOFDVHVIRUFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJUHQRYDWLRQZLWKZRRG" '6 
<HVZHGR3OHDVHUHIHUWRWKHVOLGHVSURYLGHG7LPEHUEDVHGHOHPHQWVV\VWHPZLWKZRRG IUDPH LQVXODWLRQ D
 QG GXFWVSDFHDWWDFKHGWRFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUH2OGFRQFUHWH
IDoDGHDQGLQVXODWLRQZHUHUHPRYHGDQGWKLVWLPEHUSDQHOVZHUHDWWDFKHG 3+ 'LGWKLVWLPEHUSDQHOEHFRPHSRSXODULQWKHPDUNHW" '6 
 QIRUWXQDWHO\QRWVRPXFKSRSXODU,WZDVQRWEHFDXVHRIWKHSURSHUW\RIWKHWLPEHU
8
SDQHO E
 XW EHFDXVH R
 I G LIILFXOW\ R
 I UHQRYDWLRQ ,Q WKH R
 OG E XLOGLQJ WKH Z
 LQGRZVZHUHDOVR R
 OG VR WKDW WKH S
 URSHUWLHV R
 I ZLQGRZ D
 IIHFWHG WKH FRVW FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV D QG
SHUIRUPDQFHRIEXLOGLQJ 3+ ,Q -DSDQ WKH PDUNHW VWLOO WKLQNV Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LVYHU\H[SHQVLYH,WLVDOVRVDLGWKDWZRRGVWUXFWXUHLVQRWFRPSHWLWLYHHQRXJKLQWKHPDUNHWDWWKHPRPHQW7KHUHDOHVWDWHFRPSDQ\DUHDOVRLQWHUHVWHGLQXWLOL]LQJH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJVOHWVVD\ROGFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJ VWUXFWXUH LV XWLOL]HG D
 QG Z RRG S
 DUWV RU FRPSRQHQWV Z
 LOO E
 HDWWDFKHGWRWKH
FRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUH '6 
<HV WKH PHWKRG IRU ZRRG UHQRYDWLRQ FRXOG E
 H PRUH GHYHORSHG D
 QG FRXOG E
 H D
 Q
LQWHUHVWLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOWRSLF 3+ 

7KH PLQLVWU\ K
 DV EHHQ JLYLQJ VXEVLGLHV WR ZRRG VWUXFWXUH LQ -DSDQ + RZ LV WKH
VLWXDWLRQLQ)LQODQG" '6 
:RRG DSDUWPHQW K
 DV DOVR E
 HHQ SRSXODU LQ -DSDQ E
 XW D E
 LW PRUH H[SHQVLYH WKDWQRUPDOVWUXFWXUH%XWZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLVHDVLHUWRJHWVXEVLGLHVIRUWKHSURMHFW7KH
FKRLFHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLVVWLOODWWUDFWLYH 3+ 


 


 


 
 


 



'6 


3+ 
'6 
5&








 


 


 $5$
 

 




 
 


 



5DNHQQXVWLHWR

3+



5&






'6 


3+ 







'6 

5&






6

3+ 
/&$





'6 


3+ 

 5&
 '6 
 








3+ 

 
 


 



 




'6 


3+





5&
'6 








 

 







Ŷ



3+ 

 '6 

5&



3+ 




























,QWHUYLHZPHHWLQJIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIGXUDELOLW\         








WK -DQXDU\ 

0LQLVWU\RI(QYLURQPHQWPHHWLQJURRP 
 HSSR /7
 HKWLQHQ 7/ 0LQLVWRU\RI(QYLURQPHQW 'LUHFWRU*HQHUDO    
 

 
 
 0DWWL .XLWWLQHQ 0.  0LQLVWRU\ R I (QYLURQPHQW 6HQLRU 0LQLVWHULDO           6LPR /H 5RX[ 6/5 
$GYLVRU 
0LQLVWRU\ R I (QYLURQPHQW 3URMHFW 6SHFLDOLVW        

 
  
 
  
 'DLVKL 6DNDJXFKL '6  1
 LKRQ )XNXVKL8QL $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU     

Ŷ



















  :RRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGWKHJHQHUDOPDLQWHQDQFHSODQLQ)LQODQG        6LWXDWLRQRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGIXWXUHRI/&$     /&$          :RRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGWKHJHQHUDOPDLQWHQDQFHSODQLQ)LQODQG

+RZ LV WKH VLWXDWLRQ R
 I ZRRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ )LQODQG D QG ZKDW LV WKH FXUUHQW K
 RW
WRSLFV" '6 
3OHDVHUHIHUWRWKHGRFXPHQWSURYLGHG LQ)LQQLVK IRUWKHVWDWXVRIZRRGHQEXLOGLQJVLQ )
 LQODQG :RRG LQ S
 XEOLF FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ ) LQODQG &XUUHQW KRW WRSLFV LQ ZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ )LQODQG D
 UH H QHUJ\ H
 IILFLHQF\ PDWHULDO D
 QG UHQHZDEOH DVSHFW D QG
FLUFXODUHFRQRP\ 7/ )LQODQGIROORZV(8SROLF\IRUVXVWDLQDEOHIRUHVWU\DQGZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ 7/  XVH R
 I WKH WRWDO PDWHULDO XVH LV FXUUHQWO\ XVHG LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ D
 QGFLUFXODUHFRQRP\ LV Q
 RW H QRXJK 8VLQJ PRUHZRRGLVQHFHVVDU\%XWFXWWLQJPRUHZRRGZLOOUXLQ WKH GLYHUVLW\ R
 I IRUHVW 7KHUH DUH FRQIOLFW E
 HWZHHQ IRUHVW SROLF\ D QG ZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQSROLF\ 7/ 
6XVWDLQDELOLW\ ) LQODQG SROLF\ LV OLPLW FDUERQIRRWSULQWVDQGOLIHF\FOHDVVHVVPHQWZLOOEH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW WR WKH E
 XLOGLQJ SHUPLVVLRQ 7
 KH SROLF\ LV D
 OUHDG\ LQ WKH
SDUOLDPHQW 7/ 

7KHFRPPRQVDUJXPHQWIRUOLIHF\FOHDVVHVVPHQWRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLVWKDWZRRGLVJRRGLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVWDJHDQGGHPROLWLRQVWDJHEXWWKHVWDJHRILQXVHLVPXFKORQJHU 7KXV WKH VWUXFWXUH G
 RHV Q
 RW D
 IIHFW VR PXFK R
 I /&$ : KDW LV \RXU R
 SLQLRQ" '6 
7KDWLVFRPPRQLQ)LQODQGWRR:KHQZHWKLQNRI/&$HQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LVLPSRUWDQW XW PDWHULDOLW\ HVSHFLDOO\ IRU Z
E RRG K
 DV WR E
 H FRQVLGHUHG :H Q
 HHG WR ILQG WKHEHVWEDODQFHRI/&$LQDQ\VWUXFWXUHQRPDWWHURIFRQFUHWHVWHHORUZRRG 7/ 

 RZPXFKLVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHEXGJHWLQJHQHUDO" '6 +
7KHUH LV VRPH E
 XGJHW ) RU WKH FDVH R
 I UHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJKRXVLQJDVVRFLDWLRQZLOOVHW X S EXGJHW IRU WKH PDLQWHQDQFH 7
 KH DVVRFLDWLRQ Z
 LOO UHVHUYH WKH FRVW IRU WKHPDLQWHQDQFH R
 Q WKH WRS R
 I QRUPDOUHQW)RUWKHFDVHRISXEOLFEXLOGLQJJRYHUQPHQWZLOO S
 UHSDUH IRU WKH VHUYLFH E
 RRN D QG DOVRVHWXSWKHEXGJHWIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHLQHDFK SURMHFW 7
 KH E XGJHW Z
 LOO E
 H G HSHQGHQW R
 Q WKH IORRUDUHDDQGZD\RIVWUXFWXUH
7KHSHUFHQWDJHIRUPDLQWHQDQFHLVQRWUHJXODWHGLQWKHOHJLVODWLRQ 7/ 

6RWKHUHLVQRGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHEXGJHWIRUPDLQWHQDQFHLQFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJRUZRRG XLOGLQJ" '6 E
7KH FDVH R
 I WKH PDLQWHQDQFH G
 RHV QRW VR G
 LIIHU LQ FRQFUHWH R
 U ZRRG 7KH R
 QO\
GLIIHUHQFHFDVHZLOOEHZRRGXVHGLQH[WHULRUZDOO/HW¶VVD\FRQFUHWHIDoDGHGRHVQRWUHTXLUH PDLQWHQDQFH E
 XW Z RRG IDoDGH Q
 HHG WR EH UHSDLQWHG HYHU\   \HDUV LQ
JHQHUDO 7/ 

 KHQKLJKHUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQZLOOEHEXLOWZKDWLVSUREOHPKHUH" '6 :
7KHUH LV QR SUREOHP KHUH H[SHUW FRVW D
 QG WKH QHFHVVLW\ R
 I WDOO EXLOGLQJ EHFDXVH)LQODQG LV Q
 RW VRSRSXODWHG,Q-DSDQLWZLOOEHW\SKRRQ7KHVWURQJZLQGZLOOVKDNHWKH EXLOGLQJ DQG ULJLG VWUXFWXUH Z
 LOO EH EURNHQ G
 RZQ ZKLFK PHDQV PRUH IOH[LEOHVWUXFWXUHOLNHZRRGZLOOEHEHWWHU 7/ 

 HQHUDOO\ ZRRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV PRUH H[SHQVLYH  WKDQ FRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJ,VLW*WUXH" '6 
<HVLWLVWUXH7KHERWWOHQHFNLVODFNRIGHVLJQHUDQGHQJLQHHUIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ,Q WKH GHVLJQ SKDVH R
 I ZRRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ PRUH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQ WKH GHWDLOV DQG
GHVLJQ Z
 LOO E
 H UHTXLUHG ZKLFK WHQGWROHDGWRORQJHUGHVLJQGXUDWLRQDQGFRVW/HW¶VVWD\ WKDW \RX G
 R Q RW KDYH WR WKLQN LI \RX XVH FRQFUHWH E
 XW \RX KDYH WR WKLQN D QG
FRQVLGHU PRUH Z
 KHQ \RX XVHZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ0RUHH[SHULHQFHVVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQDQGFRPSHWLWLRQVZLOOUHGXFHWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHFRVW 7/  Q\RWKHUUHDVRQVIRUWKHKLJKHUFRVW" '6 $
<HV 7HFKQRORJLFDOO\VRXQGSURRIDQGILUHSURRIZLOOEHQHHGHGLQZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQEXWQRWLQFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJ7KHVHZLOOUDLVHWKHSULFHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ+RZHYHULIWKHEXLOGLQJKDVVSULQNOHUWKHEXLOGLQJZLOOEHVDIHUZKLFKZLOOEHJRRGIRUWKHWHQDQWDQGRZQHURIEXLOGLQJ 7/   6LWXDWLRQRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGIXWXUHRI/&$ KDWGR\RXWKLQNRIIXWXUHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" '6 :
:RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ Z
 LOO K
 DYH E
 HQHILW DV Z
 HOO :RRG LV GU\ FRQVWUXFWLRQ VR WKDW WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQ SHULRG Z
 LOO E
 H UHODWLYHO\ VKRUWHU WKDQ FRQFUHWH FRQVWUXFWLRQ 7
 KLV ZLOOFRQWULEXWHFRVWGRZQHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQWKHEXLOGLQJVFDOHLVODUJHU 0. 







)LQODQG K
 DV ORQJHUH[SHULHQFHLQZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ$OPRVW\HDUV<RXVWLOOWKLQNWKDWGHVLJQHUDQGHQJLQHHUIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDUHVWLOOODFNLQJLQ)LQODQG" '6 
<HV , WKLQN VWLOO ODFNLQJ EHFDXVH Z
 H KDYH D VORZ VWDUW IRU Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ HYHQWKRXJK Z
 H VWDUWHG D ILUVW Z
 RRG SURMHFW LQ   $IWHUZHVWDUWHGZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQFRPSDQ\ IHOW ULVN WR VWDUW Q
 HZ PHWKRG D QG Z RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ G LG Q
 RW EHFRPH VRSRSXODULQWKHEHJLQQLQJ 6/5 
:KDWZLOOEHQHHGHGWRPDNHZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQPRUHSRSXODU" '6 
7KH VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ LV PDQGDWRU\ 7
 KH VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ Z
 LOO UHGXFH WKH ULVN R IVWUXFWXUH GXUDELOLW\ D
 QG DOVR WKH EXLOGLQJ FRVW ZKLFK Z
 LOO HQFRXUDJH FRPSDQ\ R USULYDWH VHFWRU WR WU\ Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ $UFKLWHFWXUH D
 QG FXOWXUDO DVSHFW DUH DOVRLPSRUWDQW-DSDQKDVDOVRWUDGLWLRQVIRUZRRGEXLOGLQJLQORQJWLPHDQGWKHNH\LVKRZ
-DSDQHVH S
 HRSOH FDQ UHVSHFW WKH KLVWRU\ D QG FXOWXUH D
 QG XWLOL]H WKH NQRZOHGJH WR
PRGHUQWHFKQRORJ\WRGHYHORSZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ 7/ 

:KDW LV WKH VLWXDWLRQ LQ )LQODQG ZLWK UHJDUG WR /&$ HQYLURQPHQWDO FHUWLILFDWLRQVVXEVLGLHVHWFIRUZRRGHQEXLOGLQJV" '6 
7KHVXEVLGLHVIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDUHDERXWPLOOLRQHXURLQD\HDU/HW¶VVD\RQH
VFKRRO E
 XLOGLQJ ZLOO FRVW PLOOLRQ HXUR VR R
 XU VXEVLGLHV LV T
 XLWH VPDOO E
 XW SULYDWHFRPSDQLHV DUH WU\LQJ WR E
 XLOG Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ D
 QG WKH PDUNHW LV PRYLQJ WR QH[WVWDJH )LQDQFLDO LQYHVWRU LV PRUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ J
 UHHQ E
 XLOGLQJ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDOYDOXHVIRUWKHEXLOGLQJZKLFKZLOOGULYHZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQIRUZDUG 0. 
,Q WHUPV R
 I HQYLURQPHQWDO LQYHVWPHQW D
 QGFDUERQIRRWSULQWZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQFRXOG
KDYH PRUH DGYDQWDJHV FRPSDULQJ VWHHO R
 U FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUH 7
 KH EXLOGLQJ W\SHVVXFKDVGD\FDUHFHQWHURUVRPHVL]HRIVFKRROPDGHE\ZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQZRXOGEH
FKHDSHUWKDQFRQFUHWHRUVWHHO 6/5 ,Q/&$KRZZHFRXOGWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWRIHIIHFWWRELRGLYHUVLW\LQWKHIRUHVWE\ZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQZRXOGEHDQLQWHUHVWLQJWKHPHDQGSURMHFW 0. 

 KDWDUH\RXUWKRXJKWVRQPDLQWHQDQFHUHJDUGLQJZRRGHQEXLOGLQJV" '6 :
2QH R
 I WKH FDVHV LQ 3XWDMDYHVL ORJ VFKRRO E
 \<,7KDGDFRQWUDFWIRUOLIHF\FOHRI
\HDUV LQFOXGLQJ PDLQWHQDQFH 6WXGHQW KRXVH GHYHORSHU ZRXOG E
 HDJRRGFRQWDFWWRNQRZ WKH H[DFW QXPEHU R
 I SHUFHQWDJHV IRU PDLQWHQDQFH 7
 KH PDLQWHQDQFH E
 XGJHWZLOO EH DOVR G
 HSHQGHQW RQ WKH W\SH R
 I EXLOGLQJ VXFK D
 V FRPPHUFLDO UHVLGHQWLDO R
 U
HGXFDWLRQ 0. ,QFRQFOXVLRQWKHNH\WRPDNLQJZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQPRUHUDWLRQDOLVVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQRIZRRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ HGXFDWLRQ R
 I SURIHVVLRQDOV / &$ D
 QG SUHVHQWDWLRQ R
 I
HQYLURQPHQWDOYDOXHVWKDWDWWUDFWLQYHVWRUV '6    
 

 






'6 







 

 




 



7/ 
(8
7/ 




7/ 

 

 






/&$
'6 
/&$


5&



/&$



7/ 

 
 




 

 

 









7/ 

 



 




 

 5&





'6 




7/ 

5&


 '6 



5&


7/




'6 



7/


5&







'6 









 
 




  
 
 


 


 
 6



 
 


 


 

 
 
 0. 
 



 


5&





7/


'6 
5&






7/ 
/&$


'6 
5&




0. 





 '6 


5&






6/5


'6 


7/ 


7/ 
/&$


'6 












0. 
6

5&







5&
6


6/5 
/&$

 


0. 

'6 
 
 <,7 3XWDMDYHVL ORJ VFKRRO                       







0. 
 





Ŷ




/&$

'6 

















SUOMALAINEN PUUKERROSTALOHANKEKANTA
Suunnitteilla ja rakenteilla olevat suomalaiset
puukerrostalohankkeet, 06/2022

SUOMALAINEN PUUKERROSTALOHANKEKANTA

06/2022-1--2+'$172
Suomalainen puukerrostalohankekanta koottiin alun perin kesällä 2012 Puuinfon, työ- ja elinkeinoministeriön sekä Invest in Finlandin käyttöön. Puukerrostalohankekantaa on päivitetty sittemmin työ- ja elinkeinoministeriön toimeksiannosta vuosina 2014 ja 2015 sekä ympäristöministeriön toimeksiannosta vuosina
2017, 2018, 2019 ja 2020. Tämä kevään 2022 päivitys on teetetty ympäristöministeriön toimesta, ja on siis
hankekannan seitsemäs päivitys. Hankekantaan kerätään kaikki suunnitteilla tai rakenteilla olevat vähintään 3-kerroksiset puukerrostalohankkeet sekä kaikki merkittävät suuren mittakaavan puurakenteiset julkiset rakennukset Suomessa. Hankekannassa ei esitetä jo toteutuneita kohteita.
Hankkeet on jaettu kolmeen eri luokkaan toteutumispotentiaalin mukaan:
1. varmat (osa 1)
2. todennäköiset (osa 2)
3. mahdolliset (osa 3)
Luokka kuvaa hankkeen toteutumismahdollisuutta nimenomaan puurakenteisena. Pääsääntöisesti hankkeet, jotka ovat laajoja ja vasta kaavavaiheessa, eikä puurakentamiseen sitoutunutta rakennuttajaa/rakentajaa vielä ole, on sijoitettu automaattisesti luokkaan mahdollinen. Luokitus ei siis kuvasta alueiden ja kohteiden toteutumistodennäköisyyttä ylipäänsä millä tahansa rakennusmateriaalilla, vaan ainoastaan toteutumista juuri puurakenteisena.
Suraavassa on koostettu hankkeiden tiedot yhteen ja esitetty laskelmia tulevasta rakentamisesta sekä
visualisoitu hankkeet Suomen kartalle.
Hankekannan on koonnut oululainen arkkitehti Janne Tolppanen (janne.j.tolppanen@gmail.com).

SUOMALAINEN PUUKERROSTALOHANKEKANTA

06/2022-2-/8.8-$-$/$6.(/0,$
FAKTAA SUOMALAISTEN ASUMISESTA
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Suomessa on n. 5,549 miljoonaa asukasta (Tilastokeskus 04/2022).
Asuntoja on 3,124 miljoonaa kpl (Tilastokeskus 10/2021).
Yhdessä asunnossa asuu keskimäärin 1,81 henkilöä.
Kerrostaloasuntoja 1,468 miljoonaa. Maamme kaikista asunnoista noin 47 % sijaitsee kerrostaloissa (Tilastokeskus 10/2021).
Suomalaisen asunnon keskipinta-ala (kun otetaan mukaan kaikki maamme asunnot) on 79,4 m²(Tilastokeskus 10/2021).
Suomalaisen kerrostaloasunnon keskipinta-ala on 55 h-m² (Tilastokeskus 10/2021).
Jokaista suomalaista kohti on asuinpinta-alaa keskimäärin 40,8 h-m² (Tilastokeskus 05/2019).

LASKELMIA TIETOKANNAN PUUKERROSTALOHANKKEISTA
x

Uutta puukerrostalorakentamista tulossa varmoissa kohteissa n. 475 797 k-m², josta;íQ394 882 k-m² on asumista.
íQ80 915 k-m² on julkista, toimisto-, liike- tai hotellirakentamista.

x

Uutta puukerrostalorakentamista tulossa todennäköisissä kohteissa n. 128 327 k-m², josta:íQ124 727 k-m² on asumista.
íQ3 600 k-m² on julkista, toimisto-, liike- tai hotellirakentamista.

x

Uutta puukerrostalorakentamista tulossa mahdollisissa kohteissa n. 466 981 k-m², josta:íQ466 431 k-m² on asumista.
íQ550 k-m² on julkista, toimisto-, liike- tai hotellirakentamista.

x

Uutta puukerrostalorakentamista tulossa yhteensä n. 1 071 105 k-m², josta:
ín. 986 040 k-m² on asumista.
ín. 85 065 k-m² on julkista, toimisto-, liike- tai hotellirakentamista.

x

Uusia puukerrostaloasuntoja tulossa:
í9DUPat: 394 882 k-m² / (1,25 x 55 h-m² = 68,75 k-m²) = n. 5 740 asuntoa
í7RGHQQlN|LVHW 124 727 k-m² / (1,25 x 55 h-m² = 68,75 k-m²) = n. 1 810 asuntoa
í0DKGROOLVHW466 431 k-m² / (1,25 x 55 h-m² = 68,75 k-m²) = n. 6 780 asuntoa
íYhteensä: 986 040 k-m² / (1,25 x 55 h-m² = 68,75 k-m²) = n. 14 340 asuntoax

Uusia asukkaita tulossa puukerrostaloihin:
í9DUPDW394 882 k-m² / (1,25 x 40,8 h-m² = 51 k-m²) = n. 7 740 asukasta
í7RGHQQlN|LVHW124 727 k-m² / (1,25 x 40,8 h-m² = 51 k-m²) = n. 2 450 asukasta
í0DKGROOLVHW466 431 k-m² / (1,25 x 40,8 h-m² = 51 k-m²) = n. 9 150 asukasta
íYhteensä: 986 040 k-m² / (1,25 x 40,8 h-m² = 51 k-m²) = n. 19 330 asukastaSUOMALAINEN PUUKERROSTALOHANKEKANTA-3-

06/2022HANKKEIDEN KERROSALAT TAULUKOITUNA
Luvuissa on pyritty huomioimaan vain suunnitteilla ja rakenteilla oleva kerrosala, ei hankkeissa jo toteutunut kerrosala. Mikäli hankkeen kerrosalasta on esitetty vaihtoehtoja, esitetään tässä taulukossa lukujen
keskiarvo.

HANKE

KERROSALAASUMINEN(k-m²)KERROSALA MUU(k-m²)

Espoon Djupsundsbäckenin puukerrostalot
Espoon Keilaniemen Portti
Espoon Metsäpirtintien puukerrostalot
Helsingin Jätkäsaaren Wood Cityn toimistorakennus ja hotelli
Helsingin Katajanokan Laituri
Helsingin Karhukallion puukerrostalokorttelit
Helsingin Kuninkaantammen Etelärinteen puukerrostaloalue
Helsingin Kuninkaantammen Lammenrannan puukerrostaloalue
Helsingin Leankadun puukerrostalo
Helsingin Oulunkylän puukerrostalot
Helsingin Pasilan Postipuiston Reformikortteli
Järvenpään Kirjastokadun ja Myllytien puukerrostalot
Kajaanin Sammonkaari
Keravan Kurkelan puukerrostalot
Kirkkonummen Pyssysepänkaaren puukerrostalo
Kuopion Julkulan puukerrostalot
Porvoon Länsirannan puukerrostalokortteli
Porvoon Tehtaanpuiston puukerrostalot
Tampereen Hervantajärven puukerrostalot
Tampereen Hippos
Tampereen Rauhaniementien puukerrostalo
Tampereen Vuoreksen Isokuusen alue
7XUXQPRGHUQLSXXNDXSXQNLí/LQQDQIlOWWLTuusulan monitoimitalo Monio
Vantaan Puu-Kivistön puukerrostaloalue
Vantaan Tikkurilan puukerrostalot

6 600
í
9 000
í
í
52 05028 60038 300
2 100
6 317
11 900
7 200
17 500
6 063
5 970
5 787
15 24513 7505 000
35 0003 000
46 00023 500í
50 0006 000

í23 105í
19 000
23 000
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
750
í
í
í
í
8 800
6 260
í

Yhteensä

394 882

80 915Espoon Mäkkylän Bokylän puukerrostalot
Helsingin Aarteenetsijäntien puukerrostalot
Jyväskylän Kuokkalan Kalon
Kangasalan Lamminrahkan puukerrostalot
Keravan asuntomessujen puukerrostalo
Kirkkonummen Juhlakallion puukerrostalot
Kirkkonummen Tolsanmäen puukerrostalot
Kokkolan Kaustarinkadun puukerrostalo
Lahden Svinhufvudinkadun puukerrostalo
Oulun Ranta-Toppilan puukerrostalot
Pirkkalan Turrin puukerrostalo
Tampereen Hatanpään puukerrostalo
Tampereen Itsenäisyydenkadun puukerrostalot
Tampereen Kalevan puukerrostalokohde
Tampereen Pinninkadun puukerrostalo
Tampereen Tuomiokirkonkadun puukerrostalo
Vantaan Satomäentien puukerrostalot
Wasa Innovation Centerin Katedral

13 00018 9009 250
11 600
3 754
3 973
6 050
1 090
2 200
3 400
2 000
1 700
9 780
10 500
6 000
7 730
13 800
í

í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
3 600

Yhteensä

124 727

3 600

VARMAT HANKKEETTODENNÄKÖISET HANKKEET

SUOMALAINEN PUUKERROSTALOHANKEKANTA-4-06/2022

MAHDOLLISET HANKKEET
Helsingin Ala-Malmin puukerrostalot
Helsingin Hermanninrannan puukerrostaloalue
Helsingin Honkasuon puukerrostalot
Helsingin Jätkäsaaren kiertotalouskortteli
Joensuun Penttilänrannan puukerrostalokorttelit
Kokkolan Kosilan puukerrostaloalue
Kouvolan Brankkarin puukerrostalo
Kouvolan Tornionmäentien puukerrostalo
Mustasaaren Sepänkylän keskustan puukerrostalot
Oulun Hartaanselän Varikon Torni
Oulun Puu-Linnanmaan Virkakadun puukerrostalot
Oulun Toppilansaaren puukerrostalot
Rauman Papinpellon puukerrostaloalue
Seinäjoen vanhan paloaseman seudun puukerrostalokortteli
Tampereen Ranta-Tampellan puukerrostalo
Uudenkaupungin Ketunkadun puukerrostalot
Vihdin Pajuniityn alue

6 700
250 000
6 350
10 25124 90023 500
1 762
1 200
2 420
7 550
ei tietoa
13 250
5 200
9 000
3 500
10 44890 400

í
í
550
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í

Yhteensä

466 431550

KAIKKI YHTEENSÄ

986 040

85 065

SUOMALAINEN PUUKERROSTALOHANKEKANTA-5-06/2022HANKKEIDEN KERROSALAT TAULUKOITUNA MAAKUNNITTAIN

MAAKUNTA / HANKE

KERROSALA ASUMINEN(k-m²)KERROSALA MUU(k-m²)

íí

2. Pohjois-Pohjanmaa

24 200í

Oulun Hartaanselän Varikon Torni
Oulun Puu-Linnanmaan Virkakadun puukerrostalot
Oulun Ranta-Toppilan puukerrostalot
Oulun Toppilansaaren puukerrostalot

7 550
ei tietoa
3 400
13 250íííí

3. Kainuu

17 500í

Kajaanin Sammonkaari

17 500í

4. Pohjois-Karjala

24 900í

Joensuun Penttilänrannan puukerrostalokorttelit

24 900í

5. Pohjois-Savo

5 787

í

Kuopion Julkulan puukerrostalot

5 787

í

6. Etelä-Savoíí

7. Etelä-Karjalaíí

8. Keski-Suomi

9 250

í

Jyväskylän Kuokkalan Kalon

9 250

í

9. Etelä-Pohjanmaa

9 000

í

Seinäjoen vanhan paloaseman seudun puukerrostalokortteli

9 000

í

10. Pohjanmaa

2 420

3 600

Mustasaaren Sepänkylän keskustan puukerrostalot
Wasa Innovation Centerin Katedral

2 420
í

í
3 600

11. Keski-Pohjanmaa

24 590í

Kokkolan Kaustarinkadun puukerrostalo
Kokkolan Kosilan puukerrostaloalue

1 090
23 500íí

12. Pirkanmaa

141 810750

Kangasalan Lamminrahkan puukerrostalot
Pirkkalan Turrin puukerrostalo
Tampereen Hatanpään puukerrostalo
Tampereen Hervantajärven puukerrostalot
Tampereen Hippos
Tampereen Itsenäisyydenkadun puukerrostalot
Tampereen Kalevan puukerrostalokohde
Tampereen Pinninkadun puukerrostalo
Tampereen Ranta-Tampellan puukerrostalo
Tampereen Rauhaniementien puukerrostalo
Tampereen Tuomiokirkonkadun puukerrostalo
Tampereen Vuoreksen Isokuusen alue

11 600
2 000
1 700
5 000
35 000
9 780
10 500
6 000
3 500
3 000
7 730
46 000

í
í
í
750
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í

13. Satakunta

5 200

í

Rauman Papinpellon puukerrostaloalue

5 200

í

14. Päijät-Häme

2 200

í

Lahden Svinhufvudinkadun puukerrostalo

2 200

í

15. Kanta-Hämeíí

16. Kymenlaakso

2 962

í

Kouvolan Brankkarin puukerrostalo
Kouvolan Tornionmäentien puukerrostalo

1 762
1 200

í
í

1. LappiSUOMALAINEN PUUKERROSTALOHANKEKANTA-6-06/2022

17. Uusimaa

682 273

80 715Espoon Djupsundsbäckenin puukerrostalot
Espoon Keilaniemen Portti
Espoon Metsäpirtintien puukerrostalot
Espoon Mäkkylän Bokylän puukerrostalot
Helsingin Aarteenetsijäntien puukerrostalot
Helsingin Ala-Malmin puukerrostalot
Helsingin Hermanninrannan puukerrostaloalue
Helsingin Honkasuon puukerrostalot
Helsingin Jätkäsaaren kiertotalouskortteli
Helsingin Jätkäsaaren Wood Cityn toimistorakennus ja hotelli
Helsingin Katajanokan Laituri
Helsingin Karhukallion puukerrostalokorttelit
Helsingin Kuninkaantammen Etelärinteen puukerrostaloalue
Helsingin Kuninkaantammen Lammenrannan puukerrostaloalue
Helsingin Leankadun puukerrostalo
Helsingin Oulunkylän puukerrostalot
Helsingin Pasilan Postipuiston Reformikortteli
Järvenpään Kirjastokadun ja Myllytien puukerrostalot
Keravan asuntomessujen puukerrostalo
Keravan Kurkelan puukerrostalot
Kirkkonummen Juhlakallion puukerrostalot
Kirkkonummen Pyssysepänkaaren puukerrostalo
Kirkkonummen Tolsanmäen puukerrostalot
Porvoon Länsirannan puukerrostalokortteli
Porvoon Tehtaanpuiston puukerrostalot
Tuusulan monitoimitalo Monio
Vantaan Puu-Kivistön puukerrostaloalue
Vantaan Satomäentien puukerrostalot
Vantaan Tikkurilan puukerrostalot
Vihdin Pajuniityn alue

6 600
í
9 000
13 00018 9006 700
250 000
6 350
10 251íí
52 05028 60038 300
2 100
6 317
11 900
7 200
3 754
6 063
3 973
5 970
6 050
15 24513 750í
50 00013 800
6 000
90 400í
23 105
í
í
í
í
í
550
í
19 000
23 000
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
í
8 800
6 260
í
í
í

18. Varsinais-Suomi

33 948í

7XUXQPRGHUQLSXXNDXSXQNLí/LQQDQIlOWWL
Uudenkaupungin Ketunkadun puukerrostalot

23 50010 448ííí

í

19. Ahvenanmaa

SUOMALAINEN PUUKERROSTALOHANKEKANTA

06/2022-7-

VISUALISOINTIT KARTALLA













,QWHUYLHZPHHWLQJIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIGXUDELOLW\         








WK -DQXDU\ &LW\RI+HOVLQNLPHHWLQJURRP









Ŷ

 


6DQQD 0HULODLQHQ 60 'HYHORSPHQW 0DQDJHU  &
 LW\ R
 I +HOVLQNL                  'DLVKL 6DNDJXFKL '6  1
 LKRQ )XNXVKL 8 QL 
$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU    











  7KHJHQHUDOPDLQWHQDQFHSODQLQWHUPVRI&LW\RI+HOVLQNL                  6LWXDWLRQRI)LQQLVKPDUNHWIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ         7KHJHQHUDOPDLQWHQDQFHSODQLQ)LQODQG ,V WKHUH UHJXODWLRQV RU EXGJHW SODQ IRU PXOWLVWRU\ Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ E
 \ &LW\ R
 I
+HOVLQNL" '6 )RU FLW\ Z
 RRG VWUXFWXUH R
 U FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUH DUH VDPH LQ WHUPV R
 I PDLQWHQDQFH
/LIHF\FOH IRUZRRGEXLOGLQJRUFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJDUHDOVRVHWDVWKHVDPHLQ)LQODQG
2QO\ WKH FDVH IRU H[WHULRU Z
 DOO Z
 LWK Z
 RRG K
 DV G
 LIIHUHQW VWRULHV ) RU WKLV FDVHPDLQWHQDQFHLVPRUHFDUHIXOO\FRQVLGHUHG 60 







,XQGHUVWDQGWKDW:RRG&LW\LQWKH-lNNDVDDULDUHDLVOHGE\WKH&LW\RI+HOVLQNLEXWLVLWSURPRWHGE\WKHFLW\" '6 
7 KH FLW\ S
 ODQ LV GUDZQ XS E
 \ WKH & LW\ R
 I +HOVLQNL WKH RIILFH E
 XLOGLQJ LV R
 ZQHG E
 \VXSHUFHOODQGWKHUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJVDUHRZQHGE\+(.$ 60 

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH SUHYLRXV LQWHUYLHZV R
 QO\ZRRGH[WHULRULVWKHLVVXHV'R\RXKDYH RUHRSLQLRQV" '6 P([WHULRU Z
 RRG RXWVLGH Z
 LOO UHTXLUH PRUH UHJXODU PDLQWHQDQFH HYHU\  \HDUV R
 U 
 
\HDUVEXWZKHQZHPXVWFKDQJHWKHPFRPSOHWHO\LWLVUHODWLYHO\HDVLHUWRFKDQJHLWWRQHZRQHV 60 ,WLVVDLGWKDWDERXWRIWRWDOEXLOGLQJFRVWLVUHVHUYHGDVPDLQWHQDQFHFRVW'R
\RXKDYHUHJXODWHGSHUFHQWDJHRUFRVWLQ&LW\RI+HOVLQNL" '6 'HWDLOV DUH XQNQRZQ D V WKH FLW\ K
 DV Q
 RW VHWUHJXODWLRQVEXWVKRXOGGHSHQGRQWKH
W\SHDQGVL]HRIWKHEXLOGLQJ 60 

 RZLVWKHVLWXDWLRQRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQIRU&LW\RI+HOVLQNL" '6 +
&LW\LVDOVRWU\LQJWRSURPRWHZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQIRUORZHUHPLVVLRQDQGUHGXFH&2

 RPH R
6
 I X
 UEDQ SODQQLQJ Z
 LOO U HTXLUH WKH SURMHFW WR G
 R Z RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQVSHFLILF
DUHDV 60    6LWXDWLRQRI)LQQLVKPDUNHWIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ $VWKHFLW\WKHWUHQGIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQZLOOEHFRQWLQXHG" '6 
&LW\LVLQWHUHVWHGLQPRGXODUDQGLQGXVWULDOL]HGPHWKRGIRUVPDOODSDUWPHQWEXLOGLQJVLQ FRXQWU\VLGH ,Q SDUWLFXODU,IHHOWKDWLILQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQLVSURPRWHGFRVWUHGXFWLRQDQG T XDOLW\ VWDELOL]DWLRQ Z
 LOO EHFRPH SRVVLEOH OHDGLQJ WR WKH VSUHDG R
 I ZRRGHQFRQVWUXFWLRQ 60 , KHDUG WKH VDPH WKLQJ IURP WKH 0LQLVWU\ R I (QYLURQPHQW ,V WKHUH D FRPPRQXQGHUVWDQGLQJ E
 HWZHHQ WKH&LW\RI+HOVLQNLDQGWKH0LQLVWU\RI(QYLURQPHQWWKDWWKHLQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQRIZRRGHQEXLOGLQJVZLOODIIHFWWKHIXWXUHVSUHDGRIZRRGHQEXLOGLQJV"
 '6 
,WLVWKHVDPHLGHD7KHFXUUHQWUHJXODWLRQVUHJDUGLQJZRRGHQVWUXFWXUHVZLOOH[SDQG
WKH PDUNHW SRVVLELOLWLHV VLQFH WKH SUHYLRXV ODZ D QG WKH U HWXUQ WR WKH SUHYLRXV ODZDOORZIRUDOLWWOHKLJKHUEXLOGLQJV VSHFLILFDOO\XSWRVWRULHV :RRGHQFRQVWUXFWLRQLVDOVR D WUHQG LQ )LQODQG )LQODQG LV DOVR WU\LQJ WR E
 XLOG WDOOHU E
 XLOGLQJV Z
 LWK Z
 RRGHQVWUXFWXUHV 60    
 '6 
 



 

 



5&

60



 

      :RRG&LW\                   '6 
VXSHUFHOO
+(.$
60 

 


 


 


 




5&

  




'6 

5&
60 











 '6 






60 

 
 




'6 
&2



60 

 
 
 




'6 


60 

 

 







Ŷ






'6 





60 


















Carbon Neutral
Helsinki
Action PlanCity of Helsinki, publications of the Central Administration 2022:34
Publication name: Carbon Neutral Helsinki Action Plan
https://helsinginilmastoteot.fi/en/
Publication year: 2022
Lay-out: Valve Branding Oy
ISBN 978-952-386-162-6 (pdf)ISSN-L 2242-4504
ISSN 2242-4504 (printed publication)
ISSN 2323-8135 (online publication)

2 — Carbon Neutral HelsinkiContent
Emissions reduction target and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Emissions reduction target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Key sources of emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Development and monitoring of emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Principles of the emissions reduction plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Definitions of the actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Target monitoring and updates to the actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Other climate-related work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
APPENDIX 1:
Actions in the emissions reduction plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Previous policies and their progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
New actions proposed in 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
APPENDIX 2:
Actions in the Carbon Neutral Helsinki 2035 Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
APPENDIX 3:
Cost effects of emissions reductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Action Plan — 3

Emissions reduction
target and development
Emissions reduction target
Helsinki has set a target of becoming
carbon neutral by 2030, attaining carbon
zero status by 2040 and aiming to becomecarbon negative afterwards (City of Helsinki2021).
The target of this emissions reduction planis carbon neutrality, i.e. reducing the directemissions level of the year of comparison,
1990, by at least 80% by 2030 and compensating for the remaining emissions (up to20%). In the later target of attaining carbon
zero status, the option of external compensation will no longer be available: theemissions must be reduced down to a level
where the City’s own carbon sinks can compensate for the remaining emissions. The
actions determined for achieving the target
are presented in Appendix 1.

In 2021, the total direct emissions of Helsinki were 2,345 kt CO2e, which means thatthe emissions were reduced by 33% fromthe year of comparison, 1990 (Figure 1). The
numerical target for the total emissions reduction is 80% by 2030. The target applies
specifically to direct emissions, i.e. emissions generated within the City’s geographical borders. Even so, some actions are also
aimed at indirect (‘Scope 3’) emissions.
◼ Emissions in 1990: 3,514 kt CO2e.
◼ To achieve the carbon neutrality target,
the City must reduce emissions from the1990 level by 80%, or 2,812 kt CO2e, atthe minimum.
◼ Only up to 20%, 702 kt CO2e, can becompensated for.

Direct emissions 2000–2021
4 000Realisedemissions

3 000

Target level ofcarbon neutrality

2 000

Reference levelof 1990

1 000

0
2000

2010

2020

Figure 1. Development of total direct emissions (kt CO2e) in Helsinki in 2000–2021 (HSY 2022A).

4 — Carbon Neutral HelsinkiKey sources of emissions
In Helsinki, the most significant sources of
direct emissions are heating, transport andelectricity (Figure 2). The action plan focuses especially on emissions reductions inthese sectors.

Distribution of direct emissions
in 2021

Heating
Electricity
consumption

Figure 2. Distribution of direct sourcesof emissions in Helsinki in 2021

Transport
Other

Heating
Of the direct emissions in Helsinki, asignificant majority (58%) come fromheating. The emissions from heating
are influenced by the amount of heating
consumed and the emission factor forheating production. The amount of heating required can primarily be influenced
by improving energy efficiency, while theemission factor of heating production canbe influenced with zero-emission production
methods.
A significant proportion of the emissions
from heating in Helsinki (91%) comes from
district heating consumption. As such, thespecific emission factor for district heatingproduction (an indicator in Helen’s development programme) heavily dominates theemissions development (Figure 3).

The specific emissions of district heating 2000–2021 and forecast for 2030
ja ennuste vuoteen 2030

350
300
250
200
150
100

2030 BAU

502030 A01990 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2023 2025 BAU
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2024

Figure 3. Specific emissions from district heating g CO2e per kWh.

Action Plan — 5The total amount of heating energy inHelsinki has not changed very much over
the years (Figure 4). In this context, ‘heating energy’ includes district heating and oil
heating, whereas electricity used for heatingis included in electricity consumption. Evenas the City has grown rapidly, it has beenable to take energy efficiency measures
to cut down the need for additional energy
caused by the growth. The systematic improvements to energy efficiency made since2020 cannot yet be seen in the development
due to the long urban development cycle.

However, the City presume that the needfor heating energy will decrease over time
thanks to these measures. In the estimate
for total emissions from heating, the City
have presumed that the consumption of district heating will not decrease (~6,300 GWh/year). However, if the total consumption of
district heating decreases by 10% from thecurrent level, it would reduce the total BAU
emissions of 2030 by 7%. Compared to theemissions level of 1990, the emissions would
decrease from -69% to -71% thanks to theabove.

Consumption of heating 2000–2021
8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
1990 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Figure 4. Heating consumption in Helsinki (GWh).

Transport
The second-largest emissions sector in
Helsinki is transport (24%). Emissions fromtransport are influenced not only by mileage,
but also the specific emissions of the modesof transport used. Most transport emissions(58% in 2021) come from passenger car
traffic, with heavy traffic accounting for 18%,
buses for 6% and ship traffic for 16% (HSY2022). As for mileage, the most impactful

6 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki

measure is reducing the volume of passenger car transport. The specific emissions ofmodes of transport can best be influenced
by moving on to low-emission motive power. The total emissions from transport are
already on the decrease, but development
without additional measures will lead to asignificantly lower emissions reduction thandesired for transport by 2030 (Figure 5).

Emissions development of transport in 2005–2021
and forecast for 2030 and 2040
800
700
600
500
400
300
200

kt CO2 e

100

Target

0
2005

2021

BAU 2030

BAU 2040

Figure 5. Using the current measures, the emissions reduction in 2030 will be -37% from the2005 level, while the target is set at -69% (WSP Finland Oy 2022).

Electricity
Of the direct emissions in Helsinki, 13%come from the consumption of electricity.
The emissions from electricity consumption
are influenced by the amount of electricity
and also the emission factor for electricity
production. The emission factor for electricity production is currently decreasing
rapidly (Figure 6); even now, as much as

67% of electricity produced in Finland isCO2-free. However, electricity consumption will likely increase over time as vehicles and heating are being increasingly
powered by electricity, but this increasein consumption will be compensated by
the rapidly increasing share of CO2-freeelectricity production.

Emissions development of electricity consumption in 2000–2021
and forecast for 2030
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

Figure 6. The emissions from electricity consumption are on the decrease (HSY 2022).

Action Plan — 7

Development and monitoring of emissions

An essential indicator to follow is the development of total direct emissions in Helsinki(Figure 7). Emissions are being monitored
by using a verifiable calculation model. To
ensure the availability of up-to-date information, the aim is to accelerate the assessment cycle. At the moment, the realisationof direct emissions (Scopes 1 and 2) is being
monitored through the shared GHG emission calculation system of the Metropolitan Area, produced by the Helsinki Region
Environmental Services Authority (HSY). The
monitoring is based on the Global Protocol

for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission
Inventories (GPC) and built on the framework of
the IPCC’s calculation methods and parameters
for national emission inventories and emission
factors for fuel classifications as defined by Statistics Finland (more information on the method:
HSY 2022A).
With the currently existing actions, the emissions
will be 1,098 kt CO2e in 2030, whereas carbon
neutrality requires that the emissions are cut
down to the level of 702 kt CO2e. The reduction
from the 1990 level is 69%.

Emissions development in 2000–2021 and forecast for 2030
4 000
Other
Transport
3 000

Electricity
consumption
Heating

2 000

1 000

THE TARGET 702 kt CO2e
0
1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

Figure 7. Development of total direct emissions in Helsinki by sector (Realised emissions: HSY 2022A).

8 — Carbon Neutral HelsinkiThe plan’ s sector-specific estimates foremissions development will be carried out
so that they are compatible with HSY’s emissions monitoring. The development of thespecific emission factor for district heating
was assessed by HSY based on the production scenarios delivered by the energy company Helen (HSY 2022B). The developmentof specific emissions from electricity consumption is based on Fingrid’s (2022, p. 65)
growth forecast for electricity consumptionin Finland and on Finnish Energy’s (2020)
forecast for the development of specificemissions from electricity consumption.
The emissions development for transport isbased on an estimate by WSP (WSP Finland
Oy 2022).
The achievement of the emissions reduction
target can primarily be influenced throughactions that directly reduce emissions(Category 1). As for previous and currently
proposed actions, 50% of the actions will
reduce emissions directly, 33% will facilitate
emissions reductions, and 17% involve surveys to determine new emissions reduction
actions (Figure 8).

The distribution of the actions’ emissions categorisation

17%

1 Actions that reduce emissions (12)

50%
33%

2 Required actions that facilitate
emissions reduction (8)3 Surveys to determine new
emissions reduction actions (4)Figure 8. The distribution of the actions’ emissions categorisation forboth the previous actions and the new actions proposed.

Action Plan — 9Principles of theemissions reduction plan
Definitions of the actions
The purpose of the actions is to realise thetarget in question. When operating on a tightschedule and with limited resources, the effectiveness of the actions to be selected into
the plan is emphasised. To ensure sufficienteffectiveness, most actions will be directed
so that, instead of short-term pilots, theoperations’ continuous change towards thetarget will be ensured. For example, cooperation on projects and networks will only
occur when they significantly support theachievement of the strategic objectives. In
the action preparation phase, the City will
ensure that the actions’ additionality, effectiveness of emissions reductions, indicators,
cost effects and parties responsible will
be defined clearly and that the actions are
justified.
The additionality ensures that resources in
the plan are allocated primarily to actions
that are not already a part of official work or
actions that have been defined elsewhere.
This plan will only include such actions thatwould not be realised without the support
from the plan and that are essential forthe achievement of the emissions reduction target. The definition of the actions istied to sector-specific scenarios for directemissions. With them, the City can ensurethat the gap between the BAU development
and emissions reduction target is bridged.
The effectiveness of emissions reductions
will be defined for category 1 actions that
promote direct emissions reductions. For
category 2 and 3 actions, the effectivenessis not calculated, as they have an indirect
impact on the emissions reductions, they

10 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki

are difficult to verify, and they are strongly
dependent on the premise selected.
The actions are divided into three categories
based on the effectiveness of the emissions
reductions. The distribution of the categories will be monitored annually:
1. Actions that reduce emissions: the action has a direct impact on the sectors
selected as focal areas; moving forward,
most new actions will be in this category.
2. Required actions that facilitate emissions
reduction: the action is a prerequisite
for implementing the category 1 actions,even though the action itself does not
involve a direct impact on the emissions
reductions.
3. Surveys to determine new emissions reduction actions: the actions require additional preparation or studies with the aimof preparing category 1 and 2 actions.
An indicator determines what is the essential aspect to monitor in terms of the action
and the level at which the action can beconsidered to be completed. The indicators
will be monitored at the same cycle as thetotal emissions, and they will include a target
schedule whenever possible. Reviewing thecost effects is a way to ensure that an action
is realisable with the resources being usedor allocated separately. The party responsible is an unambiguous definition of who
is responsible for implementing an action
and/or the coordination of any cooperation
required by it. In principle, only these operators are involved in the work on the plan.

Target monitoring and updates to the actions
There are about two council terms left toachieve the carbon neutrality target. In order to rapidly react to factors that influence
technological development, political andother types of guidance and other emissions, the actions will be updated annually,
moving forward. Sets of actions that extend
over a council term are no longer suitable.
With carefully targeted monitoring, the City
can ensure that the City is making progress
towards the emissions reduction target.
Monitoring will be carried out annually to define the sufficient additional actions. Basedon the monitoring, necessary actions basedon the latest information may be added tothe plan regularly. The Ambitious Climate
Responsibility programme group and theoperative Carbon Neutral Helsinki group willreport on the target monitoring to the City
Board every autumn, about 6 months before
the closing of the accounts. The reporting
will pay special attention to the definition of
the emissions reduction actions, the progress of the actions, and additional actions
when they are needed.
Moving forward, the actions in the emissions reduction plan will be updated annually and approved as a part of the budget proposal. In connection with this, reports will
also be submitted for the realised emissions
development by sector and the estimatedimpact of new actions proposed on future
emissions development. In connection withthe update, the City will ensure that the newadditional actions will support the achievement of the emissions reduction target evenwhen the City has fallen behind from the tar-

get in the previous periods. This approachcorresponds, for the relevant parts, to theprogramming method of the City of Oslocalled the climate budget.
The key indicator for monitoring is the development of the City’s total emissions. The
progress on the target will also be monitored through the following sector-specificindicators:◼ specific emission factor for district heating (an indicator in Helen’s development
programme);◼ total heating consumption;◼ total emissions of transport; and◼ emissions of electricity consumption(including the volume of electricity consumed and the emission factor for electricity production).
In addition to this, the distribution of the actions’ emission categorisation and the progress on individual actions will be monitored
when this is necessary for seeing the strategic overview, maintaining situational awareness and allocating resources appropriately.
The indicators for individual actions are defined when the action is established. Indirectemissions, i.e. consumption-based Scope 3
emissions, will be taken into consideration
in a more target-oriented manner. To prioritize effective actions through which the City
itself can make a difference, the focus ofindirect emissions will be on construction in accordance with the City strategy.

Action Plan — 11

A platform based on the plan’s structure willbe established for monitoring the emissions
reduction plan.

value for the work on emissions reductions.
Based on this assessment, it has alreadybeen decided that CDP reporting will cease.

In the future, the suitability of the existing
monitoring and networking practices will
be assessed in terms of their actual contribution to achieving the targets. Additional
monitoring practices and networks will beabandoned if they do not add significant

For its part, the Carbon Neutral Helsinki
Action plan supports several of the UN’s
sustainable development goals (SDGs), andprogress is also reported in the City’s Voluntary Local Reviews (VLR) report.

12 — Carbon Neutral HelsinkiManagement
The Climate Unit within the City’s Urban
Environment Division will be in charge ofthe coordination, updates, monitoring andcontinuous development related to the
Carbon Neutral Helsinki Action plan.
Ambitious climate responsibility, andthe Carbon Neutral Helsinki Action Plan
as a part of this, is one of the City’sfour cross-administrative strategic
programmes. The work will be directed bya programme group chaired by the Mayor.

To ensure the implementation and impactof the actions agreed on and to prevent delays, a Carbon Neutral Helsinki coordinationgroup will be formed of the managers in theCity organisation who hold decision-making
power in the plan’s focus areas. The group will
be chaired by the City Manager. The group inquestion will streamline the steering of theimplementing organisation and monitor the
progress on the actions.
The steering of companies owned by theHelsinki City Group is ensured throughHelsinki City Group steering, as defined in
the administrative regulations.

Other climate-related work
Actions that influence direct emissions andthat are carried out as a part of official work
have not been included in the Carbon Neutral Helsinki Action Plan. Also actions related to indirect emissions have mainly been
excluded. They will be supported and monitored through the Environment and Climate
Network coordinated by the Environmental
Management Team and the Climate Unit of
the City’s Urban Environment Division. The
network includes experts that are responsible for environmental and climate-related
work in public divisions and enterprises.
HSY will be the primary operator to carryout consumption-related influencing andcommunication directed at residents, basedon the City’s strategic steering.
The first Carbon Neutral Helsinki Action
Plan (City of Helsinki 2018) included manyactions that focused on indirect emissions(actions #90–#128, in particular). Some actions were completed during the first periodof the plan. Some actions were integrated
into other operations, and their implementation will continue as a part of ordinary offi-

cial work. The actions that require separate
resourcing and where the implementationis still underway have been transferred to
the City’s other action plans where relevant(Appendix 2).
In accordance with the existing ownershipstrategies, most of the City’s subsidiarycommunities have prepared or are about
to prepare carbon neutrality plans, throughwhich they can contribute to the City’s
carbon neutrality objectives. In the new City
Strategy, A Place for Growth (City of Helsinki2021), it is stated that the energy company
Helen must update its own development
programme. In addition to this, the Port ofHelsinki Ltd (2022), Helsinki City Housing
Company Ltd Heka (2022) and Metropolitan
Area Transport Ltd (2022) all have their own
emissions reduction plans. The City’s subsidiary communities carry out their climate
work independently, and they are directed
through ownership steering. The steering ofsubsidiary communities’ climate work will be
developed as needed and supported by the
Climate Unit and the Environmental Man-

Action Plan — 13agement Team of the Urban Environment
Division.
In the work on the Carbon Neutral Helsinki
Action Plan, the indicators of key subsidiary communities will be monitored insofar

as they significantly impact the City’s total
emissions development. An essential indicator is the specific emission factor for district
heating as defined by the energy company
Helen, which has a direct and significant
impact on the City’s heating emissions.

SourcesFinnish Energy. (2020). Low-carbon roadmap for the energy sector. Referenced: 3
May 2022. Available at: https://energia.fi/
files/5067/Finnish_Energy_Low_carbon_
roadmap_2020_Final_EN.pdf.
Fingrid. (2022). Main Grid Development
Plan 2022–2031. Referenced: 3 May 2022.
Available at: https://www.fingrid.fi/globalassets/dokumentit/en/customers/
grid-connection/fingrid-main-grid-development-plan-2022-2031.pdf.
Helsinki City Housing Company Ltd Heka.
(2022). Heka’s Corporate Responsibility
Plan 2021–2024. To be published in spring
2022.

Port of Helsinki Ltd. (2022). Carbon Neutral
Port. Referenced: 3 May 2022. Available at:https://www.portofhelsinki.fi/en/responsibility-port-helsinki.
HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services
Authority. (2022A). Greenhouse gas emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Referenced: 1 July 2022. Available at: https://www.hsy.fi/en/air-quality-and-climate/greenhouse-gas-emissions/.
HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority. (2022B). Development of thespecific emission factor for district heating.
Internal report.

Metropolitan Area Transport Ltd. (2022).
City of Helsinki. (2018). Carbon Neutral HelCarbon Neutral Urban Transport. Refersinki 2035 Action Plan. Publications of theenced: 3 May 2022. Available at: https://Central Administration of the City of Helsinki kaupunkiliikenne.fi/en/responsibility/car2018:4.
bon-neutral-urban-transport/.
City of Helsinki. (2021). A Place for Growth –Helsinki City Strategy 2021–2025.
City of Helsinki. (2022). Helsinkiläisten liikkumistottumukset 2021. [Transport behaviourof Helsinki residents 2021.] Publications of
the Urban Environment Division 2022:11.

14 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki

WSP Finland Oy. (2022). BAU development ofgreenhouse gases in Helsinki for 2030 and
2040: An assessment of the greenhouse gas
emissions from transport. Report 8 March
2022.



Action Plan — 15

APPENDIX 1:

Actions in the emissions
reduction planPrevious policies and their progress

16 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki

ThemeActionProgress

CATEGORY 1: Actions that reduce emissions
Heating

Planning and implementing City facilities andservice buildings so that the E value will be -30%of the national threshold value for the use class.

Well underway

Renovation projects of City facilities and service
buildings will be implemented so that the E value
will decrease by 34% of the buildings’ original E
value.

Well underway

Requiring energy class A of residential blocksof flats (use class 2) in the property conveyanceconditions.

Well underway

Heating

Requiring energy class A of residential blocks offlats (use class 2) in detailed planning.

Well underway

Heating

In detailed planning, buildings other than residential ones will be required to be of a class thatis -20% of the national norm set for that type ofbuilding.

Well underway

The main heating system selected for the City’s
facilities and service buildings will be a heat pumpsystem if its repayment period is under 15 years
and its implementation is technically feasible.

Progressing moderately well

HeatingHeatingHeating

Transport

Exchanging City-owned passenger
cars for electric cars in 2021–2025.

Not on schedule: Delays in the construction of charging stations; cars have notbeen replaced as planned.

CATEGORY 2: Required actions that facilitate emissions reduction
Heating

Launching Energy Renaissance guidance services.

Heating

Allowing the construction of geothermal heating systems in public areas.

Transport

The plot conveyance conditions will require thatnew sites’ parking spaces be implemented so thatthey are electrified and one third of the spaces
are equipped with a charging station.

Transport

Implementing the Bicycle ActionPlan.

Well underway

Well underway: the principle has been
approved (Urban Environment Committee
1 February 2022); first advance enquiries
have been answered

Well underway

Not on schedule. Indicators to be monitored: Construction of the inner city target network : 50.0 km (target of 130 km);construction of the Baana cycling network:
20.1 km (target of 130 km); modal share ofcycling: 9 % (City of Helsinki 2022).

Action Plan — 17New actions proposed in 2022
Theme

ActionParty responsible

CATEGORY 1: Actions that reduce emissions
Heating

Adjusting the ventilation in City facilities to an appro- Urban Environment
priate level.
Division

Heating

Lowering temperatures in City-controlled facilities.

Urban Environment
Division

Construction(Scope 3)

Low-emission concrete in infrastructure projects.

Urban Environment
Division

Construction(Scope 3)

Reducing the emissions from the preconstruction at
the former Malmi Airport area by 50%.

Urban Environment
Division

Electricity

Replacing outdoor lights with LED lights.

Urban Environment
Division

CATEGORY 2: Required actions that facilitate emissions reduction
Heating

Principles for low-temperature regional heating
entities.

Urban Environment
DivisionTransport

Reprogramming the implementation plan of the
Baana cycling network and the target network up to2030.

Urban Environment
DivisionTransport

Constructing charging stations for electric cars inline with the forecast on the number of electric cars.

City Executive Office/Urban Environment Division

Heating, electricity

Establishing tendering processes for the energy
solutions for City-owned facilities.

Urban Environment
Division

CATEGORY 3: Surveys to determine new emissions reduction actions
Heating,
construction(Scope 3)

Review on steering construction through carbon
footprint.

Urban Environment
Division/City Executive
OfficeHeating, electricity

Accelerating the energy efficiency improvements on
City-owned properties outside renovation projects(Definition of the implementation process for energy
surveys).

Urban Environment
DivisionTransport

Review of emissions reduction methods for transport.

Urban Environment
DivisionTransport

Promoting the definition of effective regional emissions reduction measures on mobility.

Urban Environment
Division/City Executive
Office18 — Carbon Neutral HelsinkiCategory 1: Actions that reduce emissions

ACTION: Adjusting the ventilation in bookable City facilities
to an appropriate level.
Controlling ventilation according to demand
is an essential action to be taken between
renovation projects to improve the energy
efficiency of buildings. Appropriate use of
the system refers to the ventilation system
not being used at night when there is no one
in the building, and as such, there are nosources of humidity. It also refers to controlling the air flow based on the numberof people in the room. Ventilation requires
heating energy to increase the air supply
temperature to the desired level. When theventilation machines are not running while
there are no activities or people in the building, a significant amount of heating energy
can be saved, and good indoor air quality
can still be ensured when the buildings areoccupied. The potential of adjusting theoperating hours of ventilation systems has
been studied together with the City’s divisions. Based on the study, the most cost-effective way is to equip facilities that operate
outside regular hours with carbon dioxide
meters based on which the ventilation iscontrolled.

◼ Indicator: Facilities that can be booked
outside regular hours will be prioritised,and carbon dioxide meters will have been
installed in all such sites by the end of2025.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: -20,000
tCO2e/year in comparison to a situation
where the ventilation system is running
full-time. There is no information available on the current usage rate of theventilation systems.
◼ Cost effect: -11 million euros/year in comparison to a situation where the ventilation system is running full-time. There isno information available on the current
usage rate of the ventilation systems.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division

Action Plan — 19



ACTION: Lowering temperatures in City-controlled facilities.
Helsinki employs guidelines approved in
October 2020 and based on the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and
Health’s guidelines for applying the Housing
Health Act. These guidelines offer instructions on controlling temperature conditions
in various facilities and weather conditions.
The guidelines also include target temperatures. At the same time, the City will perform
energy surveys on dozens of service buildings and implement the necessary energy
conservation measures on them. In addition
to this, the Urban Environment Division has
launched planning on what sort of quick
and, if necessary, temporary additional
measures can be implemented in the coming autumn and winter to cut down energy
consumption and costs so that working
conditions will remain at a sufficiently goodlevel. To ensure rapid action, a clear decision
will be made on how and in which locations
temperatures will be decreased.

◼ Indicator: Decision to be made by theend of 2022 on how temperatures will belowered wherever possible.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: The
consumption of district heating in properties directly owned by Helsinki was 391
GWh in 2021. If the temperature could bedecreased by 2°C in half of the properties, the consumption of district heating
would drop by 5%, or 20 GWh (with theassumption that a drop of 1°C in indoor
temperature corresponds to a drop of
5% in heating energy consumption). With
the emissions of 2021, the drop equals anemissions reduction of 3.7 kt CO2e.
◼ Cost effect: To be carried out as official
work. Lowering the temperature will reduce the consumption of heating energy.
When calculated using the assumptions
above, the savings achieved would be 5%of the district heating costs of properties
directly owned by the City. The action iscost-positive.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division

ACTION: All infrastructure projects commissioned by the City will use low-carbon concrete that meets the class GWP.85 requirements as defined by Betoniyhdistys. The class required of low-emission concrete will be reviewed andupdated annually, at the minimum.
Most of the carbon footprint of concrete-intensive infrastructure comes from the useof concrete. For example, 92% of emissions
from the construction of the Jokeri Light
Rail came from the materials’ emissions,and in turn, 50% of these came specifically from the emissions of concrete. Since
the volume of concrete used is often high,especially in infrastructure that requires
subgrade reinforcement or concrete tiles,
large reductions in Scope 3 emissions canbe achieved by reducing the emissions from20 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki

concrete. Often, there are not many alternatives for concrete in infrastructure construction, which is why using low-emission
concrete is the simplest and quickest wayof reducing the emissions of infrastructure
construction. The concrete industry association (Betoniyhdistys) has published classifications for low-emission concrete. By using
this classification, it is possible to set comparable and consistent criteria for low-emission concrete. The classification also makes
it easier to hold tendering processes forconcrete. As such, it can also influence theprocurement costs. Betoniyhdistys studied
the availability of GWP.85-class concreteand discovered that all types of concreteused in infrastructure are available frommultiple suppliers, so availability will not
become a problem (Betoniyhdistys, to be
published in spring 2022). Along with thecriteria for low-carbon construction, thesupply of low-emissions concrete will also
grow. The decisions of the City of Helsinki
also have a wider impact on the society,since the City’s requirements as a majorclient set incentives and pressure for theconstruction product industry to develop
their products and production processes.
The pioneer status of a leading operator hasa wider impact on the construction market
beyond the operator’s own actions.

◼ Indicator: The requirement of using
low-carbon concrete is to be added in
the procurement criteria. The requirement will enter into force on 1 January
2023. The level of the requirements will
be reviewed annually.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: -15%
(GWP.85) compared to conventional
concrete.
◼ Cost effect: +10–20% compared toconventional concrete. The estimate
is based on the experiences from the
Kalasatama–Pasila project. As competition increases, the price difference is
expected to diminish. Furthermore, it
must be taken into account that the priceof concrete is only a fraction of a project’s total costs. In the pilot site, the costeffect of low-emission concrete was only
parts per thousand in the overall costsof the project. The price of conventional concrete will increase in the future,
which will reduce the price difference
even further.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division

ACTION: The emissions of the preconstruction of the former Malmi Airport
will be reduced by 50% in 2020–2030, compared to the preliminary preconstruction plan.
The former Malmi Airport is located onclay soil typical of the Metropolitan Area.
Before such areas are constructed on, theCity of Helsinki will carry out preconstruction following a procedure developed in the
1970s–80s. The emissions estimate for thepreconstruction in the former airport area
is based on the preliminary preconstruction
plan from 2017 (Figure 9). In the preliminaryplan, the preconstruction is assessed tobe carried out mainly by deep-stabilising
the soft clay layer to control dents formed
during use. Preconstruction by pillar stabilisation has been widely used in Helsinki

since the 1980s, at which time the use of aburnt lime and cement mix (‘compo’) as astabilisation binding agent started. Whencalculated in this fashion, the emissions ofpreconstruction were estimated to be 340
kt CO2e. Based on the calculation, the mostsignificant source of emissions is the production and transport of the binding agent
for deep stabilisation, the proportion ofwhich is 95% of the emissions. By replacing
the binding agent used for the stabilisation
with an available recycled agent, emissions
can be reduced by 60–70%. When usingbinding agents in the commissioning phase,

Action Plan — 21



Simplified scenarios for emissions options in pre-construction 2020–2030
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Level in 2017

Developmentof technology

Recycled materials
being used: 50%

Emissions 2020–2030 (kt CO2e)

Recycled materials
at 50% anddeveloping methods

Target 2020–2030

Figure 9. Simplified scenarios for emissions options in preconstruction 2020–2030.

the emissions reduction potential is evengreater. Recycled binding agents are alreadybeing piloted at the first preconstruction
sites in Malmi. By developing the stabilisation methods, emissions can further be reduced in the 2020s. In terms of the preconstruction that is underway in the area, it has
been estimated that a cumulative emissions
reduction target of 50% could be possible
compared to the conventional solution by
2030. As materials, technologies and subgrade reinforcement methods develop, thelevel of the emissions reduction target canbe reassessed.

◼ Indicator: Emissions reduction in preconstruction (-50%) compared to the conventional solution.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Direct
impact on emissions reduction: a minimum of 64,000 tCO2e by 2030 (-50%from the reference level of 2020–2030).
◼ Cost effect: Lower-carbon preconstruction will likely incur lower costs than theconventional option. The costs of thepreliminary option for a preconstruction plan are increased due to the costsof burnt lime increasing along with theemissions trading in the EU. The objective will not affect the construction
schedule.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division

22 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki



ACTION: Replacing the City’s outdoor lights with LEDs by 2030.
The area of Helsinki currently has about
70,000 outdoor light sources that use technology other than LED. Even now, all new
lighting fixtures are automatically built to
be based on LED technology. In addition tothis, existing outdoor lights will be replacedso that the number of LED lights increases
by about 4,000 pieces annually. A LED lightsource consumes about 80% less electricity
than the existing lamps based on discharge
technology. The service life of LEDs is remarkably long, which also allows us to savein maintenance costs. The repayment periodof adopting LEDs is 5–7 years, depending on
the type of fixture. This supports the adoption of LEDs also from a financial standpoint with regard to the average service
life. The increasingly strict EU legislation
will also make it more difficult to access thedischarge lamps that are currently in use.
To realise the action, the number of lamps
being replaced by LEDs should double.
◼ Indicator: Number of lamps replaced byLEDs per year in relation to the annual
target (8,000 pcs/year).
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Direct
impact on emissions reductions in relation to the City’s total target for emissions reductions: less than 1%. The energy saving estimated for a single lamp is
50–75% compared to a discharge-based
light source.
◼ Cost effect: additional cost €2.5 M/year
in 2023–2025 and €2 M/year in 2026–
2030. Depending on the type of lighting
fixture, the repayment period is 5–7
years. The lifecycle costs will be added.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division

Action Plan — 23Category 2: Required actions that facilitate
emissions reduction
ACTION: Principles for low-temperature regional heating entities.
In the heating roadmap prepared for theCity of Helsinki in 2021, the promotion of
low-temperature regional heating solutions
was identified as a prerequisite for accelerating the development of a low-carbon
heating ecosystem not based on combustion. The City will promote low-temperature
grids by establishing processes to facilitate
regional heating solutions. The City will
create both the processes for the provisionof regional commercial low-temperature
solutions and the model for the implementation of block-specific solutions, and promote
the adoption thereof. The preparation will be
carried out through extensive cooperation
with companies that offer heating solutionsin this highly competitive market.

◼ Indicator: Principles for regional geothermal solutions to be approved in
September 2022.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Facilitation of emissions reduction measures;no direct reduction of emissions.
◼ Cost effect: No additional cost effect; tobe carried out as official work.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division

ACTION: Reprogramming the implementation plan for the Baana
cycling network and target network up to 2030.
Moving the carbon neutrality target from2035 to 2030 also means that the target
for cycling as a mode of transport must be
achieved five years earlier. The programming of the Baana cycling network and thetarget network must be accelerated at thesame pace.

◼ Indicator: Reprogramming to be carriedout in 2022.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Facilitation of emissions reduction measures;no direct reduction of emissions.
◼ Cost effect: No additional cost effect; tobe carried out as official work.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division

24 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki



ACTION: Ensuring that the number of charging stations for electric cars willgrow in the City area, in line with the predicted increase in electric cars.
For the predicted vehicle electrification rate
to be realised, there must be a sufficientnumber of charging stations for electriccars. In the coming years, the number ofcharging stations will also determine theemissions reduction realisation of plug-in
hybrids: if there are no charging stations,combustion engines will be used, and thepredicted emissions benefits will not be
achieved. Most passenger cars will becharged at the parking areas and carparksof residential buildings, but this is not possible everywhere in the city. Charging stations
are also needed for public and commercial
properties, public areas and parking areas.
The City must also prepare for acquiring
an electric fleet of its own. The City applies
various methods to promoting the construction of charging stations. For example,
there is an existing process for the charging
stations to be implemented in public areas,
but not all types of charging stations havesuch a plan. The City is also lacking an overall view of how many charging stations havebeen built. The number of different typesof charging stations around the city varies,
which should be taken into account when
implementing the action.
◼ Indicator: Annual number of charging
stations in relation to the forecast on
electric cars. The plan for promoting
charging stations to be made in 2022.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Facilitation of emissions reduction measures;no direct reduction of emissions.
◼ Cost effect: The direct costs incurred by
the City come from the implementationof the charging stations in the City’s own
properties.
◼ Party responsible: City Executive Office/Urban Environment Division

ACTION: Establishing a tendering process for the energy
solutions for City-owned facilities.
During the work on the City’s Roadmap for
Carbon Neutral Heating, one of the measures identified as being within the City’s
sphere of influence was that the City would
open the implementation of the heating
systems in its facility complexes and area
construction sites for tendering. At the moment, heating solution providers do not havethe opportunity to offer their solutions dueto the missing process phase. The current
process does not support the businessdevelopment objectives or ensure the realisation of best heating solutions in the City’s
own properties. The City will establish andimplement a process that allows the provid-

ers of various energy solutions to offer theirsolutions to the City’s facilities and area
construction sites.
◼ Indicator: Process to be established andimplemented by 30 June 2023.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Support for emissions reduction measures;no direct impact on emissions reductions.
◼ Cost effect: No additional cost effect; tobe carried out as official work.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division

Action Plan — 25Category 3: Surveys to determine new
emissions reduction actions
ACTION: Carrying out a survey through which the threshold value for the
carbon footprint can be defined in the steering for building construction.
The City is currently steering new construction using an E value criterion. Whether thecriterion is fulfilled is especially influenced
by the structural energy efficiency of thebuilding, its main heating system and thevolume of renewable energy produced.
Since, in addition to reducing direct emissions, more attention needs to be paid on
reducing the indirect emissions generated
during construction, steering measures
should also be aimed at the latter emissions.
Instead of steering individual solutions, it
has been recognised as financially beneficial and helpful for market development to
set threshold values for the results desired,while letting the project participants choose
the means of reaching the results. The carbon footprint, which also includes emissions
from the construction process, in addition
to emissions from the use, is recognised
as a good potential steering method. In
the future, even the legislation will requirecalculation. The Ministry of the Environmentis currently developing a method for thispurpose. In the future, an actor engaging ina project must state the building’s carbon
footprint in the building permit. The survey
to be implemented aims to define a sufficiently ambitious carbon footprint throughwhich new construction can be steered
through detailed planning, property conveyance conditions and/or the management ofconstruction on the City’s own facilities.
◼ Indicator: The proposal for the thresholdvalue to be used in steering will be finished by 30 June 2023.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Support for emissions reduction measures;no direct impact on emissions reductions.
◼ Cost effect: No additional cost effect; tobe carried out as official work.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division/City Executive Office

ACTION: Implementing financially feasible energy efficiency improvements in
City-owned facilities outside renovation projects.
There is notable energy conservation potential in the City’s own facility and service
buildings even outside renovation projects.
As improvements to energy efficiency arefinancially feasible, it is also worthwhile froma financial standpoint to focus on implementing them. The aim of this action is toensure efficient implementation of financially feasible projects identified in the energy
surveys.
◼ Indicator: The implementation processof financially feasible energy efficiency
26 — Carbon Neutral Helsinkiprojects identified in energy surveys is tobe defined in 2022.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Support for emissions reduction measures;no direct impact on emissions reductions.
◼ Cost effect: To be carried out as official
work.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division



ACTION: Carrying out a review of the most impactful emissions reduction
measures for transport available to the City by 2030.
The actions identified previously are notsufficient to achieve the carbon neutrality target for transport. The proportion ofelectric cars of cars registered for the firsttime is growing rapidly. However, the vehicles will not be renewed to such an extent
by 2030 that the emissions reduction objectives could be achieved through an upgraded vehicle population alone. Furthermore,heavy vehicles are not becoming electric at
the same rate, and the blending obligation
will not reduce emissions from diesel vehicles to such an extent that the objectives
could be achieved for them. New national
or EU-level measures will likely enter into
force before 2030, which will also reduce
the emissions from Helsinki traffic as well.
However, the schedule of the actions is notconsistent with the City of Helsinki’s targets,and binding decisions have not yet been
made regarding emissions trading for roadtraffic, for example. The City’s own actions
will be required to realise the remaining
emissions reductions on time. Based on theexperiences so far, promoting sustainablemobility alone will not yield a sufficient transition from car traffic to sustainable modesof transport. To achieve the targets, theCity should also look at new actions that will
directly influence the volume of car traffic.
◼ Indicator: Review to be completed in2022.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Support for emissions reduction measures;no direct impact on emissions reductions.
◼ Cost effect: No additional cost effect; tobe carried out as official work.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division

ACTION: Promoting the definition of effective regional emissions reduction measures on mobility.
The regional emissions from transport arealso highly influenced by traffic across thecity’s borders. The City will actively promote
the definition of impactful regional emissions reduction actions through the shared
land use, housing and transport planning(MAL) for the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
Helsinki will actively promote such measures that are in line with the City’s own
emissions reduction target for transport.

◼ Indicator: The most impactful emissions
reduction measures for regional transport are to be defined.
◼ Impact on emissions reductions: Support for emissions reduction measures;no direct impact on emissions reductions.
◼ Cost effect: No additional cost effect; tobe carried out as official work.
◼ Party responsible: Urban Environment
Division/City Executive Office

Action Plan — 27



APPENDIX 2:

Actions in the Carbon Neutral
Helsinki 2035 Action Plan

No

ActionAfter the update

1Services offered at traffic nodes andimproved smoothness of transfers

Action plan for Helsinki Regional Transport
Authority’s (HSL’s) ‘Solmu’ node project andpark-and-ride services in the Helsinki region

2

Target network of cycling routes in the
inner city

Bicycle Action Plan 2020–2025

3

Cycling network

Bicycle Action Plan 2020–2025

4

High-quality winter maintenance on thecycling network

Bicycle Action Plan 2020–2025

5

A pleasant and safe environment forpedestrians

Development Programme for Traffic Safety
2022–2026

6

Services for cycling

Bicycle Action Plan 2020–2025

7

Development Programme for tram traffic

Development Programme for tram traffic8

Sustainable transport and land use planningPart of the official work of the City, City
Transport and Helsinki Regional Transport
Authority

9

Bicycle Action Plan and Bicycle Parking
Development Programme

Bicycle Action Plan 2020–2025 and General
Plan and Implementation Programme for Bicycle Parking 2021–2025

10

A pricing system for vehicle traffic

Part of the regional cooperation related to the
MAL agreements (Helsinki Regional Transport
Authority, the City, the national government)

11

Parking policy and pricing

Helsinki Parking Policy 2022

12

Scaled parking fees

Helsinki Parking Policy 2022

13

Parking fee zones

Helsinki Parking Policy 2022

14

Urban structure and sustainable modesof transport

Part of the City’s official work

15

Updating the parking norms

Helsinki Parking Policy 2022

16

Land use planning and sustainable
modes of transport

Part of the City’s official work

28 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki



No

ActionAfter the update

17

Developing an environmental zone

Part of the City’s official work; City of Helsinki
Air Protection Plan 2017-2024

18

Construction of public charging infrastructure for electric cars

Part of the City’s official work

19

Procurement criteria for freight transportation and machinery projects

Part of the City’s official work

20

Procurement criteria for the freighttransportation fleet and driving powers

Part of the City’s official work

21

City logistics and delivery traffic

City Logistics Action Plan

22

Promoting a zero-emission bus fleet

Part of the sustainability work of Helsinki
Regional Transport Authority

23

Charging infrastructure for buses

Part of the official work of the City and Helsinki Regional Transport Authority

24

Carbon Neutral Port 2035 Action Plan

Carbon Neutral Port 2035 Action Plan

25

Smoothening traffic in the West Harbour

Master plan and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the harbour tunnel (aproject of the Port of Helsinki)

26

Smart mobility services

Situational awareness and statistical system
for traffic data (LIDO-TIKU); partially, the Jätkäsaari Mobility Lab project27

New mobility services

Situational awareness and statistical system
for traffic data (LIDO-TIKU); partially, the Jätkäsaari Mobility Lab project28

Helsinki Intelligent Transport System
Development ProgrammeHelsinki Intelligent Transport System Development Programme 2030 and Action Plan
2020–2024

29

Promoting sustainable modes of transport through communication

Part of the official work of the City, City Transport, Helsinki Regional Transport Authority
and Helsinki Region Environmental Services;
also included in many action plans

30

Mobility plans

Part of the official work of Helsinki Regional
Transport Authority and the City

31

Energy surveys

Part of the official work of the City and Helsinki City Housing Company Ltd

32

Recovery of heat loss

Binding energy criteria for City facilities

33

Allocating energy and waste treatment
costs to end users

Not to be implemented (input-output ratio not
feasible)34

Monitoring the energy efficiency of facilities

The system is in use; part of the City's official
work

35

Piloting a demand response system

Part of the City’s official work

Action Plan — 29



No

ActionAfter the update

36

Opportunities for energy storage

Part of the official work of Helen Ltd and the
City

37

Preparing a target programme for renewable energy for the City’s buildings

Binding energy criteria for City facilities

38

Procurement criteria for construction
and maintenanceBinding energy criteria for City facilities

39

Increasing competencies in construction
and maintenancePart of the City’s official work

40

Procedures for prioritising interests

Part of the City’s official work

41

Developing project planning

Binding energy criteria for City facilities

42

Minimising lifecycle emissions

Partial energy criteria for City facilities

43

Energy-plus construction

Part of the City’s official work

44

Increasing the proportion of recycledmaterials in construction

Action Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

45

Principles of groundwork

Action plan on utilising excavated earth, rockmaterial and demolition material in groundwork

46

Zero-emission worksite machineryGreen Deal

47

Improving heat recovery in renovation
projects

Binding energy criteria for City facilities

48

Energy efficiency in the City’s renovation
projects

Binding energy criteria for City facilities

49

Long-term maintenance plans and renovation projects

Binding objectives for City facilities

50

Upgrading the property automation
systems of Helsinki City Housing Company Ltd, KOy Auroranlinna and Helsingin
Asumisoikeus Oy

Part of the official work of Helsinki City
Housing Company Ltd, KOy Auroranlinna andHelsingin asumisoikeus Oy

51

Renewable energy in City-owned building
stockPart of the official work of Helsinki City Housing Company Ltd

52

Geothermal/ marine heating pilot

Part of the Helen Ltd’s official work

53

Promoting renovation projects throughconceptual solutions

ELENA project54

LED street lighting

Helsinki LED project

55

Taking renewable energy production into
account in detailed planningPart of the City’s official work

56

Energy-efficient infill and renovation
construction

Part of the City’s official work

30 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki



No

ActionAfter the update

57

Guidance for residents’ energy consump- Part of the City’s official work
tion

58

Developing regulations on land use planningPart of the City’s official work

59

Energy efficiency conditions for plot
conveyancePart of the City’s official work

60

Smart energy solutions in plot conveyance conditions

Part of the City’s official work

61

Plot conveyance competitions based on
the carbon footprint

Part of the City’s official work

62

Plot conveyance conditions focused oncarbon neutrality and S&C growthPart of the City’s official work

63

Proactive guidance provided by the build- Part of the City’s official work
ing control services

64

Renovations of protected buildings

Part of the City’s official work

65

Building code and climate objectives

Part of the City’s official work

66

Developing guidance for construction

Part of the City’s official work

67

Energy Renaissance Programme

The Energy Renaissance model is in use

68

Ending oil heating and replacing electricheating with renewable sourcesState programme

69

3D Energy and Climate Atlas

Part of the City’s official work

70

Improving energy competencies among
decision-makers in housing companies

Part of the Helsinki Region Environmental
Services’ official work

71

Helen Ltd achieving carbon neutrality by
2035

Helen Ltd’s Development Programme72

Acquiring renewable district heating

Not to be implemented

73

Acquiring renewable electricity

Not to be implemented

74

Key measurements of water consumption Not to be implemented

75

Assessment tool for buildings’ energy
efficiency (as a part of the 3D Atlas)

Part of the City’s official work76

Two-way district heating

Helen Ltd’s Development Programme

77

Promoting hybrid heating

Helen Ltd’s Development Programme

78

Taking the needs of renewable energy
production into account in land use

Part of the City’s official work

79

Utilising heat waste

Binding energy criteria for City facilities

Action Plan — 31



No

ActionAfter the update

80

Utilising local renewable energy (e.g.
geothermal)

Part of the City’s official work

81

Surveying areas suitable for geo-energy(survey for geothermal heating potential)

Land use planning and survey on geothermal
heating82

Utilisation of landfill gases

Part of the of Helsinki Region Environmental
Services’ official work

83

Promoting funding for energy renovations

Not to be implemented

84

Financial obstacles to energy efficiency

Part of the City’s official work85

New funding and procurement models

Part of the City’s official work

86

ESCO pilotingPart of the City’s official work87

Supporting energy renovations

Part of the City’s official work

88

Promoting wooden construction throughdetailed planningPart of the City’s official work

89

The City will promote wooden construction in its own projects.

Part of the official work of the City, Helsinki
City Housing Company Ltd, KOy Auroranlinnaand Helsingin asumisoikeus Oy

90

Climate change in schoolwork

Part of the City’s official work

91

Cooperation with schools and other educational institutions

Part of the City’s official work

92

Environmental education

Part of the City’s official work

93

Climate change education

Action Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

94

Promoting urban agriculture

Complete; guide for urban agriculture95

Adding climate-friendly dishes in menus

Part of the City’s official work

96

Increasing the proportion of vegetarian meals in schools, day-care centres,
healthcare facilities, home meal services
and personnel lunches

Part of the City’s official work

97

Reducing food waste in the City’s foodservices

Action Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

98

Climate emissions of food transport

Completed; emission criteria, optimising order and delivery occasions and routes

99

Utilising surplus food in the City’s operations

Action Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

100

Reducing the environmental impact of
eventsHelsinki Tourism and Event Operating Plan
2022–2026

32 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki



No

ActionAfter the update

101

Personal emission trading

Not to be implemented (emissions trading is
not a feasible model)

102

Maritime Strategy

Completed; Helsinki Maritime Strategy 2030

103

Waste sorting at source

Part of the City’s official work; required by law

104

Optimisation of waste transport

Completed; piloted with Helsinki Region Environmental Services

105

Allocating the expenses of waste management

Not to be implemented (input-output ratio not
feasible)106

Increasing the number of customers at
Pakila Work Centre, Uusix workshops,
Stara Reuse Centre and Metropolitan
Area Reuse Centre

Action Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

107

Developing climate criteria for procurements

Procurement Strategy 2020

108

Identifying and assessing the climate
emissions from procurements

Part of the City’s official work; work is also
carried out within the Canemure project

109

Innovative procurements, pilots and business cooperation

Part of the City’s official work

110

Updating the objectives related to the
procurement strategy

Completed; Procurement Strategy 2020111

Cooperation between public operators
on sustainable procurements

Part of the City’s official work

112

Developing guidelines and reporting forprocurements

Part of the City's official work; Procurement
Strategy 2020

113

Climate criteria for food and meal service Environmental policy (update)procurements

114

Roadmap for Circular and Sharing Economy

Completed

115

Facility and equipment booking platform

Action Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

116

The library network as a pioneer in sharing economy

Action Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

117

Recycling of furniture within the City
organisation

Action Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

118

Use of surplus foodAction Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

119

Utilisation of green waste

Action Plan for Circular and Sharing Economy

120

Sharing economy in the Property Strategy

Completed, Property Strategy

Action Plan — 33



No

ActionAfter the update

121

Cooperation on circular economy

Circular economy cluster

122

Participatory budgeting

Part of the City’s official work

123

Increasing Smart & Clean businessPart of the City’s official work

124

Promoting the S&C market

Part of the City’s official work

125

Residents’ opportunities to participate
in the development of Smart & Clean
solutions

Part of the City’s official work

126

Economic development policy and emissions reductions

Part of the City’s official work

127

Company participation

Part of the City’s official work

128

Co-development of Smart & Clean businessPart of the City’s official work

129

Carbon neutrality plans of the City’s subsidiary communities

Completed; the ownership strategy requiresthat relevant subsidiaries have a plan in place130

Maintaining carbon storage in green
areas and the urban environment

Climate change adaptation policies for 2019–
2025

131

Network of urban forests and wooded
areas

Climate change adaptation policies for 2019–
2025

132

Viable forests

Climate change adaptation policies for 2019–
2025

133

Vegetation on plots

Complete; guide for urban cultivation

134

Green factor method

Climate change adaptation policies for 2019–
2025

135

Information about carbon storage andcarbon sinks

Completed; review in 2020

136

Assessing emissions compensation
methods

Part of the City’s official work

137

Finishing the preparation of the adaptation policies and bringing them into
decision-making

Completed; approved by the City Board on 27
May 2019

138

Communication and interaction plan for
the action plan

Completed

139

Using engagement and interaction models

Completed

140

Borough liaisonsPart of the City’s official work

141

Carbon Neutral Helsinki 2035 steering
groupCompleted

142

Division-specific objectives

Part of the City’s budget process

34 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki



No

ActionAfter the update

143

Business forum

Not to be implemented; there are several
other networks

144

Open policy practiceCompleted

145

Assessment tools for the action plan

Completed

146

Reporting emissions reductions

Completed

147

Assessment of the Action Pan

Completed

Action Plan — 35

APPENDIX 3:

Cost effects ofemissions reductions

ActionEmissions reduction

Cost of the emissions reduction

Cost pertCO2e

CATEGORY 1: Actions that reduce emissions
Adjusting theventilation inCity facilities toan appropriate
level.

-20,000 tCO2e/year incomparison to a situation where the ventilation system is running
full-time. There is no
information available on
the current usage rateof the ventilation systems.

-11 million euros/year in comparison
to a situation where the ventilation
system is running full-time. Thereis no information available on thecurrent usage rate of the ventilation
systems.

Low-emission
concrete ininfrastructure
projects.

-15% (GWP.85) compared to conventional
concrete.

+10–20% compared to conventional
concrete. The estimate is based on
the experiences from the Kalasatama–Pasila project. As competition
increases, the price differenceis expected to diminish. Furthermore, it must be taken into accountthat the price of concrete is only afraction of a project’s total costs.
In the pilot site, the cost effect of
low-emission concrete was only
parts per thousand in the overall
costs of the project. The price of
conventional concrete will increasein the future, which will reduce theprice difference even further.

36 — Carbon Neutral Helsinki€-550 per
tCO2e



Cost pertCO2eActionEmissions reduction

Cost of the emissions reduction

Reducing theemissions fromthe preconstruction at theformer Malmi
Airport area by
50%.

-64,000 tCO2e by 2030(-50% from the reference level of 2020–2030).

Lower-carbon preconstruction will
likely incur lower costs than theconventional option. The costs ofburnt lime will increase significantly
due to the EU’s emissions trading,which will contribute to a positive
cost effect.

Replacing outdoor lights with
LED lights

Direct impact on emissions reductions in relation to the City’s total
target for emissions reductions: less than 1%.
The energy saving estimated for a single lamp
is 50–75% compared toa discharge-based lightsource.

Additional cost €2.5 M/year in
2023–2025 and €2 M/year in
2026–2030. Depending on the typeof lighting fixture, the repayment
period is 5–7 years.

Lowering temperatures in
City-controlled
facilities

If the temperature could
be decreased by 2°C inhalf of the properties,
the consumption of
district heating would
drop by 5%, or 20 GWh(with the assumptionthat a drop of 1°C inindoor temperaturecorresponds to a dropof 5% in heating energy
consumption). With theemissions of 2021, thedrop equals an emissions reduction of 3.7 kt
CO2e.

Lowering the temperature will
reduce the consumption of heatingenergy. When calculated using theassumptions above, the savings
achieved would be 5% of the district
heating costs of properties directly
owned by the City.

Action Plan — 37















,QWHUYLHZPHHWLQJIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIGXUDELOLW\         








WK-DQXDU\ 9770HHWLQJURRP977









Ŷ



 GJDU %RKQHU (% 977 9LFH3UHVLGHQW  (  
 977   'DLVKL6DNDJXFKL '6  1
 LKRQ)XNXVKL8QL $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU             











  6LWXDWLRQRIFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJDQGWKHJHQHUDOPDLQWHQDQFHSODQLQ)LQODQG
  


 RRG LQ FDVH R
 I UHQRYDWLRQ R
 I FRQFUHWH E
 XLOGLQJ DQG WKH  3RVVLELOLW\ IRU XVLQJ Z
H[DPSOHV  6LWXDWLRQRIFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJDQGWKHJHQHUDOPDLQWHQDQFHSODQLQ)LQODQG :KDWLVWKHVWDWXVRIFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJVLQ)LQODQG" '6 ,Q)LQODQGWKHUHDUHDOVRDORWRIFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJZKLFKZDVEXLOWDIWHUZRUOGZDUDQG WKH\ Q
 HHG WR EH UHQRYDWHG 0DLQ WRSLFV DUH HQHUJ\ H
 IILFLHQF\ D QG K
 RZ WR XVH
UHVRXUFHHIIHFWLYHO\LQFOXGLQJUHQRYDWLRQ (% ,ZRXOGOLNHWRNQRZKRZ\RXIHHODERXWWKHLGHDRIXVLQJZRRGLQWKHUHQRYDWLRQRIDFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJ '6 
7KH WRSLF IRU XVLQJ Z
 RRG LQUHQRYDWLRQKDVQRWEHHQUHVHDUFKLQ)LQODQGHLWKHU7KH
FRVWDQGWLPHIRUUHQRYDWLRQDUHYHU\GRPLQDWLQJIDFWRUWRSXVKWKLVWKHPHPRUH (% 

 KDWNLQGRISURMHFWVLV977ZRUNLQJRQ" '6 :
2QHLQWHUHVWLQJUHVHDUFKLV³,QGXVWULDOPHWDYHUVHSURMHFW´MXVWODXQFKHGODVW\HDU7KLVSURMHFW DLPV WR RSWLPL]H WKH Z
 KROH FKDLQ E
 \ GLJLWDOL]DWLRQ D
 QG DXWRPDWLRQ Z
 LWK
FRQVWUXFWLRQFRPSDQ\ (% 

 RZDERXWJHQHUDOEXLOGLQJOLIHF\FOHLQ)LQODQG" '6 +
*HQHUDOO\VSHDNLQJFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJKDV\HDUVDQGEULFNEXLOGLQJKDV\HDUVOLIHF\FOHEXWWKHEXLOGLQJFRXOGEHXVHGDVORQJDVWKHTXDOLW\LVVXIILFLHQW (%   3RVVLELOLW\ IRUXVLQJZRRGLQFDVHRIUHQRYDWLRQIRUFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJDQGDUHWKHUH
WKHH[DPSOHV :KDWZRXOGEHLQWHUHVWLQJWRSLFVWRUHQRYDWHFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJZLWKZRRG" '6 
6XUHO\ Z
 D\ RI RSWLPL]HG UHQRYDWLRQ D
 QG SUHFLVH FDOFXODWLRQ Z
 LOO E
 H WKH NH\ ,Q P\
RSLQLRQGHPROLWLRQLVWKHEDGWKLQJIRUVXVWDLQDELOLW\7RDYRLGGHPROLWLRQQHZPHWKRGIRUUHQRYDWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHGXFHXVLQJPDWHULDOVDQGHPLVVLRQ (%  :KDW DUH VRPH R
 IWKHLVVXHVDQGFKDOOHQJHVWKDWZHIDFHLQDFKLHYLQJDVXVWDLQDEOH
VRFLHW\LQFOXGLQJWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIZRRG" '6 
7R DFKLHYH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ D
 QG ORZ FDUERQ VRFLHW\ R
 QO\ZRRGLVYHU\FKDOOHQJLQJ)RULQVWDQFH WKHUH LV ORZ FDUERQ HPLVVLRQ FRQFUHWH PDWHULDO Q
 RZ 7KH VXLWDELOLW\ D QG
FKRLFHRIPDWHULDOGHSHQGVRQWKHSURMHFW (% 'R \RX KDYH H[SHULHQFH IRU WKH FDOFXODWLRQ R
 I FRVW R
 U &
 2LQSUDFWLFDOFDVH",I\RX
KDYHFRXOG\RXJLYHPHWKHH[DPSOHV" '6 977KDVEHHQGRLQJSURMHFWRQWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIFRVWDQG&2HPLVVLRQIRUEXLOGLQJOLIHF\FOH 7
 KLV SURMHFW Z
 DV GHYHORSHG IRU WKH JRYHUQPHQW GHFLVLRQ WKDW D
 OO WKH Q
 HZ
EXLOGLQJV QHHG WR G
 R /
 &$ FDOFXODWLRQ IRU E
 XLOGLQJ OLIH F\FOH RWKHUZLVH E
 XLOGLQJSHUPLVVLRQLVQRWLVVXHGIRUWKHSURMHFW (% 

 KHVHWRSLFVZLOOEHFUXFLDOWRHQFRXUDJHWKHPDUNHWWRZDUGVVXVWDLQDELOLW\" '6 
7<HV,GREHOLHYHVR:HKDYHGRQHDOUHDG\PXOWLVFDOHPRGHOLQJSURMHFWDQGRSWLPL]HWKH FDOFXODWLRQ R
 I /&$ 7KH LGHDV IURP G
 DWD GULYHQ FLUFXODU HFRQRP\ SURMHFW D QG*WLPEHUSURMHFWFDQEHXVHGDOVR7KHVHSURMHFWVDUHIRFXVLQJRQOLIHF\FOHDQGWKH
PDWHULDOVDIWHUGHPROLWLRQZKLFKOHDGVWRWKHSUHFLVLRQRI/&$ (%  , FDQ VHH WKH SRVVLELOLW\ R
 I XWLOL]LQJORZFDUERQFRQFUHWHDQGK\EULGFRQVWUXFWLRQZLWKZRRGZKDWLV\RXURSLQLRQ" '6 )RU FRQFUHWH WKHUH LV FLUFXODWH FRQFUHWH D
 QG FDUERQ QHXWUDO FRQFUHWH FRXOG E
 HDOVRLQWHUHVWLQJIRURXUFROODERUDWLRQ%\RSWLPL]LQJWKHSURFHVV&2HPLVVLRQRIFRQFUHWHFRXOG E
 HGUDPDWLFDOO\UHGXFHGRUFRXOGEHQHJDWLYHLQVRPHFDVHV&RQFUHWHFDQEHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\DVZHOO (% 

 DQ\ GLVFXVVLRQV KDYH E
0 HHQ G
 RQH D
 ERXW Q
 HZ FRQVWUXFWLRQ E
 XW XWLOL]LQJ H[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJV D
 QG PD[LPL]LQJ WKH PDWHULDO H
 IILFLHQF\ Z
 LOO E
 H PRUH LPSRUWDQW IRUVXVWDLQDELOLW\ '6 
7KDW LV WUXH : RRGHQ VWUXFWXUHV G R Q RW DXWRPDWLFDOO\DFKLHYHVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGLWLVLPSRUWDQW WR FKRRVH WKH ULJKW PDWHULDOV LQ WKH ULJKW SODFHV VXFK D
 V XVLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\FRQFUHWHLQFOXGLQJLWVVHUYLFHOLIHLQDGGLWLRQWRRSWLPL]LQJLWVRYHUDOOOLIHF\FOH (% 



  
 
 



 5&

 

5&
5&


5&
5&

'6 






'6 








(% 

 977
 


 
 

 (%   5&
5&

 




'6



(% 

5&






 '6 






&2

'6 
 977



(% 



 








 '6                    


(% 




 








              




&2


/&$





'6 

/&$


*WLPEHU




/&$

(% 


'6 









&2
(% 



 






Ŷ








'6 






























,QWHUYLHZPHHWLQJIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWHUPVRIGXUDELOLW\         








UG -DQXDU\ 

=RRP









Ŷ







0DUNNX .DUMDODLQHQ 0. 7DPSHUH8QLY 3URIHVVRU        
 
  
 
 
 'DLVKL 6DNDJXFKL '6  1
 LKRQ )XNXVKL8QL $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU       










   7KHZD\RIWKLQNLQJRIGXUDELOLW\IRUZRRGEXLOGLQJ   0DLQWHQDQFHIRUZRRGEXLOGLQJ   7KHZD\RIWKLQNLQJRIGXUDELOLW\IRUZRRGEXLOGLQJ  :KDWLVWKHVLWXDWLRQRIGXUDELOLW\DQGPDLQWHQDQFHIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQLQ)LQODQG"
&RXOG\RXH[SODLQWKDWEULHIO\" '6  ,Q)LQODQGWKHIDoDGHLVDOZD\VWKHPDWWHUZKHQLWFRPHVWRWKHWRSLFRIGXUDELOLW\DV
\RXSUREDEO\NQRZ:RRGIDoDGHVXUHO\UHTXLUHVPRUHPDLQWHQDQFHFRPSDULQJRWKHUPDWHULDOV 0.  +RZHYHUWKHUHLVVRPHEHQHILWVOLNHZRRGIDoDGH&RPSDUHGWRFRQFUHWHIDFDGHVIRU
H[DPSOH LW LV UHODWLYHO\ HDV\ D
 QG VLPSOH WR LQVWDOO R
 Q H[WHULRUZDOOVDQGWKHFRVWRIPDLQWHQDQFHLWVHOILVQRWVRKLJK 0.   +RZPXFKGRHVLWJHQHUDOO\FRVWIRUUHSDLQWLQJRIZRRGIDoDGH" '6  5HSDLQWLQJ FRVW LV HXURP LQ JHQHUDO 7KHUH LV D
 GGLWLRQDO FRVW IRU K
 LJK ULVH
EXLOGLQJEHFDXVHWKHUHLVQHHGRIWKHOLIWLIWKHEXLOGLQJLVKLJKHU 0.   :KDWNLQGRIPHDVXUHV\RXWDNHIRUORQJHUGXUDELOLW\RIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" '6  , WKLQN WKDW WKH NH\V IRU ORQJHU G
 XUDELOLW\ D UH K LJKHU EDVHPHQW ORQJ HDYHV WKLFNHUERDUGGU\OXPEHUDQGVWUXFWXUDOSURWHFWLRQDQGUHJXODUPDLQWHQDQFH 0.   0DLQWHQDQFHIRUZRRGEXLOGLQJ  ,VWKHUHPDLQWHQDQFHSODQJHQHUDOO\IRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" '6  &OLHQWZLOOPDNHWKHSODQQRUPDOO\IRU\HDUV 0.  :RRGHQIDoDGHQHHGVWREHUHSDLQWHGGXULQJ\HDUV 0.  ,VWKHUHDUHVHUYHGEXGJHWIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFH",Q-DSDQLWLVVDLGWKDWRIWKHRYHUDOOEXGJHWLVVHWDVLGHIRUFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJV '6  7KHDPRXQWIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHFRXOGEHGLIIHUHQWLQHDFKDUHDEHFDXVHWKHSULFHIRUWKHEXLOGLQJLVTXLWHGHSHQGHQWRIHDFKDUHD*HQHUDOO\VSHDNLQJPRUHH[SHQVLYHLQFLWLHVDQGFKHDSHULQFRXQWU\VLGH ,QWKHELJFLWLHVWKRXJKWKHUHLVQRFDOFXODWLRQWKH ULFH IRU WKH PDLQWHQDQFH Z
S LOO EH VLPLODU WR -DSDQHVH SHUFHQWDJH %XW Q
 R VSHFLILF
EXGJHWIRUZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ ZRRGVWUXFWXUH  0.   ,VWKHUHVSHFLDOPDLQWHQDQFHPHWKRGIRUORDGEHDULQJZRRGVWUXFWXUH" '6  ,QFDVHRIPXOWLVWRU\ZRRGEXLOGLQJWKHVWUXFWXUHZLOOEHFRYHUHGZLWKJ\SVXPERDUG
DQG Q
 RW H[SRVHGWRWKHLQVLGH$OVRIURPWKUHHVWRULHVZRRGEXLOGLQJQHHGWRLQVWDOOVSULQNOHUHXURIRUVTXDUHPHWHUZKLFKZLOOSURYLGHDORWRIVDIHW\IRUWKHEXLOGLQJ)RU FRQFUHWH E
 XLOGLQJ D
 QG VWHHO E
 XLOGLQJ WKH VSULQNOHU Z
 LOOQRWEHUHTXLUHGEXWZRRGVWUXFWXUHZLOOEHQHHGHG 0.   ,QVWDOOLQJVSULQNOHUZLOOEHDGGLWLRQDOFRVWEXWSHRSOHRUPDUNHWLQ)LQODQGIHHOVDIHUIRUZRRGVWUXFWXUH" '6  (YHQFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJKDVZRRGPDWHULDODQGIXUQLWXUHLQLWZKLFKZLOOEXUQDQ\ZD\7KXVLQLWLDOILUHPHDVXUHZLOOWDNHDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQDQ\W\SHRIVWUXFWXUH1RZWKH
QHZHVW SURMHFW IRU Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ   VWRULHV R
 I FRPSOH[ E
 XLOGLQJ ZKLFK Z
 LOO E H
QHZ KLJKHVW E
 XLOGLQJ Z
 LOO VWDUWWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQQH[W\HDULQ2XOXDQGILUHSUHYHQWLRQPHDVXUHVKDYHEHHQWDNHQ 0.   :KDWLVWKHSULFHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGFRQFUHWHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQJHQHUDO" , KHDUG WKDW Z
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV PRUH H[SHQVLYH WKDW FRQFUHWH : KDW LV\RXURSLQLRQ" '6  , DJUHH Z
 LWK JHQHUDO FDOFXODWLRQ LWLVVDLGWKDWLQFDVHRIZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ
PRUHH[SHQVLYHWKDQFRQFUHWH 0.  %XWZRRGEXLOGLQJVKDYHVSHFLDOUHJXODWLRQVWKDWWKHEXLOGLQJVVKRXOGKDYHVSULQNOHULILWLVPRUHWKDQVWRULHVZKLFKZLOOEHWKHPDLQFDXVHRIH[WUDFRVWIRUZRRGEXLOGLQJ 0.  ,QDGGLWLRQZHVKRXOGWDNHLQWRWKHDFFRXQWWKDWFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHKDVPXFKORQJHUKLVWRU\ IRU KLJK ULVH E
 XLOGLQJ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH QXPEHU R
 I ZRRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ WKHPDUNHWLVVWLOOPXFKVPDOOHUWKDQFRQFUHWHFRQVWUXFWLRQ,PHDQWKDWZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQKDVVWLOOSRWHQWLDOV 0. 
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV VWLOO Q
 HZ HYHQ IRU ) LQODQG WKRXJK Z
 H WKLQN  'R \RX PHDQ WKDW Z)LQODQGKDVPXFKORQJHUKLVWRU\IRUPXOWLVWRU\ZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQ" '6  <HV WKDW LV K
 RZ LW LV VXSSRVHG WR E
 H $V IRU PXOWLVWRU\ E
 XLOGLQJV Z
 LWK Z
 RRG
FRQVWUXFWLRQ SOHDVHUHIHUWRWKHVHFRQGGRFXPHQW&RPSDUHGWRZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQFRQFUHWHFRQVWUXFWLRQKDVEHHQPDVVSURGXFHGIRUDORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPHZKLFKKDVJHQHUDOO\ ORZHUHG LWV FRVW :RRGHQ EXLOGLQJV HVSHFLDOO\ PXOWLVWRU\ EXLOGLQJV DUHIDLUO\QHZFRPSDUHGWRWKHKLVWRU\RIFRQFUHWH 0.  :KHQZRRGFRQVWUXFWLRQZLOOEHLQWKHSKDVHRIPDVVSURGXFWLRQDQGLQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQWKHFRVWFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVRIZRRGVWUXFWXUHZLOOEHTXLWHJRRG 0. 
 RRG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LVH[SHQVLYHEXWQRWQHFHVVDULO\WUXH"
  0DUNHW WHQGV WR WKLQN WKDW Z
 '6  $OPRVW WKH G
 LIIHUHQFH LV FDXVHG E
 \ WKH D
 GGLWLRQDO FRVW G
 XH WR WKH VSULQNOHU D
 QGWKH
VSULQNOHU Z
 LOO PDNH WKH E
 XLOGLQJ VDIHU 7
 KLV DVSHFW VKRXOG E
 H FRQVLGHUHG PRUHSRVLWLYHO\ D VWKHYDOXHRIWKHEXLOGLQJDQGWKLVZRXOGHQFRXUDJHWKHPDUNHWWREXLOGPRUHZRRGEXLOGLQJV 0. 






  
 

'6 

                            
 


0. 

                       



0. 
 
      

0. 


 P       

 

'6 
                  


 
 


 

 




 
 



 

 5&'6 
                               


0. 


'6 


0. 
0. 






'6 




0. 
'6 




5&
0. 

6






'6 







 

 

 


 




0. 
5&
5&

Ŷ







0. 





0.
5&




5&


0. 

'6 





5&

0.



0. 

 
 5&







'6 

 

 



 
5&



5&

'6 



0. 

















TAU, School of Architecture
Wednesday 11.1.2023

Multi-Story Timber Frame
Houses in Finland
Markku Karjalainen
Professor (Architectural Construction)
Docent of timber construction and wood architecture
D.Sc. (Tech.), Architect

Markku Karjalainen (born 1961), short CV 1988 Master of Science (Architecture), University of Oulu, Departmentof Architecture 1984 ± 1997 Project architect in architects offices in Oulu, Finland 1992 ± 2011 Lecturer and assistant in the architectural designlaboratory of the University of Oulu, Department of Architecture 2002 Doctor of Science (Technology), University of Oulu, department ofArchitecture 2008 ± Docent of timber construction and wood architecture 1997 ± 2011 Project Manager of the national Modern Wooden Town project in Finland 2012 ± 2015 Developed Manager of the National Wood Contsruction
Program, Ministry of the Employment and the Economy, Finland 2015 ± TAU, School of Architecture, Professor (Architectural
Construction)
Finland and forests
 Total area of Finland 338 000 km2 / land area 304 000 km2
 Area of forests 262 000 km2 (= 78 % of total area and 86 % of landarea)
 Protected forests 13 % of area of forests
 Most common species of wood: (In Finlad 23, in the world 60 000)
± Pine 50 % (volyme of forests)± Spruce 30 %± Birch 17 %± Other hard woods 3 %The forest sector is extremely importantfor Finlands national economy

Employs
200 000 Finns

5 % of the grossdomestic
product

20% ofFinland´s export
incomeProduces 70 %of therenewableenergy in
FinlandGrowth of Finnish forests

Total increment

Use of wood per year

Ownership of forests in Finland (%)

OthersCompanies

PrivateStateLeisure timebuildings 99 %Detached houses, 85 %Finnish housing statistics 2021
Amount of housing is 65 % of all buildings
Population of Finland is 5,55 milj. inhabitants
Amount of homes is 3,1 milj. housing units
Homes 1,46 milj. are situated in block of flatsIt means 47 % of all housing untits
In year 2021 we built 46 400 new homes> over 36 300 of them (78 %) in block of flats

11.1.2023
10Building types of housing in Finland

Block of flats

Detached houses

Row houses

Load bearing frame; market shares of concrete,steel and wood (% m3) during 2005 ² 2016

Concrete 45 %Wood 31 %Steel 22 %
11.1.2023

12

Facades; market shares of different building
materials (% m2) during 2005 ² 2016

Concrete

Plaster

Brick

Steel

Stone

Wood

Glass

Other

11.1.2023

13

Finnish multi-story timber frame housesYLÖJÄRVI, 1996;
3 buildings, 19 apartments
TAMPERE, 2022;
2 buildings, 120 apartments

Arkve Oy
Architect Jussi Vepsäläinen

- 1.9.1997: max. high 4-storeys- 15.4.2011: max. high 8-storeys
Built until 11.1.2023:- 132 houses- 4 208 apartments
14

Multi-story wooden
apartment buildings
Situation January / 2023
Tampere Univesity
Finnish Timber Council
Ministry of Environment

Coming: over 14 000
apartments in wooden
multi-story apartmentbuildings!

The construction systems used in
multi-story timber frame houses

Large elements

Pillar-beam frames

Modular elements
Finnish multi-story timber frame houses (January 2023);
132 houses, 4 208 apartments

17

Finnish multi-story timber frame houses (January 2023);
132 houses, 4 208 apartments

18



Finnish multi-story timber frame houses (January 2023);
132 houses, 4 208 apartments

19

Platform-framePlatform-frame wooden multi-story buildings in USA and Canada

OULU, 1997; 3 houses, 33 apartments

Helsinki, Omenamäki, 2006; 3 houses, 131 apartments

Turku, Pernoo, 2019; 2 houses, 31 apartments24

LVL-post and beam-construction









11.1.2023

Maria Pesonen

LVL-based timber frame
constructionYlöjärven Housing Affairs Area 1996; 3 houses, 19 apartments

Viikki, Latokartano, Helsinki, 2012; 5 houses, 104 apartments



CLT


11.1.2023

30

After year 2013 over 50 % of Finnish wooden multi-story buildings
are made by CLT- elements

Kuhmo, CrossLam, first Finnish CLT-factory 1.12.2014 >11.1.2023
Next ones CLT Finland Oy in Alajärvi and CLT Plant Oy in Kauhajoki

31

Wood framed volume elements
Markku Karjalainen

11.1.2023

32

Volume elements; typical sizes:
4 500 (w) x 3 000 (h) x 13 500 (l)
11.1.2023

34

Seinäjoki,
Lintuviita 2013;
1 house50 apartments

Helsinki, Pukinmäki, 2015; 4 houses, 93 apartments
11.1.2023

36

Jyväskylä, Puukuokka 1, 2015;
1 house; 58 apartments
Finnish Wood Award 2015

Finlandia of Architecture Award 2015

11.1.2023

37

Jyväskylä, Puukuokka 1 ± 3
186 apartments
The Housing Finance anddevelopment Centre of
Finlands
ARA-prize 2019
11.1.2023

38

Rovaniemen DAS Kelo, 2019; 1 house, 103 apartments for students

11.1.2023

39

Joensuun Elli, Light House; 14 floors
Wooden tower for students,

LVL-based vertical frame and CLT-based horizontal frame
11.1.2023

40

16-story wooden apartment building toOulus housing affair area 2025

Schauman Architects Helsinki Oy
4-floors high log-house; Naava Chalet, Ähtäri, 2016; 1 house, 16 leisure-time apartments

11.1.2023
42Vantaa Kivistö Housing Affairs Area 2015; 1 house,186 apartments



Kuva: Tiia Sorsa, RKL Reponen
11.1.2023

44

11.1.2023

45

Architecture of wooden multi-story buildings?

Multi-story timber frame houses in Sweden

11.1.2023

47:RRGHQ´VN\VFUDSHUV´"
Itävalta, Ho-Ho Wien
24 floors, 2019

Kanada, Vancouver, 18 floors

Bergen, Norja
14 floors, 2015



PILKE-house, ROVANIEMIMETLA-house, JOENSUU

Wooden officebuildings
FMO-house, ESPOO

Possibilities of using wood in suburban
apartment building renovations:a) Improvement of the outer
VKHOO¶VHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\DQG
DGGLWLRQRIDQHZ³XWLOLW\IORRU´on the roof.
b) Façade modifications give theapartment, entire building, andmilieu a new look.
c) Construction of an additional
floor and roof modifications.
d) Addition of balconies, either
suspended from the frame or
standing on its own lightweightfooting.
e) High degree of prefabrication
and rapid construction, so theperiod of susceptibility to
disturbing factors is short.

f) The outward appearance ofwood is valued and considered
pleasant.


11.1.2023

Extra storeys bywooden voyme
elements

TES; TimberElementSystem
Energy facades

Finlands fire code (1.1.2018 ² ):Only two wooden extra stories are allowed
One wooden extra story without sprinkler-system

R 60

Two wooden extra stories with spinkler-systemExtra wooden storeys in concrete block of flats!

11.1.2023

Fire safety

Architect Office Helamaa & Heiskanen
Lujatalo Oy

53

Fire classes P1, P2, P3, P0
REI 60R (Resistance); Kantavuus
E (Integrity); Tiiviys
I (Insulation); Eristävyys
60; Palonkestoaika54Water mist sprinkler system;
0,5 mm water / 1 m2 / minute&RVWLVDERXW¼K-m2

Scenarios of fire

PINTALUOKATFire classes of building materials in EU
Suuntaa-antavia esimerkkejä seinä- ja kattomateriaalien paloluokituksesta

A1

A2

B

C

D

E

F

Kivi

Kipsilevyt

Kipsilevyt

Palosuojattu puu

Puutuotteet
yleensä

Huokoinen
puukuitulevy

Testaamattomat tuotteet

BetoniSementtikuitulevyt

Palosuojattu puu

Tiili

Lasi

Teräs

'´1RUPDOZRRG´

B, C: Fire retardant wood
D-s2, d2
D = lämmöntuottoa ja liekin leviämistä kuvaava merkintä
s2 = savuntuottoa kuvaava merkintä
d2 = palavien pisaroiden muodostumista kuvaava merkintä- Normally wooden surfaces are allowed in floors and in all nonbearing walls- 20 % wood surfaces are allowed in the surface of load bearing
walls and roofs- 80 % if increased fire rate from R60 to R90

11.1.2023

58
11.1.2023

60

Fire safe
eaves

EI 30

11.1.2023

61

Kuopio rescue
college,1998

Fire stops of wooden facade
11.1.2023

64

Main fire-codes in timber multi-storey
buildings in Finland (after 1.1.2018-)
To use timber frame and/or wooden facades in 3 - 8 storey
buildings:
 max. height: 8 storeys, 28 meters residential sprinkler-system fire-(smoke)detectors in every apartment
 non-FRPEXVWLEOH $ RU³DOPRVWQRQ-FRPEXVWLEOH´ $ ZDUPinsulation-material (=glasswool or rockwool)
 non-combustible (class B, s1, d0) inside-covering on ceilings
and on walls (f.ex. gypsum-board) >>> wood is allowed insauna and on the ceiling of bathroom, in floors and in non-loadbearing walls
 fire stops in facades
 fire safe eaves
11.1.2023

65

Sound insulation
Impacts sounds
Ln,w G%

Airborne soundsRw G%
Concrete: 2 500 kg / m3

Wood: 370 - 500 kg / m3

11.1.2023

67

Lightweight intermediate floor
Impacts sounds:Rw G%

Airborne sounds:
Ln,w G%
Fire rate: REI 60

Insulation: Fire class A2;
Rock wool or glass wool
11.1.2023

68Intermediate floor by CLTvolume elements

11.1.2023

69

Double walls between apartments

Airborne sound insulationLn,w G%Energy efficience and thermal insulation:

 U values, W/(m2K)- Outer wall 0,17(insulation 220 ± 250 mm)- Roof 0,09 (insulation 400 ± 450 mm)- Base floor 0,16
- Windows 1,0- Doors 1,0

 E value, kWhE/m2 year

Outer walls

U value < 0,09 W/(m2K)= insulation 220 ± 250 mm
Insulation: Fire class A2;
Rock wool or glass wool

Insulation 220 mm

CLT 100 mm + insulation 180 mm

Insulation 45 + 175 mm


11.1.2023

72

Roof structures, U value = 0,09 (insulation 400 ² 450 mm)
Air gap;
min 150 mm

11.1.2023

73

Long term durability
74

Houses for people

Good architecture

Wood or concrete?
 Concrete: Wood:- 2 500 kg / m3

- 370 - 500 kg / m3

- DERXW¼P3 - Stock 60 ± ¼P3- Sawn timber ¼P3- CLT 500 - ¼P3
How much wood and concrete in block of flats?
Wood (yellow)

Concrete (grey) Gypsum board (blue)

0,70

0,66
0,58

0,60

0,58

0,50

Puuta / kem2

0,40

m3 / kem2

Betonia / kem2
Kipsiä / kem2

0,30

0,26

0,26

0,22
0,20
0,11
0,10

0,09

0,07
0,02

0,02

0,01

0,00
RANKARUNKO (k-kork. 3,2 m)

Platform-frame
11.1.2023

CLT-RUNKO (k-kork. 3,2 m)

CLT-frame

SEKARUNKO (kerrosk. 3,0 m)

Concrete-frame

BETONIRUNKO (k-kork. 3,0 m)

Totally concrete-frame

Markku Karjalainen

Speed


11.1.2023

Cost efficienceNeed of good
examples!

Need of good examples!

Vihantasalmi

Wooden bridges -project
1/2014 ± 9/2015

SWEDEN;
Skellefteå

Nahkiala29.10.2013

fossiiilinen
uusiutuva

Ympäristövaikutukset

Today we build buildings to 2050

Nykytilanne

Energiatehokas

EnergiantarveThe environmental impact of producing different construction materials
and building will be taken into cosideration in 2025 in Finland

Bioeconomy: The next economic wave
GDP andwellbeing

Fossil economy
Natural economy
1900

2014

2030

The value of bioeceonomy in Finland is 60 miljards eurosďŽƵƚŚĂůĨŽĨ&ŝŶůĂŶĚ͛Ɛbioeconomy consists of forest
bioeconomyChanging global trends in construction:
 Prevention of climatechange Sustainable development
 Carbon footprint Resource efficiency
 Energy efficiency
 Recycling economy
 Bio-economy>>>Timber construction
could be the common
denominator of all of theseTallest Timber Buildings
What are the Main Architectural and
Structural Design Considerations?

23.01.2023'U+VH\LQ(PUH,OJ×Q

MAIN REFERENCES,OJ×Q HE,
2 Karjalainen M, Pelsmakers S.
Contemporary Tall Residential Timber
Buildings: What are the Main Architecturaland Structural Design Considerations?,
International Journal of Building Pathology
and Adaptation, 2022
,OJ×Q HE, Karjalainen M, Pelsmakers S. Finnish
DUFKLWHFWV·DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVPXOWL-storey
timber-residential buildings, International
Journal of Building Pathology and
Adaptation, 2022
IOJ×Q HE, Karjalainen M. Tallest Timber
Buildings: Main Architectural and Structural
Design Considerations, IntechOpen, 2022
Karjalainen M, ,OJ×Q HE, Tulonen L. Main
Design Considerations and Prospects ofContemporary Tall Timber Apartment
Buildings: Views of Key Professionals from
Finland. Sustainability, 2021

Tall Buildings: Structural Systems
and Aerodynamic Form
Routledge, 2014



Terminology & definition

Terminology & definition
No global consensus on the definition of timber building, BUT,
in Finland, multi-story or tall timber buildings
where main load-bearing frame mostly (>50%) made of timber.
 low-rise building ² 1-2-story multi-story building ² over 2-story
 mid-rise building ² 3-8-story

 tall building ² over 8-story** 8-story LVWKHFXUUHQWPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHKHLJKWIRUWKH´3FODVVµIRUZRRG
construction in Finland. (P0 class for over 8-story)Main drivers
The use of timber in construction has seen a resurgence since 1995
(1) decarbonisation(2) forest management and timber life-cycle(3) urbanisation and densification(4) productivity in the construction industry e.g., fast prefabrication
87 m
25-story

AscentMilwaukee, 2022

85 m
18-story

Mjøstårnet
Brumunddal, 201958 m
18-story

48 m
14-story

Brock Commons
Tallwood House
Vancouver, 2017

Lighthouse Joensuu
Joensuu, 2019

Main challenges

 lower stiffness and llightweight resulting in lateral sway
 serviceability limit states (occupancy comfort) fire safety (over 2-story often require a sprinkler system) long-term durability and maintenance of facades sound insulation (particularly impact sound) cost competitiveness moisture sensitivity
 lack of design practices
 insufficient design guidelines & incomplete standardization andregulation

Lateral loads affecting tall buildings
7
Due to their extraordinary height, tall buildings show
a greater sensitivity to wind and earthquake loads.
Earthquake loads increase according to the building weight,
while wind loads increase according to the building height.
Wind loads can cause of large lateral drift (sway)that is more critical than from earthquake loads.
Necessary to limit the building sway.

Maximum lateral top drift by lateral loads < 1/500 of building height.

Lateral loads affecting tall buildings / Wind loads
8.

The formation of turbulent air flow

Tall building motions under the effect of windWind loads on tall buildingArchitectural Design Considerations
 Function
 Lease span
 Floor-to-floor height Core type* Building form*

Architectural Design Considerations / Core typeArchitectural Design Considerations / Building form
Prismatic / tilted / tapered / setback / twisted / free forms

Lighthouse Joensuu

Capital Gate
Tower

Lotte World
Tower

Burj Khalifa

Cayan
Tower

Hypérion

Architectural trends

 Even if most have prismatic forms, several free foms by- irregular vertical extensions formed by changing floor slabs,- disruption of the basic structural grid- asymmetrical configuration of facade opening
73 m
22-story

55m
16-story
HAUT Amsterdam, 2022

Hypérion Bordeaux, 2021

Structural Design Considerations
 Structural materials
 Structural systems

Structural materials


Source: CTBUH

Structural systems

Source: Salvadori, 2021

Structural systems
Panelised
Source: Salvadori, 2021

Structural systems
Post-beam

Source: Salvadori, 2021

Structural systems
3D modular element


Source: Salvadori, 2021

Structural systems

)RUWKHVXSHUWDOOVP






Rigid frame systems
Flat plate/slab systems
Core systems
Shear wall systems
Shear-frame systems- Shear trussed frame- Shear walled frame
Mega column systems
Mega core systems
Outriggered frame systems
Tube systems- Framed-tube- Trussed-tube- Bundled-tube
Buttressed core systems

For tall buildings







Structural systems / Shear-frame system
20

Shear trussed frame

Shear walled frameTallest timber building

87m
Official NameASCENT

Location

Milwaukee, USA

Function

Residential

Height87 m

Number of Storeys

25

Construction Period

2022

Architect

Korb + Associates Architects

Structural Designer

Thornton Tomasetti

Structural System

Shear walled frame

Structural Material

Timber (hybrid)

Gross Floor Area

30,136 m2

Number of Apartments 259
Construction cost

76 million ½ (2,500 ½/m²)

Image courtesy of Thornton Tomasetti

HORIZONTAL SECTIONS~34 m
central split core design
floor-to-floor height 3.2 m
~66 m


Typical parking floor

Typical mass timber floor

Drawings © Thornton Tomasetti

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
 7-story concrete parking podium and2 concrete cores Glulam columns (and beams)
on a 4.5-6 x 6-7.6 m grid 180mm thick & 5-ply CLT floor slabs

with 50mm gypsum concreteat the typical residential floors(act as one-way slabs)(Image courtesy of Thornton Tomasetti)

OTHER ASPECTS
 Fire resistance / MLB: up to180 min & SLB: 120 min
 7200 tonnes CO2 stored
CO2 benefits equivalent to 2400 cars off the road for a year OR
energy to operate over 1100 homes for a year

 Challenges- Material sourcing (sourcing from a different country) e.g., difficulty intimely replacement for defective/ damaged product, various
industry standards, dimensions and standard units- Connection design e.g., pre-designed connections notcommercially available in the North American market- Discrepancies between design codes e.g., USA vs EU- Reinforcing of glulam beams with large penetrations



58m
Official Name

BROCK COMMONSTALLWOOD HOUSE

Location

Vancouver, Canada

Function

Residential

Height58 m

Number of Storeys

18

Construction Period

2015 - 2017

Architect

Acton Ostry Architects, Inc.

Structural Designer

Fast+Epp

Structural System

Shear walled frame

Structural Material

Timber (hybrid)

Gross Floor Area

15,115 m2

Number of Apartments 404 bed capacity
Construction cost

44 million ½ (2,900 ½/m²)

Photo ctbuh.org

HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL SECTIONS

Typical floor plan

Footprint is 15 п 56 m (840 m²)

 floor-to-floor height, typically 2.8 m and 5 m on ground floorFigures https://www.actonostry.ca

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

 Concrete foundation, ground floor and2nd floor slab, and two service cores Glulam and PSL (parallel strand lumber)columns on a 2.85 x 4 m grid withcross sections of 265×265mm (floor 2-9),
265×215 mm (floors 10-18)

 169 mm thick & 5-ply CLT floor slabs
with 40 mm concrete topping(act as two-way slabs, no beams needed)

OTHER ASPECTS
 Mass timber structure erected in 9 weeks
2-floor/per week * 6-12min/one CLT panel * 5-10 min/one GLT column
 Fire resistance
MLB: 60²120 min

Airborne sounds 50 dB
Impact sounds 47 dB

SLB: 120 min
to deal with sound absorption and to reduce vibrations e.g., concrete
topping on CLT floor, air space into the ceiling, addition of carpet tileStructural systems / Tube system
29 exterior exhibits a tubular behaviour carrying all the lateral loads
 building - Framed-tube- Trussed-tube

Cayan Tower

Bundled-tube

Trussed-tube

Framed-tube

Framed-tube- Bundled-tube

30 St Mary Axe

John Hancock Center

Willis Tower

85m
Tallest timber building
until the completion of Ascent

FAST FACTS
Official NameMJØSTÅRNET

Location

Brumunddal, Norway

Function

Office & Hotel & Residential

Height85m

Number of Storeys

18

Construction Period

2017 - 2019

Architect

Voll Arkitekter

Structural Designer

Moelven; SWECO AB

Structural System

Trussed-tube

Gross Floor Area

11,300 m2

Number of Apartments 33
Construction Cost

44.4 million ½ (3,930 ½/m²)
HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL SECTIONS

 17 x 37m (~630m2) plan area peripheral split core
 floor-to-floor height 3.8m

Figures Internationales Holzbau-Forum IHF 2017

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
 Maximum horizontal top deflection 140 mm
 Lateral & vertical loads mainly carried by Glulam
exterior trusses with the largest size of 625x990 mm
 Non-structural CLT core & CLT columns- 4-corner columns / 1485 x 625 mm- internal columns / 725 x 810 mm & 625 x 630 mm
 Glulam & LVL floor elements with 10 m span
Figures Internationales Holzbau-Forum IHF 2017

OTHER ASPECTS
 Fire resistance

Airborne sounds  55 dB

MLB: 120 min

Impact sounds  53 dB

SLB: 90 min
 2600 m3 of timber structures and 1 m3 Glulam stores 608 kg of CO2
so, 1580 tonnes CO2 stored

Carbon footprint estimated at about 65 kg CO2/m2

Oulu Housing Fair 2025

Puukruunu (Wooden crown)

Architectural competition for

16-story wooden residential building
to be tallest timber structure in Finland)LQQLVKDUFKLWHFWV·DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVtall timber residential buildings-

2000 active SAFA members & response rate 7% (147/2000)

30% (+) & 29% (n) & 36% (-)... Tall timber residential building,OJ×Q, H.E., Karjalainen, M. and Pelsmakers, S. (2021), "Finnish architects' attitudes towards multi-storey timber-residentialbuildings", International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.

Future prospects...

Supertall timber proposals ( 300 meter)

300 m

350 m

444 m

80-story

70-story

103-story

Oakwood Tower (UK)by PLP Architecture

W350 Tower (Japan)

by Sumitomo Realty & Dev.

HTT (Canada)
by DIALOG

Images by CTBUHFutureprospects...

Adhesive- and metal-fastener-free
dovetail massive wood board project (DoMWoB project) (202,680 ½

Design, manufacturing and testing e.g., fire, structural resistant, sound insulation

Manufacturing

Fire resistance test

Sound insulation test

Website:https://www.tuni.fi/en/research/dovetailed-massive-wood-board-elements-multi-story-buildings-acronym-domwob

THANK YOU!

(PUH,OJ×Q
emre.ilgin@tuni.fi