SC/F16/JR54

Japan’s voluntary considerations and response to the ICJ
judgement in relation to the adjustment of JARPNII program
during the period from 2014 to 2016
Fisheries Agency of Japan

ABSTRACT
Following the March 31, 2014 Judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the case Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v.
Japan: New Zealand intervening), the Government of Japan voluntarily reviewed the JARPN II program in response to the Judgment. This
paper describes adjustments made in JARPNII program in 2014-2016. The overall research objectives, area and methodology remains thesame as those specified in the original JARPNII program. The voluntary review resulted in the reprioritization of research objectives aswell as recalculation of sample sizes. The survey concentrated on the study of interactions between whales and fisheries in the coastal area
and interactions among whale species in the offshore area, as well as a contribution to the management of whales. Sampling of sperm andcommon minke whales in the offshore component was suspended. Comparative studies for verifying the feasibility and practicability of
non-lethal methods, including biopsy sampling and faeces collection, are being carried out from 2014 to 2016. 10 out of the total sample
size of sei whales (100) were allocated to the non-lethal study. 25 out of the total sample size of Bryde’s whales (50) were allocated to thenon-lethal study.

BACKGROUND
The Judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the case Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New
Zealand intervening) was issued on March 31, 2014. While JARPNII was not the direct subject of the ICJ case, theGovernment of Japan voluntarily reviewed the JARPNII program in response to the Judgment. This decision was madebecause, as below, the Court expressed its expectation as to research permits under Article VIII of ICRW in general.
“[it is] expected that Japan will take account of the reasoning and conclusions contained in this judgment as it evaluates
the possibility of granting any future permits under Article VIII, paragraph 1, of the Convention” (paragraph 246).
Following this expectation, the Government of Japan made a decision that it would initiate a new research program in
the Northwestern Pacific Ocean in 2017 after the planned 2nd review of results derived from JARPNII in 2016. The
new research program duly takes account of the reasoning and conclusions contained in the judgment with regards to
JARPA II as well as advices and recommendations by the 2nd review.
ICJ also indicated the necessity to conduct analysis of the feasibility of non-lethal methods that might contribute to
reducing the scale of lethal sampling for future research. For that point to be addressed, the Government of Japandecided to carry out comparative studies on lethal and non-lethal methods in JARPNII during the remaining three years
from 2014 to 2016 before designing the new research program. The comparative studies are to verify whether
information derived from non-lethal methods could substitute those derived from samples and data collected by lethal
methods. The new research program will reflect the results of the comparative studies.
As the comparative studies on lethal and non-lethal methods are on-going, their results to be compiled from three yearsof the studies will be presented and reviewed after the research in 2016 is completed, possibly at the review workshopof the new research plan in 2017. However, preliminary results of the 2014 research is presented this time in the
JARPNII review workshop.

ADJUSTMENT IN THE RESEARCH DESIGN DURING THE PERIOD FROM 2014 TO 2016
Research objectives and purposes
The main purpose of the adjustments is to conduct comparative studies on lethal and non-lethal research methods. In
addition, the Government of Japan provides a more detailed and updated basis for setting sample sizes for lethal
methods in response to the ICJ Judgment. Recalculation of sample sizes was necessary also for designing thecomparative studies as explained below.
In order to achieve the purpose of adjustment above, a priority was placed on one of the original research objectives of
JARPNII, prey consumption and preference of cetaceans during 2014-2016. This was because scientific data from lethal1research methods is most important for contributing to this objective and the original sample sizes were calculated
mainly from expected data for this objective (Fisheries agency of Japan, 2015).
Accordingly sample sizes were re-calculated based on the latest data on stomach contents of whales as explained indetail in the following sections of this document. Re-calculation is also responding to one of the points raised by the ICJ
Judgment that not enough details were provided in calculating the sample sizes for JARPAII.
Target species
Taking account of the decision on the above mentioned adjustment, target species for lethal sampling were reviewed.

- Minke whales in the costal component remained as a target species because competition for prey species between
coastal fisheries and this species has been strongly indicated from the past research (IWC 2010a)- Sei whales and Bryde’s whales remained as targets because the past studies revealed that these species are dominant in
the offshore research area and play an important role in the pelagic marine ecosystem of the western North Pacific(Konishi et al, 2009).
- Sampling of minke whales in the offshore component were suspended because the distribution of this species in theoffshore research area appears to be shifting (Matsuoka et al., 2012, 2013; Kanaji et al., 2012) and, as a result, newscientific uncertainties are created in its sampling design. Based on the analysis of the recent data indicating the shift, a
new sampling design could be presented in the new research plan to be compiled after the 2016 JARPNII review
process.
- Sperm whales were excluded from the target species because its consumption of neon flying squid which is a fisherytargeted species has been rarely observed in the past research since 2008 (Tamura et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2012; Bando etal., 2010, 2013, 2014; Yasunaga et al., 2011).
Sample sizes
Sample size of each target species was re-calculated using accumulated data set indicated below (up to and including
2010 for the coastal components: up to and including 2012 for the off-shore component) for the estimation of foodconsumption by cetaceans with the method employed under the Norwegian research (Government of Norway, 1992):
i) Composition of prey species (%)ii) Average weight of each prey species in the stomach contents (kg)iii) S.D. and C.V. of the compositions and weights
Sample sizes were calculated as detailed in the following section with a condition that the quantity of stomach contents
of a target prey species be estimated with C.V. =0.2, for each year. This C.V. level is the same as the target level
employed by other researches including the Norwegian research (Winship and Trites, 2003).
Comparative evaluation of lethal and non-lethal research methods
The following four aspects are to be evaluated in comparing lethal and non-lethal research methods;(i) whether a tissue and other samples can be obtained by a non-lethal method (e.g. biopsy sampling, faeces collection);(ii) whether enough number of samples for statistical analysis can be obtained by the non-lethal method;(iii) whether the sample obtained by the non-lethal method can produce scientific information compatible to that
produced by a lethal sampling method; and(iv) whether the cost for obtaining the sample/producing scientific information is reasonable.
The third aspect, in particular, requires an evaluation regarding whether prey consumption can be estimated at a certain
high accuracy level in species composition and its quantity.

DETAILED EXPLANATION OF SELECTION OF RESEARCH TARGET SPECIES AND RE-ESTIMATION
OF SAMPLE SIZES
Sampling of sperm whale
When the feasibility research for JARPN was planned in 2000, it was assumed that sperm whales have a large biomassin the research area and consume fishery resources such as neon flying squids and bottom fish such as rock fishes andcod, as well as deep-sea squids (Kawakami, 1980). Moreover, considering the objective of the research program it was
2

important to monitor several cetacean species with different feeding ecologies (Government of Japan, 2000). For thesereasons, it was considered necessary to conduct research on sperm whales for developing ecosystem models, and thisspecies was added to the research targets in 2002 and 2003. Based on the outcome of the feasibility research,appropriate research targets were assessed for JARPNII using Ecopath with Ecosim in 2004. Test-run results showedthat the consumption by sperm whales exerted an impact on its prey species, which was a similar outcome as minke
whales (Okamura et al., 2002). Moreover, little information was available about the niche of deep-sea squids in themarine ecosystem which compose of sperm whales’ main prey species and about a role of sperm whales in the pelagic
ecosystem. Also, as high as 5 % of neon flying squids targeted in fishery is assumed to be consumed by sperm whales.
For these reasons, sperm whales remained as a research target in JARPNII after its feasibility research (Government ofJapan, 2004a, 2004b). At the expert review panel workshop in 2009, Japan presented a preliminary assessment thatneon flying squids accounted for 30,000 tons of the sperm whales’ total food consumption of 1.2 million tons in the
research area. They suggested that this result, taking into consideration a large biomass of sperm whales in the researcharea, indicates sperm whales have a huge impact on pelagic ecosystem. They also presented the results of pollution
studies on this species such as mercury and PCB and suggested that sperm whales serve an important role as anindicator species for monitoring pollutants. Although the review panels expressed a concern about an insufficientnumber of samples and their representativeness of the whole population (IWC, 2010a), Japan kept sperm whales as a
research target because a continuous collection of samples was critical for monitoring the trend (IWC, 2010b).
However, little knowledge has been added about the consumption of neon flying squid and other fishery targeted
species by sperm whales since 2009. Also, analysis shows that sperm whales have a strong predator-prey interaction
with deep-sea squids which are not targeted by fisheries, rather than with fishery species harvested in the pelagic
ecosystem (Tamura et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2012; Bando et al., 2010, 2013, 2014; Yasunaga et al., 2011). For thesereasons, sperm whales has come to be regarded as a lower priority species and therefore excluded from the sampling forthe 2014 to 2016 research period.
Sampling of minke whale（Offshore component）
Common minke whales in the offshore component have been a target of sampling since JARPN and the species is still
important for studies on ecosystem modelling and stock structure. However, the number of sightings of this species has
been decreasing recently, indicating a possibility that its spacial and temporal distribution in the western North Pacificis changing over time (Matsuoka et al., 2012, 2013; Kanaji et al., 2012). Past research revealed that this species mainly
consumes anchovy earlier in the research period (May-June) and Pacific saury later in the period (July-September) in
the offshore waters (Konishi et al., 2009), but both of the prey species are recognized to recently be decreased in the
research area. For example, while the stock of anchovy was estimated 1-2 million tons in 2003, its stock was estimated
630 thousand tons in 2013. Distribution of anchovy is also becoming limited, which could have been reflected in the
drastic decrease in the stock estimates (http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/press/sigen/pdf/141222-03.pdf: in Japanese).
Similarly, while the stock of Pacific saury was estimated to be 5 million tons in 2003, its stock was estimated at only
1.8 million tons in 2013. In particular, a decrease was reported to be serious in the area west of 170E
(http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/press/sigen/pdf/140731-01.pdf: in Japanese). Thus the decrease in number of sightings andthe limited distribution of prey species could have caused the change in the distribution of minke whales offshore in thewestern North Pacific. A possible explanation is that a large-scale change in the marine environment and ecosystemsuch as a regime shift drives these changes. However, because the main reasons have not yet been clarified, creating
new scientific uncertainties in the sampling design, sampling of this species was suspended. Based on the analysis of
the recent data indicating the shift, a new sampling design could be presented in the new research plan to be compiled
after the 2016 JARPNII review process.
Sampling of minke whale（Coastal component- Sanriku and Kushiro）
Common minke whales in the costal component remained as the target for sampling because a competition for preyspecies between coastal fisheries and this species has been strongly indicated from the past research (IWC 2010a).
Sample size for Sanriku component was recalculated focusing on the main prey species (juvenile sand lance), using apreliminary data set (up to and including 2010). Sample sizes necessary were calculated to detect stomach content withan accuracy of CV=0.2. The result of re-calculation varied from 29 to 78 samples depending on the year the data was
obtained. We employed an average of those numbers and set 57 samples as a targeted sample size (Fisheries agency ofJapan, 2015). Sample size for Kushiro component was recalculated focusing on the main prey species (Japanese
anchovy and walleye pollock), using a preliminary data set (up to and including 2010). Sample sizes necessary were
calculated to detect stomach content with an accuracy of CV=0.2. The result of re-calculation varied from 27 to 109
samples depending on the year the data was obtained. We employed an average of those numbers and set 57 samples asa targeted sample size (Fisheries agency of Japan, 2015).
Sampling of sei whale（Offshore component）
Sei whales remained as the target for sampling in the offshore component because the past studies revealed that thisspecies is dominant in the research area and plays an important role in the pelagic marine ecosystem of the western3

North Pacific. Sample size for this species was recalculated, using a preliminary data set (up to and including 2012)
with a focus on prey species in the stomach content. Prey species in the stomach were diverse, such as copepods, krill,
Japanese anchovy, and mackerel. The result of re-calculation varied from 69 to 215 samples depending on the year thedata was obtained. We calculated an average of those numbers to be 135 samples (Fisheries agency of Japan, 2015).
The sample size was, however, maintained at 100 since recalculation for those species showed the need for substantial
increases of sample size. Such increases could be regarded as revisions of the JARPNII program and therefore should
be examined after the due process including review of results that is planned in 2016 for the 2nd period of JARPNII(2008-2013).
Sampling of Bryde’s whale（Offshore component）
Bryde’s whales remained also as the target for sampling in the offshore component for the same reason as sei whales.
Sample size for this species was recalculated, using a preliminary data set (up to and including 2012) with a focus on
main prey species (krill and Japanese anchovy) in the stomach content. The result of re-calculation varied from 36 to
148 samples depending on the year the data was obtained. We calculated an average of those numbers to be 75 samples(Fisheries agency of Japan, 2015). However, the original sample size was maintained (i.e. 50 samples) for Bryde’s
whales for the same reason as sei whales.

ALLOCATION OF SAMPLE SIZES TO THE FEASIBILITY STUDIES OF NON-LETHAL METHODS
If non-lethal methods can produce the same levels of scientific information as lethal methods in terms of accuracy,
quality, and quantity, allocation of a part of lethal sample sizes to the feasibility studies of non-lethal methods should
not affect the achievements of the research. However, there are differences of views as to the utility of non-lethal
methods. The allocation is an attempt to provide some quantitative scientific information for the comparison of theeffectiveness of lethal and non-lethal research methods. Risk is recognized that this approach fails to provide new
information that will narrow the differences. Selection of indicators and criteria for the comparison is important anddepending on the results of the three year studies an analysis will be conducted.
In cases of minke and sei whales, 10% of the recalculated sample sizes for lethal studies were allocated to the feasibility
studies of non-lethal methods. Ten percent was selected by the government as a practical target, considering theimportance of data from lethal methods and the risk of failure in the non-lethal studies.
Specifically, for minke whales in the coastal components, six samples (10% of the original sample size) out of the 57
samples were allocated to the feasibility evaluation of non-lethal methods. For sei whales, 10 samples (10% of theoriginal sample size) of the 100 samples, were allocated to non-lethal methods.
In the case of Bryde’s whales, 25 samples (50% of the original sample size) of the 50 samples were allocated to nonlethal methods. This higher level of allocation to the feasibility of non-lethal studies than the cases of minke and sei
whales was because of the importance of the ecosystem and stock structure studies in the JARPNII research objectives.
Minke and sei whales play more informative role in these studies and information from lethal methods is essential,
partly because of their interactions with fisheries. On the other hand the comprehensive assessment for Bryde’s whales
was completed and their interactions with fisheries are more limited judging from the JARPNII results.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES BETWEEN LETHAL AND NON-LETHAL RESEARCH METHODS TOADDRESS THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES OF JARPNII
A series of non-lethal methods are to be tested for their feasibility during the 2014 to 2016 period in accordance withthe four criteria described in section 2 above.

(i) whether a tissue and other samples can be obtained by a non-lethal method (e.g. biopsy sampling, faeces collection)
While biopsy sampling have been conducted in the past Japanese Special Permit surveys, conditions and resultant
success rate differ substantially depending on areas, seasons, and target species. Therefore, biopsy sampling will betested in a systematic manner during the three years. Faeces collection will also be tried and information such asencounter rate with faeces and actual practicability of sampling faeces excreted from swimming whale species will becollected and analyzed. Some preliminary result from the 2014 season was reported to the Scientific Committee (Mogoe
et al., 2015). For example, biopsy samples were obtained from sei (16 samples) and Bryde’s whales (25 samples)
offshore, and minke whales off Kushiro (5 samples), but no samples were obtained from minke whales offshore and off
Sanriku. Three faecal samples were obtained from sei whales offshore, but no samples were obtained from Bryde’s andminke whales. These results show that biopsy and faecal samples are obtainable in some cases, but not always. More4

data needs to be collected and examined to evaluate under what circumstances biopsy and faecal samples can beobtained.
(ii) whether enough number of samples for statistical analysis can be obtained by the non-lethal method
Effort data for the collection of non-lethal samples will be collected and analyzed in comparison with the effort requiredfor obtaining lethal samples. If unrealistic effort is required for collecting non-lethal data, the method will be judged as
unfeasible. Some preliminary result from the 2014 season show that intended number of biopsy samples were obtained
from sei whales (16 samples) and Bryde’s whales (25 samples) within the time allocated to non-lethal methods, but it
was not the case for minke whales. In fact, five biopsy samples were obtained from minke whales off Kushiro, which isslightly less than six samples originally allocated, while no samples were obtained from minke whales off Sanriku.
When sampling effort (time) is considered, biopsy sampling was more time-consuming than lethal sampling. The
average sampling time of sei whales was 80 minutes for biopsy sampling, while it was 27 minutes for lethal sampling;for Bryde’s whales, the average sampling time was 32 minutes for biopsy sampling, while it was 13 minutes for lethal
sampling; for mike whales off Kushiro, the average sampling time was 92 minutes, while it was 60 minutes for thelethal sampling. Biopsy and faecal sampling data from 2015 to 2016 will be added to further examine if enough numberof samples can be obtained, including from a standpoint of sampling efficiency.

(iii) whether the sample obtained by the non-lethal method can produce scientific information compatible to that
produced by a lethal sampling method
The comparison will be conducted in respect of quality and accuracy. For example, in the case of age information,
whether age information can be produced by the samples obtained by non-lethal method will be tested with potential
analytical technologies. If they can produce some age information, its accuracy will be compared with those from theage-reading on ear plug. Regarding feeding information from non-lethal method, stable isotope and fatty acid analyses
using biopsy samples and genetic analysis using faeces samples will be tested. Results of preliminary analysis wasreported, where prey species was identified from faeces using genetic method (Mogoe et al., 2015). The analyses ofcontents from whale large intestine using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies clearly indicated that thegenetic prey ID is insufficient to understand feeding habits of the whales, because of low identification rate of preyspecies from the contents. Furthermore, the prey species compositions identified in the large intestine were quite
different from those in the stomach contents. Therefore, it seems impossible to obtain accurate prey information only
from faeces. Further examination will be conducted in 2015 and 2016 to investigate what causes these problems.

(iv) whether the cost for obtaining the sample/producing scientific information is reasonable
The cost information of non-lethal methods combined with the effort data from ii) above will be collected andcompared with the comparative information regarding lethal methods. How to estimate the sampling cost is to bestudied while obtaining data from the comparative experiments.

References
Bando, T., Kiwada, H., Mogoe, T., Isoda, T., Mori, M., Tsunekawa, M., Yoshimura, I., Nakai, K., Sato, H., Tanaka, H., Inagaki, M., Tamahashi, K.,
Yoshida, K., Morine, G., Watanabe, H., Fujiwara, G., Eguchi, K. and Tamura, T. 2010. Cruise Report of the second phase of the Japanese Whale
Research Program under Special Permit in the Western North Pacific (JARPN II) in 2009 (part I) - Offshore component – Paper SC/62/O4 presented
to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2010 (unpublished). 34pp.
Bando, T., Mogoe, T., Isoda, T., Wada, A., Mori, M., Tsunekawa M., Tamahashi, K., Moriyama, R., Miyakawa, N., Kadowaki, I., Watanabe, H. andOgawa, T. 2013. Cruise Report of the second phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Western North Pacific(JARPN II) in 2012 (part I) - Offshore component – Paper SC/65a/O03 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2013 (unpublished). 33pp.
Bando, T., Konishi, K., Wada, A., Oikawa, H., Sato, H., Tsunekawa, M., Yoshimura, I., Konagai, T., Ueda, E., Murase, H and Ogawa, T. 2014.
Cruise Report of the second phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Western North Pacific (JARPN II) in 2013
(part I) - Offshore component – Paper SC/65b/SP02 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2014 (unpublished). 23pp.
Fisheries Agency of Japan. 2015. Response to SC 65b recommendation on Japans whale research program under special permit in the western North
Pacific (JARPN II). Paper SC/66a/SP10 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May, 2015 (unpublished). 10pp.
Government of Japan. 2000. Research plan for cetacean studies in the western North Pacific under special permit (JARPN II) (Feasibility study planfor 2000 and 2001). Paper SC/52/O1 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2000 (unpublished). 68pp.
Government of Japan. 2004a. Some considerations of the feasibility components of the JARPN II research plan. Paper SC/56/O2 presented to the
IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004 (unpublished). 36pp.
Government of Japan. 2004b. Revised research plan for cetacean studies in the western North Pacific under special permit (JARPN II). Paper
SC/56/O1 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004 (unpublished). 14pp.
Government of Norway. 1992. A research proposal to evaluate the ecological importance of minke whales in the Northeast Atlantic. Paper
SC/44/NAB18 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2002 (unpublished). 85pp.

5

International Whaling Commission. 2010a. Report of the Expert Workshop to Review the Ongoing JARPN II Programme, 26-30 January 2009,
Yokohama, Japan. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Suppl.) 11(2):405-50.
International Whaling Commission. 2010b. Report of the Scientific Committee. J. Cetacean Res. Manage (Suppl.) 11(2):1-98.
Kanaji, Y., Iwasaki, T., Kishiro, T. and Miyashita, T. 2012. Cruise report of the sighting and satellite tagging survey for common minke whales in the
sub-area 7 in 2011. Paper SC/64/O9 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, 2012 (unpublished). 10pp.
Kawakami, 1980. A review of sperm whale food. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 32. 199-218.
Konishi, K., Tamura, T., Isoda, T., Okamoto, R., Hakamada, T., Kiwada, H., Matsuoka, K. 2009. Feeding strategies and prey consumption of threebaleen whale species within the Kuroshio-current extension. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 42: 27–40.
Matsuoka, K., Tsunekawa, M., Nishiwaki, S. and Miyashita, T. 2012. Cruise report of the Japanese cetacean sighting survey in the western North
Pacific in 2011. Paper SC/64/O6 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2012 (unpublished). 9pp.
Matsuoka, K., Yoshimura, I. and Miyashita, T. 2013. Cruise report of the Japanese cetacean sighting survey in the western North Pacific in 2012.
Paper SC/65a/O04 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2013 (unpublished). 8pp.
Mogoe, T., Tamura, T., Yoshida, H., Kishiro, T., Yasunaga, G., Bando, T., Konishi, K., Nakai, K., Kanda, N., Kitamura, T., Nakano, K., Katsumata,H., Handa, Y. and Kato, H. 2015. Preliminary report of efficiency and practicability of biopsy sampling, faecal sampling and prey species
identification from genetic analyses in 2014, and workplan for non-lethal research in JARPN II. Paper SC/66a/SP11 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, May 2015 (unpublished). 11pp.
Okamura, H., Ohizumi, H. and Kawahara, S. 2002. Appendix 7. Examination of sperm whales component based on JARPN II data using Ecopathtype mode. Paper SC/54/O17 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, 2002 (unpublished): 119-127.
Tamura, T., Otani, S., Isoda, T., Wada, A., Yonezaki, S., Mori, M., Tsunekawa, M., Fukutome, K., Nakai, K., Satoh, H., Nomura, I., Nagatsuka, S.,
Umatni, M., Koyanagi, T., Takamatsu, T., Kawabe, S., Kandabashi, S., Watanabe, H, Kumagai, S., Sato, H. and Ogawa, T. 2009a. Cruise Report ofthe second phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Western North Pacific (JARPN II) in 2008 (part I) - Offshore
component –. Paper SC/61/O4 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2009 (unpublished). 49pp.
Tamura, T., Kubodera, T., Ohizumi, H., Konishi, K. and Isoda, T. 2009b. Feeding habits of sperm whales and their impact on neon flying squid
resources in the western North Pacific. Paper SC/J09/JR17 presented to the JARPNII Review Workshop, Tokyo, January 2009 (unpublished).
Tamura, T., Mogoe, T., Nakai, K., Mori, M., Tsunekawa, M., Yoshimura I., Ishikawa, Y., Kawabe, S., Yamaguchi, F., Yamazaki, M., Ueta, E.,
Watanabe, H. and Eguchi, K. 2012. Cruise Report of the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Western
North Pacific (JARPN II) in 2011 (part I) – Offshore component –. Paper SC/64/O3 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2013
(unpublished). 28pp.
Yasunaga, G., Kiwada, H., Mogoe, T., Wada, A., Nakai, K., Mori, M., Tsunekawa, M., Kasai, H., Ohshima, T., Yoshimura, I., Sato, H., Sakamoto, N.,
Watanabe, H., Fujiwara, G., Tamura, T. and Ogawa, T. 2011. Cruise report of the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program underSpecial Permit in the Western North Pacific (JARPN II) in 2010 (part I) - Offshore component –. Paper SC/63/O2 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, June 2011 (unpublished). 38pp.
Winship, A.J. and Trites, A.W. 2003. Prey consumption of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) off Alaska: How much prey do they require?. Fish.
Bull. 101: 147-167.

6