【機密性２】※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

Decentralized wastewater treatment system
and its legal framework in Japan
September 24, 2019

Yuji HIROSE
Promotion of Johkasou
Waste Management Division
Environmental Regeneration and Material Cycles Bureau
Ministry of the Environment
Government of JAPAN【機密性２】Outline※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

１．History of Wastewater Treatment
and development of measures
Dr.Johkasou

２．General information on Johkasou

3. Legal systesm and measures on
Johkasou4. Overseas Promotion of Johkasou

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Water pollution in Japan during rapid economic growth

Dohkai Bay (Kitakyushu) in ‘60s

Sumida River (Tokyo) in ‘70s

Chofu Weir, Tama River (Tokyo) in ‘70

2

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・Overall concept of water environment improvement

TargetEstablishment of Environmental Quality Standardsof Pollution 【Basic Environment Law】

・Establishment of Wastewater Standards【Water Pollution Prevention Act】
Nationwide uniform standards

National Government- Vision- Law & Regulations- Technical Standards- National Subsidies
Sharing Responsibility

・Stricter regulation on Wastewater Standards

Industrial
Wastewater
Measures

Domestic
Wastewater
Measures・Regulations on business operators【Water Pollution Prevention Act】
Notification, measuring and recording ofwastewater, on-site inspection→ Penalties, improvement orders and otheradministrative guidances

Local Government- Treatment Master planand its implementation- Ordinance- Construction, Operationand Management of・Investments, human resource developments, etc.
sewerage facilities
for pollution prevention- Advice and guidance on
Johkasou operation and・Sewerage System Establishment 【Sewerage Law】 maintenance・Installation of Johkasou 【Johkasou Act】 etc.
3

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

MDGs

SDGs

 Environmental protection

 Sanitary improvement
 Expansion of flush toilet(1960s ～ in Japan)

Current
johkasou Treatment of all domestic wastewater(Black water + Gray water)Less impact
with low
pollutant load

PublicwaterwayOld
johkasouWithout treatment

Target 6.3
Having the proportion of
untreated wastewater

Heavy impact
with 8 times
pollutant load

Current type Johkasou
 To treat both black & graywater
 BOD 4g per person daily
discharged to public water
Old type Johkasou
 To treat black water only BOD 32g per person daily
discharged to public water New installation wasprohibited from 2001
4

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

SDGs

MDGs

Target 6.3
Having the proportion of
untreated wastewater

 Environmental protection

 Sanitary improvement
 Expansion of flush toilet(1960s ～ in Japan)

 Treatment of all domestic wastewater
Our biggest challenge!!!
(Black water + Gray water)

Still, half the number of operating
Johkasou is old type installed before
2001, harming the environment!!
Shall be converted into current type.
Current
johkasouLess impact
with low
pollutant load

PublicwaterwayOld
johkasouWithout treatment

Heavy impact
with 8 times
pollutant load

Current type Johkasou
 To treat both black & graywater
 BOD 4g per person daily
discharged to public water
Old type Johkasou
 To treat black water only BOD 32g per person daily
discharged to public water New installation wasprohibited from 20015

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures

Cost for construction andmaintenance, per capita

・ Demarcation of wastewater treatment systems
Balance point

Centralized system

Decentralized
systemPopulation density

Local governments are
responsible for Master Plan ofwastewater treatment scheme
including this demarcation ineach region.

6

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ General idea of johkasou
 Johkasou are decentralized wastewater treatment devices that are designed for individual households or otherstructures and typically handled by the private sector
 Johkasou have a combined purification structure capable of treating both night soil (black water) and domestic
wastewater (gray water)

Johkasou setup
Key features of johkasou
 Utilizes the purification capacity of microorganisms to turnout treated water on par with water treated at municipal
sewage treatment plants (BOD 20mg/L or less)Wastewater Low-cost equipment
 Efficient wastewater treatment equipment in hilly,
mountainous, and other rural areas

Johkasou Installation is quick, requiring only about a week Can be set up in a compact space (equivalent to just one
parking spot) Treated water is discharged on location, contributing to

Clean,
purifiedwater

Size comparison (example)

sound water cycles and maintaining consistent river flow
volume Resistant to earthquakes, supporting swift recovery in thewake of a disaster7

【機密性２】

2. Example of overseas installation※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

Hospital(Vietnam:250m3/d)

Restaurant(China:10m3/d)

Employee dormitory(Saudi arabia:530m3/d)

Factory (Kenya:40m3/d)

Factory (Vietnam:5m3/d)

Factory(Myanmar:30m3/d)
8

3. Legal Systems on On-Site Treatment – Johkasou Act
History of Johkasou Act
1960 to around 1980

With increasing population of flush toilet, rapid installation of tandoku(old type) johkasou to treat black water only

1983

Johkasou Act enacted (legislation introduced by a Diet member, cameinto force in 1985)1987

National subsidy program for gappei (current type) johkasou (to treat
both black and gray water) established

2000

Revised: New installation of tandoku-shori johkasou systems basicallyprohibited2005

Revised: Stricter water quality management systems introduced,
defining water quality conservation targets

During high economic
growth period, waterpollution accelerated.

To promote the spread of
gappei johkasou and thereplacement of tandoku
johkasou systems

Purpose of Johkasou Act
Promotion of human waste and gray water treatment by Johkasou for;- Conservation of water quality in public water area, preservation of the living
environment and improvement of public health⇒Articles in the Law①Johkasou installation（※related to “Building Standard Law”）②Operation/maintenance of Johkasou③Approval of Johkasou models④Johkasou business for Installation and Operation/Maintenance⑤Nationally qualified “Johkasou technicians”⑥Miscellaneous and penalties

93. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment

Water quality standards (Article 4-1)
Technical standards for discharged water quality
o Water discharged from gappei-shori johkasou must have a biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) concentration of 20 mg/L or lesso (Influent BOD – effluent BOD) ÷ influent BOD ≥ 0.9* Comparable to the treatment level of sewerage treatment plant(Johkasou Enforcement Ordinance Article 1-2)

 The above regulations were created to reflect current technological standards in light of best
available technologies (BAT) or best available techniques not entailing excessive costs(BATNEEC) according to the development and spread of johkasou.

10【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Johkasou Installation Procedure
Installation notification (Article 5)(Certify under the Building Standards Act when necessary)
Construction (Article 6)(Can issue administrative recommendations when necessary)

Post-installation legal inspections (Article 7)～～
Discontinuance notification (Article 11-2)
113. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment
・ Approval process for types of Johkasou (Johkasou Act Article 13)•

Parties intending to manufacture Johkasou in production plants shall obtain approval from the
Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) for the type of Johkasou to be
manufactured (does apply to test manufacturing).
This process is subject to Performance Evaluation System.

•

Performance
Evaluation Test

Approval by the Ministerof Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism

Model Approval
by Johkasou Act

Put into
MarketPerformance
EnsuredInflow r atio （％）

30

Inflow

25

Outflow

20
15

Disinfection

10
5

Sedimentation
tank

0
1

3

5

7

9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Anaerobic
filter tankMoving bed
tank

Sedimentation
tank

Time

Inflow Pattern

Performance Evaluation Type Johkasou

12

“Policy Dialogue and Network Building of Multi-stakeholders on Integrated
Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Management in ASEAN Countries”(PoDIWM)- Fund: Japan-ASEAN Integration Fund (JAIF)- Project Proponent: Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Indonesia- Implementation Agency: National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan- Project duration : July 2018-July 2020
【Objectives】
1) Policy and institutional design development platform for multi-stakeholders on integrated domestic
wastewater management.
2) Technology showcase of decentralized domestic wastewater treatment
Project activities：
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Assessment of the status of legal policy systems and technology on integrated domestic wastewater
management in 9 AMSs
Fact-finding survey on legislation/policy/program/initiatives such as certification system about integrated
decentralized domestic wastewater treatment in 9 AMSs
Policy dialogues of 10 AMSs (Singapore will be invited as a resource person) on initiatives for integrated
decentralized domestic wastewater treatment and its implementation
Round-robin test of decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facilities manufactured to be tested inIndonesia, Thailand and Japan
Capacity development trainings of multi-stakeholders for policy implementation in Japan
Policy consultation in each 9 AMSs on domestic wastewater management including policies,
standardization, Performance Evaluation Test, public and market initiatives for integrated decentralized
domestic wastewater management13【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Inspections and Maintenance14

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment

Sludge collection, transport and treatment (Waste Disposal Act)

Collect andtransport
Johkasoudesludging

Night soil (black
water) treatment
facility

Collection and transport
Municipalities shall, in line with their general waste treatment plans, collect and transportjohkasou sludge (general waste) in a manner that poses no threat to the maintenance of
healthy living environments or public health, and treat the sludge at a black water
treatment facility(Article 6-2 of the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law)15

【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Johkasou corporate registration process
Prefecture

Municipality

Johkasouconstruction company

Approval
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

Prefecture
or other【Certified Johkasou Installer】
Person certified to supervise johkasou
construction

Registration
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

・ National qalifications

Johkasoudesludging company【Certified Johkasou Operator】
Person certified to supervise johkasou
construction

Registration
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

Johkasoumaintenanceinspection company

16

【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems on On-Site Treatment (Human Resource Development)※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

MOE is hosting Seminars for Top Leaders and Regional Seminars for municipal governments,
and Johkasou Forum for residents and stakeholders such as NPOs.
For Johkasou Technicians by Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation (JECES) Johkasou technicians should be equipped with extensive knowledge on not only wastewater
treatment/johkasou, but also water environment conservation and public health.
 Curriculums for johkasou operator and johkasou installation worker are as shown below.

Johkasou operator








Fundamental of johkasou
Laws and regulations related with johkasou
Structure and function of johkasou
Introduction to installation of johkasou
Operation and maintenance of johkasou
Water quality management of johkasou
Introduction to desludging of johkasou
Total

Johkasou installation worker
8H
4H
22 H
4 H
30 H
10 H
2 H

 Fundamental of johkasou
 Laws and regulations related with johkasou
 Structure and function of johkasou
 Management of johkasou installation
 Introduction to O&M and desludging of johkasou
Total

8H
3H
15 H
8H
3H
37 Hours

80 Hours17

【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Measures to accelerate Johkasou installation and conversion of old types
Subsidies from the government and municipalities
Private installations

 Johkasou Installation Project (private installations)

Grant

Subsidizes municipalities supporting their residents (private
citizens) with johkasou installation

SupportMOE

 Johkasou Municipal Installation Project

Grant percentage
1/3
(1/2)

National subsidy program for municipalities taking the leadin installing johkasou systems. The municipality is
responsible for operations and maintenance.
oJohkasou Installation Project (private
installations)Individual share (60%)

oEligible for support (40%)

2/3 (1/2)
Municipality

1/3(1/2)
National
government

Privatehomes

Municipality
Installation
Municipal installations

Johkasou Municipal stallationProject (municipal
installations)
Eligible for national support (10%)
Individual
share（3/30）

17（12）／30
Municipal share

10（15）／30

National government

PFI (Private Finance Initiative) Projects
Demerits of Johkasou
Municipal Installation
 Increase of budget burden
on municipalities
 Increase of workload onmunicipalities

Merits of PFI projects
 PFI operators are responsible for installation, operation andmaintenance.
 Municipalities can utilize private financing, technology andknow-how on business.
 Decrease of overall project cost and workload onmunicipalities, and improvement of residential services.

18

3. Legal Systems and Measures on On-Site Treatment
Promotion of Johkasou Renovation by MOEJ
 Conversion of old type to current type Johksou including in-house piping works.
 Streamlining of management utilizing Johkasou data base system.

Conversion to current type
Damaged upper side

Conversion works

Damages or wastewaterleakages of old type(6,000 cases in 2016),
harming water
environment bydischarging untreatedwastewater.

Johkasou data base system

Local governments
・Installation notification
・Discontinuance notification

Cloud server
Maintenance inspection companies

・Inspection results
・Water qualities

Old type removal

Current type installation

Johkasou inspectors
Legal inspections by
Artilce 7 & 11.

Piping works

Conversion of old type, deteriorated andharmful to the environment, is a MUST!

Streamlinig of Johkasou managements bygrasping operation & maintenance status
more thoroughly!

19

4. Overseas Promotion for Johkasou
 The number of Johkasou overseas installation has explosively increased for the past few years.
Johkasou makers request systematic promotion support from the Government for performance evaluation
system and O & M management to popularize it overseas.
 Ministry of the Environment (MOEJ) works in harmony with stakeholders to strategically promote circularindustries overseas through standardization of Johkasou suitable to ASEAN countries, etc.
Main activities of MOEJ
25,000

Accumulated number National Institute for Environmental Studies is doing a
research project for fair treatment evaluation systemestablishment suitable to ASEAN countries tostandardize Johakasou.
 MOEJ hosts International Workshop on Decentralized
Wastewater Treatment in Asia to share Japanese legal
systems, regulations and experiences and to promote
Johkasou.
 MOEJ also hosts Johkasou Seminars and site surveys
to further promote Johkasou to stakeholders of thecounterparts and to support overseas business ofdomestic Johkasou related companies.

Johkasou Overseas Yearly
Installation Number

23,26920,00015,00012,846

10,000
6,451
5,000
0

154

201

267

613 1,135 1,187

1,243 1,943

3,257

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

 Workshop in Tokyo Seminar in Hanoi
 Site survey
in Vietnam(from left to right)

20

As of the end of December 2018
Pakistan ◇S 4units

India ◆M/L 44units

RussiaVietnam ◇S 713 ◆M/L 503units◇S 2units

German ◇S 8units

Nepal ◆M/L 2units

Greece ◇S 10units

Myanmar ◇S 349 ◆M/L 191units

Hungary ◇S 3units

Panama ◆M/L 1units
GrenadaPhilippines◇S 6 ◆M/L 2unitsMali◇S 1units◇S 1units

Sri Lanka◇S 135 ◆M/L 15units
Arab

◇S

3unitsSaudi Arabia◇S 2units◆M/L 1units
Palestine ◇S 1units

Mozambique ◇S 1units

Costa Rica ◇S 2units

Taiwan ◇S 1 ◆M/L 1units

Libya◆M/L 3units

South Africa◇S 45units

Honduras ◇S 1units

Laos ◇S 1 ◆M/L 2units

Algeria◆M/L 4units

Egypt ◇S 1units

Mexico ◇S 12units

China ◇S 17,244 ◆M/L 10units◇S 11units

Nigeria ◇S 16units

United States ◇S 683units

Thailand ◆M/L 3units

Romania ◇S 209units
Italy

Korea◆M/L1units

Syria ◆M/L 1units

Kenya ◇S 99units◆M/L 6units

Iraq

Mauritius ◇S 1units

Oman ◇S 42units

Palau

◇S

6unitsMalaysia ◇S

1unitsSingapore ◆M/L 3units
Indonesia ◇S

14 ◆M/L 257units

Australia ◇S 2,571 ◆M/L 12units◆M/L 1units

Jordan ◇S

6unitsIran

1units◇S◇S： Small-scale( 5 ～ 50 PE)◆M/L ： Medium/Large-scale ( 51 ～PE)

22,206 units
1,063 units
Total 23,269 units
Source : Johkasou System Association21

【機密性２】※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION.

At kikuchi gorge,Kikuchi City,Kumamoto Prefecture