FCCC/ADP/2015/1

United Nations

Distr.: General
25 February 2015
Original: English

Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action
Second session, part eight
Geneva, 8–13 February 2015
Agenda item 3
Implementation of all the elements of decision 1/CP.17

Negotiating text
A. [[Preamble]1
Option 1: {Placeholder for preamble}
Option 2:[The Parties to this agreement,][Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as “theConvention”,][In pursuit of the [ultimate] objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,][All Parties to enhance action and cooperate on the basis of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities
and respective capabilities to further implement the Convention in order to achieve its objective as stated in its
Article 2, so as to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system, to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, toensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable
manner that ensures resilience and adaptive capacity to the adverse effects of climate change, while recognizing the
local, national, and global dimensions of adaptation in accordance with the principles and provisions of Articles 3
and 4 of the Convention,][Option (a): Being guided by the principles of the Convention as set out in its Article 3, including that Parties
should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis ofequity and in accordance with historical responsibility, common but differentiated responsibilities, and theprovisions of Article 4 of the Convention / evolving common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities / evolving economic and emission trends which will continue post-2020, in order to progressively
enhance the levels of ambition,

1[Headings and subheadings used throughout these elements for a draft negotiating text are provisional and intended only toorient the reader.] [This negotiating text reflects work in progress, and does not prejudge whether the outcome will be a protocol,
another legal instrument, or an agreed outcome with legal force, nor does it prejudge the legal nature of any particular provision.
Inclusion of headings and subheadings are intended to orient the reader; further, they do not indicate agreement as to thestructure or organization of the agreement, or as to which provisions should appear in the agreement as opposed to in decisions
adopted in Paris or thereafter.]GE.15-03585 (E)

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

Option (b): In accordance with the principles of the Convention as set out in its Article 3, including in particularthat Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on thebasis of equity and in accordance with historical responsibility and common but differentiated responsibilities,][Option (a): Recalling the provisions of the Convention and determined to further enhance its full, effective andsustained implementation from 2020 through a strengthened multilateral rules-based regime established by thisagreement,
Option (b): Reaffirming the provisions of the Convention and determined to strengthen the multilateral, rules-based
regime under the Convention through its full, effective and sustained implementation from 2020,][Also recalling the commitments undertaken by Parties under the Convention in accordance with its Article 4,][Acknowledging the role of the Kyoto Protocol,][Further recalling all the existing decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention and theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, including, in particular, theagreed outcome pursuant to the Bali Action Plan and the Doha Amendment,][Recalling the outcomes of the Rio+20 Conference, titled “The future we want”,][Option (a): Acknowledging that the global nature and urgency of climate change calls for the participation / widest
possible participation, cooperation and ambitious action by all Parties,]
Option (b): Acknowledging that the global nature and urgency of climate change calls for the widest possible
cooperation of all Parties, as well as their participation and enhanced action in an effective and appropriate
international response in accordance with [equity and] their common but differentiated responsibilities andrespective capabilities, and their specific national and regional development priorities, [objectives andcircumstances / social and economic conditions,] with developed country Parties taking the lead,
Option (c): Acknowledging that the global nature and urgency of climate change calls for the widest possible
cooperation of all Parties, as well as their participation and enhanced action in an effective and appropriate
international response in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities, in light of different national circumstances,][Gravely concerned by the finding in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since
the mid-20th century,][Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and theplanet and thus requires to be urgently addressed by all Parties, and acknowledging that the global nature of climatechange calls for the widest possible cooperation by all countries and their participation in an effective andappropriate international response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions,][Being guided by the best available scientific knowledge, including, inter alia, the assessment reports / the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and inputs and resources from Parties,][Noting with grave concern the significant gap between the aggregate effect of Parties’ mitigation pledges in termsof global annual emissions of greenhouse gases up until 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent withhaving a likely chance of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C or 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels,][Option (a): Recognizing that deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions will be required to achieve the ultimate
objective of the Convention and the long-term temperature limit / hold the increase in global average temperature,and that such cuts must be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climatechange, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in asustainable manner,
Option (b): Recognizing that deep cuts in global emissions will be required to achieve the ultimate objective of theConvention and emphasizing the need for urgency to address climate change,
Option (c): Noting that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases hasoriginated in developed countries, that per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low and thatthe share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and development
needs,][Recognizing the importance of long-term efforts to transition to low-carbon economies, mindful of the global
temperature goal of 2 °C,]

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FCCC/ADP/2015/1[Option (a): Also recognizing that scenarios consistent with having a likely chance of holding the global averagetemperature increase to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels include substantial cuts in anthropogenic greenhousegas emissions by the mid-century and net emission levels near zero gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent or
below in 2100,
Option (b): Also recognizing that scenarios consistent with having a likely chance of holding the global averagetemperature increase to below 2 °C or 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels include substantial cuts in anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions by the mid-century and zero emissions within the second half of this century,][Further recognizing that economy-wide emission reduction budgets provide the highest level of clarity,
predictability and environmental integrity,][Acknowledging that carbon pricing is a key approach for cost-effectiveness of the cuts in global greenhouse gas
emissions,][Recognizing the special characteristics of land use systems, including the importance of food security, the diversityof global land management systems, and the need to manage multiple sustainability objectives, may requireparticular consideration within actions under this agreement,][Option (a): Emphasizing that adaptation is a global challenge and a common responsibility that requires global
solidarity and must be addressed with the same urgency as, and in political / legal parity with, mitigation,
Option (b): Emphasizing that adaptation is a global challenge that must be addressed with the same urgency as, andin balance with, mitigation, and that enhanced action and international cooperation on adaptation is urgently
required in order to enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions [and recognizing that both climateresilient development and adaptation to the impacts of climate change will be essential],
Option (c): Emphasizing that enhanced action and international cooperation on adaptation is urgently required toenable and support the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building resiliencein [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], taking into account the urgent and immediateneeds of those [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] that are particularly vulnerable,
Option (d): Notes that adaptation is a global challenge that must be addressed with the same urgency as mitigation,][Emphasizing that the integral relationship between the level of mitigation action and the efforts of all Parties will
be required to adapt to climate change and address loss and damage,][Affirming that adaptation needs are a consequence of the temperature rise that results from inadequate mitigation
action by all Parties and that adaptation is thus a global responsibility,][Recognizing that loss and damage associated with the adverse impacts of climate change includes and in somecases involves more than what can be reduced by adaptation and is therefore distinct from adaptation,][Recognizing that the best available science acknowledges that even if warming is kept below 2 °C with high levelsof adaptation, there will be residual loss and damage, in particular in developing countries,][Reaffirming the importance of education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to
information and international cooperation on these matters for promoting changes in lifestyles, attitudes andbehaviour needed to foster low-emission and climate-resilient development and to mobilize public support forclimate policies and action,][Also reaffirming the need for [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex Y] to provide new, additional,
adequate and predictable financial resources, including financial resources for the transfer of technology to andcapacity-building in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] for addressing mitigation andadaptation needs and complying with their obligations under this agreement, while ensuring a balanced financial
resources allocation between adaptation and mitigation,][Recognizing that all Parties are responsible for the effective and efficient provision and use of support, and that
finance, technology development and transfer and capacity-building are connected and should be treatedholistically,][Also recognizing that climate finance is flowing and will continue to flow, and that growing the base of donors,
enhancing enabling environments, efficiently deploying support and leveraging private sector investment is criticalto catalysing the transformational change required in our common effort towards the objective stated in Article 2 of
the Convention,][Further recognizing the particular challenges facing small-island developing States and the least developed
countries,]

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FCCC/ADP/2015/1[Recognizing the growing existential threat posed by the impacts of climate change to low-lying small island
nations,][Also recognizing that the lower the greenhouse gas stabilization level achieved, the lower the consequent impactsof climate change,][Stressing that all actions to address climate change and all the processes established under this agreement should
ensure [a gender-responsive approach][gender equality and intergenerational equity], take into account[environmental integrity][the protection of the integrity of Mother Earth], and respect human rights, the right todevelopment and the rights of [youth and] indigenous peoples, [as well as ensure a just transition of the workforce
and the creation of decent work, in accordance with nationally defined development priorities and strategies,]][Noting that Parties should ensure in all climate change related actions full respect of all human rights,][Recognizing that all actions on climate change shall significantly contribute to the post-2015 development agendaof the United Nations with a particular focus on human rights, good governance, gender equality and the needs ofparticularly vulnerable groups,][Acknowledging the importance of promoting a just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work andquality jobs, in accordance with nationally defined development priorities and strategies,][Reaffirming that responses to climate change should be coordinated with social and economic development in an
integrated manner with a view to avoiding adverse impacts on the latter, taking into full account the legitimate
priority needs of [developing countries][Parties not included annex X] and their right to equitable access tosustainable development and to achieve economic growth and eradicate poverty,][Also reaffirming that all [developing countries][Parties not included annex X] need access to the resources required
to achieve sustainable social and economic development and that, in order for [developing countries][Parties notincluded annex X] to progress towards that goal, their energy consumption will need to grow, taking into accountthe opportunities for achieving greater energy efficiency and for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including
through the application of new technologies on terms that make such an application economically and sociallybeneficial,][Recognizing that actions to address climate change simultaneously contribute to the attainment of the highest
possible level of health and that climate change policies and health policies should be mutually supportive,][Option (a): Recognizing that action / cooperative action by and among subnational authorities, intergovernmentalorganizations, civil society, indigenous peoples, local communities, the private sector, financial institutions andParties can catalyse and significantly enhance the impact of policy implementation by Parties in reducing
emissions, reducing vulnerability and building resilience to the adverse effects of climate change,
Option (b): Recognizing that the implementation by Parties of reducing emissions and vulnerability and of thebuilding of resilience to the adverse effects of climate change can be strengthened by cooperative action by andamong subnational authorities, intergovernmental organizations, civil society, indigenous peoples, local
communities, the private sector, financial institutions and Parties,][Also recognizing that fulfilling the ultimate objective of the Convention will require the strengthening of themultilateral, rules-based regime under the Convention,][Pursuant to the mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.17 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its
seventeenth session,][Recalling the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,][[Have agreed to further enhance the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention as follows][Have agreed as follows][Have agreed to this protocol, another legal instrument, or an agreed outcome with legal
force with the aim of furthering the implementation of the Convention and its objective][Pursuant to decisions
1/CP.17, 2/CP.18, 1/CP.19, and 1/CP.20, have agreed to further enhance the full, effective and sustained
implementation of the Convention as follows]:] ]B. [[Definitions][For the purposes of this agreement the following terms are defined:]i. [The “governing body” means the governing body of this agreement;]
ii. [Party;]

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iii. [“Emission reductions” means the sum of all reduced emissions and increased carbon stocks;][“Convention” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;][“Present and voting” means…;]
vi. [“Subsidiary Body” means…;]vii. [“Party” means a Party to this agreement;]viii. [“Party included in annex X” means a Party included in annex X to this agreement;]
ix. [“Party included in annex Y” means a Party included in annex X to this agreement;]
x. [“Party in annex Z / III” means a Party in annex Z / III to the agreement;]
xi. [(Other definitions as needed.)] ]iv.
v.

C. [[General / Objective]
1. [The objective of this agreement is to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions in line with the ultimate objectiveof the Convention and to maintain and increase resilience to the adverse effects of climate change.]
2. [This agreement aims to [achieve universal participation and is to] further enhance the full, effective and sustained
implementation of [the principles and provisions of] the Convention [by all Parties to the Convention],[commitments under the Convention and existing decisions, and to strengthen the multilateral rules-based regime
under the Convention] in order to achieve the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2.]
3. [Option 1: All Parties to strive to achieve low greenhouse gas climate-resilient economies and societies on the basisof equity and in accordance with their historical responsibilities, common but differentiated responsibilities /
evolving common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in order to achieve sustainable
development, poverty eradication and prosperity for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind,taking fully into account the historical responsibility of [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X]
and their leadership in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof, and bearing in mind that
economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of [developing
country Parties [and the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market
economy]][Parties not included in annex X];
Option 2: In accordance with Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention, Parties should protect the climate system
for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with theircommon but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, developed country Parties
should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof. In accordance with Article 4,paragraph 7, of the Convention, the extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement theircommitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of
their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will takefully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding
priorities of developing country Parties;
Option 3: All Parties to strive to achieve low greenhouse gas, climate-resilient economies and societies on the basisof the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in light of different
national circumstances.]
4. [Parties have the responsibility to ensure that activities within their own jurisdiction and control do not cause
damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.]
5. [Option 1:
All Parties [shall][to] take action and cooperate [to further implement the Convention in order to reach its ultimate
objective as stated in its Article 2 on the basis of equity and in accordance with their historical responsibilities andcommon but differentiated responsibilities / evolving common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities] by achieving an emission pathway consistent with limiting the global average temperature increase to
below 2 °C or 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, which entails:
5.1. Option (a): Ensuring significant global greenhouse gas emission reductions over the next few decades or a
40–70 per cent reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions below 2010 levels by 2050 and near-zeroemissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other long-lived greenhouse gases by the end of the century;

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Option (b): Ensuring that global greenhouse gas emissions peak by 2020 at the latest, are reduced by at least
50 per cent by 2050 and continue to decline thereafter [reaching near-zero emissions of CO2 and other longlived greenhouse gases by the end of the century, consistent with the findings of the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change];
Option (c): Ensuring significant global greenhouse gas emission reductions over the next few decades inorder to achieve the global goal of substantially reducing global emissions by 2050 / consistent with theagreed global goal of substantially reducing global emissions by 2050 / consistent with the agreed global goal
and on the basis of the best available scientific knowledge and equitable access to sustainable development;
Option (d): Ensuring significant and rapid global greenhouse gas emission reductions of at least 70–95 percent below 2010 levels by 2050 and negative emissions of CO2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases before
2080;]
5.2. Ensuring resilience to and adaptive capacity for the adverse effects of climate change, while recognizing the
local, national and global dimensions of adaptation;
5.3. Ensuring that all investments are resilient to climate change / consistent with sustainable development andfacilitate the transition to low-emission development paths and ensuring the adequacy of financial,technology and capacity-building support for developing countries in achieving the implementation of thisagreement / objective of the Convention.
Option 2:
All Parties to enhance action and cooperate to further implement the Convention in order to reach its ultimate
objective as stated in its Article 2, in order to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a levelthat would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system and in order to allow ecosystems
to adapt naturally to climate change, so as to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic
development to proceed in a sustainable manner, which entails:
5.1. Parties to urgently work towards the deep reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions required to hold theincrease in global average temperature below 2 °C / 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and to attain a global
peaking of global greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, reaffirming that the time frame for peaking
will be longer for developing countries;
5.2. Ensuring resilience and adaptive capacity to the adverse effects of climate change, while recognizing the
local, national and global dimensions of adaptation;
5.3. Ensuring that all investments are resilient to climate change and consistent with sustainable development andensuring the adequacy of financial, technology and capacity-building support for developing countries
towards achieving the objective of the Convention;
5.4. Parties’ efforts should be undertaken on the basis of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities
and respective capabilities, and the provision of finance, technology transfer and capacity-building todeveloping countries in order to support their mitigation and adaptation actions under the Convention, andtake into account the imperatives of equitable access to sustainable development, the survival of countries
and protecting the integrity of Mother Earth;
5.5. Adaptation must be addressed with the same urgency as mitigation and enhanced action and international
cooperation on adaptation is urgently required to enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions
aimed at reducing vulnerability and building resilience in developing country Parties, taking into account theurgent and immediate needs of those developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the effects ofclimate change.
Option 3:
All Parties to take action and cooperate to further implement the Convention in order to reach its ultimate objective
as stated in its Article 2, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiatedresponsibilities / evolving common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, by achieving anemission pathway consistent with limiting the global average temperature increase to below 2 °C or 1.5 °C above
pre-industrial levels and with achieving climate resilience.]
6. [Parties recognize that the level and pace of mitigation [ambition][efforts] will determine the extent to which Parties
will need to adapt and address loss and damage and the associated costs thereof, as well as the need to explore
holistic and mutually reinforcing approaches to enhancing mitigation and adaptation efforts and to increase theoverall level of ambition, which will depend on the extent of financial, technology and capacity-building support

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provided by [developed country Parties [and Parties in a position to do so]][Parties included in annex Y] to[developing country Parties [and the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market
economy]][Parties not included in annex X].]
7. [Option 1: Each Party to take action at the highest level of ambition / mitigation ambition, reflecting its national
circumstances, and to progressively increase that level of ambition;
Option 2: All Parties to take action at the highest level of ambition and to progressively increase that level ofambition, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national andregional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, with developed countries taking the lead;
Option 3: Parties to enhance their actions and contributions in accordance with Article 4 of the Convention;
Option 4: A global emission budget to be divided among all Parties in accordance with the principles andprovisions of the Convention, in order to limit global warming this century to below 1.5 °C consistent with theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment. The distribution of the global emission budget
should be undertaken in accordance with historical responsibilities, ecological footprint, capabilities and state ofdevelopment.]
8. [Option 1: Parties with the greatest responsibility and highest capability to demonstrate leadership:
8.1. [Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] to take the lead in fully implementing existingobligations under the Convention in relation to mitigation and support, in line with their historicalresponsibility;
8.2. Leadership demonstrated by any Party to be recognized along with the need to incentivize and enable suchleadership through cooperation and support.
Option 2: Parties with the greatest responsibility and highest capability to demonstrate leadership;
Option 3: In accordance with Article 4 of the Convention, [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X]
to take the lead in fully implementing existing obligations and commitments under the Convention in relation toemission reduction and the provision of financial, technology and capacity-building support to [developing country
Parties][Parties not included in annex X], in line with their historical responsibility.]
9. [Option 1: Commitments / contributions of Parties particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change,
especially the least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing States (SIDS), to reflect their efforts inthe context of their specific needs and special situations;
Option 2: Commitments / contributions / actions of [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X],
especially those referred to in Article 4, paragraphs 8–10, of the Convention, including the least developed
countries (LDCs) and small island developing States (SIDS), to reflect their efforts in the context of sustainable
development and their specific needs and special circumstances, bearing in mind that the extent to which[developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] will effectively implement their commitments under
the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by [developed country Parties][Parties included inannex Y] of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and the transfer of technology.]
10. [Option 1: All Parties to prepare, maintain, communicate and implement commitments / contributions / mitigationcommitments / contributions in accordance with the provisions of this agreement; which are to be considered,formalized / finalized and reviewed in accordance with section J below;
Option 2: In accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, all Parties to prepare, maintain,
communicate and implement commitments / contributions in accordance with the provisions of this agreement,
which are to be considered, formalized / finalized and reviewed in accordance with section J below;
Option 3: All developed country Parties shall prepare, communicate, implement and enhance commitments on
mitigation and provisions of finance, technology, and capacity-building support to developing country Parties.
Developing country Parties will prepare, communicate and implement enhanced actions on mitigation andadaptation, in the context of sustainable development, premised on an enhanced provision of finance, technology
and capacity-building support by developed country Parties.]
11. [Option 1: Unilateral measures not to constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised
restriction on international trade;
Option 2: No reference to unilateral measures in the agreement;
Option 3: Unilateral measures could be reflected in the agreement upon Parties’ requests;

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Option 4: Decides that developed country Parties shall not resort to any form of unilateral measures against goods
and services from developing country Parties on any grounds related to climate change, recalling the principles andprovisions of the Convention, in particular its Article 3, paragraphs 1, 4 and 5, and Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5, 7, 8, 9
and 10, taking into account the principles of equity, common but differentiated responsibilities, and the obligationsof developed country Parties to provide financial resources, transfer of technologies and capacity-building support
to developing country Parties.]
12. [This agreement to build on the subsidiary bodies / institutional arrangements established by or under theConvention:
Option 1: All subsidiary bodies / institutional arrangements established by or under the Convention shall serve thisagreement, unless otherwise decided by the governing body. The governing body may provide further guidance asappropriate;
Option 2: The subsidiary bodies / institutional arrangements established by or under the Convention shall serve thisagreement as specified in the relevant sections;2Option 3: No blanket reference to institutional arrangements.]
13. [Option 1: All actors, including civil society, the private sector, financial institutions, cities and other subnational
authorities, local communities and indigenous peoples, are encouraged to scale up their actions and provide further
opportunities for Parties to reduce emissions and/or to decrease vulnerability and build resilience to the adverse
effects of climate change, without prejudice to the provisions of the Convention;
Option 2: No provision on non-state actors.]
14. [Option 1: Parties to cooperate, including through regional approaches, bilateral, multilateral, triangular / South–
South and triangular cooperation, and to take appropriate measures to develop, adopt and implement policies,
strategies, regulations and/or action plans on climate change education, training, public awareness, public
participation and public access to information at all levels so as to enable transformative change towards lowemission and climate-resilient societies;
Option 2: In addition to the existing commitments under and provisions of the Convention, Parties to cooperate andtake appropriate measures to develop, adopt and implement policies, strategies, regulations and/or action plans on
climate change education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information so as toenhance action addressing climate change;
Option 3: Parties to cooperate, including [but not exclusively] through regional, bilateral and multilateralapproaches.]
15. [All Parties [and stakeholders] shall [ensure respect for human rights and gender equality in the implementation of
the provisions of this agreement] [, in all climate change related actions, respect, protect, promote, and fulfil humanrights for all. All Parties shall be guided by gender equality and ensure the full and equal participation of women in
all climate actions and decision-making processes. All Parties should consider in their climate policies and actions ajust transition of the workforce that creates decent work and quality jobs.]] [All Parties shall implement thisagreement, in line with the mandate, principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, to protect the integrity of Mother
Earth, respect and promote human rights, the right to development and the rights of indigenous peoples.]16. [New institutional arrangements or strengthened institutional arrangements may be needed to serve thisagreement.] ]Structural suggestions on section C:
Some Parties see no need for a general section, some Parties would wish to see only a focused objective withspecific issues addressed in the relevant sections, some Parties would wish to see this section reflecting othercontextual elements related to the objective
Move paragraphs 7 and 10 to the mitigation section
Paragraphs 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14 are or should be addressed elsewhere
Address content of paragraph 13 in a COP decision or a preambular recital2

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See paragraphs 65, 70, 89, 133.1, 139.1, 212.

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D. [[Mitigation][Long-term and global aspects of mitigation]
17.
17.1. [Option 1: All Parties, in accordance with Article 4 and their common but differentiated responsibilities andrespective capabilities and on the basis of equity, to enhance mitigation ambition and cooperate with a viewto achieving the long-term emission reductions, in the context of Article 2 of the Convention, consistent withlimiting the global average temperature increase to below 2 °C or 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and in
the context of equitable access to sustainable development[, with developed country Parties taking the leadby undertaking ambitious emission reductions and providing finance, technology and capacity-building
support to developing country Parties][ and the protection of the integrity of Mother Earth][ in accordancewith the shared vision resulting from the Bali Action Plan, with developed country Parties taking the lead byundertaking ambitious emission reductions and providing finance, technology and capacity-building support
to developing country Parties];
Option 2: All Parties [to][shall] make [individual] efforts and cooperate on enhancing mitigation ambition toensure that the aggregate level of mitigation commitments / contributions increases over time, so as toachieve the long-term emission reductions, in the context of Article 2 of the Convention, [in accordance with
common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in light of different national
circumstances and equity,] consistent with limiting the global average temperature increase to below 2 °C or
1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels;
Option 3: Parties to make efforts and cooperate to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphereat a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, in accordancewith the shared vision resulting from the Bali Action Plan, including holding the increase in global averagetemperature below 2 °C or 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels in the context of sustainable development, with[developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] taking the lead by undertaking ambitious emission
reductions and [Parties included in annex Y] providing finance, technology and capacity-building support to[developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X]].
17.2. [Option 1: [Parties’ efforts to take the form of:][The agreed long-term objective mentioned above shall be in
the context of a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure thatfood production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner,and shall also take into account vulnerabilities and the managing of the transition in a sustainable manner. In
this regard, Parties’ differentiated efforts to take the form of:]a. Option (a): A long-term zero emission sustainable development pathway[, bearing in mind that social andeconomic development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing
countries][ for developing countries that combines adaptation and mitigation to reduce climate change
and its impacts]:
i. Consistent with carbon neutrality / net zero emissions by 2050, or full decarbonization by 2050 and/or
negative emissions by 2100 [for developed countries];
ii. Consistent with science and the findings of the / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(e.g. 40–70 per cent below 2010 levels by 2050) in accordance with historical responsibilities,
capabilities and the state of development, while addressing vulnerabilities and in a cooperative
manner;iii. Consistent with a global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of at least 50 per cent by 2050
compared with the levels in 1990 and a continued decline in emissions thereafter, [in the context ofequitable access to sustainable development and a global carbon budget][reaching near-zero emissionsof CO2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases by the end of the century, consistent with the findingsof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change];
iv. Consistent with emissions peaking for [developed countries][Parties included in annex X] in 2015,
with an aim of zero net emissions by 2050, in the context of equitable access to sustainable
development;
v. Consistent with a peaking of global greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, noting that the timeframe for peaking may be longer in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X], in the9

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context of equitable access to sustainable development. [For developed countries, this should bequantitative and time-bound and for developing countries peaking should be aspirational];
vi. Consistent with the findings of the best and latest available science in accordance with common but
differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, historical responsibilities, capabilities, andthe state of development, while addressing vulnerabilities and in a cooperative manner;vii. Consistent with the scientific findings of the IPCC, in order to have a likely chance of keeping thetemperature change to below 2 °C, global GHG emissions in 2050 will need to be 40 to 70 per centlower than in 2010 and reach levels near zero Gt CO 2 eq or below in 2100;
viii. Ensuring significant and rapid global greenhouse gas emission reductions of at least 70–95 per centbelow 2010 levels by 2050 and zero emissions of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in the
period 2060–2080.
Option (b): A full decarbonization by 2050 for developed countries and a sustainable development
pathway for developing countries consistent with a peaking of global greenhouse gas emissions as soon
as possible, noting that the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing countries, in the context
of equitable access to sustainable development;b. [A global emission budget [informed by national estimates] to be divided among all Parties in accordancewith the principles and provisions of the Convention, so as to limit global warming in this century to
below 1.5 °C consistent with the IPCC assessment. The distribution of the global emission budget should
be undertaken in accordance with historical responsibilities, ecological footprint, capabilities, and state ofdevelopment;c. Stabilization of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at or below 350 ppm of CO 2
equivalent (CO2 eq) in the context of equitable access to sustainable development;
d. A deviation from business as usual;e. Low-emission development strategies.]
Option 2: All Parties shall cooperate in achieving the peaking of global and national greenhouse gas
emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that, consistent with emissions peaking for developed countries in
2015, they shall aim to reduce net emissions to zero by 2050, and further recognizing that the time frame forpeaking will be longer in developing countries, bearing in mind that social and economic development andpoverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing countries, in the context of equitable
access to sustainable development.]
18. [Any agreed long-term objective shall be in the context of a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt
naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development toproceed in sustainable manner, and shall also take into account vulnerabilities and managing transition in asustainable manner.][Commitments / contributions / actions on mitigation]
19.
[Option 1: In accordance with Article 4 of the Convention, all Parties to progressively enhance the level ofambition of their mitigation commitments / contributions / actions such that [the aggregate commitments achieve
the long-term global goal referred to in paragraph 17 above] each commitment / contribution / action is of a type,
scope, scale and coverage more / no less ambitious than those previously undertaken under this agreement or theConvention or its Kyoto Protocol; [national commitments shall be inscribed as an integral part of the 2015
agreement.]
Option 2: [Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] to progressively enhance the level of ambitionof their mitigation commitments / contributions such that each commitment / contribution is of a type, scope, scaleand coverage more / no less ambitious than those previously undertaken under this agreement or the Convention or
its Kyoto Protocol;
Option 3: All Parties [should seek] to progressively enhance the level of ambition of their mitigation commitments /contributions [towards achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention][such that the scale and coverage is more
/ no less ambitious than those previously undertaken under this agreement or the Convention or its Kyoto Protocol][and strengthen and review commitments line with the process outlined in section J];

10FCCC/ADP/2015/1

Option 4: All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific nationaland regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, to formulate, implement, publish and regularly
update programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change in order to enhance their level of ambition after2020;
Option 5: All Parties, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities and in light of their national circumstances, shall progressively enhance the level of ambition of their
mitigation commitments such that the net level of greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere,
stemming from polices, measures and actions implemented and the sectors and greenhouse gases accounted for in acommitment are more ambitious than those previously undertaken under this agreement, the Convention and its
Kyoto Protocol;
Option 6: In accordance with Article 4 of the Convention, all Parties to enhance the level of ambition of their
mitigation commitments / contributions / actions, as appropriate. Developed country Parties shall take on mitigationcommitments for the post-2020 period that are more ambitious than emission reductions of at least 25–40 per centbelow 1990 levels by 2020.]
20. [Each Party’s mitigation commitment shall constitute its highest possible effort according to its national
circumstances.]
21. [Option 1 (chapeau): In accordance with the principles of the Convention and its Article 4, each Party to prepare,communicate and implement successive nationally determined mitigation commitments / contributions / actions,which are to:
Option 2 (chapeau): Each Party to communicate and implement successive mitigation commitments /contributions, which are to:
Option 3 (chapeau): Parties to prepare differentiated mitigation commitments for [developed][Parties included inannex X] and [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], with [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex X] to take the lead and [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex
X] to be provided flexibility, which are to:
Option 4 (chapeau): Each Party shall prepare and communicate successive proposed mitigation commitments thatshall be implemented and reviewed in accordance with section J, and shall:
Option 5 (chapeau): Each Party shall communicate and maintain a national schedule setting out the efforts to
reduce or limit GHG emissions that the Party intends to implement which are to:
Option 6: In accordance with the principles of the Convention and its Article 4, all Parties, taking into account theircommon but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities,
objectives and circumstances, shall enhance the implementation of their commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1,
including through:– Formulating, implementing, publishing and regularly updating programmes containing measures tomitigate climate change in order to enhance their level of ambition after 2020;– Promoting and cooperating in the development, application and diffusion, including transfer, oftechnologies, practices and processes that control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic greenhouse gas
emissions not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in all relevant sectors;– Promoting sustainable management, and promoting and cooperating in the conservation andenhancement, as appropriate, of sinks and reservoirs of all greenhouse gases not controlled by theMontreal Protocol.
Option 7 (chapeau): In accordance with the principles of the Convention and its Article 4, developed country
Parties to prepare mitigation commitments differentiated from developing countries’ contributions, which are to:21.1. Option 1: Be quantified or quantifiable, be able to be aggregated, and be transparent, comparable and/or
verifiable;
Option 2: Be quantified or quantifiable and consider a fair and equitable distribution of the global emission
budget in accordance with a compound index of countries’ participation in such a budget, and be transparent,
comparable and/or verifiable;

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FCCC/ADP/2015/1

Option 3: Be quantified, be able to be aggregated, and be comparable, measurable, reportable and verifiable
for [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X], with the type, scope, scale and coverage more
ambitious than those undertaken under the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol during the pre-2020 period.
Be quantified, quantifiable or qualified in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner for [developing
country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] and based on their nationally appropriate mitigation actions(NAMAs) under the Bali Action Plan;
Option 4: Be quantified or quantifiable, recognizing that the least developed countries and small island
developing States may communicate strategies, plans or actions for low GHG development;
Option 5: In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Convention, developed country Parties shallcommit to undertake absolute emission reduction targets (AERTs) during the period 2021–2030, in
accordance with their historical responsibility, through quantifiable, economy-wide mitigation targets,covering all sectors and all greenhouse gases, implemented domestically, which can be aggregated and which
are comparable, measurable, reportable and verifiable, with the type, scope, scale and coverage more
ambitious than those undertaken under the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol during the pre-2020 period,and communicated and implemented without any conditions;
Option 6: In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Convention, developed country Parties shallcommit to undertake absolute emission reduction targets (AERTs) during the period 2021–2030 inaccordance with a global emission budget including their historical responsibility, through quantifiable,
economy-wide mitigation targets, covering all sectors and all greenhouse gases, implemented domestically,
which can be aggregated and which are comparable, measurable, reportable and verifiable, with the type,
scope, scale and coverage more ambitious than those undertaken under the Convention and its Kyoto
Protocol during the pre-2020 period, and communicated and implemented without any conditions;21.2. Be accompanied by information aimed at enhancing the clarity, transparency and understanding of thesecommitments / contributions / actions [including, as appropriate, quantifiable information on the reference
point (including as appropriate, a base year), time frames and/or periods for implementation, scope andcoverage, planning processes, assumptions and methodological approaches including those for estimating
and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals, and information
on how the Party considers that its intended nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in thelight of its national circumstances, and how it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention
as set out in its Article 2];
21.3. Option 1: Include an indicative long-term trajectory consistent with paragraph 17 above;
With [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] to take the lead and make an adequate andequitable contribution to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2.
[Developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] may need flexibility in indicating such longterm trajectories;
Option 2: For [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] to include an indicative long-term
trajectory;
For [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] to be encouraged to develop a long-term
green and low-carbon development strategy, plan or programme, as appropriate;
Option 3: Include a long-term trajectory for developed countries that should be quantified and be an absolute
number; for developing country Parties to be encouraged to develop a long-term green and low-carbon
development strategy, plan or programme, as appropriate;
Option 4: Include for all Parties an indicative long-term trajectory to the extent possible with a special
consideration for the least developed countries and small island developing States;
21.4. Each Party’s successive nationally determined contribution (NDC) will represent a progression beyond thecurrent undertaking of that Party, recognizing enhanced and ambitious actions from the Party's previous
undertakings;
21.5. Option 1: Be based on national circumstances and capacities;
Option 2: Be based on the following:

12

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

a. Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, equity and national circumstancesand capacities;
b. Parties to include one of the following options, in accordance with their common but differentiatedresponsibilities, national circumstances, development levels and capabilities, while recognizing that theemissions of [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] will grow to meet their social anddevelopment needs: a quantified, economy-wide, absolute emission limitation or reduction target inrelation to a baseline year; a quantified, economy-wide emission limitation or reduction target relative toa projection of its emissions; a quantified, economy-wide emission limitation or reduction target relative
to a unit of GDP in relation to a previous year; a quantified, economy-wide emission limitation andreduction target per capita; non-economy-wide actions:i. [[Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] to take the lead in accordance with Article
3, paragraph 1, and Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Convention through quantified economy-wide,
absolute emission reduction targets / commitments;
ii. [Developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], which have been provided with meansof implementation, to prepare, communicate and implement a diversity of enhanced net mitigationcommitments / contributions / actions in accordance with Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention
and in the context of sustainable development, ranging from economy-wide absolute limits on [net]emissions, relative emission reductions, intensity targets, nationally appropriate mitigation actions,
low-emission development plans and strategies and sectoral mitigation plans and strategies / taking
into consideration paragraph X above;iii. [Developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] to take a diversity of nationallydetermined actions in accordance with their specific needs and special circumstances as stated in
Article 3, paragraph 2, of the Convention, including net avoided emissions, or also manifested as
adaptation co-benefits, where appropriate;iv. [Developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] to prepare their actions in accordancewith Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention and their circumstances and capacities, throughnationally appropriate mitigation actions, subject to the provision of means of implementation and inaccordance with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Convention;
v. Major economies to take on quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets / commitments;
vi. [Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Parties)][Parties not included inannex X] that are in a position to do so to take on quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets/ commitments;
vii. All Parties to take on quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets / commitments at somepoint in the future in accordance with their [common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities, historical responsibilities,][national circumstances], development levels and capabilities;
viii. The LDCs to implement non-economy wide actions and are encouraged to develop and implement
low-emission development strategies;
ix. For all Parties on [the][a] basis of categories [that are ]updated over time [on the basis of][taking
account of] evolving emissions and economic trends.]
x. All Parties shall enhance their mitigation commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of theConvention. Parties shall formulate, implement, regularly update, communicate and submit forassessment national commitments to reduce GHG emissions. Parties with additional commitments
under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Convention shall adopt commitments of a type, scope, scale andcoverage at least as stringent as in the previous implementation period.
c. In their actions Parties should take into account alternative policy approaches to results-based actions
such as joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and sustainable management of forests,
climate change resilience and sustainable development for the protection of the integrity of Mother Earth.
Option 3: In accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7, of the Convention, developing country
Parties should commit to undertake diversified enhanced mitigation actions (DEMAs) during the period
2021–2030. Such nationally-determined DEMAs may be based on and be more ambitious than theirnationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) under the Bali Action Plan. They may include, inter alia,
relative emission reductions; intensity targets; REDD-plus activities and other plans, programmes and13

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

policies; joint mitigation and adaptation approaches; net avoided emissions, or be manifested as adaptation
co-benefits, in accordance with the Parties’ special circumstances and specific needs. They will be
communicated and implemented in the context of sustainable development, subject to and enabled by theprovision of adequate finance, technology and capacity-building support from developed countries inaccordance with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Convention, in a measurable, reportable, and verifiable
manner;21.6. Option 1: Mitigation commitments / contributions / actions of all Parties to be communicated andimplemented without conditions;
Option 2: Mitigation commitments / contributions / actions of [developed country Parties][Parties included inannex X ] to be communicated and implemented without conditions;
Option 3: Each Party to communicate commitments / contributions / actions specifying an unconditional
portion and may also include a conditional one;
Option 4: Mitigation commitments / contributions / actions of [developing country Parties][Parties notincluded in annex X] to be prepared, communicated and implemented subject to the provision of finance,technology development and transfer, and capacity-building. [Developing country Parties][Parties notincluded in annex X] may specify additional enhanced levels of mitigation commitments / contributions inaccordance with the different levels of enhanced support by [developed country Parties [Parties included inannex Y].
Option 5: Mitigation commitments of developed country Parties to be communicated and implemented
without conditions; mitigation commitments / contributions / actions of developing country Parties to beprepared, communicated and implemented subject to the provision of finance, technology development andtransfer, and capacity-building. Developing country Parties may specify additional enhanced levels of
mitigation commitments / contributions in accordance with different levels of enhanced support by developed
country Parties;
Option 6: Mitigation commitments by all Parties shall be communicated and implemented without
conditions; developing country Parties may specify additional levels of mitigation conditioned on enhanced
support available;
Option 7: Include an unconditional component, and may also include a conditional component;
21.7. Be inscribed in an annex for legally binding commitments;
21.8. Strive for the highest mitigation ambition in the light of science;
21.9. Be quantified economy-wide emission reduction budgets at some point in the future in accordance withnational circumstances, development levels and capabilities;
21.10.Be in accordance with the principles of the Convention and its Article 4; developed country Parties to prepare
mitigation commitments differentiated from developing countries’ contributions:21.11.Be in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Convention; developed country Parties shall commit toundertake absolute emission reduction targets (AERTs) during the period 2021–2030 in accordance with a
global emission budget including their historical responsibility, through quantifiable, economy-wide
mitigation targets, covering all sectors and all greenhouse gases, implemented mainly domestically, which
can be aggregated and which are comparable, measurable, reportable and verifiable, with the type, scope,scale and coverage more ambitious than those undertaken under the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol
during the pre-2020 period, and communicated and implemented without any conditions;21.12.Be nationally determined;
21.13.Represent a progression beyond the previous undertakings of the Party;
21.14. Be consistent with any further guidance agreed by the governing body.]
22. [The governing body shall further elaborate the information to be provided to enhance the clarity, transparency andunderstanding of the subsequent mitigation commitments referred to in paragraph 21.2 above.]
23. [All Parties to take into account joint mitigation and adaptation approaches to the integral and sustainable
management of forests and climate resilience for sustainable development.]
24. [Parties agree to account for their efforts to reduce or limit GHG emissions in line with agreed accounting
framework/principles, as further elaborated by the governing body, in a manner that:14

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

24.1. Promotes understanding and environmental integrity of efforts to reduce or limit GHG emissions;24.2. Is consistent with IPCC principles of transparency, accuracy, consistency, completeness and comparability;
24.3. Appropriately accommodates Parties’ national circumstances and capabilities.]
25. [All Parties agree to collectively revisit, and as appropriate, individually update their national schedules at periodic
intervals, in accordance with modalities to be agreed by the governing body in a manner that:25.1. Is nationally determined;
25.2. Facilitates clarity, transparency and understanding;
25.3. Continues a progression beyond the previous undertakings of the Party.]
26. [[All][Developed country] Parties to maintain [mitigation ] commitments / contributions / actions at all times[,
through successive and continuous commitment cycles with a common time frame, to be defined in accordancewith the provisions in section J below]].
27. [Option 1: Parties’ proposed mitigation commitments / contributions / actions to be communicated and considered
as well as formalized / finalized and reviewed in accordance with section J below;
Option 2: Parties’ mitigation commitments / contributions / actions should be communicated and implemented inaccordance with Article 12 of the Convention and through relevant arrangements based on the agreed outcome
pursuant to the Bali Action Plan.
Parties’ mitigation commitments / contributions reflected in two attachments to the agreement, one for [developed
country Parties][Parties included in annex X] and one for [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex
X]. One is a common tabular format for [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] and the other acompilation of communications for [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
Option 3: Upon joining the agreement, all Parties to submit a schedule reflecting the nationally determined
contribution they intend to implement. Parties to maintain a schedule thereafter;
Option 4: Each Party shall communicate successive proposed mitigation commitments at least 12 and no more than
18 months before they are to be inscribed, considered and formalized as commitments; shall be implemented andreviewed in accordance with section J below;
Option 5: Parties’ mitigation commitments / contributions / actions should be communicated in accordance with
Article 12 of the Convention and through arrangements to be further elaborated and adopted by the Conference of
the Parties on the basis of the agreed outcome pursuant to the Bali Action Plan.
Parties’ mitigation commitments / contributions shall be reflected in two attachments to the agreement:a. A common tabular format for absolute emission reduction targets (AERTs) by developed country Parties;
b. A compilation of communications on diversified emission mitigation actions (DEMAs) by developing
country Parties.]
28. [The Conference of the Parties shall review the adequacy of the sum of individual commitments by Parties, therelation of the aggregate effort for keeping temperature increases to below 2 / 1.5 °C, and the equity of relative
efforts. The review shall be an integral part of the dynamic contribution cycle (section J). On the basis of thisreview, the Conference of the Parties shall take appropriate action, which may include the adoption of amendments
to the commitments.]
29. [National schedules are:29.1. To be communicated by each Party upon [accepting/ratifying] this agreement, in a format to be decided by
the governing body;
29.2. To have effect from 1 January 2020;
29.3. To be maintained and current at all times that the Party is a Party to this agreement, in accordance withparagraph 25 above and guidance developed by the governing body;
29.4. Only to be adjusted in accordance with guidance developed by the governing body.]
30. [Parties may prepare, communicate and implement mitigation commitments / contributions / action jointly inaccordance with decisions to be adopted by the governing body and taking into account any arrangements
developed under paragraph 212.]
31. [Parties' commitments to be an integral part of the agreement.]

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FCCC/ADP/2015/1

32. [Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, may prepare,communicate and fulfil their mitigation commitments jointly.]
33. [Option 1: The secretariat to keep and update accordingly an online registry of national mitigation targets, andactions; registry to be integral part of the agreement;
Option 2: The secretariat to maintain a list of the schedules of Parties in an information document that is madeavailable online;
Option 3: The secretariat shall keep and update accordingly an online registry of the national mitigationcommitments without prejudice to the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession being deposited
with the Depositary in accordance with the provisions of this agreement; this registry is an integral part of theagreement;
Option 4: The secretariat to keep and update accordingly separate online registries of national mitigation targets ofdeveloped country Parties and nationally appropriate mitigation actions of developing country Parties;]
34. [Communications should be formalized and be part of the 2015 agreement.]
35. [All Parties to develop low emission strategies.]
36. [Low emission strategies of developed countries should have a time frame for zero emissions.]
37. [Parties may undertake forest mitigation actions in accordance with the Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus,
including activities under the Kyoto Protocol where appropriate;]
38. [All Parties to take into account joint mitigation and adaptation approaches to the integral and sustainable
management of forests [as an alternative to results-based actions and payments].]
39.
[Option 1: In meeting their commitments [/ contributions / actions], Parties may make use of market mechanisms[and actions][, including] [in the land-use sector] in accordance with [X][the provisions on transparency of action
and support as contained in section I, in particular in order to ensure environmental integrity and avoid double
counting][accounting rules developed by the governing body][the rules and provisions adopted by the governing
body of this Protocol in order to ensure environmental integrity] [by ensuring that:i. Transfers of mitigation outcomes or units between Parties can be used to meet theircontributions/commitments/actions under the new agreement;
ii. Units emanating from UNFCCC-approved mechanisms, including REDD-plus mechanisms, will betransferrable and can be used to meet contributions/commitments/actions of Parties under the newagreement;
iii. Mitigation outcomes and units emanating from mechanisms outside the UNFCCC can be used to meet
contributions/commitments/actions of Parties under the new agreement provided that they meet
conformity requirements established by the COP].
39.1. The use of market mechanisms is to:a. Mobilize the widest range of potential investments for [adaptation and] mitigation;b. Create incentives for early action;c. Incentivize and coordinate effective mitigation [and adaptation] actions [including those with co-benefits
for adaptation] from the broadest range of actors, including the private sector, to support theimplementation of this agreement;
d. Ensure consistency with individual commitments / contributions;e. [Be in accordance with the provisions on transparent accounting as contained in section I (Transparencyof action and support), in particular to avoid double counting;]
f. [Contribute to the sustainable development of the host country;]g. [Generate resources through a levy to enhance climate-resilient investment in developing countries;]h. [Supplement domestic action].
39.2. [The use of market mechanisms shall be supplementary to domestic action] [and a cap will apply to ensurethat mitigation commitments are the main domestic actions.]] [Domestic action shall account for the majorityof the emission reductions required to fulfil each Party’s commitment.]

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FCCC/ADP/2015/1

39.3. A centrally governed market mechanism shall be created under the Convention that builds on the existing
market mechanisms;
39.4. The governing body of this Protocol shall ensure that a share of the proceeds from the use of market
mechanisms is used to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to climate change tomeet the costs of adaptation;
39.5. The use of actions in the land-use sector is to:a. Accommodate national circumstances and proper incentives so as to facilitate actions and stakeholder
cooperation;b. Encourage to build on existing accounting approaches, methodologies, guidance and guidelines foranthropogenic emissions and removals, where available.
39.6. The governing body shall develop accounting rules for the use of market mechanisms and the land-use sector
with regard to mitigation contributions of all Parties, including for how to avoid double counting.
Option 2: Parties may claim mitigation outcomes achieved in other Parties towards their commitment subject tospecific rules and requirements designed to ensure that the environmental integrity and the integrity ofcommitments are maintained and that double counting is avoided.
39.1. The UNFCCC certification and use of mitigation outcomes by countries on a voluntary basis should be
subject to specific rules and requirements designed to provide for a scaling-up of effort and entailing a net
contribution to global mitigation efforts and contributing to sustainable development;
39.2. Those rules and requirements will be defined by 2016, and include eligibility and participation requirements.
Option 3: In accounting for progress towards meeting their commitments / contributions, including their use of
market mechanisms and of the land sector, Parties shall apply the following accounting principles:
39.1. General principles
a. Net changes in emissions of greenhouse gases by sources and removals by sinks recognized towardscommitments / contributions should be real, additional, permanent, and verifiable;
b. Parties are encouraged to include all major sources of anthropogenic emissions and removals in theircommitment / contribution, as defined by IPCC key categories;c. For key categories of emissions and removals that are not included in commitments / contributions,
Parties are encouraged to include an explanation for their exclusion, and to strive to include these overtime;
d. Consistent methodologies should be used for the estimation and reporting of mitigation actions andoutcomes over time;e. To ensure consistency, Parties should use the same baselines, accounting methodologies and approaches
throughout the commitment/ contribution/ contribution time frame, including in the base year or otherreference point and commitment period, except where technical corrections are required to maintainmethodological consistency;
f. Projected reference levels and other dynamic baselines should be subject to technical assessment prior tothe commencement of the commitment/ contribution period to encourage their transparency,
completeness, consistency, accuracy and comparability;
g. Parties should avoid double counting of mitigation actions in tracking progress towards theircommitments/ contributions by ensuring mitigation outcomes cannot be used more than once;
h. Parties shall use the metric specified by the IPCC in its latest assessment report and adopted by the COP,
unless otherwise decided by the COP.
39.2. Land sector principles
a. Both emissions and removals should be accounted for in assessing progress towards the commitment/
contribution;b. Once a source, sink, or activity is accounted for, it should not subsequently be excluded from accounting
without an explanation of why it has been excluded;c. Definitions of forest, land use and activities should be used consistently over time;

17

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

d. Parties may apply the principles and methodologies of existing approaches under the Convention and its
Kyoto Protocol to recognizing mitigation outcomes in the land sector, consistent with IPCC guidance
where applicable;
e. Parties may exclude emissions and removals resulting from natural disturbances, consistent with the mostrecent IPCC guidance;
f. Parties should strive to exclude from accounting non-anthropogenic emissions and removals.
39.3. Markets accounting principles
a. Parties shall ensure that units are not counted or claimed more than once.
Option 4: An economic mechanism is hereby defined.
39.1. The purpose of the economic mechanism shall be to facilitate the fulfilment of NDCs by Parties withquantified economy-wide absolute targets for the mitigation component and to incentivize developing
country Parties to take on such targets over time;
39.2. The economic mechanism shall be comprised of:a. An emissions trading system (ETS);
b. An enhanced Clean Development Mechanism (CDM-plus).
39.3. Under the ETS, Parties with quantified economy-wide absolute targets for the mitigation component of their
NDC may participate, on a voluntary basis, in the ETS for the purpose of fulfilling their respective NDC.
Any such trading shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purpose of meeting their targets;
39.4. Under CDM-plus:
a. Parties with quantified economy-wide absolute targets for the mitigation component of their NDC may,on a voluntary basis, use the certified emission reductions accruing from such project activities for the
purpose of fulfilling their respective NDC. Any such accruing shall be supplemental to domestic actions
for the purpose of meeting their targets;
b. Developing country Parties will benefit from project activities resulting in certified emission reductions
on a voluntary basis.
39.5. The economic mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties;
39.6. The CDM-plus shall be supervised by an executive board;
39.7. The Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles, modalities, procedures and guidelines, inparticular for verification, reporting and accountability of the economic mechanism;
39.8. All Parties should actively promote the voluntary cancellation of certified emissions reductions, including by
subnational entities and the private sector, with a view to fostering their engagement with mitigation actions
and further enhancing the environmental integrity of the mechanism. Parties that put forward a financial
pledge or target in their NDC would be entitled to use the amount of certified emissions reductions cancelledon their behalf to comply with their financial targets and pledges, but not their mitigation obligations.
Option 5:
39.1. Parties, when cooperating to achieve their mitigation commitments, shall ensure that cooperative
arrangements deliver real, permanent, additional and verified internationally transferable mitigation outcomesin an environmentally integral way, avoid double counting of effort and achieve a net decrease and/or
avoidance of emissions;39.2. The governing body shall develop and adopt standards for implementing paragraph 39.1 above and processes
for ensuring that these standards are met;
39.3. The governing body shall create and strengthen synergies between cooperative arrangements andmechanisms established or to be established under the Convention, its related legal instruments and otherrelevant institutions;39.4. Parties agree to account in line with the standards adopted by the governing body the internationallytransferable mitigation outcomes that they use towards their commitments/contributions.
Option 6: No provisions on market mechanisms and actions in land use sector. ]40. [In meeting the 2 °C objective, Parties agree on the need for global sectoral emission reduction targets forinternational aviation and maritime transport and on the need for all Parties to work through the International Civil

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Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to develop global policy
frameworks to achieve these targets].
[Institutional arrangements]
41. [Option 1: Parties to analyse and give full consideration to what actions are necessary to meet the needs arisingfrom the impacts of the implementation of response measures related to the mitigation commitments taken on,
particularly the specific needs and concerns of [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X ];Option 2: Strengthen existing arrangements by establishing a cooperative mechanism (platform) under theConvention to manage the transition to low greenhouse gas pathways, which would identify and then measure theimpacts, and which would use existing tools as much as possible and further develop tools to address identified
gaps and ensure their operationalization:
Option (a): The governing body shall develop and adopt modalities for:a. An international / cooperative mechanism under the Convention to manage the transition to low GHG
pathways that would identify and then measure the impacts, and which would use existing tools as muchas possible and develop further tools to address identified gaps and ensure their operationalization:
i. A no-incidence arrangement to be included to safeguard economic development in [developing
countries][Parties not included in annex X];
ii. In accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 8–10, of the Convention.
b. An international institution;c. A permanent forum under the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA).
Option (b): No new arrangements for response measures within this agreement.
Option 3: In the context of achieving the objective of the Convention along with sustainable development, Parties
shall give full consideration to what actions are necessary under the Convention, including actions related tofunding, insurance and the transfer of technology, to meet the specific needs and concerns of developing country
Parties arising from the impact of the implementation of response measures, in accordance with the principles andprovisions of the Convention, and taking into consideration that poverty eradication and social and economic
development are the first and overriding priorities of developing country Parties.
The COP shall strengthen existing arrangements by establishing a cooperative mechanism under the Convention toaddress the impacts of the implementation of response measures, including by identifying and measuring impacts ofand gaps in implementation, and to recommend specific actions to avoid and minimize negative consequences, inparticular in terms of support to developing country Parties as well as development and implementation of specifictools to address identified gaps.]
42. [Parties will also consider economic and social issues, including the just transition of the workforce and the creationof decent work and quality, decent jobs, in accordance with nationally defined development priorities andstrategies.]
43. [Institutional arrangements under the Convention and the coordination of support for REDD-plus should be
strengthened under this agreement on the basis of decision 10/CP.19.]
44. [Parties to submit INDCs no earlier than 12 months before and no later than six months before the beginning ofeach cycle, to allow for sufficient time for consultations.
44.1. The secretariat shall:i. Make publicly available on the UNFCCC website the INDCs as communicated by Parties;
ii. Make available a web page on the UNFCCC website where questions can be posed by Parties andaccredited observer organizations to other Parties about their INDCs, so as to enable the respective
Parties to provide responses to those questions.]
44.2. [The secretariat shall also organize workshops in conjunction with the session to be held six months before
the beginning of each cycle and the subsequent session with the objectives of :i. Facilitating Party presentations of INDCs, and follow-up question and answer sessions for Parties andaccredited observer organizations;ii. Enhancing the clarity, transparency and understanding of the contributions and their aggregate effect.]
45. [The COP shall strengthen existing arrangements by establishing a cooperative mechanism under the Convention toaddress the effective implementation and articulation of the means of implementation under different approaches to

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promote sustainable development pathways that include mitigation and adaptation to climate change and its
impacts, including response measures, by identifying and measuring impacts of and gaps in implementation, and torecommend specific actions to avoid and minimize negative consequences, in particular in terms of support todeveloping country Parties as well as development and implementation of specific tools to address identified gaps.]
46. [New institutional arrangements or strengthened institutional arrangements may be needed to serve this agreement.][Reporting of mitigation information ]:47. [Parties to report on the following in line with Article X (on transparency):
47.1. A national inventory report containing estimated emissions and removals, in accordance with IPCC guidanceas adopted by the COP;
47.2. Progress towards achievement of a Party’s nationally determined contribution;
47.3. Policies and measures;
47.4. Projections of estimated emissions and removals.]
48. [Parties to undergo a facilitative examination of their progress towards their nationally determined
contributions/commitments, which is to include the following components:
48.1. Any Party may submit electronically through the secretariat written questions to the Party concerned inadvance of the facilitative examination;
48.2. During a meeting of the Parties, Parties will undergo a facilitative examination with the participation of all
Parties. The Party may make a brief oral presentation, which will be followed by oral questions from Parties
and responses by the Party;
48.3. A summary report, including the proceedings referred to in paragraph 48.1 and 48.2 above.][Accounting rules]
49.
[Accounting rules shall be applied under the Convention, building on experience, providing consistent, transparent,
comparable, accurate and complete information. The Conference of the Parties shall develop detailed guidelines forcommon accounting, no later than at its xx session (2017) including on, inter alia, gases, sectors and metrics;
methodological approaches to estimating and accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions by sources and, as
appropriate, removals by sinks; and use of credits from market-based mechanisms.][Placeholder for a new platform for enhancing mitigation ambition] ]Structural suggestions on section D:
Commitments:
Integrate provisions of section D and section E into a common section on commitments for mitigation andadaptation:
Accounting rules:
Option 1: Move provisions on accounting rules from section I (transparency) into this section;
Option 2: Retain provisions on accounting rules in section I.
Time frame and steps:
Option 1: Move provisions from section J into this section;
Option 2: Retain provisions in section J.
E. [[Adaptation and loss and damage][Adaptation][Long-term and global aspects of adaptation]
50. [Option 1: All Parties, in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, its Article 4 and theircommon but differentiated responsibilities and previous decisions of the Conference of the Parties (COP), tocommit to cooperate to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change, ensure resilience and protect citizens andecosystems in the context of the long-term temperature limit and to achieve sustainable development [in the context

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of poverty reduction and maintaining food security], while recognizing the local, national and transboundary
dimensions of adaptation:
50.1. [All Parties][Developed country Parties][Annex X Parties][all countries in a position to do so] to undertakethe steps necessary to ensure that the level of support meets the needs for adaptation in [developing
countries][Parties not included in annex X] in the context of the long-term temperature limit: request to the
SBSTA to develop methodologies for this purpose;
50.2. Addressing climate resilience and sustainable development trajectories that combine adaptation to andmitigation of climate change and its impacts;
50.3. All Parties commit to increase efforts to adapt to climate change impacts, reduce vulnerability and increase
resilience in the context of the actual increase in global mean temperature, taking into account therelationship between mitigation ambition, associated climate change impacts, and consequent adaptationneeds, costs, and co-benefits;50.4. All Parties commit to increase efforts to promote systematic observation and enhance national capacity in thearea of scientific, technical and other research in accordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 1(g),and Article 5 of the Convention.
Option 2: All Parties commit to undertake adequate measures to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change andto cooperate in order to achieve climate-resilient sustainable development.
Option 3: [Developed country Parties][Annex X Parties][all countries in a position to do so] commit to enhance
support to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] in terms of finance, technology, andcapacity-building and to enable [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] to enhance their adaptation
actions so as to ensure their resilience [and reduce vulnerability].
Option 4: Establish a global goal for adaptation. [All Parties take action and cooperate to reduce vulnerability andbuild resilience to the adverse effects of climate change.]
Option 5: Decides to establish a global goal for adaptation to enhance adaptation commitments as a global
responsibility; the goal has both qualitative and quantitative aspects, including elements of knowledge dimension
informed by science, planning and policy aspects, adaptation needs and costs, including support, and recognition ofadaptation investments by developing countries.
Option 6: No global goal for adaptation.
Option 7: Establish universal individual commitments/actions.
Option 8: All Parties to enhance adaptation as a key component of the long-term, global response to climate change
in terms of both preparing for the unavoidable impacts of climate change and enhancing resilience in the face of
future climate uncertainties.
Option 9: In accordance with the ultimate objective of the Convention, Parties agree to strive towards our planet’s
resilience to the impacts of climate change, including through the deployment of necessary means of
implementation, and to address the adaptation needs of all Parties corresponding to the actual temperature increase
resulting from the effectively implemented mitigation action.
All Parties shall increase efforts and cooperation to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change while recognizing
the local, national and global dimensions of adaptation by integrating adaptation within national development
planning and policies, undertaking national adaptation processes, establishing enabling environments andimplementing adaptation actions, thus contributing to sustainable development.
Option 10: All Parties in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention and their common but
differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities agree on a long-term vision on adaptation, based on:a. Science, including, inter alia, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) findings on negative
impacts of climate change;b. The urgent need for adaptation considering the effects of climate change may persist for many centuries
even if emissions are to stop;c. Historical cumulative greenhouse gas emissions, even with current and future mitigation taken;
d. The purpose of adaptation in the long-term vision is to reduce/limit the risks caused by climate change forboth human beings and ecosystems in the context of sustainable development;

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e. Prioritizing developing country Parties, which are the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climatechange;f. Developed country Parties support to developing country Parties pursuant to Article 4 of the Convention;
g. Developing country needs for building resilience of the most vulnerable, linked to pockets of poverty,
livelihoods and food security in developing countries;
h. Initiatives, actions and programmes that are nationally determined by developing countries and supported
by developed country Parties.
Option 11: All Parties commit to cooperate to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change in order to enhance
resilience and protect ecosystems and people, their livelihoods and safety, and to enable sustainable development,
while recognizing the local, national and transboundary dimensions of adaptation.
Option 12: The global goal/long-term vision of adaptation is to reduce the vulnerability, build the resilience, and tobuild sustainable development of communities to climate change impacts, particularly the most vulnerable
communities, through collective actions based on Parties’ common but differentiated responsibilities.
Option 13: A global goal for adaptation is hereby established, with the purpose of enhancing the implementation ofadaptation actions, in particular in developing countries, as part of enabling economic development in the context ofsustainable development.
The global goal for adaptation shall provide for supporting enhanced adaptation and sharing best practices by all
Parties; the understanding of adaptation needs in the light of mitigation ambition; the provision of adequate support
for developing countries to meet their adaptation needs; and the recognition of adaptation investments bydeveloping countries as part of their contribution to the global effort.
The global goal for adaptation affirms that adaptation is a global responsibility and further:a. Establishes a platform for all Parties to communicate their efforts towards achieving the global goal on
adaptation, as well as for the exchange and sharing of best practices on the formulation andimplementation of adaptation measures;
b. Acknowledges that historical emissions and the level and pace of both current and future mitigation
efforts will determine the extent to which Parties will need to adapt to the adverse effect of climatechange and address loss and damage resulting therefrom and the associated costs thereof;c. Notes that since adaptation efforts will need to be undertaken far in advance of the temperature rise,planning for adaptation and undertaking adaptation should be based on an evaluation of temperature
scenarios that are expected to result from particular levels of mitigation action;d. Agrees that in order to determine levels of adaptation support (finance, technology, and capacity) required
for a given commitment period, the ex ante assessment of aggregate mitigation action and associatedtemperature rise shall be used as a basis, including in the consideration of nationally determined needs foradaptation;e. Notes that levels of adaptation finance provided by developed countries should be commensurate withmeeting the costs of adaptation in developing countries, particularly those in Africa, the least developed
countries, and small island developing States, in accordance with developed country Party obligations
under Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Convention;
f. Provides for recognition of adaptation investments of developing countries as part of their contributions
to the global effort to address climate change.][Commitments / contributions / actions / Commitments under Article 4 of the Convention on adaptation]
51. [Option 1 (chapeau): [Each Party][Developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] to prepare andimplement adaptation commitments / contributions / actions under Article 4 of the Convention by integrating /
integrate adaptation within national development planning, mainstream adaptation into national policies, undertakea national adaptation plan (NAP) process, and strengthen governance and enabling environments subject tomodalities and procedures to be developed and adopted by the governing body[, and articulated as nationallyappropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) as appropriate in the context of climate resilience and sustainable
development trajectories, and including different approaches]:
Option 2 (chapeau): All Parties have the obligations to plan, act on and integrate climate change adaptation and toaffect the objectives of the Convention in line with Article 2 of the Convention:

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Option 3 (chapeau): In accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 2, 4, 5 and 7, of the Convention, developed country
Parties and other Parties included in Annex I shall provide new and additional financial resources, transfer oftechnology, and capacity-building needed by developing country Parties to adapt to climate change and to build
resilience:
51.1. Option (a): Commitments / contributions / actions / commitments under Article 4 of the Convention should
be country-driven, gender-sensitive, [community-based,] participatory and fully transparent, take into
account vulnerable groups [(women and children) and preserving][ and] ecosystems, be based on science andtraditional and indigenous knowledge, and promote the engagement of subnational and local authorities andother stakeholders;
Option (b): Developed country Parties to take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects
thereof and commit under Article 4 of the Convention to support country-driven processes and proposals bydeveloping countries, which are to be, inter alia, gender-sensitive, participatory and fully transparent, to take
into account vulnerable groups and ecosystems, and be based on science and/or traditional and indigenous
knowledge.
51.2. [Developed country Parties’][Annex X Parties’] commitments / contributions / actions under Article 4 of theConvention to be in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, reflecting / and reflect their
obligation to support adaptation in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] in accordancewith realizable temperature scenarios, in particular in SIDS and the LDCs. / [Developed countries][Annex X
Parties][all countries in a position to do so] to ensure the provision of new and additional, adequate andpredictable financial resources and the transfer of [safe and appropriate] technology and capacity-building tomeet the costs in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] of addressing the adverse effects ofclimate change and to enable [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] to enhance their actions
to adapt to climate change so that [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] may achievesustainable development;
51.3. Developed country Parties to take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof andcommit under Article 4 of the Convention to support country-driven processes and proposals of developing
countries, which are to be, inter alia, gender-sensitive, participatory and fully transparent, taking into accountvulnerable groups and ecosystems, and be based on science and/or traditional and indigenous knowledge
systems;
51.4. [Developed Parties have an obligation to provide means of implementation to support ambitious adaptation
action.][Developed country Parties commit to bridge the gap on adaptation financing in the pre-2020 period,
providing predictable, adequate and accessible resources to developing country Parties][Developed
countries][Annex X Parties][All countries in a position to do so] commit to provide at least USD 50 billion
per year during the period from 2020 to 2025 and at least USD 100 billion per year by [2020][2030] for theadaptation activities of [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] in order to fulfil theobligations under Article 4, paragraphs 4, 5, 8, and 9, of the Convention[. Such funds need to be incremental,
additional and predictable];
51.5. Annex II Parties to the Convention and those Parties in a position to do so shall support the LDCs in theimplementation of national adaptation plans and the development of additional activities under the LDC work
programme, including the development of institutional capacity by establishing regional institutions to
respond to adaptation needs and strengthen climate-related research and systematic observation for climate
data collection, archiving, analysis and modelling.
51.6. [Developed countries][Annex X Parties][All countries in a position to do so] should formulate adaptation
support plans, including overall objectives, milestones, and sources of finance for supporting adaptation
actions in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] in terms of finance, technology, andcapacity-building, to address the urgent needs of [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] andensure long-term support;
51.7. Adaptation commitments / contributions / actions of [developing country Parties][Parties not included inannex X] to:a. Be in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention;b. Option (i): Include economic diversification[ in an equitable manner];
Option (ii): Contribute to the achievement of sustainable development, which may include economic
diversification in the context of their specific needs and special circumstances;

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c. Encourage [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] to showcase their efforts andneeds and to help to recognize national efforts consistent with the long-term temperature limit;
d. Option (i): Be supported by predictable, grant-based, long-term, additional and measurable finance, [safe,
appropriate and environmentally sound] technology, and capacity-building support from [developed
country][annex X] Parties, [Parties included in Annex II to the Convention (Annex II Parties)][annex Y
Parties], and/or all Parties in a position to do so[, articulated as mitigation actions as appropriate];
Option (ii): Implement adaptation measures aimed at ensuring sustainable development and climatechange resilient pathways for developing Parties’ actions;e. Option (i): Not impose additional burdens or reporting requirements on [developing country
Parties][Parties not included in annex X], in particular on SIDS and the LDCs;
Option (ii): Implement actions beyond those currently undertaken by Parties under the Convention or its
Kyoto Protocol pre- and post-2020;
f. Option (i): Build on adaptation mechanisms and processes under the Convention, including national
adaptation plans (NAPs) and national adaptation programmes of action [including joint mitigation andadaptation for the integral sustainable management of forests], and existing arrangements for finance.
[Developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] are not in the position to make financial
commitments or contributions to any institutional or international mechanisms. Adaptation investmentsby [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] should be recognized as their contributions to
the global effort to respond to climate change;
Option (ii): Build on adaptation mechanisms and processes under the Convention, including NAPs andnational adaptation programmes of action, and existing arrangements for finance. Domestic adaptation
actions undertaken by developing country Parties without support from developed country Parties should
be recognized as their contributions to the global effort to respond to climate change;g. Be recognized as their contributions to the global effort to respond to climate change;
h. Enhance community-based mitigation and adaptation actions on the basis of the traditional knowledge ofindigenous peoples and local communities.
51.8. Option (a): Commitments / contributions / actions to be consistent with / informed by the NAP process
subject to modalities and procedures to be developed and adopted by the governing body:a. NAPs provide the basis for all countries to assess vulnerabilities and identify and implement adaptation
measures;b. NAPs are a key strategic framework for adaptation planning, the determination of adaptation priorities,
adaptation support and needs, as well as the guiding of integration of adaptation and implementation
thereof;c. NAPs to go beyond planning and mainstreaming / into concrete actions on the ground / into
implementation / beyond integrating, by defining modalities for support and implementation;d. Ensure that the NAP process is undertaken[ in a participatory and inclusive manner, building on existing
community-driven and traditional adaptation efforts,] in all interested [developing countries][Parties notincluded in annex X], [in particular][including] in SIDS and the LDCs, and in Africa;
e. The provision of support for NAPs to build on progress made by the Least Developed Countries Fund(LDCF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Adaptation Fund,the Least Developed Countries Expert Group, the Adaptation Committee and multilateral and bilateralorganizations and agencies;
f. Articulation of NAPs and NAMAs as appropriate to promote climate resilience and sustainable
development trajectories.
Option (b): Parties, through the NAP process, to strive in the medium and long term to reduce vulnerability
to the impacts of climate change and facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation in a coherent
manner into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular national
development planning processes and strategies. National adaptation planning processes should not be
mandatory or prescriptive nor result in the duplication of efforts undertaken, but should facilitate countryowned, country-driven action.

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Option 4: Parties undertake national adaptation planning processes with a view to integrating climate resilience into
national level planning and action in order to reduce vulnerability and strengthen governance and enabling
environments. All Parties should take adaptation actions. Those Parties with limited capacities require support fromthose countries in a position to provide such support.
51.1. All Parties to base their adaptation efforts on best available science and knowledge, including traditional,
indigenous and local knowledge;
51.2. All Parties shall involve, and facilitate the participation of, relevant stakeholders in adaptation planning,decision-making and monitoring and evaluation processes, in particular women and indigenous people;
51.3. All Parties shall give priority to the poorest and most vulnerable communities and people in their efforts toadapt to the impacts of climate change.
Option 5: Each Party to:
51.1. Take steps to engage in a national adaptation planning process with a view to strengthening resilience tomedium- and long-term climate change impacts, recognizing that each Party’s adaptation plans, policies andother actions need to fit its circumstances and priorities;
51.2. Enhance its efforts to:a. Undertake assessments of climate change impacts and vulnerability;b. Prioritize action with respect to the people, places, ecosystems and sectors that are most vulnerable toclimate change impacts;c. Strengthen governance and enabling environments for adaptation;
d. Monitor, report, evaluate and learn from adaptation plans, policies and programmes.
Option 6: Parties are encouraged to prepare, maintain, communicate and implement an adaptation component intheir nationally determined contributions, which may include, inter alia, their undertakings in adaptation planning,taking into account the relevant guidance developed under the Convention and following the processes andtimelines for the development of national adaptation plans.
Developing country Parties may further include in the adaptation component of their contributions an assessment ofvulnerabilities and specific needs with regard to finance, technology and capacity-building in implementing theiradaptation actions.
The secretariat shall keep and update an online registry of adaptation actions communicated pursuant to paragraphs
51 and 52 with a view to strengthening and enhancing cooperation on adaptation through the relevant institutions,mechanisms and channels under the Convention.
Option 7: Nationally determined adaptation commitments of all Parties shall:a. Be in accordance with the principles of the Convention;b. Be concise, clear and understandable;c. Consider the dynamic nature of adaptation actions and the risk of maladaptation;d. Include forward-looking adaptation priorities and measures;e. Avoid becoming an additional burden on developing country Parties, as existing adaptation instruments
available in each country could be the basis for their formulation;
f. Build on existing adaptation mechanisms and processes under the Convention, including NAP processes
and national adaptation programmes of action;
g. May include economic diversification and synergies between mitigation and adaptation actions;h. Promote and protect all human rights, be gender-sensitive, country-driven, participatory and fullytransparent, take into account vulnerable groups and ecosystems, be based on science and traditional andindigenous knowledge, and promote the engagement of subnational and local authorities and otherstakeholders.
Nationally determined adaptation commitments of developing countries can include both actions to be undertaken
as part of a national effort and further actions to be implemented with timely access to international support.
Option 8: Each Party to integrate adaptation within national development planning, mainstream adaptation into
national policies, undertake the national adaptation plan (NAP) process, and strengthen governance and enabling25

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

environments. All Parties should take adaptation actions. Those Parties with limited capacities require support fromthose countries in a position to provide such support.
Option 9: All Parties shall in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention:a. Prepare and implement their adaptation obligations by taking into account climate change considerationsin their national development planning and national adaptation plans (NAPs);b. Such climate change considerations shall be country-driven, gender-sensitive, participatory and fullytransparent, take into account vulnerable groups and ecosystems, be based on science and traditional andindigenous knowledge, and promote the engagement of subnational and local authorities and otherstakeholders;c. Cooperate in sharing best practices in the implementation of adaptation as envisaged in paragraph 50(Option 13) above;d. Communicate their undertakings on adaptation in accordance with their obligations under the Convention
for a given commitment period, well in advance of the beginning of the commitment period, as part of thecommunication of mitigation, finance, and technology development and transfer undertakings inaccordance with their obligations under the Convention.
Option 10: Each Party to prepare and implement its adaptation commitment/contribution/action under Article 4 of
the Convention; developing country Parties to integrate adaptation with national development planning, undertakethe national adaptation plan (NAP) process, and/or strengthen governance; and Annex II countries to enhance theirsupport subject to the modalities and procedures to be developed and adopted by the governing body.]
52. [Parties that include an adaptation component in their nationally determined contributions may do so pursuant to
one or more of the following levels of ambition in enhancing climate change resilience:a. Implementation of the mainstreaming of adaptation measures aimed at ensuring sustainable development
pathways of countries’ actions;b. Implementation of actions beyond those currently undertaken by Parties under the Convention orparagraph 12 of decision 1/CP.20;
c. In cooperation with the international community, advance global adaptation efforts for those areas that are
beyond Parties’ national capacities.]
53. [Developed country Parties shall:a. Fulfil their obligations under Article 4, paragraphs 3, 4 and 5, noting provisions in Article 4, paragraphs
7, 8 and 9, of the Convention, in accordance with paragraph 50 (Option 13) and 51 above;
b. Ensure the provision of new and additional, adequate and predictable financial resources, technology
development and transfer, and capacity-building to meet the costs of adaptation to the adverse impacts ofclimate change in developing countries, including the agreed full incremental costs of implementing
adaptation measures taken in accordance with commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of theConvention;c. Provide support for adaptation on the basis of the short-term, medium-term and long-term adaptationneeds, and regularly updated needs assessments, taking into account the evolving needs of developing
countries and mitigation action of developed countries;
d. Formulate adaptation support plans, including overall objectives, milestones and sources of finance forsupporting the implementation of adaptation actions in developing countries, in terms of finance,technology development and transfer, and capacity-building in order to meet the urgent needs ofdeveloping countries and ensure long-term support in line with paragraph 50 (Option 13) above.]
54. [Option 1: Parties to communicate their commitments / contributions / actions / commitments under Article 4 of theConvention / adaptation priorities / support / level of support needs through the intended nationally determined
contribution (INDC) process, in accordance with the modalities and procedures to be developed and adopted by thegoverning body / progress in enhancing adaptation action or integrating adaptation into planning, policies or action
through biennial communications:54.1. National communications and biennial update reports and biennial reports [with gender disaggregated data]
to be [the main][a] vehicle for reporting actions, and support and to be strengthened;

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FCCC/ADP/2015/1

54.2. Option (a): The governing body shall adopt further guidance on reporting on adaptation and further
facilitating / may facilitate the sharing of information on progress in and experiences with preparing andimplementing adaptation actions;
Option (b): The governing body may facilitate the sharing of information on progress in and experiences withpreparing and implementing adaptation actions;
Option (c): All Parties to enhance cooperation to improve national communications and biennialcommunications so that they can more effectively capture and support national adaptation planning processes
and, as a result, facilitate accountability and the exchange of knowledge, lessons and good practices.
54.3. Option (a): The governing body shall / may develop a structured dialogue to enhance communication of
information on adaptation, in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities. [Developed countries][Annex X Parties][All countries in a position to do so] to enhancereporting on support;
Option (b): The governing body shall develop a structured dialogue to enhance reporting on support provided
by developed country Parties.
54.4. Relevant institutions shall consider information communicated by Parties with a view to enhancing action on
adaptation, as appropriate.
Option 2: Nationally determined adaptation commitments shall be communicated and inscribed in [placeholder forthe mechanism to be decided by the Parties], which will comprise a virtual portal with a view to facilitating accessto the information there contained for a wide range of stakeholders, and shall be managed by the secretariat.
The governing body shall identify the modalities necessary for the communication, time frame and operation ofnationally determined adaptation commitments.
Option 3: Developed country Parties to communicate their commitments under Article 4 of the Convention anddeveloping country Parties to communicate their actions on the level of support needed in order to enhance
adaptation action or integrate adaptation into planning, policies or action through biennial communications,
including INDCs/NDCs.
Option 4: All Parties should report and share the progress in and experience with preparing and implementing plans
and actions on adaptation through a common reporting system.]
55. [Parties to take into account joint mitigation and adaptation approaches referred to in paragraph 38 above.]
56. [Parties’ adaptation contributions shall contribute to the achievement of sustainable development and economic
diversification in the context of their specific needs and special national circumstances, especially for thedeveloping country Parties referred to in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention.][Monitoring and evaluation / Monitoring and evaluation for [Annex II Parties][annex Y Parties][all countries in aposition to do so]]
57. [Option 1: Monitoring and evaluation of, reporting on, and learning from plans, policies and programmes shall bestrengthened and /or institutionalized:
a. Strengthen and improve climate-related research and systematic observation and provide enhanced
support;b. Consider indicators for governance and planning;c. Monitor gaps in adaptation and needs under different scenarios;
d. Monitoring and evaluation to focus on the provision and adequacy of support;
e. Assessment of adaptation support available from developed country Parties in relation to the needs ofdeveloping countries, taking into account cooperative actions and recognition of past investments bydeveloping countries.
Option 2: Monitoring and reporting should be on progress and experiences, lessons learned, good practices, and on
gaps and opportunities more broadly.
Option 3: Monitoring and evaluation, including reporting and learning from plans, policies and programmes should
be a country-driven and country-specific process that would not impose any additional burden on [developing
country Parties][Parties not included in annex X]; [developed country Parties][annex X Parties][all countries in aposition to do so] should support [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] to strengthen and27

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

implement climate-related research and systematic observation, and should provide enhanced support and monitor
gaps in adaptation and needs under different scenarios.
Option 4: Each Party shall submit information on the progress towards achieving the adaptation objective throughits national communication.
Option 5: Monitoring and evaluation of reporting on, and learning from, plans, policies and programmes is acountry-driven process that would not impose any additional burden on developing country Parties and would be
supported complementarily by developed country Parties, which shall:a. Strengthen and improve climate-related research, and monitoring and attribution through systematic
observation;b. Consider indicators for governance and planning;c. Monitor gaps in adaptation and needs under different scenarios.
Launch a Party-driven, forward-looking, reiterative process to strengthen adaptation metrics that will be carried out
jointly by the Adaptation Committee and the Nairobi work programme, to be concluded by SBSTA XX (May2017), which would ensure that the UNFCCC facilitates access to state of the art metrics.
Option 6: Monitoring and reporting should be on progress and experiences, lessons learned, good practices, and on
gaps and opportunities more broadly where learning from plans, policies and programmes should be a countrydriven and country-specific process that would not impose any additional burden on developing country Parties;
developed country Parties should support developing country Parties to strengthen and implement climate-related
research and systematic observation, and should provide enhanced support and monitor gaps in adaptation andneeds under different scenarios.
Option 7: Developed countries shall support developing countries to assess the adaptation needs in terms offinance, technology and capacity-building, and the support activities shall be monitored and evaluated periodically.
All Parties should use existing channels to provide information, as appropriate, on support provided and received
for adaptation actions in developing countries and on activities undertaken, including, inter alia, progress made,experiences, lesson learned, and gaps in the delivery of support, with a view to ensuring transparency andaccountability and encouraging best practices.]
58. [All Parties shall develop, update periodically and communicate to the Conference of the Parties, through thesecretariat, their national adaptation priorities, using existing reporting channels, where appropriate, and drawing
where available on existing strategies and plans. The absence of national adaptation strategies and plans shall not be
an impediment to eligibility for financial, technological and capacity-building support for adaptation actions.]
59. [Developed country Parties shall enhance reporting on the delivery of support for adaptation, including throughnational communications submitted pursuant to Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention.]
60. [In carrying out their commitments under Article 6(b) of the Convention, Parties shall, through the secretariat, share
information, knowledge and lessons learned on adaptation practices.][Sharing information, knowledge and lessons learned]
61.
[Option 1: All Parties to enhance learning on adaptation through sharing of information, knowledge and lessons
learned on adaptation practices, subject to modalities and procedures to be adopted / developed:
61.1. Option (a): The governing body shall request the SBSTA / Adaptation Committee to develop guidelines forstrengthening the sharing of information, knowledge and lessons learned under the Nairobi work programme
on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change:a. Address the knowledge gap in the area of implementation of adaptation;b. Strengthen local and institutional capacity;c. Enhance regional and transboundary aspects;
d. Encourage all Parties to implement education and public awareness programmes in accordance withparagraph 14 above.
Option (b): The COP shall request the concerned bodies to develop guidelines for strengthening the sharing
of information, knowledge and lessons learned under the Nairobi work programme on impacts, vulnerability
and adaptation to climate change:

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Option 2: All Parties shall cooperate to build resilience and adapt to the adverse effects of climate change throughthe sharing of information on best practices and lessons learned.]
62. [All existing UN institutions and international and national financial institutions are encouraged to provide
information to the international clearing house and registry for adaptation on how their development assistanceprogrammes and finance incorporate climate proofing measures.]63. [All Parties are encouraged to strengthen and improve climate-related research and systematic observation forclimate data collection, archiving, analysis and modelling in order to provide decision makers at the national andregional levels with improved climate-related data and information.]
64. [All existing UN institutions and international and national financial institutions are encouraged to provide
information to Parties through the UNFCCC secretariat on how their development assistance programmes andfinance incorporate climate proofing and climate resilience measures.][Institutional arrangements]
65. [Option 1 (chapeau): [Developed country][Annex X] Parties and [Annex II Parties][annex Y Parties] and/or all
Parties in a position to do so to ensure the effective implementation of arrangements for adaptation through theprovision of sufficient, adequate, predictable, transparent and additional support to [developing country
Parties][Parties not included in annex X] in the context of Article 4, paragraphs 3–5 and 7, of the Convention:
Option 2 (chapeau): Institutional arrangements on adaptation / relevant to adaptation, including the Adaptation
Committee and the Least Developed Countries Expert Group, and to loss and damage under the Convention shallserve this agreement and support [developing country] Parties in the implementation of their adaptationcommitments / contributions / actions under this agreement:
65.1. Option (a): The governing body shall request the Adaptation Committee to:a. Review the work of the institutional arrangements under the Convention in 2017 to ensure and enhance
the coherence of their work, and prepare recommendations for consideration at COP 23 and/or thegoverning body;b. Option (i): Establish and maintain stronger linkages with the GCF and other funds[, and the alternativefor financing joint mitigation and adaptation approaches, plans and actions];
Option (ii): Establish and maintain stronger linkages with the GCF and other funds, taking into accountthe balanced 50:50 approach of the allocation of financing between mitigation and adaptation;c. Evaluate information on support for adaptation;d. Provide recommendations on existing methodologies for adaptation;e. Take such other actions as may be appropriate to enhance and support adaptation efforts.
Option (b):3 The governing body shall strengthen institutional arrangements for adaptation by requesting theAdaptation Committee to:a. Promote concerted global efforts on adaptation;b. Enhance knowledge and understanding on adaptation planning and implementation;c. Monitor and analyse global adaptation needs and available resources;
d. Enhance coherence and synergy with relevant existing institutions;e. Strengthen linkages with the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism, including the GCF;
f. Strengthen local and institutional capacity to develop and implement adaptation actions.
65.2. The governing body shall strengthen institutional arrangements for adaptation by:a. Providing further guidance on how to assist [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X]
to move to full-scale implementation on the basis of their NAPs;
b. Articulating linkages between, and enhancing the integrated operation of, institutions and/or optimizing
assistance for commitments / contributions on adaptation to ensure that the existing institutions such as
the Adaptation Committee, the Technology Executive Committee (TEC), the Standing Committee on

3This paragraph was suggested as option to paragraphs 61.1, 65.1 and 65.2.

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Finance (SCF) and the GCF are enhanced and to support adaptation actions of [developing
countries][Parties not included in annex X];
c. Encouraging the establishment of regional adaptation centres in major regions to help to localize support,
conduct research, exchange knowledge and provide training for governments;
d. Regional adaptation centres shall be established in all major regions to help to facilitate a regional
knowledge base on the most appropriate adaptation responses for the region, so as to provide capacitybuilding on adaptation responses and facilitate research into adaptation measures;
e. National adaptation centres shall be established in each country to help to facilitate a national knowledge
base on the most appropriate adaptation responses for the country, so as to provide capacity-building on
adaptation responses and facilitate research into adaptation measures;f. Promoting synergy and strengthening engagement with national, regional and international organizations,centres and networks in order to enhance the preparation and implementation of adaptation actions;g. Take such other actions as may be appropriate to enhance and support adaptation efforts.
65.3. The governing body shall further strengthen institutional arrangements for adaptation by:
Option (a): [Establishing new][Reorganizing] institutional arrangements:
a. Option (i): A subsidiary body for adaptation to enhance the implementation of adaptation action;
Option (ii): A subsidiary body for adaptation is established to provide the COP and its other subsidiarybodies with timely information and advice on matters relating to the Convention and to assist the COP in
the assessment of the review of the effective implementation of adaptation as well as timely and adequate
support on adaptation from developed county Parties for developing country Parties.
b. Have the Adaptation Fund serve as the adaptation window to the GCF.
c. Have the Adaptation Fund serve as the adaptation window to the GCF, and promote funding for joint
mitigation and adaptation actions ensuring additional, predictable, accessible and adequate funds fromdeveloped to developing countries.
d. An adaptation registry that [builds on NAP-Central, which]:
i. Records and showcases and/or recognizes national adaptation actions, contributions, and programmes;
ii. Enhances cooperation on finance, technology and capacity-building support;iii. Pools information on the work of institutional arrangements under the Convention and makes that
information accessible to Parties;
iv. Monitors and identifies progress and gaps in adaptation from a global perspective.
e. An international clearing house and registry that:i. Acts as the repository for NAPs, adaptation methods, a roster of adaptation experts, biennial
adaptation support reports, and for information on technology and capacity-building for adaptation;
f. Option (i): An adaptation technical and knowledge platform that works on, inter alia:
i. Methodologies, metrics and indicators;
ii. Modelling of climate change scenarios and impacts;iii. Enhancing understanding of global implications of adaptation.
Option (ii):4 Enhance the Nairobi work programme by establishing the Technical and Knowledge
Platform under the Cancun Adaptation Framework which will be made operational by the Adaptation
Committee, in order to:i. Develop and strengthen global, regional, national and local capacities as well as social capacities toaddress adaptation concerns and metrics;
ii. Pursue the establishment and well-functioning of adaptation knowledge platforms and networks at alllevels;iii. Become a means of scaling up adaptation benefits, adaptation practices and outcomes;

430This paragraph was suggested as an option for paragraphs 61 and 65.

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

Aim at incorporating an approach of sustainable management of ecosystems in adaptation planning;v. Socialize climate risk through insurance-type mechanisms;
vi. Enhance the understanding of the global implications of adaptation and the interlinkages among local
efforts, national contributions and global adaptation actions;vii. Enhance understanding of progress made in vulnerability reduction at a global, regional, national andlocal level including progress made towards the global goal on adaptation;viii. Ensure availability of methods and tools to evaluate impacts of climate change, vulnerability andadaptation outcomes;
ix. Strive for a result-oriented approach facilitated by the monitoring and evaluation of adaptation
outcomes;
x. Facilitate assessment of effectiveness of adaptation measures;
xi. Provide mandate to the Adaptation Committee to undertake a comprehensive review on all technicaland financial institutional arrangements related to adaptation in 2017, which will:iv.

 Not be carried out in detriment of, but rather building on, the expertise of existing LDC structures(e.g. LEG).
g. Option (i): A global knowledge platform that works on, inter alia:i. Data, information, and lessons learned on adaptation.
Option (ii): Establishing a global knowledge platform for adaptation that:i. Facilitates collection, sharing and management of relevant data and information on adaptation actions;ii. Provides information on progress of adaptation actions from a global perspective;iii. Fosters exchange of knowledge, lessons learned, and best practices from adaptation actions;iv. Promotes development of methodologies, metrics and indicators for adaptation actions.
h. An adaptation mechanism should be established to integrate the existing mechanisms associated withadaptation and loss and damage, to provide the COP and its other subsidiary bodies with timely
information and advice on matters relating to the Convention, and to assist the COP in the assessment of
the review of the effective implementation of adaptation as well as for timely and adequate support on
adaptation from developed county Parties for developing country Parties.
Option (b): No new institutional arrangements on adaptation are required for the purposes of this agreement;
Option (c): The appropriate institutional arrangement will be established for the climate resilience andsustainable development mechanism.
Option 3: The COP may make decisions to streamline existing mechanisms and processes relating to adaptation or
to adopt new ones where considered necessary.
Option 4: All Parties to enhance cooperation to strengthen institutional arrangements to support the synthesis of
information and knowledge about adaptation and the provision of technical guidance and support to the Parties on
adaptation.]
66. [The Adaptation Committee shall be the lead body on adaptation under this Protocol.
The Adaptation Committee shall identify the implications of the aggregate mitigation effort for projected regional
impacts in key sectors on the basis of the best available science, with the aim of assisting particularly vulnerable
developing countries with:a. National adaptation planning;b. Identification of gaps in capacities and knowledge in the light of projected impacts;
c. Development of strategies to address projected impact.
The Adaptation Committee shall report annually to the governing body on priority areas of concern for regions.]
67. [New institutional arrangements or strengthened institutional arrangements may be needed to serve this agreement.]

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Option I: [Loss and damage]
68. [Parties recognize that inadequate mitigation and insufficient adaptation lead to more loss and damage and that
financial and technical support shall be made available to vulnerable developing countries and communities toaddress Loss and Damage to both extreme events and slow onset events.]
69. [Option 1: Provision for loss and damage for cases where mitigation and adaptation will not be sufficient:69.1. Option (a): All Parties are encouraged to develop early warning systems and risk management plans, andcommunicate them to the secretariat by [X] as part of their national communications, in accordance with themodalities and procedures to be developed and adopted by the governing body.
Option (b): Developed countries to provide support to developing countries, especially those that are
particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, to address loss and damage.
69.2. Option (a): The governing body shall commence a process no later than at its first meeting to establish acompensation regime for support for [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X],
particularly the LDCs, SIDS and countries in Africa affected by slow onset events.
Option (b): The Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage
associated with Climate Change Impacts shall commence a process no later than at its first meeting toestablish a compensation regime for support for developing country Parties from developed country Parties.
Option 2: Reference to the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change
Impacts;
Option 3: No reference to loss and damage.]70. [Option 1: The Warsaw International Mechanism shall serve this agreement and be fully operationalized, withmodalities and procedures to be developed and adopted by the governing body:
70.1. [Developed country][Annex X] Parties and/or [Annex II Parties][annex Y Parties] and/or all Parties in aposition to do so to support the implementation of the Warsaw International Mechanism through provision offinance;70.2. Guidelines for a comprehensive approach to climate risk management to be developed;
70.3. Institutional arrangements under the Convention shall be strengthened to support the implementation of thecommitments related to loss and damage under this agreement:a. Provisions for establishing a climate change displacement coordination facility that:i. Provides support for emergency relief;
ii. Assists in providing organized migration and planned relocation;iii. Undertakes compensation measures.
b. Provisions for establishing a clearing house for risk transfer that:i. Provides a repository for information on insurance and risk transfer;
ii. Assists Parties in developing risk management strategies and finding best insurance schemes;iii. Facilitates financial support for rehabilitation.
Option 2: No new institutional arrangements on loss and damage are required for the purposes of this agreement.
The Warsaw International Mechanism to be strengthened separately from the agreement / is sufficient.]
Option II (proposed as a separate chapter on loss and damage): [Article X: Loss and damage]
68. [An international mechanism to address loss and damage is hereby defined under this Protocol.
69. The purpose of the mechanism shall be to promote and support the development and implementation of approaches
to address loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change.
70. The international mechanism on loss and damage shall draw upon and further develop the work undertaken
pursuant to decisions 3/CP.18, 2/CP.19 and 2/CP.20, including the development of modalities and procedures forthe mechanism’s operation and support. It will involve, as appropriate, existing bodies and expert groups under theConvention, as well as relevant organizations and expert bodies outside the Convention, and be informed byrelevant precedents in international law.
71. The international mechanism on loss and damage shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the [governingbody][Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties] to this Protocol.

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72. The [governing body][Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol] shall, at its
first session, initiate a process to develop approaches to address irreversible and permanent damage resulting fromhuman-induced climate change, and shall endeavour to complete this process within four years.]
Option III:5 [Loss and damage]
68. [The purpose of the loss and damage mechanism is to implement approaches to address losses and damages
associated with the impacts of climate change, including, inter alia, extreme events and slow onset events, indeveloping countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. To this end:a. All Parties are encouraged to develop early warning systems and risk management plans for both extreme
events and slow onset events and communicate them to the secretariat as part of their national
communications, in accordance with the modalities and procedures to be developed and adopted by thegoverning body.
69. The governing body shall commence a process no later than at its first meeting to establish a compensation regime
for support for developing country Parties, particularly the LDCs, SIDS and countries in Africa affected by slow
onset events.
70. The Warsaw International Mechanism shall serve this agreement as a process with modalities and procedures to be
developed and adopted by the governing body.
71. Developed country Parties and/or other Parties in a position to do so to support the implementation of the Warsaw
International Mechanism through provision of finance.
72. As part of its work the Warsaw International Mechanism shall develop guidelines for a comprehensive approach toclimate risk management.
73. A financial technical panel is hereby established under the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage.
74. The financial technical panel shall:a. Establish regional risk pools to support regional risk transfer schemes;b. Provide support for micro-finance initiatives;c. Explore compensation finance for slow onset events.
75. The governing body shall develop arrangements relating to loss and damage through the establishment of a climatechange displacement coordination facility.
76. The climate change displacement coordination facility shall:a. Establish measures for emergency relief;b. Assist in providing organized migration and planned relocation;c. Establish procedures for coordinating compensation measures.
77. A clearing house for risk transfer is hereby established
78. The purpose of the clearing house for risk transfer shall be to:a. Provide a repository for information on insurance and risk transfer;b. Assist Parties in developing risk management strategies and finding best insurance schemes;c. Facilitate financial support for rehabilitation.]]
Structural suggestions on section E:
Move paragraph 50 into a common chapter relating to institutions.
Include paragraph 50 in a decision.
Move paragraph 50.1 into the finance chapter.
Move paragraphs 51 and 54 into a common chapter relating to commitments.
Coordinate paragraphs 51 and 54 with section J.
Include paragraphs 57 (a–e) in a decision.
Reflect paragraphs 50 to 54 in the agreement text and paragraphs 57 to 65 in a decision.
5

Proposed as a separate chapter on loss and damage in place of option I above.

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Merge paragraph 61 with paragraph 65 on institutions.
Include paragraph 61 into a decision.
Loss and damage should be a separate element.
F.

[[Finance]

Option I:[Guiding principles]
79. [Option 1: All [[developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] and other Parties included in [Annex
II][annex Y]][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][countries in a position to do so] toprovide climate finance as a means to [enhance action towards achieving the objective of the Convention][meet thegoal of staying below the [2][1.5] °C temperature increase] and to achieve the [sustainable development trajectories
that combine adaptation to and mitigation of climate change and its impacts and the] transformation required to thatend and in line with the needs of [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X], in accordance with their
obligations and commitments under Articles 4, paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9, of the Convention, the principles
under the Convention, in particular the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities and of equity, noting that the extent to which [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex
X] will effectively implement their commitments will depend on the effective implementation by [developed
country Parties][Parties included in annex X][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][allcountries in a position to do so] of their commitments related to financial resources, transfer of technology andcapacity-building, acknowledging that the need for support by [developing country Parties][Parties not included inannex X] may change over time and be accommodated under Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Convention, andacknowledging the need for financing for forestry in line with the Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus[, including
alternative approaches to results-based actions such as joint mitigation and adaptation for the integral andsustainable management of forests];
Option 2: Each Party / All Parties individually or collectively to mobilize climate finance through a diversity ofactions from a variety of sources as a means to stay below the long-term temperature limit and to achieve thetransformation required to that end, in accordance and in line with their respective and evolving responsibilities andcapabilities / the principles and objectives of the Convention, acknowledging the importance of leadership to betaken by [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X][Parties in a position to do so, considering
evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to do so], acknowledging that some Parties need support in order totake action, and acknowledging that the need for support by Parties may change over time or be met with different
means of support/ [all [Parties][countries] in a position to do so][Parties included in annex X] [Parties in a position
to do so, considering evolving capabilities] should provide financial support to Parties in need of support,
acknowledging the need for climate-resilient economies and societies;
Option 3: All Parties shall individually or collectively mobilize climate finance through a diversity of actions froma variety of sources as a means to stay below the long-term temperature limit and to achieve the transformation
required to that end, acknowledging that the actions to be taken will differ in accordance and in line with Parties’
respective and evolving responsibilities and capabilities, acknowledging the importance of leadership to be taken by
developed country Parties, also acknowledging that some Parties need support in order to take action, and further
acknowledging that the need for support by Parties may change over time or be met with different means ofsupport. All Parties in a position to do so shall provide financial support to Parties in need of support,
acknowledging the need for climate-resilient economies and societies;
Option 4: In accordance with the objectives set forth in article 5 of this agreement and pursuant to the Convention’s
ultimate objective, all investments are to progressively become low-emission and resilient to climate impacts,
contributing to the necessary transformation towards sustainable development and the achievement of the goal of
maintaining the average global temperature increase below 2 ºC or 1.5 ºC, as well as building economies, societies
and ecosystems that are resilient to climate change;
Option 5: In the implementation of this agreement, all developed country Parties and other Parties included in
Annex II to provide climate finance as a means to enhance action towards achieving the objective of theConvention and to achieve the transformation required to that end, and in line with the needs of developing

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countries, in accordance with their obligations and commitments under Article 3, paragraphs 1 and 2, and Article 4,paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9, of the Convention;
The principles under the Convention, in particular the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities andrespective capabilities and equity, acknowledging that the need for support by developing country Parties maychange over time and be accommodated under Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Convention, and acknowledging theneed for financing for forestry in line with the Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus;
The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments will depend on theeffective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments related to financial resources, transfer
of technology and capacity-building;
Option 6: All Parties in a position to do so should provide financial support to Parties in need of support as a means
to achieve the objectives of this agreement, acknowledging the need for climate-resilient economies and societies.]
80. [Parties decide that the governing body shall develop objective criteria to define which Parties are in a position toprovide support.]
81. [Parties to reduce international support for high-carbon investments, including international fossil fuel subsidies.]
82. [Option 1:
82.1. Option (a): [The mobilization, provision [and delivery] of finance shall:][ Parties are encouraged to mobilize
climate finance from a variety of sources in accordance and in line with respective and evolving
responsibilities and capabilities, acknowledging that Parties with higher capabilities should support Parties
with lower capabilities:]
a. Deliver adequate and predictable funding[, including through direct access,] for the full and enhanced
implementation of the agreement, enhance the addressing of climate change as part of promoting
sustainable development, in particular in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X],
including through enabling enhanced mitigation and adaptation actions [and protecting the integrity ofMother Earth];b. Encourage low-emission growth, reductions in high-carbon investment, and adaptation needs of[developing countries][Parties not included in annex X], and climate-resilient development;c. Support the integration of climate objectives into other policy-relevant areas and activities such as energy,
agriculture, planning and transport, national fiscal accounts, development policy and plans in line withcountry circumstances and in accordance with the countries’ priorities;
d. Promote continuous efforts to ‘climate-proof’ investments, including relevant international public financeflows;
e. Enhance the addressing of climate change in addition to the coordination of development aid,
acknowledging that climate finance is to be separate from official development aid;
f. Encourage policy signals by governments / catalyse policy actions by governments and adjustment or
improvement of policies;g. Deliver additional adequate and predictable funding for adaptation, in particular for the implementation of
the Cancun Adaptation Framework, for building institutional capacity and appropriate legal frameworks,
integrating adaptation into national development policies, and for monitoring and evaluation processes[and appropriate institutional arrangements such as the climate resilience and sustainable development
mechanism];h. Advance the implementation / fulfilment of commitments by [developed country Parties][Parties included
in annex X][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to
do so] in terms of finance, technology transfer and capacity-building to enable [developing country
Parties][Parties not included in annex X] to implement policies, strategies, regulations and action plans on
climate change education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to
information and thus enable effective adaptation and mitigation action by all Parties;
i. Facilitate assistance to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] for readiness support/ Support readiness for implementation / implementing climate actions;j. Establish a readiness programme as an enabling activity;

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k. Maximize and incentivize ambitious mitigation actions, in particular through payment for verified results,
where appropriate;l. Take into account the urgent and immediate needs and special circumstances of the LDCs and SIDS;
m. Ensure a country-driven approach in the mobilization, provision and delivery of climate finance;n. Recognize the need for a special mechanism in the agreement to fast-track urgent action required to assist
the most vulnerable countries that are already experiencing existential challenges from climate change, inthe LDCs, SIDS and countries in Africa;o. Promote climate finance readiness activities, such as enhancing enabling environments.
Option (b): In the implementation of this agreement, financial resources provided by developed countries as
the means of implementation shall:a. Be new, additional, adequate and predictable resources from developed country Parties and other Parties
included in Annex II for promoting sustainable development in developing countries;
b. Facilitated and enhanced access of developing countries shall be ensured;c. The scale of financial resources to be provided shall be periodically reviewed and updated every five
years in relation to regular assessments of the needs of developing countries and the gap in resources
provided and in the context of the agreed temperature goal.
Option (c): Climate finance shall:a. Be provided as new, additional, adequate and predictable financial resources from developed country
Parties and other Parties included in Annex II for the full and enhanced implementation of the Convention
as part of promoting sustainable development in developing countries;
b. Enhance the addressing of climate change in addition to development aid, acknowledging that climate
finance is to be separate from official development aid;c. Provide additional, adequate and predictable funding for adaptation, in particular for the implementationof the Cancun Adaptation Framework, for building institutional capacity and appropriate legal
frameworks;
d. Advance the implementation / fulfilment of commitments of developed country Parties in terms offinance, technology transfer and capacity-building to enable developing country Parties to take actionplans to implement Article 6 of the Convention;
Option (d): In the implementation of this agreement, financial resources provided by developed country
Parties as the means of implementation shall:a. Consist of new, additional, adequate and predictable financial resources provided by developed country
Parties and other Parties included in Annex II to developing country Parties for the full and enhanced
implementation of the Convention, as part of promoting sustainable development in developing countries,
including through enabling enhanced mitigation and adaptation actions;b. Ensure facilitated and enhanced access of developing countries;c. Enhance the addressing of climate change in addition to development aid, acknowledging that climate
finance is to be separate from official development assistance;d. Deliver new, additional, adequate and predictable funding for adaptation from public sources and on a
grant basis, including for the implementation of the Cancun Adaptation Framework and adaptationrelated provisions included in this agreement, for building institutional capacity and appropriate legal
frameworks;e. The scale of financial resources shall be periodically reviewed and updated every four years in relation toregular assessments of needs of developing countries and in the context of the temperature goal.]
82.2. Option (a): Parties / [[Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] and other Parties included in[Annex II][annex Y]][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in aposition to do so] to mobilize and provide financial resources for the enhanced implementation of theConvention under this agreement, in order to / in a manner that:a. Option (i): Ensures an equal allocation of financing between adaptation and mitigation[, including for
financing for joint mitigation and adaptation,] ensures an equitable distribution between different regionsof [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] and enhances country ownership in the36

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disbursement of financial resources taking into account the urgent and immediate needs and special
circumstances of the LDCs and SIDS;
Option (ii): [Aims at][Ensures] a balanced approach of a 50:50 allocation of financing for adaptation andmitigation [and 50 per cent of the adaptation allocated to the LDCs and SIDS], while recognizing theimportance of financing for adaptation[, taking into account the urgent and immediate needs and special
circumstances of the LDCs and SIDS];
Option (iii): Prioritizes adaptation, with all financing for adaptation to be grant-based / Encourages
Parties to prioritize grant-based assistance for adaptation, while recognizing the importance of financing
for mitigation[, taking into account the urgent and immediate needs and special circumstances of the
LDCs and SIDS];
Option (iv): With a view to striving towards an appropriate balance between mitigation and adaptation
over time;b. Prioritizes [developing country][Parties not included in annex X] needs and identified country-driven
plans, strategies and priorities of all countries, recognizing the importance of enhancing national needassessments;
c. Option (i): Takes into consideration the need for adequacy and predictability in the flows of funds and theneed for clarity of appropriate burden sharing among [developed countries][Parties included in annex X][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to do so],taking into account the urgent and immediate needs and special circumstances of the LDCs and SIDS;
Option (ii): Is new, additional, adequate, predictable and sustainable, within budgetary constraints, andacknowledges the need for adequate financial flows mobilized from a variety of sources, public andprivate, bilateral and multilateral, including alternative sources, in the context of meaningful mitigation
action and transparency of implementation[, taking into account the urgent and immediate needs andspecial circumstances of the LDCs and SIDS];
Option (iii): Takes into consideration the need for new, additional, adequate, predictable and sustainableclimate finance, taking into account budgetary cycles and the need for clarity of appropriate burden
sharing among developed countries;
d. Prioritizes public sources, while acknowledging that financial flows are mobilized from a variety ofsources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, including alternative sources, in the context ofmeaningful mitigation action and transparency of implementation;e. Is flexible and systematically and regularly scaled up / updated;
f. Is results-based / needs-based and delivers the greatest impact possible and targets the effectiveness of
mitigation and adaptation action / mitigation and adaptation results that can be measured, reported andverified;g. Avoids duplication, allows for flexibility, ensures efficiency and transparency and builds a partnershipamong governments, development partners and the private sector to invest in a low-emission and climateresilient future;h. Encourages South–South cooperation which is voluntary, free of monitoring and can be supplementary /complementary, but not substitute commitments of [Parties included in [Annex I][annex X] to theConvention][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to
do so], while acknowledging that South–South cooperation is not a commitment of Parties under theConvention;
i. Recognizes investments of [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] / all Parties insupporting transformational change as part of their contributions;j. Applies lower thresholds for receiving support for actions, with clear, transparent and quantifiable targets
that go beyond ‘business as usual’;k. Is capable of adapting dynamically to changing realities and future developments and needs, including inrespect to climate finance, in line with the provisions and principles of the Convention, in particular the
principle of common but differentiated responsibilities / reflecting evolving capabilities andresponsibilities;

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l. In a manner that is capable to adapt dynamically to changing realities and future developments and needs,in the light of effectively implemented mitigation action and climate impacts and in line with theprovisions and principles of the Convention;
m. Takes into account the urgent and immediate needs of [developing countries][Parties not included inannex X] that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change / Prioritizes the specificneeds and special circumstances of the most / particularly vulnerable countries, including landlocked
countries, recognizing the special circumstances of the LDCs and SIDS, giving priority to countries withthe least capability and/or ensuring a fair geographical allocation of resources, while ensuring that theimportance of providing support to other [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] is in noway diminished;n. Uses the diversity of available channels and instruments under the Convention to limit the proliferation offinance in order to increase its efficiency and effectiveness and encourage the accountability andtransparency of the UNFCCC in the provision of financial support, the mobilization of climate financeand the shift towards climate-friendly investments;o. Pursues a gender-sensitive and country-driven approach;p. Targets the drivers of climate change;
q. Encourages Parties to build effective enabling environments and provides recognition of the importanceof implementing low-carbon, climate-resilient development strategies and NAPs;
r. Encourages Parties to take steps to eliminate public incentives for high-carbon investments;s. Recognizes that climate finance flows are not limited to flows from developed [Parties included in annex
X][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to do so] to[developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
t. Collectively exceeds the aggregate ambition of individual commitments / contributions;u. Develops and improves enabling environments for the enhanced mobilization of support;
v. Is quantifiable, comparable and transparent;
w. Establishes links and builds synergies between mitigation and adaptation actions;x. Enhances / catalyses international cooperative initiatives and recognizes their contribution to assisting
Parties in the implementation of this agreement;
y. Facilitates needs-based financing for joint mitigation and adaptation for the integral and sustainable
management of forests and other sectors.
Option (b): Furthermore, developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex II, in theimplementation of this agreement, to provide financial resources for the enhanced implementation of theConvention, in a manner that:a. Ensures an equal allocation of financing between adaptation and mitigation on a 50:50 basis, ensures anequitable distribution between different regions of developing countries and enhances country ownershipin the disbursement of financial resources; prioritizes adaptation, with all financing for adaptation to be
grant-based;b. Takes into consideration the need for assuring additionality, adequacy and predictability in the flows offunds and the need for clarity of appropriate burden sharing among developed countries;c. Is systematically and regularly scaled up and based on developing countries’ needs as identified by themand in line with a process to regularly update the scale of support needed by developing countries in thecontext of the temperature goal;d. Meets the urgent and immediate needs of developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to theadverse effects of climate change/ Prioritizes the specific needs and special circumstances of the mostparticularly vulnerable countries;e. Provides for predictability and sustainability of the scale of resources, through implementing a burdensharing process between developed countries;
f. Pursues a gender-sensitive and country-owned and -driven approach and ensures the right to development
for developing countries;

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g. Enhances/catalyses international cooperative initiatives and recognizes their complementary andadditional contribution to assisting Parties’ implementation of the Convention.
Option (c): Developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex II to provide financial resources
for the enhanced implementation of the Convention under this agreement, in a manner that:a. Ensures an equal allocation of financing between adaptation and mitigation, ensures an equitable
distribution between different regions of developing countries and enhances country ownership in the
disbursement of financial resources; prioritizes adaptation, with all financing for adaptation to be grantbased;b. Takes into consideration the need for assuring additionality, adequacy and predictability in the flows offunds and the need for clarity of appropriate burden sharing among developed countries;c. Is systematically and regularly scaled up and based on developing countries’ needs;
d. Meets the urgent and immediate needs of developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to theadverse effects of climate change/ Prioritizes the specific needs and special circumstances of the mostparticularly vulnerable countries;
e. Catalyses international cooperative initiatives and recognizes their contribution to assisting Parties in theimplementation of the Convention.
Option (d): Developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex II to provide financial resources
for the enhanced implementation of the Convention under this agreement, in order to / in a manner that:a. Aims for a balanced allocation of financing between adaptation and mitigation, while assuring aminimum of 50 per cent of resources for adaptation and an equitable distribution among different regionsof developing countries, and enhances country ownership in the disbursement of financial resources, withall financing for adaptation to be grant-based, prioritizing the urgent and immediate needs and special
circumstances of developing countries particularly vulnerable to climate change, including in particular
the LDCs and SIDS and African States;b. Ensures additionality, adequacy and predictability in the flows of funds and the need for clarity of
appropriate burden sharing among developed countries;c. Is systematically and regularly scaled up and based on developing countries’ needs, in line with a process
to regularly update the scale of support in the context of the temperature goal;d. Meets the urgent and immediate needs of developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to theadverse effects of climate change, including in particular SIDS, the LDCs and countries in Africa;e. Is gender-sensitive and based on a country-owned and -driven approach and ensures the right todevelopment of developing countries;
f. Explores further options to simplify procedures for access to funds, especially for the LDCs and SIDS.]
82.3. [The governing body to this agreement shall explore further options to simplify access procedures to funds,
in particular for the LDCs and SIDS.]
82.4. [The actions taken by Parties in the mobilization of climate finance shall reflect and be dynamically adapted
to future changing needs, developments, and environmental and economic realities, reflecting evolving
capabilities and responsibilities.
Option 2: Parties should ensure that climate finance and investment provided and mobilized under this agreement:
a. Creates policy certainty by encouraging Parties to set their own strategies and priorities for low-carbon
and climate-resilient development;b. Aligns with country-driven strategies and priorities, and in doing so achieves a balance between financeand investment for mitigation and for adaptation;c. Is delivered in simplified and coordinated ways from a variety of sources in order to reduce duplication ofeffort and to improve effective delivery and implementation;d. Delivers mitigation and adaptation results that can be measured, reported and verified as part of a resultsfocused policy and enabling environment;
e. Helps build a partnership among governments, development partners and the private sector to invest inand support country-driven strategies and priorities for low-carbon and climate-resilient development.

39

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Option 3: The mobilization and provision of finance to promote low-emission, climate-resilient development.
Option 4: Developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to developing country Parties for the full andenhanced implementation of the Convention under this agreement, in a manner that:a. Ensures as new, additional, adequate and predictable the full and enhanced implementation of theConvention in line with the overriding priorities of sustainable economic and social development indeveloping countries;
b. Takes into consideration the need for assuring additionality, adequacy and predictability in the flows offunds on the basis of clear burden-sharing arrangements among developed country Parties;
c. Enhances actions on addressing climate change in addition to development aid, acknowledging thatclimate finance is to be separate from official development aid;d. Provides additional, adequate and predictable funding for adaptation, in particular for the implementationof the Cancun Adaptation Framework, for building institutional capacity and appropriate legal
frameworks;e. Advances the fulfilment of commitments by developed country Parties in terms of finance, technology
transfer and capacity-building to enable developing country Parties to take action plans to implement
Article 6 of the Convention;
f. Ensures an adequate and equal allocation of financial resources between adaptation and mitigation while
prioritizing adaptation, with all financing for adaptation to be grant-based, and enhances country
ownership in the disbursement of financial resources;
g. Is systematically and regularly scaled up and is based on the needs of developing country Parties overtime;
h. Meets the urgent and immediate needs of developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to theadverse effects of climate change / Prioritizes the specific needs and special circumstances of the mostparticularly vulnerable countries;
i. Pursues a gender-sensitive and country-driven approach;j. Enhances / catalyses international cooperative initiatives and recognizes their contribution to assisting
Parties in the implementation of the Convention.]
83. [All Parties to cooperate in the implementation of this agreement in order to:a. Support the enhanced ambition of all Parties through the provision of support from [Annex II
Parties][Parties included in annex Y][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][allcountries in a position to do so] to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
b. Enable Parties’ best efforts based on their respective capabilities, foster country ownership and achievesustainable development.]
84. [Parties agree on a common transparency framework, applicable to all Parties, that shall promote transparency of
support by providing information on the delivery, use and impact of support, as well as on the implementation of
enabling environments.
The governing body shall elaborate further guidance related to the transparency framework of support while
recognizing that it should evolve and improve over time.]
85. [Efforts of subnational and local governments, subregional entities and the private sector to be recognized. ]86. [Clarity on the scaling up of resources shall be a key component of the agreement on post-2020 commitments
through synthesized biennial submissions of developed country Parties on their updated strategies and approaches
to scaling up climate finance from 2014 to 2020, including quantified forward-looking information on the expectedlevel of funding to be provided.
a. Regular assessments and reviews shall be conducted on scaling up levels of ambition in both mitigation
and adaptation taking into account evolving needs identified by developing country Parties;
b. A process for the determination of the level of resources required to keep the level of temperature
increase to below 1.5–2 °C shall be conducted.]
87. [A clear process for periodic reviews and assessment of the finance goal on the basis of the needs assessments ofdeveloping country Parties, addressing gaps in the delivery of resources and in line with an agreed goal on the limitof the temperature increase, shall be established under this agreement.]

40

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

88. [An effective measurement, reporting and verification of support mechanism, including of all means of
implementation, shall be developed.][Anchoring institutions under the legal agreement]
89. [Option 1: The Financial Mechanism [of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol][under Article 11 of theConvention] shall serve as the financial mechanism of the 2015 agreement:a. The GCF shall be the main financial entity under the new agreement and/or anchored in the newagreement and/or strengthened;b. A special window for loss and damage is hereby established under the GCF and shall, inter alia, provide
finance for regional risk pools, micro-finance initiatives, and measures to address compensation;c. A replenishment cycle of the GCF shall be established;d. The SCF shall assist the governing body of the agreement[, in cooperation with existing bodies andactivities under the Convention];e. Coordination to be further enhanced among contributors and between institutions[, including through theprocess initiated as per decision 10/CP.19];
f. [Placeholder for financing loss and damage.]
Option (a): This will also apply to the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism and funds established under
the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol. All the rules and guidelines developed by the COP and the Conference of
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in relation to the operation of the Financial
Mechanism, its operating entities and associated funds shall apply mutatis mutandis to the financial mechanismof this agreement:a. The GCF shall be strengthened, including regarding funding, as follows:
i. [Annex I Parties][Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X][Parties in a position to doso, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to do so] to provide 1 per cent ofgross domestic product per year from 2020 and additional funds during the pre-2020 period to theGCF;
ii. [Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving
capabilities][all countries in a position to do so] to provide a list of specific amounts / percentages
reflecting the required share of climate finance to be provided to the GCF, subject to review;iii. All countries in a position to do so to provide funding to the GCF;
iv. Funding for the GCF to be drawn mainly from public sources.
b. Other funding mechanisms serving the agreement shall include:
i. The Adaptation Fund: To be part of the post-2015 climate finance architecture and/or to operate under the new agreement
under the guidance of the governing body in relation to activities developed under the agreement;
 To be enhanced and included under the GCF as an adaptation window, be inscribed in the new
climate regime and defined in the financing sphere of the agreement;
ii. Institutional arrangements for REDD-plus finance [as per decision 10/CP.19];
iii. The LDCF, to provide support to the LDCs for adaptation action;
iv. The SCCF, to be anchored in the agreement;
v. The climate resilience and sustainable development (CRSD) mechanism is established to promoteclimate resilience and sustainable development trajectories that combine adaptation to and mitigationof climate change and its impacts, articulating the means of implementation of the Convention,linking provision of finance, transfer and development of technology and capacity-building, andenhancing the actions of developing countries to achieve the objective of the Convention. To this end,
the CRSD mechanism shall articulate the work of the financial mechanism, the technology mechanism
and the capacity-building mechanism.
Option (b): No further provisions.
Option (c): To receive funding from the GCF for implementation of the agreement, a Party must:

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a. Be a Party to this agreement, andb. Have fulfilled its reporting requirements as described in section I.
Option 2: The Financial Mechanism of the Convention to support the implementation of actions undertaken under
this agreement;
Option 3: The Financial Mechanism of the Convention defined in Article 11 shall serve as the financial mechanismof the 2015 agreement; the related funds established under the Kyoto Protocol will also serve as instruments of thelegal agreement. This will also apply to all the rules and guidelines developed by the COP and the CMP in relation
to the operation of the financial mechanism, its operating entities and associated funds and to the decisions related
to the transparency and MRV of support;
Option 4: The Financial Mechanism of the Convention defined in Article 11 shall serve as the financial mechanismof the 2015 agreement; the related funds established under the Kyoto Protocol will also serve as instruments of thelegal agreement. This will also apply to all the rules and guidelines developed by the COP and the CMP in relation
to the operation of the financial mechanism, its operating entities and associated funds and to the decisions related
to the transparency and MRV of support, with the GCF acting as the main operating entity of the financial
mechanism.
The GCF shall be strengthened, as follows:a. Developed country Parties to provide at least 1 per cent of gross domestic product per year from 2020 andadditional funds during the pre-2020 period to the GCF.
Option 5: The Financial Mechanism of the Convention defined in Article 11 shall serve as the financial mechanismof the 2015 agreement; the related funds established under the Kyoto Protocol will also serve as instruments of thelegal agreement. This will also apply to all the rules and guidelines developed by the COP and the CMP in relation
to the operation of the Financial Mechanism, its operating entities and associated funds and to the decisions related
to the transparency and MRV of support, with the GCF acting as the main operating entity of the financial
mechanism.
Developed country Parties shall provide 1 per cent of gross domestic product per year from 2020 and additional
funds during the pre-2020 period to the GCF. The financial resources provided by developed country Parties shallbe additional to the official development aid without any contingency;
Option 6: The Financial Mechanism of the Convention defined in Article 11 shall serve as the financial mechanismof the 2015 agreement; the related funds established under the Kyoto Protocol will also serve as instruments of thelegal agreement. This will also apply to all the rules and guidelines developed by the COP and the CMP in relation
to the operation of the financial mechanism, its operating entities and associated funds and to the decisions related
to the transparency and MRV of support, with the GCF acting as the main operating entity of the financial
mechanism;
a. The operating entities of the financial mechanism shall serve this agreement in line with their respective
mandates, under the guidance of the COP and the CMP of the 2015 agreement;
b. Further coordination and rationalization of the operating entities under the Convention and this agreement
shall be developed with a view to ensuring predictable, new, additional and adequate resources, including
the transfer of technology for these funds.]
90. [New institutional arrangements or strengthened institutional arrangements may be needed to serve this agreement.][Proposals for decisions related to anchoring institutions under the agreement]
i. [Clear roles should be agreed on the two existing operating entities of the Financial Mechanism of theConvention and coherence should be achieved in climate finance channelled through other financing
institutions;ii. The COP to be given the authority to adjust institutional settings, to take decisions on consolidating
and coordinating institutions and processes, and/or to give guidance to the operational entities asneeded, at a later stage;iii. Need for the simplification, improvement and rationalization of access, including direct access,especially for the LDCs and SIDS; and/or the harmonization of approval and accreditation processes
between various channels and institutions leveraging potential non-climate-specific financing
mechanisms and institutions; and/or the operation of all funds under the Convention to be transparent,
competitive and based on rules, with operating criteria underpinning those rules that are compatible

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with the requirements of private investors, in order to effectively stimulate co-investment; and/or
information on how all disbursements include provisions for ‘climate proofing’ measures;
iv. The Financial Mechanism must continue to be main source of financing;v. The replenishment of the Financial Mechanism and its operating entities to be linked to IPCC
scientific assessments;
vi. Need to establish how the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism will work to implement thefinance provisions of the new agreement and how the financial provisions will work with respect toother bodies or mechanisms under the Convention;vii. The SCF shall assist the governing body of this agreement and be further strengthened: By enhancing its work on coherence and coordination and on rationalizing the Financial
Mechanism.
viii. Regarding the GCF:
 The establishment of a window for REDD-plus; [The establishment of a window] for loss and damage; Need for: improved and prioritized access for the LDCs and SIDS and/or arrangements between
thematic bodies of the Convention and the GCF to be strengthened; The GCF to operate under the guidance of the governing body in relation to activities developed
under this agreement, and/or to support mitigation readiness activities in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X], and/or to capitalize on its knowledge of existing funds andincrease its role by helping to finance some of the pipeline projects of those funds; The governing body of this agreement to: explore further options for simplifying the procedures
for accessing funds from the GCF; and/or develop, jointly with the COP, specific additional
modalities for the operation of the GCF with respect to activities developed under this agreement; The GCF, the main institution under the Financial Mechanism of the Convention, will aim for a
50:50 balance between mitigation and adaptation over time, which will also aim for a floor of 50
per cent of the adaptation allocation for particularly vulnerable countries, including the LDCs and
SIDS.
ix. Decision to address additional rules of the Financial Mechanism and institutions in supporting theimplementation of the legal agreement, where appropriate.][Addressing the scale of resources]
91. [Climate finance [to][shall] be scaled up to provide the financing, access to technology and capacity-building
necessary to meet the goal of limiting the temperature increase to below [2][1.5] °C, [and of building economies,
societies and ecosystems that are resilient to climate change] in line with the needs of [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X]. ]92. [Scale of resources provided by developed country Parties shall be based on a percentage of their GNP of at least(X per cent) taking into consideration the following:a. The provision of finance to be based on a floor of USD 100 billion per year, and shall take into accountthe different assessment of climate-related finance needs prepared by the secretariat and reports by otherinternational organizations;b. Based on an ex ante process to commit quantified support relative to the required effort and in line with
developing countries’ needs;c. The scale of provision of finance shall be reviewed every five years in the light of a dynamic assessmentof needs of developing countries and gaps in the delivery of financial resources;
d. Based on clear burden-sharing arrangements among developed country Parties to identify the flows offinancial support from developed countries, including through the application of an assessed scale ofcontributions from developed countries;
e. Including aggregate and enhanced specific / individual commitments / contributions by developed
country Parties,

43

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

f. Based on a road map with annual targets for public funding from developed country Parties in the post2020 period or pathways with annual expected levels of climate finance towards achieving short-term
quantified goals;
g. A short-term collective quantified goal that defines the expected, scaled-up climate finance level for the
post-2020 period should be determined in order to enhance the predictability of the provision of climate
finance, indicating specific levels of public sources to be provided; this goal shall be regularly reviewed
and updated.]
93. [A periodic process for assessing the needs of developing countries to implement the Convention, including
through this agreement, is established; the assessment process will be based on country Parties’ submissions andother relevant reports and will be performed every four years in alignment with the replenishment cycles of theoperating entities of the Financial Mechanism; the outcomes of the process should serve as input in thereplenishment process.]
94. [The GCF shall be strengthened as follows:a. Developed country Parties to provide a list of specific amounts / percentages reflecting the required shareof climate finance to be provided to the GCF, subject to review and in accordance with Article 11 and thearrangements between the COP and the Fund;b. Developing linkages with the thematic bodies under the Convention and this agreement, in order toprovide the GCF with the necessary expertise to serve its funding windows, both present and future.
c. Funding windows to be established by the GCF on technology development and transfer and loss anddamage.
d. The GCF replenishment shall be based on a specific financial target linked to the overall financial goal, in
line with the temperature goal and the gap in the provision of finance to developing countries and in thecontext of the need assessment and the temperature goal.]
95. [The importance of providing clarity on the level of support, in particular financial support, that will be provided to[developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] to allow for the enhanced implementation of theConvention, in particular with regard to adaptation, to be recognized as a crucial element in creating the necessary
conditions for the enhanced participation of developing countries in the global effort to combat climate change andadapt to its adverse effects.]
96. [The GCF acting as the main operating entity of the Financial Mechanism for the implementation of this agreement.
The GCF shall be strengthened by ensuring predictable, sustainable and adequate resources, including through thefollowing resources as follows:a. Developed country Parties to provide 1 per cent of gross domestic product per year from 2020 andadditional funds during the pre-2020 period to the GCF;
b. The GCF replenishment shall be based on a specific financial target linked to the overall financial goal, in
line with the temperature goal and the gap in the provision of finance to developing countries, in thecontext of the needs assessment and the temperature goal;c. Developed country Parties to provide a list of specific amounts / percentages reflecting the required shareof climate finance to be provided to the GCF, subject to review and in line with the principle of burden
sharing among developed country Parties.]
97. [Developed country Parties to provide a list of specific amounts / percentages reflecting the required share ofclimate finance to be provided to the GCF, subject to review.]
98. [Option 1: The provision of finance to be based on a floor of USD 100 billion per year:
a. Based on an ex ante process to commit quantified support commensurate with the required effort reflectedin the adaptation and mitigation goals / relative to the required effort and in line with the needs of[developing countries][Parties not included in annex X];
b. Based on clear burden-sharing arrangements among [Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to do so] toidentify the flows of [public]financial support from [developed countries][Parties included in annex X],
including through the application of an assessed scale of contributions from [developed countries][Parties
included in annex X][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in aposition to do so];44

FCCC/ADP/2015/1

c. Including aggregate and enhanced specific / individual commitments / contributions by [[Annex II
Parties][Parties included in annex Y], complemented by other Parties in a position to do so] [Parties in aposition to do so, considering evolving capabilities] [all countries in a position to do so];d. Based on a road map with annual targets for public funding in the post-2020 period or pathways withannual expected levels of climate finance towards achieving short-term quantified goals;e. Based on an agreed percentage formula for the calculation of the contributions of [[Annex I Parties][Parties included in annex X] and differentiated [developing country][Parties not included in annex X]][Parties in a position to do so considering evolving capabilities] [all countries in a position to do so] on
the basis of GDP or other indicators.
Option 2: Agreement not to specify individual / quantified commitments, quantified targets or specific indicators
for the post-2020 period.
Option 3: The provision of finance to be based on a floor of USD 100 billion per year:
a. Based on an ex ante process to commit quantified support relative to the required effort and in line with
developing countries’ needs;b. Based on clear burden-sharing arrangements among developed country Parties to identify the flows offinancial support from developed countries, including through the application of an assessed scale ofcontributions from developed countries;c. Including aggregate and enhanced specific / individual commitments / contributions by developed
country Parties;
d. Based on a road map with annual targets for public funding from developed country Parties in the post2020 period or pathways with annual expected levels of climate finance towards achieving short-term
quantified goals.
Option 4: Climate finance provided by developed country Parties shall be based on a quantified target taking into
consideration the following:a. The provision of finance to be based on a floor of USD 100 billion and shall take into account thedifferent assessments of climate finance related needs prepared by the secretariat and reports of otherinternational organizations;b. Based on an ex ante process to identify the quantified support relative to the required effort and in linewith developing countries’ needs;c. It shall be reviewed every four years in line with the dynamic assessment of the needs of developing
countries and gaps in the delivery of financial resources;
d. Based on a road map with annual targets for public funding from developed country Parties in the post2020 period or pathways with annual expected levels of climate finance towards achieving short-term
quantified goals;
e. A short-term collective quantified goal that defines the expected, scaled-up climate finance level for the
post-2020 period should be determined in order to enhance the predictability of the provision of climate
finance, indicating specific levels of public sources to be provided; this goal shall be regularly reviewed,
updated and scaled up.]
99. [A periodic process for assessing the needs of developing countries to implement the Convention including throughthis agreement, is established. The assessment process will be based on country Parties’ submissions and otherrelevant reports and will be performed every four years in alignment with replenishment cycles of the operating
entities of the financial mechanism; the outcomes of the process should serve as input to the replenishment
process.]
100.[Complementarity between the existing operating entities of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention will be
determined in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and the COP/MOP of thisagreement.]
101.[Option 1: A short-term collective quantified goal that defines the expected, scaled-up climate finance level for the
post-2020 period should be determined in order to enhance the predictability of the provision of climate finance,
indicating specific levels of public sources to be provided.
Option 2: A short-term collective quantified goal that defines the expected, scaled-up climate finance level for the
post-2020 period shall be determined every five years starting in 2020 on the basis of a floor of USD 100 billion per

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year, in order to enhance the predictability of the provision of climate finance, indicating specific levels of funding
from public sources to be provided.]
102.[Financial support provided under the agreement shall be regularly scaled up and shall be subject to a triennial
review.][Contributions under the legal agreement]
103.[Option 1: In the context of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, [Annex II
Parties][Parties included in annex Y][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries
in a position to do so] have the principle and main responsibility for providing support, including financial
resources, for the enhanced implementation of low-emission and climate-resilient development in [developing
countries][Parties not included in annex X], while ensuring the sustainability, predictability and additionality offinance.
Option 2: In the context of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, developed
country Parties have the responsibility to provide financial resources, including for the development and transfer oftechnology to developing country Parties for the enhanced implementation of the Convention, while ensuring thesustainability, predictability and additionality of finance.]
104.[All Parties with a commitment under Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Convention shall prepare, maintain,
communicate and implement a financial component in their nationally determined contributions, including, as
appropriate, quantified financial pledges, targets and actions to mobilize climate finance for developing countries
and to assist the implementation of the NDCs of developing countries, primarily through the Financial Mechanismof the Convention. Developing country Parties may clarify in their NDCs the extent to which the implementation of
their nationally determined contributions is dependent upon the provision of international financial support,
technology transfer and capacity-building, including particular gaps and needs in this regard. The communication of
the components pursuant to this paragraph shall follow the processes and timelines required for national budgets,taking into account the agreed communication channels and relevant guidance developed under the Convention.]105.[In accordance with the principles of the Convention, developed country Parties will submit their intended
nationally determined contributions of financial resources in their INDCs. Developing country Parties will submit
their requirements for funds in their INDCs, for the same cycle.]106.[The provision of finance committed by developed country Parties, to be based on a floor of USD 100 billion peryear from 2020 on, shall be:a. Based on an ex ante process to commit quantified support relative to the required effort and in line with
the needs of developing country Parties;
b. Based on clear burden-sharing arrangements among developed country Parties to identify the flows offinancial support from developed countries, including through the application of an assessed scale ofcontributions from developed country Parties;
c. Including aggregate and enhanced individual commitments by developed country Parties,
d. Based on a clear road map with annual targets for public funding from developed country Parties in the
post-2020 period and trajectory and pathways with annual expected levels of climate finance forachieving short-term quantified goals;
e. Progressively increased in accordance with the need for tackling climate change in developing countries.]
107.[The contribution of resources under this agreement to consider predictable financial contributions by [developed
country] governments [of Parties included in annex X][of Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving
capabilities][of all countries in a position to do so]; increasing options for leveraging a greater share of the carbon
market-related proceeds, including options for carbon pricing and raising contributions via alternative andinnovative sources of finance.]
108.[The secretariat shall keep and update an online registry of the financial component communicated by Parties
pursuant to paragraph 104 above, with a view to enhancing transparency on the mobilization and provision offinance, technology development and transfer and capacity-building to developing countries.]
109.[Option 1: A collective goal for support to be achieved by all Parties in order to transition to a world in which all
investments are directed at resilient and low-emission actions, and where finance, technology transfer and capacitybuilding that promote low-emission and resilient actions prevail.

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Option 2: All Parties will aim to contribute to the transition to a world in which all investments are directed atresilient and low-emission actions, and where finance, technology transfer and capacity-building that promote low
emission and resilient actions prevail.]110.[All developed country Parties shall provide scaled-up climate finance to developing country Parties as a means tomeet the goal of staying below a 2º C or 1.5º C temperature increase and to achieve the technologicaltransformation required to that end, complemented by the support provided by other Parties in a position to do so,
in line with the needs of developing countries and with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities.]
111.[Each developed country Party and other Parties in a position to do so commit to communicate on anannual/biennial basis in the post-2020 period the scaled-up, quantified financial contribution they will provide tosupport developing countries in the effective implementation of mitigation and adaptation action, in the light of thetransformational goal set forth in article XX above and the global goal set forth in article 5.3 above, which shall beconsidered and reviewed in accordance with section X.]
112.[Option 1: The enhancement of enabling environments, with respect for countries’ national prerogative to choose
their domestic climate policies, to be a commitment of all Parties, through:a. Enhanced national regulatory frameworks, including policies and measures;b. The dedication of sufficient domestic resources by countries seeking support;
c. Putting in place conditions to mobilize, attract and absorb climate-related investments;
d. The provision of a price signal for emission reductions, including through payments for verified emission
reductions.
Option 2: Agreement not to specify the enhancement of enabling environments as a commitment or obligation ofParties.
Option 3: All Parties are encouraged to enhance enabling environments in order to further mobilize private financefor scaling up climate finance, where donor countries should mitigate the risk of the private sector by public
intervention, and recipient countries should make efforts to improve their enabling environments to attract
investments.]
113.[Parties shall work with and through national and international financial institutions in order to align investment
decisions and policies with the objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2 and to facilitate low-emission
and climate-resilient pathways.]
114.[All Parties report on the status of, and efforts to improve, their enabling environments and mainstreaming efforts.]
115.[A short-term collective quantified goal of USD 200 billion per year by 2030 should be committed to by developed
country Parties, which defines how the expected, scaled-up climate finance level for the post-2020 period should bedetermined in order to enhance the predictability of the provision of climate finance, indicating specific levels of
public sources to be provided.]]116.[Option 1 (chapeau): Financing for adaptation to be provided in the form of multilateral and/or bilateral financing,including via:
Option 2 (chapeau): Financing for adaptation to be provided in the form of multilateral and/or bilateral financing,with a significant share of new multilateral funding for adaptation to be channelled through the Green Climate
Fund:
116.1. A balanced allocation between adaptation and mitigation, or a 50:50 balance between the support provided
for adaptation and mitigation, or at least 50 per cent of support to be provided for adaptation activities[,
including financing for joint mitigation and adaptation approaches, plans and actions];
116.2. The use of levies for adaptation funding from any market-based mechanisms;
116.3. Financial risk management instruments;
116.4. The Adaptation Fund, the LDCF and the SCCF, and including through support to enable the mobilization ofprivate-sector financial flows for adaptation investments, with the GCF providing assurance of support for
countries’ adaptation efforts;
116.5. Option (a): Diverse sources, including private sources, engaged in the provision of financing for adaptation,with public finance to constitute the key instrument in increasing support for adaptation:

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a. Identification of sources and prioritization of public funding, as well as increase of private sector financial
contributions for adaptation;b. Encourage the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization todevelop a levy scheme to provide financial support for the Adaptation Fund.
c. In establishing the levy scheme, ICAO and IMO are encouraged to take into consideration the needs ofdeveloping countries, particularly the LDCs, SIDS and countries in Africa heavily reliant on tourism andthe international transport of traded goods.
Option (b): Public sources primarily, with [supplementary][complementary] funding to be drawn fromprivate [and][or] alternative sources.
116.6.The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session,
decide on a process to identify and implement new sources of finance for the implementation of thisagreement, in particular for adaptation finance, and take a decision on these sources at its subsequentsession.]117.[Developed country Parties have the responsibility for providing financial resources, including for the development
and transfer of technology to developing country Parties for the enhanced implementation of the Convention, while
ensuring the sustainability, predictability and additionality of the financial resources.]
118.[Support / New and additional finance, independent of adaptation budgets, to be provided for the financing andoperationalization of the Warsaw International Mechanism [and for alternative policy approaches to results-based
actions such as through the joint mitigation and adaptation mechanism for the integral and sustainable managementof forests, and the climate resilience and sustainable development mechanism].]
119.[Option 1: Support provided to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] for technology
development and transfer and support provided to the Technology Mechanism to ensure the effective
implementation of technology to be channelled primarily through the GCF / the operating entities of the Financial
Mechanism, taking into account the roles of the public and private sectors in mobilizing finance for technology /primarily from public sources, with supplementary funding to be drawn from private sources.
Option 2: Financial resources provided to developing country Parties for technology development and transfer andsupport provided to the Technology Mechanism to ensure the effective implementation of technology to bechannelled primarily through the GCF / the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism, taking into account theroles of the public and private sectors in mobilizing finance for technology / primarily from public sources, with
supplementary funding to be drawn from private sources.
Option 3: Financial resources provided by developed country Parties to developing country Parties for technology
development and transfer and support provided to the Technology Mechanism to ensure the effective
implementation of technology to be channelled through the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism.]120.[Funding for sustainable development trajectories shall be provided by developed countries to developing countries
through the climate resilience and sustainable development mechanism, articulating means of implementation,
particularly in terms of funding for mitigation and adaptation following a needs-based approach and for technology
transfer and development and capacity-building.]
121.[Option 1: Funding for capacity-building as well as measures to develop, adopt and implement policies, strategies,
regulations and/or action plans on climate change education, training, public awareness, public participation andpublic access to information in [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X]:
121.1. To be provided by [[developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] and other Parties] [Parties in aposition to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to do so] and organizations in aposition to do so, in an adequate and predictable manner;
121.2. To be primarily channelled through the Financial Mechanism, taking into account the potential role of theprivate sector in supporting capacity-building and the need for enhanced coordination among donors andinstitutions.
Option 2: Funding for capacity-building shall be provided by developed country Parties to developing country
Parties for the implementation of climate change actions in line with COP decisions and Article 6 of theConvention, in an adequate and predictable manner.
121.1. To be provided by developed country Parties in an adequate and predictable manner;
121.2. To be channelled through the Financial Mechanism.

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Option 3: Funding for capacity-building shall be provided by developed country Parties to developing country
Parties and channelled through the Financial Mechanism for the implementation of climate change actions in linewith COP decisions and Article 6 of the Convention, in an adequate and predictable manner;
Option 4: Funding for capacity-building shall be provided by developed country Parties to developing country
Parties for the implementation of climate change actions in line with COP decisions and Article 6 of theConvention, in an adequate and predictable manner.]
122.[Option 1: Funding for REDD-plus to be adequate, predictable and sustainable, with financing continuing to beprovided, including via [[Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y] and Parties in a position to do so][Parties
in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to do so], private and nonmarket-based sources and results-based finance;
Option 2: Developed country Parties and/or Annex II Parties and/or all Parties in a position to do so shall support
the implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus through the provision of finance from both public
and private sources;
Option 3: Forest financing to be adequate, predictable and sustainable, with financing continuing to be provided bydeveloped country Parties.]
123.[Results-based payments for REDD-plus activities should be transferred to developing country Parties through,inter alia, the Green Climate Fund and/or the new market-based mechanism in accordance with the Warsaw
Framework for REDD-plus]
124.[Developing country Parties implementing REDD-plus activities may utilize the positive incentives and resultsbased finance provided in accordance with the Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus and any other related decisions,to support the implementation of their nationally determined contributions.]
125.[Option 1: Parties in a position to do so / [[Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y] and other Parties in aposition to do so][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to doso] to provide Parties in need of assistance / [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] withfinancial, technical and capacity-building support in order for them to efficiently and effectively fulfil the reporting
requirements of this agreement;
Option 2: Developed country Parties to provide developing country Parties with financial, technical and capacitybuilding support in order for them to efficiently and effectively fulfil the reporting requirements of this agreement;
Option 3: Developed country Parties shall provide developing country Parties with financial, technical andcapacity-building support in order for them to efficiently and effectively fulfil the reporting requirements of thisagreement.]
126.[On the basis of solidarity and common sustainable development priorities and in accordance with their national
circumstances and capabilities, developing country Parties are encouraged to prepare, maintain, communicate andimplement South–South cooperation initiatives encompassing finance, technology development and transfer, andcapacity-building with a view to assisting the implementation of the INDCs of other developing countries.]
127.[Financing for adaptation to be provided in the form of multilateral and/or bilateral financing, with a significant
share of new multilateral funding for adaptation to be channelled through the Green Climate Fund;a. A balanced allocation between adaptation and mitigation; at least 50 per cent of support to be provided
for adaptation activities; public sources are the primary sources of finance, with supplementary funding tobe drawn from additional sources;
b. New and additional finance, independent of adaptation budgets, to be provided for the financing andoperationalization of the Warsaw International Mechanism;c. Will be regularly updated on the basis of an assessment of the needs of developing countries and gaps inthe delivery of financial resources to developing countries and in the context of the agreed temperaturegoal;
d. Developed country Parties to provide developing country Parties with financial, technical and capacitybuilding support in order for them to efficiently and effectively fulfil the reporting requirements of thisagreement.]

49

FCCC/ADP/2015/1[Sources of finance]
128.[Option 1: Financial resources to be mobilized and provided from:
Option (a): Primarily public sources, with supplementary funding to be drawn from private / alternative
sources:a. Stressing that public sources are the main source of finance, the scale of resources needed and the type ofinvestments required, governments to work more closely together with the private sector;
b. [Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X][Parties in a position to do so, considering
evolving capabilities][all countries in a position to do so] shall incentivize the private sector to provide
funding to [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X];
c. Different [public] sources to be considered on the basis of clear criteria in order to avoid incidence on[developing countries][Parties not included in annex X], and the sustainability, predictability andadditionality of [public] sources to be clarified;d. [Developed country Parties shall channel a substantial share of public climate funds to adaptation
activities with prioritization for the most vulnerable developing countries, especially the LDCs and
SIDS.]
Option (b): A wide variety of sources, including public, private and alternative sources, recognizing the needfor a diversity of sources and instruments to suit recipients’ changing economic circumstances / withdifferent types of financing for different activities and public sources for specific areas, given the limited
potential for private investment, in particular in the most vulnerable countries and the LDCs.
128.1. With regard to private and alternative finance:a. All Parties to commit to cooperate in leveraging private finance and/or to mobilize / utilize public funds
and means to facilitate and encourage private investment in accordance with their capabilities,
recognizing that private-sector financing is complementary to, but not a substitute for, public-sector
financing where public finance is needed:
i. A mechanism to attract private sector investment in projects, with clear definitions, respective roles
and guidance on the mechanism, so as to achieve a useful balance of public and private sources,
ensuring reasonable returns and full transparency;
ii. Efforts undertaken by export credit agencies to help investors manage risk;iii. A clear signal to the private sector at all levels to contribute to the mobilization of climate finance andto reorient financial flows and trigger the required investments and involvement, including of local
private sectors;
iv. Public-sector finance to catalyse and avoid crowding out private-sector investments, ensuring thatprivate-sector investment is not displaced, with the efficient use of public resources and effective
public policies to be the key focus of post-2020 cooperative efforts among middle- and higher-income
countries;
v. Need for strong public–private partnerships, which should be subsidized and incentivized;
vi. Be strategic and in line with national priorities and laws and be profitable for the private sector;
vii. Enhanced enabling environments for private-sector investment in adaptation;viii. The governing body shall develop modalities for leveraging and freeing up private finance to support
the implementation of this agreement.
b. A tax on oil exports from [developing][Parties not included in annex X] to [developed countries][Parties
included in annex X][Parties in a position to do so, considering evolving capabilities][all countries in aposition to do so] to be established;c. An international renewable energy and energy efficiency bond facility to be established;d. The phasing down of high-carbon investments and fossil fuel subsidies.
Option 2: The mobilization of finance may come from a wide variety of sources, including public, private andalternative sources, recognizing the need for a diversity of sources and instruments to suit recipients’ priorities andchanging economic circumstances.
Option 3: Financial resources to be provided from developed country Parties to developing country Parties:

50

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a. Different sources to be considered on the basis of clear criteria in order to avoid incidence on developing
countries and ensure the sustainability, predictability and additionality of sources.
Option 4: Financial resources to be provided by developed country Parties to developing country Parties. Public
sources from developed country Parties’ direct budget contributions primarily, with supplementary funding to be
drawn from private / alternative sources in developed countries. Other financial sources in developed country
Parties to be considered on the basis of clear criteria in order to avoid incidence on developing country Parties andto ensure the sustainability, predictability and additionality of sources.
Option 5: The financial resources used for the implementation of this agreement shall be provided from public
sources in developed country Parties;
Public sources are the primary sources with other sources to be identified as complementary sources;
The operating entities of the Financial Mechanism and other funds under the Convention, in particular the GCF and
the Adaptation Fund, shall be replenished with sustainable resources to allow them to provide adequate support todeveloping countries;
Different sources to be considered on the basis of clear criteria in order to avoid incidence on developing countries
and ensure the sustainability, predictability and additionality of sources.
Option 6: Public sector financing from developed country Parties shall be the primary source of resources, withother sources to be considered supplementary.
Different sources to be considered on the basis of clear criteria in order to avoid incidence and ensure fiscal
sovereignty of developing countries, and ensure the sustainability, predictability and additionality or resources.][New subsection on reporting:][With regard to reporting:a. Parties to report on: support provided and mobilized, and methodologies ;utilized
b. Recipient Parties to report on: efforts to improve enabling environments, support received and estimatedresults of support receivedand domestic resources committed or allocate ;d.][Placeholder for proposal to include subsection on MRV of climate finance that should also include a specific reference
to a regular cycle of climate finance.]
Option II:6
79. [Developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex I, to provide new, additional and adequate climate
financing to assist developing country Parties in implementing their contributions and actions under the Convention
and this agreement; funding for such climate finance shall come primarily from public sources, including grantbased funds. Funding from private and/or other sources shall in no way diminish the obligation of developed
country Parties to provide financial assistance to developing country Parties in accordance with the terms of theConvention and this agreement. Funding from private and/or other sources shall be deemed to be entirely
supplemental to funding from public sources.]
80. [Such climate financing shall be in a manner that facilitates the provision of assistance to developing country
Parties for implementing their climate actions under the Convention and this agreement and that aims to achieve abalanced approach of at least a 50:50 allocation of financing for adaptation and mitigation to be achieved in thenear term, while recognizing the importance of financing for adaptation.]
81. [The financial mechanisms shall continue to provide financial support from developed country Parties to assist
developing country Parties in implementing the Convention and this agreement, and to establish windows of funds
among the financial mechanisms established under the Convention, including, inter alia:
i. The Adaptation Fund;ii. The Loss and Damage Fund;iii. The Least Developed Countries Fund;iv. Funds supporting the transfer of technology.]]

6

Proposed to replace the finance section contained in option I.

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Structural suggestions on section F:
Include paragraphs 116 to 124 as part of a decision.
Include paragraphs 82.1 and 82.2 as part of a decision.
Proposals to move provisions on MRV of support to the finance section.
Structural proposal to enhance the order and names of subsections as follows:
1. Guiding principles and objectives
2. Addressing the scale of resources
3. Commitments/contributions/actions
4. Sources of finance
5. Institutional arrangements.
G. [[Technology development and transfer][Long-term technology goal]
129.[A global goal of technology development and transfer shall be established, in order to meet the technology
requirements for achieving an emission pathway consistent with limiting the global average temperature increase to
below 2 °C or 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and considerably improving the adaptation capacity of developing
countries. Under this global technology goal, developed countries shall commit to conduct regular assessment ontechnologies that are ready for transfer, and make the list of ready-to-transfer technologies, and set target for
supporting the development and transfer of each technology to developing countries, and mobilize resources todeliver the support. The aggregate effect of the supported technology development and transfer shall be reviewed
with a view to achieving the 2 °C or 1.5 °C target and considerably improving the adaptation capacity of developing
countries.][General]130.[Option 1: All Parties to strengthen cooperative action to promote and enhance technology development andtransfer, including through the Technology Mechanism / institutional arrangements for technology establishedunder the Convention and through the Financial Mechanism, in order to support the implementation of mitigation
and adaptation commitments under this agreement;
Option 2: Parties, consistent with the principles and provisions of the Convention, including Article 4, paragraphs
1, 3 and 5, [and Article 11], / in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities, to strengthen
cooperative action to promote and enhance technology development and transfer and better facilitate theimplementation of the Convention, including through the Technology Mechanism / institutional arrangements fortechnology established under the Convention and through the Financial Mechanism [and the climate resilience andsustainable development mechanism] / by enhancing the provision of support by [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex Y ][all countries in a position to do so], in order to support the implementation of
mitigation and adaptation [commitments][actions] under this agreement;
Option 3: Parties, consistent with the principles and provisions of the Convention, including Article 4, paragraph 5,
reflecting the evolving economic realities, to strengthen cooperative action to promote and enhance technology
development and transfer, including through the Technology Mechanism / institutional arrangements fortechnology established under the Convention and through the Financial Mechanism.
Option 4: Developed country Parties, consistent with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular
Article 4, paragraphs 1, 3 and 5 and Article 11, shall promote and enhance access to environmentally soundtechnology and know-how for the implementation of the Convention, including through the Financial Mechanism.]131.[Placeholder: Framework for scaling up technology development and transfer.][Commitments]
132.[Option 1: Commitments in relation to technology development and transfer to include the following:
132.1. Option (a): [Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X]to undertake steps to address barriers toaccessing technology and to establish and strengthen their necessary policy frameworks to facilitate theremoval of barriers and enable and accelerate technology development and transfer to [developing country52

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Parties][Parties not included in annex X]; and to leverage enhanced support from the private sector fortechnology development and transfer to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X]; and toprovide financial, human resources, institutional and technical support for technology development andtransfer to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X].
Option (b): Developed country Parties to undertake steps to address barriers to accessing technology andknow-how and to establish and strengthen their necessary policy frameworks to facilitate the removal of
barriers and enable and accelerate technology development and transfer to developing country Parties; and topromote access to public sector technology and promote development and transfer to developing country
Parties; and to provide financial, human resources, institutional and technical support for technology
development and transfer to developing country Parties.
132.2. [Developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], with the support of [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex Y][all countries in a position to do so], to undertake steps to address
barriers [to equal access] to accessing technology and to establish and strengthen their national structures,
policy frameworks, institutions and capacity, in order to enable and accelerate the endogenous capacity forthe absorption, development and transfer of technologies in developing countries / endogenous technology
development and transfer, attract investments and enhance country ownership and innovation[, building on
traditional existing technologies already used by local communities, including women, on the basis of theirneeds and capacities to be able to build and develop their own technological base][including those stemmingfrom traditional knowledge systems of indigenous peoples and local communities].
132.3.Developed country Parties shall support the development and enhancement of endogenous capacities andtechnologies of developing country Parties.
132.4. Option (a) (chapeau): All Parties, in accordance with the principles of and obligations under the Convention,
to establish means to facilitate access to and the deployment of technology, while promoting and rewarding
innovation in adaptation and mitigation technologies / environmentally sound technologies [on the basis of
the strengthening of sustainable development trajectories and poverty eradication]:
Option (b) (chapeau): Developed country Parties, in accordance with the principles of and obligations under
the Convention, to establish means to promote access to and the deployment, application, diffusion, includingtransfer, of technologies, practices and processes while enhancing and rewarding innovation inenvironmentally sound technologies for adaptation and mitigation:
Option (c) (chapeau): All Parties, in accordance with the principles of and obligations under the Convention
to establish means to facilitate access to and the deployment of safe, appropriate and environmentally,
economically and socially sound technology, while promoting the following:
Option (i):a. In accordance with Article 4 of Convention, [developed country Parties][Parties included in annexY][all countries in a position to do so] to provide financial resources to address barriers caused byintellectual property rights (IPRs) and facilitate access to and the deployment of technology, includinginter alia, by utilizing the Financial Mechanism and/or the establishment of a funding window under
the GCF / the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism [and the climate resilience andsustainable development mechanism];b. An international mechanism on IPRs to be established to facilitate access to and the deployment oftechnology to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
c. Other arrangements to be established to address IPRs, such as collaborative research anddevelopment, shareware, commitments related to humanitarian or preferential licensing, fully paid-up
or joint licensing schemes, preferential rates and patent pools;
d. In accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, funds from the Green Climate
Fund will be utilized to meet the full costs of IPRs of environmentally sound technologies and knowhow and such technologies will be provided to developing country Parties free of cost in order toenhance their actions to address climate change and its adverse impacts.
Option (ii): Parties recognize that IPRs create an enabling environment for the promotion of technology
innovation in environmentally sound technologies;
Option (iii): IPRs are not to be addressed in this agreement;

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Option (iv): Developed country Parties to make available Intellectual Property (IP) through multilateral
institutions as public good, through purchase of IP.
132.5. Option (a) (chapeau): [Developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], with the support of[developed country Parties][Parties included in annex Y][all countries in a position to do so], to conduct anassessment of their technology needs, on the basis of national circumstances and priorities [and update thesame periodically], with a view to ensuring nationally determined and environmentally, economically andsocially sound resulting project proposals and to effectively implementing the outcomes of such anassessment supported by [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex Y][all countries in a position
to do so], in order to support the implementation of this agreement:
Option (b) (chapeau): Developed country Parties shall provide support to developing country Parties toimprove their capacities for conducting technology assessments, with a view to ensuring nationallydetermined and environmentally, economically and socially sound project proposals:
i. Parties to strengthen the process of technology needs assessment (TNAs) and enhance theimplementation of the outcomes of the TNA process;ii. Align TNAs more closely with bankable finance projects / Improve TNAs to result in implementableprojects;
iii. TNAs could be linked to other processes under the Convention, such as NAMAs and NAPs; TNAprocess should be elaborated to address developments arising from the operationalization of thisagreement.
132.6. Option (a) (chapeau): All Parties, enabled by [Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y] / led by[developed country Parties][Parties included in annex Y][all countries in a position to do so], to accelerate
global collaboration on the research, development [and][,] demonstration [and the scaling-up of theimplementation] of technologies:
Option (b) (chapeau): Global participative collaboration, enabled by developed country Parties, to accelerate
the research, development and demonstration of technologies:
a. Support, including financial and intellectual support, to accelerate the research, development anddemonstration of technologies, including endogenous technologies, to be provided by [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex Y][all countries in a position to do so] to [developing country
Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
b. Modalities for a global collaborative programme on the research, development and demonstration oftechnologies to be established, attracting and integrating relevant stakeholders.
c. Climate change related technologies may be prioritized and special modalities will be worked out underintellectual property rights and innovative modalities for a technology transfer mechanism will be put inplace for developing countries for intended nationally determined contributions or otherwise for
mitigation and adaptation.
d. Technology assessment to ensure civil society participation with a gender perspective, and integrate amultilateral, independent, participatory evaluation of technologies for their social, economic, andenvironmental impacts.
132.7.All Parties with a commitment under Article 4, paragraph 5, of the Convention shall prepare, maintain,
communicate and implement a component related to technology development and transfer to developing
countries, as well as to capacity-building, including, as appropriate, actions, policies and measures fortechnology development and transfer to developing countries and to promote capacity-building, with a view
to assisting the implementation of the nationally determined contributions of developing countries.
132.8.Developed country Parties shall cooperate with developing country Parties to enhance technology
development and transfer to enable developing country Parties to effectively implement their nationallydetermined contributions under the Convention and this agreement pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 7, of theConvention.
Option 2: No commitments on technology in the agreement.][Institutional arrangements]
133.[Institutional arrangements for technology development and transfer under the Convention shall support Parties in
implementing their commitments / contributions under this agreement:

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133.1. Anchoring:
Option 1: The Technology Mechanism established under the Convention, including the TEC and the Climate
Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), shall serve this agreement by facilitating enhanced action ontechnology development and transfer in order to achieve the objectives of this agreement;
Option 2: The institutional arrangements for technology established under the Convention shall serve thisagreement by facilitating enhanced action on technology development and transfer in order to achieve theobjectives of this agreement.
Option 3: The Technology Mechanism and any institutional arrangements for technology established under
the Convention, shall serve this agreement by facilitating enhanced action on technology development,
transfer and know-how in order to achieve the objectives of this agreement;
Option 4: The Technology Mechanism and any institutional arrangements for technology established under
the Convention, including the climate resilience and sustainable development mechanism, shall serve thisagreement by facilitating enhanced action on technology development, transfer and know-how in order toachieve the objectives of this agreement.
133.2. Guidance to and strengthening of the Technology Mechanism / institutional arrangements:
The governing body [may][shall] provide further guidance to [and/or strengthen the Technology
Mechanism/] [the] institutional arrangements for technology [development and transfer] established under
the Convention and serving this agreement, and the guidance provided by the governing body shall notconflict with the guidance provided by the COP.
Option 1: Specific provisions on strengthening:a. The TEC and the CTCN / Technology Mechanism of the Convention shall support the operationalizationand delivery of the commitments related to technology development and transfer in this agreement, under
the Convention:i. Include provisions on accounting;ii. Take into account the specific needs of [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] andcountries with special circumstances in Africa and the LDCs and SIDS;
iii. Promote needs-based development, access, management and control, emphasizing the mostmarginalized.
b.
Option (a): The Technology Mechanism shall enhance cooperation and synergy with other institutionalarrangements under and outside the Convention and stakeholders, as well as the coherence andeffectiveness of technology action and initiatives under the Convention:i. Establish linkages between the Technology Mechanism, the Financial Mechanism and capacitybuilding institutions;ii. The Poznan strategic programme on technology transfer to be linked to and/or guided by theTechnology Mechanism;iii. Provisions or measures related to other technology initiatives or regional centres;
iv. Enhance the role of the private sector to support the implementation of the Technology Mechanism;
v. Facilitate the role of public research and development, incentives for commercial research anddevelopment, the development of technologies and the reaching of economies of scale.
Option (b): The Technology Mechanism shall enhance cooperation and synergy with other institutionalarrangements under the Convention:i. Establish linkages between the Technology Mechanism, the Financial Mechanism and capacitybuilding institutions;ii. The Green Climate Fund, in operationalizing its adaptation and mitigation windows shall ensure
adequate financial resources for technology development and transfer and capacity-building for all
climate change actions;iii. Assessments of the effectiveness, adequacy and implementation of the institutional arrangements fortechnology development and transfer shall be conducted.

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c.
Option (a): The governing body shall conduct a periodic assessment of the effectiveness and adequacy of
the Technology Mechanism / institutional arrangements for technology development and transfer.
Option (b): An ad hoc review and monitoring mechanism shall be established and conduct a periodic
assessment of the effectiveness and adequacy of the Technology Mechanism / institutional arrangements
for technology development and transfer. The Technology Mechanism/institutional arrangements shallimprove their performance, and be mandated new functions as needed in accordance with the result of theassessment.
Option 2: No specific provisions on guidance to and/or strengthening of the Technology Mechanism in theagreement.]]
134.[New institutional arrangements or strengthened institutional arrangements may be needed to serve this agreement.]
Structural suggestions on section G:
Include paragraph 133.2 (Option 1) in a decision.
Bring the content of section G in a section covering sections F (Finance), G (Technology development and transfer)and H (Capacity-building).
H. [[Capacity-building][General][Option 1:
135.[The objective of capacity-building should be to enable [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex
X][all Parties] to identify, design and implement adaptation and mitigation actions and [to enable domestic
development and absorption of technologies][to enhance the capacities of national governments to be able to absorb
technology and finance for the implementation of the Convention.]]136.[Capacity-building to be guided by the following:a. The principles and provisions of the Convention;b. The framework for capacity-building in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X]
established by decision 2/CP.7;
c. A formal, structured, clear, predictable, effective, coordinated, [demand-driven][country-driven],sustainable and long-term and gender-responsive way;d. An effective, coordinated, continuous, progressive and iterative process that is participatory, countrydriven and gender-responsive with a long-term vision for sustainable development;e. [Clear and predictable targets and outcomes];f. Responding to national needs and fostering country ownership [including at the national, subnational andlocal levels]:i. Building on existing provisions and lessons learned on capacity-building under the Convention;ii. [Using the INDC preparation and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) processes;][Establishing the INDC preparation and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of capacitybuilding support against needs identified by Parties, such that capacity is not a barrier toimplementation beyond 2020];
iii. To develop national capacity with regard to international MRV requirements;
iv. Supporting preparatory and readiness programmes, including [on climate finance][ through the
Financial Mechanism];v. [Until [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] have acquired the capacity to
fully implement climate change actions under the Convention [developing countries][Parties notincluded in annex X] will enhance their climate change actions in accordance with the means of
implementation provided by [Annex I Parties][annex X Parties] and [Annex II Parties][annex Y
Parties][all countries in a position to do so] under the Convention];

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g. [Responding to needs at the national, subnational and local levels] [Developing countries will enhancetheir climate change actions subject to the means of implementation provided by developed country
Parties under the Convention:]h. [Developing countries will enhance their climate change actions subject to the provision of additionalsustainable and predictable means of implementation provided by developed country Parties under theConvention through the appropriate mechanisms including the climate resilience and sustainable
development mechanism:]
Option (a): Taking into account the potential role of the private sector in supporting capacity-building andthe need for enhanced coordination among donors and institutions;
Option (b): Public sector bears the main responsibility [for the provision of funding], and private funding
should only be complementary;
Option (c): No provision necessary.
i. Ensuring that capacity-building is effective, [demand-driven][country-driven] and sustainable over thelong term.]
137.[Capacity-building to be enhanced through:a. [The development of climate policies;]b. [The mobilization of private sector capital and public engagement;]c. The promotion of public awareness and education;
d. [The strengthening of domestic institutions and the creation of enabling environments;]
e. Integrating capacity-building activities [into mitigation and adaptation programmes][into all otherelements];
f. The strengthening of traditional knowledge systems for adaptation including those of indigenous peoples
and local communities.]
Option 2: No general provisions on capacity-building.][Commitments]
138.[Option 1: [The [developed country Parties] [Parties] [Annex I Parties] [Parties included in annex X] and otherParties in a position to do so] [All countries in a position to do so] [should][shall] cooperate to enhance the capacityof [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] to support the implementation of their [contributions
under the agreement][climate change actions] on the basis of the principles and provisions of the Convention [andother Parties in a position to do so to cooperate to enhance the capacity of [developing country Parties][Parties notincluded in annex X] in all areas of climate change action, to support the implementation of their[commitments][contributions] under this agreement and to foster South–South and triangular cooperation schemes];
Option 2: No commitments on capacity-building in the agreement.
Option 3: Developed country Parties shall enhance the capacity of developing country Parties to support theimplementation of their nationally determined contributions under this agreement on the basis of the principles andprovisions of the Convention. Such enhancement of capacity may provide important and relevant guidance todeveloping country Parties, but shall not interfere with the nature, scope or substance of developing country Parties’
nationally determined contributions.
Option 4: Developed country Parties should provide support to developing countries for the implementation of
capacity-building initiatives.][Institutional arrangements]
139.[The institutional arrangements [established under the Convention] [and operating entities of the Financial
Mechanism of the Convention, as well as intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations] shall enhanceand intensify their work on capacity-building:139.1. The Durban Forum on capacity-building established by decision 2/CP.17 / the institutional arrangements on
capacity-building established under the Convention shall serve this agreement by:a. Enhancing the monitoring and review of the effectiveness of capacity-building [by sharing experiences,
best practices and lessons learned regarding the implementation of capacity-building activities];57

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b. Identifying and addressing capacity gaps in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X];
c. Enhancing the coordination between institutions established under the Convention and this agreement as
it relates to their work and mandates on capacity-building:i. The governing body may provide further guidance to the Durban Forum and assign specific functions,as appropriate;
ii. The governing body shall periodically review the commitments of [developed country Parties][annex
Y Parties][all countries in a position to do so] to provide capacity-building support to [developing
country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] and take appropriate action, which may include theadjustment of such commitments in accordance with the identified national needs and priorities of the[developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
iii. The governing body shall regularly review the outcomes of the Durban Forum and take appropriate
action.]140.[Option 1: [Building on previous and ongoing work and lessons learned from current institutional arrangements on
capacity-building established under the Convention, including the Durban Forum on capacity-building,] [An][an]international capacity-building mechanism is hereby established:
140.1. The purpose of the international capacity-building mechanism under this agreement, funded through the
Financial Mechanism of the Convention and linked to technology- and adaptation-related institutions
established under the Convention, shall be to enhance the capacity of [developing country Parties][Parties notincluded in annex X] to plan and implement mitigation and adaptation actions, including human skills
development for the strengthening of domestic institutions, technology innovation and the development ofendogenous technologies, and to make a structured assessment of the capacity needs of [developing
countries][Parties not included in annex X] and match them with support;
140.2. Option (a): The international capacity-building mechanism shall comprise:a. A capacity-building committee with the following functions:i. MRV of support received for capacity-building against needs identified by [developing country
Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
ii. Facilitation of the effective implementation of capacity-building interventions at the national andregional levels;
iii. Provision of normative guidance on capacity-building related issues concerning this agreement to
inform other institutions and mechanisms established under the Convention serving this agreement;
iv. Promotion of coherence between relevant institutions and mechanisms established under theConvention and this agreement;
v. Facilitation for developing country Parties of elaborating plans and strategies for achieving climate
resilience and sustainable development trajectories in accordance with their national priorities andlegislation.
b. An evaluation mechanism with the function:i. To assess the effectiveness of the delivery of capacity-building.
c. Regional capacity-building centres:i. To facilitate building capacity at the national and regional levels.
d. An institute for capacity-building to operate as a consortium of tertiary institutions in all major regions of
the world:
i. To build capacity in [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] as a means ofstrengthening the ability and effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation actions.
Option (b): The international capacity-building mechanism shall comprise:a. A capacity-building coordination centre.
The centre’s mission will be to stimulate/foster cooperation on capacity-building and to enhance andsupport capacity-building. In addition, the centre will assist developing countries in areas of capacitybuilding in accordance with their respective capabilities and national circumstances and priorities.
The centre will have the following functions:58

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Compilation of information, from relevant sources, including from the comprehensive review and theoutcomes of the Durban Forum on capacity-building;ii. Analysis of information pertaining to capacity-building to identify, inter alia, gaps and needs andother relevant trends;
iii. Development and dissemination of tools and methodologies for the enhanced delivery of capacitybuilding;iv. Development of tools for MRV of capacity-building;v. Matching of identified capacity needs with possible sources of capacity-building support fromgovernments, the private sector, intergovernmental organizations, academic institutions and nongovernmental organizations;vi. Close collaboration with other relevant bodies and processes under the Convention, including, but notlimited to, the CTCN and the Adaptation Committee;
vii. Close collaboration with other intergovernmental organizations involved in capacity-building.
b. An advisory body of the centre.
The advisory body of the centre shall give guidance to the centre on how to prioritize and address
requests from developing countries and, in general, shall monitor, assess and evaluate the performance ofthe centre.
c. A network of regional centres, academic institutions, private and public sector bodies and NGOsinterested and involved in climate change capacity-building.
Option (c): The international capacity-building mechanism shall, inter alia:i. Assess support received for capacity-building against needs identified by developing country Parties;
ii. Facilitate the effective implementation of capacity-building actions at the national and regional levels;
iii. Promote coherence between existing institutions and mechanisms established under the Convention
and this mechanism;
iv. Assess the effectiveness of the delivery of capacity-building support;
v. Facilitate building capacity at the national and regional levels.
140.3. The governing body shall adopt modalities and procedures for the operation of the international capacitybuilding mechanism. The international capacity-building mechanism should become operational as soon as
possible after 2015 [to prepare all countries for the implementation of this agreement by 2020].
i.

Option 2: No provisions on the establishment of new institutions.
Option 3: Strengthening and improving existing institutions.
Option 4: Enhance the role of the private sector in the delivery of capacity-building.] ]Structural suggestions on section H:
Include references to capacity-building in all other sections.
Include preambular recital on capacity-building and details in decisions.
Include paragraph 139 in a decision.
I.

[[Transparency of action and support][General]141.[Option 1: A transparency framework, applicable to all Parties and differentiated between [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex X] and [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], under theConvention and in accordance with previous decisions of the COP, shall promote transparency of action andsupport by providing information on the implementation of each Party’s commitments / contributions in an efficientand flexible manner, in order to:a. Enhance clarity, comparability among [developed countries][Parties included in annex X], accountability
and mutual trust and promote ambition / progressive enhancement;

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b. Facilitate the tracking of progress in the implementation of commitments / contributions;c. Provide the clearest possible understanding of aggregate emissions relative to emission pathways
consistent with limiting the global average temperature increase to below 2 °C or 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels;
d. Ensure that commitments / actions and provision of support by [Annex II Parties][Parties included inannex Y][all countries in a position to do so] are implemented and complied with and verified through arobust verification system, and facilitate the comparison of MRV of all types of support received with theneeds expressed and identified by [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
e. Facilitate / Ensure the use of mitigation outcomes resulting from international / national market-based
mechanisms in the accounting of each Party’s commitments / contributions;f. Avoid double counting;g. Ensure the environmental integrity of this agreement;
h. Enhance transparency and accountability on finance, technology and capacity-building support provided
by developed country Parties to developing country Parties through robust accounting rules and an MRV
system.
Option 2: A [single] / common transparency framework, applicable to all Parties, [taking into account theircommon but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national
circumstances and recognizing that Parties shall progressively enhance the level of transparency such that it isstrengthened and more robust relative to the level currently existing under the Convention,] shall promotetransparency of action and support by providing information on the implementation of each Party’s commitments /contributions in an efficient and flexible manner, [recognizing that Parties with the least capacity may needadditional support to do so,] in order to:a. Enhance clarity, comparability, accountability and mutual trust, and promote ambition;b. Facilitate the tracking of progress in the implementation of commitments / contributions;c. Provide the clearest possible understanding of aggregate emissions relative to emission pathways
consistent with limiting the global average temperature increase to below 2 °C or 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels;
d. Promote the implementation of action and support, and ensure that efforts are verified through a robust
verification system;e. Facilitate the use of mitigation outcomes resulting from international market-based mechanisms in theaccounting of each Party’s commitments / contributions;f. Avoid double counting;g. Ensure the environmental integrity of this agreement;h. Provide the necessary flexibility to Parties through the use of tiers or ‘opt-out’ provisions;i. Enhance transparency and accountability on finance, technology and capacity-building support provided
by developed country Parties to developing country Parties through robust accounting rules and an MRV
system.
Option 3: All Parties shall promote the transparency of action and support by providing information on theimplementation of each Party’s commitments under the Convention, taking into account their common but
differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives andcircumstances, in order to:a. Ensure the comparability and accountability of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction targetsof [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] in a measurable, reportable and verifiable
manner;b. Facilitate the clarity of progress made by Parties that include an adaptation component in their nationallydetermined contributions;c. Ensure that support-related commitments of [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X]
are implemented, complied with and verified through a robust accounting, reporting and verification
system;60

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d. Facilitate the clarity of progress made by [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X]
on their implementation of actions for addressing climate change and on the support received from[[developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X]][all countries in a position to do so];e. Enhance transparency and accountability on finance, technology and capacity-building support provided
by developed country Parties to developing country Parties through robust accounting rules and an MRV
system.
Option 4: A transparency framework applicable to developed country Parties under the Convention, in accordancewith previous decisions of the COP, shall promote transparency of action and support by providing information on
the implementation of developed country Parties’ commitments / contributions in an efficient and flexible manner,in order to:a. Enhance clarity, comparability among developed countries, accountability and mutual trust and promoteambition / progressive enhancement;
b. Facilitate the tracking of progress in the implementation of commitments;c. Continue and further strengthen the mandate of the Standing Committee on Finance in relation to the
MRV of support and ensure that commitments and the provision of support by developed country Parties
are implemented and complied with and verified through a robust verification system, and facilitate thecomparison of the MRV of all types of support provided with the needs expressed and identified bydeveloping country Parties;
d. Avoid double counting of financial support provided by developed country Parties to developing country
Parties;e. Ensure that developing country Parties’ support-related commitments are implemented and verified
through a robust accounting, reporting and verification system.]
142.[Each Party shall establish and maintain national arrangements for monitoring, reporting and verification under thetransparency framework in accordance with common guidelines that reflect national circumstances.]
143.[Option 1: The transparency framework shall encompass MRV of emissions and removals[, support fromdeveloped country Parties to developing country Parties] and the accounting of commitments / contributions,
including those related to support, and shall be based on agreed rules / be based on existing MRV arrangements
under the Convention and / be guided by the following:
Option (a):a. Article 12 of the Convention;b. Taking into account the differing national circumstances / common but differentiated responsibilities / theunique circumstances / and respective capabilities of Parties;c. Accommodating different contributions and countries’ differing capacities; and/or providing fordifferentiation in reporting and the common international review of reports;
d. Avoiding imposing onerous burdens on poor and vulnerable countries or [developing countries][Parties
not included in annex X] and, in particular, the LDCs and SIDS, with respect to support received foradaptation, capacity-building and access to and adoption of appropriate technologies;
e. Recognizing that the transparency framework will evolve, building on existing decisions / experience
with existing MRV arrangements;
f. Tracking post-2020 commitments;
g. Ensuring transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency;
h. [Maintaining or improving levels of transparency over time][Maintaining or improving the scope,frequency, recency and level of detail of Parties’ reporting and inventories, with the fulfilment ofcommitments under Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Convention];i. Building countries’ capacities over time and institutionalizing reporting capacity;j. Minimizing the burden on Parties, the secretariat and the review system;k. The principles of Article 3 of the Convention;l. Be based on, and enhance and improve, the existing transparency framework under the Convention and
its Kyoto Protocol;

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m. Building developing country Parties’ MRV capacity through a continuous and systematic funding basis;n. Avoiding imposing disproportionate/excessive burdens on small State Parties with limited administrative
capacities/resources.
Option (b):a. The principles and provisions of the Convention;b. Taking into account Parties’ common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national andregional development priorities, objectives and circumstances;c. Consistent with the level of support provided for [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X];
d. Recognizing that the transparency framework will evolve, building on existing decisions;e. Maintaining or improving the scope, frequency, recency and level of detail of Parties’ reporting andinventories, with the fulfilment of commitments under Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Convention;
f. Avoiding imposing disproportionate/excessive burdens on small States Parties with limited administrative
capacities/resources;g. The principles of Article 3 of the Convention;h. Be based on, and enhance and improve, the existing transparency framework under the Convention and
its Kyoto Protocol;
i. Building developing country Parties’ MRV capacity through a continuous and systematic funding base;
Option 2: The transparency framework shall encompass reporting through biennial communications, a technicalexpert review of the submitted biennial communications and a facilitative examination of the implementation ofefforts, and shall be based on agreed rules. [Where the expert review identifies that methodologies adopted by thegoverning body for the estimation of emissions and removals have not been used appropriately by a Party,
appropriate technical corrections shall be calculated by the expert review.]
Option 3: The transparency framework shall encompass ongoing mechanisms on MRV under the Convention, inparticular those related to support, of emissions and removals, and the accounting of commitments / contributions,
including those related to support, and shall be based on agreed rules for developed countries and / be based on
existing MRV arrangements under the Convention and previous COP decisions for developing countries and / beguided by:a. The principles and provisions of the Convention;b. Taking into account Parties’ common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national andregional development priorities, objectives and circumstances;c. Avoiding imposing onerous burdens on particularly vulnerable developing country Parties, including the
LDCs and SIDS, with respect to support received for adaptation, capacity-building, access to anddevelopment and transfer of environmentally sound technologies;
d. Consistent with the level of support provided for developing countries;
e. Recognizing that the transparency framework will evolve, building on existing decisions.]
144.[Parties that include an adaptation component in their nationally determined contributions under paragraph 52
above may access international consultative assistance as follows:a. Parties referred to in paragraph 52(a) and (c) above that require adaptation in order to support theirsustainable development and that require international assistance in the implementation of theiradaptation contributions, respectively, may, on a voluntary basis, include in their national
communications and biennial update reports information related to the progress of the implementation of
their adaptation contributions;b. Parties referred to in paragraph 52(b) above that are capable of implementing adaptation actions beyond
those currently undertaken, may, on a voluntary basis, submit an action plan on how they intend to
implement their adaptation contributions and have the secretariat maintain a list of these action plans ofParties in an information document that is made available online.]
145.[The transparency framework shall be:
Option 1: Built on the existing MRV arrangements under the Convention:

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a. [[Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X]] [[Developed country Parties][Parties included
in annex X] and other Parties undertaking quantified emission reduction commitments] should report
information related to their actions and provision of support to [developing countries][Parties notincluded in annex X] in accordance with the provisions of the Convention and relevant decisions of the
COP in their national communications, biennial reports and annual inventory reports. All of that
information will be subject to the international assessment and review (IAR) and an international expert
team review, as well as to a compliance assessment for Annex I Parties that are also Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol;b. [[Developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] / Parties not taking on quantified emission
reduction commitments], in accordance with their obligations under the Convention, their capabilities andthe level of support received from [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X][all countries
in a position to do so], should report information on their actions and support received in accordance withthe relevant decisions of the COP in their national communications and biennial update reports (BURs),
and the BURs will be subject to international consultation and analysis (ICA).
Option 2: A common framework with common MRV provisions applicable to all Parties, built on the [experienceswith the] existing MRV system that is fit for the purpose and [offers appropriate flexibility [for the LDCs and thesmallest countries with minimal emissions]] [offers flexibility for [developing country Parties][Parties not included
in annex X]] in terms of the level and depth of the application of the common MRV provisions in relation to:a. The frequency of reporting;b. The broad categories of information to be reported, namely:i. National inventories of emissions and removals;
ii. Progress made towards the achievement of mitigation commitments / contributions;iii. [Monitoring and evaluation of adaptation][Information on vulnerability to climate change impacts, on
policy frameworks and on the progress of implementation addressing it, such as national adaptation
programmes, plans and policies for developing and implementing adaptation strategies andactions/measures];iv. Tracking the delivery of, and the outcomes achieved through, support.
c. The consideration of reporting:i. Expert review;
ii. A facilitative, multilateral process.
Option 3: A single system with common MRV provisions applicable to all Parties from 2020 on;
Option 4: Based on Articles 10, paragraph 2(a) and (b), and 12, paragraphs 1–3, of the Convention:a. Enhanced procedures for comparability for [Annex I Parties][Parties included in annex X];
i. More frequent reporting, standardized format, common accounting framework with a common baseyear and expressed in terms of CO2 eq, with projections of emission trajectories / pathways.
b. Current procedures set up under decisions 1/CP.16 and 2/CP.17 for [non-Annex I Parties][Parties notincluded in annex X];
c. Enhanced common and rigorous MRV and accounting of support from developed country Parties todeveloping country Parties on finance, technology transfer and capacity-building.
Option 5: All Parties shall, on the basis of self-differentiation and national capacity, report information throughexisting institutions, with no backsliding, and follow the procedural guidelines and provisions provided in thefollowing review methods based on the following tiers:a. Monitoring, review and verification under the Convention;b. Monitoring, review and verification under the Cancun Agreements;c. Monitoring, review and verification under the Kyoto Protocol.
Option 6: A common framework with common MRV provisions, applicable to all Parties, building on the existing
MRV system and adapted to different commitment types shall include the reporting of:a. A consistent time series of national inventories of emissions and removals;

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b. Progress made towards the achievement of mitigation commitments/contributions, including specificinformation related to the type of mitigation commitment adopted by the Party and how this progress is
consistent with the Party’s long-term strategy for a low GHG economy;c. Progress towards achieving climate-resilient sustainable development;
d. Progress made in relation to the provision of support;
e. Progress towards improving enabling environments and mainstreaming efforts for transformation to a low
GHG economy and to climate-resilient investments.
Common guidelines taking into account evolving respective capabilities and different national circumstances related
to reporting of information shall be developed by the governing body.
Option 7: The transparency framework shall be as follows:a. Developed country Parties report information related to their actions and provision of support todeveloping countries in accordance with the provisions of the Convention and relevant decisions of the
COP in their national communications, biennial reports and annual inventory reports. All of that
information will be subject to the international assessment and review (IAR) and an international expert
team review, as well as to a compliance assessment for Annex I Parties that are also Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol;b. Developing country Parties, in accordance with their obligations under the Convention, their capabilities
and the level of support received from developed country Parties, report information on their actions andsupport received in accordance with the relevant decisions of the COP in their national communications
and biennial update reports (BURs), and the BURs will be subject to international consultation andanalysis (ICA).]
146.[Developing country Parties should implement the MRV arrangements under this agreement, in accordance with
Article 12 of the Convention and under any further decisions by the Conference of the Parties, taking into accountthe prompt provision of financial resources to cover the agreed full costs incurred by developed country Parties.]
147.[New institutional arrangements or strengthened institutional arrangements may be needed to serve this agreement.][Commitments]
148.[Option 1: Each Party to provide, through their biennial communications, verifiable, transparent, consistent,
complete, accurate and comparable information, in accordance with previous decisions of the COP, on theimplementation of its commitments / contributions / actions, including in relation to mitigation, adaptation, finance,technology development and transfer and capacity-building.
Option 2: All Parties commit to participating in an agreed, unified transparency system and to continuously
improving transparency.
Option 3:
148.1. Each [developed country Party][Party included in annex X] shall provide information on: its quantified
economy-wide emission reduction target, its policies and actions for implementing that target, adaptation
actions, research, development and demonstration actions related to climate-friendly technologies and [theprovision of financial resources and development and transfer of technology and] capacity-building actions,as well as other relevant information, in order to ensure the provision of consistent, transparent, comparable,
accurate and complete information by [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X].
148.2. Each developed country Party shall provide information on: its quantified economy-wide emission reduction
target, its policies and actions for implementing that target, adaptation actions, research, development anddemonstration actions related to climate-friendly technologies and capacity-building actions, as well as otherrelevant information, in order to ensure the provision of consistent, transparent, comparable, accurate andcomplete information by developed country Parties.
148.3. Each developed country Party shall also provide information on the provision of support in the form offinance, technology transfer and capacity-building to developing country Parties using common accounting
and reporting methodologies and adhering to UNFCCC accounting and reporting guidelines to ensure theinformation is consistent, transparent, comparable, accurate and complete.
148.4. All information provided by developed country Parties shall be verified through a robust technical review
process followed by a multilateral assessment process, and result in a conclusion with consequences forcompliance.

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148.5. Each developing country Party should provide information on its actions for addressing climate change
consistent with the level of support received. Developing country Parties are encouraged to communicate
information, as appropriate, in a consistent, transparent, complete and accurate manner, taking into accounttheir specific national and domestic circumstances.
148.6. The information provided by developing country Parties through BURs will be subject to a technical analysis
followed by a facilitative sharing of views among Parties in a manner that is non-intrusive, non-punitive andrespectful of national sovereignty.]
149.[When communicating their contributions, Parties to provide up-front information, along with their proposedcommitments/contributions/actions, in a manner that facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of thosecommitments/contributions/actions, in accordance with the relevant decisions of the governing body of thisagreement.]
150.[All Parties shall use common methodologies and metrics agreed by the IPCC and adopted by the governing bodyto determine their greenhouse gas emissions and removals.]151.[[All Parties][Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y][All countries in a position to do so][Parties] inaccordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities, to ensure transparency of support:
a. MRV of support provided to be enhanced on the basis of national communications, biennial reports, IAR
and Kyoto Protocol rules using common but differentiated templates and drawing on the work of the
SBSTA on methodologies for the reporting of financial information by Annex I Parties;
b. [Developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] to provide information on support received andits use, recognizing the special circumstances of countries, ensuring that no additional reporting burdens
are imposed on [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X];
c. [Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y][All countries in a position to do so] and Parties in aposition to do so to provide biennial reports on adaptation support, indicating the level of support thatthey are providing to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], in particular the
LDCs, SIDS and countries in Africa, so as to inform a regular review by the governing body in line with
science;d. International financial institutions are invited to provide information on how their development assistancefinance incorporates ‘climate proofing’ measures in all forms of support;
e. Each Party to provide information on support provided and received, in line with its national
circumstances;f. The level of financial support provided by developed country Parties for the purchase of intellectual
property rights for developing country Parties to access environmentally sound technologies and thus
enhance their action to tackle climate change.][Rules and modalities]
152.[Option 1: The governing body shall elaborate the rules related to transparency of action and support, including
MRV, as well as related to accounting, in particular the rules on the use of market mechanisms, and to the land
sector in relation to mitigation commitments / contributions, which:a. After gathering experience with the agreed transparency system and assessing whether improvement isneeded, adjust / enhance / ensure the development of the existing MRV arrangements and accounting
rules, building on the experience of existing MRV arrangements, to fit the objectives and purposes of theagreement;b. Ensure harmonization and coordination of existing data systems as well as methodological consistency
and commonality in defining and tracking the commitments / contributions;c. Option (a): Apply IPCC greenhouse gas inventory guidelines and common metrics agreed under theConvention;
Option (b): Use common metrics and methodologies adopted by the IPCC and agreed by the COP for theestimation of GHG emissions and removals;
d. Use common guidelines related to reference levels elaborating the modalities of how methodologicalconsistency should be ensured and under which circumstances changes to reference levels may occur;

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e. Use common guidelines on national MRV arrangements taking into account the respective capabilities
and different national circumstances of Parties;
f. Recognize the importance of greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting fromland-use change and forestry activities for understanding mitigation contributions and progress inachieving targets, commitments and implementing actions;g. Option (a): Recognize the use of market mechanisms in relation to mitigation commitments /contributions;
Option (b): Recognize the use of the mechanisms defined in Articles 6 and 12 of the Kyoto Protocol andmechanisms defined in the Convention in relation to mitigation commitments.
Recognize the use of market activities in relation to mitigation commitments if they meet standards, to be
defined, that deliver real, permanent, additional and verified mitigation outcomes, avoid double
accounting of effort, achieve a net decrease and/or avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions and are inconformity with these standards;
h. Elaborate when Parties may change their baselines and related accounting approaches or methodologies;
i. Recognize the importance of accounting of support for adaptation and means of implementation;j. Use comparable accounting mechanisms for support on the basis of common templates / methodologies
and common methodology for MRV for [developed countries][Parties included in annex X] / [Annex II
Parties][Parties included in annex Y][all countries in a position to do so];k. Place greater emphasis on effectiveness of support and include better provisions for reporting on the useof international support and results achieved with support;
l. With respect to the provision and receipt of finance:
i. Include / enhance information, in accordance with previous decisions of the COP, on support provided
and received, including on: delivery, use and impact, sources, scale, channels, instruments, and on
South–South cooperation;
ii. Provide transparency on the levels of financing, on what financing is used for, which countries are
benefiting, and whether funds are new and additional and outcomes achieved through: Option (i): Accounting rules for: mitigation and adaptation actions and for financial support, as
well as public and private resources invested; Option (ii): Accounting rules for [Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y][all countries in aposition to do so] with regard to support.
iii. Be enhanced on the basis of annual reporting on delivery of climate finance by [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex X];
iv. Address the need for a common agreed definition of climate finance and inconsistencies on climate
finance data: Providing clarity on what type is most appropriate for what action;
 Building on the work done by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Research Collaborative and the SCF on methods for measuring and tracking private climate
finance / Building on the work of the SBSTA;
As outlined in the MRV proposal from Ecuador. 7
m. With respect to the monitoring and reporting of support from [[developed country Parties][Parties
included in annex X]] [Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y][all countries in a position to do so]
to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] on enhanced action on technology
development and transfer:i. Overseen by the TEC / Facilitated by the TEC / Technology Mechanism;
ii. Develop common format and methodologies for technology support reporting.
n. With respect to the effectiveness of capacity-building support:
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On the basis of the impact and knowledge created in [developing country Parties][Parties not included
in annex X] against performance indicators at the national level and/or by a committee on capacitybuilding;ii. Be conducted against needs identified by developing country Parties;iii. Include an assessment of the effectiveness of capacity-building activities on the basis of performanceindicators at the international level;
iv. Supported by the Durban Forum on capacity-building and the Consultative Group of Experts on
National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention.
Option 2: The governing body shall elaborate the rules related to transparency of action and support, including
MRV and accounting, which:a. Develop methodologies on the accounting of support on finance, technology development and transfer
and capacity-building provided by [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X][all countries
in a position to do so] to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], includingcommon metrics on climate finance and quantifiable progress indicators on technology transfer andcapacity-building support provided by [developed countries][Parties included in annex X][all countries ina position to do so];b. Revise and improve [and further elaborate] the common reporting format for reporting on financial
support available and provided by [developed countries][Parties included in annex X][all countries in aposition to do so] to developing countries;c. Develop a common reporting format for reporting on the support for technology development and transfer
and capacity-building provided by [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X][all countries
in a position to do so] to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
d. Revise the modalities and procedures of IAR in order to strengthen the review of the progress inprovision of financial, technological and capacity-building support by [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X][all countries in a position to do so] to [developing country Parties][Parties
not included in annex X];
e. Establish a long-term finance channel under the GCF or the Global Environment Facility to build MRV
capacity of [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] on a continuous basis.
f. A mechanism for the measurement, reporting and verification of support from developed country Parties
to developing country Parties shall be established. The objective of this mechanism shall be to address theneed for the accurate accounting of the provision of funds from developed country Parties to developing
country Parties in order to assess compliance with finance obligations for mitigation, adaptation,technology transfer and capacity-building, with a view to ensuring the robustness and transparency of the
Financial Mechanism of the Convention. This mechanism shall be guided by the following:i. Measurement shall address those funds exclusively aimed at enabling and supporting enhanced action
on mitigation, adaptation, technology development and transfer, report drafting, and capacity-buildingof developing country Parties, from public, private, bilateral, multilateral and alternative sources;ii. In the case of funds provided for multiple purposes, only the share provided solely for climate change
shall be counted towards climate change finance;iii. Mobilization of funds through leverage and/or official development aid shall be considered
complementary and will not be counted as a part of climate finance;
iv. Mobilization of funds in developed countries for administrative purposes that is indirectly related tothe provision of climate change funds to developing countries will not be considered climate finance;
v. A Financial Support Registry shall be established and will be universally accessible in order to ensure
inclusiveness and transparency for all Parties;
vi. The origin, intermediaries and characteristics of funds, including funds from private, public, bilateral,
multilateral and alternative sources, technology transfer and capacity-building, shall be reported byParties to the COP through Annex I national communications, additional information submitted fromdeveloped and developing countries, including through their national communications, and the annual
reports of the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism, among others;i.

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vii. Reporting of climate-related support must follow a common, internationally agreed format and be

approved by the COP in order to allow for comparability, assessment and analysis by the Standing
Committee on Finance and by all non-Annex I and Annex I Parties. The format must include
information on funded actions, amount effectively disbursed against obligations under theConvention, amount of new and additional funds, sector, financial channels, time frame andinstruments (including, inter alia, grants, concessional loans and capital);viii. The source and character of funds shall allow for traceability on the part of non-Annex I Parties;
ix. Developing country Parties that receive funding shall be able to certify the funds received and reporton the effective use of funds.
Option 3: The governing body shall elaborate the guidelines related to transparency of action and support, by:a. Tailoring the post-2020 transparency arrangements to promote its objective;
b. Developing guidelines for biennial communications regarding;c. National circumstances:i. The national inventory report of emissions and removals;
ii. A description of nationally determined contribution;iii. Progress in achievement of the NDC, including mitigation actions and their effects, estimates ofemissions from the land sector, and the use of units from international market-based mechanisms;
iv. Projections;v. Provision of support, including on the provision of finance, technology transfer and capacity-building;vi. Progress in assessing climate risks and vulnerabilities, and in enhancing adaptation action, including
through national adaptation planning processes.
d. Using common reporting templates wherever applicable and beneficial for enhancing transparency;
e. Parties may exclude, or otherwise manage, the effect of non-anthropogenic factors.
f. Elaborating on the following:i. Parties to include all major emission sources and sinks, pools and gases in their contribution;
ii. For major sources and sinks, pools and gases that are not included, Parties to include an explanation
for their exclusion, and to strive to include these over time;iii. Parties to use the most relevant IPCC guidance and guidelines, as determined by the COP;
iv. Parties not to change their accounting approach or methodologies or baseline during the time frame,
except in the case of technical corrections;v. Parties to have projected baselines transparently assessed;
vi. Parties that use market-based approaches to meet standards that deliver real, additional, verifiable andpermanent emission reductions, avoid double counting of effort and result in a net mitigation benefit;
vii. Once a gas, sector, category, activity, area of land or pool is accounted towards a commitment, it shallcontinue to be accounted for in the future;viii. Parties shall define transparently the methodologies, rules and assumptions used to frame theircommitments, in particular those used to calculate the ‘business as usual’ projections and work
towards common methodologies and rules over time;ix. Parties should be allowed to make corrections to their reference levels if they were higher than what
occurred, to ensure that sink credits are only earned for climate performance directly related toanthropogenic measures and not to unexpected macroeconomic circumstances.
g. Recognizing the importance of greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting
from land-use change and forestry activities;
h. Developing guidelines to assist Parties in assessing national climate change impacts, vulnerability andadaptation options;i. Developing guidelines for the technical expert review of Parties’ biennial communications;j. Developing guidelines for a facilitative examination of Parties’ progress towards their nationallydetermined contributions;68

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k. With respect to the provision and receipt of support and international cooperation, develop guidelines
that:i. Elicit information on support provided and received, including on: delivery, use and impact, sources,
scale, channels, and instruments;
ii. Provide transparency on the levels of financing, what financing is used for, which countries are
benefiting, and whether funds are new and additional;iii. Place greater emphasis on effectiveness of support and reporting on the use of international supportand results achieved with support;
iv. Recognize that a variety of types may be appropriate;v. Consider the ongoing work under the SCF and the work of relevant bodies outside the Convention.
Option 4: No new arrangements for elaborating guidelines related to transparency of action and support and MRV
for market measures within this agreement.
Option 5: The establishment and implementation of mitigation commitments shall be guided by the following
accounting rules, applicable to all Parties:
a. Parties shall account for all their significant anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks ofgreenhouse gases and the accounting shall be increasingly comprehensive over time;b. Once a gas, sector, category, activity, area of land or pool is accounted towards a commitment, it shallcontinue to be accounted for in the future;c. Parties shall define and report the methodologies, rules and assumptions used to frame theircommitments, in particular those used to calculate ‘business as usual’ projections and work towards
common methodologies and rules over time;d. Parties shall ensure methodological consistency between baselines and ‘business as usual’ projections andthe emission estimation used during the implementation of the commitments.
The following accounting principles shall apply for the land-use sector:
a. Parties shall include both anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks for any land-use
category or activity included in its commitment;b. Accounting of land-use shall use carbon stock changes over time and exclude carbon stocks, and enable
the impact of natural disturbances to be addressed;
c. Parties shall base their accounting for the land-use sector on realistic and meaningful reference levels
building on existing guidance under the Convention and its instruments.]
153.[The governing body shall elaborate modalities, standards and guidelines to ensure mitigation outcomes tradedinternationally and used against commitments are:a. Real: represent a decrease and/or avoidance of emissions measured against a credible reference level, do
not give rise to emissions leakage, and inaccuracies from fraud and error are addressed;
b. Permanent: irreversible or if reversible measures exist to compensate for any reversal that occurs;
c. Additional;
d. Verified.]
154.[The governing body shall at its first session adopt accounting rules on transferable mitigation outcomes and theland-use sector.]
155.[Decides that a common accounting and tracking rules system is hereby established for the purpose of safeguarding
environmental integrity and avoiding double counting of internationally transferable mitigation outcomes ofcooperative arrangements that includes:a. The coherent and comprehensive accounting through the system of double-entry bookkeeping, where theParty which acquires an internationally transferable mitigation outcome has to subtract it from its
emissions and where the host Party of this transferred mitigation outcome has to add it to its emissions,when reporting on the progress toward their commitment/contribution;b. The comprehensive recording of activities covered by cooperative arrangements resulting ininternationally transferable mitigation outcomes, either at the UNFCCC level or at the national level, with69

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transparent, comprehensive and publicly available information in English, ensuring synergies withexisting UNFCCC tools and processes;c. For internationally transferable mitigation outcomes resulting in units:i. The use of a registry under the responsibility of each Party to the Convention that must meet technicalstandards, or the use of an account in a central registry under the UNFCCC for countries that do nothave capacities or do not wish to administer their own registry, ensuring synergies with existing
UNFCCC infrastructures;
ii. The use of an international transaction log to be implemented and operated by the secretariat, tointerconnect registries, to guarantee that transfers of units that have successfully passed the conformity
checks are unique, identifiable and reconcilable, and to contribute to the avoidance of double issuance,
double use or double counting of emission reductions/avoidance, ensuring synergies with existing
UNFCCC infrastructures;iii. The issuance of the internationally transferable mitigation units by the executive body or by adesignated national authority of the host country Party under close scrutiny of the executive body andthe secretariat for the emission reductions that have successfully passed the conformity checks.
d. For internationally transferable mitigation outcomes not resulting in units:i. The use of a system of confirmation and tracking by the secretariat or the executive body of theamount of emission reductions to be accounted for in another country Party in such a way that thefunctions are comparable to and coherent with the ones performed under paragraph 155(c) above.]
156.[Decides that cooperative arrangements with internationally transferable mitigation outcomes must lead to a net
decrease and/or net avoidance of global greenhouse gas emissions, by ensuring that:a. The greenhouse gas emissions abatement is shared between the host Party and the acquiring Party;
b. More greenhouse gas emissions abatement is achieved than the addition of the emission reductions
resulting from the cooperative arrangement accounted by the host Party towards its
contribution/commitment and the internationally transferred mitigation outcome accounted by theacquiring Party towards its contribution/commitment, while ensuring that there is no double counting, in
accordance with paragraph 155(a) above.]157.[Decides that cooperative arrangements with internationally transferable mitigation outcomes must meet standards
that deliver real, permanent, additional and verified mitigation outcomes to be elaborated, building on the work
conducted under the SBSTA regarding the framework for various approaches (FVA), and are subject to conformity
checks by the executive body under the COP regarding their fulfilment, where the executive body :a. Defines standards for:i. Setting credible reference levels for calculating emission reductions, avoiding leakage and addressing
inaccuracies from fraud or error;
ii. Ensuring irreversibility, or in case of reversibility, measures to compensate for a possible reversal;
iii. Achieving greater mitigation outcomes than what would have occurred in the absence of thecooperative arrangement;
iv. Guaranteeing independent and competent verification.
b. Sets provisions for allowing divergence from these standards, by providing comprehensive reasoning forsuch divergence during the conformity check process;c. Facilitates transparency by defining rules for the publicly available information.]158.[Decides that the resources for acquiring emission reductions that are accounted towards a mitigation
contribution/commitment of a Party shall not be accounted as international climate finance for support by that
Party.]
159.[Further decides that the executive body shall make recommendations to the COP on modalities and procedures for
implementing paragraphs 155–157 above and ensuring that these modalities and procedures are met, for adoption
by the COP.]
160.[Decides to define an executive body under the COP by adopting the terms of reference at the 22 nd session of the
COP.]

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161.[Reaffirms the mandate of the Standing Committee on Finance under the Conference of the Parties to assist theConference of the Parties in exercising its functions with respect to measurement, reporting and verification of
support provided to developing country Parties.]]
Structural suggestions on section I:
Transparency of support to be addressed in the context of support, transparency of mitigation in the context of
mitigation.
Divide into three sub-sections: (1) commitment to participate in a single transparency system; (2) the mechanics, orcomponent parts, of the system; and (3) the guiding principles for the system.
Restructure paragraphs 148 and 151 into three sub-sections: transparency of actions by [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex X]; transparency of actions by [developing country Parties][Parties not included inannex X]; and transparency of support by [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X][all countries in aposition to do so].
Move the paragraphs on accounting to the mitigation section.
Merge this section with section J below.
Move paragraph 152 (f) and (g) (Option 1) to the mitigation section and retain (a) and (c) in transparency section.
Include content of paragraph 152n (of Option 1) in a decision.
Include contents of paragraphs 155 to 160 in a decision.
Restructure paragraph 152 into separate paragraphs on transparency of mitigation and transparency of support.
J. [[Time frames and process related to commitments/contributions / Other matters related to implementation andambition]8
Option I:[Commitments / contributions / actions / scope of implementation and ambition]
162.[All Parties shall maintain a mitigation commitment at all times by periodically updating in accordance with thissection.]163.[The starting date for the implementation of this agreement to be 1 January 2020 / 31 December 2020 / 1 January2021; and the end date of this agreement to be 2030 / 2040 / 2050 / 2100 / durable forever.]164.[Each Party shall communicate its nationally determined contribution pursuant to sections D, E, F, G and H no later
than upon ratification, acceptance or approval of this agreement.]
165.[Each Party shall update its nationally determined contribution pursuant to sections D, E, F, G and H in accordancewith the provisions of this agreement and any related decisions.]
166.[Updated mitigation commitments must represent a progression from previous mitigation commitments in terms ofambition and scope.]
167.[The agreement is for the enhanced action to implement the Convention during the period from 1 January 2021 to
31 December 2030. The COP / governing body will consider to launch a process before 2030 to adopt a further
arrangement for the post-2030 enhanced action to implement the UNFCCC, including an amendment to thisagreement.]
168.[Option 1 (chapeau): Pursuant to Article 2 of the Convention, [all] Parties to periodically communicate or update
their proposed commitments / contributions[, with developing country Parties doing so within the context of thebasis of the provision of support. Such periodic communications shall take into account national circumstances andfactors that affect the national determination of climate actions, such as public policy planning and execution cycles
and domestic legislative requirements]:
Option 2 (chapeau): In accordance with the provisions of the Convention and in the light of its Article 4, Parties toperiodically communicate or update their proposed commitments / contributions:
Option 3 (chapeau): The time frame of commitments / actions is as follows:
8

Some Parties consider that it is premature to discuss this section.

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Option (a): Every five years for all Parties;
Option (b): Commitments shall be inscribed every five years, beginning in 2015. All Parties shallcommunicate proposed commitments in the 12 to 18 months prior to their inscription. The commitments will
cover a five-year period, ending 10 years after the inscription year. Parties may also propose an indicative
commitment covering a further five–year period, which can be confirmed or enhanced five years later, whenformally inscribed (2020);
Option (c): Every five years, indicating the commitment / contribution / action for the subsequent five-year
period as well as an indicative commitment / contribution / action for the following five-year period;
Option (d): Every five years for [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] only;
Option (e): Every five years for [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] and every 10 years
for [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
Option (f): Every five years for the upcoming period and an indication for the following period only for
mitigation: annual or biennial time frame for means of implementation in line with national budgets; different
time frame for adaptation;
Option (g): By 2030 / 2025 for all Parties;
Option (h): By 2025 and/or 2030 for all [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] only, andwith the diversity of end dates for [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
Option (i): Every 10 / x years, with a midterm review;
Option (j): For a period to be determined by the governing body;
Option (k): The mitigation component of each contribution pursuant to section D shall include a five-year
contribution term and a five-year consecutive indicative term;
Option (l): By 2025 and 2030 for all developed country Parties only, and with the diversity of end dates fordeveloping country Parties subject to the provision of finance, technology and capacity-building support bydeveloped country Parties].
169.[Each Party shall revise and update the mitigation component of its first nationally determined contribution no later
than five years after the entry into force of this agreement by adjusting and/or confirming the consecutive five-year
contribution term and communicating a new consecutive five-year indicative term, taking into account theaggregate consideration process referred to in paragraph 176 below.]
170.[Option (a): Parties to communicate their proposed commitments / contributions / actions at least 12 months prior
to their formalization / finalization, but not earlier than 18 months prior to that.
Option (b): Developed country Parties that only communicate their commitments for 2025 shall communicate nolater than in 20xx their commitments for 2030; developed country Parties that only communicate theircommitments for 2030 shall communicate no later than 20xx their commitments for 2025 / plan, policies andmeasures on the implementation of their commitments from 2026 to 2030;
Developing country Parties will communicate their post-2020 enhanced action no later than 20xx / when new,additional and adequate finance, technology and capacity-building support are available. ]171.[Each Party shall thereafter revise and update the mitigation component of its subsequent nationally determined
contributions no later than [12] months before the end of each five-year contribution term by adjusting and/or
confirming the next five-year contribution term and communicating a new consecutive five-year indicative term,
taking into account the aggregate consideration process referred to in paragraph 176 below.]
172.[Proposed mitigation commitments shall be communicated at least (x) months before the expiration of the existingcommitment.]
173.[Option 1: The scope of the commitments / contributions / actions will:
Option (a): Be nationally determined;
Option (b): Be defined by the provisions of this agreement;
Option (c): Include mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and capacity-building, and transparency ofaction and support;
Option (d): Include mitigation, recognizing that commitments on adaptation, finance, technology andcapacity-building, and transparency of action and support are subject to separate provisions of thisagreement;

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Option (e): Include mitigation only.
Option 2: Implementation and ambition are related to:a. Mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and capacity-building;b. For [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] : mitigation and finance, technology andcapacity-building support to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] for their
mitigation and adaptation actions;c. For [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X]: mitigation and/or adaptation.]
174.[Option 1: When communicating their contributions, Parties to provide up-front information, along with their
proposed commitments / contributions / actions that:
Option (a): Facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of those commitments / contributions /actions, on the basis of the relevant arrangements for reporting information resulting from the Bali Action
Plan (as detailed in decision x/CP.x);
Option (b): Facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of those commitments / contributions /actions (as detailed in decision x/CP.x) [, including a description of why it considers its commitment is anambitious and fair contribution to reaching the below 2 °C objective in accordance with provisions agreed by
the COP].
Option 2: When communicating their commitments and actions, developed and developing country Parties should
provide information in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention. The information should be further elaborated
on the basis of the relevant arrangements for reporting information adopted at the previous sessions of the COP,
including those resulting from the Bali Action Plan (as detailed in decisions 21/CP.19, 24/CP.19, 18/CP.19,
19/CP.18, 12/CP.18, 1/CP.18, 2/CP.17, 5/CP.17, 1/CP.16, 13/CP.9, 17/CP.8, 4/CP.5) and decision 1/CP.20.
Option 3: Facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of those contributions, to include:a. Reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year);b. Time frames and/or periods for implementation;c. Scope and coverage;d. The percentage of national emissions covered and overall quantified emission reductions anticipated;e. To the extent the land sector is included, a specification of how it will account for all significant lands,
activities, pools and gases;
f. If it intends to use market mechanisms, a description of the intended use (including source and type) and
how it intends to avoid double counting;g. For any emission projection, ‘business as usual’ projection or intensity target a description of assumptions
and methodological approaches (including key data sources);h. How the Party considers that its intended nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious.]
The [governing body] may modify the above list through decisions adopted by consensus.
Parties are also invited to include information on their existing and/or anticipated laws and other measuresthat are relevant to implementation of their mitigation contributions at the domestic level. ]175.[Upon communication, commitments / contributions / actions to be made publicly available by the secretariat.][Ex ante consideration / Further facilitation of transparency and clarity / Consultative process/period]
176.
[Option 1: No ex ante consideration process / no arrangements for further facilitating transparency and clarity.
Option 2: No ex ante consideration process / no arrangements for further facilitating transparency and clarity / noconsultative process / period.
Option 3: After their communication, commitments / contributions / actions will be subject to an ex ante consideration
process / further facilitation of transparency and clarity / a consultative period/process in order to:
Option (a):a. [Facilitate understanding of the level of ambition and fairness/ level of ambition of the commitments /contributions and the long-term temperature goal in the context of a Party’s long-term low-emission
development pathway] [Facilitate understanding of the level of ambition and equity of the commitments /73

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contributions in the context of shared vision resulting from the Bali Action Plan and equitable access tosustainable development];b. [Assess the adequacy and fairness of the aggregated contributions / the adequacy of the aggregatedcontributions / the aggregated contributions compared with science, as part of the principle-basedreference framework] [Assess the adequacy and equity of the overall effects compared with science, in
accordance with the historical responsibilities, leadership and current capabilities of developed country
Parties; and taking into account the special circumstances, barriers and priority of economic and social
development and poverty eradication of developing country Parties];
c. Assess the extent and availability of support from [Annex II Parties][Parties included in annex Y] to [nonAnnex I Parties][Parties not included in annex X], and, in that context, the potential additional ambitionof [non-Annex I Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
d. Assist countries that have not communicated their commitments / contributions;e. Facilitate understanding of the comparability of effort of the commitments / contributions / actions; andof the global aggregate commitment;
f. Address / understand / determine / discuss deficits in the light of the ambition required / facilitate theanalysis of national mitigation potential and address deficits in the light of the ambition required.
Option (b):a. Enhance the clarity, transparency and understanding of the aggregate effect of the communicatedintended nationally determined contributions;b. Facilitate the efforts by Parties that have not communicated their intended nationally determined
contributions up to that point.
Option (c):a. Facilitate the clarity of the comparability of the commitments of by [developed country Parties][Parties
included in annex X], in accordance with their historical responsibilities, requirements of science andleadership in addressing climate change and the requirements of science;b. Facilitate understanding of the diversity, barriers and needs of the enhanced actions undertaken by[developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], bearing in mind their first and overriding
priority of economic and social development and poverty eradication.
176.1. Parties’ commitments / contributions / actions to be considered on the basis of:
Option (a): A consultative process to ensure clarity, transparency and understanding of the commitments /contributions;
Option (b): A principle-based reference framework to be established to ensure clarity, transparency andunderstanding of the commitments / contributions / actions;
Option (c): Existing arrangements and processes under the Convention.
176.2. The ex ante consideration process / further facilitation of transparency and clarity / consultative period/
process is to:
Option (a):a. Be science-based and informed by the assessments of the IPCC, moving to assessment reports every five
years (e.g. 2019, 2024, 2029);
b. Be inclusive, consultative, facilitative, supportive, non-prescriptive, non-intrusive, and non-punitive.
Option (b):a. Be science-based and informed by the assessments of the IPCC, moving to assessment reports every five
years (e.g. 2019, 2024, 2029);
b. Be inclusive, consultative, facilitative, supportive, non-prescriptive, non-intrusive, and non-punitive;c. Be conducted in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2(d), of the Convention;
d. [Reflecting the differences in annex A and annex B][Reflect the differentiation between developed anddeveloping country Parties ];74

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e. Be based on the existing experience from the clarification of the commitments of [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex X] and the understanding of the NAMAs of [developing country
Parties][Parties not included in annex X].
176.3. The ex ante consideration process / further facilitation of transparency and clarity / consultative period/
process to take place:
Option (a): In the year in which the commitments / contributions / actions are communicated;
Option (b): In the year after the commitments / contributions / actions have been communicated;
Option (c): In the year prior to the inscription of the contribution in the agreement for mitigation and meansof implementation / in the 12 months prior to the session at which the commitment would be inscribed;
Option (d): Each Party to go through a consultative period for four to six months after the submission of its
intended nationally determined contribution;
Option (e): In 20xx for developed country Parties and later for developing country Parties;
Option (f): For developed country Parties, X months after the commitments are communicated / Y months
prior to the inscription in the agreement for mitigation and provision of finance, technology and capacitybuilding. For developing country Parties, the starting time will depend on the provision of finance,technology and capacity-building support by developed country Parties.
176.4. On the basis of the ex ante consideration process / further facilitation of transparency and clarity /consultative period/process:Option (a): Each Party to consider the recommendations resulting from the process;Option (b): Each Party to make a reflection on the outcome of the process;Option (c): Each Party to revise its commitment / contribution on a voluntary basis;
Option (d): Each Party to adjust / revise on a voluntary basis its commitment / contribution upwards, throughan adjustment procedure in accordance with decisions of the governing body;
Option (e): Parties will undertake top-down adjustments on the basis of a global carbon budget;
Option (f): Each Party to consider adjustments on the basis of historical responsibilities and equitable sharingof global atmospheric resources and carbon space in the context of imperatives of poverty eradication,
universal energy access and sustainable development for developing countries.
176.5. The governing body shall develop and adopt modalities and procedures for the ex ante consideration
process / further facilitation of transparency and clarity / consultative period/process by its [X] session:a. [A web platform where Parties and other actors are able to pose questions and Parties are encouraged toanswer the questions that they receive] [Two web platforms, for developed and developing country
Parties respectively, where Parties and other actors are able to pose questions. Developed country Parties
shall answer the questions that they receive within X months after the questions are received. Developing
country Parties are encouraged to participate in the web platforms and answer the questions that theyreceive subject to the financial, technological and capacity-building support by developed countries];b. [Consultations among Parties, including through workshops and round tables] [Consultations among
Parties, including through two sets of workshops / round tables, for developed and developing country
Parties respectively];c. [A joint Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) / SBSTA programme to prepare recommendations for
the COP] [A joint Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) / SBSTA programme to prepare
recommendations for the COP composed of two task forces, for developed and developing country
Parties respectively];d. A technical body / panel / task force to be established that undertakes analytical work, examines theadequacy and fairness of commitments / contributions and prepares recommendations; and/or on
mitigation and means of implementation;e. [Inputs to the process, including modalities for the analysis, synthesis and/or compilation of thecommitments / contributions.] [Inputs to the process, including modalities for two compilations of thecommitments, by developed and developing country Parties respectively.]

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176.6. Option (a): The governing body shall review, on a periodic basis, the modalities and procedures, with a viewto ensuring adaptability, efficiency and effectiveness, taking into account the different characteristics of
mitigation and means of implementation and the need to address them in a distinct manner over time;
Option (b): The purpose, modalities, procedures and guidelines of such ex ante consideration / further
facilitation of transparency and clarity / consultative process/period shall be further elaborated and adopted
by the COP / governing body in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, on thebasis of the relevant existing arrangements under the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol and addressing
mitigation, adaptation and provision of finance, technology and capacity-building support by developed
country Parties to developing country Parties in a balanced, comprehensive and holistic manner.
Option 4: The aggregate consideration process will assess the progress towards the objective of the agreement, as statedin section C, as well as the adequacy, scale and predictability of the mobilization and provision of finance, technology
development and transfer, and capacity-building to developing countries, taking into account the aggregate level ofambition as communicated through the nationally determined contributions.
176.1.No later than [12] months after entry into force of this agreement, the governing body shall start theconsideration of the aggregate effect of the nationally determined contributions towards achieving theobjective of the agreement, as stated in section C, with a view to informing Parties in adjusting theircontributions towards enhancing ambition;
176.2.The aggregate consideration process shall be concluded no later than [24] months after its beginning andthereafter be conducted periodically every five years until the ultimate objective of the Convention has beenmet;
176.3.The aggregate consideration process shall be conducted consistent with science and on the basis of equity,with a view to providing recommendations and informing Parties in adjusting their nationally determined
contributions towards enhancing ambition, and be guided by:a. A technical paper from the secretariat on the aggregate effect of the mitigation component of thenationally determined contributions communicated and registered pursuant to sections D and J;
b. A synthesis report on the aggregate level of mobilization and provision of finance, technology
development and transfer, and capacity-building to developing countries, based on the registry referred toin section F and the information provided pursuant to section G;
c. A synthesis report on adaptation actions and support, based on the registry referred to in section E;
d. The most recent IPCC assessment report;
e. Each Party's share in the global average temperature increase;f. The contribution of each Party to limiting the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C.
176.4. The COP shall, no later than at its twenty-third session, agree on modalities and procedures for the aggregate
consideration process.
Option 5:9 After their communication, commitments / contributions by developed country Parties will be subject to an
ex ante assessment process:176.1. The purpose of the ex ante assessment of developed country Parties is to:a. Assess the adequacy of the individual and aggregated commitments on mitigation and provision offinance, technology transfer and capacity-building to developing country Parties compared with acollective emission reduction target and a collective public finance target, as well as a global technology
development and transfer goal and a global capacity-building goal of all developed country Parties;
b. Determine deficits in the light of the ambition required on mitigation and provision of finance, technology
transfer and capacity-building support to developing country Parties;c. Analyse the potential of mitigation and provision of support and address deficits in the light of theambition required for developed country Parties;

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d. Analyse the comparability of the commitments on mitigation and provision of support by developed
country Parties.
176.2. The ex ante assessment of developed country Parties shall be:a. Based on a collective emission reduction target [X] of all developed country Parties for 2030 below the1990 level in accordance with section D and a collective public finance target of [X] per cent of the grossdomestic product per year of all developed country Parties by 2030 in accordance with section F, as well
as a global technology development and transfer goal and a global capacity-building support goal inaccordance with sections G and H;
b. Informed by science and the historical responsibility of developed country Parties including their per
capita historical cumulative emissions in relation to the global temperature increase;c. Conducted in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2(d), of the Convention.
176.3. On the basis of the ex ante assessment, each developed country Party shall revisit, revise and increase its
commitment on mitigation and provision of finance, technology and capacity-building support, including by
putting forward further targets, policies and measures.
177.Developing country Parties are invited to participate in a facilitative process before or after their communication of
the enhanced actions:177.1.The purpose of the facilitative process for developing country Parties is to understand and address the barriers
to preparing, communicating and implementing the enhanced actions;177.2.The facilitative process for developing country Parties should be:a. On a voluntary basis;b. Supportive, non-prescriptive, non-intrusive, non-punitive and respectful of national sovereignty ofdeveloping country Parties;
c. Conducted in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Convention.
177.3.After the facilitative process, developing country Parties are encouraged to communicate and implement theirenhanced actions and consider further actions subject to the adequacy of finance, technology transfer andcapacity-building support by developed country Parties.][Formalization / finalization / reflection of enhanced action]
178.[The commitments / contributions / actions communicated by Parties to be:
Option 1: Inscribed in a single annex to this agreement;
Option 2: Inscribed in annexes to this agreement:
Option (a): Annex A for quantified emission reduction commitments and annex B for emission limitationcommitments and strategies;
Option (b): Annex A: a table of heading numbers of quantified emission reduction commitments of[developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X]; and annex B: a compilation of communications ofenhanced mitigation actions by [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X].
Option 3: Inscribed in attachments to this agreement:
i. Attachment A for [developed country Parties’][Parties included in annex X] emission reduction
commitments;
ii. Attachment B for [developed country Parties’[Parties included in annex X] finance, technology andcapacity-building commitments;
iii. Attachment C for [developing country Parties’][Parties not included in annex X] enhanced actions[both domestic resources as well as support requirements].
Option 4: Adopted by a decision of the governing body;

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Option 5: Adopted by three decisions of the COP, for developed country Parties’ emission reduction commitments,
developed country Parties’ commitments on finance, technology and capacity-building support and developing
country Parties’ enhanced actions respectively;
Option 6: Contained in national schedules, to be communicated to the secretariat. The secretariat shall make allnational schedules publicly available;
Option7: Contained in national schedules with two formats, for developed and developing country Parties
respectively, to be communicated to the secretariat;
Option 8: Inscribed in a country contribution document, with a provision in the agreement creating an obligation foreach Party to communicate and implement their contribution;
Option 9: Inscribed in two country contribution documents, for developed and developing country Parties
respectively;
Option 10: Recorded in an online registry of national mitigation targets, which is to form an integral part of thisagreement;
Option 11: Recorded in an online registry of emission reduction targets of developed country Parties, an online
registry of commitments on finance, technology transfer and capacity-building support of developed country Parties
and an online registry of enhanced actions on mitigation and adaptation by developing country Parties.]
179.[Updated mitigation commitments shall be adopted at least [X] months before the expiration of the previous
commitment by way of a simplified amendment procedure, as elaborated in section L.]
180.[Option 1: Parties may, at any time, make upward adjustments to their commitments / contributions / actions bymeans of a simplified procedure:
Option (a): By way of communication to the secretariat or the depositary;
Option (b): By way of an amendment to the respective annex and in the context of the procedures referred toin section L below;
Option (c): The governing body shall adopt modalities of the simplified procedure / Any modalities to be
adopted by the governing body.
Option 2: Developed country Parties may, at any time, make upward adjustments to their commitments /contributions / actions by means of a procedure to be adopted by the COP / governing body.
The upward adjustments to the commitments of developing country Parties are premised on adequacy of finance,technology transfer and capacity-building support by developed country Parties.]
181.[Option 1: A Party to be allowed to exceptionally adjust its commitment / contribution, [in line with modalities
developed by the governing body, ]subject to certain conditions, including: if subsequent rules differ substantiallyfrom the Party’s assumptions, or force majeure, provided that there is no backsliding.
Option 2: A [developing country Party][Party not included in annex X] may adjust its contribution when severely
affected by an extreme natural event.
Option 3: A developing country Party may adjust its enhanced action when severely affected by an extreme natural
event, force majeure, or when adequate finance, technology transfer and capacity-building support is not available.
Option 4: No other adjustments allowed.
Option 5: A Party may exceptionally adjust its [proposed / provisional] commitment / contribution, if subsequent
rules differ substantially from the Party's assumptions[, as specified in the information to be provided pursuant to
the reference to the provision addressing accompanying information.]
182.[Decisions taken pursuant to [reference to provisions addressing decisions of the COP on the transparency
framework] shall apply in respect of nationally determined commitments to be communicated for subsequent
commitment periods. Such decisions shall not apply retroactively.]
183.[The provisions of [the section in which mitigation is addressed] shall not apply in cases of force majeure.]
184.[Parties shall have a current mitigation commitment in order to participate in decision-making under thisagreement.]

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FCCC/ADP/2015/1[Strategic review of implementation / Aggregate ambition assessment / Enhanced ambition mechanism]
185.[Option 1: The governing body shall regularly conduct a strategic review of implementation / aggregate ambitionassessment;
Option 2: All Parties shall review their emission reduction commitments on a common five-year cycle;
Option 3: The COP / governing body shall regularly conduct a review of implementation in accordance with theprinciples of equity, common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. The purposes,
modalities, procedures and guidelines of the review will be further elaborated and adopted by the COP / governing
body on the basis of Article 4, paragraph 2(d), Article 7, paragraph 2(e), and Article 10, paragraph 2(a), of theConvention and drawing upon the lessons learned from previous review processes and ambition mechanisms under
the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol, in order to ensure the effectiveness of the review.]
186.[The purpose of the review / assessment /mechanism is to:
Option 1: Review the effect / ambition and the implementation of the individual commitments / contributions /actions of Parties as well as the aggregate effect / ambition of all Parties’ commitments, in order to assess progress
towards operationalizing the ultimate objective of the Convention, as set out in its Article 2, pursuant to paragraph 5
above;
Option 2: Review the implementation of the commitments of developed and developing country Parties
respectively as well as the overall effects of the measures taken pursuant to the Convention in order to assess
progress towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 and the shared vision resulting
from the Bali Action Plan;
Option 3: Review the individual and collective ambition of the commitments by developed country Parties
compared with a collective emission reduction target and a collective public finance target of all developed country
Parties, by 2030, as well as with a global technology development and transfer goal and a global capacity-building
goal; review the adequacy of these goals;
Option 4:
a. Track the performance of the implementation of the post-2020 enhanced action;
b. Review the adequacy of the long-term aspect in the light of the objective of the Convention;c. Review the overall progress towards achieving the objective of the Convention;d. Consider the historical responsibilities of Parties in relation to the global temperature increase;
e. Increase the level of ambition;
f. Assess the level of risk and the adaptation needs associated with the effectively achieved aggregate
mitigation commitments or lack thereof.
Option 5: The purpose of the review is a forward-looking assessment of the ambition and fairness of individual andaggregate mitigation commitments [for the current period] in relation to the below 2 °C objective [and the longterm goal as defined in this agreement].]
187.[The review / assessment / mechanism shall take place:
Option 1: Starting in [X] / after the agreement has come into effect, every one / two / four / five years;
Option 2: Starting in the year [20xx] and every year for developed country Parties; Starting in the year [20xx] andevery two/four years for developing country Parties;
Option 3: Immediately following the publication of each IPCC assessment reports.]
188.[The review / assessment / mechanism shall be:
Option 1: Applicable to [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X];
Option 2: Applicable to all Parties;
Option 3: Applicable to all Parties, as follows:a. Implementation and ambition of emission reduction commitments of [developed country Parties][Parties
included in annex X] ;b. Adequacy and progress of finance, technology and capacity-building support from [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex X] to [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X];

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c. Implementation and further enhanced mitigation and/or adaptation action by [developing country Parties].
[Parties not included in annex X].]
189.[The review / assessment / mechanism should include:a. International revisit of the emission reduction commitments of [developed country Parties][Parties
included in annex X];
b. Multilateral consideration of [developed country Parties’][Parties included in annex X] commitments onfinance, technology and capacity-building support;c. Domestic reflection and international understanding of enhanced action on mitigation and/or adaptation
undertaken by [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X], in a manner that is nonpunitive, non-intrusive and respecting national sovereignties;
d. A forum on lessons learned on innovation of sustainable development pathways among all Parties;
e. Review the adequacy of mitigation commitments of all Parties;
f. A 2020–2023 review and a 2027–2030 review subsequent to the 2013–2015 review.]
190.[The review / assessment / mechanism to be consistent with science, on the basis of equity and sustainable
development, and informed by:
Option 1:
a. Each country’s progress towards the achievement of its commitments / contributions, aggregated global
emission trends and the aggregate progress towards attaining the global goals established under thisagreement;b. Assessments undertaken pursuant to other provisions of this agreement of the adequacy and progress
related to adaptation and finance, technology and capacity-building support;
c. A process to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of Parties’ commitments /contributions, whereby the ambition and fairness of Parties’ mitigation commitments can be considered in
the light of the long-term temperature limit;
d. The assessment reports of the IPCC;
e. Information reported by Parties on the implementation of their commitments / contributions, as set out insection I below (Transparency of action and support);
f. Information communicated by Parties on their future commitments / contributions, as set out in thissection;g. A process of technical examination of mitigation potential, opportunities, co-benefits of mitigation action
and policy options for enhancing mitigation ambition;h. Inputs from non-state actors, relevant international organizations and international cooperative initiatives.
Option 2:
a. Each country’s progress towards the achievement of its commitments / contributions, including
information from the national communications, biennial reports, inventories and national inventory
reports of [developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] , as well as from the review reports
and the IAR process; and information from the national communications and BURs, as well as from the
ICA process;b. Assessments undertaken pursuant to other provisions of this agreement of the adequacy and progress
related to adaptation and finance, technology and capacity-building support by from [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex X];
c. Arrangements to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of the commitments /contributions;d. The assessment reports of the IPCC;
e. Assessment against an equity reference framework by a technical panel of experts;
f. The report on the 2013–2015 review and subsequent reviews;
g. Reports of all of the existing subsidiary bodies under the Convention and new institutional arrangements
established by this agreement;

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h. A process of technical examination of mitigation potential, opportunities and policy options to enhance
the level of ambition.]
191.[On the basis of the review / assessment / mechanism:
Option 1: The governing body shall recommend adjustments to Parties’ commitments in response to the findings ofthe review / action, in order to harness unrealized opportunities to mitigate and adapt to climate change and tomobilize the necessary financial support.
Option 2: The COP shall recommend further arrangements on implementing this agreement, on increasing the levelof ambition from 2021 to 2030 and on enhancing the implementation of the Convention after 2030.
Option 3 (chapeau): Parties to take into account the recommendations arising from the review / assessment /mechanism in preparing their successive commitments / contributions / actions / Parties to increase their level ofambition after the review, including:
Option 4 (chapeau): Parties to accelerate the implementation of their respective commitments under theConvention, including:
Option (a):a. Adjusting existing commitments / contributions / actions upward or communicating more ambitious
mitigation commitments / contributions related to climate change;b. Addressing barriers to and constraints on implementation related to the provision of finance, technology
and capacity-building support.
Option (b):a. [Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] adjusting their existing commitments /contributions upward or communicating more ambitious mitigation commitments / contributions;b. [Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] adjusting their existing commitments /contributions upward or communicating more ambitious finance, technology and capacity-building
commitments / contributions / policies / measures;c. Addressing barriers and constraints of [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex X] to
implementation related to the provision of finance, technology and capacity-building support, andconsidering further action on implementation by [developing country Parties][Parties included in annexX].]
192.[Option 1: The [COP /]governing body shall develop and adopt modalities for the review / assessment / mechanism
by 2018, drawing on lessons learned from previous review processes under the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol
in order to ensure the effectiveness of the review / assessment / mechanism;
Option 2: The modalities and organization of the work on the strategic review to be developed and adopted [by the
COP / governing body] on the basis of and drawing upon lessons learned from previous review processes under theConvention and its Kyoto Protocol, including inter alia:
a. The review referred to in Article 4, paragraph 2(d), of the Convention;b. The ambition mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol;c. IAR and ICA;
d. The clarification of the quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments of [Annex I Parties][Parties included in annex X] and the process of understanding the diversity of NAMAs by [non-Annex I
Parties][Parties not included in annex X];
e. The 2013–2015 review;f. The multilateral consultative process for the resolution of questions regarding the implementation of theConvention, as set out in its Article 13:
Option (a): Utilizing the existing IAR and ICA processes after further amending their mandates andguidance;
Option (b): Utilizing the existing 2013–2015 review after further improving the modalities andorganization of the work.]
193.[New institutional arrangements or strengthened institutional arrangements may be needed to serve this agreement.]81

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Option II:
162. [There shall be a periodic review process of individual and aggregate commitments on mitigation, adaptation andsupport and both review of the implementation of existing commitments and a consideration of future firm andindicative commitments.
a. The review process will begin with an assessment of the implementation of Parties’ individualcommitments on mitigation, adaptation and support;
b. This process shall review the adequacy of aggregate commitments at least x years before the end of theimplementation period;c. A technical panel of experts will undertake analytical work, examining inter alia the ambition and fairnessof commitments on mitigation, adaptation and support, and prepare a report;
d. The governing body shall consider the report and make recommendations including for the strengtheningof future individual commitments in order to close the ambition gap;
e. Parties shall inscribe firm commitments for the next five-year implementation period and indicative
commitments for a further five years responding to the recommendations by the governing body.]]
Structural suggestions on section J:
Tailor the content of this section to specific areas
Move the content to mitigation section
Divide this section into two parts: section J for transparency for mitigation and section J bis on transparency forcontributions on support
Merge the ex ante consideration / consultative period and the strategic review / “aggregate consideration process”
Include details contained in paragraphs 176 in decisions
Restructure text in paragraphs 163–173 as follows: objectives / purpose, timing, guidance on modalities
Move para 174 to transparency
Include specific modalities and procedures in decisions
Divide the review into review of individual commitments and aggregate commitments drawing on elements fromparagraphs 176 and 186–192.
K. [[Facilitating implementation and compliance]10
Option I:
194.
[Option 1 (chapeau): In order to assist Parties in implementing their commitments / contributions and/or to addresscompliance issues in a manner that is expert-based, non-confrontational and non-judicial:
Option 2 (chapeau): In order to facilitate, promote and enforce compliance with commitments under this agreement:
Option 3 (chapeau): A compliance system that is preventative and cooperative is hereby established to facilitate theimplementation of commitments under this agreement:
Option 4: (chapeau): The Compliance Committee shall have two branches, namely an enforcement branch and afacilitative branch:
Option 1: The governing body shall adopt procedures and/or mechanisms;
Option 2: The governing body shall, at its first session, approve appropriate and effective procedures andmechanisms to facilitate the implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this agreement, including throughthe development of an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree and frequency of
non-compliance, building on experience under the Convention and its instruments;
Option 3: The governing body shall adopt procedures and/or mechanisms, including the strengthening oftransparency arrangements in support of implementation and compliance;
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Option 4: The governing body shall adopt appropriate and effective procedures to promote compliance;
Option 5: A compliance mechanism or committee / implementation committee / a standing body responsible forpromoting implementation and compliance and assessing Parties’ performance is established;
Option 6: The compliance committee is hereby established. The composition of the compliance committee shall bebased on equitable geographical representation, ensuring representation of small island developing States. The bodyshall comprise [X] members. Decisions of the compliance committee shall be made by consensus where possible
and, as a last resort, by a [two-thirds/three-fourths] majority;
Option 7: Implementation shall be strengthened through enhanced transparency, including through theconsideration of the multilateral consultative process under Article 13 of the Convention;
Option 8: No specific provisions required.
For Options 1–6: Arrangements shall cover:a. Regarding commitments / contributions (substantive scope):
Option (a): All commitments / contributions in the agreement, including reporting;
Option (b): Specified commitments / contributions, excluding adaptation, including reporting;
Option (c): Implementation of Parties’ schedules and the submission of biennial communications;
Option (d): Mitigation, MRV and accounting commitments only.
b. Regarding Parties:
Option (a): All Parties;
Option (b): [Developed country Parties][Parties included in annex X] regarding their commitments /contributions on mitigation, finance, transfer of technology and capacity-building.
c. Structure of the mechanism / committee:
Option (a): Separate branches – an enforcement branch for Parties that have a quantified emission
reduction commitment in annex A / to review compliance with commitments made by [developed country
Parties][Parties included in annex X] and those [developing country Parties][Parties not included in annex
X] that have made economy-wide quantified emission reduction commitments, with respect to theircommitments on mitigation, as well as commitments on adaptation, finance, technology transfer andcapacity-building, and a facilitative branch for commitments and strategies in annex B / to review the
implementation of contributions made by [developing countries][Parties not included in annex X] and toassist them in their efforts to implement these contributions; the compliance committee may establish
technical panels to assist it in its task;
Option (b): Separate branches – an enforcement branch and a facilitative branch;
Option (c): A standing, non-political, expert body of members who serve in their individual capacity,
responsible for facilitating and promoting compliance with the obligations under this agreement;
Option (d): One body for facilitation;
Option (e): Platforms to deal with early warning, facilitation and enforcement.
d. Modalities such as:i. Membership;
ii. Triggers to commence a procedure: Early warning for potential non-compliance; Technical expert teams triggering questions of implementation;
 Parties may trigger with respect to themselves or with respect to other Parties questions of
implementation under articles [X, Y & Z];iii. Procedures: The nature of the proceedings of the compliance regime should be primarily facilitative,
transparent, non-judicial and non-adversarial;
iv. Use of economic instruments:
 Use of economic instruments such as market mechanisms as a way to promote compliance.

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v.

Measures and/or consequences: Option (a): Facilitative measures only; Option (b): Facilitative measures and sanctions for recurring non-compliance; Option (c): Facilitative measures and sanctions; Option (d): Facilitative measures for [non-Annex I Parties][Parties not included in annex X] andsanctions for Annex I Parties [Parties included in annex X];
 Option (e): Expert groups that support developing country Parties in the preparation andimplementation of contributions; Option (f): Facilitative and other adequate measures;

Option (g): A differentiated system of consequences to be applied in a graduated mannerdepending on the nature of the commitment and in proportion to the nature and extent of noncompliance with the commitment.
vi. The compliance committee shall report annually to the Conference of the Parties to this agreement.]
195.[Further details of the compliance mechanism shall be adopted no later than at the first session of the governing
body.]
196.[Establishes the international climate justice tribunal to oversee, control and sanction the fulfilment of andcompliance with the obligations of Annex I and Annex II Parties under this agreement and the Convention.]
197.[New institutional arrangements or strengthened institutional arrangements may be needed to serve this agreement.]
Option II:
194.[In order to ensure compliance of developed countries and facilitate implementation for developing countries, the
COP/governing body shall further elaborate the modalities of the mechanism/committee in accordance with thedifferentiated commitments of developed and developing countries under the Convention and on the basis of theexperience with the compliance mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol. These arrangements shall include:a. A mandatory compliance mechanism for the commitments of developed countries on mitigation,
adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, capacity-building, and transparency of action
and support;
b. A voluntary facilitative forum for developing countries for enhanced action on mitigation, adaptation andtransparency of action.]
Option III:
194.[The compliance committee shall have two branches, namely an enforcement branch and a facilitative branch.
195.The role of the enforcement branch is to review compliance with commitments made by developed country Parties
and those developing country Parties that have made economy-wide quantified emission reduction commitments,
with respect to their commitments on mitigation as well as their commitments with respect to adaptation, finance,technology transfer and capacity-building.
196.The role of the facilitative branch is to review the implementation of contributions made by developing countries
and to assist in them in their efforts to meet these contributions.
197.The enforcement branch of the compliance committee shall review:a. Biennial reports;
b. Reports of technical expert teams that have undertaken reviews as part of the international assessment andreview process.
198.The enforcement branch may recommend actions to be taken against Parties that fail to make progress towards
fulfilling commitments taken on under annex A and commitments with respect to adaptation, finance, technology
transfer and capacity-building.
199.The facilitative branch may recommend actions to assist Parties that have commitments inscribed in annex B tofulfil these commitments.
200.The compliance committee may establish technical expert panels to assist it in its task.
201.The compliance committee shall report annually to the Conference of the Parties to this agreement.]]

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L. [[Procedural and institutional provisions]11[Institutional arrangements]
202.[Provisions relating to the governing body of the agreement (based on Article 13, paragraph 1, of the Kyoto
Protocol): The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the meeting of theParties to this agreement.]
203.[Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this agreement may participate as observers in the proceedings ofany session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this agreement. When the
Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this agreement, decisions under this agreement
shall be taken only by those that are Parties to this agreement.]
204.[When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this agreement, any member of the
Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a Party to thisagreement, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from among Parties to this agreement.]
205.[The governing body shall keep under regular review the implementation of this agreement and shall make within
its mandate the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It shall perform the functions assigned
to it by this agreement and shall: (a) establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the
implementation of this agreement; (b) adopt its own rules of procedure at its first session; (c) [placeholder for any
other functions deemed necessary].]
206.[The first meeting of the governing body shall be convened by the secretariat no later than one year after the date ofentry into force of this agreement. Thereafter, ordinary meetings of the governing body shall be held at regularintervals to be decided by the governing body.]
207.[Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this agreement shallbe held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this agreement, or at the written request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request
being communicated to the Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties.]
208.[The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency, as well as any State
member thereof or observers thereto not party to the Convention, may be represented at sessions of the Conferenceof the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this agreement as observers. Any body or agency, whether
national or international, governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by thisagreement and which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of theParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this agreement as an observer, may be so admitted unless at least one
third of the Parties present object. The admission and participation of observers shall be subject to the rules ofprocedure, as referred to in paragraph [X] above.]209.[Provisions relating to the secretariat (based on Article 14 of the Kyoto Protocol): The secretariat established by
Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat of this agreement. Article 8, paragraph 2, of theConvention on the functions of the secretariat, and Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements madefor the functioning of the secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this agreement. The secretariat shall, in
addition, exercise the functions assigned to it under this agreement and the governing body.]
210.[Provisions on the SBSTA and the SBI (based on Article 15 of the Kyoto Protocol): The SBSTA and the SBI
established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as, respectively, the SBSTA and the SBI of thisagreement. The provisions relating to the functioning of these two bodies under the Convention shall apply mutatis
mutandis to this agreement. Sessions of the meetings of the SBSTA and the SBI of this agreement shall be held inconjunction with the meetings of, respectively, the SBSTA and the SBI of the Convention. Parties to theConvention that are not Parties to this agreement may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of
the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies serve as the subsidiary bodies of this agreement, decisions under
this agreement shall be taken only by those that are Parties to this agreement. When the subsidiary bodies
established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise their functions with regard to matters concerning thisagreement, any member of the Bureaux of those subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, atthat time, not a Party to this agreement, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from among
the Parties to this agreement.]
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211.[This agreement to build on the subsidiary bodies / institutional arrangements and mechanisms established by orunder the Convention. All subsidiary bodies / institutional arrangements established by or under the Convention
shall serve this agreement, unless otherwise decided by the governing body. The governing body may provide
further guidance as appropriate.]
212.[The governing body shall establish, building on the work conducted under the SBSTA regarding the frameworkfor various approaches, means for cooperative arrangements to be defined and accounted for under the agreement,that strengthen and create synergies between mechanisms under the Convention and its related legal instruments
and mechanisms established or to be established, jointly or individually, by Parties, and avoid the double countingof efforts, including:i. The Financial Mechanism;
ii. The Technology Mechanism;iii. The flexibility mechanisms established by Articles 6 and 12 of the Kyoto Protocol;
iv. The new market-based mechanism defined in decision 2/CP.17, paragraph 83;
v. Alternative policy approaches, such as joint mitigation and adaptation;
vi. A REDD-plus mechanism / The Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus;
vii. A mechanism for climate resilience and sustainable development;
viii. A joint mitigation and adaptation mechanism for the integral and sustainable management of forests;ix. Subnational, national and regional emissions trading schemes.]
213.[New institutional arrangements or strengthened institutional arrangements may be needed to serve this agreement.]
214.[Immunities:
Option 1: Each Party to this agreement shall accord to the persons exercising their functions on any board, panel,group or other institution established by this agreement, during their journey to and from the place of meeting,immunity from legal process. The governing body shall determine the modalities for the operation of immunities;
Option 2: No provision on immunities.][Procedural provisions / Final clauses]
215.[Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession (based on Article 24, paragraph 1, of the Kyoto
Protocol):215.1. This agreement shall be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by States andregional economic integration organizations (REIOs) which are Parties to the Convention at a specified place
and time. Thereafter, the agreement would be open for accession by such States and REIOs;
215.2. Provisions on REIOs (based on Article 22, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Convention): Any REIO whichbecomes a Party to the agreement without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all theobligations under the agreement. In the case of REIOs with one or more member States that are Parties to theagreement, the organization and its member States shall decide on their respective responsibilities for the
performance of their obligations under the agreement. In such cases, the organization and the member Statesshall not be entitled to exercise rights under the agreement concurrently. In their instruments of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession, REIOs shall declare the extent of their competence with respect to thematters governed by the agreement. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in turninform the Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence;
215.3.REIOs and their member States may agree to prepare, communicate and fulfil their mitigation commitments
jointly. When the common mitigation commitment is fulfilled jointly, each Party participating in a joint
fulfilment agreement will be considered to be in compliance with achieving its mitigation commitment;
215.4.Actions taken pursuant to the agreement by REIOs, or by any group of Parties acting jointly, to be inaccordance with paragraph/decision X (to be adopted at COP 21);215.5. Additional requirements on deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession:
Option 1: Requirements relating to the submission of national schedules at the same time as deposit of
instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession;
Option 2: No additional requirements;

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Option 3: A Party to the Convention to have a legally binding mitigation commitment in order to become aParty to this agreement.]
216.[Entry into force:
216.1. Option 1: All entry into force provisions set out in paragraph 216.2 below to preclude entry into force before
2020;
Option 2: Entry into force provisions to allow for possibility of entry into force by 2020.
216.2. Option 1: This agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth / ninetieth day after the date on which not lessthan 10/50/[X] (a number that is not over- or under-inclusive) Parties to the Convention have deposited theirinstruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession;
Option 2: The agreement will come into effect on and be implemented from 2020, subject to the deposit of[X] number of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession;
Option 3: A double threshold that includes both a number of Parties ratifying and a percentage of global
emission reductions covered by the ratifying Parties / a minimum of global emissions from Parties;
Option 4: The agreement will enter into force on [X] date (“from 2020”), provided that [X] number of Parties
have deposited their instruments and that the total of emissions of such Parties constitutes [X] per cent of the
global total of emissions in year [X]. If such thresholds have not been met by [X] date, the agreement willenter into force [X] days after the thresholds have been met;
Option 5: Entry into force upon either a sufficiently high number ([X]) of Parties or a percentage ([X]) ofglobal GHG emissions covered, whichever occurs first, but not earlier than on 1 January 2020;
Option 6: The agreement shall enter into force on 1 January 2020 at the latest provided that [Z] Parties
covering in total [X] Gt of CO2 eq have ratified it;
Option 7: This agreement shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55
Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I to the Convention that accounted in total
for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, havedeposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession;
Option 8: The agreement shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than halfof the Parties to the Convention, incorporating all Parties included in Annex I, have deposited theirinstruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
216.3. For each State or REIO that ratifies, accepts or approves the agreement or accedes thereto after the entry into
force in accordance with paragraph 216.2 above, the agreement shall enter into force on the ninetieth / [X]
day after the date of deposit by such State or REIO of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval oraccession (based on Article 23(2) of the Convention);
216.4. Provisions on REIOs (based on Article 23, paragraph 3, of the Convention): For the purposes of paragraph
216, any instrument deposited by a REIO shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States
members of the organization;
216.5. Provisional application:
Option 1: A Party to the Convention that intends to ratify, approve, accept or accede to this agreement, may
at any time notify the Depositary that it will apply this agreement provisionally for a period not extending
beyond the time of entry into force of the agreement;
Option 2: No specific provision on provisional application.]
217.[Amendments to the agreement (based on Article 15 of the Convention):
217.1. Any Party may propose amendments to the agreement;
217.2. Amendments to the agreement shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the governing body. The text of any
proposed amendment to the agreement shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six
months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate
proposed amendments to the signatories to the agreement and, for information, to the Depositary;
217.3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed amendment to the agreement byconsensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the amendment shall87

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as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting.
The adopted amendment shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to
all Parties for their acceptance;
217.4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the Depositary. An amendment
adopted in accordance with paragraph 217.3 above shall enter into force for those Parties having accepted iton the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least threefourths of the Parties to the agreement;
217.5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the date on which that
Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said amendment;
217.6. For the purposes of this Article, “Parties present and voting” means Parties present and casting an affirmative
or negative vote.]
218.[Amendments to any annexes to the agreement:
Option 1: Amendments to the Annexes to this agreement, which are an integral part of the agreement, shall be
adopted by the governing body and shall apply forthwith, without the requirement of a ratification process.
Option 2:
218.1. Annexes to the agreement shall form an integral part thereof and, unless otherwise expressly provided for, areference to the agreement constitutes at the same time a reference to any annexes thereto. Without prejudice
to the provisions of Article X, paragraphs x and x, such annexes shall be restricted to lists, forms and anyother material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific, technical, procedural or administrative character;
218.2. Annexes to the agreement shall be proposed and adopted in accordance with the procedure set forth in Article
X, paragraphs x and x;
218.3. An annex that has been adopted in accordance with paragraph 218.2 above shall enter into force for all
Parties to the agreement six months after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of
the adoption of the annex, except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary, in writing, within that
period of their non-acceptance of the annex. The annex shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw theirnotification of non-acceptance on the ninetieth day after the date on which withdrawal of such notification
has been received by the Depositary;
218.4. The proposal, adoption and entry into force of amendments to annexes to the agreement shall be subject tothe same procedure as that for the proposal, adoption and entry into force of annexes to the agreement inaccordance with paragraphs 218.2 and 218.3 above;
218.5. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to the agreement, thatannex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until such time as the amendment to the agreement
enters into force.
Option 3: Opt-in (ratification procedure).
Option 4: Simplified procedure for the mitigation commitments.
[Any Party may propose an adjustment to enhance the efforts expressed by its mitigation commitment
inscribed in Annex […] to this agreement. A proposal for such an adjustment shall be communicated to theParties by the secretariat at least three months before the meeting of the governing body of this agreement at
which it is proposed for adoption.
An adjustment proposed by a Party to enhance the efforts expressed by its mitigation commitment inscribedin Annex […] to this agreement shall be considered adopted by the governing body unless more than threefourths of the Parties present and voting object to its adoption. The adopted adjustment shall be
communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties, and shall enter into
force on 1 January of the year following the communication by the Depositary. Such adjustments shall bebinding upon Parties.]
Option 5:
218.1. At the first Conference of the Parties to the Convention serving as the meeting of the Parties to thisagreement and at time intervals that are seen as fit, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention serving as
the meeting of the Parties to this agreement may request the Subsidiary Body for Scientific andTechnological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to review both the per capita greenhouse88

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gas emissions and per capita gross domestic products of Parties and present to it draft decisions on revisions
to Annex I and/or Annex II to the Convention;
218.2. In reviewing and revising Annex I to the Convention, the total amount of greenhouse gases, expressed incarbon dioxide equivalent, emitted by a Party to the Convention since 1750 A.D. shall be added up anddivided by the current population of that Party. On the basis of the thus obtained per capita greenhouse gas
emissions and population size of each Party to the Convention, the average global per capita emissions ofgreenhouse gases shall be used to evaluate the status of the greenhouse gas emissions of a Party to theConvention. Each Party to the Convention whose per capita greenhouse gas emissions exceed the global
average per capita greenhouse gas emissions shall be proposed to be inscribed in Annex I to the Convention,and the remaining Parties shall not be proposed to be inscribed in Annex I to the Convention;
218.3. In reviewing and revising Annex II to the Convention, the current per capita gross domestic product of eachParty to the Convention shall be compared with the global average per capita gross domestic product. Each
Party to the Convention whose per capita gross domestic product is above the global average per capita grossdomestic product and whose population size is above half a million shall be proposed to be inscribed in
Annex II to the Convention. The remaining Parties shall not be proposed to be inscribed in Annex II to theConvention;
218.4. The Conference of the Parties to the Convention serving as the meeting of the Parties to this agreement will,
as it sees appropriate, review, revise and endorse a draft decision on any revision to either or both Annex I
and Annex II to the Convention and present the draft decision that it has endorsed to the President of theConference of the Parties to the Convention with a request for the Conference of the Parties to theConvention to review, amend as it sees appropriate and approve the proposed amendment or amendments toAnnex I or Annex II to the Convention in accordance with Articles 15 and 16 of the Convention;
218.5. On the basis of the decision of the Conference of the Parties, the President of the Conference of the Parties
shall inform in writing the Depositary of the Convention, the Depositary of this agreement and each Party to
the Convention that is to be inscribed in or removed from either Annex I or Annex II to the Convention. The
President of the Conference of the Parties shall also report on the outcome to the Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this agreement;
218.6. A Party which has been informed in writing by the President of the Conference of the Parties that it is to be
removed from Annex I or Annex II to the Convention shall be deleted from the said Annex as of the date ofits written notification. A Party that has been informed in writing by the President of the Conference of theParties that it is to be inscribed in Annex I or Annex II to the Convention shall accordingly be inscribed
immediately after two years have passed since it received the written notice.]
219.[Settlement of disputes (based on Article 19 of the Kyoto Protocol): The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention
on settlement of disputes shall apply mutatis mutandis to this agreement.]
220.[Voting / Right to vote (based on Article 18 of the Convention):
220.1. Each Party shall have one vote, except as follows: REIOs, in matters within their competence, shall exercise
their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to thisagreement. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its
right, and vice versa;
220.2.Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement by consensus. If all efforts to reach consensus have been
exhausted and no agreement has been reached, the decision shall, as a last resort, be taken by a two-thirds
majority vote of the Parties present and voting, except:
a. For decisions on financial issues, in which case decisions shall be taken by consensus;
b. For decisions on procedure, which shall be taken by a majority vote of the Parties present and voting.
220.3.If the question arises as to whether a matter is one of a procedural or substantive nature, the President shallrule on the question. An appeal against this ruling shall be put to the vote immediately and the President’s
ruling shall stand unless overruled by a majority of the Parties present and voting.
220.4. [Placeholder for provisions with respect to Parties who put forward a joint contribution.]]221.[Depositary (based on Article 19 of the Convention): The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the
Depositary of this agreement:
Option 1: In addition to the normal functions of the Depositary, the Depositary should also hold and manage arepository of country contribution documents;

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Option 2: No additional functions for the Depositary.]
222.[Reservations (based on Article 24 of the Convention):
Option 1: No reservations may be made to this agreement;
Option 2: Provide for reservations.]
223.[Withdrawal (based on Article 25 of the Convention):
Option 1: At any time after [X] years from the date on which this agreement has entered into force for a Party, that
Party may withdraw from this agreement by giving written notification to the Depositary. Any such withdrawal
shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receipt by the Depositary of the notification ofwithdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of withdrawal. Any Party that withdraws
from the Convention shall be considered as also having withdrawn from this agreement;
Option 2: At any time after [X] years from the date on which this agreement has entered into force for a Party, that
Party may withdraw from this agreement by giving written notification to the Depositary. Any such withdrawal
shall take effect upon expiry of the then current mitigation commitment of that Party, the Party having discharged
itself from all duties connected to this commitment, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification ofwithdrawal. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having withdrawn from thisagreement.]
224.[Authentic text (based on Article 26 of the Convention): The original of this agreement, of which the Arabic,
Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations.]]
Structural suggestions
All institutional issues should be addressed in one place.
Include specific institutional arrangements under the respective elements of the agreement. Consider the
relationship between the various mechanisms once there is clarity on the content of new mechanisms.
Paragraph 212 – should be removed from section L because it deals with elements that are already addressed inother parts of the text such as finance (section F), technology (in section G) and carbon markets and land (in section
D).
[Annex / Annex A / Annex B / Attachments A, B, C (for paragraph 178, options 1, 2 and 3)][Annex X
List of Parties, to be agreed in Paris on the basis of criteria related to evolving emissions and economic trends; to be
updated regularly on the basis of such evolving information][Annex Y
List of Parties, to be agreed in Paris on the basis of criteria related to capability and evolving economic trends; to be
updated regularly on the basis of evolving information][Annex Z / III]90