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Cover image – G.M.B. Akash

Copyright © 2014. Hope for Children Organization Australia Ltd. All rights reserved.
Printed in Australia.

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WWW.GLOBALSLAVERYINDEX.ORG

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEXThis is the second edition of the Global Slavery Index (the Index).
It is the first Index of its kind – providing an estimate, country by country,of the number of people living in modern slavery today.

Estimated people inmodern slavery globally

35.8
MILLION‘‘You may choose to look the other way but you
can never say again that you did not know.’’
William Wilberforce

Of those living inmodern slavery

61%

are in five countries:
India, China, Pakistan,
Uzbekistan, Russia

The prevalence ofmodern slavery ishighest in:

In absolute terms, the countries
with the highest number ofpeople in modern slavery are:

Mauritania
Uzbekistan
Haiti
Qatar
India
Pakistan
Democratic Republicof the Congo
Sudan
Syria
Central African Republic

India
China
PakistanUzbekistan
RussiaNigeria
Democratic Republicof the Congo
Indonesia
Bangladesh
ThailandThe governments that are
taking the most action
to end modern slavery are:

When economic capacity
is taken into account,these countries aretaking strong efforts
to respond to modern
slavery with relatively
limited resources:

Netherlands
SwedenUnited States
Australia
Switzerland
Ireland
NorwayUnited Kingdom
Georgia
Austria

Georgia
Philippines
Macedonia
Jamaica

The governments thatare taking the leastaction to end modern
slavery are:
North Korea
Iran
Syria
Eritrea
Central African
Republic
Libya
Equatorial Guinea
Uzbekistan
Republic of the
Congo
Iraq

The governments thatshould be doing more,
given their wealth are:Hong Kong
KuwaitBruneiSingapore
Qatar

About the Index

It provides an analysis of the prevalence of modern slavery in terms of the percentage of a national
population and the total number of people living in modern slavery – country by country, region by region.
●● For the first time, the Index includes an analysis of what governments are doing to eradicate modern slavery.
●● It also looks at the contextual factors that make people vulnerable to modern slavery.
●●

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This is the second edition of the Global Slavery Index(‘the Index’). The Index estimates the number of people
in modern slavery in 167 countries. This year’s Index also
includes an analysis of what governments are doing toeradicate modern slavery. In addition to measuring theextent of the problem and the actions taken, the Index
increases our understanding of the contextual factors thatmake people vulnerable to modern slavery.

When the absolute number of people in modern slavery
per country is considered, the country ranking shifts. The
ten countries with the largest estimated numbers of people
in modern slavery are: India, China, Pakistan, Uzbekistan,
Russia, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Indonesia, Bangladesh and Thailand. Taken together,
these ten countries account for 71 percent of the total
estimate of 35.8 million people living in modern slavery.

The Index is the flagship report produced by the Walk Free
Foundation, a global human rights organisation dedicatedto ending modern slavery. The Walk Free Foundation was
founded by Australian philanthropists, Andrew andNicola Forrest. The methodology for the Index wasdeveloped by an internal research team and through external
consultations with an international and independent Expert
Advisory Group.

The regions with the lowest estimates of people enslaved
are Europe and North America. Iceland and Ireland havethe lowest prevalence of modern slavery in the world.
Scandinavian countries with comparatively low prevalence
include Norway, Finland and Denmark. Canada has thelowest estimated prevalence in the Americas, and New
Zealand, Taiwan and Australia have the smallest concentrationof people enslaved in the Asia Pacific region.

The 2014 Global Slavery Index estimates there are
35.8 million people living in some form of modern
slavery globally.

In 2014, the Index includes an analysis of 167 government
responses based on five objectives that every single
country should seek to accomplish in order to eradicate
modern slavery:

The estimated prevalence of people in modern slavery has
increased from 2013. It is important to note that we are notasserting that there has been an increase in modern slavery
around the world over the last year. We believe that the
majority of this increase is due to the improved accuracy
and precision of our measures, and that we are uncoveringmodern slavery where it was not found before.
This year’s improved methodology includes nationally
representative random sample surveys undertaken in sevencountries, which provided data points for ten countries.
In addition, we obtained data from a further nine random
sample surveys, increasing the number of countries where
survey data is available to a total of 19. In 2013, we released
the Index with a sense of urgency to raise awareness ofmodern slavery while acknowledging that the figures werean imperfect estimate. As modern slavery is a hidden crimeand notoriously difficult to measure, in 2014, these surveys
have enabled us to have a more precise measurement of thenumber of people enslaved. We will continue to improvethe methodology by including more random sample surveys
every year.

From children denied an education by
being forced to work or marry early,
to men unable to leave their work
because of crushing debts they owe torecruitment agents, to women and girls
exploited as unpaid, abused domestic
workers, modern slavery has many faces
and comes in many different forms.

For 2014, the ten countries with the highest estimatedprevalence of modern slavery by population are: Mauritania,
Uzbekistan, Haiti, Qatar, India, Pakistan, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Syria and the Central
African Republic. These countries span different regions,they have diverse political systems, and range from low tohigh income economies.

It still exists today, in every country –modern slavery affects us all.

Survivors are identified, supported to exit and remainout of modern slavery.
●● Criminal justice mechanisms address modern slavery.
●● Coordination and accountability mechanisms for thecentral government are in place.
●● Attitudes, social systems and institutions that enable
modern slavery are addressed.
●● Businesses and governments through their public
procurement stop sourcing goods and services that use
modern slavery.
●●

It is promising that the majority of countries havea basic national action plan to address some formsof modern slavery, and/or a national body tasked
with coordinating responses to this crime. However,
implementation continues to be weak.
Aside from North Korea, all countries also have nationallaws that criminalise at least some form of modern slavery.
While most countries have patchy, basic victim support
services, very few countries have comprehensive services
for men, women and children, covering both emergency
support and long term reintegration services. Norway is oneof the few countries in the world which provides holistic
services for victims of modern slavery.

operating in their countries: the United States of America,
Brazil and Australia.
Considered overall, countries taking the most action to end
modern slavery are: the Netherlands, Sweden, the UnitedStates, Australia, Switzerland, Ireland, Norway, theUnited Kingdom, Georgia, and Austria.
Despite the fact that the highest ranking countries havecomparatively more robust policies in place, most havethe economic capacity to do significantly more to end
modern slavery.
When national economic capacity is taken into account,
countries that are making comparatively strong efforts withlimited resources include: Georgia, the Philippines andJamaica, with criminal justice responses in place, andMacedonia, with relatively strong support services forvictims of modern slavery.
The countries with the weakest responses to modern slavery
are: North Korea, Iran, Syria, Eritrea, the Central African
Republic, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Uzbekistan, theRepublic of the Congo, and Iraq. Many of these countries
have weak economies, such as Equatorial Guinea, or havebeen plagued by conflict and political instability in recent
years – for example, Libya, Central African Republic andSyria. Some governments impose state-sponsored modern
slavery, as experienced by the 1.2 million people forced toharvest cotton in Uzbekistan, or those forced to labour inprison camps in North Korea.
Lastly, the vulnerability of individuals to enslavement
within countries was investigated by analysing fivedimensions, including, state policy on modern slavery,
human rights, human development, state stability, and levelsof discrimination. The findings illustrate a strong link
between the stability or instability of a country and thevulnerability of its population to modern slavery. Antislavery policies will have little impact when a country’s ruleof law has broken down because of civil war, or ethnic or
religious conflict.
High levels of prejudice and discrimination in a society
can also create a context that marks some people as lessimportant and less deserving of rights and protection, which
in turn makes the crime of modern slavery easier to commit
against them. Statistical testing confirms the connection
between discrimination and modern slavery.

Globally, only three of 167 governments are making
some effort to address modern slavery in government
procurement and in the supply chains of businesses

Image – G.M.B. Akash

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Contents

Highlights of the Global Slavery Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
What is modern slavery?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
About the 2014 Global Slavery Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
How did we measure prevalence?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
How did we measure government responses?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
How did we measure vulnerability?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Global Findings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
How big is the problem?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Estimates of people in modern slavery by absolute number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
How are governments tackling modern slavery?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Measuring vulnerability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Regional Analysis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Asia Pacific.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Russia and Eurasia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Sub-Saharan Africa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Middle East and North Africa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
The Americas.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Selected Country Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Mauritania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Uzbekistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Haiti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Pakistan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Democratic Republic of the Congo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Sudan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Syria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Central African Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
United Arab Emirates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Georgia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
China.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
The Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Appendix 1 – Terminology.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Image – Pep Bonet

Appendix 2 – Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Estimating Prevalence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Measuring Government Responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Measuring Vulnerability.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

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Appendix 3 – Data Tables.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
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TERMINOLOGYABOUT THE 2014 GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX

What is modern slavery?

Modern slavery is a hidden crime. It takes many forms, and is known by many names: slavery,
forced labour, or human trafficking. All forms involve one person depriving another personof their freedom: their freedom to leave one job for another, their freedom to leave one
workplace for another, their freedom to control their own body. Modern slavery involves
one person possessing or controlling a person in such as a way as to significantly
deprive that person of their individual liberty, with the intention of exploiting that
person through their use, management, profit, transfer or disposal.

Different countries use different terminology to describe modern forms of slavery, including
the term slavery itself, but also other concepts such as human trafficking, forced labour, debt
bondage, forced or servile marriage, and the sale and exploitation of children.1
All of these crimes share some common features. For the purpose of the Index, modern
slavery involves one person possessing or controlling another person in such as a way
as to significantly deprive that person of their individual liberty, with the intention of
exploiting that person through their use, management, profit, transfer or disposal.
The Walk Free Foundation definition of modern slavery encompasses the definitions outlinedin the box below:
Modern Slavery
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS

1	Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons;2	By means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception,of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or
benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person (these means are
not required in the case of children);3

With the intent of exploiting that person through:Modern slavery contributes to the production of at least 122 goods from 58 countries
worldwide. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates the illicit profits of forced
labour to be $US150 billion a year.2 From the Thai fisherman trawling fishmeal, to theCongolese boy mining diamonds, from the Uzbek child picking cotton, to the Indian girlstitching footballs, from the women who sew dresses, to the cocoa pod pickers, their forced
labour is what we consume. Modern slavery is big business. Acknowledging the problem, andadvocating against it is not philanthropy – it is our responsibility.
Nearly every country in the world has committed to eradicate modern slavery, through theirnational policies and agreements to international conventions. While we all have a role to play,
the actions of government are paramount in addressing this problem. Only governments canensure that victims are not treated as criminals. Only governments can adopt national actionplans and allocate budgets to fund responses.

Forced labour;

The Global Slavery Index is a tool for citizens, non-government organisations (NGOs),
businesses, and public officials to understand the size of the problem, existing responses andcontributing factors, so they can build sound policies that will end modern slavery.

Slavery (or similar practices);

What information is included in the Global Slavery Index?

Servitude; andThe Global Slavery Index has quantified data across three dimensions:

Prostitution of others;
Sexual exploitation;

Removal of organs.
(UN Trafficking Protocol, 2000)
SLAVERY AND SLAVERY LIKE PRACTICESThe status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the rightof ownership are exercised.
Includes slavery-like practices: debt bondage, forced or servile marriage, sale or exploitation of children(including in armed conflict) and descent-based slavery.

1. Size of the problem: What is the estimated prevalence of modern slavery country bycountry, and what is the absolute number by population?
2. Government response: How are governments tackling modern slavery?
3. Vulnerability: What factors explain or predict the prevalence of modern slavery?
All of the supporting data tables and methodology are available to download on the Global
Slavery Index website www.globalslaveryindex.org(The Slavery Convention (1926) and Supplementary Slavery Convention (1956))
FORCED LABOUR

All work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which
the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.

Image – G.M.B. Akash(ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29))

2
1

10.

See Appendix 1 for full list of meanings of these terms, reflecting their origins in international law.

International Labour Organization, ‘Profits and Poverty:The economics of forced labour’, (ILO, 2014), accessed 06/10/14: http://www.ilo.org/
wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf

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THE METHODOLOGY“I was born in a small village in Nepal.

How did we measure prevalence?

in a restaurant. I trusted the woman that I

When I was almost 12 years old I worked
worked for so when she said that I should

Measuring modern slavery is a very difficult undertaking due to the hidden nature of this crime. Surveys represent themost accurate method for estimating the numbers of people living in modern slavery. This year, the Walk Free Foundationcommissioned Gallup Inc.3 to conduct nationally representative, random-sample surveys in seven countries: Nepal,
Indonesia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Russia, Pakistan, and Nigeria. The results from these surveys were considered alongside datafrom other pre-existing surveys and a review of secondary sources for 58 countries. Data from a total of 19 countries
were obtained from random sample surveys, including the seven Gallup survey countries. An extrapolation method wasdeveloped for the remaining countries that took into account factors including vulnerability, geography, and country context
to produce an appropriate estimate. The preliminary prevalence estimates were then reviewed against secondary source
estimates and qualitative information collated for 58 countries. Final country level adjustments were made to specificcountries where the evidence suggested it was justified, in particular for Small Island Developing States.4

go with a friend of hers to work in India itnever occurred to me that I would be soldinto slavery for a brothel.”

Voice of a Nepali survivor of sexual exploitation.

How did we measure government responses?
A methodology was developed to measure how governments are responding to modern slavery in 167 countries. A team ofresearchers collected data against the following five objectives for each country:
1. Survivors are identified, supported to exit and remain out of modern slavery.
2. Criminal justice mechanisms address modern slavery.
3. Coordination and accountability mechanisms for the central government are in place.
4. Attitudes, social systems and institutions that enable modern slavery are addressed.
5. Businesses and governments through their public procurement stop sourcing goods and services thatuse modern slavery.
In April 2014, the Walk Free Foundation also conducted a survey of 167 governments; information from the 38 responses
received was incorporated into relevant country research.5 Where possible, the Walk Free Foundation researchers verified
data obtained through desk review with experts in each country. This occurred in 60 countries.

How did we measure vulnerability?
The Global Slavery Index examines the contextual factors that impact on the vulnerability of people in a country to modern
slavery. Information was collected from reputable sources on 37 variables across five dimensions that affect vulnerability toenslavement such as:
National policies to combat modern slavery.
The availability of human rights protections in a country.
●● The level of economic and social development in a country.
●● The level of state stability in a country.
●● The extent of women’s rights and levels of discrimination in a country.
●●●●

Through statistical testing the Index examines the relationship between these factors and the prevalence of modern slavery.

Gallup Inc. is an international research-based company, http://www.gallup.com/home.aspx“International Year of Small Developing States 2014”, United Nations, last modified 2014, accessed 22/09/14: http://www.un.org/en/events/islands2014/smallislands.shtml
5
Full list of responses can be found at: “What is the progress update?” Walk Free Foundation, last modified May, 2014, accessed 22/09/14: http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/update/#about
3
4

12.

Image – Pep BonetAn outline of the methodology for assessing prevalence, government responses and vulnerability is available in Appendix 2,
and a detailed Methodology Paper is available to download on the Global Slavery Index website.

13.

Global Findings

Estimated Prevalence of Modern Slavery
Low

Government RespHigh

The colour of the countries as shown on this map designate from lowest
to highest prevalence of modern slavery.
Those in grey were not included in the Index.

14.

AAA

AA

A

BBB

The alphabetical depi
responses to modern
the lowest a D.

15.

How big is the problem?
The 2014 Global Slavery Index presents a ranking of 167 countries based on the percent of a country’s population that is
estimated to be in modern slavery. Five countries are appearing in the Global Slavery Index for the first time: Taiwan, South
Sudan, North Korea, Kosovo and Cyprus.
A ranking of one in the Index indicates the most severely concentrated modern slavery situation; a ranking of
167 indicates the least severely concentrated modern slavery problem. A detailed description of the methodology
underpinning this process is provided in Appendix 2 and on the Global Slavery Index website (www.globalslaveryindex.org).
In the second year of the Index, an estimated 35.8 million people are enslaved around the world. It is important to notethat we are not asserting that there has been an increase in modern slavery around the world over the last year. We believethat this increase is due to the improved accuracy and precision of our measures and that we are uncovering modern slavery
where it was not seen before.
As was the case in 2013, the West African nation of Mauritania ranks number one in the Index. In 2014, an estimated four
percent of the population – approximately 155,600 people – are enslaved in Mauritania, a country with deeply entrenched
hereditary slavery. In the past 12 months, the Mauritanian Government has taken positive steps to address slavery, adopting
a plan of action recommended by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery. The
government has agreed, amongst other things, to establishing a special tribunal to adjudicate cases of slavery. While thisprogress is important, it may be several years before these changes have any impact on the size of the problem.
The Republic of Uzbekistan, a Central Asian nation whose economy relies heavily on cotton production and export, issecond in the Index. The rise in Uzbekistan’s ranking is a direct reflection of government-imposed forced labour. While itis very difficult to obtain accurate estimates of modern slavery in Uzbekistan, the role of the government in forcing citizens
to pick cotton for two months every year has been well-documented by numerous organisations.6 The most conservativeof available estimates indicates that almost four percent – approximately 1,201,400 people – of the Uzbek population is
subjected to modern slavery during the annual cotton harvest.
Several other countries rose in the rankings in 2014. Those that entered the top ten include: Qatar, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Syria and the Central African Republic.
Qatar hosts significant numbers of foreign workers, and has risen in the ranking due to improved survey data giving better
insight to the high number of enslaved migrant workers in the nation. It is ranked fourth with an estimated 1.4 percent of
the population in modern slavery. We consider this to be a conservative estimate.
The ranking of Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Sudan, Syria and the Central African
Republic in the top ten reflects the impact of war and conflict on modern slavery. Conflict brings an almost immediate end
to the rule of law, as well as bringing most infrastructure, normal services and governmental processes to a halt. In conflict,
exploitation becomes an immediate threat to an increased proportion of the population. Over one percent of the populationof Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Syria and Central African Republic is estimated to be inmodern slavery. In absolute terms, this is approximately 2,058,200 people from Pakistan, 762,900 people from DRC, 429,000
people from Sudan, 258,200 people from Syria, and 52,200 people from the Central African Republic.

Image – Vlad Sokhin

Ireland and Iceland sit at 166 and 167 in the 2014 Index with the lowest prevalence of modern slavery. While the estimatedproportion of the population in modern slavery in each country is small (0.0007, or seven in every 10,000 persons in the
population), no country in the Global Slavery Index is free of modern slavery. Ireland and Iceland are estimated to haveapproximately 300 and up to 100 people in modern slavery, respectively.

16.

6“Follow-up to the conclusions of the Committee on the Application of Standards International Labour Conference, 102nd Session, June 2013: Uzbekistan (Ratification: 2008)”,(International Labour Organization, 2014), accessed 22/09/14: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3149080; see also “Forced
Labor in Uzbekistan: Report on the 2013 Cotton Harvest”, (Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights, 2014), accessed 22/09/14: http://uzbekgermanforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/
Forced-Labor-in-Uzbekistan-Report-2013.pdf

17.

Rank of countries by prevalence of population in modern slavery(1 = most severe problem, 167 = least severe problem)

Rank

Country

Percent of
populationin modernslavery

Population

Rank

Country

Percent of
populationin modernslavery

Estimated
populationin modernslavery

Population

Rank

Country

Percent of
populationin modernslavery

Estimated
populationin modernslavery

Population

Rank

Country

Percent of
populationin modernslavery

Estimated
populationin modernslavery

Population

1

Mauritania

4.000

155,600

3,889,880

42

Gambia0.711

13,2001,849,285

84

Macedonia

0.360

7,600

2,107,158

126

South Africa

0.200

106,000

52,981,991

2

Uzbekistan

3.973

1,201,400

30,241,100

43

Djibouti

0.711

6,200

872,932

85

Slovenia

0.360

7,400

2,060,484

127

Japan

0.187

237,500

127,338,621

3

Haiti

2.304

237,700

10,317,461

44

Thailand

0.709

475,300

67,010,502

86

Estonia

0.360

4,800

1,324,612

128

South Korea

0.187

93,70050,219,669

4

Qatar

1.356

29,4002,168,673

45

Oman

0.709

25,8003,632,444

87

Cyprus

0.360

4,100

1,141,166

129

Argentina

0.187

77,30041,446,246

5

India

1.141

14,285,700

1,252,139,596

46

Kuwait0.709

23,9003,368,572

88

Montenegro

0.360

2,200

621,383130

Poland0.187

71,90038,530,725

6

Pakistan

1.130

2,058,200

182,142,594

47

Bahrain

0.709

9,400

1,332,171

89

Vietnam

0.359

322,200

89,708,900

131

Hong Kong

0.187

13,4007,187,500

7

Democratic Republicof the Congo

1.130

762,900

67,513,677

48

Brunei

0.709

3,000

417,784

90

Uganda0.359

135,000

37,578,876

132

Dominican Republic

0.175

18,20010,403,761

8

Sudan

1.130

429,000

37,964,306

9

Syria

1.130

258,200

22,845,550

49

Cape Verde

0.637

3,200

498,897

91

Cameroon

0.359

79,90022,253,959

133

Trinidad and Tobago

0.169

2,300

1,341,151

50

Swaziland

0.536

6,700

1,249,514

92

Sri Lanka

0.359

73,60020,483,000

134

Jamaica

0.155

4,200

2,715,000

51

Guinea-Bissau

0.500

8,500

1,704,255

93

Kazakhstan

0.359

61,20017,037,508

135

Barbados

0.149

400

284,644

52

Nigeria

0.481

834,200

173,615,345

94

Azerbaijan

0.359

33,8009,416,598

136

Kenya

0.146

64,90044,353,691

4,447,632

53

Egypt

0.480

393,800

82,056,378

95

Tajikistan

0.359

29,5008,207,834

137

Madagascar

0.133

30,40022,924,851

98,8009,346,129

54

Algeria

0.480

188,200

39,208,194

96

Lao PDR

0.359

24,3006,769,727

138

Belarus0.122

11,5009,466,000

1.035

345,900

33,417,476

55

Morocco

0.480

158,400

33,008,150

97

Kyrgyzstan

0.359

20,5005,719,500

139

Romania

0.113

22,60019,963,581

Cambodia

1.029

155,800

15,135,169

56

Malaysia

0.480

142,600

29,716,965

98

Turkmenistan

0.359

18,8005,240,072

140

Latvia

0.113

2,300

2,013,385

15

Moldova

0.936

33,3003,559,000

57

Jordan0.480

31,0006,459,000

99

Timor-Leste

0.340

4,000

1,178,252141

Singapore

0.100

5,400

5,399,200

16

Mongolia

0.907

25,7002,839,073

58

Lebanon

0.480

21,4004,467,390

100

Tunisia

0.306

33,30010,886,500

142

Israel

0.081

6,500

8,059,400

17

Namibia

0.907

20,9002,303,315

59

Bangladesh

0.435

680,900

156,594,962

101

Saudi Arabia

0.292

84,20028,828,870

143

Brazil0.078

155,300

200,361,925

18

Botswana

0.907

18,3002,021,144

60

Iran

0.435

336,700

77,447,168

102

Indonesia

0.286

714,100

249,865,631

144

Cuba

0.036

4,100

11,265,629

19

Suriname

0.907

4,900

539,276

61

Myanmar0.435

231,600

53,259,018

103

Philippines

0.266

261,200

98,393,574

145

United States

0.019

60,100316,128,839

20

Nepal

0.823

228,700

27,797,457

62

Afghanistan

0.435

132,800

30,551,674

104

Mauritius

0.254

3,300

1,296,303

146

Italy

0.019

11,40059,831,093

21

Ghana

0.746

193,100

25,904,598

63

North Korea

0.435

108,200

24,895,480

105

Turkey0.248

185,500

74,932,641

147

Germany

0.013

10,50080,621,788

22

Mozambique

0.746

192,600

25,833,752

64

Yemen

0.435

106,100

24,407,381

106

Ukraine0.248

112,600

45,489,600

148

France

0.013

8,600

66,028,467

23

Niger

0.746

132,900

17,831,270

65

Angola0.435

93,40021,471,618

107

Kosovo

0.248

4,500

1,824,000

149

United Kingdom

0.013

8,300

64,097,085

24

Burkina Faso

0.746

126,300

16,934,839

66

Zimbabwe

0.435

61,50014,149,648

108

Gabon

0.248

4,100

1,671,711

150

Spain

0.013

6,100

46,647,421

25

Malawi

0.746

122,000

16,362,567

67

Somalia

0.435

45,60010,495,583

109

China

0.239

3,241,400

1,357,380,000

151

Canada

0.013

4,600

35,158,304

26

Zambia0.746

108,400

14,538,640

68Eritrea

0.435

27,5006,333,135

110

Papua New Guinea

0.230

16,8007,321,262

152

Taiwan

0.013

3,000

23,340,000

27

Senegal

0.746

105,400

14,133,280

69

Libya

0.435

27,0006,201,521

111

Mexico0.218

266,900

122,332,399

153

Australia

0.013

3,000

23,130,900

28

Benin

0.746

77,000

10,323,474

70

Equatorial Guinea

0.435

3,300

757,014112

Colombia

0.218

105,400

48,321,405

154

Netherlands

0.013

2,200

16,804,224

29

Togo

0.746

50,8006,816,982

71

Ethiopia

0.414

389,700

94,100,756

113

Peru

0.218

66,30030,375,603

155

Belgium

0.013

1,500

11,195,13830

Liberia

0.746

32,0004,294,077

72

Guyana

0.387

3,100

799,613114

Ecuador

0.218

34,30015,737,878

156

Greece

0.013

1,400

11,032,328

31Lesotho

0.746

15,5002,074,465

73

Bulgaria

0.380

27,6007,265,115

115

Guatemala0.218

33,80015,468,203

157

Portugal

0.013

1,400

10,459,806

32

Russia0.732

1,049,700

143,499,861

74

Czech Republic

0.360

37,90010,521,468

116

Bolivia

0.218

23,30010,671,200

158

Sweden

0.013

1,200

9,592,552

33

Tanzania

0.711

350,400

49,253,126

75

Hungary

0.360

35,6009,897,247

117

Honduras

0.218

17,7008,097,688

159

Austria

0.013

1,100

8,473,786

34

Côte d’Ivoire

0.711

144,500

20,316,086

76

Serbia0.360

25,8007,163,976

118

Paraguay

0.218

14,8006,802,295

160

Switzerland

0.013

1,100

8,081,482

35

Mali

0.711

108,900

15,301,650

77

Slovakia

0.360

19,5005,414,095

119

El Salvador

0.218

13,8006,340,454

161

Denmark

0.013

700

5,613,706

36

Chad

0.711

91,20012,825,31478

Georgia

0.360

16,1004,476,900

120

Nicaragua

0.218

13,3006,080,478

162

Finland

0.013

700

5,439,407

37

Rwanda0.711

83,80011,776,522

79

Croatia

0.360

15,3004,252,700

121

Chile

0.210

36,90017,619,708

163

Norway0.013

700

5,084,190

38

Guinea0.711

83,60011,745,189

80

Bosnia andHerzegovina

0.360

13,8003,829,307

122

Costa Rica

0.210

10,2004,872,166

164

New Zealand

0.013

600

4,470,800

39South Sudan

0.711

80,40011,296,173

81

Armenia

0.360

10,7002,976,566

123

Panama

0.210

8,100

3,864,170

165

Luxembourg

0.013

<100

543,202

40

Burundi0.711

72,30010,162,532

82

Lithuania

0.360

10,6002,956,121

41

Sierra Leone

0.711

43,30083

Albania

0.360

10,0002,773,620

Central African
Republic
Republic of the
Congo

1.130

52,2004,616,417

1.106

49,20012

United Arab Emirates

1.057

13

Iraq

14

10
11

18.

Estimated
populationin modernslavery

6,092,075

124

Uruguay

0.210

7,100

3,407,062

166

Ireland

0.007

300

4,595,281

125

Venezuela

0.200

60,90030,405,207

167

Iceland

0.007

<100

323,002

19.

Estimates of people in modern slavery by absolute number
The countries with the highest numbers of people in modern slavery are India, China, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Russia,
Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Thailand. Taken together, these countries
account for 71 percent of the estimated 35.8 million people in modern slavery. The following table presents countries inorder from highest number of people in modern slavery to the lowest.
Countries by absolute estimates of modern slavery, from highest to lowest .

Country

20.

Percent of
population inmodern slavery

Estimated
population inmodern slavery

Country

Percent of
population inmodern slavery

Estimated
population inmodern slavery

Country

Percent of
population inmodern slavery

Estimated
population inmodern slavery

77

Azerbaijan

0.359

33,800122

France

0.013

8,600

78

Guatemala0.218

33,800123

Guinea-Bissau

0.500

8,500

79

Moldova

0.936

33,300124

United Kingdom

0.013

8,300

80

Tunisia

0.306

33,300125

Panama

0.210

8,100

81

Liberia

0.746

32,000126

Macedonia

0.360

7,600

Estimated
population inmodern slavery

82

Jordan0.480

31,000127

Slovenia

0.360

7,400

Country

Percent of
population inmodern slavery

83

Madagascar

0.133

30,400128

Uruguay

0.210

7,100

1

India

1.141 14,285,700

39

Malawi

0.746

122,000

84

Tajikistan

0.359

29,500129

Swaziland

0.536

6,700

2

China

0.239

3,241,400

40

Ukraine0.248

112,600

85

Qatar

1.356

29,400130Israel

0.081

6,500

3

Pakistan

1.130

2,058,200

41

Mali

0.711

108,900

86

Bulgaria

0.380

27,600131

Djibouti

0.711

6,200

4

Uzbekistan

3.973

1,201,400

42

Zambia0.746

108,400

87

Eritrea

0.435

27,500

132

Spain

0.013

6,100

5

Russia0.732

1,049,700

43

North Korea

0.435

108,200

88

Libya

0.435

27,000133

Singapore

0.100

5,400

Oman

0.709

25,800134

Suriname

0.907

4,900

834,200

44

Yemen

0.435

106,100

89

762,900

45

South Africa

0.200

106,000

90

Serbia0.360

25,800135

Estonia

0.360

4,800

0.907

0.013

4,600

6

Nigeria7

Democratic Republicof the Congo

1.130

8

Indonesia

0.286

714,100

9Bangladesh

0.435

680,900

10

Thailand

0.709

475,300

11

Sudan

1.130

429,000

12

Egypt

0.480

393,800

13

Ethiopia

0.414

389,700

14

Tanzania

0.711

350,400

15

Iraq

1.035

345,900

16

Iran

0.435

336,700

17

Vietnam

0.359

322,200

18

Mexico0.218

266,900

19

Philippines

0.266

261,200

20

Syria

1.130

258,200

21

Haiti

2.304

237,700

22

Japan

0.187

237,500

23

Myanmar0.435

231,600

24

Nepal

0.823

228,700

25

Ghana

0.746

193,100

26

Mozambique

0.746

192,600

27

Algeria

0.480

188,200

28

Turkey0.248

185,500

29

Morocco

0.480

158,400

30

Cambodia

1.029

31

Mauritania

32

0.481

46

Senegal

0.746

105,400

91

Mongolia

25,700136

Canada47

Colombia

0.218

105,400

92

Lao PDR

0.359

24,300137

Kosovo

0.248

4,500

0.709

0.155

4,200

48

United Arab Emirates

1.057

98,80093

Kuwait23,900138

Jamaica49

South Korea

0.187

93,70094

Bolivia

0.218

23,300139

Cyprus

0.360

4,100

50

Angola0.435

93,40095

Romania

0.113

22,600

140

Gabon

0.248

4,100

51

Chad

0.711

91,20096

Lebanon

0.480

21,400

141

Cuba

0.036

4,100

52

Saudi Arabia

0.292

84,20097

Namibia

0.907

20,900142

Timor-Leste

0.340

4,000

98

Kyrgyzstan

0.359

20,500143

Equatorial Guinea

0.435

3,300

53

Rwanda0.711

83,80054

Guinea0.711

83,60099

Slovakia

0.360

19,500144

Mauritius

0.254

3,300

Turkmenistan

0.359

18,800145

Cape Verde

0.637

3,200

55

South Sudan

0.711

80,400100

56

Cameroon

0.359

79,900101

Botswana

0.907

18,300146

Guyana

0.387

3,100

0.175

0.709

3,000

57

Argentina

0.187

77,300102

Dominican Republic

18,200147

Brunei

58

Benin

0.746

77,000103

Honduras

0.218

17,700148

Taiwan

0.013

3,000

0.230

0.013

3,000

59

Sri Lanka

0.359

73,600104

Papua New Guinea

16,800149

Australia

60

Burundi0.711

72,300105

Georgia

0.360

16,100150

Trinidad and Tobago

0.169

2,300

61

Poland0.187

71,900106

Lesotho

0.746

15,500151

Latvia

0.113

2,300

62

Peru

0.218

66,300107

Croatia

0.360

15,300152

Montenegro

0.360

2,200

63

Kenya

0.146

64,900108

Paraguay

0.218

14,800153

Netherlands

0.013

2,200

109

Bosnia andHerzegovina

0.360

13,800154

Belgium

0.013

1,500

110

El Salvador

0.218

13,800111

Hong Kong

0.187

13,400112

Nicaragua

0.218

13,30052,200113

Gambia0.711

13,200114

Belarus0.122

11,500

115

Italy

0.019

11,400116

Armenia

0.360

10,700117

Lithuania

0.360

10,60064

Zimbabwe

0.435

61,50065

Kazakhstan

0.359

61,20066

Venezuela

0.200

60,90067

United States

0.019

60,100155,800

68

Central African
Republic

1.130

4.000

155,600

69

Togo

0.746

50,800Brazil0.078

155,300

49,200Côte d’Ivoire

0.711

144,500

Republic of the
Congo

1.106

33

70

34

Malaysia

0.480

142,600

35

Uganda0.359

135,000

36

Niger

0.746

132,900

37

Afghanistan

0.435

132,800

38

Burkina Faso

0.746

126,300

71

Somalia

0.435

45,60072

Sierra Leone

0.711

43,30073

Czech Republic

0.360

37,900

74

Chile

0.210

36,90075

Hungary

0.360

35,60076

Ecuador

0.218

34,300118

Germany

0.013

10,500119

Costa Rica

0.210

10,200120

Albania

0.360

10,000121

Bahrain

0.709

9,400

155

Greece

0.013

1,400

156

Portugal

0.013

1,400

157

Sweden

0.013

1,200

158

Austria

0.013

1,100

159

Switzerland

0.013

1,100

160

Denmark

0.013

700

161

Finland

0.013

700

162

Norway

0.013

700

163

New Zealand

0.013

600

164

Barbados

0.149

400

165

Ireland

0.007

300

166

Luxembourg

0.013

<100

167

Iceland

0.007

<100
21.

How are governments tackling modern slavery?
While no country has a fully comprehensive response to modern slavery, most countries within the Index are taking
some action to respond to the problem.
All countries, with the exception of North Korea, have domestic legislation which criminalises some form ofmodern slavery. This ranges from articles in their penal codes criminalising forced labour or child commercial sexual
exploitation, through to fully fledged counter trafficking legislation. Australia and the United Kingdom currently criminalise
all forms of modern slavery, including forced marriage. While in most countries there is room for improvement, somelaws do exist to hold perpetrators to account in almost every country, which suggests much more could be done within
existing frameworks.
Many countries have developed a national action plan to respond to forms of modern slavery (101 of 167 countries), andsome have a national coordination body (140 of 167 countries). Nearly all countries participate in a relevant regional
response (165 of 167 countries).
Identifying victims is a critical first step to ensuring that they are removed from harm and provided with support. Most
governments provide some training to front line law enforcement on how to identify victims (150 of 167). In 2014,
the Index does not take into account the scale or quality of the training. Fewer governments, however, are providing training
for other potential ‘first responders’, that is those in the health and social services, teachers, or those who work in the tourism
industry, who may also come into contact with victims. Ireland, Argentina, and Montenegro are particularly strong inrunning regular and systematic training for ‘first responders’.
Victim assistance for men, women and children is a weakness of all government responses. No country scored 100
percent on these activities while the majority of countries scored 50 percent or lower. Most countries either only provide
short term assistance, neglecting long-term reintegration, or provide support solely for female or child victims.
Many countries are taking steps to respond to attitudes or institutions that enable modern slavery to exists(165 of 167). Of these governments, approximately 93 percent run public information campaigns to raise awareness ofmodern slavery, while only eight percent focus on behaviour change. Many countries also have in place safety nets, such as
child protection systems, and protections for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), asylum seekers and stateless people (120 of
167 countries). While these protections may exist in paper, the challenge is how to assess if such protections operate in reality.
Globally, only three governments are making some efforts to prevent the use of forced or slave labour in their
supply chains, and in the supply chains of businesses operating in their country. These include the United States,
Brazil and Australia. These countries have either made a public commitment to address modern slavery within their own
supply chains, such as Australia, or have taken more active steps to ensure supply chain transparency, such the United States’
Executive Order, or Brazil’s Register of Companies (the Dirty List).

Brazil’s Dirty List and National Pact:
Brazil’s ‘dirty list’ publicly names and shames companies that have been found to be profiting from slave labour.
Companies, from major brands to small enterprises, stay on the list for two years, during which time they haveto prove they are making efforts to clean up supply chains. They cannot obtain credit from the government andprivate banks and are boycotted by those who signed up to the list.
The ‘National Pact for the Eradication of Slave Labour’ was launched in 2005, and brings together multiple
stakeholders who are committed to end modern slavery. The Ethos Institute, the Social Observatory, the Social
Observatory Institute (IOS), the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Non-Government Organisation(NGO) Reporter Brazil work with Brazilian and multinational companies that have signed the Pact to maintainslavery free supply chains.

United States Executive Order 13627:

The Netherlands has the strongest response to modern slavery of the 167 countries examined, scoring highly across victim
assistance programmes, criminal justice responses, and responding to institutional risk. The Netherlands includes the private
sector in its National Action Plan and conducts independent evaluations.
Other governments in the top ten responses are, Sweden, the United States, Australia, Switzerland, Ireland, Norway,
the United Kingdom, Georgia and Austria. Common characteristics of each of these countries are a strong political
will to respond to the issue and a strong rule of law. These countries are also starting to take ownership of the link
between business and modern slavery. In Brazil, companies that profit from slave labour are named and shamed. In theUS, the government has taken steps to ensure its procurement practices are not contributing to modern slavery. In Australia,
public procurement rules identify modern slavery as an important issue when considering the ethical behaviour of suppliers,
but it is not clear if this has translated to action yet.
While these efforts are commendable, most countries within the top ten responses have strong economies, and also
benefit from low prevalence and low risk across all vulnerability dimensions (indicating state stability, respect forhuman rights and rule of law). Despite these strong economies, none of these countries have a perfect response to modern
slavery. In the US, victim support services are currently underfunded, and skewed towards supporting victims of sexual
exploitation, but not forced labour despite recent studies confirming the significance of this problem.Victim support services
in the Netherlands also focus predominately on those who experience commercial sexual exploitation.
The actions of Georgia deserve credit – despite having a weaker economy than many countries covered by the Index andranking 78th in the Global Slavery Index for prevalence, the government has taken some strong steps to eradicate modern
slavery. More, however, could be done to provide training to those who would ordinarily identify victims, and to address
vulnerability factors.
In several of the countries in the top ten of responses, there is evidence of discriminatory migration policies, deportationof potential victims without sufficient screening, or criminalisation of victims for actions whilst under the control ofcriminals. The United Kingdom, for example, has been accused of deporting, or detaining in immigration detention centres,
foreign migrants who are potential victims of modern slavery. There are inconsistencies in Australia’s screening processes ofvulnerable migrant populations, such as asylum seekers, for indicators of trafficking. There have also been reports of children
being treated as offenders in the United States for conduct committed as a direct result of being sold to others for sexual
exploitation. Unaccompanied minors can also be subject to fast track screening and deportation at border points making itvery unlikely for modern slavery to be detected.
Countries at the lower end of the ranking include North Korea, Iran, Syria, Eritrea, the Central African Republic,
Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Uzbekistan, the Republic of the Congo and Iraq. These countries are characterised by weakeconomies, high levels of instability caused by recent conflict, such as Libya and Syria, or government complicity in modern
slavery. Uzbek cotton, produced with forced labour, is exported to Bangladesh, South Korea and China. In North Korea,
prisoners in the gulag system – or forced labour camps – produce hardwoods for export to Japan. The forced labour systems
in both Uzbekistan and North Korea are major contributors to their national economies.
Hong Kong, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia each have either a strong or middle range economy, but have a particularly
poor response to modern slavery. The kafala system, which ties an employee to an employer, has facilitated to significant
abuses of domestic and construction workers in the Middle East. Hong Kong is part of a small group of countries in South
East Asia, such as Japan, Malaysia and Singapore, who, despite their relative wealth, have done little to respond to the
problem within their borders.
Overall, many countries appear to have responses in place on paper, yet modern slavery still persists. This indicates thatthese responses are either not fit for purpose, or are not being fully implemented, or a combination of the two. Countries
in South East Asia, such as Thailand and Indonesia, appear to have strong responses on paper, but these are often
poorly implemented, or are hampered by high levels of corruption.

As the largest single purchaser of goods and services in the world, the United States Government has taken
important steps to ensure that its procurement practices are not contributing to modern slavery. President Obama
introduced the “Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts” order in 2012,
which strengthens the US Government’s existing zero-tolerance policy on human trafficking in government
contracting. The order will require federal contractors and sub-contractors to take specific preventative measures
to address and eliminate modern slavery in their supply chains. It requires contracts exceeding $US500,000
performed abroad to develop robust risk assessment and compliance plans.

22.

23.

Rank of countries by government response
Rank

*

24.

Country

RatingRank

Country

RatingRank

Country

RatingRank

Country

RatingAA

43

MexicoB

85South Africa

CCC

127

LebanonC

1

Netherlands

2

SwedenA

44

Lithuania

B

86

PanamaCCC

128

GuineaC

3

United States

BBB *

45

Iceland

B

87

Malaysia

CCC

129

TunisiaC

4

Australia

BBB

46

Bulgaria

B

88

Trinidad and Tobago

CCC

130

BruneiC

5

Switzerland

BBB

47

Indonesia

B

89

Colombia

CCC

131

Oman

C

6

Ireland

BBB

48

Thailand

B

90

Benin

CCC

132

SurinameC

7

NorwayBBB

49

Guatemala

B

91

China

CCC

133

Guinea-Bissau

C

8

United Kingdom

BBB

50

IsraelB

92

Kosovo

CCC

134

Yemen

C

9

Georgia

BBB

51

Azerbaijan

B

93

Myanmar

CCC

135

Kyrgyzstan

C

10

Austria

BBB

52

Nicaragua

B

94

Malawi

CCC

136

RussiaC

11

Belgium

BBB

53

Greece

B

95

Egypt

CC

137

TanzaniaC

12

Croatia

BBB

54

Peru

B

96

LiberiaCC

138

Angola

C

13

Spain

BBB

55

Estonia

CCC

97

BoliviaCC

139

AlgeriaC

14

BrazilBB

56

JordanCCC

98

Honduras

CC

140

Cuba

C

15

Montenegro

BB

57

Luxembourg

CCC

99

Tajikistan

CC

141

Djibouti

C

16

CanadaBB

58

Ukraine

CCC

100

Gabon

CC

142

Zimbabwe

C

17

Hungary

BB

59

India

CCC

101

Ethiopia

CC

143

Niger

C

18

Slovakia

BB

60

Bangladesh

CCC

102

Côte d’Ivoire

CC

144

Democratic Republic of the CongoC

19

Macedonia

BB

61

Costa Rica

CCC

103

El Salvador

CC

145

Chad

C

20

Argentina

BB

62

ZambiaCCC

104

Gambia

CC

146

Mali

C

21

DenmarkBB

63

Albania

CCC

105

Kenya

CC

147

Haiti

C

22

PolandBB

64

Sri Lanka

CCC

106

Lao PDR

CC

148

Papua New GuineaC

23

Portugal

BB

65

Belarus

CCC

107

GuyanaCC

149

SwazilandC

24

SerbiaBB

66

SenegalCCC

108

Bahrain

CC

150

Sudan

C

25

Germany

BB

67

Barbados

CCC

109

Kazakhstan

CC

151

KuwaitC

26

FranceBB

68

Uruguay

CCC

110

NamibiaCC

152

Saudi Arabia

C

27

New ZealandBB

69

Mauritius

CCC

111

Togo

CC

153

South SudanC

28

LatviaBB

70

Sierra Leone

CCC

112

Mozambique

CC

154

Hong Kong

C

29

Philippines

BB

71

Moldova

CCC

113

BotswanaCC

155

SomaliaC

30

TaiwanBB

72

Bosnia and Herzegovina

CCC

114

Qatar

CC

156

MoroccoC

31

Slovenia

BB

73

Vietnam

CCC

115

RwandaCC

157

Turkmenistan

D

32

Italy

BB

74

Mongolia

CCC

116

Madagascar

CC

158

Iraq

D

33

FinlandB

75

Dominican Republic

CCC

117

Timor-Leste

CC

159

Republic of the CongoD

34

Jamaica

B

76

South Korea

CCC

118

Cape Verde

CC

160

Uzbekistan

D

35

Czech Republic

B

77

Armenia

CCC

119

Afghanistan

CC

161

Equatorial Guinea

D

36

Nepal

B

78

UgandaCCC

120

Burkina Faso

CC

162

Libya

D

37

Romania

B

79

Cambodia

CCC

121

Mauritania

CC

163

Central African RepublicD

38

CyprusB

80

Cameroon

CCC

122

VenezuelaCC

164

EritreaD

39

Paraguay

B

81

Ecuador

CCC

123

Burundi

CC

165

Syria

D

40

United Arab Emirates

B

82

TurkeyCCC

124

Lesotho

CC

166

Iran

D

41

Chile

B

83

Ghana

CCC

125

PakistanCC

167

North Korea

D

42

Nigeria

B

84

Japan

CCC

126

SingaporeCC

The USA was capped at a BBB due to evidence of criminalisation of victims, and risk of deportation of potential vicitms.

25.

Measuring vulnerability

Rating description
RatingNumerical range

Description

AAA

59 to 64

The government has an implemented an effective and comprehensive response to all forms of modern slavery,
with effective emergency and long-term reintegration victim support services, a strong criminal justiceframework, high levels of coordination and collaboration, measures to address all forms of vulnerability, andstrong government procurement policies and legislation to ensure that slavery is not present in business supply
chains. There is no evidence of criminalisation or deportation of victims.

AA

53 to 58

The government has implemented a comprehensive response to most forms of modern slavery, with strong
victim support services, a robust criminal justice framework, demonstrated coordination and collaboration,measures to address vulnerability, and government procurement guidelines and/or supply chain policies orlegislation to ensure that slavery is not present in business supply chains.

A

47 to 52

The government has implemented key components of a holistic response to some forms of modern slavery,
with strong victim support services, a strong criminal justice framework, demonstrated coordination andcollaboration, measures to address vulnerability, and may have taken action to ensure that government
procurement policies do not encourage slavery.

In 2014, the Global Slavery Index examines the relative vulnerability of the population in individual countries to modern
slavery, based on an analysis of data across five dimensions:
1. National policies to combat modern slavery.
2. The availability of human rights protections in a country.
3. The level of economic and social development in a country.
4. The level of state stability in a country.
5. The extent of women’s rights and levels of discrimination in a country.
In 2014, the ten countries where vulnerability is highest were: Somalia, Eritrea, Sudan, Yemen, the Democratic Republicof the Congo, the Central African Republic, Syria, Libya, North Korea, and Afghanistan.
In an effort to better understand the relative significance of each of the dimensions noted above, we undertook statistical
testing (bivariate analysis) to examine the correlations between these dimensions, and prevalence of modern slavery.
Correlation results confirm that the relationship between each of these dimensions and prevalence is statistically significant.
The strongest relationships (in order of strongest to weakest) are seen between:
State Stability and Prevalence (r = 0.55, p<.01)
Human Rights and Prevalence (r = 0.53, p<.01)●● Development and Prevalence (r = 0.41, p<.01)●● Discrimination and Prevalence (r =0.40, p<.01)●● State Policy on Modern Slavery and Prevalence (r = 0.38, p<.01)●●●●

The government has implemented key components of a holistic response to modern slavery, with victim
support services, a strong criminal justice response, evidence of coordination and collaboration, and protections
in place for vulnerable populations. Governments may be beginning to address slavery in supply chains ofgovernment procurement, or of businesses operating within their territory. There may be evidence that somegovernment policies and practices may criminalise and/or cause victims to be deported.

BB

35 to 40

The government has introduced a response to modern slavery, which includes short term victim support
services, a criminal justice framework that criminalises some forms of modern slavery, a body to coordinate theresponse, and protections for those vulnerable to modern slavery. There may be evidence that some government
policies and practices may criminalise and/or cause victims to be deported, and/or facilitate slavery.

B

29 to 34

The government has introduced a response to modern slavery, with limited victim support services, a criminal
justice framework that criminalises some forms of modern slavery, (or has recently amended inadequate
legislation and policies), a body or mechanisms that coordinate the response, and has policies that provide
some protection for those vulnerable to modern slavery. There is evidence that some government policies
and practices may criminalise and/or deport victims, and/or facilitate slavery. Services may be provided byInternational Organisations (IOs)/ NGOs with international funding, sometimes with government monetaryor in-kind support.

23 to 28

The government has a limited response to modern slavery, with limited victim support services, a criminal
justice framework that criminalises some forms of modern slavery, has a national action plan and/or national
coordination body, and has policies that provide some protections for those vulnerable to modern slavery.
There is evidence that some government policies and practices may criminalise and/or deport victims, and/or facilitate slavery. Services may be largely provided by IOs/NGOs with international funding, with limited
government funding or in-kind support.

CC

17 to 22

The government has a limited response to modern slavery, with largely basic victim support services, a limited
criminal justice framework, limited coordination or collaboration mechanism, and few protections for thosevulnerable to modern slavery. There may be evidence that some government policies and practices facilitateslavery. Services are largely provided by IOs/NGOs with limited government funding or in-kind support.

C

11 to 16

The government response to modern slavery is inadequate, with limited and/or few victim support services,a weak criminal justice framework, weak coordination or collaboration, while little is being done to address
vulnerability. There are government practices and policies that facilitate slavery. Services, where available, arelargely provided by IOs/NGOs with little government funding or in-kind support.

D<0 to 10The government has a wholly inadequate response to modern slavery, and/ or there is evidence of government
sanctioned modern slavery. However, countries in this category may be experiencing high levels of poverty
and internal conflict that may prevent, or hinder a response to modern slavery.

The stability or instability of a country is a significant factor; protective policies will have little impact when a country’s ruleof law has broken down because of civil war, or ethnic or religious conflict. In the Global Slavery Index the State Stability
measure is an aggregate of factors that examine a country’s level of corruption, governance, independence of its judiciary,
relative level of peace, political stability, level of violent crime, and availability of small arms and light weapons. Statistical
testing confirms the relevance of modern slavery to conflict situations as we have seen this year in Syria and the horrors
perpetrated by the terrorist group Islamic State.
Correlation between state stability and prevalence (r = 0.55, p<.01)

SLAVERY

0

5

10

CCC

Each of these results is statistically significant indicating the relationship is not the result of chance (the closer r is to 1, thestronger the relationship between the two variables).

20

41 to 46

15

BBB

26.

0

20

40

60

80

STATE STABILITY VULNERABILITY

27.

High levels of prejudice and discrimination in a society can create a context that marks some people as less important andless deserving of rights and protection, which in turn makes the crime of modern slavery easier to commit against them. In
the Global Slavery Index seven variables are used to measure the extent and types of discrimination. These factors include
factors of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, disability, immigration status, ethnicity, women’s political andeconomic rights, and the level of income inequality (Gini coefficient) in a given country. Statistical testing confirms therelationship between discrimination and prevalence of modern slavery.

50

SLAVERY

10

15

20

Correlation between discrimination vulnerability and prevalence (r =0.40, p<.01)

0

20

40

60

80

100

DISCRIMINATION VULNERABILITY

The full methodology is available in Appendix 2, and the full data table for vulnerability is in Appendix 3.

Image – Panos Pictures

28.

29.

Regional Analysis
and Selected
Country Studies

Image – G.M.B. Akash

ASIA PACIFIC
Estimated Number Living in Moder n Slavery 23,542,800

BANGLADESHNORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

JAPAN

B

CCC

D

CCC

CCC

Regional Proportion of Global Estimate 65.8% of 35.8 million people in moder n slavery
are in Asia PacificAverage Gover nment Response Rating CC
Average Vulnerability Score 49.9%
Prevalence

MONGOLIACCC

PAKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

CC

182,142,594

155,800

15,135,169

4

Mongolia

0.907

25,7002,839,073

5

Nepal

0.823

228,700

27,797,457

6Thailand

0.709

475,300

67,010,502

TAIWAN

7

Brunei

0.709

3,000

417,784

BB

8

Malaysia

0.480

142,600

29,716,965

9Bangladesh

0.435

680,900

156,594,962

CCC
VIETNAM

MYANMAR

CCC

B

CAMBODIATHAILANDMALAYSIASINGAPOREBB

C

PHILIPPINES

BRUNEIB

CC

INDONESIA

TIMOR-LESTEBBBCAUSTRALIAPAPUANEW GUINEABBNEW ZEALAND

Estimated Prevalence of Modern Slavery
Low

10

Myanmar0.435

231,600

53,259,018

11Afghanistan

0.435

132,800

30,551,674

12North Korea

0.435

108,200

24,895,480

13

Vietnam

0.359

322,200

89,708,900

14

Sri Lanka

0.359

73,60020,483,000

15

Lao PDR

0.359

24,3006,769,727

16

Timor-Leste

0.340

4,000

1,178,252

17

Indonesia

0.286

714,100

249,865,631

18

Philippines

0.266

261,200

98,393,574

19

China

0.239

3,241,400

1,357,380,000

20Papua New Guinea

0.230

16,8007,321,262

21

Japan

0.187

237,500

127,338,621

22South Korea

0.187

93,70050,219,669

23

Hong Kong

0.187

13,4007,187,500

24

Singapore

0.100

5,400

5,399,200

25

Taiwan

0.013

3,000

23,340,000

26Australia

0.013

3,000

23,130,900

27

New Zealand

0.013

600

4,470,800“When I was 13, my father
arranged my marriage witha 45-year-old man, who
promised my family money
in exchange for me. I wasvery unhappy with him, but
endured life with him for
one year before running backto my home. My father wasvery angry when I returned.
He beat me and yelled at me
to return to my husband, but
not even his heavy beatings
were worse than life with myhusband.When I refused
to return, my father dug a
deep hole in the ground. He
forced me into it and began
to bury me. I still wonder if
he really would have buried
me alive if the neighbours
hadn’t heard my screaming
and stopped him.”.
Shahida, a 13 year old
victim of forced marriage
in Afghanistan.

In 2014, almost two-thirds (65.8 percent) of the estimated 35.8 million people in modern
slavery globally are in the Asia Pacific region. Modern slavery exists in the Asia Pacific region in
all its forms, including forced labour,7 trafficking for sexual exploitation, and forced marriage.8
Throughout the region, particularly in countries such as India and Pakistan, nationals – often
including entire families – are enslaved through bonded labour in construction, agriculture, brickmaking, garment factories and manufacturing. Asian nationals who migrate for low and semi-skilled
job opportunities abroad are disproportionately vulnerable to forced labour, particularly throughout
the Middle East. Men from Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh working in the Middle East arein forced labour in the construction industry, while women from the same countries, and thePhilippines and Indonesia, have been subject to sexual exploitation and modern slavery in domestic

Government Response to Modern Slavery RatingHigh

The colour of the countries as shown on this map designate from lowest
to highest prevalence of modern slavery.
Those in grey were not included in the Index.

32.

1,252,139,596

2,058,200

CCC

SRI LANKA

14,285,700

1.130

CC

CC

1.141
1.029

CCC

CCC

Population

Pakistan

LAO PDR

CCC

India

Estimated populationin modern slavery

Cambodia

C

INDIA

1

Percent of populationin modern slavery

3

CHINA

CCC

Country

2

HONG KONG,SAR CHINACC

Regional rank

Image – Panos Pictures

NEPAL

AAA

AA

A

BBB

BB

B

CCC

CC

C

DDD

DD

D

The alphabetical depiction is a ‘rating’ of the strength of government
responses to modern slavery. The highest possible rating is an AAA, andthe lowest a D.

“Increasing Evidence of Forced Labour Across Asia Says New IOM Report”, International Organisation for Migration, last modified January 8, 2013,
accessed 18/08/14: http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/news-and-views/press-briefing-notes/pbn-2013/pbn-listing/increasing-evidenceof-forced-la.html
8Walk Free Foundation, Global Slavery Index, (Walk Free Foundation, 2013), p. 23, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/
report/#view-online
7“Stories of Hope – Shahida”, Hagar
International, last modified 2012, accessed
16/10/14: http://hagarinternational.org/
international/shahida/

33.

ASIA PACIFIC (continued)

or carers work9. The phenomenon of ‘baby-trafficking’10 – or selling babies under the guise of adoption – and humantrafficking for the purpose of forced marriage is an increasing concern in parts of the Asia Pacific region.11
Within the Asia Pacific region, the combined totals of India, Pakistan and Thailand equal almost 50 percent of the total numberof people living in modern slavery globally.The high prevalence of modern slavery in the region reflects the reality that many
countries in South and South East Asia provide the low-skilled labour at the production stage of global supply chains for various
industries including food production, garments, and technology.12 There are also several countries within this region with lowlevels of prevalence, including Australia and New Zealand.
Government Response
Regional rank

Country

1

Australia

2

Survivors aresupported Criminal justice

Coordination Attitudes, social
systems andandinstitutions
accountability

Business andgovernment

Rating

72.2

88.1

66.7

81.3

50

BBB

New Zealand

50

66.7

41.7

87.5

0

BB

3

Philippines

61.1

71.4

58.3

56.3

0

BB

4

Taiwan

61.1

61.9

50

62.5

0

BB

5

Nepal

44.4

73.8

58.3

62.5

0

B

6

Indonesia

50

54.8

50

62.5

0

B

7

Thailand

50

61.9

58.3

50

0

B

8

India

50

47.6

33.3

62.5

0

CCC

9

Bangladesh

38.9

61.9

50

50

0

CCC

10

Sri Lanka

38.9

33.3

58.3

62.5

0

CCC

11

Vietnam

38.9

45.2

58.3

43.8

0

CCC

12

Mongolia

50

59.5

16.7

50

0

CCC

13

South Korea

33.3

42.9

25

62.5

0

CCC

14

Cambodia

44.4

66.7

41.7

37.5

0

CCC

15

Japan

44.4

35.7

33.3

43.8

0

CCC

16

Malaysia

50

40.5

33.3

31.3

0

CCC

17

China

33.3

40.5

41.7

43.8

0

CCC

18

Myanmar

38.9

33.3

66.7

31.3

0

CCC

19

Lao PDR

27.8

54.8

41.7

25

0

CC

20

Timor-Leste

33.3

40.5

16.7

43.8

0

CC

21

Afghanistan

38.9

40.5

25

31.3

0

CC

22

Pakistan

33.3

33.3

33.3

31.3

0

CC

23

Singapore

33.3

19

41.7

31.3

0

CC

24

Brunei

22.2

35.7

16.7

37.5

0

C

25

Papua New Guinea

27.8

26.2

8.3

18.8

0

C

26

Hong Kong

27.8

14.3

16.7

25

0

C

27

North Korea

0

0

8.3

0

0

D

In 2013-14, governments throughout the Asia Pacific region continued to implement measures to combat modern slavery.
Of the 25 countries measured in the region, 24 have legislation that criminalises some form of modern slavery. In particular,
Australia and India implemented substantial legislative reforms to support the criminalisation of modern slavery, while
Mongolia and Vietnam adopted standalone anti-trafficking laws in 2012.13 North Korea is the only country in Asia Pacific –and in the world – that has not explicitly criminalised any form of modern slavery.
Legislation on its own is not enough to ensure success of a criminal justice response to modern slavery. Accordingly, it issignificant that 22 of the 25 countries in this region had some form of specialist law enforcement unit in place. For example,
India improved law enforcement efforts by establishing 215 anti-human trafficking units across the country to investigate
human trafficking cases. While impressive, funding was not always reflective of the individual units’ needs. Indian government
data, for example, suggests only 13 offenders were convicted in 2013.14
In many countries, there is a gap between the policies that exist on paper and the reality of efforts to implement and enforce
these in practice. One measure of this relates to efforts taken by countries to monitor implementation of their national actionplans. Of the 17 countries in this region that have a national action plan to combat some form of modern slavery, only sevenhave an implementation strategy or national coordinating body to monitor the implementation of the plan.
While countries in the Asia Pacific region have varying levels of economic development, not all of the wealthier countries in
the region score strongly on government responses. Japan’s low score for government responses stands out given their relative
wealth compared to countries in the region with comparatively stronger responses, such as Nepal and the Philippines.
Despite several countries throughout the Asia Pacific region being at the production end of global supply chains, only
Australia has made a policy commitment to address modern slavery throughout government procurement processes.15
Recent global scrutiny of Bangladeshi ready-made garment factories, the Thai16 and Bangladeshi17 shrimp industries, andfishing practices in New Zealand waters18 has revealed the pervasiveness of forced labour practices, including non-paymentof wages, illegal confiscation of identity documents, restriction of movement, and sexual, physical and psychological abuse by
employers. This highlights the need for governments to focus on the link between modern slavery and supply chains.
Regional collaboration continued to be a focus, with various countries forming partnerships to support victim repatriation,
cross-border investigations and prevention initiatives. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) continued to
be a leader in regional anti-trafficking initiatives; the 2014 Senior Officials Meeting on Transnational Crime (SOMTC)
focused on continuing joint efforts to implement the Regional Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons (RPA).19
Over the last five years, Thailand and Myanmar have continued to strengthen their border cooperation to combat trafficking
in persons, and member countries of the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT)20 –the sub-regional initiative coordinating responses to human trafficking in the Greater Mekong Sub-region – continue toundertake joint law enforcement training.21

Jargalan Avkhia , Naran Munkhbat & Tirza Theunissen, “Mongolia Strengthens Efforts to Prevent and Combat Trafficking in Persons”, Asia Foundation, March 12, 2014, accessed 03/09/14:
http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2014/03/12/mongolia-strengthens-efforts-to-prevent-and-combat-trafficking-in-persons/
14
Ministry of Home Affairs, Data on Human Trafficking during 2013, (Government of India, 2013), accessed 11/3/14: http://www.stophumantrafficking-mha.nic.in/writereaddata/DATA%20
ON%20HUMAN%20TRAFFICKING%20IN%20INDIA%20DURING%202013%20(As%20on%2021_01_2014).pdf
15
Government of Australia, “Progress Report”, Walk Free Foundation, last modified 30/04/14, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/australia/
16
The Hidden Cost: Human Rights Abuses in Thailand’s Shrimp Industry, (Humanity United & Environmental Justice Foundation, 2014), accessed 18/08/14: http://ejfoundation.org/sites/default/
files/public/shrimp_report_v44_lower_resolution.pdf
17
Impossibly Cheap: Abuse and Injustice in Bangladesh’s Shrimp Industry, (Environmental Justice Foundation, 2014), p. 4, accessed 02/09/14: http://ejfoundation.org/sites/default/files/public/
Impossibly_Cheap_Web.pdf
18
Christina Stringer, Glenn Simmons and Daren Coulston, Not in New Zealand’s waters, surely? Labour and human rights abuses abroad fishing vessels, (New Zealand Asia Institute Working Paper
Series,2011), No. 11-01, accessed 02/09/14: http://docs.business.auckland.ac.nz/Doc/11-01-Not-in-New-Zealand-waters-surely-NZAI-Working-Paper-Sept-2011.pdf
19“ASEAN Strengthens Cooperation in Fight Against Transnational Crime”, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, June 27, 2014, accessed 02/09/14: http://www.asean.org/news/aseansecretariat-news/item/asean-strengthens-cooperation-in-fight-against-transnational-crime
20“COMMIT: The Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking”, United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking, accessed 02/009/14: http://www.no-trafficking.org/
commit.html
21
United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (UNI-AP) Final Report Phase III: 2007 – 2014, (United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking, 2014), accessed 23/09/14:
http://un-act.org/publication/view/uniap-final-report-phase-iii-2007-2014/13

Nisha Varia, Dispatches: New Protection for Saudi Arabia’s Domestic Workers, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), accessed 03/09/14: http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/02/19/dispatches-newprotection-saudi-arabia-s-domestic-workers
10“Child trafficking statistics”, All Girls Allowed, last modified 2013: http://www.allgirlsallowed.org/child-trafficking-statistics;
See also Lizzy Parry, “Chinese Police bust four major baby trafficking rings rescuing 382 abducted infants and arresting nearly 2,000 suspects”, The Daily Mail, March 11, 2014, accessed
03/09/14: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2570484/Chinese-police-bust-four-major-baby-trafficking-rings-rescuing-382-abducted-children-arresting-nearly-2-000-suspects.html
11
Asia Forum 9 Parliamentarians on Population and Development (AFPPD) and Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW), Human Trafficking in South-East Asia: Policy Brief, (AusAID,
AFPPD, GAATW, 2013), accessed 18/08/14: http://www.afppd.org/files/1113/8206/9530/Policy_Brief.pdf
12
As above, p. 3
9

34.

35.

ASIA PACIFIC (continued)

Vulnerability (A higher score indicates higher vulnerability)
Regional rank

Country

Slavery Policy Human Rights

Development

State Stability

Discrimination

Mean
75.2

1

North Korea

85.9

100

59.8

75.1

58.8

2

Afghanistan

78.8

69.8

91.9

79.3

54.4

75.1

3

Myanmar

68.2

91.8

71.8

61.8

64.5

72.3

4

Pakistan

85.9

79.2

60.4

68.9

60.0

69.5

5

Papua New Guinea

89.4

28.5

65.9

48.2

89.3

65.0

6

Cambodia

75.3

58.8

54.8

65.3

63.6

62.9

7

Lao PDR

61.1

97.3

61.5

49.8

50.0

62.6

8

China

57.6

91.9

42.2

46.2

53.3

59.0

9

Malaysia

78.8

77.4

35.6

30.4

71.5

58.1

10

Bangladesh

75.3

62.0

67.3

58.6

30.0

57.3

11

India

85.9

58.9

54.0

56.5

38.3

56.7

12

Sri Lanka

64.6

69.7

47.1

58.9

34.2

55.7

13

Vietnam

47.0

91.8

45.1

49.4

41.7

54.3

14

Timor-Leste

71.7

23.0

60.5

58.2

57.0

54.2

15

Indonesia

47.0

70.0

51.9

49.6

56.0

53.7

16

Nepal

61.1

61.7

64.9

50.7

30.1

53.2

17

Thailand

57.6

60.0

40.0

44.6

58.6

51.5

18

Brunei

43.4

86.7

36.6

30.3

67.0

51.4

19

Philippines

36.4

41.4

45.6

52.5

59.4

47.1

20

Mongolia

64.6

28.5

35.7

42.5

44.9

44.0

21

Singapore

22.2

51.9

28.2

16.8

59.4

35.1

22

South Korea

22.2

39.2

30.8

30.5

36.0

30.3

23

Japan

61.1

17.6

23.4

11.4

40.0

29.9

24

Hong Kong

64.6

3.5

21.1

10.9

25.2

25.0

25

Taiwan

11.6

28.4

17.1

27.7

28.9

22.7

26

New Zealand

15.1

8.6

26.6

6.6

6.8

12.7

27

Australia

11.6

2.9

24.8

13.5

15.1

11.5

Regionally, North Korea presents the highest risk for people becoming enslaved. This is linked to government sanctioned
forced labour, a dramatic absence of human rights provisions, and high levels of poverty. The recent UN Report of theCommission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea states that “prisoners in theordinary prison system are systematically subjected to deliberate starvation and illegal forced labour”.25 Similar to countries
such as Pakistan and Afghanistan, countries that experience internal conflict and governmental instability, have high levels ofvulnerability. Countries like Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Taiwan have lower indicators of vulnerability, reflecting theirstrong rule of law and respect for human rights. However, as recent investigations into forced labour on fishing vessels in
New Zealand waters revealed,26 these countries are still not immune to modern slavery.

Image – Panos Pictures

As a region that spans Afghanistan in the north-west, New Zealand in the south-east, and Mongolia in the north, there
is enormous variability in terms of vulnerability within the region. Most countries in the Asia Pacific region exhibit arange of pre-conditions to modern slavery, including weak rule of law, corruption, high levels of poverty, and crippling
unemployment. Despite rapid economic progress throughout the region, over 800 million people live below the poverty
line,22 and one billion people work for low wages, often in difficult or dangerous conditions with few or no rights.23
Combined with a highly mobile, unskilled workforce, reliance on remittances and lack of effective migration regulation,
people in this region are some of the most vulnerable to modern slavery.24 At the other end of the spectrum, the Asia Pacificincludes countries with high levels of development, stability and with strong policies presenting fewer vulnerabilities tomodern slavery, such as Australia and New Zealand.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,“Economic and Social Survey of Asia and The Pacific 2013”, (United Nations Financial and Social Commission, 2013),
accessed 18/08/14: http://www.unescap.org/publications/survey/surveys/survey2013.pdf
23
As above, p. vi
24
As above, p. 6, and Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, Christine Aghazarm and Graziano Battistella, Labour Migration From Colombo Process Countries: Good Practices, Challenges and Way Forward,(International Organisation for Migration, 2012), accessed 18/08/14: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/ColomboProcessStudy_final.pdf
2236.

Human Rights Council, Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, (UN General Assembly, 2014), accessed 02/09/14: http://www.ohchr.
org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/ReportoftheCommissionofInquiryDPRK.aspx
26
Christina Stringer, Glenn Simmons and Daren Coulston, “Not in New Zealand’s waters, surely? Labour and human rights abuses abroad fishing vessels”, (New Zealand Asia Institute Working Paper
Series, 2011), No. 11-01, accessed 02/09/14: http://docs.business.auckland.ac.nz/Doc/11-01-Not-in-New-Zealand-waters-surely-NZAI-Working-Paper-Sept-2011.pdf
25

37.

ESTONIACCC

EUROPE
Estimated Number Living in Moder n Slavery 566,200

LATVIAB

Regional Proportion of Global Estimate 1.6% of 35.8 million people in moder n slavery are in Europe
Average Gover nment Response Rating BB

BB

Average Vulnerability Score 27.8%

SWEDENA
IRELAND

UNITED
KINGDOMBBB

BBBPrevalence

FINLAND

LITHUANIASLOVAKIA

B

B

BB

NORWAYBBBHUNGARYSERBIABB

NETHERLANDSBB

DENMARKAA

ROMANIABB

BELGIUMB

POLANDBBBGERMANYBULGARIA

BB

B

BB

LUXEMBOURG

CCC

KOSOVOFRANCE

CCC

BB
TURKEY

SPAIN

CCC

BBB

BB

BBB

PORTUGAL SWITZERLAND

B

BBB

BB

CZECH
REPUBLIC

AUSTRIASLOVENIA

BB
ITALY

BBB
CROATIAB

CCC

CYPRUSBOSNIA &HERZEGOVINA

BB

CCC

MONTENEGRO

Estimated Prevalence of Modern Slavery
Low

GREECEALBANIA

Government Response to Modern Slavery RatingHigh

The colour of the countries as shown on this map designate from lowest
to highest prevalence of modern slavery.
Those in grey were not included in the Index.

38.

B

AAA

AA

A

BBB

BB

B

CCC

CC

C

DDD

DD

D

The alphabetical depiction is a ‘rating’ of the strength of government
responses to modern slavery. The highest possible rating is an AAA, andthe lowest a D.

Percent of populationin modern slavery

Estimated populationin modern slavery

Population

Bulgaria

0.380

27,6007,265,115

2

Czech Republic

0.360

37,90010,521,468

3

Hungary

0.360

35,6009,897,247

4

Serbia0.360

25,8007,163,976

5

Slovakia

0.360

19,5005,414,095

6

Croatia

0.360

15,3004,252,700

7

Bosnia and Herzegovina

0.360

13,8003,829,307

8

Lithuania

0.360

10,6002,956,121

9

Albania

0.360

10,0002,773,620

10

Macedonia

0.360

7,600

2,107,158

11

Slovenia

0.360

7,400

2,060,484

12

Estonia

0.360

4,800

1,324,612

13

Cyprus

0.360

4,100

1,141,166

14

Montenegro

0.360

2,200

621,383

15

Turkey0.248

185,500

74,932,641

16

Kosovo

0.248

4,500

1,824,000

17

Poland0.187

71,90038,530,725

18

Romania

0.113

22,60019,963,581

19

Latvia

0.113

2,300

2,013,385

20

Italy

0.019

11,40059,831,093

21

Germany

0.013

10,50080,621,788

22France

0.013

8,600

66,028,467

23

United Kingdom

0.013

8,300

64,097,085

24

Spain

0.013

6,100

46,647,421

25

Netherlands

0.013

2,200

16,804,224

26

Belgium

0.013

1,500

11,195,138

27

Greece

0.013

1,400

11,032,328

28

Portugal

0.013

1,400

10,459,806

Regional rank

Country

1

29

Sweden

0.013

1,200

9,592,552

30

Austria

0.013

1,100

8,473,786

31

Switzerland

0.013

1,100

8,081,482

32

Denmark

0.013

700

5,613,706

33

Finland

0.013

700

5,439,407

34

Norway0.013

700

5,084,190

BB

35

Luxembourg

0.013

<100

543,202

Ireland
Iceland

0.007
0.007

300

MACEDONIA

36
37

4,595,281
323,002<100

Image – Katie Orlinsky

ICELAND“I don’t remember good things,”
says 19 year old Elira when
asked about her childhood in
Albania. She often went hungry
because her family was so poor.
Her parents were abusive toward
her, especially her mother.
“Around age 14, my whole
life crashed.” Elira recalls. Afterher parents divorced, she moved
to Kosovo with her mother insearch of a better life. “I worked
as a waitress and the other partof the day as a dancer.
My mother and her friend
introduced me to different
men with whom I had sexual
relations. In those times, I didn’t
think the way I think today”,
Elira says. “Only now do I
understand that I was a victim
of exploitation”.
Eventually Elira returned
to Albania. She wanted towork in Greece, but lacking
documentation, she was detainedat the border. She told thepolice her story and was sent
to Albania’s national reception
centre for trafficking victims.
There, she was referred to
NGO Different and Equal,
which provided her withcounselling and skills trainingthat helped her find work as
a tailor.Today her life is backon track. “Now I can handle
problems better”, Elira says.
“I’m working and I’m feelingvery good”.
Elira, a 19 year old Albaniansurvivor of sexual exploitation.
United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund forVictims of Human Trafficking, Hear Their
Story: Help Us Change Their Lives, (United
Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, 2013)
p. 5, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.unodc.
org/documents/human-trafficking/Fund/UNVTF_brochure2013.pdf

39.

EUROPE (continued)

Despite having the lowest regional prevalence of modern slavery in the world, men, women and children continue to be
subjected to modern slavery within the European Union (EU). Recent cases include human trafficking into the cannabis
growing industry in Ireland and forced begging in France.27 Nationals from European Union member states represent 65
percent of the presumed victims of human trafficking identified within the EU, although over recent years there has beena noted increase in non-EU victims.28 Trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation accounted for almost 70 percent ofidentified victims while trafficking for forced labour accounted for 19 percent.29 Cases of debt bondage and forced labour ofnationals from Eastern Europe in Western Europe continues in the agricultural, construction and food processing sectors, as
do situations of domestic servitude of non-EU nationals in the homes of diplomatic staff.
In 2014, Turkey recorded the highest absolute numbers of modern slavery in the region, reflecting high numbers of childmarriage30, forced labour, and trafficking for sexual exploitation.31 Bulgaria recorded the highest prevalence in 2014. The
global economic crisis and austerity measures of the EU have meant that increasing numbers of Bulgarians and Romanians
migrate in search of highly paid jobs. Some of these workers can be tricked or coerced into situations of exploitation.32
Poland also recorded high prevalence of modern slavery in 2014 due, in part, to the exploitation of cheap migrant labourers
within Poland from nearby Eastern European countries and parts of South East Asia.33

Government Response
Regional rank

Country

Survivors aresupported Criminal justice

Coordination Attitudes, social
systems andandinstitutions
accountability

Business andgovernment

Rating1

Netherlands

88.9

95.2

91.7

87.5

0

AA

2

Sweden

77.8

88.1

66.7

87.5

0

A

3

Switzerland

72.2

81

75

68.8

0

BBB

4

Ireland

66.7

81

75

75

0

BBB

5

Norway

66.7

81

75

68.8

0

BBB

6

United Kingdom

77.8

81

66.7

81.3

0

BBB

7

Belgium

55.6

88.1

58.3

75

0

BBB

8

Austria

72.2

81

58.3

68.8

0

BBB

9

Croatia

66.7

73.8

75

75

0

BBB

10

Spain

72.2

73.8

58.3

68.8

0

BBB

11

Montenegro

83.3

81

66.7

43.8

0

BB

12

Hungary

55.6

73.8

66.7

68.8

0

BB

13

Slovakia

66.7

66.7

66.7

62.5

0

BB

14

Macedonia

72.2

59.5

83.3

50

0

BB

15

Denmark

66.7

66.7

58.3

62.5

0

BB

16

Poland

61.1

73.8

75

50

0

BB

17

Portugal

66.7

66.7

75

50

0

BB

18

Serbia

66.7

81

50

56.3

0

BB

19

Germany

61.1

66.7

58.3

56.3

0

BB

20

France

50

81

50

68.8

0

BB

21

Latvia

61.1

81

58.3

50

0

BB

22

Slovenia

61.1

73.8

58.3

43.8

0

BB

23

Italy

66.7

71.4

41.7

50

0

BB

24

Finland

61.1

59.5

66.7

56.3

0

B

25

Czech Republic

44.4

73.8

58.3

62.5

0

B

26

Romania

50

66.7

50

75

0

B

27

Cyprus

61.1

76.2

58.3

37.5

0

B

28

Lithuania

50

61.9

58.3

50

0

B

29

Iceland

44.4

54.8

66.7

50

0

B

30

Bulgaria

50

59.5

58.3

50

0

B

31

Greece

55.6

54.8

50

50

0

B

32

Estonia

55.6

45.2

50

43.8

0

CCC

33

Luxembourg

50

73.8

33.3

31.3

0

CCC

34

Albania

61.1

52.4

41.7

37.5

0

CCC

35

Bosnia and Herzegovina

50

59.5

41.7

31.3

0

CCC

36

Turkey

38.9

52.4

41.7

31.3

0

CCC

37

Kosovo

38.9

61.9

50

18.8

0

CCC

“Used in Europe” accessed 18/10/14: usedineurope.com
Trafficking in Human Beings, (Eurostat European Union, 2014) p. 11, accessed 19/10/14: ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/docs/20141017_working_paper_on_
statistics_on_trafficking_in_human_beings_en.pdf
29
As above
30“Turkey: Child Marriage” (UNFPA, n.d.), accessed 17/10/14: http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/eeca/shared/documents/publications/Turkey%20English.pdf
31Country Profiles – Europe and Central Asia, (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2013), p.125, accessed 04/04/14: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/
Country_Profiles_Europe_Central_Asia.pdf.
32
José Mendes Bota, Prostitution, trafficking and modern slavery in Europe, (Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination March 20, 2014), p. 8 ,accessed 08/09/14: http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en
33
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Poland Country Narrative (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 317, accessed 25/10/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226848.pdf; field sources, 2014. See also, Zbigniew Lasocik & Lukasz Wieczorek, “Trafficking for Forced Labour in Poland – Research Report” inTrafficking for Forced Labour and Labour Exploitation (FLEX) – towards increased knowledge, cooperation and exchange of information in Estonia, Finland and Poland, Anniina Jokinen, Natalia Ollus andKauko Aromaa (eds.) (Warsaw: Heuni, 2011). accessed 06/03/14: http://www.heuni.fi/material/attachments/heuni/reports/6KmRLQd2d/HEUNl_report_68_netti.pdf
27
28

40.

41.

EUROPE (continued)

Globally, Europe was the strongest performing region in terms of how well the governments are tackling modern slavery.
In large part, this reflects the strength of regional efforts through the European Union and Council of Europe mechanisms
to implement commitments under a regional treaty – the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in
Human Beings. 42 European countries have ratified or acceded to the Convention,34 which aims to prevent trafficking,protect the human rights of victims of trafficking, and prosecute traffickers.35 The Convention established the Council ofEurope’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) monitoring and reporting mechanism,
which is responsible for holding governments in the region accountable to their commitments under the Convention.36
All countries in Europe criminalise modern slavery, either as distinct offenses in their criminal codes, or through standalone
trafficking legislation. All countries have also established some form of legal framework to allow victims to access justice;
the Netherlands, Ireland, and Norway, for example, have legal services for victims, witness protection systems, and somerecognition that child victims require specialized services. Despite this, there remains a real risk in many countries thatvictims may be criminalised for actions committed while under the control of criminals, or detained on immigration
offences. In Norway, for example, there have been reports of victims being held in detention due to their irregularimmigration status;37 in France, child victims have been arrested for soliciting and theft38; and in the UK, support
organisations who identify non-EU victims of modern slavery reportedly do not refer them to the National Referral
Mechanism, for fear they would be removed from the UK.39
The Netherlands and Sweden lead the government response globally and in Europe, demonstrating the highest outcomes inmeasurements on criminal justice and addressing vulnerability to modern slavery. Both countries have undertaken research on
modern slavery, have extensive public information campaigns, and have comprehensive protections in place for domestic40 andmigrant workers.41 Austria has seriously focused on the protection of domestic workers of diplomats and staff of internationalorganisations in recent years. Additional measures were introduced in 2012 to ensure all domestic workers have their own
bank account and they are required to present annually to the Austrian Ministry for European and International Affairs for awelfare check.42
When economic capacity is taken into account, Montenegro and Macedonia are performing relatively well on government
responses. Montenegro, for example, has victim assistance programmes available for all victims of modern slavery, including
men, women and children. At the other end of the scale, despite having strong economies, the Governments of Iceland andLuxembourg are doing very little to address modern slavery.
Ensuring that business and governments through their public procurement stop sourcing goods and services that use modern
slavery remains insufficient across many countries and still represents the greatest gap in government responses to modern
slavery across Europe.

Belarus is the only non-member state to accede to the Convention. Estonia and Turkey have signed but not yet ratified the Convention. See current signatures and ratification of theConvention at the Council of Europe website: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Flags-sos_en.asp
35
Council of Europe Convention and its Explanatory Report, (Warsaw, 16.V.2005)”, Council of Europe, accessed 18/09/14: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Docs/Convntn/
CETS197_en.asp#TopOfPage
36“GRETA”, Council of Europe, accessed 18/09/14: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Docs/Monitoring/GRETA_en.asp
37Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by
Norway,(2013), p. 51: accessed on 06/04/2014, http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/docs/Reports/GRETA_2013_5_FGR_NOR_with_cmnts_en.pdf
38
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: France Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 179, accessed 30/07/14: http://www.
state.gov/documents/organization/226845.pdf.
39
The UK is currently undergoing an evaluation of the National Referral Mechanism. See – Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Report concerning theimplementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the United Kingdom: First evaluation round, (Strasbourg, 2012) p. 7, accessed 3/08/14: http://www.
coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/docs/Reports/GRETA_2012_6_FGR_GBR_en.pdf
40Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by The
Netherlands, (Council of Europe, 2014), p. 39 accessed: 31/07/2014, http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Docs/Reports/GRETA_2014_10_FGR_NLD_w_cmnts_en.pdf
41Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Sweden,(Council of Europe, 2014): p. 32, accessed on 06/18/2014, http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/docs/Reports/GRETA_2014_11_FGR_SWE_en.pdf
42“Austria: Together Against Trafficking in Human Beings”, European Commission, last modified 05/05/14: http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/NIP/Austria
34

42.

Vulnerability (A higher score indicates higher vulnerability)
Regional rank

Country

Slavery Policy Human Rights

Development

State Stability

Discrimination

Mean

1

Turkey

50.5

63.7

39.6

44.2

62.9

50.9

2

Albania3

Bosnia and Herzegovina

47.0

43.6

36.0

57.0

55.3

46.3

29.3

57.2

34.9

46.4

53.8

45.7

4
5

Greece

36.4

49.8

30.2

43.3

50.9

41.4

Kosovo

22.2

45.0

36.3

48.4

56.3

40.9

6

Montenegro

36.4

38.8

30.3

49.5

49.0

40.8

7

Macedonia

25.8

41.7

33.7

54.9

46.0

39.7

8

Romania

25.8

50.1

34.8

42.8

40.6

38.1

9

Latvia

43.4

34.8

30.0

38.8

45.1

37.7

10

Serbia

25.8

45.4

34.1

43.2

40.2

37.0

11

Bulgaria

22.2

42.4

30.9

47.9

34.1

35.5

12

Hungary

54.0

30.8

33.8

22.1

32.4

35.3

13

Lithuania

47.0

36.4

24.5

27.1

44.3

35.2

14

Croatia

43.4

33.8

30.8

30.3

37.0

33.7

15

Estonia

50.5

13.2

28.1

24.6

43.5

30.6

16

Cyprus

25.8

27.7

29.0

20.7

46.0

29.8

17

Italy

32.8

21.9

24.0

38.1

31.3

29.6

18

Slovakia

11.6

28.5

31.2

39.3

33.4

28.8

19

Poland

1.0

21.7

27.1

22.2

48.2

25.5

20

Czech Republic

8.1

27.9

28.7

17.7

37.6

24.0

21

France

25.8

25.8

28.0

21.0

23.9

22.8

22

Spain

15.1

27.9

22.8

22.6

17.6

22.7

23

Switzerland

32.8

23.3

21.1

10.6

25.5

22.0

24

Portugal

18.7

13.0

28.2

17.0

29.7

21.4

25

Ireland

18.7

18.1

27.1

16.7

19.5

20.7

26

Slovenia

4.5

15.1

29.6

16.1

34.8

20.7

27

Iceland

54.0

19.0

22.4

12.1

3.0

20.0

28

Denmark

43.4

16.8

25.2

3.5

6.2

18.4

29

Germany

11.6

24.7

25.1

14.4

12.2

17.6

30

Luxembourg

32.8

2.4

10.9

9.9

21.6

17.0

31

Belgium

4.5

18.1

26.8

14.9

15.9

16.0

32

Finland

4.5

22.2

26.2

8.9

14.4

16.0

33

United Kingdom

8.1

10.3

17.1

18.4

17.6

15.1

34

Austria

4.5

17.3

23.9

14.4

14.4

14.9

35

Sweden

8.1

15.7

26.5

10.1

10.9

13.5

36

Netherlands

11.6

9.2

25.1

13.5

8.4

11.4

37

Norway

11.6

16.0

25.6

7.8

2.5

11.3

With regard to vulnerability to modern slavery, European countries consistently rank high on indices of peace, democracy,
anti-corruption, human rights and access to social services. Turkey, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, and Kosovo
collectively represent the five most vulnerable countries in the region due in part to high discrimination measures, poor statestability, and weaker human rights safeguards. Turkey has recorded the highest vulnerability ratings for modern slavery. Highlevels of irregular migration, proximity to conflict zones in Syria and Iraq and discrimination against minority groups impact
vulnerability within Turkey. Higher levels of unemployment across Europe over the past five years increase the vulnerabilityof those seeking work abroad. As a destination for migrants and refugees from conflicts in neighbouring regions, particularly
the Middle East and North Africa, European countries face the problems associated with heightened risks to trafficking andlabour exploitation among these populations.

43.

RUSSIA AND EURASIA
Estimated Number Living in Moder n Slavery 2,599,300
Image – Monica Ellena

Regional Proportion of Global Estimate 7.3% of 35.8 million people in modern slavery
are in Russia and Eurasia
Average Gover nment Response Rating CC
Average Vulnerability Score 52.1%
Prevalence
Regional rank

RUSSIA

1C

BELARUSCCC

CCC

KAZAKHSTANUKRAINE

CC

CCC

BBB

C

MOLDOVAGEORGIAKYRGYZSTAN

CCC

B

CC

ARMENIAAZERBAIJANTAJIKSTAN

D

D

TURKMENISTANUZBEKISTANCountry

Uzbekistan

Percent of populationin modern slavery

Estimated populationin modern slavery

Population

3.973

1,201,400

30,241,100

2

Moldova

0.936

33,3003,559,000

3

Russia0.732

1,049,700

143,499,861

4

Georgia

0.360

16,1004,476,900

5

Armenia

0.360

10,7002,976,566

6

Kazakhstan

0.359

61,20017,037,508

7Azerbaijan

0.359

33,8009,416,598

8

Tajikistan

0.359

29,5008,207,834

9

Kyrgyzstan

0.359

20,5005,719,500

10

Turkmenistan

0.359

18,8005,240,072

11

Ukraine0.248

112,600

45,489,600

12Belarus0.122

11,5009,466,000

Over seven percent of the total number of people enslaved in the world are from the Russia
and Eurasia region, reflecting forced labour in construction,43 manufacturing, domestic work,44
agriculture,45 and fishing46 within the region, and in construction, agriculture, and manufacturingin Eastern and Western Europe.47 The strength of organised crime networks have exacerbated the
problem,48 whereby men and women are tricked into accepting tempting job offers overseas, whichinstead result in labour and sexual exploitation.49
As a relatively wealthy nation, Russia is the hub of migration flows in the region, and consequently, a
hub of trafficking and exploitation.50 The majority of migrant workers come from Central Asia andthe Caucasus,51 as well as South East Asia and North Korea.52 North Korean citizens are subject toforced labour in Russia’s Far East logging industry, through arrangements with the North Korean
Government,53 while Vietnamese migrants have experienced slavery-like conditions working in factories
and marketplaces.54
Uzbekistan has the highest prevalence of people enslaved in the region, which reflects the practice of statesponsored forced labour during the cotton harvest.55“Trafficking and Forced Labour in the Construction Industry”, Building and Wood Worker’s International, last modified 21/06/13: http://www.bwint.org/
default.asp?index=4996
44
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Russia Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p.
310, accessed 04/07/14: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/210741.pdf.
45World Report 2014 – Uzbekistan, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), accessed 14/08/14: http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/
uzbekistan?page=3
46
ILO, Caught at Sea: Forced labour and trafficking in fisheries, (ILO, 2013), accessed 19/09/14: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_214472.pdf
47International Labour Organisation (ILO) 2012 Global Estimate of Forced Labour: Regional Factsheet, European Union, (International Labour Organization,2012), accessed 19/09/14: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-europe/—-ro-geneva/—-ilo-brussels/documents/genericdocument/
wcms_184975.pdf
48
Christian Dallago, Unique aspects of human trafficking in Eurasia, (Kennan Institute, n.d), accessed 19/09/14: http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/unique-aspects-human-trafficking-eurasia
49
Janna Lillis, “Kazakhstan: Grappling with Human Trafficking”, Eurasianet, December 3, 2012, accessed 03/12/12: http://www.eurasianet.org/
node/66247
50
A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children – Russia, (Protection Project, 2010), p.1, accessed 14/02/14: http://www.
protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Russia.pdf
51“A Hard Year for Migrant Workers in Russia”, Radio Free Europe, December 27, 2013, accessed 19/09/14: http://www.rferl.org/content/russiamigrants-tough-year/25214624.html
52
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Russia Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p.
310, accessed 04/07/14: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/210741.pdf.
53“Russia, China continue to allow human trafficking”, The Washington Post, June 23, 2013: http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/russia-chinacontinue-to-allow-human-trafficking/2013/06/23/57f14560-da9d-11e2-a016-92547bf094cc_story.html
54
A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children – Russia, (Protection Project 2010), p.3, accessed 14/02/14: http://www.
protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Russia.pdf.
55
World Report 2014 – Uzbekistan, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), accessed 14/08/14: http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/
uzbekistan?page=3
43

Estimated Prevalence of Modern Slavery
Low

Government Response to Modern Slavery RatingHigh

The colour of the countries as shown on this map designate from lowest
to highest prevalence of modern slavery.
Those in grey were not included in the Index.

44.

AAA

AA

A

BBB

BB

B

CCC

CC

C

DDD

DD

D

The alphabetical depiction is a ‘rating’ of the strength of government
responses to modern slavery. The highest possible rating is an AAA, andthe lowest a D.

For most of the year, Dr.Tamara
Khidoyatova treats patients as a doctor
at a hospital here in this picturesque,old Silk Road city [in Uzbekistan].
But for a few weeks every autumn,
she is forced to pick cotton, for which
she is paid little or nothing.
Throughout the fall, when the cotton
harvest comes in, the government
drafts about a million people,
primarily public-sector employees
and professionals, to work as cotton
pickers, helping bring in the harvest
for the world’s fifth-largest cotton
exporting nation.
“You come to work, with all the
makeup, wearing nice clothes, good
shoes,” Dr. Khidoyatova, 61, said.
“And the polyclinic director runsin and says,‘I need 40 people in
the field, the bus is outside, hurry,
hurry!’ “That was just a day trip.
But most people are given somenotice, and then go away for a monthat a time. Once in the fields, pickers
loop heavy cloth sacks over theirnecks, stoop between the furrows andrepeatedly clutch at the white puffs
to gather a quota of 120 pounds ofraw cotton a day.At night, they sleepon cots in the gymnasiums of village
schools or in crude barracks
in the fields.
In simplest terms, it is a system
of forced labor, rights groups andinternational labor monitors say, an
old scourge of the cotton industry
that has returned to life.With
its monopoly on the industry,
the government pays far below
world prices for the cotton, reaping
extortionate profits that help balance
the budget.
Mansur Mirovalev reported from
Samarkand, and Andrew E. Kramer
from Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
Report from the New York Times,
December 17, 2013.

Mansur Mirovalev and Andrew E. Kramer,“In Uzbekistan, the Practice of Forced Labour
Lives On During the Cotton Harvest”,
The New York Times, December 17, 2013,
accessed 09/02/2014: http://www.nytimes.
com/2013/12/18/world/asia/forcedlabor-lives-on-in-uzbekistans-cotton-fields.
html?pagewanted=all&_r=045.

RUSSIA AND EURASIA (continued)

Government Response

Coordination Attitudes, social
systems andandinstitutions
accountability

Vulnerability (A higher score indicates higher vulnerability)
Business andgovernment

Rating

62.5

0

BBB

50

37.5

0

B

59.5

50

25

0

CCC

61.1

45.2

41.7

37.5

0

CCC

Moldova

44.4

61.9

41.7

43.8

0

CCC

6

Armenia

38.9

61.9

16.7

43.8

0

CCC

7

Tajikistan

22.2

33.3

50

50

0

CC

8

Kazakhstan

50

45.2

33.3

18.8

0

CC

9

Kyrgyzstan

16.7

31

33.3

31.3

0

C

10

Russia

33.3

52.4

25

12.5

0

C

11

Turkmenistan

5.6

45.2

16.7

18.8

0

D

12

Uzbekistan

16.7

33.3

25

12.5

0

D

Survivors aresupported Criminal justiceRegional rank

Country

1

Georgia

66.7

83.3

75

2

Azerbaijan

66.7

59.5

3

Ukraine61.1

4Belarus5

Government responses to modern slavery in this region vary considerably in their strength and effectiveness. While Georgia
has one of the most comprehensive government responses to modern slavery globally, half of the countries in this region fallwithin the bottom 40 percent of government responses. Outside Georgia, governments in the Russia and Eurasia region havemade limited efforts to support victims, strengthen criminal justice responses, or address vulnerabilities. No government in thisregion has moved to address modern slavery in government procurement supply chains, or in the supply chains of businesses
operating within their borders.

Regional rank

Country

Slavery Policy Human Rights

Development

State Stability

Discrimination

Mean

1

Turkmenistan

64.6

100

45.0

64.7

46.3

64.8

2

Belarus

64.6

97.3

36.4

54.5

34.7

56.8

3

Uzbekistan

54.0

91.8

39.0

62.8

38.6

56.5

4

Russia

54.0

89.9

29.7

67.0

47.5

56.2

5

Kyrgyzstan

68.2

64.3

45.3

57.0

43.1

54.2

6

Azerbaijan

43.4

85.2

36.7

59.5

43.3

53.7

7

Tajikistan

39.9

78.0

51.1

57.1

38.5

51.4

8

Georgia

57.6

71.9

37.0

45.9

46.8

51.1

9

Kazakhstan

36.4

75.8

34.0

57.8

38.0

49.1

10

Ukraine

57.6

46.0

38.9

61.1

40.0

48.0

11

Armenia

4.5

63.7

35.7

51.6

54.8

42.1

12

Moldova

4.5

58.0

40.1

52.6

53.6

41.8

A number of countries in the Russia and Eurasia region have weak structures to respond to modern slavery and trafficking,and poor respect for human rights. Low socio-economic development means individuals seek alternative opportunities
in neighbouring Russia, or in Eastern and Western Europe. Those who migrate can be subjected to lower wages andexploitative conditions.60 In Russia, organised crime networks and high levels of corruption place undocumented migrants
at high risk of abuse and violence, and intensifies public perspectives that migrant workers are responsible for criminality.61

Within this region, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine and Moldova have the strongest legal frameworks, although every
country in the region has legislation that criminalises either human trafficking, forced labour and/or slavery. Only Georgia
criminalized all three forms of modern slavery. Almost every country – except Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan – has a specialised
law enforcement unit, or sub-unit or team within the law enforcement structure that is tasked with investigating modern
slavery crimes.
Several countries in the region have taken steps to strengthen protection mechanisms for vulnerable populations in recent
years, including the Governments of Georgia, Tajikistan, and Moldova. Outside the top three, there have been positiveefforts in Kazakhstan, where the government has made it possible for children of migrant workers, including seasonal
workers, to attend educational institutions with the same rights as citizens.56 In 2013, Uzbekistan also reduced the numberof children under 16 forced to pick cotton and allowed a visit from an International Labour Organisation (ILO) monitoring
mission.57 The effectiveness and seriousness of this commitment, however, is undermined by continuing evidence of forced
labour practices.
Within the Russia and Eurasia region, implementation of anti-slavery measures remains sporadic, and is ultimately
undermined by endemic corruption and authoritarian policies. In Russia, corrupt government officials facilitate modern
slavery – with reports of criminals involved in human trafficking paying protection money to law enforcement.58 Despitesome strides to address child labour in recent years in Uzbekistan, child labourers were reportedly told to hide from thegovernment-accompanied ILO monitors. Further removing child labour has instead led to mass round ups of college age
students to work in the cotton fields as a replacement.59

Order Number 398 in 2012. Human Rights Council, Report of the special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shanian: Follow-up mission to
Kazakhstan, (UN General Assembly, 2014), p. 2, accessed 20/10/14: www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/.../A_HRC_27_53_Add_2_ENG.doc
57
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Uzbekistan Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 405-406, accessed 29/06/14:
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226849.pdf
58
Lauren A. McCarthy, “Beyond Corruption An Assessment of Russian Law Enforcement’s Fight Against Human Trafficking,” Demokratizatsiya,Vol 18, No. 1 (2010), pp. 5–23, accessed
4/7/2014: http://www.hse.ru/data/2012/08/16/1257242471/Article.pdf.
59
Uzbek – German Forum for Human Rights, Forced Labour in Uzbekistan: Report of the 2013 Harvest, May 2014, pp.19-25.
56

46.

60
61

Christian Dallago, Unique aspects of human trafficking in Eurasia, (Kennan Institute, n.d), accessed 19/09/14: http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/unique-aspects-human-trafficking-eurasia“A Hard Year for Migrant Workers in Russia” Radio Free Europe, December 27, 2013, accessed 19/09/14: http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-migrants-tough-year/25214624.html

47.

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Estimated Number Living in Moder n Slavery 5,619,200

GAMBIACC

CAPE VERDE

Regional Proportion of Global Estimate 15.7% of 35.8 million people in modern slavery are in Sub-Saharan Africa

CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC

SOUTH SUDANUGANDAD

C

CCC

Prevalence

CCC

MAURITANIABURKINA FASOCAMEROONERITREADJIBOUTISOMALIA

CC

CCC

D

C

C

MALI

CC

NIGER

C

CHAD

C

SUDAN

C
C

C

KENYA

NIGERIAETHIOPIAB

CC

GUINEABISSAUCC
RWANDACCCGUINEASIERRA
LEONE

Average Vulnerability Score 63.1%

SENEGAL

CC

CCC

Average Gover nment Response Rating CC

CCC

TOGO

CC
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE

CC

C

BENIN

BURUNDI

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO

CC

CCC
GHANA

D

LIBERIAEQUATORIALGUINEA

C

CC

CC
GABON

D

CC

REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO

CCC

CC

NAMIBIA

MALAWI

BOTSWANACCC

ZIMBABWE

ZAMBIA

CCC
MAURITIUS

Country

Estimated populationin modern slavery

Population

1

Mauritania

4.000

155,600

3,889,880

2

Democratic Republic of the
Congo

1.130

762,900

67,513,677

3

Sudan

1.130

429,000

37,964,306

4Central African Republic

1.130

52,2004,616,417

5

Republic of the Congo

1.106

49,2004,447,632

6

Namibia

0.907

20,9002,303,315

7

Botswana

0.907

18,3002,021,144

8

Ghana

0.746

193,100

25,904,598

9

Mozambique

0.746

192,600

25,833,752

10

Niger

0.746

132,900

17,831,270

11

Burkina Faso

0.746

126,300

16,934,839

12

Malawi

0.746

122,000

16,362,567

13

Zambia0.746

108,400

14,538,640

14Senegal

0.746

105,400

14,133,280

15

Benin

0.746

77,000

10,323,474

16

Togo

0.746

50,8006,816,982

17

Liberia

0.746

32,0004,294,077

18

Lesotho

0.746

15,5002,074,465

19

Tanzania

0.711

350,400

49,253,126

20

Côte d’Ivoire

0.711

144,500

20,316,086

21

Mali

0.711

108,900

15,301,650

22

Chad

0.711

91,20012,825,314

23

Rwanda0.711

83,80011,776,522

24

Guinea0.711

83,60011,745,189

25

South Sudan

0.711

80,40011,296,173

26

Burundi0.711

72,30010,162,532

27

Sierra Leone

0.711

43,3006,092,075

28

Gambia0.711

13,2001,849,285

29Djibouti

0.711

6,200

872,932

30

Cape Verde

0.637

3,200

498,89731

Swaziland

0.536

6,700

1,249,514

CCC

CC

C

32

Guinea-Bissau

0.500

8,500

1,704,255

33

Nigeria

0.481

834,200

173,615,345

SOUTH AFRICALESOTHOSWAZILAND

34

Angola0.435

93,40021,471,618

35

Zimbabwe

0.435

61,50014,149,648

Estimated Prevalence of Modern Slavery

Government Response to Modern Slavery RatingHigh

The colour of the countries as shown on this map designate from lowest
to highest prevalence of modern slavery.
Those in grey were not included in the Index.

48.

MADAGASCAR

CC

C

Low

C

MOZAMBIQUEANGOLACCTANZANIA

Regional rank

Survivors’ account
Percent of populationin modern slavery

AAA

AA

A

BBB

BB

B

CCC

CC

C

DDD

DD

D

The alphabetical depiction is a ‘rating’ of the strength of government
responses to modern slavery. The highest possible rating is an AAA, andthe lowest a D.

36

Somalia

0.435

45,60010,495,583

37

Eritrea

0.435

27,5006,333,135

38

Equatorial Guinea

0.435

3,300

757,01439

Ethiopia

0.414

389,700

94,100,756

40

Uganda0.359

135,000

37,578,876

41

Cameroon

0.359

79,90022,253,959
Cont...

“I paid 10,000 Birr[$US515] to a broker.
Somebody in my village
knew this broker in Addis
Ababa. I left my village
after my father died and I
flew to Saudi Arabia where
I worked as a housemaid
with a Saudi family. During
the pre-departure training
in Ethiopia I learned thatyou have to work 8 hours,
but I had to work 20 hours
a day.They tried to rapeme, but I didn’t want it
and became aggressive.They
put me in a room and tried
to rape me. I have been in
Saudi Arabia for only one
month and 15 days. I havebeen deported and cameback mentally ill. Now I
am feeling better, my mothercame to visit me. I want toget some skills training andwork in Addis. I don’t want
to go back to my village, butwill definitely not go back to
Saudi Arabia.”
19 year old Ethiopian
domestic worker.

Blinded by Hope: Knowledge, Attitudes andPractices of Ethiopian migrants (Regional Mixed
Migration Secretariat, 2014) p. 51, accessed
03/09/14: http://www.regionalmms.org/
fileadmin/content/rmms_publications/
Blinded_by_Hope.pdf

49.

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (continued)

Estimated populationin modern slavery

Population

Mauritius

0.254

3,300

1,296,303

Gabon

0.248

4,100

1,671,711

1

Nigeria

61.1

73.8

58.3

43.8

0

B

Zambia

55.6

61.9

58.3

37.5

0

CCC

Country

42
43

Country

Coordination Attitudes, social
systems andandinstitutions
accountability

Business andgovernment

Rating

44

South Africa

0.200

106,000

52,981,991

45

Kenya

0.146

64,90044,353,691

3Senegal

38.9

45.2

41.7

56.3

0

CCC

22,924,851

4Mauritius

44.4

64.3

41.7

31.3

0

CCC

5

Sierra Leone

38.9

69

33.3

37.5

0

CCC

6

Uganda

38.9

47.6

50

43.8

0

CCC

7

Cameroon

55.6

52.4

25

37.5

0

CCC

Madagascar

0.133

30,400In Sub-Saharan Africa, complex patterns of migration, fuelled by a lack of economic opportunity, conflict and climate related
disasters, force millions of migrants to travel from rural areas to cities as refugees, stateless or displaced persons, and economic
migrants. Similar factors compel migrants to seek opportunities in more prosperous African nations, such as South Africa and
Kenya, or further abroad in Europe and the Gulf.
Migrants are vulnerable to exploitation in the Sub-Saharan region and as foreign workers employed in the informal sector
overseas in Europe and the Gulf. These workers often lack the protection of labour laws, are unable to access social services,and their precarious visa status dissuades them from reporting abuse to authorities.
Nigeria and Ethiopia are major source countries for migration overseas. Women and children from Nigeria are trafficked forsexual exploitation through organised crime rings to Europe.62 In Italy in particular, some Nigerian women are trapped in acycle of debt bondage in the sex industry63, with little hope of clearing 50-60,000 Euro ($US65-75,000) debts owed to their
exploiters.64 For Ethiopians, lucrative employment opportunities in the Middle East draw thousands to migrate for jobs inthe construction and domestic work sectors. When in destination countries, Nigerians and Ethiopians can be subjected toharsh working conditions incomparable to what was promised.
Countries plagued by conflict and political instability in Africa have higher prevalence of modern slavery. Armed forces andrebel groups in the Central African Republic and Somalia, coerce vulnerable children into their ranks.65 In Zambia, Angola,
and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, countries with vast mineral resources, adults and children are forced to labourin dangerous mines.66
In Mauritius, Mozambique, Kenya and Tanzania, tourism combined with poverty and lack of effective government
regulation creates informal industries that leave children vulnerable to travelling sex offenders, as well as forcing them towork long hours in hotels and resorts, and as tour guides and street vendors. Coupled with weak child protection systems
and a lack of formal employment opportunities for low skilled workers, children are particularly vulnerable to commercial
sexual exploitation. 67

Nigeria’s National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP), “The Plight Of Nigerian Girls Trafficked Into Prostitution In Italy”, International Business Times, September 6,
2012, accessed 21/08/14:http://www.ibtimes.com/plight-nigerian-girls-trafficked-prostitution-italy-780763
63
Trafficking of Nigerian Girls in Italy:The Data,The Stories,The Social Services, (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 2010), p. 31, accessed 21/08/14: http://www.
unicri.it/services/library_documentation/publications/unicri_series/trafficking_nigeria-italy.pdf
64“Trafficking: on the Victims’ Side”, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, March 25, 2010, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.unicri.it/news/article/1003-2_trafficking
65
Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, (United Nations Secretary General, June 2014) p. 13, accessed
04/09/14: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2014/450
66
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Democratic Republic of Congo Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), accessed
03/09/14: http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226703.htm
67
As above, p. 227

50.

Regional rank

Survivors aresupported Criminal justice

2

46

62

Government Response

Percent of populationin modern slavery

Regional rank

8

Ghana

33.3

59.5

33.3

43.8

0

CCC

9

South Africa

44.4

57.1

33.3

43.8

0

CCC

10

Benin

27.8

40.5

50

43.8

0

CCC

11

Malawi

50

47.6

16.7

43.8

0

CCC

12

Liberia

33.3

66.7

41.7

18.8

0

CC

13

Gabon

44.4

40.5

41.7

25

0

CC

14

Ethiopia

22.2

59.5

25

37.5

0

CC

15

Côte d’Ivoire

16.7

52.4

58.3

31.3

0

CC

16

Gambia

27.8

54.8

41.7

37.5

0

CC

17

Kenya

33.3

40.5

25

43.8

0

CC

18

Namibia

38.9

52.4

25

31.3

0

CC

19

Togo

33.3

45.2

33.3

31.3

0

CC

20

Mozambique

22.2

47.6

41.7

37.5

0

CC

21

Botswana

27.8

33.3

33.3

43.8

0

CC

22

Rwanda

33.3

52.4

33.3

18.8

0

CC

23

Madagascar

16.7

38.1

33.3

43.8

0

CC

24

Cape Verde

22.2

40.5

16.7

37.5

0

CC

25

Burkina Faso

44.4

26.2

16.7

25

0

CC

26

Mauritania

27.8

38.1

33.3

37.5

0

CC

27

Burundi

27.8

40.5

25

25

0

CC

28

Lesotho

38.9

33.3

16.7

31.3

0

CC

29

Guinea

16.7

38.1

25

31.3

0

C

30

Guinea-Bissau

16.7

26.2

41.7

25

0

C

31

Tanzania

22.2

33.3

25

25

0

C

32

Angola

16.7

26.2

25

31.3

0

C

33

Djibouti

11.1

31

33.3

25

0

C

34

Zimbabwe

22.2

31

16.7

31.3

0

C

35

Niger

11.1

52.4

25

25

0

C

36

Democratic Republic of the Congo

22.2

31

33.3

12.5

0

C

37

Chad

22.2

26.2

25

18.8

0

C

38

Mali

16.7

16.7

33.3

25

0

C

39

Swaziland

22.2

19

33.3

18.8

0

C

40

Sudan

16.7

26.2

25

25

0

C

41

South Sudan

16.7

31

16.7

18.8

0

C

42

Somalia

27.8

19

25

18.8

0

C

43

Republic of the Congo

11.1

19

25

25

0

D

44

Equatorial Guinea

5.6

19

8.3

18.8

0

D

45

Central African Republic

11.1

23.8

8.3

12.5

0

D

46

Eritrea

0

11.9

16.7

12.5

0

D
51.

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (continued)

In Sub-Saharan African all countries have domestic legislation to address modern slavery. While 35 out of 44 countries in theregion have coordination bodies working on modern slavery issues, fewer have national action plans that focus on modern
slavery beyond child labour (22 countries). Only eight countries have a clear budget to address the issue. The size of thebudgets varies widely.
Issues covered

Regional rank

Country

Slavery Policy Human Rights

Development

State Stability

Discrimination

Mean

1

Somalia

85.9

100

92.8

85.5

100

94.9

2

Eritrea

3

Sudan

92.9

100

86.3

55.9

83.5

83.8

78.8

100

79.7

79.8

59.9

82.6

Country

Budget*Côte d’Ivoire$US10.8 million68

Child labour and trafficking

4

Democratic Republic of the Congo

78.8

78.0

83.9

80.7

64.3

79.3

Liberia$US152, 000

Trafficking in persons

5

Central African Republic

92.9

83.5

82.3

77.0

66.2

78.9

Mauritania$US3.3 million70

Slavery

6

Chad

75.3

60.7

86.4

74.1

64.9

73.7

Mozambique$US40,000

Child labour

7

Zimbabwe

85.9

91.8

63.9

70.9

53.5

73.5

Nigeria$US11.9 million72

Trafficking in persons

8

Mauritania

92.9

75.3

76.8

62.7

67.6

72.2

Republic of the Congo$US428, 000 (plus $US225, 000)73

Trafficking in persons (and child trafficking)

9

Guinea-Bissau

92.9

50.5

82.6

72.0

60.0

70.3

Senegal$US100,00074

Trafficking in persons

10

Guinea

71.7

64.3

82.4

69.7

61.5

70.0

Zambia$US180,00075

Trafficking in persons

69

71

11

Equatorial Guinea

92.9

83.5

53.7

62.8

58.8

69.6

*Note: budgets from 2012 – 2014.

12

Madagascar

64.6

64.8

79.8

59.0

58.0

67.4

Under-resourced police units and limited basic training also impede efforts to identify victims. When victims are identified,weaknesses in the criminal justice process, including a lack of awareness and understanding of anti-trafficking laws makes it
difficult to bring perpetrators to justice.

13

South Sudan

82.3

53.3

78.5

72.5

57.3

66.7

14

Burundi

78.8

55.2

81.9

66.4

41.7

66.3

Despite having weak economies, Nigeria, Zambia, and Senegal lead the region with the strongest responses to modern
slavery. Nigeria’s anti-trafficking body, the National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP) carries
out investigations, prosecutions, and conducts awareness raising training. However, civil unrest, terror threats, endemic
corruption and ongoing abductions of Nigerians, including the well-publicised kidnapping of school-girls by terrorist group
Boko Haram, underscore the continuing challenges of combating modern slavery in Nigeria.
Governments in the region including Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria have recognised the prevalence of child marriage
and enacted laws to raise the age of marriage to 18 years.76 However, the governments of Niger, Chad, Guinea and theCentral African Republic – despite being four of the five countries with the highest level of child marriage in 2014
globally77 – have not comprehensively enacted and enforced legislation against this practice, or educated communities andkey stakeholders on the risks and dangers of early marriage.
Civil conflict, and an absence of a stable functioning governments, prevents effective responses in countries such as
the Central African Republic and Somalia. They score poorly on the government response in the Sub-Saharan region,and globally.
Within Sub-Saharan Africa, national laws and policies regulating government procurement supply chains are non-existent,
although steps are being taken to address child labour in the cocoa industry in Côte d’Ivoire.

Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labourt: Coté D’Ivoire, (United States Department of Labor, 2012), accessed 09/04/14, http://www.dol.gov/
ilab/reports/child-labor/cote_divoire.htm
69
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Liberia Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014) accessed 30/07/14: http://www.
state.gov/doc
70
Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Mauritania, (United States Department of Labor, 2012) pp. 2-4, accessed 22/07/14, http://www.dol.gov/
ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/2012TDA/mauritania.pdf
71
Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Mozambique, (United States Department of Labor, 2012), accessed 19/05/14, http://www.dol.gov/ilab/
reports/child-labor/mozambique.htm
72
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Nigeria Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2013) p. 286, accessed 15/08/2014,
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/210741.pdf
73
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Republic of Congo Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2013), pp. 137-138, accessed
14/04/14: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/210738.pdf; Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Republic of the Congo, (UnitedStates Department of Labor, 2012) accessed 14/05/14, http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/congo_republic_of.htm
74
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Senegal Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 336, accessed 29/07/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226848.pdf
75
As above, p. 414
76
In Kenya, the Child Act of 2001 outlines the legal age as 18. In Ghana, the Children’s Act of 1998 outlines in Section 13, “No person shall force a child: to be betrothed, to be the subject ofa dowry transaction; or to be married, the minimum age of marriage of whatever kind shall be 18 years.” In Ethiopia – in 2007, Ethiopia passed a law that states that marriage is only legal
between consenting adults who have, at a minimum, reached the age of 18. In Nigeria, the Child Rights Act of 2003, states that no person under the age of 18 years is capable of contracting
a valid marriage.
77
James Addis, Ten worst places for child marriage, (World Vision, 2014) accessed 03/09/14: http://www.worldvision.org/news-stories-videos/ten-worst-places-child-marriage
68

52.

Vulnerability (A higher score indicates higher vulnerability)

15

Djibouti

68.2

75.3

72.5

56.1

52.7

65.7

16

Angola

71.7

75.3

63.4

61.4

54.4

65.3

17

Swaziland

64.6

69.5

55.2

55.8

73.2

65.0

18

Côte d’Ivoire

57.6

65.6

78.5

67.6

55.7

65.0

19

Tanzania

54.0

62.9

81.6

54.9

67.5

64.2

20

Mali

92.9

41.7

81.4

64.5

45.7

64.0

21

Kenya

78.8

68.5

54.4

67.3

56.0

63.6

22

Nigeria

50.5

72.7

58.5

68.4

71.0

63.6

23

Rwanda

75.3

71.2

70.2

45.9

54.1

63.5

24

Sierra Leone

68.2

42.0

86.0

50.7

68.2

63.0

25

Gambia

57.6

53.3

82.5

60.6

58.8

62.5

26

Ethiopia

36.4

92.6

82.7

52.7

53.8

62.3

27

Republic of the Congo

64.6

50.5

69.6

57.3

69.4

61.7

28

Niger

61.1

47.8

86.9

55.2

50.2

60.2

29

Togo

68.2

50.5

76.9

60.4

48.1

60.1

30

Liberia

78.8

35.9

81.6

53.7

52.0

59.7

31

Zambia

61.1

51.1

71.4

48.5

67.7

58.9

32

Malawi

64.6

43.5

89.1

41.6

57.9

58.6

33

Cameroon

32.8

71.6

74.6

59.7

57.0

58.4

34

Lesotho

82.3

34.0

70.4

46.0

52.1

57.7

35

Uganda

39.9

72.4

72.4

51.2

54.4

56.7

36

Benin

61.1

36.7

80.3

51.0

50.1

56.7

37

Burkina Faso

54.0

38.8

83.7

58.9

42.8

55.8

38

Senegal

43.4

38.1

76.4

54.3

55.7

55.7

39

Mozambique

54.0

44.9

77.8

55.5

41.0

55.5

40

Ghana

71.7

25.9

67.9

46.2

63.5

54.4

41

Botswana

85.9

35.5

50.2

29.6

53.6

51.8

42

Namibia

78.8

23.0

49.6

35.7

72.5

51.2

43

Gabon

50.5

45.6

49.8

46.4

63.8

50.5

44

South Africa

43.4

24.8

38.2

46.9

55.6

43.3

45

Cape Verde

50.5

9.3

43.6

33.6

61.4

41.3

46

Mauritius

68.2

30.8

38.9

21.4

42.3

39.0

53.

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (continued)

People living in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa are particularly vulnerable to modern slavery because of limited economic
opportunities, food and water shortages, ongoing conflicts and endemic corruption.
There are several countries in the region in conflict, including the Central African Republic, Somalia and Mali. These
conflicts exacerbate vulnerability to modern slavery78 and necessarily restrict governments’ ability to fund and coordinate
preventative activities. As a result of this weak and sometimes non-existent government funding and coordination, service
providers often rely solely on sporadic international funding to provide basic services such as food, shelter and medical
assistance to victims.
Civil conflict has drawn vulnerable children into the armed forces particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
and displaced hundreds of thousands of people, who are at higher risk of exploitation due to weak protective measures forrefugees and internally displaced persons. Traffickers are able to take advantage of porous borders, weak immigration controls,
and limited specialised training for police and border guards.
Gender discrimination is still rife in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa placing girls at a higher risk of being exploited. In Chad, forexample, for every 100 boys who gain entry to secondary school, only 44 girls do.79 This places girls at higher risk of forced
marriage and other forms of modern slavery.

Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Central African Republic Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014),
pp. 127-128, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226845.pdf
79
State of the World’s Children Report 2014 (UNICEF, 2014) accessed 07/08/14:
http://www.unicef.org/sowc2014/numbers/documents/english/SOWC2014_In%20Numbers_28%20Jan.pdf

Image – Katie Orlinsky

78

54.

55.

THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
Estimated Number Living in Moder n Slavery 2,178,100
Regional Proportion of Global Estimate 6.1% of 35.8 million people in modern slavery
are in the Middle East and North Africa
Average Gover nment Response Rating CC

TUNISIA

JORDANLEBANON

SYRIA

IRAQ

KUWAIT

CCC

C

D

D

C

Average Vulnerability Score 61.9%
Prevalence
Regional rank

Estimated populationin modern slavery

Population

1

Qatar

1.356

2

Syria

1.130

29,400258,200

2,168,673
22,845,550

3

United Arab Emirates

1.057

98,8009,346,129

B

4

Iraq

1.035

345,900

33,417,476

5

Oman

0.709

25,8003,632,444

ISRAEL

IRAN

6

Kuwait0.709

23,9003,368,572

7

Bahrain

0.709

9,400

1,332,171

D

8

Egypt

0.480

393,800

82,056,378

C
MOROCCOCountry

A trafficker ’s account

Percent of populationin modern slaveryC

ALGERIA

LIBYA

EGYPT

C

D

CC

SAUDI ARABIA

C

CC
QATAR

B
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES

C

CC

C

YEMEN

BAHRAIN

OMAN

9Algeria

0.480

188,200

39,208,194

10

Morocco

0.480

158,400

33,008,150

11

Jordan0.480

31,0006,459,000

12

Lebanon

0.480

21,4004,467,390

13

Iran

0.435

336,700

77,447,168

14

Yemen

0.435

106,100

24,407,381

15

Libya

0.435

27,0006,201,521

16

Tunisia

0.306

33,30010,886,500

17

Saudi Arabia

0.292

84,20028,828,870

18Israel

0.081

6,500

8,059,400

The Middle East is a destination for men and women from Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa who
travelled to the region with promises of well-paying job contracts. A significant number of migrant
workers have been subjected to forced labour involving extortionate recruitment fees, illegal
confiscation of identity documents, withholding of salaries and physical, psychological and sexual
abuse in the workplace.80 Forced marriage, particularly of minors, remains widespread, while thetrafficking of East-Africans to Egypt, Israel, and Yemen is becoming increasingly brutalised with the
emergence of ‘torture camps’ for ransom.81
The escalation of current conflicts within the Middle East and North Africa countries such as
South Sudan,82 Syria, and Iraq,83 and deterioration of local job prospects in source countries such as
Eritrea,84 Ethiopia,85 and Sri Lanka,86 suggests that the numbers of people in modern slavery in thisregion are set to increase in the coming years.

‘My sleep is my break’: Exploitation of Migrant Domestic Workers in Qatar (Amnesty International 2014) pp. 47-49, accessed 25/06/2014: http://www.
amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE22/004/2014/en/7b7121b8-37c1-4e49-b1a1-2d8a005450a3/mde220042014en.pdf, See also: ‘Treat us like
we are human’: Migrant Workers in Qatar, (Amnesty International, 2013) p. 4, accessed 08/11/2014, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/
MDE22/011/2013/en/77031191-1340-4582-acee-909da045c276/mde220112013en.pdf
81
Yemen’s Torture Camps: Abuse of Migrants by Human Traffickers in a Climate of Impunity, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), accessed 03/09/14: http://www.hrw.
org/sites/default/files/reports/yemen0514_ForUpload.pdf
82“South Sudan on brink of a ‘humanitarian catastrophe,’ warns senior UN peacekeeping official,” United Nations News Centre, August 6, 2014, accessed
13/10/14: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48427#.VESPZ_nLdcQ83“UN concerned over safety of civilians as ISIL intensifies offensive in Syrian border town,” United Nations News Centre, October 7, 2014, accessed
13/10/14: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=49017#.VESOa_nLdcQ
84
Eritrea: Ending the Exodus?, (International Crisis Group, 2014) p.2, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/files/africa/horn-of-africa/
ethiopia-eritrea/b100-eritrea-ending-the-exodus.pdf
85“IOM Helps Detained Ethiopian Migrants to Voluntarily Return Home from Tanzania,” International Organisation for Migration, October 10, 2014,
accessed 15/10/2014: http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/news-and-views/press-briefing-notes/pbn-2014b/pbn-listing/iom-helpsdetained-ethiopian-mig.html, See also: Kebede Lulie, “Filling the Food Gap in Ethiopia,” Food for the Hungry, October 9, 2014, accessed 13/10/14:
http://blog.fh.org/2014/10/filling-food-gap-ethiopia/
86
World of Work Report 201: Repairing the economic and social fabric, (International Labour Organisation, 2013), p. 3, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.ilo.org/
wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_214476.pdf“I buy Eritreans from otherBedouin near my village forabout $US20,000 each. I torturethem so their relatives pay me tolet them go.When I started a year
ago, I asked for $US10,000 perperson. Like everyone else I haveincreased the price. I know thismoney is haram [shameful], but
I do it anyway.This year I madeabout $US200,000 profit.
The last group I held was four
Eritreans and I tortured all ofthem. I did to them what I do to
everyone. I beat their legs and feetwith a wooden stick. I hang them
upside down, sometimes for anhour.Three of them died because
I beat them too hard. I released
the one that paid. I first started
doing this because I had nomoney but saw others making lotsof money this way. I know about
35 others who sell or torture
Eritreans in Sinai.We are fromdifferent tribes. Some just buy
them and sell them on to others,
and some of us torture them toget even more money.”
Human Rights Watch interview
with a 17 year-old trafficker andextortionist near the town of Arish,
Sinai, Egypt, November 6, 2012.

80

Estimated Prevalence of Modern Slavery
Low

Government Response to Modern Slavery RatingHigh

The colour of the countries as shown on this map designate from lowest
to highest prevalence of modern slavery.
Those in grey were not included in the Index.

56.

AAA

AA

A

BBB

BB

B

CCC

CC

C

DDD

DD

D

The alphabetical depiction is a ‘rating’ of the strength of government
responses to modern slavery. The highest possible rating is an AAA, andthe lowest a D.

“I Wanted to Lie Down and Die”:Trafficking and
Torture of Eritreans in Sudan and Egypt, (Human
Rights Watch, 2014) p.1, accessed 27/04/2014:
http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/
reports/egypt0214_ForUpload_1_0.pdf

57.

THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (continued)

The numbers of those vulnerable to enslavement have increased in Jordan, a stable state located within a currently volatile
pocket of countries, as it accepts an influx of Syrian and Iraqi refugees.87 Opportunistic traffickers, would-be labour
exploiters and wealthy men seeking under-age brides,88 are reaping rewards of refugees desperate for a way out of an
impossible situation.89

Vulnerability (A higher score indicates higher vulnerability)

Government Response
Regional rank

Country

Survivors aresupported Criminal justice

Coordination Attitudes, social
systems andandinstitutions
accountability

Regional rank

Country

1

Yemen

2

Syria

3

Libya

Slavery Policy Human Rights

Development

State Stability

Discrimination

Mean

94.5

64.6

69.7

84.4

80.6

100

100

55.3

74.7

54.1

76.9

89.4

88.2

50.0

63.0

83.5

75.6

89.4

Business andgovernment

4

Iraq

71.7

91.8

61.3

77.2

59.0

71.7

Rating

5

Iran

96.5

92.8

41.0

58.1

68.4

71.4

1

United Arab Emirates

77.8

73.8

41.7

43.8

0

B

6

Saudi Arabia

82.3

91.8

36.0

49.5

72.2

65.9

2

Israel

44.4

66.7

25

62.5

0

B

7

Algeria

89.4

92.1

49.2

48.1

48.9

64.8

3

Jordan

50

59.5

50

50

0

CCC

8

Lebanon

68.2

64.8

38.2

62.5

78.4

62.5

89.4

69.9

34.3

36.8

78.2

61.8
60.7

4

Egypt

38.9

52.4

41.7

43.8

0

CC

9

Kuwait5Bahrain

38.9

45.2

33.3

31.3

0

CC

10

Jordan

61.1

85.9

48.6

37.5

62.4

6

Qatar

50

52.4

41.7

37.5

0

CC

11

Egypt

50.5

82.1

42.9

49.9

77.2

60.6

7

Lebanon

38.9

31

41.7

31.3

0

C

12

Morocco

85.9

68.9

43.9

46.6

50.9

60.0

8

Tunisia

22.2

38.1

16.7

37.5

0

C

13

Bahrain

78.8

86.9

27.4

37.2

56.5

58.2

9

Oman

33.3

40.5

25

18.8

0

C

14

Oman

68.2

77.2

38.0

40.9

58.8

56.1

10

Yemen

11.1

26.2

33.3

37.5

0

C

15

Tunisia

64.6

45.0

40.8

48.3

53.9

52.0

11

Algeria

16.7

52.4

33.3

6.3

0

C

16

Qatar

50.5

82.3

28.1

26.1

70.1

50.8

12

Kuwait

16.7

38.1

16.7

31.3

0

C

17

United Arab Emirates

39.9

85.0

34.4

34.1

40.6

46.8

13

Saudi Arabia

33.3

38.1

41.7

18.8

0

C

18

Israel

29.3

43.9

28.7

32.0

58.4

37.8

14

Morocco

16.7

19

25

25

0

C

15

Iraq

22.2

26.2

16.7

18.8

0

D

16

Libya

5.6

23.8

16.7

12.5

0

D

17

Syria

0

11.9

16.7

6.3

0

D

18

Iran

0

11.9

8.3

0

0

D

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) governments performed poorly with regards to educating local populations on
the risks of modern slavery, providing safety nets for high risk communities, and investigating official complicity in thesecrimes. Governments performed well in creating basic national legal frameworks to criminalise modern slavery. This has nottranslated to attitudinal shifts in the broader community, particularly for employers. Within the region, governments did little
to stop sourcing goods and services that use modern slavery, mirroring global findings of insufficient action addressing thelink between modern slavery and poor business practices.

Globally, MENA has the highest measured level of discrimination against women and the highest level of state instability withongoing armed conflicts in several countries across the region. Widespread poverty resulting from past civil conflicts, suchas in Yemen, also contribute to regional vulnerability figures. The inferior status of women is reflected in their widespread
exploitation as domestic workers. Gender also affects women’s ability to access justice once exploited. In a number of countries,
a woman’s testimony in court is worth half of a man’s91, police discount women’s statements when refuted by male employers,
and judges routinely sentence women for immorality and adultery stemming from associated sexual abuse claims. Being awoman not only increases vulnerability to being exploited but perpetuates victimisation once trapped.

The prevalence of corruption, pervasive poverty and weak rule of law in Yemen facilitated the rise and ongoing abuse of East
Africans entering Yemen from Djibouti.90 The Yemeni Government scored poorly across all indicators as they failed to holdtraffickers or complicit police and border guards to account, routinely deported victims, and systematically failed to respondto the presence of perpetrators along the Yemeni coast. Morocco’s weak victim assistance services and domestic legislationreflects the absence of any social or legal support for victims of human trafficking, a currently unacknowledged population
who are grouped with irregular immigrants in public policy.

“2014 UNHCR country operations profile – Jordan,” United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, last modified 2014, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html
Cam McGrath, “Underage Girls Are Egypt’s Summer Rentals”, Inter Press Service, August 5, 2013, http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/08/underage-girls-are-egypts-summer-rentals/
89
Sam McCormack, “Refugees Are Becoming the Face of Modern Slavery in the Middle East,” Huffington Post, June 20, 2014, accessed 3/09/14: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sammccormack/refugees-are-becoming-the_b_5515801.html.
90
Yemen’s Torture Camps: Abuse of Migrants by Human Traffickers in a Climate of Impunity, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), accessed 03/09/14: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/
yemen0514_ForUpload.pdf
87
88

58.

91

Regional Overview for the Middle East, and North Africa: MENA Gender Equality Profile, (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2011), p. 1, accessed 03/10/14: http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/
REGIONAL-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf

59.

THE AMERICAS
Estimated Number Living in Moder n Slavery 1,285,000
Regional Proportion of Global Estimate 3.6% of 35.8 million people in moder n slavery
are in the Amer icas

CANADA

Average Gover nment Response Rating CCC
Average Vulnerability Score 43.4 %BB

Prevalence

UNITED STATES
BBB

CUBA

JAMAICACDOMINICAN
REPUBLIC

HAITI

B

CCC

C

BARBADOS
CCC

TRINIDADAND TOBAGOCCC

MEXICOGUYANA

B
B

CC

GUATEMALA

SURINAME

CCC

VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA

EL SALVADOR

CC

CCC

CC

B

CCC

HONDURASNICARAGUACOSTA RICA

PERU
CCC

BRAZIL

B

BB

PANAMA
BOLIVIA
CCC

CC

PARAGUAYECUADOR

B

CHILE

Low

High

The colour of the countries as shown on this map designate from lowest
to highest prevalence of modern slavery.
Those in grey were not included in the Index.

AAA

AA

A

BBB

BB

B

CCC

Estimated populationin modern slavery

Population

Haiti

2.304

237,700

10,317,461

2

Suriname

0.907

4,900

539,276

3

Guyana

0.387

3,100

799,613
122,332,399

Country

1

4

Mexico0.218

266,900

5

Colombia

0.218

105,400

48,321,405

6

Peru

0.218

66,30030,375,603

7

Ecuador

0.218

34,30015,737,878

8Guatemala0.218

33,80015,468,203
10,671,200

9Bolivia

0.218

23,30010

Honduras

0.218

17,7008,097,688

11

Paraguay

0.218

14,8006,802,295

12

El Salvador

0.218

13,8006,340,454

13

Nicaragua

0.218

13,3006,080,478

14

Chile

0.210

36,90017,619,708

15

Costa Rica

0.210

10,2004,872,166

16

Panama

0.210

8,100

3,864,170

17

Uruguay

0.210

7,100

3,407,062

18

Venezuela

0.200

60,90030,405,207

19

Argentina

0.187

77,30041,446,246

20

Dominican Republic

0.175

18,20010,403,761

21

Trinidad and Tobago

0.169

2,300

1,341,151

22

Jamaica

0.155

4,200

2,715,000

23

Barbados

0.149

400

284,644

24

Brazil0.078

155,300

200,361,925

25

Cuba

0.036

4,100

11,265,629

26

United States

0.019

60,100316,128,839

27

Canada

0.013

4,600

35,158,304

The Americas region experiences relatively low rates of modern slavery in comparison to other regions,with around 3.6 percent of the total number of people in modern slavery. Prevalence figures indicate
experiences of trafficking for sexual exploitation and forced labour. Commercial sexual exploitation of
adults and children is a particular concern. Forced labour occurs in the informal sector; poverty in Haiti,
for example, leads many nationals to illegally cross the border to the Dominican Republic, where someare forced to work in the sugarcane fields and live in bateyes.92 Working conditions are deplorable andinclude bonded labour, physical confinement, no rest days, lack of potable water, deception about termsof work, withholding of wages, and unlawful overtime performed under threat of deportation.93 Such
practices are evident across the Americas, including in the United States of America.94

Image – Panos Pictures“Labor trafficking…appears to
be rampant among unauthorized
Spanish-speaking migrant
workers in San Diego County.
We estimate that more than
30% of our target population are
victims of labor trafficking, and
55% are victims of abusive labor
practices or gross exploitations.
In general, violations and abuses
inflicted by smugglers duringtransportation were far lesscommon than those inflictedby employers at workplace.
Only 6% of those who traveledwith smugglers experienced
trafficking violations, compared
to about 28% at workplace.
Even when all violations andabuses are lumped together, therate of victimization duringtransportation was 23%. In
comparison, the combined rate oftrafficking violations and abusive
practices at workplace was 52%.”“We estimate that about 28% of
the unauthorized migrant laborers
in San Diego County have been
victims of trafficking violations at
the work place.”
Sheldon Zhang, “Looking for a
Hidden Population: Trafficking of
Migrant Labourers in San Diego
County”, 2012.

URUGUAY

B
BB
Government
Response to Modern
Slavery Rating

Estimated Prevalence of Modern Slaveryry

ARGENTINA

Percent of populationin modern slavery

Regional rank

CC

C

DDD

DD

D

CCC

The alphabetical depiction is a ‘rating’ of the strength of government
responses to modern slavery. The highest possible rating is an AAA, andthe lowest a D.

Government Response to Modern Slavery Rating
High

AAA

AA

A

BBB

BB

B

CCC

CC

C

DDD

DD

D

Bateyes are towns in Cuba and the Dominican Republic where workers in sugar production live.
Research on Indicators of Forced Labor in the Supply Chain of Sugar in the Dominican Republic, (Verite, 2011) p. 9, accessed 03/09/14: http://digitalcommons.
ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2782&context=globaldocs
94
Sheldon X. Zhang, Trafficking of Migrant Laborers in San Diego County: Looking for a Hidden Population, (San Diego State University, 2012), accessed
15/08/14: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240223.pdf
92
93

p designate from lowest

60.

The alphabetical depiction is a ‘rating’ of the strength of government
responses to modern slavery. The highest possible rating is an AAA, andthe lowest a D.

Sheldon X. Zhang, Trafficking of Migrant Laborers
in San Diego County: Looking for a Hidden
Population, (San Diego State University, 2012),
accessed 15/08/14: https://www.ncjrs.gov/
pdffiles1/nij/grants/240223.pdf

61.

THE AMERICAS (continued)

Children are particularly vulnerable to modern slavery across the region, with evidence of children being sold into domestic
work and a trend of traffickers using children for illicit activities such as drug trafficking, particularly in Mexico,95 Brazil96
and Colombia.97
The strong transnational trend of migration across the region pushes vulnerable populations from their countries of origin
towards the United States and Canada. Increasing numbers of unaccompanied minors are smuggled across the United States
southern border without parents or guardians.98 At times, their parents send them off to these border points alone in hopesthat they may attain residency and protection in the United States. Concern has been raised that rapid processing of these
individuals by US authorities does not allow for proper screening for indicators of trafficking.
Government Response
Regional rank

Country

Survivors aresupported Criminal justice

Coordination Attitudes, social
systems andandinstitutions
accountability

Business andgovernment

Rating1

United States

94.4

95.2

75

93.8

75

BBB

2

Brazil

61.1

52.4

75

87.5

50

BB

3

Canada

44.4

81

58.3

81.3

0

BB

4

Argentina

77.8

92.9

25

56.3

0

BB

5

Jamaica

55.6

73.8

66.7

43.8

0

B

6

Paraguay

38.9

78.6

50

62.5

0

B

7

Chile

44.4

66.7

50

56.3

0

B

8

Mexico

55.6

73.8

50

50

0

B

9

Guatemala

44.4

66.7

50

56.3

0

B

10

Nicaragua

44.4

64.3

58.3

43.8

0

B

11

Peru

50

54.8

58.3

50

0

B

12

Costa Rica

44.4

54.8

41.7

50

0

CCC

13

Barbados

33.3

52.4

41.7

50

0

CCC

14

Uruguay

44.4

35.7

41.7

50

0

CCC

15

Dominican Republic

33.3

66.7

41.7

37.5

0

CCC

16

Ecuador

38.9

52.4

41.7

37.5

0

CCC

17

Panama

16.7

61.9

58.3

43.8

0

CCC

18

Trinidad and Tobago

27.8

59.5

33.3

50

0

CCC

19

Colombia

33.3

40.5

33.3

50

0

CCC

20

Bolivia

22.2

71.4

33.3

43.8

0

CC

21

Honduras

22.2

40.5

50

43.8

0

CC

22

El Salvador

27.8

40.5

41.7

37.5

0

CC

23

Guyana

44.4

40.5

25

37.5

0

CC

24

Venezuela

22.2

26.2

25

37.5

0

CC

25

Suriname

11.1

40.5

33.3

25

0

C

26

Cuba

22.2

45.2

16.7

18.8

0

C

27

Haiti

22.2

38.1

25

18.8

0

C

Omar Millan, “Mexico Children used as ‘Mules’ by Drug Gangs”, The Huffington Post, March 14, 2012, accessed 19/09/14: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/14/mexico-childrenmules-drugs_n_1344009.html
96
Christopher Loft, “As Drug Trade Spreads,Youth Homicide in Brazil Spikes”, Insight Crime, August 21, 2012, accessed 19/09/14: http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/youthhomicide-brazil-drug-trade97
Children’s situation in Colombia, (Save the Children, 2012), last modified March 5, 2012, accessed date 19/09/14: http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/start/countries/colombia
98“FACT SHEET: Unaccompanied Children from Central America” Office of the Press Secretary,The White House, June 20, 2014, accessed 03/09/14: http://m.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2014/06/20/fact-sheet-unaccompanied-children-central-america

All countries within the Americas have criminalised some form of modern slavery and taken action to tackle the problem.
Generally, countries across the region do not implement a holistic response to modern slavery, with many countries lacking
efforts to provide general welfare protections to people at high risk. Paraguay and Jamaica are two of the countries that are
taking relatively strong action, with the implementation of criminal justice responses to modern slavery; this deserves special
credit given that these countries have comparably weak economies.
The strongest responses to modern slavery in the Americas are the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Canada. Some of
the relative strengths of the Brazilian Government’s response includes their efforts to encourage businesses to undertake due
diligence in their supply chains. Brazil has an ongoing dialogue with industries in relation to tackling modern slavery insupply chains. This is evident in the terms of the Commitment for Decent Work for the football World Cup, which ensured
that all signatories have to respect labour rights established by the ILO Conventions ratified by Brazil, including preventionof the use of forced labour and human trafficking.99 In addition, the ‘National Pact for the Eradication of Slave Labour’ waslaunched in 2005 bringing together Brazilian and multinational companies to commit to maintaining slavery free supply
chains. 100 While these are positive developments, there must be more prosecutions and convictions for non-compliance todeter future offenders.
Suriname, Cuba and Haiti have the weakest government responses to modern slavery based on available data. Haiti haspoor criminal justice mechanisms and limited anti-corruption efforts. According to the United Nations Mission for the
Stabilisation of Haiti, police officers often use excessive force and operate with impunity.101

95

62.

“World Cup 2014: Pact for Decent Work launched in Sao Paulo”, Building and Wood Worker’s International, last modified 18/10/2013: http://www.bwint.org/default.asp?index=5140
Government of Brazil, “Response to 6 Month Update on Government Responses to Modern Slavery”, (Walk Free Foundation, 2013), accessed 05/07/14: http://www.globalslaveryindex.
org/country/brazil/
101
UN Mission for the Stabilisation of Haiti, Rapport semestriel sue les drits de l’’homme en Haiti Janiver-Juin 2013, (United Nations, 2013), p. 19 accessed 10/04/14 http://www.minustah.org/pdfs/
droithomme/Haiti-RapportSemestriel-JanvierJuin2013FINAL.pdf
99

100

63.

THE AMERICAS (continued)

Vulnerability (A higher score indicates higher vulnerability)
Regional rank

Country1

Haiti

Slavery Policy Human Rights
68.2

Development

State Stability

Discrimination

Mean

67.0

81.3

64.3

75.0

71.9

2

Honduras

54.0

53.8

58.0

75.6

64.4

61.1

3

Guyana

71.7

39.9

68.4

49.8

67.5

57.3

4

Cuba

68.2

97.3

51.6

44.8

1.0

55.5

5

Venezuela

43.4

76.4

38.3

73.7

35.0

52.7

6

Dominican Republic

47.0

54.3

41.2

60.5

59.3

51.7

7

Guatemala

32.8

44.6

44.1

66.8

58.8

51.7

8

Bolivia

54.0

42.3

53.4

60.5

48.3

49.5

9

Paraguay

43.4

36.5

43.3

61.5

53.9

46.3

10

Nicaragua

8.1

59.6

60.9

59.7

41.2

45.9

11

Colombia

43.4

43.3

38.7

57.9

49.2

45.8

12

Peru

43.4

46.2

35.6

48.9

53.1

45.4

13

Suriname

47.0

23.0

53.3

35.7

63.4

45.2

14

Mexico

39.9

40.9

39.0

60.2

42.7

45.2

15

El Salvador

32.8

32.6

44.9

61.4

53.5

42.9

16

Trinidad and Tobago

64.6

27.7

36.2

41.5

36.8

42.8

17

Panama

68.2

28.0

35.6

46.8

42.6

42.1

18

Ecuador

39.9

49.6

32.2

57.7

34.7

42.1

19

Jamaica

36.4

23.9

54.9

54.5

49.7

41.7

20

Barbados

57.6

17.5

42.3

23.1

42.3

38.5

21

Brazil

22.2

28.0

33.3

50.2

42.5

34.6

22

Costa Rica

54.0

22.5

34.6

39.1

24.5

34.2

23

Chile

36.4

20.0

31.7

23.6

45.7

31.5

24

Uruguay

57.6

14.6

31.3

33.6

26.8

31.4

25

Argentina

25.8

30.7

30.3

46.5

21.3

29.5

26

United States

8.1

17.9

22.2

26.1

25.4

19.9

27

Canada

8.1

16.8

25.4

11.2

19.7

15.5

Disregard for human rights leads to high vulnerability of the population to modern slavery in some countries in theAmericas. Limited access to rights for workers, for example, can mean that dangerous work opportunities are the best of
a set of limited options. Bolivia, for example, has recently lowered the minimum age for children to work from 14 to 10,
and action criticised as a retrograde step.102 In Colombia, Mexico, and Brazil children face vulnerabilities to exploitation byorganised crime networks and drug cartels.
While nations in the Americas are relatively stable, high levels of corruption in South and Central American countries
undermines the rule of law and prevents victims’ access to justice. Restrictive migration policies in North America also
contribute to a context where irregular migrants are vulnerable to exploitation.

102

64.

Image – G.M.B. Akash“ILO’s concerns regarding new law in Bolivia dealing with child labour” July, 28th 2014: http://www.ilo.org/ipec/news/WCMS_250366/lang--en/index.htm

65.

Image – G.M.B. Akash

Selected Country Studies
The country studies in this section cover threeareas of particular interest identified by the Global
Slavery Index:
Ten countries with the highest prevalence ofmodern slavery●● Ten countries with the highest absolute numbers ofmodern slavery●● The countries with the strongest response
to modern slavery from each of the six
regions examined●● A special case example – Brazil: good practice inpolicies addressing slavery in business supply chains●●

Together, this constitutes 22 countries (ordered byIndex rank):
Mauritania, Uzbekistan, Haiti, Qatar, India, Pakistan,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Syria,
Central African Republic, UAE, Russia, Thailand,
Nigeria, Bangladesh, Georgia, Indonesia, China,
Brazil, USA, Australia, Netherlands.
Additional country studies are available on the
Global Slavery Index website:
globalslaveryindex.org/findings/#studies.

66.

67.

MAURITANIA
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 155,600

Index Rank

1

Government response to modern slavery CC
Vulnerability to modern slavery 72.2%
Population 3,889,880
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $3,042

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

155,600

Government
Response

CC

Vulnerability

72.2%

Mauritania has the highest prevalence of modern slavery in the world; an estimated four percentof the population are enslaved. Slavery is entrenched in Mauritanian society, and its prevalenceis perpetuated by tradition.1 Also known as hereditary or chattel slavery, slave status is inheritedgeneration to generation and is deeply rooted in social castes and the wider social system.
White Moors are descendants of Berber Arab settlers who came to Mauritania in the 11th century,and for centuries have held the majority of political and economic power despite being theminority group in the country.2 Black Moors are descended from sedentary black ethnic groups
along the Senegal River who were historically raided, enslaved and assimilated by the Berber Arabs.3
While many Black Moors have long since left slavery, many remain under the direct or indirectcontrol of their traditional masters.4 Those owned by masters often have no freedom to own land,cannot claim dowries from their own marriages, nor inherit property or possessions from theirfamilies.5 Slavery is practised on a lesser scale by the other ethnic groups in the country (including
the Peulh and the Soninke), who are collectively known as Black Mauritanians.6 However, themajority of those still enslaved in Mauritania are Black Moors.
The majority of Mauritanians rely on agriculture and pastoral activities. Enslaved men and children
typically herd camels, cows, and goats, or are forced to work in the fields.7 Enslaved women performdomestic chores, such as fetching water, gathering firewood, preparing food and caring for theirmaster’s children.8
Women and girls are highly vulnerable to early marriage, with this form of slavery comprisingan estimated 35 percent of marriages in the country.9 To a lesser extent, women and girls fromneighbouring countries including the Gambia and Mali are exploited for labour and sex in thehomes of wealthier Mauritanians.10
Religion and slavery are closely interrelated in Mauritania. Religion is often used by masters
as justification for ownership over another person.11 Activists say some Imams (Islamic religious
leaders) continue to speak in favour of slavery in mosques, particularly in rural areas.12 There havebeen cases of Talibes, boys who attend Koranic school, being forced to beg on the streets. Forced
begging is practiced primarily by Black Mauritanians.13
Government Response

While the Government of Mauritania has some legislation to address modern slavery, exploitationof citizens continues due to a ‘deliberate and systematic failure’ of the government to enforce laws.14
In March 2013 the President of Mauritania established the National Agency to Fight against the
Vestiges of Slavery, Integration, and Fight against Poverty (Tadamoun) which outlined a National
Plan of Action.15 In March 2014, the Plan was formally adopted, and a special Tribunal to prosecute
crimes of slavery established.16 Since its formation, the Tribunal has not prosecuted any cases ofslavery and field sources suggest there is no evidence that such a Tribunal exists.17 The National
Action Plan also has a budget of $US3.3 million,18 although there is evidence that Tadamoun had
not yet conducted any activities by June 2014.19

The Ministry of Social Affairs operates five shelters, exclusively for children20 and adult victims
are referred to other government run shelters. In 2012, the government for the first time allocated$15,000 to an NGO to assist victims of slavery.21
Limited victim assistance, a lack of awareness of anti-slavery laws, and the institutionalised
acceptance of slavery by police and judges makes it very hard for victims to seek justice. Under the
existing law, victims must file complaints themselves. However, many victims are uneducated andilliterate, and legal complaints are almost never pursued.22 These and other difficulties are reflected
in low levels of investigations and prosecutions under the relevant laws.23 In 2011, the first andonly person convicted for slavery was imprisoned, however the sentence was only for six months.24
Despite this unprecedented conviction, the Government has not pursued prosecutions for slavery
crimes since.25
Advocacy and awareness to address hereditary slavery is slowly building momentum in Mauritania.
Prominent anti-slavery activist Biram Dah Abeid drew attention to the issue through his candidacy
in the June 2014 Presidential elections.26
Vulnerability

Although slavery is outlawed, it remains strongly embedded in Mauritania’s social structure.27 Dueto its hereditary nature people born into families as slaves become caught in an isolating systemperpetuated by a lack of education and knowledge of life outside of servitude.28
The ancestral and psychological nature of slavery in Mauritania means it is not uncommon formasters and slaves to form bonds29 which can hinder efforts to shift the traditional cultural mindset
that slavery is acceptable.
Recommendations

Government
Amend Article 15 of the 2007 Slavery Act to enable national human rights organisations to act as
the legal agent in slavery cases.
●● Conduct a nation-wide awareness campaign on the 2007 anti-slavery law and forms of modern
slavery that persist in Mauritania today.
●● Focus on removing and addressing barriers to access to justice for victims, including throughallowing NGOs to assist victims to file complaints.
●● Clearly mandate and task one central unit of law enforcement with responsibility for investigating,and reporting quarterly on progress of investigations of slavery.
●● Increase support for victims by establishing a victim-support mechanism, with emergency shelter
and assistance, legal assistance and reintegration programmes for both adults and children.
●●

Image – Katie Orlinsky

Index rank 1“I grew up working for a family.
I was born into the family – mymother worked for them before
me. It was hard work. I had to goout and look after the goats in the
day and then come back and do
all the housework. I didn’t always
get enough to eat. I was hit andbeaten regularly. I had children
and they all grew up working forthe family too.Two of my girls
are the daughters of the master’seldest son. He said he would
behead me if I ever told anyone it
was him...”Moulkheir’s story, told to AntiSlavery International

Business
International businesses should not engage in trade with Mauritania until there is evidence that the
government is actively making progress against the National Action Plan.
●● Any business trading in Mauritania must ensure they have complete transparency and control over
all their activities including support activities and services.
●● Draft a clause to include in contracts of major cattle and goat exporters, prohibiting the purchasingof livestock that has been sourced from farmers using forced labour in their herding practices.
●●“Slavery in Mauritania”, Anti-slavery, accessed:
11/09/14: http://www.antislavery.org/english/
slavery_today/descent_based_slavery/slavery_
in_mauritania.aspx

68.

69.

UZBEKISTAN
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 1,201,400

Index Rank

2

Government response to modern slavery D
Vulnerability to modern slavery 56.5%
Population 30,241,100
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $5,167

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

1,201,400

Government
Response

D

Vulnerability

56.5%

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Cotton17Uzbekistan, located in Central Asia, produced seven percent of the world’s total cotton exports in
2012-13.1 Every autumn, state-sponsored forced labour occurs during the cotton picking season.2
Estimates suggests upwards of one million people are forced to work during the cotton harvest.3
More recently the Cotton Campaign estimated there were up to five million people, or 16 percentof the population, forced by the government to pick cotton in Uzbekistan in 2013.4 Based on world
market prices, the revenue from Uzbek cotton amounts to $US1.8 billion, yet cotton farmers haveinsufficient capital to hire and pay the wages of labourers in the government controlled system.5
Farmers are forced to sell cotton to the government at state-established, artificially low prices.6
For decades the Government of Uzbekistan has coerced children and adults to work on the
cotton fields to meet the state imposed cotton quotas. Students are threatened with expulsion
from school, adults fear losing their job or government benefits, while physical and verbal abuse isinstitutionalised.7 Although international pressure reduced the number of young children forced
to the cotton fields in 2013, it was still mandatory for college students from 15-18 years of age to‘volunteer’ for the harvest unless they could pay an exemption fee.8 The 2013 harvest resulted in
the deaths of 11 people from being beaten, suicide, accidental suffocation and electrocution.9 The
conditions of work are hazardous with people reporting back injuries, limited drinking water in very
high temperatures, and being made to spray defoliants with neither proper training nor protective
equipment.10 Forced labour in the cotton industry also occurs during the spring season for weeding
and keeping the fields in good condition for picking.11
2013 was the first time the International Labour Organization (ILO) was able to monitor thecotton harvest. Despite the government ban on child labour, the ILO detected 53 children working
in hazardous conditions.12 Rights campaigners have commented on this relatively low detection
rate noting that authorities used various techniques to hide the use of child labour, including
accompanying the ILO monitors at all times, forcing children to work in fields far from themain roads, ordering children to lie to to ILO official, and returning children to school when theinspectors were on their way to areas where violations were occurring.13
Internal and international human trafficking for sexual exploitation is a problem in Uzbekistan,14with 535 victims identified in 2012.15 Traditional cultural practices of child marriage is alsoprevalent in Uzbekistan among some sections of society, though the issue receives little media andcivil society attention. Local news reported 160 marriages being annulled in 2013 due to the bride
being underage.16
Government Response

Uzbekistan’s few victim support services and criminal justice response to modern slavery relatespecifically to victims of transnational trafficking and are not extended to victims of forced labour.
Therefore they do not capture the needs of the bulk of Uzbekistan’s modern slavery victims. A
National Rehabilitation Centre was established by the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
to assist trafficking victims.18 In 2013, 1093 investigations into cases of human trafficking were
made.19 However, human trafficking has been used as a guise by the government to undermine andimprison human rights activists in the country. In one case, a representative of Ezgulik (Compassion),Uzbekistan’s only legally registered human rights organisation, was convicted and sentenced to four
years imprisonment for human trafficking.20

In response to international pressure, the Uzbek Government created a National Action Plan
(NAP) on the Prohibition of the Worst Forms of Child Labour and banned children under 16
years of age from the 2013 cotton harvest. They reportedly issued penalties to eight farms and awarning to three others found to be using child labour.21 These penalties, while an improvement,
are emblematic of the government’s piecemeal attempt to blame the victims and allay internationalpressure. Local media also reported that there have been no awareness raising activities against theuse of child labour.22
Uzbekistan agreed to participate in the Decent Work Country Programme (DWCP) with the ILO
in April 2014. In August 2014, the government agreed to work with the ILO to conduct a study on‘agricultural labour hiring practices’, and requested ILO assistance to ensure compliance with the
ILO Convention on Forced Labour.

Image – Monica Ellena

Index rank 2

Vulnerability

Given forced labour in Uzbekistan is state-sponsored, clearly vulnerability to these practices is high.
Even looking beyond the government’s role as a perpetrator of forced labour, endemic corruption,
political repression and restrictions on civil society increase the vulnerability of all Uzbek citizens
to some form of modern slavery. Life in Uzbekistan is characterised by other serious human rights
violations including limited freedom of expression, speech, association, and restrictions on property
rights, in addition to systemic torture in the criminal justice system and violent crackdowns
on activists.23
Public officials are reported to accept payments in return for exemptions from forced labour.24
There are also economic and social costs associated with the forced harvest as many business andstate-agencies, including schools and hospitals, are unable to fully function due to limited capacity
while their staff are in the cotton fields.25
Recommendations

Government
Immediately stop using forced labour of all children and adults in the cotton sector.
Set the price for raw cotton to exceed production costs, including labour hire, to ensure farmers
can recruit workers during the harvest season.26●● End the practice of penalizing farmers who do not fulfil cotton quotas, and replace quotas
with incentives.
●● Permit international independent observers unfettered access to monitor compliance of work
during the harvest season to international labour standards.
●● Allow all human rights organisations, activists, and journalists to investigate and report on the
cotton sector without the threat of retaliation.
●●●●

Business
Businesses purchasing cotton from Uzbekistan are in a unique position to influence the actionsof the Uzbek Government and eliminate forced labour in the cotton sector. It is recommended
purchasers of Uzbek cotton:“Our son participated in thefirst ten days of the cotton
harvest. From September 15 they
were taken every day….Then
suddenly they were returned totheir desks in a hurry.They said
that a ‘high commission fromabroad’ was coming, therefore all
first-year students must study
and if the visitors, the importantforeign guests, ask ‘how muchtime were you working at thecotton harvest?’ they should
answer that they didn’t work,that they have been at theirstudies since September 1.They
are studying and no one hasbothered them about the harvest.
Apparently the important
commission didn’t come.
Therefore, or for different reasons,beginning October 1, they, thefirst-years, were again taken [tothe harvest].”A father explaining how his son’s
school attempted to deceive
International Labour Organization
inspectors during the 2013 cotton
harvest, Uzbek-German Forum for
Human Rights, 2014.

Immediately stop sourcing cotton from Uzbekistan until the ILO has verified forced labour during
the cotton harvest has ended.
●● Extend the policy prohibiting use of Uzbek cotton to all suppliers and sub-suppliers in their supply
chains by incorporating this into contracts between each party in their supply chains.
●●

Forced Labor in Uzbekistan: Report on the2013 Cotton Harvest, (Uzbek-German Forumfor Human Rights, May 2014), p. 18, accessed
27/08/14:

70.

71.

HAITI

Index Rank

3

Index rank 3

Vulnerability

Estimated number of people in modern slavery 237,700

It is likely that every Haitian among the lower and middle classes grows up being exposed to therestavèk practice in some way. If not growing up in restavèk themselves, a child will be exposed to thepractice within her own home or neighbourhood, and may be conditioned to perceive the practiceas normal. This fuels what Haitians call sitirans, meaning acceptance or over-tolerance of the practicewithin Haitian society.19

Government response to modern slavery C
Vulnerability to modern slavery 71.9%
Population 10,317,461
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $1,703

Prevalence

Haiti is the least developed country in the Americas, where poverty has contributed to use of
the restavèk system. This is a common cultural practice that involves children being sent to workfor other families, usually because their own parents do not have the means to care for them. The
common understanding of this practice is that children will have access to school and be provided
for in a way that their families cannot accommodate.2 However, many restavèk children experience
exploitation in the home of their caretakers, including forced domestic service, and chronic verbal,
physical, and sexual abuse.3
1

Numbers
Enslaved

237,700

Government
Response

C

Vulnerability

71.9%

The children come from the impoverished rural areas of Haiti, or from within poor urban areas, andlabour in households in the cities.4 Much of the housing in urban areas is extremely basic, lacking
facilities like running water and reliable access to electricity. Everyday tasks like cooking, cleaning
and fetching water can be extremely arduous, and this is why many families take on a restavèk child.
Some are forced to work very long hours, performing dangerous chores or tasks, such as carrying
heavy loads, being exposed to dangerous traffic, and cooking with materials that have a damaging
effect on their bodies. Many are physically abused, and some sexually abused as well.5 Often, they
are deprived of schooling, or where they are allowed to go sporadically, this is in such a way thatthey are unable to keep on top of schoolwork and fall behind or drop out.6 Restavèk children arecommonly deprived of the nurturing and attention a child needs to grow and flourish.
Haitian children are also vulnerable to trafficking across the border into the Dominican Republic
for domestic work, child labour and commercial sexual exploitation.7 Street children, often runaway
or expelled restavèks, are vulnerable to street crime or trafficking by criminal gangs.8
Although children make up the majority of victims of modern slavery in Haiti, adult victims havealso been identified in forced labour in agriculture, construction and forced prostitution within
Haiti, in the Dominican Republic, other Caribbean countries, the United States, and SouthAmerica.9 Up to 200 women every year are trafficked into Haiti from the Dominican Republic, forsexual exploitation.10 Women living in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps, which still exist
four years after the earthquake of January 2010, are vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitationand forced labour.11

Domestic work is a common form of employment for women and children from rural areas, andoften families are unable to afford to pay an adult domestic worker, leaving room for exploitation ofchildren. To reduce the exploitation of legally employed domestic workers, Haiti has introduced alaw regulating domestic work.20
The lack of industry and employment opportunities in Haiti leave many men, women and children
vulnerable to exploitation within and outside of the country. The continued existence of IDP
camps, as well as the pre-existing precarious living conditions of many Haitian people, mean thatwomen and children are especially vulnerable to exploitation and sexual abuse and violence. A lackof law enforcement in many areas provides little protection to people, particularly those living incamps and in poor, heavily populated areas that are commonly run by criminal gangs.
Recommendations

Government
Implement a wide-reaching awareness campaign to educate Haitians about the new law.
●● Increase law enforcement capacity and combat corruption within law enforcement to ensure thatthe new law is implemented on the ground.
●● Follow-up reported cases of modern slavery with investigations, prosecutions and convictionsof perpetrators.
●● Focus on building capacity of services to assist identified victims with safe transition, rehabilitation
and reintegration.
●●

Survivors’ account“In the afternoon, I go and fetch
water and that’s quite a way fromhere. It takes me about one hour
and a half.”“I sleep on the floor with theother children.”“Yesterday was a very long day
for me. It was laundry day andI had to go and fetch water twice.
I worked for 8 hours.”“She gets mad and hits me
sometimes.”“They whip me.”Children living in Restavèk
describing their experiences, US
Department of Labour, 2012.

Business
Agricultural businesses in the Dominican Republic should ensure that Haitian workers are thereof their own free will, that they are receiving a wage and that they have access to services.
●● Become involved in government-led awareness campaigns to educate their workers and thesurrounding community about modern slavery.
●●

Government Response

In 2014, the Government of Haiti enacted a new trafficking law,12 criminalising the recruitment,
transportation, transfer or receipt of adults and children.13 The advocacy efforts of the substantial
Haitian-led movement informed this law.14
The government’s child protection efforts fall under the remit of the Institute of Social Welfare
and Research (IBESR) and the Brigade for the Protection of Minors (BPM) of the National
Police.15 The IBESR, overseen by Ministry of Work and Social Affairs, conducts the Table Sectorielle
on Restavèk, which brings together Haitian and International NGOs to work together on theeradication of restavèk.16
So far this year, the BPM has assisted over 200 minors, some of which may have been restavèk
children and either reunited them with their families or entrusted them to the services of the
IBESR.17 However, their capacity has remained limited due to a lack of funding.18
A., Cooper, P., Diego-Rosell, & C. Gogue Child
Labor in Domestic Service (Restavèks) in Portau-Prince, Haiti, (ICF International, 2012) p. 31,
accessed 10/06/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/
reports/pdf/2012RestavekHaiti.pdf

72.

73.

QATAR
Index rank 4
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 29,400

Index Rank

4

Government response to modern slavery CC
Vulnerability to modern slavery 50.8%
Population 2,168,673
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $131,758

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

29,400Government
Response

CC

Vulnerability

50.8%

Qatar is a destination for exploitation of men and women from Asia who travel to the Gulf nation
with promises of well-paid jobs. Figures indicate up to 90 percent of the Qatari population are
foreigners,1 with many of these migrants meeting the demand for cheap in-house domestic help
and labourers for the booming construction industry; jobs rejected by locals. Migrant workers,
predominately from India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Philippines, are subjected toa range of exploitative practices that may amount to forced labour and domestic servitude – namely,
extortionate recruitment fees, illegal confiscation of passports, withholding of salaries, excessive
working hours, hazardous workplaces, unhygienic living conditions, and physical, psychological andsexual abuse from employers.
Demand for cheap labour to build extensive infrastructure for the 2022 FIFA World Cup has led
to international pressure on the Government to address reports of exploitative conditions. There
are reports that 90 percent of workers have had their passports held by their employers, 56 percent
do not have a government health card, essential to access public hospitals, 21 percent “sometimes,
rarely or never” receive their salary on time and 20 percent receive a different salary than had
been promised.2
While not directly responsible for the prevalence of modern slavery, the kafala sponsorship system
which effectively ties a migrant worker’s legal status to the employer, increases vulnerability to
exploitation. For example, workers are unable to leave the country or seek alternative employment
without their sponsor’s written consent, and any attempt to leave an exploitative situation may
result in the worker being criminalised for “absconding”. Among female foreign nationals, domestic
workers are particularly prone to being detained and deported for violating the Sponsorship Law. In
March 2013, of the 378 women held in detention, between 90 and 95 percent had been employed
as domestic workers.3
Government Response

The government of Qatar has performed moderately in addressing issues of modern slavery. Qatar
has displayed efforts in increasing victim identification and support services through a functioning
victim shelter,4 a hotline to report abuse,5 and the creation of pamphlets to inform migrant workersof their rights.6 Similarly, the enactment of anti-trafficking legislation (Act No. 15 of 2011) toprohibit human trafficking, forced labour, servitude, slavery and slavery-like practices,7 as well as
Labour Laws (No. 14 of 2004) to protect the rights of some workers, are positive initial actions.
Whilst increased legal protections and shelter support services are essential developments, thegovernment must ensure the currently centralised services in Doha are expanded across the country
to increase accessibility for all victims.
The Qatari Government has adopted a National Action Plan to combat human trafficking and
an institutional framework for its implementation. Despite this progressive step, and demonstrable
action by the Qatar Foundation for Protection and Social Rehabilitation (formerly known as Qatar
Foundation for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings), there is still inadequate commitment tocomprehensively address enduring social attitudes that allow modern slavery to persist.
Positive developments, such as the requirement that companies set up bank accounts for workers
and pay wages electronically, as well as, bans on mid-day outdoor work, need to be reinforced
with collective action from employers, police, and the judiciary. Currently there is insufficientcommitment to enforcing existing laws and widespread reluctance to extending the rights ofdomestic workers. Domestic workers remain insufficiently protected and exposed to abuse, despite
74.

reports that Qatar has worked on a draft law for domestic workers, and a promise to devise a set of
regulations “to better manage the recruitment and employment of domestic helpers” as part of the
National Development Strategy.8
Qatar has made efforts to address previous prevalence issues, specifically the trafficking of children for
exploitation as camel jockeys. Banning children’s involvement in camel racing in 2005, Qatar innovatedthe use of robots to replace child jockeys, a move that proved locally acceptable, commercially lucrativeand internationally applauded.9 Such effective and collaborative commitment to a singular goal should
be extended to combating the exploitation of domestic and construction workers.
Vulnerability

The fundamental nature of the kafala system increases the dependency of migrant workers on
sponsors rendering them vulnerable to various forms of exploitation and abuses. This system,
coupled with discrimination towards foreign workers and limited knowledge of the rights offoreign workers, creates an unequal platform for victims to assert their rights. Worker vulnerability
is compounded by their limited access to mechanisms for legal redress. Generally, workers filinga court case need to stay in country for the duration of the hearing. However, because theemployer they are suing is unlikely to agree to transfer their sponsorship, the worker cannot seek
new employment and will not have access to a sustainable income. Despite the former Prime
Minister acknowledging the inherent vulnerability to exploitation in the kafala system in 2007, andannouncements in May 2014 that the system would be abolished, no deadlines have been set to
implement this change.10
Women occupy an inferior legal status in society, which affects a female victim’s ability to accessjustice once exploited. For example, in Qatar, a woman’s testimony is worth half of man’s,11 so
police frequently discount women’s statements when refuted by male employers. Judges routinely
sentence women for immorality and adultery stemming from associated sexual abuse claims. Being awoman not only increases vulnerability to being exploited but also perpetuates re-victimisation.
Recommendations

Government
Amend Article 3 of the Labour Law to ensure domestic workers, drivers, cooks and gardeners havetheir labour rights protected.
●● Establish a minimum wage for domestic workers.
●● Monitor the non-payment of wages and prosecute offenders to effectively dissuade illegal practices
by employers.
●● Retract provisions in legislation about absconding and ensure that victims are not criminalised forfleeing exploitative situations.
●● Allow workers to move jobs and leave the country without needing to obtain the permission of
their current employer.
●● Investigate, prosecute and in severe cases, withdraw practicing licenses of recruitment agencies
in Qatar who deceive workers, ignore reports of exploitation, or who forcibly return workers toabusive employers.
●● Provide new individual sponsors with information and/or training on their legal obligations tosafeguard the well being of migrant workers.
●●

Survivors’ account“Angelica would wake up at
05:30 every day and startworking immediately. “Madam
told me not to go outside. I
could only go outside with her.”Everything changed in August
2012. One evening her buzzer
rang. She went downstairs where
she found her male employer who‘smelt like alcohol’. Angelica tried
to run away but he caught her
and removed her dress and hijab.
She tried to escape from the house
but fell while trying to climb outof a small window.When she
landed, she was in incredible pain
and could not get up. She later
found out that both her legs andfeet had been broken and herspine was fractured. She managed
to crawl and drag herself into herroom and locked the door. Her
employer repeatedly kicked thedoor until there was a big hole.
He walked into the room anddespite Angelica begging him toleave her alone and get help as she
lay on the carpet unable to move,he proceeded to commit a violent
sexual assault against her.
Since the attack, Angelica iswheelchair bound, suffers urinal
problems and incontinence,and has had titanium plates
inserted into both legs. Amnesty
International was informed by
the Philippines Embassy that
Angelica was repatriated in 2013.
Her case had been dismissed by
the Public Prosecutor’s office due
to “lack of evidence.””
Amnesty International interview
with Angelica, a 49 year-old
Filipino domestic worker, Doha,
Qatar, 12 March 2013.

Business
International businesses operating in Qatar must update Code of Conduct and contractual
provisions to include specific clauses on passport retention and the recruitment of employees for
suppliers and sub-suppliers operating in Qatar.
●● Investigate the recruitment practices of suppliers and sub suppliers and work with suppliers tocompensate staff that have paid excessive recruitment fees.
●● Ensure suppliers are paying staff to the contracted amount or national minimum wage, including
premiums for overtime work.
●● Work with suppliers to develop corrective action plans and recourse for workers found exploited
in supply chains●●‘My sleep is my break’: Exploitation ofMigrant Domestic Workers in Qatar(Amnesty International, 2014), pp. 47-49,
accessed 25/06/14: http://www.amnesty.
org/en/library/asset/MDE22/004/2014/
en/7b7121b8-37c1-4e49-b1a1-2d8a005450a3/
mde220042014en.pdf

75.

INDIA
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 14,285,700

Index Rank

5

Government response to modern slavery CCC
Vulnerability to modern slavery 56.7%
Population 1,252,139,596
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $5,410

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

14,285,700

Government
Response

CCC

Vulnerability

56.7%

India’s modern slavery challenges are immense. Across India’s population of over 1.2 billion people,
all forms of modern slavery, including inter-generational bonded labour, trafficking for sexual
exploitation, and forced marriage, exist. Evidence suggests that members of lower castes and tribes,
religious minorities, and migrant workers are disproportionately affected by modern slavery.1
Modern slavery occurs in brick kilns, carpet weaving, embroidery and other textile manufacturing,
forced prostitution, agriculture, domestic servitude, mining, and organised begging rings.2 Bonded
labour is particularly prevalent throughout India,3 with families enslaved for generations.

Indian police are beginning to collaborate with regional counterparts on transnational humantrafficking investigations. In 2014, Indian and Bangladeshi police undertook a joint investigation
to identify two Bangladeshi girls sold into commercial sexual exploitation in India. Both girls
were found and successfully repatriated; the offenders are being prosecuted under new antitrafficking provisions.23

There are reports of women and children from India and neighbouring countries being recruitedwith promises of non-existent jobs and later sold for sexual exploitation4, or forced into shammarriages.5 In some religious groups, pre-pubescent girls are sold for sexual servitude in temples.6
Recent reports suggest that one child goes missing every eight minutes; it is feared that some aresold into forced begging, domestic work, and commercial sexual exploitation.7

Dalits have the least social protections and are highly vulnerable to severe forms of exploitationand modern slavery. The limited ability for people to move out of this group increases theirvulnerability. Approximately 90 percent of India’s labourers are in the informal economy,24
presenting risks associated with a highly unregulated and unmonitored work environment.

Bangladeshis and Nepalese, particularly women and children, migrate to India in search of work.8
Young Nepali women banned from traveling to the Gulf for domestic work also pass throughIndia as an alternative route. Some of these migrants then experience abuse and eploitation.9 Other
migrants are fraudulently sent by recruiters to India to be transported to jobs in the Gulf, only toremain in India in positions of forced labour or commercial sexual exploitation.10
Government Response

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Bricks
Cottonseed (Hybrid)
Carpets
Embellished/embroidered textiles
Garments11
Rice
Stone12Given the scale and complexity of the response required in India, it is significant that the Indian
Government has taken steps to better communicate key elements of its anti-trafficking response.
In 2014, the Ministry of Home Affairs launched the ‘anti-trafficking portal’, which includes
information on criminal justice statistics, anti-trafficking police units, government and law
enforcement training, the anti-trafficking legislation, and reporting mechanisms, including theChildLine hotline number.13 The portal does not appear to provide information about forced
or bonded labour, which reflects a broader institutional separation between responses to bonded
labour, which is the responsibility of the Department of Labour, and human trafficking, which is the
responsibility of the Ministry of Justice.
On paper, criminal justice reforms specific to human trafficking are the strongest component ofIndia’s response to modern slavery. In 2013, the government amended the Indian Penal code toinclude specific anti-trafficking provisions. In 2014, the government expanded the number ofpolice anti-human trafficking units across the country to 215 units, aiming to establish a unit in
650 districts. The judiciary and over 20,000 law enforcement have received training on victim
identification, the new legal framework, and victim-centered investigations.14 The government’s
victim compensation scheme extends to human trafficking victims, however, the amount and efficiency
of dispersal is largely dependent on the State administration, and is not available country-wide.15
Although bonded labour is criminalised,16 it is still a significant issue. The government response
to bonded labour is monitored by the National Human Rights Commission that reviews existing
policies and practices,17 and provides training to district Magistrates, Deputy Commissioners, andother government officials.18 Reports suggest that most States are yet to implement the Supreme
Court Order which required District Vigilance committees to undertake surveys to identify andrelease those in bonded labour, as already required by the Bonded Labour Act.19 The State of
Karnataka is an exception and has made progress on the Order.

76.

Efforts need to be directed toward expanding and improving victim support services. The Ujjawala
project is a victim support programme that provides rescue, rehabilitation, and reintegration
services for commercial sexual exploitation victims, and trafficking prevention initiatives.20 In
addition, the SWADHAR GREH scheme provides temporary accommodation and rehabilitation
services for women and girls, including survivors of trafficking. While government shelters are
required to register, there are no standards attached to registration, and no inspections or followup. The shelters have limited facilities and resources to provide holistic support and are currently
only available for women and girls.21 Of particular concern are reports of traffickers re-recruiting
women into trafficking from shelters.22

Vulnerability

Women and girls face significant discrimination and high rates of sexual violence across India.25
While Prime Minister Narendra Modi referred to a string of rapes as a national ‘shame’,26 andthere has been a raft of legislative and criminal justice reforms signalling some progress, womenare still at risk of sexual assault and domestic violence.27 The rates of forced and servile marriage
continue to trap women and girls in cycles of domestic servitude with few opportunities foreducation, meaningful employment or access to reproductive rights.28
Indian migrant workers actively seek jobs in construction and care industries, primarily in theGulf, Europe and North America. From 2012 to 2015, there were more people leaving India thanarriving, with most migrants seeking work through their networks rather than formal channels.29
Official migration processes are complex and often tainted by corruption, which further
encourages irregular migration. These channels leave migrants with little recourse against practices
such as unilateral contracts, dangerous working and living conditions, limited movement and accessto communications, withholding of passports and wages, and physical and sexual abuse.30
Recommendations

Government
Ratify and implement the Convention of the Worst Forms of Child Labour and the Domestic
Workers Convention.
●● Require all States to follow up on the Supreme Court Judgment of October 15, 2012, to identify
and release those in bonded labour.
●● Update regulations and processes for the implementation of the Bonded Labour Act, and reporton its implementation.
●● Implement a new National Action Plan that targets the full spectrum of modern slavery.
●● Continue to strengthen protections for victims of modern slavery and ensure that they are notcriminalised.Victims must be protected (including protecting their identities) throughout the
duration of their court cases.
●●

Image – Katie Orlinsky

Index rank 5“Suparna was 17 when she wastrafficked from her hometown inWest Bengal by a person named
Raj. She was completing her
studies in Grade 9 and thought
she was being sent to Delhi tomarry Raj, who was 20. She wasbrought to Delhi by a friendly
lady who said she was a friendof Raj’s.When she reached Delhi
however, she was sold into forced
prostitution in the brothels of
Garstin Bastion Road. Raj andhis friend Raju continuously
tortured her physically when she
refused to involve herself in sex
work. From there she was soldto ladies who were apparently
the brothel managers in Garstin
Bastion Road. Even there, she
was being beaten up and wasforced to entertain customers. A
man assisted Suparna to escape,but when she returned to hervillage she suffered harassment
and she and her family wereforced to move.”
Client account contributedby Shakti Vahini, Walk Free
partner, India.

77.

PAKISTAN
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 2,058,200

Index Rank

6

Government response to modern slavery CC
Vulnerability to modern slavery 69.5%
Population 182,142,594
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $4,699

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

2,058,200

Government
Response

CC

Vulnerability

69.5%

Debt bondage is the most prevalent form of modern slavery in Pakistan. It exists in developing, andsometimes illegitimate and ungoverned industries. The provinces of Punjab and Sindh are hotspotsof bonded labour, which is mainly found in the brick making, agriculture, and carpet weaving
industries. While official statistics are not available, one media report recently estimated that thebrick kiln industry employs around 4.5 million people across the country.1 It is thought that the
majority of brick kiln workers in Punjab are bonded labourers.2 While brick kilns are now under
the responsibility of provincial Departments of Labour, half of the approximately 10,500 brick kilns
in Punjab remain unregistered.3 The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan has reported that in
Sindh and Punjab provinces some bonded labourers in brick kilns are “either kept in captivity byarmed guards or their family members become virtual hostages.”4
A lack of documentation of debt repayments and the non-payment of the low minimum wages
exacerbates bondage and compels families to put children to work.5 Upon death or permanent
disability of adult workers, the remaining debt is transferred to other family members, including
young children. Workers who attempt to leave the kilns are often discovered and forced to return tocontinue paying off their debt.6
In the agriculture sector in Sindh many farmers have unofficial work contracts under the hari(tenant) system. Hari labourers are required to give their entire yield to the landlords who employ
them and are paid only in produce. To meet living costs beyond food and shelter, they must borrowmoney from their landlord, which reinforces cycles of poverty, debt and forced labour.
There are an estimated 10 million child workers in Pakistan, 3.8 million of whom are five to 14
years old.8 Within this vulnerable population, children are exploited in brick kilns, agriculture,
domestic work, auto mechanic shops, carpet weaving factories and for commercial sexual
exploitation.9 From January 2010 to June 2013, 41 cases of torture against child domestic workers
were reported10 in Pakistani media. Of this, 34 were girls and 19 resulted in death.11
7

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
BricksAgriculture –rice, wheat,sugarcane, cotton
andother crops
Carpets
Coal18Despite the social stigma and shame associated with commercial sex in Pakistan, local NGOs havenoted a rise of forced prostitution and commercial sexual exploitation of children. Extreme poverty
and unemployment can compel families to sell children into commercial sexual exploitation12
to meet demand for pre-pubescent girls, some are as young as 10 years old.13 The trafficking ofPakistani men and women for forced labour, sexual exploitation and forced marriage to the Gulf
and Europe has been identified.14 Pakistani nationals are in the top ten nationalities of suspectedtraffickers in Europe.15
The intersection of gender inequality and poverty contributes to the high number of child andforced marriages in Pakistan. In January 2012, 338 cases of forced marriage were recorded, which
equates to 4,000 cases a year.16 Given significant levels of under reporting, this is likely an underestimate. In some cases women are married to settle family disputes known as Vaani (for Punjabis)and Swara (for Pashtoons),17 while others are forced to marry through the custom of Vatta Satta,or ‘exchange’ marriage. According to Shari’a law, which influences the common law system inPakistan, girls can be married after they reach puberty, which is often before the 16 years of age
required by Pakistani law, and well under the international standard of 18 years old.
Government Response

Pakistan has national laws that prohibit bonded labour and transnational human trafficking. However,following a constitutional amendment in 2010, the Federal Government devolved most legislativeand enforcement powers to the provinces, including responsibility for labour, child protection, andwomen’s protection. The provinces are yet to make all the necessary laws on these issues.
78.

No single national-level body exists to oversee a coordinated response to the modern slavery
challenges that Pakistan faces. Cross-border human trafficking remains under the purview of theFederal Investigation Agency (FIA) of the Ministry of Interior and Narcotics Control, but there isno national level mechanism to address internal trafficking. The United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime (UNODC) is working to build capacity through training and supply of technicalresources to FIA, but this intervention is insufficient considering the size of the problem.
The Government of Pakistan does not have strong victim identification and support systems. While
District Vigilance Committees and rehabilitation funds exist for victims of bonded labour on paper,
their effectiveness has yet to be demonstrated. There are government-run shelters for victims of
trafficking, but these restrict victims’ movement.
The overall response is hampered by inadequate funding.19 The funds that are available are directed
towards transnational human trafficking interventions and programmes to address child labour.
However, without specific interventions on worst forms of child labour, debt bondage and forced
marriage, the majority of victims remain unidentified and unsupported.
Vulnerability

A weak rule of law, wide spread corruption,20 and poverty reinforce political, social, and economic
structures of modern slavery in Pakistan. Underpinning this are culturally accepted practices that are
tantamount to modern slavery. Some land owners, for example, believe their relationship with theharis (tenant) is that of a protector and an elder. This reinforces perceptions that lower caste groups
are not equal citizens and subsequently limits policy and service provisions tailored to their needs.
Victims of sexual exploitation are similarly vulnerable to police abuse due to the criminalisationof sex workers, including children. Police and government structures are steeped in this system
of inequality and, rather than address it, they maintain the status quo. There are however signs ofchange. In 2013, Ms Veero Kolhi became Pakistan’s first former bonded labourer to contest an
election. Her candidacy was described as a milestone for bonded labourers.21
Recommendations

Government
Convene a conference of Federal and Provincial governments to review the current legislation andput in place all the necessary international, federal and provincial laws necessary to end modern
slavery, including reforming those laws that criminalise victims.
●● Establish a single agency with Cabinet-level representation of the Federal and Provincial
Governments to create a single, integrated National Strategy to end modern slavery, with anappropriate plan and budget.
●● Enforce the registration and regulation of brick kilns and other workplaces.
●● Enforce the payment of the minimum wage to brick kiln and other workers.
●● Set and audit minimum labour standards in all Federal and Provincial government
procurement activities.
●● Build capacity of the frontline government officials of Police, FIA, Social Security, Labour andHuman Resource Departments and judiciary through comprehensive training programmes.
●● Support projects to ensure at risk workers are registered on the National Database andRegistration Authority (NADRA)21 database and social security system.
●● Facilitate access of bonded labourers to easy loans and grants through microfinance schemes andother safety nets.
●●

Image – Pep Bonet

Index rank 6“The brutal kiln owner would
not have set us free under any
circumstances, I was detained with
fourteen members of my family
including three children underfive for the last six months andwe were forced to work on a kiln
without remuneration.”
Rubina, talking with media in
South Punjab where she was freed
in a police raid along with herfamily members.

Business
Export-oriented industries such as textiles, agriculture and carpet-weaving should work throughtheir industry bodies and with appropriate third parties (such as the World Wildlife Foundation’s
Better Cotton programme) to create industry-wide supply chains that are free of modern slavery.
●● Domestic industries, such as brick kilns, should work with the Regional Governments, District
Vigilance Committees and other organisations to find innovative ways of eliminating the need forchild and bonded labour in their businesses.
●●“Bonded labour: 15 of fettered family freed in
Bahawalnagar”, The Express Tribune, December
28, 2011, accessed 15/08/14: http://defence.
pk/threads/bonded-labour-15-of-fetteredfamily-freed-in-bahawalnagar.149516/#ixzz3
AiX2skCH

79.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
Index rank 7
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 762,900

Index Rank

7

Government response to modern slavery C
Vulnerability to modern slavery 79.3%
Population 67,513,677
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $747

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

762,900

Government
Response

C

Vulnerability

79.3%

Decades of political instability and a violent civil war have left many citizens of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (DRC) vulnerable to modern slavery. Prolonged conflict has caused theinternal displacement of 2.6 million persons (Internally Displaced Persons – IDPs),1 65 percentof whom are in the eastern provinces of North and South Kivu.2 IDPs are exposed to greater
insecurity and are at higher risk of exploitation.3
Violent rebellion in Katanga province in early 2014 displaced up to 400,000 people, forcing themto migrate to other towns and provinces to find work.4 Large numbers of men working in mines
are trapped in a system of debt bondage,5 having to borrow money from their employers to buy thetools required to work in the mines, as well for food and accommodation.
Forced labour of men and boys in mining and agriculture and the commercial sexual exploitationof women and girls are the most prevalent forms of modern slavery in the DRC. The provinces ofNorth Kivu, South Kivu, Orientale, and Katanga are home to significant deposits of gold, tin, coltan
and tantalum which are mostly controlled by rebel groups and corrupt army officials.6
Often called ‘Conflict Minerals’, tin, tungsten, gold and tantalum, or coltan, originating from the
DRC are used by manufacturers in portable consumer electronics, medical devices and advanced
aeronautics.7 320 000 children are estimated to be working in artisanal mines.8
During 2013, armed groups such as the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR),Mayi Mayi Kata Katanga and Mayi Mayi Morgan, as well as elements of the Congolese nationalarmy (FARDC), continued to use threats to force men and children to mine for minerals, turn overtheir mineral production, pay illegal “taxes,” or carry looted goods from mining villages.9

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Diamonds
CopperGold
Coltan (tantalum)
Cassiterite (tin ore) 18

Children are highly vulnerable to recruitment into armed groups, both by abduction or coercion
where they are used as porters, cooks, escorts and fighters.10 Ten percent of the world’s 300 000
child soldiers are Congolese, 40 percent of which are girls forced into marriages with rebel
fighters.11 Throughout 2013, 163 children, including 22 girls, were rescued from the rebel group
Mayi Mayi Bakata Katanga, where they were held as child soldiers.12 Throughout 2014, men,
women and children continue to be kidnapped in village raids and held as slaves by militias ineastern DRC.13 In April and May 2014, 267 women and girls suffered sexual violence by armed
groups.14 Women and girls are often forced to labour in the mines during the day, and are exploited
as sex slaves by militia men at night.15
Exploitation exists outside armed conflict, with children forced to leave the household due topoverty or mistreatment by their parents or because of accusation of witchcraft. This can leave themvulnerable to exploitation”.16
Forced and child marriage is also prevalent, varying from a legal union, to commercial sexual
exploitation and rape, with some members of rebel groups claiming women and girls as their wives
by raping them.17
Government Response

As a country in conflict, there are very few functioning basic social services in DRC, with the
majority of services implemented by NGOs and the United Nations Organization Stabilization
Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO). MONUSCO is the only functioning law enforcement bodymeaning they have taken on typical government responsibilities.19
Despite having laws in place that criminalise modern slavery, no action is taken against those who
used forced labour and abducted civilians for forced labour. There is no evidence of child labour80.

investigations.20 In April 2014, the government launched a three-month basic training course on law
enforcement for 335 police officers including the mining police, special police for the protection of
women and children and the community police.21 However, the weakness of the judiciary, whose
officials are regularly subjected to threats, intimidation and interference when they attempt toinvestigate or prosecute crimes committed by the military, has meant that modern slavery crimes havegone unpunished.22
During 2014, the government established a national working group to oversee the implementationof a UN backed action plan to end abuses against children by its armed forces.23 The government also
works with MONUSCO to ensure the safe repatriation of foreign child soldiers.24 Between April andJune 2014, 101 children were demobilised from armed groups by MONUSCO.25 There is no interministerial body to address the trafficking of adults.26
Since 2012, the government has introduced legislation, and tightened requirements for mining andmineral trading companies to ensure the minerals they are exporting to global markets are “conflictfree”. The government immediately suspended the license of two Chinese owned mineral export
houses operating in North Kivu, highlighting its commitment to enforce this legislation.27
Through the Electronics Industry Citizenship Coalition, global electronic companies havecommitted to taking proactive steps to trace their supply chains and ensure they are free fromconflict minerals mined in the DRC.28
Vulnerability

Despite being a mineral rich nation, the DRC is one of the poorest countries in the world. The
country’s political instability, weak infrastructure, lack of basic services and large number of IDPs
exacerbate the vulnerability of the Congolese to modern slavery. It is estimated that 3.8 million
people died in the DRC between 1998 and 2004 and many more were displaced.29 Armed conflictis the reason for displacement for 90 percent of these persons.30 A peace deal and the formation ofa transitional government in 2003, have not fully curbed the violence which continues unabated incertain areas.31

A survivor ’s account“I was back in my village but
my neighbour betrayed me.
People recognized me and started
shouting and abusing me because
I was part of the group that looted
the village last year. I left without
saying goodbye to my parents
and went to Commander Nkusi.
He welcomed me back in thegroup without even beating me.”
Former child soldier speaking of thestigma he faced when returning to
his village, MONUSCO 2013.

The DRC’s poverty and lack of social services, particularly lack of schools in the eastern part ofthe country, has left many children vulnerable to modern slavery in the mining sector. Targetedby armed groups for their compliance and small bodies, which can reach into the most dangerous
parts of the mines, children are easy prey.32 Coupled with limited education, and a severe lack of
livelihood options mean many also commit themselves to exploitative work in the mines or join
militia groups.
Recommendations

Government
Scale up the demobilization and reintegration of children in armed conflict.
In coordination with MONUSCO, strengthen law enforcement throughout the country,
particularly in eastern DRC, by providing training to officials and prioritising raising awareness of
the illegality of the activities going on in eastern DRC.
●● Provide support services including shelters for victims of modern slavery.
●● End impunity for officials who break the law, particularly members of the Congolese army.
●●●●

Business
Companies sourcing minerals from the DRC, including, Nintendo, Canon, Nikon, HTC andSharp, should:
Follow the example of Intel, HP, Philips, and Scan disk (among others),33 to take proactive steps totrace supply chains and ensure they are free from conflict minerals.
●● Encourage private investment to develop infrastructure and social services, in mining in the eastern
provinces of DRC.
●●

Child Recruitment by Armed Groups in
DRC, From January 2012 to August 2013,(MONUSCO, 2013), p. 13, accessed 08/09/14:
monusco.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?filetic
ket=DazRcHfpAJo%3d&tabid=10701&mid=1
3689&language=en-US

81.

SUDAN
Index rank 8
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 429,000

Index Rank

8

Government response to modern slavery C
Vulnerability to modern slavery 82.6%
Population 37,964,306
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $3,372

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

429,000

Government
Response

C

Vulnerability

82.6%

There are very few countries with a history so intrinsically linked to slavery as Sudan. One of thelargest African countries, Sudan has been ravaged by decades of civil war between southern separatists
and the north, which resulted in the abduction and enslavement of thousands of Sudanese people. The
Second Sudanese civil war saw thousands of Dinka, Luo and Ferit children, women and men rounded
up in periodic raids on villages where they were subsequently held captive and forced to work as
domestic workers, cattle herders and agricultural workers, as well as being victims of forced marriage,
rape and forced recruitment into armed groups.1
Today, modern slavery in Sudan takes many forms with the exploitation of women and children fordomestic work, commercial sexual exploitation and forced child marriages. Sudanese women andchildren are exploited within Sudan’s borders, as well as, being trafficked abroad to the Gulf countries
and Europe, where they are subjected to forced labour and sexual exploitation in private houses andbusinesses.2 Similarly, women from neighbouring countries like Eritrea and Ethiopia, and also from
Asia, migrate to Sudan to seek employment as domestic workers. They can become vulnerable toforced labour and sexual exploitation.3
In the east of the country, trafficking of Eritrean asylum-seekers and refugees, as well as, the continuous
arrival of unaccompanied children, are a major concern.4 Over the past four years a worrying trend of
trafficking for torture and extortion has emerged – Sudanese traffickers kidnap Eritreans and sell themto Egyptian traffickers in the Sinai Peninsula who subject the victims to gross acts of abuse in order
to extort large sums of money from the victims’ relatives.5 Human Rights Watch report complicity
between traffickers and Sudanese police who have released detained refugees to traffickers –sometimes inside or just outside police stations, as well as police permitting traffickers to pass throughcheckpoints unimpeded.6
The deteriorating economic and safety situation in Sudan encourages men to seek economic
opportunities abroad in low-, semi – and unskilled jobs in Libya, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United
Arab Emirates. A complex web of brokers and recruitment agencies operate to deceive Sudanesenationals by promising jobs in Libya and collecting facilitation fees. However after crossing the borderbrokers sell Sudanese onto Libyan nationals who force them to labour in agriculture and othersectors.7 Sudanese men who migrate illegally to Libya have been rounded up and detained in prison
facilities often outside of state control, where they are exploited as forced labourers.8
Children are highly vulnerable to modern slavery in Sudan. Children continue to be forcibly recruitedas child soldiers and used as child slaves, porters and fighters by various armed groups. In addition,
children have also been forced to work in the gold mining industry in Darfur.9 There have also beenreports that Sudanese children in Saudi Arabia are used by criminal gangs for forced begging andstreet vending.10
Government Response

Prior to 2013, aspects of modern slavery remained an unacknowledged issue in Sudan. The
government refused to admit that its citizens and those from neighbouring countries fall victim tograve abuses at the hands of traffickers within its borders. The government publicly proclaimed theexistence of human trafficking in Sudan in 201311 and accepted the assistance of UN agencies tocombat trafficking.12 This was followed by President Omar al-Bashir signing the Bill of Counter
Human Trafficking into law in March 2014.13 While this legislation complements existing laws
prohibiting some forms of modern slavery, it fails to adequately criminalise all forms of trafficking,14leaving victims unprotected and unable to assert their rights.
82.

Children in Sudan remain highly vulnerable to child marriage. The government has failed to amend
Article 40 of Sudan’s 1991 Personal Status Law of Muslims, which states that a 10-year-old girlcan be married “with the permission of a judge”.15 This is highly problematic as women are notpermitted to go to court to seek a divorce or undertake legal procedures before the age of 18.16
The government’s ability to combat modern slavery is largely inhibited by a dire economic crisis
within the country – in August 2014, the inflation rate stood at 46.6 percent17 and the total
accumulated loan of the country stands at $US43 billion.18 This renders the government largely
dependent on UN agencies, which are channelling the bulk of their resources on emergency
humanitarian responses, such as the provision of food, water, and healthcare. Positive developments,
such as the provision of care for victims by the Ministry of Welfare and Social Insurance, the Sudan
Armed Forces child protection unit for monitoring child soldiering, and the Ministry of Labor’s
Secretariat of Sudanese Working Abroad anti-trafficking unit, were largely unable to provide
extensive support because of lack of funding and lack of a mandate.19
Vulnerability

The Sudanese Government are currently confronting a range of serious humanitarian issues. In
2013 alone, a reported 500,000 people were newly displaced – a number greater than any single
year since the height of the conflict in 2004.20 The Internally Displaced Person (IDP) and refugee
crisis is disproportionately affecting children with 70 per cent of those on the move under theage of 18.21 There is active conflict in nine of the country’s 18 states and there are more than one
hundred locations with people in need of humanitarian assistance22 with some 3.5 million people
needing this assistance in Darfur alone.23 Unsafe and often uninhabitable conditions on the groundforces locals to seek opportunities in safer states and countries. Their vulnerability is manipulated by
employees who subjugate Sudanese to forced labour practices such as withholding or non-paymentof wages and work performed under the threat of deportation.

A survivor ’s account“From a time I can’t remember
until very recently, I slept withcattle and goats. ... Like them,
I was property. But the animals
weren’t beaten every day. I was.”Ker was frequently tortured
and eventually blinded by his
master. Ker, now a teenager, wasreleased from slavery last year, but
his mother, a victim of extreme
violence, remained behind.
Testimony of a former slave before
US Congress.

Statelessness is particularly problematic in Sudan, particularly since South Sudan’s secession in 2011.
Sudan’s Nationality Act was amended so that a person with one South Sudanese parent and one
Sudanese parent will lose his or her Sudanese nationality. In addition, people of southern origin
who live in Sudan are now legally treated as foreigners, despite some of these people having very
tenuous links to the South. Conservative estimates suggest up to 700,000 individuals are being
deprived of their Sudanese nationality without any rights to contest this decision.24
Widespread lack of access to education is a strong risk factor for modern slavery in Sudan. In 2013,
2.8 million school age children were out of school.25 Increasing armed tribal conflicts, severe
flooding and damage to schools in 2014 is likely to increase this number further. This situation canperpetuate a cycle of forced child marriage, as girls not in school are disproportionately more likely
to be forced into early marriages.
Recommendations

Government
Amend Article 40 of the 1991 Personal Status Law of Muslims, set the legal age of marriage at 18,
and legislate punishments for perpetrators who violate this law.
●● Do not withdraw Sudanese nationality from people currently living in the country who may not
identify as South Sudanese.
●● Take immediate action to uphold and protect the rights of refugees, particularly those in borderareas, and prevent the abduction and exploitation of Eritrean refugees.
●● Systematically investigate and prosecute all instances of corruption within law enforcement,
at every level.
●●

Christian Solidarity International, “CSI
Facilitates Liberation of 412 Sudanese Slaves,”
PR Newswire, October 4, 2011, accessed
20/10/14: http://www.prnewswire.com/
news-releases/csi-facilitates-liberation-of-412sudanese-slaves-131108923.html

83.

SYRIA

Index Rank

9

Index rank 9

Government Response

Estimated number of people in modern slavery 258,200

The Syrian Government is responsible for exposing its citizens to different forms of modern slavery.
Children are actively recruited as soldiers in the government forces and government affiliated armed
groups,19 and the vulnerability of refugee populations to forced marriage and forced labour is adirect result of the ongoing crisis.

Government response to modern slavery D
Vulnerability to modern slavery 76.9%
Population 22,845,550
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $5,100

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

258,200

Government
Response

D

Vulnerability

76.9%

The conflict affected population of Syria is highly vulnerable to different forms of modern slavery.
Nearly one in every two Syrians has been forced to flee their home1 either as a refugee or InternallyDisplaced Person (IDP) since violence erupted three years ago. The strain on families to sustain
their livelihood is enormous and many children no longer receive an education. Instead, men andchildren are recruited into the armed forces inside Syria and, as refugees, work for little to no wage
in neighbouring countries. Child soldiers have been recruited into government forces, the Free
Syrian Army (FSA), the Kurdish People Protection Units (YPG), Ahrar al-Sam, Islamic State (IS)and Jhabat al-Nusra among other armed groups.2 Syrian girls are sold as child brides or forced into
marriage and commercial sexual exploitation.
In August, 2014 IS kidnapped some 300 Yadizi women of a Kurdish minority group in northern
Iraq.3 The women and girls were reportedly then sold for as little as $US10 into forced marriage
or used by IS as sex slaves.4 While, the Yazidi community has since returned from brief refuge in
Syria to Iraq, it is evident that lives of Syrian and Iraqi communities in the north are increasingly
vulnerable to modern slavery.
As the conflict in Syria escalates, close to ten million Syrians have been directly affected. In Syria
alone there are 6.3 million IDPs. At the time of publication, another three million had fled as
refugees to neighbouring countries. This figure is conservative as it accounts only for those thathave registered. Lebanon hosts 1,176,971 Syrian refugees, there are 832,508 in Turkey, 613.252 in
Jordan, and 354,692 in Iraq and Egypt.5 That means one in every eight Syrians has moved across theborder.6 Syrians are now the world’s largest refugee population, and the second largest in history.
Within these groups, human trafficking rings search for vulnerable workers, and take advantage ofyoung women through sham marriages.
In Lebanon alone, only 34,000 of the 200,000 school aged Syrian child refugees are enrolled inschool,7 and 80 percent estimated to be working.8 Many labour in the fields of the Beqaa valley
where they, alongside their families, harvest potatoes, olives and bananas,9 while others are engaged
in street selling or begging. Child street sellers are more vulnerable to worst forms of exploitationand human trafficking.10 In the Za’atari refugee camp in Jordan, NGOs have reported children
working in all of the 680 or so shops, and there is growing concern that children are being used tosmuggle goods in and out of the camp.11
In Mafraq, a town not too far from the Za’atari refugee camp in Jordan, older men from wealthy
Gulf States negotiate the sale of young, often under-age, brides with Syrian brokers.12 The price canrange from $US2,800 to $US14,000, and there is a high demand for young girls around 14 and 15
years old.13 Once married, Syrian brides are regularly treated as slaves forced to perform domestic
and sexual services.14
Forced and child marriage within the refugee camps is becoming more prevalent. While childmarriage itself is not a new phenomenon (in 2011, 13 percent of girls under 18 were married in
Syria) it is on the rise.15 Among Syrians in Jordan, 18 percent of registered marriages in 2012were with child brides16 and by 2013, this figure rose to 25 percent.17 This increase in is attributed
to two parallel events – families seeking to alleviate economic pressure, and hoping to protect
their daughters from sexual assault. Some 48 percent of Syrian child brides are married to men
ten or more years older18 with young girls being more susceptible to forms of domestic andsexual exploitation.

84.

It is still to be determined how effective the few government attempts to reduce the impact ofwartime slavery have been. In 2013 the government criminalised the recruitment and use ofchildren by armed forces and planned an Inter-ministerial Committee on Children and Armed
Conflict.20 Yet, there have been no investigations into the use of child soldiers,21 it is unclear if any
children have been demobilised, and it is unknown how often the inter-ministerial committee
meets, or the outcome of those meetings.
Urgent interventions are required from the Syrian Government to secure stability and to protect its
citizens from modern slavery.
Vulnerability

Since the start of violence the Syrian currency has devalued by more than 50 percent and the pricefor basic necessities including food, gas and oil has increased throughout the country.22 This increase,coupled with limited employment opportunities and large scale infrastructure damage, including thedestruction or occupation of one fifth of all schools in Syria,23 presents a bleak outlook for Syrians
at home.
The expanding Syrian refugee population is also putting pressure on the resources of host countries.
Lebanon’s open border policy enables Syrian refugees to work but their willingness to work
longer hours for lower income has dragged down wages for Lebanese workers.24 Registered Syrian
refugees in Jordan have been granted residency status but they are prohibited from working. They
still, however, occupy a small percentage of enterprises in the informal sector and are found in
occupations such as agriculture, construction, food services and retail trade that generally do notappeal to Jordanians.25 Much like Syrian refugees in Jordan, Iraqi refugees in Syria are forbiddenfrom legal work.26 In both circumstances, work in the informal economy increases the risk of labour
exploitation among already vulnerable refugee groups.

A survivor ’s account“I got married when I was 15
years old. I was forced to marrybecause my family and I – tenpeople – were sharing a verysmall house with only two rooms.
We had to get married, andit was a day full of tears andsadness more than of joy. I was
aspiring to get into medicine atuniversity and become a doctor. I
left school and didn’t finish my
11th year and we came to Jordan.
Everything got destroyed. “There
was no joy on my wedding day.
I was hoping to live in a very
beautiful house, I had dreams
about it – to have my wedding
in a nice hall and invite myloved ones.”
Nadia, 16, a Syrian living in a hostcommunity in Amman, Jordan, Save
the Children, 2014.

Recommendations

Government
Alleviate the humanitarian suffering and thus vulnerability by:-- Ensuring strict and full compliance with United Nation Security Council (UNSC) resolutions
2165 and 2139, which relate to the unhindered delivery of humanitarian aid-- Lifting the blockades on those communities identified by UNSC resolution 2139 as besieged
by the government-- Increase coordination with the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and other groups to ensure IDPs haveaccess to safe shelter, basic necessities and livelihood opportunities.
●● Ensure all marriages are registered in Syria and monitor cases of child or forced marriage through aformal screening process.
●● Enforce the 2013 ban on the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict by actively
investigating and prosecuting government officials complicit in this crime.
●●

Too Young to Wed: The growing problem ofchild marriage among Syrian girls in Jordan,(Save the Children, 2014), p. 8, accessed
03/09/14: http://www.savethechildren.
org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0df91d2eba74a%7D/TOO_YOUNG_TO_
WED_REPORT_0714.PDF

85.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Index rank 10
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 52,200

Index Rank

10

Government response to modern slavery D
Vulnerability to modern slavery 78.9%
Population 4,616,417
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $604

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

52,200Government
Response

D

Vulnerability

78.9%

The Central African Republic (CAR) is currently crippled by violent ethno-religious conflict, withboth sides accused of crimes against humanity and war crimes, such as torture, unlawful killing, rape,pillaging, forced displacement, and the use of child soldiers.2 Following a coup in 2013 by Seleka
rebels3, CAR has grappled with ineffective transitional leadership, widespread displacement of the
population, including children, and mounting casualties. In October 2014, UNHCR estimated that
410,000 people were internally displaced in the Central African Republic, with a further 420,000
CAR refugees having fled to neighbouring countries.4
In August 2014, the UN Secretary General cited reports of sexual slavery, forced and child marriage,
and the recruitment of child soldiers (including re-recruitment of children who had previously beenused as child soldiers). Government estimates are that in 2014, some 44.5 percent of the population
have experienced sexual violence, with around 10 percent of gender based violence cases involving
forced marriage.5 There are reportedly in excess of 6,000 children being used in the armed conflict6.
Children are also abducted for forced labour and/or forced soldiering by the Lord’s ResistanceArmy, a Ugandan rebel force that has moved into CAR.7
CAR is rich in natural resources, including extensive gold and diamond reserves. Many of thesemine sites are now under the control of rebel groups, both the anti-balaka and the Seleka, who arefinancing the conflict with gem profits.8 This situation has seen the Kimberley Process impose a ban
on all raw gems to curb the trade in ‘blood diamonds’.9 There is evidence of forced labour and childlabour in these mines, however, information is limited due to difficulties in accessing the sites.10

human rights abuses, the vulnerability of the population to various forms of modern slavery is
extremely high: measuring sixth highest globally for vulnerability measures.
Children in CAR are particularly vulnerable to the worst forms of child labour and forced childmarriage. Widespread lack of access to, and the quality of, basic education remains critical, with 70
percent of primary school students not returning to school since the conflict began in December
2012.21 Lack of education, coupled with conflict, is highly correlated with vulnerability to forcedchild marriage, as lack of alternative opportunities and fears of sexual violence, displacement, hunger
and starvation, lead parents to marry their children early.22 CAR has the fifth highest early marriage
rate in the world, with 61 percent of girls married before they reach 18 years of age.23 Lack of
education also diminishes formal employment opportunities, increases the likelihood of individuals
accepting exploitative jobs, and reduces an individual’s capacity to know of their rights and assert
them once exploited.
Protection systems for children, already weak prior to the conflict, have continued to deteriorate.
Displaced children separated from their families are vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse andexploitation,24 as well as, recruitment into armed rebel groups. Statelessness is also a rising concern
as many of children lack birth registration certificates.25 Statelessness denies people access tohealthcare and education, limits an individual’s ability to assert property rights, and reduces legal
work options- this makes individuals highly vulnerable to accepting jobs in the informal market
where they are denied appropriate protections.
The government’s inability to provide security and public services, or to support livelihoods,
coupled with conflict and extreme hunger, exacerbates vulnerability to modern slavery in CAR.
In September 2014, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court announced that she is
opening a second investigation into the crisis in CAR with respect to crimes allegedly committed
since 2012.26
Recommendations

Government

A service provider ’s
account“Human Rights Watch observeda large number of what appeared
to be child soldiers in Hamat’s
ranks. Asked about the ageof one apparently very young
soldier carrying a Kalashnikov
assault rifle, Commandant Yusef
confirmed he was 8 years oldand “a good shooter.”Whenasked about why he would use
children so young in combat,
Yusef replied, “Adults get worriedand sometimes you have to givethem drugs, but children just
attack without retreating.”
Human Rights Watch interview
with Commandant Yusef,
November 2013 in Bangui, Central
African Republic.

Urgently focus on re-establishing the rule of law.
Condemn all forms of sexual violence including forced marriage, and publicly adopt a zerotolerance policy for the use of children in armed forces.
●● Continue to facilitate international efforts to remove and reintegrate child soldiers fromarmed groups.
●● Ensure strict and full compliance with the United Nations Security Council resolutions 2165 and
2139, which relate to the unhindered delivery of humanitarian aid.
●● Establish ‘safe-zones’ where NGOs providing services to victims can operate effectively.
●● Ensure that perpetrators who are responsible for human rights abuses are brought to justice.
●● Implement measures to support the return of students and teachers to school.
●●●●

Government Response

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Mining –including diamonds
Agriculture11

The continuing conflict and struggle for political power between the transitional government
and the Seleka since January 2013 has resulted in an almost non-existent government response
to modern slavery. Law enforcement and judicial authorities remain largely ineffectual since thecoup, with a number of police stations and courthouses ransacked, and security and court officials
yet to return to work.12 In September 2013, the United Nations Multi-Dimensional Integrated
Stablization Mission (MINUSCA, replacing MISCA) was established to protect civilians andsupport the transition process in the CAR. 13
Throughout 2014, 350 UN police unit personnel were trained by MINUSCA on child rights andchild protection.14 On 3 July 2014, military chief of staff of the ex-Seleka issued a public commandprohibiting the recruitment and use of child soldiers.15
UNICEF has partnered with local NGOs to rescue and rehabilitate a small number of child soldiers,
and in October 2013 the government enabled UNICEF to access four military sites to identify
child soldiers.16 However, twice in April 2014, Seleka-aligned groups abducted and re-recruited
41 former child soldiers from a transit centre.17 In December 2013, a local NGO that provided
care for victims of sex and labour trafficking was forced to cease its services due to an outbreakof violence.18
Vulnerability

The deteriorating emergency in CAR is developing into a highly complex humanitarian andprotection crisis.19 A rapidly increasing death toll, high rates of disease, and a civilian population
largely relying on international food and water aid,20 characterises the extremely fragile state of
CAR. In this context of chronic conflict, complete break-down of rule of law, and impunity for

86.

“Central African Republic: War Crimes by
Ex-Seleka Rebels”, Human Rights Watch,
November 25, 2013: https://www.hrw.org/
news/2013/11/24/central-african-republicwar-crimes-ex-seleka-rebels

87.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 98,800

Index Rank

12

Government response to modern slavery B
Vulnerability to modern slavery 46.8%
Population 9,346,129
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $58,042

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

98,800Government
Response

B

Vulnerability

46.8%

The most recent government statistics indicate that 7.3 million foreigners – the largest proportion
coming from South and South East Asia, reside in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in comparison
to a small local population of 950,000 nationals.1 In order to monitor the foreign worker
population, the government has imposed the kafala system. This immigration sponsorship system
requires all foreign workers to be sponsored by an Emirati employer who is legally owed two yearsof continuous service from that worker. The sponsor is able to prevent the worker from leaving thecountry, and is required to report to immigration authorities if the migrant leaves their employment.
While not directly responsible for the prevalence of modern slavery, the kafala system effectively ties
a migrant worker’s legal status to the employer.
Global events, such as the 2020 World Expo, has increased demand for cheap labourers to build
the infrastructure required for Dubai’s hosting of this event.2 Since the announcement November
2013, and with event organisers expecting an influx of 25 million tourists,3 Bangladeshi, Sri
Lankan, Indian, Pakistani and Nepali construction workers have come to Dubai to begin building
accommodation, museums and galleries. Many of these labourers are subjected to exploitative
practices that may amount to forced labour – namely high recruitment fees, illegal confiscationof passports, withholding of salaries, excessive working hours, hazardous workplaces, unhygienic
living conditions in labour camps and unlawful overtime performed under threat of deportationand physical abuse. Cheap unskilled, low – and semi-skilled foreign labour is also found in service
sectors such as domestic work, cleaning, and working as taxi drivers and restaurant workers.4
In the Emirates, sex outside of marriage is banned and commercial sex is illegal.5 However, womenand children, some reportedly as young as 11, who are recruited to the Emirates to be employed
as domestic workers, hotel receptionists and waitresses, may find themselves upon arrival forced
to provide sexual services to pay back inflated travel and visa debts. For those who attempt to flee,
they risk being imprisoned for illicit sexual relations.6 Similarly for the large population of migrant
domestic workers,7 any attempt to leave exploitative conditions may result in criminalisation for“absconding”.8

contract for domestic workers and announced a new draft domestic workers’ law to regulate andprotect employees, which is currently in the process of adoption.14 By the end of 2013, almost 3.6
million workers received wages through the Wage Protection System, implemented to address thefrequent reports of non-payment.15 The government continued to sign labour agreements withcountries to regulate the flow of workforce and deny unscrupulous private recruitment agencies the
chance to exploit workers.16
Despite these positive developments, the government’s continual stance that human trafficking andlabour issues are distinct, reduced the protection and services afforded to victims of forced labour.
The three Ewaa shelters for victims of human trafficking supported only 25 trafficking victims in
2013, 17 and the Dubai Foundation for Women and Children shelter provided protection to only
15 victims. 18 This represents a small proportion of the estimated population in modern slavery.
In addition, Federal Law 51 does not exempt trafficked persons from being prosecuted for offences
relating to irregular entry and stay in the Emirates, giving false information, using forged travel
documents, and engaging in prostitution or in employment without a work permit.19 In cases
where victims flee but do not go to the police immediately, the police may not identify them as atrafficking victim but instead arrest the victim for violating the kafala system. This conflicts with theEmirates international obligations under the UN Trafficking Protocol.
Vulnerability

Efforts to advance migrant worker’s rights remain insufficient to fully redress a sponsorshipsystem that perpetuates discrimination against non-Emiratis. Whilst many aspects of the kafalasystem increase the dependency of migrant workers on sponsors, the withholding of passports
is particularly problematic. Employers are required to produce the worker’s passport or entry
certificate to Ministry of Interior authorities to report absconding workers – thus, despite the fact
it is illegal to confiscate workers passports, the government require employers to produce it to fulfil
their reporting duty – a failure to do so results in heavy fines.20
Violence against women, particularly the rape and sexual assault of domestic workers is a growing
concern in the Emirates. In 2012, Dr Mohammed Murad Abdullah, director of the Dubai Police
decision-making support centre, said that a recent police study found only 9.5 per cent of sexualassault victims report the crimes.21 For domestic workers attempting to access justice for abuse,
they risk jeopardizing their visa status, face challenges convincing authorities, and confront judges
who routinely sentence women for immorality and adultery. Being a woman not only increases
vulnerability to being exploited but perpetuates victimisation once enslaved.
Recommendations

Government
Government Response

UAE has the most comprehensive government responses to combating modern slavery in the
Middle East North Africa region, but still lags behind many countries in the world. The UAE wasthe first country in the region to enact a comprehensive anti-trafficking law (Federal Law 51 in2006) and in 2007 established a National Committee to Combat Human Trafficking (NCCHT),
which coordinates efforts, enforces national plans and publishes an annual report on the progressof combating human trafficking in the country.9 The government continued to implement
preventative and protective measures throughout 2013-14, such as the multilingual “Say No To
Human Trafficking” awareness campaign, the distribution of multilingual pamphlets detailing hotline
numbers and shelter services.10 In January 2014 the first shelter for male victims of trafficking was
also opened to complement the four shelters already providing comprehensive services to womenand children.11
The government publicly states that human trafficking is wrong, unacceptable to Islam, and theUAE value system.12 In 2013 the Cabinet adopted a NCCHT recommendation that Federal Law
51 should be amended to emphasise protection and repatriation of victims in line with the UN
Trafficking Protocol.13 In June 2014, the Ministry of Interior revised and updated the standard

88.

Adopt the draft law on domestic workers.
●● Retract provisions in legislation about absconding and ensure victims are not criminalised forfleeing exploitative situations.
●● Amend Federal Law 51 by adopting a non-punishment provision that enable victims to be
exempted from penalties as a result of their exploitation.
●● Expand the Wage Protection System, monitor the non – or irregular payment of wages andprosecute offenders.
●● Allow workers to move jobs and leave the country without obtaining the permission of
their employer.
●● Investigate, prosecute and in severe cases, withdraw practicing licenses of recruitment agencies in
the United Arab Emirates who deceive workers.
●●

Image – Getty Images

Index rank 12“I’ve had no pay, no shelter andalmost no proper food for the
past six months,” says Rajan
from Hyderabad, now living
illegally in Dubai after fleeing his
employer. “I paid 50,000 rupees($US1,000) to come here. I wasa houseboy in India.The agent
told me I would get good pay in
Dubai. I worked for a tyre repair
company.They promised me I’d
get 1,000 dirham ($US270) amonth, but they paid me only
400 dirham ($US109).”
Then, the 40-year-old says, they
stopped paying altogether, so hefled but was unable to find otherwork or get back home. “I’ve twosons and my family is asking
why am I not sending any money
home and why am I staying
here? But I have no money and,even if I had it, how can I sendmoney if I have no documents?”
Rajan, an Indian migrant worker
in UAE tells of his experience
while waiting in the back alley of asoup kitchen.

Business●●

International businesses operating in the United Arab Emirates must have policies and remediation
mechanisms that include specific clauses on passport retention and the recruitment of employees.

Hidden faces of the Gulf miracle, (ITUCInternational Trade and Union Confederation,2011), pp. 20-21, accessed 08/09/14: http://
www.ituc-csi.org/hidden-faces-of-the-gulfmiracle,9144

89.

RUSSIA
Index rank 32
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 1,049,700

Index Rank

32

Government response to modern slavery C
Vulnerability to modern slavery 56.2%
Population 143,499,861
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $24,120

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

1,049,700

Government
Response

C

Vulnerability

56.2%

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Textiles17
Timber 18
Agriculture19

Russia is an “international hub for labour trafficking” – both an origin and destination country forvictims of trafficking and a regional trafficking transit point.1 The most prevalent forms of modern
slavery are the exploitation of foreign migrant workers in forced labour and the trafficking of
women and children for commercial sexual exploitation, within Russia and abroad.
There are an estimated five to 12 million foreign workers in Russia, many of whom labour inconstruction, as seasonal agricultural workers, and in garment factories.2 Approximately half ofall foreign workers are thought to have irregular employment or living status,3 denying thembasic access to essential state services like emergency health care.4 The majority of these workers
come from former Soviet Union states, such as Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and toseek employment in a comparatively wealthy Russia. North Korean labourers are also reportedly
exploited in Russia’s timber industry.
In recent years, it is alleged that migrant workers have suffered exploitative conditions whenbuilding the stadiums and other venues for the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.5 Over 800 workers
employed at Olympic sites reported non-payment of wages and exploitation.6 600 complaints
were filed by workers with the Migration and Law Network citing various abuses including
non-payment or long delays in payment, and employers failing to provide official contracts andpermits.7 This lack of official documentation led to many workers having an ‘irregular’ status,
leaving them with little domestic legal recourse when abuses occurred.8 Victims from Ukraine havealso experienced forced labour in the fisheries and seafaring sectors in Russia, with the alleged
complicity of recruitment agencies.9
Vietnamese migrants entering the country illegally to work in “ghost” factories (factories
which do not officially exist, yet employ thousands of migrant labourers without registering
the employees) have been found working in slavery-like conditions. This includes restrictionof movement, the underpayment of wages and confiscation of passports.10 This exemplifies lifein the shadow economy, where many irregular migrants work without protection or rights inagricultural, construction and transportation jobs, among others.11 In 2013, there were also reportsof high numbers of Ukrainian, Moldovan and Vietnamese women and children subjected to sexual
exploitation in Russia.12
When migrating externally, Russian nationals predominantly move to nearby Eastern European
countries such as the Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus, but sizeable populations are also present inIsrael and across Western Europe.13 While most Russian nationals enter other countries legally, someoverstay their visa period making them more vulnerable to forced labour and sexual exploitation.14
Russian victims have been identified in Greece and Cyprus, the Middle East, Egypt, China,
Spain and Malta.15 In 2013 a high-profile trafficker was exposed for trafficking Russian and othernationals to Israel with false promises of jobs as dancers and waitresses.16

in criminal proceedings.22 This new law allows victims to seek free legal aid, compensation, andto be notified when their exploiter is released from custodial punishment.23 It is unclear how
useful this law will be to victims of modern slavery.24 Although foreign victims of human trafficking
constitute the majority of victims of trafficking in Russia, they have no access to health andsocial services.25
The Russian Government has a criminal justice framework to respond to modern slavery. However,limited publicly available information, including a complete lack of statistical information, makes
assessment of its implementation difficult. Russia’s participation in regional research conducted by
the Council of the Baltic Sea States and a joint project with Poland demonstrates some willingness
to provide information and co-operate with other countries in the region.26
Vulnerability

Escalating ethnic violence in Russian cities,27 coupled with regional conflict has heightened racial
tension, particularly towards migrant workers from Central Asia and the Caucasus.28 Five people
disappeared in 2013 after an alleged abduction-style detention by security forces in Ingushetia andanother incident occurred in Chechnya in early 2013.29
Powerful organised crime syndicates and pervasive corruption in law enforcement30 increase therisk of forced labour and sexual exploitation in Russia. Sources suggest that it is common for theowners of premises selling sex to send their ‘employees’ to saunas with police officers in exchange forprotection from investigation and arrest.31 It is also suggested that police officers directly participate
in trafficking by returning victims to their exploiters after they have escaped and reported to police.32
Lastly, the controversial Foreign Agents Law enacted in 201233 may further limit already scant accessfor foreigners to victim support services. Civil society organisations can be shut down if they accept
international financing, particularly from Western countries, and attempt to influence the politics
of Russia.34 This leaves Russia with a large irregular migrant workforce and pervasive slavery issues
with very little resources to support and rehabilitate victims.
Recommendations

A survivor ’s account“The truth is that Babai –a thin, wiry 48-year-old –doesn’t see a ruble from theRussian firm that assigns him tospend upwards of 12 hours
a day renovating the inside of anold bank building. Instead, hiswages are collected by a politicalcadre from the Workers’ Party ofNorth Korea.The approximately$US80 a day his labour earns isthen sent back to the governmentin Pyongyang, providing
the totalitarian regime of
Kim Jong-un with needed cash.”Babai, a North Korean national
working in Russia, faces severe
working conditions in theconstruction industry each day.
He misses his young sons in
Pyongyang, 2013.

Government
Establish a national coordinating mechanism includes civil society to tackle modern slavery.
Develop a national action plan in consultation with stakeholders with clear outcomes, lines of
responsibility and budget that is evaluated annually for progress.
●● Publicly report statistics on the number of identified victims, prosecutions and court outcomes
related to modern slavery.
●● Tackle corruption by investigating government complicity in modern slavery.
●●●●

Business
Ensure that migrant workers have full access to their identity documents, safe accommodation, andreceive fair and full payment.
●● In cases of non-compliance, companies must work with suppliers to compensate workers for
non-payment of wages.
●●

Government Response

Russia’s response to tackling modern slavery is very weak. Field sources reported that some regional
governments contracted NGOs to train police officers on how to identify and assist victims ofhuman trafficking and modern slavery, but these actions were not systematic, nor recurrent, andvaried according to region.20 Small positive steps in pockets of the country were not reflected on anational level.21
Although exploitation of migrant workers persists in Russia, some progress was made in December
2013 with an amendment to the law on state protection of victims, witnesses, and other participants
90.

Nikita Aronov, “Russia’s Hidden Slave Labor
Market,” Russia Beyond the Headlines,
December 5, 2013, accessed 9/08/14: http://rbth.com/society/2013/12/05/russias_hidden_
slave_labor_market_32307.html

91.

THAILAND
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 475,300

Index Rank

44

Government response to modern slavery B
Vulnerability to modern slavery 51.5%
Population 67,010,502
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $14,390

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

475,300

Government
Response

B

Vulnerability

51.5%

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Fish
Garments
Shrimp16

Thailand is a destination country for significant numbers of labour migrants from neighbouring
Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. While precise estimates are not available, it is possible Thailand
has as many as three million migrant workers, so called three Ds (dirty, dangerous and demeaning)jobs.1 Within this context, men, women and children have been subjected to forced labour andsexual exploitation in industries including, the sex industry, forced begging, domestic work, fishing,
manufacturing, and agricultural industries.2
The US$7 billion Thai fishing industry3 has been under intense scrutiny with credible reports ofyoung men and boys enduring brutal treatment that includes severe and frequent physical abuse andthreats, excessive work hours, and long periods at sea.4 Victims have reported witnessing captains
physically abuse, murder, or abandon workers who fall overboard.5 In an ILO survey of almost
600 fishers employed on Thai boats fishing in Thai and international waters,16.9 percent of thosesurveyed identified themselves as being unable to leave their work due to threat of penalty, that is,they are in forced labour. Within the survey sample, ten percent of fishers reported having been
severely beaten on board, although not necessarily by their current employer.6
Thailand’s continued growth in the travel and tourism industry creates a demand for tourist
experiences with children, which drives exploitative trends such as ‘orphanage tourism’,7 street
begging, street vending, and giving guided tours and street performances in popular tourist
destinations. Such concerning practices also facilitate unrestricted access to these vulnerable children
by travelling child sex offenders.8
Women and children, primarily girls, can be forced to work for long hours, frequently with no restdays, in domestic servitude.Victims report being physically and sexually abused, confined within thehome, and having their pay and their identification documents withheld by employers.9
Skilled Thai migrants have typically migrated to stronger economies, such as the United States,
Europe, East Asia, and Australia, although numbers leaving for work has decreased over recent years
due to the global economic crisis10 and increased work opportunities in Thailand. Official numbers
from the Ministry of Labour, Office for Thai Workers Going Overseas recorded a total of 143,101
Thai citizens moving abroad for work in 2012, however, this does not record those who migrate via
irregular channels.11 The majority (around 84 percent) of overseas Thai workers are men, working
in construction, agriculture and the manufacturing industry.12 Female overseas workers tend to findemployment in private households, or in the entertainment or service sectors.13 According to WorldBank data, approximately $US5.69 billion in personal remittances comprised around 1.5 percent ofThailand’s $US387 billion Gross Domestic Product in 2013.14 Thai migrant workers pay significant
fees for the migration and recruitment processes (sometimes up to a year’s wages), and they arevulnerable to exploitation by recruiters and/or employers. In the places where it is available,
assistance for exploited workers can be difficult to access in unfamiliar settings.15
Government Response

In October 2013, the Thai Government made positive progress by ratifying a key international
convention on modern slavery, the UN Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Protocol. However, theGovernment’s limited action to address all forms of modern slavery resulted in the country’s
downgrading to Tier three – the worst ranking – in the annual US Government Trafficking in
Persons report.17 Despite the rhetoric of the National Policy Strategies and Measures to Prevent
and Suppress Trafficking in Persons (2011-2016), the Government’s efforts remain disconnected to
the reality on the ground. The majority of the government’s efforts focus on addressing the sexual

exploitation of women and children, rather than labour exploitation. In 2013, of the 674 humantrafficking cases uncovered in 2013, 520 involved sexual exploitation and only 80 referred to labour
exploitation.18 The government’s refusal to recognise Rohingya, an ethnic group from Myanmar
vulnerable to labour exploitation, and offer them much needed protection, is indicative of thegovernment’s anti-trafficking efforts.
While Thailand displays a relatively strong criminal justice response, anti-trafficking laws limit
safeguards for migrant workers. Notably, laws on freedom of association and collective bargaining
do not cover foreign workers.19 Despite pressure to protect workers from forced labour in thefishing industry, the Ministry of Labour is yet to to amend Ministerial Regulation Ten, which
exempts fishing boats with less than 20 crew members, or out of Thai waters for more than acalendar year, from most components of the Labour Protection Act.20 Again, while strong on paper,
Thailand’s anti-corruption laws are not properly enforced. Officials on both sides of the borders
with Myanmar, Cambodia and Lao PDR are complicit in smuggling undocumented migrants, someof whom become trafficking victims.21 The transition period from the military coup of May 2014
back to democracy, which will take at least 15 months22, may further stall the government response
to modern slavery.
Vulnerability

Workers who use irregular channels of migration into Thailand are particularly vulnerable toexploitation, with many victims in Thailand originating from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar
in particular, who are attracted by Thailand’s relatively strong economy.23 As a relatively wealthy
country in the GMS, Thailand appeals to residents of neighbouring countries who wish to
improve their lifestyles and are willing to relocate.24 However, employment brokers on both sidesof the border—even through the legal immigration process—can knowingly or unwittingly placemigrants in the hands of exploitative employers. A rumoured military crackdown on undocumented
workers in 2014 led to the recent mass exodus of some 200,000 Cambodians from Thailand.25 The
crackdown, in theory, aims to thwart illegal workers, forced labour and human trafficking,26 however
it arguably creates an enabling environment of abuse and potential re-trafficking.” Within Thailand,
discriminated ethnic minorities, particularly in the north, are not always granted citizenship, andcan be exposed to exploitation as they have fewer education opportunities, have limited freedom of
movement without approval from authorities and are often forced to work in informal sectors.27

Image – G.M.B. Akash

Index rank 44“I was very lucky; when I
escaped the fishing boat I had
the phone number of the Labour
Rights Promotion Network(LPN) who helped me getaway and make a new start…
some of these crew members had
been on this boat for over six
years and were owed more than
$US 18,000 (600,000 baht).
I organised the crew to holdthe boat from leaving the port
until LPN could arrive to help
represent them against the captainand get their money.”
Account contributed by
Arun, former Thai fishing slavefrom Myanmar

Recommendations

Government
Provide legal status for minority groups and stateless persons in Thailand.
Reform the employment-based visas so migrant workers can change employers without losing
legal status and without having to obtain their first employer’s permission.
●● Investigate cases of labour exploitation in the fishing industry and actively prosecute Thai labour
brokers and officials found complicit in human trafficking for forced labour.
●● Develop child education, health and protection systems that include appropriate services andtreatment of migrant children (both those accompanied or unaccompanied by their families).
●●●●

Business
Businesses importing Thai seafood products, including sub-contractors multiple tiers deep, should
conduct in-depth supply chain mapping exercises to identify product origin.
●● Conduct social audits on suppliers identified as high risk.
●● Travel and tourism businesses should adopt child safe tourism policies.
●●

Personal communication

92.

93.

NIGERIA
Index rank 52
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 834,200

Index Rank

52

Government response to modern slavery B
Vulnerability to modern slavery 63.6%
Population 173,615,345
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $5,601

Prevalence

Nigeria has a significant transnational and internal human trafficking issue. Boys are trafficked forforced labour in street vending, domestic service, mining, stone quarrying, agriculture, begging andother hazardous labour in the West African sub-region.2
1

Numbers
Enslaved

834,200

Government
Response

B

Vulnerability

63.6%

Trafficking is also prevalent within Nigeria, with impoverished children, women and the disabled,
trafficked into forced labour in the domestic sector, the sex industry, stone quarries, agriculturalindustries, and for forced begging and forced marriage.3 Many victims, especially children aretransported from rural to urban areas4 Girls in the north of Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to forced
marriage and child marriage.5 Some of these situations manifest in a traditional practice known as the
wahaya, where young girls (especially Touareg girls of slave status) are sold by their families or theirfamilies’ masters to another master.6 Some of these victims are trafficked from Niger and, once sold, aresubjected to sexual exploitation and domestic servitude, including the laborious rearing of livestock in
Nigeria.The wahaya practice constitutes a form of child and forced marriage, although the victim is nota legitimate wife and therefore has no legal rights or entitlements.
Many Nigerians migrate to European countries for work, particularly in the sex industry. In
Italy and Belgium alone Nigerian women account for 60 percent of all sex workers.7 Some ofthis proportion experience slavery like situations with Nigerians appearing in the top five ofboth non-EU victims and non EU – suspected traffickers from 2010 to 2012.8 Nigerians werealso highly represented in the United Kingdom’s National Referral Mechanism (for victims of
trafficking) in 2013.9 Unaccompanied child migrants, especially girls, are at higher risk of being
trafficked into domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, and child labour in Europe.10
Opportunities along legal routes of migration favour men in male dominated industries, forexample, in construction and agriculture; this pulls women toward irregular channels of migration
using traffickers, people smugglers and deceitful agents who promise legitimate work, but insteadsell clients into exploitative situations.11
Government Response

Through the National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP), the Nigerian
Government stands out with a relatively strong response to modern slavery in Sub Saharan Africa.
Since 2013, NAPTIP continued to make efforts to improve support for victims of trafficking by
developing a National Referral Mechanism12 and providing monthly stipends to NGOs. However,funding remains insufficient and capacity to provide services to victims is limited.13 NAPTIP has
continued to implement agreements with hospitals and clinics, which provide victims with accessto legal, medical and psychosocial services.14
A notable aspect of the response is that NAPTIP continues to strengthen its law enforcement
capacity through specialised training of law enforcement officers including police, immigration,
border guards and government officials.Yet, despite specialised training, less than one percent of
the police force were trained in 2013, and training was not compulsory for new recruits.15 In July
2014, the Nigerian Government agreed to introduce anti-trafficking curricula to primary andsecondary schools.16
Nigeria criminalises all forms of modern slavery, however gaps remain in the 2005 Trafficking in
Persons (Prohibition) Law Enforcement and Administration (Amendment) Act.17 The Governmentis yet to pass legislation to make it mandatory for convicted offenders to serve jail time instead of theoption of paying a fine.18 While legal frameworks are in place, discrepancies between the common andcustomary laws of a number of states still hamper an effective criminal justice response.
94.

As of March 2013, only 24 of Nigeria’s 36 states had adopted the 2003 Child Rights Act,prohibiting child marriage.19 In many northern states that apply Shari’a law, girls can legally marrywhen they reach physical maturity. The literal application of Shari’a law has also led to treating childvictims of commercial sexual exploitation as offenders.20 The prevalence of wahaya is also partiallybeing addressed in some states. In Kano State in northern Nigeria, the practice is addressed by
the Hisbah Board21, and the rights of women and their children are now recognised under Laws
regulating child abuse.
NAPTIP continues to be active within the Western African region, providing ongoing technicaltraining and support to its sister agency, also NAPTIP, in the Gambia.22 Further afield, in 2013,
NAPTIP officers were seconded to UK police to assist in identifying and investigating transnational trafficking. The government also signed a three year Memorandum of Understanding
with the Dutch Public Prosecution Service to strengthen cooperation between the two nations inJanuary 2014.23
Vulnerability

Widespread poverty, high levels of social inequality, and an enduring financial crisis are amongmajor push factors encouraging people, particularly women and children, to migrate from poorer
areas to wealthier regions within Nigeria and abroad.24
Disparity between gender and socio-economic status, imbalances in access to education, lack offormal employment opportunities, and safe migration policies, all push women and children into
the hands of traffickers.25 Civil unrest and the threat of terrorism also increase the risk of abductionand exploitation for rural communities. Women are deemed suitable for the types of exploitative
labour within the expanding informal labour sector, and the devaluation of women and children’s
rights, along with victims’ difficulty in accessing legal resources, makes it easier for traffickers tomanipulate their victims with few repercussions.26
The terrorist group, Boko Haram, in the north of Nigeria continues to threaten womenand children.
15 April 2014

Abduction of more than 200 girls from a boarding school in Chibok. Boko Haramleader Abubakar Shekau said in a video he will sell the girls, aged between 16 to 18,
as ‘sex slaves’ or militants ‘wives’

6 May 2014

11 more girls abducted from nearby areas of Borno State27

7-8 June 2014

20 young women kidnapped in the northeastern village of Garkin Fulani,
eight kilometres from Chibok

18-22 June 2014

60 women and children abducted from the village of Kummabza in Borno State

A survivor ’s account“On landing in Madrid,[the victim] handed herself into the Spanish authorities. She
told the police that she was so
exhausted and traumatised byher ordeal that she no longer
cared if the juju gods killed her.
She was supported as a traffickedperson by the Poppy Project.
She has since been granted theright to live in the UK and is
successfully building a new life
for herself and her child.”
Detective Constable Andy
Desmond, investigator in the caseof a Nigerian girl trafficked into
commercial sexual exploitation in
Nigeria and the United Kingdom.

Religious systems and traditional practices discriminate against women and children, tolerating
violence and permitting under-age marriage.28 Human trafficking networks take advantage of thedesperation of their victims and sell or coerce their victims into exploitation.29
Recommendations

Government
Ensure all new police recruits receive basic training on victim identification and referralmechanisms specific to modern slavery.
●● Pass legislation that prevents convicted offenders of human trafficking and other modern slavery
crimes from paying a fine in lieu of serving jail time.
●● Enhance legal alternatives for foreign victims of trafficking identified in Nigeria, by extending theoption of short term residency to longer term temporary visas.
●● Establish anti-corruption units within relevant government agencies to monitor arrest andprosecute corrupt officials amongst their ranks.
●● Develop a database to track the number of victims repatriated from abroad, and upon repatriation
ensure they have access to protective services as required.
●● Increase efforts in states which have not adopted the Child Rights Act to adopt and enforce the Act.
●●

Andy Desmond, “Breaking the Spell of
Juju,” Reporter – Anti-Slavery International
Magazine, August 8, 2011, accessed
21/08/14: http://www.antislavery.org/
includes/documents/cm_docs/2012/1/13_
autumn_2011_feature.pdf

95.

BANGLADESH
Index rank 59
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 680,900

Index Rank

59

Government response to modern slavery CCC
Vulnerability to modern slavery 57.3%
Population 156,594,962
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $2,557

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

680,900

Government
Response

CCC

Vulnerability

57.3%

Bangladesh, a populous South Asian country, experiences numerous forms of modern slavery
including debt bondage, forced labour, commercial sexual exploitation, and child and forced
marriage. Bangladeshi nationals are subject to conditions of forced labour in brick kilns and street
begging, and in the production of garments and shrimp,1 which supply international companies.
Bangladesh made international headlines in 2013 when the Rana Plaza factory collapsed killingover 1,000 garment workers. The incident brought to light the reality of labour exploitation in
the sector including the underpayment of wages, excessive work hours, and unsafe facilities.2 The
ready-made garment industry is Bangladesh’s largest export market at 78 percent, and accounts for17 percent of GDP.3
The shrimp industry, Bangladesh’s second largest export market, is similarly characterised by
exploitative labour conditions. Informal employment arrangements exist among impoverishedcoastal communities where workers are susceptible to indebtedness, payment of wages less than
$US 1 per day, sexual violence, the worst forms of child labour and excessive working hours.4
Child labour is commonplace throughout the industry particularly in fry collection, and processing
plants where it is common for children to accompany their parents.5 The high demand for shrimp,
particularly for European, US and Japanese markets has outpaced the development of labour
standards in Bangladesh.6
Forced labour is prevalent in the construction industry. Approximately 1.2 million people work in
the estimated 8,000 brick kilns in Bangladesh, many in situations of bonded labour.7 In 2011, men,
women and children were found held in chains having been forced to work in brick kilns.8

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Shrimp18
Dried fish19

Bangladeshi women and children are vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation within
Bangladesh and abroad. Children as young as ten years old are sold into commercial sexual
exploitation in bars, clubs, and registered establishments where they are required to pay the owners
all their earnings in return for basic necessities.9 Boys subjected to sexual exploitation are vulnerable
to repeat victimisation, are highly stigmatised, and have limited access to victim services.10 Womenand girls, particularly in rural areas, are forced into marriages to alleviate financial strains of thefamily, increase the family’s social status, or to settle a debt.11
The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) estimates that there are over five million
Bangladeshi nationals working overseas.12 Many willingly migrate but find themselves in situationsof forced labour due, in part, to exorbitant recruitment fees.13 There have been efforts to curb the
number of illegal recruiters in recent years,14 but it is unclear what impact this has had. A highnumber of female Bangladeshi labour migrants take up jobs as domestic workers in Gulf States,15
a sector and destination known for exploitation.16 South Asia is also a common destination, with
Bangladeshi workers documenting restrictions on movement and other labour violations inelectronics factories in Malaysia.17

The government does little to provide victims of modern slavery with access to justice. The 2012
Human Trafficking Deterrence and Suppression Act (HTDSA) became the main legal framework
to prosecute trafficking in persons.24 While the government increased the number of convictions for
trafficking in persons from eight in 2012 to 14 in 2013, this rate is inadequate considering the highnumber of victims. Reports of police violence, and the general attitude of officers may contributeto victims, particularly women and children, not reporting cases of modern slavery.
The government has introduced industry initiatives to improve labour conditions of workers in the
shrimp industry. The 2014 National Shrimp Policy aims to maintain environmental and ecologicalbalance, and empower women through employment generation. 25
Vulnerability

Despite dramatic economic expansion in the private sector, a steady increase in remittances,
reduction in poverty levels and general increases in political and social stability and development,26
people in Bangladesh remain vulnerable to modern slavery. Gender discrimination, the use of sexual
harassment and violence as a tool of control, restricted access to education and job mobility, in
addition to poor perceptions of women employed outside the home, increase the vulnerability ofwomen in particular.
Bangladesh’s volatile natural environment has led to the internal displacement of one million people,
who have been forced to relocate due to frequent natural disasters including droughts, earthquakes
and floods.27 Continued environmental degradation will further increase the number of InternallyDisplaced Persons (IDPs) and their vulnerability to modern slavery.
Recommendations

A survivor ’s account“The way they treat me is reallyunspeakable.They don’t treat
us as human beings, and thelanguage they use – it is reallyderogatory. It’s not dignified atall. For example, when we go to
ask for our wages they say,‘go to the street and beg instead,
why are you here?’That really
upsets me a lot.”
20 year old contract worker in
Bangladesh shrimp processing
factory, Environmental JusticeFoundation, 2014.

Government
Abolish legislation that allows international and local recruitment agencies to charge fees
to workers.
●● Enact a victim and witness protection law.
●● Continue to train law enforcement officers, relevant public sector workers and the judiciary on the
new legal framework for combating modern slavery.
●● Implement and monitor labour protections for workers in the shrimp industry through the 2014
National Shrimp Policy.
●●

Business
Businesses purchasing shrimp from Bangladesh must undertake due diligence to ensure supply
chains, including those of sub-contractors, adhere to international labour standards at all stages ofshrimp production.
●● Local businesses need to work with relevant government ministries to design and implementbusiness transformation programmes aimed at removing demand for forced labour frombrick production.
●●

Government Response

The Government of Bangladesh has made recent efforts to address modern slavery. In 2013, theTask Force on Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Integration (RRRI) of victims of Human
Trafficking introduced Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and distributed 1000 copies among
relevant organisations.20 Yet, the SOPs are only used on an ad-hoc basis.21 The RRRI Taskforce
supports exploited Bangladeshis overseas, including those in India and the Gulf States.22 In 2013, theGovernment, in partnership with ILO, revised the Overseas Employment Policy of 2006 that, among
other things, seeks to improve the terms and conditions of employment in destination countries. 23
96.

Impossibly Cheap: Abuse and Injustice in
Bangladesh’s Shrimp Industry, (Environmental
Justice Foundation, 2014), p. 4, accessed
02/09/14: http://ejfoundation.org/sites/
default/files/public/Impossibly_Cheap_Web.pdf

97.

GEORGIA
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 16,100

Index Rank

78

Government response to modern slavery BBB
Vulnerability to modern slavery 51.1%
Population 4,476,900
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $7,165

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

16,100Government
Response

BBB

Vulnerability

51.1%

Post conflict Georgia in the Southern Caucasus region is susceptible to two main forms of modern
slavery – the commercial sexual exploitation of Georgian women abroad and foreign women in
tourist regions of Georgia, and forced labour of predominantly Georgian men in neighbouring
Turkey and Russia.
For many years, exploitation for forced prostitution mainly affected Georgian women in Turkey,
Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with isolated cases is Austria, Greece and Germany.1
Since 2012, however, Georgian and Central Asian victims have been increasingly identified insexual commercial exploitation in Georgia.2 Foreign victims tend to come from Uzbekistan, Turkey,
Chechnya, Kyrgyzstan, and Azerbaijan.3
Protracted conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, a large internally displaced population,
and an economic downturn is a push factor for labour migration – Georgia’s unemployment
rate is 16.3 percent and 66.2 percent of labour migrants cite unemployment as their reason forseeking work abroad.4 It is estimated that eight to11 percent of Georgia’s population are labour
migrants.5 Personal remittances contribute 12.1 percent of Georgia’s GDP,6 totalling more than$US1.9 billion.7
Following the 2008 Russia-Georgia war, there was a decline in emigration from Georgia to
Russia and an upward trend towards work in European countries, though Russia is still the main
destination.8 Although high unemployment in Turkey is driving down Georgian labour emigration,9men, women and children still migrate for seasonal work harvesting hazelnuts and tea. The lengthy
application process deters many Georgians from using regulated channels – instead they frequently
cross into Turkey as tourists and find work upon arrival. According to one study, 44 percent of
migrant hazelnut pickers in Turkey were under the age of 1610 and field sources reports frequent
underpayment or withholding of wages. Beyond this there is little concrete data on the exploitationof Georgian workers abroad.
Government Response

In 2014 the Government of Georgia has recorded the strongest response to modern slavery in
the Russia and Eurasia region, reflected by the implementation of a National Action Plan on
Combating Human Trafficking (NAP), which is updated every two years. Since the inception of theInter-agency Council on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in 2006, four NAPs have been
adopted with input from civil society and parliamentarians.11 The current NAP addressed proactive
methods of victim identification and tools to increase the number of prosecutions.

expanded definition of exploitation, though these changes are largely seen as cosmetic.15 Local andforeign victims have the right to access free legal assistance, protection and compensation for thecrimes committed against them.16 Despite these provisions and investment in training, it is unclear
how many victims access these services or how effective the police response will now be.
Georgia has been criticised for disbanding the State Labour Inspectorate in the 2006 Labour Code17
and thus increasing the risk of employees to labour exploitation in industries outside of commercial
sexual exploitation. As part of a broader European Union Integration strategy Georgia is in theprocess of once more updating its Labour Code and reintroducing labour inspections.18
On September 1, 2014, the Law On Legal Status of Aliens and Stateless Persons came into effect.
This law now requires foreign workers to obtain a visa specific to work rather than enteringa country as an ordinary migrant.19 This law is expected to reduce the vulnerability of foreign
workers through increased regulations on work permits.
Vulnerability

High rates of unemployment and reliance on overseas remittances continue to fuel economic
migration among Georgians.Young people (15-24) face particular barriers to employment;
30 percent of young people are not in education, training or employment, and under or
unemployment affects higher education graduates.20 The estimated 250,00021 Internally Displaced
Persons (IDPs) from the conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia receive government and otherassistance, but are at higher risk of exploitation.
Recommendations

Government
Approve plans to reinstate the position of Labour Inspectorate and conduct inspections of high risk
industries for forced labour.
●● Mandate and fund an independent body to evaluate the National Action Plan on Combating
Human Trafficking.
●● Conduct or commission exploratory research on modern slavery trends in Georgia, including
forced labour outside of commercial sexual exploitation and the forced labour of minors.
●● Continue to raise awareness among at risk groups such as IDPs and youth of the risks of trafficking
in persons and legal migration channels.
●●

Image – Katie Orlinsky

Index rank 78“Some representative of Tengo[a human trafficker] waitedfor me there, he took me to someenterprise and they sold me
for 250 laris.This was a shock
to me.”
Merab Ghoghoberidze, recounting
the experiences of Georgian
victims of forced labour in Turkey,
Democracy & Freedom Watch, 2012.

Businesses
Implement the guiding principles on the trafficking of human beings and forced labour for
employers as signed by the Georgian Employers Association.
●● Ensure that temporary employees obtain legal documents to continue working in Georgia once
their initial visa has expired.
●●

The budget for modern slavery interventions has more than tripled from 300,000 to 935,000 GEL($US174,000 to $US570,000) from 2007 to 2012.12 While there is no independent monitoring
body to assess the effectiveness of interventions, the Inter-agency Council provides reports to
the government, usually every six months. This commitment to the implementation on a NAP
is unusual for the region and contributes to Georgia’s top ten position in the assessment ofgovernment responses.
Georgia has a strong criminal justice framework that criminalises perpetrators and provides
assistance to victims of modern slavery. In 2013, three mobile inspection groups were establishedto solely investigate cases of commercial sexual exploitation. The inspection group’s interview withover 400 sex workers and employers in high risk areas resulted in 15 investigations, 15 charges and
4 convictions.13 In March 2014, 13 victim and witness protection coordinators received training
on managing trafficking cases.14 The following month the Criminal Code was updated with an
98.

“Georgians victim of human trafficking inTurkey,” Democracy & Freedom Watch, April
20, 2012, accessed 10/09/14: http://dfwatch.
net/georgians-victim-of-human-trafficking-inturkey-19837

99.

INDONESIA
progress of this process. The draft law on the protection of domestic workers is yet to pass throughthe Parliament.23

Index rank 102
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 714,100

Index Rank

102

Government response to modern slavery B

The government increased efforts to support victims of modern slavery, including expanding thenumber of Integrated Service Centres for the Empowerment of Women and Children to 187 acrossprovinces and districts.24 However, the quality of services provided is unknown.25

Vulnerability to modern slavery 53.7%
Population 249,865,631
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $9,559

Vulnerability
Prevalence

Modern slavery within Indonesia is characterised by forced labour in domestic work, agriculture,and the fishing sector. Adults and children from rural areas are subject to modern slavery in cities,
with many migrating willingly, and others kidnapped and trafficked. Labour brokers operating inrural areas are known to lure men and boys3 into forced labour on palm oil, rubber, and tobacco
plantations. Palm oil is harvested by children and adults who are trapped on plantations,4 and forced
to live in squalor, work excessive hours, are subject to physical abuse, work for little or no pay, andhave restricted movements.5
1

Numbers
Enslaved

714,100

Government
Response

B

Vulnerability

53.7%

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Fish16
Palm oil17
Pots18Forced labour of both children and adults is used in the fishing industry, including on boats, infactories, and on jermal (fishing platform), or offshore live-in fishing vessels.6 Labour brokers are
involved in sexually exploiting women and children, often facilitated through debt bondage, false
marriage proposals, and violence.7 Domestic workers currently have no legal protection, limiting
their ability to leave exploitative employers.8 NGOs report that children are also subject to forced
labour as domestic workers, with labour recruiters forging passports to conceal their age.9
Indonesia has a highly mobile migrant workforce, with an estimated 700,000 Indonesians migrating
abroad annually, and an estimated 4.3 – 6 million already working abroad as of 2012.10 In 2011, theIndonesian Government stopped the recruitment of domestic workers for employment in Saudi
Arabia following the execution of a domestic worker accused of murdering her abusive employer.11
While both Governments accepted the Memorandum of Understanding on the placement andprotection of Indonesian domestic workers, Indonesia is yet to deploy new domestic workers until
they are satisfied the protections will be implemented.12

The government’s neglect of job-promoting industries is a powerful push factor for labour
migration: Indonesia is currently the second largest labour sending country in the world.28
The government’s moratorium on labour migration to Saudi Arabia, among others,29 sought
to reduce the vulnerability of Indonesian migrants – mainly domestic workers – however thesuspension increased the use of illegal migration routes, only enhancing workers’ vulnerability tomodern slavery.
Poor and marginalized groups are particularly vulnerable to modern slavery, which is exacerbatedby the lack of legal protections and legislated discrimination.30 Indonesia is a major transit country
for minority groups seeking asylum from across Asia and the Middle-East.31 Most arrive inIndonesia in a vulnerable state; without access to social or financial support they are at risk of being
recruited by traffickers.
Despite increased efforts to combat corruption, in 2013, Indonesia was ranked 114th of 177
countries by Transparency International, with the Parliament, the police and judiciary considered
the most untrustworthy public institutions.32
Recommendations

Government

Undocumented workers in Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Gulf countries, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South
Korea and the United States are often subject to different forms of exploitation.13 The use of irregularmigration channels has steadily increased, placing workers at increased risk of experiencing modern
slavery, 14 particularly through work performed under the threat of deportation. Indonesian womencontinue to be trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation abroad, experiencing excessive working
hours, deprivation of wages, lack of health care services and forced use of alcohol and drugs.15

Ratify and implement the Domestic Workers Convention (ILO 189) and pass laws before
Parliament to ensure compliance with international standards.
●● Ratify PO29 – Protocol of 2014 to the ILO Forced Labour Convention.
●● Increase public awareness of modern slavery, and encourage the reporting of cases throughcampaigns and outreach programmes about how to identify victims.
●● Work with local and international NGOs to increase community and labour involvement in
enforcing Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) standards.

Government Response

Businesses

As a highly populated archipelago with a decentralised government, Indonesia faces many
challenges in its fight against modern slavery. The Indonesian Government continued to address
modern slavery through improvements to government coordination and increased capacity
building. Since 2012, the Government has implemented anti-trafficking taskforces in 166 districts
and 30 provinces to develop local action plans and anti-trafficking initiatives.19 From 2013-14, theMinistry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection (MOWECP) delivered capacity building
training to service providers and government officials, as well as members of the Police Womenand Children’s Unit.20 Police representatives participated in the Asian Regional Law Enforcement
Management Program that focused on responding to all aspects of people smuggling and humantrafficking.21 Training has also been provided by the Australia-Asia Program to Combat Trafficking
in Persons (AAPTIP) and the International Organisation for Migration.22●●

In April 2012, the House of Representatives approved legislation to ratify the International
Convention on the Protection of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. Despite this,NGOs warn that significant steps still need to be taken to implement tangible protections for
migrant workers. Since 2012, NGOs and Labour Unions have been lobbying the Government
to ratify the Domestic Workers Convention (ILO189), however there is no information on the
100.

2

The wide gap between wealth and poverty, high levels of unemployment and corruption create anenvironment in which modern slavery flourishes in Indonesia. Over 11 percent of the population
live in poverty,26 and 70 percent of Indonesians are employed in the informal sector, characterisedby poor working conditions, little pay and no social security.27●●

A survivor ’s account“The wife of my employer
physically abused me on a regularbasis. She forcibly cut my hairwith the pretext that my hair had
fallen in their food but that wasabsurd because I didn’t cook forthem. Once she ordered her twodogs to bite me. I had about ten
bites on my body, which broke
the skin and bled. She recorded iton her mobile phone, which she
constantly played back laughing.
When one of the dogs vomited,
she forced my face down to thevomit ordering me to eat it, but
I refused.When I asked her why
she kept abusing me in this way,
she told me that it was because
she was bored so this is how she
passed the time.”
A 26-year-old woman from Jakarta
in an interview with Amnesty
International, 2013.

Businesses with suppliers in high risk industries should undertake due diligence measures to
identify any forced labour in their supply chains.
●● Work with the Government and local NGOs to adopt a ‘100 percent traceability’ protocol forall businesses that source palm oil and other high risk products from Indonesia to ensure thatplantations do not use forced labour.

“Exploited for Profit, Failed by Governments:
Indonesian migrant domestic workers traffickedto Hong Kong,” (Amnesty International, 2013),
accessed 14/08/14: http://www.amnestyusa.
org/research/reports/exploited-for-profitfailed-by-governments-indonesian-migrantdomestic-workers-trafficked-to-hong-ko

101.

CHINA
Index rank 109
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 3,241,400

Index Rank

109

Government response to modern slavery CCC
Vulnerability to modern slavery 59%
Population 1,357,380,000
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $11,904

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

3,241,400

Government
Response

CCC

Vulnerability

59%

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Agriculture31
Bricks
Coal
Electronics
Fireworks32
Textiles andgarments

China, the world’s most populous country, has experienced rapid modernisation and urbanisation
over the last decade, which has led to a dramatic reduction in absolute poverty from 26 percent in2007 to seven percent in 2012.1 This rapid social change correlates with large flows of domestic
migrants moving around the country in search of work. An estimated 268.9 million2 Chinese
migrated internally for work in 2013, flowing from rural to urban areas, and from western andcentral regions to the Special Economic Zones on the eastern and southern coasts.3 In thiscontext, there have been reports of modern slavery within China in a range of industries including
construction,4 manufacturing,5 mining,6 brick-making,7 restaurants, and in domestic and personalcarers work.8 There are issues with trafficking of babies under the guise of legal adoptions,9 and of
women and young girls for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation.10 Discriminated groups
such as migrant workers,11 the disabled,12 ethnic13 and religious minorities,14 and children15 areamong the most vulnerable to modern slavery. There are recent reports of forced begging amongdeaf and mute persons, and forced labour among persons with mental disabilities.16
Chinese people comprise the largest migrant population in history;17 top destinations forinternational migrants include Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Lao People’s Democratic
Republic, Japan, and various parts of Africa.18 An estimated 90 percent of Chinese migrant workers
move via irregular channels19 where labour recruiters associated with crime triads are known toforce migrants into debt bondage and other forms of coercion.20 The Chinese diaspora community
is a pull factor for irregular Chinese migrants21 and can be both a source of protection and also
exploitation for new migrants.22 Chinese migrant workers have been found in situations of modern
slavery in the hospitality23 and service industries,24 agriculture,25 construction,26 mining,27 logging,28
manufacturing,29 and care industries.30
Government Response

The abolition of the re-education through labour system in late 2013 was a positive step forward for
the Chinese Government’s response to modern slavery. However, almost no information is publicly
available to help assess progress, and recent reports suggest that unrecognised detention facilities
known as ‘black jails’ detain inmates without due process and force them to work.33 The detentionof a movie star, Huang Haibo, in May 2014 triggered a national-wide debate over another systemof re-education detention centres.34 While these facilities tend to have a shorter detention periods,
individuals are still incarcerated without due process. It is unclear if detainees are forced to work inthese re-education centres.

While internal migrant workers are covered by labour laws, their access to services is often limited
due to hukou, the household registration system which binds access to social services, such as
housing, healthcare, education, and job security, to one’s hometown.38
In August 2014, just before the start of the new school year, the government closed a number ofbudget kindergartens that serve the children of migrant workers in Beijing.39 Although the closures
were purportedly for safety reasons, the government offered no alternative schooling and made noeffort to improve facilities, forcing many migrant children to stay at home or return to their villages
without their parents.40
Vulnerability

China’s massive internal migration has overwhelmed much of its infrastructure for serving
vulnerable populations. Millions of children of migrant workers are left behind every year duringseasonal migration periods, increasing their vulnerability to illicit adoption, forced prostitution,
forced labour, and forced marriage. In addition, gaps in Chinese law that enable children to legallyfinish school at 15 years old, but not start work until 16 years of age, leaves children susceptible toexploitation in informal work settings. Government protections for overseas citizens remain weak,although officials say they are working to bolster them.
Recommendations

Government
Monitor and publicly report on progress towards the abolition of re-education through labour.
Regulate labour recruiters and agencies.
●● Develop legislation on victim protection to include alternatives to forced repatriation tounsafe conditions.
●● Introduce laws that stop prosecution of victims of trafficking.
●● Increase resources for labour inspectors to monitor high risk industries.
●● Prosecute government officials for corruption and complicity in trafficking schemes.
●● Provide a legal framework of collective bargaining as a means to empower workers.
●●

A survivor ’s account“There was a policewoman called
Jiang, who I think was a deputy
chief of the station; she took adeposition from my daughter.
She told my daughter: ‘you do
not look eleven years old at all,you say you have been forced[to prostitution], but I cannot seethat you have.’”
Tang Hui, a 39 year old mother from
Hunan Province who was sent to alabour camp in her pursuit of justicefor her daughter; 23 July 2013.

●●

Business
Businesses operating in China should ensure that the working conditions of their suppliers are
consistent with international standards.
●● Businesses should establish appropriate policies and practices to raise awareness of modern slavery,
identify violations where they occur and have the proper corrective mechanisms in place toremediate any abuses.
●●

China has insufficient victim identification and support systems, largely due to the lack of systemic
training for police and other front line staff to identify and respond to cases of modern slavery.
While there are seven shelters dedicated to victims of trafficking, the effectiveness of victim support
services remains unclear. China also has broad ranging public awareness campaigns on humantrafficking, but these efforts are yet to be targeted to specific industries or high-risk populations.
China’s criminal justice response to modern slavery remains inadequate. Men cannot be legally
recognised as trafficking victims,35 victim legal services are largely provided by NGOs, there is noevidence of a specialised law enforcement unit to investigate cases, and the government does notprovide data on law enforcement efforts.36 But there are signs of change. In April 2014, the Ministryof Human Resources expressed commitment to ratify ILO’s Forced Labour Conventions No. 29
and 105, key international legal standards for the elimination of forced labour.37

102.

Voice of America, “China: Small Legal Battle
in China Challenges Labor Camp System”,
Asia News Monitor, July 23, 2013, accessed
14/08/14: http://www.voanews.com/content/
small-legal-battle-in-china-challenges-laborcamp-system/1704989.html

103.

BRAZIL
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 155,300

Index Rank

143

Government response to modern slavery BB
Vulnerability to modern slavery 34.6%
Population 200,361,925
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $15,034

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

155,300

Government
Response

BB

Vulnerability

34.6%

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery

Tens of thousands of Brazilians within Brazil are subjected to forced labour and sexual exploitation.
In 2013, the sector with the highest number of official findings of slave labour was the urban
construction industry.1 Forced labour is also prevalent in the agriculture sector, where men inparticular are trapped in debt bondage in farming activities. This includes clearing of land especiallyfor raising cattle, crops and plantations (such as soy bean, coffee, orange, cocoa, tea). Cases of forced
labour in logging for timber and charcoal manufacturing have been identified, but to a lesser extent.
Limited opportunities and financial hardship in rural areas forces unskilled internal migrants to seek
employment in high risk industries. In 2011, there were also 6.7 million domestic workers among
the country’s 201 million people.2 Despite civil society and the media playing a critical role inmobilising action on domestic child labour, high numbers of children working as domestic workers
in wealthy urban homes persists.3 As of 2013, 258,000 children between the ages of ten and 17 were
working in domestic service.4
Brazil attracted billions of dollars of investment as the host of the 2014 World Cup, with allegations
that this gave rise to conditions of forced labour on several construction projects.5 For the first timein 2013, the number of workers rescued from forced labour in civil construction (38 percent) was
higher than those rescued from exploitation in agricultural activities, such as, farming and ranching.6
High levels of tourism in host cities, coupled with weak law enforcement in tourism hotspots, arelinked with commercial sexual exploitation.7 Fortaleza, in particular, is a hotspot for sexual abuse ofchildren by travelling sex offenders.
Brazil’s relatively strong economy8 attracts vast numbers of foreign workers, Bolivians in particular are
unable to form unions, and often have limited knowledge of Portuguese.9 High numbers of Peruvians
and Bolivians are exploited in the garment industry. More than half of the 100,000 Bolivian migrant
workers in Brazil have entered the country via irregular channels and are therefore easily manipulatedwith violence, threats of deportation, and debt bondage.10

Beef
Brazil nuts11
Mined minerals including
gold, copper and tin12
Tailoring/textiles13

Government Response

Brazil has a progressive business engagement response to modern slavery, in particular throughpolicies on supply chain transparency. Many companies are taking proactive steps to address slavery
in their supply chain by uniting under the National Pact for the Eradication of Slave Labour.14 At
the end of 2013, 380 corporations, accounting for 30 percent of Brazil’s gross national product, hadsigned onto the Pact.15
Members of the Pact use the government’s bi-annual lista suja or dirty list as a tool to help identify
suppliers with evidence of slavery in their supply chains.16 Companies identified on the lista suja are
not eligible for financial credit and face economic and legal sanctions. The register currently has 609
corporations and individuals listed.17 Further strengthening Brazil’s strong business engagement are
the new anti-corruption laws imposing liability on corporations as well as individuals.

General shelter, medical aid and counselling is provided to trafficking victims through governmentrun centres, but they are underfunded and there are no specialised services available for victims offorced labour or sex trafficking.21 There is a notable gap in follow up assistance and ongoing support
for both domestic and foreign victims. An important exception is a vocational training programme
which is underway in the state of Mato Grosso.22
Mobile inspection squads, part of the Ministry of Labour, are the main enforcement bodies
identifying forced labour victims and releasing them. In 2013, 2,254 workers were rescued bySpecial Mobile Groups of Inspection.23

Image – Leonardo Sakamoto/Reporter Brasil

Index rank 143

Government awareness initiatives have resulted in the number of public reporting of humantrafficking increasing significantly in 2013.24 Identification of victims by law enforcement however,remains weak, particularly for those exploited for sexual exploitation.
Vulnerability

Unsustainable agricultural practices, emphasising large scale monoculture production, in rural areasthat displace communities and limit local livelihood options, drives unskilled men and women to
migrate for work, seeking employment in the informal economy. Many of these workers live in
disadvantaged favelas, or slums, on the outskirts of cities.
Economic growth in Brazil has drawn unskilled migrants from neighbouring countries, particularly
Bolivia, who find work as labourers in textile factories.25 These individuals can be vulnerable
to exploitation.
Large scale construction projects for the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics has
attracted, and will continue to attract migrant workers.
Recommendations

Government
Ratify and Implement the Domestic Workers Convention C189.
Ratify PO29 – Protocol of 2014 to the ILO Forced Labour Convention.
●● Develop and fund shelters specifically for victims of modern slavery.
●● Grant temporary visas for foreign victims of forced labour.
●● Develop a standard operating procedures for police on victim identification.
●● Develop and fund realistic and appropriate livelihood reintegration programmes including accessto land for rescued victims of slave labourers to promote alternative forms of employment andprevent re-trafficking.
●● Develop or strengthen State commissions against slave labour or equivalent programmes in all 26
states of Brazil.
●●●●

Business
Major companies – particularly those relying on products known to have been implicated in slave
labour in Brazil – should sign and participate in the National Pact to Eradicate Slave Labour.
●● Work with suppliers to ensure victims of modern slavery receive due compensation, including theunder or non-payment of wages and excessive recruitment fees.
●● Conduct supply chain mapping exercise regarding suppliers and sub suppliers in Brazil to identify
high risk suppliers and take preventive action.
●●“A group of landless migrant
workers were offered a job by amiddleman on two remote farms
in the state of Pará, Brazil. For
six months they were forced
to work, controlled by gunmen
and not paid. Upon being
rescued, the men have become
advocates for other exploited
labourers in rural Brazil.Withother local migrant families
who had suffered exploitation,
they formed an association thatspearheaded an educational
process about their rights andhow to avoid situations of
exploitation on farms. Overa period of five years, withsupport of Comissão Pastoralda Terra, 40 families managed
to be settled on a block of landin Monsenhor Gil, state of
Piauí, through the Federal Land
Reform Scheme.They were able
to build houses, cultivate theirown crops and improve their
quality of life free from risky
migration and forced labour.”
Account contributed by Comissão
Pastoral da Terra (CPT or Pastoral
Land Commission), Walk Free
partner in Brazil.

In May 2014, the government passed a constitutional amendment ruling that a person orproperty owner can have their property confiscated by the Government if found to be illegally
exploiting workers.18
Brazil is making significant efforts to strengthen victim support services, through migrant outposts
in hotspot areas and social assistance programmes ‘social assistance programmes.19 In April 2013,
the Brazilian Congress passed an amendment to the country’s constitution to give domestic workers
the same rights as workers in other sectors.20
104.

105.

UNITED STATES
Index rank 145
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 60,100

Index Rank

145

Government response to modern slavery BBB
Vulnerability to modern slavery 19.9%
Population 316,128,839
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $53,143

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

60,100Government
Response

BBB

Vulnerability

19.9%

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Agricultural products –citrus fruits, sheep
and cattle, forestry23

The United States (US) is a destination of exploitation for both US citizens and foreign nationals,
predominately from Mexico, the Philippines, Thailand, Honduras, Guatemala, India and El
Salvador.1 Men, women and children are exploited as forced labourers, and in the commercial sex
industry. In 2013, potential modern slavery cases were reported in fifty states of the US.2 Victims
of forced labour have been identified in domestic work3 and home healthcare4, the food service
industry,5 construction6 and agriculture,7 nursing,8 factories and garment-manufacturing,9 beautysalons,10 janitorial services,11 and travelling sales crews, among other sectors.
The trafficking of documented12 and undocumented immigrants from Latin Americancountries and parts of Asia for work in low, semi – and unskilled jobs is particularly problematic.
Undocumented immigrants are exploited as seasonal farm-hands, landscapers, janitors, cleaners,
and food handlers, among other occupations.13 Recent research investigating exploitative labour
practices indicates that as many as 31 percent of the undocumented Spanish speaking migrantlabourers in San Diego County have been trafficked.14
Marginalised children and young people in the US, particularly those without a secure family
network, are particularly vulnerable to modern slavery. Studies and testimonies indicate that children
in foster care are sometimes exploited for the federal stipend provided to their caregivers.15 This
abuse often drives them out into the streets, where they are extremely vulnerable to commercial
sexual exploitation, as well as exploitative labour situations. A recent study by a local NGO in New
York found some young people it served had previously been trafficked.16
Research reports17 and media accounts18 are increasingly drawing attention to the prevalence offorced marriage in the US. A national survey conducted in 2011 reported as many as 3,000 casesof forced marriage in two years, some involving girls as young as 13.19 Victims are often compelled,
by force, fraud or coercion, to marry men from overseas, or forced to sponsor a fiancé or spouse tocome to the US.20 Despite the deprivation of liberty and grave physical, psychological and sexual
abuse associated with forced marriage, federal efforts to combat this crime remain lax and awarenesscampaigns and support services do not meet the complex needs of victims.21 An August 2014
resolution from the American Bar Association urgently called for federal, state, territorial, local andtribal governments to enact new laws to prevent forced marriage.22
Government Response

The United States takes a strong policy and action oriented stance against modern slavery. In thepast year, 37 states passed new laws to fight human trafficking,24 whilst the US President’s Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (PITF) released the first Federal‘Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States 20132017’ to unify federal human trafficking service provision and enhance collaboration to address
service gaps.25 Despite extensive, nation-wide developments in legislative protections and combative
policies since 2013, funding for projects and sufficient support for victims is still insufficient.26
Victim support programmes are disproportionately orientated to supporting women and children
who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation,27 leaving victims of forced labour withlimited access to services and protection.28 Exploited migrant workers frequently face disparate
access due to the politicisation of immigration policies.29

There is a clear need for a victim-centred approach to investigation and prosecution of trafficking
crimes. A high threshold to prove labour trafficking cases, as well as judges’ and prosecutors’ lack ofknowledge on labour trafficking, means that many individuals complicit in these cases are charged
for lesser offences such as visa fraud or wage or hour violations.30 New laws enacted in 2013
acknowledged that criminal punishment of persons forced into commercial sex causes further harmto them.31 However, there were still reports of victims of modern slavery being arrested and charged
with federal trafficking – related crimes.32 Children who have experienced commercial sexual
exploitation have also faced criminalisation.33 Although federal legislation prohibits the commercial
sexual exploitation of children,34 only 15 states have fully implemented ‘safe harbour laws’, which
recognise that children in commercial sexual exploitation are not criminals or delinquents. An
additional seven states have partially implemented these as of 2014.35
The US is one of the few countries that is focusing specifically on the link between business andmodern slavery. The California Transparency in Supply Chains Act requires that companies disclose
the actions they are taking to tackle slavery in their supply chains. The Executive Order (EO) 13627
Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts also strengthens the
US Government’s zero tolerance policy on human trafficking in government contracting.36 While
the political will exists, more must be done to ensure that companies are provided with adequate
guidance allowing them to implement effective programmes to prevent modern slavery in their
supply chains.
Vulnerability

The increase of instability in Central America – in gang violence, high murder and domestic abuserates, economic volatility and endemic poverty37 – contributes to people seeking better living andeconomic conditions in the US.38 The rising rate of unaccompanied children attempting to crossthe border, a leap from 4,059 children in 2011 to 43,933 in the first nine months of 2014,39 is, as
described by President Obama, an “urgent humanitarian situation”.40 The United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees for the United States and the Caribbean recently reported the criticalneed for in-depth research into these children’s experiences of and vulnerability to trafficking andforced labour, both on their journey to the border and within the US.41 Any proposed changes tothe 2008 amendments to the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorisation Act (TVPRA)42 would
place these children at risk of further exploitation upon their return.43

A survivor ’s account“By the time I was 11 years
old I was being sold to men
for sex by an older teenage
boy from one of the grouphomes that I had been living
in. I was repeatedly beaten if I
either refused to work or I did
not make enough money formy pimp. The trauma of thisvictimization that I suffered formany years made it very hardfor me to see myself as morethan a sexual object for theperverted pleasures of men. It
took many difficult years to
finally get to a place in my lifethat I could become a thriving
member of society.”
Account contributed by a US
male survivor of commercial
sexual exploitation.

Although modern slavery is a crime that affects people of all races, nationalities, genders, and ages,
across America, discrimination against some minority groups, such as people with disabilities,
Indigenous women and children, and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LBGTQ)
persons, makes these individuals particularly vulnerable. The over-representation of Indigenous
children in foster care and Indigenous women’s disproportionate experience of domestic violenceand sexual assault, compounds their vulnerability to enslavement.44 Indigenous immigrants fromCentral America also face obstacles in accessing justice due to language barriers.45
Recommendations

Government
Ensure safe harbour laws are extended to all states, and recognise that children who experience
commercial sexual exploitation, and labour exploitation, are protected from prosecution.
●● Systematically obtain and confidentially maintain data on prosecutions, victim identification, anddifferent types of slavery across all states.
●● Require screening of children entering the child welfare system for indicators of trafficking.
●● Do not amend the TVPRA of 2008 by reducing protections for unaccompanied children fleeing
violence in Central America.
●● Increase funding for protective services for victims of modern slavery.
●●

Business●●

Identify high-risk products in your supply chain and join industry groups, such as the Better
Cotton Initiative to streamline policy approaches with industry standards.
Personal communication

106.

107.

AUSTRALIA
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 3,000

Index Rank

153

Government response to modern slavery BBB
Vulnerability to modern slavery 11.5%
Population 23,130,900
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $43,550

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

3,000

Government
Response

BBB

Vulnerability

11.5%

Australia’s modern slavery problem consists of men, women and children subject to forced labour,commercial sexual exploitation, and early and child marriage. Nationals from across the Asia Pacificand South-East Asia are trafficked into Australia for forced labour in construction, agriculture,
hospitality, domestic service and the sex industry.1 Because of Australia’s geographical isolation andstrict migration controls, many victims enter Australia legally on tourist, business, spouse, student
and skilled work (457) visas, but upon arrival, may be forced into exploitative labour as part of debt
bondage situations2, or coerced into exploitative labour when threatened with deportation.3
Since human trafficking, slavery and slavery-like practices were criminalized, the majority ofconvictions recorded have been in the commercial sex industry. However in 2013, Australia
recorded a case of debt-bondage of four Filipino men who were forced into unpaid domestic
labour,4 as well as, the first conviction of trafficking in children for the purpose of sexual
exploitation.5 From 1 January – 30 June 2014, a higher proportion of victims were found insituations of modern slavery other than sexual exploitation,6 which may indicate increased efforts to
identify victims in other sectors.

While victim support services in Australia are largely delivered and funded by NGOs, between
2008 and 2013, the Australian Government provided $US 535,083 to four organisations to provide
outreach for trafficking victims and conduct education and awareness raising activities on humantrafficking and modern slavery. The funding was provided under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.20
Australia continued to show regional leadership in tackling modern slavery by dedicating $US50
million to the five year Australia-Asia Program to Combat Trafficking in Persons (AAPTIP).21 In
2013, the government also committed to ensuring that public supply chains are free of modern
slavery through amendments to government procurement policies,22 however, concrete steps are yet
to be taken to implement this policy.
Australia has failed to finalise and launch the National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking
and Slavery, which has been in development since 2012. The government reported it continued
to collaborate and consult with key stakeholders throughout 2013-201423 on the plan however, notimeframe for its release has been publicly shared.
Vulnerability

Almost all victims of modern slavery to date have been from outside Australia, with many entering
legally and then subject to severe forms of exploitation and possible forms of slavery by theiremployers. There are approximately 1.2 million temporary migrants in Australia, which includes
international students, working holiday makers, skilled visa holders and New Zealand citizens.24
While reforms have recently been adopted to address some vulnerabilities, restricted working
hours for those on student visas, the temporary nature of many visas, and reliance on workplacesponsorship leaves many migrants at risk of situations of exploitation.25

Early child and forced marriage has recently been noted as a growing concern in Australia,7 withevidence of child marriage8 and partner migration arrangements leaving victims trapped in slavelike situations reported this year.9 NGOs report that at least 60 children were in forced marriages inSouth-West Sydney alone, and over 250 cases of child marriages were identified over two years.10
NGOs have identified that some cultural and religious groups throughout Australia still practicechild marriage. As a result Australian residents have been taken overseas to be married, children
under the age of 18 are subject to cultural or religious marriages, and asylum seekers are married
under traditional law.11

Concerns have been raised about the Australian inter-country adoption scheme presenting risks forchild trafficking,26 with reports of children kidnapped in India having been adopted in Australia.27
Dutch NGO Against Child Trafficking, raised concerns of child trafficking with the AustralianGovernment about children from India, China, Ethiopia and Colombia being trafficked for
adoption in Australia.28 Australia has suspended inter-country adoption programmes with a numberof countries in light of trafficking concerns.29

Government Response

Recommendations

The Government of Australia sustains a strong stance against modern slavery, with continued
criminal justice efforts, financial support for NGOs offering victim support, and regional leadershipand collaboration.12 In 2013, the passing of the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Slavery, Slaverylike Conditions and People Trafficking) Act 2013 strengthened Australia’s ability to prosecuteoffenders by introducing new offences of forced marriage and harbouring a victim, and amending
definitions to capture subtle forms of coercion such as psychological oppression.13 The Crimes
Legislation Amendment (Law Enforcement Integrity,Vulnerable Witness Protection and Other
Measures) Act 2013 was also passed to improve protection of victims and increase their participationin prosecutions, including by allowing victims and witnesses to testify via video link and have a
support person with them.14

Government

In 2013, in response to reports that the employer-sponsorship arrangements for migrant workers
created vulnerabilities to modern slavery, the government reformed the 457 (skilled worker) visa
scheme to improve protections for workers,15 introduced an infringement notice and non-fault civil
penalty provisions to deter employers from exploiting migrant workers, and introduced an online
visa verification portal to provide up to date information on the validity of a person’s work visa.16
This robust legal framework has supported an increase in the number of investigations andprosecutions, with 30 investigations commenced in the first half of 2014, and five trafficking-related
matters before the Australian courts, involving ten defendants.17 Many of these cases are discoveredby the specialist human trafficking unit within the Australian Federal Police, who continued toinvestigate and prosecute cases of modern slavery.18 Despite the value of a dedicated modern slavery
108.

unit, the Salvation Army – one of the largest NGOs supporting victims in Australia – reported thatawareness among frontline personnel and the broader community is limited, potentially allowing
victims to ‘fall through the cracks’.19

Sign ILO Convention 189, and ensure domestic workers have full access to legal rights andremedies under Australian law.
●● Remove the cooperation requirement for children aged 17 years and under to ensure children
have access to support services without having to report to police.
●● Reform the visa framework that supports victims of trafficking in Australia to ensure they are notstigmatized, their privacy is respected and access to services is based on need, not visa type.
●● Address income support issues to enable victims to support themselves and prevent return toexploitative employment conditions.
●● Implement the Government Procurement Guidelines to ensure that Government supply chains do
not use modern slavery.
●●

Image – Getty Images

Index rank 153“I came to Australia to work as
a domestic worker and the family
that brought me here, I know
them back in my country.They
helped me to make my passport,
do my visa and arranged
everything for me to come here.
And I trusted them because theyknew me for more than a year
in my country… I started workat 7 o’clock in the morning andended at 9.30 or 10 o’clock. And
I was not paid. Never. I was notallowed to go out… it was almost
3 years I had no medical care. I
asked a lady help and she called
immigration.”
Sandra, a domestic work from the
Pacific Islands exploited in Australia.

The Freedom Partnership to End Modern
Slaver, “Modern Day Slavery featured
on studio 10”, March 14, 2014, accessed
24/09/14: https://www.facebook.com/photo.
php?v=230543413815457

109.

THE NETHERLANDS
Index rank 154
Estimated number of people in modern slavery 2,200

Index Rank

154

Government response to modern slavery AA
Vulnerability to modern slavery 11.4%
Population 16,804,224
GDP (PPP) per capita (Int$) $43,404

Prevalence

Numbers
Enslaved

2,200

Government
ResponseAA

Vulnerability

11.4%

Products known
to be produced
using modern slavery
Shipping or
inland shipping12
Shrimp processing13

As a country with a strong coordinated response to modern slavery, national statistics are available toprovide insight into the identified cases of modern slavery. In 2012, of the 1,711 registered potential
victims1 in Netherlands, 71 percent (1,216) experienced some form of sexual exploitation.2
Although adults make up the majority of possible victims, 212 minors were identified as sexually
exploited outside of the commercial sex industry, most of which were Dutch girls between 15-17
years old.3 This growing trend, commonly referred to as a “loverboy” scam, is an internal formof trafficking whereby the victim, often young school aged girls, forms what they believe is aromantic relationship with a man online, only to be tricked into commercial sexual exploitation
upon meeting them in person.4 The Dutch Rapporteur on Human Trafficking has called for theadolescent victims of these scams to be recognised in full as victims of human trafficking in order toaccess the full range of victim services available.5
In 2012, 25 percent of all registered potential victims were Dutch, followed by Bulgarians,
Hungarians and Romanians, with a quarter from African countries including Nigeria, Sierra
Leone and Guinea.6 In the same year, of the 311 suspected offenders 45 percent were from theNetherlands, followed by eight percent from Hungary and Bulgaria respectively.7
A focus on trafficking for sexual exploitation has resulted in little known information about modern
slavery in other sectors, namely forced labour. Approximately one third of all exploitation, affecting
257 possible victims in 2012, occurred in other industries, namely agriculture and horticulture(91), followed by shipping or inland shipping (29), hospitality (15),8 au pair arrangements, domestic
work and cleaning.9 Instances of forced labour have been recorded among migrant workers who
receive below minimum wage, are made to live in cramped conditions, work long hours, havetheir passports and other documents confiscated, are subject to threats and blackmail, are forced to
pay debts and fines to employers, and have their freedom of movement restricted, even when notworking.10 In 2012 an investigation of inland shipping vessels uncovered Filipino workers exploited
on sham contracts and paid a monthly wage of $US400.11
Government Response

The Government of the Netherlands’ approach to addressing modern slavery is the mostcomprehensive in Europe and the world. The Government’s commitment is reflected in the newLaw on the National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against
Children passed in November 2013, which codifies the independent status of the Rapporteur.14
Along with other measures, including a National Taskforce on Human Trafficking, a National
Action Plan and the referral organisation CoMensha, the government has exhibited strong
coordination and accountability. However, with a greater diversity of victims of modern slavery
emerging, there are calls for a National Referral Mechanism to set out a clear process and divisionof tasks among agencies.15
The Dutch Government is proactive in wide-ranging efforts to prevent and identify modern
slavery victims. In 2010, for example, information on the signs and types of labour exploitation
were placed in free local newspapers distributed in regions with a high population of migrant
workers in agricultural and horticulture sectors.16 From July 2012 to April 2013, the Department of
Safety and Justice ran a campaign to encourage sex industry customers to identify and report signsof human trafficking in the industry. A sub-campaign, Schijn bedriegt (Appearances are deceptive)
targeted online purchasers.17 During the operation period from July 2012 to April 2013 there was a
76 percent increase in the number of potential cases of forced labour reported, with tips leading to110.

the arrest of 12 human traffickers and the conclusion of four cases.18 In addition, there has been an
increase in the number of potential Eastern European victims intercepted at airports.19
The Netherlands is one of six European countries to legalise the sex industry. This policy aims
to regulate the usually clandestine industry and provide greater health and social security toworkers. In an attempt to regularise the sex industry, nearly all of the 25 regional police forces
have Prostitution Supervision Teams (PST) and 17 have a permanent investigation team on humantrafficking.20 Yet the policy still differs according to municipality, which makes it easier for traffickers
to exploit women for commercial sex in different localities across the country.21 For example theCity of Amsterdam has increased the minimum age for sex workers from 18 to 21 years of age. This
is not applicable in other municipalities but a national law is pending in parliament. 22 The overall
effectiveness of the stance adopted by the Netherlands to legalise and regulate the sex industry ishighly contentious and still debated.23
There remains a need to increase responses to forced labour in other sectors.24 In 2013, theInspectorate of Social Affairs and Employment (SZW) conducted 4,930 inspections among 7,362
employers investigating fair work conditions.25 From these inspections and reports, 582 workers, manyof whom were migrants working illegally, were found to be earning less than the minimum wage.
Vulnerability

Progressive human rights and democratic principles protect Dutch citizens from modern slavery.
However, with exploitation in the commercial sex industry continuing, the government is
attempting to mitigate the risk from different angles, including through the registration of workers.
Workers in the sex industry are now required to speak either Dutch, English, German or Spanish sothey have greater chance of seeking help.26 This does little, however, to address the vulnerability ofpotential Dutch victims, including young girls susceptible to loverboy scams.
The abuse of migrant workers has occurred through temporary employment agencies that have beenfound placing migrant workers – mostly from Eastern Europe, but also from China – in exploitative
conditions27 in the Netherlands. Economic difficulties, staff shortages, and the offshore and hidden
nature of work has created the conditions for labour exploitation in the inland shipping sector.
Recommendations

Government
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment should develop an action plan on addressing
forced labour outside of the sex industry, including increasing the capacity of Labour Inspectors to
conduct onsite inspections.
●● Create a National Referral Mechanism that sets clear guidelines and responsibilities to protect all
victims of modern slavery.
●● Continue to work with foreign governments through the provision of overseas development funds
and resources to enhance their skills and capacity to respond to modern slavery.
●●

A survivor ’s account“I am Iva from Bulgaria andI am a victim of trafficking. I
was in a two-year relationshipwith my boyfriend back in
Bulgaria when he told me I
could find a good job in the
Netherlands.
My family was poor. I did nothave a job. I was 16. I agreed.
I trusted him.
When I arrived in the
Netherlands, a woman was
supposed to wait for me, butthere were two men.They
brought me to an unknown
place, raped me, took mypassport away.The pimp
had my working papers
made.They forced me into
prostitution, saying that if I
refused they would kill myfamily. So I started to work. I
wanted to leave but I couldn’t.
They had photographs of mewith the clients and they said
that they would show them tomy parents. So I continued forfive years.”Iva, recounting her story to
the Parliamentary Assembly
Network Women Free from
Violence.

Business●●

Business transporting goods via inland shipping should investigate the labour conditions ofseafarers to ensure contracts are legitimate and work conditions abide by international standards.

José Mendes Bota, Prostitution, trafficking
and modern slavery in Europe, (Council ofEurope Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on
Equality and Non-Discrimination March 20,2014), p. 7, accessed 08/09/14: http://www.
assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en

111.

Appendices

Image – Redux Images

103

APPENDIX 1 – Terminology

APPENDIX 2 – Methodology

Underlying concepts

Estimating Prevalence

Walk Free Foundation’s (WFF) concept of modern slavery covers a number of terms defined in international law and legallyin effect through national or state laws in many countries. The key concepts that we attempt to cover and measure are set
out below.

In 2014, the prevalence estimates in the Index are underpinned by two key improvements to our methodology anddata sources:

Slavery

In law, slavery refers to situations where one person has such complete and absolute control over another person, that they
really can treat that person as if they are a piece of property: able to be bought, sold, given away or disposed of.
Term defined in Article 1 1926 Slavery Convention.
Human trafficking

In law, human trafficking refers to three constituent elements:
The Act: Recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring or receiving a person; throughThe Means:Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments
or benefits to a person in control of the victim; for●● The Purpose: Exploitation which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery orsimilar practices, and the removal of organs.
●●●●

1. The inclusion of new data from nationally representative, random sample surveys of prevalence of modern slavery in sevencountries: Brazil, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Russia.
2. Systematic identification of ‘empirical’ sources for 58 countries.This process provided additional data to inform theprevalence estimates, and a point of reference against which to check the validity of estimates.
A full write up of the methodology for estimating prevalence is available on the Global Slavery Index website. In summary,the process involved the following stages:
Identification of secondary source estimates
Random sample surveys●● Extrapolation from survey data to 167 countries●● Country level adjustments●●●●

Where the victim is a child (under 18), there is no requirement of coercive means. It is sufficient if the child is both
recruited, for example, and exploited through one of the recognized forms of exploitation (e.g.: slavery, organ removal, sexual
exploitation, etc).

STAGE 1
Commission surveys

STAGE 2Compile datafrom other random
sample surveys

STAGE 3Extrapolation

STAGE 4
Country-leveladjustments

Term defined in Article 3 UN Trafficking Protocol.
Forced labour

In law, “forced labour” refers to work or service that is taken from a person under the menace of penalty and for which
the person has not offered himself voluntarily. Excluded from this definition are compulsory military service, normal civil
obligations, penalties imposed by a court action taken in an emergency, and minor communal services.

Group byvulnerability

Term defined in Article 2 ILO Convention on Forced Labour

Regional
adjustments

Review ofsecondary source
estimates

Debt bondage

In law, “debt bondage” refers to a worker pledging their labour, or the labour of others under their control as security for adebt; and either the real value of the work undertaken is never applied to paying off the debt, or the length and nature of thework that has to be undertaken to repay the debt is never properly limited or defined.
Forced or servile marriage

In law, “forced marriage” or “servile marriage” refers to situations where any person, without the right to refuse, is promised
or given in marriage on payment of consideration to her family or guardian; or the spouse, family or clan of a person has
the right to transfer her to another person for value received; or a person on death of their spouse is liable to be inherited byanother.
Term defined in 1956 Slavery Convention, Article 1(c)The situation of child marriage as forced marriage is not always clear cut. Where children are under the age of 16, it isvery likely that any “marriage” is forced as children of this age are unlikely to be able to meaningfully consent to marriage.
However, where the situation involves, for example, children who are 16 and 17, who marry with their own consent and theconsent of their parents, this will not necessarily constitute forced marriage. But if consent of either child is not present, thiswould constitute forced marriage.
Sale or exploitation of children

In law, “sale or exploitation of children” refers to situations where children (under 18) are:Transferred by one person to another for remuneration or other consideration; and/orUsed in sexual activities for remuneration or other consideration; and/or●● Forcibly or compulsorily recruited for use in armed conflict.
●●●●

Terms defined in Article 2 CRC Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, and Article 3 ILO Convention on Worst Forms ofChild Labour.
114.

Identification of secondary source estimates
For the 2014 Global Slavery Index, background secondary source information was collected covering the previous ten years
for 58 countries.
This systematic literature review involved the following key points for quality control: literature searches were undertaken
systematically, using an agreed research protocol; the review only included ‘quality sources’ – that is, sources that are either
based on primary data and with an explicit methodology, or that are themselves administrative datasets; and all sources that
included an estimate were assessed and stored in a database.104
Over 4,000 secondary sources were collected over a six-month period. The process identified a great deal of usefuladministrative data and several data points from random sample surveys.
The WFF research team located surveys already conducted in: Namibia;105 Eastern Europe (Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova,
Romania & Ukraine);106 Niger;107 the Democratic Republic of the Congo;108 and Haiti.109 Table 1 presents the total numberof people in modern slavery as reported in each survey, the total population of the relevant countries, and the estimatedproportion of the population of each country in modern slavery.
A more detailed methodology paper can be downloaded from the Global Slavery Index website – http://www.gallup.com/strategicconsulting/156923/worldwide-research-methodology.
aspx. Detailed country-level information which sets out sample sizes, data collection dates, languages used, mode of interviewing, sample exclusions, and margin of error, is also available
online http://www.gallup.com/strategicconsulting/128171/Country-Data-Set-Details-May-2010.aspx
104
The results of this analysis will be available on the website.
105“Namibia Child Activities Survey”, (Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, Directorate of Labour and Market Services, 2005), ISBN: 978-086976-787-0
106
Julia R. Pennington, A. Dwayne Ball, Ronald D. Hampton, & Julia N. Soulakova, “The Cross-National Market in Human Beings,”, Journal of Macromarketing 2009 29:119, http://jmk.
sagepub.com/content/29/2/119.short
107
Enquete Nationale sur le Travail des Enfants au Niger, (International Labour Organization, 2009), accessed 23/09/14.
108
Kirsten Johnson, Jennifer Scott, Bigy Rughita, Michael Kisielewski, Jana Asher & Ricardo Ong, “Association of Sexual Violence and Human Rights Violations with Physical and Mental
Health in Territories of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo”, Journal of the American Medical Association 2010,Vol. 304, No. 5
109
US Agency for International Development, Lost Childhoods in Haiti: Quantifying Child Trafficking, Restaveks & Victims of Violence, (Pan American Development Foundation & Haiti
Mission, 2009), accessed 23/09/14.
103

115.

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

Additional Survey Estimates of the Enslaved

Sample size and exclusions across WFF survey countries
Estimated number of people
in modern slavery

Population

Proportion of the populationin modern slavery

Niger

114,105

15,302,948

0.007456

Belarus12,504

10,293,011

0.001215

Bulgaria

28,046

7,385,367

0.003798

Moldova

41,8184,466,706

0.009362

Romania

25,24622,303,552

0.001132

Ukraine115,662

46,710,816

0.002476

1,104,100

60,486,276

0.018254

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Haiti

225,000

9,765,153

0.023041

Namibia

20,8862,303,315

0.0090678

Sample size

Excluded area as% of population

Pakistan

1000

5.0

Indonesia

1000

None

Brazil1007

None

Nigeria1000

4.5

Three states of the North East region (Adamawa, Borno andYobe)

Ethiopia

1004

3.4

Six of the nine Zones of the Somali region (Degehabur,
Warder, Korahe, Fik, Gode, Afder)

Nepal

1050

Russia2000

The full secondary source methodology and findings are available online www.globalslaveryindex.org

Excluded areas
Province of Gilgit Baltistan, Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK)

None
7Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Chukotsk regions, Chechnya,
Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adygeya, Kabardino-Balkaria,
Karachaevo-Cherkessie, North Ossetia

WFF random sample surveys
In 2014, WFF partnered with Gallup Inc. to conduct surveys in seven countries – Brazil, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Nepal, Nigeria,
Russia and Pakistan. These countries were chosen for the following reasons:Household surveys work best in ‘source’ countries where migrant workers are free to speak after having returned;
To ensure regional representation so that the surveys could facilitate extrapolation; and●● To plug current gaps in survey data.
●●●●

Methodology
Together with the Expert Working Group and Gallup Inc., WFF developed a series of questions designed to elicit
information about experiences of modern slavery, which were added to the Gallup World Poll in 2014. The World Pollsurvey data are representative of 95 percent of the world’s adult population. Face to face or telephone surveys110 are
conducted across households111 in more than 160 countries and in over 140 languages. A detailed description of the World
Poll methodology is available online112, however some of the key aspects of the methodology include:
The target population is the entire civilian, non-institutionalised population, aged 15 and older.
●● With the exception of areas which are scarcely populated or present a threat to the safety of interviewers, samples areprobability based and nationally representative.
●● The questionnaire is translated into the major languages of each country.
●● In-depth training is conducted with field staff and a standardised training manual is provided.
●● Quality control procedures ensure that correct samples are selected and the correct person is randomly selected in eachhousehold.
●●

Table 2 sets out the sample sizes and coverage in each of the WFF survey countries. A fuller report on population coverageand sampling design can be obtained online www.globalslaveryindex.org

To partly address the limitations of a census framework when the target population is largely hidden, the WFF survey
questions were based on a network sampling frame. That is, it was decided to use “family” rather than “household” as thereference group, in order to increase the likelihood of identifying victims in a random sample survey.
Developing the questions
An initial set of questions which sought to capture a range of scenarios that could be classified as modern slavery were drafted.
The questions focused on isolating situations where an individual’s freedom had been restricted in order to exploit them.
Cognitive testing of the Walk Free Foundation’s questions in six countries (Indonesia, Nepal, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Russia,
and Pakistan) showed that respondents generally understood the questions, recalled the information being sought, wanted
to provide the information, and could respond in the format required. Testing highlighted some specific issues that led toredefining the family as “immediate” family; improving clarity of questions, and introducing follow up questions about formsof coercion and consent to marry, in order to filter out false positives.
The final questions were:
Have you or has anyone in your immediate family ever been forced to work by an employer?
Have you or has anyone in your immediate family ever been forced to work by an employer to repay a debt
with that employer?
●● Have you or has anyone in your immediate family ever been offered one kind of work, but then were forced to dosomething else and not allowed to leave?
●● Have you or has anyone in your immediate family ever been forced to marry?
●●●●

Where a respondent answered yes to any of these four questions on behalf of themselves or an immediate family member,they were then asked a series of follow up questions to capture more information about the experience, including when andwhere the experience occurred. A copy of the full survey instrument is available online www.globalslaveryindex.org
What we counted
The questions were designed to gather as much information as possible about experiences within the sample of modern
slavery, however decisions had to be made about cut off points. In simple terms, estimates of modern slavery based on the
WFF surveys represent:
respondents who, either in relation to their own experience, or on behalf of a family member, answered ‘yes’
to any of the forced labour questions AND had been coerced, or●● to the forced marriage question AND ‘no’ to the follow up question asking if they consented.
●● experiences of modern slavery which occurred in the five years preceding the survey.
●●●●

Countries for the WFF survey were selected from those where face to face interviewing was an option.
To be eligible, a household has to have its own cooking facilities, which could be anything from a standing stove in the kitchen to a small fire in the courtyard.
112
http://www.gallup.com/strategicconsulting/156923/worldwide-research-methodology.aspx
110
111

116.

117.

Results

The extrapolation process then followed the following steps:

In addition to data for the seven survey countries, data from the WFF surveys in Ethiopia and Nepal revealed significant
numbers of Ethiopians and Nepalese persons who had experienced modern slavery in Qatar, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia. A
conservative estimate of the population in modern slavery in each of these countries was calculated with reference to thetotal employed labour force population. See Table 3 for a list of the data from the WFF random sample surveys.

Countries within each group were ranked according to their mean vulnerability score, from low to high. This aggregatedcountries that are more alike as compared to those that are less alike.

TABLE 3Once this process was concluded, the WFF team examined countries on a case-by-case basis to determine if theextrapolation process corresponded to data collected from secondary source estimates.

Estimated number of people in modern slavery in the general population based on WFF surveys
Est. number of people inmodern slavery

Population

Proportion of the populationin modern slavery

Pakistan

792,000

182,142,594

0.004348242

Indonesia

714,007249,865,631

0.002857564

Brazil155,356

200,361,925

0.000775377

Nigeria

82,467

173,615,345

0.000474998

Ethiopia

137,768

94,100,756

0.001464048

Nepal

228,683

27,797,457

0.0082

Russia1,049,756

143,499,861

0.00731538

Qatar

21,552

1,589,050

0.01356

Saudi Arabia

31,31910,729,123

0.002919

Malaysia1

91,034

13,503,100

0.0048Geography was also important to consider within and among clusters, given that some countries share many similar
attributes that correlate highly with geography.

A final, downward adjustment was made for Small Island Developing States115 in order to ensure that estimates for thesenations erred on the conservative side in light of (in most cases) their remoteness, small but growing populations, limited
resources, susceptibility to natural disasters, and limited potential for economic growth, among other development challenges.
A detailed explanation of the computations for countries within each cluster is available on the Global Slavery Index websites.
To take an example, Cambodia was a country for which no survey data was available. The following steps were taken to
calculate an estimate of modern slavery among the population of that country:
FIGURE 1

Example of extrapolation process for Cambodia

Cambodia fell into group 6, which was primarily characterised by populous, low-income countries.
Two data points were available within this group. An average of the proportion for Niger and Haiti indicated we could
expect about 1% of the population for countries in group 6 to be enslaved.
For some countries we also had survey data from a country in the same geographical region. In this case, a random
sample survey had been conducted in Indonesia and this was incorporated into the final calculation of the proportion
enslaved to reflect regional similarities. The Indonesian data suggested a much lower proportion of the population was
enslaved (0.3%). Given the regional similarities, the data suggested the true figure for Cambodia must lie somewhere
between the two proportions.

Extrapolation process
In total, 19 data points (10 from the WFF surveys, and 9 identified through the secondary source review) were then used as
the foundation from which to extrapolate to the remainder of the 167 countries.
The process of extrapolation is primarily a setting of boundaries. For example, all of the 167 countries studied for the 2014
Global Slavery Index have reported cases of modern slavery. This means that the lowest boundary of our estimates will belarger than zero. At the opposite end of the measures, a country such as Haiti, known to have very large numbers of people
in slavery verified by random sample surveys, helps to set the upper boundary of our estimates.

The proportion ultimately applied to the Cambodian population was weighted towards the data points in group 6
given the large difference in mean vulnerability between Indonesia and Cambodia. It was calculated as follows:= (Indonesia)*0.4 + (Average of Niger + Haiti)*0.6= 0.001143026 + 0.009149254= 0.01029228

In order to make sound decisions regarding the applicability of these 19 data points to the remaining countries, the WF teamfirst grouped countries based on the measures of vulnerability across five dimensions: state stability, discrimination, humanrights, development and slavery policy. A K-means cluster analysis113 was run to group the 167 countries into seven distinctgroups.114 The team then reviewed where the 19 data points fell across these groups (see Table 4), and this became thestarting point for the extrapolation process.

This proportion was then applied to the population (0.01029228 x 15,135,169) which for Cambodia resulted in an
estimated 155,800 people in modern slavery.

TABLE 4

Distribution of data from random sample surveys across the groupsGroup

Random sample surveys

Measuring Government Responses

Number of countries
29

The government plays a critical role in developing and implementing the laws, policies and programmes that are needed
to prevent and respond to modern slavery. To complement prevalence estimates, in 2014 the Index also measures what
governments are doing to respond to modern slavery.

1

None available

2

Namibia

20

3

Brazil, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine

30

4

Nepal, Indonesia, Russia, Belarus, Ethiopia, Nigeria

21

●●
●●

5

Qatar, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia

15

6

Niger, Haiti

35

7

DRC, Pakistan

17

In simple terms, K-means is a statistical method which groups similar items into clusters, ensuring that items not in the same cluster are as different as possible. This is achieved by allocating
an item to the cluster with the nearest centroid, or the mean of the cluster. The cluster’s mean is then recalculated and the process of allocating items to clusters begins again until no items
change groups, or those changes do not make a substantial difference in the definition of clusters
114
The WF research team employed K-means as a clustering algorithm, deciding on the final cluster out of a dozen trials that had the highest Pseudo-F score. Seven was chosen as there wereseven prevalence surveys, and ideally, each survey could be applied to a unique group.

Governments are assessed against their efforts towards meeting the following five goals:
Survivors of modern slavery are identified, supported to exit slavery and remain out of modern slavery.
Criminal justice mechanisms address modern slavery.
●● Coordination and accountability mechanisms for the central government are in place.
●● Attitudes, social systems and institutions that enable modern slavery are addressed.
●● Businesses and governments through their public procurement stop sourcing goods and services that use modern slavery.

113

118.

115

Small Island Developing States (SIDS), United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/events/islands2014/smallislands.shtml.
There were three diversions from this general rule: (1) a similar adjustment was made for Madagascar as it has a socio-economic environment similar to SIDS. (2) While the UN lists
Singapore as a SIDS, it is markedly different to other nations in this list due largely to stronger economic conditions, which is a strong pull factor. (3) No adjustment was made for Haiti.
Although it is recognised as a SIDS, there was high confidence in the existing data point for Haiti which was based on a random sample survey.

119.

Theoretical framework: crime prevention theory

The Index measures what governments are doing to end modern slavery. While broad contextual factors like state stability,
discrimination and overall protection of human rights are critical, crime prevention research also confirms that to reduce theprevalence of crime, including modern slavery, the government needs to:
reduce the opportunity for offenders to commit the crime,●● increase the risks of offending,●● decrease the vulnerability of potential victims,●● increase the capacity of law enforcement and other guardians, and●● address the people or factors that stimulate or facilitate slavery.
●●

Finally, to prevent crime, governments need to create a climate that induces guilt or shame on those who commit the crime,and strengthen the moral condemnation of modern slavery by both local and global communities.116
Development of the conceptual framework
Using this theoretical framework, and drawing on what has been written about effective government responses tomodern slavery117, a conceptual framework was developed to identify the indicators of a strong government response tomodern slavery.
The conceptual framework is organised around the five objectives outlined above, which, if achieved, would ensure thatgovernments are taking every step to address modern slavery. The conceptual framework was developed with input from theExpert Working Group over the course of two meetings. (See Table 5 for the Conceptual Framework).
Process
Government responses were examined in 167 countries. This process was conducted in three key stages; conceptual
framework development, data collection and analysis.

converting this into 3 points, for example, it was noted that the countries who received 2* were biased towards those who
had responded to the survey, or who release public reports in one of the research languages. As such, it was decided that the2* rating would only be used to identify examples of good practice to inform the final Index narrative. By not incorporating
the 2* into the overall score, governments that have not publicly reported on their activities were not penalised.119
Due to the nature of the conceptual framework, activities had varying numbers of indicators, which were rated according to
the following scale:
4/5 indicators: 0= no indicators met; 1= 1 or 2 indicators met; 2= 3 or more indicators met; 2*= all indicators met.
3 indicators: 0= no indicators met; 1= 1 indicator met; 2= 2 or more indicators met; 2*= all indicators met.
●● 2 indicators: 0= no indicators met; 1= 1 indicator met; 2= all indicators met.120
For certain activities, indicators of government complicity, human rights abuses directly linked to slavery and poor practicewere included in the conceptual framework. For example, in the activity ‘the government has made agreements with relevantinternational organisations or governments focusing on victim protection and repatriation’ (activity 3.2 under objective 3),
an indicator that sought to identify if foreign victims are detained and deported was also included. These ‘negative indicators’
were not included in the assessment of whether a government met a particular activity, but were rated separately. Evidence ofhuman rights abuses directly linked to slavery were rated on a negative binary scale of 0 to – 1, again at the activity level. The‘negative indicators’ are labelled ‘NEGATIVE’ in the conceptual framework.
●●●●

As each government was rated at the activity level, the simplest way to fairly compare governments was to aggregate thetotal points score.121 The final government rating was calculated based on the total points allocated for evidence of thegovernment response, minus the points allocated for evidence of human rights abuses, government complicity and poor
practice. These total scores were then converted to ratings based on ten categories, and adjusted so that any countries thatscored negative points were unable to achieve above a BBB rating.

Underpinning the five key goals are 31 activities that were used to determine how well a government is responding tomodern slavery (see conceptual framework). Publicly available information was collected through desk-based research foreach of these activities. Relevant information was identified using 130 indicators as guides, which then helped determine thestrength of the government response.
Governments were given the opportunity to provide information to inform this process, and the overall assessment. In April
2014, a survey was sent to all governments included in the Global Slavery Index requesting information about their response
to modern slavery. Information submitted via these surveys was also included into the data collection template. In addition to
information about what the government is doing well, information about negative aspects of the response, poor practice, andgovernment complicity was also collected. In-country experts were consulted where possible to verify the information andhelp address any gaps. A total of 64 field experts in 60 countries, were contacted and provided direct feedback either throughinterviews or written responses.
Ratings
The activities identified to inform our assessment of the government response was rated on a scale of 0 – 2, with available
information used to determine how many indicators a government met. On this scale, 0 meant no information was
identified or available, or information explicitly demonstrated that the government did not meet any indicators; 1 meant that
one or two of the indicators have been met, while 2 meant that over 50 percent of the indicators have been met.
As the first year that an assessment of government responses was attempted on this scale, it was important to be realistic
about the limits of possible data collection and the likelihood of gaps in our information. For example, limited information
available on some countries where internet access might be low, where governments do not publish their reports online, or
are only published in languages not spoken by our research team,118 or where an independent expert could not be found toverify the information. We did not want to penalize governments where we could not find information. To allow for this, inthe first year governments could receive 2/2 for meeting only 50 per cent of the indicators.
To allow the research to identify good practice in the field, a 2* was included as a rating option for governments who met
more than 50 percent of the indicators. While the WFF research team experimented with including this in the rating, by

Ronald Clarke & Ross Homel, “A Revised Classification of Situational Crime Prevention Techniques”, in Crime Prevention at a Crossroads, ed. (Cincinnati, OH: Andersen, 1997), p. 17 –27.; Paul Ekblom & Nick Tilley, “Going equipped: criminology, situational crime prevention and the resourceful offender”, British Journal of Criminology, 40, 3: (Summer 2000): 376; Klaus
Von Lampe, “The application of the framework of Situational Crime Prevention to ‘organized crime’”, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11 (2011): 145-163.
117
Kevin Bales, Ending Slavery: How we Free Today’s Slaves, (University of California Press, 2007); Anne Gallagher & Paul Holmes, “Developing an Effective Criminal Justice Response to
Human Trafficking: Lessons from the Frontline”, International Criminal Justice Review, 18, 3, (September 2008): 318-348; Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, The 3Ps:
Prevention, Protection, Prosecution, (Democracy and Global Affairs, 2011), accessed 17/09/14: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/167334.pdf
118
Research was conducted in English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian.
116

120.

While this conservative approach was taken for the inaugural year of government assessments, the WFF team is already looking into ways to gather data at the indicator level, ready for a morecomprehensive analysis in 2015.
120
Please note only four of the 31 activities have two indicators. The specific rating rules for each activity and underpinning assumptions can be found in the more detailed methodology on the
Global Slavery Index website
121
A more detailed discussion of the limitations of not weighting certain activities is included in the detailed methodology paper, available for download on the Global Slavery Index website.
119

121.

TABLE 5

Conceptual Framework for Measuring Government Responses
Objective Indicators

Activities

Activity Indicators

Objective Indicators

Activities

Activity Indicators

OBJECTIVE ONE

OBJECTIVE TWO

Survivors of modern slavery are supported to exit slavery and empowered to break the cycle of vulnerability

Effective criminal justice responses are in place in every jurisdiction

1.The public
understands whatslavery is and knows
how to report it

1.1 The governments
educates the public
on modern slavery
and identification
mechanisms

2. The government
has mechanisms inplace to identify
victims

2.1 The government
runs a phone hotline
where modern
slavery crimes can bereported to trained
phone operators
2.2 Front line law
enforcement havebeen trained on
victim identification

2.3 Front line
workers in legal,
health and social
services have hadbasic training on
victim identification
2.4 Information
is provided inproblematic sectors,
including targeted
information campaigns
3. All types of victim
support are provided
to all victims

3.1 Basic victim
support services areprovided*

3.2 Holistic victim
support services exist*

3.3 Victim
support services
are functioning
effectively
4. Agencies work
together in theinterests of victims

4.1 Coordination
mechanism forreferring victims toservices (government
and Civil Society
Organisations) isfunctioning

Information is distributed to the public about how to identify and report cases ofmodern slavery (since 2009)●● This information is distributed systematically and at regular intervals (as distinct fromone-off, isolated)●● There has been an increase in number of members of the public reporting cases ofmodern slavery (since 2009)●●

1. The government
has laws to deter
citizens fromcommitting thecrime of modern
slavery

A hotline exists (either in isolation or as part of a larger phone service)
It is free to call●● It operates 24/7●● The hotline operates in multiple languages or has capacity to bring in translators●● Phone operators have had specialist training in modern slavery, call-handling and case referrals

1.1 Ratificationof international
conventions

International conventions ratified:●● Slavery Convention,●● Supplementary Convention 1956●● UN Trafficking Protocol 2000●● Forced Labour Convention●● Domestic Work Convention●● Worst Forms of Child Labour●● CRC Optional Protocol on Children in Armed Conflict●● CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children

1.2 Create basic
national legal
framework

National laws criminalise all forms of modern slavery:●● Human trafficking (men, women and children)●● Slavery●● Forced labour●● Children in armed conflict●● Child prostitution●● Forced marriage
NEGATIVE●● Criminal laws have disproportionate penalties (i.e. corporal punishment, death penalties,
or minor fines)●●●●

Training on victim identification has been carried out for front line (i.e. generalist) law
enforcement (since 2009)●● Training on victim identification has been conducted to a scale < minimum 1% of
estimated size of police service (since 2009)●● Training on victim identification is provided as part of basic training for new recruits●● There are standard operating procedures for front line law enforcement to follow whensuspected victims are identified●●

1.3 Ensure that laws
support victims
to participate incriminal justiceprocesses

Awareness-raising about indicators of modern slavery is provided to front line workers
likely to be ‘first responders’ (i.e. legal profession, health and social services) (since 2009)●● Training or awareness raising is delivered systematically and at regular intervals (as distinct
from one-off, isolated)●●

Information regarding hotline and other services is distributed in high risk industries orareas (since 2009)●● Campaigns are targeted for specific industries and forms of modern slavery (e.g. cleaningproducts include information for domestic workers)●●

Victim support services are available for suspected victims of modern slavery(men, women and children where relevant) regardless of ethno-cultural or
socioeconomic background●● Suspected victims have a choice about whether or not to remain in that shelter(i.e.: they are not held / detained against their will)●● Victims are assisted to make contact with their family or contact person of choice●● Government contributes to the operational costs of the shelter, either through budget
allocation or in-kind contribution●● Services are gender specific●●

2. Governments haveservices that enable
victims to accessjustice

2.1 Systems toprovide access tojustice are created andmaintained

National laws allow victims to participate in the legal system, regardless of their role as awitness (e.g. admission of victim impact statements, or allows victim to give evidence)●● Law or policy recognizes that victims should not be treated as criminals for conduct that
occurred while under control of criminals●● There are no forms of pressure for victims to participate in the court case (e.g. visas to stayin the country are not dependent on victim participation in the court process)●● The law recognizes that children have special needs when giving evidence in court●●

There are legal services available for victims of modern slavery
There is evidence that translation services are provided throughout the legal process(i.e. from investigation to court process)●● Witness and victim protection mechanisms are in place to ensure that neither witnesses
nor victims are intimidated, nor interfered with both in and outside the court process●● The legal framework supports financial restitution to victims of modern slavery●● Child friendly services are provided during the criminal justice process, from engagementwith police through to court process (e.g. allowing children to have a support person as
appropriate, using child friendly questioning, putting in place screens in the court room etc)●●●●

Physical and mental health services are provided to victims of modern slavery
Services provide long term reintegration options, such as financial opportunities,
vocational training, job placement, housing, social welfare●● Services are child friendly (e.g. guardians are available for all services, children are separated
from adults where appropriate)●● Measures are in place to address the migration situation of victims who want to remain or
be resettled (i.e. visas to stay or return)●●●●

Training has been carried out for all staff providing assistance services (since 2009)
Services have been evaluated and feedback provided to cooperative framework or
coordination body (since 2009)●● Victims have been identified within the last 12 months●●●●

A cooperative framework (could be a Committee or “National Referral Mechanism”
or operational working group) brings together government and civil society to ensure
victims are being referred to services●● The cooperative framework has a budget●● There is evidence that victims are being referred to services using the cooperative
framework (since 2009)●● Core coordination group/body meets regularly●●*In the overall rating, these activities are combined.

122.

123.

TABLE 5

Conceptual Framework for Measuring Government Responses (continued)
Objective Indicators

Activities

3. Governments
enforce national laws

3.1 Build capacity oflaw enforcement

3.2 Build capacity of
the legal profession

3.3 Implementationof laws are monitored
and reported against

Activity Indicators

Objective Indicators

Specialised law enforcement units exist (i.e. a sub-unit or team within the law
enforcement structure that is tasked with either investigating modern slavery crimes
themselves, or providing specialist support and back up to front line colleagues)●● Units have clear mandate to investigate / assist others to investigate modern slavery offences●● Units only have a mandate to deal with modern slavery and associated crimes (i.e. units are
not dealing with additional crimes outside this scope)●● Units have clear budget●● Units have Standard Operating Procedures for modern slavery cases

OBJECTIVE THREE●●

1. Government
has committed
to eradicate
modern slavery

Training is provided to the judiciary (since 2009)
Training is provided to prosecutors (since 2009)●● Training is provided to defence attorneys (since 2009)●● Training is systematic and recurrent (as distinct from one-off, isolated)●● Judicial punishments are proportionate to severity of the crime and complicity ofthe offender (i.e. not corporal punishment, adjusted if the victim is a child, or otheraggravating circumstances, and adjusted based on the level of responsibility)

1.1 The government
develops a plan toeradicate modern
slavery that it can beheld accountable for
1.2 National action
plan is implemented●●

1.3 A budget
is allocated is
proportionate to key
issues associated withmodern slavery●●●●

2. Effectiveness of
implementation ofnational action plan ismonitored

2.1 Mechanisms
to monitor
implementation ofnational action planexist

3. There is regional
coordination tocombat modern
slavery

3.1 Government
participates inregional groups

3.2 The government
has made agreementswith relevantinternationalorganisations or
governments focusing
on victim protection
and repatriation(bilateral or regional)

124.

Activity Indicators

Effective and measurable national action plans are implemented and fully funded●●

Criminal justice statistics on investigations are reported
Criminal justice statistics on prosecutions reported●● Criminal justice statistics on outcome of court cases are reported●● Independent mechanisms exist where complaints of human rights abuses in the criminal
justice process can be reported and investigated
NEGATIVE●● There is credible evidence of abuse of international human rights standards in relevant
criminal justice processes

Activities●●●●

National action plan exists
National action plan covers outcomes 1, 2, 4 and 5.

There is an implementation strategy with demonstrated actions/outcomes
National coordination body exists involving both government and civil society●● Progress against national action plan is released publicly every year by the government●● Civil society is involved in the implementation of the plan●●●●

There is a budget for modern slavery
Activities in the national action plan are costed●● Activities in the national action plan are fully funded●● Reports on the national action plan are used to inform budget allocations●● There is an explicit allocation of the foreign development assistance budget to modern
slavery. (n.b. See list of relevant countries where this is applicable in full Methodology
Paper available on the Global Slavery website.)●●●●

Independent entity to monitor and report on implementation and effectiveness of national
action plan exists●● The monitoring body has budget●● The monitoring body produces public reports, independent of the government●●

The government is involved in a regional response
There have been demonstrable actions or outcomes associated with this regional body that
go beyond simply making an agreement or making a statement●● Agreements exist between the government and countries of origin and/ or destination tocollaborate on modern slavery issues●●●●

Victim support services are extended to foreign victims
Foreign victims who are identified by the authorities are able to obtain consular assistance●● The government cooperates with the government of the home country to facilitate
repatriation
NEGATIVE●● Foreign victims are detained and deported
●●
●●

125.

TABLE 5

Conceptual Framework for Measuring Government Responses (continued)
Objective Indicators

Activities

Activity Indicators

Objective Indicators

Activities

Activity Indicators

OBJECTIVE FOUROBJECTIVE FIVE

Laws, policies and programmes address attitudes, social systems and institutions that create vulnerability and enable slavery

Governments stop sourcing goods or services linked to modern slavery

1. Government
identifies andaddresses attitudes,social systems andinstitutions thatfacilitate slavery

1.1 Research
programme toidentify key drivers ofmodern slavery
1.2 Awarenesscampaigns target
the risks of modern
slavery (safe migration,safe transnational
marriage, domesticwork)
1.3 Behaviourchange programmes
are implemented in
relevant communities
to address harmful
attitudes
1.4 Safety nets exist
for high risk groups
and communities

1.5 Government
responds tocorruption andcomplicity
1.6 Government
addresses institutionalrisk within theirborders

1.7 Government
addresses institutionalrisks associated with
employment

1.8 Government
addresses institutionalrisk outside theirborders

Government facilitates or funds research on the attitudes, social systems and institutions
that are placing people at risk of modern slavery●● Interventions that address the risks of modern slavery reflect the research base(e.g. citations, references)●●

Websites and other public information is distributed regarding risks of modern slavery
Community awareness campaigns target specific known risks●● Information is distributed systematically and repeated at regular intervals (as distinct fromone – off, isolated)

1. Government
commits to stop
sourcing goods orservices linked tomodern slavery

1.1 Government
makes public
commitment toslavery proof its own
supply chains

Public statement is madeExecution of commitment shown by procurement policies and regulations●● Public annual reports on progress are produced●● Bilateral and multilateral trade agreements include provisions on supply of high risk
goods and services in trade relationships
●●
●●

●●
●●

Government supported behaviour change programmes and policies are put in place tochange community behaviour.These programmes can include domestic violence, forced
marriage, child marriage, and risky migration practices●● These behaviour change campaigns are implemented systematically and repeated atregular intervals (as distinct from one off, isolated)

1.2 Government
regulates toencourage businessto undertake due
diligence on supply
chainsSupply Chain laws exist
Laws or policies require clean supply chains for high risk products●● There are laws and policies in place that prevent governments from engaging businesses
that use modern slavery in their supply chains●● Governments implement a responsible investment reporting requirement for
multinational businesses head-quartered in their country to ensure that investment is not
inadvertently supporting modern slavery
●●
●●

●●

Government facilitates or funds outreach services for workers in the informal sector
Health care for vulnerable populations exists●● Access to low cost loans for vulnerable populations exists (or microcredit/ microfinance)●● Unemployment insurance for vulnerable populations exists●●●●

National law criminalises corruption in the public sector
Cases of government complicity in modern slavery are investigated and reported by thegovernment publicly●● There is evidence of prosecutions of government officials (since 2009)●●●●Child protection systems are in place (including birth registration)
Systems are in place to allow asylum seekers to seek protection●● Systems are in place to allow Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) to seek protection●● Systems are in place to allow stateless people to get identity documents (allowing them towork and travel)●●

Measuring Vulnerability
The measurement of vulnerability in the 2014 Index is somewhat different to, and an improvement upon, that used in
the 2013 Index. One of the challenges of reporting on global patterns is the need for global data. To compare countries
with each other requires that identical measures be used. For example, we reported in the 2013 Index that we were notable to measure discrimination “on the basis of perceived national, racial, or religious differences” for all countries becauseof the lack of comparable data. In this edition of the Index we have included newly available variables that expand ourmeasurement of discrimination.
An important caveat is that vulnerability to enslavement in this Index refers primarily to the risk or vulnerability that exists
within a country and not in the foreign country to which a person might have been trafficked and enslaved. That said, withimproved data sources, this year we are able to illuminate the situation of, for example, citizens of Nepal enslaved in Qatar
or Malaysia, and of Ethiopian citizens enslaved in Saudi Arabia, but these new insights are limited and do not yet allow us toreliably model the larger global picture of movement and enslavement through international human trafficking.

●●

There are viable avenues of recourse for migrant and national workers who have been
exploited●● Laws prohibit fees payable to recruitment agencies by job seekers or workers●● Job seekers can access low cost or free information about work prospects●● Labour laws extend to everyone, including migrant workers, domestic workers and thosein the fishing and construction sectors.
●● There are laws that prohibit the withholding of passports
NEGATIVE●● There is evidence of employers withholding passports●● There is evidence that workers are required to live on site or at an employer’s house●● There are laws or policies permit or make it difficult for workers to leave abusive
employers without risk of loss of visa and deportation or fine/ imprisonment●●

Government provides training for consular staff on modern slavery
Government provides identification documents and support travel arrangement for citizen
repatriation●● Government encourage migrant workers and travellers to report their travel and living
arrangements in the destination countries●● Government supports Embassies to undertake awareness raising activities about the risks
of modern slavery●●

Measuring vulnerability in 2014 continues to be based on the five dimensions of Slavery Policy, Human Rights,
Development, State Stability, and Discrimination. These dimensions emerged through factor analysis within a larger analysis
of slavery prevalence. The thirty-seven variables that are included in our five dimensions of vulnerability are those that wereshown to be statistically significant in several tests. At the same time, the paucity of comparable international variables meansthat we have retained some variables even when there are indications of multi-collinearity, and in some instances in whichdata were not as recent as 2014 or 2013.
The thirty-seven variables used to measure vulnerability, with their scales and origins noted, are as follows:

Slavery Policy Vulnerability Dimension
Variable: Prevention

The variable Prevention is evaluated on a 5-point scale, based on Cho, Dreher & Meumeyer’s “3P” Anti-trafficking Policy
Index. A score of 1 indicates the lowest level of policy performance while a score of 5 indicates a full commitment level toprevention policy. A score of 4 reflects adequate efforts, 3 modest, and 2 inadequate.

●●

Variable: Prosecution

The variable Prosecution is evaluated on a 5-point scale, based on Cho, Dreher & Meumeyer’s “3P” Anti-trafficking Policy
Index. A score of 1 indicates the lowest level of policy performance while a score of 5 indicates a full commitment level toprosecution. A score of 4 reflects adequate efforts, 3 modest, and 2 inadequate.
Variable: Protection

The variable Protection is evaluated on a 5-point scale, based on Cho, Dreher & Meumeyer’s “3P Anti-trafficking Policy
Index. A score of 1 indicates the lowest level of policy performance while a score of 5 indicates a full commitment level toprotection policies. A score of 4 reflects adequate efforts, 3 modest, and 2 inadequate.
126.

127.

Variable: Law Enforcement Training

Variable: Violent Crime

Data are from the US Department of State’s Trafficking in Person’s Report (TIP report) which collects information fromvarious sources to identify the issues associated with human trafficking and responses within a country. The WFF teamdeveloped quantitative measures for several variables based on the qualitative narratives in the TIP report. The variable Law
Enforcement Training has two values: 0 (explicit/specific mention of no effort made in law enforcement training, or minimal
to no mention) and 1 (explicit/specific mention of an effort made in law enforcement training).

Data are from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Global Study on Homicide, which collects statistical dataon intentional homicide (unlawful death purposefully inflicted on a person by another person). The variable Violent Crime
measures the intentional homicide rate per 100,000 population.

Variable: Migration Regulation

Data are from the US Department of State’s Trafficking in Person’s Report. The WFF team developed quantitative measures
for several variables based on the qualitative narratives in the TIP report. The variable Migration Regulation has two values:
0 (there was no discussion of efforts made in migration regulation) and 1 (there was discussion of efforts made in migration
regulation).
Variable: Monitoring of Labour Practices

Data are from the US Department of State’s Trafficking in Person’s Report. The Global Slavery Index team developed
quantitative measures for several variables based on the qualitative narratives in the TIP report. The variable Monitoring ofLabour Practices has two values: 0 (there was no discussion of efforts made in the monitoring of labour practices) and 1(there was discussion of efforts made in the monitoring of labour practices.)
Variable: Parallel Legal Systems

Data are from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Fact book. The Global Slavery Index team developed aquantitative measure based on the CIA’s qualitative description of each country’s legal system. The variable Parallel Legal
System has two values: 0 (no parallel legal system exits that endangers the rights of minorities) and 1 (a parallel legal
system exists).

State Stability Vulnerability Dimension
Variable: Corruption

Data are from the Corruption Perception Index, which scores countries on their level of perceived public service corruption.
The variable Corruption ranges on a 100-point scale, from 0 (“highly corrupt”) to 100 (“clean”).
Variable: Governance

Data are from the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators Project. The variable Governance ranges fromapproximately – 2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong) governance performance.
Variable: Independence of Judiciary

Data are from the Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Database, which presents categorical data on a series ofhuman rights measures of importance in the world today. The variable Independence of Judiciary has three categories: ascore of 0 (indicating no independence of the judiciary); a score of 1 (partial independence of the judiciary); and a score of 2
(general independence of the judiciary).
Variable: Peace Index

The variable Peace Index is evaluated on a five-point scale, where a value of 1 indicates a country that is “most peaceful,”
and a value of 5 indicates a country that is “least peaceful.” Data are from The Global Peace Index, which measures thelevel of peace on 162 different countries according to 22 qualitative and quantitative indicators aligned with the absence ofviolence and the fear of violence. In the five countries for which data is not available, the State Stability Vulnerability score isbased on the 5 variables in this dimension for which data is available.
Variable: Political Instability

Data are from The Political Instability Index, which measures the level of threat posed to government by social unrest by
examining factors related with economic distress and underlying vulnerability to unrest. The variable Political Instability
ranges from 0 (no vulnerability) to 10 (highest vulnerability).

128.

Variable: Weapons Access

Data are from The Global Peace Index, which measures the level of peace on 162 different countries according to 22
qualitative and quantitative indicators aligned with the absence of violence and the fear of violence. The variable Weapons
Access is a quantitative assessment of the accessibility of small arms and light weapon, ranked from 1 (very low access) to 5
(very high access). In the five countries for which data is not available, the State Stability Vulnerability score is based on the 5variables in this dimension for which data is available.

Development Vulnerability Dimension
Variable: Access to Financial Services

Data are from the International Monetary Fund’s Financial Access Survey.
The variable Access to Financial Services counts the number of Commercial Bank branches per 100,000 adults.
Variable: Cell Phone Users

Data are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The variable Cell Phone Users includes the number ofcellular subscriptions (per 100 people) per country.
Variable: Credit Information

Data are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The variable Credit Information, as the World Bank details,“ranges from 0 to 6, with higher values indicating the availability of more credit information, from either a public registry ora private bureau, to facilitate lending decisions.”
Variable: GDPPPP

Data are from the CIA World Fact Book. The variable GDPPPP (Gross Domestic Product Per capita in terms of Purchasing
Power Parity) is in US dollars.
Variable: HDI

Data are from the United Nations’ Human Development Index, which “measures human development by combining
indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income to determine a single statistic reflective of a country’s
overall social and economic development.” The variable HDI (Human Development Index) ranges on a scale from0 (low development) to 1 (high development).
Variable: International Debt

Data for Highly (or Heavily) Indebted Poor countries are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The variable
International Debt has two values: 0 (the country is not heavily indebted) and 1 (the country is heavily indebted).
Variable: Internet Activity

Data are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The variable Internet Activity measures the number ofInternet users per 100 people.
Variable: Literacy

Data are from the Central Intelligence Agency World Fact book. The variable Literacy is based on a scale from 0 (no literacy)
to 100 (complete literacy). Literacy in this context refers to the ability to read and write at a specified age.
Variable: Social Safety Net

Data are from the International Labour Organization’s World Social Security Report. The variable Social Safety Net
ranks countries on the number of total social security provisions: sickness; maternity; old age, invalidity; survivors; family
allowances; employment injury; and unemployment. Scores range from 0 (none of these provisions are provided) to 8
(all of these provisions are provided).

129.

Discrimination Vulnerability Dimension

Human Rights Vulnerability

Variable: GINI Coefficient

Variable: Access to Legal and Property Rights

Data are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The variable GINI Coefficient is a measure of income
inequality, on a scale of 0 to 100, where 100 is perfect inequality, and 0 is perfect equality.

Data are from The International Property Rights Index, which ranks countries according to the status of property rights
across the world. This is based on three core-components: legal and political environment rights; physical property rights; andintellectual property rights. The variable Access to Legal and Property Rights ranges from 0 to 10, with 10 representing thestrongest level of property rights protection and 0 reflecting the non-existence of secure property rights in a country. The
WFF team filled in missing values with the mean value of the region.

Variable: Women’s Economic Rights

Data are from the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Database, which presents “standards-based quantitative information
on government respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries” (CIRI Human Rights Database,2013). The variable Women’s Economic Rights has four categories: a score of 0 (no economic rights for women in law); ascore of 1 (women have some economic rights under law); a score of 2 (indicates that women had some economic rights
under law); and a score of 3 (all or nearly all of women’s economic rights were guaranteed by law).

Variable: Political Rights

Data are from Freedom House, which presents a comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. The
variable Political Rights is based on a scale ranging from 1 (most free) on the higher end to 7 (least free) on the lower end.

Variable: Women’s Political Rights

Variable: Civil Liberties

Data are from the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Database. The variable Women’s Political Rights has four categories:
a score of 0 (no political rights for women in law); a score of 1 (women have some political rights under law); a score of 2(indicates that women had some political rights under law); and a score of 3 (all or nearly all of women’s political rights wereguaranteed by law).

Data are from Freedom House. The variable Civil Liberties is based on a scale ranging from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free).

Variable: Sexual orientation

Data are from Gallup Analytics, which presents a detailed assessment of global attitudes for over 100 countries. The variable
Sexual Orientation Rights is the percent of those who responded “not a good place” in response to the question, “Is the cityor area where live a good place or not a good place to live for gays or lesbian people?”
Variable: Disabled Rights

Data are from Gallup Analytics. The variable Disabled Rights is the percent of those who responded “not a good place” to thequestion, “Is the city or area where you live a good place or not a good place to live for people with intellectual disabilities?”
Variable: Immigrants

Data are from Gallup Analytics. The variable Immigrants is the percent of those who responded, “not a good place” to thequestion, “Is the city or area you live a good place or not a good place to live for immigrants from other countries?”
Variable: Racial and ethnic minorities

Data are from Gallup Analytics. The variable Racial and Ethnic Minorities is the percent of those who responded, “not a goodplace” to the question, “Is the city or area where you live a good place or not a good place for racial and ethnic minorities.”

Variable: Freedom of Assembly

Data are from the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Database. The variable Freedom of Assembly has three categories:
a score of 0 (the right to assembly is denied); a score of 1 (the right to assembly is limited); and a score of 2 (the right toassembly is unrestricted).
Variable: Freedom of Religion

Data are from the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Database. The variable Freedom of Religion has three categories: ascore of 0 (government restrictions on religious practices are severe); a score of 1 (such restrictions are moderate); and a scoreof 2 (such restrictions are partially absent).
Variable: Freedom of Speech

Data are from the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Database. The variable Freedom of Speech is has three categories: ascore of 0 (complete government censorship of the media); a score of 1 (some government censorship of the media); and ascore of 2 (no government censorship of the media).
Variable: Worker ’s Rights

Data are from the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Database. The variable Worker’s Rights has three categories: a scoreof 0 (workers’ rights were severely restricted); a score of 1 (workers’ rights were somewhat restricted); and a score of 2
(workers’ rights were fully protected).
Normalisation

The wealth of data for the vulnerability factors comes from a number of credible, yet disparate sources. In their raw form,
many of the variables are difficult to compare. In order to make meaningful comparisons, we require a method to examine
each variable in relation to the other along the same linear scale, from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 100. To do this, weemploy a normalisation procedure based upon the following formula:y=1+(x-A)*(100-1)/(B-A)
This formula allows us to create a linear transformation of each variable used in the Global Slavery Index, in which
comparisons are straightforward. In this process, a given variable has one value (call it A) that maps to the minimum valueof 1 and another value (call it B) that maps to the maximum value of 100. This ensures ease of comparison of all variables in
the index.

130.

131.

APPENDIX 3 – Data Tables
TABLE 1Government Response ratings
Rank

1

132.

Country

Netherlands

Survivors are supported

Criminal justice

Coordination and accountability

Attitudes, social systems
and institutions

Business and government

Subtotal

Score /18%

Score /14%

Score /12%

Score /16%

Score /4%

Score/ 64

16

88.9

13.3

95.2

11

91.7

14

87.5

0

0

54.3

Negative score

0

Total
Score /64

%

54.3

84.9

RatingAA

2

Sweden

14

77.8

12.3

88.1

8

66.7

14

87.5

0

0

48.3

0

48.3

75.5

A

3

United States

17

94.4

13.3

95.2

9

75

15

93.8

3

75

57.3

2

55.3

86.5

BBB 1

4

Australia

13

72.2

12.3

88.1

8

66.7

13

81.3

2

50

48.3

2

46.3

72.4

BBB

5

Switzerland

13

72.2

11.3

81

9

75

11

68.8

0

0

44.3

0

44.3

69.3

BBB

6

Ireland

12

66.7

11.3

81

9

75

12

75

0

0

44.3

0

44.3

69.3

BBB

7

Norway

12

66.7

11.3

81

9

75

11

68.8

0

0

43.3

0

43.3

67.7

BBB

8

United Kingdom

14

77.8

11.3

81

8

66.7

13

81.3

0

0

45.3

3

43.3

67.7

BBB

9

Georgia

12

66.7

11.7

83.3

9

75

10

62.5

0

0

42.7

0

42.7

66.7

BBB

10

Austria

13

72.2

11.3

81

7

58.3

11

68.8

0

0

42.3

1

41.3

64.6

BBB

11

Belgium

10

55.6

12.3

88.1

7

58.3

12

75

0

0

41.3

0

41.3

64.6

BBB

12

Croatia

12

66.7

10.3

73.8

9

75

12

75

0

0

43.3

2

41.3

64.6

BBB

13

Spain

13

72.2

10.3

73.8

7

58.3

11

68.8

0

0

41.3

0

41.3

64.6

BBB

14

Brazil

11

61.1

7.3

52.4

9

75

14

87.5

2

50

43.3

3

40.3

63

BB

15

Montenegro

15

83.3

11.3

81

8

66.7

7

43.8

0

0

41.3

1

40.3

63

BB

16

Canada

8

44.4

11.3

81

7

58.3

13

81.3

0

0

39.3

1

38.3

59.9

BB

17

Hungary

10

55.6

10.3

73.8

8

66.7

11

68.8

0

0

39.3

1

38.3

59.9

BB

18

Slovakia

12

66.7

9.3

66.7

8

66.7

10

62.5

0

0

39.3

1

38.3

59.9

BB

19

Macedonia

13

72.2

8.3

59.5

10

83.3

8

50

0

0

39.3

1

38.3

59.9

BB

20

Argentina

14

77.8

13

92.9

3

25

9

56.3

0

0

39

1

38

59.4

BB

21

Denmark

12

66.7

9.3

66.7

7

58.3

10

62.5

0

0

38.3

1

37.3

58.3

BB

22

Poland

11

61.1

10.3

73.8

9

75

8

50

0

0

38.3

1

37.3

58.3

BB

23

Portugal

12

66.7

9.3

66.7

9

75

8

50

0

0

38.3

1

37.3

58.3

BB

24

Serbia

12

66.7

11.3

81

6

50

9

56.3

0

0

38.3

1

37.3

58.3

BB

25

Germany

11

61.1

9.3

66.7

7

58.3

9

56.3

0

0

36.3

0

36.3

56.8

BB

26

France

9

50

11.3

81

6

50

11

68.8

0

0

37.3

1

36.3

56.8

BB

27

New Zealand

9

50

9.3

66.7

5

41.7

14

87.5

0

0

37.3

1

36.3

56.8

BB

28

Latvia

11

61.1

11.3

81

7

58.3

8

50

0

0

37.3

1

36.3

56.8

BB

29

Philippines

11

61.1

10

71.4

7

58.3

9

56.3

0

0

37

1

36

56.3

BB

30

Taiwan

11

61.1

8.7

61.9

6

50

10

62.5

0

0

35.7

0

35.7

55.7

BB

31

Slovenia

11

61.1

10.3

73.8

7

58.3

7

43.8

0

0

35.3

0

35.3

55.2

BB

32

Italy

12

66.7

10

71.4

5

41.7

8

50

0

0

35

0

35

54.7

BB

33

Finland

11

61.1

8.3

59.5

8

66.7

9

56.3

0

0

36.3

2

34.3

53.6

B

34

Jamaica

10

55.6

10.3

73.8

8

66.7

7

43.8

0

0

35.3

1

34.3

53.6

B

35

Czech Republic

8

44.4

10.3

73.8

7

58.3

10

62.5

0

0

35.3

1

34.3

53.6

B

36

Nepal

8

44.4

10.3

73.8

7

58.3

10

62.5

0

0

35.3

1

34.3

53.6

B

37

Romania

9

50

9.3

66.7

6

50

12

75

0

0

36.3

2

34.3

53.6

B

38

Cyprus

11

61.1

10.7

76.2

7

58.3

6

37.5

0

0

34.7

1

33.7

52.6

B

39

Paraguay

7

38.9

11

78.6

6

50

10

62.5

0

0

34

1

33

51.6

B

40

United Arab Emirates

14

77.8

10.3

73.8

5

41.7

7

43.8

0

0

36.3

4

32.3

50.5

B

41

Chile

8

44.4

9.3

66.7

6

50

9

56.3

0

0

32.3

0

32.3

50.5

B

42

Nigeria

11

61.1

10.3

73.8

7

58.3

7

43.8

0

0

35.3

3

32.3

50.5

B

43

Mexico

10

55.6

10.3

73.8

6

50

8

50

0

0

34.3

2

32.3

50.5

B
133.

TABLE 1

Government Response ratings (continued)

1

134.

Survivors are supported

Criminal justice

Coordination and accountability

Attitudes, social systems
and institutions

Rank

Country

Business and government

Subtotal

Negative score

Total

Rating44

Lithuania

9

50

8.7

61.9

7

58.3

8

50

0

0

32.7

1

31.7

49.5

B

45

Iceland

8

44.4

7.7

54.8

8

66.7

8

50

0

0

31.7

0

31.7

49.5

B

46

Bulgaria

9

50

8.3

59.5

7

58.3

8

47

Indonesia

9

50

7.7

54.8

6

50

10

50

0

0

62.5

0

0

32.3

1

31.3

49

B

32.7

2

30.7

47.9

B

48

Thailand

9

50

8.7

61.9

7

58.3

8

50

0

0

32.7

2

30.7

47.9

B

49

Guatemala

8

44.4

9.3

66.7

6

50

50

Israel

8

44.4

9.3

66.7

3

25

9

56.3

10

62.5

0

0

32.3

2

30.3

47.4

B

0

0

30.3

0

30.3

47.4

51

Azerbaijan

12

66.7

8.3

59.5

6

50

6

B

37.5

0

0

32.3

2

30.3

47.4

B

52

Nicaragua

8

44.4

9

64.3

7

58.3

7

43.8

0

0

31

1

30

46.9

B

53

Greece

10

55.6

7.7

54.8

54

Peru

9

50

7.7

54.8

6
7

50

8

50

0

0

31.7

3

28.7

44.8

B

58.3

8

50

0

0

31.7

3

28.7

44.8

55

Estonia

10

55.6

6.3

45.2

6

B

50

7

43.8

0

0

29.3

1

28.3

44.3

CCC

56

Jordan

9

50

8.3

59.5

6

50

8

50

0

0

31.3

3

28.3

44.3

CCC

57

Luxembourg

9

50

10.3

73.8

4

33.3

5

31.3

0

0

28.3

0

28.3

44.3

CCC

58

Ukraine

11

61.1

8.3

59.5

6

50

4

25

0

0

29.3

1

28.3

44.3

CCC

59

India

9

50

6.7

47.6

4

33.3

10

62.5

0

0

29.7

2

27.7

43.2

CCC

60

Bangladesh

7

38.9

8.7

61.9

6

50

8

50

0

0

29.7

2

27.7

43.2

CCC

61

Costa Rica

8

44.4

7.7

54.8

5

41.7

8

50

0

0

28.7

1

27.7

43.2

CCC

62

Zambia

10

55.6

8.7

61.9

7

58.3

6

37.5

0

0

31.7

4

27.7

43.2

CCC

63

Albania

11

61.1

7.3

52.4

5

41.7

6

37.5

0

0

29.3

2

27.3

42.7

CCC

64

Sri Lanka

7

38.9

4.7

33.3

7

58.3

10

62.5

0

0

28.7

2

26.7

41.7

CCC

65

Belarus

11

61.1

6.3

45.2

5

41.7

6

37.5

0

0

28.3

2

26.3

41.1

CCC

66

Senegal

7

38.9

6.3

45.2

5

41.7

9

56.3

0

0

27.3

1

26.3

41.1

CCC

67

Barbados

6

33.3

7.3

52.4

5

41.7

8

50

0

0

26.3

0

26.3

41.1

CCC

68

Uruguay

8

44.4

5

35.7

5

41.7

8

50

0

0

26

0

26

40.6

CCC

69

Mauritius

8

44.4

9

64.3

5

41.7

5

31.3

0

0

27

1

26

40.6

CCC

70

Sierra Leone

7

38.9

9.7

69

4

33.3

6

37.5

0

0

26.7

1

25.7

40.1

CCC

71

Moldova

8

44.4

8.7

61.9

5

41.7

7

43.8

0

0

28.7

3

25.7

40.1

CCC

72

Bosnia and Herzegovina

9

50

8.3

59.5

5

41.7

5

31.3

0

0

27.3

2

25.3

39.6

CCC

73

Vietnam

7

38.9

6.3

45.2

7

58.3

7

43.8

0

0

27.3

2

25.3

39.6

CCC

74

Mongolia

9

50

8.3

59.5

2

16.7

8

50

0

0

27.3

2

25.3

39.6

CCC

75

Dominican Republic

6

33.3

9.3

66.7

5

41.7

6

37.5

0

0

26.3

1

25.3

39.6

CCC

76

South Korea

6

33.3

6

42.9

3

25

10

62.5

0

0

25

0

25

39.1

CCC

77

Armenia

7

38.9

8.7

61.9

2

16.7

7

43.8

0

0

24.7

0

24.7

38.5

CCC

78

Uganda

7

38.9

6.7

47.6

6

50

7

43.8

0

0

26.7

2

24.7

38.5

CCC

79

Cambodia

8

44.4

9.3

66.7

5

41.7

6

37.5

0

0

28.3

4

24.3

38

CCC

80

Cameroon

10

55.6

7.3

52.4

3

25

6

37.5

0

0

26.3

2

24.3

38

CCC

81

Ecuador

7

38.9

7.3

52.4

5

41.7

6

37.5

0

0

25.3

1

24.3

38

CCC

82

Turkey

7

38.9

7.3

52.4

5

41.7

5

31.3

0

0

24.3

0

24.3

38

CCC

83

Ghana

6

33.3

8.3

59.5

4

33.3

7

43.8

0

0

25.3

1

24.3

38

CCC

84

Japan

8

44.4

5

35.7

4

33.3

7

43.8

0

0

24

0

24

37.5

CCC

85

South Africa

8

44.4

8

57.1

4

33.3

7

43.8

0

0

27

3

24

37.5

CCC

86

Panama

3

16.7

8.7

61.9

7

58.3

7

43.8

0

0

25.7

2

23.7

37

CCC

The USA was capped at a BBB due to evidence they criminalise and deport victims.

135.

TABLE 1

Government Response ratings (continued)

136.

Survivors are supported

Criminal justice

Coordination and accountability

Attitudes, social systems
and institutions

Rank

Country

Business and government

Subtotal

Negative score

87

Malaysia

9

50

5.7

40.5

4

33.3

5

31.3

0

88

Trinidad and Tobago

5

27.8

8.3

59.5

4

33.3

8

50

Total

Rating

0

23.7

0

23.7

37

CCC

0

0

25.3

2

23.3

36.5

CCC

89

Colombia

6

33.3

5.7

40.5

4

33.3

8

50

0

0

23.7

1

22.7

35.4

CCC

90

Benin

5

27.8

5.7

40.5

6

50

7

43.8

0

0

23.7

1

22.7

35.4

CCC

91

China

6

33.3

5.7

40.5

5

41.7

7

43.8

0

0

23.7

1

22.7

35.4

CCC

92

Kosovo

7

38.9

8.7

61.9

6

50

3

18.8

0

0

24.7

2

22.7

35.4

CCC

93

Myanmar

7

38.9

4.7

33.3

8

66.7

5

31.3

0

0

24.7

2

22.7

35.4

CCC

94

Malawi

9

50

6.7

47.6

2

16.7

7

43.8

0

0

24.7

2

22.7

35.4

CCC

95

Egypt

7

38.9

7.3

52.4

5

41.7

7

43.8

0

0

26.3

4

22.3

34.9

CC

96

Liberia

6

33.3

9.3

66.7

5

41.7

3

18.8

0

0

23.3

1

22.3

34.9

CC

97

Bolivia

4

22.2

10

71.4

4

33.3

7

43.8

0

0

25

3

22

34.4

CC

98

Honduras

4

22.2

5.7

40.5

6

50

7

43.8

0

0

22.7

1

21.7

33.9

CC

99

Tajikistan

4

22.2

4.7

33.3

6

50

8

50

0

0

22.7

1

21.7

33.9

CC

100

Gabon

8

44.4

5.7

40.5

5

41.7

4

25

0

0

22.7

1

21.7

33.9

CC

101

Ethiopia

4

22.2

8.3

59.5

3

25

6

37.5

0

0

21.3

0

21.3

33.3

CC

102

Côte d’Ivoire

3

16.7

7.3

52.4

7

58.3

5

31.3

0

0

22.3

1

21.3

33.3

CC

103

El Salvador

5

27.8

5.7

40.5

5

41.7

6

37.5

0

0

21.7

1

20.7

32.3

CC

104

Gambia

5

27.8

7.7

54.8

5

41.7

6

37.5

0

0

23.7

3

20.7

32.3

CC

105

Kenya

6

33.3

5.7

40.5

3

25

7

43.8

0

0

21.7

1

20.7

32.3

CC

106

Lao PDR

5

27.8

7.7

54.8

5

41.7

4

25

0

0

21.7

1

20.7

32.3

CC

107

Guyana

8

44.4

5.7

40.5

3

25

6

37.5

0

0

22.7

2

20.7

32.3

CC

108

Bahrain

7

38.9

6.3

45.2

4

33.3

5

31.3

0

0

22.3

2

20.3

31.8

CC

109

Kazakhstan

9

50

6.3

45.2

4

33.3

3

18.8

0

0

22.3

2

20.3

31.8

CC

110

Namibia

7

38.9

7.3

52.4

3

25

5

31.3

0

0

22.3

2

20.3

31.8

CC

111

Togo

6

33.3

6.3

45.2

4

33.3

5

31.3

0

0

21.3

1

20.3

31.8

CC

112

Mozambique

4

22.2

6.7

47.6

5

41.7

6

37.5

0

0

21.7

2

19.7

30.7

CC

113

Botswana

5

27.8

4.7

33.3

4

33.3

7

43.8

0

0

20.7

1

19.7

30.7

CC

114

Qatar

9

50

7.3

52.4

5

41.7

6

37.5

0

0

27.3

8

19.3

30.2

CC

115

Rwanda

6

33.3

7.3

52.4

4

33.3

3

18.8

0

0

20.3

1

19.3

30.2

CC

116

Madagascar

3

16.7

5.3

38.1

4

33.3

7

43.8

0

0

19.3

1

18.3

28.6

CC

117

Timor-Leste

6

33.3

5.7

40.5

2

16.7

7

43.8

0

0

20.7

3

17.7

27.6

CC

118

Cape Verde

4

22.2

5.7

40.5

2

16.7

6

37.5

0

0

17.7

0

17.7

27.6

CC

119

Afghanistan

7

38.9

5.7

40.5

3

25

5

31.3

0

0

20.7

3

17.7

27.6

CC

120

Burkina Faso

8

44.4

3.7

26.2

2

16.7

4

25

0

0

17.7

0

17.7

27.6

CC

121

Mauritania

5

27.8

5.3

38.1

4

33.3

6

37.5

0

0

20.3

3

17.3

27.1

CC

122

Venezuela

4

22.2

3.7

26.2

3

25

6

37.5

0

0

16.7

0

16.7

26

CC

123

Burundi

5

27.8

5.7

40.5

3

25

4

25

0

0

17.7

1

16.7

26

CC

124

Lesotho

7

38.9

4.7

33.3

2

16.7

5

31.3

0

0

18.7

2

16.7

26

CC

125

Pakistan

6

33.3

4.7

33.3

4

33.3

5

31.3

0

0

19.7

3

16.7

26

CC

126

Singapore

6

33.3

2.7

19

5

41.7

5

31.3

0

0

18.7

2

16.7

26

CC

127

Lebanon

7

38.9

4.3

31

5

41.7

5

31.3

0

0

21.3

5

16.3

25.5

C

128

Guinea

3

16.7

5.3

38.1

3

25

5

31.3

0

0

16.3

1

15.3

24

C

129

Tunisia

4

22.2

5.3

38.1

2

16.7

6

37.5

0

0

17.3

2

15.3

24

C

130

Brunei

4

22.2

5

35.7

2

16.7

6

37.5

0

0

17

2

15

23.4

C

137.

TABLE 1

Government Response ratings (continued)

138.

Survivors are supported

Criminal justice

Coordination and accountability

Attitudes, social systems
and institutions

Rank

Country

Business and government

Subtotal

Negative score

131

Oman

6

33.3

5.7

40.5

3

25

3

18.8

0

132

Suriname

2

11.1

5.7

40.5

4

33.3

4

25

Total

Rating

0

17.7

3

14.7

22.9

C

0

0

15.7

1

14.7

22.9

C

133

Guinea-Bissau

3

16.7

3.7

26.2

5

41.7

4

25

0

0

15.7

1

14.7

22.9

C

134

Yemen

2

11.1

3.7

26.2

4

33.3

6

37.5

0

0

15.7

1

14.7

22.9

C

135

Kyrgyzstan

3

16.7

4.3

31

4

33.3

5

31.3

0

0

16.3

2

14.3

22.4

C

136

Russia

6

33.3

7.3

52.4

3

25

2

12.5

0

0

18.3

4

14.3

22.4

C

137

Tanzania

4

22.2

4.7

33.3

3

25

4

25

0

0

15.7

2

13.7

21.4

C

138

Angola

3

16.7

3.7

26.2

3

25

5

31.3

0

0

14.7

1

13.7

21.4

C

139

Algeria

3

16.7

7.3

52.4

4

33.3

1

6.3

0

0

15.3

2

13.3

20.8

C

140

Cuba

4

22.2

6.3

45.2

2

16.7

3

18.8

0

0

15.3

2

13.3

20.8

C

141

Djibouti

2

11.1

4.3

31

4

33.3

4

25

0

0

14.3

1

13.3

20.8

C

142

Zimbabwe

4

22.2

4.3

31

2

16.7

5

31.3

0

0

15.3

2

13.3

20.8

C

143

Niger

2

11.1

7.3

52.4

3

25

4

25

0

0

16.3

3

13.3

20.8

C

144

Democratic Republic of
the Congo

4

22.2

4.3

31

4

33.3

2

12.5

0

0

14.3

1

13.3

20.8

C

145

Chad

4

22.2

3.7

26.2

3

25

3

18.8

0

0

13.7

1

12.7

19.8

C

146

Mali

3

16.7

2.3

16.7

4

33.3

4

25

0

0

13.3

1

12.3

19.3

C

147

Haiti

4

22.2

5.3

38.1

3

25

3

18.8

0

0

15.3

3

12.3

19.3

C

148

Papua New Guinea

5

27.8

3.7

26.2

1

8.3

3

18.8

0

0

12.7

1

11.7

18.2

C

149

Swaziland

4

22.2

2.7

19

4

33.3

3

18.8

0

0

13.7

2

11.7

18.2

C

150

Sudan

3

16.7

3.7

26.2

3

25

4

25

0

0

13.7

2

11.7

18.2

C

151

Kuwait

3

16.7

5.3

38.1

2

16.7

5

31.3

0

0

15.3

4

11.3

17.7

C

152

Saudi Arabia

6

33.3

5.3

38.1

5

41.7

3

18.8

0

0

19.3

8

11.3

17.7

C

153

South Sudan

3

16.7

4.3

31

2

16.7

3

18.8

0

0

12.3

1

11.3

17.7

C

154

Hong Kong

5

27.8

2

14.3

2

16.7

4

25

0

0

13

2

11

17.2

C

155

Somalia

5

27.8

2.7

19

3

25

3

18.8

0

0

13.7

3

10.7

16.7

C

156

Morocco

3

16.7

2.7

19

3

25

4

25

0

0

12.7

2

10.7

16.7

C

157

Turkmenistan

1

5.6

6.3

45.2

2

16.7

3

18.8

0

0

12.3

2

10.3

16.1

D

158

Iraq

4

22.2

3.7

26.2

2

16.7

3

18.8

0

0

12.7

3

9.7

15.1

D

159

Republic of the Congo

2

11.1

2.7

19

3

25

4

25

0

0

11.7

2

9.7

15.1

D

160

Uzbekistan

3

16.7

4.7

33.3

3

25

2

12.5

0

0

12.7

5

7.7

12

D

161

Equatorial Guinea

1

5.6

2.7

19

1

8.3

3

18.8

0

0

7.7

1

6.7

10.4

D

162

Libya

1

5.6

3.3

23.8

2

16.7

2

12.5

0

0

8.3

2

6.3

9.9

D

163

Central African Republic

2

11.1

3.3

23.8

1

8.3

2

12.5

0

0

8.3

3

5.3

8.3

D

164

Eritrea

0

0

1.7

11.9

2

16.7

2

12.5

0

0

5.7

2

3.7

5.7

D

165

Syria

0

0

1.7

11.9

2

16.7

1

6.3

0

0

4.7

3

1.7

2.6

D

166

Iran

0

0

1.7

11.9

1

8.3

0

0

0

0

2.7

4

-1.3

-2.1

D

167

North Korea

0

0

0

0

1

8.3

0

0

0

0

1

4

-3

-4.7

D

139.

TABLE 2

Global data table – vulnerability

Table 2 contains the data used to estimate the vulnerability of enslavement within each country to respond to modern
slavery based on thirty-seven factors clustered into five categories: state policy vulnerability, human rights, development
vulnerability, state stability, and discrimination.

140.

Rank

Country

Slavery Policy Human Rights

Development State Stability Discrimination

Mean

Rank

Country

1

Somalia

85.9

100

92.8

85.5

100

94.9

2

Eritrea

92.9

100

86.3

44

Kuwait

89.4

69.9

34.3

36.8

78.2

61.8

55.9

83.5

83.8

45

Republic of the Congo

64.6

50.5

69.6

57.3

69.4

3

Sudan

78.8

100

61.7

79.7

79.8

59.9

82.6

4

Yemen

89.4

46

Honduras

54.0

53.8

58.0

75.6

64.4

61.1

94.5

64.6

69.7

84.4

80.6

47

Jordan

61.1

85.9

48.6

37.5

62.4

60.7

5

Democratic Republic of the Congo

78.8

78.0

83.9

80.7

64.3

6

79.3

48

Egypt

50.5

82.1

42.9

49.9

77.2

60.6

Central African Republic

92.9

83.5

82.3

77.0

66.2

78.9

49

Niger

61.1

47.8

86.9

55.2

50.2

60.2

7

Syria

100

100

55.3

74.7

54.1

76.9

50

Togo

68.2

50.5

76.9

60.4

48.1

60.1

8

Libya

89.4

88.2

50.0

63.0

83.5

75.6

51

Morocco

85.9

68.9

43.9

46.6

50.9

60.0

9

North Korea

85.9

100

59.8

75.1

58.8

75.2

52

Liberia

78.8

35.9

81.6

53.7

52.0

59.7

10

Afghanistan

78.8

69.8

91.9

79.3

54.4

75.1

53

China

57.6

91.9

42.2

46.2

53.3

59.0

11

Chad

75.3

60.7

86.4

74.1

64.9

73.7

54

Zambia

61.1

51.1

71.4

48.5

67.7

58.9

12

Zimbabwe

85.9

91.8

63.9

70.9

53.5

73.5

55

Malawi

64.6

43.5

89.1

41.6

57.9

58.6

13

Myanmar

68.2

91.8

71.8

61.8

64.5

72.3

56

Cameroon

32.8

71.6

74.6

59.7

57.0

58.4

14

Mauritania

92.9

75.3

76.8

62.7

67.6

72.2

57

Bahrain

78.8

86.9

27.4

37.2

56.5

58.2

15

Haiti

68.2

67.0

81.3

64.3

75.0

71.9

58

Malaysia

78.8

77.4

35.6

30.4

71.5

58.1

16

Iraq

71.7

91.8

61.3

77.2

59.0

71.7

59

Lesotho

82.3

34.0

70.4

46.0

52.1

57.7

17

Iran

96.5

92.8

41.0

58.1

68.4

71.4

60

Guyana

71.7

39.9

68.4

49.8

67.5

57.3

18

Guinea-Bissau

92.9

50.5

82.6

72.0

60.0

70.3

61

Bangladesh

75.3

62.0

67.3

58.6

30.0

57.3

19

Guinea

71.7

64.3

82.4

69.7

61.5

70.0

62

Belarus

64.6

97.3

36.4

54.5

34.7

56.8

20

Equatorial Guinea

92.9

83.5

53.7

62.8

58.8

69.6

63

India

85.9

58.9

54.0

56.5

38.3

56.7

21

Pakistan

85.9

79.2

60.4

68.9

60.0

69.5

64

Uganda

39.9

72.4

72.4

51.2

54.4

56.7

22

Madagascar

64.6

64.8

79.8

59.0

58.0

67.4

65

Benin

61.1

36.7

80.3

51.0

50.1

56.7

23

South Sudan

82.3

53.3

78.5

72.5

57.3

66.7

66

Uzbekistan

54.0

91.8

39.0

62.8

38.6

56.5

24

Burundi

78.8

55.2

81.9

66.4

41.7

66.3

67

Russia

54.0

89.9

29.7

67.0

47.5

56.2

25

Saudi Arabia

82.3

91.8

36.0

49.5

72.2

65.9

68

Oman

68.2

77.2

38.0

40.9

58.8

56.1

26

Djibouti

68.2

75.3

72.5

56.1

52.7

65.7

69

Burkina Faso

54.0

38.8

83.7

58.9

42.8

55.8

27

Angola

71.7

75.3

63.4

61.4

54.4

65.3

70

Sri Lanka

64.6

69.7

47.1

58.9

34.2

55.7

28

Swaziland

64.6

69.5

55.2

55.8

73.2

65.0

71

Senegal

43.4

38.1

76.4

54.3

55.7

55.7

29

Côte d’Ivoire

57.6

65.6

78.5

67.6

55.7

65.0

72

Cuba

68.2

97.3

51.6

44.8

1.0

55.5

30

Papua New Guinea

89.4

28.5

65.9

48.2

89.3

65.0

73

Mozambique

54.0

44.9

77.8

55.5

41.0

55.5

Slavery Policy Human Rights

Development State Stability Discrimination

Mean

31

Algeria

89.4

92.1

49.2

48.1

48.9

64.8

74

Ghana

71.7

25.9

67.9

46.2

63.5

54.4

32

Turkmenistan

64.6

100

45.0

64.7

46.3

64.8

75

Vietnam

47.0

91.8

45.1

49.4

41.7

54.3

33

Tanzania

54.0

62.9

81.6

54.9

67.5

64.2

76

Timor-Leste

71.7

23.0

60.5

58.2

57.0

54.2

34

Mali

92.9

41.7

81.4

64.5

45.7

64.0

77

Kyrgyzstan

68.2

64.3

45.3

57.0

43.1

54.2

35

Kenya

78.8

68.5

54.4

67.3

56.0

63.6

78

Azerbaijan

43.4

85.2

36.7

59.5

43.3

53.7

36

Nigeria

50.5

72.7

58.5

68.4

71.0

63.6

79

Indonesia

47.0

70.0

51.9

49.6

56.0

53.7

37

Rwanda

75.3

71.2

70.2

45.9

54.1

63.5

80

Nepal

61.1

61.7

64.9

50.7

30.1

53.2

38

Sierra Leone

68.2

42.0

86.0

50.7

68.2

63.0

81

Venezuela

43.4

76.4

38.3

73.7

35.0

52.7

39

Cambodia

75.3

58.8

54.8

65.3

63.6

62.9

82

Tunisia

64.6

45.0

40.8

48.3

53.9

52.0

40

Lao PDR

61.1

97.3

61.5

49.8

50.0

62.6

83

Botswana

85.9

35.5

50.2

29.6

53.6

51.8

41

Lebanon

68.2

64.8

38.2

62.5

78.4

62.5

84

Dominican Republic

47.0

54.3

41.2

60.5

59.3

51.7

42

Gambia

57.6

53.3

82.5

60.6

58.8

62.5

85

Guatemala

32.8

44.6

44.1

66.8

58.8

51.7

43

Ethiopia

36.4

92.6

82.7

52.7

53.8

62.3

86

Thailand

57.6

60.0

40.0

44.6

58.6

51.5
141.

TABLE 2

Global data table – vulnerability (continued)

142.

Rank

Country

Slavery Policy Human Rights

Development State Stability Discrimination

Mean

Rank

Country

Slavery Policy Human Rights

Development State Stability Discrimination

Mean

87

Tajikistan

39.9

78.0

51.1

57.1

38.5

51.4

134

Chile

36.4

20.0

31.7

23.6

45.7

31.5

88

Brunei

43.4

86.7

36.6

30.3

67.0

51.4

135

Uruguay

57.6

14.6

31.3

33.6

26.8

31.4

89

Namibia

78.8

23.0

49.6

35.7

72.5

51.2

136

Estonia

50.5

13.2

28.1

24.6

43.5

30.6

90

Georgia

57.6

71.9

37.0

45.9

46.8

51.1

137

South Korea

22.2

39.2

30.8

30.5

36.0

30.3

91

Turkey

50.5

63.7

39.6

44.2

62.9

50.9

138

Japan

61.1

17.6

23.4

11.4

40.0

29.9

92

Qatar

50.5

82.3

28.1

26.1

70.1

50.8

139

Cyprus

25.8

27.7

29.0

20.7

46.0

29.8

93

Gabon

50.5

45.6

49.8

46.4

63.8

50.5

140

Italy

32.8

21.9

24.0

38.1

31.3

29.6

94

Bolivia

54.0

42.3

53.4

60.5

48.3

49.5

141

Argentina

25.8

30.7

30.3

46.5

21.3

29.5

95

Kazakhstan

36.4

75.8

34.0

57.8

38.0

49.1

142

Slovakia

11.6

28.5

31.2

39.3

33.4

28.8

96

Ukraine

57.6

46.0

38.9

61.1

40.0

48.0

143

Poland

1.0

21.7

27.1

22.2

48.2

25.5

97

Philippines

36.4

41.4

45.6

52.5

59.4

47.1

144

Hong Kong, SAR China

64.6

3.5

21.1

10.9

25.2

25.0

98

United Arab Emirates

39.9

85.0

34.4

34.1

40.6

46.8

145

Czech Republic

8.1

27.9

28.7

17.7

37.6

24.0

99

Paraguay

43.4

36.5

43.3

61.5

53.9

46.3

146

France

25.8

25.8

28.0

21.0

23.9

22.8

100

Albania

47.0

43.6

36.0

57.0

55.3

46.3

147

Taiwan

11.6

28.4

17.1

27.7

28.9

22.7

101

Nicaragua

8.1

59.6

60.9

59.7

41.2

45.9

148

Spain

15.1

27.9

22.8

22.6

17.6

22.7

102

Colombia

43.4

43.3

38.7

57.9

49.2

45.8

149

Switzerland

32.8

23.3

21.1

10.6

25.5

22.0

103

Bosnia and Herzegovina

29.3

57.2

34.9

46.4

53.8

45.7

150

Portugal

18.7

13.0

28.2

17.0

29.7

21.4

104

Peru

43.4

46.2

35.6

48.9

53.1

45.4

151

Ireland

18.7

18.1

27.1

16.7

19.5

20.7

105

Suriname

47.0

23.0

53.3

35.7

63.4

45.2

152

Slovenia

4.5

15.1

29.6

16.1

34.8

20.7

106

Mexico

39.9

40.9

39.0

60.2

42.7

45.2

153

Iceland

54.0

19.0

22.4

12.1

3.0

20.0

107

Mongolia

64.6

28.5

35.7

42.5

44.9

44.0

154

United States

8.1

17.9

22.2

26.1

25.4

19.9

108

South Africa

43.4

24.8

38.2

46.9

55.6

43.3

155

Denmark

43.4

16.8

25.2

3.5

6.2

18.4

109

El Salvador

32.8

32.6

44.9

61.4

53.5

42.9

156

Germany

11.6

24.7

25.1

14.4

12.2

17.6

110

Trinidad and Tobago

64.6

27.7

36.2

41.5

36.8

42.8

157

Luxembourg

32.8

2.4

10.9

9.9

21.6

17.0

111

Panama

68.2

28.0

35.6

46.8

42.6

42.1

158

Belgium

4.5

18.1

26.8

14.9

15.9

16.0

112

Armenia

4.5

63.7

35.7

51.6

54.8

42.1

159

Finland

4.5

22.2

26.2

8.9

14.4

16.0

113

Ecuador

39.9

49.6

32.2

57.7

34.7

42.1

160

Canada

8.1

16.8

25.4

11.2

19.7

15.5

114

Moldova

4.5

58.0

40.1

52.6

53.6

41.8

161

United Kingdom

8.1

10.3

17.1

18.4

17.6

15.1

115

Jamaica

36.4

23.9

54.9

54.5

49.7

41.7

162

Austria

4.5

17.3

23.9

14.4

14.4

14.9

116

Greece

36.4

49.8

30.2

43.3

50.9

41.4

163

Sweden

8.1

15.7

26.5

10.1

10.9

13.5

117

Cape Verde

50.5

9.3

43.6

33.6

61.4

41.3

164

New Zealand

15.1

8.6

26.6

6.6

6.8

12.7

118

Kosovo

22.2

45.0

36.3

48.4

56.3

40.9

165

Australia

11.6

2.9

24.8

13.5

15.1

11.5

119

Montenegro

36.4

38.8

30.3

49.5

49.0

40.8

166

Netherlands

11.6

9.2

25.1

13.5

8.4

11.4

120

Macedonia

25.8

41.7

33.7

54.9

46.0

39.7

167

Norway

11.6

16.0

25.6

7.8

2.5

11.3

121

Mauritius

68.2

30.8

38.9

21.4

42.3

39.0

122

Barbados

57.6

17.5

42.3

23.1

42.3

38.5

123

Romania

25.8

50.1

34.8

42.8

40.6

38.1

124

Israel

29.3

43.9

28.7

32.0

58.4

37.8

125

Latvia

43.4

34.8

30.0

38.8

45.1

37.7

126

Serbia

25.8

45.4

34.1

43.2

40.2

37.0

127

Bulgaria

22.2

42.4

30.9

47.9

34.1

35.5

128

Hungary

54.0

30.8

33.8

22.1

32.4

35.3

129

Lithuania

47.0

36.4

24.5

27.1

44.3

35.2

130

Singapore

22.2

51.9

28.2

16.8

59.4

35.1

131

Brazil

22.2

28.0

33.3

50.2

42.5

34.6

132

Costa Rica

54.0

22.5

34.6

39.1

24.5

34.2

133

Croatia

43.4

33.8

30.8

30.3

37.0

33.7

143.

ENDNOTESMAURITANIA
Personal communication
Gill Harvey, “Mauritania: Where less is Moorish”, The Independent, June 28, 2008, accessed 04/09/14: www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/mauritania-where-less-ismoorish-855790.html
3.
“Anti-Slavery International thematic report on slavery in Mauritania for the UN Human Rights Committee, 107th session, 11 – 28 March 2013. Adoption of the List of Issues on the initialreport of Mauritania,” Anti-Slavery International, December 12, 2012: http://bit.ly/Za4MyV
4.
As above5.
As above
6.
Personal communication
7.
Personal communication
8.
Anti-Slavery International thematic report on slavery in Mauritania for the UN Human Rights Committee, 107th session, 11 – 28 March 2013. Adoption of the List of Issues on the initialreport of Mauritania,” Anti-Slavery International, December 12, 2012: http://bit.ly/Za4MyV
9.
Marrying Too Young – End Child Marriage, (United Nations Population Fund, 2012), p. 23, accessed 05/09/14: http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/
publications/2012/MarryingTooYoung.pdf
10. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Mauritania Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 268, accessed 22/07/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226847.pdf
11. Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian, (United Nations General Assembly, 2010) accessed
10/09/14: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/slavery/rapporteur/docs/A.HRC.15.20.Add.2_en.pdf
12. John D Sutter, “Slavery’s last stronghold”, The CNN Freedom Project, March 17, 2012: http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html
13. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Mauritania Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 268, accessed 22/07/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226847.pdf
14. Personal communication
15. “Mauritania Urged To Turn Pledges Into Deeds In Fight Against Slavery” United Nations Office at Geneva, February 27, 2014, accessed 05/09/14: www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_
media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear_en%29/A5CFC3D86D56E100C1257C8D0031BD5A?OpenDocument
16. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Mauritania Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 268, accessed 22/07/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226847.pdf
17. Personal communication
18. “Observation (CEACR) – adopted 2012, published 102nd ILC session (2013)” International Labour Organization, 2013: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:1310
0:0::NO::P13100_COMMENT_ID:3080704
19. Personal communication
20. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Mauritania Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 268, accessed 22/07/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226847.pdf
21. As above, p. 258
22. As above
23. “MAURITANIA: Anti-slavery law still tough to enforce,” IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, December 11, 2012, accessed 28/04/14: http://www.irinnews.org/report/97016/
mauritania-anti-slavery-law-still-tough-to-enforce
24. John D Sutter, “Slavery’s last stronghold”, The CNN Freedom Project, March 17, 2012: http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html
25. Personal communication
26. “Mauritanians head to polls amid dissent,” Al Jazeera, June 19, 2014, accessed 05/09/14: m.aljazeera.com/story/201461874846807471
27. “MAURITANIA: Anti-slavery law still tough to enforce,” IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, December 11, 2012, accessed 28/04/14: http://www.irinnews.org/report/97016/
mauritania-anti-slavery-law-still-tough-to-enforce
28. Alexis Okeowo, “Freedom Fighter” The New Yorker, September 8, 2014, accessed 05/09/14: http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter
29. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013 – Mauritania, (United States Department of State), accessed 10/09/14: http://www.state.
gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper
1.
2.

“Fight against child labor? I’ve heard nothing”, UzNews, June 16, 2014: http://www.uznews.net/en/commentary/1225-fight-against-child-labor-i%E2%80%99ve-heard-nothing and “Childlabor reports unread in the Uzbek media,” UzNews, June 11, 2014: http://www.uznews.net/en/human-rights/26663-child-labor-reports-unread-in-the-uzbek-media
23. World Report 2014 – Uzbekistan, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), accessed 14/08/14: http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan?page=3
24. Forced Labour in Uzbekistan: Report on the 2013 Cotton Harvest, (Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights, 2014), accessed 30/06/14: http://uzbekgermanforum.org/wp-content/
uploads/2014/06/Forced-Labor-in-Uzbekistan-Report-2013.pdf
25. As above
26. The average procurement price paid in 2012 was 670,753 soums per tonne. The average cost of production in 2012 was 865,253 soums/ tonne, so farmers lost 194,500 soums per tonne($US96 at the official exchange rate.) Personal communication.
22.

HAITI
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report 2014: Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience, (UNDP, 2014) p. 162, accessed
18/08/14: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf
2.
Y. Pierre, G.R. Smucker & J. Tardieu, Lost Childhoods in Haiti: Quantifying Child Trafficking, Restaveks & Victims of Violence, (Pan American Development Foundation & U.S. Agency forInternational Development, Haiti Mission, 2009), p.8, accessed 28/04/14: http://www.crin.org/docs/Haiti_lost_childhoods.pdf
3.
As above, p. 6
4.
As above5.
A. Cooper, P. Diego-Rosell, & C. Gogue, Child Labor in Domestic Service (Restavèks) in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, (ICF International, 2012), p. 40, accessed 10/06/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/
reports/pdf/2012RestavekHaiti.pdf
6.
H. Howell, Urban Child Labor in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, (ICF International, 2012), p. 30 accessed 10/06/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/pdf/2012CLUrbanHaiti.pdf
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M, Forst, Report of the Independent Expert on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti, (Human Rights Council, United Nations General Assembly, 2013), p. 13 accessed 18/08/14: http://www.
ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A-HRC-22-65_EN.pdf
8.
A. Cooper, P. Diego-Rosell, & C. Gogue, Child Labor in Domestic Service (Restavèks) in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, (ICF International, 2012), p. 5, accessed 10/06/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/
reports/pdf/2012RestavekHaiti.pdf
9.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Haiti Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 195, accessed 20/06/14: http://www.
state.gov/documents/organization/226846.pdf
10. Field sources
11. “Migrant Assistance: Assisted to Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR)”, International Organisation of Migration, accessed 22/08/14: http://haiti.iom.int/migrant-assistance
12. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Haiti Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 195, accessed 20/06/14: http://www.
state.gov/documents/organization/226846.pdf
13. As above, Law No. CL/2014-0010
14. “Haiti Enacts World’s Newest Anti-Trafficking Law”, Free the Slaves blog, last modified 11/08/14: http://ftsblog.net/2014/08/11/haiti-enacts-worlds-newest-anti-trafficking-law/
15. Field source
16. Personal communication
17. Personal communication
18. “Haiti – Social: More than 200 intervention of the Brigade for the protection of minors”, Haiti Libre, June 10, 2014, accessed 22/08/14: http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-11342-haitisocialmore-than-200-intervention-of-the-brigade-for-the-protection-of-minors.html
19. Immigration and Refuge Board Canada, Haiti: The “restaveks”; state protection provided and support offered by NGOs; Voodoo rites to which parents may subject their children, (UNHCR, Refworld,2013), accessed 22/08/14: http://www.refworld.org/docid/5373272e4.html
20. Field source
21. 2009 Loi Modifant L’Article 257 Du Code Du Travail (Amendment to Article 257 of the Labour Code), Republique D’Haiti, accessed 01/09/14: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/
ELECTRONIC/91817/106646/F-1001432617/HTI-91817.pdf
1.

QATAR
“Qatar: Serious Migrant Worker Abuse”, Human Rights Watch News, January 21, 2014, accessed 09/02/14: http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/21/qatar-serious-migrant-worker-abuses
Gardner, et al., A Portrait of Low-Income Migrants in Contemporary Qatar, Journal of Arabian Studies 3, no. 1, 2013, pp. 1-17, accessed 25/06/14: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/
abs/10.1080/21534764.2013.806076?queryID=%24%7BresultBean.queryID%7D&#.VBKbpfmSzUw
3.
‘My sleep is my break’: Exploitation of Migrant Domestic Workers in Qatar, (Amnesty International, 2014), p. 37, accessed 25/06/14: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/
MDE22/004/2014/en/7b7121b8-37c1-4e49-b1a1-2d8a005450a3/mde220042014en.pdf
4.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons,Trafficking in Persons Report: Qatar Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 320-322, accessed 20/08/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226848.pdf
5.
Report of the Director-General, Eighth Supplementary Report, March 13-27, (International Labour Office Governing Body, 2014), p.7, accessed 26/062014: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/
groups/public/—-ed_norm/—-relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_239846.pdf
6.
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‘My sleep is my break’: Exploitation of Migrant Domestic Workers in Qatar, (Amnesty International 2014), pp. 47-49, accessed 25/06/14: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/
MDE22/004/2014/en/7b7121b8-37c1-4e49-b1a1-2d8a005450a3/mde220042014en.pdf
8.
Francois Crepeau, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, (Human Rights Council United Nations General Assembly, 2014), pp. 11-12, accessed 09/02/14: http://
www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/SRMigrants/A-HRC-26-35-Add1_en.pdf
9.
“Qatar to use robots as camel jockeys”, Sydney Morning Herald, April 20, 2005, accessed 09/02/13: www.smh.com.au/news/Breaking/Qatar-to-use-robots-as-camel-jocke
ys/2005/04/20/1113854221996.html
10. Sam Bollier, “Qatar announces changes to labour law”, Aljazeera, May 15, 2014, accessed 09/02/14: http://m.aljazeera.com/story/2014513115014474205
11. Qatar MENA Gender Equality Profile Status of Girls and Women in the Middle East and North Africa, (UNICEF, 2011), p.1, accessed 09/02/14: http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/QatarGender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf
1.
2.

UZBEKISTAN“Table 01 Cotton World Supply, Use, and Trade (Season Beginning August 1),” in Reports: Cotton section of “Production,Supply and Distribution Online,” United States Department ofAgriculture, March 8, 2013: http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/.
World Report 2014 – Uzbekistan, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), p. 3, accessed 14/08/14: http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan?page=3
3.
“Uzbekistan: Forced Labour Widespread in Cotton Harvest”, Human Rights Watch, January 26, 2013: http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/01/25/uzbekistan-forced-labor-widespread-cottonharvest
4.
“Ten reasons the US Government should maintain Uzbekistan in Tier 3 in the 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report”, The Cotton Campaign, June 30, 2014: http://www.cottoncampaign.org/
blog/
5.
Human Rights Due Diligence and World Bank Funding in Uzbekistan’s Agricultural Sector, (The Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights, June, 2014), p. 5, accessed 22/08/14: http://uzbekgermanforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/UGF-World-Bank-Loans-to-Uzbekistan.pdf
6.
“Uzbekistan’s Cotton Sector: Financial Flows and Distribution of Resources”, (Paper presented at the panel “The Social Cost of the Uzbek Cotton Industry”, Open Society Foundations –DC, Washington DC, May 1, 2014). To be published.
7.
White Gold:The True Cost of Cotton, (Environmental Justice Foundation, 2005), accessed 27/08/14: http://ejfoundation.org/sites/default/files/public/white_gold_the_true_cost_of_cotton.
pdf ; See also, Forced Child Labor in Uzbekistan’s 2008 Spring Agricultural Season, (International Labour Rights Forum and Human Rights Defenders in Uzbekistan, 2008), accessed 27/08/14:
http://www.cottoncampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Child-Labor-in-Uzbekistan-Spring-2008.pdf
8.
Review of the 2013 Cotton Harvest in Uzbekistan: State Forced-Labour System Continues, (Cotton Campaign, 2013), pp. 2-3, accessed 14/08/14: http://www.cottoncampaign.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/11/2013CottonHarvest_end_report.pdf
9.
As above, p.1
10. As above, pp. 11-12
11. Chronicle of Forced Labor 2014 – Issue 1, (Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights, 2014), accessed 14/08/14: http://uzbekgermanforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/
Chronicle-2014_Issue1-May-193.pdf
12. “ILO High Level Mission Report on the Monitoring of Child Labour During 2013 Cotton Harvest in Uzbekistan”, International Labour Organization, 2013, p.7, accessed 14/08/14: http://
www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:13100:0::NO::P13100_COMMENT_ID:3149080
13. “International Labour Organization: Child labor in Uzbekistan is infrequent and not systematic”, Uznews, August 28, 2013: http://www.uznews.net/en/human-rights/24496-internationallabour-organization-child-labor-in-uzbekistan-is-infrequent-and-not-systematic.
See also: The Cotton Campaign, Comments Concerning the Ranking of Uzbekistan by the United States Department of State in the 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report, January 30, 2014, accessed
27/08/14: http://www.cottoncampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/comments_Uzbekistan_JTIP_2014.pdf
14. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Uzbekistan Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 404-407, accessed 29/06/14:
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17. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Uzbekistan, (United States Department of Labor, 2014), accessed 10/10/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/
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18. Bahrom Eshmurodov, Translation from Uzbek into English of an awareness-raising leaflet prepared in the framework of the Rule of Law Platform (European Union, 2013), p. 2, accessed 29/06/14:
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19. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Uzbekistan Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 405, accessed 29/06/14: http://
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World Report 2014 – Uzbekistan, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), p.1, accessed 14/08/14: http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan?page=1
21. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Uzbekistan Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 405, accessed 29/06/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226849.pdf
1.

2.

144.

INDIA
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Personal communication
See: India’s Childhood in the “Pits”: A report on the impacts of mining on children in India, (Dhaatri Resource Centre for Women and Children, 2010), accessed 31/07/14: www.indianet.nl/pdf/
MaidInIndia-suppliers.pdf; Dalits and bonded labour in India, International Dalit Solidarity Network, accessed 31/07/14: http://idsn.org/caste-discrimination/key-issues/bonded-labour/india/; Christine Joffries et al., “Sexual slavery without borders: trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation in India,” International Journal of Equity Health 2, (2008), accessed 31/07/14:
http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/7/1/22; Suneel Kumar, “Exploring the Rural-Agrarian Linkages of Human Trafficking: A study of the Indian Punjab,” International Migration 51
no. 4, (2013), accessed 31/0714: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/imig.12096/abstract“Bonded labour can be addressed by reducing conditions that perpetrate bondage like situation – Experts”, International Labour Organisation, October 17, 2013, accessed 29/08/14: http://
www.ilo.org/newdelhi/info/public/pr/WCMS_223590/lang—en/index.htm“Sex Trafficking”, Dalit Freedom Network, last modified 2012, accessed 16/09/14: http://www.dfn.org.uk/info/slavery/42-information/slavery/92-sex-trafficking; See also: Christine Joffries
et al., “Sexual slavery without borders: trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation in India”, International Journal of Equity Health 2, (2008), accessed 31/07/14: http://www.equityhealthj.
com/content/7/1/22“Jajnaseni: Trafficking and Safe Migration”, Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, 2012, accessed 31/07/14: http://www.gaatw.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=730:jajnaseni-trafficking-and-safe-migration&catid=95:member-profile&Itemid=67
TN Sathayanarayana and Giridhara R Babu, “Targeted sexual exploitation of children and women in India: Policy perspectives on Devadasi system”, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public
Health, no. 5 (2012), pp.157-162, accessed 16/09/14: http://www.atmph.org/article.asp?issn=1755-6783;year=2012;volume=5;issue=3;spage=157;epage=162;aulast=Sathyanarayana; Seealso “Education and Health Care for the Devadasi Community and other Poor Families,” Terre des Hommes, 2013, accessed 31/07/14: http://www.terredeshommesnl.org/en/south-asia/
projects/project/education-and-health-care-for-the-devada
Deeptiman Tiwary, “One lakh children go missing in India every year: Home Ministry”, Times of India, August 7, 2014, accessed 09/09/14: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Onelakh-children-go-missing-in-India-every-year-Home-ministry/articleshow/39779841.cms

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Labour Migration Trends and Patterns: Bangladesh, India and Nepal 2013, (The Asia Foundation, 2013), pp. 43-45, accessed 31/08/14: http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/
LabourMigrationTrendsandPatternsBangladeshIndiaandNepal2013.pdf; See also: Office of the Special Rapporteur on Trafficking In Women and Children, Trafficking in Persons Especiallyon Women and Children in Nepal, (National Human Rights Commission, 2014), accessed 16/09/14: http://www.nhrcnepal.org/nhrc_new/doc/newsletter/1289900699Report%20of%20
Trafficking%20in%20Persons%20(Especially%20on%20Women%20and%20Children)%20National%20Report%202012-2013-Eng.pdf
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Labour Migration Trends and Patterns: Bangladesh, India and Nepal 2013, (The Asia Foundation, 2013), pp. 43-45, accessed 31/08/14: http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/
LabourMigrationTrendsandPatternsBangladeshIndiaandNepal2013.pdf; See also Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, (ILO & Heartland Alliance International, 2013),
p. 71, accessed 31/08/14: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-arabstates/—-ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_211214.pdf
10. As above
11. Bricks, cottonseed, carpets, embellished textiles and garments in: Bureau of International Labor Affairs, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. 2013 List, (US Department ofLabor, 2013), accessed 10/010/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/
12. Rice and stone in: Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: India, (US Department of Labor, 2014), accessed 10/10/14: http://www.dol.gov/
ilab/reports/child-labor/india.htm#ENREF_35
13. “Anti-Trafficking Cell”, Ministry of Home Affairs, last modified 2014, accessed 16/09/14: http://mha.nic.in/ATC_new
14. Government of India, “Response to 6 Monthly Update on Response to Modern Slavery – Case Study”, (Walk Free Foundation, 2014), accessed 14/07/14: http://www.globalslaveryindex.
org/country/india/
15. Victim compensation available for victims of human trafficking in some states – see “Government of India, “Response to 6 Monthly Update on Response to Modern Slavery – Case Study”,(Walk Free Foundation, 2014), accessed 14/07/14: http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/india/
16. Government of India, “Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976”, accessed 16/09/14: http://www.childlineindia.org.in/CP-CR-Downloads/Bonded%20Labour%20System%20(Abolition)%20Act%201976%20and%20Rules.pdf
17. “Abolition of Bonded Labour”, National Human Rights Commission, last modified unknown, accessed 16/09/14: http://nhrc.nic.in/hrissues.htm#no1
18. As above
19. Person Communication
20. Current Status of Victim Service Providers and Criminal Justice Actors in India on Anti-Human Trafficking, (UNDOC, 2013), p. 35, accessed 14/07/14: http://www.unodc.org/documents/
southasia//reports/Human_Trafficking-10-05-13.pdf
21. As above
22. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: India Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 203-206, accessed 14/07/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226846.pdf
23. Government of India, “Response to 6 Monthly Update on Response to Modern Slavery – Case Study”, (Walk Free Foundation, 2014), accessed 14/07/14: http://www.globalslaveryindex.
org/country/india/
24. Neelkanth Mishra & Ravi Shankar, “India’s better half: The informal economy”, (Credit-Suisse, 2013), accessed 20/08/14: https://www.credit-suisse.com/newsletter/doc/apac/
aic2013/20130712_indiamkt.pdf
25. “India: HRW Letter to Justice Verma, Chair of the Commission on reforms on sexual assault and Former Chief Justive of the Supreme Court of India”, Human Rights Watch, January 5,
2013, accessed 31/07/14: http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/01/05/india-hrw-letter-justice-verma-chair-commission-reforms-sexual-assault-and-former-ch
26. “Sexual Violence is India’s “shame”, Modhi urges parents to educate sons”, SBS, August 16, 2014, accessed 15/08/14: http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/08/15/sexual-violenceindias-shame-modi-urges-parents-educate-sons
27. Nita Bhalla, “As India gang rape trial ends, a debate of what has changed”, Thomson Reuters Foundation, September 9, 2013, accessed 15/08/14: http://www.trust.org/
item/20130906170502-jexnb/?source=spotlight
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state.gov/documents/organization/210739.pdf
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through formal channels: S. Irudaya Rajan,V.J.Varghese & M.S. Jayakumar, Overseas Recruitment in India: Structures, Practices and Remedies, (Working Paper, Centre for Development
Studies, 2010), p. 24, accessed 31/07/14: http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/3160/wp421.pdf?sequence=1
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PAKISTAN
Waaqas Naeem, “Bonded by Evil”, The Tribune, September 15, 2013, accessed 19/10/14: http://tribune.com.pk/story/604432/bonded-by-evil-brick-kiln-workers-continue-to-bake-amidowners-cruelty/
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Unfree labour in Pakistan:Work, Debt and Bondage in Brick Kilns, (Pakistan Institute of Labour Education & Research, 2004), p. 15, accessed 15/08/14: http://apflnet.ilo.org/resources/unfreelabour-in-pakistan-work-debt-and-bondage-in-brick-kilns/at_download/file1
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13. EU Eurostat, Trafficking in Human Beings, (Eurostat, 2014), p. 36, accessed 18/10/14: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_thb_stats_report_
en.pdf
14. As above, p. 52
15. 2012 Annual Report, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, accessed 15/08/14: http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/publications/annual-reports/
16. In Vaani/Swara, a woman is married to a man from an opposing clan to settle a dispute
17. All listed products can be found in: Bureau of International Labor Affairs, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. 2013 List, (United States Department of Labor, 2013), accessed
10/10/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/
18. Walk Free field research suggests that the budget for the Federal Investigative Agency was around US 1.8 million, solely for external human trafficking, in 2012, but the FIA function
includes what would more properly be called migrant smuggling or irregular migration.
19. Pakistan is rated 127 of 177 (177 being the most corrupt) on Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index. See: “Pakistan”, accessed 01/10/14: http://www.transparency.org/
country/#PAK. Recent investigations have revealed corruption affects government offices, including FIA, see: http://tribune.com.pk/story/592094/purging-the-watchdog-fia-declares-62of-its-officials-corrupt/, http://www.dawn.com/news/1107732.
20. State of Human Rights in 2012, (Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, 2012), p. 7, accessed 15/08/14: http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/AR2012.pdf
21. “National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA),” Ministry of Interior, last modified 2014: http://www.nadra.gov.pk/
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DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
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As above“Congo-Kinshasa: Dangers Rise for DRC Refugees and Internally Displaced People”, All Africa, September 9, 2013, accessed 03/09/14: http://allafrica.com/stories/201309091389.html
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jan/30/drc-democratic-republic-congo-katanga-humanitarian-catastrophe-un

Nicholas., Garret, Artisanal Cassiterite Mining and Trade in North Kivu: Implication for Poverty Reduction and Security, (ASM Communities and Small Scale Mining, 2008), p. 12, accessed
04/09/14: http://www.rcsglobal.com/documents/CASM_WalikaleBooklet2.pdf
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Corydon Ireland, “Darkness visible”, Harvard Gazette, March 7 2013: news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/03/darkness-visible/?utm_source=SilverpopMailing&utm_
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Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report 2014 – Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Narrative, (US Department of State, 2014)
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12. Laura Smith-Spark, “82 child soldiers saved in the Democratic Republic of the Congo – U.N. Force” CNN Africa, August 17, 2013: http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/17/world/africa/dr-congo-childsoldiers/
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media/sdj_human_rights_project/2012-03_SDJ_Human_Rights_Project_at_UCLA_Report-Trafficking_in_the_DRC.pdf
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17. As above, p. 19
18. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor of Forced Labor, (United States Department of Labor, 2013), accessed 03/09/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ ; See also Faced with a gun what can you do? (Global Witness, 2009) p. 20, accessed 06/10/14: https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/report_en_
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19. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: 2013 Democratic Republic of the Congo Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2013), p. 137, accessed
08/09/14: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/210738.pdf
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23. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking, Trafficking Persons Report 2014: Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Narrative, (US Department of State, 2014), pp. 134-137, accessed 04/09/14:
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24. As above
25. Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, (United Nations Secretary General, June 2014) p. 4, accessed
04/09/14: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2014/450.htm
26. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking, Trafficking Persons Report 2014: Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp: 134-137, accessed
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27. Coming Clean – How Supply Chain Controls Can Stop Congo’s Minerals Trade Fuelling Conflict, (Global Witness, 2012), pp. 9-10, accessed 08/09/14: http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/
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30. As above
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32. The Congo Report: Slavery in Conflict Minerals, (Free the Slaves & One Square Foundation, 2011), p. 22, accessed 04/09/14: http://www.freetheslaves.net/Document.Doc?id=243
33. “2012 Conflict Minerals Company Rankings”, Raise Hope for Congo, last modified 2014: http://www.raisehopeforcongo.org/content/conflict-minerals-company-rankings
5.

SUDAN
“Slavery in Sudan”, Anti-Slavery International, accessed 12/09/14:
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2.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Sudan Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 357, accessed 12/09/14: http://
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3.
As above4.
“2014 UNHCR Country Operations Profile – Sudan”, United Nations Refugee Agency, accessed 12/09/14: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e483b76.html
5.
“I wanted to lie down and die”:Trafficking and Torture of Eritreans in Sudan and Egypt, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), p.1, accessed 06/03/2014, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/
egypt0214_ForUpload_1_0.pdf
6.
As above, p. 28
7.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Sudan Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 357, accessed 12/09/14: http://
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8.
As above9.
As above
10. As above
11. “Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and Philippines expose companies to high levels of supply chain risk”, Maplecroft, accessed 12/09/14: http://maplecroft.com/about/news/child_labour_2012.html
12. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Sudan Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 357-360, accessed 12/09/14:
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226848.pdf
13. As above
14. As above
15. Reem Abbas, “Time to Let Sudan’s Girls Be Girls, Not Brides”, Inter Press Service, July 10, 2013, accessed 12/09/14: http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/07/time-to-let-sudans-girls-be-girls-notbrides/
16. As above
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22. As above
23. World Report 2014, (Human Rights Watch, 2014) accessed 12/09/14: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/wr2014_web_0.pdf
24. Brownen Manby, A Right to A Nationality and the Secession of South Sudan: A Commentary On the Impact of the New Laws, (The Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa, 2012) p.4, accessed
12/09/14: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/right-nationality-and-secession-south-sudan-commentary-20120618.pdf
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SYRIA“Syria Regional refugee Response”, UNHCR, last modified 29/08/2014: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php#_ga=1.20526072.1155644569.1402908095
Children in Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary General to the United Nations General Assembly, May 14, 2014, p. 30, accessed 03/09/14: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/
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Haroon Siddique, “20,000 Iraqis besieged by Isis escape from mountain after US air strikes”, The Guardian, August 10, 2014, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/
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Marin Chulov, “Yazidis tormented by fears for women and girls kidnapped by Isis jihadis”, The Guardian, August 12, 2014, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/
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See also: Ethnic Cleansing on a Historic Scale: Islamic State’s systematic targeting on minorities in northern Iraq, (Amnesty International, September 2014,) p. 20, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.
amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE14/011/2014/en/63f30ccd-eedb-43f6-bb5b-1032f813307b/mde140112014en.pdf
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“Syria Regional refugee Response”, United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), last modified 29/08/2014: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php#_ga=1.20526072.1155644569.1402908095
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“Needs soar as number of Syrian refugees tops 3 million”, UNHCR, August 29, 2014, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.unhcr.org/53ff76c99.html
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Sophie Cousins, “Thousands of Syrian children forced into Jordan’s labour market”, Middle East Monitor, September 02, 2013, accessed 03/09/14: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/
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“Syrian refugee children in Lebanon forced to seek work – in pictures”, The Guardian, June 12, 2014, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/12/sp-syrian-refugee-children-in-lebanon-forced-to-seek-work-in-pictures
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Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Syria Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 366-368, accessed 03/09/14: http://
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10. “Syrian refugee children in Lebanon forced to seek work – in pictures”, The Guardian, June 12, 2014, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/12/sp-syrian-refugee-children-in-lebanon-forced-to-seek-work-in-pictures
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13. As above
14. Hélène Harroff-Tavel and Alix Nasri, Trafficked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, (International Labour Organization, 2013), p. 85, accessed 04/09/14: http://www.ilo.org/
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17. As above; see also “Syrian conflict: Untold misery of child brides”, BBC News Middle East, August 20, 2014, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28250471
18. Too Young to Wed: The growing problem of child marriage among Syrian girls in Jordan, (Save the Children, 2014), p. 6, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/TOO_YOUNG_TO_WED_REPORT_0714.PDF
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22. As above
23. Under Siege: The devastating impact on children of the three years of conflict in Syria, (UNICEF, 2014), p. 14, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Under_Siege_
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As above
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Ramona Ruiz, “More needs to be done to protect domestic workers, Ramadan Council hears”, The National, July 13, 2014, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.thenational.ae/uae/moreneeds-to-be-done-to-protect-domestic-workers-ramadan-council-hears
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Helene Harroff-Tavel and Alix Nasri, Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, (International Labour Organisation, 2013), p.60, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.ilo.org/
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Combatting Human Trafficking in the UAE: Annual Report 2013-2014, (National Committee to Combat Human Trafficking, 2014), p. 6, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.nccht.gov.ae/en/
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12. As above, p. 49
13. As above, p.9
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16. As above, p. 45
17. As above, p. 36
18. As above, p. 34
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20. As above
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See also: “Pipeline: Photo essay shows human trafficking in Italy”, News.com.au, July 12, 2014, accessed 12/09/14: http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/pipeline-photo-essay-showshuman-trafficking-in-italy/story-fnixwvgh-1226986925761
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13. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Bangladesh Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 91, accessed 02/09/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226845.pdf; See also: Philippa Smales, The New Slave in the Kitchen: Debt Bondage and Women Migrant Domestic Workers in Asia, (Asia Pacific Forum on
Women, Law and Development, 2011), p. 20, accessed 03/09/14: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Poverty/UnpaidWork/APWLD.pdf
14. As above, p. 92
15. Rabiul Islam, “Working as domestic aides risky for female migrants, says study”, Dhaka Tribune, June 13, 2013, accessed 04/09/14: http://www.dhakatribune.com/labour/2013/jun/13/
working-domestic-aides-risky-female-migrants-says-study
16. Helene Harroff-Tavel and Alix Nasri, Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, (International Labor Organization, 2013), p. 64, accessed 02/09/14: http://www.ilo.org/
wcmsp5/groups/public/—-arabstates/—-ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_211214.pdf
17. Forced Labor in the production of electronic goods in Malaysia, (Verité, 2014), accessed 23/09/14: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/VeriteForcedLaborMalaysianElectronics2014.pdf
18. Research on Indicators of forced labour in the Supply Chain of Shrimp in Bangladesh, (Verité, 2012), pp. 41-53, accessed 03/09/14: http://verite.org/sites/default/files/images/DOLBANGLADESH-FINAL-%20ADA%20COMPLIANT.pdf
19. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, (United States Department of Labor, 2013), accessed 04/09/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/
20. Ministry of Home Affairs, “Bangladesh Country Report, 2013: Combating Human Trafficking”, (Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 2013), p. 21, accessed 03/09/14:
http://antitraffickingcell.gov.bd/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Country_Report_2013.pdf
21.
As above
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dhaka/Whatwedo/Eventsandmeetings/WCMS_218033/lang--en/index.htm
23. Mohammad Barad Hossain Chowdhury, Trafficking in Persons in Bangladesh, (United Nations Asia and Far East Institute, 2013), accessed 03/09/14: http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/
RS_No89/No89_PA_Chowdhury.pdf
24. Bangladesh National Woman Lawyers Association, A Joint Submission by Bangladesh National Woman Lawyers Association &100 members in Coalition focusing on the woman and child rights issues,(The United Nations Human Rights Council, 2012), pp. 3 & 6, accessed 06/08/2014: http://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/bangladesh/session_16_-_april_2013/js4_upr_
bgd_s16_2013_jointsubmission4_e.pdf
25. “Cabinet Approves ‘National Shrimp Policy, 2014”, Bangladesh Awami League, n.d., accessed 04/09/14: http://www.albd.org/index.php/en/updates/news/1488-cabinet-approves-nationalshrimp-policy-2014
26. Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution
16/21: Bangladesh, (United Nations General Assembly, 2013), accessed 03/09/14: http://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/bangladesh/session_16_-_april_2013/ahrcwg.616bgd1bangladeshe.pdf
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GEORGIA
Natia Chelidze, Human Trafficking: Georgia,” (Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration – East, Explanatory Note 13/33), accessed 10/09/14:
http://www.carim-east.eu/media/exno/Explanatory%20Notes_2013-33.pdf
Tinatin Jvania, “Georgia Urged to Take Action on Human Trafficking,” Institute for War & Peace Reporting, June 26, 2014, accessed 10/09/14: http://iwpr.net/report-news/georgia-urgedtake-action-human-trafficking
3.
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www.state.gov/documents/organization/226846.pdf
4.
Lasha Labadze and Mirjan Tukhashvili, Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries: Country Report: Georgia,(European Commission, 2013),
accessed 10/09/14: http://www.case-research.eu/sites/default/files/Georgia%20country%20study%20-%20final.pdf
5.
As above
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Lasha Labadze and Mirjan Tukhashvili, Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries: Country Report: Georgia, (European Commission, 2013),
p.28, accessed 10/09/14: http://www.case-research.eu/sites/default/files/Georgia%20country%20study%20-%20final.pdf
9.
As above, p. 28
10. Lasha Labadze and Mirjan Tukhashvili, Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries: Country Report: Georgia, (European Commission, 2013),
p.28, accessed 10/09/14: http://www.case-research.eu/sites/default/files/Georgia%20country%20study%20-%20final.pdf
11. Government of Georgia, Response to 6 Monthly Update on Government Responses to Modern Slavery, (Walk Free Foundation, 2014): http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/georgia/
12. Natia Chelidze, Human Trafficking: Georgia, (Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration – East, Explanatory Note 13/33), accessed 10/09/14:
http://www.carim-east.eu/media/exno/Explanatory%20Notes_2013-33.pdf
13. Government of Georgia, Response to 6 Monthly Update on Government Responses to Modern Slavery, (Walk Free Foundation, 2014): http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/georgia/
14. As above
15. Field source
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17. International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), Internationally Recognised Core Labour Standards in Georgia,(Report for the WTO General Council Review of the Trade Policies of Georgia,
December 7 and 9, 2009), p.3, accessed 28/05/14: http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/20091203094519-Microsoft_Word_-_Georgia_2009_final_.pdf
18. Joint Staff Working Document, Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Georgia Progress in 2013 and recommendations for action, (European Commission, 2014), p. 13, accessed
12/09/14: http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/pdf/2014/country-reports/georgia_en.pdf
19. Legal Status of Aliens and Stateless Persons, 100 Questions Regarding the New Law, (Migration Commission, 2014), accessed 18/09/14: http://migration.commission.ge/files/100_questions_final.pdf
20. Joint Staff Working Document, Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Georgia Progress in 2013 and recommendations for action, (European Commission, 2014), p. 13, accessed
12/09/14: http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/pdf/2014/country-reports/georgia_en.pdf
21. Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Georgia, (Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings,2012), p. 39, accessed 07/17/2014: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/docs/Reports/GRETA_2011_24_FGR_GEO_en.pdf
1.

2.

INDONESIA
E. Benjamin Skinner, “Indonesia’s Palm Oil Industry Rife with Human Rights Abuses,” Bloomberg Businessweek, July 18, 2013, www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-07-18/indonesias-palmoil-industry-rife-with-human-rights-abuses.
See also Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Indonesia, (United States Department of Labor, 2013), accessed 14/08/14: www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/indonesia.htm
2.
As above3.
As above4.
“Empty Assurances: The human cost of palm oil”, International Labor Rights Forum, November 14, 2013, accessed 14/08/14: http://www.laborrights.org/publications/empty-assuranceshuman-cost-palm-oil
5.
As above
6.
Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Indonesia, (United States Department of Labor, 2013), accessed 14/08/14: www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/childlabor/indonesia.htm
7.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Indonesia Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 206-209, accessed 14/08/14:
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226846.pdf
8.
Exploited for Profit, Failed by Governments: Indonesian migrant domestic workers trafficked to Hong Kong, (Amnesty International, 2013), accessed 14/08/14: http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/
reports/exploited-for-profit-failed-by-governments-indonesian-migrant-domestic-workers-trafficked-to-hong-ko
9.
Personal communication
10. Personal communication; see also Country Office for Indonesia and Timor-Leste, “Better protecting Indonesian migrant workers through bilateral and multilateral agreements,” International
Labour Organization, May 8, 2013, accessed 28/08/14: http://www.ilo.org/jakarta/info/public/pr/WCMS_212738/lang—en/index.htm
11. Emily Rauhala, “After beheading, Indonesia bars maids from work in Saudi Arabia”, World Time, June 24, 2011, accessed 28/08/14: http://world.time.com/2011/06/24/after-beheadingindonesia-bans-maids-from-work-in-saudi-arabia/
12. Palash Ghosh, “Helping the Help” Saudi Arabia moves to improve rights and protections of Indonesian domestic workers”, International Business Times, February 20, 2014, accessed 28/08/14:
http://www.ibtimes.com/helping-help-saudi-arabia-moves-improve-rights-protection-indonesian-domestic-workers-1557009
13. Amnesty International, Exploited for Profit, Failed by Governments: Indonesian migrant domestic workers trafficked to Hong Kong, (Amnesty International, 2013), accessed 14/08/14: http://www.
amnestyusa.org/research/reports/exploited-for-profit-failed-by-governments-indonesian-migrant-domestic-workers-trafficked-to-hong-ko; See also Bersama Bisa, 10 Years of Work on
Labour Migration in Indonesia, (International Labour Organization, 2012), accessed 14/08/14: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-jakarta/documents/
publication/wcms_213361.pdf; See also Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Indonesia Country Narrative, (United States Department of State,2014), p. 206, accessed 15 August: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226846.pdf
14. “Indonesia”, International Organisation for Migration, last updated 2014, accessed 28/08/14: https://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we-work/asia-and-the-pacific/indonesia.
default.html?displayTab=facts-and-figures
15. Samantha Lyneham and Jacqueline Joudo Larsen, “Exploitation of Indonesian Trafficked Men, Women and Children and Implications for Support”, Australian Institute of Criminology Trends &Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, no. 450, (May, 2013), 3, accessed 30/09/14: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi450.pdfPersonal communication
16. World Vision, Forced, Child and Trafficked Labour in the Palm Oil Industry, (World Vision, 2012), accessed 07/10/14: http://campaign.worldvision.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/
Forced-child-and-trafficked-labour-in-the-palm-oil-industry-fact-sheet.pdf
17. Personal communication.
18. Research on indicators of forced labour in the supply chain of fish in Indonesia: Platform (Jermal) Fishing, Small-Boat Anchovy Fishing, and Blast Fishing, (Verite), accessed 10/10/14:
http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Research%20on%20Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20the%20Indonesian%20Fishing%20Sector__9.16.pdf
19. Personal Communication
20. As above
21. Field sources
22. As above
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24. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Indonesia Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2013), pp. 200, accessed 7/08/14:
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/210739.pdf
25. Center for Population and Policy Studies, Costing a Multidisciplinary Package of Response Services for Women and Girls Subjected to Violence: A Gender Budgeting Approach, (UN
Women, AusAID, Gadjah Mada University, 2012), p. 18, accessed 18/8/14: http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/~/media/BF95FE45FCFB4DA5AC9538260F438C01.ashx
26. Wataru Yoshida, “Many countries in Asia failing to gain from population bonuses”, Nikkei, August 25, 2014:: http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Many-countries-in-Asiafailing-to-gain-from-population-bonuses
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Informal economy in Indonesia, (International Labour Organisation, 2009), accessed 28/08/14: http://www.ilo.org/jakarta/areasofwork/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm
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accessed 28/08/14: http://www.ilo.org/jakarta/info/public/pr/WCMS_212738/lang—en/index.htm
29. The Moratoria also applies to Syria, Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia and Yemen
30. “Indonesia: Rights Rollback for Religious Minorities, Women”, Human Rights Watch, January 22, 2014, accessed 28/08/14: http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/21/indonesia-rightsrollback-religious-minorities-women
31. Graeme Hugo, George Tan & Caven J Napitupulu, Indonesia as a Transit Country in Irregular Migration to Australia, (Australian Population and Migration Research Centre, 2014), accessed
29/08/14: http://www.adelaide.edu.au/apmrc/pubs/policy-briefs/APMRC_Policy_Brief_Vol_2_3.pdf
32. “Corruption by Country/Territory 2013: Indonesia”, Transparency International, last modified 2014, accessed 18/09/14: http://www.transparency.org/country#IDN
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CHINA
Glenn Phelps and Steve Crabtree, “More Than One in Five Worldwide Living in Extreme Poverty”, Gallup World, December 23, 2014, accessed 29/08/14: http://www.gallup.com/
poll/166565/one-five-worldwide-living-extreme-poverty.aspx
2.
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http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201402/t20140224_515103.html
3.
International Labour Organization Country Office for China and Mongolia “Labour Migration,” (International Labour Organization, 2014), accessed 10/08/14: http://www.ilo.org/
beijing/areas-of-work/labour-migration/lang—en/index.htm; See also: Sergio B. Gautreaux, “Understanding China’s Internal Migration,” International Policy Digest, March 3, 2013, accessed
10/08/14: http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/03/03/understanding-chinas-internal-migration/
4.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: China Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 132-134, accessed 14/08/14:
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226845.pdf
5.
Samsung Factory Exploiting Child Labor: Investigative Report on HEG Electronics (Huizhou) Co., Ltd. Samsung Supplier, (China Labor Watch, 2012), p.3, accessed 14/08/14: http://chinalaborwatch.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/samsung8-271.pdf; See also “Chinese media uncovers another case of child labour trafficking in Shenzhen,” China Labour Bulletin, December
30, 2013, accessed 14/08/14: www.clb.org.hk/en/content/chinese-media-uncovers-another-case-child-labour-trafficking-shenzhen
6.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: China Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 132-134, accessed 14/08/14:
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226845.pdf
7.
Sophia Kagan, “Labour Trafficking in China: Analysis and Recommendations,” The International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 29 No. 3, (2013), p. 265, accessed
14/08/14: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2413307
8.
“Factsheet: Domestic Workers in China,” International Labour Organization, 2009, accessed 14/08/2014: www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-asia/—-ro-bangkok/documents/
publication/wcms_114256.pdf
9.
Natalie Thomas and Clarence Fernandez, “China detains more than 1,000 in baby trafficking crackdown,” Reuters, February 28, 2014, accessed 14/08/14: http://www.reuters.com/
article/2014/02/28/us-china-babytrafficking-idUSBREA1R06720140228
10. Mitch Moxley, “Gender imbalance and profits fuel human trafficking,” China Outlook, December 16, 2013, accessed 14/08/14: http://china-outlook.net/gender-imbalance-and-profits-fuelhuman-trafficking/
11. Sophia Kagan, “Labour Trafficking in China: Analysis and Recommendations,” The International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, 29 no. 3, (2013), pp. 259-282,
accessed 14/08/14: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2413307
12. World Report: China, Human Rights Watch, 2012, accessed 14/08/14: http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-china; See also “Police detain 5 in Tianjin for use of forced
labour,” China Labour Bulletin, December 4, 2012, accessed 14/08/14: http://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/police-detain-five-tianjin-use-forced-labour
13. Mitch Moxley, “Gender imbalance and profits fuel human trafficking,” China Outlook, December 16, 2013, accessed 14/08/14: http://china-outlook.net/gender-imbalance-and-profits-fuelhuman-trafficking/ ; See also Parameswaran Ponnuduri, “Asian Women Grapple with Challenge – Analysis,” Radio Free Asia, March 7, 2012, accessed 14/08/14: http://uyghuramerican.org/
article/asian-women-grapple-challenge-%E2%80%93-analysis.html
14. Implausible Medical Examinations of Falun Gong Forced Labor Camp Workers in China, (Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting, 2014), accessed 14/08/14: http://www.dafoh.org/
implausible-medical-examinations-falun-gong-forced-labor-camp-workers/
15. “Who is being trafficked in China?”, United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking, 2013, accessed 14/08/14: http://www.no-trafficking.org/china_who.html
16. “China Office, News Digest”, United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking, 2013, pp. 2-3, accessed 10/08/14: http://www.notip.org.cn/UserImages/00003122.pdf
17. “Overview,” International Organization for Migration, 2013, accessed 11/08/14: https://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we-work/asia-and-the-pacific/china.html
18. Emmanuel Ma Mung Kuang, “The new Chinese migration flows to Africa,” Social Science Information 53, no.3, (September 2008), accessed 22/08/14: http://ssi.sagepub.com/
content/47/4/643.abstract
19. “Who is being trafficked in China?”, United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking, 2013, accessed 11/08/14: http://www.no-trafficking.org/china_who.html
20. China – A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, The Protection Project, 2013, p.2, accessed 11/08/14: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/
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21. Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic Review of Literature, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2012, p. 10, accessed 22/08/14: http://www.unodc.org/documents/humantrafficking/2012/Migrant_Smuggling_in_Asia_A_Thematic_Review_of_Literature.pdf
22. As above, p. 30
23. Carolyn Kagan, et al., Experiences of Forced Labour among Chinese Migrant Workers, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2011, accessed 16/09/14: http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/chineseexperiences-forced-labour
24. Finn Scott-Delaney, “Peacehaven and Brighton restaurant raids over slavery fears,” The Argus, 9 November 2013, accessed 16/09/14: http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10796960.
Peacehaven_and_Brighton_restaurant_raids_over_slavery_fears/
25. Harriet Grant, “Human trafficking victims tell of drug factory ordeal,” The Guardian, 7 April 2013, accessed 16/09/14: http://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/apr/07/human-trafficvictims-drug-factories; See also Nick Clark, Detecting and Tackling Forced Labour in Europe, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2013, accessed 16/09/14: http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/
forced-labour-europe-full.pdf
26. “Qatar: Unpaid migrant construction workers left to go hungry,” Amnesty International, December 18, 2013, accessed 16/09/14: http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/qatar-unpaid-migrantconstruction-workers-left-go-hungry-2013-12-18
27. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Papua New Guinea Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), pp. 307-309, accessed
16/09/14: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226848.pdf
28. As above
29. Gu Liping, “15 Chinese ‘slave workers’ saved by police in Kazakhstan,” Ecns.cn, August 14, 2014, accessed 16/09/14: http://xn—8sqz5e.xn—fiqs8s/cns-wire/2014/08-14/129648.shtml
30. “Alleged human trafficking of nanny lands couple in court,” CBC News, 30 May 2013, accessed 16/09/14: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/alleged-human-trafficking-ofnanny-lands-couple-in-court-1.1332947
31. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: China Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 132, accessed 14/08/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226845.pdf; See also Sophia Kagan, “Labour Trafficking in China: Analysis and Recommendations,” The International Journal of Comparative Labour
Law and Industrial Relations 29, no. 3, (2013), pp. 259-282, accessed 10/08/14: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2413307
32. Bureau of International Affairs, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, (United States Department of Labor, 2013), accessed 10/08/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/childlabor/list-of-goods
33. Changing the Soup but not the Medicine?: Abolishing Re-education through Labor in China, Amnesty International, 2013, accessed 10/08/14: http://www.amnesty.org/pt-br/library/info/
ASA17/042/2013/en
34. Cary Huang, “Huang Haibo’s case sheds light on the detention of prostitutes and clients”, South China Morning Post, June 15, 2014, accessed 10/08/14: http://www.scmp.com/comment/
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35. Strategic Information Response Network, “China Human Trafficking Datasheet,” Mekong Region country Datasheets, 2010, accessed 21/07/14: http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/slavery/
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36. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: China Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 134, accessed 21/07/14: http://
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38. Sergio B. Gautreaux, “Understanding China’s Internal Migration,” International Policy Digest, March 3, 2013, accessed 10/08/14, http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/03/03/
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40. As above
39.

BRAZIL
Igor Ojeda, “Urban slavery first moves to rural”, Reporter Brasil, February 6, 2014, accessed 25/09/14: http://reporterbrasil.org.br/2014/02/escravidao-urbana-passa-a-rural-pela-primeiravez/
2.
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3.
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4.
As above5.
“Brazil World Cup workers ‘face slave-like conditions,’” BBC World News, September 26, 2013, accessed 19/08/14: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24292174
See also “Construction unions urge World Cup stadium builders to protest”, SA Commercial Prop News, June 4 2014, accessed 25/08/14: http://www.sacommercialpropnews.co.za/index.
php?news=6831
6.
Field source
7.
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Assembly, 2010), accessed 19/08/14: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/15session/A.HRC.15.20..Add.4_en.pdf
10. As above
11. United States Department of Labor, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, (United States Department of State, 2013), accessed 25/08/14: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/
reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/
12. Brazil nuts and beef in: Bureau of International Labor Affairs, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. 2013 List, (US Department of Labor, 2013), accessed 10/10/14:
http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/
13. This is to a lesser extent than other products listed. Exploitation mainly occurs in ‘garimpo’ or artisanal mines. See “Summary statistics 2013 – CPT Campaign Against Slave Labor”, Pastoral
Land Commission, September 17 2014: http://www.cptnacional.org.br/index.php/noticias/trabalho-escravo/2258-sintese-estatistica-2013-campanha-da-cpt-contra-o-trabalho-escravo
14. Personal communication
15. “Brazilian Pact to Eradicate Slave Labour,” (Reporter Brasil, n.d.), accessed 19/08/14: http://www.reporterbrasil.com.br/pacto/conteudo/view/9
16. Personal communication
17. “Tightening of regulations to tackle exploitative work conditions poses growing reputational risks for Brazilian firms,” IHS Jane’s 360, July 31, 2014: http://www.janes.com/article/41431/
tightening-of-regulations-to-tackle-exploitive-work-conditions-poses-growing-reputational-risks-for-brazilian-firms
18. “Brazil: Constitutional Amendment Approved” Library of Congress, last modified 2014: http://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205404018_text
19. Government of Brazil, “Response to 6 Monthly Update on Government Responses to Modern Slavery”, (Walk Free Foundation, 2013): http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/brazil/
20. “Momentum grows for domestic workers legislation” (2 April 2013), International Labour Organisation: http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_208727/
lang–en/index.htm
21. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Brazil Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 108, accessed 18/08/14:
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226845.pdf
22. Field source
23. Figure from by Pastoral Land Commission statistics, see website: http://www.cptnacional.org.br/index.php/noticias/trabalho-escravo/2229-campanha-da-cpt-de-combate-ao-trabalhoescravo-realiza-troca-de-experiencias-na-espanha
24. M. Wells, “Reports of Human trafficking Rise Dramatically in Brazil,” InSight Crime, October 10, 2013, accessed 03/07/2014: http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/reports-of-humantrafficking-rise-1500-in-brazil)
25. “Sao Paulo sweatshops trap Bolivians seeking jobs in Brazil”, Free Speech Radio News, May 6, 2014, accessed 15/09/14 at http://fsrn.org/2014/05/sao-paulo-sweatshops-trap-boliviansseeking-jobs-in-brazil/
1.

UNITED STATES
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: United States of America Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 397, accessed
17/09/14: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226849.pdf
2.
“Human Trafficking is a Problem 365 Days a Year,” Polaris Project, 2014, accessed 14/08/14: http://www.polarisproject.org/take-action/365-days
3.
As above
4.
Los Angeles Division, “Paso Robles Couple Sentenced to Federal Prison in Case Involving Smuggled Aliens who Worked Under Abusive Conditions,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, February
13, 2012, http://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press-releases/2012/paso-robles-couple-sentenced-to-federal-prison-in-case-involving-smuggled-aliens-who-worked-under-abusive-conditions
5.
Office of Public Affairs, “Minnesota Woman Pleads Guilty to Human Trafficking for Holding Victim in Forced Labor in Restaurant,” Department of Justice, March 26, 2014, http://www.
justice.gov/opa/pr/2014/March/14-crt-315.html
6.
United States v. Abrorkhodja Askarkhodjaev, Department of Justice – Federal Court, 4:09cr143, (W.D. MO 2013), http://www.law.umich.edu/CLINICAL/HUTRAFFICCASES/Pages/
CaseDisp.aspx?caseID=603
7.
“Labor Trafficking in Agriculture”, Polaris Project, accessed 04/09/14: http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/labor-trafficking-in-the-us/agriculture-a-farms
8.
Tom McGhee, “Kizzy Kalu lured nurses to U.S. with promises of high pay, prosecutors say,” The Denver Post, June 04, 2013, http://www.denverpost.com/ci_23387204/human-traffickingtrial-prosecutor-says-kalu-lured-nurses
9.
Christa Hillstrom, “Escape from an LA Sweatshop: How Modern-Day Slaves Become Lobbyists,” YES! Magazine, September 20, 2013, http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/the-human-costof-stuff/breaking-free-from-an-american-sweatshop
10. Wendy Saltzman, “Women Trapped in Modern Day Slavery Tell Their Story,” ABC Action News – Philadelphia, July 24, 2013, http://6abc.com/archive/8990740/
11. Sheldon X. Zhang, Trafficking of Migrant Laborers in San Diego County: Looking for a Hidden Population, (San Diego State University, 2012), accessed 15/08/14: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/
nij/grants/240223.pdf
12. Immigrant workers in US Agriculture: The Role of Labour Brokers in Vulnerability to Forced Labour, (Verite, 2010), p. 7, accessed 24/09/14: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/
HELP%20WANTED_A%20Verite%CC%81%20Report_Migrant%20Workers%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf
13. Research conducted by a team in San Diego suggest a potentially much higher estimate than Walk Free’s current figure. However, the researchers noted the possibility that their “instrument
may have been too sensitive... (which may have led to) many false positives”. Given the difficulty of precisely measuring modern slavery, Walk Free decided to provide a conservative estimate
until more reliable data is available. Sheldon X. Zhang, Trafficking of Migrant Laborers in San Diego County: Looking for a Hidden Population, (San Diego State University, 2012), p. 67, accessed
01/08/14: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240223.pdf
14. As above
15. Homelessness, Survival Sex, and Human Trafficking: As Experienced by the Youth of Covenant House New York, (Covenant House, 2013), accessed 15 August: http://www.covenanthouse.org/sites/
default/files/attachments/Covenant-House-trafficking-study.pdf; See also Malika Saada Saar, “Stopping the Foster Care to Child Trafficking Pipeline,” Huffington Post, October 29, 2013,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/malika-saada-saar/stopping-the-foster-care-_b_4170483.html
16. Homelessness, Survival Sex, and Human Trafficking: As Experienced by the Youth of Covenant House New York, (Covenant House, 2013), accessed 15/08/14: http://www.covenanthouse.org/sites/
default/files/attachments/Covenant-House-trafficking-study.pdf
17. Vidya Sri and Darakshan Raja, Voices from the Frontline: Addressing Forced Marriage Within the United States, (Gangashakti, 2013), accessed 17/09/14, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/
research/working_papers/VidyaSri_VoicesFromTheFrontline.pdf
18. Alyana Alfaro, “Meet the cops who save women from forced marriage,” Al Jazeera America, January 24, 2014, accessed 19/09/14: http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/1/24/meetthe-cops-whosavewomenfromforcedmarriage.html; See also Alyana Alfaro, “Forced marriage victims coerced into hard-to-detect immigration fraud,” Al Jazeera America, January 23, 2014,
accessed 17/09/14: http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/1/23/family-saga-revealsforcedmarriageimmigrationfraudandmurder.html; Lisa Anderson,“Ten things you didn’t know
about forced marriage and immigration in the US,” Thomson Reuters Foundation, July 29, 2013, accessed 17/09/14: http://www.trust.org/item/20130729110323-d725q/; Lisa Anderson,“Forced Marriage in America: many women don’t know their rights, fear to claim them,” Thomson Reuters Foundation, November 19, 2012, accessed 15/08/14: http://www.trust.org/
item/?map=forced-marriage-in-america-many-women-dont-know-their-rights-fear-to-claim-them/
1.

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Tahirih Justice Center, Forced Marriage in Immigrant Communities in the United States: 2011 National Survey Results, (Tahirih Justice Center, 2011), p. 2, accessed 04/09/14: http://www.tahirih.
org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/REPORT-Tahirih-Survey-on-Forced-Marriage-in-Immigrant-Communities-in-the-United-States-September-20115.pdf
20. As above
21. Vidya Sri and Darakshan Raja, Voices from the Frontline: Addressing Forced Marriage Within the United States, (Gangashakti, 2013) p. 31, accessed 17/09/14, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/
research/working_papers/VidyaSri_VoicesFromTheFrontline.pdf
22. Commission on Domestic and Sexual Violence Report to the House of Delegates: Resolution 112B, (American Bar Association, 2014), accessed 17/09/14: http://www.americanbar.org/content/
dam/aba/administrative/house_of_delegates/resolutions/2014_hod_annual_meeting_112b.authcheckdam.pdf
23. “Slavery in the US,” Food Empowerment Project, last modified 2014, accessed 04/09/14: http://www.foodispower.org/slavery-in-the-us/; Margaret Wurth, “North Carolina: Choosing Not
to Protect Child Farmworkers,” Raleigh News & Observer, September 17, 2013, http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/17/north-carolina-choosing-not-protect-child-farmworkers; Immigrant
workers in US Agriculture: The Role of Labour Brokers in Vulnerability to Forced Labour, (Verite, 2010), p. 7, accessed 24/09/14: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/HELP%20
WANTED_A%20Verite%CC%81%20Report_Migrant%20Workers%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf
24. “2014 State Ratings on Human Trafficking Laws”, Polaris Project, 2014, accessed 17/09/14: http://www.polarisproject.org/what-we-do/policy-advocacy/national-policy/state-ratings-onhuman-trafficking-laws
25. President’s Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States 2013-2017, (UnitedStates Department of State, 2013) accessed 04/09/14: http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/FederalHumanTraffickingStrategicPlan.pdf
26. “State Ratings Reveal Progress in Human Trafficking Laws, More Needed to Assist Victims”, Polaris Project, September 17, 2014, accessed 17/09/14: http://www.polarisproject.org/mediacenter/news-and-press/press-releases/1044-state-ratings-reveal-progress-in-human-trafficking-laws-more-needed-to-assist-victims
27. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: United States Country Study, (United States State Department, 2014), p. 401, accessed 04/09/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226849.pdf
28. Denise Brennan, Trafficking, Scandal, and Abuse of Migrant Workers in Argentina and the United States, (Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, 2014) accessed 04/09/14: http://
ann.sagepub.com/content/653/1/107; See also Troubling Gaps in the U.S. Response to Human Trafficking under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, (Santa Clara University,2013) accessed 04/09/14: http://law.scu.edu/wp-content/uploads/130823_-Santa-Clara-ICCPR-Hum-Traff-Shadow-Rpt_FINAL.pdf
29. Denise Brennan, “Trafficking, Scandal, and Abuse of Migrant Workers in Argentina and the United States.” ANNALS of the American Academy of Political Science, May 2014: http://ann.
sagepub.com/content/653/1/107
30. Field source
31. Freedom Network – NGO Alliance, Addressing Human Trafficking in the United States: FN Comments for Trafficking in Persons Report, (Freedom Network, 2014), p. 15: http://
freedomnetworkusa.org/addressing-human-trafficking-in-the-united-states-fn-comments-for-the-trafficking-in-persons-report/
32. As above, p.16
33. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: United States Country Study, (United States State Department, 2014), p. 401, accessed 04/09/14: http://
www.state.gov/documents/organization/226849.pdf
34. As above, p. 399
35. “State Ratings Reveal Progress in Human trafficking Laws, More Needed to Assist Victims”, Polaris Project, September 17, 2014: http://www.polarisproject.org/media-center/news-andpress/press-releases/1044-state-ratings-reveal-progress-in-human-trafficking-laws-more-needed-to-assist-victims
36. “Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts,” The White House, last modified 25/09/12: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/09/25/
executive-order-strengthening-protections-against-trafficking-persons-fe
37. Diana Villiers Negroponte, “The Surge in Unaccompanied Children from Central America: A Humanitarian Crisis at Our Border”, Brookings, July 2, 2014, accessed 17/09/14: http://www.
brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2014/07/02-unaccompanied-children-central-america-negroponte
38. “Under-age and on the move”, The Economist, June 28, 2014, accessed 17/09/14: http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21605886-wave-unaccompanied-children-swamps-debateover-immigration-under-age-and-move
39. Children on the Run, (The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Regional Office for the United States and the Caribbean, 2014) p.4, accessed 17/09/14: http://
www.unhcrwashington.org/sites/default/files/1_UAC_Children%20on%20the%20Run_Full%20Report.pdf; See also Quinn Kepes, “From the Field: Unaccompanied Children:
Violence and Conditions in Central American Agriculture Linked to Border Crisis”, (Verite, 2014), accessed 24/09/14: http://www.verite.org/vision/july2014/fromthefield?utm_
source=JULY+2014+VISION&utm_campaign=July+2014+Vision&utm_medium=email
40. As described by President Barack Obama. “Under-age and on the move”, The Economist, June 28, 2014, accessed 17/09/14: http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21605886-waveunaccompanied-children-swamps-debate-over-immigration-under-age-and-move
41. Children on the Run, (The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Regional Office for the United States and the Caribbean, 2014) p.58, accessed 17/09/14: http://www.
unhcrwashington.org/sites/default/files/1_UAC_Children%20on%20the%20Run_Full%20Report.pdf
42. These amendments require that undocumented migrants from countries other than Mexico and Canada are assessed to determine whether they are victims of human trafficking before they
are deported
43. “From the Field: Unaccompanied Children:Violence and Conditions in Central American Agriculture Linked to Border Crisis”, (Verite, 2014), accessed 24/09/14: http://www.verite.org/
vision/july2014/fromthefield?utm_source=JULY+2014+VISION&utm_campaign=July+2014+Vision&utm_medium=email
44. Michelle Sauve, “Human Trafficking and Indigenous Communities,” Administration for Children & Families, US Department of Health and Human Services, August 8, 2014, accessed
15/08/14: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/blog/2014/08/human-trafficking-and-indigenous-populations
45. Field source
19.

AUSTRALIA
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report: Australia Country Narrative, (United States Department of State, 2014), p. 81, accessed 11/09/14: http://
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2.
“Debt Bondage”, Project Respect, last modified 2008, accessed 14/09/14: http://projectrespect.org.au/our_work/trafficking/debt_bondage
See also Nick McKenzie and Ben Schneiders, “Visa scheme rorting leaving foreigners in debt bondage”, Sydney Morning Herald, June 6, 2013, accessed 14/09/14: http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/visa-scheme-rorting-leaves-foreigners-in-debt-bondage-20130605-2nqnw.html
3.
Jacqueline Joudo Larsen and Lauren Renshaw, People trafficking in Australia:Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice, No. 44, (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012), accessed 11/09/14:
http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/441-460/tandi441.html
4.
“Media Release: Three arrested for labour trafficking charges”, Australian Federal Police, October 10, 2013, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/news/afp/2013/october/
three-arrested-for-labour-trafficking-charges.aspx
5.
Interdepartmental Committee on Human Trafficking and Slavery, Trafficking in Persons:The Australian Government Response 2012 – 2013, (Commonwealth of Australia, 2013), p. 21, accessed
23/09/14: http://www.ag.gov.au/CrimeAndCorruption/HumanTrafficking/Documents/ReportoftheInterdepartmentalCommitteeonHumanTraffickingandSlaveryJuly2012toJune2013.pdf
6.
Australian Government Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery:Whole of Government Performance Management Reporting 1 January – 30 June 2014, (Commonwealth of Australia, 2014),
n.p., accessed 23/09/14: http://www.ag.gov.au/CrimeAndCorruption/HumanTrafficking/Documents/AustralianGovernmentStrategyToCombatHumanTraffickingAndSlavery.pdf
7.
Samantha Lyneham and Kelly Richards, Human Trafficking involving marriage and partner migration, (Australian Institute of Criminology 2014), accessed 10/09/14: http://www.aic.gov.au/
publications/current%20series/rpp/121-140/rpp124.html
8.
Anne Barrowclough, “It is the young flesh that they want”, The Australian, June 14, 2014, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/it-is-the-young-flesh-theywant/story-e6frg8h6-1226949239039?nk=428dde21071b1a0e1f0a0115a13d42f89.
Australian Federal Police, “Australian migrants trapped in ‘slave-like’ marriages”, The Guardian, August 1, 2014, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/
aug/01/australian-migrants-slave-marriages
10. Mark Evenhuls and Jennifer Burn, Just Married, Just a Child: Child Marriage in the Indo-Pacific region, (Plan International Australia, 2014), p. 29, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.plan.org.au/~/
media/Documents/Research%20and%20Reports/Plan_Child_Marriage_Report_July_2014.ashx
11. As above
12. Interdepartmental Committee on Human Trafficking and Slavery, Trafficking in Persons: The Australian Government Response 2012 – 2013, (Commonwealth of Australia, 2013), p. 88, accessed
11/9/14: http://www.ag.gov.au/CrimeAndCorruption/HumanTrafficking/Pages/Australiasresponsetohumantrafficking.aspx
13. As above, p.6
14. As above, p.7
15. As above, p. 48
1.

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“Fact Sheet: Australian Legal Framework”, Anti-Slavery Australia, last modified unknown, accessed 14/09/14: http://www.antislavery.org.au/resources/australian-legal-framework.html
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n.p, accessed 23/09/14: http://www.ag.gov.au/CrimeAndCorruption/HumanTrafficking/Documents/AustralianGovernmentStrategyToCombatHumanTraffickingAndSlavery.pdf
18. Government of Australia, “Response to 6 Monthly Update on Government Responses to Modern Slavery”, (Walk Free Foundation, 2013): http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/
australia/.
19. Statement for the Federal Election 2013, (Salvation Army, 2013), p. 19, accessed 14/09/14: http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/Global/Who%20we%20are/publications/2013%20Election%20
Statements/Election2013_v4_email_v1.pdf
20. Interdepartmental Committee on Human Trafficking and Slavery, Trafficking in Persons: The Australian Government Response 2012 – 2013, (Commonwealth of Australia, 2013), p. 42, accessed
11/9/14: http://www.ag.gov.au/CrimeAndCorruption/HumanTrafficking/Pages/Australiasresponsetohumantrafficking.aspx
21. As above, p. 68
22. Government of Australia, “Response to 6 Monthly Update on Government Responses to Modern Slavery”, (Walk Free Foundation, 2013): http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/
australia/.
23. Interdepartmental Committee on Human Trafficking and Slavery, Trafficking in Persons: The Australian Government Response 2012 – 2013, (Commonwealth of Australia, 2013), p. 8, accessed
23/09/14: http://www.ag.gov.au/CrimeAndCorruption/HumanTrafficking/Documents/ReportoftheInterdepartmentalCommitteeonHumanTraffickingandSlaveryJuly2012toJune2013.pdf
24. More than Temporary: Australia’s 457 visa program, (Migration Council Australia, 2013), p. 3, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.migrationcouncil.org.au/assets/files/8168a3189.pdf
25. Marina Freri, “Working holiday-makers ‘exposed to exploitation’”, SBS, February 28, 2014, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/02/27/working-holidaymakers-exposed-exploitation
26. “Adoption Lobby Alert: Australian Government warned its overhaul of adoption risks child trafficking”, Against Child Trafficking, August 29, 2014, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.
againstchildtrafficking.org/category/australia/
27. Rory Callinan, “Evidence of trafficking of Indian children for illegal adoption emerges”, Sydney Morning Herald, January 25, 2014, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.smh.com.au/national/
evidence-of-trafficking-of-indian-children-for-illegal-adoption-emerges-20140124-31e84.html
28. “Adoption Lobby Alert: Australian Government warned its overhaul of adoption risks child trafficking”, Against Child Trafficking, August 29, 2014, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.
againstchildtrafficking.org/category/australia/
29. Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Inter-Country Adoption, (Commonwealth of Australia, 2014), p. 8, accessed 11/09/14: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/docs/idc_report_intercountry_adoption.pdf
16.
17.

THE NETHERLANDS
Different organisations can refer possible victims of human trafficking to CoMensha. ConMensha is formally mandated to register potential victims of human trafficking and refer them tosupport services.
2.
Factsheet on Trafficking in Human Beings:Visible and Invisible II. A quantitative report, (National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human beings and Sexual Violence against Children, 2014), p. 10,
accessed 09/09/14: http://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/Images/national-rapporteur.factsheet-trafficking-in-human-beings.visible-and-invisible-ii.a-quantitative-report.2008-2012_tcm64553274.pdf
3.
As above, p. 8
4.
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Human trafficking is happening here. Fact sheet accompanying the Ninth Report of the Dutch Rapporteur, (National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human beings and Sexual Violence against Children,2013), accessed 09/09/14: http://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/Images/fact-sheet-ninth-report-on-trafficking-in-human-beings-(2013)_tcm64-521671.pdf
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7.
As above, p. 3
8.
As above, p.10
9.
Human trafficking is happening here. Fact sheet accompanying the Ninth Report of the Dutch Rapporteur, (National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human beings and Sexual Violence against Children,2013), p. 4, accessed 09/09/14: http://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/Images/fact-sheet-ninth-report-on-trafficking-in-human-beings-(2013)_tcm64-521671.pdf
10. Mijke Houwerzijl and Conny Rijken, Responses to Forced Labour in the EU – Country Report of the Netherlands, (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2011-2012), p.3, accessed12/09/14: http://
workinglives.org/fms/MRSite/Research/wlri/Netherlands%20Responses%20to%20Forced%20Labour%20%20in%20the%20EU.pdf
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23/09/14: http://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/Images/national-rapporteur-on-trafficking-in-human-beings-and-sexual-violence-against-children.ninth-report-of-the-dutch-nationalrapporteur.2014_tcm64-564024.pdf
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accessed 09/09/14: http://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/Images/national-rapporteur.factsheet-trafficking-in-human-beings.visible-and-invisible-ii.a-quantitative-report.2008-2012_tcm64553274.pdf
13. “History”, National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children, accessed 09/09/14: http://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/about/history/
14. Trafficking in Human Beings. Ninth Report of the Dutch National Rapporteur, (National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human beings and Sexual Violence against Children, 2013), p. 128, accessed
23/09/14: http://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/Images/national-rapporteur-on-trafficking-in-human-beings-and-sexual-violence-against-children.ninth-report-of-the-dutch-nationalrapporteur.2014_tcm64-564024.pdf
15. Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by The
Netherlands, (Council of Europe, 2014), p.33, accessed 31/07/14: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Docs/Reports/GRETA_2014_10_FGR_NLD_w_cmnts_en.pdf
16. “More signals human trafficking and under aged victims. First results Meld Misdaad Anoniem, (Report Crime Anonymously) campaign”, last modified 22/05/13: http://www.
meldmisdaadanoniem.nl/english/human-trafficking/
17. As above
18. Factsheet on Trafficking in Human Beings: Visible and Invisible II. A quantitative report, (National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human beings and Sexual Violence against Children, 2014), p. 3,
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27. Mijke Houwerzijl and Conny Rijken, Responses to Forced Labour in the EU – Country Report of the Netherlands, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2011-2012, p.4, accessed 12/09/14: http://
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23/09/14: http://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/Images/national-rapporteur-on-trafficking-in-human-beings-and-sexual-violence-against-children.ninth-report-of-the-dutch-nationalrapporteur.2014_tcm64-564024.pdf

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