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第 19回 日本 バ イオ メ カニ ク ス 学 会 大 会 会長
福 永 哲 夫 (早 稲田大学 スポー ツ科学学術院)

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おかげさまで、160題 を超える一般発表演題 の登録 を頂 きました。
本学会大会では一般発表の他に、特別講演、教育講演、シンポジウム、フィール ドセ ッション、
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○特別講演 として、KomiP V先 生 をお迎 えして「SSC運 動 のメカニ ズムに関す る最新情報」 に関す る講演をお願いいた しました。
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2K106年 9月 13日

第19回 日本 バ イオメカニ クス学会大会会長

福永哲夫

第 19回 日本 バイオメカ ニ クス学会大会

次

大会会長あ い さつ学会大会組織 ………………… ……………………………… 。3
学会大会 日程 ………………………… ……………………… 。4
会場案内・ アクセス… ……………………………………… 。5
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教育講演 …………………………………………………… 19
シ ンポ ジウム……………………………………………… 23
フィール ドセ ッシ ョン…………………………………… 35
ラ ンチ ョンセ ミナ ー ……………………………………… 39‑般 演題 …………………………………… ……………… 43。
(バ イオ メカニ クス学 生研究競技会 )。 ……… ……… 52(口 頭発表 )。 ………… …………………………………・55。
(ポ ス ター発表 )・ … ……………………… …………… 73
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に

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協賛 企業・ 後援 ………………… …………………………… 99

̲ノ学会大会組織1.会

長

福永 哲夫 (早 稲 田大学 スポー ツ科学学術院)

2 実行委員長

川 11

3.実行委員会

村 田浩一郎 (早 稲 田大学 スポー ツ科学学術院)

泰雄 (早 稲 田大学 スポー ツ科学学術院)

太田め ぐみ (早 稲 田大学 スポー ッ科学学術院)
神崎

4 大会事務局

史〒359‑1192 所沢市三ケ島2‑579‑15
早稲田大学スポー ツ科学学術院内第19回 日本バ イオメカニ クス学会大会事務局
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5 大会本部

早稲 田大学所沢キャ ンパ ス 301教 室(会 期中)‑ 3 ‑

学会 大会 日程

第 1日 目
9月 13日 (水 )第 2日 目
9月 14日 (木 )第 3日 目
9月 15日 (金 )
――

8:00

9:00

受付

受付

受付

教 育講演 2

教育請演 3中澤公孝(212教室 )

9100

深代千 之
9:45

10:00

(212教 室 )9:45

開会式 (212教 室 )教育講 演 1
福永哲夫
(212教 室 )

10:00

一 般演題
口頭発表

(A:,05̲3:210̲C:S2011密 華 )

11:00

12:00

――‑ 8:00

一 般演題
口頭発 表
(A:205、 B:210、 C:S2011女室 )一般演題
ポスター発表(ロ グハウス)総会

ランチョンセミナー 1
久保啓太郎
アロカ榊
(2‖ 教室 )ランチョンセミナー2
安部孝
憾サトウスポーツプラザ(211教 室)ランチョンセミナー3
小松泰喜
酒井医療榊
(211教室 )一般演題
ポスター発表(ロ グハウス)

シンポジウム3

11:00

12100

13100

13:00

特別講演
P V Komi(2,2教室 )スポーツスキルのニューロサイコ′｀
イオメカニクス

14:00

シンポジウム1

シンポジウム2(212教室)反動動作のパワーアップ
メカニズム

動作分析を現場に生かす

閉会 式 (212教 室 )15100(212教 室)15:00

(212数 室)

実験室公開

16:00

一般演燿
口重発壺

フィール ドセッシヨン
朝原宣治、磯繁雄、
松尾彰文、土江寛裕(陸 上競技場*)(B会 場 :210薇 壼)*雨 天 の場合は212教 室

懇親 会(食 堂 )′ヽ
イオメカニクス
研究競技会賞衰彰

14:00

スポーツイベント(ス ポーツホール)‑ 4 ‑(ス ポーツホール )16100――――――――‑ 19:00

特別講演

9,113[1(冽 κ) 13:00‑14:00

212才 文,H

特別講演

STRETCH‐ SHORTENING CYCLE OF DIIUSCLE FUNCT10N:WHAT HAVE

THE PAST AND THE PRESENT LEFT US FOR THE FUTURE?

PAAVO V.KOMI
Ph D,FACSヽ1,FECSS
Profcssor,Exercise Physiology 1980‑1990
Biomechanics 1990‐ 2004
Director ofthe NcurOmuscular Research Ccntcr 1997‐

EducationYear

DeqreeInstitution

1963

Bachelor of Science

University of Helsinki, Finland

1966
1969

Master of Science
Doctor ofPhilosophy

Universiry of J).viiskylii, Finland
Pennsylvania State University, USA

EInployment
Jan 1971‑Dec 1979
Jan l,1979‑Dcc 31,2004

Associate Professor of Anatomy and Kinesiology(with tenure), University of Jyv:iskyl2i, Finland
Head ofthe Department of Biology ofPhysical Activity,

University of Jyviiskylii, Finland
Jan 1980‑Jan 1990

Feb l,1990‑Dec 31,2004
0ct 21,1997‑Dcc 31 2006

Professor of Physiology of Exercise,

University of Jyvaskylii, Finland
Professor of Biomechanics
University of Jyviiskylii, Finland
Director. Neuromuscular Research Center,
University of Jyviiskylii, Finland

Relevant Memberships in International Scientific Organizations
International Society ofMember

1963‑

Biomechanics

Secretary General
President
Past President

1977‑1981
1981‐ 1983

Member1976‑1983
1983‑

American College of SPorts
Medicine

Fellow‑12‑

1983‑1985

MemberMember1976

President

1983‑1989

IOC Medical Commission

Member1983‑2003

International Council of Sport
Science and Physical Education

President

1991‐ 1996

President electPresident
Past President

1997‐ 1999

Member2000‐

New York Academy of Sciences
Intemational Society ofElectrophysiological

1968‑

Kinesiology
World Commission of Sports
Biomechanics(ICSSPE)
European College of Spon Science(ECSS)IOC Sport for All Commission

1995‐ 1997

1999‑2001

AwardsASLA - Fulbright scholarship to rhe Universiry oflowa (Profl Charles M. Tipton), 1966 - 1967
Corresponding Fellow, American Academy ofPhysical Education, 1986
Alumni Fellow Award, Pennsylvania State University, 1987
Doctor Honoris Causa, Universite Joseph Fourier, Facultd de Mddicine. Grenoble 1992
Doctor Honoris Causa, Hungarian University ofPhysical Education, Budapest 1992
Distinguished Service Award, American Academy ofPhysical Education, 1992
The Philip Noel Baker- Research Award (ICSSPE), 1998
Citation Award, American College of Sports Medicine. USA, 1999
Muybridge Research Award, International Society of Biomechanics, 1999
Olympic Order Award, Intemational Olympic Committee, 2001
Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, University of Walerloo, 2002
Doctor Honoris Causa, Free University ofBrussels, 2002
Doctor Honoris Causa, University ofOsaka, 2004
Honorary Member Award, Intemational Society ofBiomechanics, 2005

Major Research Interest
Neuromuscular function of exercise, Muscle fatigue, Biomechanics.
Directs one ofthe most advanced biomechanics laboratories in Europe.

International Scientific Congresses OrganizedPresident. vth Intemational Congress ofBiomechanics, Jywiiskylii, Finland, June - Jury r975.
President, Intemational Symposium on Sport Biology, Vierumiki, Finland, October
1679.
President, XVth Intemational Congress of Biomechanics, Jyvaskylii, Finland, July
1995.
President, Vth ECSS Congress, Jyviiskylii, Finland, July 2000.
President, Intemational congress on Science and Nordic Skiing, vuokatti,
Finrand, June 2006.

‑ 13 ‑

l. Introduction
Discussion of muscle function during exercise has traditionally dealt with the isolated forms of muscle actions:isometric, concentric and eccentric. All of them are not very common in normal movement situation, as will beshown shortly. Isometric action is defined as "activation of muscle while the length of the entire muscle-tendon
unit (MTU) remains the same". The use of isometric action in locomotion is not, however, meaningless; it plays avery important role in the process of preactivation of the muscle before the other actions take place. Concentric
action refers to "the muscle shortening while it is active", and the eccentric action means "lengthening of theactive muscle". From these two "dynamic" forms, the eccentric action plays perhaps a more important role inlocomotion. When the active MTU begins its lengthening - after the preactivation (isometric) phase - it forms abasis for a stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). the natural form of muscle function in sports and normal daily life
involving movement ofthejoints or the whole body. SSC is described in fig. I for the leg extensor muscle for the
ground contact phase in ruming: The preactivated triceps surae muscle begins its eccentric action upon the firstground contact, when the MTU lengthens and receives activation signals from the nervous system. This eccentricor braking phase is then followed without considerable delay by the shortening (concentric) action, which
depending on the intensity of effort, can take place in many cases as a recoil phenomenon with relatively low
electromyographic (EMG) activity. Consequently, SSC has important functions in locomotion: (l) to take up theunnecessary delays in force-time relationship by bringing the preactivated force up to the required level to meetthe expected eccentric loading, and (2) to make the final concentric action (push-off phase in fig l) to produce
higher power (in maximal effort) or to generate force more economically (submaximal conditions) as compared tothe corresponding isolated concentric actions. Cavagna et al (1965, 1968) were among the first ones to describe
the mechanisms of this performance potentiation in SSC by using elegant control situations of force and stimulus
in his device designed in his first experiments for isolated frog sartorius muscle (Cavagna et al, 1965) and later
also for human forearm flexors (Cavagna et al 1968) Another important contributor to the current concepts of SSC
is Asmussen (Asmussen & Bonde-Petersen, 1974). Fig 2 is from our own experiments for the knee extensor
muscles (Komi, 1983), and it is meant to describe that, in addition to the velocify ofstretch in the eccentric phase,the time delay (coupling time) between stretch (eccentric) and shortening (concentric) has great influence on theforce (and power) output in the final concentric phase of SSC. Improvement ofeconomy olthe push-offphase has
subsequently been shown to improve in SSC exercise when the coupling time between braking and push-off
phases in short (Aura and Komi, 1987).

A

B

Preactivation StretchC

Fig l. In human walking, hopping and running

Shortening

considerable impact loads occur when contact

takes place with the ground. This requires
preactivation from the lower limb extensor
muscles before the gound contact to makethem ready to resist the impact (A) and lhe
active braking phase (B). The stretch phase isfollowed by a shorlening (concenlric) action(C) (adapted from Komi, 2000).

At the level of MTU it is easy to demonstrate the perforrnance potentiation when the instantaneous force is plottedforce
against the velocity of the MTU lengthening and shortening during ground contact of running (fig 3). The
not
curve
does
Jas recorded with the buckle transducer fiom the Achilles tendon (Komi, 1990). Although thephaseinclude the classical Hill curve for comparison, it suggests considerable force potentiation in the concentric
in a similar manner as reported by Gregor el al (1988) in cat experiments. This force potentiation is dependent,
among other things, on tire velociry oastretch and intensity of effort in the concentric phase. These and othergroup infeaturis of force and power potentiition will be discussed in more detail in the second abstract from ouris notthis conference (Ishikawa and Komi. the present volume). The mechanism of the performance potentiationandfasciclesof MTU:an easy problernto solve, as it must take into considelation also the two majol components
Consequently, thetendinous tissues. These two components operate together as the fascicle-tendon interaction.
component only'
true answers of the mechanisms cannot be revealed, iithe measurements are made on the single(andaponeurosis)
alsoandtendonsthefasciclesofmeasurements
theultrasoundThis notion applies especially toduring locomotion.

-t4-

■9。・

Fo9、 ■ "・CONC
ECC(LONG DELAY)

CONC CCC(NO DCLAY)

Fig 2. Demonstration of the importance of the short coupling time between eccentric and concentric phases on
performance potentiation in the concentric phase. Right: Pure concentric contraction of knee extension fromapproximately 100'to 175'. Middle: Concentric contraction is preceded by eccentric (e) contraction and nodelay is allowed when contraction was changed. The eccentric action (prestretch) began somewhere in the
middle of movement from 175' (Knee in an extended position) lo 90' position. Note the clear force potentiationin the concentric (@) phase as compared lo the condition on the right. Left: Longer delay (0.9s) was allowed
between the eccentric ard concentric phases. Therefore, the potentiation effect on the concentric phase was
reduced (Komi 1983)

F(kN)

Fig 3. Examples
instantaneous force-velocity curves
measured in human running. The records were obtained withofthe buckle transducer (Komi, 1992) and represented thefunctional (contact) phase on the ground. In each curve theupward deflection signifies stretching (eccentric actions) andthe downward direclion shortening (concentric action) of themuscle tendon complex during ground contact.
15

1

05

0
Vel● ●ity

2.Adaptation of lnuscle to SSC exercise

Tk血 覇
Юおe mmm∝ ment wscmS htte t帥(押漑1:[設 増:亀嵐罵'ぷ 課ltlλ l:潔 蹴議蔦繊I蝋鮮鞭静低il粧喘鞘獅躙¶ お蠍w(Komi et al, 1996;Finni et al,2001)haVC revealed that

:

l品

祠

details see lshikawa and Komi(thiS V。 lume ofabstracts)‑ 15 ‑

The common assumption has been that in SSC activities both the muscle fiber compartment and the tendon wouldchange their lengths in phase. This assumption has been challenged, because muscle hbers have been estimated tostay at a constant length (Belli & Bosco, 1992) or they can even shorten (Griffiths, l99l ) while the whole muscletendon complex may be lengthening. These suggestions naturally question the applicability of the instantaneous
forceJength and force-velocity curves (Komi, 2000; Finni et al, 2001) equally to both parts of the muscle{endon
complex.
Despite the corlmon use of SSC during locomotion the studies are surprisingly low in number regarding theadaptation of SSC training. More focus has recently been given to the fatiguability of exhaustive SSC exercise.
These studies have considerably increased our knowledge about the nature and mechanisms of the neuromuscularfatigue. Especially challenging has been to observe considerable neural, mechanical and structural changes in thecourse and following the exhaustive SSC fatiguing protocol (for references, see Nicol, Avela & Komi,2006). Thisemphasizes the following important aspects to characterize SSC: (l) variation (depending on the impact
condition) of the preactivity and (2) ofthe subsequent braking and push-off parts of the ground contact of runningor hopping, for example. The neural control, including central and peripheral components, plays key roles in thesea justments and may naturally be related to corresponding adjustmenls in mechanical behaviour and structuralmodifications ofMTU. This happens especially in the situations of muscle damage, a common feature in intensive
and exhaustive SSC exercise. The neural adaptations are often so dramatic that they have influence on the overall
control of movement of the exercising muscles. SSC fatiguing exercise has also a very special feature: thefunctional recovery from damaging (exhaustive SSC exercise) takes place in a bimodal fashion, first described by
Nicol et al (1996) passive stretch reflexes) and later confirmed for several other neural as well as for mechanicaland structural paramelers (e.g. Avela & Komi, 1998; Dousset et al 2006). It is important to emphasize here that inthis bimodal fashion of recovery from exhaustive SSC exercise the neural and mechanical attributes change inparallel, thus supporting Asmussen's (1979) original suggestion of "parallelism" between these two components
in the fatigue phenomenon.

3. Challenges for the future

It would be a mistake to assess that SSC is thoroughly explored and well understood in its all details. There arestill many issues remaining for future research. In the following some of the major aspects are described as most
relevant ones for those interested in going deeper into the mechanisms and applications of SSC:

3.1. Mechanism(s) of the force and power potentiation in SSC. Here the outstanding problems deal with bolhmolecular level structures in the sarcomeres and the lateral force transmission in the inhacellular matrix On a
more macro level there is a need to understand more exactly the relative roles of facilitatory and inhibitoryreflexes and how they potentiate/control the power production in SSC. This refers also to the problem that theentire concept of fascicG-tendon interaction needs to be examined in all possible intensities and durations of SSC.
Equally important is to revisit the motor unit recruitment during various types of SSC
training
3.2. Adaptation of SSC in the course ofvarious training, detraining, and fatigue modalities. At present thetheoutsidestudies aie far from the true nahre of SSC: the used impact loads, joint angular velocities are often
effectsofay""ai", of SSC. The same criticism applies to the measuremenl parameters that are used to assess theandvarious adaptation formats. Isometric measurements have been too often applied to measure the fatigue
modes
isometric
use
of
that
is
very
likelyItforex-ample.
qpe
exercise,of
SSC
training influences of a certain
tnre mechanismic effects oftraining and fatigue as they should occur in truly natural exercise
oniy *ifLno, ."r"ul
projects'
3.3. Influence ofaging on SSC function. This area is wide open for many research
focus on problems of natural
shouldstudies
Aging
in
3.2.:
above
The problems urJ riirilu, as mentioned
should also be selected so
movements such as SSC. The parameters to describe the ageing induced disturbances
always be a possibility in olderthat they characterise the requiiements of SSC as much as possible. This may not
the requirement of dynamic
Butloads.
stretchvelocity
of
in
high
them
subjects, as it may be dangerous to test
be more important to
wouldit
example,Forstudies.
in
aging
mind
nu*." of ,n" parameters Jould be kept inloading situations as compared tounderstand the stiffness and compliance changes ofthe tendon tissue in dynamic
problems in the fascicleinduced
possible
aging
to
the
apply
rhe cunently used isometric t"rt.. Th" samJwill
tendon interaction.

‑16‑

ReFerences:

Asmussen E&Bonde Pctcrscn F(1974)Acta Physiol Scand 91(3)385‐
Asmusscn E(1979)Mcd SCi Sports ll(4)313‐ 321

392

Aura O&KomiPV(1987)h:Intemational ScHes of Biomcchanics,Biomcchanics x̲A(cd JonSSOn B),

Human Кunctics Publishcrs,Champaign,IniOis,usA:507‑512
Avela J&Komi PV(1998)Eur J AppI Physlo1 78(5)403410
Belli A&Bosco C(1992)Acta PhysiOI Scand 14И (4)401‑408
Cavagna GA ctal(1965)J Appl Physi01 20:157‑158
Cavagna CA etal(1968)J AppI Physio1 24:2132

Doussct E ct al(2006)(lll press)
Finni T et al(2001)Eur J Appl PhysiO1 85(1‐ 2):170‑176
Fllkllllaga T ct al(2001)PrOC Blol Sci 268(1464):229‐ 233

Grcgor RJ ct al(1988)J Biomech 21(9〉 721732
GHfflts RI(1991)J PhySi01 436:219‑236
1shkawa M etal(2006)Gait and Postllre(in prcss)

KomiPV(1983)In:BiOmcchanik und SpOrtlichc LcistШ
Schomdorf 59‐ 70g(cd Balmallll W),Verlag Karl Hoflnann,

Konll PV(1990)J BiOmech 23(1)23‑34
Komi PV ctal(1996)Eur J Appl Phyζ o1 72(3)278280
Konll PV&Gollhofer A(1997)J Appl Bimcch 33:1197‐ 1206
Kolm PV(2000)JB:Omech 33:1197‐ 1206
Nicol C ct al(1996)Eur J AppI Physio1 72(56)401409
Nicol C ct al(2006)J Spo■ S Med(in prCSS)‑ 17 ‑