ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTERDISCUSSION PAPER

No.169Economic Growth and Employment in China
̆Pursuing for Flexicurity in Labor Markets̆
byZhang Juwei

March 2009

ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTERGRADUATE SCHOOL OF ECONOMICSNAGOYA UNIVERSITY
Economic Growth and Employment in China
㧙Pursuing for Flexicurity in Labor Markets㧙
Zhang Juwei
Institute of Population and Labor Economics,
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

October 2008, Nagoya University
Abstract: This paper includes four sections. Section one mainly answers the question whether
Chinese rapid economic growth has created enough employment or not, and concludes that theeconomic growth does create as many work opportunities as it should do especially in the earlystage of the reform based on the analysis of aggregate data on economic growth and employment .
Section two presents a general picture of update trends in labor demand and supply in China, andconcludes that unlimited supply of labors seems being departing from China, but this does notnecessarily mean that China has entered into the era of labor shortage, but it seems that there isenough supply of labor in next 20 years in China. Section three discusses major problems facing
Chinese labor markets, such problems as the structural problems of employment, the trend of
informalization of employment, and the problem of distorted primary income distribution havebeen discussed. Section four concludes with the argument that a good functioned labor market
must be able to combine flexibility with security in pursuit of balance between economic growthand employment.
Key words: economic growth, employment, labor markets

I appreciate the opportunity provided by the Economic Research Center, School of Economics, Nagoya
University, which makes it possible for me work here for three months. I am greatly indebted to my collaborator
professor Xue Jinjun and old friend professor Arayama Yuko, for their supports and assistances. Dr. Takeho
Nakamura is responsible for my ordinary work and life here, who have done lots of tedious works, and I greatly
appreciate his efforts. My thanks also go to many graduate students such as Mr. Zhu Hongfei and Ms Yue Bohan aswell as others who provide me with various assistances.
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2008 ᑈ 10 ᳜ ᮹ᴀ೑ ৡসሟ໻ᄺ
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ᛳ䇶ৡসሟ໻ᄺ㒣⌢ᄺⷨお⾥䰘ሲ೑䰙㒣⌢ⷨおЁᖗⱘ䙔䇋ˈЎ԰㗙ᦤկњЎᳳ 3 Ͼ᳜ⱘ䆓䯂ⷨおˈ㡃དⱘᎹ԰੠⫳⌏ᴵӊՓ԰㗙䖭䞠ᑺ䖛њϔ↉㕢དᯊ‫ܝ‬Ǆᛳ䇶ড়԰ӭԈ㭯䖯‫ݯ‬ᬭᥜҹঞ㗕᳟ট㤦ቅ㺩㸠ᬭᥜ᠔ᦤկⱘ৘⾡ᐂࡽϢᬃᣕʽЁᴥኇ〫म຿ᰃ԰㗙೼䖭䞠Ꮉ԰੠⫳⌏ⱘ㘨㒰ҎˈҪЎℸᡓᢙњ໻䞣⧤⹢㗠㐕ᴖⱘᎹ԰ˈᛳ䇶Ҫⱘ䕯ࢸࢇࡼʽ䖭䞠ⱘᕜ໮ⷨお⫳՟བᴅᅣ亲ৠᄺǃኇम⎉ৠᄺㄝгЎ԰㗙ᦤկњ໮⾡ᔶᓣⱘᐂࡽˈ䍕ℸᴎӮг㸼⼎ᛳ䇶ʽ2ϔǃ㒣⌢๲䭓߯䗴ህϮњ৫˛Ё೑䖛এᅲᮑⱘ䅵ߦ㒣⌢ԧࠊᰃ㾖ᆳࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ‫࣪ۉ‬ᇐ㟈㒣⌢㔎У⌏࡯੠๲䭓‫ذ‬⒲ⱘ
᳔ད՟䆕ǄЎњ䗑∖㒱ᇍ݀ᑇǃ⍜䰸༅Ϯᑊᅲ⦄Ā‫ߚܙ‬ህϮāˈ䅵ߦ㒣⌢ᅲᮑњᅠܼⱘህϮֱᡸࠊᑺ˖ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎা䖯ϡߎˈᎹ䌘䭓ᳳ㓈ᣕĀԢ∈ᑇāˈֱ䰽੠⽣߽ᅠܼ⬅೑ᆊ䅵ߦᴹֱ䆕ˈ೼䖭ḋⱘࠊᑺᅝᥦϟˈᡒࠄℷᓣᎹ԰ԐТህッϞњĀ䪕佁⹫āķˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᕏᑩ‫ۉ‬࣪Ǆ‫࡯ࡼࢇⱘ࣪ۉ‬ᏖഎҢḍᴀϞ㹿ᢍ✲њࢇࡼ㗙ⱘ⫳ѻ⿃ᵕᗻˈᑆ໮ᑆᇥϔϾḋˈᑆ੠ϡᑆϔϾḋˈᇐ㟈њ㒣⌢ᬜ⥛ⱘᎼ໻ᤳ༅ˈৠᯊ᳈᮴⊩㾷‫އ‬ህϮ䯂乬ˈĀ‫ߚܙ‬ህϮāা㛑ϔ⾡⬏佐‫ܙ‬伹ᓣⱘ㞾ℎℎҎˈ‫ދ‬䝋ⱘ㒣⌢⦄ᅲᰃ༅ϮҢĀᰒᗻāব៤Ā䱤ᗻāˈ᭄䞣ᑲ໻ⱘࢇࡼ໻
‫ݯ‬㒘៤њ⌽⌽㤵㤵ⱘ༅Ϯ໻‫ݯ‬ǄĀ໻䎗䖯āᯊᳳ‫ݰ‬ᴥࢇࡼ࡯ⱘ‫ܜ‬Ā䖯ā˄ජ˅ৢĀ䗔ā˄ಲ‫ݰ‬ᴥ˅ˈĀ᭛࣪໻䴽āᯊᳳජᏖ䴦ᑈĀϞቅϟеā䖤ࡼˈ䛑ᰃᔧᯊජ䬛༅Ϯᔶ࢓Ϲ䞡ᙊ࣪ⱘⳳᅲ
‫✻ݭ‬Ǆ1962ˉ1979 ᑈⱘ 18 ᑈ䯈ˈජ䬛᳝݅ 1776.48 ϛҎĸⶹ䆚䴦ᑈ㹿ϟᬒࠄ‫ݰ‬ᴥˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥг಴ℸ៤њ਌㒇䱤ᗻ༅ϮҎਬⱘĀ㪘∈∴āǄ೼ࢇࡼ㗙⫳ѻ⿃ᵕᗻ䙁ࠄᕏᑩᡐᴔⱘᚙ‫މ‬ϟˈ䅵ߦ㒣⌢ࠊᑺЎ䗑∖㒣⌢๲䭓ϡᕫϡᡞᡩ䌘৥䌘䞥੠ᡔᴃᆚ䲚ൟ䚼䮼Ϲ䞡ؒ᭰ˈ䖭ḋ‫خ‬㱑✊ᏺᴹњⷁ᱖㒣⌢๲䭓ˈԚҷӋᰃ㒣⌢㒧ᵘϹ䞡㹿ᡁ᳆੠㒣⌢ᬜ⥛Ԣϟˈ䱋ܹ㒣⌢‫ذ‬⒲੠ህϮंУⱘ⼒Ӯॅᴎᰃ݊ᖙ✊ⱘᔦᆓǄ᮴⊩㾷‫އ‬ህϮ䯂乬ᰃ䅵ߦ㒣⌢ࠊԧࠊⱘ᳔໻༅䋹ˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ‫࣪ۉ‬ᰃᇐ㟈䖭ϔ༅䋹ⱘ᳔䞡㽕ॳ಴ПϔǄᬍ䴽ᑊ≵᳝ᗹѢ⸈䰸ᮻⱘ䅵ߦԧࠊˈг≵᳝䖛ᮽ㾺ঞජ䬛‫࡯ࡼࢇⱘ࣪ۉ‬Ꮦഎˈ㗠ᰃ䞛প⏤䖯ⱘ๲䞣ᬍ䴽ᮍᓣǄᬍ䴽䗝ᢽҹ‫ݰ‬ᴥЎさ⸈ষˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥᆊᒁ㘨ѻᡓࣙ䋷ӏࠊⱘ‫݋‬ԧᬍ䴽᥾ᮑᵕ໻ഄࠎ▔њ‫ݰ‬ᴥ㒣⌢থሩˈ๲ᔎњ‫ݰ‬ᴥ㒣⌢๲䭓ⱘ⌏࡯ˈᏺࡼњܼ೑㒣⌢ⱘ催䗳๲䭓Ǆ
1978üü1989 ᑈˈGDP ᑈഛ๲䭓 9.72%ˈ݊Ё㄀ϔѻϮᑈᑇഛ๲䭓 5.22%ˈ㄀ѠѻϮᑈഛ๲䭓 10.82%ˈ㄀ϝѻϮᑈഛ๲䭓 12.39%Ǆ㒣⌢催䗳๲䭓ⱘৠᯊˈ໻䞣ህϮቫԡ㹿߯䗴ߎᴹˈҢ 1978 ᑈࠄ 1990 ᑈˈܼ೑ህϮᘏ䞣Ң 40152 ϛ๲ࡴࠄ 64749 ϛˈ‫ޔ‬๲ࡴ 24597 ϛˈᑈᑇഛ๲ࡴ 2050 ϛҎǄ݊Ёජ䬛䚼䮼‫ޔ‬๲ህϮ 7527 ϛҎˈᑈᑇഛ๲ࡴ 627 ϛҎ˗‫ݰ‬ᴥህϮ‫ޔ‬๲ࡴ 17070 ϛҎˈ݊Ё‫ݰ‬ᴥ‫ݰ‬ϮህϮ‫ޔ‬๲ࡴ 9028 ϛҎˈᑈഛ๲ࡴ 752 ϛҎˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥ䴲‫ݰ‬ϮህϮ๲ࡴ 8042 ϛҎˈᑈഛ๲ࡴ 670 ϛҎǄབᵰᡞජ䬛ህϮ๲ࡴϢ‫ݰ‬ᴥ䴲‫ݰ‬ህϮড়೼ϔ䍋ˈ߭ᘏ䴲‫ݰ‬ϮህϮ೼ 12 ᑈᯊ䯈‫ޔݙ‬๲ࡴ 15569 ϛҎˈᑈᑇഛ๲ࡴ 1297 ϛҎ˄খ㾕㸼 1˅ǄህϮ催䗳๲䭓ˈᕜᖿ䗴៤ජ䬛ࢇࡼ࡯կϡᑨ∖ˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥࢇࡼ࡯಴ℸ৥ජ䬛ᖿ䗳䕀⿏ˈϞϪ㑾 80ᑈҷ⫮㟇ߎ⦄њࢇࡼ࡯䕀⿏ⱘĀ⇥Ꮉ╂āǄࢇࡼ࡯Ңᬜ⥛Ԣⱘ‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼৥ᬜ⥛催ⱘ䴲‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼䕀⿏ˈϡҙᵕ໻ഄ᥼ࡼњ㒣⌢ⱘᖿ䗳๲䭓ˈৠᯊг᳝ᬜഄ㓧㾷њ‫ݰ‬ᴥ࠽ԭࢇࡼ࡯य़࡯ˈՓ
ᕫࢇࡼ࡯䌘⑤ᕫࠄ᳈ࡴ‫⫼߽ߚܙ‬Ǆ㸼 1˖1978-1990 ᑈህϮ᭄䞣ব࣪˄ϛҎ˅
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⊼˖1990 ᑈ᭄᥂Ў༛ᓖؐˈ䖭ৃ㛑੠䆹ᑈ䖯㸠њ㒳䅵ষᕘ䇗ᭈ᳝݇Ǆ䖭ϔ᭄᥂ᑨ䆹ϡӮᇍ䅵ㅫᑇഛؐѻ⫳䖛໻ᕅડˈԚᇍ䅵ㅫ 1990 ᑈࠡৢ᭄ᑈⱘ๲䭓⥛ᕅડ䕗໻Ǆ䌘᭭ᴹ⑤˖ǉЁ೑㒳䅵ᑈ䡈ǊˈህϮᔍᗻḍ᥂ǉЁ೑㒳䅵ᑈ䡈Ǌ᭄᥂䅵ㅫǄ䱣ⴔࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬍ䴽ⱘ‫᥹ߏކ‬䖥ሒໄˈ2002 ᑈৢජ䬛ህϮ‫ޔ‬๲䭓䗳ᑺϡᮁࡴᖿˈ㸼⦄ЎѠǃϝѻϮ䚼䮼ⱘህϮᔍᗻϡᮁ๲ࡴˈ݊Ё㄀ѠѻϮ๲䭓ᇸ݊ᯢᰒǄ2002-2006 ᑈⱘ 4 ᑈ䯈ˈᑇഛህϮᔍᗻ催䖒 0.4ˈ݊Ё 2005 ᑈ੠ 2006 ᑈߚ߿Ў 0.55 ੠ 0.46Ǆ㒣⌢๲䭓জᓔྟሩ⦄ߎᕜᔎⱘህϮᢝࡼᬜᑨˈ㒣⌢๲䭓੠ህϮП䯈гᓔྟ䖬ॳߎѠ㗙П䯈ⱘᴀᴹ䴶ⳂǄߚᵤ㒣⌢๲䭓੠ህϮ๲䭓݇㋏ᯊˈ䖬ᖙ乏㗗㰥ⱘ঺ϔ಴㋴ᰃ‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼᠔⫼ⱘব࣪Ǆᬍ䴽ᓔᬒᮽᳳˈ‫ݰ‬Ϯ㒣⌢๲䭓੠݊Ҫ䚼䮼ϔḋ਌㒇ህϮˈԚ 1990 ᑈৢˈ‫ݰ‬Ϯ䗤⏤ҢᘏԧϞ਌㒇ህϮ䕀বЎᥦ᭹ህϮˈᇸ݊ᰃජ䬛㒣⌢催䗳๲䭓ᯊᳳˈ‫ݰ‬Ϯᥦ᭹ህϮህ᳈ࡴᯢᰒǄ‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼԰⫼ⱘব࣪гᰃ 1990 ᑈৢህϮᔍᗻϔⳈ䰡Ԣⱘ䞡㽕ॳ಴ˈᘏԧ㒣⌢๲䭓ⱘህϮᔍᗻ೼ 2006ᑈ䰡Ԣࠄা᳝ 0.07ˈᕜ໮Ҏ᥂ℸ䅸ЎЁ೑㒣⌢ᰃϔ⾡≵᳝߯䗴ህϮⱘ๲䭓Ǆ೼‫ݰ‬Ϯᥦ᭹ህϮⱘᚙ‫މ‬ϟˈᘏህϮᔍᗻ಴Ў᮴⊩ড᯴䖭ϔ⡍ᅮ㒧ᵘব࣪㗠໻໻ԢԄњ㒣⌢๲䭓᠔ᅲ䰙߯䗴ⱘህϮǄ೼䖭⾡ᚙ‫މ‬ϟˈ㾖ᆳ㒣⌢๲䭓੠ህϮП䯈ⱘ݇㋏᳔དՓ⫼䴲‫ݰ‬ϮህϮᔍᗻǄབᵰᡞ㄀ѠѻϮ੠㄀ϝѻϮড়೼ϔ䍋ᅮНЎ䴲‫ݰ‬䚼䮼ˈৃҹⳟࠄˈ䴲‫ݰ‬㒣⌢๲䭓ⱘህϮᔍᗻϔⳈ㓈ᣕ䕗催ⱘᔍᗻˈ1991-2006 ᑈ䯈ⱘᑇഛህϮᔍᗻ 0.21ˈߚ䰊↉ᴹⳟˈ1991-1997ᑈᑇഛЎ 0.31ˈᑈᑇഛ๲ࡴህϮ 1306 ϛˈ1998-2002 ᑈЎ 0.16ˈᑈᑇഛ๲ࡴህϮ 548 ϛˈ
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䴲‫ݰ‬ህϮ๲䞣䴲‫ݰ‬ህϮᔍᗻ೒ 1˖1991 ᑈҹᴹⱘ䴲‫ݰ‬ህϮϢ䴲‫ݰ‬ህϮᔍᗻব࣪䌘᭭ᴹ⑤˖ḍ᥂ǉЁ೑㒳䅵ᑈ䡈Ǌ᭄᥂䅵ㅫ㓐Ϟ᠔䗄ˈ㱑✊ҢᘏԧϞⳟЁ೑㒣⌢๲䭓ⱘህϮᔍᗻ䕗ԢˈԚᑊϡ㛑᥂ℸ䅸Ў㒣⌢๲䭓≵᳝߯䗴ህϮˈ಴Ў‫ݰ‬ϮᢝࡼህϮ԰⫼ⱘব࣪੠ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬍ䴽䛑Ӯ೼ϔᅮ⿟ᑺϞ᥽Ⲫњ㒣⌢๲䭓੠ህϮПⱘⳳᅲ݇㋏ˈᘏԧህϮᔍᗻ಴ℸӮ໻໻ԢԄ㒣⌢๲䭓ᇍህϮⱘᅲ䰙ᢝࡼᬜᑨǄߚ䰊↉ᴹⳟˈᇸ݊Ң䴲‫ݰ‬ህϮ๲䭓ᴹⳟˈЁ೑㒣⌢๲䭓ϔⳈ೼໻䞣߯䗴ህϮˈᇸ݊ᰃ
2002 ᑈৢˈ䱣ⴔࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬍ䴽ᇍህϮⱘ‫ߏކ‬䗤⏤㒧ᴳˈ㒣⌢๲䭓੠ህϮП䯈䞡⦄䕗ᔎⱘ݇㘨ᗻˈࢇࡼ࡯կϡᑨ∖ሔ䴶೼ᕜ໮ഄऎਜᛜⓨᛜ⚜П࢓Ǆ೼䖭⾡ᕜ໮Ҏᓔྟ䯂˖Ё೑Ꮖ㒣ℹܹњࢇࡼ࡯ⷁ㔎ᯊҷ৫˛ѠǃЁ೑ℹܹࢇࡼ࡯ⷁ㔎ᯊҷњ৫˛ⳂࠡˈЁ೑㒣⌢๲䭓ℷ໘Ѣग़৆Ϟ᳔དⱘᯊᳳˈGDP ๲䭓⥛Ꮖ䖲㓁 5 ᑈ䍙䖛 10%ˈ2008ᑈ乘䅵гᇚֱᣕ 10%Ꮊেⱘ๲䭓⥛ˈℷ೼߯䗴Ϫ⬠㒣⌢๲䭓৆Ϟᇥ᳝ⱘ༛䗍Ǆ㒣⌢ⱘ催䗳๲䭓ᵕ໻ഄࠎ▔њህϮ䳔∖ˈ᳔䖥޴ᑈᮄ๲䴲‫ݰ‬ϮህϮ๲䭓䛑㓈ᣕ೼ 1700-2000 ϛП䯈ǄϢℸৠᯊˈ䱣ⴔҎষ䕀বⱘᖿ䗳ᅠ៤ˈҎষ㗕啘࣪䗳ᑺϡᮁࡴᖿˈ㱑✊ࢇࡼᑈ啘Ҏষҡ೼㒻㓁๲䭓ˈԚ↣ᑈⱘ๲䞣ℷ೼‫ޣ‬ᇥǄ᳔ᮄ乘⌟㸼ᯢˈ15-64 ቕᑈ啘↉Ҏষ᭄䞣䖬Ӯᣕ㓁๲ࡴࠄ 2014ᑈˈ㗠 15-60 ቕᑈ啘↉ⱘҎষ๲䭓ࠄ 2011 ᑈህӮ‫ذ‬ℶˈПৢˈࢇࡼᑈ啘Ҏষ㒱ᇍ᭄䞣ᇚϡ‫ݡ‬๲䭓Ǆࢇࡼ䳔∖ⱘᔎࢆ๲䭓੠ࢇࡼկ㒭य़࡯ⱘ‫ޣ‬ᔅᇐ㟈ࢇࡼկ∖݇㋏থ⫳њࠡ᠔᳾᳝ⱘḍᴀᗻ䕀ব˖᮴䰤ⱘࢇࡼկ㒭ᔶ࢓䗤⏤䖰এˈᑊℷҢ᮴䰤կ㒭䍄৥᳝䰤࠽ԭǄԚᰃˈࢇࡼկ∖ᔶ࢓ⱘϞ䗄ব࣪ᑊϡᖙ✊ᛣੇⴔࢇࡼ࡯ⷁ㔎ᯊҷⱘᴹЈǄ䖭Џ㽕಴ЎЁ೑ᄬ೼ⴔ⣀⡍ⱘ೑ᚙǄ佪‫ˈܜ‬Ё೑ࢇࡼ࡯䌘⑤㒱ᇍ᭄䞣ᑲ໻ˈ ቕࢇࡼᑈ啘Ҏষ೼ ᑈ䖒ࠄ᳔催ዄᯊⱘᘏ䞣催䖒 9.97 ғˈ䖭ᰃӏԩ೑ᆊ䛑᮴⊩↨ᢳⱘǄ݊⃵ˈЁ೑ᄬ೼ⴔ⣀⡍ⱘජеѠ‫ܗ‬㒧ᵘˈ໻໮᭄ҎষⳂࠡҡሙԣ೼‫ݰ‬ᴥˈ䖭ᵘ៤њජ䬛ࢇࡼկ㒭ⱘ┰೼ᴹ⑤Ǆ಴ℸˈЁ೑ⱘ⡍⅞೑ᚙ‫އ‬ᅮњ೼ࢇࡼᑈ啘Ҏষ‫ذ‬ℶ๲䭓ৢˈࢇࡼ࡯ᰃ৺䴶Јⷁ㔎䖬䳔㽕ᓘ⏙Ἦ‫ݰ‬ᴥ6ࢇࡼ࡯ᰃ৺㛑㒻㓁৥ජ䬛䴲‫ݰ‬㒣⌢䚼䮼䕀⿏Ǆ᳝Ҏ䅸ЎЁ೑‫ݰ‬ᴥ࠽ԭࢇࡼ࡯Ꮖ㒣ᶃチˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥࢇࡼ࡯Ꮖ᮴⊩㒻㓁Ўජ䬛䚼䮼ᦤկ䎇໳ⱘࢇࡼկ㒭ˈ䖭ḋⱘⳟ⊩Џ㽕෎Ѣ᳔䖥޴ᑈথ⫳೼⊓⍋ഄऎⱘϾḜˈԚᴹ㞾ᅣ㾖᭄᥂ⱘ䆕᥂ᑊϡᬃᣕϞ䗄ⳟ⊩Ǆᬍ䴽ᓔᬒҹᴹˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥࢇࡼ࡯৥ජ䬛䕀⿏ϔⳈਜࡴᖿ䍟࢓Ǆ ᑈජ䬛ҎষऴᘏҎষⱘ↨՟Ў ˈ ᑈ๲ࡴ ˈ ᑈජ䬛࣪ᑇഛ䗳ᑺЎ Ǆߚ䰊↉ᴹⳟˈ ᑈᑇഛජ䬛࣪䗳ᑺЎ ˈ ᑈЎ ˈ ᑈЎ ˈᕜᰒ✊ˈ ᑈৢජ䬛࣪ⱘ䗳ᑺϡҙ≵᳝‫ޣ‬㓧ˈড㗠ᰒ㨫ࡴᖿǄ㱑✊‫ݰ‬ᴥࢇࡼ࡯৥ජ䬛䕀⿏᳔㒜Ӯ‫ذ‬ℶˈԚ៥Ӏⱘ䯂乬ᰃˈ䖭⾡ᚙ‫މ‬Ӯ⦄೼থ⫳৫˛߸ᮁ‫ݰ‬ᴥࢇࡼ࡯ᰃ৺Ӯ㒻㓁৥‫ݰ‬ᴥ䕀⿏ˈ݇䬂㽕ⳟ‫އ‬ᅮ䕀⿏ⱘ಴㋴ᰃ৺থ⫳њᬍবҹঞথ⫳њҔМḋⱘᬍবǄ‫ݰ‬ᴥࢇࡼ࡯䕀⿏᠔ҹ㽕৥ජ䬛䕀⿏ˈЏ㽕ᰃ಴Ў‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼੠䴲‫ݰ‬䚼䮼ᄬ೼ⴔࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛੠Ꮉ䌘ⱘ䕗໻Ꮒ䎱Ǆ಴ℸˈབᵰ㾖ᆳࠄϸ䚼䮼ᬜ⥛੠Ꮉ䌘Ꮒ䎱㓽ᇣ៪㗙䍟ৠˈ䙷Мˈ䕀⿏ࡼ࡯ህӮ‫ޣ‬ᔅ៪㗙䇈⍜༅˗བᵰᏂᓖ㒻㓁ᄬ೼៪㗙䖯ϔℹᠽ໻ˈ䙷Мˈ䕀⿏ህᇚ㒻㓁Ǆᬍ䴽ᓔᬒҹᴹˈЁ೑‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼੠䴲‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼ⱘࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛Ꮒᓖϡҙ≵᳝㓽ᇣˈড㗠ਜ⦄ᠽ໻䍟࢓Ǆ ᑈˈϔϾ䴲‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼ⱘࢇࡼ࡯᠔߯䗴ⱘ๲ࡴؐⳌᔧѢ  Ͼ‫ݰ‬Ϯࢇࡼ࡯ˈ ᑈ䖭ϔ᭄ᄫবЎ ˄খ㾕೒ ˅Ǆ䗴៤ϸ䚼䮼ࢇࡼ࡯⫳ѻ⥛ᢝ໻ⱘॳ಴ˈᑊ䴲಴Ў‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼ࢇࡼ࡯⫳ѻ⥛ϟ䰡៪㗙㔎У๲䭓ˈ㗠ᰃ಴Ў䴲‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼ࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛๲ࡴ䗳ᑺ໻໻ᖿѢ‫ݰ‬Ϯࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛ǄџᅲϞˈᬍ䴽ᓔᬒҹᴹˈ‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼ࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛ϔⳈֱᣕ䕗ᖿ๲䭓ˈ ᑈ‫ݰ‬Ϯࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛ᑈᑇഛ๲䭓䗳ᑺ䖒ࠄ ˗ԚϢ‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼Ⳍ↨ˈ䴲‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼ⱘࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛๲䭓᳈Ў䖙䗳ˈ ᑈ䴲‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼ⱘࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛ᑈᑇഛ๲䭓䗳ᑺ催䖒Ǆ‫ݰ‬Ϯࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛ϡҙԢѢ䴲‫ݰ‬Ϯ䚼䮼ࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛ˈ㗠Ϩ๲䭓䗳ᑺгԢѢ䴲‫⫳ࡼࢇݰ‬ѻ⥛ˈ݊㒧ᵰˈ‫ݰ‬Ϯࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛Ϣ䴲‫⫳ࡼࢇݰ‬ѻ⥛ⱘᏂ䎱ᖙ✊Ӯ䖯ϔℹࡴ໻Ǆ䖭ᛣੇⴔ᥼ࡼ
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㔎ᯊҷӮ䱣ПࠄᴹǄ㗗㰥ࠄЁ೑ⱘথሩ䖛⿟ᇚᰃϡᮁජ䬛࣪ⱘ䖛⿟ˈᔧℹܹϔϾⳌᇍথ䖒䰊
↉ⱘᯊ‫ˈ׭‬Ё೑ϡৃ㛑㓈ᣕ‫⦄ڣ‬೼ϔḋ໻䚼ߚҎষሙԣ೼‫ݰ‬ᴥⱘḐሔˈⳌডˈ߭ᑨ䆹ᰃජ䬛Ҏষऴ໻໮᭄ⱘḐሔǄ‫؛‬ᅮජ䬛࣪ҹ↣ᑈϔϾⱒߚ⚍ⱘ䗳ᑺ๲ࡴˈ㽕䖒ࠄ 70%ⱘජ䬛࣪⥛Ё೑ԐТ䖬䳔㽕䖥 30 ᑈⱘᯊ䯈Ǆ㗠ᣝ✻ ˁⱘජ䬛࣪䗳ᑺ䅵ㅫˈˉ ᑈජ䬛↣ᑈӮᮄ๲  ቕࢇࡼᑈ啘Ҏষ  ϛᎺেˈҢ᭄䞣Ϟᴹⳟˈ೼Ҟᑈৢ  ᑈᎺেᯊ䯈‫ݙ‬ᑊ≵᳝ᖙ㽕ᢙᖗЁ೑ⱘࢇࡼ࡯կ㒭䯂乬ǄԚᰃˈ䱣ⴔࢇࡼկ∖ᔶ࢓ⱘব࣪ˈࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀϞछैᰃϔϾϡѝⱘџᅲǄ2003 ᑈࠡˈ8‫ݰ‬ᴥᑈ䕏໪ߎࡵᎹҎਬা㛑ᣓࠄ੠ᬍ䴽ᓔᬒ߱ᳳ⠊䕜Ӏϔḋ໮ⱘᎹ䌘ˈ᳜Ꮉ䌘䭓ᳳ㓈ᣕ೼ ‫ܗ‬ᎺেˈԚ  ᑈৢˈ䖭⾡ᚙ‫މ‬থ⫳њᰒ㨫ব࣪ˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥ໪ߎࡵᎹҎਬ᳜ᑇഛᎹ䌘䍙䖛 ‫ˈܗ‬Ꮉ䌘೼  ᑈᎺেᯊ䯈‫ݙ‬๲䭓䍙䖛 Ǆᕜ໮Ҏ಴ℸ᚞੐ˈЁ೑ࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀӬ࢓ℷ೼ϻ༅ˈ㒣⌢๲䭓ゲѝ㛑࡯ᓔྟϟ䰡Ǆ⧚䆎Ϟ䇈ˈϔϾ GDP 䭓ᳳֱᣕ᥹䖥 10%ⱘ೑ᆊˈᎹ䌘䭓ᳳϡ๲䭓᮴䆎བԩ䛑ᰃϡℷᐌⱘ⦄䈵Ǆ䖭⾡ϡℷᐌᚙ‫މ‬᠔ҹ೼Ё೑䭓ᳳᄬ೼ˈЏ㽕೼ѢЁ೑ᄬ೼᮴䰤ࢇࡼ࡯կ㒭ⱘᴵӊǄᔧ䖭ϔᴵӊথ⫳ᬍবˈᎹ䌘ߎ⦄๲䭓ϡҙℷᐌˈ㗠Ϩড়⧚Ǆ✊㗠ˈ䳔㽕ᣛߎⱘᰃˈৡНᎹ䌘Ϟछᑊϡᖙ✊ᇐ㟈ࢇࡼ࡯ⳳᅲ៤ᴀϞछˈгϡϔᅮᛣੇⴔ㒣⌢ゲѝ㛑࡯㹿ࠞᔅǄߚᵤᎹ䌘Ϟछⱘᕅડˈ䖬ᖙ乏㗗㰥Ⳍৠᯊᳳ‫⫳ࡼࢇݙ‬ѻ⥛ⱘব࣪Ǆ೼ࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛๲䭓催ѢᎹ䌘๲䭓ⱘᚙ‫މ‬ϟˈⳳℷᛣНϞⱘࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀϡҙ≵᳝Ϟछˈ㗠Ϩ䖬Ӯϟ䰡ˈ㒣⌢ゲѝ㛑࡯гӮ䖯ϔℹ๲ᔎǄ೼ࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛๲䭓䗳ᑺ੠Ꮉ䌘๲䭓䗳ᑺϔḋⱘᚙ‫މ‬ϟˈࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀ੠㒣⌢ゲѝ㛑࡯䛑ϡӮথ⫳ᴀ䋼ব࣪Ǆা᳝೼ࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛๲䭓ԢѢᎹ䌘๲䭓䗳ᑺⱘᚙ‫މ‬ϟˈⳳℷᛣНϞⱘࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀᠡӮϞछˈ㒣⌢ゲѝ㛑࡯гᠡӮফࠄࠞᔅǄᬍ䴽ᓔᬒҹᴹˈЁ೑ࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛ϔⳈਜᖿ䗳๲䭓䍟࢓ˈ݊ЁᎹϮ䚼䮼ࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛๲䭓᳈ࡴ䖙䗳Ǆҹܼ䚼೑᳝ঞ㾘῵ҹϞ䴲೑᳝ӕϮЎ՟ˈヨ㗙ⱘ䅵ㅫ㸼ᯢˈ1998-2006 ᑈࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛ᑈഛ๲䭓 16.27%ˈৠᳳˈܼ೑ᎹϮӕϮ㘠ᎹᎹ䌘ᑈᑇഛ๲䭓 12.85%ˈࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛催ѢᎹ䌘๲䭓⥛ 4 Ͼⱒߚ⚍Ǆ䳔㽕ᣛߎⱘᰃˈ䖭䞠Փ⫼ⱘᎹ䌘᭄᥂ᰃ㹿⿄ЎĀ㘠Ꮉāⱘࢇࡼ㗙ˈ㗗㰥ࠄܼ䚼೑᳝ঞ㾘῵ҹϞ䴲೑᳝ӕϮЁ᳝Ⳍᔧ᭄䞣ⱘ‫⇥ݰ‬ᎹˈᎹ䌘ᅲ䰙๲䭓⥛г䆌೼䖭䞠㹿催ԄǄሑㅵབℸˈࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛ҡ✊໻໻催ѢᎹ䌘๲䭓⥛ˈ಴ℸˈҢ㒣⌢ᄺⱘᛣНϞᴹ䇈ˈᔧࠡᎹ䌘๲䭓ϡҙ≵᳝ᏺᴹⳳᅲࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀⱘϞछˈ㗠Ϩ䖬ᇐ㟈៤ᴀⱘϟ䰡੠㒣⌢ゲѝ࡯ⱘ๲ᔎǄ៥Ӏৃҹ‫ⳟݡ‬ϔ㒘᭄᥂Ǆ1991 ᑈЁ೑ࠊ䗴ϮᎹҎⱘᎹ䌘ⳌᔧѢ㕢೑ৠ㸠ⱘ 1.7%ˈ䖭ϔ᭄ᄫࠄ 2000 ᑈ๲ࡴࠄ 3.7%ˈ10 ᑈ䯈Ё೑ࠊ䗴ϮᎹҎⱘᎹ䌘Ϟछњ 2 ‫ס‬ǄҢࢇࡼ⫳ѻᬜ⥛ᴹⳟˈ1991 ᑈЁ೑ࠊ䗴ϮᎹҎⱘᬜ⥛ҙⳌᔧѢ㕢೑ৠ㸠ⱘ 1/40ˈ㗠 2000 ᑈ䖭ϔ᭄ᄫবЎা᳝ 1/10ˈ10 ᑈ䯈Ё೑ᎹҎⱘᬜ⥛๲ࡴњ 4 ‫ס‬ǄⳌᇍѢ៤ᴀ๲ࡴᴹ䇈ˈЁ೑ᎹҎⱘࢇࡼ⫳ѻᬜ⥛๲ࡴ䗳ᑺԐТ᳈ᖿˈ䖭ᛣੇⴔЁ೑ᎹҎⱘゲѝӬ࢓ᰃ๲ࡴ㗠ϡᰃ‫ޣ‬ᇣњǄЁ೑Ⳃࠡ㱑✊≵᳝ߎ⦄ⳳℷᛣНϞⱘࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀϞछˈԚৡНᎹ䌘Ϟछ⹂ᅲӮᇍӕϮᏺᴹ䞡㽕ᕅડǄᇍѢ䙷ѯ㛑໳ֱᣕࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛䕗ᖿ๲䭓ⱘӕϮᴹ䇈ˈࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛๲䭓ᖿѢᎹ䌘๲䭓䌟ќњӕϮ᳈໻ⱘ߽⍺ぎ䯈ˈ䖭ᅲ䰙Ϟгᰃ᳔䖥໻ൟ䎼೑݀ৌϡᮁࡴ໻ᇍЁ೑ᡩ䌘ᑊᓔྟᠢḍЁ೑ⱘ䞡㽕ॳ಴Ǆ✊㗠ˈᇍѢ䙷ѯࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛๲䭓䕗᜶ˈা㛑䴴๲ࡴࢇࡼᡩܹᴹ㦋প߽⍺ⱘӕϮᴹ䇈ˈৡНᎹ䌘Ϟछᛣੇⴔࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀⱘᅲ䰙๲ࡴˈҢ㗠Ӯᇐ㟈ӕϮ⫳ᄬೄ䲒ˈ䖭гᰃ᳔䖥޴ᑈ⊓⍋ഄऎᕜ໮䖭㉏ӕϮᓔྟߎ⦄㒣㧹ೄ䲒ᑊ䚼ߚߎ⦄‫צ‬䯁ⱘϔϾॳ಴ǄԚ䳔㽕ᣛߎⱘᰃˈेՓҢ䖭㉏ӕϮⱘ‫צ‬䯁ᴹⳟˈࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀϞछгϡᰃ᳔䞡㽕ⱘॳ಴ˈϢҎ⇥Ꮥछؐ੠‫ݙ‬໪䌘ӕϮ⿢⥛ড়ᑊ᠔ᴹⱘᕅડⳌ↨ˈࢇࡼ៤ᴀϞछⱘᕅડԐТ᳈ࡴ⃵㽕Ǆ㓐Ϟ᠔䗄ˈЁ೑ⱘࢇࡼկ∖ᔶ࢓ℷ೼থ⫳ḍᴀᗻ䕀বˈ䖛এ᠔䅸Ўⱘࢇࡼ࡯᮴䰤կ㒭ᔶ࢓ℷ೼䖰⾏Ё೑ˈԚЁ೑⦄೼ᑊ≵᳝ⳳℷ䖯ܹࠄࢇࡼ࡯ⷁ㔎ᯊҷˈ೼Ҟৢ 20 ᑈᎺেⱘᯊ
䯈‫ˈݙ‬Ё೑ҡ✊᳝‫ܙ‬䎇ⱘࢇࡼկ㒭ǄৠᯊˈৡНᎹ䌘㱑✊೼ϞछˈԚ㒣⌢ᄺᛣНϞⱘࢇࡼ࡯៤ᴀϡҙ≵᳝Ϟछড㗠ਜ⦄ϟ䰡䍟࢓ˈЁ೑ⱘ㒣⌢ゲѝ࡯಴㗠ᕫࠄ䖯ϔℹ๲ᔎǄⳂࠡˈЁ೑ᅣ㾖㒣⌢ᔶ࢓〇ᅮˈࢇࡼ⫳ѻ⥛๲䭓䖙䗳ᑊ໻໻ᖿѢᎹ䌘๲䭓ЎӕϮᏺᴹњ᳈໻߽⍺ぎ䯈ǄᇍѢℷ㾘ⱘӕϮᴹ䇈ˈ೼Ё೑໻ሩᅣ೒ⱘᴎӮԐТᠡ߮߮ᓔྟǄ9ϝǃࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᄬ೼ⱘさߎ䯂乬Ё೑㱑✊ᇮ≵᳝ⳳℷℹܹࢇࡼ࡯ⷁ㔎ᯊҷˈԚϢ䖛এⳌ↨ˈࢇࡼ࡯կ∖݇㋏⹂ᅲথ⫳њḍᴀᗻব࣪ˈህϮ᳔ೄ䲒ⱘᯊᳳԐТгᏆ㒣䖛এˈԚ䖭⾡ব࣪᮶ϡ㸼ᯢህϮ䯂乬Ꮖ㒣㾷‫ˈއ‬гϡᛣੇⴔࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ≵᳝䯂乬ǄⳌডˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎϡҙ㒻㓁䴶ЈⴔህϮय़࡯ˈ㗠Ϩ⶯Ⳓ੠䯂乬᳈໮ǃ᳈໡ᴖˈ㾷‫އ‬䯂乬ⱘ䲒ᑺг䍞ᴹ䍞໻ˈᔦ㒇䍋ᴹⳟˈ↨䕗さߎⱘ䯂乬Џ㽕᳝䖭ḋ޴Ͼ˖ϔᰃህϮय़࡯ҡ✊䕗໻ˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ㒧ᵘᗻ⶯Ⳓさߎ˗Ѡᰃࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎֱᡸϡᑇㄝˈህϮ䴲ℷ㾘⦄䈵Ϲ䞡˗ϝᰃࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎߚࡆˈ߱⃵ᬊܹߚ䜡ᄬ೼ᡁ᳆Ǆ˄ϔ˅ህϮय़࡯ҡ✊䕗໻ˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ㒧ᵘᗻ⶯ⳒさߎЁ೑Ⳃࠡҡ✊䴶Јⴔ䕗໻ⱘජ䬛ህϮय़࡯ˈय़࡯Џ㽕ᴹ㞾ϸϾᮍ䴶ˈϔᰃ‫ݰ‬ᴥࢇࡼ࡯৥
ජ䬛ഄऎ䕀⿏ⱘय़࡯ˈѠᰃࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᮄ䖯ܹ㗙ⱘय़࡯Ǆ⬅Ѣ‫ݰ‬ᴥ䴦ᑈҎ䍞ᴹ䍞ϡ䗝ᢽ೼‫ݰ‬ᴥࡵ‫ˈݰ‬Ϟ䗄ϸϾᮍ䴶य़࡯ᅲ䰙Ϟℷ䗤⏤∛䲚Ўϔ⾡य़࡯üüᮄ䖯ܹࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ㗙ⱘህϮय़࡯ǄⳂࠡࢇࡼᑈ啘Ҏষ๲䭓䗳ᑺ໻໻‫ޣ‬㓧ˈԚᮄ䖯ܹࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ㗙ⱘ᭄䞣ᑊ≵᳝಴ℸ㗠‫ޣ‬ᇥˈ䖭Џ㽕ᰃ಴Ўᬭ㚆ᇸ݊ᰃ催Ё੠໻ᄺᬭ㚆䍞ᴹ䍞᱂ঞՓ䖯ܹࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎⱘᑈ啘㽕⒲ৢ ˉ ᑈᎺেᯊ䯈Ǆヨ㗙ḍ᥂৘㑻৘㉏ᄺ᷵↩Ϯ⫳᭄䞣᥼ㅫˈҞৢ㢹ᑆᑈ‫↣ݙ‬ᑈᮄ䖯ܹࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎⱘ᭄䞣䛑ᇚ㓈ᣕ೼  ϛᎺেˈ݊Ё催Ёҹϟ↩Ϯ⫳Џ㽕ᴹ㞾‫ݰ‬ᴥǄ঺ϔᮍ䴶ˈජ䬛ҡ✊ᄬ೼ⴔ᭄䞣䕗໻ⱘ༅ϮҎষˈヨ㗙ḍ᥂䇗ᶹ༅Ϯ⥛⌟ㅫˈ ᑈˈජ䬛༅ϮҎষᑇഛ↣ᑈ᳝  ϛǄ䖭ḋㅫᴹˈेՓ↣ᑈ㛑߯䗴  ϛϾᎺেⱘህϮᴎӮˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦ
എϞҡ✊Ӯ᳝Ⳍᔧ᭄䞣ⱘҎ᮴⊩ᡒࠄᎹ԰ˈᠽ໻ህϮҡ✊ᰃ㒣⌢⼒ӮথሩЁᖙ乏Ӭ‫ܜ‬㾷‫ⱘއ‬䯂乬ǄϢℸৠᯊˈࢇࡼկ䳔П䯈ⱘϡऍ䜡⦄䈵᮹Ⲟさߎˈϔᮍ䴶ᰃᇍ⫳ѻᗻҎਬⱘᎼ໻䳔∖᮴⊩ᕫࠄঞᯊ⒵䎇ˈ঺ϔᮍ䴶ᰃ催᷵໻ᄺ↩Ϯ⫳䍞ᴹ䍞䲒ҹᡒࠄড়䗖ⱘᎹ԰ˈ㒧ᵘᗻ༅Ϯ䯂乬ϡᮁࡴ࠻ˈ㸼⦄ЎĀⷁ㔎āϢĀ䖛࠽āᑊᄬˈĀⷁ㔎āԧ⦄ЎӕϮĀ᢯Ꮉ䲒āˈĀ䖛࠽ā㸼⦄Ў໻ᄺ⫳ĀህϮ䲒āǄĀ᢯Ꮉ䲒ā៪㗙䇈Ā‫⇥ݰ‬Ꮉⷁ㔎āᰃϔ⾡‫݌‬ൟⱘ㒧ᵘᗻ⶯ⳒǄ䗴៤䖭ϔ⶯Ⳓⱘॳ಴佪‫ܜ‬ᰃࢇࡼկ∖೼ഄඳ䯈ᄬ೼ⴔϡऍ䜡Ǆ‫⇥ݰ‬Ꮉկ㒭Џ㽕೼‫ݰ‬ᴥ੠Ё㽓䚼ഄऎˈ㗠䳔∖থ⫳೼ජ䬛੠ϰ䚼⊓⍋থ䖒ഄऎǄЎњᅲ⦄ࢇࡼկ㒭੠䳔∖П䯈ⱘऍ䜡ˈ‫⇥ݰ‬Ꮉ䳔㽕ϡᮁҢ‫ݰ‬ᴥ੠Ё㽓䚼ഄऎ৥ජ䬛੠ϰ䚼ഄऎ䕀⿏ǄԚᰃˈ‫⇥ݰ‬Ꮉ㽕ᅲ⦄৥ජ䬛ⱘ䕀⿏ˈϡҙ㽕‫ܟ‬᳡৘⾡ࠊᑺᗻ੠䴲ࠊᑺᗻ䱰⹡ˈ㗠Ϩ䖬䴶Јⴔජ䬛⼒Ӯⱘᥦ᭹ˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥ䕀⿏ࢇࡼ࡯ϡᕫϡ᳈໮ഄ䗝ᢽ‫ڣ‬Ā‫׭‬右āϔḋ೼䕧ܹഄ੠䕧ߎഄ⌕ࡼˈ䲒ҹᅲ⦄೼䕧ܹഄⱘ〇ᅮሙԣ੠ህϮǄ䱣ⴔᮄ‫ݰ‬ᴥᓎ䆒ℹ
Ӥϡᮁࡴᖿˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥᬊܹ∈ᑇϡᮁᦤ催ˈ‫⇥ݰ‬໪ߎࡵᎹⱘᴎӮ៤ᴀ䍞ᴹ䍞催ˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥᇍ‫᥼ⱘ⇥ݰ‬࡯ᓔྟ‫ޣ‬ᔅˈ೼䖭⾡ᚙ‫މ‬ϟˈབᵰ‫⇥ݰ‬Ꮉ೼⌕ܹഄⱘᕙ䘛䲒ҹᬍ୘ˈᖙ✊ᇐ㟈⌕ܹഄⱘᢝ࡯
䰡ԢˈӕϮ䱋ܹ᢯Ꮉ䲒гህϡৃ䙓‫ܡ‬Ǆ݊⃵ˈ‫⇥ݰ‬Ꮉ㋴䋼੠ᡔ㛑Ϣ䳔∖ⱘϡऍ䜡гᰃ䗴៤Ā᢯Ꮉ䲒āⱘ䞡㽕ॳ಴ǄⳂࠡ‫ݰ‬ᴥ䕀⿏ࢇࡼ࡯Ёˈ໻㑺 া᳝ᇣᄺҹϟᬭ㚆⿟ᑺˈ໻㑺 াফ䖛߱Ёঞ߱Ёҹϟᬭ㚆ˈফ䖛ℷ㾘㘠Ϯ෍䆁ⱘ↨՟ҙ᳝ ᎺেǄᬭ㚆⿟ᑺϡ䎇੠㔎Уᡔ㛑Փᕫᕜ໮ӕϮߎेՓߎ催Ӌг䲒ҹ᢯ࠄড়ḐⱘᎹҎǄ໻ᄺ⫳ህϮ䲒гᰃࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ㒧ᵘᗻ⶯Ⳓⱘড᯴Ǆ៥೑Ⳃࠡᢹ᳝໻ᄺ䗖啘䴦ᑈ  ғП໮ˈ㱑✊Ң↯ܹᄺ⥛ⳟᏆ㒣䖯ܹњ催ㄝᬭ㚆໻ӫ࣪䰊↉ˈԚ໻໮᭄ⱘ䗖啘䴦ᑈҡ✊㹿ᢦП೼催ㄝ䰶᷵໻䮼П໪ˈ໻ᄺ⫳᢯⫳᭄䞣䖰䖰ᑊϡ㛑⒵䎇䳔㽕ǄҢ↣ϛҎᢹ᳝ⱘ໻ᄺ⫳᭄䞣ᴹⳟˈ៥೑Ϣথ䖒೑ᆊᏂ䎱Ꮌ໻Ǆ↣ϛҎ໻ᄺ⫳᭄䞣㕢೑Ў  Ҏˈࡴᣓ໻Ў  Ҏˈ䶽೑Ў Ҏˈ㗠៥೑Ⳃࠡҙ  ໮Ҏˈ⫮㟇㨑ৢѢफ㕢ⱘᏈ㽓ǄϢ៥೑㒣⌢⼒Ӯ亲䗳থሩⱘ㽕∖Ⳍ↨ˈЁ೑໻ᄺ⫳᭄䞣ᑊ≵᳝䖛࠽Ǆ䗴៤໻ᄺ⫳ህϮ䲒ⱘॳ಴ˈㅔऩ䇈ᴹˈህᰃ໻ᄺ⫳ᬭ㚆ԧ㋏Ϣ

10ࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎП䯈ᄬ೼Ϲ䞡㜅㡖Ǆ㞾  ᑈҷЁᳳҹᴹˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ࣪ᬍ䴽䖯⿟ϡᮁࡴᖿˈ㒣䖛  ᑈ໮ⱘথሩˈᏖഎᏆ㒣೼៥೑ࢇࡼ࡯䌘⑤䜡㕂Ёথ᣹Џᇐ԰⫼ǄԚ໻ᄺ⫳կ㒭ԧ㋏ᬍ䴽Ϲ䞡⒲ৢˈ໻ᄺᬭ㚆䅵ߦ㒣⌢⡍ᕕᯢᰒˈ催ㄝᬭ㚆ሖ⃵ऩϔˈ䇒⿟‫ݙ‬ᆍ੠䆒㕂‫ˈ࣪ۉ‬ϢᏖഎ໮ḋ࣪ⱘ䳔∖Ⳍ↨ˈ催ㄝᄺ᷵ᦤկⱘ↩Ϯ⫳ৠ䋼ᗻᔎǃህϮ㛑࡯Ꮒˈড᯴೼ህϮᏖഎϞˈҎӀ㒣ᐌৃҹⳟࠄϔ⌕໻ᄺǃѠ⌕໻ᄺ⫮㗙ϝ⌕໻ᄺⱘ↩Ϯ⫳ˈ䛑೼ѝᡶৠḋЗ㟇ৠϔϾህϮቫԡǄ催ㄝᬭ㚆ᬍ䴽⹂ᅲ㒭њ᳈໮Ҏ᥹ফ催ㄝᬭ㚆ⱘᴎӮˈԚᑊ≵᳝ᏺᴹৠḋ໮ⱘᏖഎ䳔㽕ⱘҎᠡǄ
ᔧ✊ˈࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎϞⱘϞ䗄㒧ᵘᗻ⶯Ⳓг੠Ё೑㒣⌢থሩⱘ䰊↉ᗻ⡍ᕕ᳝݇ǄЁ೑㒣⌢Ⳃࠡⱘ㒧ᵘᗻ⡍⚍ᇐ㟈㒣⌢๲䭓Ӯ᳈໮ഄ߯䗴Ā⫳ѻᗻāቫԡҹঞࢇࡼᆚ䲚ൟⱘĀ᳡ࡵᗻāቫԡˈ㗠ᇍⶹ䆚੠ᡔᴃᆚ䲚ⱘĀ᳡ࡵᗻāህϮቫԡᢝࡼ԰⫼䕗ᔅǄ㾷‫އ‬᮹Ⲟᇪ䫤ⱘ㒧ᵘᗻ⶯Ⳓˈϔᮍ䴶೎✊䳔㽕㒣⌢㒧ᵘ䕀ൟछ㑻੠߯ᮄ㛑࡯ᦤ催ˈԚ᳈䞡㽕ⱘᰃ໻࡯ᦤ催ࢇࡼ㗙㋴䋼ˈ๲ᔎࢇࡼ㗙Ϣ䳔∖П䯈ⱘऍ䜡ᗻˈ䖭ህ㽕∖ᖙ乏䖯ϔℹࡴ໻ᡩ䌘ѢҎ࡯䌘ᴀⱘ࡯ᑺǄ˄Ѡ˅ࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎֱᡸϡᑇㄝˈህϮ䴲ℷ㾘⦄䈵Ϲ䞡ⳂࠡˈЁ೑ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬓㄪԧ㋏Ꮖ㒣߱ℹᔶ៤ˈࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎֱᡸᬓㄪᏆ㒣ҢֱᡸህϮ䕀বЎֱᡸ༅ϮǄԚ೼䖭ϔ䕀ব䖛⿟Ёˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬓㄪᑊ≵᳝ৠㄝഄ✻乒ࠄ᠔᳝Ҏ㕸ˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᡸⱘϡᑇㄝ⦄䈵ℷ೼ࡴ࠻Ǆᘏⱘᴹⳟˈ䅵ߦ㒣⌢ԧࠊϟѿফ䕗དֱ䱰∈ᑇⱘҎ㕸བᬓᑰ݀ࡵҎਬǃ೑᳝ӕџϮऩԡҢϮҎਬҹঞජᏖ催ᬊܹҎ㕸ㄝҡ✊ѿফⴔ↨䕗དⱘ⼒Ӯֱ䱰ˈ㗠䙷ѯ೼Ꮦഎ㒣⌢ԧࠊϟ䗤⏤≺Ўᔅ࢓੠䋿ೄⱘҎ㕸ԧ೼༅ᥝ䖛এֱ䱰ⱘৠᯊ᮴⊩ᕫࠄᮄֱ䱰៪㗙ᑆ㛚㹿ᥦ᭹೼ֱ䱰ԧ㋏П໪ˈ㗠䖭ѯҎᕔᕔᰃ᳔䳔㽕ফࠄֱᡸⱘҎǄᔧࠡⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎϔᮍ䴶䴶Јⴔֱᡸ䖛ᑺ੠㔎Уᔍᗻⱘ䯂乬ˈ঺ϔᮍ䴶߭ᰃ㔎Уֱᡸ੠♉⌏䖛ᑺˈࢇࡼ㗙ᴗⲞফࠄӸᆇǄ䖭೎✊੠㒣⌢Ң䅵ߦ৥Ꮦഎ䕀䔼ᆚߛⳌ݇ˈԚҢথሩⱘ㾦
ᑺᴹⳟˈᏺ᳝‫أ‬৥ᗻⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᡸϡᑇㄝ⢊‫މ‬ᑨ䆹‫݋‬᳝䰊↉ᗻˈ䱣ⴔ೑᳝ӕϮᬍ䴽Փੑⱘᅠ៤ˈ⦄೼Ꮖ㒣ࠄњ䳔㽕ᓎゟ᱂ᚴࠊࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᡸ㾘߭ⱘᯊ‫׭‬Ǆࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᡸϡᑇㄝⱘ㒧ᵰᰃህϮ䴲ℷ㾘ߦ⦄䈵Ϲ䞡Ǆ䅵ߦ㒣⌢ԧࠊϟˈЁ೑ජ䬛ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎফࠄ䕗དֱᡸˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎℷ㾘࣪↨՟ᕜ催ˈ䖭г᳒ᰃ៥Ӏ᳒ᓩҹЎ㤷ⱘџǄԚᰃˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬍ䴽ϡᮁᨻ↕໻䞣ℷ㾘ህϮቫԡˈ㗠ᮄ๲ህϮ಴㔎У෎ᴀⱘֱᡸ㗠ՓህϮ䗤⏤䴲ℷ㾘࣪Ǆ ᑈПࠡˈජ䬛ህϮℷ㾘࣪↨՟ᕜ催ˈऩԡህϮऴජ䬛ህϮⱘ↨՟ϔⳈ㓈ᣕ೼ Ꮊেˈ ᑈৢ䖭ϔ⢊‫މ‬䖙䗳ᬍবˈऩԡህϮϡҙ↨՟䖙䗳‫ޣ‬ᇥˈ㒱ᇍҎ᭄гਜ‫ޣ‬ᇥ䍟࢓Ǆ ᑈˈජ䬛ህϮᘏ᭄  ϛҎˈऩԡህϮᘏ᭄  ϛҎˈऴජ䬛ህϮ↨՟催䖒 ˈࠄ  ᑈऩԡህϮҎ᭄‫ޣ‬ᇥЎ  ϛҎˈ↨՟ϟ䰡ࠄা᳝ ǄϢℸⳌᇍᑨˈ䴲ऩԡህϮ᭄䞣੠↨՟໻ᐙ๲ࡴˈ ᑈ䴲ऩԡህϮ᭄䞣  ϛˈऴˈ ᑈ䴲ℷ㾘ህϮ๲ࡴࠄ ϛҎˈ↨՟Ң Ꮊে䖙䗳๲ࡴࠄ ǄҢ  ᑈࠄ  ᑈˈ䴲ऩԡህϮҎ᭄݅๲ࡴ  ϛҎˈ㗠ৠᳳජ䬛ህϮ๲ࡴᘏ᭄া᳝  ϛҎˈ䖭ᛣੇ೼ජ䬛ᮄ๲ህϮϡҙܼ䚼ᴹ㞾䴲ऩԡህϮˈ㗠Ϩ䖬᳝໻㑺  ϛᎺেⱘህϮҢऩԡህϮবЎњ䴲ऩԡህϮǄ11ජ䬛ऩԡህϮ੠䴲ऩԡህϮ↨՟ব࣪

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೒ ˖ජ䬛ऩԡህϮ੠䴲ऩԡህϮব࣪䌘᭭ᴹ⑤˖ḍ᥂ǉЁ೑㒳䅵ᑈ䡈Ǌ᭄᥂䅵ㅫ䴲ऩԡህϮ↨՟໻ᐙ๲ࡴᛣੇⴔህϮ䴲ℷ㾘ߦ䍟࢓ϡᮁࡴ࠻Ǆ䴲ℷ㾘ህϮϡҙᬊܹ∈ᑇԢˈ㗠Ϩ㔎У䍋ⷕⱘֱ䱰ˈ಴ℸˈህϮ䴲ℷ㾘࣪ᛣੇⴔህϮ䋼䞣੠〇ᅮᗻϟ䰡ˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ
ᇍࢇࡼ㗙ֱᡸ⿟ᑺⱘϟ䰡Ǆ˄ϝ˅ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎߚࡆˈ߱⃵ᬊܹߚ䜡ᄬ೼ᡁ᳆
䱣ⴔࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬍ䴽ϡᮁ⏅࣪ˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ㒧ᵰ䍞ᴹ䍞໮ഄ⬅Ҏ࡯䌘ᴀ∈ᑇ᠔‫އ‬ᅮˈࢇࡼ㗙ᬊܹᏂ䎱㹿ϡᮁᢝ໻ǄϢℸৠᯊˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎߚࡆ⦄䈵ձ✊Ϲ䞡ˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎϡҙᄬ೼ⴔජе੠ഄऎߚࡆˈ㗠Ϩ䖬ᄬ೼ⴔϹ䞡ⱘ㸠Ϯߚࡆ੠㘠ϮߚࡆǄѻϮ䯈ǃ㸠Ϯ䯈ǃԧࠊ‫ݙ‬໪ⱘᬊܹߚ䜡ϡ݀ᑇ䖯ϔℹᠽ໻њᬊܹᏂ䎱ˈՓᕫᬊܹߚ䜡Ḑሔߎ⦄Āϸᵕ࣪āؒ৥ǄⳂࠡ෎
ሐ㋏᭄催䖒 ˈ䍙䖛њ೑䰙݀䅸  ⱘ䄺៦㒓∈ᑇǄ䗴៤ᬊܹᏂ䎱ᠽ໻ⱘॳ಴䰸њᏖഎᴀ䑿ⱘ࡯䞣໪ˈᎹ䌘ߚ䜡݇㋏ϡড়⧚ˈߚ䜡⾽ᑣϡ㾘㣗ˈᎹ䌘‫އ‬ᅮᴎࠊϡ‫ܼع‬гᰃ䞡㽕ॳ಴Ǆ᳈ЎϹ䞡ⱘᰃˈϔѯ⫼Ҏऩԡᅝᥦࢇࡼ㗙䍙ᯊࡴ⧁ǃᢪ⃴੠‫ܟ‬ᠷࢇࡼ㗙Ꮉ䌘ㄝ։ᆇࢇࡼ㗙ড়⊩ᴗⲞ⦄䈵↨䕗Ϲ䞡ˈࢇࡼѝ䆂ਜ⦄ϡᮁϞछ䍟࢓ˈࢇࡼѝ䆂乘䰆੠໘⧚Ꮉ԰䴶ЈᎼ໻य़࡯Ǆ㽕ᡁ䕀ᬊܹᏂ䎱ϡᮁᢝ໻ⱘ䍟࢓ˈ䳔㽕Ң⊩ᕟ੠ࠊᑺሖ䴶ܹ᠟ˈ⧚乎䌘ᴀ੠ࢇࡼᬊⲞⱘ
ߚ䜡݇㋏Ǆা᳝ࡴᖿߎৄ੠ׂᬍⳌ݇ࢇࡼ⊩㾘ᑊࡴ໻ᠻ⊩ⲥⴷⱘ࡯ᑺˈࢇࡼ݇㋏ᠡ᳝ৃ㛑বᕫ੠䇤Ǆᮄߎৄⱘǉࢇࡼড়ৠ⊩Ǌ೼䇗ᭈ੠ᓎゟ੠䇤ࢇࡼ݇㋏ᮍ䴶৥ࠡ䖜ߎњ䞡㽕ϔℹˈ䖭ϔ⊩ᕟⱘᅲᮑᖙ✊Ӯ᳈དഄֱᡸࢇࡼ㗙ⱘᴗⲞˈ๲ᔎህϮⱘ〇ᅮᗻˈ᷵ℷ߱⃵ᬊܹߚ䜡ⱘᏖഎ༅䋹ˈ᳝߽Ѣ㾷‫އ‬㒣⌢থሩЁߎ⦄ⱘϔѯ⏅ሖ⃵⶯Ⳓ੠䯂乬ˈҢ㗠г᳝߽Ѣᠽ໻ህϮ੠֗䖯㒣⌢থሩǄ12ಯǃᵘᓎ♉⌏ᅝܼⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ㒣䖛  ᑈⱘᬍ䴽ˈЁ೑Ꮖ㒣ᕏᑩᨦᓗњ䅵ߦ㒣⌢ϟᔶ៤ⱘ‫࡯ࡼࢇⱘ࣪ۉ‬ᏖഎˈࢇࡼᏖ
എֱᡸ῵ᓣгҢህϮֱᡸ䗤⏤䕀ব༅Ϯֱᡸˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎԧ㋏Ꮖ㒣߱ℹᓎゟǄԚᬍ䴽ᑊ䴲≵᳝ҷӋˈ៥೑Ң䅵ߦ㒣⌢ԧࠊ৥Ꮦഎ㒣⌢ԧࠊⱘ䕀䔼ᇍ㒣⌢⼒ӮথሩᏺᴹњᎼ໻‫ˈߏކ‬ᇸ݊ᰃҹ೑᳝ӕϮᬍ䴽Ўᷛᖫⱘ㒧ᵘ䇗ᭈᨻ↕њ໻䞣ህϮቫԡˈℷ㾘䚼䮼䙁ফњࠡ᠔᳾᳝ⱘ༅Ϯ‫ߏކ‬Ǆϡ䖛ˈгℷᰃ೼ᑨᇍ໻㾘῵ජ䬛༅Ϯϟቫⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ៥೑ᓔྟϡᮁᓎゟ੠ᅠ୘ࢇࡼ࡯
Ꮦഎᬓㄪԧ㋏Ǆབԩ㒭ќϟቫ༅ϮҎਬᬊܹᬃᣕ੠ᬥࡽᰃ៥ӀᓎゟࢇࡼᏖഎᬓㄪԧ㋏᳔‫ܜ‬㗗㰥ⱘ‫ݙ‬ᆍǄЎℸˈ೑ᆊ‫ৢܜ‬ᓎゟњ೑᳝ӕϮϟቫ㘠Ꮉ෎ᴀ⫳⌏ֱ䱰ࠊᑺǃ༅Ϯֱ䰽ࠊᑺ੠ජ䬛᳔Ԣ⫳⌏ֱ䱰ࠊᑺˈ䖭ϝ乍ࠊᑺ݅ৠᵘ៤њᢉᕵජ䬛ϟቫ༅ϮⱘĀᅝܼ㔥āǄ ᑈܼ೑‫ݡ‬ህϮᎹ԰Ӯ䆂ৢˈ೑ᆊজᓩܹњᮼ೼ᦤ催༅Ϯ㗙ህϮ㛑࡯ⱘ⿃ᵕህϮᬓㄪˈ䖯ϔℹᅠ୘њࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬓㄪԧ㋏ǄᘏⱘᴹⳟˈЁ೑ⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬓㄪԧ㋏᮶ࣙᣀĀ⍜ᵕⱘā˄ᇍᬊܹ䖯㸠ᬃᣕ˅ᬓㄪᮍ䴶ˈгࣙᣀĀ⿃ᵕⱘā˄ᦤ催ህϮ㛑࡯˅ᬓㄪ‫ݙ‬ᆍˈ䖭ϔᬓㄪԧ㋏ϡҙ‫׳‬䡈њ㽓ᮍࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬓㄪⱘᕜ໮‫ݙ‬ᆍˈ㗠Ϩг㵡ܹњЁ೑㞾Ꮕⱘ䆌໮ᮄ‫ˈ⊩خ‬ԧ⦄њЁ೑ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᬓㄪⱘ߯ᮄǄԚᰃˈ៥೑ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎথ㚆ᑊϡᅠ୘ˈࢇࡼᏖഎֱᡸⱘ෎ᴀ῵ᓣᇮ≵᳝⹂ゟǄЁ೑᳒㒣Ўࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ‫࣪ۉ‬Ҭߎ䖛≝⮯ҷӋˈᬭ䆁⏅ࠏˈᕜ໮Ҏᆇᗩ䞡䐜㽚䕭ǄԚᰃˈ೼ᔧࠡⱘࢇࡼ
࡯ᏖഎϞˈ㱑✊ҡ✊ᄬ೼ⴔᇍ䚼ߚҎ㕸ⱘ䖛ᑺֱᡸ䯂乬ˈᘏԧϞ䇈ᴹ䇈ᰃ㔎У෎ᴀֱᡸⱘ䯂乬ˈࢇࡼ㗙ᘏԧ䇈໘ѢⳌᇍᔅ࢓ഄԡˈҢ㗠ᇐ㟈ࢇࡼ㗙ᬊܹ೼೑⇥ᬊܹЁⱘӑ乱ϡᮁ‫ޣ‬Ԣˈ߱⃵ᬊܹߚ䜡৥ⴔϡ߽Ѣࢇࡼ㗙ⱘᮍ৥Ϲ䞡ؒ᭰ˈࢇࡼᏖഎ䖛ᑺ♉⌏ℷ೼៥೑ࠞᔅ㒣⌢๲䭓ⱘ෎⸔Ǆ ᑈⱘᬍ䴽থሩՓ៥೑㒣⌢⼒Ӯথሩ∈ᑇ䖜ϞњϔϾᮄৄ䰊ˈԚ៥Ӏгᖙ乏⏙䝦ഄ䅸䆚ࠄˈЁ೑ҡ✊ᰃϔϾথሩЁ೑ᆊˈ೼ҞৢⳌᔧ䭓ϔ↉ᯊᳳ‫ݙ‬থሩҡ✊ᰃ㄀ϔ㽕ࡵˈࢇࡼ࡯
Ꮦഎⱘᓎ䆒੠ᅠ୘гᖙ乏Ϣথሩ䖭ϔ㄀ϔ㽕ࡵⳌ䗖ᑨǄ䖭ህ㽕∖Ё೑ⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᣕ䗖ᑺⱘ♉⌏ᗻǄ಴Ў㽕ֱᣕ㒣⌢ⱘゲѝ㛑࡯ˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᖙ乏‫݋‬᳝♉⌏ᗻˈԚᰃˈᖙ乏ⳟࠄ♉⌏ᗻ䖛ᑺ߭Ӯᇐ㟈ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ㔎У〇ᅮᗻǃ䋿ᆠᏂ䎱ᢝ໻੠ϡᑇㄝ⦄䈵ࡴ࠻Ǆ㽕ֱᣕ⼒Ӯ੠䇤〇ᅮˈϔᅮ⿟ᑺⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᡸ߭ᰃϡৃ㔎ⱘˈϡ䖛ˈֱᡸ∈ᑇ䖛催ˈজӮᇐ㟈ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ‫࣪ۉ‬ᑊࠞᔅ㒣⌢ⱘゲѝ㛑࡯Ǆা᳝‫ݐ‬乒ࠄֱ䱰∈ᑇǃᏖഎ♉⌏ᗻ੠〇ᅮᗻҹঞ㒣⌢๲䭓П䯈݇㋏ⱘࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎᠡӮ᮶᳝ࡽѢ㓈ᡸ⼒Ӯ〇ᅮˈৠᯊг᳝߽Ѣ㒣⌢থሩǄҢ೑䰙Ϟᴹⳟˈࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎֱᡸЏ㽕᳝ϸ㉏ˈϔ㉏ᰃᇍህϮⱘֱᡸˈ঺ϔ㉏ᰃᇍ༅Ϯⱘֱᡸ៪㗙䇈⼒ӮֱᡸǄ⬅ѢህϮֱᡸ䗮ᐌՓ⫼⊩ᕟǃࠊᑺ៪ᬓㄪএ䰤ࠊӕϮ㺕ਬˈ಴ℸϢ⼒ӮֱᡸⳌ↨ˈህϮֱᡸᇍࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ♉⌏ᗻⱘᕅડ᳈໻ǄህϮֱᡸ⿟ᑺ䍞催ˈࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎⱘ
♉⌏ᗻህӮ䍞Ԣˈ㗠⼒Ӯֱᡸᇍࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ♉⌏ᗻⱘᕅડህ㽕ᇣᕫ໮ǄⳂࠡˈϪ⬠৘೑ⱘࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎϞ䛑ᰃϸ㉏ֱᡸৠᯊᑊᄬˈԚ೼ϡৠⱘ೑ᆊ಴ϸ㉏ֱᡸⱘ⿟ᑺϡৠ㗠ѻ⫳њϡৠⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᡸ῵ᓣǄὖᣀ䍋ᴹⳟˈϪ⬠ϞЏ㽕᳝ಯ㉏ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᡸ῵ᓣ˖ϔ㉏ᰃህϮֱᡸ⿟ᑺ催ǃ⼒Ӯֱᡸ⿟ᑺг催ⱘ೑ᆊˈབ⊩೑੠ᖋ೑˗㄀Ѡ㉏ᰃህϮֱᡸ⿟ᑺ催ǃ⼒ӮֱᡸԢⱘ೑ᆊˈབ᮹ᴀˈ
㨵㧘⠭ǃᏠ㜞ǃᛣ໻߽੠㽓⧁⠭ㄝ೑˗㄀ϝ㉏ᰃህϮֱᡸ⿟ᑺԢǃ⼒Ӯֱᡸ⿟ᑺ催ⱘ೑ᆊˈབЍ呺ǃ↨߽ᯊǃ㥋݄ǃ㢀݄ǃ⠅ᇨ݄ㄝ೑˗㄀ಯ㉏ᰃህϮֱᡸ⿟ᑺԢǃ⼒Ӯֱᡸ⿟ᑺгԢⱘ೑ᆊˈབ㕢೑੠㣅೑ǄࠄⳂࠡЎℶˈᑊ≵᳝ાϔ⾡ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᡸ῵ᓣᰃᅠ㕢ⱘˈ↣ϔ⾡῵ᓣ䛑ϡৠ⿟ᑺഄᄬ೼ⴔ䯂乬ǄԚᘏⱘᴹⳟˈԢህϮֱᡸǃ催⼒Ӯֱᡸⱘֱ䱰῵ᓣԐТ᳈㛑໳‫ݐ‬乒ࠄࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ♉⌏ᗻǃֱ䱰∈ᑇ੠㒣⌢๲䭓П䯈ⱘ݇㋏Ǆᇏ∖ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ♉⌏ᗻ੠ᅝܼᗻⱘᑇ㸵ᰃ᠔᳝೑ᆊ䛑䴶Јⱘ݅ৠ䲒乬Ǆ䴶ᇍ᮹Ⲟࡴ໻ⱘ೑䰙ゲѝय़࡯ˈ䖛এህϮֱᡸ⿟ᑺ䕗催ⱘ೑ᆊབ⃻ⲳ೑ᆊ੠᮹ᴀ䛑೼㟈࡯Ѣᬍ䴽ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦ

13എˈ๲ᔎ♉⌏ᗻᰃ݊Џ㽕ⳂᷛǄৃҹ䇈ˈࠄⳂࠡЎℶˈϪ⬠Ϟ≵᳝ӏԩ೑ᆊৃҹໄ⿄㞾Ꮕᡒࠄњࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ♉⌏ᗻ੠ᅝܼᗻⱘᅠ㕢ᑇ㸵ˈ♉⌏ᅝܼⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᰃ᠔᳝೑ᆊ䛑ℷ೼䗑∖ⱘⳂᷛǄ䙷Мˈབԩᠡ㛑ᓎゟϔϾĀ♉⌏ᅝܼāⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎਸ਼˛᠔䇧Ā♉⌏ᗻāЏ㽕᳝䖭ḋ޴Ͼᮍ䴶ⱘ৿Н˖佪‫ܜ‬ᰃᣛӕϮ㾷䲛੠㘬⫼Ҏਬ᳈ࡴᆍᯧˈ݊⃵䖬ᣛӕϮ‫ݙ‬䚼ⱘᎹ԰ᅝᥦ᳈ࡴ
♉⌏ˈ᳔ৢ䖬ᣛࢇࡼ㗙ⱘህϮ㛑࡯᳈ᔎˈህϮᔶᓣ੠Ꮉ䌘ᬃҬᔶᓣ᳈ࡴ♉⌏ᗻǄϢ♉⌏ᗻⳌᇍᑨˈĀᅝܼᗻā៪㗙䇈Āֱ䱰ᗻā೼䖭䞠гࣙ৿޴ሖᛣᗱǄϔሖᛣᗱᰃ㽕ֱ䱰ᬊܹⱘᅝܼˈ
гህᰃ䇈೼᳝ᬊܹⱘᎹ԰㹿Ёᮁᯊˈ㽕㛑໳Ўࢇࡼ㗙ᦤկᬊܹⱘֱᡸ˗㄀Ѡሖᛣᗱᰃᣛ㽕ֱ䱰Ꮉ԰ⱘᅝܼˈ䖭ᛣੇⴔᇍѢৠϔϾফ䲛ѢৠϔϾ䲛ЏⱘৠϔӑᎹ԰㽕㒭ќ᳈໮ⱘ⹂ᅮᗻ˗
㄀ϝሖᛣᗱᰃᇍህϮ៪㗙ህϮ㛑࡯ќҹֱ䱰ˈ䖭ᛣੇⴔ೼᳈ᤶᎹ԰ᯊ㽕㒭ќᎹ԰⢊ᗕ᳈໮ⱘ⹂ᅮᗻǄ⬅ℸৃ㾕ˈĀ♉⌏ᅝܼāⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᛣੇⴔࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎֱᡸⱘ䞡⚍㽕Ңֱ䱰Ꮉ԰ቫԡ䕀৥ֱᡸࢇࡼ㗙㞾䑿ǄϢϪ⬠݊Ҫ೑ᆊⳌ↨ᇸ݊ᰃϢ⃻⌆೑ᆊⳌ↨ˈЁ೑ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᔧࠡᄬ೼ⱘ᳔໻䯂乬ᰃ㔎Уֱᡸ㗠ϡᰃֱᡸ䖛ᑺˈᔧࠡⱘࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᑨ䆹䇈ᰃ♉⌏⿟ᑺ᳝ԭˈᅝܼᗻϡ䎇ˈ‫⇥ݰ‬Ꮉ᠔䴶Јⱘࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎᘤᗩᰃϪ⬠Ϟ᳔♉⌏ⱘࢇࡼ࡯ᏖഎǄ಴ℸˈҞৢࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᓎ䆒੠ᬍ䴽ⱘ䞡⚍ᑨ䆹ᰃབԩ๲䖯ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎⱘᅝܼᗻ੠〇ᅮᗻǄҢ䖭ϾᛣНϞ䇈ˈᮄߎৄⱘǉࢇࡼড়ৠ⊩Ǌᕜདഄ㾘ᅮњࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᑨ䙉ᅜⱘ‫ˈ߭ޚ‬ᇍࢇࡼ㗙ᦤկⱘֱᡸ∈ᑇᰃ䗖ᑺⱘˈϡӮᇐ㟈ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ‫࣪ۉ‬Ǆǉࢇࡼড়ৠ⊩Ǌ㽕∖ࢇࡼ䲛Էঠᮍㅒ䅶ড়ৠᰃᇍࢇࡼ㗙ᅲᮑֱᡸⱘ෎ᴀࠡᦤˈ಴Ў᮴⊩ㅒ䅶ড়ৠՓࢇࡼ㗙ⱘ෎ᴀᴗⲞ᮴⊩ᕫࠄֱ䱰ˈ᳝ᯊ䖲Ꮉ䌘䛑㹿ᢪ⃴ˈᇍ㒣⌢⼒Ӯথሩ䗴៤Ϲ䞡ᤳᆇǄৠᯊˈǉࢇࡼড়ৠ⊩Ǌ哧
ࢅᓎゟ䭓ᳳ〇ᅮⱘࢇࡼ݇㋏ˈ哧ࢅ᮴೎ᅮᳳ䰤ࢇࡼড়ৠⱘՓ⫼ˈԚ䡈ᅮ᮴೎ᅮᳳ䰤ࢇࡼড়ৠᑊϡㄝѢĀ䪕佁⹫āˈ᮴೎ᅮᳳ䰤ࢇࡼড়੠೎ᅮᳳ䰤ࢇࡼড়ৠᑊ≵᳝ᴀ䋼ऎ߿ˈᅗҙҙᛣੇⴔ㒜ℶࢇࡼড়ৠⱘᯊ䯈ϡ⹂ᅮˈϡᛣੇⴔϡ㛑㾷䰸ˈᅲ䰙Ϟˈ㾷䰸᮴೎ᅮᳳ䰤ড়ৠϢ᥹㾺೎ᅮᳳ䰤ড়ৠ≵᳝ᴀ䋼ϡৠˈ಴ℸˈǉࢇࡼড়ৠ⊩ǊᑊϡӮᇐ㟈ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ‫࣪ۉ‬Ǆᘏԧᴹⳟˈ
ǉࢇࡼড়ৠ⊩Ǌᰃϔ䚼㛑໳᳝ᬜ䇗ᭈⳂࠡᑊϡড়⧚ࢇࡼ݇㋏ⱘ෎⸔ᗻ⊩ᕟˈᅗ᠔ᇍࢇࡼ㗙ᦤկⱘֱᡸ∈ᑇヺড়ᔧࠡЁ೑㒣⌢থሩ∈ᑇˈᑨ䆹മ‫އ‬䌃ᕏᅲᮑǄ๲ᔎࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎᅝܼᗻⱘ঺ϔᮍ䴶䞡㽕Ꮉ԰ᰃᓎゟ᱂ᚴࠊⱘ⼒Ӯֱ䱰ࠊᑺˈᓎゟ㽚Ⲫࠄ↣Ͼࢇࡼ㗙ⱘ⼒Ӯֱ䱰ࠊᑺǄᔧࠡⱘ⼒Ӯֱ䱰ԧ㋏ҙ㽚Ⲫජ䬛ഄऎⱘ䚼ߚࢇࡼ㗙ˈ‫ݰ‬ᴥᭈԧϞ㔎У⼒Ӯֱ䱰ࠊᑺˈϡ䖛ˈ䱣ⴔ‫ݰ‬ᴥড়԰ए⭫ࠊᑺ೼ܼ೑᥼ᓔˈ䖭ϔ⢊‫މ‬ℷ೼䗤⏤ᓔྟᬍবˈ᥶㋶ᓎゟ㽚Ⲫජе⼒Ӯֱ䱰ԧ㋏ⱘᎹ԰Ꮖ㒣៤Ўᵘᓎ⼒ӮЏН੠䇤⼒ӮⱘЏ㽕‫ݙ‬ᆍǄ䱣ⴔ㒣⌢⼒ӮⱘϡᮁথሩˈЁ೑೼ᇏ∖ࢇࡼ࡯Ꮦഎ♉⌏ᗻ੠ᅝܼᗻᑇ㸵ᮍ䴶ϔᅮ㛑໳䍄ߎϔᴵሲѢ㞾Ꮕⱘ䏃Ǆ

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