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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGR APHY

What Works:

LESSONS LEARNED INSURVIVOR INCLUSIONANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY – In alphabetical order by author

What is the Promising Practices Database?
The Promising Practices Database was created in 2015 to collate evaluations ofanti-slavery and counter trafficking programs in a searchable format, so thatstakeholders can quickly identify what works — and what does not — through a simple
search by country, target population, type or sector of slavery, or type of intervention.
The theory is that we can learn from the evaluations already undertaken, even if thelearning is ‘there is a lot we don't know.’ We updated the database in 2020, while theevaluations and information in this policy brief are current as of February 2021.

Coalition Against Trafficking in Women – Asia Pacific 2004 to 2006:
evaluation of programs (Balanon and Barrameda, 2007)
Balanon, FG & Barrameda, TV 2007, Coalition Against
Trafficking in Women - Asia Pacific 2004 to 2006.
Evaluation of Programs, Forum for Women andDevelopment (FOKUS). Available from: https://www.
norad.no/globalassets/import-2162015-80434-am/www.
norad.no-ny/filarkiv/ngo-evaluations/evaluation-ofcoalition-against-trafficking-in-women-_-asia-pacific-_the-philippines.pdf
The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women –Asia Pacific (CATW-AP) is part of the international
alliance of the Coalition Against Trafficking in
Women, inaugurated in 1988. CATW-AP seeks topromote women’s rights and assist victims of humantrafficking through four key programs: policy advocacy,
campaigns, and networking; education, training andorganisational development; research, documentation,and publication; and empowerment of survivors.
An independent post-test evaluation was carried out
to assess the impact of CATW-AP programs in thePhilippines from 2004 to 2006 through a review andanalysis of project documents; and participation,observation, and interviews with members in project
activities, for example, interviews with victim-survivors
and focus group discussions with CATW-AP staff. The
evaluation found that CATW-AP’s programs haveaddressed the various aspects of trafficking andempowered stakeholders, including survivors, todemand government action to protect women and girls
from trafficking and sexual exploitation. For example,
survivors were active participants in implementing
a number of campaigns, such as advocating for the
Anti-Prostitution Bill, and projects such as Bantay
Bugaw and Young Men’s Camps. The programs also
provided opportunities for government and survivors
to work together in the campaigns, advocacy andimplementation of projects. The evaluation foundthat active and meaningful participation of survivors
contributed to the success and sustainability ofthe programs, however involvement in planning,monitoring and evaluation could be strengthened
through providing further opportunities for upskilling.

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGR APHY

An evaluation study on the impact of dance movement therapy on
the participants of Training of Trainers (Chaudhuri, 2014)
Chaudhuri, P 2014, An evaluation study on
the Impact of Dance Movement Therapy on
The participants of Training of Trainers.
In India, the Kolkata Sanved program uses Dance
Movement Therapy (DMT) as a therapeutic tool for
female survivors of human trafficking and othervulnerable women. Kolkata Sanved’s two-year Trainingof Trainer (TOT) program offers survivors training on
DMT theory and practice in order for them to become
DMT practitioners, supporting healing and allowing
them to generate a livelihood. This evaluation examined

the impact of the program of participants enrolledfrom 2012 to 2014. Post-test interviews and workshops
were conducted with 13 participants in Kolkata andCoochbehar who completed two years of training. The
evaluation of the program found that survivors were
empowered by their participation in the TOT program.
Survivors demonstrated positive re-engagementwith life and built confidence, communication skills,
creativity, teamwork, and motivation. The evaluation
also recognised challenges including risk of retraumatisation, and acknowledged preventive measurestaken including availability of psychotherapy sessions.

Maintaining stability in the face of adversity: self-care practices ofhuman trafficking survivor-trainers in India (Fargnoli, 2017)
Fargnoli, A 2017, 'Maintaining Stability in
the Face of Adversity: Self-Care Practices of
Human Trafficking Survivor-Trainers in India',
American Journal of Dance Therapy, vol. 39, no. 2,
pp. 226-251. DOI:10.1007/s10465-017-9262-4.
Another evaluation of the Kolkata Sanved DMT
program published in 2017 used a transcendental
phenomenological approach to explore the lived
experiences of self-care for human trafficking
survivors when working with other survivors.
Participants included six female survivors of human
trafﬁcking between the ages of 22 and 30 who had
worked with the organisation for at least five years
as a DMT trainer. The participants had studied thetheory and practice of DMT; participated in several
workshops, including on dance, improvisation, anddrama therapy;

and had facilitated and inﬂuenced Kolkata Sanved’s
DMT curriculum, Sampoornata. Data was collected
through semi-structured interviews and artistic
methods were used to encourage participants toconsider their self-care experiences. Common selfcare practices were identified that reduced risk ofre-traumatization among participants when working
with other survivors, such as ensuring adequate
social support and awareness of self-care practices isavailable so that participants can offer support to othersurvivors without jeopardising their own wellbeing. It
was also important for participants to be empowered
and able to acknowledge their limitations, including
when they required professional support. The study
recommends the use of DMT for self-care withincommunity-based organisations using peer-providers
as well as further research to understand boundaries
for DMT peer-providers.

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGR APHY

Study of HHS programs serving human trafficking victims(Clawson, Dutch, Salomon, and Grace, 2009)Clawson, HJ, Dutch, NM, Salomon, A & Grace, LG 2009,
Study of HHS Programs Serving Human Trafficking
Victims. Available from: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/
humantrafficking/final/index.shtml.
The United States Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS) is responsible for helping victims of
trafficking become eligible to receive benefits andservices under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act
of 2000 (TVPA). The HSS programs were evaluated to
examine effectively these programs were addressing theneeds of human trafficking victims in the United States.
Post-test telephone and in-person discussions wereconducted with direct service providers,law enforcement, and trafficking survivors to identify
barriers to providing effective, comprehensive services tovictims of trafficking, and possible ‘promising practices’to addressing these challenges. Several organizations
involved in direct victim outreach included survivorsof human trafficking in developing and conducting theoutreach activities. According to respondents, survivors
provided credibility, knowledge and understanding of
the issue, and a unique insight into how best to reachthe target population. While many respondents provided
anecdotal evidence of positive impact of programs toidentify and assist victims of trafficking, there was a lackof documentation of formal assessments or evaluations
to support these claims.

Final report on the evaluation of the Sage Project's Lifeskills andGrace programs (Cohen, Edberg and Gies, 2011)
Cohen, MI, Edberg, MC & Gies, SV 2011, Final Reporton the Evaluation of the Sage Project's Lifeskills andGrace Programs, The SAGE Project, Inc. Available from:https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234464.pdf.
LIFESKILLS and GRACE are two commercial sexual
exploitation (CSE) intervention programs run by theStanding Against Global Exploitation (SAGE) Project in
San Francisco, United States. The LIFESKILLS program
serves girls who are under 18 years of age and are
involved in CSE or are at risk of sexual exploitation,
while GRACE serves women over 18 who have beenarrested for sex work. The programs offer traumarecovery services, substance abuse treatment,
vocational training, housing assistance and legal
advocacy. Some group sessions are delivered bysurvivors and most staff are CSE survivors themselves,
which clients reported made them feel supported andunderstood. A participatory, multi-method process

was used for evaluation design, with evaluation goals
and methods informed by the experiences of program
staff and clients. Baseline and follow-up surveys wereconducted with participants, in addition to interviews,
site visits, focus groups, observations, and review ofcase files, program materials, and official records.
While 89 per cent of participants viewed the program
as beneficial, the results suggest that the program
had limited success in providing treatment services
to girls and young women involved in commercial
sex. The program succeeded in reducing contact withthe criminal justice system for both groups, with a46.7 per cent decline in arrests for GRACE participants
six months’ post enrolment. For those involved incommercial sex, there was a decline in commercial sex
involvement in the short-term, however longer-term
impacts were unknown. The evaluation reported that‘mixing’ girls who are and are not involved in CSE maycontribute to positive attitudes towards commercial sex
involvement among participants.

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGR APHY

United Nations Global Initiative to fight human trafficking(Dalberg Global Development Advisors, 2011)
Dalberg Global Development Advisors 2011,
United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human
Trafficking (UN.GIFT), United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/
documents/evaluation/indepth-evaluations/Indepth_
evaluation_of_the_United_Nations_Global_Initiative_
to_Fight_Human_Trafficking_2011.pdf.
The United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human
Trafficking (UN.GIFT) was established by the United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2007 togenerate global action to combat human trafficking.
The primary objectives of the program were to increaseawareness and knowledge on human trafficking;increase political commitments and build capacity ofmember states; increase resources dedicated to counter
trafficking; launch a global conference to combat
trafficking; and improve support for victims.

Initially, the program focused on delivering ten regional
conferences and one global conference to combat
trafficking. The evaluation involved a post-test desk
review of project documents, surveys, semi-structured
interviews, and two field visits and in-country casestudies. It found that UN.GIFT achieved several
objectives, including increased awareness and politicalcommitments, and that certain aspects of the program
should be continued. However, interviews and casestudies suggested that the establishment of a global
movement to increase political will and resources tocounter trafficking was not achieved. One componentof the program included a survivor-run blog, andin response to recommendations on effectiveness,
the UN.GIFT Steering Committee reported that it
was developing an agenda for global inter-agency
cooperation, which could involve survivors in thedevelopment of anti-trafficking activities.

Expanding protective services to victims and potential victims of trafficking throughorganizing responsive task forces against trafficking in posts and pilot hotspots in thePhilippines (PORT Project) (Institute for Migration and Development Issues, 2012)
Institute for Migration and Development Issues 2012,
Expanding Protective Services to Victims and Potential
Victims of Trafficking through Organizing Responsive Task
Forces against Trafficking in posts and Pilot Hotspots in thePhilippines (PORT Project), Visayan Forum Foundation.
In the Philippines, the Visayan Forum Foundation’s
PORT Project sought to prevent human trafficking
and assist potential victims at ports of entry and exit
through the creation of port taskforces in collaboration
with law enforcement, prosecutors, social services
providers, civil society, and the private sector. Other
activities delivered under the project included public
advocacy and bolstering civil society movements,
including the Multi-Sectoral Network Against Trafficking,which supports government efforts to combat humantrafficking and involves survivor groups. The impactof the PORT Project was evaluated at four levels:

beneficiaries, Visayan Forum, local anti-trafficking
stakeholders, and national anti-trafficking advocacy.
Using a trauma-informed approach, evaluatorsinterviewed 22 beneficiaries about their near-trafficking
experiences, and interviewed Visayan Forum staff
to assess how the PORT Project was implemented.
Evaluators also assessed perceptions of Visayan Forum’s
work among local anti-trafficking stakeholders throughfocus groups and key informant interviews, and finally,evaluated anti-trafficking advocacy at the national
level. The findings showed that interception and rescue
efforts assisted a significant number of victims andpotential victims of trafficking. However, due to varying
understandings of the term ‘trafficking in persons’,
it is not clear how many people benefitted from theprogram. Further, the program contributed to improved
awareness and visibility of anti-trafficking activities.

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGR APHY

Combatting domestic minor sex trafficking: an evaluation of the My Life,My Choice program in Kentucky (Perkins et al., 2018)
Perkins, EB, Geurin, L, Perkins, E, Tallichet, S & Dyer, C
2018, Combatting Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: An
Evaluation of the My Life, My Choice Program in Kentucky,
Ph.D. thesis, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
The My Life, My Choice (MLMC) program was establishedby the Justice Resource Institute in Massachusetts,
United States. It is a survivor-led program consisting ofa ten-session curriculum designed to raise awareness ofsexual exploitation risks and indicators, and delivered
to girls aged between 12 and 18 years old who were
either survivors or otherwise considered at high riskof sexual exploitation. As part of the curriculum,
participants take part in group sessions where survivor
stories are shared. This evaluation assessed the MLMC
program in Kentucky, and sought understand whether

the program reached its target population of high-risk
individuals; was successful in educating participants
about vulnerability; and contributed to a perceived
growth in knowledge of sexual exploitation among
participants. Data was collected via pre- and post-test
surveys of 126 program participants from 2016 to 2018.
Participants were aged between 10 and 18 years old,the majority were female (83.3 per cent), and almost
a quarter (21.4 per cent) identified as belonging to
the LGBTQ community. Through evaluation methods
including frequency analysis and paired sample t-test,
to determine if there was significant growth during
the program, it was found that the program met its
objectives of reaching its target population and creatinga significant change in the participants’ ideas ofvulnerability and knowledge of sexual exploitation.

A longitudinal evaluation of a survivor-mentor program for child survivorsof sex trafficking in the United States (Rothman et al., 2019)
Rothman, EF, Preis, SR, Bright, K, Paruk, J, Bair-Merritt,M & Farrell, A 2019, 'A longitudinal evaluation of asurvivor-mentor program for child survivors of sex
trafficking in the United States', Child Abuse & Neglect,
p. 104083. DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104083.
This evaluation of the MLMC program was conductedon the youth mentorship program in Massachusetts,
whereby a survivor-led assessment team pairs avulnerable or child victim of at least 11 years of age,with an adult mentor who has been a survivor of CSE
for five years or more. The role of the mentor is tosupport the mentee through exit, recovery, and finding
safety and stability. The United States Department ofJustice funded the 2014 program evaluation to assess
whether youth who participated in a CSE survivor-

mentor program showed changes in CSE victimisation,
dating abuse victimisation, health, delinquency, andsocial factors. The longitudinal study was conducted
between 2015 and 2018 and involved 41 youth witha baseline, six-month, and 12-month survey. The
evaluation found that youth participants in MLMC
displayed improved well-being, and reduced drug use,delinquent behaviour, and exploitation. However, there
were several limitations that obscured a fulsome impact
analysis of the program, including that the sample
size was small, there was no control group, and otherissues which may have influenced the results, such associal desirability bias in survey self-reporting. Future
longitudinal surveys should also consider innovativeor alternate means to ensure that similar young
and mobile populations are able to be reached for
longitudinal follow up.

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Training US health care professionals on human trafficking:where do we go from here? (Powell, Dickings and Stoklosa, 2017)
Powell, C, Dickins, K & Stoklosa, H 2017, 'Training US
health care professionals on human trafficking: where
do we go from here?', Medical Education Online, vol. 22.
This study used mixed methods to identify the gaps andstrengths in human trafficking education of Health Care
Professionals (HCPs) in the United States. According
to the study, HCPs can play a vital role in prevention,
identification, and care of human trafficking victims,
yet most HCPs are unfamiliar with how to care fortrafficking survivors. The first component of the study
entailed structured telephone interviews with a sample
of 24 US-based experts in human trafficking HCP
education in 2015. Interviews captured information
on types of human trafficking training, length andfrequency, content, inclusion of evaluation approaches
and indicators, as well as an assessment of obstacles

and strengths in training. Several HCP education
presentations (45 per cent) involved human trafficking
survivors. The second phase of the study involved ananalysis of data from HCP calls made to the National
Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC) hotline
operated by Polaris. The analysis revealed trends inawareness and behaviour of HCPs, with a gradualincrease in calls from HCPs since the NHTRC hotline
was launched in 2007, and highlighted the need forhuman trafficking training content to be informedby survivors to ensure correct information; traumainformed and care to be at the forefront; and consistentmessaging for HCPs. Further, the study recommended
the development of evaluation metrics for humantrafficking training to record behaviour change andimpact on service delivery and outcomes for humantrafficking victims.

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