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Ishizaki, T., T. Nishiura, J. Simunek, and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2000. Numericalanalysis of the water regime of Budha monuments in Skhothai, Thailand, Science

for Conservation, 39, 43-50, in Japanese with English summary.

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of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.,44:892-898, 1980
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l*T+t*# No.39

50

Numerical Analysis of the Water Regime of Buddha Monuments
in Skhothai, Thailand

Takeshi ISHIZAKI, Tadateru NISHIURA,
Jiri SIMUNEK* and Martinus Th. van GENUCHTEN*
Many historic brick buildings and monuments in Asia suffer from surface deterioration
due to salt efflorescence and microorganisms. Water infiltrates into these brick structuresand monuments during the rainy season, and then flows back during the dry season towards

the surface where it evaporates. An important giant Buddha statue in Sukhothai historicsite in Thailand suffered from severe discoloration and deterioration due to the propagationof microorganism (mosses, algae, lichens etc.). In the rainy season, the surface color is green
but in the dry season it turns to dark brown. The joint team of the Fine Art Department,

Thailand and the Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, Japan madeinvestigations on its deterioration and carried out examinations for its conservation measures. For the evaluation of conservation measures it is important to know the water
regime in the giant Buddha statue before and after cleaning and application of water
repellent material on the surface. This paper reports on the results of numerical analyses of
the water regime of the Buddha monument in Sukhothai before and after the treatment.
The analyses were performed using the HYDRUS-2D finite element program for calculating
variably-saturated water flow and solute transport in porous materials, developed at the U.
S. Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, California. The calculated results corresponded wellwith the surface water content measurements taken with TDR surface probe. The calculated results showed that the application of water repellent material was effective in reducing
the surface water content in the rainy season and in reducing the microorganism propagationon the surface.

*

United States Salinity Laboratory, USA