a documentary film by
Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

Solutions for our ecological, economic, and social crises
come from unexpected places on a thought-provoking
journey through Japan, Korea, and the United Statesthat turns our perceptions of food and life upside downin an amazingly simple and poetic way.

Press Kit Contents

50 Word Synopsis.......................................................................................................................................3
200 Words..................................................................................................................................................3
350 Words..................................................................................................................................................4
Directors' Statement..................................................................................................................................5
More than a Film: Our Actions...................................................................................................................6
Director Bios...............................................................................................................................................7
Contact Information...................................................................................................................................7
Reviews and Feedback...............................................................................................................................8
Images........................................................................................................................................................9
The Animation “A Little Light” by Heeyoung Park...................................................................................10
A Soundtrack from Three Countries.........................................................................................................10
Frequently Asked Questions....................................................................................................................11
Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 20 September 2015

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org

50 Word Synopsis
Solutions for our most pressing social and ecological issues come from unexpected places
on a meditative and artfully-executed journey through Japan, Korea, and the United States.
Armed with a camera and determination, the film's directors turn our perceptions of food andlife upside down in an amazingly simple and poetic way.

200 Words
Solutions for our most pressing global issues come from unexpected places on this majestic
and thought-provoking journey through Japan, Korea, and the United States, turning ourperceptions of food and life upside down in an amazingly simple and poetic way.
Called “a beautiful film … both art and documentary” by New York Times bestselling author
Alicia Bay Laurel, Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness weaves breathtaking landscapes andan eclectic original soundtrack together with philosophical insights from a glowing cast ofnatural farmers, chefs, authors, and teachers.
Together, their stories illuminate a brilliant yet maddeningly simple path to sustainability andwell being for people and the environment, centered around the philosophies of the late
Masanobu Fukuoka and his seminal environmental book One Straw Revolution.
A tremendous four-year undertaking by two first time filmmakers, co-directors Patrick Lydon(San Jose/Silicon Valley, USA) and Suhee Kang (Seoul, South Korea) brought together
hundreds of volunteer translators, hosts, coordinators, artists, and musicians from over adozen countries to make Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness.
Today the film is leaving audiences around the world inspired, happier, and motivated tomake changes in their own lives. In 2015/2016, the directors completed a 110-datescreening tour of Japan and Korea to much celebration, and the film's grassroots popularity
doesn't seem to be slowing down any time soon!

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org

350 Words
During the process of making this film, the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) released a report which made clear to the world that we only have 60
years of farming left if we continue our ecologically destructive ways of growing food. Add tothis, issues of social and economic inequality, resource depletion, and a changing climatethat threatens our very existence, and the path forward seems daunting at the least.
So where do we go from here? Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness offers a compelling
direction.
Solutions for these global issues come from unexpected places on this majestic andthought-provoking journey through Japan, Korea, and the United States, turning ourperceptions of food and life upside down in an amazingly simple and poetic way.
Called “a beautiful film … both art and documentary” by New York Times bestselling author
Alicia Bay Laurel, Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness weaves breathtaking landscapes andan eclectic original soundtrack together with philosophical insights from a glowing cast ofnatural farmers, chefs, authors, and teachers.
Current-day leaders in the natural farming movement are featured, including Yoshikazu
Kawaguchi (Japan), Seonghyun Choi (Korea), and Larry Korn (United States), as well as adozen others from farmers to chefs to urbanites. Together, their stories illuminate a brilliant
yet maddeningly simple path to sustainability and well being for people and the environment,
centered around the philosophies of the late Masanobu Fukuoka and his seminal
environmental book One Straw Revolution.
A tremendous four-year undertaking by two first time filmmakers, co-directors Patrick Lydon(San Jose/Silicon Valley, USA) and Suhee Kang (Seoul, South Korea) brought together
hundreds of volunteer translators, hosts, coordinators, artists, and musicians from over adozen countries to make Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness.
The film is introduced with a delicate and moving hand-drawn animated short – created byanimator Heeyoung Park, who spent an immersive year with the directors and on natural
farms in preparation to draw the first frame.
Today the film is leaving audiences around the world inspired, happier, and motivated tomake changes in their own lives. In 2015/2016, the directors completed a 110-datescreening tour of Japan and Korea to much celebration, and the film's grassroots popularity
doesn't seem to be slowing down any time soon!

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org

Directors' Statement
Four years ago, my partner and I lived andworked in the middle of two of the biggest,
most fast-paced economies in the world.
We watched each day as a culture centeredaround monetary wealth, illness, andenvironmental destruction took its toll on ourfriends, families, and the environment
around us, and we knew very deeply thatthe story of society that we were living inwasn’t working out so well.
We decided to find a better story, one that
was about the kind of social and ecologicalwell being that we knew was possible, yetwhich we saw constantly slipping out of reach of the people around us.
It was during this time that we visited a secluded natural farm in the mountains of South
Korea, and what the farmer told us changed our lives forever.
We realized that his way of natural farming was not simply about a method of farming tosustain our environment, it was about a way of thinking and being to sustain and nourish all
human relationships, ecological and social.
A short time later, the two of us decided to cash in our meager life savings and have since
led a nomadic life with no home and few belongings, putting our backgrounds inphotography and publishing together to tell a story that we saw was greatly needed in ourworld.
We have traveled through East Asia, Europe, and North America, researching, filming, andworking with individuals who have dedicated their lives to living with the earth, instead ofagainst it.
The culmination of this work, Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness is a film gives us the
beginnings of a new foundation, one on which social and ecological well-being can be built
for everyone, whether we live in the city or in the countryside. We believe it is a film that will
leave you inspired, happier, and perhaps even motivated to make a few changes in your own
lifestyle.

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org

More than a Film: Our Actions
More than just a film, Final Straw is a cultural movement for social and ecological well beingthat uses nature, food, and art to reconnect people and communities with our environment.
The directors have worked internationally through film, art, nature experiences, urban
gardening, educational programming, and community oriented projects to catalyze ways ofthinking and being that sustain and nurture all human relationships, social and ecological,
having founded the SocieCity collective as a springboard for these extended works.

During the process of creating the film, we have simultaneously produced ecological art
exhibitions, lecture events, and built urban art farms. We have worked with local groups of
eco-conscious individuals, disadvantaged youth groups, K-12 schools, universities, andleading ecological institutions to create activities and interventions aimed at developing
simple solutions for a more sustainable life.
The documentary film, as well as our related events all explore solutions for social andecological well being and are driven by a holistic view of nature and humanity, gained fromour studies of ‘natural farming’ lifestyles around the world.
Deeply-rooted in the exploration of the art of natural farming, these events teach us as muchabout how to live as they do about growing sustainable food.

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org

Director Bios
Patrick M. Lydon (San Jose, United States) is an internationallyexhibited artist and writer working to ignite unconventional andcritical dialogues on humanity’s relationship with the natural world.
His interdisciplinary work involves diverse casts of people; fromfarmers, to city planners, to artists, rural and urban community
organizations, and educational institutions. In addition he curates
content for a collective called SocieCity.org, and is a regularcontributing writer to the Sustainable Cities Collective and Nature ofCities. Patrick holds an MFA with distinction in “Art, Space &Nature” from the University of Edinburgh (Scotland) and previously
studied at San Jose State University (USA) and Aichi University of the Arts (Japan).
More at:www.pmlydon.com & www.sociecity.org
Suhee Kang (Seoul, South Korea) is a photographer and social andecological activist. She has worked as an Editor of books on
ecology and sociology topics, and has served as a volunteer for
many like-minded organizations including the ‘Dumulmeori’ organic
farming struggle, and ‘Rogpa’ organization for Tibetan refugees.
Suhee has traveled throughout the Middle-East, Europe and Asia toengage with the traditional way of living, for which she won the
grand prize in the traveling photography contest by Istanbul Cultural
Center. Solo and group shows of Suhee’s work have taken place inSeoul, Kwangju, and Yangpyeong. Suhee graduated from
Sungkyunkwan University in 2007 with a degree in Journalism.
More at:suheekang.tistory.com & vertciel.blog.me

Contact Information
Patrick Lydon (English): patrick@finalstraw.org | (+1) 415-347-1981
Suhee Kang (Korean): suhee@finalstraw.org | (+82) 010-4462-3688

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org

Reviews and Feedback“Wow!! A great film … both art and documentary.”– Alicia Bay Laurel | author of 'Living on the Earth'“Thought-provoking and inspiring … a powerful call to action”– Clean Eating Magazine“Meditative, mindful … a beautiful film.”– Barbara Baker / BBC, mindful pie“Loved it so much … filled with TLC”
– Keibo Oiwa / author of 'Slow is Beautiful'“A film with a very big heart … the world needs such films now more than ever.”– Brian Covert / journalist based in Japan"The film filled me up with great joy and inspiration...I knew it was going to uplift and give a newperspective to my soul, but I didn't know how deeply it would do those things! I'm going to watch the film
today... for the 8th time."– Rafayah Uzzyah, Philadelphia, USA"Your film enables us to catch a glimpse of the people and things which society can not ordinarily grasp orsee... thank you for your beautiful work"– Kim JaeHyung / Korean philosopher and activist“Full of beautiful moments and messages that inspired and brought tears to my eyes...”– Rena Komatsu, Tokyo, Japan
Anonymous written feedback from screenings...
It's Fantasia-meets-farming // Therapy and purpose, all in one // Every human being should see this film

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org

ImagesHigh-resolution production images are available at http://www.finalstraw.org/press-media/
or by contacting patrick@finalstraw.org

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org

The Animation “A Little Light” by Heeyoung ParkThe Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness film is
introduced with a delicate and moving animatedshort by Heeyoung Park. The animation is handdrawn, and took two years to complete.
The process was intense and immersive; in order toprepare for drawing the first frame, Heeyoung spentan entire year studying with the directors, goingover ideas and sketches, and working on natural
farms. Heeyoung also chose to work specificallywith Japanese composer ZML to create thesoundtrack for her short.
The result is a deeply personal and introspective
work of animation.

A Soundtrack from Three Countries
As with the filming, the soundtrack was recorded in Japan, South Korea, and the UnitedStates. Having studied music since childhood, Patrick undertook the work of music
direction, working with professional musicians who volunteered their time to support the film.
These musicians are impressive not only musically, but in the mindset of how they make andshare their work. The musicians are:
Wind Sync | United States | Houston, Texas | www.windsync.org
Much of the soundtrack is improvised by this group, a revolutionary wind quintet who areinternationally recognized for their dramatic and engaging performances. These five virtuoso
players tour regularly, inspiring audiences of all ages.
Bomnoonbyul | South Korea | Seoul |South Korea's most recognized kalimba and native american flute player, his performances
touch the souls of audiences during frequent tours around East Asia.
Joyful Island | South Korea | Seoul | http://cafe.naver.com/joyfulisland
An eclectic group of musicians well known for their dynamic and upbeat world-folk sound, thefive member group brings their original compositions to concert stages around the world.
Youji Kohno and Ben Nakamura | Japan | Kagawa | http://ipppen.bandcamp.com
Experimental musicians known for live performances using direct electrical current and analog
instruments to produce soundscapes.

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org

Frequently Asked Questions
During the touring of our film Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness, and our interactions withpress and audiences, we’ve come upon some questions that repeat themselves often. Here,you’ll find a list of these questions and some answers. We put a lot of work into these, andwe hope they help guide you to a more productive understanding of the film, natural farming,and possible actions which can spur from this way of thinking...
Q) What is Natural Farming......................................................................................................................10
Q) Isn’t this the same thing as “Organic” farming?.................................................................................11
Q) Natural Farming sounds nice, but ... (insert excuse of why it's not possible).....................................12
Q) Natural Farming Doesn't Seem Realistic.............................................................................................13Q) How Do they Control Weeds and Pests?.............................................................................................14Q) How can you make a living with Natural Farming?.............................................................................14
Q) But normal people don’t like to eat ugly food....................................................................................15
Q) Is it possible to feed the world with natural farming?........................................................................15
Q) But don't we need chemicals, pesticides, GMOs, to feed the world?................................................16
Q) Should we all just live in the forest and ignore technology?..............................................................17Q) You haven’t defined natural farming for me. I want a definition........................................................18Q) These natural farmers are wrong! (aka: my way is the only way!).....................................................18
Q) I’m not a farmer. I live in the city. What can I do?..............................................................................19
Q) Individual people can’t change the world...........................................................................................20
Q) I want to support local, but I can’t afford good food, handmade goods, ect.....................................20
Q: What prompted you to begin exploring natural farming?..................................................................21
Q: I don’t know what problem you are trying to solve! Is it social? Ecological?.....................................22
Q: Why/How does natural farming (or the idea of it) help with the above issues?................................22
Q) Are you rich? Who funds you? How did you afford to make this film?..............................................23
Q) Doesn’t This Only Work in Japan? Who Can Benefit?.........................................................................23
Q) Who is Masanobu Fukuoka?...............................................................................................................23
Q) Where can I learn more about Natural Farming?...............................................................................24
Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org
Q) What is Natural FarmingA) Natural farming can be thought of as 'farming with nature'. The modern version of this way offarming was developed in middle of the 20th century by Masanobu Fukuoka and Mokichi Okada,
two Japanese farmers who, independent of each other, came to the realization that there wassomething terribly wrong with the way the modern world was growing food. Yet, it's not so muchof an 'invention' as it is a re-discovery of our human ability to connect in a deep and meaningful
way with the earth. Similar movements in agriculture happened not only in Japan, but India,
Australia, Germany, and the United States, all independently of each other, and all around thesame time.
As opposed to our standard top-down view of agricultural production, natural farming is ahorizontal system, placing humans and nature on equal footing. That is to say, neither humans
nor plants nor animals are higher or lower than one another in terms of importance/value, as weare all part of a system which must work together in order to thrive. This view allows us to be
thankful and respectful in ways which are similar to those of the native North Americans, or othernative peoples who lived with the land as a partner.
As practiced in Japan, Korea, and throughout the world, this way of producing food helps theimmediate and surrounding environment become enriched instead of depleted. It's worth notingthat no form of industrial agriculture can claim to be 'sustainable' in this sense.
Natural farming is an amazingly ecologically beneficial way of farming. A recent study by Rodale
Institute showed that if natural farming were implemented on a global scale, could “sequester
more than 100% of current [global] annual CO2 emissions”. [http://rodaleinstitute.org/reversingclimate-change-achievable-by-farming-organically/]
Natural farming depends distinctly on cultivating a relationship with your individual plot of land,
and using this relationship to inform how you grow food. In this respect, natural farming is more a‘way of seeing’ nature, rather than a ‘method of farming’ however, natural farmer, Yoshikazu
Kawaguchi gives some main “ideas” to be mindful of:
1. There is no need to till the soil
2. Bugs and weeds are not your enemies
3. There is no need to make prepared compost
4. Do not bring any inputs from outside the farm (eg: pesticide, herbicide, fertilizer)
5. Respond to nature, weather, and the specific conditions of your location
Again, these are Kawaguchi’s thoughts, and they are based on his relationship with the land, butthey are not a “natural farming” bible. We must allow ourselves to come into a working
relationship with our land, and to have a respect for the land and for other people, and from thisworking relationship we can develop our own way of natural farming.

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org
Q) Isn’t this the same thing as “Organic” farming?
A) Organic farming is a big category which includes everything from small family farms to largescale industrial farms. While some organic farmers do indeed practice farming in a way similar to
Japanese natural farming, many ‘certified organic’ farms are also unfortunately bound to
government mandates which are not always healthy for the environment, let alone healthy for the
food or the farmers who make it.
An example which may surprise many is that USDA Certified organic food allows for the useof pesticides and chemicals; while natural farmers use zero pesticides or chemicals. It’s a goodreason why we would benefit from getting produce directly from a local farmer we trust.
Other permissible practices in “organic” farming are fertilizers – which are often heavily used andcan cause serious environmental issues – and the use of “tilling” or turning over the soil, apractice which Natural Farmers see as a destruction of the natural, physical, and biologicalcomponents which make up the soil, and a major factor in our current global issues with soil
degradation and desertification.
In the end, Natural Farming is not a methodology, but really more of an idea of how to live as asequals with nature. Thinking of it this way, it is technically impossible to imprint any kind of
certification on this way of farming. But then again, if certification exists to establish trust, thebetter way to establish that trust is to form a relationship with the people who produce your foodand this, indeed, is something that natural farming is excellent at facilitating.
Q) Natural Farming sounds nice, but ... (insert excuse of why it's not possible)(Excuses might include: It’s too idealistic. It’s not possible. We need chemicals, tilling, pesticides.
These farmers must already be wealthy to afford this.)A) There are many variations of this question/criticism, and invariable one comes up at eachscreening. Someone thinks that natural farming sound nice, but has myriad excuses as to why
they can’t personally do it, or why they think it’s impossible to accomplish in this world.
First, understand that we (and this film) are not here to convert you into natural farmers. We arehere because we’ve spent the past four years of our lives working to open a little window thatallows people to see a new way of thinking and doing. This little window into the natural farming
mentality is one that shows us how to simultaneously cultivate social and ecological well being,
all while feeding people good, healthy food. Is it possible? Yes. But it requires a mindset change
and a shift away from the common capitalist focus on competition, wealth, endless growth, andmaterial goods.
In a general way, we can indeed say that natural farming is impossible so long as we continue tooperate within the limited way of thinking and doing we call global capitalism. In order to be
successful, we need to remove ourselves from the limitation of thinking that our solutions mustall fit within the social and economic box of capitalism as we know it today. The box, in fact, is amajor part of the problem.
Rather than calling it a ‘box’ Suhee and I like to visualize capitalism as a train.
Picturing this train called capitalism, let’s imagine that all of us who are participating in the
Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org
capitalist system, the workers, the consumers, the owners (eg: most of the population of modern
society) are on board this train and conduct their business mostly within the confines of this train.
It’s a comfortable place, cushy chairs, all the food and alcohol you could want in the cafe car, akaraoke room, sleeping cars. It’s a great place to spend time. The issue with all of this, is that
this train is heading for a cliff. Environmental degradation, rampant inequality, a sociopathic
economic system, however you want to spell it, the train we are on is not in it for the long term.
The majority of well-grounded economists, scientists, philosophers, or ecologists who are notfunded by industry interests will concur with this sentiment, as has most recently, the United
Nations and an international coalition of such researchers... which leads us to the following
Thinking about the train and natural farming, it’s easy to see that natural farming exists pretty
well outside of the train. Those of us on board can see it from our window seats, like we did inwatching the film, and it looks beautiful to us, but we have mostly come to the conclusion that it
is impossible because, well, it won’t work on our train!
We’re right, of course. Natural farming won’t work on the train, and that is a big part of the point.
It shouldn’t work on the train. If it did work on the train, it would be heading towards the cliff withevery other part of our competition-based capitalist society, and that’s not where we need oursolutions to sit.
The way that natural farmers have made it work, for better or worse, has been to get off the train,
to reject the tenets of capitalist economics as we practice them today, and to build their own
kind of economic system that suits the well being of society and our earth.
We essentially have two main choices:
1) We can stay on this train, and continue working towards the bigger, the faster, the morecompetitive, the extractive, the global, the endlessly growing wealth, the dishonesty, theinequality.
2) We can get off the train and work towards the small-scale, the slow, the cooperative, theregenerative, the local, the sharing of wealth, the honest relationship-based, the communal.
In order to be successful at natural farming – or any of the next-generation people-powered
occupations we need in this world – we need to re-invent the economic system to serve ourneeds as people, and the needs of the environment.
Of course, it is understandable that many people will doubt this is possible because for our entire
lives the only way of operating we have known has been capitalism, the pursuit of money as ameans and end.
We have to remove ourselves from this mindset in order for things like natural farming to work.
Natural farming is a way of working based on relationships, compassion, and regeneration andso it is fundamentally incompatible with an economic system based on scale, competition andextraction.
The farmers who are successful are building new economic systems based on, yes,relationships, compassion, and regeneration.

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org
Q) Natural Farming Doesn't Seem RealisticA) If we’re speaking about being realistic, let’s first question the way we currently live and workand produce.
Looking at our situation realistically as human beings living on planet earth, there is realisticallyno way for us to continue operating solely within a system that places economic growth andprofits ahead of all else. There is also no realistic way for humanity to continue growing food andproducing goods on an industrial scale that necessitates continuous extraction of limited
resources.
Industrial scale production of anything requires a fundamental separation of ourselves from thereality of the world we live in. Now, as beings who are reliant on the earth and ecological cycle
for production and life itself, we might understand that producing and living in a system which
disconnects us from the reality of this ecological cycle is not a very wise position to be in.
The global-industrial system of production is anything but realistic and is chronically prone to
producing social inequality, environmental destruction, and calamity on many levels. Does thissound familiar?
As opposed to industrial scale farming, natural farming is inherently based on a realistic view ofthe world simply because it requires constant contact and a relationship with the reality of natureand the earth which supports us. It operates not in a walled-off box, but out in nature where theentire process is visible and connected with reality each and every day.
Natural farming (and similar methods such as permaclture, agroecology and regenerative
farming) are the most realistic ways of producing food for the population of the earth.
Such ways of producing food not only rely on a connected sense, understanding, andrelationship with the real world that we live in, but when approached properly, they can bringdozens of times more food per acre of land than even the best managed industrial-scale farm.
The trade-off, of course, is increased human power. In order to feed the world with natural
farming, we need more people involved in the occupation of natural farming.
Q) How Do they Control Weeds and Pests?
A) Keep in mind that the worst pest and weed issues we are seeing today, are a direct result oflarge scale industrial mono-crop farming. Industrial practices encourage weed growth andwidespread damage by pests, and so they have a more difficult time to start off with.
Natural farmers do have 'pests' and 'weeds' of course, but they mitigate these threats withnature's tools, using biodiversity to their advantage, maintaining a natural balance where it
becomes nearly impossible for pests to cause the kind of large scale damage that we would see
if an industrial farm stopped using pesticides.
Natural farming does not 'eliminate' pests, but creates a balanced environment where, not only
do pests and weeds not pose major threats, but they are appreciated for the benefits the provide
to the soil and ecosystem of the farm itself.

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org
Q) How can you make a living with Natural Farming?
A) There are many small-scale farmers who make a living doing natural farming or permaculture
or some similar form of regenerative agriculture. So how do we reconcile this? How is it
possible? Surely they must be very special people, talented, or have some kind of funding
behind them. This is not really the case.
They are all normal people who have simply released themselves from traditional social andeconomic thinking, and who have found some creative way of making and selling food that is all
based on the cultivation of relationships.
They are people who have decided that doing things at a small scale where they can use theircreativity and foster relationships is the healthiest and most sane way of earning a living, andthey’ve found customers who agree with that sentiment.
One farmer is a full time employee of a restaurant who wants to use all naturally farmed
ingredients. They asked a farmer to start a natural farm for them and she did, and it works
financially for the farmer and the restaurant and the customers.
Many other farmers have a community supported agriculture (CSA) model. The key for this towork, is that they invite the community to their farm to show them the land, to explain thepremise of how it works and why it is important and healthy for them and the land. The
customers see it, they understand, they become connected, and in most cases, they are
customers for life.
Q) But normal people don’t like to eat ugly food.
A) The experience of natural farmers around the world shows otherwise. Consumers will eat
aesthetically unappealing food. If they are educated about it.
Natural farmers do not generally sell to supermarkets, who often have high aesthetic
requirements for their foods, and more often take too much of a cut for farmers to turn a profit.
Instead, they work directly with consumers, face to face in farmers markets, or through a CSA
where the customers must visit the farm at least once a year.
In the end, if customers are physically brought to a farm and educated about the foods andprocesses and benefits, they will not only accept food that is too small or has holes in it, they willoften rejoice in it because they know it is a sign of a healthy environment.
Q) Is it possible to feed the world with natural farming?
A) The more useful way to ask this question, is to look at our current way of producing food andask:“Is it possible to continue feeding the world with industrial agriculture?”
The answer to this is an unequivocal no. Today’s best science, along with decades of
independent agricultural research tells us that it is absolutely not possible to feed the world past
our current generation if we continue industrial-scale farming.
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A recent United Nations Report by the Food and Agriculture Organization, gives us 60 years ofindustrial scale farming before we destroy our environment so irreversibly that the world will entera period of mass starvation from which it may not be able to recover.
Decades of research by the United Nations, along with institutions such as Rodale Institute, give
us some important recommendations. There is a general agreement by most farmers andresearchers who are studying how to feed the population of this growing planet, that the only
way to feed the world well into the future is to convert to ways of growing food that are:
1. Predominantly Small-Scale / Local / Regional
2. Biodiverse in nature, incorporating many kinds and varieties of plants
3. Solar-based, not reliant on external inputs and petroleum-based chemicals
4. Regenerative for the environment instead of extractive (destructive)
5. Based more on local and seasonal growing and consumer habits
Around the world, millions of Regenerative Farmers, Natural Farmers, and Permaculturists areworking today to achieve all of these points ... and they already feed most of the world.
Q) But don't we need chemicals, pesticides, GMOs, to feed the world?
A) Sure you do … if you want to grow things that aren’t meant to grown in the place/season thatyou are trying to grow them in, or if you are a seed company, or a chemical manufacturer who
used to produce chemical weapons and needs to sell their chemicals to someone, or anyone
else with a vested interest in making money by supplying farmers things they don’t really need.

But you don’t unequivocally need any of these things to live and to feed the world, and innearly all cases, continuing to use them works against the well being of our earth and thefuture of humanity.
The Myth that We Need Industrial Agriculture has been debunked, and the only ones who are
holding onto this myth, are the industry giants who helped create it – as well as themainstream media who rely on the industry for funding. This partially explains why mostpeople seem to think we need industrial agriculture.
In the United States, 80% of the corn we grow is not used for human consumption — mostof it goes to cattle feed or ethanol fuel production (NY Times). If industrial corn crops in the
U.S. alone were converted to grow food for human consumption, we could feed 1/2 of theworld’s starving population.
So to begin with, we grow enough food to feed the world already, but we have a giant
problem with how we use the food that we do grow.
The other part of this myth is that smaller local farms can not match the yield of hightechnology industrial farms. This is simply not true, and anyone who has stepped foot on anatural farm can immediately see the truth. Small scale farming operations based on natural
farming, regenerative farming, and permaculture can provide yields of 5-10 higher than those
Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
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of the very best GMO-based conventional industrial farms when growing vegetables, berries,
and fruits; and natural grain (rice) farms consistently show yields equal to or better than themost productive conventional farms.
The idea that we don’t have enough food to feed the world, the idea that we needtechnological advances to change this ‘food shortage’ is completely absurd.
If a proper distribution system alone were put into place, the world would not be hungry.
Better yet, if communities were empowered to grow their own food, the world could locallygrown foods as a primary source of nourishment, in cooperation with a much smaller
regional and global distribution systems that are based on human needs first instead of
economic growth.
Even so, this documentary isn’t really about converting us all to being natural farmers —although it’s a nice sounding dream — it is about the idea that there is something missing
from our lives in between the layers of concrete, glass, and asphalt found in our cities. It’s
about the idea that as human beings, having a deeper connection with nature, and with thesources of our foods, can help us be happier, more aware, and more responsible in the way
we go about living our lives.
The reality is that the only way forward for humanity to both ensure ecological well being tosupport our population, as well as to feed the world, is to move towards regenerative waysof farming that rely more heavily on human power, creativity, and a relationship with ourenvironments.
Q) Should we all just live in the forest and ignore technology?
A) Absolutely not!
Natural farming has nothing to do with going backwards, and everything to do with finding a way
forward. It is about finding a way to live with this earth instead of fighting against it, it is aboutknowing our home and coming into a close working relationship with it instead of constantly
creating devices to distance ourselves from it. It is about a sane economy that works for all
people, and about responsible technology that helps the human family and the earth cometogether instead of separating us.
Technology has a role, but in a scenario that luminary thinkers Mahatma Gandhi and E.F.
Schumacher warned us of, technology today has overstepped it’s role. Instead of technology
serving mankind, today we have essentially allowed ourselves to become slaves to technology;
we have allowed it do destroy social and ecological well being at nearly every turn.
In the view of so-called “appropriate” technology, we need technology that allows human beings
to work creatively with their hands and with meaning. Technology that allows us to deepen ourconnection with others, and to deepen our relationship with this world. Technology that makes
work and life easier, yet does not remove our ability to be creative and happy in the work that wedo.
A recent study by Dr. Iain McGilchrist showed that, while inflation-adjusted wages doubled in
Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
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America between 1955 and 1999, the percentage of Americans who reported they were very
happy with their jobs dropped – from 44% in 1955, to 16% in 1999. Our jobs might be earning us
more money, but they are progressively making us less happy.
I bring this up because it relates to the fact that the technology implemented in our current way
of industrial farming takes all of the joy and creativity out of the job of farming. Natural farming
reinstates this joy and creativity, allowing us to work closer to the land and to our products, towork happily, creatively, and with meaning each day. That’s the kind of job and technology weneed more of!
Q) You haven’t defined natural farming for me. I want a definition.
A) There is no definition.
Indeed, if we could define natural farming, it would mean that we’ve all missed the point of
natural farming.
The closest one might come, is to say that natural farming is about you and your relationshipwith nature, with the plants, earth, and the people who eat your food. It is about cultivating acompassionate – even empathic – relationship with nature, and allowing this relationship to direct
how you work.
There is no such thing as ‘the natural farming technique’ and beware, anyone who tells you
differently might be trying to sell you something. There are various techniques that natual farmers
use, yet all of them relate back to the individual’s relationship with their land.
Yoshikazu Kawaguchi tells us that there are some main “ideas” to be mindful of:
1. There is no need to till the soil
2. Bugs and weeds are not your enemies
3. There is no need to make prepared compost
4. Do not bring any inputs from outside the farm (eg: pesticide, herbicide, fertilizer)
5. Respond to nature, weather, and the specific conditions of your location
Again, these are Kawaguchi’s thoughts, but they are not a “natural farming” bible. We must allow
ourselves to come into a working relationship with our land, and to have a respect for the land
and for other people.
In the end, it is only you who can define natural farming for yourself.
Q) These natural farmers are wrong! (aka: my way is the only way!)A) You are welcome to share how you do natural farming, or chemical farming, or any other kindof farming. Indeed, we need others to share their experiences and what they’ve learned, and weneed to share ideas and to inspire innovations that help us find our own way of doing things.
What we don’t need however, is for individuals to dictate how other people should do natural
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farming. This is impossible. It absolutely goes against the entire premise of natural farming.
We ask that everyone involved in this conversation keep their minds open to the multitude ofways of farming and living in harmony with nature that are succeeding all around the world,
instead of sticking to a single doctrine or view on how things should be done.
Natural farming is about you and your relationship with the land, and that’s it. From there, it’s up
to you to create a good working relationship and to kindly and openly (not forcefully) share yoursuccesses and failures with others.
Q) I’m not a farmer. I live in the city. What can I do?
A) First, remember that good things begin when you turn off the television and start interactingwith the people in your community on a regular basis. Get together. Plan. Talk. Take actions inyour community for your community. The city is part of our sustainable future, but only
inhabitants like you are leading the way. It's your job to make that change happen, and it starts
with your actions.

The natural farming mindset is not just for country people, in fact, it is a mindset that
potentially has more to offer to urban city dwellers than anyone!
The easiest way to use the natural farming mentality in your job, in your consumption habits,
in your dealings with other people, is just to remember the core idea of natural farming itself-- to cultivate truthful and meaningful relationships with the world around you. Remember
this relationship-based mentality, and use it as a frame for your dealings with the world.
We can use this 'relationship-based' mindset whenever we contemplate making a purchaseof an object or service. Simply ask ourselves what are possible ways to obtain the products
and services we use in our life in a sustainable way that enforces relationships, compassion,and community.
With this in mind, here's a handy list to go through when making purchasing choices:
Can Someone Share it? – Is there a person near me who can share this tool, space, food,or skills with me so that I don’t have to buy something that will be used only for a short time?
See: www.freecycle.org | www.streetbank.com | www.ilovefreegle.org
Can I Make it? – Can I make it, repair it, patch it, up-cycle it, or learn how to do so fromsomeone?
See: www.youtube.com | www.openculture.com
Can I Make a new Relationship? – Can I form a new relationship with someone who
makes or sells what I need, instead of buying from a big box store? Can I support a local
farmer, craft guild, or craft space, or collective?
See: www.localharvest.org | www.ams.usda.gov/local-food-directories/farmersmarkets |www.etsy.com
Do I Really Need It? – If you can not get what you want by any of the above means, thelast step is to question yourself: do you really need this thing or service that you so desire?
Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
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Of course, there are times when we really do need it, but you might find that, after going
through this list of questions, there are a great many things that you really just don’t need,that don’t add to your happiness or well being, and that just take money out of your pocket
and help line the pockets of the already wealthy. Certainly, we found many many things inthis category! This is one of the goals you can work at slowly and gradually, a progression ofremoving things and habits from your life and filling the space with community, relationships,
and compassion.
From this list, you can also start to come up with your own creative solutions. If there are no
local farmers in your urban area, or if it is truly too expensive for you, can you appeal to thefarmers and perhaps help work with them and learn in exchange for food? Is there vacantland somewhere? Can you form a group of caretakers who want good food to start working
with that land? Can you appeal to city or community leaders to start a local food or garden
network? Can you innovate and make a box gardens that fit into tight urban spaces? Can
you start a local craft sharing and production network?
The opportunities for you to create a local economy based on things like community,
relationships, and compassion are endless. The only true limitation is your own creativity andyour willingness to get out there and make it happen!
Q) Individual people can’t change the world.
A) History shows us the opposite is true. Such a negative narrative (that we don't have power tochange the world) is presented to us by the very people who would be only so happy if
individuals continued to do nothing, to take no actions, to put up with the system as it ispresented to them, to abide by unjust laws, to continue feeding money into giant corporations
that extract money, resources, and life from the world around them. The narrative that theindividual can not change the world is a narrative which serves only the wealthy and the powerful
to keep their wealth and their power.
You can change the world. The biggest changes in the history of our society have been spurredby the actions of individuals who inspired and later worked with yet more individuals. One of ourmain mental blocks is that we know the right thing to do, but we are afraid to step in a different
direction than the majority. We are afraid to ride a bike instead of a car, afraid to have an oldphone instead of the newest one, afraid to fix our own clothes instead of buying new ones, afraid
to stick up for people who are marginalized, afraid to carry our cup and bottle with us instead ofusing disposable ones, afraid to talk and share with our neighbors; what will society think of us!?
In the film, Kawaguchi Yoshikazu gives a straight answer, saying that “the government won'tchange for us, other people won't change for us, society won't change for us” he points out thatthe only way to change the world is for individuals to step up and do the right thing, no matter
what the social consequences might be.
That is not the role of some far-off hero. That is the role of you. In the end, it is your role tochange the world.
Are you ready to step into that role? The world is ready for you to do it.
Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
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Q) I want to support local, but I can’t afford good food, handmade goods, ect...
A) We had this reaction at first. Then we asked ourselves, why can’t we afford these things? Why
do we think they are too expensive?
In the first case, during the time that I had a salaried job, I took a look at my expenses. I had myown apartment at one point. I went out to eat a few times a week. I had been buying newcomputer equipment, new things for my kitchen and apartment, new phones every year. I wentout for drinks once a week with co-workers or friends. I drove up to the city weekly. All of thesewere luxuries that I didn’t need, many of them were actually causing more harm and stress thangood, and all of them were taking away my ability to buy, cook, and appreciate good food.
So I got rid of them. I moved into a smaller place and shared it. I had my friends over for dinnerinstead of us going out, and they did the same for me, it was a great adventure in cooking andcamaraderie. I stopped buying things that I knew would just be toys forgotten in a few months ora year. I gave away a lot of things. Later on, when we decided to make the film, I just up andgave away nearly everything, moved out of having an apartment, and I still don’t have apermanent home and I live below the poverty line. That probably sounds a bit radical, but it'salso an adventure in finding freedom to live as simply as possible. You’ll find your own balance, I
hope.
Of course, there are economic hardships which might seem impossible to get away from. Mostof this is due to our attempts to fight our way out of economic hardship by being successful inthe very consumption-based economic system that continues to work against us. In fact, weneed to do the opposite, to release ourselves from a system which is not working in our bestinterests.
In order to be truly successful, we need to step away from that system and understand how to
be successful outside of it or regardless of it. Not buying into a consumption-based lifestylewhere your consumption level defines you is one great and easy way to independence, to wellbeing, and to success for yourself.
In this way of thinking, you might begin to realize that, if you think something is too expensive,
perhaps you can work or talk with the people who make it to understand why it is expensive.
Perhaps given time, you can be the one to make it yourself. Is it expensive because the person
selling it lives in a giant villa and has a collection of 10 ferraris? Well, perhaps you don't want tosupport that. Is it expensive because the person selling it lives a simple life but works diligently
and carefully at crafting something good, true, and beautiful? Is it worth it to support such a
crafts-person?
Your success and ability depends in great part, on your non-compliance with the portions ofsocial and economic structure that work against you and others like you, and your engagementin activities that support what you believe in.
Again, a reoccurring theme here is to do the right thing, not the easy thing. Sometimes that mightmean changing your social group, sometimes it might mean changing your occupation, where
you live, or what you do in your spare time.
The important point is to do it and to listen to your own personal truth rather than the banter ofsociety and the television.
Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org
Q: What prompted you to begin exploring natural farming?
Suhee Kang: I was afraid that our Earth is getting sick, also strongly agreed with natural
farming's main concept which we should respect our mother nature, and wanted to share theidea with the others.
Patrick Lydon: My interest initially was in looking at culture, nature, and cities, and how we canunite these three areas of knowledge to create better ways of living, that is to say, not 'bigger,
more fabulous' ways, but more 'socially and ecologically just' ways of living. Natural farming
provided a way to do that brilliantly, not just through the farming bit, but through adapting theirmindset to how we go about doing everything from building cities to our everyday social
interactions.
Q: I don’t know what problem you are trying to solve! Is it social? Ecological?
Suhee: Firstly, all the problems in modern agriculture, for example, soil erosion, habitat and waterpollution, desertification by monoculture, and the seemingly endless list of effects from industrial
agriculture. In looking to solve the problem, we always find some new way in our human point ofview, a new chemical compound, a new GMO something. But these can't be true answers.
Albert Einstein once said that "No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness
that created it." I thought we can find the answer in natural farming's view, because it operates atanother level, it is a fundamental way of thinking... a different level of consciousness.
Secondly, I think the root of both social and ecological problems are from our disrespectful
attitude to nature. Modern society doesn't take care of nature at all, but just uses the natural
resources for profit. If we all think about nature more deeply, then our way of thinking and living
can be changed.
Patrick: Adding to what Suhee said, we can look at the problem as being cultural at its root – aculture of apathy for life – which has branches into all kinds of ecological welfare issues... andwhen I say 'ecological' I include humans as a part of that ecosystem, which is to say, ecologicalissues by their nature, are also social issues. When our earth hurts, we humans hurt too, andwhen we are ignorant of the part we play in this earth, it leads not only to the earth hurting more,
but rather ironically, to our hurting ourselves even more through the same strain of apathy.
Q: Why/How does natural farming (or the idea of it) help with the above issues?
Suhee: Natural farming's main concept is respecting nature. In the natural farmer's view, weshould be cautious and careful in how we treat nature, with us included as a part of nature.
Patrick: We have developed a culture of disconnection, ignorance, and apathy towards theenvironment, yet all of the issues which stem from this apathy are righted when you begin
thinking of yourself as a part of the environment, when you see it as a support system foryourself and everything around you. That is essentially the way in which natural farmers think.
Now, apply that thinking to any social problem, and you have a way to fix that social problem at
its root; apply that thinking to any ecological problem, and you have a way to fix that ecological
Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
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visit www.finalstraw.org
problem at its root; apply that thinking to any economic problem and you have a way to fix that
economic problem at its root.
By cultivating a culture of understanding and connection with our environment, natural farming
helps us look at the root of our issues instead of the surface where we are constantly adding
patches and band-aids to problems which will not heal themselves, but will actually justcompound and make the problem worse as time goes on, as we tend to do today.
Q) Are you rich? Who funds you? How did you afford to make this film?
A) Since 2011, Suhee and Patrick have lived far below the poverty line.
We have very little money, spend very little money, and own very few things, yet we live happily,
we eat mostly really good food, and we can do so because we no longer buy into theconsumption-based capitalist system.
We don’t have a home, or a car, we don’t own much of anything that we can’t carry with us, wedon’t have fancy phones, no internet plans, no television. We have our cameras, laptops, and thebasics for our personal well being and that’s it.
Some might call that extreme. We happen to think the modern capitalist lifestyle is extreme. To
us, a more simple lifestyle is not only reasonable, it is the only way we could accomplish themaking and touring of this film.
The making of this film predominantly consisted of Suhee and Patrick working 16+ hours a day
to do all of the jobs that an entire filming and production and distribution and touring crew would
normally do. However, we would not have been able to do it if not for the dedication of literally
hundreds of volunteers and individuals we met along the way who believed in the project enoughto donate their own time, their couches, their expertise, their passion.
During our continuing work, we continue to be supported by such individuals, and we continue
to live below the poverty line. Happily!
Q) Doesn’t This Only Work in Japan? Who Can Benefit?
A) The techniques learned in Japan have been practiced with success in varying climates
throughout the world and most importantly, in agricultural lands which are struggling with soil
management, soil fertility, and general self-sufficiency. But remember, natural farming is notabout technique, it is about having the right mindset and relationship with your land, andallowing the technique to come from this mindset and relationship. Most food producing land
can benefit greatly through knowledge and understanding of the natural farming ideology.
So, although the ‘method’ differs in each application, the basics which Fukuoka laid out over 60
years ago, stay the same: no tilling, no chemicals or pesticides, no outside fertilizer, and mostimportantly, listen to nature and have a respect for the natural system which produces your food.

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016

Final Straw Documentary
Food | Earth | Happinessa film by Patrick M. Lydon and Suhee Kang

visit www.finalstraw.org
Q) Who is Masanobu Fukuoka?
A) Fukuoka is the Japanese agricultural scientist who, in the 1940s, began developing a systemof farming, based not on advances in the science which he was trained, but on the seemingly
backward process of removing human and scientific intervention.
His master plan was simple: to allow himself to exist and produce food simply, working inharmony with nature instead of against it. Much of his philosophy is detailed in his bestselling
book, “The One Straw Revolution,” now available widely, having been translated into over 25
languages.
Fukuoka passed away peacefully on his farm in 2008 at the age of 95, but his philosophy of
Natural Farming lives on. His “Natural Farming” movement has spawned countless other books,
research projects, and a slew of international recognition, yet many are still unaware of his
successes to this day.

Q) Where can I learn more about Natural Farming?
There are many great resources in print form. Highly recommended and still in print today is
Masanobu Fukuoka's own book The One Straw Revolution and Sowing Seeds in the Desert,
both edited and translated by Larry Korn. For an in-depth study examining the differences
between natural farming and other ecological farming methods, Larry Korn's latest book, One
Straw Revolutionary.

Patrick Lydon (USA): patrick@finalstraw.org| (+1) 415-347-1981 // Suhee Kang (Korea): suhee@finalstraw.org| (+82) 010-4462-3688
updated: 10 August 2016