当報告の内容は、それぞれの著者の著作物です。
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タイトル：UMS-TUFS Exchange Lecture on Culture and Society of Asia and Africa（アジア・アフリカの文化と社会に関する東京外国語大学―マレーシア・サバ大学の交換講演会）
日時：2017 年 3 月 9 日（木）14：00～17：00
場所：Meeting Room, Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Heritage, Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, Kota Kinabalu
使用言語：英語
参加者：41 名（講演者含む）
内容
AA 研の海外拠点であるコタキナバル・リエゾンオフィス（KKLO）とマレーシア・サバ大学（UMS）人文学部との共催により、アジア・アフリカの文化と社会に関する講演会を実施した。当日は UMS の学生や教員を中心とする計 35 名と日本側から 6 名が参加した。UMSのジャリハ氏ならびに KKLO 拠点長の床呂郁哉教授（AA 研所員）の両名による挨拶に引き続いて、日本側から 3 名、UMS 側から 1 名による講演および質疑応答が行われた。質疑応答では、オランウータンとチンパンジーとの比較や環境保護の問題など、複数の講演にまたがるテーマに関して活発な議論が交わされた。それぞれの講演の要旨は以下の通り。
【講演 1】
Ecology and conservation of orangutans: a review of current status and introduction ofresearches in Danum Valley
Takumi Tsutaya (Kyoto University)
Orangutans (or orang-utans) are the largest arboreal animal that are living only in
Borneo and Sumatera Islands. Two species are known in orangutans: Borneanorangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and Sumateran orangutans (Pongo abelii). Althoughancestors of Pongo distributed throughout South-East Asia during approximately
400,000−50,000 years ago, current distribution is only limited in the two islands ofMalaysia and Indonesia. Orangutans are characterized by their frugivorous diet (butnon-fruit food sources like leaves and bark are also important), solitary life style, andslow life history. They are now assigned as "Critically Endangered" species on the Red
List issued by International Union for Conservation of Nature, and on the brink ofextinction in the wild.

The current wild populations of Bornean and Sumateran orangutans were estimatedas 54,000 and 66,000 individuals, respectively, as of 2002 (Wich et al., 2008). In Sabah,
11,000 individuals are living, and their habitats are patchily divided (Ancrenaz et al.,2005). The numbers of individual are declining, and estimated losses during 1985−2010
are 51,250−121,250 individuals for Bornean and 5,750−10,000 individuals for
Sumateran orangutans (Meijaard et al., 2012).
Forest degradation and hunting are the two major threats for orangutans. In Borneo
and Sumatera Island, 70% and 61% of forest cover were lost during 1973−2010 (Gaveauet al., 2014) and 1985−1997 (UNEP, 2007), respectively. Orangutans cannot survive inhighly degraded forests, and conversion of forest into oil palm plantation has the mostadverse effect. Timber and palm oil have been exported to foreign countries, and thus
this is not only a problem of Malaysia and Indonesia but also an international matter ofconcern.
Hunting is another major threat, and orangutans have been hunted for traditional
medicine, bush meat, trophy head, and pet trade and killed as crop pest. Although theactual status of hunting is difficult to measure, several recent studies have revealed theunexpectedly higher pressure of hunting for orangutans (Meijaard et al., 2011; Freundet al., in press).
Three points will be proposed in this paper for key factors of conservation:conservation outside protected area, low enforcement and proper government policy,and roles of local/non-local researchers and ordinary people.
Researches in Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia will also be introduced. We haveconducted basic ecological researches, as well as specific researches on reproduction,development, predation, and culture of orangutans in Danum Valley since 2005.
【講演 2】
Long-term environmental changes surrounding the chimpanzees of Mahale Mts. NP,Tanzania
Noriko Itoh (Kyoto University)
Research on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at the Mahale Mountains National
Park, located at western end of the United Republic of Tanzania, started in 1965. At
that time, the area was still not a national park and local Tongwe people were living insmall scattered settlements. As their population density was very low, negative impacts
on the ecosystem by their activities seems to have been limited. In this presentation, thefollowing long-term environmental changes surrounding a chimpanzee group (M group),together with brief history of Mahale, was overviewed (for details, see Mahale

Chimpanzees: 50 Years of Research, Cambridge University Press, 2015).
1. Climate
Climate is influenced by various activities of living and non-living things. Local
climate is shaped by topography and vegetation. Thus data collection in-situ isessential. Mahale climate is known to be highly variable both at inter-annual anddecadal scale. From our accumulated data collected from 1983 to 2013 by many
researchers and field assistants, amount of rainfall had a tendency to decrease at
the rate of 7 mm per year and rainfall distribution has changed. From minimum
and maximum temperature records, warming trend was suggested.
2. Plant Phenology and Vegetation
Although, we need further accumulation of data, change in fruiting pattern since c.a.
2005, high tree turnover rate, and increase of liana was evident over these 16 years.
The latter two tendencies are also reported from worldwide tropical forests.
Lastly, our new attempts to conserve local knowledge were introduced. Not only
“natural” environmental changes, but also cultural changes among people surrounding
chimpanzees can be observed. Tongwe people’s traditional knowledge on naturalenvironment used to be vast and deep which helped researchers conducting theirstudies at Mahale since the beginning. However, as the knowledge is vanishing, whichis occurring worldwide, we have started to compile local flora and fauna taxonomy. In
the course, we have learned that such activities, together with various conversations forbasic studies, stimulate local people’s interests on past and present ecologicalsituations.
Environmental conditions threatening chimpanzees are serious which also may be
unfavorable for humans in the long-term. I hope conservation projects will continue tolook at the long-term future, not only of chimpanzees, but also of human lives in-situ.

【講演 3】
Porcupine Stones and Oil Palm Plantations:
An Ethnographic Sketch of Human-Nature Interactions in Sarawak
Katsumi Okuno (Rikkyo University)
Porcupine stones recently have brought the indigenous peoples of Sarawak, Malaysia
vast sums of money. Such a “boom” in bezoar stones seems to have become widespreadafter the expansion of oil palm plantations. Nocturnal porcupines come to eat the firmfruits of oil palms at night. To learn more about the relationship between porcupine
stones and oil palm plantations, multi-sited ethnographical research was conducted byme and Tetsu Ichikawa of Nagoya City University, at bezoars’ place of origin, along theirdownriver trading network, and in metropolitan cities in Peninsular Malaysia that
consume them, in August, 2013 and February–March, 2014. It is specifically discoveredthat the progress of bezoar boom among indigenous populations in Sarawak varied bylocation. Indigenous people recently came to pay more attention to porcupines as thechances for seizing them began increasing, which coincided with when they expected toreceive thousands of money when the porcupines had stones within their internalorgans. It is predicted that the total volume of supply increased in accordance with thistrend, which suggests a possibility to explain how the increase in the supply ofporcupine stones from the expansion of oil palm plantations lit the increase in thedemand for them. But unfortunately thus far there is no positive data regarding this,although it most likely cannot be said that it is a mistake to place the porcupine stoneboom in the correlation between the expansion of oil palm plantations and theincreasing number of porcupine stones.

【講演 4】
Conservation and cultural revival: A case study on Gumantung Forest of Matunggong,
Sabah
Paul Prodong (Universiti Malaysia Sabah)
Cultural connection often used by indigenous community to justify their relation withan area. According to Indigenous Community Conserve Area (ICCA), this relationship isoften embedded in the people’s or community’s sense of identity and/or dependence forlivelihood and wellbeing. Modernization and cultural change however slowly eroded
this relationship to the extent that the young generation may loss this connection
entirely. This presentation is an attempt to understand how the communities around
Gumantung Forest revive their past relation with the forest in the context of state’sinterest as well as conservation awareness.