Smart City
Techniques
Smart mobility
Enery and water
Urban Applications

Networking andEmerging Optimization

2017Intelligent Systems for

Smart Cities
Enrique Alba
eat@lcc.uma.es
http://neo.lcc.uma.es
Universidad de Málaga, ESPAÑA

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Smart City
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Smart cities: unique featuresIBM

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Many views: potential targets
IBM

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Many views: applications and infrastructure
IBM

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Many views: institutional in Europe
o Eleven priority areas defined in the Strategic Implementation Plan of theEuropean Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities:• Sustainable Urban Mobility• Sustainable Districts and Built Environment• Integrated Infrastructures and processes across Energy, ICT and Transport• Citizen focus• Policy and Regulation• Integrated Planning & management• Knowledge Sharing• Baselines, Performance Indicators & Metrics• Open data governance• Standards• Business Models, Procurement and Fundingo For the time being, 8 of the 11 priority areas are covered by the Action Clusters
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Many views: IT and intelligence
IBM

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Smart cities: challenges
IBM
Unique features
mean unique challenges:

Large scale, every is really big
Time consuming and real time
Dynamic, everything changes in time

Uncertainty in all tasks and phases
Complex relations, interdependences
Several goals at the same time
Human preferences and interfaces
Lots of restrictions (legal, technical…)
Mobile plus desktop applications

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Bioinspired techniques and more
Research in biologically inspired techniques applied to complex problems
Focus on any technique helping to get efficient and accurate results
Even advanced methods cannot deal with complex instances of real problems:
high dimension, constrains, epistasis, uncertain data, real time, …
Traditional methods put so many constrains and simplifications to the problem(in order to solve it) that the found solution is no longer valid

METAHEURISTIC
Heuristic: information or procedure used to guide the search of algorithms
Meta: high level structure containing operators later tailored to problems
Many scientific fields involved: computer science, and also mathematics,
operations research, industrial engineering, physics, …
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What this meansØHow they workØ

Metaheuristic versus the rest of solvers
Metaheuristics

Exhaustive

Others cannot…

Advanced

MetaH CAN!

Classic Techniques

Metaheuristics

Advanced

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Efficient, accurate, and even Nature-inspired!

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Smart City
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2017…but all of them run in a computer as programs
Global best

Convex Combination
Metric Space

New position
Best known

Inspiration(0,2; -1,4; 3,5)

→ Solution Vector(1,0; 10,3; 7,2)

→ Standard Deviation(1,7; 0,3; 2,1)

→ Search Angles

Present Solution

New Solution

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Advanced techniques needed- Four main ways of upgrading in efficiency and accuracy:x Parallelism:
Clusters, Cloud computing,multicores, FPGAs, GPUs…
x Hybridization:
Combining algorithms,
operators, representations:problem knowledge
x Multiobjective:
Modelling explicitly several
conflicting objective functions
with Pareto’s concept of dominancex Dynamism:
Solve a problem that changes in timeand adapt previous solutions to the new scenarios
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Smart City
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Multidisciplinary experience is common here

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Scientific success reported in journals…

…
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Companies and city administrations are deeply involved
Municipalities, University & Industry

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Applications (I)Smart Mobility

http://roadME.lcc.uma.es

http://moveON.lcc.uma.es

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Smart semaphores control: approach
A software tool for the control center, using a bio-inspired engine, to assist theexperts on the semaphore scheduling, for a given urban area or the whole city

By means of simulation and other software facilities used in the Traffic Control
Center of the city, we can generate optimized traffic schedules and efficient
strategies of smart mobility for semaphores
Optimized schedules can then be later applied to real traffic management,
after verification tests with such a simulated program (off-line plus on-line)

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Smart semaphore control: technologies

Particle Swarm Optimization

•
•
•
•
•

High dimension problem
Considering the whole city details
Maps, locations, driving rules, vehicles…
Comprehensive simulations with real data
Long processing times
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Smart semaphore control: results
Optimized semaphore schedules have benefits in terms of:
Traffic congestion control
Prevention of severe traffic jams

Reduction of CO2 emissions and fuel consumption
Driver/pedestrian safety
A tech/tech combination
Successful scientific results

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Smart Red Swarm: approach
Smart road traffic optimization to avoid traffic jams and manage the city
Red Swarm Spots have computation and comm. abilities (infrastructure)
Vehicles use onboard units, smartphones or tablets
It distributes traffic
based on the probabilityof congestion: citizen-city balance
Customized service for every driverFirst design, then use in real time
Routes is just one use
Other uses involve big data apps:- collecting info from passing vehicles- create math models of the city
- off plus on line merged management
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Smart Red Swarm: arquitecture

produces

CENTRALIZEDOFFLINEONLINE

DISTRIBUTEDAn evolutionary algorithm searches for a configuration for the Red Swarm spots
The configured Red Swarm spots are deployed in junctions of the city

GOAL: smart mobility

Reduce travel times, gas consumption, and pollution
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Smart Red Swarm: technical detailsMÁLAGA (SPAIN)
Real Scenario
261 traffic lights
10 Red Swarm spots
800 vehicles
4 vehicle types
3 different traffic patterns( Scen1, Scen2 & Scen3 )

Sedan

Van

Wagon

Transport

Our goal is to reduce the travel time of the vehicles
in high density conditions, and then pollution
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Smart Red Swarm: some results on travel times

Red Swarm reduces travel and waiting times

Show videos…

It works in unseen scenarios

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Smart Red Swarm: ecofriendly results

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Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks: how to comm in cities?
Communication and computation are the bases for smart cities
Wireless communications are preferred (flexible, ubiquitious…)
All communications rely on broadcasting and routing protocols
Existing protocols do not work in VANETS: new and tuned ones are needed(i) V2V: vehicle to vehicle(ii) V2I: vehicle to infrastructure

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Optimizing communication protocols in cities• VANET Protocol Optimization:- VANET communications imply: highly dynamic topology, limitations incoverage, bandwidth, and energy consumption, network congestion,
frequent disconnections, and others…

- An optimal configuration of the communication protocols can improve thequality-of-service (QoS) of the network: a must in this domain- Using intelligent automatic techniques to face the huge number of possible
protocol configurations

AODV
RFC 3561

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Optimization by using simulators fed with real data

Optimize and then deploy (iterated)

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Broadcasting optimization: QoS in VANETs

Packet Delivery Ratio

Average End-to-End Delay

Network Routing Load

Urban Scenario

Median Performance - Urban Scenario
300.29Effective Data Rate (kByes/s)

PSO

2.9

DE
SA

Best Cost

2.6

GA
ES

2.3

2.0

1.7
0

200

400

600

800

292.57285.23283.65242.65

241.5

241.5

0

1000

Number of Evaluations

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Green communications: optimizing energy
fitness = energy_consumption

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Real world tests• From simulation to real world results:- The real world test results confirm the (ns-3)
simulated ones

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Smart panels (I)Smart panel services are needed to advise users on the path to reach major
places in town, minimizing travel time, fuel consumption, and noise

The advises are available in
information panels at strategic
points in the city: traffic lights,
parking lots, stop signals, etc.

The system takes into accounttraffic state and future predictions,
CO2 levels and noise level

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Smart City
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Smart panels (II)
Benefits for the citizen:
Save driving time
Avoid traffic jams
Saves fuelBenefits for the city:
Reduce traffic jams

Reduce CO2 emissions
Save energy (fuel)
Reduce noise pollution

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2017

Smart bus scheduling (I)The generalized utilization of the smart cards incity buses and new services of free transfer
between buses allow to gather a lot ofinteresting data: more common transfers, rushhour per line, …
Applications could allow to use all those data to
generate a better flexible scheduling of buseslines, doing an optimal utilization of theavailable fleet of buses

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Smart City
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Smart bus scheduling (II)The scheduling generated by the proposed application is flexible and it also
allows to small changes (few minutes) in the departures of the buses to adjust
their scheduling to the current situation. For example:- Quite a number of passengers (mainly students) of lines 20 and 22 do atransfer to line 5. The scheduling of line 5 can be online tuned (only a few
minutes) if a delay is detected in lines 20 or 22

A small delay in line 20 will
ask for a small delay in thedeparture of buses in line
5 and help bus transit

Customized new services for sharing vehicles or for getting on the fly demands
for home pick up and delivery
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2017

Smart EV management
Electrical vehicles (EVs) have a reduced autonomy and battery. Tools for quick
reaching/location a station are needed (traffic jams, unexpected events)
Smart phone applications are needed to locate nearest charging stations
considering time, prices, queues of early clients and citizen’s preferences

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Smart surface parking (I)Smart parking services provides drivers with realtime information about parking availability
according to a given destination
Parking rates are adjusted according to theparking availability (flexible pricing)- Reducing the prices in the areas with more freeparking places
Allows mobile payment

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Smart surface parking (II)
Benefits for the citizen:

Make finding and paying for parking faster and easierFind the parking place anywhere with smartphones
Save driving time, and therefore, transport time

Avoid dangerous traffic situations

Parking
requestMobilepayment

SmartParkingFlow

Benefits for the city:

Distribute road users through different parking areas

Parkingavailability

Improve business by easing the parking
Reduce traffic jams

Reduce CO2 emissions and noise pollution
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Parking sensor

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Smart signs
Everything is better with WiFi !

“Policemen near to you, ask
for help”

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Applications (II)Energy, buildings and much more

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Smart energy systems
Energy applications: generation, transportation, forecasting, and consumption

Tremendous importance for companies, cities, and users!

Wind Farm Design

Disaggregation and Savings

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Smart lighting (I)Smart Lighting manages the city lights in order to reduce the energy
consumption. It gives the correct illumination intensity for the city in an
adaptive, collective, and intelligent way
Benefits:

Reduce energy consumption
public lighting represents between 40% and 70% of the electricity bill of municipalities

Increase lifetime of city lights
a 5% reduction in operating voltage will more than double the life of a traditional bulb

Minimizes light pollution
Join the green revolution!
the least polluting energy is the one that is not used

Requirements: few sensors and connectivity to city lighting
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Smart lighting (II)Sensors detect the ambient lighting in different areas of the city. Public
lighting adapt its intensity as neededIntelligent management of public lighting has a huge impact in energy
consumption, saving a lot of money

Málaga has 239 LED street lamps, with seven different technologies. The
challenge is to fine tune their parameters to improve efficiency

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Smart water jet systems (I)This smart garden watering system improves gardening activities in the city byminimizing the waste of water

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Smart water jet systems (II)It saves water by sensing the humidity of gardens
It chooses the best moment of the day depending on the water pressure,temperature, etc.
The optimizations of resources is based on swarm intelligence technologies
It keeps a record of the activities to report the amount of water saved
It can be easily integrated in the existent facilities of the city

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Smart residuals gathering (I)New services for the optimal planning route to collect all trash containers in acity. You will know whether the trash containers are full and when they should
be gathered
Benefits:
Clean city (many millions of euros savings)

Detection of Full Trash
Containers

Save in unnecessary collection visit
Less noise in our streets

Optimal Dynamic Routes

Less bad smells
Avoid traffic jams (use of traffic information)
Service: “Pay as you throw”
Only Need: GPS, RFID, and sensors
Recycling creates four jobs for every one job
created in the waste management and disposal
industries
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Smart residuals gathering (II)With WSN and RFID tags you can monitor the trash. The central system
receives petitions when the on-site gather is required ()
With Optimal Routes you will save money, time and avoid contamination.
Avoid the collection of 2 trash containers means 3.3 km less in this route

Improve

Optimal Route: 2km

Traditional Route: 5.3km
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Smart building construction: the approach•

Safer, sustainable, modern design principles•

Complex simulations needed•

Optimization and machine learning needed

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Smart building construction: techniques and technologies

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Smart tourism (I)Smart Visit offers to city visitors a self-adaptive city
trip planner that improves tourist experience

The recommender system considers the users profile and up-to-minute sights
information (queue timeouts, remaining capacity, …) in order to compute thetravel itinerary that best fits the visitors at that precise moment

The traveler can select the most convenient tour
from the ones proposed by the application. This
tour will be rated by the user in order to update
and improve the recommender system

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Smart tourism (II)
Benefits for the city:

City sights are not overflowing with people
Authorities gather real-time visitors
satisfaction information
Increasing tourist’s satisfaction
Travel itinerary

Benefits for the city visitors:
Save tour times avoiding long queues

Never get lost thanks to the GPS
Multilingual and multimedia sights
description and events information

Visitor rates

Visitor profile

Authorities satisfaction
monitoring

Increasing safety avoiding tourist traps
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Smart
Visit

Sights Real-Time
Information
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Smart QRinfo (I)Smart QRInfo allows new visitors to easily access to detailed city information in
the context of where they are located
QR-Code panels distributed in interesting points throughout the city can be
captured by smartphones to directly serve information to the user with justone “click”

A central web service will
redirect dedicated links toreal time information:
touristic places, events, welcome
messages, administrative procedures,
voice info-links, recommendations,activities, video-streaming, etc.

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Smart QRinfo (II)With Smart QRInfo it is possible to redirect visitors’ smartphones to official
web sites, applications, and voice messages in a straightforward way
The central service will gather and generate statistic information for a decision
making process, such as: most visited links, sequence of captured QR-Codes in
the city, the nature of demanded information…
Voice messages delivering to blind people
Low cost implementation: a minimum infrastructure is required
Scan/Decode
Central server
Web Site/Audio FileURL

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Smart monitoring (I)Smart measuring and surveillance of city spots

Drones equipped with sensors can take images or capture data to beprocessed in a control center and then take actions
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Smart monitoring (II)
Benefits:
Support to decisions bytaking data from the city
Precise information of
weather and environmental
conditions
Better weather forecast in
the city
Garbage in streets, beach…

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Smart hawkeye (I)Smart building hawkeye allows the remote damage analysis of buildings andlarge structures
Drones equipped with cameras canhelp detecting any cracks in the wall

Different sensors can takeadditional accurate measures at
precise points (temperature,humidity, …)
Proprioception, swarm
intelligence, autonomous
control…

Different
measurements

Building and structures
analysis by authorities

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Smart hawkeye (II)
Benefits:

Precise information of the building
statusWorking safer for technicians
responsible for civil assessment
Avoiding traffic jams caused by theuse of large crane trucks

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#RESOURCES

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2017

Some projects: vehicular communication networks
IBM

New techniques: from theory to practice

http://roadme.lcc.uma.es

At a glanceReal life testing
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#RESOURCES

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2017

Some projects: intelligent applications
http://maxct.lcc.uma.es
IBM

C
T
P
A
T
H

H
I
T
U
L

App for drivers (Android & iOS)

Desktop application

Central server + apps by 3G

Know and describe present policies

Central server + open data (FIWARE)

Simulate Málaga and other cities

Complete route vs. step-by-step

Weekly and peak hours analyses

Pure gathering of information (GINF)

Use of available open data

Interactive maps + open data

Tests with the traffic control center

Profiles of drivers (clustering)Comparisons with existing tools

Hardware search and installation

Interactive maps of TRL

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#RESOURCES

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2017

Some projects: holistic IntelligenceIBM

http://eip.lcc.uma.es

EuropeanInnovation
Partnership2014-2016

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#RESOURCES

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2017

Open data in the world
http://eip.lcc.uma.es/opendata/

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#RESOURCES

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Many new services…and apps!
NEO apps for Android

A floating car rides the city with a given plan,collecting information and events

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Pedestrians can have the routeof lower temperature to theirdestination

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#RESOURCES

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The place for smart cities in Europe
https://eu-smartcities.eu

IBM

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#RESOURCES

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2017

Rankings on Smart cities

http://www.fastcoexist.com/3024721/the-10-smartest-cities-in-europe

http://www.fastcoexist.com/3021592/the-10-smartest-cities-in-north-america

http://www.fastcoexist.com/3021911/the-10-smartest-asia-pacific-cities
http://www.fastcoexist.com/3022533/the-8-smartest-cities-in-latin-america

http://eponline.com/articles/2015/02/18/the-top-5-global-smart-cities-of-2015.aspx

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Summary
Smart cities need efficient and effective modern problem solvers
We can use existing information and procedures to improve them (a must!)
We can build small/large, context-aware and adaptive applications

Here, solutions are both vertical (specialized) and horizontal (integral)We must face multiple levels at smart cities: citizens, districts, city, routes,
infrastructure, city council, public/private companies…
We can exploit open/big data to build unseen new services
Incorporating a business model is mandatory: so how to make research?
An amazing domain for new ideas and collaborations !!!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the FEDER of European Union for their financial support via project "Movilidad Inteligente: Wi-Fi,
Rutas y Contaminación“ (maxCT) of the "Programa Operativo FEDER de Andalucía 2014-2020". We also thank MINECO and FEDER for
funding under moveON (TIN2014-57341-R), UMA/FEDER FC14-TIC36 and MINECO/FEDER network on smart cities CI-RTI TIN2016-81766-REDT.

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Networking andEmerging Optimization2017¡Gracias!

Málaga (España)

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