BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
as of Feb. 12, 2020www.criticaltourismstudies.com
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KEYNOTES & ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSIONSENDO Hideki (Ritsumeikan University)
Keynote Title: Tourism in Mobile & Digital Society: The Japanese Cases of Travelling Material Things
All “social spaces” where we live with others depend on social backgrounds. Especially in the present age,“social spaces” are strongly affected by the social backgrounds in which human beings, material, capital,
information, images, and ideas are moving and travelling globally beyond borders. The formation of “social
spaces” in the present age is significantly influenced by global conditions of mobility. Following the “digital
revolution”, media play a large role in bringing about social mobility. These social mobilities have been
formed by deep relationships with digital media following the “digital revolution”. At the same time, in the“Age of Mobility”, media have become “settings” in which various performances are expressed; a form of“social space”. Social mobilities are transforming the nature of platforms in digital media as “social spaces”
where we express our performances, images and ideas, while platforms in digital media are transforming thenature of social mobilities. At the same time, “platforms” as “social spaces” are thereby encouraging thevarious phenomena associated with mobility to become something new. We can see this reflexive relationshipvery clearly in tourism. This can be seen clearly in the movement of tourism, or tourism mobility. Tourism isa phenomenon where the features of “mobile and digital society” appear radically. Therefore, in thispresentation, I will discuss how “social spaces” in tourism have become closely connected to digital media
and is being transformed by that connection, with reference to specific Japanese cases including the travel ofstuffed animals.

JAMAL Tazim (Texas A & M University)
Keynote Title: Shared Responsibilities and Practical Actions for Resilient Futures
The Critical Tourism Studies Asia-Pacific Conference at Wakayama University in February 2020 offers atimely, collaborative space to seek new perspectives and practical actions for local and global sustainability.
As a social practice, tourism contributes to individual flourishing and communal well-being. We believe in its
potentiality, its capacity to contribute to planetary sustainability and care for the “other”, human and nonhuman. But we must also look at tourism’s contributions to local and global 災 (sai)—the kanji character
meaning disaster or misfortune that the head priest of the UNESCO World Heritage registered Kiyomizu
Buddhist Temple in Kyoto sketched with his calligraphy brush (see conference website). We gather at
Wakayama with a clear mandate for response-ability (to use Donna Haraway’s term as portrayed on theconference website), for tourism is in trouble times. We are tasked to re-envision tourism in the Anthropocene,
to reclaim its potential and promises through critical research, caring engagement, dialogue, and thoughtful
innovations. Now, more than at any other time in this beautiful planet’s history, the conference themes of
responsibility, resistance and resurgence issue a call to action to tackle the global challenges ushered in bythis new decade and build resilient futures. Among the topics that await exploration at the conference, I sketcha picture of the following, identifying insights for social justice and sustainability in the 21st century:•
Climate justice, climate literacy and a ‘precarious’ ethic of care;•
Restorative (tourism) justice in resiliency planning and post-disaster recovery;•
Pluralistic worldviews and inclusivity.

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KATO Kumi (Wakayama University)
Keynote Title: Ecohumanities Perspectives in Critical Tourism Studies: Gender & Sustainability
Employing ecohumanities (Weir, 2008; Rose & Robin, 2004) as a methodological foundation, this paper
explores multiple and diverse ways of knowing as critical foundation for sustainability agenda. Human-ocean
relationship from women’s perspectives are explored through two cases, which identify the power of women’s
knowledge in its inclusiveness, reciprocity and intuitive way of knowing. The paper suggests that sustainability
agenda can be advanced by challenging hierarchical systems of knowledge and valuing alternative and diverse
ways of knowing, in this case, ecological knowledges, intuition, senses and creative expressions. Set in thecontext of rapid tourism growth as a strategy to revitalizing the regional areas in the nation experiencing ageing
and declining population, the paper questions the essence of sustainability today, which could be saved ordiminished by the tourism agenda.
SHARPLEY Richard (University of Central Lancashire)
Response to Tony Wheeler’s Keynote (with apologies!):
From Lonely Planet to a crowded (with tourists) planet
As Tony acknowledges, one of the latest in a long line of buzzwords in tourism is what is euphemisticallyreferred to as ‘Overtourism’. Subject to definition (typically, it is considered to be when a particular
destination’s capacity – physical, social, psychological – is exceeded), evidence of overtourism is beyond
dispute. Also beyond dispute is the emergence of the related anti-tourism movement which endows
contemporary overtourism with a certain uniqueness; since the 1970s, the dangers of excessive tourism
numbers have been both predicted and experienced, so the only surprise is that we are surprised byovertourism! Equally, many proposed solutions have long been tried and tested (and often failed). What canbe disputed, however, is that there is ‘an easy cure’. Commencing with a brief and personal look at Lonely
Planet’s contribution to tourism development, essentially pointing out that the guidebooks have long been partof (but not a contributor to, as some would criticise) the remarkable expansion and democratisation of tourism,
I argue that contemporary ‘overtourism’ is the inevitable outcome of the wider belief in and adherence toeconomic growth – that ‘producing’ and ‘consuming’ more tourism on a global scale is not only possible but
a valid objective in development terms. From this perspective, overtourism is not a tourism destinational
problem but a symptom of the wider problem of unsustainable growth. Thus, bringing carefully managed
tourism to ‘undertouristed’ areas, as Tony suggests, may be beneficial at the local scale; the real challenge,
however, is to achieve an overall no-growth or de-growth in international tourism.
WHEELER Tony (Author and Co-Founder Lonely Planet)
Keynote Title: Overtourism – The Bad, the Good & an Easy Cure
Tourism has always been full of buzzwords – recently we’ve moved on from voluntourism, staycations are
becoming a little passe, ground travel is making a comeback against all those low-cost-carrier weekend escapesand second cities are a concept I’m very enthusiastic about, but the two big buzzwords as we move into the2020s are certainly Flygskam or flight shame (with Green Travel as it’s opposite number) and the big subject
we’re here to discuss: Overtourism. I don’t want to downplay the dangers of Overtourism, but I do want tolook at why it happens and what we can do about it. I will look at places that have big tourist numbers, butseem to manage them comfortably, I’ll suggest that even places that feature on the overtouristed shame list are
not necessarily lost causes. I also plan to talk about Overtourism’s opposite number: Undertourism. Finally,
I’m going to look at a place where I’ve been to recently which is dramatically undertouristed and why I don’t
feel their easy answer to keeping tourists out is necessarily a good one.

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YAMASHITA Shinji (The University of Tokyo)
Keynote Title: Critical Tourism Studies: A View from Japan
In 2003, the then Prime Minister Jun’ichirō Koizumi declared that Japan should become a tourism-oriented
country (kankō rikkoku). What he meant was that Japan should promote the arrival of international tourists as
an important economic development policy. Despite a significant decrease in Korean tourists due to the recent
damaging political relations between the two countries, the number of inbound tourists (those coming fromoverseas) has increased to the extent that it reached appropriately 32 million in 2019. The Japanese government
is aiming to raise this number to 40 million by 2020, the year of the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympic Games.
In parallel with this policy promoted by the national government, we have also seen the rise of tourism
education in Japanese universities from only a few to more than 80 that offer tourism studies. One would saythat tourism education is now booming in Japan, but in reality, this area of study is not necessarily wellestablished. This paper discusses the present state and future possibilities of this field in Japan by reviewing
its history to the present, drawing from my academic background in the anthropology of tourism. In so doing,
the paper attempts to provide a brief sketch of possible directions in the development of critical tourism studies
in Japan.
YANO Christine R. (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa)Keynote Title: Jet Age as Troubling Times? Case Study of Pan American World Airways in JapanOn April 1, 1964, the Japanese government lifted the international travel restrictions it had imposed since thedays of the American Occupation (1945-1952), opening the travel floodgates for Japanese citizens to coincidewith the achievement of the Tokyo Olympics held that year. These floodgates opened amid the Jet Age, begun
in 1958 with the first trans-oceanic passenger jets. They opened an era of first-world expansionism led by thetechnological innovation of jet-propelled planes that reduced air travel time, increased passenger loads, andexpanded international travel to middle classes. Amidst an ethos of “higher, faster, farther” for this new formof travel, the Jet Age painted heady opportunities led by technology and fast-growing economies. Troubled
times? Those living in the era would vehemently deny this. Jets illuminated the forefront of science,technology, and human innovation. However, I ask that we reframe the Jet Age, perhaps less through “troubled
times” and more through the concept of “troubling times” and by doing so, take a more critical look at its
social effects. Whereas the Jet Age typically evokes dreamy possibilism of growth and expansion, I ask, atwhat social cost? And in a country such as Japan which was just proving itself as an international player, towhat political effect? I take Japan and the American corporation, Pan American World Airways, as a historicalcase study within a nascent tourist industry in Asia whose assumptions and effects troubled the ambiguities ofmodernity.

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INVITED PANEL ABSTRACTS
ENDO Hideki (Ritsumeikan University ) & Koji Kanda (Ritsumeikan University)
Tourism mobilities in Japan
According to John Urry, modern society has been characterized as being ""mobile,"" and within that we arealso living "mobile lives." In modern society, flows of people, things, capital, information, ideas andtechnologies are constantly being occurred, and as they are merging like a violently rushing stream, what could
be termed a landscape of mobilities has appeared. Social realities are in flux, and are changing into shapes thatare different than those that existed before now. When we look at mobilities in the modern world, we can nolonger think of them without tourism and travel. Tourism is not simply the movement of people. It also
involves the movement of things, such as souvenirs and suitcases. Also, people use media such as tourist
guidebooks, the internet and smart phones, etc. to search for information and data, and they carry many imagesof the tourist site with them when they set forth on their trips. This generates the movement of information,
data and images as well. Also, tourism connects and establishes different industries, starting with travel
agencies, airlines in the transportation industry, and hotels, etc., in the hospitality industry, so as expected, it
is accompanied by the movement of capital. In this way, tourism creates mobilities, and is a social phenomenon
that shakes the concepts of society and culture from their foundations. "Tourism mobilities" is a concept that
demonstrates this clearly. Therefore, in this panel, we would like to expand the inquiry of tourism mobilities,
especially using the cases of Japan.

KATO Kumi (Wakayama University)
Resilience panel – Women & Sustainability
This panel explores intersectionality of “Women and Sustainability” with a specific focus on resilience.
Resilience is defined here as a capability to survive and bounce back or, more accurately, bounce forward(resurgence) in the context of difficult or “troubled times”. Our concept here is based on the belief that“humans and nature are strongly coupled to the point that they should be conceived as one social-ecologicalsystem”(Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2014), which includes adaptive capacities that “develop and maintainsocial capital as it is expressed through a sense of belonging, a sense of community, place attachment andparticipation in civil society(Cox & Perry, 2011, p. 395–396). We explore women’s role in strengthening suchcapacities, and thus resilience for sustainability, towards the 2030 Agenda mandate, “leaving no one behind”.
The discussion in this panel suggests that the women’s power lies in their knowledge and ways of knowing,
and such acknowledgement would allow an advancement of the sustainability agenda. Tourism here is a“system of knowledge production” (Figueroa-Domecq, Pritchard, Segovia-Perez, Moran, & Villace-Molinero,
2015, p. 89), which empowers and disempowers women as they may be subjected to bias, discrimination,
stereotypes, but at the same time liberation challenging existing barriers and social protocols. Tourism can besituated in the intersection that may help to break such barrier, while at the same time, generates barriers thatdevalue the core qualities of the practice sustainability. Examples and perspectives will be given fromperspectives and contexts from Japan, Uzbekistan, Nepal, and India from industry, government andcommunity perspectives, focusing on issues relating to SDG5 gender equality. This is an attempt to initiate analternative discourse on gender and sustainability, and present an opportunity for a critical and creative
research direction, focusing specifically on the quality of responsibility, resistance and resurgence from theAsia-Pacific perspectives.

5LEMARIE Jeremy (University of Paris Est) & TOWNER Nick (Auckland Institute of Studies)
Surf & governance, lisahunter (Monash University), Adam Doering (Wakayama University), Eri Mizuno(University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences),
Response-ability in the entanglement of gender, surfing and tourism
Sex, gender and sexuality have played an important role in shaping the culture of surfing and are central themesin the study of sport and movement cultures. With a rich precolonial history, surfing diaspora has constituted
a 'modern' response including revisionist histories both shaped by visual culture, commodification,
sportization, mediatization, and globalization, arguably all linked to sex, gender and sexuality. Such responses
are evident in tourism, a mechanism and space where many changes are noteworthy. Using the physical cultureof surfing as its focus, this international panel discusses the complex relationships between surfing, sex/es,
gender/s and sexuality/ies in relation to tourism and its response-ability to space, place and gender.

MARTINI Anna (University of Groningen) & Julia Gerster (IRIDes, Tohoku University)
Tourism as a form of recovery? Tourism in post-3.11 Northeast Japan
Tourism has been recognized as an important aspect of the recovery and revitalization of Northeast Japan(Tohoku). As the Japanese government is putting a lot of effort into the increase of foreign tourists in thewhole country, the number of tourists in Tohoku is already surpassing those of pre-3.11 (Reconstruction
Agency 2019). The increase of tourism in Tohoku should not only lead to the economic support of the region
but also provide lessons for the tourists. Seeing the places affected by 3.11 they are supposed to learn how toevacuate appropriately in case of a tsunami warning, what goods they need to pack in their emergency bags,
and about the current state of recovery. Nevertheless, many challenges remain regarding tourism in thedisaster-stricken areas in Tohoku. On the one hand, the disasters struck a region prone to depopulation andeconomic downturn already before March 2011 and many communities are not used to large numbers of
tourists. On the other hand, a bad image of “dark tourism” may prevent many from visiting disaster remains
as part of their leisure activities. In this panel, we explore different examples of touristic activities establishedafter the 3.11 disasters. While Tōhoku has always been considered a rural and relatively secluded region,
attracting very few tourists compared to other parts of Japan, already in 2012, with the first set of short-term
recovery efforts underway, some towns began developing new tourist projects, inviting Japanese andforeigners to visit and help in the recovery. By investigating forms of “Bosai Tourism”, we will discuss anattempt to disconnect “post-disaster tourism” from its negative image by highlighting aspects of disaster risk
education. The panel explores the role of affect in dark and post-disaster tourism settings by arguing that: (1)affect can elicit strong emotional reactions in tourists visiting post-disaster Tohoku and contribute tosignificantly shape their experience and even favour cross-cultural communication; (2) Bosai Tourism(Disaster Risk Mitigation Tourism) is part of a cultural rehabilitation process to cope with the 3.11 triple
disasters, used to integrate the negative experiences in their collective memory; (3) Bosai education in postdisaster schools used as memorials to convey the lessons learned from the experience of the disaster; (4)recovery of regionalism is pursued in the disaster area as the essential socioeconomic platform for the post3.11 Disaster Japan. However, both consenting and dissenting voices towards the promotion of regionalism
exist.

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MOSTAFANEZHAD Mary (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa), Harng Luh Sin (Sun Yat-Sen University),
Joseph Cheer (Wakayama University) & Tim Edensor (Melbourne University)
Viral Anxieties/Bordered Securities: Coronavirus in the Age of Global Tourism
The 2020 coronavirus outbreak hit the world by storm. With more than 30,000 flights canceled and counting,the quarantine of thousands of people and mass hysteria within the social media sphere, the coronavirus has
inspired fear and anxiety around the world. While scholars have addressed the role of tourism in the spread of
disease, the reaction to the coronavirus globally has revealed how little we actually know about the role oftourism as an agent of and response to global health crises. This roundtable will open up the debate byaddressing tourism and global and local responses to the coronavirus outbreak from a range of perspectives
including, but not limited to, geopolitics, global health, (im)mobilities, security, biopolitics, and tourism
planning.

QU Meng (Hiroshima University), Andrew McCormick (Director, Art Island Center/ Hiroshima University),
Solène Prince (Linnaeus University)
Art in the Periphery: Successes and Challenges of Art and Cultural Tourism-Based Revitalization Initiatives
in Rural Communities: Social Art and Placemaking
In the face of shrinkage, aging, and marginalization, peripheral communities around the world face threats
ranging from loss of services and cultural assets to outright extinction. This three-part panel critically examinesa range of tourism-related interventions and initiatives in peripheral regions in East Asia and Europe that
employ socially engaged art, art/cultural festivals, arts investment, and creative placemaking activities to affectrevitalization, boost tourism, and strengthen social bonds. Panelists weigh the demonstrated positive effects
and potential of these initiatives against issues including gentrification, cultural conflicts, power disparities,
uneven benefits, and unequal access.
Part I: Social Art and Placemaking
Panelists examine the promise and pitfalls of participatory creative projects in the rural context. Comparing
cases in China, Taiwan, and Japan, panelists examine community expectations, the tourist gaze, and thestrengthening and rearticulation of place amid decline.
Part II: Art Festivals and Revitalization
Panelists consider art festivals as opportunities for revitalization through tourism and business development.
Focusing on Japan, the discussion compares the adaptation pressure faced by the country’s traditional festivals
with the rise of successful contemporary art festivals throughout the country.
Part III: Art Islands and Cultural Landscapes
Panelists examine three “art islands” in Japan and Europe, discussing artist networks and collaboration, thepotential and consequences of a rural “creative class,” and shifting cultural landscapes as reflections of both
opportunity and displacement.
The organizers of this panel are Meng Qu and A. D. McCormick, who are both affiliated with Hiroshima
University as well as Art Island Center (www.artisland.jp) on Naoshima, Japan.

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REAU Bertrand (CNAM), Maria Gravari-Barbas (University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne)
Disciplinary approaches and Tourism Studies
Disciplinary approaches and Tourism Studies: the challenges of knowledge production. "If the researchers
agree that epistemologically speaking, tourism studies do not exist as such. Many researchers aim to transcenddisciplinary boundaries to produce a more integrated knowledge. This knowledge is intended to be'transversal,’ 'transdisciplinary,’ although it is most often based on the sharing of work from different
disciplines and/or on the import by a researcher of concepts produced in disciplines other than his own. What
are the contributions, methods and theories of the different disciplines (geography, sociology, economics,
anthropology, etc.) in the field of tourism studies? What are the relationships between these disciplines? Thispanel assumes that there are different national configurations that will need to be updated to enrich scientificexchanges on tourism research fields . In this respect, contributions are expected from the different disciplines
and/or analysing specific national configurations.

SCHANZEL Heike (Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Joseph Cheer (Wakayama University)
Masculinities in the Field: Insights from Critical Tourism Researchers
This panel is inspired by the forthcoming book, Masculinities in the Field co-edited by Brooke A. Porter,
Heike A. Schänzel and Joseph M. Cheer (Channel View, 2020), a companion guide to Femininities in the
Field (Porter & Schänzel, 2018). The aim of this panel is to debate and showcase the performance ofmasculinities in the field and the encountered biases and gendered experiences specific to male researchers in
critical and transdisciplinary tourism studies. Tourism is a discipline that often requires fieldwork in more
remote or culturally foreign locations. In these scenarios the performance of gender may become a paramountcomponent of the fieldwork process. Addressing biases is an expected part of the research process; however,there is a gap in the literature regarding biases (both positive and negative) specific to male researchers, andthere is a lack of insight into combining fatherhood and/or sexuality with field research. There is, however,acknowledgement that reflections on gender identities are much needed in critical and transdisciplinary
tourism research (e.g., Phillimore & Goodson, 2004). This panel/talking circle will have an overarching focus
on the masculine side of fieldwork as a continuation of Femininities in the Field. The purpose of this is todefine potential areas of gender biases and gendered experiences using international case studies from maleresearchers in Western as well as lesser-developed regions. The insights presented will serve to improve thevalidity of future research conducted by social scientists in cross-cultural contexts. The panel circle may
encounter topics including hegemonic masculinity, emotional well-being and harassment, access,accompanied research and fatherhood among others. Presenters will provide a baseline of comparison for maleresearchers and any supervisors through a multi-disciplinary approach in a global context. In brief, this panel
and the forthcoming book underline the development of essential thinking and reflection around designing andanalysing masculinities-based field research in critical and transdisciplinary tourism studies.

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SIN Harng Luh (Sun Yat-Sen University), Joseph Cheer (Wakayama University), Can Seng Ooi (Universityof Tasmania)
Tourism and the Chinese dream: rivers of gold or rolling the dice?
Set against the backdrop of the Chinese Dream and President Xi Jinping’s endeavor to rejuvenate the Chinese
nation, an estimated 149.72 million outbound international tourists from China visited the rest of the world in
2018. This is in contrast to the 1.4 billion international tourist arrivals worldwide, meaning that 1 in 10
international tourists is now from mainland China. China has also been the world’s top spender in international
tourism since 2012 - in 2018, it was estimated that Chinese international tourists spent US$120 billion
worldwide or a fifth of tourism spending worldwide. The increased number of Chinese tourists have drawn
diverse reactions, from desperate fawning in the interest of capturing Chinese tourist spend, to outrightobjection about the scale and nature of the growing Chinese presence. In the main, just about every destinationis setting out to attract more Chinese visitors, cater to their needs and promote a positive image.
The related issues are complex and multifaceted with destination authorities desperately trying to balance thecontrasting demands of tourism development, economic prosperity, community development and local
resistance. Additionally, the geopolitical implications of greater engagement with China is set against a
backdrop of growing US-China tensions as manifest in trade war missives.Indeed, a slowing Chinese economy
holds massive ramifications for destinations that have come to rely on Chinese tourists and the connections
this has towards tourism-led investment, as well as linkages to Chinese students enrolled in universities abroad.
Australia is a good example of how the links between Chinese tourists, Chinese students and trade with China
are inextricably linked with a decline in one, potentially driving a commensurate falling-off in the others. This,
therefore, is a clarion call and invitation for destinations to re-think their engagement with Chinese outboundtourism, and on trade relations with China as a whole.
This panel invites papers that engage with and consider the multiple entanglements of Chinese tourism in theinternational arena and what this might mean in the development of critical tourism research. How should
critical tourism theory be rethought and reshaped through the profound changes Chinese tourism is making to
the global landscape? What does Chinese tourism mean and represent to China itself and to the multitude ofhost destinations aiming to become “China-Ready” in order to gain a slice of the enormous Chinese tourism
pie? How will outbound tourism from China reshape our geopolitical imaginations in Asia-Pacific andbeyond? And what of the Chinese dream and its manifestations through tourism? These and other pertinent
research dialogues are sought to spotlight the nuances that underline the continuous unfolding of Chinese
outbound tourism and whether the pursuit of Chinese tourist visitation and expenditure growth, and the riskreturn relationship might be reconciled going forward.

YAMASHITA Shinji (The University of Tokyo) & Joseph Cheer (Wakayama University)
Cultural heritage, tourism, and disaster risk management
In recent years, disasters have occurred frequently in many parts of the world. These disasters not only damage
people but also destroy cultural heritage sites. It is still fresh in our minds when the Central Java Earthquake
in 2008 struck Prambanan Temple Compounds, the World Heritage site in Indonesia, and the Nepal Gorkha
Earthquake in 2015 destroyed the World Heritage sites of Kathmandu. In Japan, the Great East Japan
Earthquake in 2011 also damaged cultural heritage of the affected regions. We could add man-made disasters
caused by terrorism and environmental degradation to this list. To examine these disasters in the context of
tourism, a research project, ‘World Heritage and Disaster Risk Mitigation: For Sustainable Heritage Tourism
in Asia’, was carried out from April 2016 to March 2019. The participants of the project researched World
Heritage sites in five countries in Asia – Japan, Indonesia, China, Nepal and Turkey – and looked into disaster
experiences and the local knowledge of these disasters. In our project we also hoped to promote sustainable
heritage tourism by developing disaster risk management plans with the collaboration of local communities.
Using the outcomes of our research, the presenters of this panel discuss cultural heritage and tourism in relation9

to disaster risk management with a focus on the concept of ‘resilience’. Defining the term as a capacity foradapting to change, the panel discusses social, cultural, political, business, and environmental resilience of
heritage tourism sites by examining the cases of Mt. Fuji in Japan as World Cultural Heritage; ‘tourism
disasters’ and community based ecotourism in Bali, Indonesia; national and community resilience in the postSichuan Earthquake in China; and the planning of disaster risk management in Nepal and Turkey. In doing so,
the panel contributes to the study of resilience in tourism for cultural heritage.

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ABSTRACTS(In alphabetical order – surname first)

ADAMS Kathleen M. (Loyola University Chicago)
Title: Curating Heritage: An Ethnic Minority Museum in Indonesia’s “Second Stop After Bali”
This paper examines the cultural visions and political aspirations surrounding the recent establishment of an
ethnic heritage museum in the heavily-toured Toraja homeland of Sulawesi, Indonesia. For this Christianethnic minority community in a predominantly Muslim nation, several decades of tourism have brought ethnic
pride, national celebrity, and candidacy for inclusion on UNESCO’s World Heritage Site list. However, theftsof Toraja mortuary objects for the international art market, Torajans’ involvement in the world’s largest
indigenous people’s alliance (AMAN), and growing awareness of the downsides of tourism have fueled newsensibilities concerning the need to safeguard Toraja cultural heritage. Several years ago, the local Office ofTourism and Culture founded the Pong Tiku Museum of North Toraja Regency as a repository for recaptured
heritage objects, envisioning it as an additional attraction for foreign and domestic tourists. This paper
chronicles how this ethnic Toraja museum in Rantepao (the regional capital and tourist base) simultaneously
celebrates, connects with, and disrupts contemporary national narratives and religious politics in Indonesia.
This paper updates my 1997 Museum Anthropology article examining the rise of “museum-mindedness”(Kreps 1994) and the touristic politics of family museums in the Toraja highlands. More broadly, the paper
aims to offer an ethnographically-grounded case addressing Coombe and Baird’s recent call to “move beyond
critiques [focusing]…primarily on [how]…heritage does or does not faithfully represent actual histories andculture as it is experienced, or communities as they see themselves… to understand the political and economic
work that heritage is doing for diverse agents seeking multiple audiences” (2016:350).

ABE Daisuke (Ryukoku University)
Title: Emergence of New Tourist Accommodation and Its Impact to the Neighborhoods
The tourism industry is an important sector underlining Kyoto’s economy and the city currently receives
around 5.6 million national and international visitors a year. The number of foreign visitors arriving in Kyoto
continues to increase; the total number of overnight stays doubled over the last decade to reach 1.13 million
in 2013 (surpassing the 1 million mark for the first time) and 3.18 million in 2017. The increase in tourist
demand would not be possible without parallel growth in the supply of tourist accommodation. In the absenceof sufficient hotel rooms to meet the demands from growth in visitation, there has been an explosion of tourist
accommodation referred to as ‘Min-Paku’ (‘renting private homes and rooms’) and ‘Holiday Rental
Accommodation’ known as budget hotel, taking advantage of the emergence and rapid growth of Airbnb. Thishas provoked serious tensions between local residents and incoming tourists and has similar connotations to
the tourist flats in European cities such as Venice and Barcelona.Therefore this article seeks to understand thelocating pattern of those emerging new tourist accommodations and analyze its impact to the neighborhoods,
by using field work investigation on the change of urban and social fabric, the evolution of land price, and theopinions of inhabitants. The findings of this study are 1) In 2017, around 60% of all newly constructed Holiday
Rental Accommodation was concentrated in central Kyoto, especially in neighborhoods where land prices
were still relatively low. 2) The cost of land is increasing rapidly and landowners are taking advantage of
unprecedented valuations to sell. 3) Displacement as a result of tourism growth is creating irreversible changes
in the social structure of the city especially in the old, downtown areas of Kyoto.

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ABE Yoshi (William Angliss Institute) & Tod Jones (Curtin University)
Title: The role of local governments in diversifying Tourism Attractions in Toraja, Indonesia
Tourism attractions emerge and evolve within a given destination. Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG)
is a useful way of looking at how this occurs. Little has been written about tourism attraction diversification
processes using EEG frameworks. Using path dependency concepts, the trends in the development of
attractions are focused on the attributes of the location and dependence on historical factors. Emphasis isplaced on innovative tourism attractions emerging and developing in a tourism destination where there areexisting attractions. The Influence of local government policies on the development and diversification of
tourism policies is well documented and can also be a contributor to diversification of tourism attractions. As
a destination, Toraja has relied on a single traditional ethnically-centred cultural lens to attract tourists. Thislocation, of potential world heritage status, has in recent times successfully recast its tourism offerings beyond
traditional cultural attractions. A complex range of factors have informed this shift. Based on field work
conducted in 2017, 2018 and 2019, it applies a longitudinal approach to monitoring diversification and reveals
a diverse range of responses by the local tourism industry across Toraja to local government tourism
development policies and initiatives. This research aims to reveal how the diversification of tourism offeringsin Toraja has occurred, both in terms of the influence of government policy and other factors. In doing so, ithighlights how EEG can be used to inform tourism destination development policy.

APOLLO Michal (Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Cracow)
Viacheslav Andreychouk (University of Warsaw), Yana Wengel (Hainan University - Arizona State
University International Tourism College)
Title: Pilgrimage tourism to sacred places of high Himalaya and its impact on residents across twogenerations. The case of Yamunotri Temple
Pilgrimage to mountain regions is one of the oldest forms of tourism practised since immemorial times.
Pilgrims are driven by the idea of being closer to the ‘divinity’ or the god/s but they impact all spheres of local
communities’ lives. Each year millions of pilgrims are visiting sacred sites such as summits, lakes, rivers andcaves hidden in the high Himalayas. This paper focuses on one of the remote and most regarded holy places
in Garhwal Himalaya, Yamunotri Temple (3,291 m). In the last 35 years (1975-2010), the temple’s annual
visitors number has grown nearly 10-fold, from 30,000 to 288,000 pilgrims. By investigating 10,3% of the
population (47,3% of households) of the upper Yamuna river valley – commonly called Yamunotri Valley –the data from two generations via a face-to-face interview has been collected. This research looked at the twogenerations of the residents and how their life changed under the influence of growing pilgrimage tourism.
The findings show the significant changes in employment structure (tourism: +19.9%; agriculture: -22.8%;
other: +7.9%) and area of cultivated land (-34.1%). The paper concludes that pilgrimage tourism in highmountain areas in recent decades has come to be a mass phenomenon. Furthermore, results show that every
contact with ‘the other’, even if belonging to the same culture, alters the lives of local communities withincultural, social and economic dimensions and that resident’s occupation adopts to cater the increasing demand
for tourism services.

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ASAMIZU Munehiko (Yamaguchi University) Tatsuru Nishio (Yamaguchi University)
Denes Perlaky (Yamaguchi University), Shaochen Xu (Yamaguchi University)
Title: Globalization of Local Tourism in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
Yamaguchi Prefecture, on the far west of Honshu Island, Japan, did not used to be a famous international
tourist destination. However, due to the rapid inbound tourism boom of Japan, some of the rural prefectures,
including Yamaguchi, became famous internationally. Following the success of Jigokudani Snow Monkey in
Nagano Prefecture, Arakurayama Sengen Park in Yamanashi Prefecture, and other photogenic spots in Japan
became famous destinations internationally. Motonosumi Shrine in Nagato City, Yamaguchi Prefecture is oneof the photogenic destinations for international tourists. However, this shrine did not used to be a famous
tourist destination for Japanese tourists. CNN featured Motonosumi Shrine in 2015, and the number of tourists,
especially from abroad, increased. In 2017, the number of visitors became ten times larger than in 2015. Afterthe success of Motonosumi Shrine, other municipalities in Yamaguchi Prefecture began trying to find thesecond Motonosumi. Tourism researchers usually collect data from tourists. However, for expected
destinations that do not have international tourists yet, this method is useless. Usually, expected destinations
initiate monitor tours and sometimes, international students become monitors. Local municipalities often offer
monitor tours for international students. However, these destinations are frequently already known to Japanese
tourists. To find the second Motonosumi, which is not famous among local Japanese, a different method isrequired.

BIGBY Bobbie (University of Notre Dame Australia)
Title: Tourism Trails and Indigenous Traditional Knowledges: Understanding the connection between
Aboriginal cultural tourism and Indigenous traditional knowledge sustainability in saltwater Kimberleycountry, NW Australia
This study looks critically at the intersection of Aboriginal-led tourism and indigenous cultural/ knowledge
sustainability in northwestern Australia’s saltwater Kimberley region. The research uses a case study approach
to examine the tourism developments of three Traditional Owner (TO) groups of this area, including the
Karajarri, Dambimangari and Yawuru peoples. These three communities are all in early stages of their cultural
tourism development and have adopted different tourism models; simultaneously, all three groups alsostrongly prioritize their connections to their traditional cultures, as evidenced in their Healthy Country
Land/Culture Management Plans. At its heart, the central question guiding this investigation is focused onwhether or not and how efforts at indigenous, community-based cultural sustainability are supported throughtourism engagement. Ultimately, the research seeks to move beyond purely economic assessments of tourism’s
impacts and engage more deeply with tourism’s full potential for sustainable outcomes, particular in terms of
traditional culture and knowledge and the centrality of these themes in the lives of indigenous peoples. This
research utilizes qualitative and critical methodologies that embody decolonizing, indigenist and processdriven approaches, with special emphasis on utilizing these frameworks to create space for indigenous
ontologies and voices. These methodological tools allow the research to highlight saltwater Kimberley
Aboriginal values, perspectives, expectations and concerns in regard to Traditional Owner-led tourism
development. Taking these perspectives and values from TOs as a foundation for understanding their uniqueapproaches to tourism, the research then offers portraits of each TO group’s tourism models through casestudies. These highlighted cultural tourism models are analyzed in terms of the ways in which they reflect,
support or challenge the perspectives and values articulated earlier on the part of TOs. It is hoped that thisresearch, done in close collaboration with the three Kimberley Aboriginal groups, can serve as a platform
through which these Aboriginal communities can critically reflect and manage the directions of both their
tourism activities and traditional cultural sustainability.

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BORGGREEN Gunhild (University of Copenhagen)Title: Returning the Gaze: Art Projects as Reflections of Intrusion
Many art projects and art festivals are coined as “participatory”, indicating that viewers become involved in
the artwork through participation. Through participatory gestures, the artist invites others to co-create theartwork. Participation has become the new buzz word for cultural events because it connotes positive notions.
It is assumed that people who participate are more engaged and active in civil society and democratic
processes. Participation in art can be many things, and differs from context to context. In an analyticalsituation, it is therefore important to clarify who participates, what forms of participation take place, how theparticipation is framed and organised, and what are the results of participation. Many rural art festivals inJapan focus on participation as part of a revitalization process, and this includes different people, from curators
and artists to art audiences and local residents. “Participation” through art tourism, however, is not always
seen as a positive thing. For some people, the intrusion of strangers in their communities may be bothersomeand disturbing; some villages may be vulnerable to too many visitors; and the art projects are often directed
towards the art tourists rather than the local population in terms of participatory elements. One way of solving
such conflicts may be for the festival organizers to curate art projects that in themselves address some of theissues at stake. This paper gives examples of art projects by the Japanese artist group Me, which include
everyday objects in site-specific art installations. The performative elements of the architecture, the objects
and their historical and cultural context engage the viewer to participate and reflect upon the role of the intruder
into local settings. In this way, the artwork both constitutes and is constituted by the different modes ofparticipation in rural art tourism.

BOUKAMBA Kimo (Wakayama University) & Kaede Sano (Wakayama University)
Title: Do birds of a feather flock together?
Tourism as a cross-cultural consumption phenomenon entails a quest and encounter with the otherness, often
articulated in the traveler’s involvement with worlds, values, and lives of those inhabiting other cultures.
Ethnocentrism, on the other hand, is a nearly universal socio-psychological trait summarized into the tendencyof judging other cultures [the out-group] according to the standards of one’s own [the in-group], and the beliefs
that one’s ethnic and cultural group is superior to others. The quantification of ethnocentrism in tourism studies
currently provides the Tourist Ethnocentrism (TE), and the Generalized Approach to Tourist Ethnocentrism(GATE). As part of an ongoing PhD study, the working paper at hand examines the effects of ethnocentrism
on destination images, within the conceptual domain of the GATE. Guided by the Similarity-Attraction
Theory, the inclusion of Cultural Distance as a moderator in the nomological net provided a tourism-specificcontext to address the research question: Do birds of a feather flock together? Two datasets proposing either
Japan (n=346) or Zimbabwe (n=302) as destinations were collected in the city of Pretoria (South Africa).
Validity, reliability, model-fit and robustness, as well as measurement invariance were confirmed prior testingfor structural relationships by means of PLS-SEM. The effects of ethnocentrism were found to be destination
specific, being that they tend to negatively affect the image of less competitive destinations. Cognitive states
mediated positive effects with respect to Japan, whereas the negative effects towards Zimbabwe wereexplained by affective states. Japan maintained a positive image with no significant difference across groups
exhibiting different ethnocentrism levels, even when these levels were heightened. No significant differenceswere found in the way that ethnocentrism affects destination image across groups displaying different
perceptions of cultural distance. Within the limitations of the study, these findings suggested that birds of afeather necessarily don’t flock together.

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BOUSQUET Louis (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa)Title: Virtuous ideology
The development of mass leisure travel has generated a plethora of destructive consequences on touristic
destinations. From large scale pollution and devastation of natural habitat to economical predation andsociological disruption, the list of curses appears overwhelming. Such calamities have spurred in many thedesire for drastic changes to this touristic utilitarian nightmare. The concept of “responsible tourism” reflectedin the 2002 Cape Town and the 2008 Kerala Declarations, appeal to the shared responsibility of touristic
shareholders and consumers alike. Ethical tourism was born out of this aspiration for a moral personal
experience that doesn’t only pertain to a general sense of principles, but rather to a more individualistic
existentialist involvement. But this attempt to counter the deleterious effects of mass tourism has been
construed by some observers, as nothing more but a virtue-signaling attitude that doesn’t hinder the realconsequences of such behavior. Numerous players and intellectuals alike have denounced, along with “charity
tourism”, the mortiferous goals and effects of what they consider most and foremost a moralistic ploy. They
argue that under the self-righteous smokescreen of ethical tourism lies the perennial “right of the stronger”
enforced by the henceforward almighty modern consumer, the “global homunculus” or modern tourist. In thispresentation, I will introduce the modern homunculus and will show how his self-centered hedonistic pursuit
is intimately connected to the consumer ideology that he represents. I will argue with French writer Philippe
Muray, that the ethical touristic plight is an efficient way to better pursue its destructive endeavor,
unencumbered with any objection or sense of guilt. I will finally use Michel Houellebecq’s literary work tobetter illustrate the complex philosophical challenges and potential dangers generated by this virtuous
ideology.

BUCCAT Monina (University of the Philippines)
Title: A governance framework for tourism disaster resilience: Bohol Province and the aftermath of the 2013
7.2 magnitude earthquake
The severity of the impact and frequency of natural disasters brought about by climate change are expected todirectly affect the tourism industry. The study sought to find out the role of institutional arrangements andadaptive capacities to aid in the response, recovery and resilience of tourist destinations that have sufferedfrom a tourism disaster. The qualitative case study of Bohol, an island province in the Philippines that was hit
by a catastrophic 7.2 magnitude earthquake in 2013, described the governance mechanisms for tourism disasterrecovery in the Philippines. The study proposed a governance framework for tourism disaster resilience using
a quasi-experimental design. It compared the institutional arrangements and adaptive capacities for tourism
disaster response of Bohol before the disaster and the responses and changes post-disaster. Bohol’s adaptive
capacity was indicated by the (i) level of economic development, (ii) social capital, its structural aspects, (iii)
information and communications, and (iv) leadership. The study revealed that the network of tourism
stakeholders in Bohol while well-organized needs to deepen its membership and further develop its
competencies in dealing with disasters of great magnitude. The economic development and stakeholder
involvement in Bohol were found to be high as stakeholders were able to tap into its diverse mix of attractions
and the human and capital resources from public (local, national and international), private and nongovernment organizations for the recovery effort. However, there was no standard protocol for information onrisks or hazards communicated to tourists prior to and at the aftermath of the disaster. Further, it was foundthat Bohol tourism industry’s strength and resilience lie in the active collaboration between public and private
actors under leaders who were able to build trustful relationships. This study contributed to the limited
literature on resilience in tourist destinations and studies on tourism disaster governance.

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BUI Huong (Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (APU) & Claudia Dolezel (University ofWestminster)
Title: A Critical Review of Tourism and Development in Southeast Asia
At first sight, development in Southeast Asian countries stems largely from the benefits of increased tourist
arrivals and the foreign exchange earnings as a consequence. However, the unique characteristics of tourism
as a social and economic activity, the complex relationships between the various elements of the international
tourism system, and transformations in the global political economy of which tourism is a part serve to reduce
its potential contribution to development as a whole. The concept of development has changed over time andhas influenced the evolution of tourism in terms of the application of theories of modernization, dependency,
alternative development, human development, and sustainable development. In the past decade, tourism inSoutheast Asia has seen unprecedented in Southeast Asia development, while the region has also undergone
many changes in relation to markets, mobility and integration between countries in terms of economy andpolitics. This research provides a critical analysis of the tourism-development nexus in Southeast Asia with an
overview of tourism development in Southeast Asia as discussed in relation to the developmental paradigm.
The authors also analyze changes in the market, ASEAN-led regionalism, and the diversity of tourism patterns
in each country. Then there is a discussion and evaluation of tourism against the backdrop of developmental
thinking. The modernization approach places emphasis on economic impacts of tourism. Dependency
discusses the neo-colonialization’s effect on development. The alternative development approach discusses
the different forms of niche tourism in Southeast Asia. The human development and sustainable tourism
development approaches then emphasize initiatives such as pro-poor tourism and community-based tourism.
The alignment of tourism practices in Southeast Asia are discussed in relation to the respective major strands
in the developmental paradigm that bring a critical review of developmental issues in Southeast Asia tourism.

CHAKRABORTY Abhik (Wakayama University)
Title: Towards a Critical Appraisal of Natural Heritage Conservation and Tourism in an Era of Pervasive
Anthropogenic Change
Natural Heritage can occur in the forms of visually appealing landscapes, rare rocks and minerals, endangeredor especially productive ecosystems, and vulnerable species—all of which possess an outstanding value forconservation for future generations. However, with the onset of the ‘Anthropocene’—the latest geologicalepoch that is marked by the advent of humanity as a major geological force, both the continuity of the naturalprocesses that underpin these heritage forms and our engagements with them have changed fundamentally.
How should we address conservation of natural heritage and tourism in this era of turbulent change? Clearly,
merely echoing the necessity of natural heritage for human well-being or their stewardship through‘sustainable tourism’ is inadequate, as is the notion that by empowering human actors we can achieve a better
management of such heritage. This paper critically assesses the significance of natural heritage and thepotential of preserving its integrity in the Anthropocene. It is based on insights derived from field research in
two UNESCO Natural Heritage Sites (Shirakami Mountains and Shiretoko Peninsula of Japan) involving
interviews, observations, and reflections. Based on the field research outcomes and comparison with otherrelevant sites, the paper concludes that merely labeling aspects of natural heritage as ‘endangered’ or‘valuable’ will not allow them meaningful protection against the onslaught of anthropogenic modification of
the environment; instead an evocentric approach that upholds the networks and processes underpinning such
heritage is required for informing recreation in the Anthropocene.

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CHANG Shenglin Elijah (National Taiwan University, Co-founder of the Sanpuku Tea Brand)
Title: Rural Youth Place-making and Gamification via the “Future Daxi” Board Game Creation: A Case
Study of the most popular tourist town Daxi in Taoyuan, Taiwan
While tourism has been impacting societies globally, how have rural youth been identifying with andresponding to their “tourist” hometowns? As the most tourist town in northern Taiwan, the rural historic Daxi
attracts both domestic and international visitors. During the eight-year action research, my team has been
imitating various creative learning activities engaging a group of teenagers from Jhih Shan High School (JhihShan) in Daxi. I investigate how these low self-esteem teenagers reclaim their home territory by creating thecreative “Future Daxi” board game with a group of university students. Jhih Shan is a non-advanced highschool for youth from disadvantaged families. These young people neither pursue college education, nor flee
to big cities from office work. However, they are the ones staying in local and will be the main forces for Daxi.
Since 2011, my NTU team has initiated activities to support Jhih Shan’s students to understand their hometown
and to explore their long-dismissed dreams. The program prolonged and transformed into one of the mostinnovative research projects focusing on the Timebank. Within the project, the Jhih Shan youth team up with
the NTU group created the board game “Future Daxi” (beta version). The young people advocate: do not only
come to consume Daxi but join us to fight for climate change and protect our home town Daxi. Based on theboard game creation, the young people, both the Jhih Shan as insiders and NTU as outsiders, transform their
Daxi identities from the materialized place into virtual placemaking.

CHEER Joseph (Wakayama University) & Alan Lew (Northern Arizona University)
Title: Masculinity in cross-cultural tourism research contexts
The line of enquiry underlining the reflections offered here foregrounds how our performance of masculinity
in field research has been negotiated and shaped by cross-cultural contexts. Cross-cultural research contexts
very often present a rethinking of how masculinities are performed and negotiated, especially where theresearch site is in great contrast to that normally inhabited by the researcher. In the same way, patriarchal
research contexts tied to conceptions of masculinity have underlined our work, and these often privilege
male researchers while at the same time placing demands and expectations on the how they ought to perform
and negotiate their personal masculinity. Indeed, when the gendered context of a research site is at odds withor alien to our acculturated norms and values, how do we as male researchers reconcile personal, ethical andmoral dilemmas that may arise. The rising call for reflexivity on such issues is emblematic of fieldworkencounters that many male scholars experience when working both within and outside of their home base.
However, it is especially pronounced in cross-cultural settings where differences can be very stark. When in
the field, such encounters become everyday situations that are too easily taken for granted. For social
scientists like us, our ability to engage, shape and (re)construct our research endeavours are profoundly
influenced by these gendered performances. How we practice and play out our masculinities requires anongoing and intentional process of awareness, reflexivity and adjustment.

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CHEONG Yinn Shan (National University of Singapore)
Title: Have Friends, Will Travel? Understanding Youth Self Identity & Class Privilege through the
Friendships of “Grad Trips”
A relatively recent tradition has emerged amongst Singaporean youths – upon the completion of tertiary
education, groups of friends partake in a celebratory overseas trip. This “grad trip” has become the sine qua
non signifier of one’s educational milestone, a marker of freedom before the commencement of adulthoodmarked by formal employment. My research unpacks the significance this “grad trip” – where and why dothey go; and with whom? Premised on the hypothesis that friendships serve as an important conduit of care at
the transitional stage between youthhood and adulthood, the “grad trip” thus serves as an empirical site ofinvestigation to diagnose this extension of everyday social life. In exploring how the holiday time-space allows
youth identities to be co-produced through companionship during travel, it contributes to tourism literature on
the spatiality of “existential authenticity”. This speaks back to our understanding of the geographies of wellbeing by analyzing the ways in which the sustenance of social life is increasingly mobile, juxtaposed against
the societal script of Singaporean work culture and work-life balance. Additionally, my research takes closer
scrutiny at the normalization of travel as a lens to understand class inequality and the spatialization of classprivilege. Ultimately, the research aims to establish a theoretical diagnosis of the relevance of friendship as asocial tie within the context of late modernity, both in its role in individual self-actualization and in maintaining
social capital. What then are the implications on the well-being of those who cannot afford to, when travel is
not equally accessible to all? My methodological approach places emphasis on personal narratives ofmemories and experiences to uncover the more emotional but mundane aspects of social life. As such, I use a
two-pronged qualitative method, consisting of an autobiography of my own “grad trip” experiences and 10
focus group discussions with groups of friends.

COMERIO Niccolò (LIUC Università Cattaneo, Castellanza), Fausto Pacicco (LIUC Università
Cattaneo) & Massimiliano Serati (LIUC Università Cattaneo)
Title: Tourism and waste generation: a case study from the Wakayama Prefecture
As one of the fastest growing sectors worldwide, tourism has been proven to be a vital contributor to theeconomic development, and benefits of rapid tourism development are widely welcomed by governments ofmany destinations. If well-designed and managed, tourism sector can help to protect the natural and cultural
heritage assets upon which it depends; if not, the growing number of travelers may pose growing challenges.
Previous studies brought to light several negative external effects which may accompany the overgrowth of
tourism industry, such as increased costs of living and asset bubbles, the risk of deindustrialization in othersectors, social externalities and environmental problems. As a consequence, in response to those concerns, theconcept of sustainable tourism has become increasingly popular, and the costs incurred by tourism growth
have been attracting a growing attention. Among the potential environmental externalities, solid waste
production can be considered one of the less investigated areas. With a specific focus on the relationshipbetween tourism development and waste production, the existing literature highlights how Municipal Solid
Waste (MSW) represents one of the most visible impacts of hospitality establishments on the environment,
although findings show a large fluctuation in the generation rate, explainable by several variables, such aswaste management policies, public habits, weather conditions and population growth.
Therefore, this paper aims to address the complex interdependence of the tourism industry and waste
generation, by choosing the Japanese prefecture of Wakayama as case study. More in details, preliminary
findings reveal a positive response of solid waste disposal at an increase of the tourism flows, tested througha Spatial Lag Model.

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CROSS Tim (Fukuoka University)
Title: Fictocritical writing of waterman discourse: reflexive, critical and embodied
Interrogating how travel, mobility and globalization are implicated in waterman discourse can start by writing
disembodied sentences: ‘Surfing operates as a westernizing force of late modernity as it is discursively
constructed by nationalism and global flows of gendered bodies, capital, ideas and localized images.’ Anddiligent undergraduates can be trained to produce neat paragraphs of critique: The whole idea of waterman
discourse is a monument to masculine insecurity. Despite being positioned by some advocates as an alternative
to the alpha male mode of hegemonic masculinity, waterman discourse perpetuates conventional sets of maleinadequacy anxieties and entangles men in the inevitable traps of postmodern gender as a performance, aperformance that works through socialization, commodity practices and identity politics. Given the widespread
acceptance of the performative nature of gender, the fluid nature of waterman conduct can be read as a
metaphor for the instability of postmodern masculinities as porous, incontinent and strategic. However,
fictocritical writers, including Stephen Muecke, Katrina Schlunke and Michael Taussig, have demonstrated
the reflexive and critical possibilities of deliberately collapsing the distinctions between four considered modesof writing: the theoretical, literary, reflexive, and sensory turns of cultural studies. It is in the resulting collision
between these literary, reflexive, sensory and theoretical writings that new forms of knowing and uncertainty
emerge. My interest is in producing local accounts of waterman life by asking what histories make thatprivileged experience possible. Such embodied tales are a chance to examine the toxic masculinities of surf
localism and the historical shift from shortboard chauvinism to the more inclusive waterman mode of engaging
with the ocean. And if that becomes a starting point for reconsidering the pleasures and power of dreaming ofa life on the edge.

CROSSLEY Emilie (Otago Polytechnic)
Title: Beyond the altruism/egoism divide in volunteer tourism
Volunteer tourism has been celebrated as being underpinned by an ethic of care, compassion and social
responsibility. In this context, the psychological concepts of altruism and egoism have been used to distinguishbetween genuine volunteers, motivated by altruism, and bogus volunteers, motivated by self-interest. Thisdistinction correlates with the categorisation of ‘volunteer-minded’ and ‘vacation-minded’ travellers, which
again establishes an implicit moral hierarchy between the differentially motivated groups of volunteer tourists.
While some evidence of altruism in volunteer tourism has been documented, altruistic motives are often
reported alongside egoistic motives and it can be difficult to distinguish between them empirically. I argue
that the dualism between altruism and egoism is unhelpful in characterising volunteer tourists’ reasons fortravelling, reducing a highly complex, socially embedded phenomena to a set of abstract, internal
psychological motivations. Instead, I propose an alternative account of tourist motivation that draws on
discursive psychology, exploring how ‘vocabularies of motive’ provide volunteer tourists with communal
discursive resources for accounting for their travels in reputable, sincere and ethical ways. Common discoursesof ‘giving back’ and ‘making a difference’, which would usually be taken as evidence of altruistic motives,
become indicative within this new conceptual framework of volunteer tourists’ complex socio-political
positioning in relation to visited communities. These discourses locate volunteer tourism as a reparative acton the part of the global rich towards the global poor. By resisting a reductive altruism/egoism binary, a muchricher and more relevant account of volunteer tourism emerges that has the potential to elucidate volunteer
tourists’ capacity and willingness to respond to the challenge of global disparities in wealth.

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DHARMIASIH Wiwik (Udayana University)
Title: UNESCO’s Designation and the Limits to Empowering Guardian Institutions: A Case Study of the Bali
World Heritage Site Sustainable Tourism Strategy
This article examines the effects of UNESCO World Heritage Site designation in negotiating the economic
development opportunities presented by tourism for intended local guardian institutions. The article is basedon a case study of the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province, a site designated by UNESCO in 2012 as a living
cultural landscape, the first of its kind in Indonesia. The site was inscribed to support and empower the iconic
subak institutions as the guardians that manage complex water systems and rice terraces throughout Bali. The
initiative also sought to protect against the rapid land use change undermining subak traditional water
management institutions. Much of these development pressures are due to the rapid expansion of tourism
taking place across Bali, an outcome that those in favor of inscription also anticipated for the Bali site. This
study examines to what extent UNESCO-supported multi-stakeholder planning efforts were able to empower
local guardian institutions to better negotiate the effects of tourism on local terms. Engaging with recent
literature on World Heritage Sites, this study more broadly explores how international designation initiatives
clash with existing authority structures and formal institutions at different governing scales. The findings
highlight that although UNESCO was able to initiate multi-stakeholder forums to raise concerns among the
traditional subak institutions, it succeeded in developing a plan called the “sustainable tourism strategy,”
however, follow up on the plan has been limited. Indeed, the potentially lucrative benefits from tourism due
to designation as a World Heritage Site have resulted in formal institutions undermining and coopting the
traditional subak guardians that UNESCO had intended to empower.

DELA SANTA Edieser (University of the Philippines) & Mary Anne Ramos (University of thePhilippines)
Title: Muddling through the emerging impacts of tourism in Batanes, Philippines
The objective of this paper is to describe the emerging impacts of tourism in Batanes Islands. The study is partof a much larger initiative to set up a sustainable tourism observatory in the islands, with aspirations to beaffiliated with UNWTO-INSTO. Batanes is the only province declared by Philippine law as protected
landscapes and seascapes. Tourism organizations also feature indigenous cultural practices and heritage
alongside its natural resources. As a result, tourism has grown and is now considered its primary industry. In
2017, Batanes received about 40,000 visitors - twice its resident population.
To date, however, there has been no academic assessment of the capacity of the islands and its people tosupport tourism growth. Like many other local destinations, any systematic monitoring and evaluation of
tourism impacts is lacking. Thus, the initiative to establish a tourism observatory. Data have been collectedfrom secondary sources and from meetings, workshops and interviews conducted with stakeholders in April
and July 2019. These include tribal groups that represent the indigenous peoples, NGOs, tourism businesses
and associations, cultural organizations, and government departments that participate in policy making andgovernance. Preliminary findings from a needs assessment analysis show major issues arising from tourism
growth. These include food security, waste generation, increased labor costs and the conversion of residential
property into tourism facilities. Residents have noted the priority afforded by food suppliers to tourism
businesses, as the latter was observed to pay a much higher rate than the former. The same situation prevails
in the housing market, leading to a sharp reduction in boarding houses available to students. Among all issues,
it was reported that solid waste generation has evolved most rapidly. Findings also show that these havealarmed the indigenous communities and authorities. Eager to avoid Boracay’s experience, stakeholder groups
are leading discussions and are taking small steps, including rejecting additional flights. A tourism master plan
had been commissioned, although not everyone is in agreement regarding the details. The emerging findings
highlight the governance challenges that fragile island ecosystems face. They also call attention to the need tocontinue monitoring the performance of the tourism industry in Batanes, its impacts on the social and naturalenvironment, and the response of the local stakeholders.

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DOERING Adam (Wakayama University)
Title: Maintaining masculinities in Wakayama's globalising surfscape: Space, place and genderThis presentation explores the local practices, transnational circulation and exchange of gender ideologies
within Japanese surfscapes. A focus on gender in relation to Japanese surf culture is critical as the ways surf
spaces in Japan are governed and/or have changed in recent years has as much to do with mobilised gendersurf ideologies as with its domestic gender norms. To draw attention to the complexities involved in therelationship between gender, space and place in Japan the enquiry is undertaken in a highly localised,territorial, and big-wave surf site in Wakayama Prefecture and surrounding Kansai region. This site has beenchosen because of how it mobilises and localises traditional discourses of coastal masculinities while at thesame time reimagining its long-standing historical networks with indigenous Hawai’i in Japan’scommercialising and globalising surfscape. It is argued that the incorporation of surfing into the Olympics
may act as a vehicle to open up the conservative male dominated networks to difference, such as more andbetter access for women in the surf (Wheaton & Thorpe, 2018). This presentation demonstrates how the
widening of participation and increased transnational flows may also serve to reinforce dominant local
arrangements and contain change.

DOLEZAL Claudia (University of Westminster) & Mathias Pecot (Escuela Superior Politécnicadel Litoral)
Title: Reworking Galápagos’ imaginaries in times of unbridled tourism growth: a qualitative discourse
analysis approach
The touristic narrative of Galápagos, a mystified version of reality reinforced through its remote geographicallocation, is essentially the idea of a faraway island paradise -one where nature lives in harmony withhumankind (Hennessy & McCleary, 2011). The Galápagos islands are indeed globally known as one ofnature’s greatest laboratories, habitat to a large number of endemic species (Hennessy, 2017). At the sametime though, the islands are home to increasingly more tourists: with 276.000 visitors in 2018, arrivals haverisen by 70% from 2009 (Observatorio Galápagos, 2019). These numbers are alarming and rapid changes canbe noticed in the islands. This is perceived not only in terms of local livelihoods, increasingly challenging
environmental governance, but also in the islands’ shifting representation (Pecot & Ricaurte-Quijano, 2019).
The dominant narrative and actual making of Galapagos as a world-class ecotourism destination emerged froma political arrangement while, in the late 1960’s, the international scientific and conservation communities
started pushing forward a cruise-based model for the emerging tourism economy (Epler, 2007). In this paper,
we argue that this socio-political compromise historically succeeded in capitalizing over “the islands thatDarwin saw” (Sevilla, 2017, p.23), no longer fits the mainstream tourist destination that Galapagos has
become. Accordingly, the research sets out to create a new narrative, demystifying and disrupting businessand tourism growth “as usual”, as it is currently experienced in many wilderness areas and economic enclavesof the Global South. The use of qualitative discourse analysis and netnography, as our core research methods,
aims to provide a critical understanding of the complex and disorientating representation machinery which is
at march – one which arguably puts Galapagos on a path to unbridled and uneven tourism growth. As an intent
to move post-sustainability, the research traces a set of emerging and alternative discourses likely to informtourists’ travel decisions and used to politically act upon.

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DOSHITA Megumi (Tama University)
Title: Mount Fuji as a World Cultural Heritage site in Japan
Mount Fuji, the highest mountain in Japan, has been a valued sacred site because it is a magnificent volcano
which Japanese people have worshipped historically. Japan once tried to nominate Mount Fuji for a World
Natural Heritage site, but eventually Japan understood that this mountain was not as outstanding as othervolcanoes on the World Heritage list. Japan sought an alternative way and attempted to nominate it for a World
Cultural Heritage site. Finally, in 2013 it was included on the list as ‘Fujisan, Sacred Place and Source ofArtistic Inspiration’. Since Mount Fuji received global recognition as significant cultural heritage, its
management and tourism practices raise issues which should not be ignored by worldwide stakeholders. This
paper discusses the two key issues with reference to empirical data collected from participant observations andinterviews. One is the dichotomy between nature and culture. Stakeholders have struggled to conserve theaesthetic and religious value of Mount Fuji as well as its natural environment. Mount Fuji as cultural heritage
poses a further question about the legitimacy of cultural features. Mount Fuji was once the sacred centre of
the syncretic fusion of Shintoism and Buddhism, yet now Shintoism is dominant because these two religions
were separated for a political reason in the late 19th century. The second issue is the dichotomy between staticand dynamic in relation to management. Heritage management presupposes the static continuation of theprevious state, yet nowadays heritage sites are facing dynamic changes caused by natural and man-madedisasters. In such changeable situations, a key concept of management is resilience, and ‘who protects whatfeatures of Mount Fuji in what way’ is a fundamental but complicated question. This paper attempts to dissolvethese dichotomies and to gain some insight into sensible heritage tourism management.

DYKINS Callahan Sara (University of South Florida - Tampa Campus)
Title: Before It’s Gone: The Posthumanist Potential of Last-Chance Tourism
This paper employs performer-centered, arts-based inquiry to investigate an instance of last-chance tourism
as a posthumanist practice, destabilizing conventional notions of tourists as consumers and advocating touristsas-participants reimagine their roles as planetary citizens. The dominant narrative of last-chance tourism
focuses on seeing an endangered destination before it “vanishes,” characterizing environments like glaciers as
rare objects whose existence is inevitably limited and tourists as consumers who desire to “collect” these sites
before they are gone. By examining embodied and affective experiences of touring a “vanishing” destination,
Glacier National Park, I theorize how being-with an “endangered” site creates spaces for and moments ofcritical introspection, closing gaps between what Rosie Braidotti (2013) identifies as the “big” scientific dataassociated with our ecological crisis and the “real-life conditions” of human context. Shifting the tourism
narrative from consumption to participation is foundational to post-anthropocentric interventions in bothtourism studies and tourism practice, interventions that will introduce theories of deep relationality (between
humans, non-humans, the planet, and technologies) and posit tourism as a solution to some of theenvironmental and social justice issues currently facing our world.

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EDELHEIM Johan (Hokkaido University)
Title: The Princess, the Dragon, and the Magic Land of Tourism – Take Two
The objective of this paper is to tell a fairy-tale that relates to climate-change, and politics. It offers a radicallydifferent method of approaching tourism research through a fairy-tale, and a narrative following a hero on aquest in a magical world. All this is underpinned by the latest research on peak-oil, tourism responsibilities,
and alternative futures. Let me take you to the Magic Land of Tourism (or MLT for short). MLT hosts a large
number of heroes each year. It is a magic land, which has done away with gender distinct pronouns, and thistale will therefore refer to the epicene pronoun ze, zem, zes, and zemself. It is bountiful land with hills andplains, mountains and islands, snowy slopes and sunny beaches, metropolitan cities and untouched wilderness;it has both traditional agriculture, aquaculture, and hyper-modern mechanical industries. MLT is magic indeed,
it is considered as a panacea for just about any ailments of society possible, and it grows without interruption,in good times, and in bad times. Politicians love the MLT, they get to spend millions and billions of tax payers’
money on exaggerating and promoting their view of reality, and they can never be wrong. As long as they
continue pouring money into MLT, they ensure that their electorates can bask in the warm glow that selfpraise gives. Ranges of ethnicities, and people of different cultures, both rich and poor, live there. Inhabitants
go about their daily matters like you and me, well, they might even be you and me, who knows - it is a magic
land. A conclusion is offered where the hero reaches zes goal after having travelled the world, and learned
about alternative ways of measuring success, happiness, and care.

EDENSOR Tim (Melbourne University)
Title: lluminating identity: Do light festivals homogenise or enhance place?
Recent reports in China have criticised the plethora of large light festivals that have been staged at numerous
cities across the country as strategies of place-marketing and tourist promotion. Most displays, critics assert,
are homogenising and lack any place-specificity, are aesthetically unchallenging, and deploy massive
quantities of light that are environmentally damaging. In this paper, I assess these claims before focusing on
the also increasingly popular smaller, local light festivals that are being used to undergird place-identity.
Drawing on a range of examples, I argue that the situated and vernacular creativities promoted at such events
can develop local skills. Moreover, I contend that far from generating a serial placelessness, these small light
festivals stage lantern parades, light installations and projections that can solicit a sense of belonging. In
drawing on local myths, highlighting local features and producing occasions for conviviality and social
interaction, In addition, rather than attracting huge numbers of spectators, they offer a form of local, moresustainable tourism. I contend that such events enhance place-identity.

ENDO Takahiro (Hitotsubashi University), Saori Matsubara (Tokai University) & Hiromi Kamata(Hitotsubashi University)
Title: Critical discourse analysis of Vietnamese hotel industry
In the hospitality industry in general, realizing sustainable workplace has been one of the critical issues acrossthe globe (Baum et al., 2016; Brown et al., 2015). Due largely to ‘negative industry image’ such as low wages
and long working hours, the international hotel industry faces difficulty in recruiting and keep employees(Brien et al., 2017). In this article, inspired by Alvesson & Sandberg (2014), we problematize whether such
image matters in emerging economies. For this purpose, we examine the Vietnamese hotel sector by adopting
critical discourse analysis. Hotels in Vietnam, compared to the hotel industry in other economies, have been
rapidly growing but underdeveloped in many ways including hospitality education (Le et al., 2018). Critical
Discourse Analysis (Phillips & Hardy, 2002), which recognizes power (im)balance in creating, disseminating
and consuming text, meaning attached to objects, including the hotel industry, would be useful.

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ENOKIDO Keisuke (Chiba University of Commerce)
Title: Reinventing Urban Space for Consumption in Tokyo’s Central Business District: The Role of Urban
Planning for the Tourismification of the City
A Central Business District (CBD) in the center of Tokyo is undergoing a dynamic process of redevelopment
and renewal. Major urban projects in the CBD are characterized by the increasing number of visitors, including
tourists and day-trippers, enjoying cultural consumption such as luxurious shopping, visiting museums andgalleries, participating in events and festivals, taking pictures, spending time in cafés on a car-free promenade,etc. Consequently, a once bland and boring five-day/nine-to-five business district has been transformed into avibrant and pleasurable seven-day/twenty-four hour district. Visitors’ activities take place typically in renewed
or newly added public spaces between and within office buildings. The provision and design of the public
spaces is a matter of urban planning. Therefore, such a tourist-oriented public space in the CBD represents the
dynamic interaction between tourism and urban planning. While urban planning traditionally functions by wayof long range and comprehensive planning, the current trend of urban tourism in the CBD puts pressure onplanners to cater to the needs of tourists and visitors very quickly. What type of planning is needed in suchcases, versus more traditional efforts? Asking this question is critical to understanding the mechanisms ofurban transformation taking place in global cities that are competing with each other to attract tourists. This
question would also contribute to narrowing the gap between tourism studies and urban studies, which isessential for the study of urban tourism. This paper is based on the notion that the rise of tourism in the CBD
is a phenomenon of cultural consumption led by a cosmopolitan class of tourists and urban dwellers. It argues
that these efforts to make the CBD special and attractive in the global tourism market is leading to the buildingof similar urban spaces in the centers of global cities.

FERNANDEZ Patricia Katrina (Hitotsubashi University)
Title: Conserving Mt. Fuji: Alternative Forms of Tourism in the Mt. Fuji Area
The tourism industry contributed approximately ¥40,000 billion to Japan’s economy in 2018, and is expected
to further grow by 3.6% (World Travel & Tourism Council [WTTC], 2018). However, an increase in tourism
can have both positive and negative consequences to the environment, such as the protection of valued placesor the deterioration of natural resources (Baysan, 2001), particularly, when dealing with nature-based tourism.
In 2013, the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO declared Mt. Fuji a World Heritage site, and this has led
to a surge in tourists wanting to visit the Mt. Fuji area and/or climb Mt. Fuji. This rise in popularity has also
led to environmental problems, such as, increased congestion, garbage and waste, especially during the hiking
season (Belson, 2013). Considering these, Japan’s high expectations for sustainable tourism, and the risinginterest in environmental conservation (Shikida, Yoda, Kino & Morishige, 2009), what can be done to ensuresustainable and eco-friendly tourism in the Mt. Fuji area? With data gathered through semi-structured
interviews, the current study presents two cases of alternative tourism: eco-tours in Fujinomiya and agritourism in Kofu, and discusses the possibilities and challenges in these alternatives.

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FULCO Flavia (IRIDes, Tohoku University)
Title: BOSAI Tourism or BOSAI Education? Exploring Disaster Prevention Educational Practices in theaftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake
This paper analyses the role of schools in conveying the teachings of the Great East Earthquake Japan to theyounger generation of Japanese and also to outsiders visitors, both Japanese and foreigners. Starting from theexample of two elementary schools in Miyagi Prefecture, we want to analyse what kind of contribution a“good” and a “bad” practice can bring to disaster prevention. Arahama Elementary school located in Sendai
and represents an example of a good evacuation. At the time of the disaster 320 people, including 71 people
from the school (students and staff members) and evacuees from the neighborhood, were successfully saved
from the tsunami and just one child lost his life after he was picked up from his parents. Okawa Elementary
School is an infamous example, well known all over Japan. 74 children and 10 teachers died because nodecision to evacuate was taken until it was too late. The school is located 4 kilometers inland and theevacuation for the tsunami was not on the disaster emergency manual of the school. Both the locations havebeen preserved as memorials. We will analyse the physical exhibition of the buildings and the message that isconveyed in them through the practice of kataribe-storytelling. Focusing on the concepts of “tourism” and“education” we also want to explore some of the terminology used to describe the practices related to the useof the experience of the disaster and how the teachings derived from this experience have been used in theaftermath of the disaster and its evolution until now.

FUNCK Carolin (Hiroshima University Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences) &Machiko Yamamoto (Hiroshima University)
Title: Cruise tourism in Germany and Japan: conflicts and responsibilities across geographical scales
While cruise tourism is received skeptically worldwide due to its connection to overtourism, environmental
and workplace issues and the highly concentrated structure of the industry, it is actively promoted bygovernments in East Asia as a new and growing sector of the international tourism market in the area.
Governance and responsibilities for cruise tourism are distributed from the international (cruise companies
and industry) through the national to the regional/local level. Structures and decisions on each level will
influence the ecological, social and economic sustainability of this type of tourism. Japan and Germany areboth mature and highly developed tourism markets that have seen a rapid increase in cruise tourism lately;
they also feature highly differentiated structures of governance across all scales. The objective of this paper is
to critically analyze the distribution of responsibilities and the consequences it has for the possible – or not
possible – sustainability of cruise tourism destinations in both countries. To this purpose, we first compare theissues discussed in connection with cruise tourism in both countries. We will then look at policies conductedon the national, regional and local level and how they intertwine in creating cruise destinations. The researchis based on the examination of print media, government documents and interviews with port authorities in two
ports in Germany and seven ports in Japan. Issues identified in Germany focus on environmental pollution
created by cruise ships, whereas in Japan, problems connected to deregulation of immigration procedures havebeen pointed out. The latter arise from a strong national policy to promote cruise tourism that also aims for astronger engagement of cruise companies in port development. In Germany, the regional governance level isvery strong, leading to a possible lack of coordination among ports. Results suggest that the distribution of
responsibilities and power between different scales strongly affects the impact cruise tourism has on thedestinations.

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GERSTER Julia (IRIDes, Tohoku University)
Title: The integration of negative heritage in collective memory: Bosai Tourism after 3.11
The disasters of March 11, 2011, washed away whole villages on the coast of Northeast Japan and destroyed
the lives of thousands. Meskell (2012: 558) describes such places as “negative heritage, a conflictual site that
becomes the repository of negative memory in the collective imaginary.” The scholar emphasizes the dual roleof such places as they can be either used for positive didactic purposes as it has been done in Auschwitz orHiroshima, or they are to be erased “ if such places cannot be culturally rehabilitated (…)” (Meskell 2012:558). In Japan as well, how to remember the disasters has been recognized as an important task. This paper
investigates the efforts of several communities in Iwate and Miyagi Prefecture to integrate the negative
experiences in their collective memory with Bosai Tourism (Disaster Risk Mitigation Tourism). By listening
to the stories of survivors (kataribe) and visiting places directly affected by the 2011 tsunami, visitors arepromised not only to learn about the impact of the disasters but also about appropriate behavior in case ofearthquakes or tsunamis. Tourism in Northeast Japan presents a special and important case as the Fukushimadisaster is still ongoing, and yet the Japanese government has a high interest in promoting a completed recovery
in the wake of the Tokyo Olympics. Here municipalities face challenges in balancing different wishes andneeds of the directly affected residents, the promotion of “Bosai Tourism” in which visitors can learn about
the disasters by seeing remains of it, and moving on with recovery. Based on the analysis of differently
designed “Bosai Tourism Tours” and interviews with the organizers as well as participants, I argue that Bosai
Tourism is part of a cultural rehabilitation process to cope with the 3.11 triple disasters.

GIBSON Chris (University of Wollongong Australia)
Title: From the tourist gaze to bearing witness: responsibilizing an ethics of tourism for the Anthropocene
Tourism’s excesses and volatilities warrant urgent and compelling responses. As the frightening epoch known
as the Anthropocene dawns, awash with toxicity all the way from the cellular to the oceanic scales, there is nogoing back to pre-capitalist times, modernist notions of equilibria, or (false) notions of ‘wilderness’. Previously
unthinkable questions now appear commonplace: how might tourists, governments and tour operators be
discouraged from their ‘obedience to the global tourism industry’? How can ceaseless growth in aeromobility
be justified? Ought the notion of growth be abandoned altogether? In this paper, I argue that critical debatesin tourism studies augment critique of tourism’s capitalist, Anthropocentric and settler colonial legacies, withmore nuanced discussion of what it means to bear witness in tourism contexts. Environmental historian Thom
van Dooren (2017:65) has proposed bearing witness to distant (and often threatened) others – people, plants,
animals, places – as a distinctive ethical stance that fans “new forms of curiosity and understanding, newrelationships and so new accountabilities.” This paper responds to van Dooren through reflecting on a major
research project, recently completed, that “followed” the guitar in time and space, tracing the musicalinstrument’s history and present resource geographies across oceans and continents. Factories and sawmills
were visited, as were historic centres of manufacturing. Forests both vulnerable and politically-contested were
witnessed, as well as open-ended cultivation experiments undertaken by marginal actors outside of industrial
capitalism’s value algorithms. From this example, I reflect on the ethics of travelling as bearing witness.
Tourism’s enormous privilege was augmented with a sense of duty to people and places, and their stories. In
the micro-spaces of tourism encounters, an everyday Anthropocenic ethics emerges, navigating andnegotiating positionalities into new forms of communality.

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GILLES Almira Astudillo (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago)
Title: Art for Our Sake: Cultural Identity at the BenCab Museum Abstract:
The Philippines is quickly becoming a center of visual art in Asia, and the annual Art Fair in Makati attracts
exhibitors, collectors and art aficionados from all across Southeast Asia. While there is an ongoing debate
about the existence of a visual identity or language for contemporary Filipino artists, this question, which issubsumed under cultural identity, has already been answered by indigenous artists. This paper will examine
how cultural identity is curated with the use of both contemporary and indigenous art at the BenCab Museumin Baguio City, one of the few museums in the Philippines that exhibits both in the same physical space. It
will focus specifically on the Cordillera (regional) culture, which consists of nine ethnolinguistic groups.
Exhibitions of contemporary and indigenous art and cultural objects will be analyzed for commonalities invisual elements by observation and interviews with artists and curators. In addition, experts will be consulted
regarding the sale of authentic and fake ethnographic objects to tourists. Baguio City has just been designatedas part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network by (UCCN) in the area of Crafts and Folk Arts, which requires
a commitment to the development of that sector. With this UNESCO designation and as one of the mostpopular tourist sites in the Philippines, Baguio now has an obligation to position itself as a guardian of cultural
heritage and identity and be especially vigilant in marketing to the tourist trade. There is a great demand for
Cordillera indigenous textiles and statues, which gives rise to issues of recontextualization and appropriation.
The leadership role that a museum could play---in this case, the BenCab Museum---lies in a thoughtful curationof visual art to portray authentic cultural heritage and an emergent cultural (local or national?) identity incontemporary society.

GOMBAULT Anne (Kedge Business School, Creative Industries Culture Research Center) & Claire
Grellier (Kedge Business School, Creative Industries Culture Research Center)
Title: Tourism critics as a source of social innovation for what is more than an industry
Started in the 1970s (Young, 1973, Krippendorf, 1987), tourism critics in the 1980s called for more
responsibility for the effects of travel and behavior on host environments, both physical and human (Butler,
1999). They reached a peak in the 2000s till these 2020s (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2010) leading to “moreresponsibility” in alternative tourism forms and concepts which have been given many names, such as soft,
slow, responsible, sustainable, green, ethical, creative, collaborative tourism. All of them represent “analternative to the mainstream mass tourism that has been becoming environmentally, socially, ethically andpolitically intolerable” (Mihalic, 2016). Recent work critics the “vagueness” (Banerjee 2003) of theseconcepts, their difficult practical applications (Buckley, 2012) and the fact that they have been unable toexpand beyond niche markets (Honey, 1999). Indeed “the critical turn” in tourism studies (Bianchi, 2009) is
louder than the implementation of change. However it contributes slowly to this change. This paper explores
how critics of tourism lead to social innovation. The role of the double process of inventiveness andentrepreneurship (Rodringuez-Sanchez, William & Brotons, 2019) at the core of the innovation journey ishighlighted. Social entrepreneurship is a means of fostering social innovation when new products or services
are introduced which meet social needs and especially improve the well-being to individuals and communities(Sloan et al., 2014). Methodology of the paper is based on a systematic literature review from the last 10 years(2010-2020), investigating real case studies of social innovation in tourism, located all over the world,
including in Asia-Pacific. Case studies focus on sustainable tourism, collaborative tourism and creative
tourism, three kinds of alternative tourism, as social innovation products in response to critics, providing more
responsibility and sense making. Far away from a collapsionist discourse on tourism, the paper calls for moresocial innovation in the tourism sector (Gomezelj, 2016, De Lange and Dodds, 2017).

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GRABURN Nelson (University of California, Berkeley) & Xiangchun Zheng
Title: Terroirisation of Destination: A Global Ethnographic Study of Wine Tourism in China
Tourists’ experiences are frequently conceptualized as out-of-the ordinary, contrasting to the mundanity ofhome. However, the global ethnographic study of wine tourism challenges this hegemonic dichotomy byoffering it as a new form of ‘place-making project’ that seeks to define a new kind of ‘place’, with new creativesynthesis of social relations and their boundaries. Wine tourism is not simply a perceived otherness of theexperience of foodways, but creates a ‘perceived authenticity,’ animating a complicated intertwining of humantastes, aesthetics, pleasures and identities by blurring the traditional tourism boundaries between the exotic
and the familiar, the new and the old, the festive and the ordinary. A new global- place- taste relationship canbe explored by a global anthropological study of local wine tourism in China: on the one hand, the global winelabel terroir is entangled with the local Chinese version of terroir Fengtu (风土) to form a special tourism
destination through the efficacy, connections and imaginaries of terroirisation in globalization; on the other, aparticular embodied tourist experience could be engaged in a circle by connecting a counter sense movement
between drinking wine at home and visiting the places of origin of wine, in which tasting of a wine at homeconnects to tasting of a tourism place. Thus, the term ‘terroirisation of destination’ is used to try to explore a
special tourism culture by 1) employing the methods of comparative global anthropology; 2) analyzing theconnection of two views of terroir in the global encounter bringing together the creative cultures of China andthe West.

GUIBERT Christophe (University of Angers)
Title: For an assumed methodological pluralism in Tourism Studies.
Each "tool of investigation" available in sociology has its advantages, its costs, its disadvantages. These are
the fields, the corpus of hypotheses and problematization of the object that contribute to defining the choiceof the tool (qualitative methodologies, quantitative, research and documentary analysis, iconographic studies,etc.). The collection of empirical data is necessarily part of a global and not arbitrary reflection of the act of"seeking" in social sciences. An examination of various Anglo-Saxon journals specializing in tourism studies
shows that management science largely dominate the academic world. The published articles follow amodeling inherited from the sciences of nature and propose a plan based on a review of literature, before
exposing the presentation of the adopted methodology, to finally present the "results" and the "discussion".
An article is not the expression of a creative or reflexive thought, it is instead an exercise that fits into a numberof specific codes. This number culture is concretized with predominantly quantitative methodologies, which
often anchor the analysis at the limit of the pitfall of mathematics. Also, the "riot of numbers" (Bachelard,1938) and the false precision are only an illusion and do not correspond to the scientific spirit. Quantitative
data only partially explain the variations in terms of tourism practices and modes of engagement for eachindividual. The essential structures of the social world are expressed as much in the practices andrepresentations of individuals as in the social classes that they compose. Indeed, complementing thequantitative surveys that reveal the recurrence of the modalities of tourist practices, the ethnographic
observation makes it possible to refine the social processes. While there is obviously no question of erasingsocial relations of class, age or gender, it is by taking into account the "entangled complexities" that we plan
to explain the singular tourist mobilities.

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HASHIMOTO Kazuya (Kyoto Bunkyo University)
Title: Regional Art Festivals Prompting Actors’ Mobilities
Regional Art festivals in Japan have prompted not only all human and non-human actors’ spatial mobility but
also their social mobility (that is, change of their social status and positions, values etc.). The sites of the two
Regional Art Festivals (Echigo-Tsumari and Setouchi International Art Triennales) are located in areas
consisting of depopulated and rapidly aging communities, where the artists are required to create their artwork
in interacting with the regionals. At ‘Ubusuna House’ built in 1924 and refurbished as a part of the EchigoTsumari Art Triennale 2006, a team of village women has run a restaurant serving food on the ceramic dishes
made by the artists. Their village was extremely conservative and the women always stayed in the backgroundand never came out in public. As the women working for the Festival made a big profit, the men recognized
the value of the women’s activities and appreciated the results. The women have since found voice to express
their opinions, and have become influential in the village. Thus the Art Festival prompted the social mobilityof the women from the backstage to the front stage, and also that of the things from artworks to the communal
wealth. Here I will develop the concept of Gell’s ‘art nexus’ into that of ‘tourism nexus’ in analyzing the social
relationship among the actors. Performers (artists, regionals, spectators, artworks etc.) in ‘art nexus’ are‘agents’ and they act on ‘patients.’ Although for the regionals, in terms of ‘tourism nexus’, their activities aretransformed into those of community development through tourism and ‘the touristic’ makes human and nonhuman actors agents and patients. As patients change into agents in the ‘art nexus’ (and vice versa), gests
change into hosts, artworks into the communal wealth in the ‘tourism nexus’.

HASHIMOTO Shunsaku (University of the Ryukyus)
Title: Rethinking tourism education in Japan
This paper takes a wide-angle approach to rethink tourism education in Japan. Although the present Japanese
government has enthusiastically embraced the economic potential of tourism, when it comes to higher
education, the vast majority of faculties in universities focus on natural resources management, heritage andregional revitalization. The reasons for this is that much of the research and teaching conducted in Japanese
universities are focused on the aforementioned disciplines and much less attention is paid to tourism andhospitality concerns. I argue that this is a distinctively Japanese problem. In countries other than Japan, there
are a lot of tourism and hospitality management researchers, as well as specialized research and teaching
departments at universities. For example, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University has the School of Hotel andTourism Management, which owns a five-star hotel and serves not only as a revenue source but also as a place
for student training and research for researchers. It is also well known that Cornell University in the UnitedStates operates a five-star hotel for the same purpose. Why do such examples not exist in Japan? Perhaps it
can be put down to the particular Japanese cultural and social context underlined by historical developments.
Following the Meiji era, Japanese universities were modeled after western universities, and after World War
II, American approaches were adopted. This paper considers how this situation might be addressed in Japanand what the implications will be for the future of tourism and hospitality research and education in the
country.

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HASHIMOTO Shunsaku (University of the Ryukyus)
Title: Considering the concept of tourism in JapanThe theme in this paper is considering the concept of tourism in Japan. Tourism has not yet been confirmed inJapan. Therefore, tourism is considered that protecting natural resources, heritage and regional revitalization,on the other hand, tourism is considered that travel business, furthermore, hospitality business. The
government requires to develop the travel business, however the most faculties in universities focus onprotecting natural resources, heritage and regional revitalization. The reason is that research areas of the mostof researchers in universities are protecting natural resources, heritage and regional revitalization, and almost
no researcher in travel and hospitality business. That is the problem of tourism in Japan. In countries otherthan Japan, there are a lot of hospitality business researchers, and there are also specialized departments atuniversities. For example, the nearby The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has the School of Hotel andTourism Management, which owns a five-star hotel and serves not only as a revenue source but also as a place
for student training and research for researchers. It is also well known that Cornell University in the UnitedStates operates a five-star hotel for the same purpose. Why did such an example not exist in Japan? Perhaps
cultural and social backgrounds in Japan are also influencing. Because, after Meiji era, Japanese universities
had been modeled after western universities, especially after the World War Ⅱ, universities of United States.
Therefore, it should be no wonder that there is a faculty specializing in hotel management at a university inJapan, modeled on Cornell University as one of the top in the world. In this paper, considering the reason why
this situation was occurred, searching what tourism should be in Japan.

HE YaChen (Hiroshima University)
Title: Art Tourism and Shifting Cultural Landscapes in a Small Japanese Island Community
Amid Japan’s increasingly pronounced depopulation trend, there has been a surge in regional branding
initiatives seeking to revitalize aging rural communities and stimulate the tourism industry. In particular, heavyarts-related investment and a triennial art festival have radically transformed the physical and culturallandscape of several islands in the eastern Seto Inland Sea region. By many indicators, these initiatives can beconsidered successful, as tourism has brought new opportunities for communities. But the marked culturalshift from tradition to commercialized art tourism has caused both locals and outsiders to question whether itis revitalization or something more disruptive or destructive now taking place on the islands. This study
evaluates the case of Teshima, an island once associated with environmental catastrophe, now reborn as thesite of visionary art and architecture. Tourism is now the dominant industry on Teshima, which has seen asurge in new tourism-related small businesses. Through content analysis of Teshima’s art installations and its
and business typologies and distribution, as well as analysis of semi-structured stakeholder interviews, thisstudy seeks to articulate the place of island residents within the new landscape, identifying synergies as wellas conflicts. Special attention is paid to the concept of rural gentrification, weighing whether cultural shifts
tied to emergent classes of consumer and business owner have put pressure on local identity, and even changed
the perceived or actual value of rural land. This study identifies a range of outcomes of arts-related
development on Teshima, with a corresponding range of local responses. While welcoming the island’s
ascendant economic vitality and positive encounters with visitors, residents express concern that theirtraditions are being eclipsed by commercialized, outsider-oriented values. This raises concerns about thecultural and even literal replacement of locals if the growth of the art tourism industry continues.

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ICHII Yoshifusa (Ritsumeikan University)
Title: Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and Lifestyle Sports: The Current State of Lifestyle Sports in Japan
This presentation will report on the present situation and issues of Lifestyle sports in Japan. At the IOC General
Assembly held in Rio on 3rd August 2016, skateboarding, surfing and sports climbing were approved as theofficial competition of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. The International Convention "FISE (Extreme Sports
International Festival)""gathered urban sports popular among young people such as skateboarding, sports
climbing, BMX and parkour held in Hiroshima City for three days from 5th April 2018. In order to bid FISE
to Japan, a new sports promotion organization called the Japan Urban Sports Support Committee (JUSC) wasestablished on 16th January 2018. JUSC is promoting the spread and development of “Urban sports” in Japan,
aiming for the success of Tokyo 2020 convention and the creation of a legacy. Indeed, towards the 2020 Tokyo
Olympic Games, the promotion of Lifestyle sports is proceeding rapidly. However, in order for Lifestyle sports
to become a popular sport in Japan, there are some problems that has to be overcome. A serious problem lies
in removing the subcultural elements that characterize Lifestyle sports. It is also very arbitrary to use the word
“Urban sports”, not Lifestyle sports. In other words, Lifestyle sports tend to be achievement sports. Therefore,
people understand that Lifestyle sports are highly competitive by being approved as the Olympic Official
Games. Unfortunately, people do not understand the feature of Lifestyle sports as alternative to achievement
sports. In my presentation, I will clarify conflicts over sportisation and institutionalization of Lifestyle sports
in the Japanese sports situation.

IWAHARA Hiroi (The University of Tokyo)
Title: ‘Tourism disasters’ and community resilience in the World Heritage site of Bali, Indonesia
Bali is an Indonesian island, a world-famous tourism destination. In 2012, a unique landscape of Balinese riceterraces based on the local cooperative water management system called subak was designated as the
UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site. The designation has added a new tourism attraction to Bali. However,
due to the decline in the agricultural sector, which has presently been overtaken by the tourism sector in theeconomic system in Bali, the subak as the agricultural system has no promising future. Tourism, which hasbrought fame and economic prosperity to Bali, is also causing ‘disaster’ for Balinese farmers. The farmers
have been experiencing water shortages caused by the increased water consumption due to the flux of tourists
to Bali. In recent years, the water levels of Lake Buyan, one of the biggest natural freshwater reserves in Bali,
have dropped by 3.5 metres. Further, water pollution caused by uncontrolled waste management and thetourism development is a serious environmental problem. Concerned about the environmental problems andthe future of rice cultivation, some subak members of the Jatiluwih village in the Tabanan Regency, Bali’s
World Cultural Heritage site, have started a community-based ecotourism project. After the designation as theWorld Cultural Heritage site, Jatiluwih villagers have been experiencing rapid tourism development which ischanging the landscape and hindering rice cultivation in the area. In establishing community-based ecotourism,
local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) play a significant role. The social role of NGOs in community
development has increased greatly since the collapse of the Suharto regime in 1998. In Bali, environmental
NGOs actively encourage community-based tourism as an alternative to mass tourism. This study examines
the Jatiluwih case to discuss how the collaboration of the villagers with outsider NGOs in the post-Suharto
political regime in Indonesia creates a resilient community.

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JAMES Donna (Western Sydney University)
Title: ‘Swipe right for a discrete sexual experience with a French guy’: Yogyakartan women’s experiences ofmeeting tourists through Tinder.
While there is a growing body of tourism research investigating the problematic power relations that exist
between white tourist men from the Global North and local women in the Global South, the ways in which
location-aware dating apps are reworking these social encounters has yet to be examined. This paper explores
the impacts of location-aware dating app Tinder on women who live in Yogyakarta, Indonesia and their social
interactions with tourists from the Global North who travel there. A multi-method design comprising an online
questionnaire (n = 22), semi-structured one-to-one interviews with Yogyakartan women on text-messaging
app WhatsApp (n = 16) and a critical analysis of Tinder’s user experience design (UXD) was employed toinvestigate Yogyakartan women’s practices of using Tinder to meet tourists from the Global North. Analysis
revealed that some Yogyakartan women are engaging with tourists from the Global North through Tinder inthe hope of circumventing domestic gender-related oppression, and to allow opportunities for social and sexual
exploration that might not otherwise be available (mostly due to pervasive social surveillance). However,
because Tinder’s UXD amplifies the axes of racialised differences and reinforces existing gendered power
dynamics, Yogyakartan women who use Tinder are likely to be placed at a significant risk of sexual violence
when they meet white tourist men through the app. This study signifies that there is a need for researchers
within Critical Tourism Studies to be especially critical of location-aware dating apps such as Tinder, which
are increasingly being marketed for use in tourism arenas despite their evident facilitation of interculturalconnections that are unequal in terms of racialised and gendered power.

JI Yao (Keio University)
Title: The evolving role of architecture in Japan’s post growth revitalization
Many examples of rural revitalization have emerged in Japan over the past few years in response to social andeconomic decline. Architecture as part of the creative arts, plays a major role in revitalization as it can bothpreserve old as well as create new identities. The paper discusses the evolving role of architecture in creative
place making and its contribution to community revitalization with a focus on small to medium-scale initiatives
rather than large scale top-down approaches. There is a need for an alternate approach to building in contrast
to current anti-recession measures which often result in inefficient building works. Architecture, like art, canoffer opportunities for creative engagement in its conception, execution and function. In addition to thephysical structure, what are the potentials in the process of co-creation through participatory design and build
methods? The paper analyses these methods through the framework of social design and diversification ofexisting resources. The key case studies are selected to represent various methods adopted in socially engaged
revitalization. They include the village of Kiwanosato in Yamaguchi prefecture currently working with UK
art institution Grizedale Arts on small scale education-based projects to help diversify existing farming
industries. The port town of Onomichi has been actively reusing vacant houses and buildings through DIY
self-build projects as well as an increasing number of larger projects sparked by growing tourism. New
buildings within the Shinshoji Zen Museum and Gardens in Fukuyama reinterpret traditional Japaneseelements in artistic and contemporary ways to make the temple grounds attractive for a wider audience.
Although the methods differ there is a shared desire for site specific projects in their approach to place making
by drawing on local materials and traditional techniques to create new opportunities for social
entrepreneurship.

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JINXIU Liang (Hiroshima University)
Title: The Symbiosis of the Crane and the Community to See from the Point of View of the residents in Izumi,
Kagoshima, Japan.
Human life is inseparable from the environment because there are kinds of connections between human beingsand other lives. With the change of the economy and the social environment, the environmental problem is themost significant problem at present (Takahashi,2012). Currently, in Japan, wildlife appeared in a place where
humans lived and hit human awareness. (Honda,2008). In such a situation, the assertion that symbiosis withhuman beings should be considered in each area (Akimichi,2003). The famous case in Japan is that naturalregeneration and rejuvenation of the stork (Kikuchi,2006), and the way of symbiosis with wildlife in various
places such as bears, monkeys, wild boars and deers (Takada,2014). According to Kikuchi (Kikuchi, 2010),
human intervention was necessary for realizing symbiosis with wildlife. Consequently, the conservation andregeneration of wildlife habitat were required. Generally, the symbiosis relationship between human and wild
animals is a kind of solution to environmental problems. However, a mutually beneficial way to coexist
between human beings and wildlife remains a challenge (Honda, Yamaji, 2005). Although there are manystudies on the relationship between residents and wildlife, there are few studies on the relationship between
cranes and residents. Through the questionnaires and interview surveys, this study would like to introduce therelationship between wildlife and residents in Izumi City, Kagoshima, Japan. Additionally, to obtain theinterest about the crane in the flood plain in the largest wintering area in Japan, the adjustment and constructionof a harmonious environment for both human beings and nature crane were studied.

JONES Thomas (Ritsumeikan APU)
Title: Positioning ‘Wild’ Monkey Parks on a Non-consumptive Wildlife Tourism Spectrum: Visitor
Perspectives from Takasakiyama Natural Zoo
How wild is non-consumptive wildlife tourism? Considerable ambiguity exists in a spectrum ranging fromhighly confined environment (e.g. zoos) to relatively natural environments with minimal human impacts (e.g.
national parks). Herein lies the inherent paradox in nomenclature of our selected study site - Takasakiyama
Natural Zoo (TNZ), one of Japan’s principal monkey parks thought to host the planet’s largest troop of
Macaques. This paper analyses post-visit perspectives from TNZ to investigate how a site can simultaneously
fulfill ‘zoo’ and ‘national park’ criteria, and uncover visitor outlooks on provisioning. The methodology
combines secondary data with a pilot study conducted on 27-28.10.2018; n=14) and manager interviews(8.2.2018). Located in Oita, Kyushu, TNZ macaques can be viewed by visitors under free-range conditions.
Provisioning began in 1947 aiming to i) mitigate crop raiding; ii) conduct primatology research; and iii)
encourage tourism. After the establishment (1952), TNZ was designated inside Setonaikai National Park
(1956) despite the impacts of provisioning on macaques including a higher birth rate, shorter inter-birthintervals and lower infant mortality. Beyond physiological impacts, the population was affected by
overfeeding that contributed to the troop’s rapid growth and subsequent fission. TNZ’s estimated monkey
population in 1950 was 166, peaked in 1995 (n= 2128) before declining by 2018 (n= 1173), partly due to aban on tourists’ purchasing snacks and hand-feeding the monkeys since 1993. Survey findings facilitate areappraisal of the ‘wild’ in wildlife tourism. Despite regular provisioning, more respondents considered TNZ
to be a ‘national park’ than a ‘zoo’ mainly due to ‘guaranteed’ observations of free-roaming ‘wild’ monkeys.
Management policy minimized undesirable behaviour such as begging for food or threatening visitors,
masking visual boundaries such as fences and guard-dogs that are used to keep the monkeys inside the parks.
Findings contribute to the positioning of monkey parks on a non-consumptive wildlife tourism spectrum.

33JØRGENSEN Matias Thuen (Roskilde University) & Jonas Larsen (Roskilde University)
Title: Sustainability as a contributor to destination attractiveness – How Asian tourism can support
sustainable community development in the Nordic countries.
Based on interviews with Asian tourists in Copenhagen, we investigate whether to what extent Asian tourists
consider mundane and sustainable elements as reasons to visit the Nordic countries and as peak experiences
during their visit. Based on these findings we discuss why and how sustainability is and should be positioned
as an important contributor to destination attractiveness. Previous research has indicated that while mundane
lifestyles, practices and environments are often ignored in tourism research and tourism marketing (Larsen,
2008, 2019), Chinese tourists consider these as main reasons to visit the Nordic countries in the first place andpeak experiences during their visit (Jørgensen, 2019). In this paper, we posit that many of the specific elementsof mundane life in the Nordic countries that these tourists value can be regarded as sustainability related. These
include environmental elements such as clean air, water and blue skies and social elements such as relaxed
lifestyles, work-life balance and social systems (Jørgensen, 2019). We further argue that if destinations in theNordic countries are marketed based on such intangible and tangible sustainable factors, it has the potential tocontribute positively to sustainable community development in the Nordic countries. We posit that if thecontribution of sustainable elements to destination attractiveness is recognised, highlighted, and supported bypolicymakers and the industry, this provides an economic incentive to further invest in sustainable
development. We also posit that a focus on sustainable aspects in destination marketing may attract tourists
with an interest in sustainability, which may act more sustainably when they travel. Thus, a focus onsustainability as a contributor to destination attractiveness may both attract tourists and contribute tosustainable community development as it creates incentives to make sustainable investments and attracts
tourists that may put less strain on local communities.

KAMAL Asham Mina (Wakayama University)
Title: Tourism and gender equality in a rural minority community The case study of Siwa oasis
Tourism can empower women by providing direct and indirect jobs, giving value for unpaid jobs. However in
MENA and Egypt in particular men are dominant, and women suffer from discrimination. Research hassuggested that tourism brings a change in the local culture, enhancing women’s participation in tourism (Duffy,
et al, 2015; Tucker, 2007). Since the 2011 revelations, Egypt has been suffering from an economic crisis,making many housewives seeking jobs, However, in the rural area, the situation is different. In contrast to thewestern concept of women's rights with the emphasis on individual autonomy, choice and agency, the integrityof the family unit is the core of women in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. Contrary to thecommon view, women's rights are also consistently with Islamic principles on human rights that respectfamilies, religions and communities. In general, however, Arab women have low participation in the labour
market and tourism in particular. There is a huge debit about women's rights in Islam and the Arab world inparticular. While many factors are affecting women's right in the MENA region, such as the patriarchal kinshipsocial structure, and oil economy causing significant economic gap among the population. This paper discusses
tourism’s potentials in bringing power to women in rural Egypt, specifically focusing on the Siwa oasis
community, rural minority community in the western desert of Egypt. Siwa oasis is a new tourist destinationcompared to the tourist destination of the Nile Valley. Following the changes that happened in Siwa oasis
since the beginning of the tourism development in this region, the paper discusses specifically the maleperspectives on women’s rights and gender equality. This study utilizes direct observation and unstructured
interviews, with an aim to make recommendations to enhance women’s participation through understanding
men's perception. Research ethics and practicality of methodology are also discussed in this paper, giving
specific insights into this culturally complex research.

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KANDA Koji (Ritsumeikan University)
Title: The New Mobile Assemblages Created by Pokémon GO
This presentation examines the new mobilities created by Pokémon GO – a highly popular and sociallyconsequential smartphone game. Drawing on theoretical insights gleaned from the ‘mobilities turn’ in thehumanities and social sciences, I critically analyze the new forms of being in, moving through and interactingwith the world that have materialized through the technologically novel and highly dynamic relations of thesmartphone-player-Pokemon Go assemblage. After detailing how the mobile assemblage perspective isdeployed to construct a theoretical and methodological framework, I turn to applying this framework to several
key features of the Pokémon GO phenomenon. The first concerns the way in which the new mobilities createdby Pokémon GO further dissolve boundaries between real and fictional worlds by mapping a fictional gameworld onto the living landscape. I then examine the novel forms of movement – i.e. the unique manners ofperambulation and distinctive rhythms – that the game encourages players to perform, paying close attention
to how the game controls players and to how players pursue alternative mobilities that limit such control. The
final section of the presentation questions the relationship between Pokémon GO and places, particularly theway in which the fictional world of the game rewrites the meaning of places, thus leading players into conflictwith already established meanings and ways-of-being in places. This relationship between Pokémon GO andplace is then further explored through an examination of tourism campaigns that have attempted to harness
Pokémon GO. While these campaigns have successfully attracted visitors to regional destinations by offering
access to rare Pokémon, they depend on visitors to congregate in large numbers and thus conflict with otheruses and meanings of places. Such campaigns are thus illustrative of more general issues; namely, the manyquestions raised by the further extension of fictional game worlds into already existing realities.

KANO Tomoko (Teikyo Heisei University)
Title: Utilising traditional social places for community resilience: Disaster risk management planning forWorld Heritage sites in Nepal and Turkey
In 2015, Patan, one of the World Heritage sites in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, was struck by a severe
earthquake. Two and a half years later, in November 2017, the author participated in a local workshop in Patan
where community leaders revised the local DRM (disaster risk management) plan and updated the DRM map.
The author found that the public water supply facility called hiti, often located at public squares, could be quite
useful in times of disaster. Near the hiti, a semi-open space called pati, originally constructed for pilgrim
tourists, is also located. The facilities, hiti and pati, could be used as evacuation bases. Bergama (Pergamon),in Izmir Province, Turkey, is also an important tourism centre in the Aegean area, with rich archeological sitesthat became part of the World Heritage list in 2014. Although the DRM plan in Bergama was already madeby Izmir Province, it is not well-known to the local people. In February 2019, the author organised a workshop
in collaboration with the Bergama City Government to raise disaster risk awareness in the local community.
By discussing disaster risks, and sharing the DRM map for evacuation routes with local leaders, the author
discovered that the water supply facilities called çeşme, and the surrounding social places, could be used as
evacuation bases. In the World Heritage site, it would not be easy to build new evacuation buildings, or towiden streets, due to strict regulations for traditional buildings. Traditional social places like water supply
facilities and their surrounding areas are then quite useful in the World Heritage sites of Patan and Bergama.
Traditional social places are sometimes suitable for DRM planning, and community resilience.

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KATO Kumi (Wakayama University)
Title: Women & Sustainability: an ecohumanities perspective
This article takes up the challenge to apply critical enquiry to the interface between tourism and the United
Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Applying a political ecology perspective, it examines theintersectionality of gender and (ocean) sustainability through a study of traditional women divers in Japan.
Recognizing the SDGs as an agenda setting platform, this work engages with Goal 5: Gender Equality, andproposes that engaging with multiple and diverse ways of knowing is critical to promoting a sustainability
agenda with gender perspectives an essential component. Employing ecohumanities as a methodologicalfoundation, a qualitative study of women divers in Japan (ama) is reported with a focus on their particular
relationship with the ocean. The study identifies the power of women’s knowledge in its inclusiveness,
reciprocity and intuitive way of knowing. The example also shows that while tourism can be an importantsocial and economic force, it can also devalue these core qualities as a result of the negative impacts caused
by gender stereotypes. These findings indicate that the sustainability agenda can be advanced by challenging
hierarchical systems of knowledge and valuing alternative ways of knowing, in this case, women’s
knowledge.

KIM Jaewook (Hiroshima University), Yuji Yashima (Wakayama University), Hayato Nagai(Wakayama University) & Adam Doering (Wakayama University)
Title: Current State and Challenges of Japan DMO’s Partnerships Program: Success or Failure?
Tourism destinations’ competitive environments are rapidly changing in the world. To address this challenge,
there is a growing consensus among scholars that transforming various functions and governance frameworks
within destination management organisations (DMOs) and strengthening their cooperative relationships withstakeholders are essential for destinations’ sustainable growth (Hall & Veer, 2016; Morrison, 2013; Ritchie &Crouch, 2003). This study examines the current state and challenges of management control issues in Japanese
DMOs. In particular, the study focuses on partnership programs recently introduced by several DMOs to adjust
to the changing environment. This presentation explores how partnership programs are being accepted andnegotiated through the case of one of Japan’s largest municipal level DMOs and its various stakeholders. For
the purpose of the study, a qualitative and interpretive method is employed. Secondary data including
government reports, newspaper articles and financial reports were first collected and reviewed by the researchteam. A series of semi-structured interviews were then conducted with representatives of the DMO and theirpartner organizations. The research team has observed two main issues within the partnership program. First,
although both parties generally acknowledge its importance, they are still seeking how the public-private
partnership can effectively work and maximize the impact of this program for destination management andbenefit local communities. Second, the case confirms that mutual benefit does not necessarily mean equal
benefit (Morrison, 2013), and concludes by encouraging a more robust discussion on how the interaction
between public-private relations can be measured and its impact on destinations' performance with short-termand long-term perspectives.

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KOGURA Yuichiro (Wakayama University)
Title: How to use ESD for educational and agricultural tourism
The world population would be more than 9 billion until 2050. Lots of problems such as environmental
destruction, food shortage, energy supply and so on could be triggered by such a huge number of the human.
We Japanese also have the various problems for the future generation. I focused on the Educational andAgricultural Tourism to find out one of the possibilities for the sustainable society, especially in the
countryside. In this study, I have started to investigate how does the Japanese schools teach ESD (Educationfor Sustainable Development), compared with UNESCO’s ESD. The results indicated that UNESCO-Japan
may not have the philosophy on ‘citizenship’. We might not focus on the real humanistic problems or conflictin Japan. For example, we have only 8 classes focus on nuclear power after the disaster in 2011 during 2012
and 2014. In addition, 6 of them agreed with the nuclear power without thinking about the system (how to
generate the power inside). On the other hand, only 2 classes had studied about ethnic conflict for learning
cultural matter. Most of the rest were focused on the cultural exchange such as the tea party. There seems to
be a same tendency on Green Tourisms or farmer’s house staying in Japan. For instance, although it is a chance
to think about our agriculture (history, trade systems, biodiversity or more), we just to try harvesting the fruitsin the orchard. These showed that the possibility of teaching environmental matters at orchards and that we
could make an additional value on agricultural educational tourism in Japan.

KOTHARI Uma (University of Manchester/University of Melbourne)
Title: Colonial legacies and the forging of postcolonial alliances: the experiences of Indian tourists in the
1950s
In their late 20s and recently married, Shanti and Tara decided to go on the holiday of a lifetime. This paperdraws on the extended road trip from England to India undertaken by these two Indian travellers in the 1950s.
In so doing, this account challenges the privileging of western tourists and dominant narratives of travel. It
highlights the entangled relationships and connections that generated the encounters, experiences andunderstandings that emerged during their journey. The swirl of larger events and processes that conditioned
their travel routes in a post-war and decolonising moment testify to a different era of globalisation in which
distinctive connections were being sought and wrought while others were diminishing. Their trip took place
in a specific geo-political context when colonised nations were struggling for independence and colonial
powers were adapting to the contraction of their empires. Consequently, their journey reveals the persistenceof colonial legacies but also the forging of new postcolonial alliances. In drawing on the living memories andnarratives of their journey recounted over many years, as with all oral histories, the incidents and experiences
told change over time with certain events being omitted while others become polished with repetition. Indeed,
personal stories are rarely related consistently revealing the difficulties of creating biographical portraits fromfragments, cracks and slippages in their tale. Yet, the multiple fragments and different versions collected overtime have enabled the piecing together of an account of their travels. This paper recounts selective stories of
their encounters with diverse people and places to illuminate and trouble wider colonial, decolonial andpostcolonial entanglements.

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LAPOINTE Dominic (Université du Québec à Montréal)
Title: Following the threads : disentangling tourism
From the Ariane Thread to the Gordian knot, figure of threads and entanglement weaving through time, spaceand life are abundant in literature. This paper follows up on our reflections about production of space (CTSNA 2016 – CTS 2017), hegemony (CTS-NA 2018) and biopolitics (CTS 2019) in tourism. We aim at exploring
theoretical views on tourism as a complex phenomenon of interlinking scales, bodies, institutions and mobility.
Inspired by Lowenhaupt Sing (2011, 2015) entanglement in political economy, we take the same path inanchoring our understanding of tourism through Deleuze and Guattari’s Rhizome and Callon’s sociology oftranslation. From this perspective, we will look at tourism as an entanglement (the Gordian knot) and will
follow threads of meaning (Ariane’s thread) to articulate a cluster of meaning at the intersections of the threads.
The main threads will be placed, bodies, technologies and mobility (Lapointe and Coulter, forthcoming). From
this textile metaphor, we will apply and inductive meta-analysis in revisiting our previous research done on
climate change, innovations, placemaking, indigeneity and governance in tourism to unpack the different
threads present in those researches and explore the new meanings it creates. Finally, we will go back to ourthree prior theoretical frameworks: production of space, hegemony and biopolitics and confront them to theentanglement as propose by Lowenhaupt Sing. We will ask how they are complementary. How they arecontradictory ? How tourism can be analyzed and understood by those theories? Are they Arian’s thread
leading to a better understanding of tourism as a global phenomenon or just another Gordian knot?

LARSEN Jonas (Roskilde University)
Title: Marathon mobilities: A western tourist perspective on Japanese marathons
Running is a basic form of human mobility. Yet running has been strikingly overlooked by the mobilities
paradigm that has focused on how machines mobilise people over great distances and at much speed, in cars,
trains, boats and planes. The irony is that the mobilities paradigm in that process immobilised the human bodyand movement on foot or bicycle. Or so it was until recently. There are now many publications about cycling(e.g. Spinney, 2006), running (Latham, 2015) and running events (Cidell, 2014; Edensor & Larsen, 2018).
This chapter contributes to the (tourism) mobilities literature by giving an embodied tourist perspective on theTokyo Marathon and the Kyoto Marathon. I explore why westerners travel to and experience these faraway
events and cities.
First, I approach the marathon running as a specific form of corporeal mobility and account for how marathonsinvolve and generate long-distance travel, conspicuous consumption, disrupted mobilities and corporeally
active bodies. Second, this is followed by a short history of marathon running in Japan and the globalisationof marathons. Thirdly, drawing on my own running, observations and interviews, I write two vignettes about
the races that are inspired by non-representational calls for animating ethnographies of live sporting events(Andrews, 2015; Vannini, 2015).

LE Bao Ngoc (Wakayama University)
Title: A critical examination of the role of local residents in The Toolkit for Responsible Tourism in heritage
destination in Vietnam
In 2017, travel and tourism made up a total of 9.4 percent of Vietnam’s GDP, and 7.6 percent of total
employment in Vietnam (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2018). Accordingly, several attempts develop thegrowth of tourism industry more sustainably and responsibly have been made. In 2014, The Vietnam Ministryof Culture, Sports and Tourism developed the Toolkit for Responsible Tourism in Vietnam [The Toolkit] withassistance from the EU funded Environmental and Socially Responsible Tourism Capacity Building (ESTR)
Programme. Three stakeholders were identified in this toolkit: policy makers and government officials,

38

tourism related private businesses, and local residents and/or communities at tourist destinations (ESRT
Programme, 2013). A critical content analysis of this document reveals the level of involvement of the threestakeholders were far from equal. The policy’s neglected role of local residents indicates that the toolkit
conflicts with the discourse of stakeholder involvement presented in the policy which states that regardless ofthe power and interest of every stakeholder group, an equal platform to express their opinion needs to be given(Sautter & Leisen, 1999). This presentation argues for an early planning stage involvement with local
communities, making sure to involve voices and opinions of local residents before unwanted impacts of
tourism activities emerge. While this sounds easy to do in theory, such early stage involvement of local
communities is difficult to achieve in practice. This presentation discusses that despite being the bible forsustainable tourism management in Vietnam, the content of the toolkit has to be critically reflected upon using
the perspective of local stakeholders as the starting point of analysis. By utilizing a word cloud generator anda textual analysis of the toolkit, the study aims to document the relationship between stakeholders and criticallyanalyze the responsibility of each stakeholder in as identified in the toolkit. By doing so, the study forms thefirst step in the local residents’ role and contributes to knowledge of stakeholder relations in the emerging andrapidly expanding Vietnamese tourism context, using a cultural heritage destination in Vietnam as a case study.

LEE JongHwa (Angelo State University)
Title: Tourism for Study Abroad: Lessons for Critical Intercultural Communication and Visual Rhetoric
Bella Dicks once posed a question in her book, “Culture on Display”: “Can the tourist’s desire to ‘know’ theother – albeit within controlled settings – also produce the space for an exchange of knowledge?” (p.13). Like
Dicks’ answer is cautiously positive, this project further extends the possibility, to explore the potential of
tourism for study-abroad programs and the study-abroad students as “ethnographer tourists.” Specifically, thisproject critically reflects on the author’s experience in designing a study-abroad program (for Tokyo in
Summer-2020) primarily through the form of “tourism.” While the author has designed/taught a course in“Tourism and Cross-Cultural Communication” in popular tourist destinations (e.g., Los Angeles andHonolulu) more from a “host’s” experience, the study-abroad course for Tokyo produced new challenges – tovisit a destination (Tokyo) where the instructor and students have limited ‘cultural capital’ – as the firstprogram ever offered (for Tokyo), at a Mid-Western college where study-abroad programs are offered mostly
for European cities, for students who are predominantly white. In short, the process to create and prepare abrand new study-abroad course for Tokyo provided a rich source of critical-pedagogical reflections. For
example, should the Tokyo program include a visit to the Yasukuni Shrine – why or why not? What does theinclusion (or exclusion) say about tourism, culture, identity, power, and communication? Thus, whilereflecting on specific moments of creating/preparing the course, this project also engages with deeper
questions on tourism, for its epistemological, methodological, and axiological implications, particularly to
imagine/design tourism as study-abroad and study-abroad students as “ethnographer-tourists.” Informed byConquergood’s performative ethnography, and advancing Haraway’s notion of “response-ability,” in
conjunction with Levinasian “responsibility” and Bakhtinian “answerability,” this study situates study-abroad
students as “ethnographer-tourists” and tourism as a performative site of knowing, of engaging, and ofanswering, as civic and moral responsibility.

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LEGASPI Giovanni Francis A. (University of the Philippines Diliman) & Edieser Dela Santa(University of the Philippines Diliman)
Title: Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability: The case of Boracay Wetlands
The past decade has seen significant growth in the tourism and hospitality literature on corporate social
responsibility (CSR) (Font & Lynes, 2018). However, limited literature exists on public and private partnershipin the revival of tourist destinations, at no cost to the government, in the journey towards sustainable tourism
development. This case addresses this gap by looking into how government agencies and private organizations
worked together to rehabilitate wetlands, as part of wider strategy to achieve sustainable outcomes for a top
tourist destination. In the process, the case identifies endogenous and exogenous antecedents that led to theinvolvement of particular organizations, the role of collaborative arrangements, trust and a shared vision.
Theoretically, the case can be linked to concepts not just in CSR but also in social network theory. The
geographic context is Boracay Island in the Philippines, which was temporarily closed for six months in 2018.
The closure and its eventual reopening to tourists led to continuous efforts to first rehabilitate and then revive
the island’s ecosystem. The case highlights the role of Department of Environment and Natural Resources(DENR), the lead government agency in the rehabilitation of Boracay Island, who partnered with various
stakeholders to undertake environmental projects to achieve the government’s goal of saving this resort islandfrom environmental degradation due to overtourism. One of the projects was the restoration of the nine
wetlands in the 1,032-hectare Boracay Island, through the Adopt-a-Wetland program. Following the orders of
DENR Secretary Roy Cimatu that the program “should be consistent with the existing condition of the wetlandand should be based on sustainability” the agency collaborated with top corporations, including the country’s
largest producer of geothermal energy and the second largest in the world, the Energy Development
Corporation (EDC), to revive nine wetlands into eco-tourism areas. Through interviews and documentary
analysis, the study provides details on the interactions between DENR, EDC, local government, and othermembers of the Boracay Inter-Agency Task Force, as wetland number 2, “a brackish water swamp turned
construction dump over the years” was transformed into a 7.79-hectare conservation park that now features
endemic tree and animal species rescued from extinction by the program. The study likewise illustrates
challenges in implementing the rehabilitation program, amidst the much-wider concern to provide
employment relief to those affected by the closure. As the case demonstrates, lack of resources, fragmentationand politics are important constraints, but through collaboration among key stakeholders within and outside
the community, driven by strong leadership and a shared vision of sustainability, optimal outcomes can beachieved.

LEMARIE Jeremy (University of Paris Est)
Title: A Tourist Area Life Cycle for surf destination: The cases of Hawaii and California
Surf tourism has been investigated by scholars with particular attention given to recent sites in the Asia-Pacificregion such as the Mentawai Islands in Indonesia. In those destinations, surf tourism has generated significant
revenues for the local tourist economy since the 1970s and 1980s. However, little is known about maturedestinations, where surf tourism has been occurring for more than a century. To shed light on the consequencesof tourism development in a destination that have reached a restructuring stage, this paper draws on acomparison between the seaside resorts of Waikiki in Hawaii and downtown Huntington Beach in California.
Implementing content analysis of archives and documents gathered from economic reports, planning studies,and newspapers, this case study of two resorts discusses the tourist area life cycle. After providing achronological examination of both resorts’ history, this work addresses similarities and differences in tourism
development and in marketing strategies implemented by the stakeholders. Findings show that the economic
benefit of surf tourism in a given destination is highly dependent on the interests of stakeholders in tourism
development, and on the hospitality of the host community.

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LISAHUNTER (Monash University)
Title: (SGS) visions of (surfing in) Japan: A response-able autoethnograhic documentary of one pedagogicalencounter.
Donna Haraway argues for cultivating ‘response-ability’, or the ability to respond, when she notes the ‘highstakes of training the mind and imagination to go visiting’ (2016: 130). But what might this cultivation mean
when bodies, matter, place and time entangle, such as when a visitor travels to Japan to surf, for example? In
this paper, I raise issues associated with tourism, ethics, sex/gender/sexuality, and sustainability. To help
conceptualise these issues I contrast Urry’s concept of the tourist gaze with concepts of response-ability(Haraway, 2016) and response-able pedagogies (Bozalek & Zembylas, 2017). My aim is to suggest a shift for
tourism where it matters. This shift matters if tourism is to be more response-able and sustainable fordestination stakeholders, visitors and the more-than-human co-constituted by ‘the visit’. Approaching mysurfing Japan encounters with a critical pedagogical lens and paying attention to the traces of sex, gender andsexuality (sgs), amongst other intersecting categories, this paper presents a response to the response-ability asa phematerialist auto-ethnographic account.

LIN Li-Pin (Lynn) (Ming Chuan University) & Huang Shu-Chun (Shih-Hsin University)
Title: Moving toward a sustainable tourism city: how to encourage residents’ leisure participation in urban
planting
Facing the challenges of unsustainable urban growing, the theories of new or neo urbanism and smart growth
have been widely practiced in the U.S. since the 1980s, Urban agriculture and relevant food security are themajor concerns particularly when food production, supply, and distribution in cities would be significantly
influenced by climate change. Urban sustainable agriculture or equivalent concepts (e.g., new ruralism by
Krauss (2013) and agrarian urbanism by Duany (2011)) have been proposed to expect residents’ involvementin the process between planting and enjoyment of self-produced food by utilizing vacant or public lands. Taipei
City and New Taipei City, Taiwan are embracing more than 10 million international visitors and make efforts
to become a more sustainable and beautiful tourism cities. Both adopted their sustainable policies whentransforming themselves into sustainable cities that could afford food supply and create beautiful environments
for local residents and tourists. Urban sustainable agriculture is employed to encourage residents’ activenessin vegetables, spices, and beatification planting. This research attempted to build the model including
associated factors (awareness of slow food movement, leisure involvement, happiness, and agricultural
participation), collect data from participants in the community planting programs, and analyze how thosefactors would influence residents’ participation in urban agriculture in Taipei and New Taipei cities. The
findings show those factors significantly and positively lead residents’ more active participation in sustainableurban agriculture. Among them, happiness is the most important one to encourage residents’ activeness in the
agriculture process. These would be useful references for governments incorporating urban planting into
sustainable city policies.

LOEHR Johanna (Griffith University)
Title: Transformational change for destination wide climate change risk reduction
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change makes it very clear that climate change is happening rapidly
and drastic action is required both to reduce carbon emissions and adapt to unavoidable impacts. Leastdeveloped countries and small island developing states are particularly vulnerable to climate risks, impacting
destinations in a range of ways including posing risks to tourists, tourism infrastructure and communities
involved in tourism, as well as the natural environment destinations rely on. Despite those risks, Pacific SIDS
and foreign investors continue to invest in tourism as it provides the potential to help meet Sustainable

41

Development Goals (SDGs), including action on climate, and create economic benefits. On the other hand,
tourism is a resource intense industry contributing significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. Tourism
ability to deliver these positive outcomes has hence been questioned, partly due to its deeply embedded growthparadigm and its challenges. This paper argues that to address these challenges, transformational change isrequired. Building on a qualitative study which is informed by interviews conducted with tourism and climatechange decision makers in Vanuatu and applied systems thinking to better understand how climate risk can be
reduced to destinations in Vanuatu, a number of leverage points are discussed. The thinking is influenced byDonella Meadows work and her concern that many interventions commonly implemented to address
sustainability issues target highly tangible but less effective leverage points with little influence to createtransformational change. The learnings from the study therefore aim to inform the identification of “deepleverage points” for destination climate risk reduction that address the underlying system structure and goals
to create system-wide changes.

MARTINI Anna (University of Groningen)Title: Communicating memory and heritage places cross-culturally: affect in post-disaster tourism in Japan.
Eight years after the 2011 triple disaster, the recovering communities of Tohoku use tours as a way to support
the local economy, confront their loss and overcome trauma. As global attention moves to new disasters,
communities feel the need to attract more visitors as well as create new jobs for the locals. However, this has
proven difficult: differences in expressing emotional responses caused tensions and dissatisfaction amongst
locals and internationals, as locals feel misunderstood and tourists do not see their expectations met. Thishinders the tourist encounter, which is seen by some of the communities as crucial, as they feel that ‘being
able to tell their stories’ and ‘being remembered’ is a central tenet of the recovery process. I investigate how
memory and heritage, expressed by narratives, practices and landmarks, can be used to ‘attune’ the feelings ofthese culturally different groups. The success of tourism can be aided by devising cross-cultural strategies sothat conscious feelings (emotions) and subtle impressions (affect) of locals are communicated effectively totourists. In the case of Japan, affect can constitute a more appropriate means to negotiate meaning between
Japanese and internationals. I will utilize geography and interdisciplinary theories of affects to gain an indepth understanding in the ways to communicate heritage and memory cross-culturally in disaster sites, aswell as analysis of interviews, media and participant observation next to rigorous and appropriate approaches
to non-representational and creative methods.
Affect can benefit both locals and visitors, as it bridges understandings of the delicate and complex issues
pertaining to disaster memory and heritage, and may lead to more socio-culturally and politically sustainableapproaches to planning, development and management of tourism.

MARUYAMA Naho (Takasaki City University of Economics) & Kyle Woosnam (University ofGeorgia)
Title: Social injustice and ethnic neighborhood tourism: from the perspective of a dominant ethnic group
Social injustice has been approached from two different perspectives, namely distributive justice andrecognition justice (Young, 2014). The former concerns with fair distribution of resources, goods, and benefits
while the latter involves just social patterns of representation, communication, and interpretation. Fraser(2009) argues that these two forms of justice should not be dissociated but need to be integrated in a single
framework. Indeed, examining ethnic neighborhood tourism (ENT) may reveal that these two spheres ofinjustice are intertwined in one case. The goal of this study was to explore the local residents’ perception
towards ENT, particularly from the perspective of a dominant ethnic group. Because ENT focuses on
representing culture of ethnic minority groups, it has potential to alter the patterns of economic distribution

42and social representation (Maruyama, Boley, and Woosnam, 2016). The study was conducted in Oizumi Town,
Gunma prefecture, Japan. Oizumi has the highest concentration of Brazilian residents in the country. Although
the town used to be a well-known industrial town, it has shifted its main industry to tourism focusing on
Brazilian culture. The interviews with 31 local residents revealed that Japanese residents feel reluctant andeven antagonistic towards ENT in their community because they feel that the benefits from tourism are notdistributed among Japanese residents. In addition, the Japanese residents are hesitant to represent theircommunity as a “Brazilian town” because of everyday conflicts that they experienced with Brazilian residents.
Also, a large part of Japanese residents in Oizumi identify their town as an “industrial town” rather than
“tourism destination.” The results indicate that injustice can be experienced not only by ethnic minority groups
but also by members of dominant ethnic groups. Tourism practitioners need to know the perspectives ofdifferent social groups to allow ENT to contribute to social justice in the local community.

MCCORMICK Andrew (Hiroshima University)
Title: Finding a Creative Class on the Art Island
Japan’s shrinking, graying peripheral regions compete with each other to draw young people away from thenation’s cities, in an effort to stem or at least slow the heavy losses caused by decades of low birthrates andout-migration. Small towns entice in-migrants with promises of more living space, closer connections tohistorical and natural landscapes, a slower pace of life, and entrepreneurial opportunities. While the gains in
population from these efforts are typically minimal and insufficient to mitigate shrinkage, the island of
Naoshima presents a notable exception. Naoshima has received massive arts investment and subsequent heavy
tourism, and the island is now famous across the country and abroad. The arts investment period hascorresponded with a leveling off of population decline, and a modest but significant uptick in new residents,
many with creative backgrounds in the arts or design. This ethnographic study focuses on these creative inmigrants to Naoshima, seeking to understand their backgrounds and expectations, their community roles and"sitedness," and their impact in relation to concepts of "creative class" and rural gentrification. In interviews,
in-migrants described falling in love with the island, and moving there based on expectations of a "slow," lowstress, family-friendly life. To a degree, these expectations were realized, but the in-migrants faced a range of
hurdles both innate to Naoshima (e.g. bureaucratic and infrastructural challenges) and at least partly of theirown making (e.g. housing shortages and culture clashes). While Naoshima's new creative in-migrants do
indeed bear the markers and potential of a "creative class," their future role in the island's social fabric remains
unresolved. Additionally, an emergent pattern of gentrification, evidenced by cultural shifts, community
tensions, and shortages in housing, may herald future challenges for Naoshima.

MIZUNO Eri (University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences)
Title: Surfing events and surfing migration in Japan in the perspective of gender/sexuality
Raewyn Connell pointed out that global history and gender experiences of people in local societies cannot be
separated to understand masculinites (Connell, 2005). Expansion of western colonial imperialism, global
markets, transnational corporations, and transnational media strongly affects our life and local gender order.
Though surfing in Japan is formed in a local context, they inherit the male dominance and heterosexual natureof Americanized and sportified surfing. This is exemplified by only male surfers and hetero couples/families
appearing in the regional development and local government videos and commercials to attract surfing tourists.
While it seems inevitable to mention Olympics when we comment on surfing and tourism in Japan today, thisglobal mega sports event may not encourage gender equality of the local surf scene in Japan as the event has
always been about creating and reinforcing a gender binary. In this paper my aim would instead be a study ofpossibilities and potentials of small local surf events in Japan. Krista Comer observed that surfing culture

43spread in the world as a California diaspora taking root in other soils, with surf schools/shops/retreats for
women being established by women through the concept of girlocalism (Comer, 2010). This shows us womenorganize and provide opportunities, time and space for women to enjoy surfing safely and empower women.
Using the concept of girlocalism, I focus and evaluate the non-competitive camps and retreats as a new trendof surf tourism in Japan.

MKONO Mucha (DECRA Fellow, University of Queensland)
Title: Navigating the political football of wildlife tourism and conservation: Reflections from a trophy hunting
research project.
The need for action to protect threatened species in and outside tourism contexts is urgent and daunting.
Australia has recently lost more than a billion animals in widespread bushfires. Elsewhere, poaching, illegal
wildlife trade, habitat loss, and drought present significant challenges, exacerbated by a changing climate andan increasingly polarised global community. Researchers can make an important contribution to resolving
these challenges, through driving debate and evidence-based action. However, wildlife tourism/conservation
is fraught with politics, and this can present challenges for researchers. In this paper I draw on my researchexperience in trophy hunting over the last three years, to illustrate the challenges and tensions that researchers
face in navigating this politicised landscape. How can we achieve greater impact in this area, to ensuresustainable wildlife futures?

MOIZO Bernard (IRD, French Institute for research and sustainable development)
Title: Keeping the link with the country, telling our side of the story”. Small Aboriginal ecotourism enterprisesin the Kimberleys (Western Australia).
After more than 30 years, I had the opportunity to return to my thesis field in the Kimberleys. The various
socio-economic changes are, of course, considerable, and have greatly affected the daily lives of aboriginal
people. After obtaining some recognition of their land rights in the 1990s, the Kimberley aboriginal people
were then able to create and run businesses in various fields (cattle station, Caravan Park, roadhouse,supermarkets, and art galleries). Now, the younger generations are involved in the employment opportunities(rangers, guides), still limited, in the region's protected areas. It offers a possibility to maintain links with theirancestral territories, while traditional activities allowing them to do so (hunting, fishing, gathering,
ceremonies) have almost all disappeared. About ten years ago, several local aboriginal run ecotourism tour
initiatives emerged. Some are now viable and, although many internal and external problems remain, allow
some older men who have maintained links with their pre-colonial culture to pass on knowledge andexperience to younger generations and to offer tourists the aboriginal perspective of Kimberley history and to
introduce them to their territories through rock paintings, open sacred sites and the remains of local history(old homestead, ghost town). This ongoing research aims to identify the dynamics underway in this field in
the Kimberley, internal conflicts among aboriginals and non-aboriginal regional organizations, new identities
expressed through aboriginal ecotourism activity and the resilience of local communities as a response tomultiple and profound disruptions in their socio-economic activities. Several tours and base camp visits wereconducted, as well as formal and non-formal individual and group interviews with aboriginal and nonaboriginal involved in tours and tourists. Special attention was given to the expansion of the protected area
since it could make possible to combine tourism and conservation activities through better coordinated
Aboriginal businesses.

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MORIMOTO Izumi (Meiji Gakuin University)
Title: How tourism effects on resilience from devastating disaster?
The case of Nepal earthquake in 2015 In Nepal, the earthquake of magnitude 7.8 occurred on 25th April,2015. After the earthquake, tourist has disappeared for a couple of months, people who have engaged in
tourism have faced difficulties to make their lives and reconstruct their houses. In this research, I will focus
on the people selling souvenirs to international tourists on the street of tourism space in Kathmandu. Although
their economic activity was small in tourism industry, the damages of the earthquake to them wascomparatively serious. It was not easy to get support even for their current lives and reconstruction of houses
from Nepalese government because of the shortage of budget and political instabilities and so on. Some ofthem tried to ask support from tourists whom they met on the street of tourism space. Some have succeededin obtaining individual support directly or indirectly from tourists who also wanted to do something for their“friends” living in Nepal. Based on the above circumstances, I would like to consider what kind of effecttourism has in the resilience after such devastating earthquake in Nepal.

MOSTAFANEZHAD Mary (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa)Title: Tourism and the Haze Crisis in Thailand: An Urban Political Ecology Approach
Between February and April of each year, haze smothers much of northern Thailand and impacts the
livelihoods of approximately 60 percent of the population working in the tourism and agriculture industries.
Widespread rumors among lowland, urban residents attribute haze to biomass burning among highland
farmers. Highland farmers, however, contend that environmental governance regimes have lengthened andexacerbated what is now regarded as the annually recurring haze crisis. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork
among urban tourism practitioners, rural farmers and scientists, I demonstrate how haze as a physical andsymbolic entity circulates between urban and rural spaces in ways that reinforce a political ecology that, whilebound to urban processes, extends the urban well beyond the city proper. By highlighting the co-constitutionof the collective narrativization and physical circulation of haze, this article challenges methodological cityism
by accounting for how environmental materialities can radically reshape urban-rural social formations.

MOSTAFANEZHAD Mary (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa), Harng Luh Sin (Sun Yat-Sen
University), Joseph Cheer (Wakayama University) & Tim Edensor (Melbourne University)
Title: Viral Anxieties/Bordered Securities: Coronavirus in the Age of Global Tourism
The 2020 coronavirus outbreak hit the world by storm. With more than 30,000 flights canceled and counting,the quarantine of thousands of people and mass hysteria within the social media sphere, the coronavirus has
inspired fear and anxiety around the world. While scholars have addressed the role of tourism in the spread of
disease, the reaction to the coronavirus globally has revealed how little we actually know about the role oftourism as an agent of and response to global health crises. This roundtable will open up the debate byaddressing tourism and global and local responses to the coronavirus outbreak from a range of perspectives
including, but not limited to, geopolitics, global health, (im)mobilities, security, biopolitics, and tourism
planning.

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MULDOON Meghan (Arizona State University) & Tom Griffin (Ryerson University)
Title: Exploring virtual reality experiences of slum tourism
The practice of visitors touring slum communities is increasing, and a topic of substantial discussion.
Proponents suggest tours bring awareness and economic opportunity, particularly in regions with little ability
to create meaningful employment for their citizens, whereas others critique the voyeuristic nature and question
the actual benefits for the community (Freire-Medeiros, 2013; Frenzel, Koens & Steinbrink, 2012; Manfred,2010). Virtual Reality head mounted displays (VR HMDs) provide users with a visually immersive experienceof a different environment, and the technology is increasingly being used to promote tourism, as well as toeducate and familiarize distant parties with important topics across many sectors (Gibson & O’Rawe, 2018;
Tussyadiah, Wang, Jung & Dieck, 2018). In this presentation we will discuss the findings of an exploratory
study which drew from interviews with 16 students. Participants who declared an interest in slum tourism
through a survey of students were invited to interviews and asked about their experiences with, perceptionsof, and motivations for visiting slum communities. Participants then watched a VR HMD video of a tour of aslum in Manilla, Philippines and were then asked to share their reflections immediately and again at a meeting
one to two weeks following. Findings demonstrated that the VR HMD video was positively received andtrusted because of its immersive nature. Participants reported having had their understandings of slum
communities both reinforced and challenged, leading to more confidence in perceived awareness of issues ingeneral, and slum tourism specifically. Most participants felt more inspired, confident, and comfortable toactually take part in a tour, however some expressed ethical and safety concerns and described feeling lessmotivated to visit. In addition to the findings of this study, we will also discuss the nature of the video thatwas used as the basis of this study, as well as implications for research and practice in this increasingly
significant area of tourism development in the Asia-Pacific region.

MUNAR Ana María (Copenhagen Business School), Jane W. Meged (Roskilde University), Mads
Bødker (Copenhagen Business School) & Cecilie Dan Wiedemann (Copenhagen Business School)
Title: Existential Walking
Camønoen is a new pilgrim route in Møn, Denmark. This tourism attraction markets itself as a pilgrim
experience for everybody. This paper analyses this eclectic pilgrimage through a stream of philosophy
representative of a similar assemblage - Existentialism. It asks what understandings appear if we use an
existentialist approach to study the experience of walking this invented pilgrim route. The theoreticalgrounding is a conversation between the literature on contemporary touristic pilgrimage and Existentialism aspresented in Walter Kaufmann’s works. The knowledge about the case of Camønoen is based on a two-year
engagement, which has included the development of workshops, field work and interviews with core
stakeholders and pilgrims. The core empirical material of this study is narrower; a data set of 380 Instagram
images shared by pilgrims. The coding and analysis of the data follows two visual methods: the thematic andthe metaphorical. Findings show a strong resonance between the experience as portrayed by the pilgrims’
photographs and core aspects of existential thought such as solitude and the self, presence and contemplation,authenticity and integrity, possibility and freedom, and the passing of time; and a much lower resonance ofother topics such as dread, guilt or religious faith. The study examines contemporary understandings of tourism
responsibility. It invites us to address the limits to commercialization and institutionalized religiosity, and to
explore how touristic experiences far from being banal, can provide the ‘legitimate’ spaces (and excuses) for
questioned/challenged cultural practices in contemporary societies such as spiritual contemplation andslowness; inviting to states-of-being that foster resilience and move beyond and acrossbusy/productive/consumerist lifestyles.

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NAGAI Hayato (Wakayama University)
Title: Experiencing hazards during overseas travel: An investigation of Japanese working holiday makers inAustralia
Youth travellers form an important and growing sector of the current international tourism market (UNWTO,
2016). This recent growth has been strongly supported by emerging markets; however, Japan has been one of
the major contributors to this market for many decades. One notable contribution is working holiday
programmes, which offer young individual opportunities for extended travel experiences in partner countries.
The primary purpose of these programmes is to enhance mutual cultural exchanges. As Japan’s first partnercountry since 1980, Australia has been the largest working holiday destination for Japanese for many years;
more than 10,000 Japanese travel to Australia on this programme annually (DHA, 2018). Although researchers
have investigated these experiences in Australia (e.g. Maksay, 2007; Kawashima, 2010), the hazards theJapanese travellers encountered during their stays have not been well-researched. Serious hazards encounteredby travellers (e.g. traffic accidents) are usually reported on the news and are included in official statistics.
Minor hazards, however, are not always reported to authorities by travellers (Howard, 2009), which makes
difficult for researchers to understand the whole picture of this topic. To shed light on this issue, this study
attempts to identify both the types of hazards encountered by Japanese during their working holiday
experiences in Australia, and the hazard mitigation activities employed. This study will analyse qualitative
data collected through an online panel from former working holiday makers in Australia. To supplement andfurther extend the findings, secondary sources (e.g. newspaper articles and online media) will also be consulted
in this study. Since the number of youth travellers with different cultural and language backgrounds, including
those on working holiday programmes, is increasing, this study argues that investigating their experiencesfrom the perspective of traveller safety is crucial for both academics and practitioners seeking to effectively
develop safety strategies and educational programmes for travellers.

NISHIHARA Satomi (Osaka Gakuin University)
Title: Hospitality Management in Tourism - Impacts on Japanese Wildflower Conservation.
This paper presents hospitality and destination management modules from previous articles and journals forfurther studies in hospitality and tourism management, introducing nature conservation as a tourist attraction.
The present research has three aims: (1) Study a destination management framework from the conceptualmodel of destination competitiveness source (Ritchie and Crouch, 2003). Researching the framework to
implement a hospitality management to destinations. The analysis of hospitality management’s sales andmarketing at destinations is a key factor to solve the current destination issues such is communication between
management and local people. (2) Research hospitality management reviews to find out a definition of
hospitality management through its history and origin of international hospitality education as businessadministrations. (3) To find a way to conserve nature as a tourist attraction by reviewing previous and ongoing research. Destinations are facing serious threats of global issues such as the number of endangered
species increasing every year, and tourist, landowners and volunteers often wanting to develop sustainable
tourism to conserve wildflowers. In addition, the presentation suggests avenues for further research to support
sustainable conservation destinations and to develop hospitality management of this area in Japan.

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NISHIO Tatsuru (Yamaguchi University), Munehiko Asamizu (Yamaguchi University) & Manabu
Hori (Yamaguchi University)
Title: Tourism development using SDGｓin Yamaguchi Prefecture
The aim of this study is to investigate how regional tourism organization managers consider the factor of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with regard to tourism promotion in Yamaguchi prefecture. The
Ministry of Tourism was founded in 2008, and the Japanese government has promoted tourism as one of its
economic policies. They set the target for inbound tourist numbers at 40 million in 2020 and 60 million in
2030. The number of inbound tourists has increased rapidly in the last decade. Due to the rapid growth of
inbound tourism, some popular tourist destinations such as Kyoto, Mt.Fuji, Shinshu or Hokkaido have issues
over tourism, and policy makers have to consider the balance between economic growth and environmental
issues. The United Nations introduced 17 SDGs and 169 detailed targets for the year 2030. Some studies(Bramwell, Higham, and Miller 2017; Hall 2019) examined the concept of tourism growth using sustainable
development concepts. However, few have examined the SDGs and tourism in Japan. In this study, we willconduct an interview with tourism managers from regional tourism organizations in Yamaguchi prefecture.
The main questions will relate to 1. tourism development, 2. event management and 3. benchmarking andnumerical targets. Yamaguchi prefecture, located in the west of Honshu, has many attractive tourist
destinations. Hagi is a very traditional city and a reverberatory furnace was registered as a World Heritage
site, while Akiyoshi Quasi-National Park contains the longest cave in Japan and is currently under review fora UNESCO Global Geopark. The results of this interview will show their efforts with regard to managing
tourism development using SDGs and their implications for future tourism development.

NGUYEN David (Tohoku University), Motoharu Onuki (University of Tokyo), Miguel Esteban(Waseda University)
Title: Sustainability vs Resiliency: Tourism, Airport Development and Disaster Management in the
Ogasawara Islands
The Ogasawara Islands, renowned for its unique ecosystem, are often referred to as the Galapagos of Japan.
Although considered a part of Tokyo, it lies nearly equidistant from the Japanese capital and the Northern
Marianas Islands. This distance and isolation has led to the development of flora and fauna that includes over
441 documented native plants, 195 endangered bird species among many others. However, its location also
poses a number of vulnerabilities to its settlement to natural hazards for its population, particularly tsunamis
and typhoons. As the island relies nearly exclusively on ferry transportation, there has long been concern overaccessibility, leading to multiple proposals for the construction of an airport. While these proposals sought toimprove connection with the mainland and improve life for the island’s residents, its potential impact on theisland’s unique environment has led to whether it should be built or not. The island’s inscription as a UNESCOWorld Heritage site in 2011 and its 50th anniversary of reversion to Japanese control, has again brought up
the discussion over airport development. This research paper is a summary of two periods of fieldwork
conducted in Ogasawara in 2018. The first examines media discourse over airport development since 2011,
and compares it to the discourse among local residents based on a survey conducted around the same time.
Secondly, we examine disaster preparedness among the island’s tourism industries, and the discourse over
improved airport accessibility contributing to resiliency versus improved accessibility leading toenvironmental deterioration.

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OKADA Minako (JTB Research & Consultancy)
Title: Women in Tourism: Japanese industry perspectives
Sustainability has been increasingly valued as a priority for business and community development, but its
practices in travel and tourism is still limited. This presentation will focus on how sustainable tourism andwomen’s empowerment may contribute to the promotion of sustainability, giving focus on SDGs. It includes
the current situation and issues of women empowerment in the tourism labour market in Japan, arguing thatwomen contribute to sustainability from both consumers and service provider perspectives, as it is the women
who lead ethical consumption, fundamental to a more sustainable society.

OLSEN Daniel (Brigham Young University)
Title: Problematizing Cultural Perspectives of the Commodification of Religion and the Case of Billiken
Since the Middle Ages, Western scholars and theologians have debated the appropriateness of commodifying
religious places, icons, and rituals, with some expressing concerns regarding the "kitchification" religion,
causing aspects of religious material culture to have no real meaning. However, these concerns are Eurocentric
in nature, as in South and East Asia, for example, religion and commerce have long been intertwined. This
paper further problematizes the commodificaiton of religion by examining the expansion of the Seven Gods
to include a non-Japanese god of good fortune—Billiken. Located in the Tsūtenkaku Tower in Osaka, Billiken
was originally a good luck charm invented in the United States, and its addition to the Seven Gods pantheoncomes about because of its commercial potential rather than any theological or afterworld benefit. This casestudy illustrates the need to both be cognizant of cultural differences in relation to religion andcommodification and to be open to the hybridization of religion in a globalizing world.

ONG Faith (The University of Queensland) & Elaine Yang (Griffith University)
Title: Redefining Perspectives of Asian Tourism
While tourism can trace its origins back to the elite excursions of Western European travellers in the colonialera, as far as modern examinations of the field are concerned, it has strayed very little from this origin.
Mainstream understanding of “tourism” remains grounded in the colonial histories, imperial projects andsocietal changes in Western Europe and North America. Current tourism research practice reflects an enduring
Anglo-Western centrism and neo-colonialisation of knowledge to some extent. This presentation will be basedon our reflections as guest editors of a special issue on Redefining Asian Tourism, and how this collection of
papers has challenged or contributed to the redefining of Asian Tourism. Our systematic literature review ofjournal articles revealed that the burgeoning Asian market has become more popular as an area of focus,
though their exploration has largely centred on travel behaviour and destination attributes with little attention
paid to the theoretical and perceptual differences in experiencing and examining tourism. This is similarlyreflected in books and special issues published about Asian tourism, which continues to use Asia as context
with only a nascent and recent increase in criticality in relation to Asian scholarship. As an exploration into
the process of pivoting away from established scholarship to accept voices and scholarship from Asian
perspectives, we noted the fluidity and ambiguity of these alternative perspectives. These characteristics lentthemselves to non-traditional styles, such as first-person narratives, which have come under intense scrutiny
in the traditional review process. Breaking beyond the narrow confines of what is considered ‘good
scholarship’ by Western standards, we present a collection of research and scholarship explorations to carve
an ontological and epistemological space for alternatives and, in this case, Asians’ (plural form was used
intendedly to recognise the diversity within Asia) ways of thinking, knowing and being.

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OOI Can-Seng (University of Tasmania)
Title: Awkward field encounters of a male researcher: How masculinity creeps inThis presentation is based on a chapter that I have submitted to Masculinity and Fieldwork. While selfindulging, this chapter reveals a set of gender and intersectional politics in my research that I did not thinkmuch about before. The self-reflections were uncomfortable but necessary for me as a researcher. Reflecting
on my past anthropological fieldwork experiences, I use an “awkward encounters” methodology to reveal how
I managed, suppressed and flaunt my masculinity in the field. My field experiences affirm the understandingthat there is a variety of masculinities, and the expression, assertion and constitution of masculinity is situatedand negotiated. By reflecting on several awkward encounters, I uncover how I have claimed and redefined myvarious situated masculine fieldworker identities. Three field encounters - discussed in the context of the active
interviewing method, of developing a holistic understanding of the field and of self-reflexivity in my analyses– will be presented. Subsequently I force myself to address an awkward question posed by anthropologist
Crick on the similarities between an anthropological fieldworker and a tourist, raising questions on not only
the validity of ethnographic research but also on whether it is possible for fieldworkers to fully understand thestudied culture and society. I asked myself: “Am I just like a male tourist when I do my fieldwork?”.

OOI Can Seng (University of Tasmania), Richard Ek (Lund University) & Mia Larson (Lund
University)
Title: Nordic Noir and miserable landscapes
Screen tourism highlights the interaction between tourism activities and other aspects of society. A destination
is a placement in which a story unfolds. It is used to entice and attract visitors. There are many successful
cases. There is, however, a dearth of investigations into less successful cases or on successful cases that do notcelebrate beautiful places (Agarwal & Shaw, 2018; Ooi, 2018). The many Nordic Noir TV series are examples;
they invoke the often cold, grey and wet weather in Scandinavia in order to create an atmosphere ofmelancholia and dejection that correspond to the criminal narrative. Still these places have attracted tourists.
These counter examples illustrate that the relationship between screen landscapes and tourism is more complex
than selling the beautiful and positive. This proposed presentation will look at the case of Nordic Noir andtourism. This genre of movies and series has generated international excitement, e.g. The Killing, Borgen, The
Bridge, The Millennium Trilogy, Midnight Sun. How do these series sell those places that are miserable? Why
are people visiting these depressing places? This presentation will offer three inter-related lessons. The first is
on situating screen tourism in the wider creative tourism spectra (Richards, 2011). Attractions are notnecessarily positive and beautiful; they are engaging in their own ways. The second is on understanding how
negative images become part of a vivid imagination that encourages visitors to experience an unflatteringly
presented screen destination. And finally, this study locates affective imagination in a wider context, andtheorizes on the experiential consumption of the miserable and ugly.

OSORIO Sandra Guisela Cherro (Melbourne Polytechnic)
Title: Revisiting Taquile Island: the role of ‘culture brokers’ in enforcing indigenous resistance
Located on the Peruvian side of Lake Titicaca, the indigenous community of Taquile has actively participatedin tourism since the early 70’s. Protected by isolation (25km by motorised boats from the mainland),
Taquileans have preserved their traditional social organisation and distinctive cultural practices that are partof their tourism offering. In recent years, however, the community have faced increased competition fromoutside travel agencies that bring large number of tourists, however, few use services provided by islanders.
Previous research identified the emergence of a group of young Taquileans identified as ‘culture brokers’ who
act as leaders by selecting which part of their society will be used in tourism and instructing the rest of the50

community to maintain their traditions and culture (Cherro-Osorio and Best, 2013). While this generation of
Taquileans is driven by a strong sense of pride in their culture, they also have a more individualistic perspective
as they seek to obtain better economic benefits and education outside their community. Taquileans havemanaged to resist a diverse range of challenges by constantly adapting their approach to external influences
yet still maintaining a strong sense of community. The appearance of ‘culture brokers’ provides a different
perspective on how indigenous people utilise their knowledge from different societies for their own benefit
but also for the community. This study aims to further explore how younger generations of ‘culture brokers’
in Taquile identify ways of resistance to maintain control over tourism in the island. Wilson (2008) suggested
that research regarding indigenous issues should holistically include the use and transmission of knowledge.
As such, this study will combine academic discourse and the concepts of relationality and relational
accountability to illustrate the context of stories from Taquile.

PICON-LEFEVRE Virginie (École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture Paris Belleville)
Title: Architecture of Hotel as a tool to study tourism impact on cities
In the relatively recent field of architecture, as a scientific discipline, and not as an art or as an urban studies
object, we are looking for concepts and methods coming from other fields of research : history, sociology,
philosophy, geography. Our main concern, however, is to build knowledges about the physical and spatial
effects of architecture as well as to understand and to analyze concepts and method used by architects to
produce architecture. There is a recent development in tourism studies in architecture, in France mostly inschool of architecture, as the questions raised by tourism studies are more and more about the experience, theambiance, the question of authenticity as well as the development of cultural tourism . Those questions areinteresting for us, as they give a new role to architecture which is no longer seen as the production of a set ofstandardized issues but more about specific relations between a site, a program and a new generation of tourists, younger, well-educated and able to give advice through the digital network. We would raise those questions
with the case of Angkor and Siem Reap, the adjacent city, and we will look especially at the case of hotels
which are built by local or international companies, using architecture as a device to seduce and to give newexperiences to their clients using local references as well as international ones. For this research we usedinterviews of the different actors but also graphic representation , in order to be able to compare the different
realization, physically, to measure their impact on the city fabric.

PRINCE Solène (Linnaeus University)
Title: Artist Networks on a Small Island: Creativity and Networking on Bornholm, Denmark
Small rural islands are often peripheral to core areas, which means that there is usually a strong reliance on
public funding and tourism development to counter limited socio-economic opportunities. Reliance on tourism
can serve to upkeep emerging rural creative industries and the appealing atmosphere they foster. Unlike incities, the development of creative industries in rural areas often stems from cultural and artistic clustering
embedded in traditional products, narratives, practices and livelihoods. The role of artists in tourism
development reflects the importance of acknowledging that not all actors involved in rural development are
tourist entrepreneurs per se, but play a significant role in positioning the periphery as an interesting place. I
am interested in the networks that emerge on rural islands as artists pursue their own professional ideas thatwill ultimately enhance individual creativity and strengthen artistic clustering. Through 19 semi-structured
interviews with craft-artists of the Arts and Crafts Association Bornholm in Denmark, I have identified
networks crucial to the reconciliation of tourism and professional development in the periphery. Through EU
funding, these artists have formed an association to take advantage of the tourist season by exchanging skills

51and pooling resources, but also by creating a local identity based in idyllic rurality. Additionally, these artists
go abroad individually, but also organize biannual meetings in Bornholm to reach out for inspiration andlearning. The findings suggest that different networks of local artists, coming together locally and reachingout to extra-local artists, have the potential to counter the effects of limited economic and social opportunitiesof the island periphery. Importantly, through the networking of its artists, the rural European space gains someof its creativity through its connections with other rural spaces around the world, such as in Asia (especiallyChina and Japan) where many artists of Bornholm go on residency.

PROGANO Ricardo Nicolas (Wakayama University)
Title: Socio-economic impacts of pilgrimage tourism: Discussing the benefits for local communities
Studies on pilgrimage tourism have mostly focused on aspects related to visitors, such as travel motivation,
visitor experience or visitor typologies. However, it is also vital for tourism destination management tounderstand the local community’s perceptions towards impacts brought by tourism. While some research has
been conducted on the subject, the tourism impacts in communities along pilgrimage trails remain underresearched. In order to contribute to this research gap, this presentation provides a qualitative approach on thehost community’s economic and social impacts of pilgrimage tourism. Analysis is made based on
Krippendrof’s categorization, which divides community members into four types based on their economic
dependence on tourism. The Chikatsuyu community, located along the pilgrimage routes of Kumano Kodo
(Japan), is selected as case study. Results show that, although economic impacts were regarded ascomparatively small, minor scale tourism was generally perceived as positive across the participants. In
particular, the participants had an overall positive perception of social impacts. The presence of international
tourists was welcomed across the four types of participants. Awareness towards tradition and its conservation,
as well as an increase in events, were also positively influenced by tourism development. Almost no negative
impacts were perceived by the participants. Overall, participants were satisfied with the level of development
achieved and had no ill feelings towards more developed communities. The study’s results have implications
for tourism management on pilgrimage routes, especially for a sustainable development of it as locals favor
small-scale growth rather than mass tourism.

QU Meng (Hiroshima University)
Title: What is “Revitalization”? Differing Interpretations by Island Festival Stakeholders
The Setouchi International Art Festival (SIAF), also known as the Setouchi Triennale, attempts to revitalize
twelve remote islands with depopulating and aging communities by hosting an international art festival topromote tourism. Citing the presence of more than a million visitors during each festival iteration, SIAF
officials and the media have claimed that the festival is a successful model for government policies aimed atcommunity revitalization and tourism, leveraging new cultural assets to draw tourism-related revenue to theislands. However, the true understanding of the goal of "revitalization" among different stakeholders is rarely
addressed. This paper examines the outcome of "revitalization" against SIAF officials’ own goals, based onparticipant observation and mixed-methods fieldwork conducted during both festival and non-festival periods
between 2016 and 2019. The author found evidence of differing interpretations of revitalization among SIAF
officials, locals, in-migrants, small local businesses and tourists. He further points to a gap between festival
officials’ aims of "revitalization" and community expectations, which also shows different outcomes acrossdifferent islands and communities. Finally, this paper argues that the festival’s aim of rural revitalization isjust a pretext to attract urban tourists for its own tourism development purpose. It rises ethical issues between
place-making and place-breaking.

52

REID Stuart (Lund University)
Title: The Constitution of Lifestyle Enterprising: A sociological perspective
The term ´lifestyle enterprise´ is often used to describe enterprising in small enterprises, and particularly thosesmall enterprises involved in tourism. Although this lifestyle enterprising phenomenon has been the subject ofscholarly investigations since at least the late 1980s, conceptual and theoretical development remains lacking.
Typically conceived in objectivist terms as a form of entrepreneurship, much of the research has proceededfrom positivist point of views, with interpretivist and, especially, constructionist perspectives only lately
emerging. Taking this latter perspective as the point of departure, this study investigates the social constructionof lifestyle enterprise from sites in Southern Sweden and Australia. Adopting a sociological perspective,
inspired by the social theory of Pierre Bourdieu and borrowing concepts from institutional theory, the study
aims to gain insight into the meanings that inform, and thus constitute, lifestyle enterprising practice. Utilisinggrounded theory methodology, gathering materials through ethnographic observation and open and active
interviews, the study offers insights into the meanings that constitute lifestyle enterprising. Findings portray
lifestyle enterprising as a contested social field wherein contestation centres on the meaning of products.
Enterprisers contest the constitution of products as commodities to negotiate their relation to markets.

REID Stuart (Lund University) & Richard Ek (Lund University)
Title: The Coming Plague of the Fugue and the Blind Tourist?
In this chapter we ask if mass tourism, morphing into over-tourism, can be conceptualised as an emerging
plague of zombie tourists, and what kinds of tourism futures might come of it? Overtourism is not only
unsustainable; it is the logical outcome of capitalism and thus, a token signifying that the capitalist system iswell and alive even though it is threatening everything else on Earth. We outline a drastic narrative of thisunsustainable phenomenon, characterizing it as a pathological condition that chisels-out a zombie tourist, welltravelled but at the same time oblivious to the tourist destinations he or she passes through. We further argue
that the entrance of social media and digital portable technological devices have increased this pathologicalstate as it has added a self-centric, narcissistic dimension into the set of touristic practices to a degree that thezombie tourist even runs an increased risk of ending up dead. Secondly, we present two bifurcated scenarios
presenting possible trajectories for future tourist practice, both less reliant on physical long-distance travelling:
the implantation of digital memories in the individual tourist’s mind and consciousness and “staycation”
tourism, i.e. short trip close to the home of the tourist. These two more optimistic scenarios bring some relief
to the environmental situation generally and the social situation of overtourism already emerging at many
destinations. But, at the same time, these two scenarios are nevertheless embedded in a pathological capitalism
and are perhaps bound to create new societal and environmental problems, possibly bringing new kinds ofunsustainability. Or?

REID Stuart (Lund University)
Title: Finding Gender at the Intersection of Family and Field: Family Presences in Sweden
Gender influences how researchers engage with the field. Departing from this proposition, this presentation
offers reflections on gender from masculine viewpoints in the context of a qualitative research project
investigating lifestyle enterprising in southern Sweden. Focusing on personal experiences associated withfamily relocation to, and involvement in, the research process, the presentation focuses on the emergence ofmasculinities of husband-hood and fatherhood at the intersection of family and field. Exploring the processesof family relocation, site selection and apprehension, the presentation shows how masculinities of fatherhoodand husband-hood influence research processes in the field as well as beyond it. Assorted contingent
masculinities stemming from family positions of fatherhood and husband-hood affects the whole research

53enterprise, not only in the space of ‘the field’ but also in the spaces that lie ‘before’, ‘after’ and ‘beyond’ it.
This suggests that the reflective researcher is doubly troubled by finding gender in ‘the field’ as well as
determining where the entanglements of gender and field start and stop. Furthermore, the masculinities at theintersection of family and field are not a one-way street but are bidirectional, spilling beyond the professional
domain of the researcher’s relation to the field into the personal domain of their relation to the family. In
recognizing the wider implications of the masculine entanglements of family and field, gender emerges as anexistential epistemological condition of social life, the broader implication is that researchers have little option
but to tackle the complex challenges of gender everywhere, both in and beyond ‘the field’.

RÉAU Bertrand (CNAM)
Title: Disciplinary restructuring, markets and knowledge: the case of Tourism Studies
A relatively recent field of study, Tourism studies is an interesting case study for analysing the disciplinary
recompositions at work (and their effects) since the 1980s in the context of an increasing professionalizationof university courses, an increase in the number of students and the development of the tourism economic
sector. The emergence in recent years of bibliometric work aimed at proposing a synthesis of themes or
networks of researchers can be considered as an indication of the desire to pursue the institutionalization of
tourism studies. After having shown that these studies are most often carried out by "Seniors" in the field based
in international associations and on the editorial boards of journals on tourism, we will present through abibliometric analysis the growing intertwining between the human sciences and management sciences. The
analysis of a panel of English-language university journals on tourism will make it possible to identify themes,
links between journals, "audiences" and define relationships between knowledge producers and symbol"users"; in short, to potentially identify the transformations of a research field through links between social
science researchers and "management sciences". I will then illustrate the transformations induced by these
disciplinary recompositions through some "exemplary" trajectories of academics from different periods.
Finally, because it questions the articulation between disciplinary fields around an object and the relations
between the academic world and the economic sector, the analysis of Tourism studies makes it possible toquestion the structural transformations of the conditions under which scientific knowledge is produced.

ROELOFSEN Maartje (Macquarie University)
Title: “Why don't we all unlist until we get what we want?” Superhosts’ digital resistance against Airbnb’s
measures of assessment.
This presentation aims at exploring practices of digital activism among ‘hosts’ who rent out accommodation
through short-term rental platform Airbnb. In particular, I draw attention to the various protests that haveemerged since early 2018 in response to the platform company’s decision to alter the criteria of its Superhost
programme. This programme aims at measuring a specific set of attributes on the part of the hosts and theirhomes – including behavioural aspects related to tourism work – that are deemed particularly important in the
production of ‘hospitable’ space. Taking a digital ethnographic approach, I show how the platform’s digital
infrastructure is intimately connected to the hosts’ everyday practices. Drawing on Airbnb’s Host Community
Center online forum, I explore how Airbnb’s decision to change its standards is perceived by many users of
the platform as a highly political move. Whilst hosts struggle to comply with the new expectations set by
Airbnb, they organize themselves through the forum and collectively attempt to bargain for sound platformgovernance and decent ‘standards’ of hospitality work. In closing, I reflect on what these digital protests reveal
about accountability in the short-term rental economy and the future of platform-mediated work in tourism.

54

SAITO Chie (Kanazawa Seiryo University)
Title: Preserving Disaster Memories: Tsunami Tourism in Indonesia 15 years after the Indian Ocean Tsunami
This paper examines how tourism contributes to the preservation of disaster memories. In particular, focusing
on tsunami tourism in Aceh, Indonesia, I argue how the local government, its main producer, interprets andexpresses the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and reconstructed Acehnese society 15 years after the disaster. In
2004, tsunami devastated Aceh and brought significant change. Before the tsunami, Aceh had suffered from along conflict between the Indonesian army and separatists, which had produced many victims and destroyed
the society. However, soon after the tsunami attacked Aceh, it ended, and isolated Aceh came to regain ties
with other societies; many aid organizations, as well as volunteers and other people, had visited tsunami
affected areas in Aceh. Accepting many people and organizations from other areas and countries, the local
government started tsunami tourism one year after the disaster. The main purposes of tsunami tourism havebeen economic development and preserving and passing on memories of disaster experiences to future
generations. For these purposes, tsunami tourism attractions were prepared and established in a reconstruction
process. During 15 years after the disaster, tsunami tourism in Aceh has become more and more elaborate.
Tourism preserves the memories of the disaster and conveys specific messages or the image of reconstructed
Muslim Acehnese society through exhibitions. This paper will analyze exhibitions in tsunami tourism,
interviews with those who work for it, as well as disaster mitigation, and observations at tsunami tourism
attractions and show that the tsunami and its experiences are interpreted and expressed in Muslim Acehnese
contexts; such expressions lead to shape and reshape Acehnese identity.

SAITO Hiroaki (Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University), Andy Lee (University of Queensland) &Huong Bui (Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University)
Title: Hotel employees’ recovery experience from job stress: The role of staff break rooms
Employee well-being in the hospitality industry is often threatened by various stressors including the necessityof engaging in emotional labour, working on unsocial hours, and physically demanding tasks. To promote
employee well-being, a number of recent studies has examined various organisational intervention strategies
but overlooked how employees ‘recover’ from job stress during their break time at work. Conservation of
resource theory suggests that individuals have finite personal psychophysiological resources to acquire,deplete, and protect so as to properly function their mental and body at work. Recovery from job stress istherefore considered to be essential for employees to maintain their well-being and constantly deliver quality
service to the customers. Based on conservation of resource theory, this study examines how staff breakrooms
promote employees’ psychophysiological recovery from job stress. To achieve the study objective, we
conducted thirty in-depth interviews with hotel customer-contact employees. The results show that employees
experience recovery state through psychological detachment, relaxation, control, mastery experience,
relatedness, and enjoyment through various recovery activities. The study also highlights the gap between
what employees currently have and what they wish to have in their staff break rooms for better recovery
experience. The significance and limitations of the study will be discussed.

55

SAITO Nozomi (Toyama College of Welfare Science)
Title: Women in Uzbekistan: Possibilities & Challenges
Although Uzbekistan is not a typical tourism destination, the number of international tourist arrivals has
dramatically increased in recent years. In order to promote these numbers, the government in Uzbekistan has
relaxed laws and visa regulations related to tourism. In addition, the services and infrastructure at tourism
destinations have been improved to increase tourist satisfaction rates. Despite this effort, little research has
been conducted in relation to Uzbekistan’s tourism industry. There is a specific opportunity to investigate how
tourism businesses have changed in Uzbekistan given the government’s recent efforts. The involvement of
women in this industry is of particular interest. The purpose of this study is to explore the current state of
tourism businesses in Uzbekistan. In providing this precursor information, the study will identify possibilities
and challenges encountered by women entering the tourism industry.

SAKAMOTO Masaki (Wakayama University), Takashi Yoshino (Wakayama University), Hayato
Nagai, Kaede Sano & Brent W Ritchie (Wakayama University)
Title: Improving disaster preparedness among tourists: The effectiveness of adding disaster information totourist websites through a browser extension
The world has seen many natural disasters, including earthquakes and typhoons, with more expected to occur.
Compared to local residents, tourists are more vulnerable during times of natural disasters due to theirunfamiliarity with the local area. As tourism has significantly increased internationally in the past decades,
protecting tourists in the event of a natural disaster is important to many countries, especially ones that areprone to natural disasters, such as Japan. To support them, several systems, including mobile phone
applications that provide disaster and emergency information, have been developed. However, many of them
are intended to be used at the time a disaster strikes. Although some systems provide disaster-related
information during non-disaster times, few people actively seek such information about areas they visit. This
study explores ways to improve disaster preparedness among tourists. To address this issue, a system called‘Di-sarasu’, implemented as an extension of Google Chrome, was developed. The system is designed toprovide disaster-related information, on such topics as hazards and the location of evacuation sites, toindividuals seeking general information such as popular tourist destinations, transportation routes and local
restaurants. While users browse tourist information on websites, names of key destinations are detected andautomatically highlighted on the screen. When they hover over a destination’s name, local disaster-related
information is displayed in a speech balloon. This approach is designed to encourage tourists to acquiredisaster-related information prior to their visit through merely searching tourist information websites. As the
project is in the development phase, the results of preliminary experiments conducted with Japaneseparticipants to evaluate the system are presented. The presentation discusses how this approach can improvedisaster preparedness among tourists. As the topic is increasingly important in the future of international
tourism, global application of the approach is also discussed.

56

SAKUMA Sayaka (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa)Title: Species behind Tourism Encounters: developing techniques of biodiversity conservation in Yambaru
Forest, Okinawa
In 2017, the Ministry of the Environment in Japan nominated several southern islands for UNESCO World
Natural Heritage. While the nomination emphasizes the importance of balancing tourism management andecological conservation, it overlooks the management of different animal species behind actual tourism scenes
raising an important question: how does the entanglement of tourism and conservation shape actual
conservation practices? In this presentation, I examine the biodiversity conservation practices in the forest of
Yambaru, the northern part of Okinawa Island. Focusing on the link between the state-led conservation
projects and the effort to designate the subtropical forest as UNESCO World Natural Heritage, I discuss theways in which conservation programs track, locate, and survey different species. In doing so, the objective of
this presentation is to shed light on how conservation workers attempt to control different species behind thehost-guest encounters. Drawing from interviews and participant observations with the Mongoose Busters
whose mission is to eradicate invasive mongoose and forestry association workers who patrol in the forest to
prevent from illegal poaching of rare species, I will discuss different techniques of species control. I argue thatheritage-designation provides a strong justification for conservation while the success of conservation projects
tends to fixate on interventions for iconic species. Dealing with biodiversity as a complex forest ecology is achallenging task for conservation efforts in Yambaru Forest. In conclusion, I assert the importance ofconsidering the impact of environmentalism influenced by tourism and moving beyond a fixation withencounters between species and guests.

SAMEERA Sampath Gunawardana Hewa Malge Rasika (Lincoln Univeristy), David Fisher(Lincoln Univeristy), Joanna Fountain (Lincoln Univeristy) & Koji Kobayashi
Title: Service Providers Perspectives on Chinese Tourists: Continuum of Chinese Tourists TypeS
The growth of outbound Chinese tourists is overtaking traditional source markets in many destinations,
including the South Asian region. The literature on Chinese tourism is filled with demand-side studies while
ignoring the supply or professional hosts’ experiences of this new tourist market. These demand-side studies
have proposed the existence of two dominant types of Chinese tourists: Chinese tourists 1.0 and 2.0, providing
an opportunity for host destination to maintain new-host tourists relationships. Against this background, thisstudy explored the Sri Lankan service providing hosts’ experience with these two types of Chinese tourists
and their reflection on these new host-tourist relationships. In-depth interviews were conducted in two tourist
locations in Kandy and Galle in Sri Lanka with a range of service providing hosts in Sri Lankan context. Theinterviews were supplemented with on site observations. The thematic analysis of the experience of service
providing hosts’ experience suggests the existence of a continuum of Chinese tourists types and new hosttourist relationships that host may maintain with Chinese tourists. Thus, this paper demand tourism scholars
to turn their attention to different types of Chinese tourists rather restricting themselves beyond the dominantarchetypes presented in the Chinese tourism literature.

57

SANO Kaede (Wakayama University), Cathy H.C. Hsu (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
Nan Chen (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Kimo Boukamba (Wakayama University)
Title: Comparing Kyoto and Wakayama resident sentiment towards mainland Chinese tourists
As a result of the crucial role of resident attitudes in creating positive tourist experiences and maintaining
sustainable tourism development, resident attitudes towards tourism impacts or tourists in general have been
a popular research area since the 1970s. However, the two pillar theories for resident attitude studies—social
exchange theory (SET) and social representations theory (SRT)—have received criticism: SET ignoressociocultural inputs (Pearce, Moscardo & Ross, 1996) and SRT neglects individual cognition (Fredline &Faulker, 2000). To overcome the aforementioned deficiency in resident attitude research, Hsu, Li, and Chen
(2016) proposed a new concept, resident sentiment, as a more comprehensive indicator of social
representations shared by the local community and a more reliable predictor of resident behavioral responses.
Moreover, past studies (e.g., Chen, Hsu & Li, 2018; Seraphin, Sheeran & Pilato, 2018) showed negative
resident sentiment of tourists in over-developed tourism destinations, such as Venice, Barcelona and HongKong. According to Butler (1980), the relationship between local residents and tourists is changed during thedifferent tourism development stages, thus we suppose that resident sentiment is different between the overdeveloped and less-developed destinations. Based on Butler’s (1980) indicators of tourism development
stages, the cities of Kyoto and Wakayama were selected as destinations in different tourism development
stages. Furthermore, as mainland China is the major source of tourists to Japan, representing 25.6% ofinternational visitors in 2017 (JTA, 2018), this study chose to explore resident sentiment towards mainland
Chinese tourists (MCTs). During a total of 40 interviews conducted with Kyoto and Wakayama residents, theparticipants were asked to explain their impressions of, commonly shared feelings toward, and identification
with MCTs (i.e., sentiment) and the overall tourism development. Additionally, they were requested to share
their experiences interacting with tourists, seeing tourists interact with other residents, as well as their
willingness to support tourism development. While the tourism industry can enhance economic development,
excessive destination development invariably results in over-tourism, which can negatively affect residents’living environment. By striving for a balance between economic growth and residents’ healthy living
environment, this study contributes to the building of sustainable cities and communities.

SCHÄNZEL Heike (Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Richard Aquino (AUT) & Micha
Lueck (AUT)
Title: A host community’s journey from non-participation to participation in surfing tourism
While alternative tourism development strategies are conceptualised to facilitate equitable and active
participation, community inherent, externally imposed, environmental and market-based factors may inhibit
meaningful community participation. Often, non-participation (deliberate or non-deliberate) occurs whereresidents who are supposed to benefit from tourism become mere spectators of tourism activities. In this paper,
we present a host community’s journey towards participation in surfing tourism. We analyse the conditions
and processes that underpinned (previously) excluded residents’ resurgence to overcome non-participation insurfing tourism livelihood activities in Sitio Liwliwa, the Philippines. Surfing tourism in Sitio Liwliwa wasinitially mediated by a social enterprise whose community engagement strategies aimed at encouraging local
participation through livelihood activities and entrepreneurship. Though these have followed prescribedstrategies to developing community-centric tourism, non-participation still emerged in the locality due topractical reasons (e.g. lack of skills), traditional capitalism and neoliberal tourism policies. To address ourresearch aim, we conducted a qualitative case study employing field observations and semi-structured
interviews with 18 local tourism actors. We subjected the collected data to grounded theory analysis informedby constructivism as the theoretical perspective.

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SCHRAGER Benjamin (Kyoto University)
Title: Daredevil dining: Analyzing the culinary tourism of eating raw animal meat in Japan
With the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, millions of tourists are expected to visit Japan. Many of these
tourists are eager to try dishes unavailable in their home countries. Some of these foods, such as raw animal
meat, pose a heightened risk of food poisoning. This paper analyzes culinary tourism of raw meat in Japan. In
2011, five customers died from eating raw beef at a yakiniku (Korean-style barbecue) restaurant. In response,
the Japanese government banned restaurants from serving raw beef liver in 2012, a ban they extended to raw
pork liver in 2015. These bans corresponded to scientific concerns over the presence of specific strains ofunruly and deadly bacteria. Raw chicken meat and liver remain legal although health officials strongly urge
consumers to only eat thoroughly cooked meat to reduce the risk of food poisoning.
I explore these tensions by drawing on two years of ethnographic fieldwork based out of Miyazaki, Japanbetween 2015 and 2017. I interviewed chicken growers, restaurateurs, and food sanitation officials in addition
to conducting participant observation. I complement this ethnographic research with analysis of texts and datafrom government, scientific, and popular sources.
The findings explore how advances in scientific knowledge of the ecology of food poisoning clashes withbusiness interests. Lucrative businesses from around risky gastronomy that appeals to touristic desires forauthentic experiences and social media’s algorithms. In conclusion, I argue that better attention to the dynamic
ecology of individual eaters and how they eat raw meat would help to further reduce food poisoning incidents
and heighten retailers and consumer understanding. Many tourists in Japan, both domestic and international,
continue to indulge in raw meat that they assume to be magically safe.

SCHULTZ Jeremy (Western Carolina University) & Callie Schultz (Western Carolina University)
Title: Food Tourism as Resistance: Perceptions of Tourism Development in Rural Russia Examined throughBourdieu’s ‘Taste’
Ecotourism has proven itself as a model of economic viability in countries around the world. As part of an
economic system, ecotourism also proudly adheres to an imperative ethical system that facilitates theconservation of inimitable communities and delicate ecologies -- human, environmental, and political. As an
industry, ecotourism distinguishes itself as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment
and improves the well-being of local people” (TIES, 2014). Within this definition, there is an abundance ofdiscussion regarding the ecologies of peoples that provide the human and natural resources. Understanding
their shared characteristics while honoring their unique qualities as individuals aids in responsible tourism
development that provides a sense of well-being for the communities and the stakeholders involved. Fromsuch perspective, the purpose of this research is to examine how the effects of ecotourism are translated
through indigenous perspectives of culture, political capital, and community well-being associated with rural
food tourism development in Russia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with several organizations
where numerous ecologies stood to be potentially affected by tourism development. By understanding
stakeholder perspectives, it lends insight into sustainable destination management and ecotourism productdevelopment, furthering our progress toward ethical, responsible, and financially feasible ecotourism
operations. As a result of the interviews along with researcher lived experience, data were analyzed using a
critical lens of Bourdieu’s concept of ‘taste’ as it takes on both literal and figurative meanings. In particular,
participants’ perspectives on class and life-style along with resistance to political ecologies were explored.
The resulting inherent links between food, tourism, political capital, and cultural representation are to be
discussed.

59

SCHUMANN Fred (University of Guam)
Title: Circular Economy Principles and Small Island Tourism: Guam’s Initiatives to Transform from Linear
Tourism to Circular Tourism
Many small islands around the world rely on tourism from mainland communities as a primary revenue source.
Tourism in small islands, with populations of less than one million, can be considered the most viable engine
for development, producing many positive impacts, from retail and service trade, tax revenue generation, toemployment. At the same time, tourism can produce many negative impacts on the islands because it isconfigured according to the model of a linear economy. The common linear economic model, relying on thetake, makes and disposes sequence, takes materials from the earth, makes something out of it, and thendisposes of it after use, while the three circular economy principles are 1) to design out waste and pollution,2) to keep products and materials in use, and 3) to regenerate natural systems (Ellen MacArthur Foundation,2017). Guam, the largest island in Micronesia, has an economy that is primarily supported by tourism as well
as military and government spending. Because Guam is import-dependent with 90% of the island's needs
coming from offshore and with the resulting substantial amounts waste materials associated with the imported
products, its current economic model is not conducive to maintaining the island's pristine natural environment.
Efforts are currently underway to develop an economy that is greener and more sustainable. This paper
examines the relevance of circular economy principles in small island tourist destinations and reviews steps
being taken on the island of Guam to cultivate a circular economy business model for the tourism industry. A
case study methodology is utilized, and examples of circular economy initiatives are presented to provide
potential lessons for similar island tourism destinations.

SHARMA Deepika (Dakshin Foundation)
Title: How to enable sustainable tourism in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India?
Sustainable tourism is a widely discussed concept, but both academics and stakeholders have struggled todefine what this term means. Little work has focused on the practical challenges of developing such practices.
Tourism plays a lead role in planning economic growth in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. To further expand
tourism in the ANI archipelago, the government has proposed to start luxury resorts based on sustainability
model at a new site- Smith and Ross Islands. It becomes crucial to understand the status of public infrastructure
facilities which are essential for tourists as well as islanders. This is an action- research study, conducted to
identify how stakeholders manage/use public infrastructure at the current levels of tourist influx and to identify
the major bottlenecks as well as opportunities. 59 informants were asked semi-structured questions in Smith
Island, from May 2018 to February 2019. These informants included government officials, local businessmen,
islanders, and tourists who were selected by snowball sampling. It was found out that there is a considerable
lack of waste management, transport, and network connectivity. Resources such as food are sourced from themainland as very few crops are grown on the islands. With the rise in tourism, the gap between requirement
and availability will widen as well as can impact the environment. Most of the tourists remain unaware of thissituation in the islands because of the lack of information systems to prepare them. For islanders, tourism has
opened up opportunities for high-paying jobs. The land and seascapes of the islands are natural capital forislanders. Therefore, their participation in tourism project planning can contribute towards sustainability goals
as well as biodiversity conservation.

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SHIGAKI Satoko (Wakayama University), Takashi Yoshino (Wakayama University), Hayato Nagai, Kaede
Sano, Brent Richie (Wakayama University)
Title: Combining tourism and disaster information in one mobile application: Challenges and opportunities.
The Japanese government has invested heavily in tourism in the past two decades. As the country transforms
into a major international tourist destination, it is evident that tourism contributes considerably to the national
economy. Tourism is seen as a vehicle for the nation’s continuous development, and international visitors are
expected to enhance regional revitalization in an era of population decline. Japan is known for its susceptibility
to range of natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis and typhoons. However, it seems that many
international tourists have limited knowledge of natural hazards and do not use existing mobile applications
containing hazard information while travelling in Japan (Nagai, Ritchie, Sano, & Yoshino, 2019). To increaseawareness of and preparedness for natural disasters, this study proposes to combine tourists and natural hazard
information on the same mobile phone application. In particular, this study explores the effectiveness of using
quizzes and humorous expressions in increasing international tourists’ awareness. To explore the effectivenessof the proposed approach, a research team has developed a mobile application. Wakayama prefecture, a natural
hazard-prone regional prefecture, is used in a test case for this application. The application provides
information related to tourist sites and events in the prefecture, while information about hazards is provided
in a combined manner on the same application. Basic quizzes about tourism sites and disasters followed bycomical expressions are also included. Using results of experiments with prospective international tourists,
this presentation discusses the approach’s opportunities for increasing tourists’ awareness and knowledge. In
addition, the study identifies the challenges of combining general tourist information with hazard information
on a single application and discusses these issues from different stakeholders’ perspectives.

SHEPHERD Jack (Mid Sweden University)
Title: Hostels in Hostile Territory: Tourist spaces of transformative dialogue in the Israeli-PalestinianContext
This presentation will explore the potential role of hostels in the Israeli-Palestinian context to be spaces fortransformative dialogue. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has entered yet another decade and processes of social
atomization continue between both sides, with the resultant production of master-narratives of Othering andabjection, and the death of dialogue. This presentation positions tourism as a potential tool to be harnessed in
producing spaces of transformative dialogue, that is dialogue which brings formerly acrimonious peoples
together for dialogue which will lead to the creation of new, positive realities, through a process of “letting the
Other happen to me” (Stewart & Zeniker, 2000). Extensive data collection in the region has found hostels to
be places most suited to seeing and experiencing the Other in a way that promotes the formation of newunderstandings and empathies. The presentation therefore explores a series of case study hostels in the region,
both in Israel and Palestine, to argue that despite a plethora of challenges, hostels are powerful tourism spaces
for dialogue.

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SHEPHERD Jack (Mid Sweden University)
Title: Encouraging emotional writing amongst male tourism scholars
Tourism scholars in recent years have increasingly lamented the ‘masculine approach’ to conducting researchwithin tourism studies. The exact meaning behind this label ‘masculine’ has rarely been explored,
presupposing that readers automatically assume a ‘masculine approach’ means a distant, objective,
emotionless research approach. In this chapter, I interrogate the relationship between the ‘masculine’ and the‘approach’, arguing that the masculine approach to social science has far more to do with the ‘toxic
masculinity’ spoken of in contemporary society than most researchers let on. I demonstrate how tourism
studies have suffered from its dominance by men who have largely grown up in cultures that do not encourageemotional exploration or reflexivity. This situation has left us with journals, conferences and articles bereft ofemotion and engaging storytelling. As a remedy to this situation, I encourage male scholars to embracereflexive methodologies such as autoethnography, which will force them to overcome their inherited suspicionof subjective and emotional writing. As part of this call, I present a bibliometric study, which demonstrates
that although male scholars have been taking up autoethnography, they have largely been bending the method
away from its intended purpose to expose the self and challenge the comfortable. Instead, male scholars havelargely been remaining within their comfort zone, and therefore denying the possibility of autoethnography togive tourism studies a more engaging, reflexive veneer. Finally, in this presentation, I seek to demonstrate how
by using autoethnography, we can also uncover far more of the tourist experience in highly-strung, emotional,
contested spaces than we can through other conventional forms of qualitative work. I provide one such
example from the highly contested landscape of Israel-Palestine.

SIN Harng Luh (Sun Yat-Sen University)
Title: Singapore’s home, sanctuary and heritage”: Environmental perception within Wildlife Reserves
Singapore’s parks
In today’s increasingly urbanized spaces in growing cities, many now encounter outdoor and naturalenvironments through parks located within the city itself. Our understanding of what constitutes natural
heritage is also often intimately shaped by these experiences within nature parks. Nature parks within cities
can therefore play a pivotal role in building awareness and advocacy of environmental and conservation issues,and present opportunities to mold visitors’ – both tourists’ and locals’ – ideas about what nature is, what isdeserving of protection, and how to go about doing so. However, while environmental messaging and calls forvisitors to contemplate the ethics and sustainability in everyday practices are fairly common in attractions suchas zoos, gardens, parks and theme parks, there is a need to further understanding of how visitors engage withthe messaging in relation to the actual, in-situ environmental conditions where they view and consider
meanings from the messages. For example, reading about energy conservation and its climate change
mitigation effect may appear to be ironic “green-washing” if the information is conveyed indoors in an airconditioned environment. Would the messaging be more effective if the information is delivered in a “natural”
but thermally comfortable outdoor location instead? Working with Mandai Park Development and using
Singapore Zoo and River Safari (operated by Wildlife Reserves Singapore) at the Mandai Precinct as casestudies, this research therefore seeks to consider the effectiveness of messaging within the parks onenvironmental issues, conservation, and natural heritage, and look at how this effectiveness is closely tied toand influenced by visitors’ physical experience in the parks (e.g. from exposure to climate and managed
outdoor environments).

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SUDO Hiroshi (Hosei University)
Title: What Is New Tourism?: A Sociological Examination of New Tourism Production and Consumption in
Japan
Tourism, as a product, is not limited to the tourism industry. It incorporates everyday life, nature, culture, andhuman relationships of local people in tourist spots—all of which cannot be expressed in terms of market value
and should not only be utilised for industrial production but should also be preserved for their reproduction.
In Japan, a great deal of effort has been made to monitor new demand and supply in the expanding field of
tourism studies. Further, Japanese tourism studies have tried to depict the phenomenon of these changes as‘new tourism’, and a lot of studies have dealt with these practical areas to contribute to the marketing of
expanding areas. In addition, Japanese tourism studies have appraised ‘new tourism’ positively for its
economic effect and for creating the social identities and the social ties of the people as well. Tourism studies
have related political measures that create the new order of post-industrial capitalism discovering or creating
consumers’ desire. However, most of the studies lack critical viewpoints on the relation between tourism
changes and the social situation; some deal with the continuity between new Japanese tourism and the oldmass tourism. In my study, I focus on how tourism is connected to the changes in complex, disorganised global
capitalism and describe the relation between tourism and social and cultural change. Furthermore, I explore
the possibilities and the limits of ‘new tourism’ to bring about innovations in culture and to the solidarity ofcommunities.

TAKAI-TOKUNAGA Noriko (Bunkyo University)
Title: Does Tourism Develop Empathy and Connectedness? A Case of Young Japanese Volunteer Guides
This study aims to address possibilities and limits of tourism as a mechanism of developing empathy and social
connectedness by reviewing relevant literature as well as drawing on findings from a preliminary case studyof Japanese volunteer guide experiences. Empathy and social connectedness are closely related concepts: both
represent emotional and affective elements of human relationship. Such relationships are ever more sought
after in the era of individualism which is one of the characteristics of late modernity. The greater traditional
communities are dissolving, the more we are seeking social connectedness with others who share similarinterests and values (Gössling, Cohen & Hibbert 2018). Similarly, we need empathy since it is largely believed
to be ‘an important ingredient of affirmative social transformation’ (Pedwell 2012:165-166). Empathy andsocial connectedness, however, may be understood as having different qualities: the former involves
identification with others, or ‘put oneself in the shoes of another’, connoting those involved have differing
perspectives while the latter presupposes commonality and/or collectiveness to some extent. In relation totourism practice, empathy may be arguably developed between a tourist and a non-tourist, namely via hostguest encounter (Tucker 2016), while social connectedness may be formed among tourists, for example,
backpackers (Nabekura 2019). There may be also the case of social connectedness to be observed among nontourists where they share the same tourism setting. A case study focuses on Japanese young volunteer guides
who help foreign tourists at various destinations in Japan, i.e. supporting them to solve problems such as
instructing the direction. Empathy directed from a guide to a tourist is observed while social connectedness isformed among guides who participated in the same volunteer activities although it may be transient. I hope toopen up discussions regarding tourism praxis where empathy and/or social connectedness may be encouraged
or discouraged.

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TANAKA Takae (Tama University)
Title: Fast national resilience but slow social resilience: Disaster recovery and tourism after the Sichuan
Earthquake in China
The 2008 Sichuan Earthquake severely damaged the province’s communities, including some UNESCOWorld Heritage sites. In the aftermath of this earthquake, the Chinese government decided to preserve certain
devastated areas in their existing states and develop them as ethnic and rural tourism resources. The ruins weretransformed into ‘earthquake heritages’. One of the largest earthquake heritages is located in the Beichuan
Qiang Autonomous County. This old county capital was left ruined and was subsequently moved. The newlocation is 20 kilometres away from the original place and is called ‘New Beichuan’. As part of the postdisaster industrial reconstruction, the government constructed the ‘Beichuan Qiang Cheng Tourist Area’ which
now attracts a large number of visitors. The quick reconstruction from the disaster was publicized by the
Chinese government as a ‘miracle’, declaring that the recovery was accomplished in only two and a half years.
The Sichuan Earthquake heritages have become symbols of a great victory for the Chinese Communist Party
under the name of ‘Red Tourism’. The party celebrated this accomplishment as both an example of their strong
leadership and of the country’s national resilience. However, the devastated people who were forced to moveto new places are facing social and cultural difficulties caused by these sudden changes in their lives. For
example, there are social and cultural conflicts between two residential groups in New Beichuan, newcomer
Qiang people and old resident Han Chinese people. By examining the recovery effort and new tourism
developments after the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, this paper discusses two different aspects of the disaster’s
aftermath: fast national resilience and slow social resilience.

THI MINH (Phuong Ngo) (Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University) & Huong Bui (Ritsumeikan Asia
Pacific University)
Title: Interpretation of War Sites - A Tour Guide Perspective
Working with Mandai Park Development and using Singapore Zoo and River Safari (operated by Wildlife
Reserves Singapore) at the Mandai Precinct as case studies, this research therefore seeks to consider theeffectiveness of messaging within the parks on environmental issues, conservation, and natural heritage, andlook at how this effectiveness is closely tied to and influenced by visitors’ physical experience in the parks(e.g. from exposure to climate and managed outdoor environments).

TOBA Misuzu (Kwansei Gakuin University)
Title: The Impact of “Traditional” Events on Tradition and Communities in Japan
Japanese traditional folk dance such as Awa Odori, which was born centuries ago in Tokushima, has attracted
more than one million people at its annual festival. Advertising and improvement of access led to the successfultransformation of traditional Awa Odori into a tourism resource. The performers have negotiated with traditionand have accepted the changes with a lot of struggles to attract the audience. Security measures and traffic
regulations are also calling for change in a participatory form of the event. On the other hand, it is worth notingthat the traditional events have been creating networks of communities between Tokushima and other areas inJapan. Numerous impacts of tourism industry on host communities have already been pointed out in different
countries, but the case study of Awa Odori festival shows more than local impacts. Awa Odori is so popularthat the same kind of festival has been held in other parts of Japan as well. The largest one is the Koenji Awa
Odori in Tokyo, which began as a way to boost local business. Some of these dance troupes have sister troupes
in Tokushima and its members visit the city a few times each year to practice. Tokushima has currently ashortage of dancers because the inheritance of traditional culture is not enough. Under these circumstances,
external demand can definitely lead to a revitalization of the traditional culture. The research was mainly

64conducted through discourse analysis of dance troupes leaders’ talks. It came to the conclusion that“traditional” event such as Awa Odori festival in Tokushima had demanded its tradition to be changed for
tourists, but also that the event played a major role in revitalization of the city and in revaluation on the tradition
through creating relationships with communities outside of the city.

TOWNER Nick (Auckland Institute of Studies)
Title: Localism at New Zealand surfing destinations: A Social Structure
Surfing’s popularity has seen substantial growth over the last 50 years, resulting in an increased number ofsurfers worldwide. With a greater number of surfers in the water, many of the popular high-quality surf breaks
have become overcrowded. At these crowded locations, surfers who live nearby might be protective andmaintain ownership over a surf spot. The phenomena of protection and ownership, or localism, may produce
aggressive behaviours, verbal abuse, damage to property and in extreme cases violent confrontations between
locals and those from outside that community. Based on participant observation from 2011 to 2016, this paper
employs multi-sited participation observation to reflect on experiences of a surfing tour operator and his clientsat eight New Zealand surfing locations. The discussion explores Durkheim’s understanding of socialorganization by arguing surfing localism is an important bonding consequence for the local community but
also a coercive function for tourists. The paper concludes by highlighting surfing localism was found to havea substantial influence on surfing experiences (both positive and negative) for tourists undertaking a package
tour in New Zealand.

TU Shiu Hong Simon (The Chinese University of Hong Kong)
Title: Volunteering in Art Festivals of Rural Japan: An Ethnographic Overview
Since the first edition of Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennale in 2000, the emergence of art festivals, or “geijutsusai,”has been intensified in Japan, resulting in hundreds of similar events of varying scales around the county.
Contrasting against prominent periodic art exhibitions in the global art world such as Venice Biennale - whicharguably represent the vanguard of contemporary art - many Japanese art festivals in the 21st century areconceived as social and tourism projects. Some of these festivals are held in the most marginalized anddepopulated regions of the country, aiming to drawing tourists and to attract domestic migrants by the appealof art. The intertwining processes of artistic creation, social revitalization, and tourism development, therefore,
involve a wider scope of agents outside of the conventional art world. This paper focuses on a significant
group of participating agents: the volunteers. The presences of young, both domestic and international,
volunteers are reportedly essential for these art festivals in rural and aging regions. Their contribution is often
highlighted by official narratives and media reports, and their endeavor appears crucial in daily operations ofthese festivals. However, who are these volunteers actually? What do they do? Why are they willing tocontribute their free labor for art festivals? More importantly, how does such free labor in art festivals relate
to the state’s power? Based on the author’s participant observation and interviews centered on Setouchi
Triennale since 2013 but also other similar festivals such as Echigo-Tsumari, this paper provides an
ethnographic overview of these volunteer groups, the members, and their activities. Drawing the concept of“volunteer subjectivity,” this paper analyses how the interpretations of their participation vary acrossstakeholders and among volunteers themselves, and examine the negotiation between the state and individual
agents amidst the prevalence of art volunteerism and tourism in Japan.

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TUCKER Hazel (University of Otago)
Title: Reflecting on Working in Troubled Times‘There’s a fine line between acknowledging the extent and seriousness of the troubles and succumbing toabstract futurism and its affects of sublime despair’ (Donna Haraway, 2016). In this paper, I’ll pursue reflection
and self-critique regarding our responsibilities, and our response-abilities, in relation to world/mood-making
in critical tourism studies. Firstly, I urge reflection on our propensity to (un)critically contribute to theimmanent sense of being ‘in increasingly troubled times’, or even more overt, ‘in the midst of disaster andruin’. Whilst such sentiments currently gain considerable traction, it may be prudent to pause and reflect onwhat it means to work from a feeling that we are ‘in the midst of disaster and ruin’. For example, are wesometimes tempted to engage in what Ashcroft (2007) refers to as ‘the fantasy of un-happening’? And do weat times get caught up in making, perhaps overly simple, moral judgements, or get caught in the urge to comeup with overly simple ‘solutions’. In other words, how might the prevailing feeling of being in increasingly
troubled times affect our knowledge production? Moreover, what does it mean to work from a premise thatthe troubles of our times may be unresolvable, and conversely, what does it mean to work from a position that
tourism ‘problems’ are fixable? Through such questioning I aim to prompt reflection on what it means to tread
the fine line alluded to by Haraway, above, in our work as critical tourism studies scholars.

UNTONG Akarapong (Maejo University), Kansinee Guntawongwan (Chiang Mai University) &Vicente Ramos (University of the Balearic Islands)
Title: Which Element Explain Residents' Support for Community-Based Tourism? A Case Study of Koh Yao
Noi Community, Thailand
This study aims to investigate the magnitude of the effect of factors influencing the residents’ support forcommunity-based tourism (CBT) development. The social exchange theory was applied with information
obtained from literature review to develop residents support for CBT development model and used thestructural equation model to analyze the data obtained from the interviews with 246 residents living in Koh
Yao Noi community. The model consists of three exogenous latent variables (perception of CBT development,
obtaining the personal benefits, and roles on CBT development) and five endogenous latent variables(perceived benefits of tourism, perceived negative effects of tourism, trust in local government to tourism
development, satisfaction with the quality of life, and residents’ support for CBT development).
The results of the study indicated that the role towards CBT development was a factor that had the highest
total effect on residents’ support followed by satisfaction with the quality of life and perception of CBTdevelopment respectively while obtaining the personal benefits had the lowest total effect on residents’support. These results showed that to encourage residents’ support to the CBT development in theircommunity, policymakers and relevant agencies should pay more attention to increasing the roles of residents
in CBT development. In particular, giving opportunities for residents to provide the suggestions on CBTdevelopment policies as well as take care and maintenance tourism destinations/ activities together. As wellas, providing information that makes residents have an understanding of both the benefits and potential
problems of CBT development.

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UNTONG Akarapong (Maejo University), Kansinee Guntawongwan (Chiang Mai University) &Ariya Phaokrueng (University of Phayao)
Title: Economic Returns of Community-Based Tourism's Management in Koh Yao Noi Community, Thailand
This study aims to synthesize the community capitals that used to develop tourism and to evaluate economic
returns of each activity related to CBT in Koh Yao Noi Island community. The preliminary study found that
Koh Yao Noi CBT has three main driving factors, which are the outstanding natural capital, social capital andthe supplementary support from both national and international awards. This CBT is organized by an informal
community organization which has decentralized management and based on cooperation and a good relation
between members as well as community participation and control. The results from the cost-benefit analysis
showed that most activities related to tourism have a high proportion of operating costs while labor costs still
one of the major operating costs. The net benefit that the activity owners receive come from two main elements,
which consist of wage saving if they work by themselves and the operating profit. In addition, all activities
related to tourism have a return on operating costs plus wage more than half of the revenue. Therefore, if
activities related to tourism are not the main occupation, the villagers will receive economic returns that areworth the investment in that activity. Hence, the guidelines for tourism development by Koh Yao Noi
community should be the same as the past. The government should allow the community to manage and control
themselves. While future challenges are the increasing economic returns may lead to congestion and nontransparency in the distribution of benefits.

USUI Rie (Hiroshima University), Takahiro Kubo (National Institute for Environmental Studies) &Thomas E. Jones (Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University)
Title: A Meta-analytic Review of Wildlife Tourism Research: Longitudinal Trends in Theoretical Foundations
The objectives of this study are: (1) to identify the trends in theoretical foundations adapted to the existing
wildlife tourism research; and (2) to characterize the nature of the research under different theoreticalfoundations. By doing so, the study aims to suggest focal areas for future wildlife tourism research. A metaanalysis was used to systematically review wildlife tourism-related studies that have been published in tourism
journals and are listed on Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR) were collected. The article search was
conducted using three of the largest online databases and search engines: Google Scholar, Science Direct, and
EBSCOHost. The keywords used for the search included “wildlife tourism,” “animal-based tourism,” “animal
tourism,” “wildlife viewing” and “wildlife watching.” Articles that focused solely on consumptive wildlife
tourism such as hunting and angling were excluded, as the outcome of its tourist-wildlife encounters typicallyresults in the death of wildlife, which substantially differs from the goal of non-consumptive wildlife tourism.
In total, 236 articles published between 1995 and 2019, were used for analysis. After examining the trend in
the number of wildlife tourism research published over the last 25 years, we categorized the articles into fiveyear time periods. Content analysis was performed to examine the frequency of keywords in each time periodwith a particular focus on theoretical paradigms. Although there were only 28 publications between 1995 and2005, this early stage of research positioned wildlife tourism within an ecotourism or sustainable tourism
framework. While sustainable tourism and ecotourism continue to serve as popular theoretical paradigms intoday’s wildlife tourism research, there appears to be some diversification in theories adopted to the research,especially in the last decade. These emerging theories include, but are not limited to, animal welfare, animal
rights and ecofeminism theories.

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VOROBJOVAS-PINTA Oskaras (Edith Cowan University), Faith Ong (University of Queensland)& Clifford Lewis (Charles Sturt University)
Title: Towards the Social Sustainability of Events: Incorporating LGBTQI+ Voices
Research on event management has neglected the impact of events design on social environments –particularly their inclusivity (Finkel, 2010), focusing instead on their economic and environmental
sustainability (Andersson & Lundberg, 2013). Events by their very nature are a lived phenomenon whose
meaning is co-created through various symbols that inherently signal inclusion or exclusion of minority
segments (Walters & Jepson, 2019). This being relevant for minority groups such as the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ+) members of the community, whose sexual and gender identities
position on the periphery of society (Vorobjovas-Pinta, 2018). Given the role of events in building community
spirit, it is essential to ensure all members of a community feel able to participate in order to create a sense of
belonging – keeping in mind 11% of the Australian population is believed to be of a diverse gender and sexual
orientation (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2015). This research explores inclusivity within the design
and management of events in Australia by applying the Social Movement Theory (SMT) – defined as ‘’anorganised effort by a significant number of people to change (or resist change in) some major aspects ofsociety’’ (Marshall, 1994, p. 489).
In-depth interviews were conducted with members of the Australian LGBTIQ+ community to explore theirperceptions of inclusivity and exclusivity at local community events. The aim of these interviews was touncover how inclusivity was determined before the event (influencing decisions to attend or not attend), andevaluated during the event (influencing belonging at the event, and the decision to stay or re-attend).
This paper contributes to the literature on event management by examining how social environments at events
can be more inclusive of the often-marginalised LGBTIQ+ community. In addition, this research contributes
to SMT and the practice of event management by identifying strategies to encourage attendance and amplify
a broader acceptance of LGBTIQ+ community in Australia. Recommendations are put forwards to narrow the
gap of exclusivity with the aim of strengthening the social movement.

WENGEL Yana (Hainan University - Arizona State University International Tourism College,
Hainan University) & Michal Apollo (Pedagogical University of Cracow)
Title: The evolution of mountaineering tourists
Since its inception in the 20th century, mountaineering in high altitude represents increasingly popular activity
related to adventure tourism. Regardless of high risks and costs of high altitude mountaineering expeditions,
mountaineers’ numbers progressively increase. Yet, despite a significant amount of research on
mountaineering, there has been little understanding of who are the modern mountaineers and how do theyexperience climbing in a ‘danger zone’. To address this gap, our research aims to develop an understanding ofmodern mountaineers and their lived experiences in Aconcagua Provincial Park (Argentina). By adopting anemic approach, using (auto)ethnography and interviewing, we collected the data from 19 participants,
including mountaineers, expedition companies staff, rangers, doctors and rescue team. Based on thematic
analysis underpinned by interpretive phenomenologicalanalysis we propose three categories of modern mountaineers. As such, we categorise modern mountaineersas 1) true mountaineers, 2) semi-professional mountaineers and 3) mountain tourists.

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WEARNE Simon (Wakayama University)
Title: A Time To Care
Japan's Whaling continues to cause discomfort both for Japan and for countries where anti-whaling sentimentis strong. Activism against whaling has done little to temper Japan's intent to continue hunting. The opportunity
to communicate exists for these same countries which in Tourism, Trade, Technology and Resources are firmand positive partners but seem unable to reach understanding about whaling. A cinematographer becomes a
Participatory Action Researcher finding a truth while hybridizing practice. Documentary photography is used
extensively but includes few moving images. Diane Arbus says: "...photography tends to deal with facts
whereas film tends to deal with fiction." Research has uncovered engaging stories, in the history of all parties
to the argument, and represents an attempt to describe accurately and reflectively how our histories are notdissimilar. Historically significant whaling locations and objects allow interpretive experience to willingobservers and a 'last chance' to engage moving and motivating stories of sustainable practice and significant
industrial heritage. Tangible history is rapidly disappearing in the push for new technologies which are
expected to save us from an anthropocentric demise. From disparate sources, objects have been assembled andthrough patient research significant locations are revealed. Previously 'invisible' to modern Japan they become
important elements of connection and relevance to a sustainability narrative. Years of searching and fortunate
timing in 'unfortunate circumstances' is rewarded. A building and three traditional boats. At 85 the fishing bossis happy to hand it on to someone who cares. It is 'A Time To Care' - as Chris Bell's book of wilderness
photographs called to us in 1983. Henri Cartier Bressant said ".... we have to evoke a situation, a truth." "youmust be supported by a community; living takes time, roots form slowly…” It takes time to care. It is time tocare.

WILLSON Greg (Edith Cowan University)
Title: Terminal illness and tourism: The journey towards peace in times of need.
Tourism is widely regarded as a facilitator of peace – tourism experiences can build understanding, respect,
and tolerance between people of diverse nations, values, culture and religions. Tourism is also widely regarded
as contributing to the mental well-being of individuals; tourism experiences can be imbued with deep personal
meaning, can be healing and cathartic. Despite this, there is a lack of scholarly insight exploring how tourism
can bring peace to people who have been diagnosed with a terminal illness. A diagnosis is often a traumaticand highly stressful life event for individuals and their loved ones; the unfavourable prognosis can leadindividuals to seek solace, comfort, and to leave a legacy of memories with their loved ones. This paper has
two aims. Firstly, it explores the contributions of scholarly research into terminal illness and tourism and posits
a series of gaps in knowledge that require scholarly attention. Secondly, through website analysis of tourism
providers that focus exclusively on the provision of experiences for individuals with a terminal illness, thepaper considers how travel is marketed to these individuals. Further, through analysis of testimonials written
by individuals with terminal illness and/or their families or carers, this paper considers the nature ofexperiences that are most meaningful to individuals with a terminal illness. Results illustrate that tourism has
an important role in helping individuals with terminal illness find peace through facilitating the creation of
positive memories, wish fulfilment, and shared experiences with an individual’s loved ones.

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YAJUAN Shuai (Hiroshima University)
Title: The role of farm-inn owners and government in sustainable rural tourism in Yuanjiacun, Shanxi, China
Recently, with the improvement of rural environment and living standards, farmhouse touring represents rural
tourism in China has become popular (Ma,2007). The government plays an important role in the developmentof rural tourism, and hopes to solve issues like low agricultural productivity, deterioration of rural villages andthe poverty problems in rural areas (Nin,2015; Tang,2016). Local residents run restaurants, accommodations(farm inns) and shops to sell agricultural products. Those facilities play an important role in the local economy,
but also offer a place for exchange between rural and urban residents (Zhang,2018). Research on rural tourism
in China so far focuses on the governments’ lead, but also relies on the market, landscape and resources(Huang,2014), and the adoption of culture in rural areas and suburbs of city (Fu,2013; Zhang,2015). However,
little research reports on the motivation, local communities and life histories of farm inn owners, and therelationship of owners and government. According to the rural tourism development and maturation ofenvironmental, economic and cultural elements, it is crucial to aim for sustainable development for rural
tourism. This paper takes rural tourism in Yuanjiacun of Shanxi Province in China, which started rural tourism
very early and successful, as an example to analyze the role of government and farm inn owners who areleading the development. Through the questionnaires and interview surveys, we distinguished three indicatorsthat will influence the further development of sustainable rural tourism. These are (1) rural tourism awareness,(2) satisfaction of management (supply side) or work (personal), and (3) connection with local government.
We conclude, first, the development depends on cooperation between local leaders and residents. Second, withhigh satisfaction of management and awareness of rural tourism, they are also expecting the joining of young
power and new knowledge of rural tourism.

YAKUSHIJI Hiroyuki (Nara Prefectural University)
Title: The Aesthetic Perceptions amongst Japanese Orphanage Volunteer Tour Participants in Cambodia
Short-term packaged orphanage volunteer tours in Cambodia are increasingly popular with Japanese youth
who lack nurturing skills and international experience. Their volunteering activities are cleaning,housekeeping, preparing for lunch and cleaning up after lunch, and teaching simple Japanese language, which
does not require special knowledge and skills. Several academics and journalists criticise this as “pseudovolunteering” and add that it does not contribute to the well-being of the children. This fact raises questions
about the ethics of orphanage volunteer tourism. Moreover, one question here concerns how the tour
participants perceive situations and conditions of the destination society of Cambodia. Consequently, thispresentation aims to critically explore the nature of perceptions amongst Japanese orphanage volunteer tours
participants in Cambodia. The research method was participant observation at three facilities that accept
Japanese tours. The research found that their perceptions toward Cambodia can be explained by the conceptof “small is beautiful” which was conceptualised by British economist E. F. Schumacher. This is the belief,
perspective, or mindset that things on a smaller scale are more aesthetically pleasing than those on a larger
scale. During the volunteering activities, they gradually gained a nostalgic, aesthetic and authentic sense of
the simple life in Cambodia. Participants evaluated Cambodians’ daily life because it operates within the limitsof human abilities. On the other hand, they criticised life in the developed countries, including Japan, as toocommercial, materialistic, and eco-unfriendly. Moreover, they encountered children who were naughty,
cheerful and positive despite their unhappy history. This unexpected encounter forced the participants toreconsider the nature of happiness, which was emphasised as being tied to materialistic and monetary wealth.
In conclusion, Japanese orphanage volunteer tour participants perceived the poverty in Cambodia
aesthetically. This propensity drove them to get away from understanding the poverty issues in Cambodia.

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YANATA Kaori (Wakayama University)
Title: Work ethics of Monks: Monks as a Way of Life or as a Job?
The Japan Times (2018, May 18) reported a case that a monk sued the temple he was employed at for mental
breakdown as a result of (unpaid) overwork. The monk’s lawyer commented that working at temples tends tobe assumed as part of training, but fair work conditions and wage should be provided.
Tourism clearly brings additional work and pressure on the life of monks, where the job-training border isalready blurry, and as a result, emphasizes the idea that being a monk is a job, rather than a way of life as
traditionally expected. The concept of job naturally brings ideas such as workers’ rights and condition, whereas
a way of life is associated with selfless devotion and dedication. Today, religious sites become commoditizedand commercialized as tourism destinations. While tourism’s economic benefit is clear, researchers havecritically examined its impacts on physical environment, intangible culture and visitor experience (Shackley,2012). However, few research has examined the tourism impact on religious practitioners whose work now
also includes tourism-related services (religious workers). The aim of the research is to examine the roles ofreligious workers today, and explore which work ethics they may apply to manage their work/practice when
the sacred sites become tourist destinations. Specifically, how they negotiate the job-training division applying
which work ethics (right-based or religious work ethics) is the focus of this investigation. To explore thesequestions, a case study of temple lodgings at a Buddhist site, Koyasan in Japan is selected. There are 52 temple
lodgings, and most of them are open to non-religious guests, who may attend religious services, temple stay
and Buddhist training experiences. Qualitative survey on religious workers is carried out at temple lodgings,
which revealed multiple roles monks play at the lodgings and the continuous negotiations between expandingroles and work ethics.

YAMAGUCHI Makoto (Dokkyo University)
Title: The Past as a Tourism Resource: Legacy, Heritage, and Memory in Contemporary Japan
A storm of “legacy” struck Japan in 2013 soon after Tokyo was elected to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.
The term “legacy” was introduced to the Olympic Charter in 2003 by the International Olympic Committee(IOC), and it fully bloomed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Although the 2020 Tokyo games seemto inherit the “legacy” of Olympics, the people of Japan want to make it their own and designate it as the social
slogan for their country after the games. In other words, as the Japanese people update the “heritage industry”
to become the “legacy industry” in the 21st century, they regard tourism as the main engine to drive theirsociety out of a long recession to a new stage as the “legacy society.” Beyond traditional ways to speak about,display, and even consume the past through tourism, we now witness a new approach that uses “legacy
tourism” to renew social imagination in Japan. This paper considers the manifestations and social meaningsof “legacy” in the context of present-day Japan. It also compares the social functions of “legacy” to other terms
such as “heritage” and “memory.” We will see that the rhetoric of past as “legacy” is casting a new imaginationof tourism, as “legacy tourism” has a different rhetoric from “heritage” and other tourism styles related to thepast. By focusing on the process of rebuilding the New National Stadium in Tokyo, this paper will discuss
how the people of Japan are discovering a new and efficient way to rebuild their past as a “fruitful” tourism
resource.

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YAMAMOTO Rika (Ritsumeikan University)
Title: Changes to Tourism Space in Hiroshima Prefecture Brought About by the Establishment of the Yamato
MuseumThe purpose of this presentation is to reveal the changes to tourism space in Hiroshima Prefecture brought
about by the establishment of the Yamato Museum (the Kure Maritime Museum), in Kure City, Hiroshima
Prefecture. The museum, which opened in 2005, primarily presents a history of shipbuilding technology in thecity since the modern era. More specifically, the exhibition focuses on the construction and military activitiesof the Imperial Japanese Navy’s gigantic battleship “Yamato.” The museum has become extremely popular,
which has drastically changed the tourism spaces in Hiroshima Prefecture.
This presentation reveals two spatial changes. The first change is in Hiroshima Prefecture, concerning therelationship between Hiroshima and Kure City. Hiroshima City had been the most famous peace site in Japan,
while Kure had been known solely as a military base of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. After theestablishment of the Yamato Museum, Kure City has come to be known as a popular tourist site. Now, a lotof tourists visit not only Hiroshima’s monuments to peace but also Kure’s naval historical sites. The second
change is inside Kure City. After the establishment of the naval port in the modern era, the central area of Kure
City was divided into two districts by a railway line; the southern area near the port was a naval base and thenorthern area was a residential district. The Yamato Museum was constructed with a big shopping center inthe southern area that had been the naval district. As a result, the southern district has grown into a thriving
area for shopping and entertainment, whereas the traditional northern downtown area has gone into decline.
In conclusion, the Yamato Museum has not only brought about a big spatial change in Hiroshima Prefecture,but may also have brought about changes in the Japanese mindset that was inclined to hate the glorification of
militarism after World War II.

YANG Elaine (Griffith University)
Title: Moving from hashtagging #MeToo to hashtag feminism: Rethinking the responsibility of hotels forfemale guest safety
Female travel safety has been repeatedly discussed in academic research, industry reports and social media.
Despite the significance of social media campaigns (e.g., #MeToo) to female travel safety, limited research
has investigated the meanings and impacts of digital movements in mobilising changes in the tourism andhospitality industry. This presentation will address the gap by engaging hashtag feminism to identify the extent
to which female travel safety is featured in the #MeToo movement and whether the movement has generated
meaningful outcomes in addressing the safety issue of female travellers. The presentation is based on an
exploratory qualitative study of social media posts related to female travel safety within the #MeToomovement. The presentation will focus on one of the key findings emerged from the study, which is thesexualised imagination of hotel space that renders female guests at risk and at fault of sexual violence. The
social media posts revealed gender-based violence in business travel where women were invited by managers
or co-workers to meet in hotel rooms, which developed into events of unwanted advances and assaults. Other
posts reported assaults of female guests by hotel workers. However, there were posts that opined that rape inhotel rooms should be decriminalised because victims should not accept meeting invitation in hotel rooms,
check-in alone or consume alcohol in the first place. The presentation will unpack the sexualised andtransgressive nature of hotel space, and question if hotels should take the responsibility for the safety of theirfemale guests and not condone any forms of sexual violence within their compound. The discussion has anactivist agenda, which is to mobilise meaningful changes towards a safer tourism space for women, or in otherwords, to move from hashtagging to doing hashtag feminism.

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YASUDA Shin (Takasaki City University of Economics)
Title: The Emergence of Local Resilience in the Age of War: Crisis and Recovery of Syrian Community-based
Tourism in Digital Sphere
Since 2011, the political crisis in Syria has nearly destroyed tourism activities in the country. The Syrian
tourism industry has suffered a dramatic decline in its number of tourists and the resulting revenue, and its
stakeholders have not taken effective action to address the issue. Because the country’s historic sites like
Palmyra and Aleppo were demolished, various cultural heritages and natural resources, which constituted coreelements of the country’s tourism resources, are no longer included its tourism activities. Moreover, the local
communities, which had previously sustained the tourism resources, have been destroyed through thedisaggregation of people both within and outside of the country. Meanwhile, some voluntary members andorganisations in the local communities throughout Syria have begun to organise and promote local tourism
activities in the digital realm. Alongside the rapid expansion of SNS that has occurred in Syria since 2011, thisnew form of community-based tourism activities has received positive reactions and active commitment in an
era of political crisis. Although most of these tourism activities have been conducted without the participationof foreign tourists, the activities serve as an anchor for community members. The Syrian Ministry of Tourism
has been heavily dependent on these voluntary activities during the era of crisis and recovery, and has actively
promoted them in the digital realm. Although this form of community-based tourism has allowed the local
community to develop a new kind of resilience in the current era of political crisis, most existing studies do
not focus on the activities that have prompted its development. Therefore, this paper explores the local
resilience that has developed due to this new form of community-based tourism in Syria by conducting
empirical case study which analyses of the country’s social context and the social impact on the community
in the crisis era.

YOSHIDA Michiyo (Wakayama University), Natsuki Owase (Wakayama University), Muku
Shibata, Satomi Takamiya, & Yukana Yamada (Wakayama University)
Title: Military operations for love and peace?: Tourism promotion of a war heritage site and museum inJapan
In recent times, influenced by novels and movies, military museums at war heritage sites related to World War
II have become popular tourist attractions in Japan. While, traditionally, well-known museums at war heritage
sites focus on civilian war victims, as seen in Hiroshima Peace Museum, the newly popular military museums
at war heritage sites focus on soldiers and military operations. As a case of the latter type, we chose Kaiten
Memorial Museum in Ozushima (a part of Shunan City), the island of a former naval base for launching attacks
by manned torpedo named ‘Kaiten’, and explored how soldiers and their military operations were represented
by the museum. We also researched on the Shunan Tourism Convention Association focusing on its projectof promoting Ozushima by highlighting the island’s military past. The data was collected in 2019 by observing
the museum exhibition of the museum, interviewing its staff and searching the Internet for the Association’s
activities. The results of our research suggest that the museum presents the soldiers’ suicide attacks as a tragedy
as well as acts of patriotism, love for their family, and courageous acceptance of their death to protect Japan.
According to the comments written by visitors to the museum, such a representation seems to cause feelingsof appreciation for the soldiers’ dedication to the country rather than criticisms with these operations. The
Shunan Tourism Convention Association also presents that the suicide attacks were the soldiers’ heroic acts
for love and peace, and that Japan owes its current peace to these sacrifices. This study concludes that such aninterpretation of the acts of soldiers and military operations is deeply problematic as it contributes to justifying
the government’s suicide attack strategy and the deaths of soldiers, and accepting the current controversial
state policy to join a war.

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YOSHIDA Michiyo (Wakayama University)
Title: The media-induced tourism of female history fans: Connecting virtual and ‘real’ worlds
Since the 2000s, young female history fans called rekijo have received social and scholarly attention. These
women are induced to travel to heritage sites by cartoons, comics, novels, movies, and digital games wherecharacters are modeled on real historic figures. These characters are transformed to attractive persons inappearance barely reflecting the actual portraits of the originals. This digital market is expanding through thestrategy of the cross-media serialization and circulation of entertainment franchises. Musical performance ofthe game characters by actors became the part of these franchises in order to satisfy the demands of femalefans for materialization of the virtual world created in the media. The heritage industry also came to produce
services and products targeted at rekijo. Studying this phenomenon would greatly contribute to widening thediscussion on a heritage tourism in relation to the media, but has yet to be fully researched in the Japanesecontext. To contribute to filling this gap the paper examines the role of the virtual characters in promoting
heritage tourism, focusing on Touken Ranbu (Sword peformance), an online historical game, popular among
young women. The data was collected mainly through the game on the Internet, musical videos, and movie
and fan books and by observing the audiences at movie theaters and visitors at heritage sites related to thisgame. The results suggest that female fans of the game have romantic feelings with virtual characters andapproach to them through physical and materialized experiences. Visiting heritage sites is part of such physicalexperience that gives female fans the sense of connecting with the virtual characters as real.

ZILBERG Jonathan (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)
Title: On the Museum Istiqlal’s (the Indonesian National Islamic Museum) Potential for a Critical Role in
Enhancing a Plural Muslim Social Imagination via Domestic Heritage Tourism
This paper revisits a past applied research project which proposed that through domestic heritage tourism anddigital educational outreach the Museum Istiqlal (MI) could hypothetically have been used to more effectively
enhance religious tolerance in an era in which there has been a dramatic rise in religious intolerance in the
public sphere. Based on previous published work and open access image based data produced by the author
on the content of the museum, and highlighting the challenges facing the museum, the presentation will
illustrate the powerful way in which the MI has provided a historical record of a plural Islamic heritage. It
argues that precisely because of rising cultural and social tension that this museum had and still has apotentially special role to play if it was used as a context for promoting diversity and tolerance by the Ministriesof Religion and Education and Culture. It will visually demonstrate how the museum could stimulate domestic
heritage tourism by coupling on-line museum education programs with the national curriculum through digital
humanities initiatives. However, it concludes with a deeply sanguine analysis given the religious politicalclimate which critically constrains any such liberal agenda.

ZOLLET Simona (Hiroshima University) & Meng Qu (Hiroshima University)
Title: Lifestyle migrants for the Revitalization of Marginal Island Communities in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan
This study focuses on domestic urban-to-rural lifestyle migration to the islands of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan,
from the perspective of island community revitalization. Considering the widespread depopulation issues inmarginal and remote islands of Japan and beyond, attracting in-migrants is considered by policymakers to bea promising way of repopulating shrinking communities. There is increasing evidence that many newcomers
are choosing to move to smaller and/or more remote rural locations, including islands, for lifestyle reasons,the so-called ‘lifestyle migrants’. As one of the main issues of small islands is the lack of locally available
jobs, a key to the success of these migrants is the capacity to establish independent businesses, or to bepluriactive in order to sustain their lifestyle. This study focuses on a variety of urban-to-rural lifestyle migrants

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who established small independent businesses on eleven islands of the Seto Inland Sea, and particularly thoseengaged in tourism, creative industries (the ‘creative class’) and organic farming. It explores the motivations,challenges and opportunities associated with living and establishing small businesses in island communities,
and examines the multifunctional and hybrid lifestyle patterns of lifestyle in-migrants. Such lifestyles go
beyond conventional patterns of living and intersect many fundamental themes of the current age, such asenvironmental and social sustainability, degrowth, and more generally, new and potentially innovative waysof inhabiting marginal areas. The findings may therefore contribute to addressing the multifacetedcharacteristics of lifestyle migration to small and marginal islands and their implications for wider processesof revitalization from a sustainability perspective.

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