Consolidated Financial Report for the Third Quarter of
the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2012

February 10, 2012DISCLAIMER- NAMCO BANDAI Holdings Inc. provides this translation for your reference and convenience only and without any
warranty as to its accuracy or otherwise. In the event of any discrepancy, the original “Kessan Tanshin” in Japanese
shall prevail.
- This document contains forward-looking statements that are based on management’s estimates, assumptions andprojections at the time of publication. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially fromexpectations.

Stock Listing: Tokyo Stock Exchange
Code Number: 7832
(URL: http://www.bandainamco.co.jp/)
February 10, 2012

Consolidated Financial Report for the Third Quarter of
the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2012 (Japanese GAAP)
Representative:
Shukuo Ishikawa, President and Representative Director
Contact:
Yuji Asako, Director, Division General Manager of the Corporate Planning Division
Scheduled filing date of the quarterly security report:
February 13, 2012
Scheduled starting date for dividend payments:－
The additional materials of the Financial Results for the Third Quarter: Yes
The information session of the Financial Results for the Third Quarter: Yes (for institutional investors and analysts)* Figures are in millions of yen, rounded down
1. Consolidated Results for the Third Quarter of the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2012
(April 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011)(1) Consolidated Operating Results (For the Nine Months Ended December 31, 2011)(Percentages indicate year-on-year changes.)
Operating income
Recurring income

Net sales

Third Quarter of the Fiscal YearEnding March 31, 2012
Third Quarter of the Fiscal Year
Ended March 31, 2011

¥ million
323,397%
12.3¥ million
30,783%85.3¥ million
30,811%
85.9

288,030

1.8

16,616253.0

16,577235.9

Net income

Third Quarter of the Fiscal YearEnding March 31, 2012
Third Quarter of the Fiscal Year
Ended March 31, 2011
(Note)Net income per share

Net income per share(diluted)¥ million
16,301

%
343.7

¥
71.75

¥
–

3,673

–

15.26

15.25

Comprehensive income: 15,398 million yen [– %] (FY2012.3 3Q), (1,002) million yen [– %] (FY2011.3 3Q)(2) Consolidated Financial Position
Total assets

Net assets

Equity ratio

As of December 31, 2011

¥ million
323,161¥ million
206,974%
63.5

As of March 31, 2011

308,269

213,693

68.8(Reference) Equity: 205,231 million yen (as of December 31, 2011), 212,102 million yen (as of March 31, 2011)

2. Cash Dividends
End offirst quarterEnd ofsecond quarter¥12.00¥12.00

Annual cash dividends
End ofFiscalthird quarteryear-end–¥12.00–¥12.00Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2011–
Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2012–
Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2012
(Projections)* Revision to the projections of cash dividends for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2012: No

Total¥24.00¥24.003. Consolidated Projections for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2012 (April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2012)(Percentages indicate year-on-year changes.)
Net sales
OperatingRecurring
Net income
Net income
incomeincomeper share¥ million% ¥ million% ¥ million% ¥ million%¥
Full Fiscal Year
440,000
11.6
31,50092.8
31,50092.1
18,500900.9
82.05* Revision to the projections: Yes
4. Other Information(1) Changes in Significant Subsidiaries during the Period(Changes in Specified Subsidiaries Resulting in the Change in Scope of Consolidation): No(2) Application of Special Accounting for Preparing the Quarterly Consolidated Financial Statements: Yes(Note) For more details, please refer to the section of “(2) Application of Special Accounting for Preparing the Quarterly Consolidated
Financial Statements” of “2. Matters Regarding Summary Information (Others)” on page 5 of the attached material.
(3) Changes in Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimation and Restatementa) Changes in accounting policies due to revisions to accounting standards and other regulations: Nob) Changes in accounting policies due to revisions to other reasons: Noc) Changes in accounting estimation: Nod) Restatement: No(4) Number of Issued Shares (Common Stock)a) Total number of issued shares at the end of period (including treasury stock)
As of December 31, 2011
230,000,000 shares
As of March 31, 2011
240,000,000 sharesb) Number of shares of treasury stock at the end of the period
As of December 31, 2011
10,305,935 shares
As of March 31, 2011
3,497,884 sharesc) Average number of shares during the period (cumulative from the beginning of the fiscal year)
For the Third Quarter of the Fiscal Year ending March 31, 2012
227,196,486 shares
For the Third Quarter of the Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2011
240,802,544 shares* Implementation status of quarterly review
This Consolidated Financial Report for the Third Quarter was exempt from quarterly review which was based on Financial Instruments
and Exchange Law of Japan. As of the third quarter disclosing, quarterly review for the quarterly financial statements are under way.
* Explanation on appropriate use of the projections of business results, etc.
- Forward-Looking Statements:
Forward-looking statements that have been released prior to this document are based on management’s estimates, assumptions,projections and information available at the time of its publications. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materiallyfrom expectations. Please refer to the section of “(3) Qualitative Information Regarding Consolidated Projections” of “1. Qualitative
Information Regarding Consolidated Results for the Third Quarter” on page 4 of the attached material for matters pertaining to theearnings projections.
- To obtain the additional materials:
The additional materials of the Financial Results for the Third Quarter will be posted on the Company’s website on February 10, 2012.

Attached Material
Index
1. Qualitative Information Regarding Consolidated Results for the Third Quarter ......................... 2(1) Qualitative Information Regarding Consolidated Operating Results................................................................................. 2(2) Qualitative Information Regarding Consolidated Financial Position................................................................................. 3(3) Qualitative Information Regarding Consolidated Projections ........................................................................................... 4

2. Matters Regarding Summary Information (Others)......................................................................... 5(1) Changes in Significant Subsidiaries during the Period ...................................................................................................... 5(2) Application of Special Accounting for Preparing the Quarterly Consolidated Financial Statements................................. 5(3) Changes in Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimation and Restatement .................................................... 5

3. Consolidated Financial Statements ..................................................................................................... 6(1) Quarterly Consolidated Balance Sheets ............................................................................................................................. 6(2) Quarterly Consolidated Statements of Operations and Quarterly Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income ... 8(Quarterly Consolidated Statements of Operations) ................................................................................................................ 8(Quarterly Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income)............................................................................................ 9(3) Notes on Premise of Going Concern................................................................................................................................ 10(4) Segment Information........................................................................................................................................................ 10(5) Notes on Significant Changes in the Amount of Stockholders’ Equity............................................................................ 11(6) Significant Subsequent Events......................................................................................................................................... 12-1-

1. Qualitative Information Regarding Consolidated Results for the Third Quarter(1) Qualitative Information Regarding Consolidated Operating Results
During the third quarter (nine months) of the fiscal year ending March 31, 2012, harsh economic conditions continued
due to factors related to the Great East Japan Earthquake, such as the extensive damage it caused and the electric power
shortages, as well as other factors such as the depressed markets of North America and Europe and the rapid appreciationof the yen. As for the entertainment industry, weak individual consumption and other factors have added further
uncertainty to the outlook.
In such environment, the BANDAI NAMCO Group (“the Group”) pressed ahead with the development of its global
management foundation in the final year of the three-year Mid-term Plan that started in April 2009 and sought to realize
medium- to long-term growth.
On the business front, the long-established character toys and peripheral toy category products such as cards in the
Toys and Hobby Business, as well as arcade game machines, network content, and home video game software in theContent Business contributed to performance. In the Amusement Facility Business, existing-facility sales in Japan trended
steadily.
Consequently, the Group’s consolidated results for the third quarter (nine months) were net sales of 323,397 million
yen (year-on-year increase of 12.3%), operating income of 30,783 million yen (year-on-year increase of 85.3%), recurringincome of 30,811 million yen (year-on-year increase of 85.9%), and net income of 16,301 million yen (year-on-yearincrease of 343.7%).

Operating Results by Segment
Toys and Hobby BusinessIn the Toys and Hobby Business, domestically, products of the KAMEN RIDER series and GOKAIGER (Power
Rangers series) proved extremely popular as a result of the product categories being developed in coordination witheach other. Also contributing to this business’s performance was a strong performance from card games including
digital card games such as DRAGON BALL HEROES, trading card games such as Battle Spirits, and network-playcapable card games such as PRO BASEBALL OWNERS LEAGUE. Furthermore, in fresh developments, The Little
Battlers plastic models have gained popularity mainly among elementary school-age boys, and highly collectable toys
for adults performed well.
Overseas, in the North American region, toys of the Power Rangers SAMURAI, the first new creation from thePower Rangers series in two years became popular, and sales in the Asian region were favorable thanks todevelopments in conjunction with Japan. Meanwhile, in the European region, efforts were made to develop new
product categories like girls’ toys and pre-school toys, but performance did not reach the level of the same period of theprevious fiscal year which enjoyed a strong performance centered around popular character toys.
As a result, net sales in the Toys and Hobby Business were 133,570 million yen (year-on-year increase of 14.8%),
and segment profit was 17,485 million yen (year-on-year increase of 28.9%).

Content BusinessIn the Content Business, the strong performers contributing to the results in the area of arcade game machines werethe latest arcade game machines for popular series such as Tekken Tag Tournament 2, repeat sales of prize machines,
and sales of prizes. The popular items in home video game software were titles like TALES OF XILLIA and Mobile Suit
-2-

Gundam Extreme VS. for PlayStation 3, and AKB1/48 Idol to Guam de Koishitara... for PlayStation Portable.
Furthermore, in the network content area, social games performed extremely well, particularly the Mobile Suit Gundam
series, and in the visual and music content area, visual package software such as Mobile Suit Gundam UC (Unicorn)
and TIGER & BUNNY became popular.
As a result, net sales in the Content Business were 151,411 million yen (year-on-year increase of 16.2%), andsegment profit was 11,636 million yen (year-on-year increase of 227.5%).

Amusement Facility BusinessIn the Amusement Facility Business, domestically, differentiated facilities offering the experience of the distinctive
worldviews of characters located in shopping centers were particularly popular, and existing facilities’ net sales
performed strongly, rising to 101.9% of the figure for the same period of the previous fiscal year.
In North America and Europe, while sales declined in the challenging environment, profits were steady due to theselection and concentration of stores.
As a result, net sales in the Amusement Facility Business were 45,967 million yen (year-on-year decrease of 1.1%),
and segment profit was 1,827 million yen (year-on-year increase of 25.7%).

Facilities as of the end of the third quarter of the fiscal year ending March 2012
Directly Managed

Revenue-Sharing

Facilities

Facilities

259

982

Others

Total

3

1,244

Other Businesses
Other Businesses consist of companies that conduct operations, such as logistics support and building management
for each of the Group’s strategic business units. During the third quarter (nine months), efforts were made to improvethe efficiency of these operations related to group support.
As a result, net sales in the Other Businesses were 17,749 million yen (year-on-year increase of 32.4%), andsegment profit was 1,758 million yen (year-on-year increase of 120.9%).

(2) Qualitative Information Regarding Consolidated Financial Position
At the end of the third quarter of the fiscal year ending March 31, 2012, total assets stood at 323,161 million yen, an
increase of 14,892 million yen from the end of the previous fiscal year. The main factors were increases of 15,536 million
yen in trade receivables and 3,815 million yen in finished goods and merchandise, while there was a decrease of 5,376
million yen in cash and time deposits due to the acquisition of the Company’s own shares and income taxes paid.
Total liabilities amounted to 116,187 million yen, an increase of 21,611 million yen from the end of the previous fiscal
year. The main factors were increases of 10,204 million yen in trade payables, 11,333 million yen in long-term borrowings
related to taking on new debt and 4,186 million yen in short-term borrowings, while there was a decrease of 7,352 million
yen in accounts payable-other included in other current liabilities.
Total net assets stood at 206,974 million yen, a decrease of 6,718 million yen from the end of the previous fiscal year.
The main factor was an increase of 16,562 million yen in treasury stock through the acquisition of the Company’s own
shares by tender offer and on the market, while there was an increase of 10,756 million yen in retained earnings thanks to-3-the recording of net income through favorable consolidated results. Moreover, additional paid-in capital and treasury stock
each decreased by 9,299 million yen due to the retirement of treasury stock.
As a result, the equity ratio became 63.5% compared with 68.8% at the end of the previous fiscal year.

(3) Qualitative Information Regarding Consolidated Projections
As for the future of the economy, a difficult business environment is expected to continue due to factors such as weak
individual consumption in Japan, economic sluggishness in North America and Europe and the rise in the yen. Such factors
are also expected to have an impact on the entertainment industry, in which the Group is extensively involved, resulting inongoing uncertainty in this business environment.
Facing these circumstances, the Group will work steadily to build a business base for growth for the new three-year
Mid-term Plan announced today, which will start in April 2012.
Specifically, in the Toys and Hobby Business, our plan for the Japanese market is to strengthen development throughcoordinated movement of categories revolving around long-established character toys, such as KAMEN RIDER FOURZE
and Mobile Suit Gundam AGE, as well as Go-Busters (Power Rangers series) and SMILE PRETTY CURE! (both of whichto start broadcasting on TV from February 2012). In addition, while aiming for a dominant position of No. 1 in Japan, we
will introduce new products and services such as card games, plastic models for elementary school students, and toys for
adults in order to broaden the variety of customers targeted. Overseas, looking ahead to the next fiscal year in North
America and Europe, the Group will strive to improve profitability by focusing on boys’ toys, such as the Power Rangers
series that are off to a good start in this fiscal year in the North American region. In the Asian region, the Group will work
to strengthen developments in conjunction with Japan.
In the Content Business, the Group will respectively expand the areas of arcade game machines and home video gamesoftware, particularly with the latest arcade game machines for popular series such as Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune 4
and home video game software titles such as SOULCALIBUR V for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and ONE PIECEKAIZOKU MUSOU for PlayStation 3. Additionally, in network content, the Group will aim to maximize content value
through multiple social games based on popular content, such as ONE PIECE Grand Collection, in addition to the alreadypopular Mobile Suit Gundam series.
In the Amusement Facility Business, in Japan, we will continue to promote differentiated facilities that offer theexperience of the Group’s distinctive worldviews of characters. Overseas, we will strive to boost profitability by continuing
to implement various efficiency measures.
In its consolidated projections for the full fiscal year ending March 31, 2012, taking into account the operating results
for the third quarter (nine months) and the recent trends in financial performance, the Group has revised its projections thatwere announced on October 26, 2011. Please see page 5 for the details of the revision.

-4-

Revision to the consolidated projections for the full fiscal year
(April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2012)
Net Sales

Operating
Income(¥ million)
Recurring
IncomeNet Income

Net Income
per SharePrevious projections (A)420,000

25,00026,00015,00065.89 yen

Revised projections (B)440,000

31,50031,50018,50082.05 yen

Change in amount (B–A)

20,000

6,500

5,500

3,500

–

Change (%)

4.8%

26.0%

21.2%

23.3%

–

394,178

16,33816,3991,848

7.71 yen

Reference: Results for thesame period of the previous
fiscal year
(April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011)

2. Matters Regarding Summary Information (Others)(1) Changes in Significant Subsidiaries during the Period
Not applicable.

(2) Application of Special Accounting for Preparing the Quarterly Consolidated Financial Statements
Calculation of taxes
Taxes are calculated first by reasonably estimating the effective tax rate after applying tax effect accounting against
income before income taxes and minority interests for the fiscal year including the current third quarter, and next bymultiplying the quarterly income before income taxes and minority interests by such estimated effective tax rate.

(3) Changes in Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimation and Restatement
Not applicable.

-5-3. Consolidated Financial Statements(1) Quarterly Consolidated Balance Sheets(¥ million)
Prior Fiscal Year(As of March 31, 2011)

Current 3rd Quarter(As of December 31, 2011)

AssetsCurrent assets
Cash and time deposits

88,12682,750Trade receivables

57,262

72,798Finished goods and merchandise

10,55314,368Work in process

26,741

25,191

Raw materials and supplies

4,406

5,252

Other current assets

24,66423,366

Allowance for doubtful receivables

(820)

(621)

210,934

223,107

Property, plant and equipment

42,59145,247

Intangible assets

8,536

8,239

48,111

48,239Total current assets
Fixed assets

Investments and other assets
Other investments and assets
Allowance for doubtful receivables(1,905)(1,671)

Total investments and other assets

46,206

46,567

97,334

100,054308,269

323,161

Total fixed assets
Total assets-6-(¥ million)
Prior Fiscal Year(As of March 31, 2011)

Current 3rd Quarter(As of December 31, 2011)

Liabilities
Current liabilities
Trade payables

36,641

46,845

Short-term borrowings

3,428

7,615

Accrued income taxes

7,979

8,376

Provision

2,590

2,413

Other current liabilities

35,464

31,586

Total current liabilities

86,10596,837Long-term liabilities
Long-term borrowings–

11,333

Provision

3,001

3,069

Other long-term liabilities

5,469

4,947

Total long-term liabilities

8,470

19,35094,576116,187

10,00010,000Total liabilities
Net assets
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock
Additional paid-in capital

69,92360,623Retained earnings

159,491

170,248

Treasury stock(3,496)(10,759)

Total stockholders’ equity

235,919

230,112

447

1,446

3

(88)

Accumulated other comprehensive income
Unrealized gains or losses on other securities, net of tax
Deferred gains or losses on hedges, net of tax
Land revaluation, net of tax(6,491)(6,408)Foreign currency translation adjustments(17,775)(19,830)

Total accumulated other comprehensive income(23,816)(24,880)

Minority interests

1,590

1,742

Total net assets

213,693

206,974

308,269

323,161

Total liabilities and net assets-7-

(2) Quarterly Consolidated Statements of Operations and Quarterly Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive
Income(Quarterly Consolidated Statements of Operations)(¥ million)
Prior 3rd Quarter(From April 1, 2010
to December 31, 2010)
288,030

Current 3rd Quarter(From April 1, 2011
to December 31, 2011)
323,397

Cost of sales

183,377

200,158

Gross profit

104,652

123,239

Selling, general and administrative expenses

88,03692,455

Operating income

16,61630,783

Dividend income

204

222

Equity in gain of affiliated companies

88–

Net sales

Non-operating income

Reversal of allowance for doubtful receivables–

378

Other non-operating income

528

444

Total non-operating income

821

1,045

Non-operating expenses
Equity in loss of affiliated companies–

341

Foreign exchange loss

658

337

Other non-operating expenses

201

339

Total non-operating expenses

859

1,017

16,57730,811

Recurring income
Extraordinary income
Gain on sales of investments in affiliated companies

–

84

118

–

Reversal of provision for loss from business restructuring

22–

Gain on reversal of stock subscription rights

715–

Other extraordinary income

782

216

Total extraordinary income

1,638

300

149

713

Loss on adjustment for changes of accounting standard for
asset retirement obligations

1,205

–

Other extraordinary loss

2,962

628

Reversal of allowance for doubtful receivables

Extraordinary loss
Loss on disposal of fixed assets

4,317

1,342

Income before income taxes and minority interests

Total extraordinary loss

13,89829,770

Income taxes

10,054

13,234

Income before minority interests

3,843

16,536

169

234

3,673

16,301

Minority interests
Net income-8-(Quarterly Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income)(¥ million)
Prior 3rd Quarter(From April 1, 2010
to December 31, 2010)
Income before minority interests

Current 3rd Quarter(From April 1, 2011
to December 31, 2011)

3,843

16,536

Unrealized gains or losses on other securities, net of tax

1,030

1,056

Deferred gains or losses on hedges, net of tax

(358)

(91)

–

82

(5,469)(2,125)

(48)

(60)

(4,845)(1,137)(1,002)

15,398Comprehensive income attributable to owners of the parent(1,122)

15,237

Comprehensive income attributable to minority interests

120

160

Other comprehensive income

Land revaluation, net of tax
Foreign currency translation adjustments
Share of other comprehensive income of associates
accounted for using equity method
Total other comprehensive income
Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income attributable to-9-(3) Notes on Premise of Going Concern
Not applicable.

(4) Segment Information
I. Prior 3rd quarter (From April 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010)
1. Information regarding the amounts of net sales and income/loss by reportable segment(¥ million)
Reportable Segments

Quarterly
Adjustments Consolidated
Total(Note 2)
(Note 3)Toys and
Hobby
Business

Content
Business

Amusement
Facility
Business

Subtotal

Other(Note 1)

To external customers

113,659

123,01246,432

283,104

4,926

288,030–

288,030

Inter-segment sales
and transfers

2,649

7,249

57

9,956

8,479

18,436(18,436)–

Total

116,309130,261

46,489293,060

13,406306,467(18,436)

288,030

13,561

3,553

1,454

18,569796

19,365(2,749)16,616Total

Net sales

Segment income

Notes: 1.
2.

3.

The “Other” category is a business segment not included in reportable segments under which operations such as
logistics services and building management for each of the Group’s strategic business units are classified.
Included in the 2,749 million yen deducted from segment income as adjustment are a deduction of 565 million
yen in inter-segment eliminations, and a deduction of 2,184 million yen in corporate expenses that cannot beallocated to any reportable segment. The corporate expenses are mainly costs related to the administration
division that has not been attributed to a reportable segment.
Segment income is adjusted with operating income in the quarterly consolidated statements of operations.

2. Information regarding loss on impairment of fixed assets and goodwill by reportable segment(Material loss on impairment of fixed assets)
Not applicable.
(Material changes in the amount of goodwill)
Not applicable.
(Material gains on negative goodwill)
Not applicable.

- 10 -

II. Current 3rd quarter (From April 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011)
1. Information regarding the amounts of net sales and income/loss by reportable segment(¥ million)
Reportable Segments

Quarterly
Adjustments Consolidated
Total(Note 2)
(Note 3)Toys and
Hobby
Business

Content
Business

Amusement
Facility
Business

Subtotal

Other(Note 1)

To external customers

129,435

142,071

45,874

317,382

6,015

323,397–

323,397

Inter-segment sales
and transfers

4,134

9,339

92

13,566

11,73325,300(25,300)–

Total

133,570

151,41145,967

330,949

17,749348,698(25,300)

323,397

17,485

11,636

1,827

30,9491,758

32,708(1,924)30,783Total

Net sales

Segment income

Notes: 1.
2.

3.

The “Other” category is a business segment not included in reportable segments under which operations such as
logistics services and building management for each of the Group’s strategic business units are classified.
Included in the 1,924 million yen deducted from segment income as adjustment are an addition of 26 million
yen in inter-segment eliminations, and a deduction of 1,951 million yen in corporate expenses that cannot beallocated to any reportable segment. The corporate expenses are mainly costs related to the administration
division that has not been attributed to a reportable segment.
Segment income is adjusted with operating income in the quarterly consolidated statements of operations.

2. Information regarding loss on impairment of fixed assets and goodwill by reportable segment(Material loss on impairment of fixed assets)
Not applicable.
(Material changes in the amount of goodwill)
Not applicable.
(Material gains on negative goodwill)
Not applicable.
(5) Notes on Significant Changes in the Amount of Stockholders’ Equity
During the third quarter (nine months), in accordance with a decision made by the Board of Directors at a meeting held
on February 25, 2011, the Company acquired 16,806,264 of its own shares at a purchase price of 16,561 million yen.
Additionally, in accordance with a decision made by the Board of Directors at a meeting held on July 15, 2011, theCompany carried out the retirement of treasury stock on July 19, 2011. As a result of this retirement, treasury stock
decreased by 10,000,000 shares, or 9,299 million yen, and additional paid-in capital decreased by the same amount.
The value of treasury stock as of the end of the third quarter was 10,759 million yen.

- 11 -

(6) Significant Subsequent Events(Retirement of Treasury Stock)
Concerning a decision made by the Board of Directors at a meeting held on February 10, 2012, the Company resolved
the retirement of treasury stock in accordance with the provision of Article 178 of the Companies Act as described below.
a. Reason for retirement:

Due to the absence of any clear use at present.

b. Method of retirement:

Reduction in other additional paid-in capitalc. Type of shares to be retired:

Common stockd. Total number of shares to be retired:

8,000,000 sharese. Retirement date:February 22, 2012 (Scheduled)f. Total number of issued shares after retirement:

222,000,000 shares- 12 -