Xth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM andCross - border
Education
C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2

Xth Apec - Tsukuba Conference
Innovation of Mathematics Education
through Lesson Study
Challenges to Energy Efficiency on STEM
and Cross - border Education

Question 3

Carlos TORRES
ctorresn@pucp.pe
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP)

PerúXth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM andCross - border
Education

Resumen

What is your major issue on Energy in you economy?

C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

In relation to STEM, what reform is going on in youreconomy?

In relation to lesson study for Cross Border, what is possible
for you?

Math ClassXth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM andCross - border
Education
C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

Overview

Peru is one of Latin America’s economic success stories,
with a rapidly expanding economy and a population
being brought out of poverty. Much of this growth has
been thanks to energy-intensive sectors, such as oil andgas, mining, construction and manufacturing.
This has been positive for Peru’s population. In 2015
Statistic and informatics national institute (INEI)
showed that between 2013 and 2014 the poverty rates
in 1,2 from 23,9 percent to 22,7 percent. But all thisdevelopment comes with the need for a modern energy
infrastructure to power it, as well as to meet thedemands of a burgeoning urban middle class.

Xth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM andCross - border
Education
C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

What is your major issue on Energy in you
economy? IPeru is one of three APEC economies in Latin America
located on the Pacific coast of South America. With a landarea of 1,28 million square kilometres, Peru shares borders
with Chile to the south, Ecuador and Colombia to the north,and Brazil and Bolivia to the east. Peru has three main
geographical regions: the Costa to the west, the Sierra(Andes mountains), and the Selva, covered by the Amazon
rainforest. The economy is divided into 25 political
departments (administrative regions), and in 2011 had atotal population of about 29,6 million people.
Around 34,8 % of Peru’s population is considered poor and11,5 % extremely poor. Its major population centre is theLima region, which represents nine million people, nearly athird of the total population. Peru’s urbanization rate is76 %.

Xth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM andCross - borderEducation
C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

What is your major issue on Energy in you
economy? II
Owing to its scarce oil resources, Peru is a net importer ofoil. Particularly, domestic production is not only insufficient
to meet the economy’s demand, but since most crude oil
produced is of extra-heavy quality and several of Peru’s
domestic refineries are unable to process it, a substantial
share of domestic production is exported. In contrast,
natural gas resources are significant and the economy is amajor global gas producer, representing the only source ofliquefied natural gas (LNG) exports in South America.

Xth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM andCross - border
Education

What is your major issue on Energy in you
economy? IIIC. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

Energy efficiency
The Peruvian Government has actively pursued energy
efficiency since the 1980s and 1990s, when it created theEnergy and Environment Centre (CENERGIA) and theEnergy Conservation Project (PAE). PAE was created in1994 after an energy shortage in Peru, and was the basis of astrong energy conservation campaign run by the government;
after international awards and good results, in 2001 PAE wasconverted from a temporary project to a permanent
programme and it continues today (MINEM, 2009).

Xth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM andCross - border
Education
C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

What is your major issue on Energy in you
economy? IV
Notable energy developments
In June 2010, Peru LNG, a consortium of four world-classenergy companies—the Hung Oil Company of the UnitedStates, SK Energy of Korea, Repsol of Spain, and Marubeni
Corporation of Japan—was able to start operation of theMelchorita LNG plant (the Melchorita Plant), Peru’s andSouth America’s first natural gas liquefaction plant, and sent
its first shipment of LNG to Mexico. The USD 3.8 billion
invested in this plant represents the largest investment evermade in a single project in Peru. The plant has a nominal
capacity of 4.4 million tonnes per year and can process up to17.5 million cubic metres per day of natural gas. (Peru LNG,2011).

Xth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM andCross - border
Education
C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

Major issue
Obstacles for rural electrification
1. Insufficient financial resources for investments in grid
extension and installation of minigrids. Privatecompanies generally don’t invest in this sector as cost ofproviding access are high due to remoteness of the sites,
dispersed nature of the populations and difficulty of theterrain. Local communities don’t dispose of sufficient
proper financial resources to make infrastructure
investments in their community. Consequently, only thecentral government and non-governmental organizations(NGOs) are left for this kind of investment. NGOs are
specialized on small systems whereas the Ministry ofenergy and mining is involved in middle size systems.
2. Difficulty to operate mini-grid profitability due to thelow purchasing power and the low energy demand ofrural clients.

Xth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM and
Cross - border
Education
C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

In relation to STEM, what reform is going on inyour economy? I

Reform 1
Encourage a scientific attitude to appropriate a
research-based pedagogical practice.
Provide innovative tools to support a research-based
pedagogical practice.
Promotion of National Physics Olympiad through all
the country.

Xth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM and
Cross - border
Education

In relation to STEM, what reform is going on inyour economy? II

Reform 2

C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

Support and strengthen the articulation between theScience and Technology Fairs and Clubs of the SDCTT(Sub-Directive of Science, Technology and Talents) ofthe CONCYTEC (National Council of Science,
Technology and Technological Innovation) and thenational framework and guidelines developed by theMinistry of Education.

Xth Apec Tsukuba
Conference
Innovation ofMathematics
Education throughLesson Study
Challenges toEnergy Efficiency
on STEM andCross - border
Education
C. Torres
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3

In relation to lesson study for Cross Border, what
is possible for you?

1. The Peruvian curriculum has been changing to focus inproblem solving.
2. CONCYTEC and Ministry of Education could support
projects which involve lesson study for Cross Border.
3. Creation of Capacity and Network Project (CANP 5)
which is supported by International Commission on
Mathematical Instruction (ICMI) and International
Mathematical Union (IMU). In this group areparticipating 4 countries: Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguayand Perú.