EXPLANATORY NOTESFORTHE MINERAL DEPOSIT DATAOFMINERAL RESOURCES MAP OF EAST ASIA

2007

Geological Survey of Japan, AIST
Masaharu KAMITANI*, Kimio OKUMURA*, Yoji TERAOKA*,
Sumiko MIYANO** and Yasusi WATANABE** Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, GSJ. AIST** Geoinformation Center, GSJ. AISTThe mineral resources map of East Asia shows land area deposits of main metallic
mineral and non-metallic mineral resources, except for construction materials.
Uranium is included, although its principal utilization is for nuclear energy. About
3,000 mineral deposits are shown on the map regardless of their status of explorationand exploitation. In Japan and South Korea, many metallic mineral deposits havebeen exhausted during a couple of the last decades. The map does not, therefore,
necessarily represent the present resources picture. In general, mineral deposits ofeconomic size and grade are figured, but some low-grade occurrences have also beenplotted on the map in order to indicate a resource potential.
The background geology of the Mineral Resources Map including the correlation
diagram for map units (Fig. 1) was adopted from the Geological Map of East Asia
(Teraoka and Okumura, 2003). The legend of the mineral resources map conformsfundamentally to that of the Circum-Pacific mineral resources map (Guild, 1981;
Kamitani et al., 1999).
The commodity symbols show the metal or mineral content of the deposits bycolored geometric shapes with some modification. The colors, insofar as possible,
indicate metals or minerals of similar type. For example, copper and associatedmetals are orange, precious metals are yellow, lead-zinc and associated metals areblue, and tungsten-tin and associated metals are red. The five shapes and ten colors
indicated on the map’s legend provide fifty combinations.
Three sizes of symbols(Fig. 2) denote the relative importance of the mineraldeposits. Limits between the three sizes categories for each commodity are mostly interms of metric tons of the substances contained before exploitation. Some deposits
shown as the smallest symbols on this map correspond to mineral occurrences, butthey are included because they may help identify and estimate prospective areas
broadly favorable for exploration planning of specific metals and minerals.
Eleven deposit types including undifferentiated deposit shown on the map are as
follows.
Magmatic and irregular massive deposits: Podiform chromite, nickel-copper,
carbonatite, magnetite and magnetite-ilmenite deposits. Skarn and contact-metasomatic
deposits: Stratified, usually carbonate, rocks intruded by intermediate to acidigneous rocks. They are associated with a hydrothermal stage of mineralization.
Hydrothermal vein and fissure-filling deposits: Crosscutting, epithermal to hypothermal
deposits in any type of host rock. The major dimensions are transverse to
stratification in sedimentary or volcanic hosts. Pegmatite and greisen deposits:
Crosscutting, pegmatitic and greisenized lode deposits in any type of host rocks andclosely related to acidic intrusive. Porphyry deposits including stockwork and disseminateddeposits: Irregular disseminated deposits in or associated with acidic to intermediate
intrusive rocks. Some deposits have been described as stockworks and/or
disseminated deposits. Stratabound deposits including volcanogenic sedimentary andsedimentary exhalative deposits: Deposits of generally limited horizontal extent occur atmore or less the same horizon in stratified rocks. It may be partly concordant or
partly discordant with the enclosing rocks. Some deposits are stratiform with wide
lateral extent and syngenetic with enclosing rocks. Examples are iron formation andsedimentary and exhalative copper, lead and zinc deposits. Most massive sulfide
deposits belong to this category. Sedimentary deposits including sandstone-hosted deposits:
Deposits rigorously confined to one or more layers in sedimentary rocks. Evaporite
and phosphorite deposits are usually syngenetic with enclosing rocks. Metamorphic
deposits: Deposits formed by regional metamorphism like most graphite deposits.

Residual deposits: Deposits formed by surficial chemical concentration. These deposits
include laterite, bauxite, uraniferous calcrete and some manganese oxide deposits.
The criterion is that supergene processes were responsible for producing ore grade
materials. Placer deposits: Deposits formed by a surficial mechanical concentration.
Examples are alluvial and beach placer deposits, such as gold, ilmenite, monazite
and diamond.
Mineral deposit numbers are given only for large-size deposits on the Mineral
Resources Map, and all the deposit data including small and medium-size ofdeposits can be obtained from the data sheet of “Mineral deposit data of East Asia”.
Acknowledgement: We would like to express our gratitude to Drs. Y. Takahashi,
T. Nakashima and K. Sato, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), for their helpful suggestions
and providing information on Mongolian and Far East Russian mineral deposit
information. We sincerely appreciate Drs. S. Ishihara and H. Murakami, Geological
Survey of Japan (AIST), who gave us valuable information on rare metal deposits,
especially rare earth deposits in China.
The South Korean mineral deposit data were supplied by Dr. S. M. Koh, Korea
Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources. Detailed metallic mineral deposit
data on the eastern part of the region were given by Dr. W. Nokleberg, U. S.
Geological Survey and Dr. M. Ogasawara, Geological Survey of Japan (AIST). Dr.
K. Naito, formerly belonged to the International Geological Cooperation Division,
International Department, (AIST) promoted the compilation of the Geological Map
and the Mineral Resources Map of Southeast Asia. The authors wish to express their
deep gratitude for everyone’s contribution.

F
i
F
i
g
u
r
e1

C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
nd
i
a
g
r
a
mf
o
rb
a
s
em
a
p

F
i
g
u
r
e2

C
o
m
m
o
d
i
t
ys
y
m
b
o
l
s

Table 1

Abbreviation used in Mineral deposit data sheet

Commodity

Deposit type and shape

Geologic age

Ag: silver

Alv: alluvial

A: Archean

Al: aluminum

Bed: bedded

C: Carboniferous

An: anhydrite

Cnt: contact-metasomatic

Cm: Cambrian

As: arsenic

Crb: carbonatite

D: Devonian

Au: gold

Dis: disseminated

J: Jurassic

B: boron

Evp: evaporite

K: Cretaceous

Ba: barium

Exh: exhalative

KTp: Cretaceous-Paleogene

Be: beryllium

Ffill: fissure-filling

Mz: Mesozoic

Bi: bismuth

Grs: greisen

Mz1: Early Mesozoic

Cd: cadmium

Hyd: hydrothermal

Mz2: Late Mesozoic

Co: cobalt

Irg: irregular

O: Ordovician

Cr: chromium

Lnt: lenticular

P: Permian

Cu: copper

Lyr: layered

Pcm: Precambrian

Dm: diamond

Mas: massive

Pr: Proterozoic,

F: fluorite

Mgm: magmaticPz1: Early Paleozoic

Fe: iron

Mtm: metamorphic

Pz2: Late Paleozoic

Ga: gallium

Pgm: pegmatite

Q: Quaternary

Gm: gemstones

Pdf: podiform

S: Silurian

Gp: gypsum

Plc: placer

T: Tertiary

Gr: graphite

Prp: porphyry

Tn: Neogene

Hg: mercury

Rpl: replacement

TnQ: Neogene-Quaternary

I: iodine

Sed: sedimentary

Tp: Paleogene

In: indium

Sht: sheet

Tr: Triassic

K: potassium

Skn: skarn

U: Unclassified

Kl: kaolin

Str: stratabound

Li: lithium

Stw: stockwork

Mg: magnesium

Tl: talc

Mn: manganese

U: undifferenciated

Mo: molybdenum

Vn: vein

Na: sodium salt

Vol: volcanogenic

Nb: niobium

Wth-Res: weathering-residual

Ni: nickel
P: phosphate
PGM: platinum group elements

Pp: pyrophyllite
Ps: pottery stone
Py: pyrite
Pb: lead
REE: rare earth elements
S: sulfur
Sb: antimony
Sn: tin
Sr: strontium
Ta: tantalum
Ti: titanium
Tl: talc
Tn: thenardite
U: uranium
V: vanadium
W: tungsten
Zn: zinc
Zr: zircon

Table 2

Deposit size used in Mineral deposit data sheet

Size limits are shown in metric tons of metals or minerals except for diamond andprecious gems in carats. Past production and/or reserves totaled.
Size
Commodity
Aluminum (bauxite) (Al2O3)

Large

>

Medium>Small

100,000,000

1,000,000

Antimony (Sb)

500,000

10,000Arsenic (As)1,000,000

10,000

Barite (BaSO4)

5,000,000

50,000Beryllium (BeO)

1,000

10

Boron (B2O3)

10,000,000

100,000

Chromium (Cr2O3)

1,000,000

10,000

Cobalt (Co)20,0001,000

Copper (Cu)

1,000,000

50,000

Diamond (Dm)

20,0001,000

Fluorite (CaF2)

5,000,000

100,000200

10Graphite (fixed C.)（Gr）

1,000,000

10,000Gypsum-anhydrite (CaSO4)

100,000,000

5,000,000

Iron (ore) (Fe）100,000,000

5,000,000

Kaolin/Refractory clay (ore)50,000,000

1,000,000

Lead (Pb)

1,000,000

100,000

100,000

10,00010,000,000

100,000

Mercury (Hg)

20,000

1,000

Molybdenum (Mo)

500,000

25,000

Nickel (Ni)500,000

25,000

Niobium-Tantalum [ (Nb,Ta)2O5]

100,000

1,000

200,000,000

1,000,000

200

10

10,000,000

1,000,000

20,000

1,000

Pyrite (FeS2)

20,000,000

200,000

Pyrophyllite/Pottery stone (ore)50,000,000

1,000,000

Gold (Au)

Lithium (Li2O)
Manganese (ore:≧40％Mn)

Phosphate (P2O5)
Platinum group elements (PGE)
Potassium (KCl or K2O)
Precious gems (Gm)Rare earth with Yttrium (RE2O3)

5,000,000

50,00010,000500

Sodium (NaCl)

100,000,000

1,000,000

Strontium (Sr)

1,000,000

10,000Sulfur (S)100,000,000

1,000,000

Talc (ore)10,000,000

1,000,000

Thenardite (Na2SO4)

100,000,000

1,000,000

100,000

5,000

10,000,000

1,000,000

Tungsten (W)50,0001,000

Uranium (U)50,000

1,000

Vanadium (V)10,000500

1,000,000

100,000

Silver (Ag)Tin (Sn)
Titanium (TiO2)

Zinc (Zn)Table 3

Abbreviation of minerals used in Mineral deposit data sheet

The following abbreviation of minerals are used for the mineral deposit data sheet.
acn: acanthitechc: chalcocite

gbs: gibbsite

alb: alabandite

chg: chlorargyrite

gld, gold

all: allanite

chl: chlorite

grn: garnierite

aln: alunite

chm: chromite

grp: graphite

amb: amblygonite

cll: collophanite

gth, goethiteanh: anhydrite

cls: celestite

gyp: gypsum

ank: ankerite

cnb: cinnabar

hal: halite

ant anataze

col: columbite

hem: hematite

apt: apatite

cor: corundum

hll: halloysite

apy: arsenopyrite

cov: covelline

hmc: hydromica

arg: argentite

cp: chalcopyrite

hsm: hausmannite

ars: arsenic

crhc: calciorhodochrosite

hss: hessite

aut: autunite

crn: carnotite

azr: azurite

cup: cuprite

ill: illite
ilm: ilmenite

bar: barite

dat: datolite

bhm: boehmite

dgn: digenite

bon: bornite

dic: dickite

jms: jamesonite

brn: braunite

dlm: dolomite

jrs: jarosite

brt: berthierite

dm: diamond

bry: beryl

dnb: danburite

kfs: potassium feldspar

bis: bismuthinite

dsp: diaspore

kln: kaolinite

bul: boulangeritebun: bournonite
cal: calcite

igl, ignition loss

kmb: kimbelite
elc: electrum
emr: emerald

ldp: ludwigite,

eng: enargite

lim: limonite

cam: camsellite

lnn: linnaeite

cas: cassiterite

f-c: fixed carbon

lpd: lepidolite

cbl: chrysoberyl

fl: fluorite

luz: luzonite

cbn: cubanite

frg: fergusonite

cbt: cobaltite

fsp: feldspar

cer: cerussite
cff: coffinite

mal: malachite,
mcr: microlite

gal: galena

mcy: mercury

mic: mica

prs: proustitesyl: sylvine

mgt: magnetite

psl: psilomelaneszb: szeibelyte

mlb: molybdenite

ptb: pitchblend

Mn-ox: manganese oxidepy: pyritetan: tantalite

mnz: monazite

pyc: pyrochloretll: tellurite

mrb mirabilite

pyg: pyrargyrite

ten: tennantite

mrc: marcasite

pyl: pyrolusite

tet: tetrahedrite

mrg: miargyrite

pyr: pyrrhotite

thn: thenardite

mrm: marmatite
msc: muscovite

tlc: talc
qz: quartz

mty: metatyuyamunite

tmgt: titaniferous
magnetite

rhc: rhodochrosite

top: topaz

nbis: native bismuth

rhd: rhodonite

tph: tephroite

ncc: niccolite

rlg: realgar

trm: tremolite

ncp: native copper

rub: rubytrn: trona

nmn: naumannite

rut: rutile

tum: tourmalinenph; nephelinesch: scheelite

uph: uranophane

ntll: native tellurium

ser: sericite

urn: uraninite

ntr: nitersid: siderite

noc: nocerite

slf: sulfur

vilm: vanadiferous

orp: orpimentslt: rock salt

ilmenite

ort: orthiteslv: silver

vll: valleriite

smt: smithonite
par: paricite

spc: specularite

wit: witherite

pbl: pitchblende

spd: spodumene

wlf: wolframite

pet: petalite

sph: sphalerite

phal: polyhalite

spp: sapphire

phn: phenacitestb: stibnite

plb: polybasitestn: stannite

zir: zircon

pnt: pentlandite

stp: stephanite

znc: zincite

pph, pyrophyllite

str: strontianite

znk: zinkenite

xnt: xenotime

References
1. General
Guild, P. W. (1981) Preliminary metallogenic map of North America; a numericallisting of deposits. U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 858−A, 93p.
Kamitani, M., Piper, D. Z., Swint-Iki, T. R., Fan, P-F., Kanehira, K., Ishihara, S.,
Shimazaki, Y., Radkevich, K., Palfreyman, W. D., Sudo, S., McCoy, F., Manheim,
F. T., Lane-Bostwick, C. M., Sullivan, L. G., Mizuno, A. and Luepke, G. (1999)
Mineral-Resources Map of the Circum-Pacific Region, scale 1:10,000,000, with
explanatory note, 29p., Northwest Quadrant. Circum-Pacific Council for Energy
and Mineral Resources, U.S. Geological Survey.

Teraoka, Y. and Okumura, K. (2003) Geological Map of East Asia, scale 1 : 3,000,000,
with tectonic division and columnar sections. Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.

2．ChinaAi, X. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Shandong
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 305p. (in Chinese with English
summary) .
Cao, Y. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of TibetianAutonomous Region, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 76p. (in Chinese andEnglish).
Chen, D. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Jiangxi
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 245p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Chen, H. and Li, J. (chief eds.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of
Jilin Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 137p. (in Chinese withEnglish summary).
Cun, G., Chen, J., Zhang, F., Li, Q., Li, S., Dong, J. and Mu, T.

(1992) Gold Depositsof China. Institute of Gold Deposits, Beijing, 218p. (in Chinese).
Dong, H. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Hunan
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 281p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Feng, D. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Qinghai
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 233p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Hart, C. J. R., Goldfarb, R. J., Qiu, Y., Snee, L., Miller, L. D. and Miller, M. L. (2002)
Gold deposits of the northern margin of the North China craton: multiple late

Paleozoic-Mesozoic mineralization events. Mineralium Deposita, vol. 32, p. 326−351.
Hou, Z., Ma, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Pan, G. and Tang, R. (2003) The Himalayan
Yulong porphyry copper belt: product of large-scale strike-slip faulting ineastern Tibet. Economic Geology, vol. 98, p. 125−145.
Huang, D., Wu, C. and Huang, D. (1988) REE geochemistry and mineralization
characteristics of the Zudong and Guanxi granites, Jiangxi Province. Acta
Geologica Sinica, no. 4, p. 311−328 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Jiang, S.（chief ed.）(1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Beijing
Municipality, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 139p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Kang, B. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Heilongjiang
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 165p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Li, H. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Hebei Province,
China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 167p. ( in Chinese with English summary).
Li, J. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Fujian Province,
China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 137p. ( in Chinese with English summary).
Li, J. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Hubei Province,
China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 177p. (in Chinese with English summary).
Liu, S. (chief ed.)(1996)The discovery history of mineral deposits of Shaanxi

Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 122p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Liu, Y. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Liaoning
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 191p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Lu, Z. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Inner Mongolian
Autonomous Region, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 279p. (in Chinese withEnglish summary).
Luo, J., Yang, Y., Zhao, Z. and Yang, J. (1994) Evolution of Tethys in western Yunnan
and mineralization for main metal deposits. Ministry of Geology and Mineral
Resources, China, Geological Memoirs, series 4, no. 45, 340p. (in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Luo, M. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Henan
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 213p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Mao, J., Goldferb, R. J., Zhang, Z., Xu, W., Qiu, Y. and Deng, J. (2002) Gold deposits

in the Xiaoqinling-Xiong’ershan region, Qinling Mountains, central China.
Mineralium Deposita, vol. 37, p. 306−325.
Metals Economics Group (MEG) (1995) China: Emerging Mineral Opportunities.
MEG, Canada, 218p.
Tang, Z. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Gansu
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 188p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Wang, F. (chief ed.) (1995) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Shanxi
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 253p. ( in Chinese with English
summary).
Wang, S. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Ningxia HuiAutonomous Region, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 112p. (in Chinese).
Wei, J. and Tan, L. (chief eds.) (2001) Taiwan non-metallic economic minerals.
Taiwan economic minerals, vol. 2, Central Geological Survey of Taiwan, 224p.
(in Chinese).
Wu, C., Bai, G. and Huang, D. (1992) Characteristics and significance of HREE richgranitoids of the Nanling Mountain area. Bull. Chinese Academy Geological
Sci., vol. 25, p. 43−58 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu, D. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Guizhou
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 289p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Wu, G. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Guangdong
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 400p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Yao, P. (chief ed.) (1993) Records of China’s iron ore deposits. Ministry of Metallic
Industry, China, Metallurgic Industry Press, 662p. (in Chinese).
Zeng, R., Li, W., Zhang, W., Qin, X., Guo, F., Tao, D. and Pu, X. (1988) The mercury
deposits in China. Chendu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China,
254p. (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhai, Y. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Guangxi
Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 257p. (inChinese with English summary).
Zhang, Y. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Yunnan
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 217p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Zhang, Y. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Sichuan
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 223p. (in Chinese with English

summary).
Zhang, Z. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 181p. (in Chinesewith English summary).
Zhou, T., Goldfarb, R. J. and Phillips, G. (2002) Tectonics and distribution of gold
deposits in China−an overview. Mineralium Deposita, vol. 37, p. 249−282.
Zhou, Z. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Anhui Province,
China.

Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 173p. (in Chinese with English summary).

Zhu, A. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Zhejiang
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 165p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Zhu, G. (chief ed.) (1996) The discovery history of mineral deposits of Jiangsu
Province, China. Geol. Pub. House, Beijing, 155p. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Zhu, X. (chief ed.) (1999) Mining information of China, vol. 2, Metallic mineraldeposits. Chinese Mining Association, Science Press, Beijing, 665p. (inChinese).

3. JapanBanba, T. (1957) Chromite deposits of Hokkaido I: Chromite deposits of the
Hidaka-Iburia district. GSJ Report, no. 176, 60p. (in Japanese with English
abstract).
Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) (1980) Mines summary report, vol. 1, Northeast
Japan. GSJ Report, no. 260, 310p.
Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) (1980) Mines summary report, vol. 2, Southwest
Japan. GSJ Report, no. 260, 266p.
Ishihara, S. (1971) Major molybdenum deposits and related granitic rocks in Japan.
GSJ Report, no. 239, 178p. (in Japanese with English abstract).
Ishizuka, O. and Imai, A. (1998) “Brown ore” from the Fukazawa kuroko deposits,
Northeast Japan: Its characteristics and formation process. Resource Geology, v.
48, no. 2, p. 53−73.
Kikuchi, Y., Matsugi, M. and Goto, T. (1982) Geological assessment of the
Sakoshi-Odomari gold mine, Hyogo Prefecture. Mining Geology, v. 32, p. 361−
368 (in Japanese with English abstract).
Kinosita, K.(1961) Mineral deposits of Japan. no. 9, Kyushu, Asakurashoten, 605p.
(in Japanese).
Marumo, K. and Sawai, O. (1986) K−Ar ages of some vein-type and kuroko-typedeposits in the southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. Mining Geology, v. 36, p. 21−26(in Japanese with English abstract).
Mining Association of Japan (MAJ) (1965) Mineral deposits of Japan; kuroko, skarn
and kieslager deposits. MAJ, 581p. (in Japanese).
Mining Association of Japan (MAJ) (1968) Mineral deposits of Japan; vein,manganese, sulfur and uranium deposits. MAJ, 941p. (in Japanese).
Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan (MMPIJ) (1989) Gold mines ofJapan (Nihon Kinzanshi), 1, Kyushu. MMPIJ, 144p. (in Japanese).
Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan (MMPIJ) (1990) Gold mines ofJapan (Nihon Kinzanshi), 2, Hokkaido. MMPIJ, 154p. (in Japanese).
Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan (MMPIJ) (1992) Gold mines ofJapan (Nihon Kinzanshi), 3, Tohoku. MMPIJ, 222p. (in Japanese ).
Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan (MMPIJ) (1994) Gold mines ofJapan (Nihon Kinzanshi), 4, Kanto and Chubu. MMPIJ, 144p. (in Japanese).
Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan (MMPIJ) (1994) Gold mines ofJapan (Nihon Kinzanshi), 5, Kinki-Chugoku-Shikoku. MMPIJ, 93p. (inJapanese).
Narita, E., Yajima, J., Ota, E., Watanabe, Y., Hasaka, T., Hasaka, H. and Sudo, S.
(1996 a) Mineral resources map of Hokkaido (eastern part), scale 1:500,000.
Geological Survey of Japan.
Narita, E., Yajima, J., Ota, E., Watanabe, Y., Hasaka, T., Hasaka, H. and Sudo, S.
(1996b) Mineral resources map of Hokkaido (western part), scale 1:500,000.
Geological Survey of Japan.
Nikko Metal Co. Ltd. (2005) Metal production of Toyoha mine, Hokkaido, duringfrom 1951 to 2003. Nikkan Sangyou Shinbun, Tokyo, Japan (in Japanese).
Nokleberg, W., Bounaeva, T. V., Miller, R. J., Seminskiy, Z. V. and Diggles, M. F. (eds.)(2003) Significant metalliferous and selected non-metalliferous lode deposits,
and selected placer districts for Northeast Asia. U. S. Geological Survey,
Open-File Report 03−220 (CD-ROM).
Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (PR & NFDC) (1994)
Uranium resources of Japan. PR & NFDC, 391p. (in Japanese).
Saito, M., Banba, T., Sawa, T., Narita, E., Igarashi, T., Yamada, K. and Sato, H.
(1967) Metallic and non-metallic ore deposits of Hokkaido. Geological Survey ofJapan, 575p. (in Japanese).
Sudo, S. (1998) Mineral resources map of Kanto−Koshin’etsu, scale 1:500,000.
Geological Survey of Japan.
Sudo, S. and Igarashi, T. (1997) Mineral resources map of Tohoku, scale 1:500,000.

Geological Survey of Japan.
Sudo, S. and Komura, R. (2000) Mineral resources map of Chubu−Kinki, scale
1:500,000. Geological Survey of Japan.
Sudo, S. and Murao, S. (2004) Mineral resources map of Chugoku and Shikoku, scale
1:500,000. Geological Survey of Japan.
Sudo, S. and Ogasawara, M. (2005) Mineral resources map of Nansei Shoto, scale
1:500,000. Geological Survey of Japan.
Sudo, S., Watanabe, Y. and Komura, K. (2003) Mineral resources map of Kyushu,
scale 1:500,000. Geological Survey of Japan.
Suyari, K., Iwasaki, M. and Suzuki, T. (eds.) (1991) Regional Geology of Japan. 8,
Shikoku, Kyoritsu Shuppan Co. Ltd., 267p. (in Japanese).
Yamada, R., Nishitani, Y., Tanimura, S. and Konishi, N. (1988) Recent development
and geologic characteristics of the Nurukawa kuroko deposits. Mining Geology,
vol. 38, p. 309−324 (in Japanese with English abstract).
Yoneda, T. (1987) Barite ores and compositional variations in tetrahedrite-tennantiteof the Minamishiraoi mine, Hokkaido, Japan. Mining Geology, v. 37, p. 323−
326 (in Japanese with English abstract).
Yoshimura, T. (1969) Supplement to Manganese ore deposits of Japan. Part Ⅱ,
Manganese mines of Japan. Science Report, Faculty of Science, Kyushu Univ.,
Special issue, no. 2, 1,004p. (in Japanese with English abstract).

4．Mongolia
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (1999) Geology
and mineral resources of Mongolia. Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP
Region, ESCAP, United Nations, vol. 14, 192p.
Geological Information Center (GIC) (2003a) Brief information on mineralcommodities of Mongolia, Au, Ag (Location map series 1). Mineral Resources
Authority of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 38p.
Geological Information Center (GIC) (2003b) Brief information on mineralcommodities of Mongolia, Cu (Location map series 2). Mineral Resources
Authority of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 38p.
Geological Information Center (GIC) (2003c) Brief information on mineralcommodities of Mongolia, Base metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Al) (Location map series
4). Mineral Resources Authority of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 10p.
Geological Information Center (GIC) (2003d) Brief information on mineralcommodities of Mongolia, Sn, W, Be, Ta, Nb, Li (Location map series 5). Mineral
Resources Authority of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 12p.

Jargalsaihan, D., Kazmer, M., Baras, Z. and Sanjaadorj, D. (1996) Guide to thegeology and mineral resources of Mongolia. Geological Exploration, Consulting
and Services Co. Ltd., Ulaanbaatar, 329p.
Khashgerel, B. E., Rye, R. O., Hedenquist, J. W. and Kavalieris, I. (2006) Geology andreconnaissance stable isotope study of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system,
South Gobi, Mongolia. Economic Geology, vol. 101, p. 503−22.
Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ) (2003) Overseas mining information. MMAJ,
vol. 33, p. 15−29 (in Japanese).
Watanabe, Y. and Stein, H. J. (2000)

Re-Os ages for the Erdenet and Tsagaan

Suvarga porphyry Cu−Mo deposits, Mongolia, and tectonic implications. Economic
Geology, vol. 95, p. 1537−1542.

5. North Korea
Kim, S. E. and Hwang, D. H. (1983) Metallogenic map of Korea, scale 1: 1,000,000,
with explanatory text. 52p., Korea Institute of Energy and Resources.
Takashima, K. and Kishimoto, H. (1987) Unsan mine and its surrounding gold
deposits in North Korea. Chishitu News, no. 398, p. 28−41 (in Japanese).

6. Russian Far East
Nokleberg, W. J., Bundtzen, T. K., Dawson, K. M., Eremin, R. A., Goryachev, N. A.,
Koch, R. D., Ratkin, V. V., Rozenblum, I. S., Shpikerman, V. I., Frolov, Y. F.,
Gorodinsky, M. E., Melnikov, V. D., Ognyanov, N. V., Petrachenko, E. D.,
Pozdeev, A. I., Ross, K. V., Wood, D. H., Khanchuck, A. I., Kovbas, L. I.,
Nekrasov, I. Y. and Sidrov, A. A. (1996) Significant metalliferous and selected
non-metalliferous lode deposits and placer districts for the Russian Far East,
Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera. U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report
96-513-A, p. 1−39.
Sato, K., Lavrik, N. I. and Vrublevsky, A. A. (1993) Geology and mineral deposits in
Sikhote-Alin. Chishitsu News, no. 468, p. 16−26 (in Japanese).

7. South Korea
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (1987) Republic ofSouth Korea. Atlas of mineral resources of the ESCAP Region, ESCAP, United
Nations, vol. 3, 51p.
Kim, J. H. (1982) Geology and mineral resources of Korea. Yonsei Univ., South Korea,
523p. ( in Korean).
Kim, S. E. and Hwang, D. H. (1983) Metallogenic Map of Korea, scale 1:1,000,000,

with explanatory text. Korea Institute of Energy and Resources, 52p.
Koh, S. M. (2004) Metallic mineral deposits of South Korea. Korea Institute of
Geosciences and Mineral Resources ( Unpublished).
Nokleberg, W., Bounaeva, T. V., Miller, R. J., Seminskiy, Z. V. and Diggles, M. F. (eds.)(2003) Significant metalliferous and selected non-metalliferous lode deposits,
and selected placer districts for Northeast Asia. U. S. Geological Survey,
Open-File Report 03−220 (CD-ROM).

8. Viet Nam
Do, H. D. (1992) Gold deposits of Vietnam. in Epithermal gold in Asia and the Pacific,
mineral concentrations and hydrocarbon accumulations in the ESCAP Region.
ESCAP, United Nations, vol. 6, p. 206−222.
Economic and Social Commissions of Asia and the Pacific Region (ESCAP) (1990)
Viet Nam. Atlas of mineral resources of the ESCAP Region, ESCAP, United
Nations, vol. 6, 124p.
Fontaine, H. and Workman, D. R. (1978) Review of the geology and mineral resourcesof Kampuchea, Laos and Vietnam. Third regional conference on geology andmineral resources of Southeast Asia, Bangkok, p. 541−774.
Geological Survey of Viet Nam (GSV) (1991) Metallogenic Map of Viet Nam, Scale
1:1,000,000. Ha Noi.
Phan, V. Q., Vu, N. H., Nguyen, N. H. and Nguyen, V. T. (1991) Some characteristics
of gold formation in terms of the evolution process of Viet Nam earth crust.
Proceedings of the Southeast Asia Gold Symposium, 1991 (Seagold’ 91) , Viet
Nam, p. 17−24.
Roskill Information Services (1999) The economics of nickel. 9th edition, Roskill
Information Services Ltd., London, 260p.