DEPARTMENT OFMCCALL
Faculty of Arts

JPNS/JPNX 1010 UNIT BOOK
Created by Dr. Wesley C. Robertson, with the assistance of Japanese Studies staff at the Department of MCCALL, Macquarie University.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS・もくじ
JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book .................................................................................................................................... 1
Table of Contents・もくじ ...................................................................................................................................... 2
How to Use This Text・つかいかた ........................................................................................................................ 5
A Brief Review of Grammar Terms ......................................................................................................................... 6
Week One・だいいっしゅう.................................................................................................................................... 7
An Introduction to Japanese: Pronunciation ..................................................................................................... 7
An Introduction to Japanese Writing: Hiragana 1/3 .......................................................................................... 9
An Introduction to Japanese Writing: Long Vowels .........................................................................................13
Good Writing Practice Strategies ........................................................................................................................14
Greetings・あいさつ ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ .............................................................................................................................. 18
Vocabulary・ごい ................................................................................................................................................19
Grammar・ぶんぽう .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Week 1 Workbook・ ワークブック 1 ................................................................................................................. 27
Week 1 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 1 ................................................................................. 30
Week Two・だいにしゅうめ ................................................................................................................................. 33
An Introduction to Japanese Writing: Hiragana 2/3 ....................................................................................... 33
An Introduction to Japanese Writing: Sutegana .............................................................................................. 37
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ .............................................................................................................................. 40
Vocabulary・ごい ............................................................................................................................................... 45
Grammar・ぶんぽう .......................................................................................................................................... 46
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい .................................................................................................................. 53
Week 2 Workbook ・ ワークブック 2 ............................................................................................................... 54
Week 2 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 2 ................................................................................ 58
Week Three・だいさんしゅう ............................................................................................................................... 62
An Introduction to Japanese Writing: Hiragana 3/3 ....................................................................................... 62
An Introduction to Japanese Writing: Katakana 1/3 ....................................................................................... 68
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ ............................................................................................................................... 71
Vocabulary・ごい ................................................................................................................................................77
Grammar・ぶんぽう .......................................................................................................................................... 78
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい .................................................................................................................. 85
Week 3 Workbook ・ ワークブック 3 ............................................................................................................... 86
Week 3 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 3 ................................................................................ 90
Week Four・だいよんしゅう ................................................................................................................................ 94
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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
An Introduction to Japanese Writing: Katakana 2/3 ....................................................................................... 94
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ ............................................................................................................................. 101
Vocabulary・ごい ............................................................................................................................................. 105
Grammar・ぶんぽう ........................................................................................................................................ 106
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい ................................................................................................................. 113
Week 4 Workbook ・ ワークブック 4 .............................................................................................................. 114
Week 4 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 4 .............................................................................. 119
Week Five・だいごしゅう ................................................................................................................................... 124
An Introduction to Japanese Writing: Katakana 3/3 ..................................................................................... 124
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ ............................................................................................................................ 126
Vocabulary・ごい ............................................................................................................................................. 130
Grammar・ぶんぽう ......................................................................................................................................... 131
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい ................................................................................................................ 136
Week 5 Workbook ・ ワークブック 5 .............................................................................................................. 137
Week 5 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 5 ............................................................................... 141
Week Six・だいろくしゅう ..................................................................................................................................145
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ .............................................................................................................................145
Vocabulary・ごい ............................................................................................................................................. 149
Grammar・ぶんぽう ........................................................................................................................................ 150
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい ................................................................................................................. 157
Week 6 Workbook ・ ワークブック 6 ............................................................................................................. 158
Week 6 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 6 .............................................................................. 162
Week Seven・だいななしゅう............................................................................................................................. 166
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ ............................................................................................................................ 166
Vocabulary・ごい ............................................................................................................................................. 170
Grammar・ぶんぽう ......................................................................................................................................... 171
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい .................................................................................................................178
Week 7 Workbook ・ ワークブック 7 .............................................................................................................. 179
Week 7 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 7 .............................................................................. 184
Week Eight・だいはっしゅう ............................................................................................................................. 189
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ ............................................................................................................................ 189
Vocabulary・ごい ............................................................................................................................................. 193
Grammar・ぶんぽう ........................................................................................................................................ 194
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい ................................................................................................................ 202
Week 8 Workbook ・ ワークブック 8 ............................................................................................................. 203
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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
Week 8 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 8 ............................................................................. 207
Week Nine・だいきゅうしゅう............................................................................................................................ 211
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ ............................................................................................................................. 211
Vocabulary・ごい .............................................................................................................................................. 217
Grammar・ぶんぽう ........................................................................................................................................ 218
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい ................................................................................................................ 226
Week 9 Workbook ・ ワークブック 9 ............................................................................................................. 227
Week 9 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 9 .............................................................................. 232
Week Ten・だいじゅっしゅう ............................................................................................................................ 237
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ ............................................................................................................................ 237
Vocabulary・ごい ............................................................................................................................................. 243
Grammar・ぶんぽう ........................................................................................................................................ 244
Introduction to Kanji 1/2・かんじのどうにゅう ........................................................................................... 248
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい ................................................................................................................ 250
Week 10 Workbook ・ ワークブック 10 ..........................................................................................................251
Week 10 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 10 .......................................................................... 255
Week Eleven・だいじゅういっしゅう ................................................................................................................ 259
Sample Dialogues ・ かいわ ............................................................................................................................ 259
Vocabulary・ごい ............................................................................................................................................. 262
Grammar・ぶんぽう ........................................................................................................................................ 263
Introduction to Kanji 2/2・かんじのどうにゅう ........................................................................................... 267
Culture Note・ぶんかのしょうかい ................................................................................................................ 269
Week 11 Workbook ・ ワークブック 11 ........................................................................................................... 270
Week 11 Workbook Answer Key・ ワークブック回答集 11 ........................................................................... 274
Complete Vocabulary List・ごいリスト ............................................................................................................. 278
Hiragana/Katakana Chart・ごじゅうおんず ..................................................................................................... 283
Typing in Japanese・にほんごのタイピング ..................................................................................................... 284
Grammar Index・ぶんぽうさくいん .................................................................................................................. 285
Useful Charts・やくにたつず .............................................................................................................................. 287
Useful Online Resources・オンラインリソース ................................................................................................ 288

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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

HOW TO USE THIS TEXT・つかいかた
This book is designed for Macquarie University’s JPNS/JPNX1010 course.
The book is divided into twelve weeks, and each week is divided into sections. Five sections
appear most weeks: sample dialogues, vocabulary, grammar, culture note, andworkbook. Some weeks may have additional sections.
Whenever possible, we use the Japanese writing system to teach Japanese. Rōmaji, orRomanized Japanese, will be used initially. However, rōmaji will be phased in our first few
weeks, and disappear entirely after Week 3. It is therefore vital that you learn to read/write
Japanese via Japanese scripts as soon as possible.
The sample dialogues section of each week contains model conversations using thatweek’s grammar and vocab. Audio recordings of these dialogues are available on iLearn.
The vocabulary section of each week lists the key terms of each week. You are expected tofamiliarize yourself with these terms before your first class each week, and memorize them
before the end of each week. Words are divided by part of speech (e.g., noun, adjective) orby categories (country, food). A complete vocabulary list is available at the end of thisbook. Vocabulary review flashcards for each week are available via iLearn.
The grammar section of each week explains the major grammar points, and provides
examples of their use. These sections are meant to supplement in-class explanations, notreplace them. To ensure you master Japanese grammar, make sure that you use the unit
book in combination with the class slides and in-class/recorded instructions.
Culture notes each week are optional readings about Japanese culture, society, andlinguistics. Their content is not tested, but we hope you find them interesting!
Finally, the workbook section presents exercises for practicing the week’s content.
Answer keys are available on iLearn and in this textbook. Each week you must complete
the workbook, fix any mistakes (with a different colour ink), note self-corrections &reflection, and then upload your work via iLearn. The workbook rubric is as follows:
HD
D
C
P
F

All activities are completed. All errors are clearly marked and corrected. There isextensive evidence that the task was used for effective self-study and review.
All activities are completed. Most errors are marked and corrected. There is clear
evidence that the task has been used for self-study and review.
All activities are completed, but self-marking and other engagement is minimal or
haphazard.
Most activities are completed, and/or self-marking and other engagement isminimal, haphazard, or shows evidence of being directly copied from the answer
key.
Most activities are incomplete, and/or self-marking is poor or absent. Use of kanais sloppy and/or behind current expectations.

All clip art in this unitbook comes from www.irasutoya.com, and all kanji stroke orders
come from www.kakijun.com. All other content was produced by Dr. Wes Robertson withassistance of Macquarie Japanese staff. The unitbook is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Sharing
this unitbook is permitted under this license if credit is given. Alteration, reproduction,
and/or use of the unitbook or any of its contents for profit is not.
5

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

A BRIEF REVIEW OF GRAMMAR TERMS
This is a grammar-focused Japanese course, so the following grammar terms will be usedthroughout the unitbook/class. Please familiarize yourself if you need a review.
The words in this box are often called parts of speech.
A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. For instance, “(an) Australian”, “Sydney”, “cats”,
and “democracy” are all nouns. Names are specifically called proper nouns.
A pronoun is a word which can replace a noun (e.g., “this”, “what”). In English, “I” and“me” are examples of first-person pronouns, “you” is a second-person pronoun,and “he”, “she”, and “they” are examples of third-person pronouns.
An adjective is something that describes a noun. Examples in English include “red”,“fast”, “quick”, “boring”, or “interesting”.
A noun phrase is a noun and its attached adjectives and/or other modifiers. For
instance, “dog” is a noun, “cute” is an adjective, and “a cute dog” is a noun phrase.
A verb is an action word; it is something you do. Examples include “eat”, “drink”, “sleep”,“study”, and even “be/am/are”. Actions themselves are not always verbs though; in “I likeswimming” the word “swimming” is a noun and “like” is the verb.
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb. In English, adverbs often end with ~ly.
Examples include “quickly”, “easily”, and “well” as in “you speak Japanese well”.
A subject is the main focus of the sentence: who or what the sentence is about.
A (direct) object is a noun or noun phrase affected by a verb. For instance, in thesentence “I eat sushi everyday”, “I” is the subject and “sushi” is the direct object. “Everday”
is not the direct object, even though it comes after the verb, because it is not what is eaten.
Tense refers to how sentences/words change in relation to time. A sentence in thepresent tense talks about things as they are (“I study Japanese”), a sentence in futuretense talks about things that will happen (“I will study Japanese”), and a sentence in pasttense talks about things that have happened (“I studied Japanese”).
In grammar, positivity and negativity refer to whether a sentence is saying “X is/doesY” or “X is/does not Y”. Grammatically, “He is a negative person” is therefore a positive
sentence, and “He is not a negative person” is a negative sentence.
A plural form is the form a word takes when it refers to more than one thing (e.g., “cats”
is the plural form of “cat”). Japanese usually does not use/require plural forms.
A suffix attaches to the end of a word to make a new word. Example include the “~ese” inthe word “Japanese” or the “~ing” in the word “swimming”. A prefix attaches to the frontof a word, as in the “un~” in “unstoppable” or the “dis~” in “dislike”.
6JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

WEEK ONE・だいいっしゅう
AN INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE: PRONUNCIATION
Our first Japanese lesson is about the most basic element of Japanese: pronunciation.
Japanese uses only five major vowel sounds. All exist in English, but the total number isfewer than the number of vowel sounds English represents just via the letter “a”. As aresult, the hardest part for new learners is often avoiding sounds. When writing Japanesein the Roman Alphabet, these vowels are represented as a, i, u, e, and o.
a“ah”, as in “ah-ha!”, “the sheep goes baa”, or “chicken parma”.

i“ee”, as in “me”, “she”, “three”, “peanuts”, or “key”.

u“oo”, as in “you”, “a cow’s moo”, or “the blue crew knew”.

e“eh”, as in “met”, “fetch”, “chess”, “dress”, or “pen”.

o“oh”, as in “whoa”, “have a go”, “throw”, or “mow”.

In contrast to English, Japanese has a moraic structure. This means that each [vowel] or[vowel + consonant] pair is distinct. So while “Toyota” is often “Toy-o-ta” in English, inJapanese it is pronounced as to-yo-ta. Along with the limited vowels, this means thatJapanese words that we have borrowed into English are therefore often pronounced quite
differently in Japanese. Let’s compare the examples below (try saying them out loud):
Word

EnglishJapanesesakesah-kay or sah-key

sah-kehNintendonihn-ten-doughneen-ten-doughTokyo

toe-key-yo

toh-kyohninja

nihn-juh

neen-jyasamurai

sam-ur-eye

sah-moo-rah-ee

shogunshow-guhn

sho-goonkaraokecare-ee-oh-key

kah-rah-oh-kay

Please note that the above table is for illustration, and does not follow any official
Romanization method. Don’t actually pause between each sound in a Japanese word.
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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Another important part of Japanese pronunciation is vowel length. In English, if you
pronounce “cat” as “caaaaaaat”, the meaning doesn’t change. The second version isstrange, but it still means “cat”. In Japanese, however, vowel length can divide words.

Word

Meaning

Word

Meaningkeru

to kick

keeru

kale

tori

a birdtoori

a street,avenueobasanokashicandy

okashii

strange,kurufunnyobasanaunt

obaasangrandmotherojisanuncle

ojiisangrandfather

kuru

to come

kuuru

cool

Japanese also divides words through geminated consonants. These are represented in
the Roman Alphabet by writing the same consonant twice (e.g., kk gg bb). To pronounce ageminated consonant, just pause briefly. For instance, issai (one year old) is pronounced“i-[pause]-ssai” rather than with a long ss sound. The ss indicates a stop between i and sai.
Like with long vowels, geminated consonants can differentiate words:

Word

Meaning

Word

Meaning

aka

red

akka

deterioration

oto

sound

otto

my husband

hato

pigeon, dove

hatto

hat

mato

target

matto

mat

kita

came

kitta

cut

toori

tori
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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

AN INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE WRITING: HIRAGANA 1/3
Japanese writing is made up oof three different scripts, known as kanji, hiragana, andkatakana. The scripts are used together, as in the sentence below.

watashiwa

oosutoraria

jin

desu

私

は

オーストラリア

人

です。

kanji

hiragana

katakanakanjihiragana

The Roman Alphabet
also sees some use, asin “CD” or “ATM”.

“I am an Australian.”
Normally, each script is used for different parts of a sentence. Kanji represent nouns,
adjectives, and verbs; hiragana is used for grammatical elements; and katakana is used forwords borrowed from languages other than Chinese. For instance, in the sentence above
the noun “watashi (I)” is in kanji, but the English loan word “oosutoraria” is in katakana.
However, when children first learn Japanese, they start by using hiragana for everything.
We will do the same! This means our Japanese won’t look like the Japanese in a novel,
newspaper, or manga, but that’s okay. Hiragana is very important, and learning how towrite Japanese in hiragana alone will help us practice our spelling and pronunciation.
The chart below shows all 46 hiragana. Yellow cells indicate that the hiragana has anirregular pronunciation, and blue cells indicate that the hiragana has two pronunciations.
These special cases will be explained across Weeks 1-3.

k

s

t

n

h

m

y

r

wa

や

ら

わ

り

wo

る

を

れ

n

ろ

ん

a

あ

か

さ

た

な

は

ま

i

い

き

し

ち

に

ひ

み

u

う

く

す

つ

ぬ

ふ

む

e

え

け

せ

て

ね

へ

め

o

お

こ

そ

と

の

ほ

も

a

ゆ
よ

no

This week, we will learn the first 25 hiragana (あーの). You need to be comfortable reading
and writing them by the end of the week!
9

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

The five vowels: a, i, u, e, and o.
Our first five hiragana represent lone Japanese vowels. Note that hiragana have two styles:
printed and handwritten. We recommend the handwritten style when writing.
a

i

u

e

o
Printed style

Handwritten style

あ い う え お
あ い う え お
Even with just these first five hiragana, we can write many words. Try pronouncing thewords below, using your hand to cover the answers on the right.

あい

love

ai (like “I”)

いい

good

ii (like a long “E”)

うえupue (like “oo-eh”)

えpicturee (like “eh”)

あおい

blue

aoi (like “ah-oh-ee”)

The “k” sounds: ka, ki, ku, ke, and ko.
Most sets of hiragana represent a [consonant + vowel] combination, with the first set being[k + vowel]. Let’s look at the printed versions first, noting the connected loop in ki.
ka

ki

ku

ke

ko

か き く け こ
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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

In the handwritten version of ki, there is usually a gap between the top and bottom parts
instead. Again, we recommend using this “broken” shape (き) when writing by hand.

か き く け こ
Like before, try reading some words using our new hiragana!

かお

face

kao

き

tree

ki

けいかく

plan

keikaku

こけ

moss

koke

The “s” sounds: sa, shi, su, se, and so.
The “s” sounds have one special reading: the character (し) is shi (like the English “she”)
instead of si. Also note how sa has a connected and unconnected shape like き・き. Again,
you need to know both, and we recommend the unconnected さ when writing by hand.
sa

shi

su

se

so

さ し す せ そさ し す せ そOn the next page are four words written using all 15 hiragana we have learned so far. Try toread them! If that’s easy, cover the left side and try writing them!
11

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

the best

saikou

しお

salt

shio

すこし

a little

sukoshi

そしき

an organization

soshiki

さいこう

The “t” sounds: ta, chi, tsu, te, and to.
The “t” chart also has some irregularities: ち and つ are read as chi and tsu instead of ti or
tu. Unlike さ and き though, both chi and tsu are always written with a loop.
ta

chi

tsu

te

to

た ち つ て とた ち つ て と
Try reading (and writing!) this new list of words!

たこoctopus

tako

つくえ

desk

tsukue

て

hand

te

ちかてつ

subwaychikatestsu

The “n” sounds: na, ni, nu, ne, and no.
Our last set of hiragana for this chapter represent the “n” sounds. As you can see on thenext page, there are no irregular readings. However, there is one major difference between
the printed and handwritten styles. The hiragana for na usually looks like it has 3 pieces
when written by hand, but like it’s made of only 2 pieces when written on a computer.
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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

na

ni

nu

ne

no

な に ぬ ね のな に ぬ ね のThis is our final list of words for this week! Can you read them all?

なに

what

nani

にし

west

nishi

ぬの

cloth

nuno

ねこ

cat

neko

さかな

fish

sakanaAN INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE WRITING: LONG VOWELS
We have one last spelling issue this week: long vowels. Writing long vowels in Japaneserequires you to follow specific rules. The rules are easy for a long a, i, or u sound:a

1. When writing a long a sound, use あ.
o

ka

a

sa

n

For instance: okaasan (mother) is written as おかあさん .
i

2. When writing a long i sound, use い.
ki

i

ro

i

For instance: kiiroi (yellow) is written as きいろい.
u

3. When writing a long u sound, use う.
ku

u

ki

For instance: kuuki (atmosphere/air) is written as くうき.

13

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1ieExtending e and o sounds is a bit trickier. Usually, e sounds extend with い rather than え.
There are exceptions where extended e sounds are written using え though, which you will
have to memorize. While rare overall, they do appear in some extremely common words.
4. When writing a long e sound, use the hiragana い in most cases.
se

n

se

i

se

i

se

ki

For instance, せんせい (teacher), and せいせき (grades).
e

o

ne

e

sa

n

In rare cases, e is extended by え, as in おねえさん (older sister).
u

The o sound is usually extended with う. Like with e though, there are some irregularocases where a long o is made by using お. Again, you will have to memorize these.
5. When writing a long o sound, use the hiragana う in most cases.
o

to

u

sa

n

ku

u

ko

u

For instance, おとうさん (father), and くうこう (airport).
o

o

o

ki

i

ko

o

ri

In rare cases, o is extended with お, as in おおきい (big) or こおり (ice).

GOOD WRITING PRACTICE STRATEGIESIt is incredibly important that you memorize how to read and write hiragana ASAP.
Reading over the tables or just hoping to acquire competence passively is not enough.
For working on your reading, try the iLearn games and strategies like:
1. Using the flashcards on iLearn whenever you can. You can access them on yourphone, so its great practice while waiting for the bus, metro, etc.!
2. Make your own flashcards! This is good writing practice too. Practice with friends.
For working on your writing, use the workbook and stragies like:
1. Write each kana over and over. While writing, pronounce the character out loud.
2. Write the example words from earlier, covering the Japanese.
3. Have someone make up a word using the sounds we know and try to write it!
Hiragana is phonetic, so you should be able to write anything you can say!

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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

GREETINGS・あいさつ
Now that we’ve learned a bit about Japanese writing and pronounciation, let’s learn someactual Japanese! Like all languages, Japanese has a number of set greetings. This week weare going to learn the most important greetings Japanese speakers use every day.
Let’s start with simple greetings. In Japanese, there is no 24-hour greeting like “Hello”.
Instead, you change what you say depending on the time of day:
o

ha

yo

u

go

za

i

ma

su

おはようございます
ko

n

ni

chi

n

ba

n

shi

mo

=

“Good Day/Afternoon!”=“Good Evening!”=“Hello?” (on the phone only)

wa

こんばんは
mo

“Good Morning!”

wa

こんにちは
ko

=

shi

もしもし

There are also multiple phrases used to say goodbye:
sa

yo

u

na

ra

さようなら
ja

ma

ta

ma

ta

ya

su

mi

na

sa

ya

su

(formal; implies some time before next meeting)=“See you!”(casual; likely to see the person again soon)=“Good night!” (before bed or parting in the late evening)=“Night!”i

おやすみなさいo“Goodbye!”ne

じゃ、また or またね
o

=

mi

おやすみ

(casual form of oyasumi nasai)

To give/receive thanks in a formal conversation, or when you don’t know the other person
well, use arigatou gozaimasu (“thank you”) and douitashimashite (“you’re welcome”).

a

ri

ga

to

u

go

za

i

ma

su

ありがとうございます

do

u

i

ta

shi

ma

shi

te

どういたしまして

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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
a

ri

ga

to

u

i

i

e

In more casual speech, you can say ありがとう (“thanks”) and reply with “no”, いいえ.
iieThink of いいえ like “no worries” in Australian English.
a

ri

ga

to

i

u

i

e

いいえ

ありがとう

There are actually many ways to say “thank you” in Japanese though! As you can see
below, longer versions are more polite. You should never use anything less polite thanarigatou gozaimasu when speaking to teachers, bosses, or people you don’t know well.
do

u

mo

a

ri

ga

to

u

go

za

i

ma

su

どうもありがとうございます

Polite

a

ri

ga

to

u

go

za

i

ma

su

ありがとうございます
do

u

mo

a

ri

ga

to

u

どうもありがとう
a

ri

ga

to

u

ありがとう
do

Casualumo

どうもJapanese also has greetings used when someone leaves or comes home. The first pair,ittekimasu (Going!) and itterasshai (See you!) is used when someone leaves the house:
itte

ki

ma

su

itte

いってきますrasshai

いってらっしゃいThe second pair, tadaima (I’m home!) and okaerinasai (Welcome home!) are used whensomeone comes home. Okaerinasai sometimes becomes okaeri in casual conversation.
ta

da

i

ma

ただいま

o

ka

e

ri

na

sa

i

おかえりなさい16

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Finally, we have two more important phrases: sumimasen and shitsurei shimasu.
su

mi

ma

se

n

すみません has three primary uses:
1. You can say sumimasen to apologize, as in “I’m sorry”.
2. You can say sumimasen to grab someone’s attention (e.g., your waiter, a stranger).
Here sumimasen works like “excuse me”.
3. You can say sumimasen when trying to get past people (“excuse me, please let me
through”). In Japan, this is often combined with a single-handed chopping gesture.
shi tsu rei shi masu

しつれいします literally means “I will do rude”. This phrase has a wide variety of uses:
1. Use shitsurei shimasu before intruding on someone’s personal space. For instance,
if your friend had something stuck to their shirt, you might say shitsurei shimasu
before brushing it off. Even though you are helping them, you are intruding on theirspace, so you “apologize” by saying shitsurei shimasu.
2. Use shitsurei shimasu when entering someone else’s room or house, or yourteacher’s office. Specifically, after you are given permission to enter.
3. As an extension of #2, shitsurei shimasu is also used in response to being given
permission to do something “rude”, such as eating while another person’s foodhasn’t arrived yet, or entering a room ahead of someone holding the door.
4. Like sumimasen, you can use shitsurei shimasu when trying to get past people.
Arguably, shitsurei shimasu is a bit more polite in this context.

17

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 1.1: At a party/パーティーでkonnichiwa. hajimemashite.
watashi wa tanaka haruki desu.
nihonjin desu. juu hassai desu.
watashi wa daigakusei desu. ichinensei desu.
douzo yoroshiku onegaishimasu.
haruki san, konnichi wa. hajimemashite.
watashi wa seera muun desu.
oosutoraria jin desu. hatachi desu.
watashi wa sannensei desu.
yoroshiku onegaishimasu.
Dialogue 1.1: Translation

Hello. Nice to meet you.
I am Haruki Tanaka.
I am Japanese. I am 18.
I am a university student. I am a 1st year.
I look forward to getting to know you.
Hello Haruki. Nice to meet you.
My name is Sarah Moon.
I am Australian. I am 20.
I am a 3rd year student.
I look forward to getting to know you.

18

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

VOCABULARY・ごい
Phrases

Pronounswata shiわたし
wata shi ta chi

わたしたち
bo

ku

a

na

ta

We (polite)

はじめましてseistudent

がくせい
da

i

ga ku

se

i

だいがくせい
se

n

se

i

せんせい
na

ma

yo

ji

me

ma shi tero shi ku

e

なまえ

o

ne

ga

i

shi ma[please, introduction closing]
See also: Greetings

Numbersichiuni. student

いちteacher, doctor

に

name

さん

1

ni

sa

2
n

shi

3
yo

n

4

し・よん
go

Nations
o

o

su to

nyu

ra

ri

a

Australia

jii

ra

n

do

ニュージーランド
i

gi

ri su

イギリス
a

me

ri ka

アメリカ
ka

n

ko ku

かんこく
chuu

go

ku

ちゅうごく
ni

ho

n

re

e

ro

ku

6

ろく
shi chinana

New Zealand

しち・なな

England

はち

USA

きゅう

7

ha chi

8

kyuu

9

juu

10

S. Korea

じゅう

China

See also: Counting

Japan

にほん
ma

5

ご

オーストラリアsu

よろしくおねがいします

It is best to use names or titles
instead of “you” in Japanese, but
あなた is fine if you have to use it.

Nouns
ku

ha

go ahead, by allmeans[introduction
greeting]zoYou, darling

あなた

ga

u

どうぞ

I (masc., semi-polite)

ぼくdo

I (polite)

shi a

マレーシア

Malaysia

Suffixessai~years oldnumber+さい
san(polite)name+さんjin~ese/ian/er

country+じん
ne

n

se

i

number+ねんせい~year in school

19

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar Point 1.1: Basic Japanese sentence structure
Our first grammar point is one of the most important in Japanese: the basic sentence
structure [X] wa [Y] desu. Here, [X] is a noun (or noun phrase), and [Y] is a noun, nounphrase, or adjective. Note that wa is written using the hiragana that is normally read as ha(は) rather than the hiragana for wa (わ). We will explain this more next week.
wa

de su

[NOUN 1] は [NOUN 2 or ADJECTIVE] です。
Literal:Common English:“Topics”
don’t
exist inEnglish!

As for [Noun 1], it is [X].
[Noun 1] is/am/are [X].

In this structure, wa is a grammatical particle. Japanese uses grammatical particles toexplicitly mark the role of each noun or noun phrase in a sentence. The particle wa
marks the noun before it as the topic of the sentence. For now, it’s okay to treat a topic as
the sentence’s subject. We will learn the difference between a topic and subject in Week 6.
Desu is equivalent to the English “to be”. Japanese grammar does not conjugate “to be”
though. As a result, desu can mean “(he/she/it) is”, “(I) am”, and “(you/they/we) are”.
The example below breaks down this [X] wa [Y] desu structure visually:watashi is a polite
first person pronoun.
We translate it as “I”.

wa ta shi

wa

se

わたし

は

せんせい

wa marks thesentence topic.
The topic of thissentence is therefore“watashi”.

n

se

i

de su

です。

sensei means“teacher”.
Japanese does
not use “a/the”.

The verb desu is normallypronounced as des,without the final u sound.

desu ends the sentence.
Here, it works like theEnglish “am”, as in “I
am a teacher”.

The sentence tells us that watashi is the topic, and the topic is (desu) a teacher (sensei).
However, there is one small complication. Japanese does not distinguish between a andthe, so two translations/meanings are actually possible (use context to decide):

watashi wa sensei desu=

I am a teacher.
I am the teacher.

or

20

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Let’s practice the [X] wa [Y] desu by learning to introduce ourselves. For now, just use
English for your name. Once you get comfortable though, try pronouncing your nameusing the Japanese sound system. This hyperlink will bring you to a website that can help.
Non-Japanese names are normally written using katakana rather than hiragana. We
will learn katakana in Week 3, but if you want to memorize how to write your name inkatakana now, please go ahead. The sooner the better!
There are three important things to note when practicing introductions:
1. Do not put the honorific ~san after your own name, but always put if after others’.
wa ta shi

wa

わたし
a

na

は

ta

wa

あなた

ma

i

ku

ta

na

ka

de su

マイク

は

[I am Mike.]

です。
sa

n

de

たなかさん

su

[You are Tanaka.]です。

2. Japanese names are normally given with the last name first.
wa ta shiwa

わたしya ma shi ta

は

ke

やました

n

ji

de su

けんじ

You can use the suffixes-kun or -chan instead of -sanwith close friends, but neveruse names with no suffix
unless you are very close.
Traditionally, -kun is used
after boys’ names, and-chan is used after girls’.

[I am Kenji Yamashita.]です。

3. Non-Japanese names are often given with the first name first. The marker ・ isregularly used to separate the first and last name.
wa ta shi

wa

jakku

che

n

わたし

は

ジャック・チェン

wa ta shi

wa

sa

わたし

は

ra

su

mi

su

de

サラ・スミス

de

su

です。
su

[I am Jack Chen].
[I am Sarah Smith].

です。

When talking about a specific person, we can then use this same [X] wa [Y] desu pattern,using the person’s name for [X]. However, don’t forget that you must attach ~san to theirname unless you are good friends. So don’t think of ~san as just “mr./ms.”! Japanesepeople use ~san in contexts where “mr./ms.” would be odd in English, such as saying goodmorning to a coworker you’ve known for years, or even greeting a classmate in university.
Think of ~san as indicating a “standard” relationship, rather than a formal one.
a

na

ta

Also, whenever possible, use proper nouns rather than あなた (you). It isn’t rude to use
あなた, but names or titles (e.g., “manager”, “teacher”) are always preferred. Try to only
use あなた if you have to, like when talking to a stranger.
ma

i

ku

sa

n

ta ka

mu

ra

sa

wa

da

i

ga

ku

se

se

n

se

i

i

de

su

マイクさん は だいがくせい です。
[Mike is a/the university student OR You, Mike, are a/the uni student.]
n

wa

de

su

たかむらさん は せんせい です。
[Takamura is a/the teacher OR You, Takamura, are a/the teacher.]
21

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Grammar Point 1.2: Nations/nationalities
Let’s develop the [X] wa [Y] desu form by talking about nations and nationalities.
Only three Japanese country names will be entirely new to English speakers. Because thesethree are Japanese words, we will write them in hiragana until we learn kanji:

nihon
にほん
Japan

chuugoku
ちゅうごく
China

kankoku
かんこく
S. Korea

Most other country names are from English, so they sound quite similar to words you
already know. This makes memorization easy, but don’t get sloppy! We still need to use
Japanese pronunciation. If you call “Australia” “awe-strayl-yuh” you won’t be understood.
Country
America/amerika
Australia/oosutoraria

English Pronunciation
uh-mayre-ih-kuh
awe-strayl-yuh

Japanese Pronunciation
ah-meh-ree-kah
ooh-sue-toe-rah-ree-ah

Not all country names from from English though, as some are instead borrowed from theirlocal languages. For instance, “Germany” is doitsu ( “Deutschland”), and “The
Neatherlands” is oranda (“Holland”). The Chapter 1 Vocab List has a list of nations
essential for this week. If your country isn’t listed, please look it up in a dictionary or ask ateacher, as its important to know even if it’s not on our vocab list.
In Japanese, all country names can become nationalities via the suffix ~jin (~じん). Whenreading the examples below, remember that Japanese doesn’t use/require “a” or “the” ormark plurals. When translating, we therefore must add these elements based on context.
wa ta shi

wa

o

o

su

to

ra

ri

a

ji

わたし は オーストラリア[I am an Australian.]
se

n

se

i

wa

a

me

ri

ka

ji

n

a

i

ko

n

se

n

de

じん

chuu

go

ku

ji

wa

se

n

se

i

ni

ho

n

n

su

です。

de

su

せんせい は ちゅうごく じん です。
[The teacher is Chinese/is a Chinese person.]
アメリカ じん は せんせい
[The American is a teacher.]
se

i

wa

de

su

ji

n

“Americans are (all) teachers”
is grammatically possible
here, but not factually possible.
“The Americans are teachers”
could be possible in context.

です。

あいこ せんせい は にほん じん[Ms. Aiko (the teacher) is Japanese.]

This could also be“The teachers are all
Chinese people”,
because Japanese
rarely marks plurals.

de

su

です。

22

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Because Japanese usually doesn’t mark plurals, the plural of sensei is just sensei. We canonly be sure if someone means one sensei or many sensei through context. The one big
exception is the word “we”: watashi is always singular, watashitachi always means “we”.
da

i

ga

ku se

i

wa

ka

n

go

ku

ji

n

de

su

だいがくせい は かんごく じん です。
[The uni student is Korean.] or [The uni students are Korean.]

だいがくせいだいがくせい

a

me

ri

ka

ji

se

n

se

i

wa

wa

ta shi ta chi

n

wa

da

i

ga

ji

n

ku

se

i

de

su

de

su

アメリカ じん は だいがくせい です。
[The American is a uni student.] or [(The) Americans are uni students.]
ni

ho

n

se

n

せんせい は にほん じん です。
[The teacher is Japanese.] or [The teachers are Japanese.]
wa

se

i

わたしたち は せんせい
[We are teachers.]desu

Watashitachi is usuallypronounced more like watashtachi, dropping the first i sound.

です。

Grammar Point 1.3: Counting, age, & school years
Counting in Japanese is easy! We can count all the way to 99 with just the numbers 1-10.
As you can see in the chart, all Japanese numbers besides zero are written in hiragana.
ze

ro

i

chi

0

ゼロ

1

いち

ro

6

ni

na

2

に

3

さん

4

よん・し

5

ご

sa

yo

ku

ろく
na

shi chi

7

なな・しち

8

はち

9

きゅう

10

じゅう

n

ha chi

n

shi

kyuu

go

juu

You probably noticed that both 4 and 7 have two names. When counting to ten, you can
use either! As we move forward though, there will be cases where only one is okay.
When counting between 10 and 20, simply say 10 and then the next number. For instance,
11 is juu ichi (ten-one), and twelve is juu ni (ten-two).
ju

u

じゅう

＋

i

chi

いち

＝

ju

u

i

chi

じゅういち
23

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
juu

juu

10

じゅう

11

じゅういち

juu

i

go

15

じゅうご

16

じゅうろく

chi

juu

ro

juu

12
13

juu

ni

juu

sa

shi chi

じゅうしち
juu

na

na

じゅうなな

n

juu

じゅうさん
juu

14

17

じゅうに

ku

ha chi

18

じゅうはち

19

じゅうきゅう

shi

じゅうし
juu

yo

juu
n

じゅうよん

kyuu

We can continue this process up to 99 by saying [number] [ten] [number]! Twenty issimply “two-ten” (ni juu). Twenty-one is then “two-ten-one”, or ni juu ichi. Easy!
35=

30 + 5

sa

=

n

juu

go

さんじゅう + ご

sa

=

n

juu

go

さんじゅうごThe only trick is that forty is yon juu and seventy is nana juu. You cannot say shijuu
for 40 or shichijuu for 70.
47

yo

n

juu

na

na

na

74

よんじゅうなな

na

juu

yo

n

ななじゅうよんWe can use numbers to say someone’s age as well. In most cases, simply add the suffix ~saisai(さい) to the end of a number to make it an age. For example:
wa ta shi

wa

juu

kyuu

わたし は じゅうきゅう[I am 19 years old.]
ju

n

sa

n

wa

yo

n

sa

i

ro

ku

さい

juu

de

su

sa

i

です。

ジュンさん は よんじゅうろく[Jun is 46 years old.]

de

さい

su

です。

However, any age ending in 1, 8, or 0 changes slightly to add a small pause between thenumber and sai. For instance, ~1 (ichi) and sai combine to become ~issai (“i-ssai”), ~8(hachi) becomes ~hassai (“ha-ssai”), and ~0 (juu) becomes ~jussai (“ju-ssai”).
wa ta shi

wa

juu

issa

i

de

su

a

na

ta

わたし は じゅういっさい です。あなた[I am 11 years old. You are 18 years old.]

wa

は

juu

hassa

i

じゅうはっさい

de

su

です。

24

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Also, any age ending in ~4 and ~7 can only be yon-sai and nana-sai, just like how we only
use yon/nana to count 40/70. See the chart below for a summary of everything so far:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

issai
ni saisan saiyon saigo sairoku sainana saihassaikyuu saijussai

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

juu issai
juu ni sai
juu san sai
juu yon sai
juu go sai
juu roku sai
juu nana sai
juu hassai
juu kyuu sai
hatachi

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

nijuu issai
nijuu ni sai
nijuu san sai
nijuu yon sai
nijuu go sai
nijuu roku sai
nijuu nana sai
nijuu hassai
nijuu kyuu sai
sanjussai

Lastly, 20-years-old is hatachi (not hatachi-sai). The age of “20-years-old” gets its own
word because 20 is a very important age in Japan.
a

ki

ko

sa

n

wa

a

ki

ko

sa

n

wa

ni

jussa

i

de

あきこ さん は にじゅっさい[Akiko is twenty (incorrect).]ha

あきこ さん は[Akiko is twenty.]

ta chi

de

はたち

su

です。

In Japan, 20 is the year you culturally(and legally!) become an adult. It’s like 18
in Australia, or 21 in the USA.
Be sure to use hatachi for this year!
If you say nijussai you will be understood,
but so will the limits of your Japanese.

su

です。

One last use of numbers for this chapter is to talk about your year in school. The suffix tolist school years is ~nensei. Unlike age, the numbers don’t change shape except for one
case: a fourth-year is yonensei. You cannot say yon-nensei or shi-nensei. In theory,~nensei can attach to numbers above four, but rarely does for obvious reasons.
wa ta shiwaichi ne

n

se

i

de

わたし は いちねんせい[I am a first-year.]
sa

su

です。

o

ri

sa

n

wa

ni

ne

n

se

i

de

yo ne

n

se

i

wa

ma

i

ke

ru

sa

n

da

ga

ku

se

sa

n

ne

n

se

さおりさん は にねんせい[Saori is a second-year.]de

よねんせい は マイケルさん[The fourth-year is Micheal.]
i

i

wa

su

です。

su

です。

i

de

su

だいがくせい は さんねんせい です。
[The uni student is a third-year.] or [The uni students are third-years.]25

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Grammar Point 1.4: Self-introductions
Now that we’ve learned how to talk about our age and school year, let’s master Japanese
self-introductions! First, begin with the phrase hajimemashite, and then give your name.

ha ji me ma shi te

はじめまして。
kenta de su

けんたです。

Literally, はじめましてmeans something like “thisis the first time” or “(ouracquaintance) begins”.

Hajimemashite is often translated as “nice to meet you” or “how do you do?”. These are
not the literal meanings of the phrase, but they work fine as English equivalents.
Other details (name, nationality, age, school year, etc.) come after hajimemashite.
However, it is common and natural in Japanese to drop the topic/subject of asentence when it is obvious. You can even drop watashi wa from the first sentence of aself-introduction (as Kenta does in the image above) because the topic (I) is obvious there.
hajiNice to meet you.

me ma shi te

はじめまして。
wa

ta shi

wa

na

わたし は
ha

ta chi

de

o

su to

ra

mi

bu

ra

u

n

su

ni

ri

a

オーストラリア

ne

n

se

i

です。
de

にねんせい
ji

n

じん

de

I am Naomi Brown.

de su

ナオミ・ブラウン

はたち です。
ooI am 20 years old. I am a second year.

su

です。

I am Australian.

su

です。

English requires“I” 3 times here.
Japanese uses
watashi once, andeven that could be
dropped in thiscontext because you
are obviously
talking about
yourself during aself introduction.

Finally, a Japanese self-introduction ends with the phrase yoroshiku onegaishimasu. This
literally means “please be good/nice to me”. In response to yoroshiku onegaishimasu, it iscommon to say kochira koso, which means something like “no, I should be saying that!”.
ha

ji me

ma shi te

to

mu

de

su

はじめまして。 トム です。
Niec to meet you. I am Tom.
ha ji me ma shi te

ma ri

de su

はじめまして。 まり です。
Nice to meet you. I am Mari.
yoro shi ku

ko

so

o

ne

ga

i

shi maonesu

よろしく おねがい します。
I look forward to getting to know you
ko chi rayo

ro shi ku

gaishi masu

こちらこそ。よろしく おねがい します。
No, no, the pleasure is all mine!

26

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

WEEK 1 WORKBOOK・ ワークブック 1
Exercise 1.1
Practice writing this week’s hiragana. Be sure to pay attention to shape and balance. Eachhiragana should take up the same amount of space. Use the first three pictures to trace. In
the last box, try free-writing all 5 characters in each set so they are the same size.
1. あーお

あ

い

う

え

お

あいうえお

2. かーこ

か

き

く

け

こ

かきくけこ

3. さーそ

さ

し

す

せ

そ

さしすせそ

4. たーと

た

ち ち

つ

て

と

たちつてと

5. なーの

な

に

ぬ

ね

の

なにぬねの
27

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 1.2
In each box, draw lines to match the hiragana words with their proper Romanization.
1.

2.
きおく

kiai

そと

souki

きあい

kiatsuそうしき

soshiki

きおち

kioku

そうとう

soushiki

きえい

kiei

そしき

soto

きあつ

kiochiそうき

soutou

3.

4.
ぬか

nuno

おう

ooi

にき

niku

おおきい

oui

にく

nuka

おおい

ookii

ぬの

kuni

おうい

ui

くに

niki

うい

ou

Exercise 1.3
Write the words below in hiragana, and then look up their English meaning.
Recommended romaji-input dictionaries are included in Online Resources – Apps.
1. akai____________________

Meaning: _____________________

2. chikai ____________________

Meaning: _____________________

3. nishi ____________________

Meaning: _____________________

4. tsukue ____________________

Meaning: _____________________

5. tonakai ___________________

Meaning: _____________________

6. kisoku ____________________

Meaning: _____________________

7. osanai ____________________

Meaning: _____________________

8. sekisetsu __________________

Meaning: _____________________

9. tsuki _____________________

Meaning: _____________________

10. kisetsu ____________________

Meaning: _____________________
28

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 1.4
Using the Roman alphabet (or hiragana if you are feeling brave!), write what you would say
in the following situations:
1. You meet someone for the first time: __________________________
2. You hear someone come home: ______________________________
3. Someone thanks for your helping: ____________________________
4. You are trying to get a waiter’s attention: _______________________
5. You accidentally bump into someone: _________________________
6. You answer your phone: __________________________________
7. You meet your friend at 7 p.m. ______________________________
8. You say goodbye to your teacher after a 10 a.m. class _______________
9. Your father tells you he’s leaving to go shopping __________________
10. The teacher calls you into their office __________________________
Exercise 1.5
Using the Roman alphabet (or hiragana & katakana if you are feeling brave!), write a selfintroduction. Include your name, age, nationality, and school year. Be sure to include theproper opening and closing greetings. If your nationality was not in this week’s vocabularylist, look it up. You will need to know how to say where you are from!
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

29

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

WEEK 1 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 1
Exercise 1.1
Practice writing this week’s hiragana. Be sure to pay attention to shape and balance. Eachhiragana should take up the same amount of space. Use the first three pictures to trace. In
the last box, try free-writing all 5 characters in each set so they are the same size.
1. あーおあう

Make sure your hiragana are allof a similar size, and don’t curve
too much! Check how you can
improve your handwriting, andnote any bad shapes.

いDon’t forget to also trace over the
first two “grey” kana for practice!

え

お

あいうえお

2. かーこ

か

き

く

け

こ

かきくけこ

3. さーそ

さ

し

す

せ

そ

さしすせそ

4. たーと

た

ち ち

つ

て

と

たちつてと

5. なーの

な

に

ぬ

ね

の

なにぬねの
30

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 1.2
In each box, draw lines to match the hiragana words with their proper Romanization.
1.

2.
きおく

kiai

そと

souki

きあい

kiatsuそうしき

soshiki

きおち

kioku

そうとう

soushiki

きえい

kiei

そしき

soto

きあつ

kiochiそうき

soutou

3.

4.
ぬか

nuno

おう

ooi

にき

niku

おおきい

oui

にく

nuka

おおい

ookii

ぬの

kuni

おうい

ui

くに

niki

うい

ou

Exercise 1.3
Write the words below in hiragana, and then look up their English meaning.
Recommended romaji-input dictionaries are included in Online Resources – Apps.
1. akai

あかい____________________Red
Meaning: _____________________

ちかい
2. chikai ____________________

NearbyMeaning: _____________________にし3. nishi ____________________West
Meaning: _____________________つくえ
4. tsukue ____________________Desk
Meaning: _____________________となかい
5. tonakai ___________________

Reindeer
Meaning: _____________________きそく
6. kisoku ____________________

Rules
Meaning: _____________________

おさない
7. osanai ____________________

Young
Meaning: _____________________

せきせつ
8. sekisetsu __________________

Fallen snow/snowfall
Meaning: _____________________

つき9. tsuki _____________________

Moon
Meaning: _____________________

きせつ
10. kisetsu ____________________

SeasonMeaning: _____________________
31

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 1.4
Using the Roman alphabet (or hiragana if you are feeling brave!), write what you would say
in the following situations:
1. You meet someone for the first time: __________________________
hajimemashite・はじめましてokaerinasai・おかえりなさい
2. You hear someone come home: ______________________________
3. Someone thanks for your helping: ____________________________
douitashimashite/iie・どういたしまして・いいえsumimasen・すみません
4. You are trying to get a waiter’s attention: _______________________
sumimasen./shitsureishimasu・
5. You accidentally bump into someone: _________________________
moshi moshi・もしもし6. You answer your phone: __________________________________

しつれいしますkonbanwa・こんばんは
7. You meet your friend at 7 p.m. ______________________________
sayounara・さようなら
8. You say goodbye to your teacher after a 10 a.m. class _______________
itterasshai・いってらっしゃい
9. Your father tells you he’s leaving to go shopping __________________
shitsureishimasu・しつれいします
10. The teacher calls you into their office __________________________
Exercise 1.5
Using the Roman alphabet (or hiragana & kataana if you are feeling brave!), write a selfintroduction. Include your name, age, nationality, and school year. Be sureThis
to include
theis a model.
proper opening and closing greetings. If your nationality was not in thisweek’svocabularyYouranswer(s)may differ.
Check
with
anotherclassmate!
list, look it up. You will need to know how to say where you are from!

hajimemashite. watashi wa [NAME] desu.
______________________________________________________________
nijuu issai desu. oosutoraria jin desu.
______________________________________________________________
ninensei desu.
______________________________________________________________
If you write inyoroshiku onegaishimasu.
______________________________________________________________
hiragana/katakana, your nameshould be in katakana.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
32

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

WEEK TWO・だいにしゅうめ
AN INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE WRITING: HIRAGANA 2/3
This week we will learn the last 21 hiragana. After this, there are no more new hiragana!
There are a few tricks left to learn though, which we will cover next week.
To review, here is the complete hiragana list:
k

s

t

n

h

m

y

r

wa

や

ら

わ

り

wo

る

を

れ

n

ろ

ん

a

あ

か

さ

た

な

は

ま

i

い

き

し

ち

に

ひ

み

u

う

く

す

つ

ぬ

ふ

む

e

え

け

せ

て

ね

へ

め

o

お

こ

そ

と

の

ほ

も

ゆ

よ

The “h” sounds: ha, hi, fu, he, and ho.
Our first 5 hiragana this week are the “H” sounds. Note that the character ふ is pronounced
fu with a soft “F” as in “after” or “half”, not a hard “F” as in “father” or “fork”.
ha

hi

fu

he

ho

は ひ ふ へ ほ
は ひ ふ へ ほ
The hiragana は is also special. When used to spell words, は is always ha. However, は isalso (as we mentioned in Week One!) used to write the grammatical particle wa:
wa ta shi

wa

ha

わたし

は

はなちゃん

na

cha

n

no

ha

の

はは

ha

de

su

です。

[I am Hana’s mother.]
33

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Try reading/pronouncing the words below:

はち

eight

hachi

ひと

person/people

hito

ふとい

thick

futoi

ほね

bone

hone

The “m” sounds: ma, mi, mu, me, and mo.
Our second set of hiragana are the “M” sounds. This set is straightforward: there are noirregular pronunciations, or shape changes between the printed/written styles.
ma

mi

mu

me

mo

ま み む め もま み む め もLet’s read some words which use these hiragana:

みみ

ear

mimi

むすこ

son

musuko

め

eye

me

もも

peach

momo

The “y” sounds: ya, yu, and yo.
Our next set of hiragana only has three sounds: ya, yu, and yo. The sounds yi and ye used
to have hiragana, but they disappeared from the Japanese language a long time ago.
34

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

ya

yu

se

yo

や

ゆ

よ

や

ゆ

よ

Let’s try reading a three words that use these three sounds:

やまmountain

yama

ゆき

snow

yuki

よてい

plan

yotei

The “r” sounds: ra, ri, ru, re, and ro.
The pronunciation of our last set of 5 sounds is a little tricky. While often Romanized as “r”
or “l”, the Japanese “r/l” does not actually exist in English. As a result, do not make eitherof these two sounds when you produce ra/ri/ru/re/ro; do not pull your tongue back into
your mouth (“r”) or press it against your top teeth (“l”). To make the proper sound for
ra/ri/ru/re/ro, instead lightly tap your tongue against the upper ridge of your mouth,behind your front teeth, and then release your tongue downwards as you say the vowel.

らりるれろ“L” soundsound“R” sound

35

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

ra

ri

ru

re

ro

ら り る れ ろ
ら り る れ ろ
Try reading (and correctly pronouncing!) this new list of words!

らく

easy

raku

りりつ

interest rate

riritsu

るい

base (in baseball)

れきしhistory

rekishi

ろうかcorridor/hallway

rouka

rui

The other sounds: wa, wo, and n
The last set of sounds is an irregular set, as all three have tricks to their use.
wa

shi

wo

se

n

わ

を

ん

わ

を

ん
36

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

わ is only used for spelling the wa sound inside of words. For instance, in わたしは theword わたし has the wa sound in it so we use わ, but we do not use わ for the particle は.
wa ta shiwa

wa shi mi

de

わたし

は

わしみ

です。はたちsuhata chidesu[I am Washimi. I am 20.]です。

を is then often Romanized as wo, but it is pronounced as o (just like お). However, を isnever used in spelling. It’s only use is for a grammatical particle we will learn in Week 3.
Finally, ん is the only hiragana that represents a lone consonant. You cannot begin a wordwith ん, so words that start with “n” are always written with な, に, ぬ, ね, and の. The
ni

ho

n

se

n

se

i

ma

n

ga

hiragana ん is used in words like にほん (Japan), せんせい (teacher), and まんが (manga).
Below are our last two practice words. As always, try reading them without looking at the
Romanization.

わにcrocodile/alligatorwani

easy/simple

kantan

かんたん

AN INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE WRITING: SUTEGANA
Sutegana, also known as kogakimoji, are smaller versions of hiragana. Specifically, っ, ゃ,ゅ, and ょ are the sutegana of つ, や, ゆ, and よ.
The small っ sutegana is used to mark the pauses (geminated consonants) in someJapanese words. For instance, last week we learned how to talk about age. Ages ending in~1, ~8, and ~0 had special readings like ~issai and ~hassai. When we write these words in
i

ssa

i

ha

ssa

i

Japanese, we use the small っ to represent the pause, as in いっさい and はっさい.
The table below shows Japanese words that differ only based on whether they use っ. Try
reading each word on your own before checking the Romanization.
Word

Meaning

Romanization

Word

Meaning

Romanization

おと

sound

oto

おっと

my husband

otto

あか

red

aka

あっか

deteriorate

akka

とき

time

toki

とっき

protuberance

tokki

あき

fall, autumn

aki

あっき

bad airakki
37

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Small や, ゆ, and よ (ゃ・ゅ・ょ) are instead placed after a hiragana ending in an ~i sound(e.g., き, し, み), and replace the original ~i sound of that hiragana. For instance, き (ki) +ゃ (small ya) makes kya. We keep k~ from き, but ya replaces the ~i. Likewise, み (mi) +ゅ (small yu) makes myu. We keep m~, but yu replaces the ~i.

き

み

ki
きゃ

や

みゅ

kya

ゆ

ya

Combinations startingwith し keep their“sh” sound, which
overrides the “y”
sound. So しゃ, しゅ
and しょ become sha,shu, and sho insteadof sya, syu, or sho.
The ち combinations
work the same. ちゃ is
cha rather than cya.

や

ゆ

mi

よ

や

myu

yu

ゆ

よ

k きゃ きゅ きょ h ひゃ ひゅ ひょ
sh しゃ しゅ しょ m みゃ みゅ みょ
ch ちゃ ちゅ ちょ r りゃ りゅ りょ
ni にゃ にゅ にょ

The use of these small や, ゆ, and よ characters is quite common in Japanese words. Try
reading the examples below (note that ゃゅょ can be followed immediately by っ!):

おちゃ

tea

ocha

きょうかしょtextbookkyoukasho

かいしゃ

company

kaishaきょうりゅうdinosaur

kyouryuu

しゃっきん

debt

shakkin

ぶんみゃく

context

bunmyaku

しっしょく

unemployment

shisshoku

ひょうしa book’s coverhyoushi38

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Paying attention to whether a word contains や or ゃ, ゆ or ゅ, and よ or ょ is very
important! Some words are the same except for the size of their hiragana:

kyo

u

きょう
today

Pronouned as kyou,
all one syllable

ryu

りゅう
dragonPronouned as ryuu,
all one syllable.

byo

Pronouned as byou,
all one syllable

u

u

i

n

びょういん
hospital

vs.

vs.

vs.

ki yo

u

きよう
skillfulri yu

Pronouned as ki-yoo,
two syllablesu

りゆうreasonbi youPronouned as ri-yuu,
two syllables

i

n

びよういん
beauty salon

Pronouned as bi-you,
two syllables

39

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 2.1: At a party/パーティーでse e ra sa n

se n ko uwa

セーラさん、せんこう

se n ko u wa

ko ku sa i ga ku

de su

せんこうは こくさいがく

re ki shi

セーラさん

no

の

ha ru ki sa nno

はるきさん の

no

の

de su

です。

だいがく

マッコーリーだいがく
shi do ni ide su kaですか。

ha ru ki sa n wa

da i ga ku

ma k ko o ri i da i ga ku

シドニー

なん

です。はるきさんは？

れきしse e ra sa n

na n

は

da i ga ku

だいがく

da i ga ku

だいがく

wa

は

wa

は

do ko

どこ

de su ka

です か。

de su

で す。
de su

です。
do ko de su ka

どこですか。

me ru bo ru n da i ga ku

メルボルンだいがく

de su

です。

40

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Dialogue 2.1: Translation

Sarah, what is your major?

My major is international studies.
What about you Haruki?
History.
Where is your university?
It’s Macquarie University.
It is a Sydney university.
Where is your university, Haruki?
It is Melbourne University.

41

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Dialogue 2.2: On the street/みちで
su mi ma se n

ki s sa te nwa

すみません、きっさてん

はki s sa te n

de su

wa

a so ko

きっさてん は

あそこ

e

wa

え？
ko ko

ここ

wa

は

ko ko

ここ

do ko

どこ

e i ga ka nde su

so u de su ka

de su ka

どこ

ですか。

です。

は

えいがかん

do ko

de su

です

ka

か。

です。

a ri ga to u go za i ma su

そうですか。ありがとうございます。
Dialogue 2.2: Translation

Excuse me, where is the café?

The café is over there.

Oh? Where is this place we are?

This is a movie theatre.

Oh really? Thank you so much.

42

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Dialogue 2.3: In class/きょうしつでaあ！

wa ta shi

わたし

no

kyo

の

do ko

no

はるきさん

kyo

の

u ka

sho

de su kaですか。

de su ka

ですか。

i

so re

e

wa

いいえ、それ
kyo

to mu

は

u ka

トム

sho

a re

あ、あれ
a no

あの

kyo

u ka

sa n

さん

no

の

de su

きょうかしょaはde su ka

これ
i

wa

ですか。

きょうかしょko resho

きょうかしょどこha ru ki sa n

u ka

です。

de su kaですか。
shode su ka

きょうかしょaですか。
so u de su

あ、そうです！
a re

あれ

wa

は

wa ta shi

わたし

no

の

kyo

u ka

sho

きょうかしょ

de su

です。

43

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Dialogue 2.3: Translation

Oh no! Where is my textbook?

Your textbook? Is it this near me?

No, that near you is Tom’s textbook.
Ah, is it that over there?
Is it that textbook over there?
Ah, yes!
That over there is my textbook!

44

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

VOCABULARY・ごい
MajorsPronouns
ka

re

かれ
ka

no

jo

かのじょ

se

n

ko

u

he

せんこう

she, girlfriend

えいご

e

i

ge

major

go

n

go

Englishgakulinguistics

げんごがく
ko

General Nouns
e

i

ga

えいが
e

n

pi tsu

えんぴつ
o

ka

ne

おかね
ka

ba

n

re shi

かれし
kyou

ka

sho

きょうかしょkyoushi tsu

きょうしつ
ku

ru

ma

くるま
sa

i

fu

さいふ
ji

sho

じしょ
ji

te

n

sha

じてんしゃ
de

n

sa

i

ga

ku

ni

ho

n

go

movie

にほんご

pencil

ぶんがく

money

れきし

bu

re

n

ga

international studies
Japaneseku

literature

ki shihistorybag, purse

かばん
ka

ku

こくさいがくboyfriend

Buildings

textbook

えいがかんclassroom

えき

car

きっさてん

walletぎんこう

dictionary

トイレ

bicycleとしょかん

phone (number)

へや

e

i

e

ga

ka

n

movie theatrekistation

kissa

gi

n

to

ko

i

to

te

n

café

u

bank

re

sho

toilet, bathroomkanlibrary

wa

でんわ
ba

n

go

u

he

ya

room

(ばんごう)
tomoda chi

ともだち
no

o

to

ノート
ho

n

ほん
pe

n

ペン

friendnotebook

Australia

book

シドニー

pen

マッコーリーshi do

mak

me

ru

ni

ko

bo

i

o

ru

Sydney
ri

n

メルボルン
k

ya

n

be

ra

キャンベラ

i

Macquarie
Melbourne
Canberra

45

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar point 2.1: This and that, here and there
Our major grammar point this week is how to refer to generic items and locations. In
English, we do this with the pairs “this/that” and “here/there”. In each pair, one word
implies “near the speaker”, and the other implies “away from the speaker”.
Japanese is a bit more complicated. Reference words come in groups of three, divided
between “near the speaker”, “near the listener”, and “away from both people”.
ko

re

so re

a

re

The first set of three words is これ・それ・あれ: これ means “this thing [near me]”, それmeans “that thing [near you]”, and あれ means “that thing [away from us]”.
これ = this near me

それ = that near you

あれ = that away from us

kore wa ringo desu
これ は りんご です。
This [near me] is an apple.

sore wa ringo desu
それ は りんご です。
That [near you] is an apple.

are wa ringo desu
あれ は りんご です。
That [over there] is an apple.

Let’s look at some more examples using this week’s vocabulary:
ko re

wa

ho

n

de

su

これ は ほん です。
[This thing (near me) is a book.]
so

re

wa

ku

ru

ma

de

su

それ は くるま です。
[That thing (near you) is a car.]
a

re

wa

to

sho

ka

n

de

su

あれ は としょかん です。
[That thing (away from both of us) is a/the library.]46

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

One important complication: the words これ・それ・あれ are pronouns. So you cannot
use them to say “this/that [noun] is…” because they imply “this/that thing”.
To say “this [noun] near me”, “that [noun] near you”, or “that [noun] over there” we need
ko

no

so

no

a

no

to use a new set of 3 words: この・その・あの. Unlike これ・それ・あれ, these words
cannot be followed by a particle. You must put a noun after them. The reason for thisdifference is that この・その・あの are adjectives while これ・それ・あれ arepronouns. Just like “red” or “quick”, この・その・あの must therefore modify nouns.
Look at the examples below to compare the sets. Note that これ・それ・あれ are always
followed by a particle or desu, and この・その・あの are always followed by a noun.
ko re

wa

ko no

ku

so re

wa

ku

ru

ma

de

su

wa

to

u

shi tsudesuu

shi tsu

wa

ni

ho

wa

a

re

i

da

i

これ は くるま です。
[This thing (near me) is a car.]
ru

ma

sho

ka

n

de

su

この くるま は としょかん です。
[This car (near me) is a library.]kyo

それ は きょうしつ です。
[That thing (near you) is a classroom.]
so no

kyo

n

go

de

su

その きょうしつ は にほんご です。
[That classroom (near you) is a/the Japanese class.]
da

i

ga

ku

mak

ko

o

de

su

だいがく は あれ です。
[The university is that thing (over there).]
ri

ga

ku

wa

a

no

da

i

ga

ku

de

su

マッコーリー だいがく は あの だいがく です。
[Macquarie University is that university (over there).]
ko

ko

so

ko

a

so

ko

Finally, Japanese also has 3 words used like “here/there”: ここ・そこ・あそこ.
ここ means “this location near me”, そこ means “that location near you”, and あそこmeans “that location away from both of us”.

47

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
ko ko

wa

shi do

ni

i

de

su

ここ は シドニー です。
[Here (the place where I am/we are) is Sydney.]
ka ba

n

wa

so

ko

to

re

wa

a

so

de

su

かばん は そこ です。
[The/a bag is there (near you).]
i

ko

de

su

トイレ は あそこ です。
[The toilet is over there (away from we both are).]In some cases, you can switch between これ・それ・あれ and ここ・そこ・あそこ tocreate similar sentences. In these situations, your choice should depend on whether you
are referring to a thing (これ・それ・あれ) or a location (ここ・そこ・あそこ).
a

re

wa

e

ki

a

so

e

ki

wa

a

re

e

ki

wa

a

so

de

su

あれ は えき です。
[That (= the thing over there) is a/the station.]
ko

wa

e

ki

de

su

あそこ は えき です。
[Over there (= that location) is a/the station.]desu

えき は あれ です。
[The station is that (= the thing over there).]
ko

de

su

えき は あそこ です。
[The station is over there (= at that location/in that direction).]When using all of these terms, remember that what is これ・ここ・この for you is
それ・そこ・その for the person you are talking to, and vice versa! If someone uses これ torefer to something, you will therefore usually use それ in your reply.
Grammar point 2.2: The particle のの is the possessive particle in Japanese. It is similar to English’s ’s (as in “theteacher’s”), but has a wider range of uses. Importantly though, の is only used to connect
a noun or noun phrase with another noun/noun phrase:[NOUN or NOUN PHRASE 1] の [NOUN or NOUN PHRASE 2]
Always make sure there is anoun (or noun phrase) on
both sides of the particle の!

48

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

The primary use of の is to show ownership. Here, the noun after の belongs to the noun
before の. Note that Japanese says “I’s car” or “(s)he’s car” instead of “my/her/his/their”.
ko re

wa

wa

n

no

no

e

ta shi

no

ku

ru

ma

de

su

これ は わたし の くるま です。
[This (thing near me) is my car.]
to mu

sa

kyo

u

ka

sho

wa

a

トムさん の きょうかしょ は[Tom’s textbook is over there.]k a r enpi tsu

wa

ko

re

so

ko

de

あそこ

de

su

です。

su

かれ の えんぴつ は これ です。
[His pencil is this (thing near me).]
You can string as many nouns together with の as you like to create one long noun phrase.
Too many
uses of の ina row doessound silly
though, justlike repeateduse of “’s”
in English.

ko re

wa

wa

ta shi

ka re

no

to

ma

no

se

n

se

i

no

to

ma

da chi

これ は わたし の せんせい
[This is my teacher’s friend’s car.]da chi

no

to

の

no

かれ の ともだち の ともだち
[His friend’s friend’s friend is Sam.]mada chi

to

ma

no

ともだち

の

k u r u m aのdeda chi

くるま

wa

ともだち

sa

は

mu

su

です。

sa

n

de

サムさん

su

です。

The second use of の indicates belonging. Here, the word after の is part of, or fits within,
the prior noun/category, but is not literally owned by it. This の is often used where we
o

o

su

to

ra

ri

da

i

ga

ku

a

no

e

de

su

i

ga

would use an adjective in English (e.g., オーストラリアのえいが are Australian movies).
makNote how the
words
にほんじん
にほんご &にほんの
can all translate as“Japanese”

ko

o

ri

i

wa

shi do

ni

i

no

kyo

u

ka

a

so

マッコーリー は シドニー の だいがく です。
[Macquarie is a university in Sydney (not Sydney’s university).]
a

re

wa

ni

ho

n

go

no

kyo

u

shi tsu

sho

de

su

あれ は にほんご の きょうかしょ です。
[That is a Japanese textbook (not the Japanese language’s textbook.]
wa ta shi

no

wa

ko

no

kyo

u

shi tsudesu

わたし の きょうしつ は あそこ の きょうしつ です。
[My classroom is the classroom over there (not over there’s classroom).]
Finally, の is also used when listing a phone number. Use の wherever you would normally
write a dash [-] or pause (when speaking) in English.
wa ta shi

no

de

n

wa

ba

n

go

u

wa

わたし の でんわばんごう は[My phone number is 116-235.]

i

chi

いち

i

chi

いち

ro

ku

ろく

no

の

ni

に

sa

n

さん

go

ご

de

su

です。

49

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Grammar point 2.3: Asking yes/no questions
Compared to English, asking questions in Japanese is quite easy. For yes/no questions, weka

simply attach the particle か to the end of any sentence:s o rewa

enpi tsudesu

s o rewa

enpi tsudesu

それ は えんぴつ です。
[That (thing near you) is a pencil.]ka

それ は えんぴつ ですか。
[Is that (thing near you) a pencil?]
Unlike English, sentence order therefore does not change when you make a question.
Question marks are also not used, there is no “is/am/are” difference, and the topic of thequestion can either be who are you asking about or who you are speaking to.
se

n

se

i

ni ho

n

ji

de

su

ka

de

su

せんせい ですか。
[Are you a teacher?]nkaにほんじん ですか。
[Are you Japanese?]
ha ta chi

de

su

ka

はたち ですか。
[Are you 20?]

ma

i

ku

sa

n

wa

su

mi

sa

n

wa

se

n

se

i

wa

se

n

se

i

de

su

ka

ni

ho

n

ji

n

de

su

ka

ha

ta chior

マイクさん は せんせい ですか。
[Mike, are you a teacher?/Is Mike a teacher?]or

すみさん は にほんじん ですか。
[Sumi, are you Japanese?/Is Sumi Japanese?]or

せんせい は はたち ですか。
[Teacher, are you 20?/Is the/your teacher 20?]

de

su

ka

ha

i

To answer a question positively, simply use the Japanese word for “yes”: はい. It is thenpolite to repeat the question as a statement (e.g., “Is it a pen?” “Yes, it is a pen.”) or use the
so

u

de

su

phrase そうです (“that’s so”). You do not need to repeat the sentence topic.
s o rewa

enpi tsudesuka

それ は えんぴつ ですか。
[Is that (near you) a pencil?]
ha

i

ko

re

wa

e

n

pi tsu

de

i

ga

wa

a

me

ri

no

so

no

su

ko no

e

ka

e

ha

i

de

su

ka

i

ga

or

はい、（これ は）えんぴつ です。
[Yes, this (near me) is a pencil.]
i

so

u

de

su

はい、そうです。
[Yes, that is so.]ga

この えいが は アメリカ の えいが ですか。
[Is this movie (near me) an American movie?]
ha

i

e

i

ga

wa

a

me

ri

ka

no

e

de

su

ha

i

so

u

de

su

はい、（そのえいがは） アメリカ の えいが です。or はい、そうです。
[Yes, it (that movie near you) is an American movie.][Yes, that’s so.]50

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1iie

To answer in the negative, you can (1) say “no” (いいえ) and then correct the speaker (i.e.,“no, it is a [noun])”, or (2) say “no” and then negate the noun (i.e., “no, it is NOT a[noun]”). We will learn the first method this week, and the second method in Week 3.
s o rewa

enpi tsu

de

su

ko

re

wa

pe

n

ka

それ は えんぴつ ですか。
[Is that (near you) a pencil?]
i

i

e

su mi

ma

i

e

de

su

de

su

ka

sa

n

いいえ、（これ は）ペン です。
[No, it (this thing near me) is a pen.]
se

n

ma

i

de

su

ku

sa

n

ma

i

すみません、マイクさん ですか。
[“Excuse me, are you Mike?”]
i

to

mu

ku

wa

a

so

ko

de

いいえ、トムです。マイクさん は あそこ[“No, I am Tom. Mike is over there.”]

su

です。

Grammar point 2.4: Asking opened-ended questionsnanOpen-ended questions require a question word. This week we will learn two: なん anddoko

どこ. なん means “what” and どこ means “where”. In the [X]は[Y]ですか form, thesequestion words only replace [Y]. Question words are never used before は in Japanese.
na

n

de

su

ka

so

re

ya

ma

da

to

bu

n

ga

ku

First, let’s look at some examples using [X]はなんですか to ask “what is/are X”. Again,
note how you usually do not repeate the topic when answering a question.
ko

no

ho

n

wa

o

na

ma

e

wa

se

n

ko

u

wa

na

n

de

su

na

n

de

su

ka

na

n

de

su

ka

wa

na

ka

「この ほん は なんですか。」[“What is this book (near me)?”「おなまえ は なんですか。」[“What is your name?”

de

kyo

u

ka

mo

ko

de

su

「やまだともこ です。」
“It’s Tomoko Yamada.”]「せんこう は なんですか。」[“What is/are your major(s)?”
n

wa

sho

de

su

「（それ は） きょうかしょ です。」“(That thing near you) is a textbook” ]de「 」are theJapaneseversion of “ ”.

su

「ぶんがく です。」
“My major is literature”]
sukaPerhaps most importantly, [X] はなんですか can be used to simply ask what something is.
so

re

wa

na

n

de

su

ka

「それ は なんですか。」[“What is that (thing near you)?”

ko

re

wa

ma

gu

ro

de

su

「これ は「まぐろ」です。」“This (thing near me) is ‘maguro (tuna)’”]51

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
na

n

sa

i

na

n

sa

i

de

su

ka

なん can also be combined with the suffix ~さい to ask someone’s age (なんさいですか) or
ne

n

se

i

ta

na

ka

na

n

ne

n

se

i

de

su

ka

wa

do

with ~ねんせい to ask someone’s year in school (なんねんせいですか).
sa

n

wa

na

n

sa

de

su

i

de

su

ka

de

su

「たなかさん は なんさい ですか。」[“Tanaka, how old are you?” or “How old is Tanaka?”]
ni

juu

sa

n

sa

i

se

i

de

su

wa

i

chi ne「にじゅうさんさい です。」[“I am 23.” or “They are 23.”]
na

n

ne

n

wa

ta shika「なんねんせい ですか。」[“What year in school are you?”]
n

se

i

「（わたし は）いちねんせい[“(I am) A first year.”]

です。」

ko

de

su

a

so

ko

ma

su

ka

Our second question word is used to ask where things are via [X] はどこですか. Obviously,
ko

ko

de

su

so

ko

de

su

a

so

ko

de

su

mi

ma

se

n

e

ki

wa

ta shi

no

no

o

wa

ta shisu

ここです・そこです・あそこです are common answers.
wa

do

ko

de

su

ka

do

ko

de

su

sa

i

fu

e

「すみません、えき は どこですか。」[“Excuse me, where is the station?”
to

wa

ki

wa

de

su

「（えき は）あそこ です。」
“It (the station) is over there.”]

ka

ko

ko

de

de

su

su

「わたし の ノート は どこですか。」 「ここ です。」[“Where are my notebooks?”“They are here.”]

わたし

sa

ra

sa

u

de

su

n

no

の

no

wa

do

ko

さいふ は どこ
Where is my wallet?

sa

i

fu

sa

i

wa

ko

no

ka

ですか。

sa

i

fu

a

ri

ga

de

su

ka

u

go

za

サラさん の さいふ は この さいふ ですか。
Is your wallet this wallet (near me), Sarah?
a

so

so

no

fu

de

su

to

i

あ、そうです！ その さいふ です。 ありがとうございます！
Yes, that’s right! It is that wallet (near you). Thank you!

52JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかいA Brief History of Writing in Japanese
As you learned in Week 1, the Japanese writing system makes use of multiple scripts, andeach script has specific roles. But this situation is actually somewhat new. Japanese has
been written many ways across its long history. The current norms for kanji, hiragana,katakana, and the Roman Alphabet were only finalized after the Second World War.
Chinese characters were first introduced to Japan sometime between 400-600 A.D.
Initially, most people who could read or write did so in forms of classical Chinese. It tooktime for Japanese writers to start writing in Japanese, and even after Japanese writers
developed ways of representing the Japanese language via kanji, their methods stillcontained aspects from classical Chinese literature. There was also no country-wide
coordination or standardization. Multiple methods of writing Japanese through characters
existed at the time, and none of them closely resembled spoken Japanese. To read any
early Japanese text, you had to “decode” the writing into Japanese via systems of diacritics,
markers, and other techniques.
Hiragana and katakana developed early in the Heian period, which ran from 794-1185.
Both scripts arose independently through different groups using kanji as though they werephonetic letters. That is, using kanji for their sounds only, and ignoring their meanings.
Hiragana came from the use of kanji “letters” in poetry, letters, and other forms of“creative” writing. The Man'yōshū, a book of collected poems compiled sometime in thelate 700s, is a famous text that uses a lot of this style. Eventually, writers using thisphonetic style, especially ladies of the court, produced a cursive style of writing kanji called
so

u

sho

そうしょ. This style gradually became more and more abstract until a set of phonetic
letters developed. For instance, あ comes from gradual “cursive-ification” of the kanji 安.
Katakana, on the other hand, was developed by monks and priests. The sutras these priests
read from were written all in kanji, and often quite difficult ones. While these kanji were
mostly used only to express sound, the texts were holy and therefore the writing in them
could not be changed. To assist with reading, the monks first tried writing simpler kanji
with the same pronunciation above difficult kanji. But there wasn’t enough space to write
the kanji legibly. So the monks just started using “pieces” of kanji. For instance, 宇 was
simplified to ウ. Over time, a full set of kanji pieces was created, resulting in katakana.
In short, for a long time multiple ways of writing Japanese existed. There were kanji-onlystyles, kanji and hiragana styles, kanji and katakana styles, and even hiragana/katakana
only styles. There were also redundant or “extra” hiragana and katakana for many sounds!
Writing reforms began in the 1800s, but the Japanese we use today was actually not
finalized until after 1945. In fact, minor changes are still happening. While Japanesewriting is certainly complex, it has therefore actually gone through much debate andreform to reach its current – and arguably most accessible – form.
53

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

WEEK 2 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 2
Exercise 2.1
Practice writing this week’s hiragana. Be sure to pay attention to shape and balance.
1. はーほ

は

ひ

ふ

へ

ほ

はひふへほ

2. まーも

ま

み

む

め

も

まみむめも

3. やーよ、＋ わ・を・ん

や

ゆ

よ

わ

を

ん

4. らーろ

ら

り

る

れ

ろ

らりるれろ

Exercise 2.2
Try writing the following words in hiragana (you may need small っ, ゃ, ゅ, and ょ).
1. kaisha_______________

2. hassai_______________

3. ryokou_______________

4. taiwan_______________

5. shusseki_______________

6. ryuukyuu_______________

54

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 2.3
Using Romanization or hiragana, describe what each arrow is pointing at (use の).
e

ri

ka

i

エリカ

chi ro

u

いちろう

ma

sa shiまさし(hint: they are friends)

1. _______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________
Exercise 2.4
Using Romanization (not English) or hiragana, answer each question (about yourself).
o

na

ma

e

na

は

なんですか。

1. おなまえ

wa

n

de

su

ka

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
na

n

sa

i

de

2. なんさい

su

ka

ですか。

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
se

n

ko

u

wa

na

は

なんですか。

3. せんこう

n

de

su

ka

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
ta

no

da

ku

wa

do

4. あなた

a

na

の

だいがく

i

ga

は

どこ

ko

de

su

ka

ですか。

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
ka

n

ko

ku

ji

n

de

5. かんこくじん

su

ka

ですか。

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
de

n

wa

ba

n

go

u

6. でんわばんごう

wa

na

は

なんですか。(Please lie, but lie in Japanese.)

n

de

su

ka

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

55

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 2.5
For each question set, fill in the blanks to complete the conversations. Use the picture to
figure out which word from the listed options is correct given who is speaking.
ma

ko

to

まこと
e

ka

mi

na

かな

えみ

Question 1: Use koko, soko, or asoko
a. “Kana-san, _____ wa ginkou desuka?”“Iie, _____ wa kissaten desu.”

b. “Kana-san, eigakan wa _____ desuka?”“Hai, _____ desu.”c. “Kana-san, ginkou wa _____ desuka?”“Hai, _____ desu.”

Question 2: Use kore, sore, or are.
a. “Makoto-san, _____ wa nan desuka?”“_____ wa kissaten desu.”b. “Makoto-san, eigakan wa _____ desuka?”“Hai, _____ desu.”c. “Makoto-san, _____ wa eigakan desuka?”“Iie, _____ wa ginkou desu.”

Question 3: Use koko, soko, asoko, or doko.
a. “Emi-san wa _____ desuka?”“_____ desu.”

b. “Emi-san, ginkou wa _____ desuka?”“Hai, _____ desu.”c. “Emi-san, kissaten wa _____ desuka?”“Hai, _____ desu yo.”

Question 4: Use koko, soko, asoko, or doko.
a. “Emi-san, ginkou wa _____ desuka?”“Iie, ginkou wa _____ desu.”

b. “Emi-san, kissaten wa _____ desuka?”“Kissaten wa _____ desu.”c. “Emi-san, eigakan wa _____ desuka?”“Hai, _____ desu.”
56

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 2.6
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Use これ, それ, or あれ______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Use この, その, or あの______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Use ここ, そこ, or あそこ______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
4. Use の to show possession______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
5. Use の to show belonging______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
6. Use の twice in one sentence, one showing possession and one showing belonging______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
7. Write a question using なんですか, and an answer.
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
57

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

WEEK 2 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 2
Exercise 2.1
Make sure your hiragana are all
Practice writing this week’s hiragana. Be sure to pay attention to shapeand balance.
of a similarsize, and don’t curve
too much! Check how you can
improve your handwriting, andnote any bad shapes.

1. はーほはひ

ふDon’t forget to also trace over the
first two “grey” kana for practice!

ほ

へ
はひふへほ

2. まーも

ま

み

む

め

も

まみむめも

3. やーよ、＋ わ・を・ん

や

ゆ

よ

わ

を

ん

4. らーろ

ら

り

る

れ

ろ

らりるれろ

The bolded parts need small
Exercise 2.2
kanainto hiragana
write them!(you may need small っ, ゃ, ゅ, and ょ).
Try writing the following words

1. kaisha

かいしゃ_______________

2. hassai

はっさい_______________

3. ryokou

りょこう_______________

4. taiwan

たいわん_______________

5. shusseki

しゅっせき_______________

りゅうきゅう6. ryuukyuu _______________58

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 2.3
Using Romanization or hiragana, describe what each arrow is pointing at (use の).
e

ri

ka

i

エリカ

chi romasa shi

まさし

u

いちろう

Don’t forget -san after
other people’s names!
(hint: they are friends)

no enpitsu desu / エリカさんのえんぴつです。
1. erika-san_______________________________________________
eigo no hon desu / えいごのほんです。
2. _______________________________________________
no tomodachi desu / いちろうさんのともだちです。
3. ichirou-san_______________________________________________
san no pen desu / まさしさんのぺん（ペン）です。
4. masashi_______________________________________________
Exercise 2.4
Using Romanization (not English) or hiragana, answer each question (about yourself).
o

na

ma

e

は

なんですか。

1. おなまえ

na

n

de

su

These are just models. Many ofyour answers should differ.

waka(namae wa) jeshika desu. / (なまえは)ジェシカです。

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
na

n

sa

i

de

2. なんさい

su

ka

ですか。

juukyuusai desu. / じゅうきゅうさいです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
se

n

ko

u

wa

na

は

なんですか。

3. せんこう

n

de

su

ka

senkou wa nihongo desu. / せんこうはにほんごです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
ta

no

da

ku

wa

do

4. あなた

a

na

の

だいがく

i

ga

は

どこ

ko

de

su

ka

ですか。

oosutoraria or shidonii desu. / オーストラリアです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
ka

n

ko

ku

ji

n

de

5. かんこくじん

su

ka

ですか。

hai, soudesu or iie, [country]jin desu. / はい、そうです。

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
de

n

wa

ba

n

go

u

6. でんわばんごう

wa

na

は

なんですか。(Feel free to lie, but do so in Japanese.)

n

de

su

ka

go roku ichi ni no san san yon kyuu desu.

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

59

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 2.5
For each set of questions, fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word from the given
options. Use the picture to decide on the best option.
ma

ko

to

まこと
e

ka

mi

えみ

na

かな
Remember: ask questions using theperspective of the speaker (on the left).
Answer using the perspective of thelistener (on the right).

Question 1: Use koko, soko, or asoko

asokowa ginkou desuka?”
a. “Kana-san, _____

asokowa kissaten desu.”“Iie, _____

b. “Kana-san, eigakan wa koko_____ desuka?”soko desu.”“Hai, _____

soko desuka?”c. “Kana-san, ginkou wa _____

koko desu.”“Hai, _____

Question 2: Use kore, sore, or are.

sore wa nan desuka?”
a. “Makoto-san, _____

kore wa kissaten desu.”“_____are desuka?”
b. “Makoto-san, eigakan wa _____are desu.”“Hai, _____

kore wa eigakan desuka?”c. “Makoto-san, _____

sore wa ginkou desu.”“Iie, _____

Question 3: Use koko, soko, asoko, or doko.

doko desuka?”
a. “Emi-san wa _____

koko desu.”“_____

asoko desuka?”
b. “Emi-san, ginkou wa _____“Hai, asoko_____ desu.”

koko desuka?”c. “Emi-san, kissaten wa _____

soko desu yo.”“Hai, _____

Question 4: Use koko, soko, asoko, or doko.

soko or asoko
The answer is “no” so thea.
“Emi-san,ginkouwa_____ desuka?”question can’t be ここ

soko

The bank is “koko” for
Kana, but “soko” for Emi.

“Iie, ginkou wa _____ desu.”

doko desuka?”
b. “Emi-san, kissaten wa _____“Kissaten wa asoko_____ desu.”

soko desuka?”c. “Emi-san, eigakan wa _____

koko desu.”“Hai, _____
60

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
Confirm your sentences by

Exercise 2.6
checking with classmates and/orclassEnglish.
content.
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translatereviewing
them into
Do not just copy the models.

1. Use これ, それ, or あれ

Kore wa watashi no hon desu.
______________________________________________________
Translation:

Remember, これ・それ・あれ need aparticle or です after them.

______________________________________________________

If you wrote “kore [noun]” that’s wrong.

2. Use この, その, or あのAno daigaku wa makkoorii daigaku desu ka.
______________________________________________________
Translation:

Remember, この・その・あの need to be followed by a noun.

______________________________________________________
If you wrote “kono wa” or “kono desu”, that’s wrong.
3. Use ここ, そこ, or あそこ

Koko wa oosutoraria desu. Asoko wa nihon desu.
______________________________________________________
Translation

ここ・そこ・あそこrefer to locations______________________________________________________
4. Use の to show possession

Sensei no kuruma wa kore desu yo.
______________________________________________________
Similar to English’s ‘sTranslation______________________________________________________
5. Use の to show belonging

Makkoorii daigaku wa shidonii no daigaku desu.
______________________________________________________
Translation

Your English translation will likely usean adjective (e.g., an American movie)______________________________________________________

6. Use の twice in one sentence, one showing possession and one showing belonging

Watashi no eiga wa nihon no eiga desu.
______________________________________________________
Translationの can appear twice on the same sideof は, as in わたしのにほんのほんです______________________________________________________
7. Write a question using なんですか, and an answer.

Sore wa nan desu ka. Kore wa enpitsu desu.
______________________________________________________
Translation

Make sure asker/answerer use thecorrect this/that here/there etc.
______________________________________________________

61

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

WEEK THREE・だいさんしゅう
AN INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE WRITING: HIRAGANA 3/3
This is our last hiragana lesson! Starting this week, Romanization will not appear above
hiragana, and hiragana will appear above katakana. Unnatural spaces between words will
disappear too. This is a major step towards reading and writing natural Japanese!
konoLast week: この

ho

n

wa

ほん

i

は
い

ぎ

り

su

no

ho

イギリス

gi

ri

の

ほん

n

de

su

です。

す

This week: このほんはイギリスのほんです。
We have one last aspect of hiragana to learn though: diacritics. Japanese diacritics
consist of two small marks (゛and ゜) placed at the top right of hiragana. Each indicates achange in the hiragana’s sound. The chart below shows all earlier hiragana and the newsounds made with diacritics. As always, irregular pronunciations are highlighted.

k

s

t

n

h

m

y

r

wa

や

ら

わ

り

wo

る

を

れ

n

ろ

ん

a

あ

か

さ

た

な

は

ま

i

い

き

し

ち

に

ひ

み

u

う

く

す

つ

ぬ

ふ

む

e

え

け

せ

て

ね

へ

め

o

お

こ

そ

と

の

ほ

も

g

z

d

b

p

a

が

ざ

だ

ば

ぱ

i

ぎ

じ

ぢ

び

ぴ

u

ぐ

ず

づ

ぶ

ぷ

e

げ

ぜ

で

べ

ぺ

o

ご

ぞ

ど

ぼ

ぽ

ゆ

よ

As you can see, we are not actually learning any new kana. We are just adding small marks
to 20 hiragana we already know to create 25 new sounds. Easy! Hiragana that are notshown with diacritics in the table cannot have ゛or ゜added to them.
62JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

When ゛is added to any of the “k” hiragana, they change to a “g” sound. When writing が,note that both lines in ゛are shorter than the floating mark on the right of か.
ga

gi

gu

ge

go

が ぎ ぐ げ ご
が ぎ ぐ げ ご
ぎ can combine with ゃ, ゅ, or ょ just like き.
gya

gyu

gyo

ぎゃ ぎゅ ぎょぎゃ ぎゅ ぎょTry reading/pronouncing these five words:

がくせいstudent

gakusei

ぎゃく

reverse

gyaku

ぐらい

about

gurai

げこ

a non-drinker

geko

ごま

sesamegoma
63

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

When ゛is added to most of the “s” sound hiragana, they change to a “z” sound. The one
exception is shi, which changes to ji.
za

ji

zu

ze

zo

ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ
ざ じ ず ぜ ぞWhen じ combines with ゃ, ゅ, or ょ it creates the sounds ja, ju, and jo.
ja

ju

jo

じゃ じゅ じょ
じゃ じゅ じょ
Try reading/pronouncing the words below:

ざいりょう

ingredients

zairyou

じゅっさい

ten years old

jussaiずつう

headachezutsuu

ぜんじつthe other day

zenjitsu

ぞう

elephantzou
64

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

When ゛is added to most “t” hiragana, they change to a “d” sound. However, ち becomes ji(ぢ), and つ becomes (d)zu (づ). While ぢ and づ therefore sound just like じ and ず, thevast majority Japanese words use じ・ず for these sounds. There are no exceptions this
ha

na

ji

tsu zukimasu

semester, but words like はなぢ (nosebleed) or つづきます (to continue) do exist.
da

(d)ji

(d)zu

de

do

だ ぢ づ で ど
だ ぢ づ で ど
Try reading/pronouncing the three examples below:

だいがく

university

daigaku

でぐち

an exitdeguchi

どこですかwhere?

dokodesuka

Our last use of ゛is with the “h” sound hiragana. Here, ゛creates a “b” sound.
ba

bi

bu

be

bo

ば び ぶ べ ぼ
ば び ぶ べ ぼ
65

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

When び combines with ゃ, ゅ, or ょ it creates the sounds bya, byu, and byo.
bya

byu

byo

びゃ びゅ びょびゃ びゅ びょTry reading/pronouncing the words below:

ばしょ

place

basho

びょうき

diseasebyouki

ぶた

pig

buta

べんり

convenient

benri

ぼうし

hat

boushi

Finally, the small circle ゜is used only with “h” sounds, and changes them to “p” sounds.
pa

pi

pu

pe

po

ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ
ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ
66

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

When ぴ combines with ゃ, ゅ, or ょ it creates the sounds pya, pyu, and pyo.
pya

pyu

pyo

ぴゃ ぴゅ ぴょぴゃ ぴゅ ぴょTry reading/pronouncing our last five words:

ぱちんこ

pachinko(gambling game)pachinko

ぴかちゅう

pikachupikachu

はっぴょうpresentation

happyou

ぺきん

Peking

pekin

ぽいすて

littering

poisuteCongratulations! You’ve learned everything you need to know about hiragana! Be sure tokeep up your practice, as you can’t learn Japanese without strong hirgana skills.

67

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

AN INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE WRITING: KATAKANA 1/3
The katakana script is mainly used to write gairaigo – words borrowed from languages
other than Chinese. Since many gairaigo are from English, learning katakana will
immediately increase your Japanese vocabulary and reading ability by thousands of words.
For every hiragana, there is an equivalent katakana. This week, we will learn 15 katakana.
Since ゛and ゜are also used with katakana, this actually lets us read and write 25 totalsounds. Note that katakana are more angular than hiragana. Katakana should look sharp.

k

s

t

n

h

m

y

r

wa

ヤ

ラ

ワ

リ

wo

ル

ヲ

レ

n

ロ

ン

a

ア

カ

サ

タ

ナ

ハ

マ

i

イ

キ

シ

チ

ニ

ヒ

ミ

u

ウ

ク

ス

ツ

ヌ

フ

ム

e

エ

ケ

セ

テ

ネ

ヘ

メ

o

オ

コ

ソ

ト

ノ

ホ

モ

ユ

ヨ

The five vowels: a, i, u, e, and o.
Our first 5 katakana are, of course, a, i, u, e, and o.
a

i

u

e

o
Printed style

Handwritten style

ア イ ウ エ オ
ア イ ウ エ オ
The two lines in ア can touch or have a (very) small gap.

The top line of エ is shorter than the bottom line.
68

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

The “k/g” sounds: ka, ki, ku, ke, and ko.
Because there are very few words that can be written with just the first 5 katakana, let’s
move on to the “k” list and the “g” versions made with ゛.
ka

ki

ku

ke

ko

カ キ ク ケ コ
カ キ ク ケ コ
ga

gi

gu

ge

go

ガ ギ グ ゲ ゴ
ガ ギ グ ゲ ゴ
When writing in katakana, all extended vowel sounds are written as ー (e.g., カー = kaa,
but ギー = gii). Try reading a few words written in katakana which include ー.

カー

kaa

car

コーギー

kougii

corgi

ウオーク

uouku

a walk

ケーキ

keiki

cake
69

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

The “s/z” sounds: sa, shi, su, se, and so.
Our last five katakana this week are sa, shi, su, se, and so, and their counterparts za, ji, zu,
ze, and zo. Note that ゛still changes shi to ji.
sa

shi

su

se

so

サ シ ス セ ソ
サ シ ス セ ソ
za

ji

zu

ze

zo

ザ ジ ズ ゼ ゾ
ザ ジ ズ ゼ ゾ
Once again, see if you can read and translate the words below. Cover up the answers withyour hand while you try!

サイズ

saizu

size

シーソー

shiisooseesaw

スキー

sukii

ski/skiing

ソース

sousu

sauce

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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 3.1: At the library/としょかんで

それはなんですか。ほんですか。
さ っ か

はい、そうです。これはサッカーのほんです。
さ っ か

あした、わたしはサッカーをおしえます。
はるきさんはうんどうをしますか。
いいえ、うんどうしません。
げむ

でも、ゲームをします。
そうですか。スポーツをぜんぜんしません。
す ぽ

つ

ははは、いいえ、スポーツをしますよ。
す ぽつEスポーツをします。
す ぽ

つ

す ぽ

つ

Eスポーツはスポーツじゃないですよ。
す ぽ

つ

す ぽ

つ

Eスポーツはスポーツですよ！

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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Dialogue 3.1: Translation

What is that near you? Is it a book?
Yes, that’s right. This near me is a soccer book.
Tomorrow, I will teach soccer.
Haruki, do you exercise?
No, I don’t exercise.
But I play video games.
Oh, you don’t play sports at all.

Hahaha, no I do. I play E-sports.

E-sports aren’t sports!

E-sports are sports!

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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Dialogue 3.2: In a classroom/きょうしつでのとすみません。これはだれのノートですか。
のとそれはノートではありません。
きょうかしょです。
そうですか。だれのきょうかしょですか。

たなかさんのきょうかしょです。
たなかさんはだれですか。
あのおんなのひとですか。
いいえ、あのおんなのひとはたかもとさんです。
たなかさんじゃないです。
たなかさんはあのおとこのひとです。
あ、そうですか。

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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Dialogue 3.2: Translation

Excuse me, whose notebook is this?

That isn’t a notebook. It’s a textbook.

Oh really? Whose textbook is it?

It’s Tanaka’s textbook.

Who is Tanaka? Is it that woman over there?
No, that woman over there is Takamoto.
It is not Tanaka.
Tanaka is that man over there.
Oh, is that so?

74

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Dialogue 3.3: Do you eat meat?/にくをたべますか。

はるきさんは、にくをたべますか。
あまりたべません。
でも、さかなをよくたべます。
そうですか。おすしは？
はい、たべます。ときどきおすしをつくりますよ。
セーラさんはおすしをたべますか。
はい、ときどきたべます。
でも、ぜんぜんつくりません。

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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Dialogue 3.3: Translation

Haruki, do you eat meat?

I rarely eat meat. But I often eat fish.

Is that so? What about sushi?
Yes, I eat it. Sometimes I make sushi.
Sarah, do you eat sushi?
Yes, I sometimes eat it.
But I never make it.

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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

VOCABULARY・ごいGeneral Nouns

Using おとこor おんなwithout ひと
is often rude.

Verbs
おしえます

to teachしますto do/to play

tobacco, cigarettes

すいますto breathe/smoke

テレビ

TV

たべます

to eatひとa personつくります

to make/build/cook

のみます

to drink

みます

to see/watch/look

おとこのひとman

おんなのひと

woman

たばこ
て

れ

び

Food & Drink
おさけ(any) alcohol

おすし

sushi

Compound Verbs

おちゃ

tea

うんどうしますto exercise

くだもの

fruit

うんてんしますto drive

さかな

べんきょうしますto study

にく

fish
meat

にほんしゅ

sake

Time

みず

water

あした

tomorrow

ぱ

bread

きょう

today

ん

パン
び

る

In Japan(ese)fish is often
not considered
to be meat.

Compound verbs are verbs
made by fusing します (todo) to a noun. When you
don’t have another direct
object (e.g., drive a car),you can separate the nounand verb via を, as in
うんてんをします or
べんきょうをします.

ビール

beer

やさい

vegetables

Phrases

りんご

apple

そうですか

Is that so?

わ

wine

でも

But/However

い

ん

ワイン
Activities
げむ(video) games

ゲーム
さ

っ

か

サッカー
す

ぽ

つ

スポーツ
て

に

でも can only be used to start a sentence.

すsoccersportsテニス

tennis

ラグビー

rugby

やきゅう

baseball77

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar point 3.1: Negating nouns
Last week, we learned how to say “no” by correcting someone with a positive sentence(“no, it is X”). This week, we are going to learn how to answer questions in the negative.
Negating Japanese nouns is fairly easy, but there are 4 different methods. All mean thesame thing, so you can use any of them interchangeably, but you do need to learn them all.
To negate a Japanese noun, first attach では or じゃ. Then, add ないです or ありません.
Note that では is pronounced dewa not deha.
Step 1

Step 2dewa

では[Noun]じゃ

Step 3Result

ないです
ありません
ないです
ありません

NOT [Noun]

For example, if I wanted to say “this is not alcohol, this is apple juice”, any of the four
options below would be acceptable:
1. これはおさけではないです。
2. これはおさけではありません。
じ

ゅ

う

す

これはりんごジュースです。

3. これはおさけじゃないです。
4. これはおさけじゃありません。

Because we can now negate nouns, we have 3 options for answering “yes/no” questions in
the negative: (1) Say “no” and provide a positive correction, (2) Say “no” and negate thenoun, or (3) Say “no”, negate the noun, and then provide a positive correction.
「あれはみずですか。」[“Is that (over there) water?”]
1. いいえ、にほんしゅです。
[No, it is sake.]
2. いいえ、みずじゃありません。
[No, it is not water.]
3. いいえ、みずではないです。にほんしゅです。
[No, it is not water. It is sake.]78

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Of course, negation can be used to make generic statements as well:
まいく

これはマイクさんのえんぴつではありません。
[This thing is not Mike’s pencil.]
ワインはにほんのおさけじゃありません。
[Wine is not a Japanese alcohol.]
い

ぎ

り

す

わたしのなまえはしんです。でも、にほんじんじゃないです。イギリスじんです。
[My name is Shin. But, I’m not Japanese. I’m British.]Grammar point 3.2: “Who”/“whose”
This week, we will learn our third question word: だれ. だれ means “who”. The phrase[X]はだれですか therefore means “who is/are/am X”.
せんせいはだれですか。
[Who is your/the teacher?]
あのおとこのひとはだれですか。
[Who is that man over there?]
わたしはだれですか。わたしはどこですか。わたしはなんですか。
[Who am I? Where am I? What am I?]
だれ can also be combined with の[noun]. In this construction, だれの[noun] becomes“whose [noun]”. Compare the sentences below:
て

れ

び

て

れ

び

て

れ

び

て

れ

び

て

れ

び

このテレビはあみさんのテレビです。
[This TV is Ami’s TV.]
このテレビはあみさんのテレビですか。
[Is this TV Ami’s TV?]てれび

このテレビはだれのテレビですか。
[Whose TV is this TV (near me)?]

そうですね。
[That’s true, isn’t it.]
はい、そうです。
[Yes, it is.]
て

れ

び

て

れ

び

そのテレビはあみさんのテレビです。
[That TV (near you) is Ami’s TV.]79

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Grammar point 3.3: Verbs and the particle を
Our third grammar point this week is the use of Japanese verbs other than です (です is a
special verb called a “copular verb”). Before we start though, let’s review one of ourgrammar vocabulary: the direct object. A direct object refers to what a verb acts on.
To find a direct object in a sentence, ask yourself what is [verbed] in the sentence. Let’slook at examples from English, where the direct object is highlighted:
1. I eat the food.

(“eat” acts on the food, the food is eaten)

2. She’ll clean her room today.

(“clean” acts on her room, her room is cleaned)

3. We played the new game.

(“play” acts on the new game, the game is played)

Verbs don’t require direct objects though (and copular verbs like です never have one)!:1. I didn’t eat.

(we don’t know what is eaten, no direct object)

2. She will clean.

(we don’t know what is cleaned, no direct object)

3. I go to school.

(“go” does not affect “school”, no direct object)

In English, we put objects at the end of a sentence, using a subject-verb-object structure(e.g., I eat rice). In Japanese, the verb instead always appears at the end (like with です!).
However, while Japanese sentences usually use a topic-object-verb structure (e.g., “I riceeat”), they actually have somewhat flexible orders. So an objectを-topicは-verb (e.g., “rice I
eat = I eat rice”) structure is a bit odd, but possible! This is because Japanese ultimately
uses particles rather than word order to tell us what words are doing in a sentence.
In Japanese, direct objects are always marked with the particle を. To review, を is readjust like お, but it is never used for spelling words. A simple Japanese sentence using a
non-copular verb therefore works like this, using particles to mark each noun’s role:[Topic][Object]

はは marks something as the topic

を marks something as
the direct object

Basic English Sentence Structure[Verb]をThe verb is done to thedirect object by the topic

Basic Japanese Sentence Structure

Subject

Verb

ObjectTopic/Subject

ObjectVerb

The doglickedthe baby.

The dogは

the babyを

licked.
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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Let’s look at some basic Japanese sentences which this pattern. Before we do though, one
last note: Japanese also does not explicitly mark future tense (e.g., “I will”). A verb cantherefore either translate as a statement of fact (“I verb”) or a future plan (“I will verb”).
This first set of sentences have no direct objects, so they don’t use the particle を.
わたしはうんてんします。
[I drive (= driving is a thing that I do).] or [I will drive.]

Because there is no futuretense or plural, all threetranslations are possible.

せんせいはおしえます。
[The teacher teaches.] or [The teacher will teach]. or [Teachers teach (= as a job).]
かれは、あしたべんきょうします。
[He will study tomorrow.]
Now let’s look at sentences which use direct objects marked with を:

あした (“tomorrow”) doesn’ttake を because it is not a
direct object. “Tomorrow” isnot what he will study.

わたしはにくをたべます。
[I eat meat. or I will eat meat.]
まりさんはたばこをすいます。
[Mari smokes tobacco.] or [Mari will smoke tobacco.]

きょう (“today”) has no
particle because it is not a
direct object. “Today” is notwhat Satoshi will study.

さとしさんはきょうえいごをべんきょうします。
[Satoshi will study English today.] or [Satoshi studies English today.]Just like with the copular verb です, か can be added to the end of other verbs to turn theminto questions.
おさけをのみます。
[You drink alcohol or You will drink alcohol]

The topic of both sentences is actually
unclear. These translations assume thatthe sentences are both spoken to you.

おさけをのみますか。
[Do you drink alcohol?] or [Will you drink alcohol?]
さっか

あした、ちえさんはサッカーをします。
[Chie will play soccer tomorrow.]

In Japanese you “do” sports and games
rather than “play” them.

あした、ちえさんはサッカーをしますか。
[Will Chie play soccer tomorrow?] or [Chie, will you play soccer tomorrow?]

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To give a positive answer to a question using a verb, simply say はい and repeat thesame verb. Don’t switch to “I do” like in English. You can/should drop the direct object(and its particle!) in your answer when it is obvious from context.

We can drop 「にほんごを」We can drop 「にほんのえいがを」「にほんのえいがをみますか。」[“Do you watch Japanese movies?”「はい、(にほんのえいがを)みます。」“Yes, I watch (Japanese movies)”.]「サラさんはにほんごをべんきょうしますか。」[“Does Sara study Japanese?”] or [“Sara, do you study Japanese?”]「はい、(にほんごを)べんきょうします。」[“Yes, She/I studies (Japanese).”]To answer in the negative, we need to negate the verb. Negating verbs is simple: change thefinal ~ます sound of any verb to ~ません.
Positive Form

Negative Form

たべ
のみ
し
つくり

たべ
のみ
し
つくり

ます
ます
ます
ます

ます changes
to ません

ません
ません
ません
ません

～ません form verbs can be used to both answer questions and make statements.
きょう、さおりさんはうんどうしません。
[Today, Saori won’t exercise.]
わたしはせんせいです。にほんごをおしえます。えいごをおしえません。
[I am a teacher. I teach Japanese. I don’t teach English.]「にくをたべますか。」[“Do you eat meat?”わい「いいえ、(にくを)たべません。」“No, I don’t (eat meat).]ん

わたしはワインをのみません。でも、ビールをのみます。
[I don’t (won’t) drink wine. But, I (will) drink beer.]
サムさんはあしたえいがをみません。
[Sam won’t watch a/the movie tomorrow.]

This sentence could mean:
1. Sam has no plans to watch a movie
tomorrow (general statement). or
2. Sam won’t watch the movie (that weare going to watch) with us tomorrow.
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We can also use question words like “what” with を. The Japanese word for “what” ispronounced as なに rather than なん when used before a particle.
てにす「あした、なにをしますか。」[“What will you do tomorrow?”「テニスをします。」“I will play tennis.”]「きょう、なにをたべますか。」[“What will you eat today?”「にくをたべます。」“I will eat meat.”]「なにをのみますか。」[“What will you drink?”「にほんしゅをのみます。」“I’ll drink sake.”]「きょう、なにをみますか。」[“Who will you watch today?”「にほんのえいがをみます。」“I’ll watch a Japanese movie.”

どこを and だれを
are possible, but wedon’t know verbs thatwork well with themyet (e.g., you don’t eat
people or places).

Grammar point 3.4: Basic frequency adverbs
Our last grammar point this week involves five adverbs. Adverbs are words that modify
verbs and adjectives. This week’s adverbs all indicate how often we do something.
In Japanese, adverbs never use particles! They also have somewhat flexible locations. You
can usually put adverbs anywhere except for between a word and its particle or aftera verb. But the best location is often right before the verb you want to stress/modify.
The picture below illustrates each location where the adverb よく (“often”) could be placedin a simple sentence. As you can see, changing the location has a minor effect on thesentence’s meaning. If this seems confusing, ignore it for now! If you put your adverbs
right before the verb they modify you’ll almost always be okay.

If placed here, よく
stresses “I”, as in“Often I eat meat”

わたしはよく cannot go after
わたし because よく
splits the topic andthe particle.

にくをHere よく stresses
meat, or the entire
act of eating meat.
“I eat meat often”.

たべます。

よく cannot go here
because it would split
the object and particle.

Here よく stresses
the act of eating. “Ioften eat meat”.
Putting theadverb in front of
the verb is thesafest location.

You will not be tested on the slight differences in meaning detailed in this picture. It is only
here because many students ask about this each year. Adverbs will be allowed anywhere on
workbooks/tests as long as they are not grammatically wrong (e.g., in front of a particle).
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The reason we are learning five adverbs as a grammar point rather than just as vocabulary
is that this week’s adverbs have some important grammatical restrictions.

Positive Endings

Three of our frequency adverbs require a sentence to end in a positive verb.

Every day

まいにち

わたしはまいにちやきゅうをします。
I play baseball every day.

Often

よく

わたしはビールをよくのみます。
I often drink beer.

Sometimes

ときどき

わたしはときどきにほんごをべんきょうします。
I sometimes study Japanese.

Negative

The adverbs あまり and ぜんぜん instead require a sentence to end in a negative verb
form. This does not create a double negative (e.g., “rarely don’t”) in Japanese.

Rarelyあまり

わたしはたばこをあまりすいません。
I rarely smoke cigarettes.

Never

ぜんぜん

わたしはぜんぜんうんどうしません。
I never exercise.

The English
translations
require positive
verbs, but theoriginal Japanese
always requires
negative verbs.

We therefore need to be careful when using these adverbs, as English translations for
あまり and ぜんぜん will use positive verbs despite the Japanese verbs being negative.

Positive Endings

おさけをのみますか。
[Do you drink alcohol?]
はい、まいにちおさけをのみます。
[Yes, I drink alcohol every day.]
はい、よくおさけをのみます。
[Yes I often drink alcohol.]
びる

Negative Endings

はい、ときどきビールをのみます。
[Yes, I sometimes drink beer.]

いいえ、おさけをあまりのみません。
[No, I rarely drink alcohol.]
いいえ、おさけをぜんぜんのみません。
[No, I never drink alcohol.]84

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CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかいJapanese Homes
A traditional Japanese house is made up of a number of distinct areas, each with its own
name. Obviously, many Japanese people now live in apartments or non-traditional houses.
But don’t be surprised if you see some traditional features in any Japanese home.
Most homes (including apartments) will have a げんかん,or entrance area for removing your shoes. Shoes are placedfacing the door, so they are easy to put on when you leave,and sometimes you will see a ふみだい, or step, as well.
Some houses will also have a small shoe closet here.

ゆか

The floor area where you take off your shoes is known as the
たたき or どま. Sometimes, a piece of wood on the step
will separate the たたき from the main house. This iscalled the あがりかまち. Finally, a “real” floor is the ゆか.
Traditional-style rooms are called わしつ, while a living room isknown as an いま. Traditionally, flooring is made from tatami
mats, but wood and other materials are now quite popular.

かみだな

ぶつだん

An average living room will likely resemble yours, in that it will
have sofas, televisions, coffee tables, ect. At least one room may
have a special alcove though, called a とこのま. Here you canoften see traditional wall hangings and a ぶつだん or かみだな.
The former is a shrine to pray to Buddah or one’s ancestors, thelatter is a Shinto altar that hangs from above. It is notuncommon for a house to have both, although you probably
won’t find either in smaller apartments. Bedrooms will often
then have an おしいれ, or closet with sliding doors, for futons,
but frames and matresses are common now in many homes.

Finally, a Japanese bathroom, or よくしつ, will likely
consist of a wide tiled area with a tub. Before bathing, thebathtub, or よくそう, is filled. The tub is usually square,
and takes up a corner of the room. Family members go in
one by one in the evening. Each first takes a quick showerin the area outside the tub, usually while seated, hops in
the bath to soak, and then takes another quick shower.
One tub’s worth of water is generally shared. Obviously
smaller apartments will just have a standing shower instead!

よくそう

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WEEK 3 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 3
Exercise 3.1
Practice writing this week’s katakana. Be sure to pay attention to shape and balance. Eachhiragana should take up the same amount of space. Use the first three pictures to trace. In
the last box, try free-writing all 5 characters in each set so they are the same size.
1. アーオ

ア

イ

ウ

エ

オ

アイウエオ

2. カーコ

カ

キ

ク

ケ

コ

カキクケコ

3. サーソ

サ

シ

ス

セ

ソ

サシスセソ

Exercise 3.2
Change the sentences below from Romanized Japanese to hiragana, and then translatethem into English. Pay particular attention to long vowels and sutegana.
1. are wa kissaten dewa arimasen.
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
Translation: _________________________________________.
2. ano nihonjin wa daigakusei janai desu.
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
Translation: _________________________________________.
Exercise 1.2 continues on the next page.

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3. chihiro-san no sensei wa dare desu ka.
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
Translation: _________________________________________.
4. iie, sono kaban wa watashi no kaban dewa nai desu.
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
Translation: _________________________________________.
5. ano onna no hito wa tabako wo suimasuka.
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
Translation: _________________________________________.
6. kare wa amari niku o tabemasen. demo, yoku sakana o tabemasu.
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
Translation: _________________________________________.
Exercise 3.3
Looking at the picture below, answer the questions that follow. Answer using Japanesewritten in hiragana.
さとしさん

ゆりかさん

あきはらさんのりこさん

1. あれはだれのみずですか。
___________________________________________________
2. あのじしょはだれのじしょですか。
___________________________________________________
3. あれはだれのりんごですか。
___________________________________________________
4. あれはだれのさいふですか。
___________________________________________________87

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Exercise 3.4
Answer the following questions about yourself using Japanese written in hiragana.
1. たばこをすいますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
2. まいにちにくをたべますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
3. にほんごをよくべんきょうしますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
4. にほんのえいがをみますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
5. あした、なにをしますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
Exercise 3.5
Change the words below from either Romanized Japanese into katakana, or from katakana
into Romanized Japanese. Then, try to figure out the meaning by pronouncing the word.
Use a dictionary to confirm your answers, but try on your own first!
1. koosu: Katakana __________________ English __________________

2. kaosu: Katakana __________________ English __________________

3. aisu: Katakana __________________ English __________________

4. uea: Katakana __________________ English __________________

5. gia: Katakana __________________ English __________________

6. エア: Romanization _______________ English __________________

7. エーアイ: Romanization _______________ English __________________
8. クイズ : Romanization _______________ English __________________
9. ゲージ : Romanization _______________ English __________________
10. コア: Romanization _______________ English __________________

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Exercise 3.6
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. End the sentence with a noun in the negative form.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Ask a yes/no question ending in ですか, and then answer it in the negative.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Ask and answer a question using だれ______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
4. Ask and answer a question using だれの______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
5. Write a positive sentence using a verb and no direct object.
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
6. Write a negative sentence using a verb and a direct object.
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
7. List something you often do and something you rarely do.
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________89

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WEEK 3 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 3
Exercise 3.1
Makesureandyourbalance.
katakana Eachare all
Practice writing this week’s katakana. Be sure to pay attention to
shape
of
a
similar
size,
and
don’t
curve
hiragana should take up the same amount of space. Use the first three pictures to trace.
In
too much! Check how you canthe last box, try free-writing all 5 characters in each set so they are the same size.
improve your handwriting, andnote any bad shapes.

1. アーオアイDon’t forget to also trace over the
first two “grey” kana for practice!

ウ

エ

オ

アイウエオ

2. カーコ

カ

キ

ク

ケ

コ

カキクケコ

3. サーソ

サ

シ

ス

セ

ソ

サシスセソ

Exercise 3.2
Change the sentences below from Romanized Japanese to hiragana, and then translatethem into English. Pay particular attention to long vowels and sutegana.
1. are wa kissaten dewa arimasen.

あれはきっさてんではありません。
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
That (thing over there) is not a cafe.
Translation: _________________________________________.
2. ano nihonjin wa daigakusei janai desu.

あのにほんじんはだいがくせいじゃないです。
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
Japanese person (over there) is not a uni student.
Translation: That_________________________________________.
Exercise 1.2 continues on the next page.

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3. chihiro-san no sensei wa dare desu ka.

ちひろさんのせんせいはだれですか。
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
Who is Chihiro’s teacher?/Chihiro, who is your teacher?
Translation: _________________________________________.
4. iie, sono kaban wa watashi no kaban dewa nai desu.

いいえ、 そのかばんはわたしのかばんではないです。
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
No, that bag (near you) is not my bag.
Translation: _________________________________________.
5. ano onna no hito wa tabako wo suimasuka.

あのおんなのひとはたばこをすいますか。
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
Does that woman (over there) smoke?
Translation: _________________________________________.
6. kare wa amari niku o tabemasen. demo, yoku sakana o tabemasu.

かれはあまりにくをたべません。でも、よくさかなをたべます。
Japanese: ___________________________________________.
He doesn’t eat much meat. But he often eats fish.
Translation: _________________________________________.
Exercise 3.3
Looking at the picture below, answer the questions that follow. Answer using Japanesewritten in hiragana.
さとしさん

ゆりかさん

あきはらさんのりこさん

1. あれはだれのみずですか。

（あれは）のりこさんのみずです。
___________________________________________________
2. あのじしょはだれのじしょですか。

（あのじしょは）あきはらさんのじしょです。
Make sure to place ~さん after___________________________________________________
people’s names!

3. あれはだれのりんごですか。

（あれは）さとしさんのりんごです。
___________________________________________________
4. あれはだれのさいふですか。

（あれは）ゆりかさんのさいふです。
___________________________________________________
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This is a model.

Exercise 3.4
Your answer(s) may differ.
Answer the following questions about yourself using Japanese written
Checkinwithhiragana.
another classmate!
1. たばこをすいますか。

いいえ、ぜんぜんすいません＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
2. まいにちにくをたべますか。
ゆりかさんのさいふです。

。

はい、まいにち（にくを）たべます。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
3. にほんごをよくべんきょうしますか。

Remember: if you use あまり or ぜんぜん, the

まいにちべんきょうします。
sentence has to end in the negative form.
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
4. にほんのえいがをみますか。

はい、ときどきみます。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
5. あした、なにをしますか。

あした、サッカーをします。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
Exercise 3.5
Change the words below from either Romanized Japanese into katakana, or from katakana
into Romanized Japanese. Then, try to figure out the meaning by pronouncing the word.
Use a dictionary to confirm your answers, but try on your own first!

コース

Course1. koosu: Katakana __________________ English __________________

2. kaosu

カオス
Chaos: Katakana __________________English __________________

3. aisu

アイス
Ice cream: Katakana __________________English __________________

4. ueaウエア
Clothing: Katakana __________________English __________________

5. gia: Katakana __________________ English __________________

6. エア

ea
Air
: Romanization _______________English __________________

ギア

Gear

eeai or eiai
A. I. (Artificial Intelligence)
7. エーアイ: Romanization _______________English __________________
kuizu
Quiz
8. クイズ : Romanization _______________English __________________
geeji or geiji

Gauge

koa

Core or Stomach (muscles)

9. ゲージ : Romanization _______________ English __________________
10. コア: Romanization _______________ English __________________

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Exercise 3.6
Confirm your sentences bychecking
withinto
classmates
and/orWrite original sentences following the prompts, and then translatethemEnglish.
reviewing class content.

1. End the sentence with a noun in the negative form.

わたしはにほんじんじゃないです。
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Ask a yes/no question ending in ですか, and then answer it in the negative.

あなたはせんせいですか。
いいえ、 せんせいではありません。
______________________________________________________
Translation:

じゃ・では ＋
ないです・ありません______________________________________________________
3. Ask and answer a question using だれ

あのかんこくじんは、 だれですか。
パーク（ぱーく）さんです。
______________________________________________________
Translation

だれ will come after は______________________________________________________
4. Ask and answer a question using だれの

これはだれのコーヒー（こーひー）ですか。
わたしのコーヒーです。
______________________________________________________
Translation

Be sure a noun follows の______________________________________________________
5. Write a positive sentence using a verb and no direct object.

わたしはべんきょうします。
______________________________________________________
Translation

There should be no を______________________________________________________
6. Write a negative sentence using a verb and a direct object.

わたしはやきゅうをしません。
______________________________________________________

There must be an をTranslation______________________________________________________
7. List something you often do and something you rarely do.

わたしはおさけをよくのみます。 ワイン（わいん）をぜんぜんのみません。
______________________________________________________
Translation

Be sure to confirm______________________________________________________
the positive/negative rules for using adverbs!
Especially how あまり・ぜんぜん
require you to use a negative verb!
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WEEK FOUR・だいよんしゅう
AN INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE WRITING: KATAKANA 2/3
This week we will learn the remaining katakana! You’re almost literate in Japanese!

The “t/d” sounds: ta, chi, tsu, te, and to.
Our first katakana come from the “T/D” sounds. Like hiragana, ヂ and ヅ are rarely used.
ta

chi

tsu

te

to

タ チ ツ テ ト
タ チ ツ テ ト
da

(d)ji

(d)zu

de

do

ダ ヂ ヅ デ ド
ダ ヂ ヅ デ ド
The katakana シ and ツ look alike. Be careful so you don’t confuse them!
Shi is never small, and is written with two mostly-horizontal lines.
Tsu is written with two mostly-vertical lines, and also looks more like a smiley face;
it is the one used in kaomoji like ¯\_(ツ)_/¯.
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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

The = lines are mostly
horizontal. The
bottom stroke goesfrom left to right.

shi

tsu

シ
シ

ツ
ツ

The || lines aremostly vertical. The
bottom stroke goesfrom right to left.

ッ replaces small っ in katakana, so a word like kukkii (cookie) is written as クッキー.
See if you can read the words below!

タコス

tacos

takosu

ツアー

tour

tsuaa

デッキ

deck

dekki

コッテージチーズ

cottage cheesekotteeji chiizu

The “n” sounds: na, ni, nu, ne, and no.
Our next set of katakana is the “n” sounds. No difficult elements here!
na

ni

nu

ne

no

ナ ニ ヌ ネ ノ
ナ ニ ヌ ネ ノ95

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Can you read/understand the katakana words below?

ナゲット

chicken nugget

nagettoニーソックスknee-high socks

niisokkusu

ヌガー

nougatnugaa

ネット(inter)net

net

ノート

notebooknooto

The “h/b/p” sounds: ha, hi, fu, he, and ho.
Because katakana isn’t usually used for grammatical particles, ハ is mostly only read as ha.
ha

hi

fu

he

ho

ハ ヒ フ ヘ ホ
ハ ヒ フ ヘ ホ
Just like hiragana, “h” sounds become “b” when you add ゛, and “p” when you add ゜.

ハ
ha

ハ゛ ハ゜
ba

pa
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JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

ba

bi

bu

be

bo

バ ビ ブ ベ ボ
バ ビ ブ ベ ボ
pa

pi

pu

pe

po

パ ピ プ ペ ポ
パ ピ プ ペ ポ
Try reading and translating the katakana below:

ハッピー

happy

happii

ピーナッツ

peanuts

piinattsu

フードコートfood court

fuudokootoボイコット

boycottboikotto

ベビーカー

pram (baby car)bebiikaa

ホットドッグ

hot doghottodoggu

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The “m” sounds: ma, mi, mu, me, and mo.
As with the hiragana, there’s no real tricks with the katakana “m” list!
ma

mi

mu

me

mo

マ ミ ム メ モ
マ ミ ム メ モ
Try reading these “m” words:

マーケット

marketmaaketto

ミニマム

minimum

minimamu

ムード

mood

muudo

メッセージ

messagemesseiji

モーターホーム

caravan/motorhomemootaahoomu

The “y” sounds: ya, yu, and yo.
Once again, the only “Y” sounds we learn and use are ya, yu, and yo. Katakana for yi andye exist, but both they and the sounds yi and ye have mostly disappeared from Japanese.
ya

yu

ヤ

ユ

se

yo

ヨ
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ヤ

ユ

ヨ

Let’s try three quick readings using “Y” sounds:

ヤフー

Yahoo (website)

yafuu

ユニーク

uniqueyuniiku

ヨガ

yoga

yoga

Like their hiragana counterparts, these three katakana can be shrunk down (ャ・ュ・ョ)to create glides. Let’s try few readings using these small ャュョ for glides.

チョーク

chalk

chookuキャスト

cast (of a show)

kyasutomusic

myuujikku

ミュージックThe “r” sounds: ra, ri, ru, re, and ro.
For the “R” set, remember to practice proper pronunciation. Although the katakana andhiragana for ri look similar written (り vs リ), they are distinct (り vs リ) when printed.
ra

ri

ru

re

ro

ラ リ ル レ ロ
ラ リ ル レ ロ
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Let’s read some “r” words.

ラジオ

radio

rajio

レベルアップlevel upreberu appu

The other sounds: wa, wo, and n
The last 3 katakana are wa, wo, and n. ヲ is rare since katakana isn’t used for grammar.
wa

shi

(w)o

se

n

ワ

ヲ

ン

ワ

ヲ

ン

The katakana ソ and ン look alike, so be careful!

The | line is mostly
vertical. The bottom
stroke goes fromright to left.

so

n

ソ
ソ

ン
ン

The ― line is morevertical. The bottom
stroke goes up less, andruns from left to right.

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SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 4.1: Lunchtime/ランチタイム

あ、ランチタイムですよ。
きょう、セーラさんはなにをたべますか。
きょう、わたしはカレーをたべますよ。
オーストラリアのカレーですか。
どうですか。おいしいですか。
インドカレーですよ。とてもおいしいです。
にほんのカレーは、インドのカレーじゃありませんね。
そうですね。
にほんのカレーは、たいていからくないですね。
でも、にほんのカレーもおいしいですね。
そうですね!

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Dialogue 4.1: Translation

Ah, it’s lunchtime!
Sarah, what will you eat today?
Today I will have curry.
Is it Australian curry?
How is it? Is it delicious?
It’s Indian curry. It’s very delicious.
Japan’s curry isn’t Indian curry, right?
That’s right.
Japanese curry usually isn’t spicy.
But Japanese curry is also delicious.
I agree!

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Dialogue 4.2: Houses & Apartments /うちとアパート

たろうさんのあたらしいアパートはどれですか。
わたしのアパートですか。あれですよ。
あまりよくないです。ちょっとせまいです。
でも、わたしのへやはあかるいへやです。
みちこさんのうちはどれですか。
あれですよ。あのたかいうちです。

お、おおきいですね！いいうちですね。
そうですね。
でも、とてもふるいですよ。

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Dialogue 4.2: Translation

Taro, which is your new apartment?
My apartment? It’s that over there.
It’s not very good. It’s a little cramped.
But my room is a bright room.
Which house is yours, Michiko?
That one over there. That tall house over there.

Oh, it’s really big isn’t it! It’s a nice house.
Yeah, I agree.
But it’s really old.

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VOCABULARY・ごいい Adjectives

General Nouns
あぱとapartment

アパート

あかるい

bright

くらい

dark

あたらしい

new

いえ

house
house

いぬ

dog

ふるい

old

(インド)カレー(Indian) curry

いい

good

かわ

river

わるい

bad

たべもの

food(s)

おいしいdelicious

とけい

clock

からい

spicy

うでどけい

まずい

awful (taste)

ねこ

wristwatch
cat

おおきい

big

のみもの

drink(s)

ちいさい

small

ゆうびんきょくpost office

おもしろいinteresting, funny

れrestaurant

つまらないboring

かわいい

cute

たかい

expensive, tall

うち

い

ん

す

ど

と

か

ら

ん

レストラン

れ

Adverbs

No real difference
between the two.

Note theirregular
spelling.

Only objects can be ふるい.
People are never ふるい!

いつもalwaysやすい

inexpensive, cheap

たいてい

usually

ひろい

wide, spacious

ちょっと

a little

せまい

cramped

とても

very

やさしい

kind, easy

むずかしいdifficultやすい does notalways have thenegative feelthat “cheap” canhave in English.

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GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar point 4.1: い adjectives
Our first grammar point this week is how to use “い adjectives”. To review, adjectives
are words that modify or describe nouns. The highlighted words below are all adjectives.
This is a fast car.
This car is fast.

That pizza is delicious.
That delicious pizza is expensive.

We have a cute cat.
Our cute cat is small.

Where is the blue book?
The blue book is on top of the red book.

In English, adjectives either come before nouns (e.g., a fast car) or after nouns (e.g., the car
is fast). This is true in Japanese as well!
In both sentences below, “expensive” comes before “car”:
English:Japanese:

This (thing) is an
これはたかい

expensive
くるま

car.
です。

In both sentences below, “expensive” comes after “car” instead. However, in Japanese“expensive” comes before the copular verb (です/is) rather than after.
English:Japanese:

This car
このくるまはis
たかい

expensive.
です。

Japanese is different from English in having two verb types though: い adjectives and な
adjectives. This week, we will learn い adjectives. We will study な adjectives next week.
い adjectives all end with the hiragana い, and either attach directly to a noun (creating anoun phrase) or to the copular verb です。In other words, they can be used in two ways:
1. [い adjective]+[noun]
This creates a noun phrase that can be used anywhere we can use a noun:
おいしいりんごは…
わたしはおいしいりんごをたべます。
これはおいしいりんごです。

Here, “tasty apple” is the topic.
Here, “tasty apple” is the object.
Here, “tasty apple” describes the topic.

2. [topic]は[い adjective]です。
This formula creates an entire sentence, where the い adjective describes the topic:
せんせいのりんごはおいしいです。

Here, the apple(s) is/are “tasty”.
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The い adjectives we learn this week are mostly pairs of opposites. You probably alreadysaw them in this week’s vocabulary list, but let’s have another look:

あかるい

bright, cheerful

くらい

dark

あたらしい

new

ふるい

old

いい

good

わるい

bad

おいしい

delicious

まずいawful, gross (taste)

おおきい

big

ちいさい

small

おもしろい

interesting, funny

つまらないboringたかい

expensive, tallやすい

inexpensive

ひろいwide, spacious

せまいcramped

やさしいkind, easy

むずかしいdifficult

Finally, we have two other useful adjectives that aren’t part of obvious pairs:

cute

かわいい

からい

spicy

All of these い adjectives can be used with the grammar patterns we have learned so far to
create sentences with more detail than what we’ve done up until now:
これはむずかしいきょうかしょです。
[This is a difficult textbook.]
れ

す

と

ら

ん

あのレストランはたかいです。でも、おいしいです。
[That restaurant is expensive. But, it is delicious.]
きょう、わたしはおもしろいにほんのえいがをみます。
[Today, I will watch an interesting Japanese movie.]
わたしのせんせいはあかるいひとです。たいていやさしいです。
[My teacher is a cheerful person. She is usually kind.]あぱとマイクさんのあたらしいアパートは、とてもせまいです。
[Mike’s new apartment is very cramped.]

Don’t forget! Some English
adjectives (like Australian)
don’t exist in Japanese, but
are instead created by using
a noun followed by の.

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Of course, adjectives can be used in questions as well:「あのきっさてんのおちゃはおいしいですか。」「はい、とてもおいしいです。」[“Is that café’s tea delicious?”“Yes, it is very delicious.”]
あ

め

り

か

「アメリカのえいがはおもしろいですか。」「いいえ、つまらないです。」[“Are American movies interesting?”“No, they are boring.”]「せんせいのあたらしいいえはおおきいですか。」「いいえ、ちいさいです。」[“Is the teacher’s new house big?”]“No, it’s small.”]or [“Teacher, is your new house big?”]「よくからいたべものをたべますか。」「いいえ、あまりたべません。」[“Do you often eat spicy food?”“No, I don’t eat it much.”]Grammar point 4.2: Negating い adjectives
When a sentence containing an adjective ends with a noun (+です) or a verb, just negate
the noun or verb. For instance, in Example 1 the whole noun phrase “delicious
restaurant” is negated, and in Example 2 the speaker does not drink alcohol that isexpensive, so we are negating the verb not the adjective.
れ

す

と

ら

ん

これはおいしいレストランです。

This is a delicious restaurant.

これはおいしいレストランじゃないです。

This is not a delicious restaurant.

わたしはたかいおさけをよくのみます。
わたしはたかいおさけをあまりのみません。

I often drink expensive alcohol.
I rarely drink expensive alcohol.

To negate a sentence that instead ends in an い adjective (e.g, “not red”), use this pattern:
1. Delete the final い

2. Add く

3. Add ないです or ありません

おいし い

おいし く

おいし く ないです

ちいさ い

ちいさ く

ちいさ く ありません

かわい い

かわい く

かわい く ありません

There is one exception: いい (good) becomes よくないです or よくありません .
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Use this pattern in the basic [X]は[Y]です structure to say something is not [adjective].
このほんはおもしろくないです。
[This book is not interesting.]or

このほんはおもしろくありません。
[This book is not interesting.]

Compare the sentence above with a sentence that negates a noun phrase instead:
これはおもしろいほんではないです。or これはおもしろいほんではありません。
[This is not an interesting book.][This is not an interesting book.]
We can use adverbs with adjectives as well. This week’s vocabulary list contains threeuseful ones: とても (very), たいてい (usually), and ちょっと (a little).
にほんごはとてもたのしいです。たいていおもしろいです。
[Japanese is very fun. It is usually interesting.]
これはちょっとたかいですね。
[This is a little expensive, yeah?]
We can also use あまり and ぜんぜん with adjectives. Just like with verbs, these adverbs
only modify negative adjectives. The meaning of these adverbs do change slightly
when used with adjectives though: あまり becomes “not very” instead of “rarely”, andぜんぜん becomes “not [adjective] at all”.
あのきっさてんはあまりよくありません。
[That café over there is not very good.]かれにほんのカレーはぜんぜんからくないです。
[Japanese curry usually isn’t spicy at all.]
ま

っ

こ

り

マッコーリーだいがくのとしょかんはふるいですか。
[Is Macquarie University’s library old?]Three ways to say “No”

いいえ、あたらしいです。
[No, it’s new.]←No + correction

いいえ、ぜんぜんふるくありません。
[No, it’s not old at all.]←Negate

いいえ、ぜんぜんふるくないです。あたらしいです。←Negate & correction[No, it’s not old at all. It’s new.]109

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Grammar point 4.3: New questions via どう・どれですかThis week, we will learn two new question words/phrases. The first is [X]はどうですか,
which means “how is X?” or “how about X?”. Adjectives are often necessary to respond:「にほんごはどうですか。」[“How is Japanese?”「とてもおもしろいです。」“It’s very interesting.”]「あたらしいねこはどうですか。」[“How is your new cat?”]「かわいいです。でも、ちょっとつまらないです。
[“It’s cute. But, it’s a little boring.”]
Our second question word is どれ, which means “which (one)”. どれ is therefore thequestion version of これ・それ・あれ. It can be used before ですか or particles like を.
「せんせいのほんは、どれですか。」[“Which one is the teacher’s book?”「（せんせいのほんは）これです。」“(The teacher’s book is) this near me.”]「どれをのみますか。」[“Which one will you drink?”「それをのみます。」“I’ll drink that one near you.”

ま

い

く

「マイクさんのいぬは、どれですか。」「このおおきいいぬです。」[“Which is Mike’s dog?”“This big dog.”]

Just like これ・それ・あれ,
you cannot use どれ[noun] tomean “which [noun]”. You
instead use どの, which we
introduce in Week 8.

Grammar point 4.4: Also/もThe particle も means “also” or “too”. It replaces は or を.
When replacing は, も shows that the sentence’s topic is similar to the topic of the previous
sentence (left), or that it performs the same behaviour/action (right).
X
Y

は
も

A

です。

X is A.
Y is also A.
わたしはせんせいです。
[I am a teacher.]
て

れ

ん

す

テレンスさんもせんせいです。
[Terrence is also a teacher.]

Examples continue on the next page.

or

X
Y

は
[Verb]。
もX (will) [verb(s)].
Y (will) also [verb(s)].

“I” and “Terrence” areboth teachers.

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これはにほんのたべものです。
[This near me is Japanese food.]
あれもにほんのたべものです。
[That over there is also Japanese food.]“This” and “that” areboth Japanese food.

このねこはとてもかわいいです。
[This cat near me is very cute.]
このねこもとてもかわいいです。
[This (other) cat near me is very cute too.]

Both cats are cute.

わたしはれきしをべんきょうします。
[I (will) study history.]
て

れ

ん

す

れ

す

“I” and “Terrence” willboth study history.

テレンスさんもれきしをべんきょうします。
[Terrence also studies history.] or [~ will also study history.]とらん

このレストランはおいしいたべものをつくります。
[This restaurant near me makes delicious food.]
あのきっさてんもおいしいたべものをつくります。
[That café over there makes delicious food as well.]

Both locations makedelicious food.

When も replaces を, it instead indicates that one topic does the same [verb] to two
different objects. The topic and verb must not change between the two sentences:
Xを[Verb]。
Y
もA (will) [verb(s)] X.
A (will) also [same verb(s)] Y.

A

び

は

る

わたしはビールをのみます。
[I drink beer.]
わ

い

あ

ん

ん

わたしはワインものみます。
[I also drink wine.]
べ

じ

た

り

The same person (I) does thesame thing (drink) to two items.

ベジタリアンはにくをたべません。たいていさかなもたべません。
[Vegetarians don’t eat meat. They usually don’t eat fish either.]
さ

っ

か

て

に

す

あした、わたしはサッカーをみます。テニスもみます。
[Tomorrow I will watch soccer. I will also watch tennis.]

The same people(vegetarians/I) do thesame thing(not eat/watch) to
two items (meat/fish,soccer/tennis).

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Grammar point 4.5: Sentence final particles
Our last grammar point for this week is an introduction to sentence final particles (SFPs).
These special particles attach to the ends of Japanese sentences to change their meaningslightly. We already know one SFP: か. This week, we will also learn ね and よ.
The sentence final particle ね is used to confirm information, or seek agreement.
これはおいしいです。
これはおいしいですね。

[This is delicious (statement of fact).][This is delicious, isn’t it (seeking confirmation).]The sentence final particle よ is used to convey information that you want to emphasize, orthat you think the person you’re talking to doesn’t know and/or should know.
[This is gross (I’m warning you! Be careful!).]

これはまずいですよ。
お

す

と

ら

り

あ

「すしはオーストラリアのたべものですか。」[Is sushi an Australian food?]「いいえ、にほんのたべものですよ。」[No, it’s a Japanese food (and you should know that, come on).]Let’s compare each SFP we know to see how they change a sentence’s meaning:[You ask me if some food is good]:[You take a bite of food before me]:[We both take a bite]:[I take a bite before you]:

おいしいです。
おいしいですか。
おいしいですね。
おいしいですよ。

←A statement.
←A question.
←Please confirm.
←I’m telling you!

The phrase そうです can also create useful phrases with ね and よ:「すしはにほんのたべものですか。」[“Is sushi Japanese food?]「そうです。」 [“Yes, that’s true. That is a fact.”]「そうですね。」[“Yes, that’s true. I also think that’s correct.”]「そうですよ。」[“Yes, that’s true, and I am surprised you didn’t know this.”]Finally, そうですね can also be used to buy time when answering a question.
「なにをたべますか。」「そうですね。カレーをたべます。」[“What are you going to eat?” “Let’s see… I will have curry.]112

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CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかい
The Trouble with Loanwords
As we’ve been learning katakana, you’ve no doubt noticed that Japanese uses a lot of words
that originate in English. However, we need to be careful assuming that these words havethe exact same meaning as their origin, or that a Japanese word which sounds English
actually even comes from the English language!
Caution Point 1: わせいえいご
わせいえいご literally means “Japan-created English”. The term refers to phrases andwords developed in Japan that are based on English, but not usually used by English
speakers. For instance, the vocabulary below sound English, but aren’t phrases we use:
し

る

ば

あ

し

て

れ

わ

あ

く

は

い

た

っ

ち

ま

じ

っ

く

て

ば

い

き

ん

ぐ

い

と

a. シルバーシート :b. テレワークc. ハイタッチい:telecommuting (tele-work):a high five (high touch)ぷd. マジックテープ :e. バイキング

elderly priority seating (silver seat):velcro (magic tape)a buffet/all-you-can-eat restaurant (viking)Caution Point 2: Meaning changes
In other cases, words will be adopted as-is, but change meaning in Japan or in English
over time. Sometimes, minor misunderstandings will also result in meaning differences.
は

い

て

ん

し

ょ

ん

For example, ハイテンション sounds like “high tension”. You may therefore think it refers
to stress. In reality though, it means “hyped”/“stoked”. Why? The term was adopted fromits use to refer to “high-tension power lines”, which are certainly full of energy.
Product names can also become generic names too. Staplers in Japan are usually not called
す

て

い

ぷ

ら あ

ほ

ち

き

す

ステープラー, but rather ホチキス. Why? Because the first staplers imported to Japan
were from the E. H. Hotchkiss company, and had “Hotchkiss” written on the sides.
Caution Point 3: Borrowings from languages other than English
Sometimes you might read a word in katakana over and over and still not understand it. In
this case, it’s worth considering if maybe it’s from another language all together!
あ る ば い とぱ ん

お る ご お る

アルバイトPart-time job

パン
Bread

オルゴール
Music box

From: Germanarbeit “to work”

From: Portuguesepão “bread”

From: Dutch
orgel “music box”

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WEEK 4 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 4
Exercise 4.1
Practice writing this week’s katakana. Be sure to pay attention to shape and balance. Eachhiragana should take up the same amount of space. Use the first three pictures to trace. In
the last box, try free-writing all 5 characters in each set so they are the same size.
1. タート

タ

チ

ツ

テ

ト

タチツテト

2. ナーノ

ナ

ニ

ヌ

ネ

ノ

ナニヌネノ

3. ハーホ

ハ

ヒ

フ

ヘ

ホ

ハヒフヘホ

4. マーモ

マ

ミ

ム

メ

モ

マミムメモ

5. ラーロ

ラ

リ

ル

レ

ロ

ラリルレロ
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6. ヤーヨ, ワ, and ン

ヤ

ユ

ヨ

ワ

ン

ヤユヨワン

Exercise 4.2
Change the words below from Romanized Japanese into katakana, or from katakana into
Romanized Japanese. Then, pronounce each word to figure out the meaning. Use adictionary only to confirm your answers; try without one first!
1. jiinzu: Katakana ________________ English ________________

2. panfuretto: Katakana ________________ English ________________

3. furansu: Katakana ________________ English ________________

4. mattoresu: Katakana ________________ English ________________

5. wanmanshoo : Katakana ________________ English ________________
6. ホラー: Romanization _____________ English ________________

7. トピック: Romanization _____________ English ________________

8. ハンバーガー : Romanization _____________ English ________________
9. ワンパターン : Romanization _____________ English ________________
10. カンガルー: Romanization _____________ English ________________

Exercise 4.3
Change each adjective into its negative form.
くらいです。

いいです。

やすいです。

おいしいです。

かわいいです。

からいです。

つまらないです。

ちいさいです。
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Exercise 4.4
Read the essay, and then answer the questions in English.
わたしのなまえはマイケル・スミスです。じゅうはっさいです。オーストラリアじんです。でも、いまちゅうごくのだいがくのだいがくせいです。さんねんせいです。せんこう
はちゅうごくのぶんがくです。
わたしはよくスポーツをします。ときどきテニスもします。でも、ラグビーをあまりしま
せん。べんきょうもあまりしません。わるいですね。いいがくせいじゃないです。
1. What is the author’s name? ______________________________________
2. How old is the author? _________________________________________
3. Where does the author live? Is it different from their place of birth? If so, why?
_________________________________________________________
4. What is the author’s major? ______________________________________
5. What does the author often do? ___________________________________
6. Are they a good student? Why or why not? ____________________________
Exercise 4.5
Describe each picture using three sentences. You can use noun phrases (e.g., にほんののみもの), verb phrases (e.g., にくをたべます), and adjectives in positive or negative forms. See
the example answer in Question 1.
1.

EXAMPLE: このねこはおおきくないです。ちいさいです。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. このいえは________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. このとけいは________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
このきっさてんは
4. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 4.6
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese (using hiragana and katakana).
1. My major is also international studies.
_______________________________________________________
2. This apartment isn’t dark, isn’t it (= don’t you agree?)_______________________________________________________
3. Is that (near you) interesting?
_______________________________________________________
4. Whose book is the small book? (Hint: “the small book” is the topic)_______________________________________________________
5. Mariko will play baseball tomorrow. She will play tennis too.
_______________________________________________________
Exercise 4.7
Translate the following Japanese sentences into English.
1. あやこさんのいぬは、あまりかわいくありません。でも、いいいぬです。
_______________________________________________________
2. せんせいはやさしいひとではないです。ぜんぜんよくないです。
_______________________________________________________
3. わたしもまいにちにくをたべます。
_______________________________________________________
4. 「ビールをのみますか。」「はい。にほんしゅものみますよ。」_______________________________________________________
5. 「あなたのりんごはどれですか。」「このあかるいりんごです。」_______________________________________________________117

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Exercise 4.8
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write a sentence that includes an い adjective in the positive form.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence that ends in an い adjective in the negative form.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Ask and answer a question using どうですか。
Q:____________________________________________________
A:____________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
4. Ask and answer a question using どれですか。
Q:____________________________________________________
A:____________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
5. Write two sentences which use も to contrast topics (も replaces は)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
6. Write two sentences which use も to contrast direct objects (も replaces を)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________

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WEEK 4 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 4
Make sure your katakana are all
Exercise 4.1
a similar size, and don’t curve
Practice writing this week’s katakana. Be sure to pay attention to ofshapeand balance. Eachtoo much! Check how you canhiragana should take up the same amount of space. Use the first threepictures to trace. In
improve your handwriting, andthe last box, try free-writing all 5 characters in each set so they are thenotesameanysize.
bad shapes.

1. タートタツトチDon’t forget to also trace over the
first two “grey” kana for practice!

テ
タチツテト

2. ナーノ

ナ

ニ

ヌ

ネ

ノ

ナニヌネノ

3. ハーホ

ハ

ヒ

フ

ヘ

ホ

ハヒフヘホ

4. マーモ

マ

ミ

ム

メ

モ

マミムメモ

5. ラーロ

ラ

リ

ル

レ

ロ

ラリルレロ
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6. ヤーヨ, ワ, and ン

ヤ

ユ

ヨ

ワ

ン

ヤユヨワン

Exercise 4.2
Change the words below from Romanized Japanese into katakana, or from katakana into
Romanized Japanese. Then, pronounce each word to figure out the meaning. Use adictionary only to confirm your answers; try without one first!
1. jiinzu

ジーンズ
Jeans
: Katakana ________________English ________________

2. panfuretto

パンフレットPamphlet: Katakana ________________English ________________

3. furansu

フランスFrance: Katakana ________________English ________________

4. mattoresu

マットレス
Mattress: Katakana ________________English ________________

ワンマンショー
man show (solo show)
5. wanmanshoo : Katakana ________________English One________________
6. ホラー

Horror: Romanization horaa_____________ English ________________

7. トピック

topikkuTopic: Romanization _____________English ________________

Hamburger
8. ハンバーガー : Romanization hanbaagaa_____________ English ________________
Boring, repetitive
9. ワンパターン : Romanization wanpataan_____________ English ________________
10. カンガルー

Kangaroo: Romanization kangaruu_____________ English ________________

Exercise 4.3～くありません andChange each adjective into its negative form.
~くないです areくらいです。
interchangeable
here.
くらくないです。

いいです。

よくないです。

やすいです。

やすくありません。

おいしいです。

おいしくありません。

かわいいです。

かわいくないです。

からいです。

からくないです。

つまらないです。

つまらなくありません。 ちいさいです。

ちいさくありません。
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Exercise 4.4
Read the essay, and then answer the questions in English.
わたしのなまえはマイケル・スミスです。じゅうはっさいです。オーストラリアじんです。でも、いまちゅうごくのだいがくのだいがくせいです。さんねんせいです。せんこう
はちゅうごくのぶんがくです。
わたしはよくスポーツをします。ときどきテニスもします。でも、ラグビーをあまりしま
せん。べんきょうもあまりしません。わるいですね。いいがくせいじゃないです。

Micheal Smith
1. What is the author’s name? ______________________________________
18.
2. How old is the author? _________________________________________
3. Where does the author live? Is it different from their place of birth? If so, why?

China. Yes, they moved there for university.
_________________________________________________________
Chinese literature.

4. What is the author’s major? ______________________________________

Sports, sometimes tennis, but rarely rugby.
5. What does the author often do? ___________________________________
No. Because they don’t study.
6. Are they a good student? Why or why not? ____________________________
Exercise 4.5
Describe each picture using three sentences. You can use noun phrases (e.g., にほんののみもの), verb phrases (e.g., にくをたべます), and adjectives in positive or negative forms. See
the example answer in Question 1.
1.

EXAMPLE: このねこはおおきくないです。ちいさいです。
____________________________________________________________
ミルクをのみます。
__________________________________________________
かわいいです。

You only need to list the topic__________________________________________________
once for each item.

Your answers will likely differ, so
2. このいえはとてもふるいです。
____________________________________________________________
check with your classmates!
ぜんぜんあたらしくないです。よくないです。
__________________________________________________
ちょっとせまいです。

__________________________________________________

このとけいはあたらしいです。
3. ____________________________________________________________
たかいです。
__________________________________________________
ちょっとうるさいです。

__________________________________________________
このきっさてんはひろいです。
4. ____________________________________________________________
でも、たかいです。
__________________________________________________
とてもおいしいです。
__________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.6
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese (using hiragana and katakana).
1. My major is also international studies.
わたしのせんこうもこくさいがくです。
_______________________________________________________
2. This apartment isn’t dark, isn’t it (= don’t you agree?)
このアパートはくらくないですね。 ＯＲ ～くらくありませんね。
_______________________________________________________
3. Is that (near you) interesting?
それはおもしろいですか。
_______________________________________________________
4. Whose book is the small book? (Hint: “the small book” is the topic)
ちいさいほんはだれのほんですか。
Remember: question words_______________________________________________________
can’t come before は.

5. Mariko will play baseball tomorrow. She will play tennis too.
まりこさんはあしたやきゅうをします。 テニスもします。
_______________________________________________________
Exercise 4.7
Translate the following Japanese sentences into English.
1. あやこさんのいぬは、あまりかわいくありません。でも、いいいぬです。
Ayako’s dog isn’t very cute. But, it is a good dog.
_______________________________________________________
2. せんせいはやさしいひとではないです。ぜんぜんよくないです。
The teacher is not a kind person. They aren’t good at all.
_______________________________________________________
3. わたしもまいにちにくをたべます。
There are many ways
I also eat meat every day.
_______________________________________________________
to translate よ4. 「ビールをのみますか。」「はい。にほんしゅものみますよ。」“Do you drink beer?” “Yes. I drink sake (I am informing you).”_______________________________________________________
5. 「あなたのりんごはどれですか。」「このあかるいりんごです。」“Which is your apple?” “It’s this bright apple (near me).”_______________________________________________________

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Confirm your sentences by

Exercise 4.8
checking with classmates and/or
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them
intoclass
English.
reviewing
content.
1. Write a sentence that includes an い adjective in the positive form.

あのきっさてんはちいさいです。
______________________________________________________
Translation:

The adjective could appear at the end
or before a noun in the sentence.

______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence that includes an い adjective in a negative form.

このねこはぜんぜんかわいくないです。
Make sure the sentence ends with______________________________________________________
Translation:~くないです or~くありません______________________________________________________
3. Ask and answer a question using どうですか。

きょうのひるごはんはどうですか。
Q:____________________________________________________

The answer should

あまりおいしくないです。
be an adjective.
A:____________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
4. Ask and answer a question using どれですか。

せんせいのくるまはどれですか。
Q:____________________________________________________
あのあおいくるまです。
A:____________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
5. Write two sentences. In the second sentence, use も to replace は.

わたしはがくせいです。
Sentences should match a______________________________________________________
A is/does X.

かおりさんもだいがくせいです。
______________________________________________________
B also is/does X.
Translation

format.

______________________________________________________
6. Write two sentences. In the second sentence, use も to replace を.

ロクランさんはテニスをします。
______________________________________________________
Sentences should match a（ロクサンさんは）ラグビーもします。
______________________________________________________
A does X.
Translation

A does Y too.
format.

______________________________________________________123

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WEEK FIVE・だいごしゅう
AN INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE WRITING: KATAKANA 3/3
This is the last week where we will learn about katanaka! To review, let’s look at thecomplete list of katakana characters:

k

s

t

n

h

m

y

r

wa

ヤ

ラ

ワ

リ

wo

ル

ヲ

レ

n

ロ

ン

a

ア

カ

サ

タ

ナ

ハ

マ

i

イ

キ

シ

チ

ニ

ヒ

ミ

u

ウ

ク

ス

ツ

ヌ

フ

ム

e

エ

ケ

セ

テ

ネ

ヘ

メ

o

オ

コ

ソ

ト

ノ

ホ

モ

ユ

ヨ

The last element of katakana writing is sutegana. Like with hiragana, katakana can attach
small versions of ヤ, ユ, and ヨ to characters that end in an “i” sound to create glides:
チャット = chatto = (online) chatミャンマー = myanmaa = Myanmar (Burma)
キュート = kyuuto = cuteピューレ = pyuure = puree
ショップ = shoppu = shop
ジョブ = jobu = job

チ (chi) + ャ (small ya) = cha
み (mi) + ャ (small ya) = mya
キ (ki) + ュ (small yu) = kyu
ピ (pi) + ュ (small yu) = pyu
シ (shi) + ョ (small yo) = sho
ジ (ji) + ョ (small yo) = jo

However, katakana uses small versions of the a, i, u, e, and o characters (ァ, ィ, ゥ, ェ, ォ)as well. This is done to reproduce sounds that don’t exist in native Japanese words.
For example, the English word “tea” became tii in Japanese… but how can we write tii if
there is no native ti symbol (remember: ta chi tsu te to)? Similarly, “fast food” wasborrowed as fasuto fuudo. But how do we write fa when the only “f” sound is fu (ふ・フ)?
To create new sounds needed to write loan words, Japanese writers combined regularkatakana with small versions of アイウエオ. Like with ヤユヨ, these small characters
replace the original vowel sound of the katakana they are attached to.
For instance: “tea” is written in Japanese as ティー. The small イ indicates that テ (te) will
now be pronounced as ti, with i replacing the original e.
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パーティー = paatii = party
ファーストフード = faasutofuudo = fast foodフォーム = foomu = form
ディズニー = dizunii = Disney
チェス = chesu = chessシェフ = shefu = chef
ジェット = jetto = jet
デューデート = dyuudeito = due dateテ (te) + ィ (small i) = ti
フ (fu) + ァ (small a) = fa
フ (fu) + ォ (small o) = fo
デ (de) + ィ (small i) = diチ (chi) + ェ (small e) = che
シ (shi) + ェ (small e) = she
ジ (ji) + ェ (small e) = je
デ (de) + ュ (small yu) = dyu

This formula will work for almost any small katakana
you encounter. When you see a small katakana, just replace
the vowel of the large character it is attached to with thevowel sound made by the small character.

We have seen small yu sounds before,
but not with de. Because there is nonative di sound (da ji zu de do),Japanese uses de + yu to make dyu.

There is one exception: Japanese uses a normal sized ウ (u) with a small i, e, or o to create
a “w+[vowel]” sound. For instance, ウェット is not “u-e-tto”, but rather “we-tto”. Since ワ
exists though, we don’t write ウァ for wa. Let’s look at more examples of this “w” sound:
ウィートビックス
ウィキ
ウェーター
ウェットティッシュ
ウォッカ
ウォーター

wiito bikkusu = Weet-Bix
wiki = wiki (as in Wikipedia)
weetaa = waiter
wetto tisshu = wetwipe
wokka = vodka
wootaa = water

ウ (u) + ィ (small i) = wi
ウ (u) + ィ (small i) = wi
ウ (u) + ェ (small e) = we
ウ (u) + ェ (small e) = we
ウ (u) + ォ (small o) = wo
ウ (u) + ォ (small o) = wo

Finally, sometimes you may see ヴ in Japanese. You won’t find it in most dictionaries, andwe won’t use it at all in this class. However, since you may see it used in Japan wewant you to be aware of its existence so you can read it.
ヴ is combined with a small ァ, ィ, ゥ, ェ, or ォ to indicate “v+[vowel]”. As Japanese are
now more familiar with the “v” sound, some writers are using ヴ instead of “b” sounds.
English Word: “Virtual”
Standard Japanese:バーチャル(baacharu)“New” Form:

ヴァーチャル (vaacharu)

English Word: “Violin”
Standard Japanese:

バイオリン(biorin)“New” Form”:

ヴァイオリン (vaiorin)
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SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 5.1: At a shop/みせでまみさん、そのあかいふくはいいですね。
あたらしいですか。とてもすてきなふくです。
え、ありがとう！
まさしさんのピンクのふくもとてもすてきです。
よくふくをかいますか。
そうですね。よくインターネットでかいます。
やすくないです。でも、とてもべんりです。
まみさんはどこでかいものをしますか。
たいていにほんのゆうめいなショップでかいます。
べんりではありません。たかいです。
わたしはちょっとちいさいひとです。
オーストラリアのふくはとてもおおきいです。

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Dialogue 5.1: Translation

Mami, that red clothing is nice.
Is it new? It’s very attractive clothing.
Ah thank you!
Masashi, your pink clothes are also nice.
Do you often buy clothing?
Yes, I often buy clothing on the internet.
It isn’t cheap, but it is very convenient.
Where do you buy clothes Mami?
I usually buy them at a famous Japanese shop.
It is not convenient. It is expensive.
I’m kind of a small person.
Australia’s clothing is big.

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Dialogue 5.2: After class/クラスのあと

セーラさん、どこにいきますか。
あ、アパートにかえります。
アパートでにほんごをべんきょうします。
はるきさんもうちにかえりますか。
いいえ、かえりません。
でも、わたしもべんきょうします。
としょかんにいきます。そこでべんきょうします。
マッコーリーだいがくのとしょかんですか。
どんなとしょかんですか。
しずかなとしょかんですよ。
としょかんのすてきなきっさてんで
よくコーヒーをかいます。おいしいです。
そうですか。じゃ、わたしもいきます。
わたしのアパートはにぎやかです。

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Dialogue 5.2: Translation

Sarah, where are you going?
Ah, I’m going home to my apartment.
I will study Japanese at my apartment.
Are you going home too Haruki?
No, I will not go home.
But, I will also study.
I will go to the library. I will study there.
Maquarie’s library?
What kind of library is it?
It’s a quiet library.
I often buy coffee at the library’s nice café. It’s tasty.
Is that so? I’ll go too then.
My apartment is bustling/full of people.

129

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VOCABULARY・ごい
な Adjectives

General Nouns
いろcolour

かんたん(な)

easy

おんがく

music

きれい(な)

prettyかもく

subject (in school)

げんき(な)

energetic, lively,
healthy

こうえん

park

しずか(な)

quiet

コーヒー

coffeeしんせつ(な)

kind

コンビニ

convenience store

すてき(な)

attractive, nice

しゃしん

photograph

たいへん(な)

hard, difficult

スーパーsupermarket

にぎやか(な)bustling, busy

ちゃいろ

brown

べんり(な)

convenient

テスト

test

ゆうめい(な)

famous

パーティー
ピザ

party
pizza

ピンク

pink

ふく

Most colour
adjectives canbecome nouns byremoving い,blueclothing

あかい

red

みどり

green

いそがしい

busy

りょうり

food, cuisine

きいろいyellow

くろい

black

しろい

white

Verbs

This is busy as in“crowded”, e.g.,“a busy store”.
People are never
にぎやか.

い Adjectives
あおい

as in あお or あか.

For living
things only.
“Healthy food”
is not げんき.

This is busy as
in “lots of things
to do”, e.g., “abusy teacher”.

いきます

to go

かいます

to buyCompound Verbs

かえります

to return home

かいものしますto go/do shoppingきます

to come

りょうりしますto cook

ききます

to listen

とります

to takeThis is a generic
activity. When you
buy a specific thing,use かいます。

Question Phrases
なにいろ

What color?

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GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar point 5.1: Colours
In Japanese, many colours are い adjectives. Indeed, this week’s vocabulary list contains
many colours that fit this description.
これはあかいです。
[This is red.]

これはあかいりんごです。
[This is a red apple.]

それはあかくないです。
[That is not red.]

However, some colours in Japanese are nouns. This week’s vocabulary list includes ピンク,
ちゃいろ, and みどり. Colours that are い adjectives can also become nouns by removing
their final い (e.g., あか is the noun “red”). As nouns, colours work like other nouns: they
connect to nouns using の, and are negated using では・じゃ + ないです・ありません.
これはピンクです。 これはピンクのふくです。 それはピンクではありません。
[This is pink.][These are pink clothes.][That is not pink.]
Grammar point 5.2: な adjectives
As mentioned last week, Japanese has two types of adjectives: い adjectives and な
adjectives. While all い adjectives must end in い, な adjectives can end with any sound…
including い! We therefore have to be careful not to confuse な adjectives that end in い(such as きれい) with い adjectives!
Like all adjectives, な adjectives are used in either in front of nouns (to modify the nounand create a noun phrase), or at the end of sentences before です (to describe a topic).
While い adjectives attach directly to nouns (as in かわいい → ねこ), な adjectives attach tonouns via the prenominal (= before-noun) marker な. This is why they are “な” adjectives.
それはとてもきれいなふくです。
[That is very pretty clothing.]
あのレストランはとてもにぎやかなレストランですね。
[That restaurant is a very lively restaurant (= lots of customers).]
こくさいがくは、たいへんなかもくですか。
[Is International Studies a difficult subject?]
あのしずかなおとこのひとは、わたしのげんごがくのせんせいです。
[That quiet man over there is my linguistics teacher.]
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In contrast, な adjectives attach to です directly. There is therefore no difference between
how い adjectives and な adjectives end positive sentences.
かのじょはとてもしずかなひとです。
[She is a very quiet person.]
かのじょはとてもしずかです。
[She is very quiet.]
オーストラリアのでんしゃはべんりですか。
[Are Australian trains convenient?]
あのやまはとてもゆうめいですよ。
[That mountain over there is very famous.]
Unlike い adjectives though, な adjectives negate like nouns. To review, there are four
different ways to negate a noun in Japanese:
Step 1

Step 2

では
おんがく

じゃ

Step 3Result

ないです
ありません
ないです
ありません

NOT music

We use any of the same four methods for negating な adjectives:
Step 1

Step 2では
きれいじゃStep 3Result

ないです
ありません
ないです
ありません

NOT pretty

Let’s look at some examples that contrast negative な adjectives and い adjectives.
このねこはきれいじゃないですね。ぜんぜんかわいくありません。
[This cat isn’t pretty (don’t you agree). It’s not cute at all.]
あのレストランはしずかではないです。よくないですよ。
[This restaurant isn’t quiet. It’s not good (I’m telling you).]132

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Grammar point 5.3: どんな – what kind of
Our new question word this week is どんな, which means “what kind of”. どんな always
comes after は, and attaches directly to nouns just like an い adjective. Let’s compare:
トムさんはビールをのみますか。
[Does Tom drink beer?] or [Tom, do you drink beer?]
トムさんはやすいビールをのみますか。
[Does Tom drink cheap beer? or Tom, do you drink cheap beer?]
トムさんはどんなビールをのみますか。
[What kind of beer does Tom drink?] or [Tom, what kind of beer do you drink?]
When answering a question that uses どんな, just provide some kind of description. Thiscan be a noun/category (as with the answers in examples 1, 2, & 3), or a noun/adjective
combination (as in the answer in example 4).
ジェスさんはどんなおんがくをききますか。
[Jess, what kind of music do you listen to?]
わたしはブラックメタルをききます。
[I listen to black metal.]
あいこさんは、あしたどんなえいがをみますか。
[Aiko, what kind of movie will you see tomorrow?]
あしたアクションえいがをみます。
[I will watch an action film tomorrow.]
きょう、どんなりょうりをつくりますか。
[What kind of food are you going to make today?]
トッポギをつくります。トッポギはかんこくのからいもちです。
[I will make tteokbokki. Tteokbokki is Korean spicy mochi.]
せんせいはどんなひとですか。
[What kind of person is your teacher?]
しんせつなにほんじんです。
[They are a kind Japanese person.]133

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Grammar point 5.4: Marking destination with にThis week we will learn two new particles. The first new particle is に, which marks a noun
(or noun phrase) as a destination. That is, where someone is/will go/come/return to.
に is often used with the verbs いきます (go), きます (come), and かえります (returnhome). The reason that these verbs don’t use を is that a destination is not a direct
object. Remember, to find the direct object in a sentence we ask “What is [verbed]”. For
instance, in the sentence “I eat pizza”, pizza is what is “eaten”.
As a result, destinations are not direct objects (they are called objects of the preposition)
because they are not affected by the verb. In the sentence “I go home”, we can’t ask“What is went?”. Indeed, the act of going/coming stops at the destination. Eating a pizza
affects the pizza; going to a house does nothing to the house.
This sentence marks としょかん with を
because it is the direct object. The
library is seen; something happens to it.

わたしはきょう、としょかんをみます。
[Today I will see the library.]

わたしはきょう、としょかんにいきます。This sentence marks としょかん with に[Today I will go to the library.]
because it is the destination. The libraryis not went; nothing happens to it.
If this is confusing at all, just repeat the sentence above: destinations are not direct
objects. Therefore, destinations are always marked with に rather than を.
Let’s look at some more uses of に in action. Note that ここ・そこ・あそこ and どこ allcount as destinations. Like topics and direct objects, destinations can also be dropped
when obvious, as in the answer to the fourth sentence below.
わたしはまいにちだいがくにいきます。
[I go to the university every day.]
あした、えいがかんにいきます。ジョーさんも(えいがかんに)いきますか。
[Tomorrow, I will go to the movie theatre. Joe, are you going (to there) too?]「いま、どこにいきますか。」[“Where are you going to now?”「あ、うちにかえりますよ。」“Ah, I’m going to my home.”]「きょうのパーティーにきますか。」「いいえ、きませんよ。いそがしいです。」[“Are you coming to the party today?” “No, I won’t come. I am busy.”]「トムさんはよくここにきますか。」[Does Tom often come to here? or Tom, do you often come to here?]In “natural” English, we
might drop “to” in someof these sentences. I’m
just including it to show
the grammar of に.

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Grammar point 5.5: Marking location of action with で
Our second particle is で. で contrasts with に by marking the location where an
activity occurs. Remember: going/coming does not occur at the place you go/come to!
わたしはぎんこうにいきます。
The act of “going” does not occur at the bank. Rather, it ends at the bank.

The bank is the destination, not the location where the activity (going) occurs.

To contrast a destination with a location of action, let’s look at some sentences which use
で to show something occurring at that location.
きょう、うちでゲームをします。
[Today, I will play games at my house.]“Play games” happensat the house.

せんせいはまいにちあのきっさてんでコーヒーをのみます。
[The teacher drinks coffee at that café every day.]「たいていどこでおさけをのみますか。」[“Where do you usually drink alcohol at?”“Drink coffee”
happens at the café.

“Drink alchol”「たいていバーでのみます。」
happens at a bar.
“I usually drink at a bar.”]「よくあのこうえんにいきます。」[“I often go to that park.”]「あのこうえんですか。あそこでなにをしますか。」[“That park over there? What do you do (at) there?”]「たいていこうえんでしゃしんをとります。」[“I usually take photos at the park.”]「すてきですね。わたしもよくこうえんにいきます。」[“That’s nice, isn’t it. I often go to parks too.”]
To sum up our particles so far:
1. は marks the topic of a sentence. It tells us what the sentence is about.
2. を marks the direct object of a sentence. It tell us what is affected by the verb.
3. に marks destination. It tell us where the subject/topic is headed.
4. で marks where an action occurs. It tell us where something happens.

Do not memorizeに or で as a “location
marker”. All particles
can mark locations.

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CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかい
Convenience Stores in Japan
Convenience stores (コンビニ) in Japan are everywhere, and tend to serve many morefunctions than those in Australia. Smaller コンビニ won’t have anything too surprising, butlarger ones often provide produces and services you might not expect.
Food
While コンビニ will obviously have your normal range of chips, lollies, and other snacks,
you can also find a wide variety of fresh food. Many コンビニ will have onigiri and bento
lunches, ranging from Japanese foods like soba to hamburgers and pasta. The food can bewarmed for you in a microwave when you buy it, and is usually pretty good for the price.
Many stores also offer simple items prepared in store. おでん, a type of build-your-own
stew, is offered in some コンビニ, but many also sell fresh fried chicken,
hot steamed buns (まんじゅう), and corndogs (called アメリカンドッグ).
Drinksfried food vs. oden

コンビニ offer a range of drinks. Sodas, juice, sports drinks, bottled water, and milk are allavailable both inside the コンビニ and often in vending machines just outside the door.
Stores will generally also sell a range of coffee-based drinks. かんコーヒー, or coffee in acan, is especially common and quite cheap. Cold, hot, and even iced options are available.
Unlike Australian convenience stores, most コンビニ will also sell alcohol. Smaller stores
will usually just have major brands of beer, small sake bottles, and cans of (usually sweet)
pre-mixed coctails made with しょうちゅう (a form of grain alcohol). Middle-to-larger
sized stores will likely also carry local beers, wine, and sometimes even bottles of liquor.
Other Items
Need a work shirt? Forgot your notebook? コンビニ generally have necessarily daily items
like pens, stationary, shirts, stockings, shampoo, toothbrushes, deodorant, gloves, andother sorts of day-to-day necessities. Obviously a コンビニ is not the best place to buy anyof these things in terms of quality/price, but if you need something now, one might haveyou covered. Large racks of magazines, manga, and books are also common.
Services
Finally, most medium to large size コンビニ also provide a number of useful local services.
You can usually find ATMs and a copier/printer/scanner which charges per-page. For
people without credit cards, you can also often pay your bills at the コンビニ, or even pay
for and pick up items you ordered online from major stores!
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WEEK 5 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 5
Exercise 5.1
Romanize the katakana in the table below. What sounds are represented?

1. ギャ_________ 2. ディ_________ 3. ジョ_________

4. ウィ_________ 5. チェ_________ 6. デュ_________

7. ピョ_________ 8. ジェ_________ 9. ショ_________

10. チョ

_________ 11. ティ_________ 12. ウォ_________

13. ニュ

_________ 14. キョ_________ 15. フィ_________

Exercise 5.2
In each sentence, select the correct particle from the options in each (X = no particle.

).

1. わたし（は・に・を）あそこ（に・で・を）ピザ（に・で・を）たべます。
2. このえいが（の・は・を）よく（ X・を・は）みますか。おもしろいですか。
3. サムさん（を・は・の）ほん（は・を・X）とても（X・を・で）つまらないです。あまり（を・に・X）おもしろくないです。
4. たいてい（を・で・X）どこ（を・で・X）おちゃ（を・で・X）のみますか。
5. あした（に・X・を）どこ（に・で・を）いきますか。
6. いま（に・X・を）うち（に・X・で）かえりますよ。
7. たかさん（X・は・を）どんな（X・は・を）おんがく（X・は・を）ききますか。
8. きれい（な・の・X）しゃしんですね。
9. あの（X・に・の）あたらしいレストラン（に・で・を）いきますか。
10. これ（を・は・で）だれ（の・を・で）きょうかしょですか。

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Exercise 5.3
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese. Pay special attention to yourparticles, and think carefully about the role of each part of the sentence (topic, location,
destination, object, etc.).
1. The quiet cat eats fish at the library. (Hint: you need は、な、を、and で)________________________________________________________
2. The pretty train will go to Sydney. (Hint: you need は、な、and に).
________________________________________________________
3. I will buy pink apples at that supermarket over there. (は、を、で、の)________________________________________________________
4. The busy teacher will go home. (No hints!)________________________________________________________
5. The interesting man near you always drinks black coffee. (No hints!)________________________________________________________
Exercise 5.4
Each sentence contains one error. Find the error, circle or highlight it, and then explain
why it is wrong.
1. せんせいはたいていあそこにたべます。

Error: ___________________

2. あのきっさてんはしずかなです。

Error: ___________________

3. きょう、わたしはいそがしいではないです。Error: ___________________
4. ともこはどこですか。

Error: ___________________

5. せんせいのほんはみどりなほんです。

Error: ___________________

6. ここはとてもしずかこうえんですね。

Error: ___________________

7. どこでいきますか。

Error: ___________________

8. たいていはなにをききますか。

Error: ___________________

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Exercise 5.5
Answer the questions about yourself/from your perspective using hiragana & katakana:
1. ときどきうちでりょうりをしますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
2. たいていどこでにほんごをべんきょうしますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
3. どんなスポーツをしますか。たのしいですか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
4. きょう、どこにいきますか。そこでなにをしますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
5. うちでたいていどんなたべものをたべますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
6. あなたのＴシャツは、なにいろですか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
Exercise 5.6
Rewrite every sentence so that they end in the negative form. Don’t forget to change
adverbs when necessary.
1. これはきれいです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
2. これはおいしいピザです。よくたべます。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
3. あのとしょかんはとてもいいです。いつもしずかです。すてきですね。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
4. あのスーパーはべんりです。まいにちいきます。やすいです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
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Exercise 5.7
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write a sentence that modifies a noun with a colour that is also a noun.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence that ends in a な-adjective (e.g., the cat is quiet).
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Write a sentence that uses a な-adjective to modify a noun (e.g., quiet cat).
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
4. Write a sentence using どんな, and an answer to the question.
Q: ____________________________________________________
A: ____________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
5. Write a sentence using に to mark destination.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
6. Write a sentence using で to mark location of action.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
7. Write a sentence that uses a colour as an い adjective.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
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WEEK 5 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 5
Exercise 5.1
Romanize the katakana in the table below. What sounds are represented?

1. ギャ

gya

2. ディ

di

3. ジョ

jo

4. ウィ

wi

5. チェ

che

6. デュ

dyu

7. ピョ

pyo

8. ジェ

je

9. ショ

sho

10. チョ

cho

11. ティ

ti

12. ウォ

wo

13. ニュ

nyu

14. キョ

kyo

15. フィ

fi

Exercise 5.2
In each sentence, select the correct particle from the options in each (X = no particle.

).

1. わたし（は・に・を）あそこ（に・で・を）ピザ（に・で・を）たべます。
2. このえいが（の・は・を）よく（ X・を・は）みますか。おもしろいですか。
3. サムさん（を・は・の）ほん（は・を・X）とても（X・を・で）つまらないです。あまり（を・に・X）おもしろくないです。
4. たいてい（を・で・X）どこ（を・で・X）おちゃ（を・で・X）のみますか。
5. あした（に・X・を）どこ（に・で・を）いきますか。
6. いま（に・X・を）うち（に・X・で）かえりますよ。
7. たかさん（X・は・を）どんな（X・は・を）おんがく（X・は・を）ききますか。
8. きれい（な・の・X）しゃしんですね。
9. あの（X・に・の）あたらしいレストラン（に・で・を）いきますか。
10. これ（を・は・で）だれ（の・を・で）きょうかしょですか。

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Exercise 5.3
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese. Pay special attention to yourparticles, and think carefully about the role of each part of the sentence (topic, location,
destination, object, etc.).
1. The quiet cat eats fish at the library. (Hint: you need は、な、を、and で)しずかなねこはとしょかんでさかなをたべます。
________________________________________________________
2. The pretty train will go to Sydney. (Hint: you need は、な、and に).
きれいなでんしゃはシドニーにいきます。
________________________________________________________
3. I will buy pink apples at that supermarket over there. (は、を、で、の)
わたしはあのスーパーでピンクのりんごをかいます。
________________________________________________________
4. The busy teacher will go home. (No hints!)
いそがしいせんせいは（うちに）かえります.
________________________________________________________
5. The interesting man near you always drinks black coffee. (No hints!)
そのおもしろいおとこのひとはいつもくろいコーヒーをのみます。
________________________________________________________
Exercise 5.4
Each sentence contains one error. Find the error, circle or highlight it, and then explain
why it is wrong.
1. せんせいはたいていあそこにたべます。

of action uses で not に
Error:Location___________________

2. あのきっさてんはしずかなです。

Error: ___________________
Never put な before です

Not correct い adjective negation
3. きょう、わたしはいそがしいではないです。Error: ___________________
4. ともこはどこですか。

Forgot さん
Error: ___________________

5. せんせいのほんはみどりなほんです。

Error: みどり___________________
is a noun – connect w/ の6. ここはとてもしずかこうえんですね。

adjectives needs な before nouns
Error: な___________________

7. どこでいきますか。

Destinations use に not でError: ___________________

8. たいていはなにをききますか。

Adverbs take no particles
Error: ___________________

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This is a model.

Exercise 5.5Your answer(s) may differ.
Checkwith another classmate!
Using hiragana and katakana, answer the following questions about
yourself:
1. ときどきうちでりょうりをしますか。
はい、よくします。 たいていかんこくのりょうりをつくります。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
2. たいていどこでにほんごをべんきょうしますか。
たいていとでょかんでべんきょうします。 うちであまりべんきょうしません。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
3. どんなスポーツをしますか。たのしいですか。
テニスをします。 はい、とてもたのしいです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
4. きょう、どこにいきますか。そこでなにをしますか。
きょう、マッコーリーセンターにいきます。 そこでピザをかいます。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
5. うちでたいていどんなたべものをたべますか。
うちでたいていちゅうごくのりょうりをたべます。
If the colour is an い adjective, it＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
6. あなたのＴシャツは、なにいろですか。

connects directly to the noun. If
it’s a noun, it connects via の.

わたしのＴシャツは、「ＣＯＬＯＵＲ」です。 OR 「ＣＯＬＯＵＲ」Ｔシャツです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
Exercise 5.6
Rewrite every sentence so that they end in the negative form. Don’t forget to change
adverbs when necessary.
1. これはきれいです。
じゃ・では are always
これはきれいじゃないです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
interchangeable, as are

2. これはおいしいピザです。よくたべます。

ないです and ありません

これはおいしいピザじゃないです。 あまりたべません。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
3. あのとしょかんはとてもいいです。いつもしずかです。すてきですね。
あのとしょかんはあまりよくありません。ぜんぜんしずかじゃないです。 すてきじゃないですね。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ね。
4. あのスーパーはべんりです。まいにちいきます。やすいです。
あのスーパーはべんりではないです。 ぜんぜんいきません。 やすくないです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
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Confirm your sentences bychecking with classmates and/or
reviewing class content.

Exercise 5.7
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write a sentence that modifies a noun with a colour that is also a noun.

せんせいのほんはあのみどりのほんです。
______________________________________________________
Translation:

The sentence needs to have[color]の[noun] somewhere inside.

______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence that ends in a な-adjective (e.g., the cat is quiet).

このねこはしずかです。
______________________________________________________The sentence needs to end with[adjective]です. No な!

Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Write a sentence that uses a な-adjective to modify a noun (e.g., quiet cat).

このしずかなねこはにくをあまりたべません。
______________________________________________________
Translation:

The sentence needs to have[adjective]な[noun] somewhere.

______________________________________________________
4. Write a sentence using どんな, and an answer to the question.

どんなゲームをしますか。
Q: ____________________________________________________

どんな needs to attach directly to

たいていふるいゲームをします。
A: ____________________________________________________
a noun in the question.
Translation:

The answer requires an adective.

______________________________________________________
5. Write a sentence using に to mark destination.

きょう、だいがくのとしょかんにいきます。
If your verb isn’t いきます,______________________________________________________
Translation:

きます, or かえります, youprobably made a mistake.

______________________________________________________
6. Write a sentence using で to mark location of action.

えいがをえいがかんであまりみません。
______________________________________________________
If your verb is いきます,Translation:

きます, or かえります,
you made a mistake.

______________________________________________________
7. Write a sentence that uses a colour as an い adjective.

このあおいドレスはとてもたかいです。
The colour should either appear______________________________________________________
Translation:

before a noun (e.g., あかいほん)or directly before です.

______________________________________________________
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WEEK SIX・だいろくしゅう
SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 6.1: Show and tell/ショーアンドテル

これはわたしのかぞくのしゃしんです。
あ、すてきなかぞくですね。
このきれいなひとはだれですか。おねえさんですか。
え？いいえ、あねじゃないですよ。
わたしのははですよ。
ええええ？おかあさんはなんさいですか。

それはシークレットですよ！

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Dialogue 6.1: Translation

This is a picture of my family.
Ah, what a nice family.
Who is this pretty person? Is it your older sister?
Eh? No, that is not my older sister. It’s my mom.

Whaaaaaaaat? How old is she?

That’s a secret!

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Dialogue 6.2: Weekend Plans/しゅうまつのよてい

わ～い！きょうはきんようびですね。
しゅうまつはなにをしますか。
どようびのあさにえいがかんにいきます。
そして、ろくじにわたしとおとうとはばんごはんをたべます。
にちようびにうちでテレビをみます。はるきさんは？
そうですね。きょうははちじにメルボルンにいきます。
わたしとちちとはははスタジアムでラグビーをみます。
そして、どようびにいもうともきます。
いそがしいしゅうまつですね！
いつかえりますか。
えっと、ごじにかえります。
あ、えっと、すみません。
なんようびにかえりますか。
あはは、すみません。
にちようびのよるにかえります。

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Dialogue 6.2: Translation

Yay! Today is Friday!
What will you do on the weekend Sarah?
Saturday morning I’m going to a movie.
Then, at 6 my younger brother and I will have dinner.
On Sunday I will watch TV at home.
How about you Haruki?
Hmmm. I’m going to Melbourne on Friday at 6.
Me, my mom, and my dad will see rugby at the stadium.
Also, on Saturday my younger sister will come too.
That’s a busy weekend! When will you come home?

Um…. I will come home at five.

Ah, um, sorry. I mean, what day will you come home?
Ahaha, sorry.
I will come home on Sunday night.

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VOCABULARY・ごい
Verbs

Family Terms

Note theirregular
spelling

あにspeaker’s older brotherおきますwake up (by yourself)

あねspeaker’s older sisterかきます

to write/to draw

いもうとさん

younger sister

ねます

sleep

おかあさん

よみます

to read

おとうさん

motherfather

おとうとさん

younger brother

Sentence Links

おにいさん

older brother

えっと

Umm…, uh…

おねえさん

older sister

これからfrom now, after this

かぞく

familyそしてand then, also

こどもchild/children

じゃ、

well then, if that’s so

ちちspeaker’s dad

ははspeaker’s mom

Generic Nouns

りょうしん

parents

えpainting/drawing

ざっしmagazine

しょうせつ

novel

Time-Related

Remove さん
for youryounger siblings

あさmorning

しんぶん

newspaper

あさごはん

breakfastてがみ

letterひる

afternoon

まんが

manga

ひるごはん

lunch

メール

mail, e-mail, SMS

よる

evening

ばんごはんdinnerDays of the Week

いま

now

げつようび

Monday

ごご

p.m.

かようび

Tuesday

ごぜん

a.m.

すいようび

Wednesday

へいじつ

weekday(s)もくようび

Thursday

しゅうまつ

weekend

きんようび

Friday

どようび

Saturdayにちようび

Sunday149

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GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar point 6.1: Family terms
Japanese has a more complex set of family terms than English. As you can see in the
vocabulary list for this week, there are different words for referring to members of yourfamily and members of someone else’s. Compare the following sentences:
ちちはやさしいです。

[My father is kind.]

おとうさんはやさしいです。

[Your/their father is kind.]

Neither sentence explicitly includes “my”, “your”, or “their” (there is no の) because the useof ちち or おとうさん makes the difference clear. はは and おかあさん work similarly.
はははやさしいです。

[My mother is kind.]

おかあさんはきびしいです。

[Your/their mother is strict.]

ちえさんのおかあさんはやさしくないです。

[Chie’s mother isn’t kind.]When talking to people outside your family, it is strange to refer to your own family
members using a term that includes ~さん, as you want to show respect outwards inJapanese and use “humble” terms inwards. You should call your parents おとうさん and
おかあさん to their faces though, as this shows respect outwards (you » your parents) too.
Friends
Strangers

You

FamilyCo-workers

Show respect outwards

It is absolutely wrong to use terms like ちち or
はは to refer to someone else’s family. Always use
the polite versions of family terms when talking
about someone else’s family. Using “humble”
terms outwards is generally quite rude.

Japanese also has humble/polite words for younger/older brother(s)/sister(s).
あにはよくうんどうします。

おにいさんはよくうんどうしますね。

[My older brother often exercises.][Your older brother often exercises, right?]

あねはしずかなひとです。

おねえさんはしずかなひとですか。

[My older sister is a quiet person.][Is your older sister a quiet person?]

いもうとはじゅうろくさいです。

いもうとさんはなんさいですか。

[My younger sister is 16 years old.][How old is your younger sister?]

おとうとはだいがくせいです。

おとうとさんもだいがくせいです。

[My younger brother is a uni student.] [Your younger brother is a uni student too.]150

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Because of these word pairs, the words used in a questions about someone’s family areoften different from the words used to answer the question.
「おとうさんはよくあさごはんをつくりますか。」[Does your father often make breakfast?]「いいえ、ちちはあまりりょうりをしません。」[No, my dad doesn’t cook much.]「おにいさんのせんこうはなんですか。」[What’s your older brother’s major?]「そうですね。あにのせんこうはこくさいがくです。わたしもそうです。」[Let’s see… my older brother’s major is international studies. I’m the same.]Sam’s mom is“someone else’s
family” for bothspeakers.

「サムさんのおかあさんはすてきなひとですね。」[Sam’s mom is a nice person, isn’t she.]「そうですね。サムさんのおかあさんはとてもやさしいひとです。」[I agree, that’s true. Sam’s mom is a very kind person.]Grammar point 6.2: Marking time with にJapanese has a second に particle that marks time. You use it for specific times (e.g., 3:30),
days (e.g., Sunday, Halloween), set time periods (e.g., lunch), or dates (e.g., January 3rd).
However, this “time” に is never used with relative times (today, tomorrow, yesterday).
Before using に though, we need to learn how to express time in Japanese. To say“X o’clock” in Japanese, attach the suffix じ to a number. There are a few special cases
though: 4:00 is よじ, 9:00 is くじ, and 7:00 is only しちじ. Don’t say ななじ.
1

いちじ

7

しちじ

2

にじ

8

はちじ

3

さんじ

9

くじ

4

よじ

10

じゅうじ

5

ごじ

11

じゅういちじ

12

じゅうにじ

6

ろくじ

See page 153!

いまはろくじです。
[It is currently 6:00.]
クラスはくじです。
[The class is at 9.]
Add ～はん after じ to indicate :30.
さんじはんはあまりよくないです。
[3:30 isn’t very good for me.]151

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To show that a verb happens at a specific time, simply mark the time with に.
たいていはちじにあさごはんをたべます。
[I usually eat breakfast at eight.]
さんじにいきますか。
[Will you go at three?]This is the destination に. We can’t use the same“role marker” particle twice in a sentence (moreaccurately, a clause), but these are different particles.

はい、さんじにとしょかんにいきます。
[Yes, I will go to the library at three.]

きょう、じゅうじはんにねます。
[Today, I’ll sleep at ten thirty.]
If we want to be more specific, we can add ごぜん before the time to indicate “a.m.” or
ごご to indicate “p.m.”. We can also add ごろ after the time to indicate “about”.
きょう、ごぜんはちじはんにとしょかんでコーヒーをのみます。
[Today, I will drink coffee at the library at 8:30 a.m.]
あ、すみません。ごごごじごろにかえります。
[Ah, sorry. I will go home at around 5 p.m.]
The question “what time is it” is なんじ (literally “what hour”). The [X]はなんじですか
form simply means “what time is X”. We don’t use に with “です (is)” sentences.

X

は

なんじ

ですか。

“What time is X”

えいがはなんじですか。
[What time is the movie?](えいがは)よじです。
[(The movie) is at 4.]

If you attach なんじ to に and add a verb, you instead ask “when does (person) do [verb]?”.

なんじ

に

(X を)

[Verb]“When does (someone) [verb] (X)?”

なんじにえいがをみますか。
[What time will we watch the movie?](えいがを)よじにみます。
[We will watch (the movie) at 4.]

We also use に with days of the week to indicate that something happens on a particularday. The full list of days of the week is in the vocabulary list for this week.
エリックさんはいつもげつようびにだいがくでにほんごをべんきょうします。
[Eric always studies Japanese at uni on Monday.]
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To ask “what day”, use なんようび (“what day”) or いつ (generic “when”). Like なんじ, Thephrase なんようび , is either used before ですか or with に+[verb].
「れきしのクラスはなんようびですか。」[“What day is history class?”「きんようびです。」“It is Friday.”]「なんようびにいきますか。」[“What day will you go (on)?”「えっと、どようびにいきます。」“Um… I’ll go on Saturday.]

いつ instead never uses the time particle に. いつ just means “when”, and is therefore
more open than なんじ・なんようび, but also less specific. Questions using いつ can be
answered by giving times, dates, or even generic terms like “morning” or “tomorrow”.

Don’t gettricked! This is
the に in にほん,
not the particle.

「パーティーはいつですか。」[“When is the party?”]「ごごろくじです。」[6 p.m.]「いつにほんにいきますか。」[“When will you go to Japan?”「ごごしちじはんにいきます。」“I’ll go at 7:30 p.m.”Time, day, andgeneric terms
are all possible
answers.

「にちようびにいきます。」“I’ll go on Sunday.”Once again, relative times, such as きょう, いま, and あした do not use the particle に.
However, combinations like きょうのよる that mark a specific part of a day do need に.
「サムさんはいつきますか。」[“When will Sam come?”
Relative times are times whose meaning changes depending on when
you say them. For instance, today tomorrow is tomorrow, but
tomorrow will be today tomorrow. Friday, in contrast, is always Friday.

「あしたきますよ。」“He’s coming tomorrow.”]「あしたのよるにきますよ。」[“He’ll come tomorrow evening.”]

Finally, you can use に for location and time in one sentence because they are different
particles, but you can only mark one time or destination per sentence! Connect multiple
times or destinations via の (Friday’s 6:00) or と (3:00 & 5:00, see next page).
きんようびにいきます。
[I will go on Friday.]

ごぜんろくじにいきます。
[I will go at 6 AM]

きんようびのごぜんろくじにいきます。

[I will go on Friday’s 6 AM]

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Grammar point 6.3: Marking “and” with と and や
The particle と is a limited form of “and”. In English “and” can do many things:
Connect nouns/noun phrases:
Connect adjectives:
Connect verbs:
Combine two sentences into one:a big dog and a small cat
a big and fluffy dog
I will run and jump
I’m Australian and I study Japanese.

In Japanese, however, と only connects nouns and noun phrases. We therefore need
to be careful using it to replace the English “and”, because it only occurs in one structure:[Noun Phrase]と[Noun Phrase][Noun Phrase] and [Noun Phrase]This [Noun Phrase と Noun Phrase] structure becomes one single noun phrase.
Particles therefore mark the whole combination just like if it was only one noun:はにでサムさんとまりこさんはあそこでべんきょうします。
[Sam and Mariko study over there.]
ははとちちはにほんじんです。でも、わたしはオーストラリアじんです。
[My mom and dad are Japanese. But I’m Australian.]
げつようびとかようびにうんどうします。
[I exercise on Mondays and Tuesdays.]
ごぜんはちじとごごにじにとしょかんでべんきょうします。
[I will study at the library at 8 a.m. and 2 p.m.]にほんとちゅうごくでかいものをします。
[I will shop in Japan and China.]
たいていバスとメトロでほんをよみます。
[I usually read books on the bus and metro.]

を

あさにコーヒーとミルクをのみます。
[I drink coffee and milk in the morning.]
ベジタリアンはにくとさかなをたべません。
[Vegetarians do not eat meat and fish.]154

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Just like の, と can be used multiple times within a single noun phrase:
わたしとマイクさんとキムさんはとしょかんにいきます。
[Me and Mike and Kim will go to the library.]にほんのおんがくとかんこくのおんがくとイギリスのおんがくをききます。
[I listen to Japanese music, and Korean music, and British music.]
The particle や is an open-ended version of と. While と implies a closed list, や implies
that you are giving a few examples from a larger, open list.
なにをたべますか。
[What will you eat?]

ピザとパスタをたべます。
[I will eat pizza and pasta (and that’s it.)
ピザやパスタをたべます。
[I will eat pizza and pasta (and similar stuff).

どんなほんをよみますか。
[What books do you read?]

ホラーとロマンスのほんをよみます。
[I read horror and romance (and that’s it).]
ホラーやロマンスのほんをよみます。
[I read horror and romance (among others).]

なにをかいますか。
[What will you buy?]

トマトとレタスをかいます。
[I will buy tomatoes and lettuce (and that’s all).]
トマトやレタスをかいます。
[I will buy tomatoes and lettuce (and other veg).]

Grammar point 6.4: The topic particle は
Our final grammar point this week expands our understanding of は. In Week 1, we
learned that は marks the topic of the sentence. At that time, we treated a topic as similar
to a subject. In many cases this is still okay. For instance, in the sentence below“watashi/I” is arguably the topic and the subject of the sentence.
わたしはオーストラリアじんです。
[I am an Australian.][Topic: I, Subject: I]
However, what about a sentence like this?
きょうはなにをしますか。
Obviously, the above sentence can’t mean “What will today do?”155

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Understanding きょうはなにをしますか。requires understanding the difference between
a topic and a subject. The topic of a sentence is the primary focus of the speaker/writer.
This may or may not be the subject (which does the verb or is described by an adjective).
Moving forward, we highly recommend you translate は as “as for” or “when it comes to”.
For instance, きょうはなにをしますか。would be “As for today, what are you going todo?”. The subject of “you”, is implied/dropped here as it is treated as obvious.

きょうはなにをしますか。
[Natural: What will you do today?][Literal: As for today, what will you do?][Topic: Today, Subject: You]You are the subject, but today is the topic. Today or
Today’s plan is what we are talking about. We could
say 「きょうはあなたは」, but this would be wordy
and/or unnatural. Japanese tries to avoid 2 uses of は in
the same sentence. あなたはきょうなにを… is ok, butchanges the focus from today(‘s plan) to you.

The use of は as a topic marker is especially common with time phrases like いま、よる、and きょう. Any noun can become a topic via は, even when the word normally takes noparticle (like きょう!). Remember though: questions/question words can’t be topics.
あさはなにをたべますか。
[Nat. English: What do (you) eat in the morning?][Literal: As for the morning, what do you/we eat?]

Subject: A person (probably you)
Topic: The morning

あさは（あなたは）なにをたべますか。
Or, more likely, aIf we “unpack” the full sentence, there is a hidden “second は”.
hidden が.
See Chapters 7 & 9.
However, Japanese prefers sentences with only one は.
かようびはどこでべんきょうしますか。
[Nat. English: Where will (person) study on Tuesday?][Literal: As for Tuesday, where will (person) study?]

Subject: A person (probably you)
Topic: Tuesday(’s plans)

Let’s look at a few more examples, this time within conversations：
しゅうまつはなにをしますか。
[What are you going to do on the weekend?]

The focus of this conversation is theweekend’s plans. Pronouns are implied
through context instead of stated.

そうですね。(しゅうまつは)ともだちのうちでおさけをのみます。
[Let’s see… (As for this weekend,) I will drink alcohol at my friend’s house.]
いまはどこにいきますか。
[Where are you going now? (Lit: As for now, where go?)]
これからかえります。そして、うちでべんきょうします。
[From now I’m going home. And then I’ll study at home.]
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CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかい
Major Japanese Holidays & Festivals
As we learned to mark time this week, let’s learn some major Japanese holidays/festivals:
January
しょうがつー The New Year period. New Year’s Day is がんたん or がんじつ

せいじんのひー Coming of Age Day. Held for 20 year olds on the second Monday.

February
けんこくきねんびー National Foundation Day. Held on February 11th to celebrate Japan.

May
けんぽうきねんびー Constitution Day. Held on May 3rd to commemorate theconstitution. Along with しょうわのひ (Emperor Showa Day),and other holidays, it is part of the 5-day “Golden Week” breakthat runs from 29th of April to the 5th of May.

July/August
たなばたー The “Star Festival” generally begins on the 7th of July, but iscelebrated with festivals at different times around Japan.

おぼん

ー おぼん is a major event celebrating the spirits of ancestors. It is athree-day event held at different times throughout various regionsof Japan (around the 15th-18th of July or August). It usually involves
festivals that include a local dance, and trips to ancestors’ graves.

September
けいろうのひー “Respect for the Aged Day”, held on the third Monday.

November
ぶんかのひー “Culture Day”. Held on November 3rd, the day the current
constitution was signed.

しちごさん

ー A day celebrating 3 and 7 years old girls, and 5-year old boys.

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WEEK 6 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 6
Exercise 6.1
Using hiragana, write the times displayed on each clock.

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________
Exercise 6.2
Read the passage below, and then fill out the table and questions below in English. You
may need to use a dictionary to read the highlighted words.
きょうはごぜんろくじはんにおきます。そして、しちじにうちであさごはんをたべます。
あさごはんはたいていたまごとトーストをたべます。ときどきヨーグルトもたべます。
そして、はちじはんごろだいがくにいきます。
くじににほんごをだいがくのクラスでべんきょうします。せんせいはおもしろいです。でも、ちょっとこわいです。じゅういちじにけいざいのクラスにいきます。つまらないです。
たいていいちじごろにひるごはんをたべます。よくだいがくのきっさてんでたべます。でもきょうはあたらしいレストランでたべます。そして、にじごろにとしょかんでわたしのノートやきょうかしょをよみます。ごじごろにかえります。いそがしいいちにちですね！
Wake up
Eat breakfast
Go to Japanese class
11:00
Eat lunch
Around 2:00
Go homeQuestion continues on the next page.

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What does the author eat for breakfast?: __________________________________How do they feel about their Japanese teacher?: _____________________________
Where will the author eat lunch today?: __________________________________
Exercise 6.3
Choose the correct particles so that the English and Japanese sentences match.
1. Mike and I will eat in my room.
マイクさん「は・と・を」わたし「は・と・を」へや「を・に・で」たべます。
2. On Tuesday at 6 o’clock I will go to university.
かようび「に・で・の」ろくじ「に・で・を」だいがく「に・で・を」いきます。
3. Dad will go to the café. Then, he will buy coffee there.
ちち「を・は・と」きっさてん「に・を・で」いきます。
そして、そこ「に・を・で」コーヒー「に・を・で」かいます。
4. The tests are at 6 PM and 9:30 PM.
テスト「は・を・に」ごごろくじ「に・は・と」ごごくじはんです。
Exercise 6.4
Choose the correct particle from each pair [A・B], and then translate the sentence:
1. きょうは、ひるごはん[と・を]うち[で・に]たべますか。
_________________________________________________________
2. いつも[X・に]なんじ[で・に]おきますか。
_________________________________________________________
3. ろくじはん[に・は]かえります。そして、ばんごはん[に・を]つくります。
_________________________________________________________
4. ちち[と・は]はは[と・は]よくしゅうまつ[に・を]こうえん[に・で]いきます。
_________________________________________________________
5. いつ[に・X]ねますか。
_________________________________________________________
6. きょう[に・は]コーヒー[は・や]おちゃ[や・を]のみます。
_________________________________________________________
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Exercise 6.5
For each pair of sentences, write either a question or answer to complete the dialogue.
Make sure to pay attention to whose family member is being discussed.
1.
_____________________________________________
いいえ、はははあまりばんごはんをつくりません。
2.
おにいさんはいま、だいがくせいですか。
_____________________________________________
3.
いもうとさんはたいていなんじにかえりますか。
_____________________________________________
4.
_____________________________________________
はい、あねはまいにちコーヒーをのみます。
5.
おとうさんはなんさいですか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿6.
きんようびは、どこでばんごはんをたべますか。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

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Exercise 6.6
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write a sentence which ends with です and includes a time of day.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence which uses a time of day marked by に______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Write a sentence which uses a day of the week marked by に______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
4. Ask a question about someone else’s family member, and have them answer.
Q:____________________________________________________
A:____________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
5. Write a sentence which includes two noun phrases that include と or や.
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
6. Use なんじ or なんようび in a question, rewrite it using いつ, and then answer it.
Q1: ____________________________________________________
Q2: ____________________________________________________
A: ____________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________

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WEEK 6 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 6
Exercise 6.1
Using hiragana, write the times displayed on each clock.

ろくじ
じゅうにじ
じゅうじはん
いちじ
よじ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

くじ
ろくじはん
にじはん
よじはん
にじごろ
_______________________________________________________
Exercise 6.2
Read the passage below, and then fill out the table and questions below in English. You
may need to use a dictionary to read the highlighted words.
きょうはごぜんろくじはんにおきます。そして、しちじにうちであさごはんをたべます。
あさごはんはたいていたまごとトーストをたべます。ときどきヨーグルトもたべます。
そして、はちじはんごろだいがくにいきます。
くじににほんごをだいがくのクラスでべんきょうします。せんせいはおもしろいです。でも、ちょっとこわいです。じゅういちじにけいざいのクラスにいきます。つまらないです。
たいていいちじごろにひるごはんをたべます。よくだいがくのきっさてんでたべます。でもきょうはあたらしいレストランでたべます。そして、にじごろにとしょかんでわたしのノートやきょうかしょをよみます。ごじごろにかえります。いそがしいいちにちですね！
6:30

Wake up

7:00

Eat breakfast

9:00

Go to Japanese class

11:00

Go to economics class

About 1:00

Eat lunch

Around 2:00

Read notes and textbook @ library

About 5:00

Go homeQuestion continues on the next page.

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Eggs and toast.
What does the author eat for breakfast?: __________________________________
Interesting but a little scary.
How do they feel about their Japanese teacher?: _____________________________A new restaurant.
Where will the author eat lunch today?: __________________________________
Exercise 6.3
Choose the correct particles so that the English and Japanese sentences match.
1. Mike and I will eat in my room.
マイクさん「は・と・を」わたし「は・と・を」へや「を・に・で」たべます。
2. On Tuesday at 6 o’clock I will go to university.
かようび「に・で・の」ろくじ「に・で・を」だいがく「に・で・を」いきます。
3. Dad will go to the café. Then, he will buy coffee there.
ちち「を・は・と」きっさてん「に・を・で」いきます。
そして、そこ「に・を・で」コーヒー「に・を・で」かいます。
4. The tests are at 6 PM and 9:30 PM.
テスト「は・を・に」ごごろくじ「に・は・と」ごごくじはんです。
Exercise 6.4
Choose the correct particle from each pair [A・B], and then translate the sentence:
1. きょうは、ひるごはん[と・を]うち[で・に]たべますか。
Today will you eat lunch at home?
_________________________________________________________
2. いつも[X・に]なんじ[で・に]おきますか。
What time do you always get up?.
_________________________________________________________
3. ろくじはん[に・は]かえります。そして、ばんごはん[に・を]つくります。
I will go home at 6:30. Then, I will make dinner.
_________________________________________________________
4. ちち[と・は]はは[と・は]よくしゅうまつ[に・を]こうえん[に・で]いきます。
(My) Mom and dad often go to the park on the weekend.
_________________________________________________________
5. いつ[に・X]ねますか。
When will/do you sleep?
_________________________________________________________
6. きょう[に・は]コーヒー[は・や]おちゃ[や・を]のみます。
_________________________________________________________
Today, I will drink coffee and tea (and maybe other things like that).
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Exercise 6.5
Your answers might differ for
For each pair of sentences, write either a question or answer tosomecompletequestions,thebutdialogue.
should be
mostlysimilar.
In
particular,
Make sure to pay attention to whose family member is being discussed.
make sure you used the rightfamily terms.

1.

おかあさんはよくばんごはんをつくりますか。
_____________________________________________
いいえ、はははあまりばんごはんをつくりません。
2.
おにいさんはいま、だいがくせいですか。
はい、あにはいまだいがくせいです。
_____________________________________________
3.
いもうとさんはたいていなんじにかえりますか。
いもうとはたいていごごろくじはんにかえります。
_____________________________________________
4.
おねえさんはまいにちコーヒーをのみますか。
_____________________________________________
はい、あねはまいにちコーヒーをのみます。
5.
おとうさんはなんさいですか。
ちちはろくじゅうななさいです。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿6.
きんようびは、どこでばんごはんをたべますか。
（ちちは）たいていきんようびにレストランでたべます。
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

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Confirm your sentences bychecking with classmates and/or
reviewing class content.

Exercise 6.6
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write a sentence which ends with です and includes a time of day.

きょうのじゅぎょうはろくじです。
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence which uses a time of day marked by に

あした、ごごいちじにひるごはんをたべます。
______________________________________________________
If the sentence ends in です
you’ve made a mistake.

Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Write a sentence which uses a day of the week marked by に
If the sentence ends in です
you’ve made a mistake.

きんようびにぜんぜんうんどうしません。
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
4. Ask a question about someone else’s family member, and have them answer.

おとうさんはなんさいですか。
Q:____________________________________________________

Change from polite to humble

ちちはろくじゅうにさいです。
between Q and A.
A:____________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
5. Write a sentence which includes two noun phrases that include と or や.

きょう、ちちとはははこうえんときっさてんにいきます。
______________________________________________________
Translation

Change from polite to humble
between Q and A.

______________________________________________________

6. Use なんじ or なんようび in a question, rewrite it using いつ, and then answer it.

ばんごはんをいつつくりますか。
Q1: ____________________________________________________
ばんごはんをなんじにつくりますか。
Q2: ____________________________________________________The sentences should be mostly（ばんごはんを）ろくじはんにつくります。
identical, except いつ takes no particle.
A: ____________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________

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WEEK SEVEN・だいななしゅう
SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 7.1: I don’t like chicken/とりにくがすきじゃないです。

うわ～、このサラダのなかにとりにくがあります。
う～ん。
しんじさんはとりにくがきらいですか。
はい、とりにくがすきじゃないです。まずいです。
でも、ぶたにくもぎゅうにくもすきです。
まりさんはどんなにくがすきですか。
とりにくもぶたにくもぎゅうにくもすきです。
わたしはきょうビーフサラダをかいました。
でも、とりにくもだいすきですよ。
じゃ、わたしはそのサラダをたべます。
わたしのビーフサラダをどうぞ。
ええ？ありがとうございます。
まりさんはとてもしんせつですね。

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Dialogue 7.1: Translation

Oh no, my salad has chicken in it. Ugh.

Do you hate chicken Shinji?
Yeah, I don’t like chicken. It’s gross.
But I like pork and beef.
Mari, what kind of meat do you like?
I like beef and pork and also chicken!
Today I bought a beef salid. But I love chicken too!
Ah, I will eat your salad.
Here, have my beef salad.
Eh? Thank you so much.
You are very kind Mari.

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Dialogue 7.2: My apartment/わたしのアパート

たなかさんのへやはどんなへやですか。
へやのなかになにがありますか。
わたしのへやはとてもいいです。
でも、とてもせまいです。
へやのなかにつくえとベッドとれいぞうこがあります。
れいぞうこはベッドのみぎにあります。
つくえはれいぞうこのまえにあります。
よくそのつくえでべんきょうします。
れいぞうこがありますか。いいですね。

さちこさんのアパートにれいぞうこがありますか。
いいえ、ありません。
ぜんぜんりょうりをしません。
わたしはいつもレストランでたべます。
とてもたかいですよ。

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Dialogue 7.2: Translation

Tanaka, what kind of room is your room?
What is inside your room?
My room is very nice. But it’s very small.
In the room there is a desk, bed, and fridge.
The fridge is to the right of the bed.
The desk is in front of the fridge.
I often study at that desk.
You have a fridge? That’s nice.

Is there a fridge in your apartment Sarah?
No, there isn’t.
I don’t cook at all. I always eat at restaurants.
It is very expensive.

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VOCABULARY・ごい
Relative Locations

General Nouns

スマホ hasbegun toreplace
ケータイ

いけ

pond

あいだ

in between

いす

chair

うえ

above

うさぎ

rabbitうしろ

behindうみsea, ocean

した

below

カメラ

cameraちかく

nearbyクッキー

cookieとなりnext to

き

tree

なか

insideケータイ

cell phone

ひだり(がわ)left (side)

スマホ

smartphone

まえin front of

ぎゅうにく

beef

みぎ(がわ)

right (side)

ぎゅうにゅう or
ミルク

milk

サラダ

salad

Verbs

しゅくだい

homeworkあります

to exist (inanimate)

つくえ

desk

います

to exist (animate)

テーブル

table

ドア

door

とり(にく)

bird (chicken)

はこ

box

ぶた(にく)

pig (pork)

ふとん

futon

ベッド

bed

れいぞうこ

fridgeAdverbs
たくさん

lots

すこし

a little

たからものはここにありますよ！

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GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar Point 7.1 – Likes and Dislikes
Our first grammar pattern this week is used to say that someone likes or dislikes
something. While this is fairly simple to do in Japanese, it does require a new grammar
pattern and particle. We will revisit this pattern in Week 9.3.
[Person][Thing]はは marks the topic,
which is who(dis)likes something

すき
きらい

が

が marks the
subject, which iswhat is (dis)liked

すき = like
きらい = dislikeです。

わたしはおちゃがすきです。
[I like tea.]
トムソンせんせいはにほんごがすきです。
[Mr. Tomson likes Japanese.]
こどもはやさいがきらいです。
[(The) children dislike vegetables.]The prefix だい can be added before すき and きらい to change them to love/hate.
ははは、このえいががだいすきです。でも、ちちはだいきらいです。
[My mother loves this movie. However, my dad hates it.]For questions, add ですか to すき・きらい to create a yes/no question. Use だれ・なに・
どこ or どんな+[NOUN] before が to ask open ended questions.
「ビールがきらいですか。」「いいえ、すきですよ。でもきょうはのみません。」[“Do you dislike beer?”“No, I like it. But I’m not drinking today.”]「どんなおんがくがすきですか。」[“What kind of music do you like?”「クラシックがすきです。」“I like classical.”]「ちえさんはだれがすきですか。」[“Chie, who do you like?] or [“Who does Chie like?”]「 (えみさんが)すきです。」[“Emi.] or [She/I like Emi.”]171

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Although this like/dislike structure is simple on paper, there is a hidden complication!
While “X は Y がすきです” is often translated as “X likes Y”, すき and きらい are notverbs. Both are な adjectives! Remember: です itself is the verb in [X]は[Y]です patterns.
As a result, the literal translation of “X は Y がすきです” is more like: “As for X, Y is
likeable”. This would sound odd in English, but is normal in Japanese. Basically, は marks
the topic (what we talk about), and が marks the subject (what the adjective describes).

In English, theverbs here are“like/hate”, but
in Japanse theverb is just
“is/am/are”

わたしはおさけがすきです。
[Natural English: I like alcohol.][Literal: As for me, alcohol is likeable.]
サムさんはわたしのいぬがきらいです。
[Natural English: Sam hates my dog.][Literal: For Sam, my dog is unlikable.]

Since すき・きらい are な adjectives and not verbs, you need to conjugate accordingly.
このえいががだいすきです。
でも、あにはあまりすきじゃないです。
[Natural English: I love this movie. But my older brother doesn’t like it.]
[Literal: As for me, this movie is loveable. But it isn’t likeable for my older brother.]And すき・きらい can also modify nouns by connecting to them via な!
すきなえいがはなんですか。
[Natural English: What’s your favorite movie?][Literal: As for your liked movie, what is it?]
カレンさんのすきなひとはマイケルさんですか。
[Natural English: Is Karen’s crush Michael?][Literal: As for Karen’s liked person, are they Michael?]In short, in these “X は Y が[adjective]” forms, we are actually looking at a new grammar
structure. This structure will be used more in Week 9 and in JPNS1020.
[Topic]はは marks the topic.
The topic is what weare talking about.

[Thing/Person]

がが marks the
subject. Everything
after が describes
the subject.

[Adjective]
The adjective
describes whatever ismarked by が.

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Grammar point 7.2: あります and います
We have two new verbs this week: あります and います. These verbs are different from theverbs we have learned so far in that they are never used with を.
あります and います have two meanings: to have/own and to exist/be (as in “is/are”).
Inanimate objects require あります, and animate things (capable of self-aware movement)use います. This is not simply alive/not alive; trees, fruit, brains, etc., use あります.

[X]があります[X]がいますGrammar point 7.2.a: Expressing location of existence
We will learn three constructions using あります・います this week. The first is used tostate that something is/exists at a particular location. This is similar to “there is/there
are” in English. When using this form, the thing that exists is considered a subject andtherefore marked with が. The location where something exists is marked with に.
[Place]にXがあります or います。

There is/are X in [Place].

れいぞうこにぎゅうにゅうがありますか。
[Is there milk in the fridge?]

はい、(れいぞうこに)ありますよ。
[Yes, there is (in the fridge).]

マッコーリーだいがくにとしょかんときれいないけがあります。
[There is a library and a pretty pond at Macquarie University.]

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このこうえんにとりがたくさんいますよ。ときどきいぬもいます。
[There are lots of birds in this park. Sometimes, there are dogs too.]

も can replaceが just like は.

きょうはどようびです。だいがくにがくせいがあまりいません。
[Today is Saturday. There aren’t many students at the university.]
As you may have noticed, “There is/there are” style sentences have no topic. Normally, は
is not used in “there is/are sentences”. However, you can use は instead of が to say“The [specific item] is in/at [location]” rather than “there is/there are X at [location]”.
[Place]Xにがあります or います。

There is/are X in [Place].

Has topic.
Uses はX

は[Place]に

No topic.
Uses があります or います。

As for X, it/they is/are in [place].

Compare the uses of [X]は vs. [X]が below:
シドニーにマッコーリーだいがくがあります。[In Sydney, there is Macquarie Uni.]
マッコーリーだいがくはシドニーにあります。[Macquarie Uni. is (or exists) in Sydney.]In the second
sentence, we aretalking about
Macquarie.

つくえにペンがあります。

[There are pens in the desk.]

ペンはつくえにあります。

[As for the pen(s), they are in the desk.]

Finally, there are 3 ways to make questions using this form:

In the second
sentence,
specific pens arebeing discussed.

1. Add か to make a yes/no question:
くるまにねこがいますか。

[Is there a cat inside the car?]

2. Use が to mark a question word like だれ, なに, or どんな + noun.
くるまにだれがいますか。

[Who is (or exists) in the car?]

3. Change the location to どこ+に.
くるまはどこにありますか。

[Where is the car?]English hides many features of the Japanese grammar.
A literal translation might be“As for the car, at where exists?”

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Grammar point 7.2.b: Expressing relative location
Our second discussion this week is how to express relative location. To do this, attach の+ a relative location term (see below) to a place, and then mark the whole phrase with に.

うしろ
Behindひだり（がわ）
Left (side)

なかInsideうえOn/Above

まえ
In front ofとなりNext to
みぎ（がわ）
Right (side)

した
Under

ちかく
NearbyAs before, when saying “there is/there are” we do not use は. Only use は to say “As for X,
it/they is/are to the Y of the Z”.
See the examples below:gはこのなかにうさぎがいます。
[There is a rabbit inside the box.]

Literally:“At the box’s inside,a rabbit exists”

はこのまえにじしょがあります。
[There is a dictionary in front of the box.]
はこのうしろにまどがあります。
[There is a window is behind the box.]
じしょのみぎにケータイがありますか。
[Is a cell phone to the right of the dictionary?]
ケンさんはテーブルのみぎがわにいます。
[Ken is on the right side of the table.]
ミルクはテーブルのしたにありますか。
[Is the milk below the table?] (はい、あります。)
The only exception is あいだ (“in between”), which follows two places connected by と.
ほんとケータイのあいだにじしょがあります。
[There is a dictionary between the book and the cell phone.]
ゆうびんきょくはきっさてんとえきのあいだにあります。
[The post office is between the café and the station.]
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Grammar point 7.2.c: Expressing ownership
Our final use of the subject marker が is to express ownership. Here the owner is marked
with は, and the owned item is marked with が.
[Person] は[Thing]があります or います。

[Person] has [Thing] / As for [Person], [Thing] exists.
せんせいはくるまがあります。
[The teacher has a car.]Cars are not animate. Use あります.

わたしはあにがいます。
[I have an older brother.]

Brothers are animate. Use います.

As always, the topic (here = owner of the object) can be dropped if it is obvious.
おにいさんやおねえさんがいますか。
[Do you have older sisters, brothers, etc.?]
If we want to talk about owning/having something in a specific place, we can insert に.
[Person] は [Place] に [Thing]が あります or います。

[Person] has [Thing] in [Place].
Compare the pairs below:
サムさん、アパートがありますか。
[Sam, do you have an apartment?]

サムさん、にほんにアパートがありますか。
[Sam, do you own an apartment in Japan?]

ちえさんはねこがいますよ。
[Chie has a cat.]

いま、ちえさんはかばんにねこがいますよ！
[Chie has a cat in her bag right now!]

Just like other particles, we can drop elements marked by が when they are obvious:「かやさん、すみません。たべものがありますか。」[“Kaya, excuse me! Do you have any food?]「あ、クッキーがありますよ。でも、かばんにありません。くるまにあります。」[“Ah, I have cookies. But, I don’t have any in my bag. They are in my car.]「あ、そうですか。」[“Ah, is that so?”]We don’t need to use クッキーが again.

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To close the chapter, let’s compare all the forms we learned.
1. To say that someone likes or dislikes something, use:[Thing]は[Person]は marks the topic(who (dis)likes X)

がが marks the subject(what is (dis)liked)

すきです。
きらいです。
すき = like
きらい = dislike

Remember that in English, we usually translate すき and きらい using verbs, but inJapanese we are actually using な adjectives. The verb in the sentence is です.
2. To say that there is/are something at a location, use:
[Place]Xにがあります or います。

There is/are X in [Place].
Here, there is no topic. We are simply stating that something exists somewhere.
3. To instead say that “[specific object] is in/at a location”, use:
Xは[Place]にあります or います。

X is/are in [place] / As for [X], it is in/at [place].
In this form, we are talking about a specific person or item. Here, は (=as for)often functions like “the” in English, indicating a known item/person/thing.
4. We can also expand on both Form 2 & 3 by adding relative locations like “above”.
[Place]の[Relative location]

X

に

が

あります or います。

にあります or います。

OR

X

は

[Place]の[Relative location]

5. Finally, to express ownership, use:
[Person] は[Thing]があります or います。

[Person = topic] has/owns [Thing = subject].

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CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかい
Extended Families
This semester, we are only learning the terms for our immediate family, but you may
want/need to use terms to refer to people in your wider family. Like with father/mother orsister/brother, humble and polite terms often exist, so be careful!

そふぼ

りょうしん
おや

おとうさん
ちち

おにいさん
あに

おじいさん

おばあさん

おかあさん
はは

PoliteHumbleおじさん

いもうとさん
いもうと

おばさん

いとこ

Other Useful Vocabulary
ひとりっこ: only childふたご: twins

ぎりの+ [family term]: step [term] or [term]-in-law
ぎりのはは = stepmom or mother-in-law

ようし: adopted child
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WEEK 7 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 7
Exercise 7.1
Describe each person and their feelings about each object. See EXAMPLE.
ともこ

さとし

マイク

おすしがすきです。
EXAMPLE: ともこさんは_________________________________________________は_________________________________________________は_________________________________________________は_________________________________________________は_________________________________________________は_________________________________________
Exercise 7.2
Using the words in the box and relative locations, translate each sentence into Japanese.
います

うさぎ

クッキー

うみ

じてんしゃ

たべます

あります

ぶた

ミルク

はこ

れいぞうこ

のみます

1. There is a rabbit:＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ が _____________ 。

2. There is a bicycle in the ocean. ________ に ____________ が __________ 。
3. The rabbit owns a bicycle.

_________ は _________ が ____________ 。

4. What is in the box?

＿＿＿＿ に ________ が ______________ 。

5. Are there cookies in your fridge? ____________ に _________ が __________ 。
6. What’s between the rabbit and pig? _____ と _____ の _____ に ____ が ______ 。
7. Are there rabbits in the ocean? ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ に __________ が __________ 。
8. The pig doesn’t drink milk in the box. ______ は ______ を _____ で _______ 。
9. Is there milk on top of the fridge?

__________のうえに_______ が _______ 。

10. Does the rabbit like the ocean?

__________ は _________ が ________ 。

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Exercise 7.3
Translate each sentence into English.
1. しゅくだいのうえにいぬがいますよ。
____________________________________________________
2. サムさんのいえはどこにありますか。
____________________________________________________
3. 「どれをたべますか。」「ミルクのうしろのクッキーをたべます。」____________________________________________________
4. あのはこになにがありますか。
____________________________________________________
5. わたしのえんぴつはつくえのなかにあります。
____________________________________________________
6. うさぎとぶたのあいだにねこがいません。
____________________________________________________
7. ニュージーランドはオーストラリアのみぎがわにがあります。
____________________________________________________
Exercise 7.4
Translate each question into Japanese using hiragana and katakana, and provide youranswer (to the translated question) in Japanese.
1. What is inside your desk?
Translation: ___________________________________________
Answer: ______________________________________________
2. Do you have a dog?
Translation: ___________________________________________
Answer: ______________________________________________
3. Is your mother in Australia?
Translation: ___________________________________________
Answer: ______________________________________________
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4. Is there a camera in your bag?
Translation: ___________________________________________
Answer: ______________________________________________
5. Are there fish in Macquarie University’s pond?
Translation: ___________________________________________
Answer: ______________________________________________
Exercise 7.5
Read the dialogue below, and then answer the questions.
まり:あ、すみません。このえきのちかくにきっさてんがありますか。

ともこ:

あ、ありますよ。あのえいがかんのなかにあります。

まり:

すみません。えいがかんはどこですか。

ともこ:

えっと、このえきのうしろにフランスりょうりのレストランがありますね。

まり：あ、はい。そうですね。

ともこ：

えいがかんはあのレストランのひだりがわにあります。とてもすてきな
えいがかんですよ。とてもおいしいポップコーンがあります。
よくあそこでえいがをみます。

まり:ありがとうございます！

ともこ:

[X]

1. What is Mari asking? _________________________________________
2. Where is the café? ___________________________________________
3. Where is the French restaurant? _________________________________
4. Where is the movie theatre? ____________________________________
5. How does Tomoko feel about the movie theatre?
_______________________________________________________
6. What should Tomoko say for [X]? ________________________________

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Exercise 7.6
Answer each question in Japanese, using the picture below as reference.

しんまり

1. つくえのしたにぶたがいますか。
_______________________________________________________
2. ドアのまえにつくえがありますか。
_______________________________________________________
3. つくえのうしろになにがありますか。
_______________________________________________________
4. ドアのひだりになにがありますか。
_______________________________________________________
5. こどもはどこにいますか。
_______________________________________________________
6. ワインはどこにありますか。
_______________________________________________________
7. ドアのちかくにだれがいますか。
_______________________________________________________
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Exercise 7.7
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write two sentences. Name something you like, and something you don’t like.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Write a “there is/there are” style sentence using に and が.
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Write a “The X is at Y” style sentence using は and に.
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
4. Write a sentence which includes a relative location (like “above” or “inside”).
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
5. Write a sentence listing something you don’t own.
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________

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WEEK 7 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 7
Exercise 7.1
Describe each person and their feelings about each object. See EXAMPLE.
ともこ

さとし

マイク

おすしがすきです。
EXAMPLE: ともこさんは_________________________________________
ともこさん
うんどうがきらいです。 OR ジムがきらいです。
________は_________________________________________
さとしさん
あさごはんがすきです。
________は_________________________________________
さとしさん
おちゃがきらいです。
________は_________________________________________
マイクさん
さとしさんがすきです。
________は_________________________________________
マイクさん
ピザがきらいです。
________は_________________________________________
Exercise 7.2
Using the words in the box and relative locations, translate each sentence into Japanese.
います

うさぎ

クッキー

うみ

じてんしゃ

たべます

あります

ぶた

ミルク

はこ

れいぞうこ

のみます

1. There is a rabbit:

うさぎいます＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
が _____________
。

うみ
じてんしゃ
あります
2. There is a bicycle in the ocean. ________に ____________
が __________。
3. The rabbit owns a bicycle.

うさぎ
じてんしゃ が ____________
あります_________
は _________。

4. What is in the box?

はこ________ が ありますか______________ 。
＿＿＿＿
に なに

れいぞうこ
クッキー
ありますか
5. Are there cookies in your fridge? ____________に _________
が __________。
うさぎ と _____
ぶた のあいだありますか。or いますか
6. What’s between the rabbit and pig? __________ に なに____ が ______
うみ
うさぎ
いますか
7. Are there rabbits in the ocean? ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿に __________
が __________。
ぶた は ______
ミルク を _____
はこ で _______
のみません
8. The pig doesn’t drink milk in the box. ______。
9. Is there milk on top of the fridge?

れいぞうこ
ミルク
ありますか。
__________のうえに_______
が _______

10. Does the rabbit like the ocean?

うさぎ
すきですか 。
___________________ が ________
は うみ

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Exercise 7.3
Translate each sentence into English.
1. しゅくだいのうえにいぬがいますよ。
There’s a dog on your/the homework you know.
____________________________________________________
2. サムさんのいえはどこにありますか。
Where is Sam’s house? (Where does Sam’s house exist?)____________________________________________________
3. 「どれをたべますか。」「ミルクのうしろのクッキーをたべます。」“Which will you eat?” “I will eat the cookie(s) behind the milk.”____________________________________________________
4. あのはこになにがありますか。
What is inside the box?
____________________________________________________
5. わたしのえんぴつはつくえのなかにあります。
My pencil is inside the desk.
____________________________________________________
6. うさぎとぶたのあいだにねこがいません。
There is no cat between the rabbit and the pig.
____________________________________________________
7. ニュージーランドはオーストラリアのみぎがわにがあります。
New Zealand is on the right of Australia.
____________________________________________________
Exercise 7.4
Translate each question into Japanese using hiragana and katakana, and provide youranswer (to the translated question) in Japanese.
1. What is inside your desk?
つくえのなかになにがありますか。
Translation: ___________________________________________（わたしの）つくえのなかにペンがあります。
（or whatever is in YOUR desk）
Answer: ______________________________________________
2. Do you have a dog?
いぬがいますか。
Translation: ___________________________________________
はい、います。 OR いいえ、いません。
Answer: ______________________________________________
3. Is your mother in Australia?
おかあさんはオーストラリアにいますか。 (use おかあさん since the question is to you)Translation: ___________________________________________はい、 います。 ＯＲ いいえ、いません。「ＣＯＵＮＴＲＹ」にいます。
Answer: ______________________________________________
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4. Is there a camera in your bag?
かばんにカメラがありますか。
Translation: ___________________________________________
はい、あります。 OR いいえ、ありません。
Answer: ______________________________________________
5. Are there fish in Macquarie University’s pond?
Translation: ___________________________________________
マッコーリーだいがくのいけにさかながいますか。
いいえ、（さかなが）いません。
Answer: ______________________________________________
Exercise 7.5
Read the dialogue below, and then answer the questions.
まり:あ、すみません。このえきのちかくにきっさてんがありますか。

ともこ:

あ、ありますよ。あのえいがかんのなかにあります。

まり:

すみません。えいがかんはどこですか。

ともこ:

えっと、このえきのうしろにフランスりょうりのレストランがありますね。

まり：あ、はい。そうですね。

ともこ：

えいがかんはあのレストランのひだりがわにあります。とてもすてきな
えいがかんですよ。とてもおいしいポップコーンがあります。
よくあそこでえいがをみます。

まり:ありがとうございます！

ともこ:

[X]

Is there a cafe near this station?
1. What is Mari asking? _________________________________________
Inside the movie theatre.
2. Where is the café? ___________________________________________
Behind the station.
3. Where is the French restaurant? _________________________________To the left of the French restaurant.
4. Where is the movie theatre? ____________________________________
5. How does Tomoko feel about the movie theatre?
It’s very nice, and has delicious popcorn. She often watches movies there.
_______________________________________________________
どういたしまして。
6. What should Tomoko say for [X]? ________________________________186

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Exercise 7.6
Answer each question in Japanese, using the picture below as reference.

しんまり

1. つくえのしたにぶたがいますか。
はい、（かわいいぶた）がいます。
_______________________________________________________
2. ドアのまえにつくえがありますか。
いいえ、ありません。つくえはまどのまえにあります。
_______________________________________________________
3. つくえのうしろになにがありますか。
（つくえのうしろに）まどがあります。
_______________________________________________________
4. ドアのひだりになにがありますか。
れいぞうこがあります。
_______________________________________________________
5. こどもはどこにいますか。
こどもはれいぞうこのまえにいます。
_______________________________________________________
6. ワインはどこにありますか。
つくえのうえにあります。
_______________________________________________________
7. ドアのちかくにだれがいますか。
まりさんとしんさんがいます。
_______________________________________________________
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Confirm your sentences by

Exercise 7.7
checking with classmates and/or
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translatereviewing
them into
English.
class
content.
1. Write two sentences. Name something you like, and something you don’t like.

わたしはコーヒーがすきですが、おちゃがきらいです。
______________________________________________________
Translation:

Remember, the thing you like/don’t likeis marked with the particle が, not を______________________________________________________
2. Write a “there is/there are” style sentence using に and が.

オーストラリアにコアラがいます。
______________________________________________________
Translation:[Place]に[Thing]が[あります・います]______________________________________________________
3. Write a “The X is at Y” style sentence using は and に.

コアラはオーストラリアにいます。
______________________________________________________
Translation[Thing]は[Place]に [あります・います]______________________________________________________
4. Write a sentence which includes a relative location (like “above” or “inside”).

あのきのうえにコアラがいます。
______________________________________________________
Translation[Thing]は[Place]の[Place]に [あります・います] or[Place]の[Place]に[Thing]が[あります・います]______________________________________________________
5. Write a sentence listing something you don’t own.

わたしはコアラがいません。
______________________________________________________
Translation[Pereson]は[Thing]が [ありません・いません]______________________________________________________

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WEEK EIGHT・だいはっしゅう
SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 8.1: After the break/やすみのあと

キムさん、こんにちは。おひさしぶりです。
おげんきですか。
あ、せんせい、おひさしぶりです。
はい、わたしはとてもげんきです。
クリスマスはどうでしたか。よかったですか。
とてもよかったです。
じゅうにがつにかんこくにかえりました。
りょうしんのうちでおいしいりょうりをたくさんたべました。そして、にじゅうはちにちににほんでりょこうをしました。たのしかったです。
でも、ひとがあまりいませんでした。
よかったですね。
いつオーストラリアにかえりましたか。
よっかにかえりました。
にほんのりょこうはながいりょこうではなかったです。

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Dialogue 8.1: Translation

Hello Kim. Long time no see. Are you genki?
Ah, sensei! Long time now see.
Yes, I am very genki.
How was Christmas? Was it good?
It was very good.
In December I went home to Korea.
I ate a lot of delicious cooking at my parent’s house.
Also, on the 28th I travelled in Japan.
It was very fun. But there weren’t many people.
That’s very good to hear.
When did you return to Australia?
I came back on the 4th.
The Japanese trip was not a long trip.

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Dialogue 8.2: Lecture confirmation/レクチャのかくにん

せんせい、すみません。
きのうのレクチャーはなんじでしたか。
ようかのレクチャーですか。
よじじゅっぷんでした。きませんでしたね。
あああ、ろくじはんにいきました! わるかったです。
クラスルームにひとがぜんぜんいませんでした。
すみません。テストはなんがつですか。
えっと、ろくがつですね。
あさのはちじよんじゅごふんです。
はい、ケータイのカレンダーをつくりました。
すみませんでした。
きのうのレクチャーはむずかしかったですか。
いいえ、むずかしくなかったですよ。
かんたんなレクチャーでした。
インターネットにありますよ。
はい、うちでききます！

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Dialogue 8.2: Translation

Teacher, excuse me. When was yesterday’s lecture?
The lecture on the 8th?
It was at 4:10. You didn’t come, right?
Ah, I came at six thirty! That was bad. Sorry.
There was no one in the classroom.
What month is the test?
Um, it’s June yeah?
At 8:45 in the morning.
Okay, I made a cell-phone calendar. I’m really sorry.
Was yesterday’s lecture hard?
No it wasn’t hard. It was an easy lecture.
It is online.
Okay, I will listen at home!

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VOCABULARY・ごいい Adjectives

Time
あさって

day after tomorrow

おもい

heavy

おととい

two days ago

かるいlight (weight)

きのうyesterday

こわい

scary

きょねん

last year

たのしい

fun

ことし

ちかい

nearby

こんげつ

this year
this month

とおい

far away

こんしゅう

this week

ながい

long

せんげつ

last month

みじかい

short

せんしゅう

last week

らいげつ

next month

Compound Verbs

らいしゅう

next week

そうじしますto clean

らいねん

next year

りょこうしますto travel

Note theirregular
long おLength, not height.
See Chapter 9.

Verbs

General Nouns
こうこう

high school

でます

to leave

こうこうせいhigh school student[placeに]ひっこしますto move house/where
you live [to new place]

しょうがっこうelementary school

しょうがくせいelementary student

たんじょうびbirthday

ちゅうがくせいjunior high student

ちゅうがっこうjunior high school

In Japan, the education system is more similar to America than Australia.
Students start しょうがっこう at ~6 years of age and stay for 6 years, and thenmove to ちゅうがっこう at ~12 years old, which lasts for 3 years. Finally, こうこう
begins when students are ~15, and lasts for 3 more years, giving 12 total years.
A bachelors degree then usually takes 4 years.

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GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar point 8.1: Counting above 100
This week we will learn how to count above 100. Counting beyond 99 follows the same
principles for counting from Week 1, but requires some new numbers.
The Japanese word for 100 is ひゃく. Just like 10-90, the words 200-900 are created bysaying [# + 100]. However, some numbers change ひゃく to びゃく or ぴゃく.

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900

ひゃく
にひゃく
さんびゃく
よんひゃく
ごひゃく
ろっぴゃく
ななひゃく
はっぴゃく
きゅうひゃくTo count from 100-999, simply list how many 100s, 10s,
and 1s in that order. For instance:
222 にひゃくにじゅうに352 さんびゃくごじゅうに
478 よんひゃくななじゅうはち
513 ごひゃくじゅうさん
690 ろっぴゃくきゅうじゅう
705 ななひゃくご
864 はっぴゃくろくじゅうよん(2 100s, 2 10s, and 2)(3 100s, 5 10s, and 2)(4 100s, 7 10s, and 8)(5 100s, 10, and 3)(6 100s, and 9 10s)
(7 100s, and 5)(8 100s, 6 10s, and 4)

When counting above 100, we then switch to the word せん (1,000). Note that 3,000
becomes さんぜん, and 8,000 becomes はっせん.

1000 せん
2000 にせん
3000 さんぜん
4000 よんせん
5000 ごせん
6000 ろくせん
7000 ななせん
8000 はっせん
9000 きゅうせん

To count from 1,000-9,999, we still just list how manyof each # category there are in order. For instance:
1,234 せんにひゃくさんじゅうよん(1000, 2 100s, 3 10s, and 4)
2,345 にせんさんびゃくよんじゅうご(2 1000s, 3 100s, 4 10s, and 5)
4,026 よんせんにじゅうろく(4 1000s, 2 10s, and 6)
8,507 はっせんごひゃくなな(8 1000s, 5 100s, and 7)

Finally, to count above 9,999 we use the word まん, which represents “10,000”. Unlike
ひゃく and せん though, まん requires a number-prefix. So “10,000” is いちまん. To
count above 99,999, you count the number of まん until we reach 100 million. For
instance, 100,000 is じゅうまん (10 10,000s), and 1,000,000 is ひゃくまん (100 10,000s).
194JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

10000 いちまん
20000 にまん
30000 さんまん
40000 よんまん
50000 ごまん
60000 ろくまん
70000 ななまん
80000 はちまん
90000 きゅうまん

To count above 99,999, you’ll have to count by instancesof 10,000. This can take time to get used to!
12,345 いちまんにせんさんびゃくよんじゅうご(1 10000, 2 1000s, 3 100s, 4 10s, and 5)
56,789 ごまんろくせんななひゃくはちじゅうきゅう(5 10000s, 6 1000s, 7 100s, 8 10s, and 9)305,008 さんじゅうまんごせんはち(30 10000s, 5 1000s, and 8)
1,052,020 ひゃくごまんにせんにじゅう(105 10000s, 2 1000s, and 2 tens)

Grammar point 8.2: Counting minutes, days, months, & years
While counting itself is easy in Japanese, counting specific items can be a bit tricky. Thissemester, we will learn how to count time. Each time unit requires its own suffix (like ~じ).
Minutes are counted using the suffix ~ふん. For times ending in :~0, :~1, :~3, :~4, :~6,
and :~8, ふん changes to ぷん. So only :~2, :~5, and :~7 are actually pronounced ふん.
:01
:02
:03
:04
:05
:06
:07

いっぷん
にふん
さんぷん
よんぷん
ごふん
ろっぷん
ななふん

:08
:09
:10
:11
:12
:13
:14

はっぷん
きゅうふん
じゅっぷん
じゅういっぷん
じゅうにふんじゅうさんぷん
じゅうよんぷん

:20
:30
:40
:50
:53
:56
:58

にじゅっぷんさんじゅっぷん or はん
よんじゅっぷん
ごじゅっぷん
ごじゅうさんぷん
ごじゅうろっぷん
ごじゅうはっぷん

The question form (“how many minutes”) is なんぷん, but なんじですか is usually better.
「いま、なんじですか。」[“What time is it now?

「さんじよんじゅうごふんです。」“It’s 3:45”.]

なんぷん is usually only seenin questions like “how many
seconds does it take?”

When marking time with the particle に, the particle always comes after the minutes.
たいていよじよんじゅっぷんにいえにかえります。
[I usually go home at 4:40.]
きょうは、はちじさんじゅうろっぷんにうちをでます。
[Today, I will leave my house at 8:36.]

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Dates of the month have special names for the first 10 days. These must be memorized.
After the 10th day of the month, we mostly use [#+にち]. However, dates ending in 4
(14/24) end in よっか, and the 20th day of a month has a unique name (like 20 years old).
Day

ReadingDay

ReadingDay

Reading

1

ついたち

11

じゅういちにち21にじゅういちにち

2

ふつか

12

じゅうににち22にじゅうににち

3

みっか

13

じゅうさんにち

23にじゅうさんにち

4

よっか

14

じゅうよっか24にじゅうよっか

5

いつか

15

じゅうごにち25にじゅうごにち

6

むいか

16

じゅうろくにち26にじゅうろくにち

7

なのか

17

じゅうしちにち

27にじゅうしちにち

8

ようか

18

じゅうはちにち28にじゅうはちにち

9

ここのか

19

じゅうくにち29にじゅうくにち

10

とおか

20

はつか

30

さんじゅうにち

きょうはじゅうごにちです。
[Today is the fifteenth of the month.]
わたしのたんじょうびは、こんげつのにじゅうよっかです。
[My birthday is the 24th of this month.]
はつかはいそがしいですよ。
[As for the 20th, I’ll be busy.]
The question form “what day of the month” is なんにち.
テストはなんにちですか。
[What day・when is the test?]

テストはここのかです。
[The test is on the 9th.]

You can also use the generic “when” いつ, but this could result in answers besides a day.
テストはいつですか。
[When is the test?]

ここのかです。
[The test is on the 9th.]
ろくじはんです。
[The test is at 6:30.]
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The names of Japanese months are simply [#+month]. In other words, instead of“January”, “February”, etc., Japanese people just say “Month 1”, “Month 2”, etc. Easy!
The basic formula is [#+がつ]. Be careful though, “this month”, “last month”, and “nextmonth” use げつ instead (see this week’s vocabulary list).
January
February
March
April
May
June

いちがつ
にがつ
さんがつ
しがつ
ごがつ
ろくがつ

July
AugustSeptember
OctoberNovember
December

しちがつ
はちがつ
くがつ
じゅうがつ
じゅういちがつじゅうにがつクリスマスはじゅうにがつにじゅうごにちです。
[Christmas is December 25th.]cherry blossomsにほんのごがつはとてもすてきです。 さ く ら がたくさんあります。
[Japan’s May (May in Japan) is very nice. There are lots of cherry blossoms.]
The question form “what month” is なんがつ.
「なんがつですか。」[“What month is it?”

「いましちがつですよ。らいげつははちがつです」“It is July now. Next month is August”]

Months, like any time unit, can be combined with に and a verb to express time of action.
「なんがつににほんにいきますか。」 「しがつにいきます。」[“On what month will you go to Japan? “I will go in April!”]
Finally, [#+ねん] is used for years. The only unexpected reading is that years which end
in 4 use よねん. Note that Japanese usually lists dates in the format [year][month][day].
2000

20

8

にせんにじゅうはちねんさんがつみっかにちゅうごくにひっこします。
[I will move to China on March 3rd, year 2028.]
2000

20

2

らいねんは、にせんにじゅうにねんです。
[Next year is the year 2022.]
1000

900

NOT よんねん
80

4

わたしのたんじょうびは、せんきゅうひゃくはちじゅうよねんです。
30

6さんじゅうろくさいです。
[My birthday is the year 1984. I’m 36.]
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Grammar point 8.3: Past tense
Our major grammar point this week is the past tense. In English, learning the past tense isquite difficult, as there is no absolute rule for making it:
1. I will play soccer.
2. I will eat a hot dog.
3. I will drink coffee.
4. I will hit a ball.
5. She is cool.

I played soccer.
I ate a hot dog.
I drank coffee.
I hit the ball.
She was cool.

In Japanese, the rules for making past tense have no exceptions. Yay! However, there aredifferent rules depending on the type of word you are changing into the past tense.
Grammar point 8.3.a: Past tense of nouns and な adjectives
For sentences ending in a noun or な adjective, the past tense uses でした instead of です.
わたしはせんせいです。
[I am a teacher.]

わたしはせんせいでした。
[I was a teacher.]

ここはしずかです。
[It is quiet here.]

ここはしずかでした。
[It was quiet here.]

こんげつはにがつです。
[This month is February.]

せんげつはいちがつでした。
[Last month was January.]

テストはかんたんです。
[The test is/will be easy.]

テストはかんたんでした。
[The test was easy.]

For the negative past tense (was not) of nouns and な adjectives, start with any of theirfour negative forms. You can ctrl+click the hyperlink here if you need a review.
せんせいじゃないです。
きれいではありません。

[Not a teacher.][Not pretty.]

If you are using the では・じゃ+ないです form, replace the final い in ない with かった.
Make sure to keep です at the end. Using ではない・じゃない + でした is incorrect.
せんせいじゃないです。
[Is not a teacher.]

せんせいじゃなかったです。
[Was not a teacher.]

ゆうめいなだいがくではないです。
[Is not a famous university.]

ゆうめいなだいがくではなかったです。
[Was not a famous university.]198

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If you are using the では・じゃ+ ありません negation, just add でした at the end.
きょうはげつようびではありません。きのうもげつようびではありませんでした。
[Today is not Monday.][Yesterday was not Monday either.]
ちちはしんせつじゃありません。
[My father is not kind.]

ちちはしんせつじゃありませんでした。
[My father was not kind.]

Both methods of making the past tense of nouns and な adjectives create the same
meaning, so you can use either! But don’t mix up the process for making each form.
Of course, both positive and negative past forms can be used in questions:

きのうはたいへんでしたか。
[Was yesterday rough?]

はい、たいへんでした。
[It was rough.]
いいえ、たいへんじゃなかったです。
[It wasn’t rough.]Grammar point 8.3.b: Past tense of い adjectives
The rules for making the past tense of sentences ending in い adjectives are different thanfor sentences ending in nouns and な adjectives. Do not forget this! The most common
error in JPNS1010 every year is people attaching でした to い adjectives.
To make the positive past tense (was) of a sentence ending in an い adjective, do thefollowing as you write the last adjective:
1. Remove the final い.

2. Add かった

3. Attach です
。

かわい

かわい

かった

です

かわいかったです。

つまらな
い
ふる

つまらな
い
ふる

かった

です

つまらなかったです。

かった

です

ふるかったです。

「きのうのえいがはどうでしたか。」[“How was yesterday’s movie?”「とてもおもしろかったですよ。」“It was very interesting.”]199

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Just like with nouns and な adjectives, to create the negative past tense (was not) ofい adjectives, we attach either ~なかったです or ~ありませんでした. However, we attachthese endings by changing the final い to く instead of via じゃ・では. So we can either…
1. Change the final い to く

2. Attach なかったです

まずく

まずくなかったです。

やさしく

やさしくなかったです。

つまらなく

つまらなくなかったです。

きのうのえいがはおもしろかったですか。
[Was yesterday’s movie interesting?]
いいえ、おもしろくなかったです。こわかったです。
[Not, it wasn’t interesting. It was scary.]… or we can…
1. Change the final い to く

2. Add ありませんでした

まずく

まずくありませんでした。

やさしく

やさしくありませんでした。

つまらなく

つまらなくありませんでした。

ばんごはんはおいしかったですか。
[Was dinner delicious?]
まあ、まずくありませんでした。でも、ちょっとつまらなかったです。
まあ、まずくなかったです。
でも、ちょっとつまらなかったです。
[Well, it wasn’t gross. But it was a little boring.]
Finally, remember that いい always conjugates as though it was よい.
いいです。[is good]

よくないです。[isn’t good]

よかったです。[was good].

えいがはどうでしたか。おもしろかったですか。
[How was the movie? Was it interesting?]
はい、とてもよかったですよ。でも、ぜんぜんやすくなかったです。
[Yes, it was very good. But it wasn’t cheap at all.]200

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Grammar point 8.3.c: Past tense of verbs
To create a verb’s positive past tense (did), change the final ます to ました. That’s it!
レストランでなにをたべましたか。
[What did you eat at the restaurant?]
きのう、わたしとまりこさんはこうえんにいきました。とりをたくさんみました。
[Yesterday, Mariko and I went to the park. We saw lots of birds.]
ごぜんくじにとしょかんでほんをよみました。
[At 9:00 a.m., I read a book at the library.]
あそこにだれがいましたか。
[Who was over there?]
For the negative past tense (didn’t) of a verb, add でした to the verb’s negative present(~ません) form.
きのう、マイクさんはパーティーにきませんでした。
[Mike didn’t come to the party yesterday.]
うちでたべませんでしたよ。
[I did not eat at home.]
せんしゅう、にほんごをべんきょうしませんでした。わるかったですね。
[I didn’t study Japanese last week. That was bad.]
Grammar point 8.3.d: Past tense summary
1. To make the past tense of nouns & な adjectives:a. For the positive past tense, add でした
b. For the negative past tense, attach じゃ or では and then…
i. add なかったですorありませんでした

2. To make the past tense of い adjectives, delete the final い and then:a. For the positive past tense, add かったですb. For the negative past tense, add くなかったです or くありませんでした
3. To make the past tense of verbs:
a. For the positive past tense, change the verb’s final ます to ました
b. For the negative past tense, change the verb’s final ます to ませんでした
201

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CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかい
Sexual Minority Cultures in Japan
Japan has a long historical tradition of celebrating sexualities other than heterosexuality,
although these sexualities have not always been accepted by wider society. During the premodern period (before ~1600), for example, な ん し ょ く (sex between men, especiallysamurai) was celebrated for its beauty. In the early modern period (1600-1868), Japanese
kabuki theatre regularly starred おんながた, or cross-dressing male actors in female roles.
The modernisation of Japan in the 19th Century saw the suppression of these traditions as
the government introduced Western medical science and laws. That said, same-sex relations
were never criminalised, and sexual minority cultures flourished underground in major
cities. Famously, romantic relationships between schoolgirls were highly visible in the
popular culture of the early 1900s, where they were called S かんけい.
Consequently, there is a pervasive belief that Japan is now relatively accepting of sexual
minority cultures, but this is not the case. Japan has limited anti-discrimination laws, andnone that directly protect sexual minorities, especially in the workplace wherediscrimination remains common. Furthermore, transgender identity is only understood
officially through medical approaches. A diagnosis of Gender Dissociative Disorder (GID: せいどういつしょうがい) is required before one’s gender identity can be legally changed.
Things are slowly changing, however. Several local governments now reocgnize “marriagelike partnerships” (そうとうけっこんパートナーシップ) which, while not legally binding,represent symbolic gestures of support. In 2018, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government also
introduced civil penalties for discrimination against sexual minorities. Finally, the past few
years have also seen an explosion of popular culture celebrating sexual minorities, including
the ボーイズラブ (male-male romance and sex) and ユリ (female-female romance and sex)
genres found in manga, anime, and other popular media.
Useful Vocabulary
せいてきしょうすうしゃ or セクマイ

Sexual minorities

LGBT (エル・ジー・ビー・ティー)

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender

どうせいあい（しゃ）Homosexuality (A homosexual person)

ゲイ

Same-sex attracted cisgender man

レズビアン

Same-sex attracted woman

バイセクシュアル

Bisexual person/people

トランスジェンダー

Transgender person/people

Written by Dr. Tom Baudinette (tom.baudinette@mq.edu.au)
Please email Tom if you are curious about further information regarding sexual minorities in Japan, or
would like to know more about specific vocabulary.

202

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WEEK 8 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 8
Exercise 8.1
Explain in English how to make the positive past tense of sentences that end in:
1. Nouns and な adjectives: __________________________________________
2. い adjectives: __________________________________________________
3. Verbs: _______________________________________________________
Explain in English how to make the negative past tense of sentences that end in:
4. Nouns and な adjectives: __________________________________________
5. い adjectives: __________________________________________________
6. Verbs: _______________________________________________________
Exercise 8.2
Each sentence contains an error. Circle it and write a brief explanation.
1. とてもたのしいでしたよ。

2. たべましたでした。

3. きれくなかったです。

Exercise 8.3
Translate each sentence into Japanese.
1. It was fun.

__________________________________

2. I was a uni student.

__________________________________

3. I moved to Melbourne last year.

__________________________________

4. It wasn’t boring.

__________________________________

5. This is not interesting.

__________________________________

6. He was a very pretty person.

__________________________________

7. I didn’t sleep at all.

__________________________________

8. How was it?

__________________________________

9. Where did you go last month?

__________________________________

10. I came to Japan in 2014.

__________________________________203

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Exercise 8.4
Fill in each date in Japanese (day, month, and, if relevant, year). Note that some of the
vocabulary here is not on the vocabulary list; use a dictionary or read it aloud tounderstand the meaning.
1. ハロウィーンは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
2. バレンタインデーは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
3. あなたのたんじょうびは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
4. オーストラリアデーは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
5. クリスマスイブは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
6. きょうは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
7. けんこくきねんのひは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
8. がんじつは_________________________________________です。
9. ぶんかのひは_______________________________________です。
10. こどものひは_______________________________________です。
Exercise 8.5
Write one activity you did each day this week, giving as much detail as you can. Afterwards,
give an evaluation of it (how was it?). See the example:
EXAMPLE: きょうはとしょかんでべんきょうしました。たのしかったです。
1. げつようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
2. かようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
3. すいようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
4. もくようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
5. きんようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
6. どようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
7. にちようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿204

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

Exercise 8.6
Write the following times in Japanese:
3:41 ___________

6:18___________

9:02___________

5:37___________

1:23 ___________

4:59___________

10:10__________

2:04___________

Exercise 8.7
Translate each phrase into Japanese. Pay attention to tense/positivity.

was pretty

isn’t sushi

was fundoesn't drink

traveled

wasn’t a high school

isn’t far

was Tuesday

didn’t likewasn’t good

isn’t quiet

didn’t leave

Exercise 8.8
Read the story below, and then answer the questions on the next page in English.
きのうはじゅういちがつはつかでした。ごぜんろくじよんじゅうごふんにおきました。そして、あさごはんをつくりました。たいていシリアルをたべます。でも、きょうはピザをたべました。れいぞうこにありました。くじにすこしアパートをそうじしました。ながかったです。そして、たいへんでした。ひるごはんをちいさいきっさてんでたべました。そのきっさてんはわたしのアパートのうしろにあります。ぜんぜんとおくありません。よくいきます。コーヒーとたべものはおいしいです。でも、あまりやすくないです。
ひるに、えいがかんであたらしいえいがをみました。おもしろかったです。でも、すこしこわかったです。ばんごはんをえいがかんのとなりのレストランでたべました。おいしかったです！でも、ぜんぜんたかくなかったです。よかったですね！くじにかえりました。
テレビをすこしみました。でも、つまらなかったです。じゅうじじゅうはっぷんにねました。

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1. What was the date yesterday?___________________________________
2. What did the author have for breakfast? ____________________________
3. When did the author wake up?
Go home?

::

Clean their apartment?
Go to bed?

:

:

,

.

4. Where did the author have lunch? __________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The _______ and ___________ are _____________ but not ___________
6. What did the author do in the afternoon? _____________________________
7. Where did the author eat dinner? __________________________________
8. How did the author feel about their dinner? ___________________________
Exercise 8.9
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write a sentence ending in a noun or な adjective in the past tense (positive or
negative).
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence ending in a い adjective in the past tense (positive or negative).
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Write a sentence ending in a verb in the past tense (positive or negative).
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________206

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WEEK 8 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 8
Exercise 8.1
Explain in English how to make the positive past tense of sentences that end in:Change です to でした。
1. Nouns and な adjectives: __________________________________________
Change the final い to かった and then re-attach です2. い adjectives: __________________________________________________
Change the final ます to ました
3. Verbs: _______________________________________________________
Explain in English how to make the negative past tense of sentences that end in:Change じゃ・ではないです to じゃ・ではなかったです,or add でした to じゃ・ではありません。
4. Nouns and な adjectives: __________________________________________
Change～くないです to くなかったです, or add でした to ～くありません。
5. い adjectives: __________________________________________________
Add でした to the ません ending.
6. Verbs: _______________________________________________________
Exercise 8.2
Each sentence contains an error. Circle it and write a brief explanation.
1. とてもたのしいでしたよ。

2. たべましたでした。

Wrong past tense. たのしかったですよでした should be cut.
Exercise 8.3
Translate each sentence into Japanese.

3. きれくなかったです。
きれい is a な adjective so
きれいじゃなかったです。

1. It was fun.

たのしかったです。
__________________________________

2. I was a uni student.

だいがくせいでした。
__________________________________

3. I moved to Melbourne last year.

きょねんメルボルンにひっこしました。
__________________________________

4. It wasn’t boring.

つまらなくなかったです・つまらなくありませんでした。
__________________________________

5. This is not interesting.

これはおもしろくないです。・これはおもしろくありません。
__________________________________

6. He was a very pretty person.

かれはとてもきれいなひとでした。
__________________________________

7. I didn’t sleep at all.

ぜんぜんねませんでした。
__________________________________

8. How was it?

どうでしたか。
__________________________________

9. Where did you go last month?

せんげつ、 どこにいきましたか。
__________________________________

10. I came to Japan in 2014.

にせんじゅうよねんににほんにきました。
__________________________________
207

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Exercise 8.4
Fill in each date in Japanese (day, month, and, if relevant, year). Note that some of the
vocabulary here is not on the vocabulary list; use a dictionary or read it aloud toDates should all be in theunderstand the meaning.
1.

[year][month][day] format.
Using の to connect is optional.
じゅうがつさんじゅういちにち
ハロウィーンは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。

にがつじゅうよっか
2. バレンタインデーは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
[Your birthdate here]
3. あなたのたんじょうびは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
いちがつにじゅうろくにち
4. オーストラリアデーは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
じゅうにがつにじゅうよっか
5. クリスマスイブは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
[Today’s Date]
6. きょうは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
にがつじゅういちにち
7. けんこくきねんのひは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。
いちがつついたち
8. がんじつは_________________________________________です。
じゅういちがつみっか
9. ぶんかのひは_______________________________________です。
ごがついつか10. こどものひは_______________________________________です。
Exercise 8.5
This is a model.
Your answer(s)may differ.
Write one activity you did each day this week, giving as much detailas you can.
Afterwards,
Check
with
anotherclassmate!
give an evaluation of it (how was it?). See the example:
EXAMPLE: きょうはとしょかんでべんきょうしました。たのしかったです。
にほんごをべんきょうしました。 むずかしかったです。
1. げつようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
ははのうちでばんごはんをたべました。 おいしかったです。
2. かようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
だいがくのとしょかんでほんをよみました。 おもしろくなかったです。
3. すいようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
こうえんにいきました。 とりがたくさんいました。
4. もくようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
バーでビールをのみました。 たのしかったですが、やすくありませんでした。
5. きんようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
マッコーリーセンターでかいものをしました。 にぎやかでした。
6. どようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
ともだちときっさてんでコーヒーをのみました。 すてきでした。
7. にちようびに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
208

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Exercise 8.6
Write the following times in Japanese:
さんじよんじゅういっぷん
ろくじじゅうはっぷん くじにふん3:41 ___________ 6:18___________ 9:02___________

ごじさんじゅうななふん
5:37___________

いちじにじゅうさんぷん
よじごじゅうきゅうふん じゅうじじゅっぷんにじよんぷん
1:23 ___________ 4:59___________ 10:10__________ 2:04___________
Multiple negatives of nouns/adjectives are possible,
Exercise 8.7
sometimes including forms not listed here.
Translate each phrase into Japanese. Pay attention to tense/positivity.
では・じゃ can be swapped.

was pretty

きれいでした

isn’t sushi

was fun

たのしかったですdoesn't drink

traveled

りょこうしました

wasn’t a high school

isn’t fardidn’t like

isn’t quiet

とおくありません
OR とおくないです
すきじゃ・ではなかったです
OR すきではありませんでした
しずかではありません
ＯＲ ＋じゃないです

was Tuesday

wasn’t good

didn’t leave

すしじゃないです
ＯＲ すしではありません

のみません
こうこうじゃありませんでした
ＯＲ こうこうではなかったです
かようびでした
よくなかったですOR よくありませんでした

でませんでした

Exercise 8.8
Read the story below, and then answer the questions on the next page in English.
きのうはじゅういちがつはつかでした。ごぜんろくじよんじゅうごふんにおきました。そして、あさごはんをつくりました。たいていシリアルをたべます。でも、きょうはピザをたべました。れいぞうこにありました。くじにすこしアパートをそうじしました。ながかったです。そして、たいへんでした。ひるごはんをちいさいきっさてんでたべました。そのきっさてんはわたしのアパートのうしろにあります。ぜんぜんとおくありません。よくいきます。コーヒーとたべものはおいしいです。でも、あまりやすくないです。
ひるに、えいがかんであたらしいえいがをみました。おもしろかったです。でも、すこしこわかったです。ばんごはんをえいがかんのとなりのレストランでたべました。おいしかったです！でも、ぜんぜんたかくなかったです。よかったですね！くじにかえりました。
テレビをすこしみました。でも、つまらなかったです。じゅうじじゅうはっぷんにねました。

209

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November
20th
1. What was the date yesterday?___________________________________
Pizza
2. What did the author have for breakfast? ____________________________
3. When did the author wake up? 6 : 45
Go home? 9 : 00

Clean their apartment? 9 : 00,
Go to bed? 10 :18 .

4. Where did the author have lunch? _________________________________
At a small cafe behind their apartment, not far away.
_________________________________________________________
coffee and ___________
fooddelicious
cheap.
5. The _______
are _____________
but not ___________
Watched a new movie at the theatre.
6. What did the author do in the afternoon? _____________________________A restaurant next to the movie theatre
7. Where did the author eat dinner? __________________________________
Delicious, but not expensive, which was good.
8. How did the author feel about their dinner? ___________________________
Exercise 8.9
Confirm your sentences by
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them
into
English.
checkingwithclassmates and/or
reviewing class content.

1. Write a sentence ending in a noun or な adjective in the past tense (positive or
negative).

きのうのコンサートはぜんぜんしずかではなかったです。
______________________________________________________
Translation:

Ending should be でした (positive) or では・じゃ＋
なかったです・ありませんでした (negative).

______________________________________________________

2. Write a sentence ending in a い adjective in the past tense (positive or negative).

きょねんこのほんをよみましたが、あまりおもしろくなかったです。
______________________________________________________
Translation:
Remember:い adjectives cannot ever end in
Did you use the positive past? If so, makesure
your sentence ends with ~かったです.
でしたor
では・じゃなかったです.
______________________________________________________
3. Write a sentence ending in a verb in the past tense (positive or negative).

あさになにをたべましたか。
______________________________________________________
Translation

End in ~ました (positive) or______________________________________________________~ませんでした (negative).

210

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WEEK NINE・だいきゅうしゅう
SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 9.1: Tonight’s party/こんやのパーティー

セーラさん、きょうのよるにだいがくのとなりのレストランでパーティーがありますよ。いきますか。
そうですか。だれがパーティーにいきますか。
えっと、まみさんと、マークさんと、たけしさんと、、、あ、まさはらさんもいきますよ。
え？

まさはらんがいきますか。
じゃ、いきません。

セーラさんはまさはらさんがきらいですか。
どうしてですか。
あたまがあまりよくないですから。
べんきょうがへたです。
そして、とてもうるさいです。
まじめなひとではありません。
あ、そうですか。

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Dialogue 9.1: Translation

Sarah, there’s a party at the restaurant next to theuniversity. Will you go?
Is that so? Who is going to the party?

Hmm, Mami, Mark, Takeshi, and…
ah Masahara will come too.
Oh? Masahara is going? Well then I won’t go.

Sarah, do you dislike Masahara?
Why?
He isn’t very smart. He’s bad at studying.
Also, he’s very loud. He isn’t a serious person.
Oh is that so?

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Dialogue 9.2: Nice restaurant/すてきなレストラン

わぁ、すてきなレストランですね。
かおるさんはこのレストランによくきますか。
なにがおいしいですか。
はい、よくきます。
ここは、ピザとサラダがおいしいですから。
どのピザがおいしいですか。
えっと、このシーフードピザがおいしいです。
だからいつもたべます。
じゃ、どのサラダがおいしいですか。

わたしはオレンジととりにくのサラダがすきですよ。

へぇ、、おもしろいサラダですね。

はい、だからおいしいですよ。

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Dialogue 9.2: Translation

Whoa, this really is a nice restaurant.
Do you come to this restaurant often Kaoru?
What is tasty?
Yes, I often come.
Because this location’s pizza and salads are delicious.
Which pizza is delicious?
This seafood pizza is delicious.
Because of that, I always eat it.
Well, which salad is delicious?

I like the chicken and orange salad.

Huh, that’s an interesting salad.
Yes, because of that it is delicious.

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Dialogue 9.3: My new puppy/わたしのあたらしいわんちゃん

せんせい、あたらしいいぬをかいましたよ！
そうですか。よかったですね。
どんないぬですか。
なまえはユリです。ユリちゃんはけがみじかいです。
そして、けがちゃいろです。めがくろいです。
あしとしっぽがながいです。
でも、からだがおおきくないですから、
とてもかわいいです。
せんせいはどうぶつがすきですか。
はい、わたしもどうぶつがだいすきですよ。
うちにうさぎがいます。
うさぎはたいていみみがながいですが、わたしのうさぎのみみはみじかいです。
おもしろいうさぎですよ。

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Dialogue 9.3: My new puppy/わたしのあたらしいわんちゃん

Teacher, I got a new dog!
Is that so? That was good!
What kind of dog is it?
Her name is Yuri. Yuri has short hair.
Also, her hair is brown. Her eyes are black.
Her legs and tail are long. But, because her body isn’t big,
she’s very cute. Teacher, do you like animals?
Yes, I also like animals. I have a rabbit in my house.
Rabbits usually have long ears, but my rabbit’s ears areshort. It’s an interesting rabbit.

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VOCABULARY・ごい
な Adjectives

General Nouns
あしleg(s), foot, feet

じょうず(な)skilled

あたま

head

ひま(な)

free (not busy)

いしゃdoctorへた(な)unskilled, bad at

うで

arm

まじめ(な)

upright, honest, diligent

おかし

candy

オレンジ

orange (fruit/colour)

い Adjectives

かお

face

うるさい

loud, noisy

かさumbrella

いたいpainful

(お)かね

money

ひくい

short, low

かみ(のけ)

hair (on head)

からだ

body

Verbs

くち

mouth

あるきます

to walk

けhair (besides head)うりますto sell

しっぽ

tail

およぎます

to swimせheightはしります

to run

て

hand

どうぶつ

animal(s)Compound Verbs

はな

nose

れんしゅうしますみみ

ear(s)めeye

Adverbs

ゆびfingers, toes

いっしょうけんめい

to practicewith all one’s effort

Phrases
あたまがいいsmart

あたまがわるい

dumb

あたまがいたいhead hurts

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GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar point 9.1: Marking Questions as Subjects With がSo far, our Japanese questions have always placed question words mid-sentence (after は),
as questions can’t be topics in Japanese. Our English translations sometimes hide this:
マイクさんはだれですか。
[Natural English: Who is Mike?][Literal: As for Mike, who is?]The topic of this question is actually
Mike, not who. This is not clear in
the natural English translation.

However, sometimes we want a question word to be the subject of our sentence inJapanese. To do this, mark the question word with が. As the subject, the question word(and the answer that replaces it) now does the verb. So なにがたべますか is always“what eats”, not “what do you eat”. This allows us to create a lot of new questions.
たなかさんはいきますか。
[As for Tanaka, will they go?]だれがいきますか。
[Who will go?]

たなかさんがいきます。
[Tanaka will go.]

キムさんはビールをのみましたか。
[Did Kim drink beer?]
だれがビールをのみましたか。
[Who drank beer?]

We want to know who will dothe verb (“go”) so who is the
subject of the sentence.
So we mark “who” with が.

Note how we keep the が particle
in our replies to が questions.

キムさんがのみました。
[Kim drank beer.]

You can use [question+が] before adjectives/nouns too. In this case, subjects arewhatever comes after が. We’ve actually seen this before in the ~がすきです pattern.
ピザはおいしいですか。
[Is (the) pizza delicious? (As for the pizza, is it delicious?)]
なにがおいしいですか。
[What is delicious?]

ピザがおいしいです。
[Pizza is delicious.]

We have moved from a
yes/no question to an
open ended question.

これはボブさんのスマホですか。
[Is this Bob’s smartphone?]

あしたはいそがしいですか。
[Is tomorrow busy?]

どれがボブさんのスマホですか。
[Which is Bob’s smartphone?]

いつがいそがしいですか。
[When is busy?]

いつ can’t bemarked by に,
but “when” canbe a subject.

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Another useful question word for this grammar pattern is どの. The phrase どの[X] means“which [X]”. This is the question form of この・その・あの, and so must also be
followed by a noun.どの[X] can be used with any of the particles we’ve learned so far,including this new が pattern (box 1) and other patterns we’ve seen (boxes 2 & 3)がを

どれがわたしのベッドですか。
[Which is my bed?]

だれがいきますか。
[Who will go?]どのベッドがわたしのベッドですか。
[Which bed is my bed?]

どのせんせいがいきますか。
[Which teacher will go?]

どれをたべますか。
[Which will you eat?]

どのピザをたべますか。
[Which pizza will you eat?]

どこでたべますか。
[Where will (we) eat?]

どこにいきますか。
[Where will (we) go?]どのレストランでたべますか。
[Which restaurant will (we) eat at?]

どのレストランにいきますか。
[Which restaurant will (we) go to?]どのピザがたべますか would
be “Which pizza eats?” whichis… a bit odd to say the least.

で・に

Using [Question Word + が] also gives us new ways of saying old questions. For example:
せんせいのほんはどれですか。
[As for the teacher’s book, which is it?]

We learned thissentence in Week 4.

どれがせんせいのほんですか。
[Which is the teacher’s book?]
In these cases, the question of which form is best depends heavily on context. Basically, if
you would stress a question word with your voice in English, が is best. The examples
below illustrate this point; both questions would be asked in very different contexts.

マイクさんはだれですか。
[As for Mike, who are they?/Who is Mike?][Topic: Mike]

だれがマイクさんですか。
[Who is Mike?][Subject: Who?]

This question is focused on Mike. You haveheard of Mike and want to know who theyare; Mike is therefore the topic.
Example answer: “My brother.”This question is focused on “who”. You are
newly aware of Mike, and need to know thespecific person he is from the options.
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Finally, questions that use [Q Word + が], should not be answered with は. As thequestion asks about the subject, we answer with a subject (as you have seen).
When answering
an open-ended
question in
Japanese, change
the question word
into a answer but
keep the particles
the same.

どこがいいですか。

あのいけがいいです。

[Where is good?][That pond over there is good.]

だれがビールをのみますか。

あやさんとしんさんがのみます。

[Who drinks beer?][Aya and Shin drink (beer).]

どれがジムさんのくるまですか。

これがわたしのくるまです。

[Which is your car Jim?][This is my car.]

We have been using thisrule since Week 7!
「なにがすきですか。」「にくがすきです。」

Grammar point 9.2: Nothing/No one
If we mark なに or だれ with も and then end the sentence in the negative, thiscreates the meaning of “nothing/no one [verbs/verbed]”.
だれがきましたか。
[Who came?]

だれもきませんでした。
[No one came.]

きのうは、とてもいそがしかったです。なにもたべませんでした。
[Yesterday (I) was very busy. I didn’t eat anything.]

Sometimes our English
translations will bepositive sentences. In
other cases, they will be
negative. That’s fine.
Remember the Japanese
rule; don’t literallytranslate the English.

Grammar point 9.3: Talents & weaknesses
Our second grammar pattern this week tells us how say if someone is good or bad at
something. To do so, we will use the same structure from Week 7 that we used to say thatsomeone likes or dislikes something. To review, the structure looks like this:[Person][Thing]はは marks the topic,
which is who(dis)likes somethingがが marks the
subject, which iswhat is (dis)liked

すきです。
きらいです。
すき = like
きらい = dislike

By changing すき or きらい to じょうず (skillful) and へた (not skillful) we can talk about
what people are good/bad at.
かれはサッカーがじょうずです。
[He is good at soccer.]
わたしはこのゲームがへたです。でも、(このゲームが)すきです。
[I’m bad at this game. But it (the game) is likeable.]
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We can, of course, also use [noun/question word]+がじょうず・へた to ask about skills.
おねえさんはおはしがへたですか。
[Is your older sister bad at using chopsticks?]
かのじょはなにがじょうずですか。
[What is she good at?]
マイクさんはどんなゲームがじょうずですか。
[Mike, what kind of games are you good at?]While there are lots of ways to translate じょうず and へた, be sure to note that they are
actually な adjectives just like すき and きらい. Importantly, this affects their conjugation:
おとうさんはりょうりがへたじゃないです。でも、じょうずではありません。
[My father is not bad at cooking. But he isn’t good at cooking.]
Furthermore, the fact that じょうず and へた are adjectives like すき and きらい means
our translations are often not exact. The literal Japanese is not “good at” or “bad at”.
かれはサッカーがすきです。
[Natural English: He likes soccer.][Literal:
As for him, soccer is すき.]
かれはサッカーがじょうずです。
[Natural English: He is good at soccer.][Literal:
As for him, soccer is じょうず].
Our basic structure for both sentences using すき・きらい and じょうず・へた is therefore“As for X, Y is Z”. X is our topic, Y is our subject, and Z is our adjective. The adjective
modifies the subject, and the subject is what the sentence is about. This split topic/subject
grammar form is one that we will see a lot as we move forward with our Japanese study.
[Topic]は[Thing/Person]

は marks the topic.

が marks the
subject.

In English, thiswould often be thesubject of thesentence.

がThe adjective will
describe the subject.

[Adjective]
The adjective
describes the
subject or the
subject does the
verb.

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Grammar point 9.4: Describing traits
Let’s revisit the structure we just used to talk about skills:[Topic][Thing/Person]

はがは marks the topic.

が marks the subject.

In English, this would often
be the subject of the sentence.

The adjective will
describe the subject.

[Adjective or verb]
The adjective describes
the subject or the
subject does the verb

We also use this structure to discuss physical traits in Japanese. Before explaining why,
let’s quickly look at the major body parts in Japanese from this week’s vocabulary list.
かみ(のけ)

かお

あたま

うで
はな

め

て

からだ

あし
みみ

くち

ゆび

Note that あし means both “leg” and “foot”, and ゆび can mean “fingers” or “toes”(although “fingers” is usually assumed). To be specific, say あしのゆび or てのゆび.
In English, we talk about people’s bodies by saying “[Person’s body part][am/is/are/will][adjective]” or “[Person’s body part][verbs]”. Here, [person’s body part] is the subject.
Her arms are long.
His hair curls.
The dog’s leg hurts.
John’s eyes are black.
In Japanese it is instead natural to say “[As for person], [body part] が [adjective/verb]”.
The person is the topic, the body part is the subject, and the adjective or verb describes
the body part. So instead of “Her arms are long”, we say “As for her, arms are long”.
Examples are on
the next page!

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かのじょはうでがながいです。

[As for her, arms are long.]

かれはかみのけがみじかいです。[As for him, hair is short.]
いぬはあしがいたいです。

[As for (the) dog, its leg is painful.]

ジョンさんはめがくろいです。

[As for John, eyes are black.]

This grammar form is especially important when talking about height. In English, we
can say “[person] is tall” or “[person] is short”. In Japanese, you have to say “As for[person], height is tall/low”. Similarly, instead of saying “smart”, you say “head is good”.
わたしはあたまがあまりよくないです。
[Natural English: I am not very smart.][Literal:
As for me, head is not very good.]
はははせがたかいです。でもちちはせがひくいです。
[Natural English: My mother is tall. But, my father is short.][Literal: As for mom, height is tall. But as for dad, height is low.]”
In understanding this point, it may also be worth also reviewing the discussion of は as a
topic marker in Chapter 6.
Grammar point 9.5: Connective phrases
One way to make your Japanese compositions flow more naturally is to use connective
phrases. We have already learned some of these, such as じゃ, そして, or でも. This week
we will learn a few more.
The particle が can be added to the end of any sentence to mean “but”. The difference
between が and でも is that が connects two statements into one sentence, while でもseperates two sentences:
わたしはめがあおいです。でも、あにはめがくろいです。
[My eyes are blue. But, my older brother’s eyes are black.]

2 sentences.

わたしはめがあおいですが、あにはめがくろいです。
[My eyes are blue, but my older brother’s eyes are black.]

1 sentence.

ピザがだいすきですが、きょうはサラダをたべます。
[I love pizza, but today I’ll eat a salad.]
レストランはすてきでしたが、たべものはぜんぜんおいしくなかったです。
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Another useful phrase is ところで. This means “by the way”, and is great when you want tochange the subject.
「クラスはどうでしたか。」[“How was class?”]

The speaker changes the subject
from class to tomorrow.

「たのしかったですよ。あ、ところで、あしたはひまですか。」[“It was fun. Oh, by the way, are you free tomorrow?]「はい、ひまですよ。なにをしますか。」[“Yes I’m free. What are you going to do?”]Finally, しかし means “however”. It works exactly like でも, appearing between sentences.
きょうはひまです。しかし、ごごにべんきょうします。
[I’m free today. However, I will study in the afternoon.]
Grammar point 9.6: Why & because
Our last grammar point this week will teach us how to give reasons & ask for explanations.
The Japanese word どうして means “why”. It takes no particle, and just attaches to thefront of a question. You can also use the set phrase 「どうしてですか」 to mean “Why?”.

どうしてnever takes
a particle.
It cannot
even be a
subject.

どうしてにほんごをべんきょうしますか。
[Why do you study Japanese?]
どうしていつもこのきっさてんにいますか。
[Why are you always in this café?]
クラスにきませんでしたね。どうしてですか。
[You didn’t come to class, right? Why (is that)?]To provide explanations, we use the particle から. This particle comes after です or ます in
all forms/tenses, and after the explanation itself. It is used to end a sentence (opposite ofEnglish, see examples) or connect one half of a sentence with another (see the next page).
どうしてにほんごをべんきょうしますか。
[Why do you study Japanese?]
たのしいですから。
[Because it’s fun.]にほんにいきましたから。
[Because I went to Japan.]
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おかねがたくさんありましたから、あたらしいゲームをかいました。
[Because I had a lot of money, I bought a new game.]
ひまじゃなかったですから、いきせんでした。
[Because I wasn’t free, I didn’t go.]In contrast to English,
where “because” starts an explanation,
から comes at the end of one.

We can then use だから at the start of a sentence to mean “because of [that]” or“therefore”. Just like から though, だから comes after the reason why.
いそがしかったです。だから、パーティーにいきませんでした。
[I was busy. Because of that/therefore, I didn’t go to the party.]

Both
forms
are fine.

あしたはテストがあります。だから、きょうはべんきょうします。
[Tomorrow, there is a test. Because of that/therefore, I will study today.]
あしたはテストがありますから、きょうはべんきょうします。
[Because there is a test tomorrow, I will study today.]Grammar point 9.7: Price
To ask how much something is, use the question word いくら in the [X]は[Y]ですか form.
このいすはいくらですか。
[How much is this chair?]
そのコーヒーはいくらでしたか。
[How much was that coffee?]
When instead stating how much something costs, just give a number followed by a unit ofcurrency. The only units you need to know for this class are えん (yen) and ドル (dollars).
「すみません、ピザはいくらですか。」“Excuse me, how much is pizza?”「ピザはろっぴゃくえんです。」“Pizza is 600 yen.]
きのうのコンサートはいちまんごせんえんでした。
[Yesterday’s concert was 15,000 yen.]
わたしのさいふにごドルがあります。
[There is 5 dollars in my wallet.
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CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかい
げいどうJapanese Traditional Arts (芸道)The term げいどう refers to traditional Japanese arts, sports, and cultural activities,
ranging from calligraphy to martial arts. The popularity of these art forms waxes andwanes; baseball, coffee breaks, and guitars are much more popular now than sumo, tea
ceremonies, and shamisen. But there are many who still enjoy and practice げいどう, oreven mix them with art forms from outside Japan to create exciting new trends and styles.
Traditional Arts
Japan has a long history of artists particing pottery, dance, martial arts, music, painting,and literature. You’ve probably heard of haiku or karate, but do you know these terms?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

さ どう

茶道
せんちゃどう

煎茶道
か どう

い

ばな

華道 or 生け花
こうどう

香道
しょどう

書道
うき よ

え

浮世絵
ぶ どう

武道

ー

Tea ceremony using matchaーTea ceremony using loose-leaf green teaーFlower arrangement

ーIncense ceremonyーJapanese calligraphyー

Woodblock printsーMartial arts, such 柔 道 (judo),

じゅうどう

けんどう

きゅうどう

剣道 (fencing), or 弓 道 (archery)
•
•
•

えんげき

演劇
らく ご

落語
に ほん ぶ よう

日本舞踊

のう

か

ぶ

き

ー

Theater, such as 能 and 歌舞伎ー

Comedic storytellingーForms of Japanese dance

Traditional Instruments
If you listen to Japanese music, traditional or contemporary, you are likely to hear many ofthese instruments. If you’re keen, many can be seen, learned, and performed in Australia!
しゃみせん

•

三味線

•

琵琶

•
•

び

わ

たい こ

太鼓
こと

琴

ー

A three-stringed instrument shaped likea banjo, played by plucking/a plectrumーA four- or five-stringed luteーDrums played (as a group) with thick sticksーA long stringed instrument, placed on the
ground and plucked with fingerpicks.
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WEEK 9 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 9
Exercise 9.1
Change each yes/no question into an open-ended question by using the question word + がstructure, changing the question into the sentence’s subject. See the example answer.
EXAMPLE: せんせいはマイクさんですか。
[Is the teacher Mike?]

だれがせんせいですか。
[Who is the teacher?]

1. そのピザはおいしいですか。
[Is that pizza delicious?]_________________________[What is delicious?]

2. これはおもしろいですか。
[Is this thing near me interesting?]_________________________[Which is interesting?]

3. たなかさんはテニスをしましたか。
[Did Tanaka play tennis?]__________________________[Who played tennis?]

4. テニスがじょうずですか。
[Are you good at tennis?]_________________________[What are you good at?]

5. ここはいいですか。
[Is this place okay?]__________________________[Where is okay?]

Exercise 9.2
Match each particle with its function (write the number next to the particle). Someparticles have multiple functions.
は ______________

1. Mark time
2. Mark a direct object

が ______________に ______________

3. Combine two nouns to mean “and”
4. Mark the location where something is done/occurs
5. Mark destination

で ______________
を ______________と ______________の ______________

6. Mark ownership or belonging
7. Mark the topic of a sentence
8. Mark the thing that exists in a “there is/there are” sentence
9. Mark question words that are the subject of a sentence
10. Mark the location where something is/exists

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Exercise 9.3
For each sentence, choose the most appropriate connector word from the options in thebox, and put it inside the [ ]. Words may be used multiple times.
だから

そして

ところで

1. よじにクラスがあります。[]ごじはんはひまです。

2. ひるにピザをたくさんたべました。[
3. いいですよ。[]きょうはばんごはんをたべません。

]あしたのテストはなんじですか。

4. ろくじにかえります。[
5. ねこがすきです。[

しかし]うちでばんごはんをつくります。
]うちにねこがたくさんいます。

Exercise 9.4
Answer the following questions about yourself in Japanese.
1. りょうりがじょうずですか。
_________________________________________________________
2. ワインがすきですか。どうしてですか。
_________________________________________________________
3. どうしてにほんごをべんきょうしますか。
_________________________________________________________
4. どんなたべものがきらいですか。
_________________________________________________________
5. どのスポーツがへたですか。
_________________________________________________________
6. マッコーリーセンターのどのレストランがおいしいですか。
_________________________________________________________
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Exercise 9.5
Translate each English sentence into Japanese. Pay attention to tense/positivity whentranslating (e.g., don’t translate “not big” as ちいさい).
1. “Why does your head hurt?” “Because I drank a lot of beer.”______________________________________________________.
2. She is tall. Because of that, she is good at basketball.
______________________________________________________.
3. The man over there is bad at sports.
______________________________________________________.
4. My younger sister and older sister have red hair.
______________________________________________________.
5. The teacher has long fingers. However, he has small hands.
______________________________________________________.
6. My cute dog is not very smart.
______________________________________________________.
Exercise 9.6
Translate each Japanese sentence into English. Pay attention to tense/positivity.
1. サマンサさんはかみのけがみじかいですね。
______________________________________________________.
2. たのしくなかったです。だから、ろくじにかえりました。
______________________________________________________.
3. あしがいたいですから、いしゃにいきます。
______________________________________________________.
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4. どれがさんまんごひゃくえんですか。
______________________________________________________.
5. どうしてこのいぬはしっぽがみじかいですか。
______________________________________________________.
6. いっしょうけんめいべんきょうしますから、あたまがいいです。
______________________________________________________.
Exercise 9.7
Choose the correct particle or word from each (matches the English sentence.

) so that the Japanese sentence

1. Steve likes Mio.
スティーブさん（は・が・を）みおさん（は・が・を）すきです。
2. That person is very tall.
あのひと（は・が・を）せ（は・が・X）とても（は・が・X）たかいです。
3. Because I like this café, I often drink here.
このきっさてん（は・が・で）すきですからよくここ（に・で・を）のみます。
4. Jim is loud. Because of that, I don’t like him.
ジムさん（は・が・を）うるさいです。
（ところで・だから・でも）わたし（は・が・を）すきじゃないです。
5. My parents don’t like wine, but they like beer. I’m the same.
りょうしん（は・が・X）ワイン（は・が・X）すきじゃないですが、ビール（を・が・X）すきです。わたし（は・も・と）そうです。
6. Cathy is very smart. However, because she doesn’t practice, she’s bad at Japanese.
キャシーさん（は・が・を）あたま（X・が・は）とてもいいです。
（しかし・だから・そして）ぜんぜんれんしゅうしません（が・から・でした）、
かのじょ（が・は・も）にほんご（も・と・が・は）へたです。
7. “Why are you good at cooking?” “Because I hate fast food.”「どうして（X・は・が・を）りょうり（も・を・が）じょうずですか。」「ファストフード（は・が・を・に）きらいですから。」

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Exercise 9.8
Write each price in Japanese. Don’t forget to include ~えん!

831

712

549

___________________ ___________________ ___________________

1,482

6,705

2,640

___________________ ___________________ ___________________

10,01085,394205,000___________________ ___________________ ___________________
Exercise 9.9
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write a sentence using a question as the subject, and an answer to the question.
Q: ____________________________________________________
A: ____________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence using a どうして, an answer that includes から.
Q: ____________________________________________________
A: ____________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Describe a part of your body as the reason (~から) you are good/bad at something.
______________________________________________________
Translation______________________________________________________
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WEEK 9 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 9
Exercise 9.1
Change each yes/no question into an open-ended question by using the question word + がstructure. See the example answer.
EXAMPLE: せんせいはマイクさんですか。
[Is the teacher Mike?]

だれがせんせいですか。
[Who is the teacher?]

1. そのピザはおいしいですか。
[Is that pizza delicious?]

なにがおいしいですか。
_________________________[What is delicious?]

2. これはおもしろいですか。
[Is this thing near me interesting?]

どれがおもしろいですか。
_________________________[Which is interesting?]

3. たなかさんはテニスをしましたか。
[Did Tanaka play tennis?]

だれがテニスをしましたか。
__________________________[Who played tennis?]

4. テニスがじょうずですか。
[Are you good at tennis?]

なにがじょうずですか。
_________________________[What are you good at?]

5. ここはいいですか。
[Is this place okay?]

どこがいいですか。
__________________________[Where is okay?]

Exercise 9.2
Match each particle with its function (write the number next to the particle). Someparticles have multiple functions.
７
は ______________

11. Mark time

8, 9
が ______________
1, 5, 10に ______________

12. Mark a direct object

4
で ______________
2
を ______________
3と ______________
6の ______________

13. Combine two nouns to mean “and”
14. Mark the location where something is done/occurs
15. Mark destination
16. Mark ownership or belonging
17. Mark the topic of a sentence
18. Mark the thing that exists in a “there is/there are” sentence
19. Mark question words that are the subject of a sentence
20. Mark the location where something is/exists

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Exercise 9.3
For each sentence, choose the most appropriate connector word from the options in thebox, and put it inside the [ ]. Words may be used multiple times.
だから

そして

ところで

1. よじにクラスがあります。[ しかししかし]ごじはんはひまです。

2. ひるにピザをたくさんたべました。[ だから]きょうはばんごはんをたべません。

3. いいですよ。[ところで ]あしたのテストはなんじですか。
4. ろくじにかえります。[ そして5. ねこがすきです。[ だからSome other answers might work

]うちでばんごはんをつくります。
in a very specific context. The]うちにねこがたくさんいます。

Exercise 9.4
Answer the following questions about yourself in Japanese.
1. りょうりがじょうずですか。

answers here are the most likely.

This is a model.
Your answer(s) may differ.
Check with another classmate!

はい、 じょうずです。 まいにちつくりますから。
_________________________________________________________
2. ワインがすきですか。どうしてですか。
あまりすきじゃないです。 まずいですから。
_________________________________________________________
3. どうしてにほんごをべんきょうしますか。
よくにほんにいきますから。 そして、にほんじんのともだちがいますから。
_________________________________________________________
4. どんなたべものがきらいですか。
なっとうがきらいです。
_________________________________________________________
5. どのスポーツがへたですか。
ラグビーがへたです。 すきじゃないですから。
_________________________________________________________
6. マッコーリーセンターのどのレストランがおいしいですか。
「Restaurant Name in Katakana」がおいしいです。
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Exercise 9.5
Translate each English sentence into Japanese. Pay attention to tense/positivity whentranslating (e.g., don’t translate “not big” as ちいさい).
1. “Why does your head hurt?” “Because I drank a lot of beer.”「どうしてあたまがいたいですか。」 「ビールをたくさんのみましたから。」______________________________________________________.
2. She is tall. Because of that, she is good at basketball.

Do not use ~のせがin place of ~はせがかのじょはせがたかいです。 だから、バスケットボールがじょうずです。
______________________________________________________.
3. The man over there is bad at sports.
あのおとこのひとはスポーツがへたです。
______________________________________________________.
4. My younger sister and older sister have red hair.

Do not use ~のかみのけがin place of ~はかみのけがいもうととあねはかみのけがあかいです。
______________________________________________________.
5. The teacher has long fingers. However, he has small hands.

Do not use ~のゆび・てがin place of ~はゆび・てがせんせいはゆびがながいです。
しかし OR でも、てがちいさいです。
______________________________________________________.
6. My cute dog is not very smart.

あまり could come before
あたま, but not before は

わたしのかわいいいぬはあたまがあまりよくないです。
______________________________________________________.
Exercise 9.6
Translate each Japanese sentence into English. Pay attention to tense/positivity.
1. サマンサさんはかみのけがみじかいですね。
Samantha has short hair, doesn’t she.
______________________________________________________.
2. たのしくなかったです。だから、ろくじにかえりました。
It wasn’t fun. Because of that, I went home at 6.
______________________________________________________.
3. あしがいたいですから、いしゃにいきます。
Because my leg/foot hurts, I will go to the doctor.
______________________________________________________.
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4. どれがさんまんごひゃくえんですか。
Which is 30,500 yen?
______________________________________________________.
5. どうしてこのいぬはしっぽがみじかいですか。
Why does this dog have a short tail?/Why is this dog’s tail short?
______________________________________________________.
6. いっしょうけんめいべんきょうしますから、あたまがいいです。
Because I study hard, I am smart.
______________________________________________________.
Exercise 9.7
Choose the correct particle or word from each (matches the English sentence.

) so that the Japanese sentence

1. Steve likes Mio.
スティーブさん（は・が・を）みおさん（は・が・を）すきです。
2. That person is very tall.
あのひと（は・が・を）せ（は・が・X）とても（は・が・X）たかいです。
3. Because I like this café, I often drink here.
このきっさてん（は・が・で）すきですからよくここ（に・で・を）のみます。
4. Jim is loud. Because of that, I don’t like him.
ジムさん（は・が・を）うるさいです。
（ところで・だから・でも）わたし（は・が・を）すきじゃないです。
5. My parents don’t like wine, but they like beer. I’m the same.
りょうしん（は・が・X）ワイン（は・が・X）すきじゃないですが、ビール（を・が・X）すきです。わたし（は・も・と）そうです。
6. Cathy is very smart. However, because she doesn’t practice, she’s bad at Japanese.
キャシーさん（は・が・を）あたま（X・が・は）とてもいいです。
（しかし・だから・そして）ぜんぜんれんしゅうしません（が・から・でした）、
かのじょ（が・は・も）にほんご（も・と・が・は）へたです。
7. “Why are you good at cooking?” “Because I hate fast food.”「どうして（X・は・が・を）りょうり（も・を・が）じょうずですか。」「ファストフード（は・が・を・に）きらいですから。」

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Exercise 9.8
Write each price in Japanese. Don’t forget to include ~えん!

831

712

549

はっぴゃくさんじゅういちえん
ななひゃくじゅうにえん
ごひゃくよんじゅうきゅうえん___________________ ___________________ ___________________

1,482

6,705

2,640

せんよんひゃくはちじゅうにえん ___________________
ろくせんななひゃくごえんにせんろっぴゃくよんじゅうえん______________________________________

10,01085,394205,000

いちまんじゅうえん
はちまんごせんさんびゃくきゅうじゅうよんえんにじゅうまんごせんえん______________________________________ ___________________
Confirm your sentences by

Exercise 9.9checking with classmates and/or
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them reviewing
into English.
class content.
1. Write a sentence using a question as the subject, and an answer to the question.

だれがピザをたべましたか。
Q: ____________________________________________________
ちえさんとたなかさんがピザをたべましたか。
A: ____________________________________________________
Translation:

Remember, the subject (question word)
DOES the verb or IS the adjective.

______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence using a どうして, an answer that includes から.

どうしてろくじにおきましたか。
Q: ____________________________________________________

Don’t forget that から comes after

きょうははちじにテストがありますから。
A: ____________________________________________________
the reason for doing something,Translation:

not before like “because”.

______________________________________________________
Describe a part of your body as the reason (~から) you are good/bad at something.

わたしはめがわるいですから、スポーツがへたです。
______________________________________________________
Translation

The basic form you’ll need is______________________________________________________[person]は[bodypart]が[adjective]ですから[activity]が[skilled/unskilled]です。
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WEEK TEN・だいじゅっしゅう
SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 10.1: Weekend/しゅうまつ

しゅうまつはなにをしましたか。
ちちとあねときょうとにいきました。
とてもたのしかったです。
いいですね！なにでいきましたか。
でんしゃでいきました。はやかったです。
にほんのでんしゃはべんりですね。
まゆみさんはなにをしましたか。
にじゅうさんにちはちちのたんじょうびですから、
プレゼントをインターネットでかいました。
あしたちちにプレゼントをおくります。
すてきですね。なにをかいましたか。
でんしゃのフリーパスをかいました。
ちちは、よくははといっしょにりょこうをしますから。

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Dialogue 10.1: Translation

What did you do yesterday?
I went with my dad and older sister to Kyoto.
It was very fun.
Nice! How did you go there?
We went by train. It was very fun.
Japanese trains are very convenient.
Mayumi, what did you do?
Because the 23rd is my dad’s birthday, I bought a present
on the internet. Tomorrow I will send it to my dad.
That’s so nice. What did you buy?
I bought an all-you-can-use train pass.
Because my dad often travels with my mom.

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Dialogue 10.2: Onigiri/おにぎり

おにぎりをどうやってつくりますか。

おにぎりですか。えっと、ごはんをたきます。そして…

すみません。「たきます」は？
あ、つくります。ごはんをつくります。
そして、てでいっぷんぐらいギューとまるくして、
ギュー… と… まる… く？
えっと、ごはんのボールをてでスクイーズします。
そして、ボールのなかにたべものをいれます。
にほんじんはよくごはんにうめ、いや、プラムをいれます。
ボールをのりにおきます。そして、てでたべます。
のりはシーウィードですか。
はい、そうです！

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Dialogue 10.2: Translation

How do you make onigiri?

Onigiri? Well, first you takimasu rice. Then…

Sorry. What’s takimasu?
Ah, to make. To make rice.
Then, for about a minute you gyuu to marukushite withyour hands…
gyuu to marukushite?
Um, squeeze a rice ball with your hands.
Then, put food inside the ball.
Japanese people often put ume, no, plums inside.
Put the ball on the nori. Then, eat it.
Is nori seaweed?

Yes, that’s right!

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Dialogue 11.3: Oops!/おっと!

わあ、エネルギーがぜんぜんありません。

わたしも。そして、あたまがとてもいたいです。
おつかれさまでした。
ちなつさんもよくべんきょうしましたか。
わたしははちじかんぐらいべんきょうしました。
ぜんぜんねませんでした。
いいえ、わたしはともだちとバーでろくじかんぐらいおさけをのみました。
あさのさんじにうちにかえりましたから
いまはエネルギーがありません。
えっと、ちなつさん、
きょうはクラスでさんじかんのテストがありますよ。
ええええええ？

そうですか？？？？？

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Dialogue 11.3: Translation

Ahg, I have no energy at all.

Me too. Also, my head really hurts.
You must have worked hard.
Did you also study?
I studied for around eight hours. I didn’t sleep at all.
No, I drank alcohol for about six hours with my friends atthe bar. Because I got home at 3 in the morning I have noenergy now.
Um, Chinatsu, today in class there is a 3 hour long test…

Whaaaaaaat? Really!?!??!?

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VOCABULARY・ごいAs in “to hang out”.
Remember: to playsports/games is します

Verbs

General Nouns
アイスクリーム

ice cream[Yに]あいます

to meet (Y).

いざかやJapanese-style bar

あそびますto play

インターネットinternet[Xを][Yに]いれます

to put (X in Y)

おはしchopsticks[Xを][Yに]おくります

to send (X to Y)(マグ)カップ

cup (mug)[Xを][Yに]なげます

to throw (X at Y)

くうこう

airport[Yに]のります

to get on/to ride (Y)コンピューター

computerはなします

to talk, to chat

ごはん

cooked rice, a meal

[Xを][Yに]わたします

to hand, pass (X to Y)

ゴミばこrubbish bin/trash can

ざいりょう

ingredients

Compound Verbs

じかん

time

しごとをしますto work, to do a job

タブレット

tabletふくしゅうしますto review

ちかてつ

subway

でんしゃ

train

な Adjectives

ナイフ

knife

おしゃれ(な)fashionable, stylish

なべ

a pot

カラフル(な)colourfulバーbar

ハンサム(な)

handsome

ひこうき

airplaneラッキー(な)

lucky

ふでbrush (for writing)

フォーク

fork

Phrases

フライパン

frying pan

ぐらいabout, around (time)

プレゼント

present

あるいてかえります

to go home by foot

ほうちょうlarge kitchen knife

あるいていきます

to go to by foot

あるいてきますto come to by foot

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GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar point 10.1: Expressing “by means of” by means of でThis week, we will learn three new “role” particles: と, に, and で. First, let’s talk about theparticle で. So far, we have used the particle で to indicate where something occurs.
で and と are 100% new particles.
に is technically a new use of the“destination に”スーパーであさごはんのざいりょうをかいました。
[I bought ingredients for breakfast at the supermarket.]

The new で particle we are learning this week is instead used to mark the means bywhich something is (or isn’t/was/wasn’t) done.
でんしゃであまりだいがくにきません。
[I don’t usually come to university by train.]
わたしはいつもてでフライドポテトをたべますが、あにはおはしでたべます。
[I always eat French fries with my hands, but my older brother uses chopsticks.]
Since these two
で are different
particles, we canuse them in thesame sentence!

だいがくでたいていきょうかしょをタブレットでよみます。
[At uni I usually read my textbook via a tablet.]オンラインゲームでともだちをたくさんつくりました。
[I made a lot of friends through online games.]

In some cases, it may be difficult to know if で refers to location or method. However, inthese cases it almost always doesn’t matter. Both translations will have similar meanings.
コンピューターでビデオをみました。
[I watched a video at/by means of the computer.]Both interpretations end up
describing the same thing.

There are also two new question forms we can use that usually require で whenanswering them. The first is なにで, which means “by means of what”.
「なにでいきますか。」[“How (by means of what?) will you go?”

「ひこうきでいきます。」“I will go by plane.”]

The second option is どうやって. どうやって is broader, and just means “how?”. So while
なにで requires で in the answer, どうやって can be answered with any explanation.
どうやってたべますか。
[How do you eat this?]

たいていナイフとフォークでたべます。
[Usually with a knife and fork.]
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Grammar point 10.2: Together with とWe also have a new use of と. Our earlier と connected noun phrases to mean “and”.
[I like Japanese and Korean].

にほんごとかんこくごがすきです。

This first と is not arole particle.

Our new と means “together with”, as in “I went with a friend”, or “I ate it with sauce”.
However, it cannot replace で to mean “with = method” though, as in “I ate with a fork”.
わたしはちちとりょうりをしました。
[I cooked with my father.]

ちちとフライパンでりょうりをしました。
[I cooked with my father with a pan.]と is often followed by the phrase いっしょに (“together”) as the set といっしょに.
いっしょに is mostly optional though, and can be used alone (いっしょにいきました。)
クリスマスにかのじょといっしょにこうえんにいきました。
[I went to the park together with my girlfriend/her on Christmas.]
Without context,
either meaning ispossible.

クラスメートといっしょに、にほんごをふくしゅうしました。
[I reviewed Japanese together with my classmate(s).]Question words like だれ can also be used with と.
だれと（いっしょに）ばんごはんをつくりましたか。
[Who did you make dinner (together) with?]Grammar point 10.3: Destination of action with にSo far, we have used に to mark time, destination, and location of existence. This week wewill expand our unsderstanding of “destination” to include destination of action. Thatis, what/who something is done to, or what/who an action is directed at.
Many verbs in this week’s vocabulary list list [Y に] before them. When writing these verbs,
the person/people/thing(s) that the verb is directed at are marked by に. For example, inthe diagram below に shows us where the man throws (ねげます) the ball at/to.
ボールをThe ball is [verb]ed

わたしはボールをかれになげました。
[I threw a ball at/to him.]“Him” is the target of the verb.
The ball is thrown at/to him.

わたしはI [verb].

かれに
He is the target.

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The examples below show more examples of verbs done to or at a person/thing marked
by に. Careful though, as many verbs can’t use this に; you can’t たべます at/to someone.
かのじょにおもしろいプレゼントをおくりました。
[I sent an interesting present to my girlfriend/her.]Since these twoに are different
particles, we canuse them in thesame sentence!

ちちのたんじょうびにちちにてがみをかきます。
[I will write a letter to my father on his birthday.]
クッキーをはこにいれました。
[I put the cookies in the box.]

さんじにははにでんわをします。
[I will phone (to) my mom at 3.]

Grammar point 10.4: Frequency & duration
The suffix ~かん is attached to periods of time to indicate the length something occurs
for or is done for. These ~かん phrases never take a particle.
For minutes, かん is optional. Note how no particle is used after ~かん in the examples.
さんじゅっぷん(かん)べんきょうしました。
[I studied for 30 minutes.]
スカイプでよんじゅっぷん(かん)ぐらいはなしました。
[We talked via Skype for about 40 minutes.]
For hours, かん always comes directly after じ. If counting hours and minutes, かん
therefore comes before the minutes, as in いちじかんじゅっぷん (1 hour and 10 minues).
かのじょはいちじかんテレビをみました。
[She watched TV for an hour.]
テストはにじかんにじゅっぷんです。
[The test goes for 2 hours and 20 minutes.]
For number of days, かん attaches to the dates of a month directly to create [# of days].
The one exception is “1 day”, which is just いちにち (with nothing attached).
ふつかかんにほんでりょこうしました。
[I travelled in Japan for two days.]
The question forms “how many minutes/hours/days” are respectively なんぷん(かん),なんじかん, and なんにちかん.
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For weeks, use the phrase #+しゅうかん. Note that 1 week いっしゅうかん, 8 weeks is はっしゅうかん, and 10 weeks is じゅっしゅうかん. The question form is なんしゅうかん.
あねはにしゅうかんいます。
[My older sister will be here for two weeks.]semester

オーストラリアのがっきはじゅうさんしゅうかんぐらいです。
[An Australian semester is about 13 weeks long.]
そのしごとをさんしゅうかんしました。
[I did that job for 3 weeks.]
なんしゅうかんにほんにいますか。
[For how many weeks will you ben in Japan?]
For months, use [#+かげつ]. かん is optional. The special readings are いっかげつかん for“1 month” and ろっかげつかん for “six months”, and since we are counting months “4months long” is よんかげつ while “April” is しがつ. The question form is なんかげつ(かん).
ごかげつかんにほんごをべんきょうしました。
[I studied Japanese for five months.]
ここでしごとをなんかげつ（かん）しますか。
[How many months will you work here for?]Finally, for years use [#+ねんかん]. For years that end in ~4, use ~よねんかん,
following the same rules as for よねんせい and よじ. The question form is なんねんかん.
アメリカのだいがくせいはたいていだいがくでよねんかんべんきょうします。
[American university students usually study at uni for four years.]
そのオタクは、いちねんかんうちをでませんでした。
[That otaku didn’t leave their house for a year.]「どうしてにほんごがじょうずですか。」[“Why are you good at Japanese?”]「にほんでごねんかんべんきょうしましたから。」[“Because I studied for five years in Japan.”]

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INTRODUCTION TO KANJI 1/2・かんじのどうにゅう
Japanese writing requires the use of three scripts: hiragana, katakana, and kanji. Kanji aredifferent from hiragana and katakana because rather than just representing sound, kanji
usually represent both sound and meaning at the same time. For example, in Japanese thesound sequence kami has three possible meanings:
1. Paper2. Hair

3. Spirit(s)/God(s)So writing このかみ in hiragana could mean “this paper”, “this hair”, or “this god”.
However, since kanji represent sound and meaning, each word becomes distinct.
1. 紙

2. 髪

3. 神

かみ

As a result, if we write この 紙 , we know that the phrase must be “this paper”.
This semester, we will learn to read 14 kanji. Seven this week, and seven next week. You
will not be expected to write these kanji (we will do that next semester), but you areencouraged to try! Our first kanji are the kanji for the numbers 1-5, 10, and 100.
いち

に

さん

し・よん

ご

じゅう

ひゃく

一 ニ 三 四 五 十百As you can imagine, writing 一 instead of いち saves a lot of time! However, there is one
thing you need to be very careful of: kanji do not remind us about changes in sound.
For instance, look at the words below:

Hiragana

いちえん

いっぷん

いっしゅうかん

いっしょに

Kanji

一円

一分

一週間

一緒に

one yenone minuteone week

together

The only word where 一 is read as いち is “one yen”. The others are all いっ. Because kanji“hides” spellings, have to remember all sound changes when reading kanji. Unlike thehiragana, the kanji will not help you remember.
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Let’s look at another example using 百 (100):

Hiragana

ひゃく

にひゃく

さんびゃく

ろっぴゃく

Kanji

百

二百

三百

六百

100

200

300

600

百

For 100 and 200, 百 is read as ひゃく without any issue. However, the combination 三百doesn’t remind you that ひゃく is now びゃく. The combination 六百 then hides both thechange from ろく to ろっ and the change from ひゃく to ぴゃく.
In sum: don’t forget your basic Japanese when using kanji! Knowing kanji does not mean
you can forget how to spell Japanese.

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CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかいJapanese Cooking & KitchensThis week’s vocabulary contains a number of items you’re likely to find in any kitchen, but
the list is far from exhaustive. The following terms may also be useful:

やかん

たな

おたま
or
レードル

フライがえしながし (sink)
じゃぐち (faucet)

でんしレンジ
コンロ

ゴミばこ

れいとうこ

でんきケトルJapanese Utensils, Cutlery, and Dishware
The broad term for utensils in Japanese is しょっき. This includes words from our
vocabulary lists like ナイフ, フォーク, and おはし, but also items less commonly seen inAustralian kitchens. Both スプーン and おさじ refer to spoons, while a （ちり）れんげ
refers to the deeper spoons often seen in bowls of soup and ramen. A Japanese cutlery
drawer will also likely have さいばし (long cooking chopsticks) and a しゃもじ (ricescooper). While some people cook rice on the stove, most use a すいはんき (rice cooker).
The generic term for plates in Japanese is おさら, but you might also see food served insmall earthenware pots called どなべ, or flat earthenware plates known as やきもの or
やきものざら. Bowls are usually called ボール. Specific bowl names exist too though, like
しるわん for a miso soup bowl, but these are uncommon outside of the use of ちゃわん torefer to a rice bowl. Borrowed terms for drinkware include ガラス (glass), カップ (cup),and マグカップ (mug). Traditional Japanese teacups (see left image) are known as ゆのみ.
Sake cups are instead おちょこ, while the larger ceramic containers (not glass bottles, seebottom right) you pour from are called とっくり.
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WEEK 10 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 10
Exercise 10.1
In each [], write either に, と, or で to complete the sentence. The sentences may
contain words in katakana you don’t know; try reading them aloud to find the meaning.
1. にほんじんはよくスパゲッティをおはし[]たべます。

2. しゅくだいがむずかしいですから、ともだち[]します。

3. ゆうびんきょく[]おくりました。

4. バス[]てがみをいもうと[]いきます。くるまがありませんから。

5. わたしのへや[
6. フォーク[]れいぞうこがありますから、そこ[]にくをボール[

7. ジェームズさん[
8. さんじはん[
9. だれ[
10. これをなに[]スカイプ[]きっさてん[]いっしょ[]よくたべます。

]いれました。
]いちじかんはなしました。
]たなかさん[]パーティー[]はなしました。

]いきますか。

]たべますか。

Exercise 10.2
Answer each multiple choice question.
1. Which is not a use of the particle に:a. marking destination of action b. marking timec. marking location of action

2. Which is not a use of the particle で:
a. marking location of existence b. marking method c. marking location of action
3. Which is not a use of the particle と:a. connecting nouns as “and”
b. marking topics

c. marking “with”

4. Which is not a use of the particle が:a. marking what exists
b. showing subject of adjectives

c. marking topics

5. Which is not a use of the particle は:a. marking objects
b. marking subjects

c. marking topics
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Exercise 10.3
Read the text below, and then answer the questions that follow in English. Each sentence
includes at least 1 word we have not learned in class; a dictionary is required for thisexercise.
1. てをいっしょうけんめいあらいます。
2. ざいりょうをテーブルのうえにおきます。
3. ほうちょうでにくをきります。そしておおきいボールにいれます。
4. ボールににくといっしょにしおとこしょうもいれます。
5. てでよくまぜます。フォークもだいじょうぶです。
6. やさいをちいさいナイフできります。
7. やさいとにくをフライパンにバターといっしょにいれます。
8. フライパンでにじゅっぷんぐらいやきます。
A. What kind of text is this? __________________________________________
B. What do you do with the meat? ______________________________________
C. What does フォークもだいじょうぶです mean in line 5?
_____________________________________________________________
D. Translate sentence 7: _____________________________________________
E. How long do you cook, and by what method? _____________________________
Exercise 10.4
Use a dictionary to look up 1 new noun, い adjective, な adjective, and verb that you think
will be useful to your future Japanese study. List them and their definition, and then use
them in a past tense sentence. The sentence can be positive or negative.
1. Noun :____________________________________________________
2. Noun (past) :________________________________________________
3. い Adj. :___________________________________________________
4. い Adj. (past):________________________________________________
5. な Adj. :____________________________________________________
6. な Adj. (past):________________________________________________
7. Verb :_____________________________________________________
8. Verb (past):_________________________________________________
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Exercise 10.5
Write the following numbers in both Arabic numerals (1234 etc.) and hiragana.

二百三

三十四

五百十一

十二

四百十一

百五十三

二百五

三百三十

五十四

四十二

百十

百二十三

２０３
にひゃくさん_________

Exercise 10.6
Answer each question about yourself in Japanese.
1. たいていなにでだいがくにいきますか。
___________________________________________________。
2. せんしゅうのしゅうまつに、だれとにほんごをべんきょうしましたか。
___________________________________________________。

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3. クリスマスにだれにプレゼントをおくりますか。
___________________________________________________。
4. まいにち、なんじかんぐらいテレビをみますか。
___________________________________________________。
5. きのう、ほんをなんぷんかんよみましたか。
___________________________________________________。
6. にほんごをなんしゅうかんふくしゅうしましたか。
___________________________________________________。
7. こんしゅう、なんじかんしごとをしましたか。
___________________________________________________。
8. あした、だれにあいますか。どこであいますか。
___________________________________________________。
Exercise 10.7
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write a sentence that includes a use of で for “by means of” and と for “with”______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence that includes a use of と for “with” and に for “desination of action”______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Write a sentence that includes に for “desination of action” and で for “by means of”______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
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WEEK 10 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 10
Exercise 10.1
In each [], write either に, と, or で to complete the sentence. The sentences may
contain words in katakana you don’t know; try reading them aloud to find the meaning.
1. にほんじんはよくスパゲッティをおはし[]たべます。

で

2. しゅくだいがむずかしいですから、ともだち[

と

]します。

3. ゆうびんきょく[に]おくりました。

4. バス[で]てがみをいもうと[で]いきます。くるまがありませんから。

5. わたしのへや[に

6. フォーク[]にくをボール[

で]れいぞうこがありますから、そこ[に

7. ジェームズさん[と8. さんじはん[に]きっさてん[ で9. だれ[]いっしょ[と10. これをなに[で]スカイプ[ でにで]よくたべます。

]いれました。
]いちじかんはなしました。
]たなかさん[]パーティー[にと]はなしました。

]いきますか。

]たべますか。

Exercise 10.2
Answer each multiple choice question.
1. Which is not a use of the particle に:a. marking destination of action b. marking timec. marking location of action

2. Which is not a use of the particle で:
a. marking location of existence b. marking method c. marking location of action
3. Which is not a use of the particle と:a. connecting nouns as “and”
b. marking topics

c. marking “with”

4. Which is not a use of the particle が:a. marking what exists
b. showing subject of adjectives

c. marking topics

5. Which is not a use of the particle は:a. marking objects
b. marking subjects

c. marking topics
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Exercise 10.3
Read the text below, and then answer the questions that follow in English. Each sentence
includes at least 1 word we have not learned in class; a dictionary is required for thisexercise.
1. てをいっしょうけんめいあらいます。
2. ざいりょうをテーブルのうえにおきます。
3. ほうちょうでにくをきります。そしておおきいボールにいれます。
4. ボールににくといっしょにしおとこしょうもいれます。
5. てでよくまぜます。フォークもだいじょうぶです。
6. やさいをちいさいナイフできります。
7. やさいとにくをフライパンにバターといっしょにいれます。
8. フライパンでにじゅっぷんぐらいやきます。
RecipeA. What kind of text is this? __________________________________________Cut it with a knife, and put it in a big bowl
B. What do you do with the meat? ______________________________________
C. What does フォークもだいじょうぶです mean in line 5?
It’s also okay to use a fork to mix the meat and salt and pepper.
_____________________________________________________________
Put the veggies and meat in the pan along with butter.
D. Translate sentence 7: _____________________________________________
Fry, for about 20 minutes.
E. How long do you cook, and by what method? _____________________________
Exercise 10.4
Use a dictionary to look up 1 new noun, い adjective, な adjective, and verb that you think
will be useful to your future Japanese study. List them and their definition, and then use
them in a past tense sentence. The sentence can be positive or negative.
はちみつ, honey
1. Noun :____________________________________________________
きのう、はちみつをかいました。とてもおいしかったです。
2. Noun (past) :________________________________________________
3. い Adj. :___________________________________________________
4.
5.

These sentences will depend
highly on the words you chose;
い Adj. (past):________________________________________________
check with another classmate!
The example for ½ shows a
な Adj. :____________________________________________________
general layout.

6. な Adj. (past):________________________________________________
Make sure the dictionary you use
7. Verb :_____________________________________________________

8.

conjugated the verb into the~ます ending! Don’t use plain form.
Verb (past):_________________________________________________
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Exercise 10.5
Write the following numbers in both Arabic numerals (1234 etc.) and hiragana.

二百三

三十四

五百十一

十二

２０３

34

511

12

さんじゅうよん

ごひゃくじゅういち

四百十一

百五十三

二百五

三百三十

411

153

205

330

にひゃくさん_________

よんひゃくじゅういち

ひゃくごじゅうさん

にひゃくご

じゅうに

さんびゃくさんじゅう

五十四

四十二

百十

百二十三

54

42

110

123

ごじゅうよんよんじゅうにひゃくじゅうExercise 10.6
Answer each question about yourself in Japanese.
1. たいていなにでだいがくにいきますか。

ひゃくにじゅうさん

These are examples; youranswers should differ.
Check with another classmate!

たいていバスでいきます・たいていあるいていきます。
___________________________________________________。
2. せんしゅうのしゅうまつに、だれとにほんごをべんきょうしましたか。
クラスメートとべんきょうしました・ＮＡＭＥさんとべんきょうしました。
___________________________________________________。

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3. クリスマスにだれにプレゼントをおくりますか。
ちちやははにおくります。
___________________________________________________。
4. まいにち、なんじかんぐらいテレビをみますか。

Remember that we don’t use
particles after ～かん

テレビをあまりみませんが、まいにちネットフリックスをにじかんぐらいみます。
___________________________________________________。
5. きのう、ほんをなんぷんかんよみましたか。
さんじゅっぷんぐらいよみました。
___________________________________________________。
6. にほんごをなんしゅうかんふくしゅうしましたか。
じゅっしゅうかんふくしゅうしました。［because this is week 10］___________________________________________________。
7. こんしゅう、なんじかんしごとをしましたか。
こんしゅうじゅうごじかんしごとをしました。
___________________________________________________。
8. あした、だれにあいますか。どこであいますか。
あした、クラスメートにあいます。としょかんであいます。
___________________________________________________。
Exercise 10.7
Write original sentences following the prompts, and then translate them into English.
1. Write a sentence that includes a use of で for “by means of” andと for “with”
Confirm your sentences bychecking with classmates and/or
ちちはいつもごはんをてでたべます。
______________________________________________________
reviewing class content.

Translation:______________________________________________________
2. Write a sentence that includes a use of と for “with” and に for “desination of action”
きのう、あにとははにでんわをかけました。
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
3. Write a sentence that includes に for “desination of action” and で for “by means of”
インターネットでともだちにＰＤＦをおくりました。
______________________________________________________
Translation:______________________________________________________
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WEEK ELEVEN・だいじゅういっしゅう
SAMPLE DIALOGUES ・ かいわ
Dialogue 11.1: Test prep/テストのじゅんび

あしたのテストはろくじからはちじまでです。
テストがありますから、
こんしゅうはクイズをキャンセルします。
らいしゅうのもありません。
せんせい、すみません。しつもんがあります。
こんしゅうはしゅくだいがありますか。
いいえ、しゅくだいがありません。
セミナー２もキャンセルします。
でも、らいしゅうのをキャンセルしません。
Dialogue 11.1: Translation

Tomorrow’s test is from 6 to 8. Because there is a test,
I will cancel this week’s quiz. Next week won’t have one too.

Teacher, excuse me, I have a question.
Is there homework this week?
No, there is no homework.
We also will cancel Seminar 2.
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But we will not cancel next week’s (Seminar 2).
Dialogue 11.2: Invitation/しょうたい

しんさん、あしたはいそがしいですか。

いいえ、ひまですよ。どうしてですか。
わたしといっしょにえいがをみませんか。
いま、あのえいがかんにおもしろいのがあります。
いいですね。そうしましょう。
なんじにあいましょうか。
えっと、よじにえいがかんのとなりのきっさてんであいましょうか。えいがはろくじはんですから、そこでよじからろくじまでコーヒーやおちゃをのみましょう。
えっとどのきっさてんですか。スタバですか。
いいえ、いいえ、そのにぎやかなのではないです。
えいがかんのみぎがわにあたらしいのがあります。
ちいさいですが、とてもおいしいです。
お、すてきですね。でもよじはちょっとはやいです。

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ごじにそこであいましょう。

Dialogue 11.2: Translation

Shin, are you busy tomorrow?

No, I’m free. Why?
Won’t you see a movie with me?
There is an interesting one at the theatre now.
Nice. Let’s do that.
What time shall we meet?
Umm, shall we meet at 4 at the café next to the theatre?
Because the movie is at 6:30, let’s have some coffee, tea.,
etc., at the café from 4 to 6.
Um, which café? Starbucks?

No, no, not that busy/crowded one.
On the right of the theatre there’s a new one.
It’s small, but it’s delicious.
Ah, nice. But 4 is a bit early. Let’s meet there are 5.

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VOCABULARY・ごい
Verbs

General Nouns
アルバイト

part-time job

あびますto bask inうたa songうたいます

to sing

おふろbath[Xに]ききます

to ask [person X]

カラオケ

karaoke[Xに]はいりますto enter [location X]

かれら

they/themまちます

to wait

コンサート

concert

みがきます

to brush (teeth)

しあい(sports) match, gameシャワー

showerVerb Phrases

はtooth, teeth

おちゃをいれますto make tea

おふろにはいりますto take a bath

しつもんをしますto ask (do) a question

Relative Times
Like withきょう and
あした, donot useparticleswith thesewords.

まいあさ

every morning

シャワーをあびます

to take a shower

まいしゅう

every week

でんわをかけます

to call (via phone)

まいつきevery month

まいとしevery year

い Adjectives

まいばん

every evening

うれしい

happy

おそい

slow, late

かなしい

sad

くさい

smelly, stinky

はやいearly, fast

Phrasesもちろんof course

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GRAMMAR・ぶんぽう
Grammar point 11.1: The particle の as “the one”
This week’s first grammar point will help us be less redundant when we use Japanese. Up
until now, some of our Japanese sentences have been a bit repetitive:
このほんはあかいほんです。
[This book is a red book.]

わたしのねこはちいさいねこです。
[My cat is a/the small cat.]

There’s nothing wrong with these sentences, but they are a bit wordy. Just like in English,
we want to avoid repeating the same noun over and over.
In Japanese, whenever we need to say/write a noun that is clear from context, we canreplace the noun with の. Here, の works like the English word “one”, as in “please give me
the blue one”, or “this car is a new one”. の is therefore a generic noun referring to an
item whose details are already established. Also, just like “one” in English, の must be
Use それpreceeded by a modifier (e.g., an adjective). We can’t simply say “give me that one”.
for that!
Let’s look at some sentences/conversations using our earlier grammar forms, and see how
they are made less repetitive using の.
わたしのねこはちいさいねこです。
[My cat is the small cat.]

わたしのねこはちいさいのです。
[My cat is the small one.]

かれのくるまはふるいくるまです。
[His car is an/the old car.]

かれのくるまはふるいのです。
[His car is an/the old one.]

どれをのみますか。
[Which will you drink?]

たかいのをのみます。
[I’ll drink the expensive one.]

サラさんはどのうたをうたいましたか。
[Which song did Sarah sing?]

むずかしいのをうたいました。
[She sang a difficult one.]

Here, we
don’t know
the specificdrink. But thepeople in theconversation
would (theysee/know it).

Don’t forget that の is still a noun. Therefore, if の would be preceeded by a な adjective,
the adjective still connects to の via な.
どのふくをかいますか。
[Which clothes will you buy?]

このきれいなのをかいますよ。
[I’ll get this pretty one.]

すきなふくはどれですか。
[Which is the clothing you like?]

あのカラフルなのです。
[That colourful one over there.]263

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However, if の replaces a noun that is preceeded by the possessive の, the two “combine” tomake one の. In other words, のの is a no-no.
このほんはせんせいのほんです。
[This book is the teacher’s book.]
このほんはせんせいのです。
[This book is the teacher’s (one)].

This の represents the possessive の and the “one” の.

おすしはにほんのたべものです。ハンバーガーはアメリカのです。
[Sushi is Japanese food. Hamburgers are an American one.]
わたしのくるまはよくないですから、サムさんのでいきます。
[Because my car isn’t good, we will use Sam’s (*go by means of Sam’s one).]Grammar point 11.2: Advanced use of もWhen we first learned about the particle も, we used it to replace を when one person did
the same action to two items. Just like the English “also/too” though, も can be used tosimply signal a series of events.
あした、べんきょうします。ばんごはんもつくります。
[Tomorrow, I will study. I will also make dinner.]
まいあさ、シャワーをあびます。はもみがぎますが、あさごはんをたべません。
[Every morning, I shower. I brush my teeth as well, but I don’t eat breakfast.]
Even though the verb changes within each sentence pair here, the use of も is okay.
Grammar point 11.3: From & until/から & まで
A second use of から in Japanese is to mark “from”, as in “from 5:00” or “fromMelbourne”. This particle is often used in combination with まで, which means “until”.
When used in this form から and まで immediately follow nouns, and can’t end a sentence.
なんじからなんじまでとしょかんでべんきょうしますか。
[From what time to what time will you study at the library?]
かのじょはシドニーからメルボルンまではしりました。
[She ran from Sydney to Melbourne.]
あさからよるまでいそがしかったです。
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Importantly, unlike all other particles, から and まで can be used directly before です.
They also can be used on their own without the other (as in the second example below).
コンサートはごごろくじからくじまででした。
[The concert was from 6 to 9.]
クラスはいつまでですか。
[When does the class run until?]
Grammar point 11.4: Inviting with ~ませんかThe verb ending ~ませんか is used to politely invite someone to do something. It isespecially used to request something beneficial to the asker. It is more akin to “won’t you[do X]” rather than a direct “please [do X]”. This form is therefore different than thestraightforward ~ますか, which is just a question of fact rather than an invitation.
This is a yes/noquestion about
facts, not aninvitation.

パーティーにきますか。
[Will you come to the party?]パーティーにきませんか。
[Won’t you come to the party?]

This is aninvitation.

チケットがありますから、いっしょにえいがをみませんか。
[I have two tickets, so would you mind seeing a movie with me?]
ゆかりさん、うちでおちゃをのみませんか。
[Yukari, won’t you have tea at my house?]
あ、あのう… えっと… きょう、わたしとばんごはんをたべませんか。
[Ah, um… uh…. would you please have dinner with me?]Grammar point 11.5: Let’s/shall we with ましょう(か)While ~ませんか contains a sense of imposition, ~ましょうか is used when you are fairly
sure the other person will agree. In other words, if ~ませんか is akin to “won’t you?”,~ましょうか is akin to “shall we?”. It assumes a higher chance of success/less burden.
バスでいきましょうか。
[Shall we go by bus?]
あ、じゅうじです。かえりましょうか。
[Oh, it’s 10. Shall we go home?]
Generally, it is appropriate (or even necessary) to switch to ~ましょうか after using ~ませんか for the first time. After the initial invitation is accepted, it is no longer necessary toconstantly use “won’t you” (this is true in English as well!). See the example dialogue on
the next page, where only ~ましょうか is used after the first ~ませんか。
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あした、わたしとかいものをしませんか。
Won’t you go shopping with me tomorrow?
あ、もちろんいいですよ。
Oh, of course that’s fine!
じゃ、なんじにいきましょうか。
Okay, what time shall we go?
いちじはどうですか。
How about 1?
いいですね。ばんごはんもたべましょうか。
Sounds great. Shall we have dinner too?
あ、ばんごはんはちょっと… よるはいそがしいです…
Ah, dinner is a bit… I’m busy in the evening.

However, when the topic is singular (“I” instead of “we”), ましょうか means “shall I”
instead of “shall we”. As a result, it can be used to offer assistance or help.
「おちゃをいれましょうか。」[“Shall I make some tea?”]

The first sentence could be “Shall I” or “Shall we” without
further context – the reply makes it clear that is it an offer.

「ありがとうございます！」[“Thank you!”]「あ、しゃしんをとりましょうか。」[“Ah, shall I take the picture (for/of you)?”]Potential context: the speaker sees
people trying to take a group photo.

Finally, ~ましょう is used to make statements in the “let’s” form. This form can be used on
its own, but is also commonly used to answer questions that use ~ましょうか. A very
useful phrase that uses the ~ましょう ending is そうしましょう, or “let’s do that”.
「ここでちょっとまちましょうか。」[“Shall we wait a little here?”]「はい、まちしましょう。」[“Yes, let’s wait.”]「このうたをいっしょにうたいましょうか。」「いいですね。そうしましょう。」[“Shall we sing this song together?”][“That’s a good idea. Let’s do that.”]266

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INTRODUCTION TO KANJI 2/2・かんじのどうにゅう
Last week we learned the 7 kanji for 1-5, 10, and 100:
いち

に

さん

し・よん

ご

じゅう

ひゃく

一 ニ 三 四 五 十百This week we will learn 7 more: the numbers 6-9, 1000, and the kanji for “yen” and “time”:
ろく

なな・しち

はち

きゅう・く

せん

えん

じ・とき

六 七 八 九 千 円 時
As before, remember that kanji don’t remind us when the pronounciation of a wordchanges. For instance, 九 and 千 are read differently across the sentences below:
いまは、九時です。(いまは、くじです。)[It’s 9 now.]

これは、九円です。(これは、きゅうえんです。)[This is 9 yen.]

これは、二千円です。(これは、にせんえんです。)[This is 2000 yen.]

あれは、三千円です。(あれは、さんぜんえんです。) [That is 3000 yen.]
The kanji 時 is especially important as it introduces two new features that many kanji have.
First, 時 is actually made up of two other characters: 日 (day) and 寺 (temple). 日 indicatesthe kanji’s meaning (it has something to do with time), and 寺 helps you read it (the kanji
寺 can also be pronounced じ).

時

＝

日 + 寺
(meaning) + (pronunciation)

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The vast majority of kanji are made by using this [meaning indicator + sound indicator]
princible. Learning kanji therefore does not require learning 1000s of unique shapes. As
you study, you will learn new combinations of shapes you already know, and these often
will help you memorize the kanji’s meaning and pronunciation.
Secondly, 時 stands as an important example of a feature that is (mostly) absent in Chineseor other languages which are/were written using characters like kanji. Since Japanesepeople used kanji to represent both words borrowed from Chinese and native Japanesewords, kanji developed multiple readings. Broadly, these readings are divided between onyomi (Chinese-based readings) and kun-yomi (Japanese-based readings).
The on reading of 時 is じ, as in “time”/ “o’clock”:
じパーティーはごご八時からです。[The party is from 8 p.m.]
However, 時 also has the kun-yomi of とき. We will use the term とき more next semester,
but we do know one word that uses it: ときどき (sometimes). As a result, we can write とき
どき as 時々. The second half 々 is not a kanji, but a repetition marker called an おどりじ,
くりかえしふごう, or, somewhat playfully, ノマ because of it’s appearance. This symbol isused as a (mandatory) form of short hand to avoid writing the same kanji twice.
時々六時におきます。
(ときどきろくじにおきます。)[I sometimes wake up at 6.]

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CULTURE NOTE・ぶんかのしょうかいJapanese Wordplay
Japanese has a tradition of wordplay that runs throughout the history of the language,ranging from extremely clever and intricate literary forms to really terrible puns.
Kanji Play
Japanese writers have played with kanji since some of the earliest days of Japanesewriting. One of the most famous historical examples is a writer who used 山上復有山 to
represent the kanji 出. Why? Well 山上復有山 literally means “mountain – above – another– exists – mountain”, or “a mountain (山) above a mountain (山)”, which looks like 出.
In contemporary Japan, you often see kanji used playfully to replace the “correct” kanji inwords to add commentary to them. For instance, “tofu” is written as 豆腐 in Japanese. Thismeans “bean (豆)” and “rot (腐)”. As “rot” is not a pleasant kanji, it is sometimes replacedwith 富, which is also read as ふ but means abundance (lots of beans!). Likewise, ゴミ箱
ご

み ばこ(ゴミばこ, rubbish bin) is sometimes written as 護美箱, or “protect – beauty – box”.
Bad Puns
Japanese “dad jokes” are called おやじギャグ. The worse they are, the better. Even as
beginner learners, you can probably understand many. Where can you find people with thebest teeth? ハワイイ. What does a Shinto priest drink? じんじゃエール.
NetspeakJapan has a massive set of netspeak and online slang. You are probably already familiar
with emoji and kaomoji, but some terms go through incredibly complex transformations as
they are created, gain in popularity, and then either become mainstays or disappear.
To give an example, the initial Japanese version of “lol” was (笑). The kanji 笑 is the kanji
for わらいます, which means “to laugh”. Eventually, (笑) became commonplace, resulting
in new developments. One was the slang term ワロタ, derived from わらった, or the casualform of “laughed”. The other involved taking わらいます, shortening it to “w”, and thentyping “wwwww” to show laughter. Some people thought “wwwww” looked like a field ofgrass, and so “wwwww” became 草 (the kanji for grass). This finally resulted in 大草原(だいそうげん, a wide grassland) being used as a shorthand for uproarious laughter.
Goro-Awase
ごろあわせ can refer to any sound substitution, but commonly involves using numbers to
replace letters. For instance, 4649 can stand in for よろしく (よん、ろく、し、く). Even
the word “yakuza” comes from ごろあわせ, as 893 was a losing hand in an old card game.
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WEEK 11 WORKBOOK ・ ワークブック 11
Exercise 11.1
Write the following prices and times in both Arabic numerals (1234 etc.) and hiragana.

六時十ぷん

七百九十円

八時十一ぷん 三千七百円

十二時

六時五十八ぷん

九時三十ぷん

千百十円

九千八百円

三時

八千円

3:00
さんじ

_________

八千十円

Exercise 11.2
Answer the following questions using in Japanese:
1. あなたのにほんごのクラスはなんじからなんじまでですか。
________________________________________________________
2. うちからだいがくまでどうやってきますか。
________________________________________________________
3. いつまでマッコーリーだいがくでべんきょうしますか。
________________________________________________________
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Exercise 11.3a
Select the best response to each question/statement.
1. あ、じゅうにじです！
a. そうですね。いっしょにひるごはんをたべましょうか。
b. そうですね。いっしょにひるごはんをたべませんか。
2. わたしとおちゃをのみませんか。
a. そうしましょう。
b. あ、すみません。すこしいそがしいです。あしたはどうですか。
3. すこしおちゃをのみましょうか。
a. はい、のみましょう。
b. はい、のみます。
Exercise 11.3b
Select the best ending for each question.
4. どのえいがを
a. みませんか。
b. みましょうか。
5. きょうはじかんがありますか。
a. わたしとデートをしませんか。
b. わたしとデートをしましょうか。
6. クラスはたのしかったですね。これからとしょかんでa. べんきょうしませんか。
b. べんきょうしましょうか。
Exercise 11.4
Rewrite each sentence to include a use of の (from Grammar Point 11.1).
1. わたしのくるまはあのくろいくるまです。
_________________________________________________________
2. どのねこがみちこさんのねこですか。
_________________________________________________________

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3. 「どれをのみますか。」「ええっと、くろいビールをのみます。」_________________________________________________________
4. どのレストランでたべますか。やすいレストランですか。しずかなレストランですか。
_________________________________________________________
Exercise 11.5
Translate each sentence into Japanese:
1. Let’s brush our teeth.
_________________________________________________________
2. Won’t you watch a movie with me?
_________________________________________________________
3. Shall we read books at the park?
_________________________________________________________
4. Let’s exercise everyday from 11 AM to 4 PM.
_________________________________________________________
5. Did Tom also sing by himself at karaoke?
_________________________________________________________

Exercise 11.6
Translate each sentence into English.
1. あさからよるまでしごとをしました。たいへんでした。
_________________________________________________________
2. たのしかったですから、あさのにじまでともだちとゲームをしました。
_________________________________________________________
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3. にほんごがむずかしいですから、いっしょにれんしゅうしましょう！
_________________________________________________________
4. これはだれのタブレットですか。どうしてわたしのつくえのうえにありますか。
_________________________________________________________
5. タクシーでえきまでいきました。えきからうちまであるいていきました。
_________________________________________________________
6. さんじかんぐらいたべましょうか。
_________________________________________________________

Exercise 11.7
Fill in the proper particles so that the English and Japanese sentences match. Use X for“no particle”.
1. At 3:oo, I will walk from my house to the university.
さんじ[

]うち[

]だいがく[]あるきます。

2. My dad takes a bath every night.
ちち[]まいばんおふろ[]はいります。

3. Shall we ask the teacher a question?
せんせい[]しつもん[]しましょうか。

4. I passed her the colourful one and the Japanese one.
かのじょ[

]カラフルなの[]にほんの[]わたしました。

5. Because I sleep for seven hours every day. Also, because I study really hard.
まいにち[]しちじかん[

そして、いっしょうけんめい[

]ねます[

]。

]べんきょうします[

]。

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WEEK 11 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ ワークブック回答集 11
Exercise 11.1
Write the following prices and times in both Arabic numerals (1234 etc.) and hiragana.

三時

八千円

六時十ぷん

七百九十円

3:00

8000\

6:10

790\

さんじ

はっせんえん_________

ろくじじゅっぷん

十二時

六時五十八ぷん

12:00

6:58

八時十一ぷん 三千七百円

3700\

8:11
はちじじゅういっぷん

ななひゃくきゅうじゅうえん

さんぜんななひゃくえん

じゅうにじ

ろくじごじゅうはっぷん

八千十円

九時三十ぷん

千百十円

九千八百円

8010\

9:30

1110\

9800\

はっせんじゅうえん くじさんじゅっぷん

せんひゃくじゅうえん

きゅうせんはっぴゃくえん

Exercise 11.2
Answer the following questions using in Japanese:
1.

This is a model.
Your answer(s) may differ.
Check with another classmate!
あなたのにほんごのクラスはなんじからなんじまでですか。

さんじからごじまでです。
________________________________________________________
2. うちからだいがくまでどうやってきますか。
たいていくるまでいきます。
________________________________________________________
3. いつまでマッコーリーだいがくでべんきょうしますか。
にせんにじゅうにねんまでべんきょうします。「what year will you graduate?」________________________________________________________
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Exercise 11.3a
The context is clearly not an
Select the best response to each question/statement. unexpected invite, but a generalawareness that its lunch time.

1. あ、じゅうにじです！

a. そうですね。いっしょにひるごはんをたべましょうか。
b. そうですね。いっしょにひるごはんをたべませんか。
2. わたしとおちゃをのみませんか。

“Let’s do that” isn’t a fitting response
to “Won’t you have tea with me?”a. そうしましょう。

b. あ、すみません。すこしいそがしいです。あしたはどうですか。
3. すこしおちゃをのみましょうか。
a. はい、のみましょう。
b. はい、のみます。

Answer ましょうか questions with ましょう.

Exercise 11.3b
Select the best ending for each question.
1. どのえいがを
a. みませんか。
b. みましょうか。

“Won’t you watch which movie with me?”doesn’t make sense as a question.
“Which movie shall we watch?” does.

2. きょうはじかんがありますか。
a. わたしとデートをしませんか。
In most cases you don’t say “shall we date?”b. わたしとデートをしましょうか。

3. クラスはたのしかったですね。これからとしょかんで
As classmates, the likelihood offamiliarity/acceptance for an offer of studying
is higher here. “Shall we” works best.

a. べんきょうしませんか。
b. べんきょうしましょうか。

Exercise 11.4
Rewrite each sentence to include a use of の (from Grammar Point 11.1).
1. わたしのくるまはあのくろいくるまです。
わたしのくるまはあのくろいのです。
_________________________________________________________
2. どのねこがみちこさんのねこですか。
どのねこがみちこさんのですか。
_________________________________________________________

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3. 「どれをのみますか。」「ええっと、くろいビールをのみます。」「どれをのみますか。」「ええっと、くろいのをのみます。」_________________________________________________________
4. どのレストランでたべますか。やすいレストランですか。しずかなレストランですか。
どのレストランでたべますか。やすいのですか。しずかなのですか。
_________________________________________________________
Exercise 11.5
Translate each sentence into Japanese:
1. Let’s brush our teeth.
はをみがきましょう。
_________________________________________________________
2. Won’t you watch a movie with me?
（わたしといっしょに）えいがをみませんか。
_________________________________________________________
3. Shall we read books at the park?
こうえんでほんをよみましょうか。
_________________________________________________________
4. Let’s exercise everyday from 11 AM to 4 PM.
まいにちごぜんじゅういちじからごごよじまでうんどうしましょう。
_________________________________________________________
5. Did Tom also sing by himself at karaoke?
トムさんもひとりでカラオケでうたいましたか。
_________________________________________________________

Exercise 11.6
Translate each sentence into English.
1. あさからよるまでしごとをしました。たいへんでした。
I worked from morning to evening. It was rough/hard/etc.
_________________________________________________________
2. たのしかったですから、あさのにじまでともだちとゲームをしました。
Because it was fun, I played games with friends until 2 am.
_________________________________________________________
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3. にほんごがむずかしいですから、いっしょにれんしょうしましょう！
Because Japanese is difficult, let’s practice together.
_________________________________________________________
4. これはだれのタブレットですか。どうしてわたしのつくえのうえにありますか。
Whose tablet is this? Why is it on my desk?
_________________________________________________________
5. タクシーでえきまでいきました。えきからうちまであるいていきました。
I took a taxi to the station. From the station, I walked home.
_________________________________________________________
6. さんじかんぐらいたべましょうか。
Shall we eat for around 3 hours?
_________________________________________________________

Exercise 11.7
Fill in the proper particles so that the English and Japanese sentences match. Use X for“no particle”.
1. At 3:oo, I will walk from my house to the university.
さんじ[ に]うち[から]だいがく[
まで]あるきます。

2. My dad takes a bath every night.
ちち[ は ]まいばんおふろ[ に ]はいります。
3. Shall we ask the teacher a question?
せんせい[ に ]しつもん[ を ]しましょうか。
4. I passed her the colourful one and the Japanese one.
かのじょ[ に ]カラフルなの[と ]にほんの[ を ]わたしました。

5. Because I sleep for seven hours every day. Also, because I study really hard.
まいにち[ X

]しちじかん[X ]ねます[ から ]。

そして、いっしょうけんめい[ X]べんきょうします[ から ]。

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COMPLETE VOCABULARY LIST・ごいリスト
Word

PoS

Definition

Word

PoS

Definition

アイスクリームnoun

ice cream

うえpreposition

above

うしろ

preposition

behindあいだ

preposition

between

うた

noun

song

あいます

verb

to meet

うたいます

verb

to sing

あおい

い adjective

blue

うち

noun

house

あかい

い adjective

red

うで

noun

arm

あかるい

い adjective

bright, cheerful

うります

verb

to sell

あさnoun

morning

うるさいい adjective

loud, noisy

あさごはん

noun

breakfast

うれしい

い adjective

happy

あさって

noun

day after tomorrow

うんどうしますcomp. verb

to exercise

あし

noun

leg, foot

うんてんしますcomp. verb

to drive

あした

noun

tomorrow

えいが

noun

movie

あそびます

verb

to play, to hang out

えいがかん

noun

movie theatre

あたま

noun

head

えいご

noun

English (language)

あたらしいい adjective

new

えき

noun

stationあなた

pronounyou, darling

えっとinterjectionuhh, umm

あにnoun

my older brother

えんぴつ

noun

pencilあねnoun

my older sister

おいしい

い adjective

delicious

アパート

noun

apartment

オーストラリアnoun

Australia

あびます

verb

to bask in

おかあさん

noun

motherアメリカ

noun

America

おかし

noun

candy

アルバイト

noun

part-time job

おかね

noun

money

あります

verb

to exist, to have

おきます

verb

to wake up

あるきます

verb

to walk

おさけnoun

alcohol

いいい adjective

good

おしえます

verb

to teach

いえ

noun

house

おしゃれ

な adjective

fashionable, nice

いきます

verb

to go to

おすし

noun

sushi

イギリス

noun

UK, England

おそいい adjective

slow

いけ

noun

pond

おちゃ

noun

tea

いざかや

noun

Japanese-style bar

おとうさん

noun

fatherいそがしいい adjectivebusy

おとうと(さん)noun(your) younger brother

いしゃ

noun

doctor

おとこのひと

noun

man

いす

noun

chair

おととい

noun

two days ago

いたいい adjective

painful

おにいさん

noun

your older brotherいつも

adverbalways

おねえさん

noun

your older sister

いっしょうけんめい

adverbwith all one’s effort

おはし

noun

chopsticks

いぬ

noun

dog

おふろ

noun

bath

います

verb

to exist, to haveおもいい adjectiveheavy

いもうと(さん)noun(your) younger sister

おもしろい

い adjective

interesting, funny

いろ

noun

colour

およぎます

verb

to swim

いれます

verb

to put in

オレンジ

noun

orangeインターネットnouninternet

おんがく

noun

music

あ

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おんなのひと

noun

woman

ぎんこう

noun

bank

かいます

verb

to buyくうこう

noun

airportくさい

い adjective

stinky

かいものしますcomp. verb

to go/do shopping

くち

noun

mouth

かえります

verb

to return home

クッキー

noun

cookie

かお

noun

face

くらい

い adjective

dark

かきます

verb

to writeぐらい

adverbabout, around

かさ

noun

umbrella

くるま

noun

car

かぞく

noun

familyくろいい adjective

black

カップ

noun

cup

け

noun

(body) hair

かなしいい adjective

sad

ケータイ

noun

cell phone

かのじょpronounher

げんき

な adjective

healthy, energetic

かばん

noun

bag, purse

げんごがく

noun

linguistics

カメラ

noun

camera

こうえん

noun

park

かみのけ

noun

head hair

こうこう

noun

high school

かもく

noun

(school) subject

こうこうせいnounhigh school student

かようび

noun

Tuesday

コーヒー

noun

coffeeからいい adjective

spicy

こくさいがくnouninternational studies

カラオケ

noun

karaoke

ことしnoun

this year

からだ

noun

body

こども

noun

child

カラフル

な adjective

colourful

これから

other

from now, from hereかれ

pronounhim

こわいい adjective

scary

カレー

noun

curry

コンピューター

noun

computer

かれら

pronoun

they

こんげつ

noun

this month

かわ

noun

river

コンサート

noun

concertかわいいい adjective

cute

こんしゅう

noun

this week

かんこく

noun

Korea

ごご

noun

P.M.

かんたん

な adjective

easy

ごぜん

noun

A.M.

がくせい

noun

student

ごはん

nouncooked rice, a meal

き

noun

tree

きいろい

い adjective

yellow

さいふ

noun

walletききますverb

to listen, to ask

さかな

noun

fish

きっさてん

noun

café

サッカー

noun

soccerきのうnoun

yesterday

サラダ

noun

salad

きます

verb

to come

ざいりょう

noun

ingredientsきらいな adjective

dislikable

ざっし

noun

magazineきれいな adjective

prettyしあいnoun(sports) game

きょう

noun

today

しごと(を)します

comp. verb

to do work

きょうかしょnoun

textbook

しずかな adjective

quiet

きょうしつ

noun

classroom

しつもん

noun

question

きょねん

noun

last year

しっぽ

noun

tail

きんようび

noun

Friday

じてんしゃ

noun

bike

ぎゅうにく

noun

beef

した

preposition

below

ぎゅうにゅう

noun

milk

シドニー

noun

Sydneyかさ

279

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
します

verb

to do, to play

ちゅうがくせいnoun

middle schooler

しゃしん

noun

pictureちゅうがっこうnoun

middle school

シャワー

noun

shower

ちゅうごく

noun

China

しょうがっこうnoun

elementary schoolちょっとadverba little

しょうがくせいnoun

elem. school student

つくえ

noun

desk

しゅうまつ

noun

weekend

つくります

verb

to make

しゅくだい

noun

homework

つまらないい adjective

boringしろいい adjective

white

て

noun

hand

しんせつ

な adjective

kind

テーブル

noun

table

しんぶん

noun

newspaper

てがみ

noun

a letter

じかん

noun

time

テスト

noun

test

じしょ

noun

dictionary

テニス

noun

tennisじょうずな adjective

skilledテレビ

noun

television

すいます

verb

to breathe in

でます

verb

to leave

すいようび

noun

Wednesday

でもconjunction

but

スーパー

noun

supermarket

でんしゃ

noun

train

すこし

adverba little

でんわ

noun

phone

すき

な adjective

likeable

でんわばんごうnounphone number

せ

noun

height

でんわをかけますverb phrase

to call by phone

せんせい

noun

teacher, doctor

ドア

noun

door

せんげつ

noun

last month

トイレ

noun

toilet

せんしゅう

noun

last weekとおい

い adjective

far away

そうじしますcomp. verb

to clean

としょかん

noun

library

そうですかphraseis that so?

とけい

noun

clock

そして

adverband thenとても

adverbvery

そばpreposition

near

となり

preposition

next to

スポーツ

noun

sportsともだち

nounfriend

とり

noun

bird

た
たいてい

adverbusually

とりにく

noun

chicken meat

たいへんな adjective

hard, difficult

とります

verb

to takeたくさん

adverba lot, lots

どうぞphraseby all means

たばこ

noun

tobacco, cigarette

どうぶつ

noun

animal

タブレット

noun

tablet

どようび

noun

Saturday

たべます

verb

to eat

たべもの

noun

food

ナイフ

noun

knife

たのしい

い adjective

fun

なか

preposition

insideたんじょうびnoun

birthdayながいい adjective

long

だいがく

noun

university

なげます

verb

to throw

だいがくせいnouncollege student

なべ

noun

pot

ちいさい

い adjective

small

なまえ

noun

name

ちかい

い adjective

close

にぎやか

な adjective

bustling

ちかく

preposition

nearby

にく

noun

meat

ちち

noun

my father

にちようび

noun

Sunday

ちゃいろ

noun

brown

にほん

noun

Japan

な

280

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
にほんしゅ

noun

sake

ベッド

noun

bed

ニュージーランドnoun

New Zealand

べんきょうしますcomp. verb

to study

ねこ

noun

cat

べんり

な adjective

convenient

ねます

verb

to sleep

ペン

noun

pen

ノート

noun

notebook

ほうちょう

noun

kitchen knife

のみます

verb

to drink

ほん

noun

book

のみもの

noun

bear

ぼうし

noun

hat, cap

のります

noun

to ride, to get on

ぼくpronounはI (male, semi-polite)
ま

は

noun

tooth

まいあさ

noun

every morning

はいります

verb

to enter

まいしゅう

noun

every week

はこ

noun

box

まいつき

noun

every month

はしります

verb

to runまいとしnoun

every year

はなします

verb

to speak, to talk

まいばん

noun

every evening

はは

noun

my mother

まじめな adjective

upstanding, uprightはやい

い adjective

fast, early

まずいい adjective

bad (to taste)

ハンサムな adjective

handsome

まちます

verb

to wait

バー

noun

bar

マッコーリーnoun

Macquarie

ばんごはん

noun

dinnerまどnoun

window

パーティー

noun

party

マレーシア

noun

Malasyia

パン

noun

bread

みがきます

verb

to brush, to polish

ひこうき

noun

airplane

みぎ

proposition

right

ひくい

い adjective

short, low

みじかい

い adjective

short

ひっこしますverb

to move (house)

みどり

noun

green

ひと

noun

personみますverb

to watch, to look, to see

ひとりでadverbby oneself

みみ

noun

ear

ひだり

preposition

left

むずかしい

い adjective

difficultひまな adjective

free, not busy

め

noun

eye

ひる

noun

afternoon

メール

noun

(e)mail

ひるごはん

noun

lunch

もくようび

noun

Thursdayひろい

い adjective

wide, spacious

もちろんphraseof course

ビール

noun

beer

ピザ

noun

pizza

やきゅう

noun

baseball

ピンク

noun

pink

やさい

noun

vegetable

フォーク

noun

fork

やさしい

い adjective

kind, easy

ふく

noun

clothing, clothesやすい

い adjective

cheap

ふで

noun

brush

ゆうびんきょくnoun

post office

ふとん

noun

futon

ゆうめい

な adjective

famousふるいい adjective

old

ゆび

noun

finger

ぶた

noun

pig

よみます

verb

to read

ぶたにく

noun

pork

よる

noun

evening

ぶんがく

noun

literature

プレゼント

noun

present

らいげつ

noun

next month

へたな adjective

unskilled

らいしゅう

noun

next week

や

ら

281

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
らいねん

noun

next year

ラッキー

な adjective

lucky

りょうしん

noun

parents

りょうり

noun

cooking, cuisine

りょうりしますcomp. verb

to cook

りょこう

noun

travel, a trip

りょこうしますcomp. verb

to go on a trip

りんご

noun

apple

れいぞうこ

noun

refrigerator

れきし

noun

history

レストラン

noun

restaurant

れんしゅうしますcomp. verb

to practice

わ
ワイン

noun

wine

わたし

pronoun

I

わたします

verb

to hand to282

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

HIRAGANA/KATAKANA CHART・ごじゅうおんず
Hiragana:
k

s

t

n

h

m

y

r

wa

や

ら

わ

り

wo

る

を

れ

n

よ

ろ

ん

a

あ

か

さ

た

な

は

ま

i

い

き

し

ち

に

ひ

み

u

う

く

す

つ

ぬ

ふ

む

e

え

け

せ

て

ね

へ

め

o

お

こ

そ

と

の

ほ

も

g

z

d

b

p

a

が

ざ

だ

ば

ぱ

i

ぎ

じ

ぢ

び

ぴ

u

ぐ

ず

づ

ぶ

ぷ

e

げ

ぜ

で

べ

ぺ

o

ご

ぞ

ど

ぼ

ぽ

k

s

t

n

h

m

y

r

wa

ヤ

ラ

ワ

リ

wo

ル

ヲ

レ

n

ロ

ン

ゆ

Katakana:

a

ア

カ

サ

タ

ナ

ハ

マ

i

イ

キ

シ

チ

ニ

ヒ

ミ

u

ウ

ク

ス

ツ

ヌ

フ

ム

e

エ

ケ

セ

テ

ネ

ヘ

メ

o

オ

コ

ソ

ト

ノ

ホ

モ

ユ

ヨ

Special notes:
は is pronounced wa when used as a grammatical particle.
を is never used for spelling. It’s only use is to mark a noun (phrase) as a direct object.
A small tsu (っ/ッ) indicates a pause, as in おと (oto) vs おっと (otto).
When writing in katakana, use a long bar (ー) to represent a long vowel.
Sutegana, or small characters, indicate that the small character replaces the vowel sound of
the larger character. For instance, き+ゃ indicates that ya replaces the vowel sound of ki,
creating kya.
283

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

TYPING IN JAPANESE・にほんごのタイピング
Typing in Japanese is fairly straightforward once you have learned hiragana and katakana. First though,make sure that Japanese input is enabled on your computer.
On a PC you can switch between English and Japanese input by using ALT+Shift. While in Japanese mode,
you can also switch between hiragana and Romanization by using ALT+~ (the key next to 1).
When in Japanese typing mode, you enter Japanese via hiragana. Most hiragana are entered by using their
Romanization. For instance, かきくけこ are created by typing ka, ki, ku, ke, and ko. This does mean that you
always type ha to get は though, even when you want to use it as a particle. Some characters do have multiple
methods of input: ち and つ can be created by typing chi/tsu (their sound) or ti/tu (recognizing that they arepart of the “t” sound category). ん is then created with nn (e.g., nihonn for にほん), and wo creates を.
Sutegana are created in two ways: the first is by spelling out the sound. For instance, if you type kya, you get
きゃ. The small ゃ is automatically created. To get a small っ, you can type a double consonant. かっぱ, forinstance, is created by typing kappa. The other method is by typing a sound with “x” in front of it. For
instance, xya, xyu, xyo, and xtu produce ゃ, ゅ, ょ, and っ.
While typing in hiragana, make sure to press ENTER after each word. If you don’t, words may automaticallybe changed to kanji. Sometimes, these changes are incorrect, so press ENTER regularly to avoid them.
To write a word in katakana, type the word via hiragana and then press the spacebar or the F7 key before youpress ENTER. However, make sure to type ー (next to the zero key) manually if the word has an extended
vowel. For instance, if you type coffee as kouhii and press space you get 公費井. This is gibberish. Instead,
you need to type ko―hi― and press space or F7. This gets you コーヒー.
Finally, to get kanji type the word in hiragana and then hit space. Hitting space once gives you therecommended kanji representation. This may, or may not, be the correct representation, and is partiallybased on what kanji you have used recently. To see more options, press space again. This will bring up the
options, like you can see in the picture below:
While viewing this box, you can scroll up/down with the arrow keys, orjump to the representation you want by pressing the number next to it. If
the initial list doesn’t have the kanji you want, you can sometimes press TAB
to expand the chart:

Once moving on top of your desired kanji, then press enter. You won’t need to use kanji much this semester,
but it is a good idea to practice changing hiragana to kanji.

284

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

GRAMMAR INDEX・ぶんぽうさくいん
You can ctrl+left click on a grammar point to jump to its location.
Week 1
1.
2.
3.
4.

Basic Japanese sentence structure……….……………………………………………………………………………….20
Nations/nationalities…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22
Counting, age, & school year………………………………………………………………………………………………..23
Self-introductions……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………..26

Week 2
1.
2.
3.
4.

This and that, here and there……………………………………………………………………………………………….46
The particle の…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....48
Asking yes/no questions………………………………………………………………………………………………………50
Asking open-ended questions………………………………………………………………………………………………51

Week 31.
2.
3.
4.

Negating nouns…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..78“Who”/“whose”…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..79
Verbs, and the particle を…………………………………………………………………………………………………….80
Basic frequency adverbs………………………………………………………………………………………………………83

Week 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

い adjectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………106
Negating い adjectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………….108
New questions via どう・どれですか………………………………………………………………..…………………110
Also/も…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…110
Sentence final particles....…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…….…..…..…..…..…..…...…..…..…..…..…..…..…..112

Week 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Colours…………………………..…………………….…….………………………….………………………….……………..131
な adjectives………………………….………………………….………………………….……………………………………131
どんな – what kind of………………………….………………………….………………………….…………………..…133
Marking destination with に………………………….………………………….………………………………………..134
Marking location of action with で………………………….………………………….……………………………….135

Week 61.
2.
3.
4.

Family terms………………………………….……………………………….………………………………………………..150
Marking time with に……………………………….……………………………….………………………………….…….151
Marking “and” with と and や……………………………….……………………………….…………………….……..154
The topic particle は……………………………….……………………………….…………………………………………155

Week 7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Likes & Dislikes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..171あります and います…………………………………………….…………………………………………….……………..173
Expressing location of existence…………………………………………….……………………………………………173
Expressing relative location…………………………………………….………………………………………………….175
Expressing ownership…………………………………………….………………………………………………………….176

Week 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Counting above 100……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………194Counting minutes, days, months, & years…………………………………………………………………………….195
Past tense………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….198
Past tense of nouns and な adjectives…………………………………………………………………………………..198
Past tense of い adjectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………..199
Past tense of verbs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..201
Past tense review……….………………………………………………………………………………………………………201285

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1
Week 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Marking questions as subjects with が………………………………………………………………………….……..218
Nothing/Noone…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………220
Talents & weaknesses……………………………………………………………………………..………………………...220
Describing traits………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..222
Connective phrases……………………………………………………………………………………………………………223
Why & because………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………..224
Price……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….225

Week 10
1.
2.
3.
4.

By means of で………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………244
Together with と………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………245
Destination of action with に………………………………………………….…………………………………..………246
Frequency & duration………………………………………………….………………………………………………….…246

Week 11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The particle の as “that one”……………………………………………………………………………………………….263
Advanced uses of も………….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….………264
From & until/から & まで……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……………….……….…….……264
Inviting with ~ませんか……….……….……….……….……….……….……….………..……….……….……………265
Let’s/shall we with ましょう(か) ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…………………265

286

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

USEFUL CHARTS・やくにたつず
Counting
Numbers

Minutes

Hours

Months

Days

1

いち

いっぷん

いちじ

いちがつ

ついたち

2

に

にふん

にじ

にがつ

ふつか

3

さん

さんぷん

さんじ

さんがつ

みっか

4

し・よん

よんぷん

よじ

しがつ

よっか

5

ご

ごふん

ごじ

ごがつ

いつか

6

ろく

ろっぷん

ろくじ

ろくがつ

むいか

7

しち・なな

ななふん

しちじ

しちがつ

なのか

8

はち

はっぷん

はちじ

はちがつ

よっか

9

きゅう

きゅうふん

くじ

くがつ

ここのか

10

じゅう

じゅっぷん

じゅうじ

じゅうがつ

とおか

Common Uses of Particles
は
に

で
と
を
が

Marks the topic of a sentenceMarks when something happens (time)Marks destination
Marks the location where something exists
Marks destination/target of action (who/what something is done for/to)
Marks the location where something occurs
Marks the method by which something is doneMarks “and” when used between two nouns/noun phrases
Marks “with”
Marks the direct object in a sentence with a verb
Marks the subject of a sentenceMarks the thing that exists in a “There is/there are” sentence

Japanese question words
なに
なん
どこ
どれ
どの[X]
いつ
なんじ
どうやって
なにで
どうして
いくら
だれ・だれの[X]
どんな[X]
なん[time]かん
どうですか“What”, used before particles.
“What”, used before です or suffixes like ～さい、～じ“Where”“Which”“Which X”“When”“What time/hour”“How”“By means of what”“Why”“How much”“Who”・ “Whose”“What kind of X”“How many minutes/hours/days/weeks/months/years”“How is X”/“How about X”
287

JPNS/JPNX 1010 Unit Book, Semester 1

USEFUL ONLINE RESOURCES・オンラインリソース
Dictionaries
ALC – A Japanese online dictionary with a large number of sample sentences
Jisho.org – A Japanese/English dictionary and search tool with multiple study functions
Kanji Reader – A Japanese website providing readings for kanji characters
Jim Breen’s WWWJDIC – A dictionary that lets you search for kanji by radicals
Kakijun.com – A website with animated stroke order videos for kanji (search is top bar)
Japanese Practice Websites
JPNS1010 Quizlet Page – Customized quizlets for each week of JPNS1010
Hiragana/Katakana Quiz – Simple kana to Romanized Japanese quiz
Kana Quest – Flashcard style kana quizzes
NHK News Web Easy – Japanese news with furigana, listening practice, and other help
Japan/Japanese Related Websites
JLPT Sydney – Information on JLPT offerings in Sydney/Australia
Japan Times – English language Japanese news
Japan Foundation Sydney – Homepage of Sydney’s Japan Foundation branch
Macquarie Japanese Association FB Page – Official group for the Macquarie student group
Irasutoya – An amazing free clip-art website (Japanese language searches only)
HyperDia – Schedules, routes, and other information useful for travel by train in Japan

Apps
Anki – A flashcard app for all operating systems
Chase Colburn’s Japanese Kanji Study – A top-tier kanji study app for Android
imiwa? – An excellent and free Japanese dictionary app for iOS devices
Midori – An extremely powerful and versatile (but expensive) app for iOS devices
JED Japanese Dictionary – By far the most extensive dictionary available for Android
Obenkyo – Another highly rated Japanese app for Android
Google Translate – For when all else fails….. available for Android and iOS devices

If you know of other resources that should be on this list, please email wes.robertson@mq.edu.au288

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