Overview: Japanese Archaeological Research Trends 2019 1
Tsuji Hideto2

The 2019 fiscal year3 is worthy of commemoration for the change to the new era
name, Reiwa,4 as of May 1.
With regards to cultural properties, the “Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded
Tombs of Ancient Japan” was inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites, causing
a big sensation. As is well known, the Mozu 5 and Furuichi6 tomb groups are in adensely populated region of Osaka prefecture, and their preservation has a historyof contention. While designation as a World Heritage Site is a joyous developmenton the one hand, as indicated in the statement jointly issued with 13 otheracademic societies titled “Opinion Concerning the Selection of the Mozu-Furuichi
Kofun Group for Registration as World Cultural Heritage,” it is desirable that acomprehensive plan be executed for the preservation and utilization of the tombgroup including the surrounding areas.
Meanwhile, memory is still fresh of the destruction by fire of Shuri Castle 7 in
Okinawa in the early morning hours of October 31. It was a bitter loss not only forthe citizens of Okinawa prefecture, but for the Japanese nation as a whole.
Examples of damage and loss of cultural properties to natural disasters are
numerous. As was learned from the damage by fire to the murals at the Main Hall of
Hōryūji,8 we must confirm again the need for study and efforts toward the1[Trends in Japanese Archaeological Research, 2019 , is a partial translation of “Nihon kōkogaku
kenkyū no dōkō” 日本考古学研究の動向, in Nihon kōkogaku nenpō 72 (2019 nendoban) 日本考古学年報
72（2019 年度版) (Archaeologia Japonica 72 [2019 Fiscal Year Issue]) (Nihon Kōkogaku Kyōkai, 2021),
pp. 1–31. This essay appears on pp. 1-3, under the Japanese title “Sōsetsu” 総説. It was translated byWalter Edwards, and published by the Japanese Archaeological Association (Nihon Kōkogaku Kyōkai
日本考古学協会) online in 2023. To streamline the text, characters for Japanese names and terms, andbibliographic information have been placed in footnotes. When an English translation of the name ofan organization or publication (or symposium, etc.) is supplied by the party responsible, this is usedwith minimum changes in capitalization etc. to conform to the style followed by Trends in JapaneseArchaeological Research. Romanized names of individuals are given with the surname followed by the
personal name.]
2
辻 秀人
3
The fiscal year begins on April 1 of each calendar year.
4
令和
5
百舌鳥
6
古市
7
首里城
8
法 隆 寺 (Nara prefecture) [Translator’s note: The reference is to a fire which broke out in January

Trends in Japanese Archaeological Research, 2019
© 2023 The Japanese Archaeological Association
published online: April 2023

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TRENDS IN JAPANESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 2019preservation of cultural properties.
In the final portion of the 2019 fiscal year, the novel coronavirus infection
spread, and society as a whole was driven into a reduction or cessation of activity.
Many research and academic societies unfortunately halted or postponed theiractivities. Under the COVID-19 crisis, we could say we have been dealt a greatchallenge as to how we might carry out our research efforts.
Herein I would like to look back on the research trends in Japanesearchaeology for the 2019 fiscal year.
1. Paleolithic period
The 2019 fiscal year is a critical juncture as the 20th year since the exposure of the
Early/Middle Paleolithic Hoax. Regarding this unprecedented incident, for which
the Association organized a special committee to deal with clarification of the
problem, a special collection was compiled in Kōkogaku jānaru (The Archaeological
Journal).9 As a result of inspecting the issue, new research results, methodologies,
and perspectives were discussed based on critical reflection.
Following the exposure of the hoax, there has been debate over the timing of theappearance of humankind in the Japanese archipelago. While it is generally
believed that humans arrived from the Korean Peninsula via a land bridge during
the Last Glacial Period, the possibility of an earlier date is being discussed. The
debate will likely deepen in connection with the theory of an early dispersal ofmodern humans. Thorough discussion including the age and typology of the oldest
stone tools is desired. Also, an experimental voyage was conducted over the
Okinawa route, a possible migration pathway. It is hoped that comprehensive
research will be furthered combining an evaluation of that success with otherfactors.
Technical studies of stone tool assemblages were also conducted regarding
blade technology, and analyses incorporating 3D measurement data appeared aswell. In addition, attempts at elucidating trace marks left on stone tools are being
carried out through experimental archaeological methods. The approach ofcomprehensively examining trace marks on stone tools by recognizing that they
accumulated over the lifespans of these objects will likely expand the possibilities of
future research.
Comparative studies have been conducted over a wide area including East Asia
regarding the transition from the Paleolithic to the Jōmon periods, that is, the timeof the emergence of pottery, and the factual relations are becoming clear. At thesame time, there is debate back and forth as to whether the appearance of pottery
per se can be considered as the beginning of the Jōmon period. In addition, the1949, prompting concerns that led the following year to the promulgation of the Law for the Protectionof Cultural Properties.]
9“Zen/Chūki Kyūsekki Netsuzō kara 20 nen” 前・中期旧石器捏造から 20 年 (20 Years after the Early andMiddle Paleolithic Hoax), a collection of six articles in Kōkogaku jānaru 考古学ジャーナル (The Archaeological Journal), no. 730 (2019): 3–23.

O VERVIEW–3–

regional nature of the transition to Jōmon culture is being researched, andclarification of the specific character of the period is also an issue for future study.
In addition, at the Kitamachi 10 site in Yamagata prefecture, an Incipient settlement
and wetland area have been investigated and a variety of artifacts and food remains
were recovered, providing valuable data for considering the daily life andenvironment of the time, the actual conditions of the Incipient phase of the Jōmon
period.
In the new area of academic research on the Yaponesian genome, the origin anddevelopmental process of humans of the Japanese archipelago are being pursued
by sequencing and comparatively analyzing the genome from the Paleolithic period
on. Comparative examinations with archaeological results are greatly anticipated.
2. Jōmon period
In Jōmon research, work is being done in the clarification of Jōmon society throughstudies of graves, settlements, and artifacts, and in chronological research.
In settlement research, changes in settlement from the Middle into the Latephases were frequently taken up, with circular settlements, changes in settlement
locations, regional trends, and so forth being discussed
Regarding mortuary customs and burial systems, a research meeting was held by
the Jōmon Period Culture Research Society to sort out issues confronting attempts
to elucidate the shape of society based on the conditions of mortuary practice. 11 In
addition, there were many treatises discussing the relationship between burial
systems, grave goods, and rituals, and many articles pursuing relations between
settlements and graves, and the results of these efforts are anticipated. In recent
years there have been discoveries of human bone from rock shelter sites, and work
is being carried out on information that can be read from such buried skeletalmaterials.
Chronological research is active for each phase of the period, and along withexaminations along the temporal axis the spatial distributions are being thoroughly
discussed, and as a result it is anticipated that trends in Jōmon society will beclarified. For stone tools, research is being pursued into the manufacturing
technology and into their functions. Regarding the latter, relations between function
and the plant diet, and the clarification based on experiment of the method of fixing
tools to handles and so forth are drawing attention. In research on clay figurines,
there is debate on their functions along with their distribution and transitions, andcompilations are being advanced.
Regarding the relationship with the natural environment, the impression replica
technique12 has been widely adopted and is achieving new results. In addition,
北町“Jōmon jidai sōbosei kenkyū no gendankai” 縄 文 時 代 葬 墓 制 研 究 の 現 段 階 (The current stage of
research on Jōmon period mortuary and burial systems), symposium commemorating the thirtiethanniversary of the Jōmon Jidai Bunka Kenkyūkai 縄文時代文化研究会 (Jōmon Period Culture ResearchSociety), Nihon Daigaku, 7–8 December 2019.
12[Translator’s note: The reference is to the use of silicone replica analysis of impressions in pottery
10
11

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TRENDS IN JAPANESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 2019research results are accumulating related to the flora and fauna.
The results of scientific analysis have been widely incorporated into Jōmon
research, and achievements are being published in the dating of human bone, instable isotope analysis, and in DNA analysis. There is a high possibility that newimages of the Jōmon period will emerge through synthesis with research resultsfrom archaeology.
3. Yayoi period
In the midst of debate over its absolute chronology, the view that the Yayoi period
should be divided into neolithic and early metal age eras has been advanced. Thatthe concept of the Yayoi period encompasses a major division seen in world history
is a serious problem, and will likely lead in the end to questions of the basis onwhich the Yayoi period is divided from others. We should keep an eye on what
direction research takes on this issue in the future.
In addition, there were treatises examining the substance of the Yayoi period
from the perspective of eastern Japan, while Yayoi society of the Kinki region as awhole was being concretely discussed. What the diversity of Yayoi society across
the Japanese archipelago means will likely be a significant issue in the future.
Exchanges with the Korean Peninsula were actively discussed at symposiums
and other venues, yielding important results. In research on agriculture, the replica
method has become widespread, and the actual conditions of grain cultivation in
Yayoi society, including the transition period from the Jōmon, are gradually being
clarified, and a compilation systematically summarizing these results has been
published. Additionally, nuclear genome analysis has been conducted withrecovered skeletal materials, and it has become clear that two genetic lines ofJōmon and immigrant derivation existed in northwestern Kyushu in Yayoi times.
This will likely be important information for considerations of Yayoi society. It will
be necessary to assess comprehensively whether this is consistent with the resultsof archaeological examinations.
4. Kofun period
One theme in Kofun period research transcending that age is what was the Yamato
monarchy, what manner of function did it bear? Also, indispensable toconsiderations of this theme is the question of what were the keyhole-shaped
mounded tombs?
A variety of issues are debated regarding this broad theme, such as communities
of shared interests among the chiefly class, the organization of the military, therituals of the tombs, and so forth. Differences in the points of view among debaters
yield vastly different images drawn of the monarchy. Further developments are
anticipated. Also, the colossal size of Middle period tombs was debated at theJapanese Archaeological Association’s 2019 Autumn Meeting 13 and elsewhere. In
left by organic materials such as starch granules, nuts, and insects.]
13“Kofun jidai chūki no kyodai kofun” 古墳時代中期の巨大古墳 (Colossal tombs of the Middle Kofun

O VERVIEW–5–

opposition to the prevailing view explaining the growth to colossal size in terms of
the increased power of the monarchy, new perspectives asserting of the instabilityof the monarchy or the distribution of wealth and so forth have been indicated.
For burial facilities, the results of comprehensive research on horizontal stonechambers were published. Also, for the relationship between changes in burial
facilities and the compositions of social groups, the transitions and uniformity ofhorizontal stone chambers was debated for each region; further, regarding the stonematerials making up the chambers the use of 3D measurement has been
introduced, and regional aspects of the relationships between stone processing
technology and masonry groups are being examined.
In haniwa research, new understandings of the placements of groups ofrepresentational haniwa are being explored, and for cylindrical haniwa, relations
between haniwa production and regional development, and how haniwa may have
served as emblems of political authority were discussed. For representationalhaniwa the human figures are being reevaluated, and topics such as how to
distinguish single-edged from double-edged swords in haniwa representations, andthe relationship between haniwa and wooden funerary items, are being debated.
In research on weapons and armor, the production system for swords was
examined, and a need pointed out to reexamine its understanding as a unified
system of production and distribution. Also, a detailed examination was made of
decorative swords, and the political implications of their distribution werediscussed. In connection with equestrian gear Uma no kōkogaku (Archaeology ofHorses) was published, in which a variety of perspectives including the system of
production and the significance of horses and horse gear were discussed. 14 In
settlement research, at symposiums held by the Society of Archaeological Studies
Kansai Regional Meeting15 and the Tōhoku/Kantō Keyhole Tomb ResearchSociety,16 relationships between trends in settlements and in tomb construction
were discussed. In ceramics debate, parallel relations were sorted out among a wide
variety of Haji17 ware assemblages that developed at the time of the appearance of
kofun in various regions. In addition, attempts to read social conditions from theperiod), session held at the Japanese Archaeological Association 2019 Autumn Meeting (Okayama
Daigaku, 26–27 October 2019).
14
Migishima Kazuo 右島和夫, ed., Uma no kōkogaku 馬の考古学 (Archaeology of Horses) (Yūzankaku,2019).
15“Chiiki kenkyū ni motozuku Kofun jidai no shūraku kōzō to shakai” 地域研究に基づく古墳時代の集落
構 造 と 社 会 (Settlement structure and society in the Kofun period based on regional research),
Kōkogaku Kenkyūkai Kansai Reikai Shinpojiumu 考 古 学 研 究 会 関 西 例 会 シ ン ポ ジ ウ ム (Society ofArchaeological Studies Kansai Regional Meeting Symposium), held at Osaka Campus Plaza Kyoto, 2
February 2020.
16“Kōki no naka no henkaku: 536 nen ibento ni miru kikō hendō to no kakawari” 後期の中の変革: 536
年 イ ベ ン ト に み る 気 候 変 動 と の 関 わ り (Changes in the Late Kofun: Relationship with climate change
attributable to the extreme weather event of 536), symposium held in conjunction with the Dai 25-kai
Tōhoku/Kantō Zenpōkōenfun Kenkyūkai Taikai 第 25 回 東北・関東前方後円墳研究会大会 (25th Meeting,Tōhoku/Kantō Keyhole Tomb Research Society), Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, 15–16
February 2020.
17
土師

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TRENDS IN JAPANESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 2019nature of pottery assemblages were also carried out. For Sue18 ware, there were also
attempts to decipher regional society from the perspective of ceramics. The topics
of changes in vessel types, and the delineation of individual characteristics for
production kilns were pursued. In research on wooden implements, there is a trend
for discussing the technology of wet-rice cultivation based on the functions ofwooden tools. In addition, the development of decorative wooden pedestalled
dishes was examined, and the possibility suggested of considering their relationshipwith the Hokuriku region. Future developments are hoped for in these areas.
Regarding relationships with the Korean peninsula, a comprehensive anthology
was compiled by the National Museum of Japanese History and Folklore. 19 Also, in
relations with the peninsula as seen in weapons, artifacts of Japanese derivation
found on the peninsula and so forth were discussed. There will likely be debate
henceforth as to whether the relations seen between the two were based on kingly
authority or on regional networks.
5. Ancient period
For the Ancient period, continuing from the previous fiscal year there were
investigations of capitals, government office complexes, temples and so forth related
to the management of Historic Sites, or aimed at securing Historic Site designations.
Additionally, there were investigations carried out of road remains and associatedfacilities, and production sites, etc. Investigations of large-scale settlements werealso conducted.
For capitals, there were excavations to the southeast of the Former Imperial
Audience Hall, and in the Eastern Government Office Sector at the Nara palace site.
New materials were obtained related to the Western Palace of Retired Emperor
Heizei20 and to the Eastern Government Office Sector. In Kyoto, excavations in thecapital districts at the Nagaoka 21 and Heian22 capitals are being continuously
conducted, and have been producing results.
At government office sites, investigations are continuing at Tagajō 23 andDazaifu,24 both Special Historic Sites. The Miyagi Prefectural Research Institute of
the Tagajō Site has published a compilation of glazed ceramics 25 that have been
須恵“[Kyōdō kenkyū] Kofun jidai/Sangoku jidai ni okeru Nitchō kankeishi no saikōchiku: Wa to
Yonsangan ryūiki no kankei o chūshin ni” [共同研究] 古墳時代・三国時代における日朝関係史の再構築: 倭と栄 山 江 流 域 の 関 係 を 中 心 に ([Collaborative research] Reconstruction of the History of Japan-Korea
Relations in the Kofun Period of Japan and the Three Kingdoms Period of Korea: Focusing on the
Relationship between the Country of Wa and the Yeongsan River Basin), a collection of 14 articles in
Kokuritsu Rekishi Minzoku Hakubutsukan kenkyū hōkoku 国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (Bulletin of the
National Museum of Japanese History), no. 217 (2019): 1–346.
20
平城
21
長岡
22
平安
23
多賀城 (Miyagi prefecture)24
太宰府 (Fukuoka prefecture)25
Miyagi-ken Tagajō Ato Kenkyūjo 宮城県多賀城跡調査研究所 (Miyagi Prefectural Research Institute of
the Tagajo Site), Tagajō seyū tōjiki 多賀城施釉陶磁器 (Tagajō Glazed Ceramics) (Tagajō, Miyagi: Miyagi
18
19

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assembled and examined. At the Saikū26 palace complex in Mie Prefecture, a groupof features dating back to the Asuka period have been detected, which is an
important discovery for clarifying the initial phase of the site. There were many
investigations at temple sites. These include the Saiji27 temple site in Kyoto, and theTeramachi28 abandoned temple site in Hiroshima prefecture.
As for production sites, at the Akasaka D site 29 in Fukushima prefecture, theremains were found of kilns for the manufacture of Sue ware, charcoal, and roof
tiles for which the locus of production was previously unknown. Apart from this, theFukada30 kiln site group in Aichi prefecture and the Ishizaka 31 kiln site group in
Fukuoka prefecture and others were investigated. In addition, the iron casting
facilities found at the Kurotsuchi32 site in Kusatsu, Shiga prefecture, are drawing
attention as precious archaeological features.
In recent years, road features and related facilities have been investigated one
after another. In Gunma prefecture, gutters and seismic fissures were confirmed at asite inferred as part of the Tōsandō 33 highway. Features at the Shimookada 34 site inHiroshima prefecture, from their appearance and because they are facing theAncient San’yōdō35 highway, are thought to have possibly been the Aki 36 post
station.
For settlements, in Saitama prefecture the remains of a vast settlement straddlingthree archaeological sites and exceeding 60,000 m2 in area have been confirmed. At
the Shimoda Minami37 site in Aichi prefecture, the remains of numerous pitdwellings and embedded pillar buildings have been ascertained, with many
distinctive artifacts being recovered. It is hoped that much will result from theanalysis of these materials.
At a symposium on Ancient period fortifications, 38 perspectives were presented
comparing conditions in eastern and western Japan. This will probably be one ofthe directions for the future.
6. Medieval, Early Modern, Modern periods
In urban research, the results of recent activities of the Medieval Urban ResearchPrefectural Research Institute of the Tagajo Site, 2020).
26
斎宮
27
西寺
28
寺町
29
赤坂Ｄ遺跡
30
深田
31
石坂
32
黒土
33
東山道
34
下岡田
35
山陽道
36
安芸
37
下田南
38
“Kikuchijō shimpojiumu: Kodai no sanjō to Tōhoku jōsaku” 鞠智城シンポジウム: 古代の山城と東北城柵(Kikuchi castle symposium: Ancient hilltop castles and Tōhoku fortresses), symposium jointly
sponsored by Ryūkoku University and the Kumamoto Prefectural Board of Education (Kyoto, Ryūkoku
University Kyōto Hall, 6 October 2019).

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TRENDS IN JAPANESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 2019

Society were published as Kōshin to kenryoku (Ports and Authority).39 In addition,
the results of many years of research that have accumulated for Hiraizumi (Iwate
prefecture) have been compiled.40 Both are efforts that show the level of Medieval
urban research. In addition, books were published comprehensively examining thesamurai as theme from various perspectives.
Regarding castle research, symposiums were held by active groups such as the
Shokuhō Period Castle Research Society, 41 San’in Archaeological Research
Meeting,42 and Chūgoku/Shikoku Residential Castle Investigations Discussion
Meeting.43 Topics such as stone walls, roof tiles, and satellite (branch) castles weretaken up. For publications, the Castles Discussion Group compiled a volume on thenature of the castles of the Kinki region from the perspectives of documentarysources, archaeology, and territorial considerations. 44 In addition, comprehensive
research results related to castles of the Sengoku daimyo Takeda clan were also
published.45
In mortuary research, Sekine Tatsuhito edited a systematic anthology on thethemes of funerary customs, graves, and stone stupas, which also clearly
demonstrated the significance and methodology of studying gravestones andshowed the ultimate goal of research.46
Ceramics research was extremely prosperous, with symposiums and study
meetings held on a variety of issues by the Society for Medieval Ware Research, 47
Japan Society for the Study of Oriental Trade Ceramics, 48 and the Bizen History
Chūsei Toshi Kenkyūkai 中世都市研究会 (Medieval Urban Research Society), ed., Kōshin to kenryoku
港津と権力 (Ports and Authority) (Yamakawa Shuppansha, 2019).
40
Yaegashi Tadao 八重樫忠郎 , Hiraizumi no kōkogaku 平泉の考古学 (The archaeology of Hiraizumi)(Koshi Shoin, 2019).
41“Sengoku jidai ni okeru ishigaki gijutsu no kōkogakuteki kenkyū” 戦国時代における石垣技術の考古学的研究 (Archaeological research on stone wall technology of the Sengoku period), 2019 Meeting of the
Shokuhōki Jōkaku Kenkyūkai 織豊期城郭研究会 (Shokuhō Period Castle Research Society), Hikone, 7–
8 September 2019.
42“San’in no jōkaku kawara dōnyū to tenkai” 山陰の城郭瓦 導入と展開 (Introduction and developmentof San’in castle roof tiles), Dai 47-kai San’in Kōkogaku Kenkyū Shūkai 第 47 回山 陰 考 古学 研究 集会(47th San’in Archaeological Research Meeting), Tottori, 31 August 2019.
43“Kōkogaku kara shijōsei o tou” 考古学から支城制を問う (Questioning the satellite castle system fromarchaeology), Dai 24-kai Chūgoku/Shikoku Chiku Jōkan Chōsa Kentōkai 第 24 回中国・四国地区城館調査
検 討 会 (24th Chūgoku/Shikoku Residential Castle Investigations Discussion Meeting), Naruto,
Tokushima prefecture, 28–29 September 2019.
44
Jōkaku Danwakai 城 郭 談 話 会 (Castle Discussion Group), ed., Kinki no jōkaku: Bunken, kōko,
nawabari kara saguru 近 畿 の 城 郭 : 文 献 ・ 考 古 ・ 縄 張 り か ら 探 る (The castles of Kinki: Exploring fromliterature, archaeology, territory) (Ebisukōshō Shuppan, 2019).
45
Hagihara Mitsuo 萩 原 三 雄 , Sengokuki jōkaku to kōkogaku 戦 国 期 城 郭 と 考 古 学 (Sengoku Period
Castles and Archaeology) (Iwata Shoin, 2019).
46
Sekine Tatsuhito 関 根 達 人 , ed., “Hakaishi no kōkogaku” 墓 石 の 考 古 学 (The archaeology ofgravestones), a collection of 20 articles in Kikan kōkogaku 季刊考古学 (Archaeology Quarterly), no. 149(2019): 14-99.
47“Chūjō kōdai doki o kangaeru” 柱 状 高 台 土 器 を 考 え る (Considering pottery with pillar-shaped
pedestals), Dai 38-kai Chūsei Doki Kenkyūkai 第 38 回中世土器研究会 (38th Meeting of the Society forMedieval Ware Research), Kyoto, 30 November–1 December 2019.
48“Minami Kyūshū–Amami guntō no bōeki tōji” 南 九 州 ～ 奄 美 群 島 の 貿 易 陶 磁 (Trade ceramics ofsouthern Kyushu–Amami Islands), Dai 40-kai Nihon Bōeki Tōji Kenkyūkai 第 40 回日本貿易陶磁研究会(40th Meeting, Japan Society for the Study of Oriental Trade Ceramics), Kirishima, Kagoshima, 21–22
39

O VERVIEW–9–Forum.49 In addition, Volumes 10 and 11 of Chūkinsei tōjiki no kōkogaku(Archaeology of Medieval and Early Modern Glazed Ceramics) have been
published,50 with ambitious articles and indications of new research methods
included as results showing the current level of research. Also, the monograph
Chūsei kawara no kōkogaku (Archaeology of Medieval Roof Tiles), 51 which won the
8th Sumita Ancient Tiles/Archaeology Research Promotion Award, summarizes
aspects of Medieval roof tiles in each region.
Conclusion
Above, I have described the research trends of the 2019 fiscal year for eachera of the Japanese archipelago. I leave the remainder of this task to theseparate descriptions in this volume.52
Research in recent years has focused attention on the beginning of each era andthe transition to the next. Typical examples are the appearance of humankind in thearchipelago, the relationship between the Paleolithic and the Jōmon periods, andthe beginning of the Yayoi period. Topics such as these encompass questions of thesubstance of each period and the basis for dividing one period from the next. How
to answer such questions will be a significant issue for Japanese archaeology.
Also, the silicone replica method, DNA analysis, and various other new researchmethodologies are gradually becoming widespread. While there is great hope for
new research results, at the same time it will be questioned how we should evaluate
those results from the standpoint of archaeology, how we can reconstruct theirrelations with outcomes of archaeological research. Reflecting critically on the
Paleolithic Hoax, we will need to take the stance of assimilating such results withviews from an archaeological standpoint.

September 2019.
49“Bizen yaki kenkyū saizensen III: Tenkabito Hideyoshi kara Bizen miyajishi made” 備前焼研究最前線
III: 天下人秀吉から備前宮獅子まで (The forefront of Bizen yaki research III: From world ruler Hideyoshi
to the shrine guardian dog), Bizen Rekishi Fōramu 2019 備前歴史フォーラム 2019 (Bizen History Forum2019), Bizen, Okayama, 18–19 January 2020.
50
Sasaki Tatsuo 佐々木達夫, ed., Chūkinsei tōjiki no kōkogaku 中近世陶磁器の考古学 (Archaeology ofMedieval and Early Modern Glazed Ceramics), vols. 10–11 (Yūzankaku, 2019).
51
Chūsei Kawara Kenkyūkai 中世瓦研究会 (Medieval Roof Tile Research Society), ed., Chūsei kawara
no kōkogaku 中世瓦の考古学 (Archaeology of Medieval Roof Tiles) (Koshi Shoin, 2019).
52[Translator’s note: The reference is to summaries for each era of research trends contained in Nihon
kōkogaku nenpō, the same volume as this introductory overview.]